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EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT
> {7 ne
ake x O ab
% a:
rt
OF THE (” R p
Regents of the University of the State of Bew-Pork,
ON THE CONDITION OF THE
STATE CABINET OF NATURAL HISTORY.
AND THE
HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN COLLECTION ANNEXED THERETO.
Made to the Legislature, March 22, 1865.
ALBANY :
C. WENDELL, LEGISLATIVE PRINTER.
1865.
State of Hey Pork.
No. 90.
INSENATE, 4
4
March 2251865.
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF
NEW-YORK, ON THE CONDITION OF THE STATE CABINET
OF NATURAL HISTORY, AND THE HISTORICAL AND ANTI-
QUARIAN COLLECTION ANNEXED THERETO.
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK :
OFFICE OF THE REGENTS, ALBANY, MARCH 16, 1865.
To the Hon. THOMAS G. ALVORD,
Lieutenant-Governor and President of the Senate.
SIR :
I wave the honor to transmit the Eighteenth Annual Report of the
Regents of the University, on the State Cabinet of Natural History
and the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto.
I remain, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
JOHN V. L. PRUYN,
Chancellor of the University.
[ Senate No. 90.] 1
REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY.
JOHN V. L. PRUYN, LL.D., Chancellor.
GULIAN C. VERPLANCK, LL.D., Vice-Chancellor.
EX OFFICIO :
REUBEN E. FENTON, Governor.
THOMAS G. ALVORD, Lieutenant-Governor.
CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW, Secretary of State.
VICTOR M. RICH, Superintendent of Public Instruction.
ERASTUS CORNING. ISAAC PARKS, D.D.
PROSPER M. WETMORE. ~ LORENZO BURROWS.
GIDEON HAWLEY, LL.D. ROBERT S. HALE.
ROBERT CAMPBELL. ELIAS W. LEAVENWORTH.
SAMUEL LUCKEY, D.D. J. CARSON BREVOORT.
ROBERT G. RANKIN. GEORGE R. PERKINS, LL.D.
ERASTUS C. BENEDICT. ALEXANDER S. JOHNSON, LL.D.
GEORGE W. CLINTON, LL.D. GEORGE W. CURTIS.
WILLIAM H. GOODWIN, D.D.
SAMUEL B. WOOLWORTH, LL.D., Secretary.
STANDING COMMITTEE OF THE REGENTS,
Specially charged with the Care of the State Cabinet.
1865.
The Governor (Mr. FENTON).
Mr. CORNING, Mr. CLINTON,
Mr. JOHNSON, Mr. LEAVENWORTH.
CURATOR :
EZEKIEL JEWETT, Pu. D.
TO THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK.
The Regents of the University respectfully report :
The contents of the Cabinet are, in general, in excellent con-
dition. The additions to it during the past year, by gift and by
purchase, are set forth in the accompanying schedules. But the
Regents discharge a pleasing duty in making special mention of
the munificent donation of Cuaries F. Wapsworrty, Esq. of Buffalo,
consisting of casts of fossil animals. A descriptive list, with an
account of the supposed habits of the most remarkable of these
animals, prepared by Professor Warp of the Rochester University,
the maker of the casts, accompanies this report. It is also due
to Mr. Wapsworry to mention that he paid all the expenses of
transportation, and of setting up, imcasing and inclosing these
casts; and to Professor Warp, to acknowledge the obligations of
the Regents to him for the taste and elegance with which they are
arranged.
The Circular issued last year by the Regents, inviting the aid
of the naturalists of the State in supplying the deficiencies of the
Cabinet, has produced some fruit, and promises to be productive
of much more.
A very large proportion of the deficiencies of the State Herba-
rium has been supplied, and the Regents have received valuable
material for a full catalogue of the Plants of the State. The names
of the contributors to the Herbarium, and the general nature of
their contributions, are added ina schedule. We are glad, however,
to notice the fact that the venerable Curester Dewey, that excel-
lent gentleman and distinguished caricographer, has contributed
a large number of the Carices of the State. This gift imparts to
the Herbarium a new and peculiar value. We also mention, that
as. the foundation of a collection of our Mosses, Mr. Cuarues H.
6 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS,
Prcx of Albany has presented the Herbarium with excellent spe-
cimens of 144 native species, all collected by himself. It is esti-
mated that the whole number of mosses growing within the State |
does not exceed 250. A list of those presented by Mr. Peck forms
one of the schedules of this Report.
The Rey. Joun A. Pane jun., at present of Utica, has prepared
a most interesting Catalogue of the Plants of Oneida county and
of several neighboring counties, with valuable notes as to the
habits and stations of the rarer ones. We do a service to science
in annexing the catalogue to our report.
In the Class Book of Botany by Professor Woop, the Schizea
pusilla of Pursu is attributed, on the authority of Timotay Wert-
morRE, to the western part of the State. Mr. Wetmore, who died
several years ago, was distinguished as an agricultural writer, and
his death was a loss to literature and science. His herbarium was
collected while pursuing his education in 1841 — 43, with no in-
structor in botany and no reliable books. The family of Mr. Wer-
morE kindly submitted his herbarium to the inspection of one of
our number, and gave the three specimens therein, labelled by him
Schizea pusilla, to the Herbarium of the State : they are a Bo-
TRYcHIUM; probably a mere form of Botrychium virginicum. They
will be authentically labelled by Professor Daniex C. Eaton of
Yale College, and then placed in the Herbarium.
A necessarily imperfect list of the plants found growing spon-
taneously in the State since the publication of the Catalogue of
1853, and not included therein, and lists of coast plants found
growing in and about the Onondaga lake and on the shores of
Lake Erie, and of some plants not found in the State, but so near
it as to justify the expectation that they exist within it, are hereto
appended in a paper entitled ‘Facts and Observations touching
the Flora of the State.”
The Herbarium of the State Cabinet, which, as an accompani-
ment of its Flora by Dr. Torrey, cannot be overvalued—ought to
be most carefully preserved. The Regents have taken measures to
have it put in a proper case, where it will be secure from dust,
from insects, and from the injuries attendant upon careless hand-
ling. | |
The Herbarium of the late Lewis C. Becx, now the property of
the State, is rich in plants of the West, of the South Pacific Ocean,
and of Europe and the Indies. It is rich also in the labels of
MvuHLENBERGH, and of many eminent botanists ef this country and
ON THE STATE CABINET. 7
of Europe. This herbarium will also be put in order, and secured
in a proper case.
The Regents hope also to be able, during the present year, to
commence a General Herbarium; one which will admit within it
the plants of all climes and countries.
The Regents find much difficulty in initiating effective measures
for the formation of a collection expressive of the economic geo-
logy of the State, in consequence of the want of an adequate
appropriation for the purpose. For this they must rely on the wise
liberality of the Legislature.
It is hoped that by the voluntary aid of Entomologists, the
the Regents may be able during the current year to commence a
collection of the Insects of the State, and especially of those which
are injurious to the farmer, the horticulturist and the forest.
In the Natural History of New-York, Dr. Dexay mentions that
the Great White Pelican (Pelecanus trachyrhincus) was once abun-
dant in portions of the State, but had, as he believed, wholly dis-
appeared. It is therefore worthy of record that one of these birds
was killed, last May, on the Seneca lake.
The Regents note with pleasure the fact that the State Cabinet
has been visited thé past year by unprecedented numbers of people,
and has, they believe, yielded more pleasure and instruction than
at any previous period. It reflects honor upon the State; and its
importance to science, and its healthful influence upon the public
seem to demand our most strenuous efforts to enlarge and perfect
its collections.
Respectfully submitted,
By Order of the Regents.
JOHN V. L. PRUYN,
Chancellor of the University.
yee t Reta oi
na A Oe
Ata LX.
CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX.
. Additions to the State Cabinet during 1864 :
1. By donation ;
2. By purchase.
. Description of the Wadsworth Gallery of Casts of Fossil Animals : By |
Prof. Henry A. WARD, Rochester.
. Catalogue of Plants found in Oneida county and vicinity : By JoHN
A. PAINE.
. Catalogue of Mosses : By Cuaruzs H. Peck.
. Facts and Observations touching the Flora of the State of New-Yoris
By one of the Regents.
. Results of Meteorological Observations :
1. Meteorological Synopsis for 1864 : By J. B. TremBuey, To-
ledo, Ohio ;
2. Abstract of Observations for 1864 : By Davin Jounson,
Newbury, Vermont.
3. Annual aes for 1863 and 1864, Union Hall Academy,
Jamaica, L.I.: By Joun N. BRINCKERHOFF ;
4, Results for 1864, and for 28 years now ended : By CuEsTER
Dewey, D.D., Rochester.
. Contributions to Paleontology : By James Hatt.
1. Account of some new or little known species of Foscils from
rocks of the age of the Niagara group, with Observations on
the geographical distribution of the species of this epoch, ete.
2. Observations on the Genus STREPTORHYNCHUS, continued
from the Sixteenth Report.
8. On the Genus STROPHODONTA.
4. On the Genus CHONETES, with a list of the species known in
the New-York formations.
5. On the Genera PRoDucTUS, STROPHALOSIA, AULOSTEGES and
PRODUCTELLA.
. On the Genus TROPIDOLEPTUs.
. On the Genus EICHWALDIA.
. Miscellaneous.
. Introduction to the Study of the GrAprs.iT: Dm, with a list
of the species known in the Palzeozvic formations of Canada
and the United States.
10. Index to geological and paleontological subjects in the Reports
on the State Cabinet.
Oo aon &
a
( A.)
ADDITIONS TO THE STATE CABINET DURING 1864.
I. By DONATION.
I. To the Zoological Department.
From Hon. A. S. JOHNSON, Albany.
A remarkably fine pair of DEER’s (Cervus virginianus) HORNS.
From the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences.
Menopoma alleghaniensis. One specimen, alive.
II. To the Botanical Department.
From Rev. CHESTER DEWEY, D.D., Rochester.
An invaluable package of CARICES.
From the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences.
A package of PLANTs,
From Rey. JOHN A. PAINE Junior, Utica.
A package of PLants.
From Rev. L. HOLZER, Rochester.
A package of PLANTS, with many valuable suggestions. It probably con-
tains one or two species not before found in this State; but the deter-
mination of the question cannot be made at present.
From T. F. ALLEN, M.D., New-York.
A large and very interesting package of PLANtTs. Dr. ALLEN has done
much for Botany in this State, as this package proves; and promises
to be a still larger contributor to our State Flora.
From Miss RHODA WATERBURY, Schoharie.
Some fine specimens of PLanrts, beautifully prepared.
From ELLIOTT C. HOWE, M.D., Fort-Edward.
Some specimens of PLANTs.
From Prof. E. J. PICKETT, People’s College.
, Specimens of Duvillea rupestris, Sull’t, a species of MARCHANTIACE&, not
before found in the United States.
. From CHARLES H. PECK, Albany.
A large collection of Mosszs, 144 species. See Appendix D.
III. To the Geological and Mineralogical Departments.
From the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
Specimens of Rocks and Building Stones :
12 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS.
GRANITE : Dix Island, Me.
Used for front of Treasury building, Washington.
Mica Scuist (Potomac Blue rock) : Washington, D.C. ~
Foundation of Treasury building.
GRANITE : Baltimore county, Md.
Basement of Treasury building.
GRANITE, Mica Scuist (Blue rock): Dix island, Me.
Foundation of Treasury building, Smithsonian Institution & Patent Office.
WaITE CRYSTALLINE LIMESTONE (White Marble) : Baltimore co.
Post-Office building. . [Md
WuitE LAMELLAR LIMESTONE : Texas, Md.
Washington Monument and Post-Office.
Mica Scuist (Blue rock) : District of Columbia.
Foundations of the Capitul and Post-Office.
Rep SANDSTONE (Seneca Brownstone) : Seneca, Md.
Smithsonian Institution and Georgetown Aqueduct.
SANDSTONE (Potomac Sandstone) : Aquia creek, Va.
Old Treasury building, Old Capitol and Executive Mansion.
Compact LIMESTONE (Calico Marble) : Montpelier, Vt.
Decorations of House of Representatives and Treasury.
SACCHAROIDAL LIMESTONE (White Marble) : North-Lee, Mass.
Capitol Extension. -
SaccHARoIDAL Limestone (White Marble) : Plains of Marathon,
CANAANITE : Canaan, Conn. [Greece.
MAGNETITE : Iron mountain, Miss.
FRANKLINITE and ZincitTE : Franklin, N.J.
CHALYBITE : Litchfield, Conn.
MAGNETITE : Essex county, N.Y.
GRAPHIC GRANITE (Pegmatite) : New-Bedford, Mass.
NATIVE CoprER in Vein-stone or Trap : Lake Superior.
Gray SuLPHuURET of Copper : Lake Superior.
From C.S8. WOODWARD, Mount Hope, Orange county.
Sutpuuret of LEAD, from Erie Mine.
do. from Mount Hope Empire Mining Company.
SuLPpHoureT of Coppgrr, from Otisville Mining Company.
From CHARLES F. WADSWORTH, Buffalo.
Gallery of Casts of Foss1z AnrmALs. See Prof. Warp’s Paper (B).
IV. To the Historical and Antiquarian Department.
From E. COCHRAN, Coxsackie.
Ten ARROWHEADS of CHERT, found at Coxsackie.
II. ADDITIONS BY PURCHASE.
To the Zoological Department.
Rangifer tarandus, the Reindeer : Skulls with the horns, male & female.
Ovibos moschatus, the Musk-ox : A skull.
Kaas of the following Domestic and Foreign Birps :
ADDITIONS TO THE STATE CABINET.
I. EGGS OF DOMESTIC BIRDS.
CATHARTES AURA, Illig.
TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS, Vieill.
ASTUR ATRICAPILLUS, Bonap.
ACCIPITER COOPERI, Bonap.
ACCIPITER FUSCUS, Bonap.
Burro LINEATUS, Jardine.
Burro PENNSYLVANICUS, Bonap.
Circus HUDSONIUS, Vieill.
PANDION CAROLINENSIS, Bonap.
POLYBORUS THARUS, Cassin.
CRAXIREX UNICINCTUS, Cassin.
STRIX PRATINCOLA, Bonap.
Scops asi1o, Bonap.
GEOCOCCYX CALIFORNIANUS, Baird.
CoccyGUs AMERICANUS, Bonap.
CoccyGuUs ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, Bp.
Picus vituosvus, Linn.
MELANERPES FORMICIVORUS, Bon.
CoLAPTES AURATUS, Swainson.
TROCHILUS COLUBRIS, Linn.
ANTROSTOMUS VOCIFERUS, Bonap.
CHORDEILES POPETUE, Baird.
CHORDEILES HENRYI, Cassin.
MILVULUS TYRANNUS, Bonap.
MILVULUS FORFICATUS, Sw.
TYRANNUS CAROLINENSIS, Baird.
TYRANNUS VERTICALIS, Say.
MYIARCHUS CRINITUS, Cab.
SAYORNIS Fuscus, Baird.
CENTOPUS VIREUs, Cab.
TURDUS MIGRATORIUS, Linn.
SIALIA SIALIs, Baird.
SIALIA ARCTICA, Swains.
ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS, Licht.
GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS, Cab.
IcTERIA VIRIDIS, Bonap.
DENDROICA STRIATA, Baird.
DENDROICA &STIVA, Baird.
SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA, Sw.
HIRUNDO HORREORUM, Barton.
HIRUNDO LUNIFRONS, Say.
CoTyLE RIPARIA, Boié.
PROGNE PURPUREA, Boié.
CoLLYRIO BOREALIS?, Baird.
CoLLYRIO LUDOVICIANUS, Baird.
VIREO GILVUS, Bonap.
VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS, Bonap.
MIMUS CAROLINENSIS, Gray.
HARPORHYNCHUS LONGICAUDA, Bd.
THRYOTHORUS BERLANDIERI?, Couch.
THRYOTHORUS BEWICKII?, Bonap.
CIisTOTHORUS PALUSTRIS, Cab.
TROGLODYTES DON, Vieill.
TROGLODYTES PARKMANNI, Aud.
Turkey Buzzard.
Sparrow Hawk.
Goshawk.
Cooper’s Hawk.
Sharpshinned Hawk.
Redshouldered Hawk.
Broadwinged Hawk.
Marsh Hawk.
Fish Hawk.
Caracara Eagle.
Harris’s Buzzard.
Barn Owl.
Mottled Owl.
Paisano : Chaparral Cock.
Yellowbilled Cuckoo.
Blackbilled Cuckoo.
Hairy Woodpecker.
California Woodpecker.
Yellowshafted Flicker.
Hummingbird.
Whippoorwill.
Nighthawk.
Western Nighthawk.
Forktailed Flycatcher.
Sczssortail.
Kingbird, Beebird.
Arkansas Flycatcher.
Greatcrested Flycatcher.
Pewee.
Wood Pewee.
Robin.
Bluebird.
Rocky-mountain Bluebird.
Titlark.
Maryland Yellowthroat.
Yellou:breasted Chat,
Blackpoll Warbler.
Yellow Warbler.
Redstart.
Barn Swallow.
Cliff Swallow.
Bank Swallow.
Purple Martin.
Great Northern Shrike.
Loggerhead Shrike.
Warbling Flycatcher.
White-eyed Vireo.
Cathird.
Longtailed Thrush.
Berlandier’s Wren.
Bewick's Wren.
Longbilled Marsh Wren.
House Wren.
Parkman's Wren.
13
14 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS.
LOPHOPHANES ATRICRISTATUS, Cass.
PARUS ATRICAPILLUS, Linn.
CHRYSOMITRIS TRISTIS, Bonap.
POGCETES GRAMINEUS, Baird.
AMMODROMUS CAUDACUTUS, Sw.
AMMODROMUS MARITIMUS, Sw.
CHONDESTES GRAMMAGCA, Bonap.
ZONOTRICHIA GAMBELII, Gambel.
SPIZELLA MONTICOLA, Baird.
SPIZELLA SOCIALIS, Bonap.
MELOSPIZA MELODIA, Baird.
suUSPIZA AMERICANA, Bonap.
CYANOSPIZA CYANEA, Baird.
PipILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, Vieill.
DoLIcHONYX ORYZIVORUS, Sw.
MoLoTHRUS PECORIS, Sw.
AGELAIUS PHENICEUS, Vieill.
XANTHOCEPHALUS ICTEROCEPHALUS,
TRUPIALIS MILITARIS, Bonap.
STURNELLA NEGLECTA, Aud.
JoTERUS SPURIUS, Bonap.
IcTERUS BALTIMORE, Daudin.
IcTERUS BULLOCKII, Bonap.
QUISCALUS MACROURA, Sw.
QUISCALUS MAJOR, Vieill.
QUISCALUS VERSICOLOR, Vieill.
CorvVUS CARNIVORUS, Bartram.
Corvus AMERICANUS, Aud.
CoRVUS OSSIFRAGUS, Wilson.
PicA HUDSONICA, Bonap.
CYANURA CRISTATA, Sw.
EcTOPISTES MIGRATORIA, Sw.
ZENAIDURA CAROLINENSIS, Bonap.
CHAMPELIA PASSERINA, Sw.
MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO, Linn.
TETRAO CANADENSIS, Linn.
CENTROCERCUS UROPHASIANUS, Sw.
PEDIORCETES PHASIANELLUS, Bd.
CUPIDONIA CUPIDO, Baird.
BonAsSA UMBELLUS, Steph.
ORTYX VIRGINIANUS, Bonap.
OrtTyx TEXANUS, Lawr.
OREORTYX PicTUS?, Baird.
LOPHORTYX CALIFORNICUS, Bonap.
GRUS CANADENSIS, Temm.
DEMIEGRETTA LUDOVICIANA, Bd.
GARZETTA CANDIDISSIMA, Bonap.
ARDEA HERODIAS, Linn.
AUDUBONIA OCCIDENTALIS, Bonap.
FLORIDA CHRULEA, Baird.
ARDETTA EXILIS, Gray.
BoTavuRUS LENTIGINOSUS, Steph.
BuTORIDES VIRESCENS, Bonap.
NYCTIARDEA GARDENT, Baird.
IBIS ALBA, Vieillot.
JEGIALITES VOCIFERUS, Cassin.
Blackcrested Tit.
Blackcap Titmouse.
Vellowbird.
Grass Finch.
Sharptailed Finch.
Seaside Finch.
Lark Finch.
Gambel’s Finch.
Tree Sparrow.
Chipping Sparrow.
Song Sparrow.
Blackthroated Bunting.
Indigo-bird.
Ground Robin, Towhee.
Boblink, Reedbird.
Cowbird.
Redwinged Blackbird.
Vellowheaded Blackbird.
Redbreasted Lark.
Western Lark.
Orchard Oriole.
Baltimore Oriole.
Bullock’s Oriole.
Longtailed Grakle.
Boattailed Grakle.
Crow Blackbird.
American Raven.
Common Crow.
Fish Crow.
Magpie.
Blue Jay.
Wild Pigeon.
Common Dove.
Ground Dove.
Wild Turkey.
Spruce Partridge.
Sagecock.
Sharptailed Grouse.
Prairie-hen.
Ruffed Grouse.
Partridge, Quail.
Texas Quail.
Mountain Quail.
California Quail.
Sandhill Crane.
Louisiana Heron.
Snowy Heron.
Great Blue Heron.
Great White Heron.
' Blue Heron.
Least Bittern.
Bittern, Stakedriver.
Green Heron
Night Heron.
White Ibis.
Killdeer. ,
ADDITIONS TO THE STATE CABINET. 15
JHGIALITES WILSONIUS, Cassin.
AMGIALITES SEMIPALMATUS, Cab.
ANGIALITES MELODUS, Cab.
HA&MATOPUS PALLIATUS, Temm.
H@MATOPUS NIGER?, Pallas.
HIMANTOPUS NIGRICOLLIS, Vieill.
PHILOMELA MINOR, Gray.
SYMPHEMIA SEMIPALMATA, Hartl.
NUMENIUS LONGIROSTRIS, Wils.
RALLUS ELEGANS, Aud.
RALLUS CREPITANS, Gm.
RALLUS VIRGINIANUS, Linn.
FuLicA AMERICANA, Gmelin.
BERNICLA CANADENSIS, Boié.
DENDROCYGNA AUTUMNALIS, Eyton.
ANAS BOSCHAS, Linn.
ANAS OBSCURA, Gm.
DAFILA AOCUTA, Jenyns.
NETTION CAROLINENSIS, Baird.
QUERQUEDULA DIscors, Steph.
HISTRIONICUS TORQUATUS, Bonap.
HARELDA GLACIALIS, Leach.
MERGUS SERRATOR, Linn.
PELECANUS Fuscus, Linn.
SuLA BASSANA, Briss.
TACHYPETES AQUILA, Vieillot.
GRACULUS CARBO, Gray.
GRACULUS FLORIDANUS, Bonap.
GRACULUS PENCILLATUS, Bonap.
GRACULUS VIOLACEUS, Gray.
PLOTUS ANHINGA, Linn.
THALASSIDROMA LEACHII, Temm.
PUFFINUS OBSCURUS, Lath.
LARUsS GLAUcUS, Brinn.
LARUS ARGENTATUS, Brinn.
CRICOCEPHALUS ATRICILLA, Linn.
STERNA ARANEA, Wils.
STERNA REGIA, Gambel.
STERNA FULIGINOSA, Gmelin.
STERNA WILSONI, Bonap.
STERNA MACROURA, Naum.
STERNA FORSTERI, Nutt.
STERNA FRENATA, Gambel.
ANOUS sToLIDUS, Leach.
RHYNCHOPS NIGRA, Linn.
CoLYMBUS TORQUATUS, Brinn.
COLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS, Linn.
PoDILYMBUS PODICEPS, Lawr.
ALCA ToRDA, Linn.
MoRMON CIRRHATA, Bonap.
MorMON corNIcCULATA, Naum.
Mormon arctica, Illiger.
URIA GRYLLE, Latham.
URIA COLUMBA, Cassin.
Uria Lomvia, Brinnich.
URIA RINGVIA, Brinnich.
Wilson’s Plover.
Semzpalmated Plover.
Piping Plover.
Oystercatcher.
Bachman’s Oystercatcher.
Blacknecked Stilt.
American Woodcock.
Willet.
Longbilled Curlew.
Marsh-hen.
Clapper Rail.
Virginia Rail.
Coot.
Canada Goose.
Longleg ged Duck.
Mallard.
Black Duck.
Sprigtail, Pintail.
Greenwinged Teal.
Bluewinged Teal.
Harlequin Duck.
South Southerly.
Redbreasted Merganser.
Brown Pelican.
Gannet.
Man-of-war-bird.
Common Cormorant.
Florida Cormorant.
Brandt’s Cormorant.
Violet-green Cormorant.
Snakebird, Water Turkey.
Leach’s Petrel.
Dusky Shearwater.
Burgomaster.
Herring Gull.
Laughing Gull.
. Marsh Tern.
Royal Tern.
Sooty Tern.
Wilson’s Tern.
Arctic Tern.
Forster’s Tern.
Least Tern.
Noddy Tern.
Black Skimmer.
Loon.
Redthroated Diver.
Carolina Grebe.
Razorbilled Auk.
Tufted Puffin.
Horned Puffin.
Arctic Puffin.
Black Guillemot.
Western Guillemot.
Foolish Guillemot.
Murre.
16 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
II. EGGS OF FOREIGN BIRDS.
African Ostrich.
STRUTHIO CAMELUS,
CASUARIUS,
RHEA AMERICANA,
TINNACULUS ALAUDARIUS,
ACCIPITER NISSUS,
CORVUS CORONE,
CoRVUS MONEDULA,
CoRVUS CORAX,
CoRVUS FUGILEGUS,
CoRVUS PICA,
FRINGILLA DOMESTICA,
LANIUS EXCUBITOR,
STERNUS VULGARIS,
PERDIX AUSTRALIS,
PERDIX CINEREA,
PHASIANUS COLCHICUS,
PERDIX PECTORALIS,
GALLINULA CHLOROPUS,
CoTURNIX COMMUNIS,
VANELLUS CRISTATUS,
TURDUS PALUSTRIS,
TURDUS MUSICUS,
TURDUS MERULA,
GARRULUS GLANDINOSA,
ALAUDA SYLVICOLA,
SYLVIA HORTENSIS,
ROssIGNOL DEMMEALLIS,
ANTHUS AQUATICUS,
LANIUS COLUBRIS,
FRINGILLA CANNABINA,
SYLVIA RUBICULA,
LANIUS RUTILLUS,
ALAUDA MONTANA,
PARUS CHRULEUS,
CAUDA RUBINA,
CoccoTHRAUSTES CHLORIS,
FRINGILLA CELEBS,
FRINGILLA CARDUELIS,
PARUS DOMESTICUS,
-LANIvs MINOR,
EMBERIZA CITRINELLA,
SYLVIA HIPPOPAIS,
CoLUMBA TURTUS,
HiIRUNDO RUSTICUS,
PYRRHULA VULGARIS,
FRINGILLA CORONIA,
TROGLODYTES VULGARIS,
MorTACcILLA ALBA,
ERYTHRACA RUBICULA,
SYLVIA CINEREA,
PAaRUS MAJOR,
CoRICA ARTRICAPILLA,
Cassowary.
Kestril.
Sparrowhawk,
Carrion Crow.
Jackdaw.
Raven.
Rook.
House Sparrow.
Cinereous Shrike.
Starling.
Australian Partridge.
Silky-fowl.
Common Partridge.
Pheasant.
Moor-hen.
Quail.
Common Lapwing.
Fieldfare.
English Thrush.
Blackbird.
Fauvette grisette.
Jay.
Woodlark.
Whitethroat.
Gray Hedge Sparrow.
Mirange petite.
Linnet.
Redthroat.
Tomtit.
Petite faulouse.
Redtail.
Green Linnet. |
Goidfinch.
Thistlefinch.
Common Svarrow.
Yellow Bunting.
Poullet chantre.
Turtle Dove.
Swallow.
Ring Sparrow.
Wren.
Pied Wagtail.
Blackcap.
REGENTS.
New- Holland.
South-America.
England.
Germany.
England.
do
do
Japan.
England.
do
Australia,
England.
do
do
do
do
do
~ France.
England.
do
do
France,
do
do
England.
France.
England.
France.
do
do )
England.
France.
England.
do
do
do
do
France.
England.
France.
do
England.
France.
France.
England.
France.
do
do
do
( B.)
WADSWORTH GALLERY
CASTS OF FOSSIL ANIMALS,
Ir is a subject of congratulation, and an evidence of the advance
of liberal sentiments in regard to the importance of Natural Science
in our country, that the most valuable addition to the State Cabinet
has been made during the past year. We refer to the unique and
magnificent Museum of Casts in the east end of the large hall. It
was the accession most needed. Preéminently rich in many depart-
ments of fossil zoology, the State Collection was, for an obvious
reason, deficient in representing those lords of creation, the Ver-
TEBRATES. But the splendid contribution just made, completes the
picture of animal life; and, in doing that, it raises the Collection
to the first rank among American Cabinets. For this noble and
timely gift, the State is indebted to the munificence of Cuar.es
F. Wavsworrtn, Esq. of Buffalo; and the act receives double
interest from the fact that the Museum, of the highest intrinsic
value in itself, was donated by the son of a former Regent of the
University, whom, for his patriotic devotion to her in her hour of
need, the nation delighted to honor. The specimens number 117 ;
and they represent many of the rarest and most extraordinary
fossil forms known to geologists. As the majority of the originals
are confined to the royal and imperial museums of Europe, and are
therefore inaccessible to the American public, these copies will be
welcomed as a most important addition. Many of them are known
in our colleges only through vague descriptions and incorrect
engravings. Indeed the Collection has no parallel on either side of
the Atlantic; for the objects have never before been grouped
together in any one museum. Regarded as a part of the System of
Education in our commonwealth, the State Cabinet is rendered far
more attractive and instructive to both students and visitors, by
opening to our fellow-citizens the treasures of foreign science. The
benefaction will be an enduring monument to the donor; while it
will be gratefully remembered wherever princely liberality is
appreciated, and will be a source of national pride to every one
who desires to see in the State Capital a satisfactory exposition
of Natural History.
[ Senate No. 90.] 2
18 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
The specimens were prepared by Professor Henry A. Warp of
Rochester, N.Y., and with such fidelity and skill that it is not easy
to distinguish them from the originals. The colossal size of some,
and the beauty of execution of all, throw a flood of light on the
inhabitants of a former world. Many of them seem instinet with
life, so natural is their representation; and the observer is carried
by imagination down the flight of ages to that Pre-Adamite period
when monsters, long ago extinct, ruled the Earth.
“yr
Megatherium cuvieri.
This gigantic fossil was first made known to the scientific world in 1789.
It was discovered on the banks of the River Luxan near the city of Buenos
Ayres, and was subsequently transmitted to Madrid, where, for halt a cen-
tury, it excited the most lively speculations among all European naturalists
who were so fortunate as to see it. The original bones, of which the specimen
in the Wadsworth Collection is a copy, were found in the same Pampean
deposit between the years 1831 and 1838, and kelong partly to the Hun-
terian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and partly to the British
Muscum. To give to the singular quadruped its proper position in the Ani-
mal Kingdom, was for many years a problem in comparative anatomy which
the savans of Europe could not solve. Led astray by the huge carapace of
the Glyptedon, found near it, the nrajority called it a mammoth Armadillo,
JUVIER, who gave it its generic title, thought it combined the characters of
the Sloth, Anteater and Armadillo. The merit of throwing a flood of light
on the nature and structure of this most remarkable of all fossil mammals,
was reserved for the celebrated English Geologist, Professor OWEN. He
conclusively proves that the Megatherium was a ‘Ground Sloth,” feeding
on the foliage of trezs which it uprooted by its strength.
The extreme length of the mounted skeleton’ is 17 feet and 9 inches : its
height, from the pedestal to the top of the spinous process of the first dorsal
vertebra, is 7 feet. No other fossil so exceeds its modern representative, as
the lordly Megatherium surpasses the pigmy remnant of the Tardigrade
race; for the largest living Sloth does not exceed 2 feet in length. One is
tempted to join the Spanish naturalist who oljected to the place assigned
to the Meeatherium, because ‘‘all the other Kdentates could Cance in his
carcase.’’ But that there is the closest affinity between it and the diminutive
arboreal Sloth, is now undeniatle. The number of the teeth, their deep in-
sertion, equable breadth and thickness, deeply excavated base, inner strue-
ture and unlimited growth, and the absence of canines, are characters ecom-
mon to both. Both have the peculiar zygomatic arch to the skull : the
alveoli of the jaws correspond in number, position and relative depth. There —
is the same anomalous shortness of face ; a similar development of air cells
surrounding the cerebral cavity; the like scapula, clavicle, os-ified sternal
ribs ; the identically expanded ilia; the flattened femur; and an equal
number of sacral vertebrae. The part in which the Megatherium least re-
sembles the Sloth, is the tail; and, as a general rule, in those modifications
of structure in which it differs from its living ¢ analooue, it approximates to
the Anteater; e.g. in the number and structure of the true vertebrae,
The astragalus is the most characteristic single bone in the skeleton ; its
upper surface being so hollowed on one side, with a wide crescentic groove, —
as to throw the whole weight of the leg upon the inner side of the foot. The —
anchylosis of the tibia and fibula is known among existing quadrupeds only
in armor-bearing Edentates. )
<* ~
YPUS TRIDACTY
MMM TT
cn
(HQRUOLOQOAENNGUUOTUTELEOTONANANGNTNENSEUENEUAG
|
> inch to the foot. |
a 2
.
1.— Skeleton of MrGATHERIUM CUVIERI.
2.— BrabyPus tRIDACTYLUS (Sloth).
(
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Scale 1 — 14; about one inch to the foot.
[ To face page 18.]
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THE WADSWORTH GALLERY... | 19
The head’ of the Megatherium
is remarkatle for its relatiy rely
small size, for the extraordinary
depth of the lower jaw, and for
the great size of the zygomatic
processes. The length of the skull
is 31 inches : 3 inches less than
that of the Asiatic Elephant.
The formation of the muzzle in-
dicates the possession of a short
protoscis. The dental formula ig
‘ £5 = 18. The teeth are
: prismatic and slightly
curved, and measure from
eight to ten inches in
ength, and between two
and three inches in
breadth.* In composition,
a central axis of vascular
dentine is inclosed by a
wall of unvascular dentine, and this by one of cement.
The spinal column consists of seven cervical, sixteen dorsal, three lumbar,
five sacral and eighteen caudal verteprae, and measures fifteen feet in length,
or three feet more than the Elephant. The circumference of the skeleton, at
the eighth rib, is eleven feet. :
In no respect does the Megatherium differ more strikingly from existing
quadrupeds of correspon ling “bulk, than in the vast proportions of its an-
terior extremities. Its clavicle, fifte2n inches long, is the longest known.
The foreleg bespeaks enormous ‘strength ; ; with the foot, it is seven feet and
four inches in len: oth."
The posterior extremities are shorter than the anterior. The pelvis is the
largest bone in any land animal, living or extinet : it is upwards of five
feet broad. The rugged ilium and spinal crest show that it was the centre of
muscular bundles of enormous power, which diverzed to act upon the trunk,
the tail and the hindlegs. These muscles, judging from the size of the spinal
cord, which in this region is four inche: in diameter, must have been cha-
racterized by the extreme energy of their vital contractibility. The acetabu-
lum is excavated in a very exceptional manner, its concavity facing directly
downward. This gave increased strength for sustaining vertical pressure at
the expense of rapid motion.
The hindlegs appear more like columns for support than organs for loco-
motion, and, with the hin ‘feet, are models of massive organic masonry.® The
heel-bone alone has the extraordinary length of seventeen inches, and a
circumference of twenty-eight inches. The monster walked, like the Ant-
eater, on the outside edge of its foot, on a marginal hoof- like ceallosity. The
mid lle toe of the hindfvot, an likewise the secon l, third and fourth digits
of the forefoot, were arm2d with powerful claws. The magnitude of the tail
fills the observer with wonder : when clothed with flesh, it must have been
more than six feet aroun] at the greater end. With the hindlegs, it formed
a tripol upon which the animal rested when obtaining its fool.
It would be interesting to know something of the daily life of an animal
whose colossal size was united to such strange anatomy. As the brain of
the Megatherium was less hy nearly one-half than that of the Elephant, we
infer that he was a creature of fewer instincts. Nevertheless his cotemporary
quadrupeds must have acknowledged him as the head of the Animal King-
20
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
Fore extremity of the MpqaTHERIum.
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY.
Hind extremities of the MEGATHERIUM.
2k
22 EIGHTEENTH -ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
dom. To the tongue of a Giraffe and the proboscis of a Tapir, there was
added the power ‘of rotating the tones of the forearm. These prehensile
organs were suited to a leaf-feeder. That the animal was not carnivorous, is
settled by the structure of its molar teeth : it lacks incisors ; therefore it
was not a Ruminant. But if the great animal fed on foliage, how did it ob-
tain it? The Elephant gathers its food with a long proboscis. The Giraffe,
standing on stilt-like forelegs, and ‘reaching out its attenuated neck, plucks
the high branches with long flexible lips and muscular tongue. The Mega-
therium could imitate ncither.’ Did it climb like the Sloth? Such was the
conjecture of the Danish Naturalist, Dr. Lunp ; but the clumsy make and
the immense bulk and weight of the creature forbid it. The structure of the-
forefeet, moreover, militates against the theory ; ; for the outer digit is hoof-
like, as if made for terrestrial progression. The hindlegs, too, are much
shorter than the for elegs ; and the tail is too short and thick for prehensile
purposes.
The fossorial hypothesis, too, has no better foundation than the scansorial.
In burrowing animals, as the Mole, the pelvis is remarkably slender, and
the claws form a continuous plane with the palm of the foot ; while in the
Megatherium the pelvis is remarkably large, and not one of the claws can
be brought into a line with the metacarpus. The fore-arms were plainly
formed for grasping, not climbing nor digging : they were instruments of
tremendous strength, evidence of which is furnished by the deep grooves and
sharp ridges on the radius and ulna, the starting points of stout tendons and
muscles. The moment we estimate this force, the colossal proportions of the
hind-extremities lose their anomaly and harmonize with the front. The ap-
plication of the fore-arms to the work of tearing down a tree would demand
a corresponding fulcrum, such as we find in the heavy pelvis, the ponderous
tail and the massive hindlegs.
The Megatherium needed not agility for securing prey, for it was not
carnivorous; nor for flight, for its size alone must have been a protection
against any living foe. Had we beheld it living on its native plains, its slow
movement would have excited our wonder as much as its bulk. It was
doubtless a solitary animal. The gathering together in herds was not required
for self-defence : indeed, the necessities of the creature to obtain an enor-
mous daily supply of food would not have allowed it, unless the vegetation
of that day were far more dense than is the modern vegetation of the same
region. When stripping the trees it had prostrated, its position was probably
a reclining one ; and Professor AGAssiz has ventured the opinion that this
crouching attitude was constant to the animal, and that it crept along with
the full length of its fore-arm resting upon the ground.
The Pampas, where the remains of the great fossil have been chiefly
found, are vast plains, stretching from the mountains of Brazil to Tierra
del Fuego. Palms grow at one end, while snow covers the other almost the
entire year. The soil is chiefly a dull-reddish slightly-indurated argillaceous
earth, with here and there calcareous concretions : underneath are beds of
stratified gravel and conglomerate. These deposits constitute the Pampean
formation, which varies in depth from twenty to one hundred feet. They
were slowly formed at atime when the Atlantic reached far westward to the
foot of the central mountain chain, down whose flanks the rivers brought the
detritus and spread it beneath the waters in level layers at some distance
from the shore. Carcases of animals floated down upon the same streams,
and, reaching the quiet waters, sank down in their muddy bed. The whole
area has since been elevated ; the estuary mud has been converted into wide
and level plains, and the shores and submarine banks of a former sea now
form low headlands along the present coast. It was in this recent formation
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY: 23
— referable to the Pleistocene period, because most of its shells are still
living in the ocean — that the Megatherium was entombed. Its bones are
almost exclusively found in the cliffs and steep banks of rivers ; thus far,
the Rivers Salado and Luxan. The race was not exterminated by some
great cataclysm ; for the small bones, like the kneecap, of a cotemporary
mammal were discovered by DARWIN in the same deposit, all lying in their
proper relative position. Like the Aborigines of our own continent, like the
Dodo of Mauritius, the Edentate giants perished one after another, in the
lapse of infinite ages, by those changes of circumstances in the organic and
inorganie world which are always in progress,
The Megatherium was buried in a hecatomb of extinct monsters. By its
side we find the bones of the kindred Mylodon, Megalonyx and Scelidothe-
rium, all of them Sloths; the Glyptodon and Schistopleurum, the Toxodon
and Mastodon, the Machairodus and Macrauchenia. The Megatherium and
its associates have been discovered in the Pleistocene deposits of the United
States; but South-America was then, as it is now, the metropolis of the
Edentates.
The great skeleton is surrounded by a beautiful iron railing, the columns
of which support bronze figures of ten representative forms from the natural
order (KpENTATA) to which the fossil belongs. They are the Mylodon (MM.
robustus), Megalonyx (M. jeffersonz), Glyptodon (G. clavicaudatus), Sloth
(Bradypus didactylus), Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata), Little Ant-
eater (M. didactyla), Armadillo (Dasypus peba), Aard Vark (Orycteropus
capensis), Pichiciego (Clamyphorus truncatus), and Longtailed Manis (M.
longicaudatus). The animals of this series, by their similarity in certain
parts, illustrate well the law of adherence to type or pattern, which Nature
followed in their construction; while their differences illustrate the other
great law by which organic structures are specially adapted to special modes
of life.
Schistopleurum typus.
In front of the Megatherium, and hardly less imposing, is the great fossil
Armadillo from the same Pampean deposit, the Schzstopleurum typus.° The
original was found near Montevideo in 1846, on the borders of the River
Luxan, by Dr. F. X. Numez; and presented, by order of the Dictator
Rosas, to Vice-Admiral DupoTet, who gave it to the Museum of Dijon,
his native city. M. Nopor, Curator of the Museum, describes it in the
Memoirs of the Academy of Dijon in 1856. Like the Megatherium, it be-
longed to an age when nearly all families of mammals were represented by
larger forms than at the present day.
The kody is covered by a ponderous coat of mail (the original weighs
about 4090 lbs.) formed by polygonal plates,* none of which are disposed in
bands as in the living Armadillo, but which were all firmly articulated to
each other : the animal, therefore, could not contract or bend its body into
a ball as does its modern puny representative. This specimen received its
generic title because it seemed to show the beginning of such a division :
the carapace is much warped, and, in several places, indented, probably
during the life of the animal. It measures six feet eight inches in length and
nine feet two inches across, following the curve, at the middle of the back.
The skull was likewise defended by a tessellated bony casque, and is also
remarkable for the long backward-curved apophysis descending from the
zygoma as in the Megatheroids.t The animal possessed a clavicle, yet seized
*In the Schistopleurum, these plates or ossicles are mostly hexagonal; in the
Glypiodon. pentagonal.
t The skull is wanting in this cast, but will soon be added.
24
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
A
mM
i
i
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——
—
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——
——
———
==
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SCHISTOPLEURUM TYPUS,
—
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY. 2
its food with its lips and tongue. All the Pleistocene Armadillos had fluted
teeth, and were phytophagous : the modern species, except the Apara of the
Pampas, are carnivorous. The tail had its independent osseous sheath, sup-
ported by the vertebrae within, and was well suited to strike a severe blow.
The femur is flattened in front and behind, and widens out laterally as in
the Megatherium.
The tibia and fibula’ are soldered together, and,
with the massive club-like foot, formed a firm sup-
port while the creature used its forelegs. The heavy
tail served, at the same time, as a prop or an anchor.
Lying on the same pedestal are the tails of the Glyptodon clavicaudatus
and G. clavipes ;° the latter showing the vertebrae at the upper end, and
exemplifying finely the relation of the endo- and exo-skeletons. They are
each three feet long.
Dinotherium giganteum.
On the left of the observer, as he faces the Megatherium, are the largest
fossil skulls thus far discovered. The one whose enormous down-curving
tusks remind one of the Walrus, belongs to the Dinotherium giganteum.°
The original was discovered by Dr. KiipsTEIN, near Eppelsheim, in a bed
of sand and marl of the Miocene Tertiary containing marine shells, and is
now preserved in the Museum at Darmstadt. It was first descriked by Prof.
Kavp. The teeth had previously been found in France, Bavaria and Austria;
and, from their close analogy with those of the Tapir, were described by
Cuvier as kelonging to an extinct colossal animal of that genus. Fragments
of the same mammal have been discovered also in America in the Miocene
deposits of Perim island, Gulf of Cambay, and in Tertiary formation lime-
stone at the fuot of the Pyrenees. The remains are associated with the
Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros, Mastodon, Palwotherium, Anoplotherium,
Machairodus, Horse, Ox, Antelope, Ape, Hog, Dog, Wolf, Cat, Leamantine,
Morse, Seacalf and Dolphin, all of extinct species.
The skull is three feet eight inches in length : it is characterized by a
very flat occipital bone (approximating in form the occiput of Cetacea), large
nasal aperture opening above, and large suborbital fosse, which, together
with the form of the nose, seem to indicate the presence of a short proboscis.
Ths teeth 2-2 are all molars, and belong to the bilophodont or two-ridged
type, as in the Tapir, Megatherium, Kangaroo and Manatee. The large
deflected tusks are, in fact, two huge recurved incisors implanted in a pro-
26 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
IMM |
|
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| arin anh
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= il
Head of the DinorHERIUM.
longation of the symphysis of the lower jaw. The skull, scapula, femur and
pelvis(?) are the only parts yet discovered. The scapula resembles that of a
Mole. The femur, which lies on the yedestal under the head, is the largest
thigh-bone known to naturalists; measuring five feet in length, and two feet
four inches in greatest circumference of shaft. CuviER and Kaup calculated
that the animal must have attained the extraordinary length of eighteen feet.
Professor Kaup regards the Dinotherium as intermediate between the
Mastodon and Tapir, and truly terrestrial ; while MM. DEBLAINVILLE and
PIcTET consider it an aquatic herbivore resembling the Lamantin, and in-
habiting the embouchures of great rivers. In the general shape of the skull
and aspect of the nostrils, according to OWEN, the Dinotherium most re-
sembles the Manatee or Dugong; ‘but bones of limbs have been found so
‘associated with teeth as to determine the Dinotherium to be a hoofed qua-
druped, of probably aquatic habits, and transitional, as it would seem, be-
tween the large Lophiodorus and the huger proboscideans.”’
In the last number (November 1864) of the American Journal of Science
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY. 27
is noticed briefly the discovery, in the Department of the Haute-Garonne
in Southern France, of an immense fossil pelvis, supposed to belong to the
Dinotherium. This is five feet eleven inches from one crest to the other of
the iliac bones, and four feet three inches in a line cutting it vertically. In
its lower portion are two subtriangular depressions which are evidently ar-
ticulating cavities, in which fitted marsupial bones. This discovery renders
it very probable that the Dinotherium was a marsupial animal; although it
is still as uncertain as before to what exact order of animal this didelphic
feature was, in this case, added.
, Mastodon giganteus,
By the side of the Dinotherium, enclosed by the same railing, is the head
of the Mastodon giganteus, disinterred from a post-glacial fluviatile deposit
in Orange county, N.Y. It is the largest elephantoid skull that has ever
been discovered.” The cranium is convex and cellular ; and from the great
NASH
i
|
%
cavities in front, once protruded enormous tusks. The teeth are composed of
dentine with enamel spread over the crown, which is divided into several
transverse tubercles, each of which is subdivided into two obtuse points, the
transverse furrows not being filled up with cement as in the Elephant. The
dental formula is as follows, d standing for deciduous :
ay 2th i : : 3_3. ABs 38.3 —
OGe s HET: 48-85 dm. 3-8; pty m, gg 84.
The molars progressively increase in size, and most of them in complexity,
and in their growth follow each other from hehind forwards.,Not more than
three were in use at any period on one side of either jaw. All, save the
penultimate, were shed by the time the crown cf the last had cut the gum,
983 YIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
Beneath the skull,*°? on the pedestal, are the tusk of another specimen
from St.Catharines (Canada), and a portion of a lower jaw and teeth from
Missouri. There is hardly a portion of the United States, or indeed of the
North-American continent, which has not offered some remains of this ele-
phantoid animal which once roamed its surface in vast herds.
Elephas ganesa.
In the east window, on a long pedestal, is mounted a very perfect head of
the Elephas ganesa, a fossil Mammoth from the Sewalik hills, outliers of
the‘ Himmalaya mountains in India. The original, preserved in the British
Museum, was obtained by Dr. FALCONER and Major Cauttey. The Ter-
tiary deposit, in which it was discovered, consists of concretionary grit,
conglomerate, sandstone and loam; and contains lignite, trunks of dicoty-
ledonous trees, and land and freshwater shells.
The length of the skull is four feet two inches; width, twenty-nine
inches. The tusks are ten feet six inches long, and twenty-six inches in cir-
eumference at the base. In consequence of their slight curvature, they project
eight feet five inches in front of the head. Their apparent disproportion to
the size of the skull is truly extraordinary, and exemplifies the maximization
of dental development. The weight which they, by their great leverage, must
have added to the skull of the living animal, can hardly be estimated at
less than two thousand pounds!
At either end of the Gallery, in the recesses formed by the windows, are
four handsome cases with glazed top and front, in which, on receding shelves,
are exhibited a numerous series of smaller fossils arranged with a zoological
grouping. In the first case (on the north wall) are twenty-eight
viel 2
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-THE WADSWORTH GALLERY.
Fossil Articulates, Mollusks and Radiates.
They are as follows :
ii
Yo. J. Beloteuthis subcostata.* Internal bone
cf fossil cuttlefish.
Lias: Holzmaden, Wirtemberg.
1!
a
~
No. 2. Belemnites oweni."* Specitnen showing the
‘‘phragmocone”’ or chamtered float, in place, in
the upper end or alveolar cavity of the ‘‘guard”’.
Oxford clay: Chippenham, England.
No. 3. Amorphczoum?" A fossil sponge a foot in
diameter, with eleven beautifully radiating and
recurved hollow fingers.
Lower Silurian: Franklin county, Kentucky.
( (>> Specimen still undescribed.
30 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
15.
i
ni
Mi
No. 4. Apzocrinus parkinsoni,” Pear Encrinite. Speci-
men with calyx, stem and root complete.
~
Great Oolite: Hampton, England.
No. 5. Ancyloceras (Scaphites) gigas... A
full-grown and unusually perfect
specimen.
Lower Greensand; Atherfield, Isleof Wight,
England,
LEU,
GLAE
LLL
LL,
QLLLE:
LL
WLLL
N
SSS ’”"F"EBFW ’“FEF
7
SSG SISSIES
No. 6. Dalmania nasuia.” Specimen
showing the bifurcated frontal process.
Lower Helderberg: Sehoharie, N.Y,
No. 7. Ammonites bircha."
Lias; Lyme Regis, Engiand.
3
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY. . ae
AY IY) vies mi |
| ag ; a i
No. 8. Eryon propinquus.”
Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite): Svlenhofen, Bavaria.
No.9. Ammonites bucklandi® (Group ‘‘Arietes”’
of Von Bucn).
Lias: Boll, Wirtemberg.
No. 10. Cancrinus latipes.
Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite):
Kichstadt. Bavaria.
2
sNo. 11. Ammonites biagdenc™ (Group ‘Coronarii”’ of
: Von Btcn).
Great Oolite: Yorkshire, England.
No. 12. Ancyloceras andouli.”
; , Lower Greensand: Cheiron, France.
32 RIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
No. 13. Ammonites —-—**"_ (Group “ Falciferi” of Von
Bucn). Oolite: France.
No. 14. Calymene blumenbachit.™
Upper Silurian: Dudley, England.
aS IN Wee /
Uy; SSS
iit it a SS
_ — NG
No. 15. Zschna eximia.* Beautiful fossil Libellula or Dragonfly, with
Wings spreading six inches.
Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite): Solenhofen, nasa,
No. 16. Ammonites rothomagensis? Interior cast of portion of outer whorl,
showing the lobed edges of septa. | Chalk marl: Rouen, France,
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY. | 33
No. 17. Ophioderma egertoni.*, One
of the most perfect and beautiful
of the Ophiuride.
Lias: Lyme Regis, England.
No. 18. Ammonites macrocephalus*®
(Group ‘‘ Macrocephali”’ of Von Bucu).
Oxford clay: Wiltshire, England.
No. 19. Tozoceras moutonianus.” Very perfect specimen, over
two and a half feet long.
Lower Greensand: Escragnolles, France.
No. 20. Scaphites ivani.*® Specimen with
the whorls of the early age of the shell quite distinct.
Lower Greensand: Barréme, France.
No. 21. Cidaris blumenbachiz.” Specimen with
the spines still adhering.
Coral Rag: Wiltshire, England.
No. 22. Hippurites radiosa. Lower valve.
White Chalk: Vache-Perdue, France.
[ Senate No. 90.] 3
34 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
No. 23. Ammonites lautus* (Group No. 24. Ammonites modiolaris™
“ Dentati’’ of Von Bucn). (Group ‘‘Coronarii”’ of Von
Gault: Folkestone, England. Buc).
Oxford Clay: Chippenham, England.
No. 26. Stphonia (Halirhoa) lobata.”
Upper Greensand: Warminster, Wiltshire, Eng.
No. 25. Ammonites fimbriatus” (Group “‘ Ligati”’ of D’OrBIGNyY).
Lias: Lyme Regis, England.
. Ammonites henleyz.** )
Lias: Lyme Regis, England.
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY. 35
; 59999522453
Asie2syone jaaasaadaauaysts
KA
No. 28. Encrinus lilitformis.** A very interesting
Crinoid, showing with beautiful distinctness
the discs, which, standing on each other
with articulating surfaces, form the sup-
porting column; also the several pieces of
the calyx, and the many thousand ossicles
which enter into the composition of the ten
arms.
Species confined to the Muschelkalk (Middle Trias).
Brunswick, Germany.
Pea,
As \-
~~
~*
/
The second window-case. east of the one already noticed,
contains
Fossil Reptiles and Fishes.
They are :
36.
No.29. Ichthyosaurus commu-
nis.*° A fine head, having
all the bones and teeth
complete and in true posi-
tion, and showing well the
sclerotic plates which de-
fended the eye.
Lias: Barrow-on-Soar, England.
Ph Leg
SST Bulges >»
36 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
Sw
SSS
SSG Gwe
Y,
SSS
bE LLELLLELLZEZZZEZZZ_ZZZZZ ETZEL
No. 80. Microdon ( Pycnodus ) elegans.” A beautiful Ganoid fish, with
homocereal tail and long pointed dorsal and anal fins.
Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite): Bavaria.
No. 31. Sapheosaurus laticeps. Small fossil Lizard; body and extremities
complete. Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite): Kelheim, Bavaria.
38.
We
\\\ S
yy
SS
YN Wax s
) ~
; Hy i ) Me ut
Sten
No. 32. Cephalaspis
lyellz.** A well-known
Ganoid fish, with
buckler head, thin
triangular body and
heterocercal tail.
Old Red Sandstone
(Devonian): Glammiss,
Forfarshire, Scotland.
any fe :
WOO
——
==
No. 38. Megalurus elegantissimus.* Small Ganoid fish, with largely
expanded tail. #
Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite): Solenhofen, Bavaria
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY. 37
No. 34. Undina striolaris. Ganoid fish of the family of ‘‘Ccelocanths,”’ or
those with hollow bones.
Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite): Kelheim, Bavaria.
No. 35. Lepidotus minor. A
fine Ganoid fish, with homo-
— cereal tail & bright-shining
Ae elf) scales,
TLup Purbeck limestone
(Upper Oolite):
Isle of Portland, England.
‘| No. 86. Pterodactylus
{ crasszrostris.** Copy
of the most perfect
specimen of this fos--
sil that has ever beem
found.
Lithographic limestone:
(Upper Oolite) :
Solenhofen, Bavaria.
No. 37. Placodus gigas.” Skull entire,
with both maxillary and palatal series
of teeth. These latter are, relatively,
larger than those of any other known
animal, living or fossil. No part of the
animal, save the head, is known; but
it is believed to have been a marine
saurian, which frequented the seashores
and fed upon the hard-shelled mollusks,
crushing them between its hard rounded
teeth.
Muschelkalk (Middle Trias):
Laineck. Bavaria.
38 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
No. 38. Andrias tschudi.** Fossil Salamander. It
was a larger adult specimen of this fossil which
was erroneously supposed by ScHEUZzER to be
a human skeleton, and was described by him,
nearly a century and a half ago, as ‘‘ Homo
diluviz testes
Miocene Tertiary: Gningen, Switzerland.
7
No. 89. Acrodus nobilis.** Palatal teeth,
with their peculiar surtace linings.
Lias: Lyme Regis, England.
| No. 40. Gyrodus umbilicus.** A fine series of palatal teeth.
Upper Oolite: Durrheim, Duchy of Baden.
No. 41. Pycnodus platessus. Fossil fish.
Eocene Tertiary: Monte Bolea, Lombardy.
No. 42. Mesturus verrucosus. Fossil fish nearly
two feet long.
Lithographic Limestone: Eichstadt, Bavaria,
In the recess of the southeast window is a case of
Fossil Reptiles.
No 48. Preropactyte : fig. 46. No. 44. Mrecatosaurus: f. 47.
i ii —
=
UK
———
i
|
Ts
SHE WADSWORTH GALLERY. 39
No. 45. Iauanopon : f. 48.
No. 47. Icuruyosaurus: f. 50.
Nos. 43 — 49 (figs. 46 — 50) are restorations of the Pterodactyle, Megalo»
saurus, Iguanodon, Labyrinthodon, Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus
and P. macrocephalus. They are reduced (one inch to the foot) from the
gigantic models in the Crystal Palace, London ; constructed to scale by B.
WateEerRHOUSE HAawKINs, F.G.8., F.L.S., from the form and proportions
of the fossil remains, and in strict accordance with the scientific deductions
of the British Cuvier, Professor OWEN. Preliminary drawings, with careful
measurements of the originals in the Royal College of Surgeons, British
Museum and Geological Society, were prepared, and sketch models made at
a fraction of the natural size, and submitted to the above high authority,
Clay models were then made of the natural size.
To give an idea of these monster Saurians, Mr. HAWKINS states that the
Iguanodon, as it now stands in the Crystal Palace, is composed of four iron
columns 9 feet long by 7 inches in diameter, 600 bricks, 1550 tiles, 38
casks of cement, 90 casks of broken stone, with 100 feet of iron hooping
_ and 20 feet of cube inch bar. It was modelled after the great Horsham
specimen; and the mold was afterward converted into a salle & manger, in
| which Prof Owen, Prof. orBes and twenty other scientific gentleman sat
down to dinner. The beautiful restorations in the Wadsworth Collection are
faithful copies, in miniature, of the gigantic group in London. Fossil re-
40 §IGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
mains, for the most part, are found only in a fragmentary state. When then
the dry bones are thus seemingly clothed with flesh, a more accurate know~
ledge of the wonders of Creation is communicated to the mind than by any
scientific description.
No. 50. Teleosaurus minimus. Head of the smallest individual of the genus
yet described, showing well the orbital sockets and the nasal fossee.
Lias : Wirtemberg.
No. 51. Emys hamiltonoides.” Turtle : carapace
and plastron complete.
Miocene Tertiary : Sewalik hills, India.
52.
7 SS
No. 52. Nothosaurus mirabilis.
Skull, with finely preserved teeth. | Muschelkalk: Bayreuth, Bavaria.
No. 53. Ichthyosaurus communis. Skull, with jaws and teeth complete.
Lias: Lyme Regis, England.
No. 54. Crocodilus spencert. Skull. Eocene Tertiary: Is!e of Sheppey, England.
No. 55. Archegosawrus decheni.*
AN \Y
ie \ Head complete.
WX YY Coal measures: Saarbriick, Rh. Prussia.
In the fourth window-recess, on the south side of the room, is a
final window-case, which contains
Fossil Mammals and Birds,
They are
pasts cea ran . No. 56.
Anoplotherium
y communis. A very
N perfectly preserved
N head of this
N interesting animal,
\ which was thought
N by Cuvizr, who first
Ndescribed it, to hold
Y an intermediate
\ position between the
N Rhinoceros & Horse.
SSSA SSSA
SSS The most remarkable
‘
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY. 41
feature of the skull, and that from which the genus took its name, is the
full dentition ; six incisors in each jaw, without any interval between them
and the molars. Eocene Tertiary: Paris, France.
No. 57. Megatherium cuvierz.© Molar tooth, showing pulp
cavity and bilophodont crown.
Pleistocene: Buenos Ayres.
No. 58. Bootherium bombifrons.*© Skull with horns ;
very well preserved.
Pleistocene: Big-bone Lick, Kentacky.
No. 59. Zeuglodon cetozdes.*’ Molar tooth.
Eocene Tertiary; Claiborne, Alabama.
42 RBIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET,
/
No. 60. Paleotherium
crassum ** Perfectly
preserved head. Spe-
cimen first described
by CuviER.
Eocene Tertiary:
Paris, France.
Wn Wwwy(i@di". ,
Y
SN
No. 61. Tapirus auvernensis. Portion of skull of fossil Tapir.
Pliocene Tertiary: Auverne, Central France.
No. 62. Trogonotherium cuvieri. Tower
jaw (left ramus) of fossil Beaver.
Pliocene Tertiary: Norfolk, England.
No. 638. Oreodon culbertsonz.®
Skull entire.
Kocene Tertiary:
Mauvaises Terres, Nebraska.
me SS X N Ay
No. 64. Gulo speleus.** Head of fossil
Glutton. |
Cavern deposit (Pleistocene) :
Gailenreuth, Germany,
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY. 43
No. 65. Elephas americanus.” Tooth
of Mammoth.
Pleistocene:
St.Catharines, Canada West.
No. 66. Dodo ineptus.® Head.
This specimen is of the highest
interest ; belonging, as it does
to a species which has become
extinct during the present or
historical period.
Pleistocene:
Island of Mauritius.
No .67. Sivatherium giganteum. Lower jaw; left ramus.
; Miocene Tertiary: Sewalik hills, India.
No. 68. Pliopithecus antiquus.* Lower
jaw of fossil Monkey.
Miocene Tertiary: :
Auvergne, Central France.
No. 69. Palacétherium trassum:® Left hindfoot.
Koecene Tertiary: Paris, France,
44 IGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
66.
Myer Wr.
Hii Wl | M mu \\\
pee
No. 70. Human Skull, discovered in 1857,
in a limestone cave in the Neanderthal, be-
tween Diisseldorf and Elberfeld. The rest of
HMMM, the skeleton was found with it. The part of
| i iim, the cranium preserved consists of the portion
il, above the roof of the orbits, and the superior
occipital ridges. It includes almost the whole
#/ of the frontal bone, both parietals, a small
part of the temporals, and the upper part of
the occipital. The surface of the original is-
covered with delicate dendrites. It is the most
pithecoid of human crania yet discovered, and
kas a very small cerebral development. The
\\\ . posterior cerebral lobes must have projected
ANAT - considerably beyond the cerebellum; thus
| i) } showing a similarity to certain Australian
EE gs skulls. The conclusions of Prof. HUXLEY are:
First, that the extraordinary form of the skull is due to a natural con-
formation, hitherto not known to exist even in the most barbarous races ;
secondly, that it belongs to a period anteccdent to the time of the Celts in
Germany, and was in all probability derived from one of the wild races of
Northwestern Europe (autochthonus) ; and thirdly, that it is beyond doubt
traceable to a period at which the latest animals of the diluvium still
existed. Further facts on the subject may be found in LYELL’s Antiguity
of Man.
No. 71. Dodo ineptus. Foot ; skin still covering. Pleistocene: Isle Mauritius.
No. 72. Rhinoceros
No. 73. Rhinoceros minutus. Last molar tooth. Miocene: Steinheim, Wirtemberg.
nf
!
HT
. Lower jaw; right ramus. Pliocene: Central France.
quaary Ul sAvg ‘ouad04sla[g
DUL) 9 2uosiaffal xhuoppsayy *F), ‘ON
“BIUIBILA Ulojysa AA ‘09 Ie14
‘sosuvyeyd [ens
N oO. 715. Anchitherium bairdiz. Head. Eocene: Mauvaises terres, Nebraska.
No. 76. Palgotherium crassum. Lower jaw. Eocene Tertiary: Paris. France.
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY. 45
The series is next continued in the wall-case, immediately to
the right of the window-case just noticed :
No. 77.
Holoptychius nobilissimus.
Very perfect and well-
preserved Ganoid fish.°*
Old Red Sandstone
(Devonian):
Clashbennie, Scotland.
No. 78. Testudo . Turtle, 23 inches long and 18th inches broad ;
carapace and plastron complete.
Miocene Tertiary: Sewalik hills, India.
No. 79. Labyrinthodon jegeri.” Head, with lower
jaw firmly closed. The portions of this most sin-
gular fossil which have thus far been found, show
that it belonged to the order of Batrachia, and
was most nearly allied to the Frogs among living
animals. Its length, as estimated by OWEN, was
about nine feet.
Upper Trias (Keuper): Wirtemberg.
- No. 80. Anomepus major.” Tracks of
hind-feet, with impressions made by coc-
cygeal bone (See Hitcucock’s Ichnology
of Massachusetts, pp. 59 & 60).
Trias? Greenfield, Massachusetts.
id \
Hil
|
oj
ye
,
i, ’
y i
46 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
No. 81.
No. 82. Ichthyosaurus platyodon.” This head, five feet in length, is the
largest which has ever been found of this huge fossil Enaliosaurian, or Marine
Lizard. The muzzle is entire, and armed with many score of formidable
teeth. The eye, seven and a half inches in diameter, is cased by an armor of
sclerotic plates, which protected it against the many injuries to which it was
subject in the fierce encounters in which the animal engaged. The original
head, which must have belonged to an individual over sixty feet in length,
was found in the beds of Lias, Lyme Regis, England. |
No. 88. Lsotelus megistus.” This speci-
men, 22 inches in length, is a restora-
tion, by aid of actual fragments which
have been found. It shows well the head
i, and tail-shields, and the intervening
movable segments by means of which
the animal could fold or double its body
| together.
Lower Silurian: Cincinnati, Ohio.
No. 84.
Leptorhynchus giganteus.”
The muzzle, two feet long, of a
huge Gavial-like Saurian.
Miocene Tertiary:
Sewalik hills, India.
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY. 47
No. 85. Crioceras humboldtianus.™ An interesting
Cephalopod shell, whose open whorls are covered
on every side with sharp conical spines.
Lower Cretaceous? SantaFé de Bogota, S.America.
AAT
Ny
by
No. 86. Machairodus neogeus."* The head of this fossil Lion is armed
with two trenchant sabre-like teeth, which gave it, while living, most
terrible powers of destruction. Bone Caverns (Pleistocene): Brazil
Ne. 87. Ursus speleus.”
Skull of Great Cavern Bear.
Cavern Deposit (Pleistocene) :
Gailenruth, Germany.
No. 88. Ichthyosaurus intermedius. Posterior half of skull, with the eye
and sclerotic plates deeply dissected out. Lias: Lyme Regis, England.
48 IGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
No. 89. Zeuglodon hydrarchus.” A skull nearly three feet long.
Eocene Tertiary: Claiborne, Alabama.
No. 90. Rhinoceros paleindicus. Skull. Miocene Tertiary: Sewalik hills, India.
No. 91. Pentacrinus subangularis.* A very perfect specimen of this in-
teresting Crinoid, with the arms expanded nearly a foot, and the stem
over seven feet long. Lias; Boll, Wirtemberg.
79.
‘No. 92. Elephas primigenius.” Perfect lower
jaw of a young individual, with the molar
teeth still in place.
Pleistocene: Lippethal, Rhenish Prussia.
No. 93. Rhinoceros schleyermacheri. Lower jaw, left ramus of adult
specimen. Miocene Tertiary: Germany.
No. 94. Pterodactylus rhamphastinus. Skeleton nearly entire ; on a
slab. Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite): Darting, Bavaria.
No. 95. Encrinus liliiformis.® Slab
(17 inches by 9), with three very
perfect heads and stems.
Muschelkalk (Middle Trias):
Brunswick, Germany.
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY. 49
No. 96. Ichthyosaurus platyedon.*' Paddle, three ond one-half feet long.
Lias: Glastonbury, So nersetshire, England.
WhtMMM™
LM
Ud
No. 97.
Eurysternum wagleri.™
Small fossil Turtle, with
extremities projecting
beyond carapace.
Lithographic limestone
(Upper Oolite):
Solenhofen, Bavaria. ,
VL
Wl
WML.
WWD TEED
WW,
Vi fs]
SSS SSS SSS ‘
[ Senate No. 90.] 4
50 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
83.
No. 98. Cheirothertum barthi.™
Slab six feet in length, covered
with large hand-shaped tracks, .
which have been referred to an
extinct reptile provisionally
termed Cheirotherium (hand-
animal), but very probably identi-
cal with the Labyrinthodon
(No. 79), whose remains have been
found in the same locality.
New Red Sandstone (Lower Trias):
Jena, Germany.
al
Ng!
No. 99. Anoplotherium commune. Hind-foot. Wactac Tertiary: Paris: France.
The remainder of the casts are to the left, in’ the wall-case
between the third and fourth window-cases. They are :
8
=>
—
=
7
=F EEA
No. 100. Ammonites giganteus.™* A perfectly preserved specimen of extra™
ordinary size, being no less than two feet two inches in diameter.
Upper Oolite: Isle of Portland, England .
THE WADSWORTH GALLERY. 5ST
No. 101. Gyrodus circularis. Large Ganoid fish, perfectly preserved in all
its parts; two feet six inches long.
Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite): Wirtemberg.
No. 1062.
Hexaprotodon (Hippopotamus)
sevalensis.*° Skull two feet long.
Miocene Tertiary:
Sewalik hills, India.
No. 103.
Megalonyx jeffersoni.*
Skull. This extinct Sloth, a
congener of the Megatherium
and Mylodon, formerly in-
habited many parts of the
United States south of the
Wp Ohio. It was first discovered
We and described (1797) by
THOMAS JEFFERSON,
President of the United States.
Pleistocene: Natehez, Mississippi.
of,
fF pst li
Gar
No. 184. Plestosaurus macrocephalus.” A very perfect specimen of this
52 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
long-necked Saurian, with its body bowed or bent around ; on a slab
2 feet 11 inches, by 1 foot 5 inches. Lias: Lyme Regis, England.
No. 105. Aspidorhynchus speciosus.** Fossil Fish.
Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite): Eichstaedt, Bavaria,
No. 106. Phytosaurus (Belodon) kapfft. Skull.
Keuper (Upper Trias): Stuttgardt, Wirtemberg.
a No. 107. Lepidotus maximus.”
ee wig! +|ragment, 18 inches broad by 30 inches
nies ; y IY long, showing finely the ganoid style
of scales.
Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite):
Solenhofen, Bavaria.
.e..)
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS
FOUND IN
ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY.
—
By JOHN A. PAINE, Jr.
ee
NOTE.
Tuts Catalogue is designed to be a record of the observations of botanists who have
resided in the central part of the State. Many names are given fully; others, of the
most active, of necessity are abbreviated and without titles, but are well known in
this branch of science :— Prof. Cuester Dewey. D.D., LL.D., of Rochester; Prof.
James Haptey, M.D., of Buffalo; Perer D. Knresxern, M.D.,of Shark-river N.J.;
Henry P. Sarrwet, M.D., Ph.D., of Penn-Yan; Samver B. Brapter, M.D., of
West-Greece; Irnamar B. Crawe, M.D., formerly of Watertown; Professor Asa
Gray, M.D., LL.D., of Cambridge, Mass.; Hon. Gzorcre W. Cuinton, LL.D., of
Buffalo; Professor JonatHan Prarson, of Schenectady; Witi1am A. Woop, M.D.,
formerly of Dexter; Grorce Vasey, M.D., of Ringwood, Il.
When names are given, they are authority for all localities of the sentence in which
they stand, but extend to no other sentence either preceding or following. When no
name is given, the reference is founded on observation by the writer.
Urica, December, 1864.
PHANOGAMIA. Flowering Plants.
I, DICOTYLEDON &. Dicotyledons.
1. ANGIOSPERM 4b. /ingiosperms.
A. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS.
RANUNCULACE2. Crowfoots.
ATRAGENE, L.
AMERICANA, Sims. American Atragene.
Shady rocks, woods and hillsides. Helderberg mountains, Pearson. Otsego
county, B.D. Gilbert. Littlefalls, Herkimer county, south side of the Mo-
hawk, along the cliff. Yates county, Sartwell. Frequent. May.
54 BIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
CLEMATIS, L. Virgin’s Bower. Traveller’s Joy.
VIRGINIANA, L. Virginian Clematis.
Open woods occasionally, often along fences, walls; common on the banks
of streams. July — September.
ANEMONE, L. : Anemone. Wind-flower.
MULTIFIDA, DC. Many-parted-leaved Anemone.
On limestone rocks along the Black river at Watertown, Crawe, Gray in Rare
plants of Northern N.Y. On the rocky banks of the river at Watertown,
just by the bridge of the Brownville road, Gray. Along the river-cliffs be-
tween Brownville and Dexter, Vasey. To be looked for on the Thousand:
Islands of the St. Lawrence, Gray. Rare. June.
CYLINDRICA, Gray. Cylindrical-headed Anemone.
In dry pine barrens, near Oneida lake, New-York, Gray in Rare plants of
Northern N.Y. Pine plains, one mile north of New-London; abundantly a
few miles above Watertown, Knieskern. Along the north side of the Black
river, between Watertown and Dexter. Rare. May, June.
VIRGINIANA, L. High Anemone.
Barren hillsides, along fences, in ravines. Abundant. June —- August.
PENNSYLVANICA, L.. Round-headed Anemone.
Flats and banks of streams. Meadows of the Mohawk. Fish creek. Shores of
the lakes. Abundant. June, July.
_NEmoROSA, L. Wood Anemone.
Rich shady woods. Schenectady, Pearson. Holland Patent, Miss J. E.John-
son. Deerfield. Frankfort hill, J.@.Crocker. Fish creek. Infrequent. May.
HEPATICA, Déllenzus. Hepatica. Liver-leaf.
TRILOBA, Chazz. Three-lobed-leaved Hepatica.
Shady woods and ravines. Frequent.
ACUTILOBA, DC. Acute-leaved Hepatica.
Rich woods. Common. March, April.
THALICTRUM, Tourn. Rue,
ANEMONOIDES, Michz. Rue Anemone.
Open woods. Albany, herb. Bradley. Schenectady, Pearson. Common in a
few localities near New-London, Knieskern. Uncommon. April-June.
bdiorcum, L. Early Rue. Diecious Rue.
Rocky banks and sides of ravines. Frequent. April, May.
CORNUTI, L. Meadow Rue. Discovered by CorNUTI.
Wet meadows, low grounds and rich woods. Common. June — August.
RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoots. Buttercups.
AQUATILIS, L., var. DIVARICATUS, Gray. Water Crowfoot.
Cold streams. Schenectady, Pearson. Abundant in the raceway at Oriskany.
Two miles east of Rome, along the railroad, in a spring-brook. Fish creek,
Vienna, Knieskern. Gorham, Sartwell, Infrequent. June — August.
PURSHII, Richards. Floating Buttercup. Determined by PuRSH.
Still water, bogs, in mud along rivulets. .
“Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. a. foliis omnibus capillaceo-multifidis, flore ma-
jore, caule fistuloso. In stagnant water, throughout the western and northern
portions of the State : f
8. foliis submersis capillaceo-multifidis, natantibus reniformibus palmato-
multifidis. In muddy pools near Oneida lake :
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 55
y. repens, foliis inferioribus lineari-multipartitis, superioribus reniformibus
palmato-muitifidis. In marshes, Watertown, Jefferson county:” Gray in
Rare plants of Northern N.Y.
Brandy brook, three miles north of Verona, Knieskern. Seneca lake, Sart-
well. Scarce. May- July.
ALISMZFOLIUS, Geyer. Water-Plantain-leaved Crowfoot.
Greater Spearwort.
Overflowed banks. Western counties. Knieskern in herb. Vasey. Crooked
lake, Sartwell. Rare. June — August.
FLAMMULA, L. Flame Crowfoot. Lesser Spearwort.
Shore of Lake Ontario, Gray bot. Lake Erie, Gray in herb. Ham. Coll.
Rare. June — August.
var. REPTANS, Gray. Creeping Spearwort.
Sandy shores. At the water-line along the shores of the Eight lakes, north
Herkimer county. Shore of Lake Ontario, Vasey. Sackett’s-harbor; mouth
of Oneida creek on the Lake shore; Chenango county, Knteskern. Marshy
edge of Owasco lake outlet, J. H. Hull. Uncommon. July-September.
CYMBALARIA, Pursh. Seasede, Cymbal-leaved Crowfoot.
Salt-marshes and shores. On the borders of Onondaga lake, about the head
at Salina and along the eastern sides. Abundant there: the only habitat given
by Pursh. A very singular plant, first detected by Pursu near the salt-works
of Onondaga, New-York, Hooker. Local. June — September.
ABORTIVUS, L. Abortive Buttercup.
Damp woods, wet places. Common. May, June.
SCELERATUS, L. Noxious Buttercup.
Ditches, muddy grounds. Mud creek west of Rome. Salina.
Infrequent. May - July.
RECURVATUS, Pozret. Hook-fruited Buttercup.
Shady wet woods. Frequent. May —- July.
PENNSYLVANICUS, L. Bristly Buttercup.
Brook-sides, ditches. Abundant. July — September.
FASCICULARIS, MuAl. Early, Bundle-rooted Buttercup.
Dry hillsides. Gravelly banks of the Black river below Watertown. Gorham,
Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Not common. April - June.
REPENS, L. Running Buttercup.
Overflowed places, along ditches, brooks, rivers. Common. May- August.
CLINTONII, Beck. Dedicated to G. W. CLINTON.
‘* Leaves ternate, 8-cleft, hairy, hairs close-pressed; extreme upper leaflets
lanceolate : stem entirely prostrate, creeping, zigzag : petals obovate, sub-
retuse : calyx caducous; seed compressed, margined: beak hooked. Flowers
large, resembling those of the repens. In Oneida county, between Rome and
Oriskany, near the Erie canal, patches of ground, several yards in extent,
are often covered with this species. The flowers are rarely elevated more than
8 or 10 inches above the ground, though the stem creeps more than a yard
from the root. I discovered this plant in the summer of 1824.” Eaton bot.
‘‘ Somewhat hairy; stems creeping and rooting at each of the joints; lower
leaves on long petioles, ternate; leaflets toothed and incised, cuneate, ter-
minal one petioled; floral leaves incised or linear; peduncle 1 — 3-flowered ;
petals rounded; calyx spreading; carpels margined, with a short wncinate
style. Banks of the canal, near Rome, Oneida county, N.Y. Much smaller
than R. repens, in all its parts except the flower, which is of a bright yellow
and about as large as that of R. acris. Leaves seldom more than 1}’inches.
in length, and about the same in breadth. Stems distinctly creeping like those
of R. reptans: flowering ones 6 - 8 inches high. Style short and hooked.”
Beck bot. .
56 4EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
The peculiar habit of the plant carpeting the ground in patches, its prostrate
flowering stems, the low flowers, beaked fruit, small thick dark green leaves,
distinguish the species. Local. May - July.
BULBOSUS, L. Bulbous Buttercup.
Roadsides, pastures, borders of woods. Schenectady county, abundant on
the hillsides south of the Mohawk. Chenango county. Scarce. May-July.
ACRIS, L. , Yellow-weed. Acrid Buttercup.
Way-sides, meadows, everywhere. Common. June - November.
CALTHA, L. Spring Cowslip.
PALustRIs, L. Marsh Marigold.
Wet meadows and swamps. Common. April - June.
TROLLIUS, L. American Globe-flower.
LAxus, Salisbury. Spreading Trollius,
Frequent in arbor-vitze swamps on the south range of hills, from Summit
Jake, Otsego county, through the cedar swamps of south Herkimer county.
Bridgewater and along the Oriskany creek, below Clinton, Gray. Three miles
west of Utica, near the Chenango canal, in abundance.
In exposed places, the American is not inferior in size or beauty to the
European Glove-flower. It stands from two to three feet high, has dark
green leaves, and bears flowers frequently two and a half inches in diameter,
which. in the sun, are deep golden yellow, veined above and tinged beneath
with green. A few flowers are sent up in autumn, but are cut down by the
first frost; yet perfectly formed flowers and leaves lie near the surface of the
ground during winter, enclosed in radical sheaths. In early spring, these
appear and expand fully at the height of two or three inches. Later, the
plants crowd in hemispherical clusters, which are covered with flowers : at
this height, twelve to fifteen inches, these are largest and most beautiful.
Others rise, until the last and highest about the middle of May, so that the
plant is in bloom during a month or more. April, May.
COPTIS, Salisbury. Goldthread.
TRIFOLIA, Salisb. Three-leaved Coptis.
Moist woods under evergreens. _Abundant. May, June.
AQUILEGIA, Tourn. Columbine.
CANADENSIS, L. American Columbine.
Clefits of rocks, rocky hillsides, and even in sandy soil.
Common. April - October.
ACONITUM, Tourn. ' Aconite. Monkshood.
UNCINATUM, L. Hook-helmeted Monkshood.
In wet places on mountains. Chenango county, Major J. LeConte, Torrey
Cat, and Fl. N.Y. Local. July, August.
ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. Shrub Yellow-root.
APIIFOLIA, L’ Héritier. Celery-leaved Zanthorhiza.
In a deep ravine, Sherburne, eleven miles s uth of Hamilton, J.S.Douglass,
Torrey Fl.N.Y., Gray bot. Cultivated by Prof.O.Root, in a ravine on
College Hill, Clinton, where it flourishes : remains long in flower.
April — June.
HYDRASTIS, L. Herb Vellow-rae
CANADENSIS, L. Orange-root.
Moist woods and wet meadows. Clinton, Dr. Seth Hastings. Oneida county
and vicinity; Greec2, Bradley. Yates county, rare, Sartwell. Abundant in
open woods in Niagara county, Knieskern. Rare. April, May.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 57
ACT AA, L. Baneberries.
SsPICcATA, L. Spicate Actea.
var. RUBRA, Michauz. Red Baneberry.
Ravines, borders of thickets. Frequent. May.
var. ALBA, Michaux. White Baneberry.
Flats of streams, moist open woods. Abundant. May.
CIMICIFUGA, L. Snakeroot.
RACEMOSA, Elliott. Black-rooted, Racemed Cimicifuga.
Rich woods, rocky shaded hillsides. Helderberg mountains, Pearson. Abun-
dant along the Chenango valley, especially near Binghamton, on dry gravelly
hills, Knieskern. Rocky banks of Seneca lake, near Starkey, Yates county,
Vasey. Greece, on the banks of Genesee river, Bradley.
Frequent. July, August.
MAGNOLIACE. Magnolias.
MAGNOLIA, L. Magnolia.
ACUMINATA, L. Cucumber-tree. Pointed-leaved Magnolia.
Fertile soil. Near Ithaca, Knieskern, Vasey. Dundee, Yates county, Wright
in herb. Vasey. Penn-Yan, Surtwell. Open woods in Niagara county, Knies-
kern. Rare. June.
LIRIODENDRON, L. Whitewood. Tulip-tree.
TULIPIFERA, L. Tulip-bearing Liriodendron.
Sunny hillsides, rich woods. Schenectady, Pearson. Littlefalls, south side
of the Mohawk; Whitesborough; Oriskany; frequent about Oneida lake;
Onondaga county. About Auburn, 7. H. all. Broome county, H. Lathrop.
Infrequent. June.
ANONACE. ; Custard-apples.
ASIMINA, Adanson. North-American Papaw.
TRILOBA, Dunal. Three-lobed-calyxed Asimina.
Rich banks. Greece and Parma, Monroe county, Bradley. Shore of Lake
Erie, near Barcelona, Chautauqua county, Knieskern. Rare. April, May.
MENISPERMACE, Moonseeds.
MENISPERMUM, L. Moonseed.
CANADENSE, LL. ~ Canadian Menispermum.
Woods, thickets, especially along streams. Abundant in the valley of the
Mohawk. Frequent. June.
BERBERIDACE. Berberids.
BERBERIS, L. Barberry.
VULGARIS, L. _ Common Berberis.
Naturalized sparingly by roads, hedges, borders of woods. eee
ay.
CAULOPHYLLUM, Michauz. Blue Cohosh. Pappoose-root.
THALICTROIDES, Michz. Rue-like Caulophyllum.
Woods, fences, ravine bottoms. Abundant, April, May.
58 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
JEFFERSONIA, Barton. Jeffersonia.
DIPHYLLA, Persoon. : Twin-leaf.
Rich woods, limestone rocks. About three miles west of Dexter, Jefferson’
county, Vasey. Near Geneva, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. April.
PODOPHYLLUM, L. Mandrake. May-apple.
PELTATUM, L, Peltate Podophyllum.
Fences, meadows, borders of woods, flats of streams. Abundant. May.
NELUMBIACE,. Sacred Bean.
NELUMBIUM, Jusszeu. Nelumbo. Lotus.
LurEuM, Willd. Yellow Nelumbium.
Lake Ontario, Big Sodus bay, Wayne county, near the road just north of the
bridge, Sartwell. Local. June, July.
CABOMBACE., Water-shields,
BRASENIA, Schreber. Water-target.
PELTATA, Pursh. Peltate Brasenia.
Still water, ponds, lakes, Abundant in the lakes of the north woods. Stag-
nant ponds in Verona, Knieskern. Mill-pond two miles northwest of New-
London. Lebanon, Madison county, Bradley. Schuyler’s lake, Otsego coun-
ty, G. W. Clinton. Crooked lake, Sartwell. Rare. June — September.
NYMPH HACE. | Water-lilies.
NYMPHAA, Tourn, ~ Water-nymph.
ODORATA, Aton. Fragrant Water-lily.
Slow streams, ponds, borders of lakes; sometimes in mud, with erect leaves
and flowers. Common in the lakes of the north woods; Oneida lake; Oneida
creek; Cedar lake and Hidden lake, south Herkimer county. Otsego coun-
ty, H. Lathrop.
The variety with rose-colored flowers, in Raquette lake, north Hamilton
county. ;
The variety with inodorous flowers, in an inlet of Lake Ontario, a mile or
two north of Oswego : plant very large in all its parts; flowers, six or seven
inches in diameter; leaves, eight to ten. Not common. June — September.
NUPHAR, Smith. : Yellow Pond-iily. Spatterdock.
ADVENA, Aton, Stranger (to the old world) Nuphar.
Ponds, pools, ditches. Very common. May — August.
KALMIANA, Pursh. Small Yellow Nuphar. Discovered by KALM.
Tranquil water. Sanders’s lake, Glenville, Pearson. Mouth of Oneida creek,
Knieskern. Abundant in Black brook, near Oneida lake. Flint creek, Yates
county, Saréwell. Rare. May - July.
SARRACENIACE. Water-pitchers.
SARRACENIA, Tourn. Huntsman’s-cup. Pitcher-plant.
PURPUREA, L. Purple-flowered Sarracenia.
Swamps, especially in sphagnum. Abundant in the north woods. Schenec-
tady, on the Pine plains, Pearson. Paris hill; Graefenberg hill. Oriskany
swamp, Vasey. About Oneida lake. Frequent. June, July.
HETEROPHYLLA, Eaton. Varying-leaved Sarracenia.
Flowers greenish yellow; leaves variable, green, veinless. Sphagnous
swamp. Junius, Seneca county, Sartwell. Local, June.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 59
PAPAVERACEZ. Poppies.
CHELIDONIUM, Ly Celandine.
MAJUS, L. Great Chelidonium.
About houses, walls, waysides. Common. May -— September.
SANGUINARIA, Dillenius. Bloodroot.
CANADENSIS, L, Canadian Sanguinaria.
Along fences, open woods, sides of ravines. Abundant. May.
FUMARIACEA. Fumitories.
ADLUMIA, Rafinesque. Climbing Fumitory.
CIRRHOSA, Raf. Alleghany-vine. Tendrilled Adlumia.
Moist shady places in rich woods. Helderberg mountains, Pearson. About
Otsego lake, Miss S. Cooper: H. Lathrop: B.D.Gilbert. Junius, Sartwell in
herb. Ham. Coll. Greece, Parma, Bradley. Rare. June — September.
DICENTRA, Borkhausen. . Dicentras.
cucuLLARIA, DC. Dutchman’s Breeches. Hooded-spurred Dicentra.
Moist rich soil. Common. April, May.
CANADENSIS, DC. Squzrrel-corms
Shady woods, ravine-sides. Abundant. March = May.
EximIA, DC. Purple, Choice Dicentra.
Rocky woods. Wayne county, not far from Sodus bay, Sartweil.
Local. May — August.
CORYDALIS, Vent. Corydalis.
AUREA, Willd. Golden Corydalis.
Among shaded rocks. Along the north side of Black river, between Water-
town and Brownvyille. Rich soil near Oriskany, Knieskern.
Rare. May-July.
GLAUCA, Pursh. Glaucous Corydalis.
Rocks. Littlefalls, south side of the Mohawk; Bald-rock, north Herkimer
county. Recently burnt-over ground near Oriskany, Knieskern.
Frequent. May — August.
FUMARIA, L. Garden Fumitory.
OFFICINALIS, L. Officinal Fumaria.
A weed in gardens and cultivated grounds.
Frequent. Flowers throughout the season.
CRUCIFER 2. Crucifers.
NASTURTIUM, R. Brown. Cresses. Nasturtia.
OFFICINALE, RB. Br. European, Offictnal Watercress.
Cold streams. Springy hillside at the head of the raceway, Oriskany. Ja-
cob’s brook, Yates county, Sartwell. Scarce. May-July.
PALUSTRE, DC. Marsh Cress.
Overflowed places, ditches, muddy shores. Common. The typical form, Yates
county, Sartwell. June — August.
HIsPIpUM, DC. Hispid Cress.
Inundated banks of rivers. Along the Mohawk. Penn-Yan. Sartwell.
Infrequent. June - August.
|
60 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
LACUSTRE, Gray. Lake Cress,
Muddy banks, streams, lakes. In the St.Lawrence river near Ogdensburgh,
Crawe. Gray in Rare plants of Northern N.Y. Jefferson county, Crawe in.
herb. Ham. Coll. Oneida lake, where it is very abundant in water two to five
feet deep, Gray. Along the shore of Oneida creek near its mouth, growing
erect twelve to eighteen inches. Rare. June — August.
ARMORACLA, Fries. Horseradish. Water-side Nasturtium.
Waste places, walls, along water-courses. Frequent on the banks of the
Mohawk. Extensively naturalized. May - July.
DENTARIA, L. . Toothworts. Pepper-roots.
DIPHYLLA, L. Two-leaved Dentaria.
Moist woods. Common. May.
MAxIMA, Nuttall. Many-leaved, Great Dentaria.
Shady ravines. Western part of the State of New-York, Nuttall. Water-
town, N.Y., Crawe, Gray bot. Abundant in the ravine of Deerfield creek,
north of Utica, in deep moist soil. Among the headwaters of this creek on
the hills. along wooded rivulets, the flowers are purple and racemes elongated.
Leaves three, alternate, distant: root deeply interrupted. Rarely from the
axil of the highest leaf a smaller secondary stem springs, having two leaves
and araceme. Rich bottoms of Starch-factory creek, east of Utica: the true
form. On the west side, along the border of the gulf, in moist places, a form
occurs between this species and D.dtphylla; having denticulate rootstalks,
three alternate remote leaves and white flowers. Both forms usually send up
a radical leaf, beside the stem. Rare. Early in May.
LACINIATA, Muhl. Necklace Pepper-root. Cut-leaved Dentaria.
Rich shady woods. Frequent. April.
HETEROPHYLLA, Nuttall. Variable-leaved Dentaria.
Deep woods. Near Watertown, Jefferson county, Knieskern. Along bottoms
of gulf-sides in Deerfield creek, and woodland ravines on the hills. Leaves
two, sometimes four, alternate, remote, deeply divided into narrow lobes,
slightly toothed. Root moniliform, frailly connected. Rare. May.
CARDAMINE, L. Spring Cresses.
RHOMBOIDEA, DC, Rhomblike-leaved Cardamine.
Wet meadows and miry places in woods. Abundant. May, June.
var. PURPUREA, Torr. Purple-flowered Cardamine.
Low grounds along shaded streams. Frequent. April, May.
PRATENSIS, L, | Cuckoo-flower. Meadow Cardamine.
Swamps in the western part of the State, particularly in Oneida county,
Torr. Fl. N.Y. Wet meadows and bogs on the flats of the Mohawk. Oriskany
swamp, Vasey. Plenty on Hidden lake, Litchfield, Herkimer county. Seneca
and Gorham, Ontario county, Sartwell. Rare. April — June.
HiIRsuTA, L. Bitter Cress. Hairy Cardamine.
Rocks, hillsides, springs, ditches brooks, swamps, muddy places in woods.
Very common. Throughout the season.
ARABIS, L. Wall-cresses. Rock-cresses.
LYRATA, L. Lyrate-root-leaved Rock-cress.
Clefts of rocks. Abundant on the cliffs at Littlefalls. Trenton falls, Knies-
kern. Frequent. April — October.
DENTATA, Torr. & Gr. Dentate-leaved Rock-cress.
Banks of streams, Near Utica, Gray, Torr. Fl. N.Y. Rare. May.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 61
HIRSUTA, Scopolz. Hairy Rock-cress.
Rocky banks. Helderberg mountains, Pearson. Trenton falls, Knieskern.
Watertown, N.Y., Gray in herb. Ham.Coll. Along the Black river below
Watertown. Bluff point, Yates county, Sartwell. Rare. May, June.
LA&VIGATA, DC. Smooth Rock-cress.
Shaded rocks, thickets along water-courses. Schenectady, Pearson. Cliffs
and steeps at Spraker’s, Montgomery county; Little falls of the Mohawk;
Trenton falls; banks of Fish creek, near the crossing of the Oswego county
turnpike. Vienna, Knieskern. Frequent. May- July.
CANADENSIS, L. Sickle-pod.
Rocks, wooded hillsides. Rocks along the College brook, Schenectady,
Pearson. Southern tier of counties from Binghamton westward, on dry gra-
velly hillsides, rare, Knieskern. Yates county, Sartwell.
Scaree. June — August.
TURRITIS, Dillenzus. Tower Mustard.
GLABRA, L. Smooth Tower-mustard.
Rocky banks, woods, fields. Watertown, N.Y., Torrey §& Gray; Knieskern
in herb. Ham. Coll. Along the north bank of Black river between Water-
town and Brownville, among rocks. Dexter, N.Y., Wood in herb.Ham.Coll.
Scarce. May, June.
stricta, Graham. Straight-podded Tower-mustard.
Wooded banks of streams. Dexter, N.Y., Wood in herb. Ham. Coll. Wa-
tertown, Jefferson county, where it was first found by Crawe. Lebanon,
Chenango county, J.S. Douglass, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Along Fish creek near
Humaston’s, Rome, Vasey. Rare. May.
BARBAREA, R. Brown. Winter Cress.
vuLGaRis, R. Br. Yellow Rocket. Common Winter-cress.
Wet grounds, roadsides, ditches, woods. A common weed. All the season.
ERYSIMUM, L. Treacle Mustard.
CHEIRANTHOIDES, L. Wallflower-like Mustard.
Moist ground, along streams, clefts of rocks. Sparingly in Oriskany along
the creek, Vasey. Mohawk flats. Rocks at Chittenango falls. Penn-Yan,
Sartweli. Abundant. June — September.
SISYMBRIUM, L. Hedge Mustard.
OF FICIN ALE, Scopoli. Officitnal Hedge-mustard.
Waste places. Very common. The season throughout.
SINAPIS, Tourn. True Mustard.
ARVENSIS, L. Charlock. Wild Mustard.
Waste places, roadsides, cultivated fields. Common. June — August.
NIGRA, L. Black Mustard.
About gardens and cultivated grounds. Common. May - August.
DRABA, L. | Whitlow-grass.
- ARABISANS, Micha. Arabis-like Draba.
Ledges, rocks, river-banks. Borders of small lakes in the northern part of
the State, Torrey & Gray. St.Lawrence county. Gray in herb. Ham. Coll.
Crevices of rocks at the mouth of Black river, Vasey. Sackett’s-harbor,
_ Knieskern in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. May- June.
VERNA, L. Whitlow-grass. Early Draba.
Rocks, hillsides, old fields. Received from Jefferson county, Sartwell.
Hackney falls, near Auburn, J. H. Hall. Rare. March —- May.
62 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
CAMELINA, Crantz. False Flax. Gold of Pleasure.
SATIVA, Crantz. Cultivated Camelina.
Along railroads. In flax, Knieskern. Penn-Yan, frequent, Sartwell.
May - July.
LEPIDIUM, L. Pepper grass.
VIRGINIcUM, L. Virginian Pepperwort.
Streets, railroads. Common. June — August.
CAPSELLA, Vent.
BURSA-PASTORIS, Mench. Shepherd’ s-purse.
Everywhere common. April — October.
THLASPI, Dallenius.
ARVENSE, L. Pennycress.
Stony fields. State of New-York; rare. v.v., Pursh. Naturalized in St.
Lawrence county. June, July.
RAPHANUS, L. White Charlock. Wild Radish.
RAPHANIST RUM, D. Jointed-podded Raphanus.
Waste places on the banks of the Mohawk. Scarce. June, July.
CAPPARIDACE A. Capers.
POLANISIA, Rafinesque. Polanisia.
GRAVEOLENS, Raf. Heavy-scented Polanisza.
River-banks, shores of lakes. Schenectady, Pearson. Borders of Oneida
lake near Constantia, Vasey. Cayuga bridge, Bradley. Beach of Crooked
lake, Sartwell. Scarce. June — August.
3 RESEDACE A. Mignonetts.
RESEDA, L. Mignonette.
LUTEOLA, lL. Dyer’s-weed. Yellow Reseda.
Roadsides in Western New-York, Gray bot. Fairfield? Herkimer county, in
herb. Hadley. Rare. June — August.
: VIOLACEA. Violets.
SOLEA, Ging. Green Violet.
CONCOLOR, Ging. Uniform-colored Solea.
Shady woods. Near a small pond one mile east of Utica, in company with
Fedia fagopyrum ; near Vernon, J.S.Douglass, Knieskern. Near Penn-Yan,
Sartwell. . Rare. May. xj
VIOLA, L. Violets.
ROTUNDIFOLIA, Michaux. . Round-leaved Violet.
Rich woods, sides of ravines, shade of evergreens. Abundant. March— May.
LANCEOLATA, L. Lance-leaved Violet.
Marshes, shores of streams. Albany, Beck bot. Schenectady, half a mile
east of Coon Chisholm’ s, Pearson. Clinton, Bradley. Rare. May, June.
PRIMUL@FOLIA, L. Primrose-leaved Violet.
Wet meadows. Infrequent. April - June.
BLANDA, Willd. Pretty Violet.
Wet woods, low grounds, along rivulets. Common. April - June.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 63
SELKIRKII, Goldie. SELKIRK’s Violet.
Clayey hillsides, open woodlands, pastures, about stumps and old logs,
under young evergreens, and in deep mossy ravines. Abundant.
Oneida county appears to be one of the favorite abodes of this rare species,
It is as beautiful as V. blanda, and more interesting. In color, it is usually
deep blue, sometimes purple. In form, the flowers are like those of V. pedata,
with a long spur, and the leaves like those of V. blanda crenulated. It
prefers the north side of hills; and sometimes occurs exceedingly minute,
an inch high, leaves half as broad and smaller. The flowers are almost ephe-
meral; they can be found only during four or five days in April.
CUCULLATA, Azton. Hooded-leaved Violet.
Waysides, wet meadows and woods. Common.
Flowers with stripes of purple and white, along the rocky steep at Spra-
ker’s, Montgomery county.
Flowers pure white, up the ravine of Deerfield creek, and along brooks
on the Litchfield hills. May - July.
var. PALMATA, Gray. Hand-leaved Violet.
Swamps. Along Tan-house creek, Schenectady, Pearson. Near Oriskany,
Knieskern. Crooked lake outlet, Sartwell. Rare. May —- June.
SAGITTATA, AZton. Arrow-leaved Violet.
Dry hillsides, copses, pastures. Plains of Rome. Frequent. April, May.
PEDATA, L, Foot-leaved Violet.
Gravelly woods, sandy plains. On the Pine plains near the Gunsaul road,
Schenectady, Pearson. Rare. May — September.
ROSTRATA, Pursh. Beaked-spurred Violet.
Moist woods, rich flats along streams. Abundant. May, June.
MUHLENBERGII, Torrey. Determined by MUHLENBERG.
Ravines and swamps. Common. April— June.
STRIATA, Aiton. Veined-flowered Violet.
Rich open woods. Banks of the Mohawk opposite Whitesboro Seminary.
Oriskany, Vasey. Clark’s mills. Clinton; Franklin, Miss L. W. Shattuck.
Rare. April — September.
CANADENSIS, L. Canadian Violet.
Groves and moist shady hillsides. Abundant. Completely covering the
ground in many woods. Flowers throughout the season.
PUBESCENS, Azton. Downy Yellow Violet.
Open woods, ravines, pastures. Common. April - June.
var. ERIOCARPA, IVuttall. Woolly-fruited Violet.
Dry woodlands. Frequent. May.
var. SCABRIUSCULA, Torr. §- Gr. Rough-leaved Violet.
Copses. Albany, Beck bot. Oneida county, Knieskern.
Infrequent. May, June.
CISTACEZ. Rock-roses.
HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. Sun-roses.
CANADENSE, Michz. Frost-plant.
Rocks, sand. Everywhere in Schenectady, Pearson. Dry sandy plains near
Oneida lake, Knieskern. Common on our sandy knolls, Sartwell.
Infrequent. June — August.
64 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
LECHBEA, L. ' Lecheas.
MAJOR, Michaucz. Greater Lechea.
Sterile soil. Pine plains, Schenectady, Pearson. Yates county; Avon, Sart-
well in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. July.
MINOR, Lamarck. Pinweed. Lesser Lechea.
Dry fields and pastures. Common. June - August.
DROSERACE A. Sundews.
DROSERA, ZL. Sundews.
ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. Round-leaved Sundew.
Around springs, wet bogs, sphagnum swamps. Frequent. July, August.
LONGIFOLIA, L. Spatulate-leaved Sundew.
Sphagnous bogs. Borders of cold ponds near the chain of Eight lakes, north
Herkimer county; doubtless abundant throughout the north woods. Near
Dexter, Jefferson county, Vasey. Cedar swamp, Gorham, Sartwell.
Rare. June, July.
PARNASSIACEA. Parnassias.
PARNASSIA, Tourn. Grass of Parnassus.
CAROLINIANA, Michz. Carolinian Parnassia.
Springy banks and along streams. In the spray from the High falls, Trenton
falls; below the falls, near the lower dam, abundant. Wet cliffs on the east
branch of Fish creek, at Fall brook, abundant there; along the banks of the
creek below Taberg station. Infrequent. August, September.
HY PERICACEA. St.John’s-worts.
>
HYPERICUM, L. Hyperica.
PYRAMIDATUM, Azton. Pyramidal-flowered Hypericum.
River bottoms. Frequent in the valley of the Mohawk. Schenectady, Pear-
son. Littlefalls, Vasey. Two miles above Utica, on the north bank of the
river. Near Flint-hill, between the canal and the Mohawk; along Fish creek
near Taberg, Knieskern. Rare. July, August.
PERFORATUM, L. Perforated Hypericum.
Roadsides, fields, pastures. Everywhere common. June — September.
corymBosum, Muhi. Corymbed Hypericum.
Borders of woods, swamps. Frequent. June — August. —
ELLIPTICUM, Hooker. Elliptical-leaved Hypericum.
Low grounds, wet shady banks of streams and lakes in the northern part of
Herkimer county. Infrequent. July, August.
MUTILUM, L. Diminutive-flowered Hypericum.
Wet ground. Common. July — September.
CANADENSE, L, Canadian Hypericum.
Along streams, swamps. Trenton falls. North woods.
Uncommon. June — September.
ELODEA, Pursh. Marsh St.John’s-wort.
VIRGINICA, Nuttall. ' Purple Elodea.
Along brooks, swamps, sphagnum. Common. July — September.
PLANTS OF GNEIDA C@UNTY AND VICINITY. 65
ELATINACE.ZA. Water-worts.
ELATINE, L. Water-wort.
AMERICANA, Arnott, American Water-wort.
Muddy banks of streams. Albany, Beck. Rare. July — September.
CARY OPHYLLACE A. Pinks,
SAPONARIA, ZL. Soap-wort.
OFFICINALIS, L. Officinal Saponaria.
Dooryards, roadsides, railroads. Common. July - October.
SILENE, L. Catchfly. Campion,
STELLATA, Azton. Starry Campion. Stellate-leaved Silene.
Wooded hillsides. Near Sleepy-hollow. Tarrytown; and abundantly on the
mountain-side above Nyack, ‘J. H. Hall. Near Oriskany, Knieskern. Fre-
quent en the banks of Crooked lake, Sartwedl. Rare. July — September.
INFLATA, Smith. Bladder Campion. Inflated-calyxed Silene.
Dry gravelly soil. Verona, not common, Knieskern. Rare. July, August.
PENNSYLVANICA, Michz. Wald Pink.
Rocky soil. Cliffs near Tarrytown, J. H. Hall. Amenia, Dutchess county,
Dow. Schenectady, Pearson. Rare. May— July.
virGinica, L. Fire Pink.
Open woods. Yates county, Sartwedi. Rare. June, July.
ARMERLTA, lL. Sweet-walliam Catchfly.
Escapes occasionally, sometimes trowvleseme, D. S. Heffron.
July — September.
ANTIRRHINA, L. Snapdragon Catchfly.
Roadsides, barren soil. Banks of Black river. Frequent. June-— September.
NOCTIFLOR.A, L. Night-flowering Catchfly.
Borders of woods, fences, cultivated fields. Common. June — September.
LYCHNIS, Tourn. Diccious Pink.
VESPERTIN.A, Sibtherpe. White Campion. Evening-opening Lychnis.
Hedges, waste places. Elmira, Chemung county, Gray add. bot.
Rare. June — September.
AGROSTEMMA, I. Cockle. Crown of the Field.
GITHAGO, L. Black-seeded Agrostemma.
Grain-fields and their borders. Common. June, July.
ALSINE, Wadi. Grove Sandwort.
MICHAUXII, Fenzl. Discovered by MIcHAUX.
Dry rocky hills and banks. Thousand Islands of the St.Lawrence. Abundant
along the Black river, from Lewis county to the lake. On sandy knolls two
miles above Utica, on the north side of the Mohawk, Miss J. E. Johnson.
Rare. May - July.
ARENARIA, Z. Sandwort.
SERPYLLIFOLIA, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort.
Rocky banks, barren soi!. ledges. sandy plains. Abundant. May — August.
[ Senate No. 90, ] 5
66 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
M@HRINGIA, L. Mehringia.
LATERIFLORA, L. Side-flowering Mehringia.
Along rivulets, shady wet woods. Schenectady, Pearson. Near Sackett’s-
harbor, not far from the lake shore; sandy woods near Oneida lake, Knies-
kern. Along the Black river and on the banks of the Mohawk, a very small
form occurs in exposed stations. Infrequent. May, June.
STELLARIA, L. | Starworts.
MEDIA, Smith. Intermediate-leaved Stellaria.
Waste places. A common weed. April —- November. |
LONGIFOLIA, Muhl. Long-leaved Stellaria.
Brook-sides and meadows. Common. June — August.
LONGIPES, Golde. . Long-pedicelled Stellaria.
Barren rocky ground near Dexter, Jefferson county, Vasey. Dexter, N.Y.,
Wood in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. June, July.
BOREALIS, bzgelow. | Northern Stellaria.
Wet meadows, grassy swamps. Oriskany; Whitestown; Rome.
Infrequent. June — August.
CERASTIUM, L. . Mouse-ear Chickweed.
VULGATUM, L. Common Chickweed.
Pastures, stony ground. May — October.
VISCOSUM, L. | Clammy Chickweed.
Meadows, fields, walls. April - July.
NUTANS, Rafinesque. Nodding-fruited Chickweed.
Cold springs and rivulets. Below Watertown, along the Black river.
Rare. May —- July.
ARVENSE, L. Cornfield Chickweed.
Rocky ground, cultivated fields. Helderberg mountains, Pearson.
Infrequent. May — August.
SAGINA, L. Pearlwort.
PROCUMBENS, L. Procumbent Sagina.
Wet sandy banks and shores. Rare. June —- August.
SPERGULA, L. Spurrey.
ARVE NSIS, L. Grain-field Spergula.
Along railroads, roadsides, fields. Among flax, Knieskern.
Frequent. June — September.
ANYCHIA, Michz. Forked Chickweed.
picHotoma, Micha. Dichotomous-stemmed Anychia.
Dry hillsides. Schenectady, Pearson. Pine plains of Rome, Vasey. Frequent
in Yates county, Sartwell. Uncommon. June — August, ~
SCLERANTHUS, L. Knawel.
ANNUUS, L. Annual Scleranthus.
Damp sandy or gravelly places. Pine plains of Schenectady, Pearson. Waste
. places in Oneida county, Knieskern. | Scarce. May — August.
MOLLUGO, L. Indian Chickweed:
TERTICILLATA, L. Carpet-weed. Whorled-leaved Mollugo.
Roadsides, shores, Sandy shore of Onelda lake. Rare. June - September.
ata 7
\
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 67
PORTULACACEA. Purslanes.
PORTULACA, Tourn. Purslane.
OLERACEA, L. Garden Portulaca,
Waste places; a weed in cultivated grounds. June — August.
CLAYTONIA, L. Spring-beauties.
virGinica, L, Linear-leaved Clatonia.
Rich river bottoms. Along the Mohawk below Utica; abundant opposite
Whitesboro. Fish creek, Knieskern. Rare. May.
CAROLINIANA, Michz. Broad-leaved Clatonia.
Everywhere in woods, groves, copses, swamps. Common. March, April.
MALVACEA. Mallows.
MALVA, LZ. True Mallows.
ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. Round-leaved Mallow.
Dooryards, streets, waste places. Common. May — September.
SYLVESTRIS, L. Woodland Mallow.
Borders of woods and roadsides remote from gardens. Everywhere scattered
and abundant. May — September.
MOSCHATA, L. | Musk-scented Mallow.
Way-sides; well established as the former, and often with it. Abundant in
many places. May — August.
ABUTILON, Tourn. Velvet-leaf. Indian Mallow.
AVICENN £, Gertner. Dedicated to AVICENNA.
Gardens, roadsides, waste-places. Frequent. July — September.
HIBISCUS, L. Mallow-rose.
MOSCHEUTOS, L. Musk Hibiscus.
Marshes, both of salt and of fresh water. Plentifully in the marshes around
the Salt lake, Onondaga, New-York, Pursh. Abundant in the marshes along
the outlet of Cayuga lake. Around Irondequoit bay, Monroe county, C. M.
Booth. Rare. July — October.
TILIACE A. | Lindens.
TILIA, L. Linden-trees.
AMERICANA, L. Basswood.
Rich woods. Common. June, July.
LINACE A. Flazes
LINUM, L. Flax.
--virnGINIANUM, L. Wild Yellow Flax,
Dry hills. Tarrytown in open rocky woods, I. H. Hall. Schenectady county,
E.W. Paige. Yates county, Sartwell. Roadsides in the southern tier of
counties, Knieskern. Rare. June — August.
\
USIT ATISSIMUM, L. Cultivated, Useful Flaz.
Borders of fields, waysides. Abundant all along on the Central railroad.
June - August.
68 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
OXALIDACE.&. Sorrels.
OXALIS, L, Wood-sorrel. —
ACETOSELLA, Ln American Wood-sorrel:
Moist rich woods. Most abwndamt on the hills: Common. May — August.
VIOLACEA, L. Violet-colored-flowered Wood-sorrel:
Shaded rocks and rich woods. Charlten near Schenectady, Pearson. Vicinity
of Oriskany, Vasey: Rare. April — August.
sTRICTA, L. Upright Yellow Sorrel.
Along roads, walls, streams:: Common. May — September.
GERANIACE A. Gerania.
GERANIUM, L. Wild Geraniums:
MACULATUM, L. Crane’s-bill. Spotted-leaved Geranium.
Moist woods, meadows. Abendant. May - July.
CAROLINEANUM, L. | | Field Geranium.
Rocky barren soil, waste grounds: Schenectady, Pearson. Littlefalls, south
side of the Mohawk, on the rocks. About Dexter factories, Oriskany, Knies~
kern: High dry banks along the Black river below Watertown. Frequent in
Yates county, Sartwell. Uneommon. May = July:
PUSILLUM, L. Small-flowered Geranium.
Gravelly or sandy soil. Waste-places in Clmton. Roadsides a few miles east
of Constantia, north shore of Oneida lake, Vasey: Gorham, Sartwell.
Infrequent. May - September.
ROBERTIANUM, DL. Herb Robert:
Shady woods, rocky sides of ravines. Common. May — November.
ERODIUM, LP’ Héritier. Heron’s-bills
CICUTARIUM, U’Héritier- Water Hemlock-leaved Erodium.
Naturalized about Dexter factory, Oriskany, Knieskern. On the island op~
posite Constantia; along the north shore of Oneida lake near Constantia,
Vasey. Rare. June ~ August.
BALSAMINACE 4. Balsams,
IMPATIENS, L. | Touch-me-not. Jewel-weeds.
PALLIDA, Nuttall. Pale-flowered Impatiens:
Rich moist woods and ravines; forming thickets. Abundant. June — Sept.
FULVA, Nuttall. Fulvous-flowered Impatiens.
Wet shady woods, along streams. Common. June — August.
LIMNANTHACE 4: Limnanths.
FLG@IRKEA, Willd. False Mermaid.
PROSERPINACOIDES, Willd. Mermaid-weed-like Flerkea.
Low river-banks. Abundant in wet woods on the flats of the Mohawk, three
miles below Utica. Banks of Unadilla river, Gray. Auburn, this plant grows
in the wet ae ef the wood; where my Carex grows, J: Carey in herb. Ham.
Coll. Rare. May, June.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY, 69
RUTACE A. Rues.
ZANTHOXYLUM, Golden. Prickly Ash,
AMERICANUM, Miller. Toothache Tree.
Water-courses, shores, low rich woodlands. Mohawk river. Along Wood
creek, and in neighboring swampy woods. Black river. Abundant about the
lakes of the north woods. Otsego county, H. Lathrop.
Frequent. March, April.
ANACARDIACE A. Cashews.
- RHUS, L. Sumachs.
TYPHINA, DL, Staghorn, Fever Sumach.
Rocky woods, copses, hillsides. . Frequent. June.
GLABRA, L. . Scarlet, Smooth Sumach.
Barren grounds, rocks. Common. July.
COPALLINA, BE. Mountain, Copal-like Sumach.
Rocks and dry localities. Otsego county, B. D. Gilbert. Pine plains and near
Oneida lake, Knieskern. Infrequent. July, August.
VENENATA, DC. Poison Sumach.
Swamps, open woods, water-sides. Rotterdam, Pearson. Otsego county, H.
Lathrop. Oriskany swamp, Knieskern. Yates county, Sartwell. Rare. June.
RADICANS, L. Climbing Poison Ivy.
Ascending trees, covering walls, fences, Common. June.
TOXICODENDRON, LL. Tree-like Poison Ivy.
Borders of woods, river-banks, waysides, Common. July.
AROMATICA, Aiton. - Fragrant Sumach.
Barren rocky grounds. Banks of the Black river below Watertown. In the
southern tier of counties, from Binghamton westward, Knieskern. Abundant
on the banks of Crooked lake, Sartwell. Infrequent. April, May.
VITACE.A. Vines.
VITIS, L Grape-vines.
LABRUSCA, L. Wild Grape.
Woods, thickets, banks of streams. Frequent. May.
ZSTIVALIS,, Michauz. Summer Grape.
Woods, high on trees, river banks. Frequent. May.
CORDIFOLIA, Mich. Frost, Heart-leaved Grape.
Fence-thickets, borders of woods, brows of ravines, water-courses.
Common. Juee.
AMPELOPSIS, Michauz. Ivy. False Woodbine.
QUINQUEFOLIA, Michz. Five-leaved Ampelopsis.
Moist woods, copses, walls. Common. June. July.
RHAMNACEA. Buckthorns.
RHAMNUS, Tourn. Common Buckthorn.
CATHARTICUS, L. Purging Buckthorn.
Highlands of the Hudson, Barratt in herb. Ham. Coll. Common in hedges.
May, June.
70 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET. /
ALNIFOLIUS, L’ Héritzer. Adder-leaved Buckthorn.
Cold swamps. Summit lake, Otsego county. Abundant in the high marshes
of Litchfield, State swamp and on Hidden lake. Formerly in the Oriskany
swamp. Vasey. Frequent in the marshes of the northern part of the county,
and the north woods. Yates county, Sariwell. Bergen swamp, northwestern
Genesee county. Uncommon, June.
CEANOTHUS, L. Red-root.
AMERICANUS, L. New-Jersey Tea. American Ceanothus.
Dry open woods. Schenectady. Alexandria bay. Western counties, Knies-
kern. Frequent. July — August.
ovALis, Bigelow. ; Long-leaved Ceanothus.
Rocky shores. Clefts of rocks on the banks of Black river, opposite Water-
town, Jefferson county; along the river between Watertown and Dexter.
. Rare. May, June.
CELASTRACEH A. Staff -trees.
CELASTRUS, L. Bittersweet. Waz-work.
SCANDENS, L. Climbing Celastrus.
Woedlands, thickets, streams. Common. June..
EUONYMUS, Tourn. Waahoo. Burning-bush.
' ATROPURPUREUS, Jacq. Dark-purple-flowered Euonymus.
Thickets. Oneida county, H. Lathrop. Greece, Monroe county, Bradley.
Rare. June.
AMERICANUS, L. Strawberry-bush. American Euonymus.
Woods, streams. Western part of the State, Torrey Fl. Western counties,
Knieskern. Genesee river, Sartwell in herb. Haim. Coll. ‘Rare. June.
SAPINDACEA. Soapberries.
STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-pod.
TRIFOLIA, L. Three-leaved Staphylea.
Copses, thickets, river-banks. Commen along the Mohawk.
Frequent. May, June.
ACHR, Tourn. Maples.
PENNSYLVANICUM, L. Striped Maple.
Moist woodlands, ravines. Abundant. May.
sprcatum, Lamarck. Spiked-flowered Maple.
Thickets, steep rocky banks. Abundant. June. -
SACCHARINUM, L. | Hard, Sugar Maple.
Woods. Common. May.
var. NIGRUM, Gray. Black Maple.
Hilly woods. Occasional. Often as a shade tree. _ May.
DASYCARPUM, Ehrhart. | White, Silver Maple.
Along streams. Banks of the Mohawk river throughout its length. The most
common shade tree in the streets of cities, villages. Infrequent. April. -
RUBRUM, L. Red Maple.
Swamps. Common. March, April.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 71
POLYGALACEA. Milkworts.
POLYGALA, Tourn. Milkworts. Polygalas.
SANGUINEA, L. Crimson Polygala.
Damp meadows. Fairfield, Herkimer county, in hérb. Hadley. Southern
counties, Knieskern. Greece, Monroe county, Bradley.
Rare. August, September.
VERTICILLATA, L. Whorled-leaved Polygala.
Dry hillsides. Frequent. June — September.
SENEGA, L. Seneca Snakeroot.
Rocks and dry woods. Schenectady. Pearson. On the sides of Black river
below Watertown. Genesee valley, Greece, Bradley. Penn-Yan, Sartwell.
Rare. June, July.
POLYGAMA, Walter. Polygamous Polygala.
Barrens, sandy woods. Pine plains west of Rome, Vasey. One mile north of
New-London, Knieskern. Oneida lake, Gray. Rare. July, August.
PAUCIFOLIA, Wedld, Gay-wings. Fringed Milkwort. Few-leaved
Polygala.
Abundant at Cooperstown. in low meadows and borders of woods, Miss 8S.
Cooper. Schoharie county, rare, Knieskern Pine plains of Rome, Vasey.
Evergreen woods on the banks of Black river below Watertown.
With white flowers, at Schenectady, Pearson ; and Otsego county, Mrs.
J. Shaw. Uncommon. May, June.
LEGUMINOS &. Legumes.
LUPINUS, Tourn. Wild Lupine.
PERENNIS, L. Perennial Lupine.
Sandy banks, pine woods. Plains of Schenectady, Pearson. Pine plains of
Rome and Oneida lake, abundant. Near Owasco lake, J. H. Hall.
Infrequent. June.
CROTALARIA, L. Rattleboz.
SAGITTALIS, L. Arrow-leaved Crotalaria.
Rocks, sand, Rocks, Kingsbridge, N.Y., Carey in herb. Ham, Coll, Troy,
Beck in herb. Rare. June, July.
TRIFOLIUM, L. Clovers. Trifolia.
' ARVENSE, L. Hare’s-foot Trefoil. Field Clover.
Dry or gravelly soil. Schenectady Pearson. Along the Central railroad,
Dry borders of Oneida lake, Knieskern. Uncommon. July — September.
PRATENSE,L. Red, Meadow Clover.
Roadsides and fields. Naturalized and cultivated. Common. May - October.
REFLEXUM, L. Reflexed-flowered Clover.
Op2n woods. In the neighborhood of Utica, Knieskern. Near Salina lake,
Sartwell, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Rare. June, July.
REPENS, L. White, Creeping Clover,
Waysides, pastures, deep woods. Everywhere common. May — October.
AGRARIUM, L. Yellow, Agrarian Clover.
Sandy fields, gravelly banks. Schenectady, Pearson. Along the Central rail-
road. Hillsides opposite Utica. Shore of Lake Ontario at Sackett’s-harbor,
Knieskern. Torrey Fl. Abundant in the cleared swamp west of Fort Bull,
Rome. Frequent, July = September,
72 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
PROCUMBENS, L. Hop, Procumbent Clover.
Hillsides. Tarrytown. frequent; also along the Central railroad at Skanea-
teles lake outlet, 2. H. Hall. Scarce. August. -
MELILOTUS, Tourn. ’ . Sweet Clover.
OFFICINALIS, Willd. Yellow, Officinal Melzilot.
River-banks and roadsides. Not infrequent throughout the valley of the
Mohawk. Troy. Schenectady, Pearson. Fort-Plain, B. D. Gilbert. Little-.
falls; Utica; Deerfield. Uncommon. July — September.
ALBA, Lamarck. White-flowered Melilot.
Roadsides and railroads. Utica. Syracuse, Auburn, Hall.
Frequent. July — October.
MEDICAGO, L. Nonesuch. Black Medick,
LUPULINA, L. Hop-like Medicago.
Waste places, streets, railroads. Common. May — November.
MACULATA. Willd, Spotied-leaved Medicago.
Barren grounds. About the Dexter factories, Oriskany, introduced among
wool, Vasey. Scarce. June — September.
AMORPHA, L. False Indigo.
FRUTICOSA, L Shrubby Amorpha.
var. LEWISII, Collected by LEwis.
Gravelly banks, along the Hudson river railroad, Tarrytown, well established,
I. H. Hall. June, July.
ROBINIA, LZ. Locusts.
PSEUDACACIA, L, False-acacia Robinia.
A common shade tree. Banks of the Hudson near Troy, Beck in herb. Ex-
tensively cultivated along the Central railroad, between Utica and Schenec-
tady, for timber. : May, June.
TEPHROSIA, Pers. Hoary Pea.
VIRGINIANA, Persoon. Virginian Tephrosia.
Sterile hills and sandy woods. Schenectady plains, Pearson. Fairfield, Her-
kimer county, in herb. Beck. Junius, Seneca county, Sartwell in herb. ' Home
Coll. Greece, Monroe county, Bradley. Rare. June — August.
ASTRAGALUS, L. Mitk-vetch.
CANADENSIS, L. Canadian Astragalus.
Banks and shores. Along the east side of Onondaga lake. Seneca lake, Sart-
well in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. June, July.
COOPERI, Gray. Discovered by W1LLIAM CooPER.
Gravelly sides of lakes. Slopes along Onondaga lake between Salina and
Liverpool. Rare. July, August.
DESMODIUM, DC. Tick-trefoils. Desmodia,
NUDIFLORUM, DC, Naked-flower-stemmed Desmodium.
Open woods, along streams. Schenectady, Pearson. Valley of the Mohawk.
Frequent. July — August.
AoumiInatum, DC. Acuminate-leafleted Desmodium,
Rieh moist woods, bottoms of ravines. Common August.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 73
ROTUNDIFOLIUM, DC. Round-leafleted Desmodium.
Dry rocks and sand. Pine plains of Rome, Knieskern. Woods north of Au-
burn, Hall. Junius, Sartwell in herb. Oak openings of Greece, Bradley.
CANESCENS, DC. : Canescent Desmodium.
Damp woods, thickets Schenectady, Pearson. Seneca lake. Beck in herb.
Gorham, Ontario county, Sartwell in ‘herb, Ham. Coll. Rare. July, August.
cUSPIDATUM, Torr. & Gr. Cuspidate-bracted Desmodium.
Shaded streams. Fort Hill Cemetery, Auburn, in a deep rich glen, J. H.
Hall. Schenectady, Beck in herb. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Rare. August.
VIRIDIFLORUM, Beck. Green-flowered Desmodium.
Sandy woods, copses. Cemetery of the old Dutch Church and along the river,
Tarrytown, Bail, Plains of Schenectady, Pearson. Herkimer county, Tidak
in herb. Seneca lake. Sartwell, Rare. July — September.
DILLENII, Darlington. DILLENIUs’s Desmodium.
Copses, dry woods and fields. Tarrytown, J. H. Hall. Penn-Yan, Yates
— county. Sartwell. Searce. July, August.
PANICULATUM, DC. Panicled Desmodium.
Open woodlands, borders of thickets. Dexter, Jefferson county, Vasey.
Frequent. August.
CANADENSE, DC. Canadian Desmodium.
Dry woodlands. Otsego county, H. Lathrop. Near Oriskany, Knieskern.
Auburn and Elbridge, Hall. Frequent. August.
CILIARE, DC. Fringed Desmodium.
Sands. Pine plains of Rome, Knieskern. Yates county, Sartwell.
Uncommon. July, August.
MARILANDICUM, Boott. Maryland Desmodium.
Sandy fields, borders of thickets. Schenectady plains, Pearson. Southern
counties, P. D. K. in herb. Ham. Coll. Yates county, Sartwell.
Infrequent. August.
PROCUMBENS, Michz. Reclining Lespedeza.
Dry sandy woods and open fields. Tarrytown, J. H. Hall. Pine plains of
Schenectady, E. W. Paige. Yates county, Sartwell. Rare. August.
REPENS, Torr. & Gr. Prostrate Lespedeza.
Common in sandy soil about Tarrytown, not always in dry places, I.H Hall.
Rare. June — August.
VIOLACEA, Persoon. Violet-flowered Lespedeza.
Gravelly banks, thickets. Alexandria bay. Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sart-
well.
var. DIVERGENS, Torr. §& Gr. Loose-flowering Lespedeza.
Junius, Seneca couuty, Surtwell in herb. Ham.Coll.
var. SESSILIFLoRA, Torr. g- Gr. Close-flowering Lespedeza.
Schenectady, Pearson.
var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Torr. Gr. Narrow-leaved Lespedeza.
Near the Aqueduct, Schenectady, Pearson. Frequent. July —- September.
sTUVEI, Nuttall. Discovered by W. STUVE.
Sandy woods east of Tarrytown, not common, J. H. Hal/, Rare. August.
[ Senate No. 90.] 5*
74 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
HIRTA, Elliott. Hairy Lespedeza.
Rocks and woods near the river. Tarrytown, Hall. Schenectady, Pearson.
Alexandria bay. Yates countv, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Infrequent. August, September.
CAPITATA, Micha. Capitate-flowering Lespedeza.
Hillsides. borders of woods. Tarrytown, I. H Hall. Albany, Beck in herb.
Plains of Schenectady, Pearson. Pine barrens of Rome, Vasey. Alexandria
bay, Jefferson county. Abundant. August, September.
VICIA, Tourn. Tares. Vetches.
SATIVA, UL. : Cultivated Vetch.
Borders of fields, along ditches. Common through the valley of the Mohawk.
June, July.
TETRASPERM A, L. Fowr-seeded Vetch.
Banks of the Hudson in the shade, Tarrytown, Hall. Albany, Beck in herb.
Rare. June — August.
cracca, L. Cracca Vetch.
Plains of Schenectady, Pearson. Sandy fields on Paris hill. Between Oris-
kany and Rome, along the Central railroad. Rare. June — September.
CAROLINIANA, Walter. Carolina Vetch.
Brooksides along the Mohawk. Below Utica. Yates county, Sartwell.
AMERICANA, MuAl. American Vetch.
Shady places along streams. Seneca lake, Gray. Penn-Yan, Sartwell.
Greece, Bradley. , Scarce. June.
LATHYRUS, L. Vetchling.
MARITIMUS, Bigelow. Beach Pea. Seaside Lathyrus.
Sandy shores of Oneida lake, Knieskern. Shore of Lake Ontario, Gray.
Rare. June, July.
ocHROLEUCUtSsS, Hooker. Cream-colored-flowered Lathyrus.
Shaded banks. Watertown, Jefferson county, Crawe; Gorham, Ontario
county, Sartwell ;;Gray in Rare plants of Northern N.Y. Monroe county,
C. M. Booth. Rare. June, July.
PALUSTRIS, L. ; Marsh Lathyrus.
Borders of marshes, rivers, lakes. Banks of the Mohawk; and of the St.
Lawrence at Alexandria bay. Genesee river below Rochester, Sartwell.
Scarce. July — September.
var. MYRTIFOLIUS, Gray. Myrtle-leaved Lathyrus.
Shores. Northern N.Y., Gray in New and Rare plants. Seneca lake, Sart-
well in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. July, August.
PHASEOLUS, L. Kidney Bean.
PERENNIS, Walter. Perennial Phaseolus.
Hillsides. Tarrytown, Hall. Yates county, Sartwell. Rare. July, August.
APIOS, Boerhaave. Glycine. Ground-nut.
TUBEROSA, Mench. Tuberous Apios.
Thickets near water. West of Schenectady, Pearson. West bank of Otsego
lake, Miss S. Cooper. Banks of the Mohawk river. Oriskany swamp, Knies-
kern. Alexandria bay, Jefferson county. Abundant on Owasco lake outlet,
I. H.Hall. Greece, Monroe county, Bradley. Frequent. July - September.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 75
AMPHICARP AA, Elliott. Ground Peanut.
monorca, lVuttall. Monecious Amphicarpea.
Damp thickets, rich wet woods. Common. July — October.
BAPTISIA, Ventenat. Wild Indigo.
TINCTORIA, R. Brown. Dyeing Baptisia.
Dry woods and sandy soil. Between Schenectady and Amsterdam. Pearson.
Saratoga county, Z. Collins. Junius, Seneca county. Sartwell in herb. Ham.
Coll. Greece, Monroe county, Bradley. Vicinity of Rochester, C.M.Booth.
Scaree. June — August.
CASSIA, L. Wild Senna.
MARILANDICA, L. Maryland Cassia.
Rich moist banks. Abundant about Ballston lake, Pearson. Chenango val-
ley, Knieskern. Uncommon. July, August.
CHAMmoRISTA, L. Dwarf, Ground-touching Cassia.
Sandy hills and grounds. Albany, Beck in herb. Whitesboro, Dr. Gates in
herb. Beck. Often introduced into gardens. July — October.
NICTITANS, L. Sensztive-plant. Closing Cassia.
Banks of gravel or sand. Common at Tarrytown, J. H. Hall. From the
North river, Sertwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Troy, Beck in herb.
Rare. July — September.
GYMNOCLADUS, Lamarck. Coffee-tree.
CANADENSIS, Lam. Canadian Gymnocladus.
Rich bottoms along streams and shores Near Cayuga lake, T'hompson in
Torrey Fl. N.Y. Ithaca, in herb. Van Duzee. Seneca lake, Sartwell in herd.
Ham. Coll. Rare. May, June.
ROSACEZ. Roses.
PRUNUS, L. Plums. Cherries.
AMERICANA, Marshall. Wild Plum.
Thickets on river-banks, along fences. Common over the flats of the Mo-
hawk. April.
SPINOSA, L. Thorny Plum.
Roadsides and old fields. Frequent. April.
DOMESTICA, L. Garden Plum,
Common in the northern part of the county, spontancous on edges of gar-
dens, dooryards, and forming thickets along fences. May.
PUMILA, L. Dwarf Cherry.
Sterile rocks and sand. On the plains of Schenectady, Pearson. Clefts of
rocks by the side of Black river opposite Watertown, Jefferson county.
Rare. April, and early in May.
_PENNSYLVANICA, L. Bird, Red Cherry.
Abundant in clearings and ground recently burned over. Common in the
fields of the north woods reverting to wilderness. The worthless successor of
the noble Spruce and valuable Pine. There is, however, only one generation :
after a few years, having attained the height of about thirty feet, they die
and fall, to be replaced by the hard woods. May.
VIRGINIANA, L. Cal inet, Choke Cherry.
Borders of woods, thickets, river-banks. Common. June.
76 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
SEROTINA, Ehrhart. Black, Late Cherry.
Woods, fences and water-courses. Formerly abundant, now scarce. June.
VULGARIS, Miller.
Frequent beside gardens, walls, roadsides.
SPIRASA, L.
Common, Sour Cherry.
April.
Meadowsweet.
OPULIFOLIA, L. Opulus-leaved Spirea.
Rocky woods and water-sides. Albany, Beck in herb. Banks of Norman’s
kill, Schenectady county E. W. Paige. Otsego county, H. Lathrop. Ithaca,
Tompkins county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.Rare. June, July.
SALICIFOLIA, L. Wiallow-leaved Spirea.
Swamps, meadows, banks of brooks. Common throughout the valley of the
Mohawk. Borders of lakes, along streams and in beaver meadows of the
north woods. Alexandria bay on the St.Lawrence. Frequent. July — Sept.
TOMENTOSA, LL. Hardhack. Tomentose Spirea.
Sterile soils, pastures. Schenectady. Pearson. Saratoga county, L. Collins.
Otsego county, H. Lathrop. Low grounds in the northern part of the State.
Searce. July - September.
GILLENIA, Mench.
TRIFOLIATA, Mench. Trifoliate Gillenia.
Rich open woods and thickets. Bridgewater, Gray in herb. Beck. Near
Waterville Miss J. E. Johnson. Sides of the Oriskany valley from Clinton
southward, Dr. John A. Paine. Banks of Seneca lake, Vasey. Rare. June.
AGRIMONIA, Tourn.
EUPATORIA, L.
Waysides, ravine-bottoms.
SANGUISORBA, L.
CANADENSIS, L.
Indian Physic.
Common Agrimony.
The Ancient Eupatorion.
Common. June — September.
Burnet.
Canadian Sanguisorba.
Wet rocks, low meadows, swamps. Wet flats of the Mohawk between Utica
aml Frankfort. Cedar swamp, Oriskany, Knieskern. Above Trenton falls
towards Prospect, rocks near the creek. Deep cedar swamp on Paris hill.
Borders of Hidden lake, Litchfield. Fish creek. Victor, Ontario county,
Bradley. Scarce. July — October.
GEUM, L.
ALBUM, Gmelin.
Damp woods and their borders.
Avens. Geum.
White-flowered Avens.
Abundant. June — August.
VIRGINIANUM, L. Virginian Avens.
Common in swamps on the flats of the Mohawk, especialiy in the damp
cleared grounds; also in the thickets along the river-banks.
Rare elsewhere. June, July.
STRICTUM, Azton.
Swamps, woods, low pastures, fences.
Yellow, Upright Avens.
Common. June — August.
RIVALE, L.
Cedar swamps and wet meadows.
Nodding, Purple, Rivulet Avens.
Common. May — July.
TRIFLORUM, Pursh. Three-flowered Avens.
On rocks, Watertown, Jefferson county; very rare, Crawe, Torrey FILN.Y.
; May, June.
_—
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. Cs)
WALDSTEINIA, Willd. Barren Strawberry.
FRAGARIOIDES, T'rattinick. Strawberry-like Waldsteinia.
Dry woods under the shade of hemlocks or arbor vite, hillsides of streams,
sometimes in swamps. Frequent. May —- August.
POTENTILLA, L. Cinquefoils.
NORVEGIOA, L. Norwegian Potentilla.
Roadsides, fields, pastures. Common. June — August.
CANADENSIS, L. Canadian Potentilla.
Sandy wastes. Common at Schenectady, Pearson. Pine plains, Rome, and
sandy fields near the head of Oneida lake, Knieskern.
Frequent. May — September.
var. PUMILA, Torr. §& Gr. Dwarf Potentilla.
Old pastures. Common. April - June.
var. SIMPLEX, Torr. g& Gr. Semple-stemmed Potentilla.
Copses and clearings. Abundant. May — August.
ARGENTEA, L. Szlvery Potentilla.
Chiefly on rocks and grayelly banks. Schenectady. Littlefalls. Below Wa-
tertown. About Oneida lake. Frequent. May — September.
ARGUTA, Pursh. Sharp-serrated-leaved Potentilla.
Open rocky hills, Tarrytown, J. H. Hall. Sides of Wolf hollow, Schenectady
county, E. W. Paige. Rare. June — August.
ANSERINA, L. Szlverweed. Goose Potentilla.
Shores of rivers and lakes. Near Sanders’s lake, Pearson. Borders of Otsego
lake, B. D. Gilbert. Common all round Onondaga lake. Crooked lake, Sart-
well. Rare. June — November.
FRUTICOSA, L. Shrubby Potentzlla.
Cold swamps. Summit lake, on the hill-top between Fort-Plain and Coo-
perstown, source of the Susquehanna, where it covers acres of open marsh
land. Abundant on the cliffs of Fish creek from Taberg, northward; espe-
cially near Fall brook, hanging from the clefts of the rocks as far and as
high as the eye can reach. It has been found also at Junius, Seneca county,
by Sartwell; at Greece, Monroe county. by Bradley ; at Bergen, Genesee
county, by G. 7. Fish; and at Avon, Livingston county, by G. W. Clinton.
Rare. June — August.
*
PALUSTRIS, Scopoli. Marsh Potentilla.
Cold marshes. Summit lake, Otsego county. Hidden lake, Litchfield. Swamp
west of Fort Bull, Rome. Abundant in the streams and low lands at the
head of Oneida lake. Common on the marshes in the northern part of the
county, and about the lakes of the north woods. Rare. May — September.
FRAGARIA, Tourn. Strawberries.
VIRGINIANA, Ehrhart. Wild Strawberry.
Woods, pastures, meadows. Everywhere. April - October.
vesca, L. Alpine, Edible Strawberry.
Rocks, around old stumps and logs, evergreen woods. Common. May.
A variety with different leaves and bearing white fruit, occurs rarely in
the north woods. Trenton falls, borders of the wood south of Moore’s Hotel,
William Calverly. Also Delaware county, B. D. Gilbert. June.
DALIBARDA, L. Dewdrop. False Violet.
REPENS, L. Creeping Dalibarda.
Moist banks, evergreen woods and swamps. Common. May - August.
78 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
RUBUS, L. Brambles. Raspberries. Blackberries.
opoRATUS, L. Rose-flowering, Fragrant Raspberry.
Cliffs, steep banks and ravine sides. Common. June — September.
TRIFLORUS, Richardson. Dwarf, Three-flowered Raspberry:
Damp shaded woods and swamps. Common.
A form with pink-colored flowers grows on the cliffs of Fish creek, where
the rocks are constantly wet. June.
stricosus, Michz. Red, Strigose Raspberry.
Roadsides, fences, borders of woods. Common on clearings. May — July.
OCCIDENTALIS, L. Black, Western Raspberry.
Waysides, walls, thickets. Common. May, June.
VILLOSuS, Azton. High, Villous Blackberry.
Open woods and cleared land. Common.
var. FRONDOSUS, Torrey. Leafy-bracted Blackberry.
Littlefalls, Gray in herb. Ham. Coll. |
var. HUMIFUSUS, Torr. & Gr. Trailing Blackberry.
Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
var. The White Blackberry,
is found growing spontaneously near Cooperstown, Otsego county, by Dr.
Horace Lathrop. - May, June.
CANADENSIS, L. ; Dewberry. Canadian Blackberry.
Barren banks and borders of swamps. North woods. Frequent. May.
HIspiIpus, L. Swawp, Hispid Blackberry.
Wet woods and sphagnum swamps. Common. June, July.
ROSA, Tourn. Wild Roses.
SETIGERA, Michz. Bristle-bearing Rose.
Thickets on the rocky plains, above the cliff belowthe village of Littlefalls.
Ravine of Chittenango creek below the falls. Penn-Yan, Sartwell.
Escapes occasionally. July, August.
CAROLINA, L. Swamp Rose.
Borders of swamps, and grassy bogs along streams.
Common. July — September.
LUCIDA, Ehrhart. Dwarf, Bright-leaved Rose.
Old fields and sandy open woods. Schenectady, Pearson. Otsego county,
Miss S. Cooper. Yates county, Sartwell. Uncommon. June, July.
BLANDA, Azton. Early, Thornless Rose.
Abundant on banks and knolls on the flats of the Mohawk. Aboat Otsego
lake, Miss 8. Cooper. Coon Chisholm’s, Schenectady, Pearson.
Frequent. May, June.
RUBIGINOSA, L. Sweetbrier. Eglantine. Rusty Rose.
Uncultivated fields, pastures. Common, June, July.
CINNAM OMEA . Besler. Cinnamon Rose.
var. FECUNDISSIM.A, Lindley. Double Cinnamon Rose.
Forming thickets about dwellings, fences, roadsides. Common. May-July.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 79
CRAT AGUS, L. Thorn-bushes.
OXYVACANTHA, L. Hawthorn. Sharp-spined White Thorn.
Hedges and fields. Frequent. May.
CoccINEA, L. Scarlet-fruited Thorn.
Borders of sandy or rocky woods. Abundant. May, June.
‘TOMENTOSA, L. Black, Woolly Thorn.
Thickets, old pastures. Along fences and ditches on the flats of the Mohawk.
Common. May.
var. PYRIFOLIA, Gray. Pear-leaved Thorn.
Thickets on sandy or gravelly soil. Schenectady, Pearson.
Scarce. May. June.
var. PUNCTATA, Gray. Dotted-fruited Thorn.
Open low bottoms of streams on the flats of the Mohawk, forming thickets
with the willows. Common. May.
CRUS-GALLI, L, Cockspur Thorn.
Hedges, roadsides, banks of streams. Abundant. June.
PYRUS, L. Apple. Pear.
CORONARIA, L. Fragrant Crab-apple.. Garland Pyrus.
Open woods about Oriskany, Knieskern. Yates county, indigenons, Sartwell.
Rare. May.
MALUS, L. Common Apple. The Classical Malus.
Neglected fields, borders of woods. A stunted form in old pastures. road-
sides. Frequent. May.
ARBUTIFOLIA, L. Arbutus-leaved Pyrus.
Borders of swamps. Common.
var. ERYTHROCARPA, Torr. § Gr. Red-fruited Chokeberry.
Sphagnum swamps, water-sides.
var. MELANOCARPA, Torr.g Gr. Black-fruited Chokeberry.
Sandy plains and on rocks. May.
AMERICANA, DC. Mountain-ash. American Pyrus.
Cold swamps. Graefenberg hill, southeast of Utica. Swamps on the Pine
plains; low deep woods near Oneida lake. Abundant along the streams and
lakes of the north woods, where it is a high tree. June.
AMELANCHIER, Medik. Juneberry.
CANADENSIS, Torr. & Gr. Shadbush.
River banks, ravine-sides, low thickets. Common.
var. BOTRYAPIUM, Torr. 6: Gr. Pyriform-clustered-flowered
Sandy or rocky woods. Abundant. Juneberry.
var. OBLONGIFOLIA, Torr. § Gr. - Long-leaved Juneberry.
Borders of woods, and streams. Common.
var. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Torr. §& Gr. Round-leaved Juneberry.
Low sandy woods. Borders of Crooked lake, Sartwell. |= = Uncommon.
var. OLIGOCARPA, Torr. & Gr. Few-fruited Juneberry.
Wet mountain swamps, New-York, Torrey & Gray. On mountains in the
northern part of the State, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Rare, April, May,
80 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
MELASTOMACEA. Melastomas.
RHEXTIA, L. Deer-grass. Meadow Beauty.
VIRGINICA, L. Virginian Rhezia.
Low sands and shores. About Oneida lake near Constantia, Vasey. Between
the mouth of Fish creek and Rotterdam, near the latter place, Knieskern.
Rare. June — September.
LY THRACE. Loosestrifes.
LYTHRUM, L. True Loosestrife. .
SALICARIA, L. Spiked, Willow-like Loosestrife.
Swamps. Junius, Wayne county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Rochester,
C. Dewey. Rare. July, August.
NES AA, Comm. Swamp Loosestrife.
VERTICILLATA, H. B. K. Whorled-flowered Loosestrife.
Lake shores; borders of ponds in sphagnum swamps. Ballston lake, Pearson.
Fairfield, Hadley in herb. Wetmore’s sphagnum pond, Frankfort hill. Marsh
at the head of Oneida lake, Knieskern. _ Uncommon. August.
CUPHEA, Jacquin. Cuphea.
VISCOSISSIMA, Jacq. Very-clammy Cuphea.
Old fields and gravelly places, northern part of the State, Stevenson and
Knieskern, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Rare. August.
ONAGRACEK. Evening Primroses.
EPILOBIUM, L. Willow-herbs. Epilobia.
ANGUSTIFOLIUM, L. Narrow-leaved Epilobium.
Copses and new lands : even in the north woods, springing up abundantly
after fires. Common. July — September.
PALUSTRE, L.: var. LINEARE, Gray. Linear-leaved Epilobium.
Cold mossy swamps. Litchfield, near Jerusalem hill; Hidden lake, on its
borders, under cedars and tamaracks. Abundant in the sphagnum swamps
and beaver meadows of the north woods.
The small few-flowered form, E. oliganihum, Micuavx, on the hills about
Oriskany, Vasey. Scarce. July - September.
MOLLE, Torrey. Downy Epilobium.
Wet banks. Hungry kill beyond Coon Chisholm’s, Schenectady, Pearson.
Summit lake, Otsego county. Hidden lake, south Herkimer county. Bridge-
water, Gray in herb. Ham. Coll. Damp meadows near Oriskany, Knieskern.
Common on cold marshes in the northwestern part of the county, near Fish
creek and Point of Rock lake. Common. August, September.
coLoratum, Muhl. Colored-leaved Epilobium.
Low grounds, brook-sides. Frequent. July — October.
CENOTHERA, L. Evening Primroses.
BIENNIS, L. Biennial Evening-primrose.
Railroads, roadsides, waste fields.
var. MURICATA, Torr. g Gr. Prickly Evening-primrose.
Schenectady, Pearson.
var. GRANDIFLORA, Torr. § Gr. Large-flowered Evening-
Low grounds. Flats of the Mohawk. primrose.
, Common. June — August.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 81
>.
FRUTICOSA, L. Shrubby Evening-primrose.
Open sandy woods. Schenectady, Pearson. Delaware county, B.D.Gilbert.
Near Rochester, C. M. Booth. Infrequent. July.
CHRYSANTHA, Michz. Golden-flowered Evening-primrose.
Rocky woods and banks of streams. Ravine between New-Hartford and
Paris hill. Bridgewater, Gray, and Perch lake, W..4. Wood in herb. Ham.
Coll, Near Oswego, Knieskern, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Frequent. July, August.
PUMILA, L. Dwarf Evening-primrose.
Sandy fields, cleared uncultivated land, poor meadows.
Common. June, July.
GAURA, L. | Gaura.
BIENNIS, L. Biennial Gaura.
Dry fields and river-banks. Along the Mohawk at Fort-Plain, B.D.Gilbert.
In a berry field on Graefenberg hill, J. G. Crocker. Banks of Seneca lake,
Gray in herb. Beck, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Owego, Tioga county,
Knieskern. Parma, Monroe county, Bradley. Scarce. August — October.
LUDWIGIA, L. False Loosestrifes.
ALTERNIFOLIA, L. Seedbox. Alternate-leaved Ludwigia.
Borders of swamps in Tarrytown and wet woods in Westchester, Hall. Al-
bany, G. W. Clinton in herb. Beck. Schenectady, on the banks of the Mo-
hawk, Pearson. Rare. July, August.
PALUSTRIS, Elliott. Marsh Ludwigia.
Muddy edges of pools and streams. Common. June — October.
CIRC AA, Tournefort. Enchanter’s Nightshade.
LUTETIANA, L. Mignonette-like Circea.
Damp woods. Common. June, July.
ALPINA, L. Mountain Circea.
Shaded springy banks, ravine-sides. Common. July, August.
PROSERPINACA, L. Mermaid-weeds.
PALUSTRIS, L. Marsh Mermaid-weed.
; Stagnant water, ponds. Albany, Beck in herb. In a beaver meadow south
of Vernon, J.S. Douglass, Knieskern. Gorham marshes, Ontario county,
Sartwell. Scarce. July, August.
PECTINACEA, Lamarck. Pectinate-leaved Mermaid-weed.
Ditches in a beaver meadow near Vernon village, J. S. Douglass, Knieskern
cat. Rare. July.
MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaillant, Water-milfoils,
SPICATUM, L. Spiked-flowered Myriophyllum.
Ponds, lakes. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Irondequoit bay,
Monroe county, C. M. Booth. Rare. July, August.
VERTICILLATUM, L. Whorled-flowered Myriophyllum.
Still waters. Sander’s lake, Pearson. Oneida county, Knieskern.
Uncommon. July — September.
HETEROPHYLLUM, Michz. Variable-leaved Myriophyllum.
Pools and marshes. Borders of the Irondequoit bay of Lake Ontario, C. M.
Booth. Scarce. June - August,
[ Senate No. 90.] 6
82 BIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
TENELLUM, Bigelow. Slender Myriophyllum.
Gravelly bottoms of ponds in shallow water. Northern part of the State,
Torrey Fl. N.Y. Rare. July, August.
HIPPURIS, L. ‘ Mare’s-tail.
vuLaaRis, L. Common Hippuris.
Lakes. Sander’s lake, Scotia, Pearson. Schuyler’s lake, Otsego county;
Alexandria bay, G. W. Clinton. Cayuga lake, J. Smith in herb. Ham. Coll.
Rare. June — August.
CACTACE. Cactus..
OPUNTIA, Tourn. _ Prickly Pear. Indian Fig.
VULGARIS, Miller. Common Opuntia.
Rocks and sands. The most northern locality in the State is Fairfield, Her-
kimer county. where it was found by Prof. Hapiey, Torrey Fl. N.Y. In
herb. Hadley, without habitat. June, July.
GROSSULACE. Currants.
RIBES, L. Gooseberries. Currants.
CYNOSBATI, L. : Prickly, Dog-bramble Gooseberry.
Hillsides. Common. May.
HIRTELLUM, Miche. Hairy Gooseberry.
Rocky woods. Steep banks near Utica. Yates county, Sartwell in herb.
Ham. Coll. ; ; Frequent. May.
ROTUNDIFOLIUM, Michz. Smooth, Round-leaved Gooseberry.
Cold swamps, Abundant in the State swamp near Jerusalem hill. Hidden
lake. June.
LACUSTRE, Poiret. Swamp Gooseberry.
Upland swamps, northern part of the State, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Hanging from
wet rocks, in the spray from Fall brook, four miles north of Taberg. More
above, along Fish creek. Rare. May, June.
PRosTRATUM, L’ Héritier. Prostrate Currant.
Common in cold cedar swamps, and along woodland brooks on the hills. May.
\
FLORIDUM, L’ Heéritier. Flowering Currant.
Wet woods and open grounds. Common. May.
RUBRUM, LL. Red Currant.
Swampy woods, low shaded flats of streams, hillsides and ravines. Frequent.
The true native variety, along a small stream on hills north of Salmon
falls : different from the Red Currant of the gardens, Vasey. May.
CUCURBITACE2. Cucumbers.
SICYOS, L. Single-seeded Cucumber.
ANGULATUS, L. Angular-leaved Sicyos.
Waste places in and near cities; occasional along streams. Common in Utica.
July — October.
ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. ¢ Gr. Prickly Cucumber. Balsam-apple.
LOBATA, Torr. g Gr. Lobed-leaved Echinocystis.
River-bottoms. Common throughout the valley of the Mohawk, on all parts
of the flats, from the river banks, along fences and brooks to the hills.
J uly, August.
[
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 83
CRASSULACEL. Orpines.
SEDUM, L. Stonecrop.
TERNATUM, Michz. Ternate-leaved Sedum.
Takes possession of shaded banks in gardens and lawns. May — July.
TELEPHIOIDES, Michz. Orpine-like Sedum.
High on the cliffs at Chittenango falls; where it hangs from clefts and seats
of the rocks, within reach of the spray. June.
TELEPHIUM, L. Orpine. The Ancient Telephion.
Gravelly banks and shores. Common down the valley of the St.Lawrence;
on the Thousand Islands, at Alexandria bay. Escapes into roads, fences,
banks. Littlefalls. Trenton. Utica. Frankfort hill. August — September.
PENTHORUM, Gronovius. Ditch Stonecrop.
SEDOIDES, L. Sedum-like Penthorum.
Roadsides, ditches, swamps. Common. July — September.
SAXIFRAGACEZK. Sazifrages.
SAXIFRAGA, L.
AIZOIDES, L. Aizoon-like Sazifraga.
Wet cliffs on the east branch of Fish creek. Discovered many years ago, by.
Knieskern and Vasey, at its lowest station between the Railroad and Taberg,
on an upright rocky side, wet by a brook pouring over inte the creek; in
company with Primula mistasstnica. Herve, however, there are only a few
piants, en the space of a few square feet, wanderers from the multitude
above. The creek comes from the north for many miles through a deep ravine,
and, flowing from one side to the other, causes upright rocky precipices,
which vary in height from fifty to one hundred and twenty-five, and in length
from one hundred to one thousand feet. The woods still remain above, so
that these precipices are always wet with dripping water. ‘On these cold wet
rocks, in shade or looking towards the north, the Yellow M ountain Saxifrage
abounds, frequently in mats. It bears many flowers, and the golden clusters,
visible at a distance, may be found in June. Local.
VIRGINIENSIS, Michz. Early, Rock Saxifraga.
Rocks. Little falls; Trenton falls; Fish creek; Chittenango falls; Black
river; Alexandria bay. Frequent. April, May.
PENNSYLVANICA, L. Swamp Sazifraga.
Low borders of streams, swamps. Common. June.
MITELLA, Tourn. Fringe-cup. Mitre-wort.
DIPHYLLA, L. Two-leaved-stemmed Mitella.
Woods and ravine-sides. Common. April, May.
NUDA, L. Leafless-stemmed Mitella,
Arbor-vite swamps. Common about decaying stumps and logs, overrunning
them, in damp moss and deep shade, with Listera cordata and Corallorhiza
innata, a beautiful and interesting plant. Frequent. May, June.
TIARELLA, L. Bishop’ s-cap.
CORDIFOLIA, L. Cordate-leaved Tiarella.
Hilly woods. Common. May.
CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. Golden Suxifrage.
AMERICANUM, Schweinitz. — American Chrysosplenium.
Swamps, springy places, rivulet borders, in the shade.
Common. April, May.
84 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
HAMAMELACE. Witch-hazels.
HAMAMELIS, L. Witch-hazel.
VIRGINICA, L. Virginian Hamamelis.
Low woods and thickets; sides and bottoms of ravines.
Common. September — November.
UMBELLIFER. Umbellifers.
HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. Water Pennywort.
AMERICANA, L. American Hydrocotyle.
Springy banks, brooks, wet rocks. Common. June — September.
UMBELLATA, L. Umbellate Hydrocotyle.
Springs and shores. Near Albany, Beck and Tracy, Torrey Fl. N.Y.
Rare. June — August.
a
SANICULA, Tourn. Sanicles.
CANADENSIS, L. Canadian Sanicula.
Dry woods and thickets. Infrequent. June, July.
MARILANDICA, L. | Maryland Sanicula.
Swamps, damp woodlands. ‘ Common. June — August.
DAUCUS, Tourn. | Wild Carrot.
CAROTA, L. Common Carrot.
Railroads, roadsides, waste places. Banks of the Mohawk, Pearson. Near
Utica. Auburn, I. H. Hall. Uncommon. June — September.
HERACLEUM, L. Cow Parsnip.
LANATUM, Michz. Woolly Heracleum.
Flats of streams, low meadows. Common in the valley of the Mohawk. June.
PASTINACA, Tourn. Wild Parsnip.
SATIVA, L. Common, Sowed Pastinaca.
Roadsides, fences, banks of streams. Common. July.
ARCHANGELICA, Hoffmann. Archangelicas.
HIRSUTA, Torr. g& Gr. Downy Archangelica.
Borders of woods. Albany, Beck in herb. Yates county, Sartweli in herb.
Ham. Coll. About Rochester, C. M. Booth. July, August.
ATROPURPUREA, Hoffm. Dark-purple-stemmed Archangelica.
Common on the flats of the Mohawk throughout. June.
CONIOSELINUM, Fischer. Hemlock Parsley.
CANADENSE, Torr. & Gr. Canadian Conioselinum.
Cold swamps, in shade. Oriskany swamp, a very rare plant, Knieskern. On
the banks of Chenango river, Knieskern, Torrey Fl. N.Y.
Rare, August, September.
JETHUSA, L. Fool’s Parsley.
‘CYNAPIUM, L. i Dog’ s-poison Aithusa.
Waste places in cities, villages. Commonin Clinton. - July, August.
=
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 85
THASPIUM, Nuttail. Meadow Parsnip:
BARBINODE, Nuttall. Fringed-jointed Thaspium.
Borders of woods and rivers. Valley of the Chemung river, Knieskern.
Torrey Fl. N.Y. Genesee valley, abundant, C. M. Booth.
Scarce. June, July.
AUREUM, Nuttall. Golden-flowered Thaspium.
Wet meadows and along streams.
var. APTERUM, Gray. Wéingless-fruited-sharp-leaved Thaspium.
Open woods and damp meadows, Oriskany, Knieskern.
Frequent. May, June.
TRIFOLIATUM, Gray. Three-parted-leaved Thaspium.
var. APTERUM, Gray. Wéngless-fruited-round-leaved Thaspium.
Meadows. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. May.
ZIZTIA, DC. Zizia.
INTEGERRIMA, DC. Perfectly-entire-leaved Zizia.
Dry woods and rocks. Abundant in the pine woods of Schenectady county.
Gravelly borders of Oneida lake, Knieskern. Rocky banks of the Black river
below Watertown. Scarce. May, June.
CICUTA, L. Water Hemlock.
, MACULATA, L. Spotted-stemmed Cicuta.
Wet meadows, streams, swamps. Common. July, August.
BULBIFERA, L. Bulb-bearing Cicuta.
Borders of marshes, creeks, lakes. Common in the north woods.
Frequent. August.
SIUM, L. Water Parsnip.
LINEARE, Michz. Linear-leaved Sium.
Shady swamps. Common. July, August.
CRYPTOT ANIA, DC. Honewort.
CANADENSIS, DC, Canadian Cryptotenia.
Shaded places; about dwellings, orchards. Frequent in rich woods, and
common in thickets on the banks of the Mohawk. Abundant. June- Aug.
OSMORRHIZA, Rafinesque. Sweet Cicely.
LONGISTYLIS, DC. Long-styled Osmorrhiza,
Fertile open woods. Uncommon. June, July.
BREVISTYLIS, DC. Short-styled Osmorrhiza.
Rich woods, ravines. Common. June — August.
CONIUM, L. Poison Hemlock.
MACULATUM, L. Spotted-stemmed Conium.
Fences, waste places, damp banks. Frequent in towns, roadsides. Common
on the banks of the Erie canal; Schenectady; Littlefalls; Herkimer; Utica:
often forming thickets. July.
CARUM, L. . Caraway.
| CARUI, L. Common Carum.
Roadsides, remote from dwellings, naturalized. Frequent. May - July.
86 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
ARALIACE. Aralias.
ARALIA, Tournefort. Sarsaparilla.
RACEMOSA, L. Spikenard. Racemose Aralia..
Fertile woodlands; sides and bottoms of ravines. Abundant. July, August.
HISPIDA, Michz. Bristly Aralia.
Rocks and swamps. Littlefalls. Sides of the Black river. Abundant in the
sandy swamp west of Fort Bull, Rome. Frequent. June, July.
NUDICAULIS, L. Leafless-stemmed Aralia.
Woods, both high and low. Common. May, June.
QUINQUEFOLIA, Gray. Ginseng. Five-leaved Aralia.
Ravines and thickets. where it has eluded the hunter; exhausted in many
regions, but common in the remote woods. June, July.
TRIFOLIA, Gray. Groundnut. Three-leaved Aralia.
Moist woods and their borders, in deep soil. Common. April, May.
CORNACEZ. - Cornels.
CORNUS, Tournefort. Dogwoods.
CANADENSIS, L. . Dwarf Cornel. Conadian Cornus.
Shaded sandy woods. Common. May, June.
FLORIDA, L. Flowering Cornus.
Hilly woods. Schenectady, along the Platte kill, Pearson. Otsego county,
H. Lathrop. Banks along the outlet of Owasco lake, J. H. Hall. Abundant
in Yates county, Sartwell. Monroe county, Bradley. Uncommon. May.
CIRCINATA, L’ Héritier. Rounded-leaved Cornus.
Borders of woods and thickets near water. Pine woods of Schenectady
county. Oneida county, Knieskern. Trenton falls, Hadley vm herb. Alexan-
dria bay, on the islands of the river. Frequent. June.
SERICEA, L. Silky Cornus.
Swamps and water-sides. Summit lake, Otsego county. About Onondaga
lake. Alexandria bay. Lake marshes, Yates county, Sartwell. .
. Infrequent. June.
STOLONIFERA, Michaux. Stolon-bearing Cornus.
Wet flats of streams. Abundant. May, June.
PANICULATA, L’ Héritier. Panicled Cornus.
Thickets along the sides of streams. Banks of the Mohawk.
Frequent. June, July.
=-
ALTERNIFOLIA, L. Alternate-leaved Cornus.
Open woods. Common. May.
NYSSA, L. | Tupelo. Pepperidge.
MULTIFLORA, Wangenhewm. Many-flowered Nyssa.
Occasional on the flats of the Mohawk. Borders of Otsego lake. Miss 8S.
Cooper. Near Vernon, Prof. O. Root. Near Oneida lake, Knieskern.
Infrequent. April, May.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 87
B. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS.
.
CAPRIFOLIACE A. Honeysuckles.
LINNAA, Gronovius. Twin-flower.
BOREALIS, Gronov. Northern Linnea.
Shady banks and arbor-vitz swamps. Common in all the cold marshes on
the highlands south of the Mohawk, Summit lake, Mud take, State swamp,
Hidden lake. Little falls above the south cliff. Springy wooded slopes on the
flats of the Mohawk between Frankfort and Utica. Ravine sides in Deerfield
and Marcy. Cedar swamp on Paris hill. Sides of the Black river below Wa-
tertown, in evergreen shade. Frequent. June — August.
SYMPHORICARPUS, Dillenius. Snowberry.
RACEMOSUS, Micha. Racemose Symphoricarpus.
Rocky banks. Helderberg Prospect rock, Pearson. Otsego county, H. La-
throp. Along the Black river between Watertown and Dexter. Genesee falls,
Carey in herb. Ham. Coll. Genesee river banks, Greece, Bradley.
Rare. June, July.
VULGARIS, Michx. Coral-berry. Common Symphoricarpus.
Borders of Seneca lake, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Occasionally admitted
into gardens and ornamental grounds. | July — September.
LONICERA, ZL. Honeysuckles. °
SEMPERVIRENS, Aiton. Trumpet-honeysuckle. Hvergreen Lonicera.
Banks near the river, Tarrytown and on the hills eastward, I. H. Hail.
Thickets along the borders of Otsego lake, B. D. Gilbert: H. Lathrep.
Rare. June, July.
GRATA, Aiton. True Woodbine. Pleasant Lonicera.
Rocky hillsides. Otsego county, H. Lathrop. Shore of Lake Ontario, two
miles northeast of Oswego. Rare. May.
PARVIFLORA, Lamarck. Small-flowered Lonicera.
Rocks and damp banks. Schenectady. Littlefalls. Swamps about Oriskany,
Knieskern. Beyond Fort Bull, Rome. Along Wood creek. Rocky ravine-
sides of Fish creek. Borders of Onondaga lake. Rocky banks of the Black
river. Frequent. May.
HIRSUTA, Laton. Hairy Lonicera.
Rocks and shaded woods. Helderberg mountains, Pearson. Otsego county,
Miss 8S. Cooper. Fairfield, Herkimer county, Eaton bot. On the berm bank of
the Erie canal about halfway between Oriskany and Rome, in low grounds,
Knieskern. Rocky woods down the Black river below Watertown. Potter,
Yates county, Sartwell. Rare. July.
CILIATA, Muhl. Fly-honeysuckle. Ciliate-leaved Lonicera.
Ravine-sides and shady swamps. Common. April, May.
CHERULEA, L. Mountain-honeysuckle. Blue-berried Lonicera.
Cold swamps. Near Vernon, J.S. Douglass ; Knieskern. Phelps, Ontario
county, Sartwell. Rare. May, June.
OBLONGIFOLIA, Muhl. Swamp-honeysuckle. Oblong-leaved Lonicera.
Uplaud swamps on the range of hills south of the Mohawk valley. Head-
waters of the Susquehanna river : abundant at Summit lake, Springfield,
Otsego county; and at Mud lake, south Herkimer county. Headwaters of
the Unadilla river : borders of Hidden lake, Litchfield, and the deep State
marsh near Jerusalem corners. Scarce, June,
88 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
DIERVILLA, Yournefori. Bush-honeysuckle,
TRIFIDA, Mcench. Three-parled-peduncled Diervilla.
Cliffs and ravine-sides. Common. June, July.
=
TRIOSTEUM, L. : Fever-wort.
PERFOLIATUM, L. Perfoliate Triosteum.
Shaded rocks and copses on deep soil. Little falls. Oneida county, Knieskern.
Penn-Yan, Sartwell. Uncommon. May - July.
SAMBUCUS, Tournefort. Lilders.
CANADENSIS, L. Canadian Sambucus.
Roadsides, fences, neglected fields. Common. June.
PUBENS, Michx. Downy Sambucus.
Borders of woods, thickets, ravines. Common. May.
VIBURNUM, L. 'Arrow-woods. Viburna.
NupDUM, L. Withe-wood. Naked-cymed Viburnum.
Swamps on the Mohawk flats. Common. June.
LENTAGO, L. Bending-branchéd Viburnum.
Open woods and banks of streams. Abundant. May.
DENTATUM, JL. dArrow-wood. Toothed-leaved Viburnum.
Copses on the flats and banks of the Mohawk. Low lands about Onondaga
lake. Frequent. June.
PUBESCENS, Pursh. Downy Viburnum.
Rocky banks of streams. Along the College brook, Schenectady, Pearson.
Dexter, Jefferson county, Vasey. Borders of Crooked lake, Sartwell in herb.
Ham. Coll. Banks of the Genesee below Rochester, C. M. Booth.
Rare. June.
ACERIFOLIUM, L. Maple-leaved Viburnum.
Hilly woods. Common. May, June.
OPULUS, L. Cranberry-tree. Opulus, Poplar-leaved Viburnum.
River-banks. Shores of the Mohawk river, and in low grounds over the flats.
Abundant. June.
LANTANOIDES, Michaux. Hobblebush. Lantana, Wayfaring-tree-like
Viburnum.
Damp, sandy or hilly woods. Frequent in ravines and abundant on the hills:
Graefenberg hill, Paris hill. In full force in the North woods, often so com-
pletely covering the ground as to render the forests impassable.
May, June.
RUBIACEZ. Madders.
GALIUM, ZL. Cleavers. Gallia.
APARINE, L. The Ancient Aparine.
Shaded swamps. Frequent. June.
ASPRELLUM, Miche. Rough Galium.
Wet meadows and low woods. Common on the flats of the Mohawk. July.
TRIFIDUM, L. Three-parted-peduncled Galium.
Cold grassy and mossy swamps. Summit lake, Otsego county. Mud lake,
Hidden lake, and the State marsh, south Herkimer county. Spring bogs near
Fish creek and Point of Rock. Rare.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 89
var. TINCTORIUM, Torr. & Gr. Dyer’s Galium.
Marshes. Abundant.
var, LATIFOLIUM, Torr. Broad-leaved Galium.
Borders of marshes and streams. Uncommon. June, July.
TRIFLORUM, JMichz. Fragrant-drying, Three-flowered Galium.
Damp groves. Common. July.
PILOSUM, Aiton. Hairy Galium.
Dry sandy plains near Oneida lade, Knieskern. Junius, Seneca county, Sart-
well in herb. Ham. Coll. Scarce. June, July.
CIRCAZANS, Miche. Circea-like Galium.
Copses, borders of dry woods. Frequent. June.
LANCEOLATUM, Torr. Lanceolate-leaved Galium.
Wooded banks. Uncommon. June, July.
BOREALE, L. Northern Galium.
Cliffs, rocks, river-banks. Valley of the Mohawk from Schenetady to Little-
falls. Fairfield, Hadley in herb. Banks of Oneida creek, Knieskern. Rocks
of the Black river. Sometimes in swamps; West- Bergen, Genesee county.
; Frequent. June — August.
CEPHALANTHUS, Z. . Button-bush.
OCCIDENTALIS, L. Western Cephalanthus.
Muddy swamps, borders of ponds, lakes. Abundant in the northeastern part
of the State. Mud lake, south Herkimer county. Mohawk valley: Littlefalls;
Below Utica on the flats, around a pond; opposite Whitesboro, a swamp full.
Black brook and Oneida lake. About Onondaga lake. Outlet of Owasco lake,
I. H. Hall. . Abundant. July.
MITCHELLA, ZL. Partridge-berry.
REPENS, L. Creeping Mitchella.
Woods, moist and shady places. Common. June, July.
OLDENLANDIA, Plumier. Bluets. Oldenlandias.
PURPUREA, (ray. Purple-flowered Oldenlandia.
var. LONGIFOLIA, Gray. Long-leaved Oldenlandia.
Rocks and dry soils. Otsego county, H. Lathrop. Rocky islands in Black
river at Rutland, Jefferson ¢ county, J. G. Crocker. Gravelly sides of the river
between Watertown and Sackett’s-harbor. Scarce. May, June.
var. CILIOLATA, Gray. Fringed-leaved Oldenlandia.
Gravelly hillsides along the shore of Lake Ontario. Sackett’s-harbor and
banks of Black river, Knieskern. Abundant on the hill-slopes around the
Old Fort at Oswego. Genesee falls, Aiken in herb.Sartwell Ham. Coll. Ro-
chester, C. Dewey. May, June.
CHRULEA, Gray, Blue-flowered Oldenlandia.
Damp places on the banks of Black river, from Remsen, Miss J.E.Johnson,
to Watertown and Dexter. Otsego county, H. Lathrop. May — September.
[ Senate No. 90.] 6*
90 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
VALERIANACE. Valerians.
VALERIANA, Tournefort. | |
SYLVATICA, Banks. Woodland Valerian.
Very abundant in a sphagnous swamp in Wayne county, near the shore of
Lake Ontario, where it was discovered in 1833 by Dr. Sartwett, Gray in
Rare plants of Northern and Western N.Y. Wayne county, Sartwell in
herb. Ham. Coll. Common in all parts of the swamp in West-Bergen, north-
western Genesee county. At this station the flowers are pure white always,
both in the open marsh and its shady borders. Rare. June.
FEDIA, Geriner. Corn Salad.
OLITCRLA, Vahl. Garden Fedia.
Cultivated grounds, roadsides. Scottsville, Monroe county, L. Holzer.
Rare. May.
FAGOPYRUM, Torr. & Gr. Buckwheat, Fagopyrum Fedia.
Mohawk flats near Utica, Gray. Borders of a long narrow mud-pond below
the city, on the north side of the river, once the bed of the stream.
Rare. May.
DIPSACEA. — Teasels.
DIPSACUS, Tournefort. Fuller’s Thistles.
SYLVESTRIS, Miller. Wild Teasel. Wood Dipsacus.
Roadsides. Common. July, August.
FULLON UM, Miller. : Fuller’s Dipsacus.
Escaped from cultivation. Schenectady, Pearson. Auburn and Skaneateles,
tH. Halt: July. |
COMPOSITE. Composites.
VERNONIA, Schreber. Iron-weed.
NOVEBORACENSIS, Willd. New-York Vernonia.
Low grounds and drained swamps. Tarrytown, J. H. Hall. Wayne county,
Sartwell in herb. Hum. Coll. Rare. August, September.
EUPATORIUM, Tournefort, Thoroughworts. Bonesets. Hupatoria.
PURPUREUM, L. Purple Hupatorium.
Banks of streams; low thickets. Common. August.
HYSSOPIFOLIUM, L. | Hyssopus-leaved Hupatorium.
Dry hillsides. Nyack, on the Hudson river, J. H. Hall. Rare. August.
TEUCRIFOLIUM, Willd. Teucrium-leaved Hupatorium,
Edges of low woods and swampy ground, near Tarrytown, J. H. Hall.
Rare. August.
SESSILIFOLIUM, L. Sessile-leaved Hupatorvum,
Wooded banks. Oneida county, Gray in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll.
Rare. August.
PERFOLIATUM, L, Common Boneset, Connate-leaved Eupatorium,
Open swamps and grassy bottoms of ravines. Common. July, August.
AGERATOIDES, L, Ageratum-like Eupatorium.
Woods, streams, Common. August — October.
ood
ert
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 91
MIKANTA, Willd. Climbing Hemp-weed.
SCANDENS, L. Ascending Mikania.
Shaded swamps. Sleepy-hollow stream, Tarrytown, I.H.Hall. Low grounds
near Oneida lake, Knieskern. Marshes around Onondaga lake.
Infrequent. July — September.
NARDOSMIA, Cassini. Sweet Coltsfoot.
PALMATA, Hooker. Hand-leaved Nardosmia.
Cold swamps. Near Saratoga, Dr. Steele, Torrey & Gray Fl., Prof. Hitch-
cock, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Dundee, N.Y., Wright in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll.
Valley of the Genesee river between Rochester and Lake Ontario, in a cleared
swamp, C. M. Booth. Rare. May.
TUSSILAGO, Tournefort. Common Coltsfoot.
FARFARA, L. From the ancient Farfarus. River-side Tussilago.
Brooksides at the crossing of roads; flats of creeks; far up ravines in woods.
Common. April.
SERICOCARPUS, Nees von Esenbeck. White-topped Aster.
CONYZOIDES, Nees. Conyza-like Sericocarpus.
Copses, wooded hillsides. Infrequent. July, August.
ASTER, Z. Starworts. Asters.
; CORYMBOSUS, Atton. Corymbed Aster.
Borders of woods. Common. July, August.
MACROPHYLLUS, L. Large-leaved Aster.
Damp shaded banks. Abundant. August — October.
PATENS, Aiton. Spreading Aster.
Dry hillsides. Frequent.
var. PHLOGIFOLIUS, Torr. & Gr. Phlox-leaved Aster.
Shaded hillsides. Common at Tarrytown, [.H.Hall. Schenectady, Pearson,
Infrequent.
LAVIS, L. Smooth Aster.
Thickets. Banks of the east side of Onondaga lake. Occasional.
var. LEVIGATUS, Torr. & Gr. Smooth-sltemmed Aster.
Copses. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Frequent.
var. CYANEUS, Zorr. & Gr. Azure Aster.
Open woods. Tarrytown, common, I. H. Hall. Penn-Yan. Sartwell in herb.
Ham. Coll. Abundant.
UNDULATUS, L. Wavy-leaved Aster.
Dry woodlands. Common.
CORDIFOLIUS, L. Heart-leaved Aster.
Shaded hillsides. Common.
SAGITTIFOLIUS, Willd. Arrow-leaved Aster.
Open banks. Auburn, common, I. H. Hall. Yates county, Sartwell in herb.
Ham. Coll. Abundant.
ERICOIDES, L. Heath-like Aster.
Roadsides; neglected, cleared land. Common.
32
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
MULTIFLORUS, Aiton. Many-flowered Aster
Barren fields, dry hills, Abundant.
pumosts, L. Bushy Aster.
Copses, banks, along water-courses. Frequent.
TRADESCANTI, L. TRADESCANT’S Aster.
Streams and damp woods. Tarrytown, I. H. Hall. Schenectady. Pearson.
Abundant.
MISER, LD. Deficient-flowered Aster.
Thickets, waste-places. Common.
var. GLOMERELLUS, Torr. € Gr. Glomerate-spiked-flowered
Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Aster.
var: DIFFUSUS, Torr. & Gr. Diffuse-branched Aster.
Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
A depauperate form of this variety abounds on the cold wet cliffs of Fish
creek.
var. HIRSUTICAULIS, Jorr.& Gr. Hirsute-stemmed Aster.
Albany, Beck, Torrey & Gray Fl. Wayne county, Sartwell, Torr. & Gr. Fl.
in herb. Ham.Coll. .
SIMPLEX, Willd. Simple-stemmed Aster.
Ravines and shady swamps. Often.
CARNEUS, Nees von EHsenbeck. Flesh-colored Aster.
Low grounds Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
The old form A. GreEnit, Torrey & Gray, between North and Some Col-
leges, Schenectady, Tuckerman, Pearson. Rare.
LONGIFOLIUS, Lamarck. Long-leaved Aster.
Low woods on islands in the Pocantico above Tarrytown, J. H. Hall. Jef-
ferson county, Crawe in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll. Rare.
PUNICEUS, L. Purple-stemmed Aster.
Low grounds. Common.
var. VIMINEUS, Torr. & Gr. Slender-stemmed Aster.
Deep woods and swamps. Erequent.
PRENANTHOIDES, MuAl. Prenanthes-like Aster.
Damp rich woods. Common in Oneida county, Gray. Western part of the
State, Torrey & Gr. Fl.; Knieskern and Sartwell, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Water-
town, Crawe; Dundee, Yates county, Wright; Penn-Yan, Sartwell; in
herb. Ham. Coll. Abundant.
NOV H-ANGLIA, L. New-England Aster.
Roadsides, streams, open swamps. Common.
ACUMINATUS, Micha. Acuminate-leaved Aster.
Rocks, ravines and hills, in moisture and shade. Abundant.
PTARMICOIDES, Torr. & Gr. Ptarnuca-like Aster.
On the rocky banks of Black river, near Watertown, Jefferson county, where
it is very abundant, and was first noticed by Dr. Crawe, Gray in Rare plants
of Northern N.Y. Rocky banks of the river at Watertown, near the bridge
of the road to Dexter, Gray. Jefferson county, Crawe in herb. Ham. Coll.
Banks of Genesee river below Rochester, C. M. Booth. Rare. August.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 93
ERIGERON, L. Fleabanes.
CANADENSE, L. Canadian Erigeron
Roadsides, waste places; a field weed. Common. July — September.
BELLIDIFOLIUM, Muhil. Daisy, Bellis-leaved Erigeron.
Rocky hillsides and edges of thickets. Infrequent. May.
PHILADELPHICUM, L. Philadelphia Erigeron.
Borders of woods, swamps; wet rocks. Common. June, July.
ANNUUM, Persoon. Annual Erigeron.
Waysides, waste-places. Common. June — August.
sTRIGOSUM, Muhl. Hairy Erigeron.
Neglected fields, poor meadows. Common. June, July.
DIPLOPAPPUS, Cassini. Double-bristled Asters.
LINARIIFOLIUS, Hooker. Linaria-leaved Diplopappus.
Rocky, gravelly or sandy soils. Schenectady, Pearson, Gray.
Infrequent. August — October.
UMBELLATUS, Torr. & Gr. Imbelled Diplopappus.
Open swamps. Abundant, especially on the hills. August, September.
AMYGDALINUS, Torr. & Gr. Almond-leaved Diplopappus.
Marshes. Gorham, Ontario county, Sartwel/. Dundee, Yates county,
Wright, Vasey. Rare. August.
CORNIFOLIUS, Darlington. Cornus-leaved Diplopappus.
Open woods. Oswego, Knieskern in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll.
Rare. July — September.
SOLIDAGO, L. Goldenrods.
SQUARROSA, Muhi. Squarrose-involucred Solidago.
Dry rocky soil and woods. Abundant at Alexandria bay, G. W. Clinton.
Penn-Yan, Sartwell. Mount Hope and banks of the Genesee below Roches-
ter, C. M. Booth. Rare.
BICOLOR, L. Silver-rod. Two-colored Solidago.
Hillsides and barren sandy copses. Abundant.
LATIFOLIA, L. Broad-leaved Solidago.
Shaded rocks and banks. Common.
cmsiA, L. Gray-purple-stemmed Solidago.
Wooded hills, thickets. Frequent.
PUBERULA, Nuttall. Downy Solidago.
Top of a high hill near Tarrytown, J. H. Hall. Rare.
STRICTA, Aiton. Willow-leaved, Wand-like Solidago.
Sphagnum swamps. Oneida county, Gray, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Abundant in
the swamp on Paris hill. Rare. July.
SPECIOSA, Nuttall. Showy Solidago.
var. ANGUSTATA, Torr. & Gr., or a depauperate form, on the
sides and summit of Bald rock, near Third lake, north Herkimer county.
Rare. August.
OHIOENSIS, Riddell. Ohio Solidago.
Low lands. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. In various parts of
Western N.Y., Knieskern, Sartwell, G. W. Clinton, Torr. § Gr. Fl. Rare.
94 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
HOUGHTONII, Torrey & Gray. Discovered by HouGuTon.
Damp moss and marl bogs of the swamp in West-Bergen, Genesee county;
in company with a number of lake shore plants, Comandra livida, Juniperus
sabina, Juncus balticus, Scirpus torreyt, and others.
Leaves sheathing opposite sides of the stem at its base, rigid, narrow,
ciliate, all clasping, two to six inches in length, deep green; stems slender,
purple; heads large, rays sometimes spreading three-fourths of an inch, in a
drooping corymb. A peculiar and beautiful plant. Rare. July.
NEGLECTA, Torr. & Gr. Unnoticed Solidago.
Marshes. Bethel, Ontario county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Uncommon.
PATULA, Muhl. Spreading Solidago:
Swamps. Common.
ARGUTA, Aiton. Sharp-serrated-leaved Solidago.
Borders of woods and fields. Frequent.
var. JUNCEA, Torr. & Gr. fteed-like Solidago.
Schenectady, Pearson. Frequent.
MUHLENBERGII, Torr. & Gr. Discovered by MUHLENBERG.
Bogs, shaded wet bottoms. Schenectady, Pearson. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in
herb. Ham.Coll. Rare.
LINOIDES, Solander. Linum-like Solidago.
Marshes, sphagnum swamps. Junius, Seneca county, Sartwell in herb.Ham.
Coll. Rare.
ALTISSIMA, L. High Solidago.
Along fences, bottoms of ravines. Common. -
ULMIFOLIA, MuAl. Elm-leaved Solidago.
Thickets, river-sides. _ Frequent.
ODORA, Aiton. Sweet Goldenrod. Fragrant Solidago.
Open woods, hillsides. The earliest one in blossom, Knieskern. Rocky banks
of Seneca lake, Vasey. : Uncommon.
NEMORALIS, Aifon. Hoary Goldenrod. Woodland Solidago.
Barren soils. Common.
CANADENSIS, LL. Canadian Solidago.
Roadsides, fences. Everywhere without limit.
var. PROCERA, Torr. & Gir. Towering Solidago.
Walls, banks, hills. Common.
SEROTINA, Avton. Late-flowering Solidago.
Ravine-sides and thickets along streams. Frequent.
GIGANTEA, Aiton. Giant Solidago.
Meadow-fences, open bottoms of ravines. Common.
LANCEOLATA, L. Bushy Goldenrod. Narrow-leaved Solidago.
Flats and banks of the Mohawk. Abundant.
.
INULA, L. | Enula Campana. Common Elecampane. _
HELENIUM, L. The Ancient Helenion.
Roadsides, extensively naturalized. July, August.
os
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 95
POLYMNIA, L. Leafcups.
CANADENSIs, L. Canadian Polymnia.
Shaded rocky sides of streams. About Vernon, J. S. Douglass, Knieskern.
Ravine of Chittenango creek, below the falls. Hackney fails, Owasco lake
outlet, J. H. Hall. Gorham, Ontario county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Rare. July — September.
UVEDALIA, L. In honor of Roperr UvEDALE.
Deep ravine of Chittenango creek, at the water side. Borders of Seneca lake,
Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. August, September.
AMBROSIA, Tournefort. Ragweed. Wormwood.
TRIFIDA, L. Three-parted-leaved Ambrosia.
Forming thickets along the banks of the Mohawk. Common. July, August.
ARTEMISI@MFOLIA, L. Artemisia-leaved Ambrosia.
Waysides, waste places. Common. July — September.
XANTHIUM, Tournefort. Cockleburs.
STRUMARIUM, L. Struma-healing Xanthium.
Yards, streets, waste grounds. Abundant on the low banks of the Mohawk.
Common. August.
SPINOSUM, L. Thorny Xanthium.
Around the Dexter factories, Knieskern. Hab. Oriskany, but rare, P. D. K.
in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll. August — October.
HELIOPSIS, Persoon. False Sunflower.
L2&EVIS, Pers. Smooth Heliopsis.
Marshes and streams. Common. August — October.
RUDBECKIA, L. Coneflowers.
LACINIATA, L. Deeply-parted-leaved Rudbeckia.
Bottoms of ravines, creeks, rivers. Common. July — September.
FULGIDA, Azton. Fulgent Rudbeckia.
Meadows, occasionally, but not permanent, July, August.
HirTA, L. Rough Rudbeckia.
Pastures, meadows and their borders. Common. June, July.
HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflowers.
GIGANTEUS, L. Gigantic Helianthus.
Low river-banks and marshes of lakes. Frequent. August, September.
sTRUMOSUS, L. Tubercled-stemmed Helianthus.
Thickets on hillsides and river-banks. Abundant.
var. MOLLIS, Torr. §- Gr. Downy-leaved Helianthus.
Penn-Yan, Sartwell. Greece, sides of Genesee river, Bradley.
DIVARICATUS, LL. Divergent Helianthus.
Open woods. Common.
DECAPETALUS, L. Ten-rayed Helianthus.
Ravine-sides and bottoms. Infrequent.
var. FRoNDOSUS, Torr. §- Gr. Leafy-involucred Helianthus.
Shady stream-sides. | Uncommon,
96 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
TUBE ROSUS, L. Artichoke. Tuberous Helianthus.
Walls and fences. Occasional.
ACTINOMERIS, Nuttall. Actinomeris.
SQUARROSA, JVutt. Sguarrose-envolucred Actinomeris.
Borders of Crooked lake, Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Wes-
tern New-York, Torrey § Gray Fl. Rare. August, September.
BIDENS, L. Bur-marigolds.
FRoNDOSA, L. Leafy Bidens.
Walls, yards, waste places. Common. July — September.
CONNATA, MuAl. Connate-leaved Bidens.
Ditches, brooks. Uncommon.
CERNUA, L. Nodding Bzdens.
Swamps. Frequent.
CHRYSANTHEMOIDES, Micha. Chrysanthemum-like Bidens.
Marshes, borders of streams. Abundant.
BECKI, Torrey. Discovered by L. C. BECK.
Sander’s lake, Scotia, where it was discovered by Dr. Beck, Pearson. Ca-
naderaga lake, Miss S. Cooper: outlet of Schuyler’s lake, Gray. Southern
part of Oneida county Crawe, Knieskern. Ponds near Augusta, J. 8. Dou-
glass, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Oswego falls, Aiken in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll.
Sodus bay, Eaton bot. Rare. July, August.
BIPINNATA, L, _ Bipinnate Bidens.
Bordering gardens and fields. Seneca lake, Sartwell. Scarce.
HELENIUM, L. Helenitum.
AUTUMNALE, L, Autumnal Helenium.
Flats of brooks and creeks. Common. September.
MARUTA, Cassznz. Mayweed.
COTULA, DC. Cup-involucred Maruta.
Waste places, everywhere. June — September.
ANTHEMIS, L. : Camomile.
ARVE NSIS, L. Field Anthemis.
Cultivated land and neglected fields. Schenectady, Pearson. Sandy cleared
grounds at the head of Oneida lake. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb.Ham.Coll.
Rare. June, July.
ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow.
MILLEFoLIum, L. Milfoil Achillea.
Roadsides, pastures, barren hillsides. On the rocks of Little-falls probably,
and along the cliffs of Fish creek doubtless it is native. In the latter habitat,
it abounds over the precipices from clefts of rock, in moist soil of ledges
and near dripping water or falling streams; far up the creek, for many miles
among the woods, above any means of introduction. Common.
var. ROSEA. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
June — September.
LEUCANTHEMUM, Tournefort. Oxeye Daisy.
VULGARE, Lamarck. Common Whiteweed.
Meadows, pastures, roadsides. Common. June, July.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 97
TANACETUM, L. Tansy.
VULGARE, L. Common Tanacetum.
Way-sides, fences, in patches. Common. July — September.
ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwoods.
CANADENSIS, Michz. Canadian Artemisia.
Sandy shores of lakes. Legit. Oneida county, Knieskern in herb. Sartwell
Ham. Coli. Along Irondequoit bay, L. Holzer. Shore of Lake Ontario,
Greece, Bradley. Rare. July, August.
VULGARIS, L. Mugwort. Common Artemisia.
Roadsides in Verona, rare, Knieskern. August — November.
ABSINTHIUM, L. Wormwood. The ancient Absinthion.
Roadsides. Naturalized in the northern part of the county, Knieskern.
Waysides on the hills of Litchfield, east of Hidden lake, south Herkimer
Infrequent. August.
county.
GNAPHALIUM, L. Everlastings.
DECURRENS, Ives. Decurrent-leaved Gnaphalium.
Old pastures, uncultivated cleared hills. Common. August — October.
POLYCEPHALUM, Michz. Many-headed Gnaphalium.
Sandy fields and open woods. Pine plains of Rome, Knieskern. Schenectady,
Pearson. Penn-Yan, Sartwell. Uncommon.
ULIGINosUM, L. Bog Gnaphalium.
Roadsides, ditches, low grounds. Common.
ANTENNARIA, Gertner. Everlastings.
MARGARITACEA, ft. Brown. Pearly Antennaria.
Roadsides, pastures, copses. Common. August.
PLANTAGINIFOLIA, Hooker. Plantain-leaved Antennaria.
Tops of ravine-banks, dry pastures. Common. April, May.
ERECHTHITES, Rafinesque. Fireweed.
HIERACIFOLIA, Raf. Hieracium-leaved Erechthites.
Damp woods, clearings; most common after fire. July — September.
CACALIA, L. Indian Plantains.
SUAVEOLENS, L. Fragrant Cacalia.
Woodlands. Penfield, Monroe county, banks of a stream emptying into
Irondequoit bay, L. Holzer. Greece, Bradley. Avon, Livingston county, B.
D. Greene, Torrey & Gray Fl. Rare. August — October.
ATRIPLICIFOLIA, L. Atriplex-leaved Cacalia.
Deep woods. Genesee river. Sartwell in herb. Ham.Coll. Near Rochester,
Z.H. Harris, Bradley. Rare. July — September.
SENECIO, L. Groundsel.
VULGARIS, L. Common Senecio.
Common on the Central railroad. Streets and gardens, Utica. Rochester,
July — October.
Golden Senecio.
AUREUS, L.
Common. May.
Wet meadows, swampy woods.
[ Senate No. 90.] 7
98 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
var. OBOVATUS, Torr. §- Gr. Obovate-leaved Senecio.
Shaded steeps between the top of the cliffs and the brow of the heights, at
Littlefalls, south side of the Mohawk. Yates county, Sartwell.
Infrequent. June.
var. BALSAMITH, Torr. & Gr. Balsamita Senecio.
Rocky banksof Black river opposite and below Watertown, Jefferson county.
Abundant in the swamp of West-Bergen, Genesee county, where the whole
plant is often very woolly. Rare. June.
var. LANCEOLATUS, Oakes. Long-leaved Senecio.
Bald rock near Third lake, north Herkimer county, in wet woods along its
base. Rare. June, July.
CNICUS, Vazllant. Blessed Thistle.
BENEDICTUS, L. Reputed Cnicus.
Roadsides and about houses. Schenectady, Pearson. Oneida county, Knies-
kern. Rare. June.
CIRSIUM, Tournefort. Common Thistles.
LAN CEOLATUM, Scopoli. Lanceolate-leaved Cirsium.
Pastures, roadsides. Common. June —September. -
DISCOLOR, Sprengel. Two-colored Cirsium.
Borders of woods and fields. Schenectady, Pearson. Meadows of the Mohawk
between Littlefalls and Palatine bridge. Oneida county, Knieskern. Yates
county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Infrequent. August.
muTicum, Michz. Awnless Cirsium.
Swamps, marshes, springy hillsides. Common. August — October. —
PUMILUM, Sprengel. Dwarf Cirsium.
Old pastures, uncultivated sandy fields. Schenectady, Pearson. Otsego
county, H. Lathrop. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Uncommon. July, August.
ARVENSE, Scopoli. Canada Thistle. Field Cirsium.
Roadsides, cultivated fields. Common. Flowers white frequently.
July - September. |
ONOPORDON, Vaillant. aes Cotton Thistle.
ACANT HIUM, L. The ancient Acanthion.
Waysides, rocky banks. Fairfielé, Herkimer county, in herb. Hadley. About
Rochester and toward the Lake, C. M. Booth. Scarce, July-September.
LAPPA, Tournefort. Burdock.
MAJOR, Gertner. Larger Lappa.
Waste places. Common. July — October.
CICHORIUM, Tournefort. Cichory.
INTYBUS, L. The classical Intubus.
Roadsides. Abundant in West-Albany, along the Central railroad. Willow
vale, New-Hartford. Verona, Knieskern. Scarce. July — October.
KRIGIA, Schreber. Dwarf Dandelion.
vireinica, Welld. Virginian Krigza.
Dry sandy fields near Oneida lake, Knieskern. Rare. May — August.
4
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 99
HIERACIUM, Tournefort. Hawkweeds. Hieracia.
CANADENSE, Michz. Canadian Hieractum.
Open hilly woods. Frequent. August.
scaBruM, Meche. Rough Hieractum.
Borders of thickets and fields. Common. August.
GRONOVIT, L. In honor of GRONOVIUS.
Dry woods. Schenectady, Pearson. Near Oncida lake, Knieskern. Auburn,
I. H. Hail. Infrequent. July, August.
vENosuM, L, Vetned-leaved Hieracium.
Sandy copses and evergreen woods. Schenectady. Common on the Pine
plains of Rome. Abundant in Yates county, Sartwell. Greece, Bradley.
Frequent. June, July.
PANICULATUM, L. Panicled Hieracitum.
Copses, shady banks. Common at Schenectady, Pearson. Oneida county,
Knieskern. North of Oswego on the Lake shore. Auburn, J. H. Hall. Yates
county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Greece, Monroe county, Bradley.
Abundant. August, September.
NABALUS, Cassznz. Rattlesnake-roots.
ALBUS, Hooker. White Nabalus.
Woods. Common. July, August.
ALTISSIMUS, Hooker. Lofty Nabalus.
Deep ravines. Frequent.
var. CORDATUS, Torr. & Gr. Cordate-leaved Nabalus.
Greece, Monroe county, Bradley.
var. DELTOIDEUS, Torr. & Gr. Deltotd-leaved Nabalus.
Penn-Yan, Yates county, Surtwell in herd. Ham. Coll. August, September.
TARAXACUM, Haller. Dandelion.
DENS-LEONIS, Desfontaines. Lion-tooth-leaved Taraxacum.
In all grass lands. April — October.
LACTUCA, Tournefort. Wald Lettuce.
ELONGATA, Muhl. Long-panicled Lactuca.
Open woods, thickets, along fences. Common. July, August.
MULGEDIUM, Cassini. False Lettuce.
LEUCOPH HUM, DC. Gray Mulgedium.
Moist woods, river-banks. Frequent. August, September.
SONCHUS, L.
OLERACEUS, L. Garden Sonchus.
Borders of cultivated grounds. Common. July — September.
ASPER, Villars. Spiny-leaved Sonchus.
Waste places, barnyards. Common. August, September.
ARVENSIS, L. Field Sonchus.
Fields and water-sides. Oriskany, near the creek. Marshes on the west side
of Onondaga lake. Waste fields, Auburn, J. H. Hail. Roadsides near Ro-
chester, L. Holzer. Scarce. August - October.
100 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
LOBELIACE4. Lobelias.
LOBELIA, ZL. Lobelias.
CARDINALIS, L. Crimson, Cardinal-flowered Lobelia.
Boggy woods, water-sides. Abundant. July, August.
SYPHILITICA, L. Blue, Lar ge-flowered Lobelia.
Damp grassy woods, swampy rivulets. Abundant. August.
‘INFLATA, L., Indian Tobacco. Inflated-fruited Lobelia.
Meadows, pastures. Common. July — September.
spicata, Lamarck. Sptke-racemed Lobelia.
Hillsides and open woods. Scarce. July, August.
KALMII, LL. ; Kaum’s Lobelia.
Limestone rocks, marl swamps. Frequent on wet rocks im the cliffs above
Trenton falls, where it occurs in the regular form.
A larger plant, with all manner of variations, abounds in the limestone
country south of Utica, beyond the hills around Cedar lake, on Hidden lake,
the State marsh near Jerusalem hill, and Mud lake, southeastern Herkimer
county.
Swamp at the foot of Owasco lake, I. H. Hall. Junius, Sartwell in herb.
Ham. Coll. Banks of Genesee river, C. M. Booth. Rare. July — September.
DORTMANNA, L. Water Lobelia. Dedicated to DoRTMANN.
Sandy or gravelly bottoms along the borders of all the ponds and lakes in
the north woods : abundant there. Rare. July — September.
CAMPANULACE. Campanulas.
CAMPANULA, Tournefort. Bellflowers.
ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. Round-root-leaved Campanula.
Rocks, cliffs. Sandy banks between Albany and Schenectady Little falls.
Trenton falls. Fish creek precipices. Chittenango creek eliffs. Ithaea, Tomp-
kins county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. ,
Abundant where it occurs. July — October.
APARINOIDES, Pursh. Galium, Aparine-like Campanula.
Grassy swamps and shores. Ballston lake, Pearson. Fairfield, in herb.
Hadley. Oriskany thickets and swamps, Knieskern. Around Mud lake and
the State marsh near Jerusalem hill, south Herkimer county. Near Crooked
lake, Sartwell. Scarce. July — September.
AMERICANA, L, American Campanula.
Low rich woods. Chemung valley, Knieskern, Torrey Fl N.Y. In the vici-
nity of Seneca and Crooked lakes, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Rare. July - September.
SPECULARIA, Hezster. Venus’s Looking-glass.
PERFOLIATA, A. DC. Perfoliate Specularia.
Gravelly hills and banks. Schenectady, Pearson. Sandy fields near Oneida
lake, Knieskern. Infrequent. May —- July.
ERICACE. Heaths.
GAYLUSSACIA, H. B. K. Whortleberries.
RESINOSA, Torr. &.Gr. Resinous Gaylussacia.
Swamps, sands and rocks. Most abundant on the low sand plains of Rome,
and the Thousand Islands of the St.Lawrence. Frequent. May, June.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. JUL
VACCINIUM, L. Cranberries. Blueverrees,
oxycoccts, L. Small Cranberry. Tart-fruited Vaccinium.
Sphagnum swamps. Summit lake, Otsego county; Mud lake, Hidden lake,
State marsh, Frankfort hill ponds, Herkimer county. Oriskany swamp;
Paris hill; and abundant in the mossy marshes of the northwestern part of
the county and the north woods. Frequent. June.
MACROCARPON, Azton. Common Cranberry. Large-fruited Vaccinium.
Cranberry swamps, margins of ponds. Mud lake, Graefenberg hill Hidden
lake, south Herkimer county. Common in the Rome swamps; west of Fort
Bull; head of Oneida lake. Abundant. June, July.
STAMINEUM, L. Deerberry. Long-stamened Vaccinium.
Borders of woods. Abundant in the dry plains and pine woods of Schenec-
tady county. I have seen Oneida county specimens, but not growing. Knies-
kern. Frequent in Yates county, Sartwell. Rare. June.
PENNSYLVANICUM, Lamarck. Blueberry. Dwarf Vaccinium.
Sandy fields, hillsides and rocks. The most common species. May.
CANADENSE, Kalm. Downy Vaccinium.
Cold cedar swamps. Mud lake. and the State marsh of Herkimer county.
Bridgewater, Gray. Below Utica, in arbor-vite swamps on the flats of the
Mohawk. Beyond Rome, on borders of deep sphagnum bogs. Rare. June.
VACILLANS, Solander. Wavy-leaved Vaccinium.
Borders of sphagnum swales. At Rome, common in open woods and sandy
plains.
Near Oriskany, Dr.K N1EsKERN found a var. with small lanceolate-elliptical
leaves, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Infrequent. May.
coRYMBosvUM, L. Corybmed Vaccinium.
Swamps and low open woods. Common.
var. ATROCOCCUM, Gray. Blaci-fruited Vaccinium.
Borders of woods around bear pond on Frankfort hill. May, June.
CHIOGENES, Salisbury. Creeping Snowberry.
HISPIDULA, Torr. & Gr. Hispidulous Chiogenes.
Mossy swamps. under cedars and tamaracks; but on the hills and in the
northern part of the county, it abounds in the soil of woods and rocky banks.
Frequent. May.
CALLUNA, Salisbury. Heath. Ling.
VULGARIS, Salish. Common Calluna.
Plants from Tewksbury, Mass., have been stationed on the sand plains of
Rome; and in the north woods of Herkimer county, on a barren knoll in the
beaver meadow beyond Bald rock, north of the Eight lakes, where they ought
to flourish and multiply. July — November.
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adanson.
UVA-URSI, Sprengel. Bearberry.
Sandy plains between Albany and Schenectady, H. Seymour. Dry sandy
hills, pine plains north of New-London, Knieskern. Near Oneida lake, Gray.
On the Thousand islands of the St.Lawrence at Alexandria bay.
Rare. May.
102 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
EPiGAGA, L. Trailing Arbutus.
REPENS, L. Creeping Epigea.
Sandy banks and open woods. Between Albany and Schenectady. Otsego
county, Miss 8. Cooper: B. D. Gilbert. Common on the sands of Rome,
completely covering knolls in the swamps, and abundant throughout the dry
pine plains. Northern Oneida and Lewis counties, H. Seymour.
Frequent. April, May.
GAULTHERIA, Kalm. Wintergreen.
PROCUMBENS, L. Creeping Gaultheria.
Sandy woods, swamps, banks. Common. July.
CASSANDRA, Don. Leatherleaf.
CALYCULATA, Don. Bracted-calyxed Cassandra.
Peat bogs, borders of ponds. Abundant. April.
ANDROMEDA, L. Andromedas.
POLIFOLIA, L. Polium-leaved Andromeda.
Sphagnum swamps. Bogs in the sand plains and on the Rotterdam hills of
Schenectady county. Summit lake, Otsego county. Mud lake, State marsh,
Hidden lake, Frankfort and Graefenberg hills, Herkimer county. South-
Trenton; Paris hill; bogs on the pine plains of Rome; around Point of Rock
lake. Abundant in the lake marshes of the north woods. Frequent May.
LIGUSTRINA, Muhlenberg. Ligustrum-like Andromeda.
Low grounds, borders of woods. A mile or two northeast of Schenectady,
and abundant in bushy swamps cn the Rotterdam hills. Southern counties,
Knieskern in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll. Rare. July.
KALMIA, L. American Laurels.
LATIFOLIA, J. Broad-leaved Kalmia.
Rocky hillsides, near Leatherstocking’s Cave, east of Otsego lake, Misses
Bowen. Arbor-vite swamps on the flats of the Mohawk, between Utica and
Frankfort; southwest of Utica, near the Chenango canal. Near Oriskany,
Knieskern. Head of Crooked lake, Sartwell. Ithaca, Tompkins county,
Bradley. Rare. June.
ANGUSTIFOLIA, L. Narrow-leaved Kalmia.
Sandy plains and swamps. Schenectady, Pearson. Oriskany, Knieskern.
Abundant throughout the plains of Rome. Junius, Seneca county, Sartwell
in herb. Ham. Coll. Ithaca, Tompkins county, Bradley.
Frequent. June, July.
GLAUCA, Azton. Glaucous-leaved Kalmia.
Sphagnum swamps and lake marshes. Charlton, Schenectady county, Jack-
son. Otsego county, H.Lathrop. South-Trenton. Oriskany swamp formerly,
Gray. Abundant in the open swamps of Rome. Level mossy border around
Point of Rock lake, northwestern part of the county. Northeastern Oneida
county, H. Seymour. Common in the low borders of ponds and Jakes in the
north woods. Rare. May. -
AZALEA, L, Wild Azaleas.
viscosa, L. Clammy Azalea.
Borders of low woods, bashy swamps. Halfway between Schenectady and
Albany, Pearson. Near Boonville, Knieskern. Rare. June.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 103
NUDIFLORA, L. Leafless-flowering Azalea.
Swamps and their borders; woods and dry hillsides. Rotterdam hills, Sche-
nectady county. Otsego county, Miss 8. Cooper. Frankfort and Graefenberg
swamps. Whitesboro, J.S. Gardner. Common in southern Oneida county
and southward, Gray. Around the South-Trenton sphagnum swale. Abun-
dant in the low plains of Rome. Rocky banks of the Black river below Wa-
tertown. Abundant. May.
RHODODENDRON, L. Mountain Laurel,
MAXIMUM, L. Greatest Rhododendron.
Swamps, sides of streams. Mohawk valley, Schenectady, Pearson : west of
Oriskany, Vasey. Oriskany valley, a mile or two southeast of Clark’s mills,
Unadilla valley, four miles below Bridgewater, Gray. Italy hill, Yates coun-
ty, Sartwell. Rare. July.
LEDUM, L. Labrador Tea.
LATIFOLIUM, Azton. Broad-leaved Ledum.
Swamps on the hills. Cedar swamp adjoining Mud lake; around Wetmore’s
sphagrum pond, Frankfort hill, Herkimer county. Abundant in the Paris
hill swamp. Wooded swamps beyond Rome. Common in the north woods,
at the edges of ponds, lakes. and far up their banks into the forests.
Scarce. May.
PYROLA, L. Pyrolas.
- - RoTUNDIFOLIA, L. Round-leaved Pyrola.
Rich woods. _ Common. June, July.
var. ASARIFOLIA, Torr. & Gr. Asarum-leaved Pyrola.
Sandy hills. Near Utica. Yates county, Sartwell. Infrequent.
ULIGINOSA, Torr. & Gr. Swamp Pyrola.
Cold swamps. Very abundant in the marshes near Summit lake at the top
of the hill south of the Mohawk, source of Otsquago creek and the Susque-
hanna river; where it often covers the surface in patches. Abundant also at
Mud lake, south Herkimer county, in shade and wet moss. Sparingly in the
Litchfield marshes. Formerly it flourished in the Oriskany swamp, where it
was discovered. Leaves orbiculate, on long petioies; flowers many, loose in
the raceme, deep purple, the most beautiful of the genus. Rare. June.
ELLIPTICA, Nutt. Elliptical-leaved Pyrola.
Woods. Common. June.
CHLORANTHA, Swartz. Green-flowered Pyrola.
Sandy woods. Schenectady county pine woods, and along the Rolle-boom of
the Rotterdam hills. East side of Otsego lake, B.D.Gilbert. Plains of Rome,
Knieskern. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. June.
sEcunDA, L. Onesided-flowering Pyrola.
Dry woods and hillsides, in deep shade. Common.
In the high cold cedar swamps of Summit lake; Mud lake, State swamp
of south Herkimer county, a small form grows in wet moss under evergreens,
with small round leaves, half an inch in diameter and less, nearly entire, very
t light-colored; flowers few, slender. Rare. July.
MONESES, Salisbury. One-flowered Pyrola.
UNIFLORA, Gray. Single-flowered Moneses.
‘Deep woods. Otsego county, Miss S. Cooper: J.S. Douglass, Torr. F1.N.Y.
Woods at Herkimer, Gray. Eaton, Madison county, Bradley. Penn-Yan,
Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham.Coll. . Rare. June.
104 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Prince’ s-pine.
UMBELLATA, IVuttall. Umbellate Chimaphila.
Dry banks, in evergreen shade. Common. June. _
MACULATA, Pursh. Baia Spotted-leaved Chimaphila.
Sandy woods. Otsego county, common, Miss 8. Cooper. Pine plains of
Rome, scarce. Near Verona, Knieskern. Auburn, I. H. Hall. Yates county,
Sartwell.
Usually with ovate leaves : lanceolate leaves are found in a cedar swamp
southwest of Utica, on the Chenango canal. Rare. July.
PTEROSPORA, Nuttall. Pine-drops..
ANDROMEDEA, Nuit. © Andromeda-flowered Pterospora.
Dry shaded banks. Factory glen, and Jantepusche’s berg, Rotterdam, six
miles west of Schenectady, Pearson. Steep sides of Oriskany creek just
above Dexter factory. where it was discovered by Vasgy. Littlefalls, Cooper;
Sackett’s-harber, Wood ; Banks of Seneca lake, Gray ; Torrey Fl. N.Y.
Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. August.
MONOTROPA, L. Indian Pipe.
UNIFLORA, L. One-flowered Monotropa.
Dry woods. Common. July, August.
HYpopitys, L. Pine-parasite Monotropa.
Open woods of oak and pine. Helderberg mountains, three miles southeast
of Knowerville, Pearson. Near Moss pond, Otsego county, B. D. Gilbert.
Moist woods near Oneida lake, Knieskern. Yates covnty, Sartwell. Parma,
Monroe county, Bradley. Scarce. July, August.
AQUIFOLIACEA. Hollies.
ILEX, L. Winterberries.
VERTICILLATA, Gray. Verticillate-flowered Ilex.
Streams and swamps. Common. June.
LEVIGATA, Gray. Smooth-leaved Ilex.
Low thickets. Major Van Voost’s fly, Schenectady, Pearson.
Infrequent. June.
NEMOPANTHES, Rajfinesque. Mountain Holly.
CANADENSIS, DC. Canadian Nemopanthes.
Cold swamps. Frankfort. hill, around the sphagnum pond. Paris hill. Abun-
dant in the swamps west of Rome. Dry woods along the summit of the Fish
creek cliffs. Common in the north woods about ponds and lakes.
Frequent. May.
PLANTAGINACE. Plantains.
PLANTAGO, ZL.
MAJOR, L. Common Plantain. Greater Plantago.
Damp grounds, waste places. June — August.
LANCEOLATA,L. English Plantain. Lanceolate-leaved Plantago.
Roadsides and fields. Common. May —- July.
a
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 105
PRIMULACEZ. Primroses.
PRIMULA, L.
MISTASSINICA, Michaux. From Lake Mistassinnie.
Clitfs of Fish creek, from Taberg northward; in the crevices of dry rocks
and on the surface of wet precipices, with, but outnumbering, Sazifraga
aizoides. Near dripping water the plants grow most abuudantly and largest,
often eight or ten inches in height. and bearing a cluster of as many flowers.
These vary in color, from pure white, through different shades of pink, to
deep blue. The leaves also vary in form, from round obovate to oblong lan-
ceolate; often entire, commonly more or less toothed; usually smooth beneath,
but frequently white mealy. A whole cliff-side scattered over with these
variegated Primroses is one of the loveliest ‘sights in all our flora.
It has been found also in the deep ravine of Hammondsport at the head
of Crooked lake, Steuben county, by Dr. Sarrwetu. These stations are the
southern limits of the plant. In the northern part of the continent its range
is extensive, from Labrador and Lake Mistassinnie, to the Rocky mountains
and the Northwest coast; and northward to the Arctic circle.
Local. Latter part of May.
DODECATHEON, L. American Cowslip.
MEADIA, L. MeEap’s Dodecatheon.
Rich banks. Steuben counly, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Rev. Mr. Bost-
wick, formerly of Hammondsport, found this on the Conhocton river below
Bath, and introduced it to his garden, from which I collected specimens,
Sartwell. Rare. May.
TRIENTALIS, L. May-star.
AMERICANA, Pursh. American Trientalis.
Moist woods. Common. May.
LYSIMACHIA, L. Loosestrifes.
STRICTA, Acton. Upright Lysimachia.
Marshy places. June, July.
QUADRIFOLIA, L. Whorled-leaved Lysimachia.
Open sandy woods; wet grass lands. Abundant. June.
CILIATA, L, Fringed Lysimachia.
Borders of streams, swamps. Common on the shaded banks of the Mohawk,
in deep low woods, and cedar swamps on the hills. July, August.
NAUMBURGIA, Mench. Naumbur gia.
THYRSIFLORA, Reichenbach. Thyrsoid Naumburgia.
Low meadows of the Mohawk, below Utica, below Oriskany. Swamps on
the hills, from Summit lake to Cedar lake and Graefenberg hill. Paris hill.
Abundant in the swamps of Rome. Frequent. June.
SAMOLUS, Z. Water Pimpernel.
VALERANDI, L., var. AMERICANUS, Gray. American Samolus,
_ Rivulet-sides, grassy marshes. Oriskany valley; Oriskany, Manchester.
Abundant about Onondaga lake, along muddy banks, especially at its head,
Salina. Infrequent. July — September.
HOTTONIA, L. Featherfoil.
i INFLATA, Elliott. Inflated-peduncled Hottonia.
Still water. Two or three miles west of Dexter, Jefferson county, Vasey.
__Rare. June.
[ Senate No. 90.] tbe °
106 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
LENTIBULACEZ. Bladderworts.
UTRICULARIA, ZL. Utricularias.
VULGARIS, L. Common Utricularia.
Ponds and their muddy borders. Below Utica, on the flats. Mud lake and
Hidden lake, south Herkimer county. Bogs on the meadows of Fish creek
above Humaston’s. Black brook at the head of Oneida lake. Ponds near
Oneida lake, Knieskern. Abundant. June, July.
MINOR, L. Smaller Utricularia.
Swamps, Jefferson county, Crawe, Gray in Rare plants of Northern N.Y.
Abundant on Hidden lake, among grass in standing water, or along borders.
of wide places in the rivulet. Scapes ten- to fifteen-flowered : flowers pale
yellow, or flesh-colored. Rare. June, July.
CLANDESTINA, Nutt. Stem-flowering Utricularia.
Pond borders. I have another species of Urricutaria, collected near Utica
by Dr. Knieskern, which I am unable to determine from the dried and ra-
ther imperfect specimens. Its general appearance is that of U. vulgaris, but
the flowers are scarcely one-third as large as in that species. The spur is
short, thick, and very obtuse. At the base of the scape, and along the sub-
merged stem, there are scattered one-fiowered peduncles, Torrey Fl. N.Y.
In a shallow mossy pool on the sphagnum border of Wetmore’s pond,
Frankfort hill, a few plants. Rare. July.
INTERMEDIA, Hayne. Intermediate Utricularia.
In very wet swamps, Watertown, Jefferson county, Crawe, Gray in Rare
plants of Northern N.Y. Jefferson county, Crawe in herb. Sartwell Ham.
Coll. Wet places on Hidden lake, Litchfield, south Herkimer county. where
it is abundant. - Rare, June; aly,
GIBBA, L, Gibbous-spurred Utricularia:
In mossy sloughs on Hidden lake. Swamp west of Whitesboro, Douglass
Houghton in herb., G. W. Clinton. Rare. August.
cornuTa, Michz. Horned Utricularia.
Swamps, bogs, shores. Abundant on Hidden lake in wet moss. Sphagnous
swamp bordering Perch lake, Jefferson county, Gray in Rare plants of
Northern N.Y. Frequent on sandy shores of lakes in the north woods.
Swamps on the Pine plains of Rome, Knieskern. Junius, Seneca county,
Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. — | Rare. June, July.
PINGUICULA, L. , Butterwort.
VULGARIS, L. Common Butterwort.
Wet meadows below the falls of Genesee river at Rochester, Dewey in herb.
Union Coll.; Carey in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll.; Z. H. Harris in herb.
Bradley. Exhausted at Rochester, but said to grow on the walls of the river
above or below Portage, Chester Dewey. Rare. June, July.
OROBANCHACE A. Broomrapes.
EPIPHEGUS, Nuttall. Beechdrops.
VIRGINIANA, Barton. Virginian Epiphegus.
Everywhere in beech woods. The whole plant incolor pure golden yellow, in
rich woods near Clark’s mills. August, September.
CONOPHOLIS, Wallroth.
AMERICANA, Wallr. American Conopholis.
Rich woods. Schoharie county, Knieskern: Oriskany, Vasey, Torr. F1.N.Y.
Chestnut woods east of Auburn, I, H.Hall. Seneca county, Sartwell in herb.
Ham. Coll. Oak openings, Parma, Monroe county, Bradley. Rare. June.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 107
APHYLLON, Mitchell.
UNIFLoRUM, Torr. & Gr. Single-flowered Aphylion.
Moist woods. Schenectady, Pearson. Shady banks of the Mohawk, J. G.
Crocker. Pine plains of Rome, Knieskern. Infrequent. May, June.
SCROPHULARIACE/#. Figworts.
VERBASCUM, L. Mulleins,
THAPSUS, L. Common Mullein. From the Ancient Thapsus.
Roadsides, old fields. Common. June, September.
BLATTARIA, L. Moth Mullein.
Waysides, pastures, hills. Albany; Schenectady; Littlefalls; round about
Utica : the form with white and purple flowers. The bright yellow flowers are
abundant in Trenton. Common. June — October.
LYCHNITIS, L. White Mullein. The Ancient Lychnitis.
Barren sandy fields and copses on a ridge at the head of Oneida lake, parallel
with the shore, beyond which are swamps. It is most abundant around the
mouth of Fish creek. Here are the ruins of an old fort, which may account
for the introduction of the plant.
Two hybrids between this species and V. thapsus, one resembling the latter
with a simple stem and yellow flowers, and the other the former with panicu-
late branches and white corollas, were observed by Knieskern.
Local. July, August.
LINARIA, Tournefort. Toadflax.
VULGARIS, Miller. Common Linaria.
Roadsides and waste grounds. Common. June — October.
ELATINE, Miller. The Ancient Elatine.
Sandy soils. Near Albany, Beck ; and shores of Cayuga lake, Gray, Torrey
Fl. N.Y. Formerly in the streets of Geneva, Sariwell. Rare. June, July.
SCROPHULARIA, Tournefort. Figwort.
Noposa, L. Nodose-rooted Scrophularia.
Roadsides, river-banks. Common. July — September.
COLLINSIA, Nuttall. Collinsia.
VERNA, Nutt. Early Collinsia.
Wet meadows on the flats of the Mohawk, just below Utica. Borders of a
small pond near Utica, Knieskern. Near Utica, Gray; Ithaca, JAikin,
Torrey Fl. N.Y. Rare. May.
CHELONE, Tournefort. Snakehead.
GLABRA, L. Smooth Chelone.
Grassy swamps. Common. July — October.
PENTSTEMON, Mitchell.
PUBESCENS, Solander. Downy Pentstemon.
Barren gravelly banks. Abundant along the Railroad west of Schenectady to
Fort-Plain. Otsego county, H. Lathrop. Rocky sides of Black river below
Watertown. Seneca lake, Gray. Greece, on oak openings, Bradley.
Frequent. June — August.
MIMULUS, L. Monkey-flowers.
_ -RINGENS, L. Gaping-flowered Mimulus.
Ditches, streams. Common. July —- September.
108 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
ALATUS, Aiton. Winged-stemmed Mimulus.
Wet meadows, river-sides. Abundant in the western part of New-York,
Beck. Greece, Monroe county, Bradley. Lockport, Sartwell.
Infrequent. July, August. ©
GRATIOLA, L. Hedge-hyssop.
VIRGINIANA, L. Virginian Gratiola.
Muddy banks, rivulets and overflowed places. Common. June-August. |
ILYSANTHES, Rafinesque. False Pimpernel.
GRATIOLOIDES, Bentham. Graitola-like Ilysanthes. .
Water-sides. Near Oneida lake, Knieskern, Gray. Infrequent. July -Sept.
VERONICA, L. Speedwells.
- -virGINICcA, L. Culver’s-root. Virginian Veronica.
Borders of low woods, copses. Below Schenectady, Pearson. Clinton, Brad-
ley. Oriskany, Knieskern. Junius and Avon, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Infrequent. July.
ANAGALLIS, L. Pcor Man’s Weatherglass-like Veronica.
Rivulets and ponds. Abundant about Cedarville, and down the Ilion creek
to the Mohawk river : grows to an immense size in the mill-ponds, in deep
water. Uncomnion. June — August.
AMERICANA, Schweinitz.
Streams, marshes.
American Veronica.
Common. June — September.
Little Shield-like-podded Veronica.
Common. May — July.
Officinal Veronica.
Common. June.
SCUTELLATA, L.
Wet meadows, swamps.
OFFICINALIS, L.
Dry woods, hillsides, pastures.
SERPYLLIFOLIA, L.
Moist grass lands.
Thyme-leaved Veronica,
Common. May- August.
PEREGRINA, L,
Rocks, gardens, fields.
Travelling Veronica.
Common. May, June.
ARVE NSIS, L. Cultivated-field Veronica.
Dry banks, hillsides, pastures.
BUCHNERA, L.,
AMERICANA, L.
Frequent. April —- August.
Blue-hearts.
American Buchnera.
Wet meadows and along streams. Chenango valley and westward, Knieskern.
Gorham, Ontario county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Rochester, Z. H.
Harris in herb. Bradley. Banks of the Genesee river, Greece, Bradley,
Torrey Fl. N.Y.
GERARDIA, L.
PURPUREA, L.
Rare. July, August.
Fozgloves. Gerardias.
Purple-flowered Gerardia.
Marshy water-sides. Shores of Lake Ontario and the St.Lawrence river,
from Irondequoit bay, L. Holzer, to Alexandria bay. Rare. July—Sept.
TENUIFOLIA, Vahl.
Slender-leaved Gerardia.
Dry banks. Chenango valley and westward, Knieskern. Copses along the
east side of Onondaga lake. Crooked lake, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Oak
openings, Greece, Bradley. Frequent. August, September.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 109
FLAVA, L. Yellow-flowered Gerardia.
Copses. Otsego county, H. Lathrop. Borders of Oneida lake, on sandy
plains, Knieskern. Occasional. July, August.
QUERCIFOLIA, Pursh. Oak-leaved Gerardia.
Rocky woods; shady banks. Schenectady county, grove northeast of the
College buildings, and copses on the Rotterdam hills. Near Oneida lake.
Gray. Outlet of Owasco lake, I. H. Hall. Yates county, Sartwell in herb.
Ham. Coll. Greece, on vak openings, Bradley. Scarce. August.
PEDICULARIA, L. Pedicularis-leaved Gerardia.
Open woods. Pine plains of Schenectady, E. W. Paige. Outlet of Owasco
lake, I. H. Hall. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham.Coll. Monroe county,
L. Holzer. Infrequent. August, September.
CASTILLETA, Mutzs. Painted-cup.
COCCINEA, Spreng. Scarlet-bracted Castilleia.
Wet meadows, swamp borders. Oneida lake, Gray. Eaton, Madison county,
Bradley. Penn-Yan, Sartweli in herb. Ham.Coll. Greece, Monroe county,
Bradley. Infrequent. May, June.
SCHWALBEA, Gronovius. Chaff-seed.
AMERICANA, L. American Schwalbea.
Sandy banks. Found in the sandy plains near Albany, Beck bot. Between
Albany and Schenectady, near Centre station. Rare. June — August.
PEDICULARIS, Tournefort. Wood Betony.
CANADENSIS, L. Canadian Pedicularis.
Rocky woods. Little falls. Fish creek. Frequent. May — July.
LANCEOLATA, Michz. Lanceolate-leaved Pedicularis.
Borders of swamps. Tarrytown, J. H. Hall. Glenville, Schenectady county;
Madison county, Pearson. About Rochester, in several localities. C. M.
Booth. Western counties, Knieskern. Rare. August, September.
MELAMPYRUM, Tournefort.
AMERICANUM, Michz. American Melampyrum.
Dry woods. Rotterdam hills, Schenectady county. Abnndant in the rocky
woods of Littlefalls, Herkimer county. Pine plains of Rome.
Frequent. June — August.
ACANTHACE. Alcanthus.
DIANTHERA, Gronovius, Water-willow.
AMERICANA, L. , American Dianthera.
Water-sides. Shallow water, Oneida lake, Knieskern. A mile or two south
of Oswego, between the canal and the river. Scarce. July — September.
VERBENACEZ. Verbenas.
VERBENA, L. Vervains.
-wastaTa, L. Hastate-leaved Verbena.
Waste grounds, flats of streams. Common. July — September.
URTICIFOLIA, L. Nettle-leaved Verbena.
Roadsides, pastures. Common.
Hybrids with purple flowers are abundant. July - September.
110 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
PHRYMA, L. Lopseed.
LEPTOSTACHYA, L. Slender-spiked Phryma.
Rayvines and borders of woods. Common. July, August. ~
LABIAT ZA. Mints.
TEUCRIUM, L. Germander. Wood-sage.
CANADENSE, L. Canadian Teucrium.
Banks of streams, marshes. Schenectady, Pearson. Banks of Fish creek,
Knieskern. Ravine of Chittenango creek; borders of Onondaga lake. Island
in the outlet of Owasco lake, I. H. Hall. Head of Seneca lake, with white
flowers, Sartwell wn herb. Ham. Coll. Infrequent. July — September.
TRICHOSTEMA, L. ~ Blue Curls.
pDicHotomuM, L. Dichotomous Trichostema.
Rocks or barren hillsides. Littlefalls, south of the river, along the base of
the cliffs. Searce. July, August.
ISANTHUS, Michauz. False Pennyroyal.
CHRULEUS, Micha. | Blue-flowered Isanthus.
River banks. Above Cohoes falls, Gray. Banks of the Erie canal between
Albany and Schenectady, Knieskern; Jefferson county, Crawe, Torrey Fl.
N.Y. Rare. July, August.
MENTHA, L. Mints.
VIRIDIS, L. Spearmint.
Brooks, roadsides in damp places. Common. July, August.
PIPERITA, L. Peppermint.
Rivulets and their borders. Abundant. July, August.
CANADENSIS, L. Canadian Mint.
Low grounds. Common.
var. GLABRATA, Bentham. Smooth Mint.
Grassy swamps. Abundant.’ July, August.
LYCOPUS, L. Bugle-weed. Water Horehounds.
vireinicus, L. Virginian Lycopus.
Shaded low grounds. Frequent. July, August.
EUROP@HUS, L. European Lycopus.
var. SINUATUS, Gray. Stnuated-leaved Lycopus.
Overflowed marshes, standing water. Common. July, August.
HYSSOPUS, L. Hyssop.
OFFICINALIS, L. Officinal Hyssopus.
Escapes from cultivation. Roadsides on the Litchfield hills, long established.
Yates county, frequently, Sartwell June — September.
PYCNANTHEMUM, Michauz. Mountain-mints.
INCANUM, Michz. Hoary Pycnanthemum.
Rocks and hillsides. Oneida county, Knieskern. Yates county, Sartwell in
herb. Ham. Coll. Greece, Monroe county, Bradley. Frequent. July, August.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 111
CLINOPODIOIDES, Torr. §& Gr. Clinopodium-like Pycnanthemum.
Dry banks. Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Tarrytown, I. H. Hall.
Scarce. August, September.
muTIcUM, Persoon. ° Awnless Pycnanthemum.
Barren hillsides. Tarrytown, I.H.Hall. Brighton, Monroe county, L.Holzer.
Rare. July, August.
LANCEOLATUM, Pursh. Lance-leaved Pycnanthemum.
Bushy banks along the east side of Onondaga lake. Greece, Monroe county,
Bradley. ’ Infrequent. August, September.
ORIGANUM, L. Wild Marjoram.
VULGARE, L. Common Origanum.
Sandy or gravelly banks. Troy, Aiken in herb. Sartwell Hum. Coll.
Rare. July — October.
THYMUS, L. Creeping Thyme.
SERPYLLUM. L. The Ancient Serpyllum.
Banks. Hackney falls on the outlet of Owasco lake, Auburn, certainly wild,
I. H. Halt. Rare. June, August.
CALAMINTHA, Mench. Calaminth. Basil.
CLINOPODIUM, Bentham. Bed-foot Calamintha.
Copses. Common. July — September.
MELISSA, L. Balm.
OFFICINALIS, L. Officinal Melissa.
Roadsides. edges of woods, remote from gardens. Fairfield, Hadley in herb.
Roadsides on the Litchfield hills. Woods near Schuyler, Herkimer county,
on the hillside. East of Clinton. Frequent. July — September.
HEDEOMA, Persoon. Pennyroyal.
PULEGIOIDES, Pers. Pennyroyal-like Hedeoma.,
Rich woods; barren sidehills and pastures. Common. July — September.
f
COLLINSONTIA, L. Horse-balm.
CANADENSIS, L. Canadian Collinsonia.
Shady ravine-bottoms. Common. July, August.
MONARDA, L. Oswego Tea. Horse-mints.
pIpyMA, L. Two-whorled-flowered Monarda.
Wet meadows and ravines. Common. July, August.
FIsTULOSA, L. Hollow-stemmed Monarda.
Rocky banks. Penn-Yan, Sariwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Abundant near Ro-
chester, Beck bot. Infrequent. July, August.
PUNCTATA, L. Spotted-flowered Monarda.
Dry grounds. Jefferson county, Vasey; near Owego, Susquehanna valley,
Knieskern, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Rare. August, September.
BLEPHILIA, Rafinesque. Blephilia.
HIRsuTA, Bentham. Hairy Blephilia.
Low woodlands. Abundant throughout the northern and western portions of
the State, Gray in Rare plants of Northern N.Y. Fairfield, Herkimer county,
Hadley, Gray. Richfield, Otsego county, G. W. Clinton. Bridgewater, Gray
in cat. Frequent. July, August.
112 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
LOPHANTHUS, Bentham. Giant Hyssop.
NEPETOIDES, Benth. Nepeta-like Lophanthus.
Thickets. Westport, Essex county, G. T. Stephens. Schenectady county,
E. W. Paige. Fairfield, Hadley in herb. Oneida county, Knieskern. Near
Bridgewater, Gray in cat. Uncommon. July, August.
SCROPHULARI#FOLIUS, Benth. Scrophularia-leaved Lophanthus.
Borders of woods. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Scarce. August.
NEPETA, L. Nepetas.
CATARIA. L. Cat-mint.
Walls, yards, waste places. Common. July — September.
GLECHOMA, Benth. From the ancient Glechon.
Dooryards, hedges, grass lands: sometimes in deep woodiand and ravines.
Abundant. May — August.
DRACOCEPHALUM, L. Dragonhead.
PARVIFLORUM, JVutt. Small-flowered Dracocephalum.
Barren fields and woods, Watertown, Jefferson county, Gray in Rare plants
of Northern N.Y. Brownville, Crawe in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll. Rocky soil
on the road between Watertown and Sackett’s-harbor, Knieskern. Rocky
banks of Black river, Vasey. Rocky banks of small lakes and rivers, St.
Lawrence county, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Rare. May — August.
BRUNELLA, Tournefort. _ ~Selfheal. Healalt.
VULGARIS, L. Common Brunella.
Roadsides, meadows, deep woods. Common. June — August
SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcaps.
PARVULA, Michz. Dwarf Scutellaria.
Hillsides. St.Lawrence river; near Montreal, Macrae inherb. Sartwell Ham.
Coll. Shore of Lake Ontario, Gray, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Rare. May, June.
GALERICULATA, L. Hooded Scutellaria.
Swamps and flats of streams. Abundant. August.
LATERIFLORBA, L. Szde-flowering Scutellarza.
River-banks and wet woods. Common. July, August.
MARRUBIUM, L. Horehound.
VULGARE, L. Common Marrubium.
Waysides, river-banks. Schenectady, Pearson. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb.
Ham. Coll. Infrequent. July, August.
GALEKOPSIS, L. Hemp-nettie.
TETRAHIT, L. Fourparted-flowered Galeopsis.
Damp waste places, river-banks. Common. July — September.
STACHYS, L. Hedge-nettle.
PALUSTRIS, L. Marsh Stachys.
Wet grass lands. Common.
var. ASPERA, Gray. Rough Stachys.
Low grounds of streams. Frequent. July, August.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 113
LEONURUS, L. Motherwort.
CARDIACA, L. Cardiacal Leonurus.
Waysides, fences, waste places. Common. July —- September.
LAMIUM, L. Dead-nettle.
AMPLEXICAULE, L. Clasping-leaved Lamium.
Roadsides. Schenectady near the Saratoga railroad, in wet woods, Pearson.
Fairfield, Hadley in herb. Near Bridgewater, Gray in cat.
Uncommon. May — November.
PHLOMIS, L. Jerusalem. Sage.
TUBEROSA, L. Tuberous Phlomis.
Shore of Lake Ontario. Introduced and somewhat naturalized near Ro-
chester, Chester Dewey in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll. June, July.
BORRAGINACEZ.. Borages.
ECHIUM, Tournefort. Blue-weed.
VULGARE, L. Common Echium.
Roadsides and fields. Nyack, Rockland county, J. H. Hall. Schenectady,
Pearson. Scarce. June, July.
LYCOPSIS, L. Bugloss.
ARVENSIS, L. Cultivated-field Lycopsis.
Shores and waste grounds at Oswego. Rare. June — August.
SYMPHYTUM, Tournefort. Comfrey.
OF FICINALE, L. Officenal Symphytum.
Waysides, flats of streams. Common. June — October.
ONOSMODIUM, Michauz. False Gromwell.
VIRGINIANUM, DC. Virginian Onosmodium.
Dry hills. Saratoga county, LZ. Collins. Herkimer, Gray. Vernon, Knies-
kern. Seneca lake, Sartwell. Infrequent. June, July.
CAROLINIANUM, DC. . Carolinian Onosmodium.
Sandy grounds near Albany, G. W.Clinton, Beck bot. Stone creek, Gray.
Rare. June — August.
LITHOSPERMUM, Tournefort. Gromwell. Puccoon.
ARVENSE, L. Cornfield Lithospermum.
Hillsides, barren grounds. Along the Central railroad at Fort-Plain. Rocky
banks of Black river. Frequent. May, Juno.
OFFICINALE, L. Officinal Lithospermum.
Roadsides, pastures. Abundant June — September.
LATIFOLIUM, Michz. Broad-leaved Lithospermum.
Copses. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham.Coll. Scottsville, Monroe
county, L. Holzer. Rare. June.
HIRTUM, Lehmann. Hairy Puccoon. Rough Lithospermum.
Sandy sidehills near Irondequoit bay, Penfield, Monroe county, L. Holzer :
C. M. Booth. Rare. May, June.
[ Senate No. 90.] 8
114 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
CANESCENS, Lehm. Hoary Puccoon. Soft Lithospermum.
Dry fields. Jonesville, Saratoga county, L. Collins. Auburn, Cayuga county,
I. H. Hall. Rare. May, June. |
MERTENSIA, Roth. Lungwort.
VIRGINICA, DC. Virginian Mertensia.
Rich grounds along streams. Otsego county, H. Lathrop. Along Wood creek,
near New-London, Gray. Banks of Oneida and Fish creeks, Knieskern.
Steuben county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. May.
MYOSOTIS, L. Forget-me-not.
PALUSTRIS, Withering. Marsh Myposotis.
var. LAXA, Gray. Spreading Myosotts.
Brook-sides. Abundant from Wood creek westward. May — September.
veRNA, Vuit. Early Myposotis.
Stony fields, rocky banks. About Utica. Abundant on the barren sides of
Black river below Watertown. Frequent. May — July.
ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. Stickseed.
LAPPULA, Lehmann. Bur Echinospermum.
Waste-grounds. Common along the Central railroad; and the Chenango
canal, from Utica southward. Dry gravelly banks, Oneida-castle, Knieskern.
Chittenango falls. Frequent. July — October.
CYNOGLOSSUM, Tournefort. Hound’ s-tongue.
OFFICINALE, L. Officinal Cynoglossum.
Roadsides, ravines. Common.
var. ALBUM. White-flowered Cynoglossum.
Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. June — September.
vVIRGINIcuUM, L. Virginian Cynoglossum.
Open woods. Near Vernon, J. S. Douglass, Knieskern. Yates county, Sart-
well. Greece, Monroe county, Bradley. Scarce. June — August.
MoRISONI, DC. Morison’s Cynoglossum.
Wet thickets and wood borders. Common. July — September.
HYDROPHYLLACEL. Waterleafs.
HYDROPHYLLUM, L. Waterleafs. Hydrophylla.
viIRGINicUM, L. Virginian Hydrophyllum.
Woods and meadows. Common. June.
CANADENSE, L. Canadian Hydrophyllum.
Deep woods and ravines. Abundant. July.
APPENDICULATUM, Michz. Appendaged-calyxed Hydrophyllum.
Damp rich woods. Flats of the Mohawk near Utica, Miss J. E. Johnson
in herb. Parma, Monroe county, Bradley. Rare. June.
]
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 115
POLEMONIACE. Polemonia.
POLEMONIUM, Tournefort. Greek Valerian.
CHRULEUM, L. Blue-flowered Polemonium.
Borders of a marsh three miles east of Charlottesville, Schoharie county,
New-York, E. C. Howe, Gray addend. bot. Delaware county, on the hills of
Delhi, half a mile above the Salt-works; growing in great clusters along the
marshy borders of a rivulet emptying into Elk creek, discovered by B. D.
GILBERT. Rare. June, July.
PHLOX, L. Phlozes.
PANICULATA, L. Panicled Phioz.
Cleared woodlands. Richfield, Otsego county, G. W. Clinton. Rare. July.
MACULATA, LL, Spotted-stemmed Phlox.
Escapes from cultivation. Roadsides in South-Trenton. June.
DIVARICATA, L. Divaricate-flowering Phlox.
Ravines and shady banks; often covering the ground in groves. Common
throughout the Mohawk valley, and for greater or less distances up its creeks
and tributaries; far up the Starch-factory creek; Deerfield creek; Sauquoit
creek, above New-Hartford; Oriskany valley to Clinton : thus appearing as
if brought from the West somehow, long ago.
The flowers present all colors from white through many shades of pink and
lilac, to deep blue. Petals entire frequently. The leaves also vary from long
ovate to narrow lanceolate. May, June.
SUBULATA, L. Moss-pink. Awl-like-leaved Phloz.
Rocky banks. Along the Genesee river below Rochester, east side. C. M.
Booth ; west side, G. T. Fish. Rare. May.
CONVOLVULACE. Bindweeds.
CALYSTEGIA, R. Brown. Bracted Bindweeds.
SEPIUM, R. Br. Hedge Calystegia.
Banks of the Mohawk. Common. July, August.
var. REPENS, (ray. Creeping Calystegia.
Dry hillsides. Embankments of the Central railroad. Slaton’s bush, toward
Graefenberg hill. Frequent. June, July.
SPITHAMHA, Pursh. Span Calystegia.
Sandy copses. Schenectady, Pearson. Pine plains of Rome, Knieskern.
Banks of Genesee river, L. Holzer. Rare. June.
CUSCUTA, Tournefort. Dodders.
EPILINUM, Weihe. Flax Cuscuta.
Parasitic chiefly on flax. Schenectady, Beck bot. June, July.
GRoNOVII, Willd. Dedicated to GRONOVIUS.
Thickets, swampy woods. _ Common. July — October.
SOLANACE. Nightshades.
SOLANUM, ZL. Solana.
DULCAMARA, L. Bittersweet Solanum,
Along streams; uncultivated cleared lands; under stone walls. :
Common. June - August.
116 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
NIG RUM, L. Black-fruited Solanum.
Waste places and woods. Frequent. July —- September.
LYCOPERSICUM, Tournefort. Lira Tomato.
ESCULENTUM, Miller. Esculent Lycopersicum.
Escapes from cultivation into waste places. Marshes of Salina, at the head
of the lake. July — September.
PHYSALIS, LZ. Ground-cherry.
viscosa, L. Clommy Physalis.
Roadsides, fences; old fields. Schenectady, Pearson. Otsego county, H.
Lathrop. Near Oneida lake, Gray. Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sartwell.
Infrequent. July, August.
ATROPA, L. Deadly Nightshade.
BELLADONNA, L. Fair-lady’s Atropa.
Naturalized in Parma, Monroe county, Bradley. Rare. June, July.
NICANDRA, Adanson. Apple of Peru.
PHYSALOIDES, Geertner. Physalis-like Nicandra.
Neglected gardens and fields. Naturalized in Greece, Bradley.
Infrequent. July — September.
HYOSCYAMUS, Tournefort. Henbane.
NIGER, L. Black Hyoscyamus.
Waste lots in cities. Abundant on waste banks and bottoms of Otsquago
ereek at Fort-Plain, Montgomery county. Otsego county, H. Lathrop. Os-
wego, about excavations. Infrequent. June — September.
DATURA, ZL.
‘STRAMONIUM, L. Officinal Stramonium. Whiteflowered Datura.
“Streets of Albany and Utica.
var. TATULA, Torrey. Thorn-apple. Purple-flowered Datura..
Waste-places about Schenectady. Roadsides a mile or two below Utica.
About Bridgewater, Gray. Scarce. July - September.
GENTIANACEZ. Gentians.
ERYTHRAA, Persoon. Centaury.
CENT AURIUM, Pers. The Ancient Centaurion.
Meadows and pastures. Oswego, two miles northward near the Lake shore;
two or three miles south of the city and east of the river, borders of woods.
Local. July - September.
FRASERA, Walter. American Columbo.
CAROLINENSIS, Walt. Carolinian Frasera.
Open dry woods. Banks of the Genesee river, Hadley, which should be the
reference in Torrey Fl. N.Y., instead of West-Canada creek, Gray. EHast-
Bloomfield, Ontario county, Sartwell. Penfield, Monroe county, L. Holzer:
C. M. Booth. South of Moscow, Livingston county, Bradley. Rare. July.
‘
GENTIANA, L. -Gentians.
QUINQUEFLORA, Lamarck. Five-flowered Gentian.
Hillsides. Lake George and Fairfield, Hadley in herb. Factory glen; Rot-
terdam springs, Pearson. Bridgewater, Gray in cat. Borders of a beaver
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 1th
meadow, Vernon, J. S. Douglass, Knieskern. Rise of ground south of Le-
Jand@’s pond, and east of the road from Bouckville to Eaton, Madison county;
Greece, Monroe county, Bradley. Gorham, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Near Rochester, C. M. Booth: G.T. Fish. Rare. August — October.
CRINITA, Frélich. Fringed-flowered Gentian.
Meadows, banks, borders of woods. Pine plains of Schenectady, Pearson.
Borders of beaver meadows, Vernon, Douglass, Knieskern. Eaton, Madison
county, and Greece, Bradley. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Scarce. September, October.
ALBA, MuhAl. White-flowered Gentian.
Borders of streams. Abundant along the outlet of Owasco lake, I. H. Hall.
Rare. August, September.
ANDREWSII, Grisebach. Closed-flowered Gentian.
Wet banks, borders of swamps. Schenectady. Pearson. Wood and Fish
creeks, Knieskern. Owasco lake, J. H. Hall. Frequent. August — October.
SAPONARIA, LL. Soapwort-leaved Gentian.
var. LINEARIS, Gray. Linear-leaved Gentian.
Abundant along the streams and lake shores in the north woods. August.
BARTONIA, Muhlenberg.
TENELLA, MuAl. ' Slender Bartonia.
Sandy woods and swamps. Pine plains of Rome, Knieskern. Deep swamps
west of New: London. Infrequent. August, September.
MENYANTHES, Tournefort. Buckbean.
TRIFOLIATA, L. Trifoliate Menyanthes.
Cold swamps. Littlefalls. Mud lake. Hidden lake. Frankfort hill. Rome.
Point of Rock lake. Abundant in the northern part of the county and the
north woods. Frequent. May.
LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. Floating-heart.
LACUNOSUM, Griseb. Pitted-leaved Limnanthemum.
Ponds, lakes. Oneida lake, Knieskern. Rare. June, July.
APOCYNACEZE. Dogbanes.
APOCYNUM, Tournefort. Apocyna.
ANDROSZMIFOLIUM, L. Androsemum-leaved Apocynum.
Hillsides, copses. Littlefalls. Open plains of Rome. Common. June, July.
CANNABINUM, L. Hemp Apocynum.
Banks of streams. Abundant along the low banks of the Mohawk river. Fish
creek.
var. PUBESCENS, DC. Pubescent-leaved Apocynum.
- Northern part of the State, Gray. Troy, Aiken in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll.
var. HYPERICIFOLIUM, Gray. Hypericum-leaved Apocynum.
East- and West-Canada creeks, Gray. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham.
Coll, Frequent. June — August.
118 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
ASCLEPIADACEZ. Milkweeds.
ASCLEPIAS, L. 3
corNuTI, Decazsne. Dedicated to CORNUTI.
Roadsides, fences, ravines. Common. June — August.
PHYTOLACCOIDES, Pursh. Pokeweed-like Asclepias.
Open woods, shores. Ballston lake, Pearson. Otsego county, H. Lathrop.
Pine plains of Rome, and near Oneida lake, Knieskern. Greece, Monroe
county, Bradley. Frequent. June, July.
PURPURASCENS, L. Deep-purple-flowered Asclepias.
Moist woods, along rivulets, water-sides. Banks of Sander’s lake, Schenec-
tady county, Pearson. About Oneida lake, doubtless. Rare. July.
QUADRIFOLIA, Jacquin. Four-leaved Asclepias.
Dry shady ground. In all pine woods of Schenectady county. Otsego county,
H. Lathrop. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Uncommon. June.
OBTUSIFOLIA, Michz. Obtuse-leaved Asclepias.
Sandy plains. Between Albany and Schenectady, near Centre station.
Schenectady, Pearson. Infrequent. June, July.
INCARNATA, J. : Flesh-colored-flowered Asclepias.
Along streams and shores. Common. July.
TUBEROSA, L. Tuberous Asclepias.
Hillsides and sandy plains. Abundant between Albany and Schenectady, and
west to Amsterdam. Otsego county, H. Lathrop. Pine plains and borders
of Oneida lake, Knieskern. Seneca county, Sartwell. Oak openings Greece,
Bradley. Uncommon. July, August.
VERTICILLATA, L. Whorled-leaved Asclepias.
Dry banks. Schenectady county, Pearson: Paige. Penfield, Monroe county,
L. Holzer. Scarce. July — September.
PERIPLOCA, ZL. ; Periploca.
GRJECA, L. Grecian Periploca.
Naturalized. Near Rochester, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Rare. July, August.
OLEACEZ. Olives.
LIGUSTRUM, Tournefort. Privet.
VULGARE, L* Common Ligustrum.
Naturalized from hedges. College grounds, Schenectady, Pearson. Benton,
Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Occasional. June.
FRAXINUS, Tournefort.
AMERICANA, L. White, American Ash.
Forests. Common. April, May.
PUBESCENS, Lamarck. Red, Pubescent Ash.
Woods. Schenectady, Pearson. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham.Coll.
| Infrequent. May.
SAMBUCIFOLIA, Lamarck. Black, Elder-leaved Ash.
Swamps. Common. April.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 119
C. APETALOUS EXOGENS.
ARISTOLOCHIACEZ. Birthworts.
ASARUM, Tournefort. Wild Ginger.
CANADENSE, JL. Canadian Asarum.
Ravine-sides. Common. April, May.
PHYTOLACCACE A. Pokeweeds.
PHYTOLACCA, Tournefort. Pokeweed.
DECANDRA, L. Ten-stamened Phytolacca.
Borders of woods, cleared lands. Common. June — October.
CHENOPODIACEZ. Chenopods.
CHENOPODIUM, ZL. Goosefoots. Chenopodia.
HYBRIDUM, L. Maple-leaved, Hybrid Chenopodium.
Waste grounds. Common. July, August.
URBICUM. L. Metropolitan Chenopodium.
var. RHOMBIFOLIUM, Moquin. Wedge-leaved Chenopodium.
Streets, banks. Penn-Yan, Sartwell fide Carey in herb. Ham. Coll.
Rare. June, July.
ALBUM, L. White Chenopodium.
Roadsides, gardens. Common. July, August.
GLAucum, L. Oak, Glaucous-leaved Chenopodium.
Abundant at Salina, and along the shores of Onondaga lake, where it is
native, doubtless. Rare. July — November.
BOTRYS. L. Jerusalem-oak. Clustered-fruited Chenopodium.
Waysides, sandy wastes. Schenectady, Pearson. Banks of Fish creek,
Vienna, Knieskern. Seneca lake, Gray. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham.
Coll. Rochester, C. M. Booth. Infrequent. July — September.
AMBROSIOIDES, L. Ambrosia-like Chenopodium.
Roadsides. Salina. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Uncommon. August, September.
BLITUM, Tournefort. Blites.
MARITIMUM, Nutt. Seashore Blite.
Marshes at Salina. southwest shore of the lake, G. W. Clinton.
¥ Rare. August, September.
CAPITATUM, L. Strawberry, Capitate-fruiting Blite.
Roadsides, cleared lands. Schenectady, Pearson. Otsego county, Miss S.
Cooper : H. Lathrop. Oriskany, Knieskern. Rome, Beck bot. Bridgewater,
Gray in cat. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Greece, Monroe coun-
ty, Bradley. Rare. June, July.
BONUS-HEN RICUS, Reichenbach. Good-King-Henry Blite.
Waysides, dooryards, gardens. Common in Clinton and the Oriskany valley
Oriskany, Knieskern, Torrey Fl. N.Y.: in herb. Ham. Coll.
Rare. June — September.
120 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
ATRIPLEX, Tourneforit. | Orache.
HASTATA, JD. Hastate-leaved Atriplex.
Common at Salina, roadsides, marshes, shores of the lake; with all manner
of variations, from small erect simple plants, having rough brown seeds a
line in diameter, through branching specimens with shining black seeds half
a line in diameter, both light-green and covered with mealy scales; and a
very large form with deep-green smooth leaves, seeds two lines in diameter,
to
var. OBLONGIFOLIA. Oblong-leaved Atriplex.
Leaves entire, broadest at the end. August — November.
SALICORNIA, Zournefort. Samphire.
HERBACEA, L. Herbaceous Salicornia.
Salt-marshes of Onondaga lake : common at Salina, and abundant on the
west side of the lake opposite Liverpool.
Many of the low grounds are covered with this plant; and in autumn they
are very beautiful, after a few frosts have turned them into fields of crimson.
August, Septemder.
AMARANTACEA. /Almaranths.
AMARANTUS, Tournefort.
HYBRIDUS, L. | Hybrid Amarantus.
Waste grounds. August — October.
RETROFLEXUS, L. Reflexed-haired Amarantus.
Gardens and fields. Common. July — September.
ALBUS, L. White Amarantus.
Roadsides, yards. August — October.
POLYGONACE. Buckwheats.
‘POLYGONUM, L.
ORIENTALE, L. ~ Oriental Polygonum.
About gardens, rubbish. _ July - September.
AMPHIBIUM, L. Amphibious Polygonum.
In the lakes of the North woods a form abounds, much larger than the
next and apparently quite different, growing with it.
var. AQUATICUM, L. Water Polygonum.
Sander’s lake, Pearson. Oneida lake, Knieskern. East Dry-lot pond, south
Herkimer county. In all the lakes and ponds from Otsego to Madison coun-
ties, Gray. Leland’s pond, Eaton, Madison CoUNey Bradley. Common in
the lakes of the north woods.
var. TERRESTRE, Torrey. Shore Polygonum.
Coon Chisholm’s. Schenectady, Pearson. Borders of a millpond near Win-
field. Along the outlet of Owasco lake, I. H. Hall. Cayuga lake, Gray.
Frequent. July — September.
NoposuM, Persoon. Nodding Polygonum.
- var. INCARNATUM, Gray. Flesh-colored Polygonum.
Low banks of the Mohawk. Infrequent. August — October.
PENNSYLVANIcuM, L, Pennsylvanian Polygonum.
Brooksides, marshes. Abundant. July — October.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 121
CAREYI, Olney. Discovered by J. CAREY.
Upland swamps. Abundant in the half-open mossy bogs north of Summit
lake, Otsego county. Marshy borders of Mud lake, south Herkimer county.
Rare. September, October.
PE RSICARIA, L. Peach-leaved Polygonum,
Waste grounds, near dwellings. Common. July, August.
HYDROPIPER, L. Water-pepper Polygonum.
Ditches, marshy places. Common. August — October.
Acry, 7. B. K. Pungent Polygonum.
Water-sides. Abundant in the marshes along the outlet of Cayuga lake.
Swamp near Owasco lake, J. H. Hall. Infrequent. July, August.
HYDROPIPEROIDES, Miche. Water-pepper-like Polygonum.
Wet banks. Shores of Onondaga lake. Uncommon. August — November.
AVICULARE, L. Little-bird’s Polygonum.
Paths, yards. Common. June — September.
var. ERECTUM, Roth. Upright Polygonum.
Damp wastes. Common. July — October.
ARTICULATUM, L. Jointed Polygonum.
Sandy plains. West of Albany, Eaton, Beck, Torrey. Schenectady, Pearson.
Shore of Oneidalake, Gray, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Sandy borders of Oneida lake,
Knieskern. Rare. July — October.
VIRGINIANUM, L. Virgate Polygonum.
Rich woods, flats of streams. Common. July — September.
ARIFOLIUM, L. - Arum-leaved Polygonum.
Wet thickets. Abundant. August, September.
“SAGITTATUM, J. Arrou-leaved Polygonum.
Swamps. Common. July — October.
CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed Polygonum.
Barren and cultivated grounds. Common. July — September.
CILINODE, Miche. Fringe-jointed Polygonum.
Damp thickets, on the Deerfield hills. Infrequent. July, August.
DUMETORUM, L. Thicket Polygonum.
Banks of streams, bushes. Abundant. August, September.
FAGOPYRUM, Tournefort. Buckwheat.
ESCULENTUM, Mench. Esculent Fagopyrum.
Field-borders, woods, and often in deep swamps. Frequent. June-August.
RUMEX, ZL. Docks.
VERTICILLATUS, L. Whorled-flowered Rumex.
Bogs on the flats of the Mohawk. Throughout the upland swamps south of
the Mohawk valley, Gray. Frequent. June, July.
HYDROLAPATHUM, Hudson. Water-dock Rumex.
var. AMERICANUM, Gray. American Water-dock Rumex.
Marshes, both on the hills, and in lowlands of rivers and lakes.
Frequent. July.
[ Senate No. 90.] 8*
122 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
OBTUSIFOLIUS, L. Obluse-leaved Rumezx.
Farmyards, fences, borders of woods. Common. June, July.
CRISPUS, L. Curled-leaved Rumez.
Ditches, fields. Common. May — July.
SANGUINEUS, L. Bloody-veined Rumez.
Barnyards, pastures. Scarce. June, July.
ACETOSA, L. Garden-sorrel Rumex.
Cultivated grounds. About gardens on Paris hill. Penn-Yan, introduced,
Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Infrequent. June, July.
ACETOSELLA.L. Sheep-sorrel Rumex.
Barren meadows, pastures. Common. May — July.
LAURACE. | : Laurels.
SASSAFRAS, Nees von Esenbeck. Sassafras.
OFFICINALE, Nees. Officinal Sassafras.
Sandy open woods. Abundant in the woods and copses of Schenectady
county. Pine plains of Rome, at the head of Oneida lake. Penn-Yan, Sart-
well in herb. Ham. Coll. Frequent. April, May.
BENZOIN, Nees von Esenbeck. Spicebush. Feverbush.
ODORIFERUM, Nees. Fragrant Benzoin.
Damp copses, swamps. _ Common. April.
THY MELEACEZ. . : Daphnads.
DIRCA, L. Leatherwood.
PALUSTRIS, L. Marsh Dirca.
Flats of streams, deep woods. Abundant. April.
ELHAGNACEZ. | Oleasters.
‘SHEPHERDIA, Nuttall. Shepherdia.
CANADENSIS, Nutt. Canadian Shepherdia.
Ravine-sides, rocky banks of streams. Fairfield. Herkimer county, Gray.
Trenton falls, West-Canada creek, Knieskern. Deerfield creek opposite Utica,
high on the slaty sides of the gulf, from its entrance far up the headwaters
of the stream. East banks of Onondaga lake. Rocky sides of Black river.
Frequent. May.
SANTALACEZ. Sandalwoods.
COMANDRA, Nuttall.
UMBELLATA, Nutt. Umbellate Comandra.
Dry rocky banks; open sandy woods and their borders. Throughout the
valley of the Mohawk, from Schenectady to Oneida lake. | Frequent.
A form occurs in the swamp of West-Bergen, Genesee county, in open
places of damp moss or wet marl, in company with Solidago ohioensis, S.
houghtonti, and among the running stems of Juniperus sabina, having large
ovate obtuse glaucous leaves, often nearly two inches long by over half an
inch wide; bearing flowers and fruit on short pedicels, in a leafy terminal
simple raceme; berries large, fleshy, yellow or red, instead of the dry hard
black nutlets of the common plant.
It was first thought to be C. livida, but is still undetermined. June.
/
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 128
SAURURACE. Saururads.
SAURURUS, L. Lizard’ s-tail.
CERNUUS, L. Nodding Saururus.
Swamps and water-sides. Borders of Oneida lake, Knieskern, Gray. Low
woods east of Onondaga lake. Swamps southeast of Oswego. Banks of streams
between Syracuse and Savannah, Cayuga river marshes. Owasco lake out-
let, J. H. Hall. Common along Clyde river. Frequent. July, August.
CERATOPHYLLACEZ. Hornworts.
CERATOPHYLLUM, ZL. Hornwort.
DEMERSUM, L. Submerged Ceratophyllum.
var. ECHINATUM, Gray. Rough Ceratophyllum.
Slow-flowing or still water. Outlet of Canaderaga lake, where it flowers and
fruits readily. Penn-Yan, Sariwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Infrequent. June, July.
CALLITRICHACE. Water-starworts.
CALLITRICHE, Z. Water-star wort.
VERNA, L. Vernal Callitriche.
Still water beside streams, ponds. Frequent.
forma TERRESTRIS, Engelmann. Moss Callitriche.
Muddy banks. Millpond at Cedarville. Uncommon, June —- August.
AUTUMNALIS, L. Autumnal Callitriche.
River borders. Borders of Canaderaga lake outlet. Alexandria bay, G. W.
Clinton. Rare. August.
PODOSTEMACEL. River-weeds.
PODOSTEMON, Michaux. River-weed.
CERATOPHYLLUM, Michx. Horn-leaved Podostemon.
Stony bottoms of streams. In flowing water, Watertown, Jefferson county,
Crawe, Gray in Rare plants of Northern N.Y. Watertown, Crawe in herb.
Sartwell Ham. Coll. Rare. July, August.
EUPHORBIACEZ. Spurges.
EUPHORBIA, L. Spurges. Euphorbia.
POLYGONIFOLIA, L. Polygonum-leaved Euphorbia.
Shores. Mouth of Genesee river, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Lake shore
at Charlotte, C. M. Booth. Rare. July — September.
MACULATA, L. Spotted-leaved Huphorbia.
Roadsides, banks of streams. Common. July — October.
HYPERICIFOLIA, L. Hypericum-leaved Euphorbia.
Damp gravelly places, hillsides. Common. July — September.
HE LIOSCOPIA, L. Sun-gazing Huphorbia.
Shores of Onondaga lake; most abundant at its head, Salina. .
Rare. July — October.
PLATYPHYLLA, L. Broad-leaved Euphorbia.
Pastures, roadsides. Winfield, south Herkimer county. Paris hill, Clark’s
mills, towards Pratt’s settlement. Occasional. June - September.
124 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
ACALYPHA, SL. Three-seeded Mercury.
— ‘wireinica, DL. Virginian Acalypha.
Roadsides, moist grounds. Common. August —- October. ~
URTICACE. Nettles.
ULMUS, ZL. Els.
FULVA, Micha. Slippery, Red Elin.
Open hilly woods along rivulets, and banks of streams. Common along the
Mohawk. Frequent. April.
AMERICANA, L. White, American Elm.
Woods, hills and dales. Common. April.
RACEMOSA, Thomas. Corky, Racemed Elm.
Brows of ravines, river-banks. Abundant along the Mohawk and its tributa-
ries. April.
CELTIS, Yournefort. Netiletree. Sugarberry.
OCCIDENTALIS, L. Western Celtis.
Rocky woods and banks. Near Oneida lake, Knieskern. Gorham, Ontario
county, Sartwell. Rare. April, May.
MORUS, Tournefort. Mulberries.
RUBRA, L. Red Mulberry.
Open woods. Near the Aqueduct, Schenectady, Pearson. Penn-Yan, Yates
county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Scarce. May.
ALBA Ts, White Mulberry.
Woods, and about houses, Knieskern. Frequent in Schenectady county, in
thickets along road-fences, and often a tree. Penn-Yan, introduced, Sartwell
in herb. Ham. Coll. Occasional. May.
URTICA, Tournefort. Nettles.
GRACILIS, Aton. _ Tall, Slender Netile.
Fences, river-banks. Common. July, August.
DIOICA, L. Diccious Nettle.
Waste places. Schenectady, Pearson. Oneida county, Knieskern. Gorham,
Ontario county, Sartwell. Uncommon. June — August.
LAPORTEA, Gaudich. Wood Nettle.
CANADENSIS, Gaud. Canadian Laportea.
Rayines and damp woods. Common. July.
PILEA, Lindley. | Clearweed.
PUMILA, Gray. Low Pilea.
Shaded springy banks; borders of streams in wooded ravines.
Common. July, August.
B@HMERIA, Jacquin. | False Netile.
CYLINDRICA, Willd. Cylindricfruited Bochmeria.
; Swamps and wet open woods. Frequent. July, August.
PARIETARIA, Tournefort. Pellitory.
PENNSYLVANICA, Muhl. Pennsylvanian Parietaria.
_ Shady hillsides; rocky sides of streams. Ithaca : Tompkins county, Sartwedl
in herb. Ham. Coll: Rare. May = July.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 125
CANNABIS, Tournefort. Hemp.
SATIVA, L. Cultivated Cannabis.
Waste lots in cities, towns. Frequent. June — August.
HUMULUS, L.
LUPULUS, LL. Hop-vine.
Shaded banks of the Mohawk and Unadilla rivers. Frequent. July.
PLATANACE. Sycamores.
PLATANUS, L. Plane-tree. Button-ball-tree. Buttonwood.
OCCIDENTALIS, L. Western-world Platanus.
Banks of creeks and rivers. Common. May.
JUGLANDACE. Walnuts.
JUGLANS, L. :
CINEREA, L. Butternut. Gray Walnut.
Hilly woods; flats of streams. Abundant. May.
NIGRA, L. Black Walnut.
Fertile woodlands. Common around Seneca lake, Sartwell. Scarce. May.
CARYA, Nuttall. Hickories.
| ALBA, Nutt. Shag-bark, White Hickory.
Fertile woodlands and vallies. Abundant in the valley of the Hudson about
Albany. Around Otsego lake, Miss S. Cooper. Borders of Canaderaga lake.
Valley of the Mohawk throughout, from the Hudson to Oneida lake.
Frequent. May.
TOMENTOSA, Nuit. Mocker-nut. Downy Hickory.
Rich woods. Schenectady county, Pearson. Oneida county, Knieskern.
Infrequent. May.
GLABRA, Torrey. Smooth Hickory.
Chiefly in meadows, pastures. Abundant. May.
AMARA, Nuit. Swamp, Bitter Hickory.
Low woods, ravine-sides, streams. Common. May.
CUPULIFERZ. Oaks.
‘QUERCUS, L.
| MACROCARPA, Micha. Over-cup, Large-fruited Oak.
Groves, water-sides. Abundant along tlie borders of Onondaga lake, west
side. Scarce. Fl. May: Fr. September.
var. OLIVEZFORMIS, Gray. Mossy-cup, Olive-formed Oak.
River-banks; of the Hudson above Albany, and in the western part of the
State, Michaux. Glenville near Schenectady, Pearson. Dexter, Jefferson
county, Vasey. Rare.
OBTUSILOBA, Michzx. Post, Round-lobed Oak.
Sandy woods. Schenectady, along the College brook; woods beyond the
junction of the Central and Saratoga railroads, Pearson. Rare.
ALBA, L. White Oak.
Hilly woods. Frequent.
126 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
PRINUS, L.
var. DISCOLOR, Michx. Two-colored-leaved Oak.
Low woods. Flats of the Mohawk. West side of Onondaga lake. Abundant.
CASTANEA, Willd. Chestnut-leaved Oak.
Elevated woodlands. Chemung county, Knieskern, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Rare.
var. MONTICOLA, Micha. Mountain-dwelling Oak.
Rocky hillsides and banks. Schenectady county, Pearson. Highlands of the
Mohawk, E. W.Paige. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham.Coll. Infrequent.
PRINOIDES, Willd. Chinquapin. Prinus-like Oak.
Pine plains of Schenectady, Pearson. Scarce.
ILICIFOLIA, Wangenheim. Scrub, Ilex-leaved Oak.
Pine plains of Rome. Abundant.
TINCTORIA, Bartram. Quercitron. Dyeing Oak.
Fertile woods. Schenectady, Pearson. Otsego county, Miss S. Cooper: H.
Lathrop. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Uncommon.
COCCINEA, Wang. Scarlet Oak.
Hillsides. Schenectady, Pearson. Around Otsego lake, Miss 8. Cooper.
Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Frequent.
RUBRA, L. Red Oak.
Woods. Common.
PALUSTRIS, Du Rot. Swamp Oak.
Borders of swamps, flats of streams. Schenectady, Pearson. Occasional.
CASTANEA, Tournefort. Chestnut.
veEsoA, L. Edible-fruited Chestnut.
Hillsides. Frequent. July.
FAGUS, Tournefort. Beech.
FERRUGINEA, Aiton. - Rusty-leaved Fagus.
Woods, Common. May.
CORYLUS, Tournefort. Filberts. Hazelnuts.
AMERICANA, Walter. American Corylus.
Low woods, river-banks. Common in the valley of the Mohawk. April.
ROSTRATA, Aiton. ~ Beaked Corylus.
Thickets along streams. Schenectady, Montgomery and Otsego counties.
Rocky banks of Seneca lake, Vasey. Banks of Owasco lake outlet, J.H. Hall.
Yates county, Sariwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Infrequent. April.
CARPINUS, L. Water Beech.
AMERICANA, Micha. American Carpinus,
Ravine-sides. Common. April.
OSTRYA, Micheli. Hop-hornbeam. Lever-wood. Iron-wood.
VIRGINICA, Willd. Virginian Ostrya.
Moist open woods. Common. May.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 127
MYRICACE. Sweet-gales.
MYRICA, L. Sweet-gale.
GALE, L. Helmeted-fruited Myrica.
Cold marshes, near Summit lake, Springfield. Otsego county, where it
abounds. Mud lake, south Herkimer county. Common on the margins of
streams and lakes in the north woods. April.
CERIFERA, L. Bayberry. Wax-bearing-fruited Myrica.
Sandy shores. Junius, Sartwell in herb. Hum. Coll. Rochester, C. Dewey.
Parma, Monroe county, Bradley. Abuudant in the swamps of West-Bergen,
northeastern Genesee county. Rare. May.
COMPTONIA, Solander. Sweet-fern.
ASPLENIFOLIA, Aiton. Asplenium-leaved Comptonia.
Hillsides and sandy plains. Pine woods of Schenectady county, Pearson.
Otsego county, Miss 8. Cooper. Plains of Rome and Oneida lake.
* Frequent. April, May.
BETULACE. Birches.
BETULA, Tournefort.
ALBA, var. POPULIFOLIA, Spach. White, Poplar-leaved Birch.
Barren or sandy soils. Plains and swamps between Albany and Schenectady.
Otsego county, Miss S. Cooper. Abundant on the pine plains of Rome. Dry
banks of the Black river. Frequent. April.
PAPYRACEA, Aiton. Paper Birch.
Banks of streams. Helderberg mountains, Pearson. Along the Black river
below Dexter, Jefferson county, Vasey. Rare.
NicRA, L. Black Birch.
Banks of streams. Deerfield creek. Fish creek. Scarce.
EXCELSA, Aiton. Yellow, Lofty Birch.
Damp woods. Common.
LENTA, L. Cherry, Pliant Birch.
Ravines. Frequent.
ALNUS, Tournefort. Alders.
INCANA, Willd. Heary Alder.
Upland marshes on the hills south of the Mohawk valley. Summit lake,
Springfield; where it is very low, only a foot or two high, on the open bog
land. Borders of Canaderaga lake and its outlet, Exeter, Otsego county.
From Mud lake, to the State marsh, south Herkimer county.
Infrequent. March, April.
SERRULATA, Aiton. Serrulate Alder.
Streams, swamps. Common.
viripis, DC. Green Alder.
Northern watercourses. Among the headwaters and on the banks of Moose
river, north Herkimer and Hamilton counties. Rare.
128 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
SALICACE. Willows.
SALIX, Tournefort. Salices.
CANDIDA, Willd. Hoary Willow.
Cold swamps. Summit lake borders. Otsego county. Mud lake, State marsh,
Hidden lake, Litchfield, south Herkimer county. Junius, Seneca county,
Sartwell. West-Bergen, Genesee county. Rare. May.
TRISTIS, cliton. Mourning Willow.
Dry open woods. Infrequent.
HUMILIS, Marshall. Low Willow.
Borders of thickets and swamps. Pine plains of Rome. Frequent.
DIscoLoR, Muh. Glaucous, Two-colored Willow.
Banks of streams. Common.
SERICEA, Marshall. Silky-leaved Willow.
Low grounds, water-sides. Borders of swamp-rivulets near Point of Rock
pond, and in the northern part of the county. Yates county, Sartwell in
hero. Ham. Coll. Scarce. -
PETIOLARIS, Smith. Petioled Willow.
River-banks. Occasional on the low alluvial banks of the Mohawk. Penn-
Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Uncommon.
CORDATA, Muhl. Fleart-leaved Willow.
Low river-banks. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Frequent.
ROSTRATA, Richardson. Long-beaked Willow
Borders of swamps. Steep springy banks of the Oriskany creek. Rome,
Knieskern, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Infrequent.
ALBA, I. White Willow.
Low grouuds, wet banks. Common.
FRAGILIS, L. Brittle Willow.
Water-sides. Starch-factory creek. Headwaters of the Deerfield creek.
Banks of the Mohawk and its tributaries. Uncommon.
NIGRA, Marshall. Black Willow.
Banks of creeks, rivers. In force on the alluvial banks of the Mohawk.
Common. >
LUCIDA, MuAl. Shining Willow.
Low banks. Borders of Hidden lake, Litchfield, south Herkimer county;
and all the cold marshes on the hills. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham.
Coll. Infrequent.
BABYLONIC.A, Tourn. Weeping Willow.
Streets, lawns, graveyards. Frequent.
LONGIFOLIA, Muhil. Long-leaved Willow.
Sandy banks. Albany, Beck in herb. Genesee falls, Aiken in herb. Sartwell
Ham. Coll. Scarce.
PEDICELLARIS, Pursh. Pedicelfruited Willow.
Sphagnum swamps. In the cold open bogs north of Summit lake, Otsego
county. Abundant on the State marsh and around Hidden lake, Litchfield,
south Herkimer county. Oriskany swamp formerly, Knieskern. Cold marshes
in the northwestern part of the county, and throughout the north woods.
Junius, Seneca county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 129
POPULUS, Tournefort. Poplars. Aspen.
TREMULOIDES, Michaux. Tremula-like Populus.
Sides of hills and ravines. Common. April.
GRANDIDENTATA, Miche. Large-toothed-leaved Populus.
Woods and river-banks. Most frequent on sandy soils. Abundant.
MONILIFERA, Aiton. Cottonwood. Necklace-bearing Populus.
Water-sides. Western part of the State, particularly near Oneida lake and
along the Genesee river, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Pillar point near Dexter, Jefferson
county, Vasey. Near Rochester, C. M. Booth. Rare.
BALSAMIFERA, L, Balsam-bearing Populus.
Water-courses, swamps. Near Oriskany, Knieskern. Scarce.
var. CANDICANS, Gray. White-leaved Populus.
Streets and near dwellings; a common shade tree.
nicRA, Miche. Black Populus.
Banks. Oriskany creek, and near Oneida lake, Knieskern. Rare.
DILATAT A, Aiton. Lombardy Poplar. Dilated-leaved Populus.
Roadsides; near old farm-houses. Infrequent.
ALBA, L. White Populus.
Occasional as a shade tree; extending by root, to fences and roadsides
Frequently.
2. GYMNOSPERM2. Gymnosperms.
CONIFER. Conifers.
PINUS, Tournefort. Pines.
RESINOSA, Azton. Red, Restnous Pine.
Hills. Helderberg mountains three miles south of Knowerville, Pearson.
Pine plains of Rome, Vasey. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
May. Rare.
RIGIDA, Miller. Pitch, Rigid Pine.
Sandy plains. Schenectady. Rome. Common. May.
strosus, L. White Pine. From an ancient Fir.
Cold woods. Swamps on the flats of the Mohawk. Frequent in Schenectady,
Montgomery and Otsego counties. Lingering still in marshes on the hills :
formerly abounding throughout this region. Not yet exhausted in the swamps
of Rome and Oneida lake. Common in the forests of the north woods. May.
ABIES, Tournefort. Spruces.
BALSAMEA, Marshall. Balsam-yielding Fir.
Cold swamps. Occasional in upland marshes, south of the Mohawk valley,
from Summit lake and the outlet of Canaderaga lake, Otsego county, through
the swamps near Jordanville, to the State marsh and Graefenberg swamp,
south Herkimer county. Between Oriskany and Rome. Abundant in the
northern part of the county; and common along streams and shores in the
north woods, often nearly covered with long gray lichens. June.
CANADENSIS, Michz. Hemlock.
Dry woods. Common, May,
[ Senate No. 90.] 9
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130 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
NIGRA, Pozret. Black Spruce.
Deep woods on the hills: on the level borders of sphagnum ponds. Frequent
along Fish creek, above the cliffs. Common in the northern forests.
The low dwarf form, in bogs and holes, is called by lumbermen Bastard
Spruce. This and the Tamarack ave the first trees that take root in shaking
moss, either as it extends into the water of ponds, or after it has completed
the covering. They are closely followed and displaced by Arbor vite ; which
at length develop the deep black soil-bottoms of cedar swamps.
Frequent. May.
ALBA, Michz. White Spruce.
Open upland woods. Frankfort hill. Northern wilderness. ~ May.
LARIX, Tournefort. Larch. Tamarack.
AMERICANA, Michz. American Larix.
Borders of swamps and marshes. Throughout the valley of the Mohawk, but
more abundant along the south range of hills, around the ponds and lakes,
or occasionally alone covering tracts of low land. Also from the northern
part of the county, northward. Abundant. May-
THUJA, Tournefort. Arbor-vite.
OCCIDENTALIS, L. American, Western Thuja.
Cold swamps. From northern Otsego county, Summit lake; southern Her- —
kimer county, Mud lake, Cedarville, Hidden lake, Cedar lake; Oneida coun-
ty, throughout the valley of the Mohawk; Madison and Onondaga coanties;
northward. Common. April.
JUNIPERUS, L. | Junipers.
communis, L. Common Juniper.
Sandy woods, barren banks. North side of the Mohawk valley, from Sche-
nectady to Littlefalls. Sides of the Black river below Watertown. Frequent
in the north woods. Scarce. May.
VIRGINIANA, L. Red Cedar.
Rocky woods, dry sidehills. Abundant in the valley of the Mohawk, through
Schenectady and Montgomery counties. Seneca lake, Gray. Greece, Monroe
county, Bradley. Frequent. "April.
SABINA, L. European Savin.
var. PROSTRATA, Low Savin. Prostrate Juniperus.
Swamps and shores. Borders of cold ponds in the north woods. Chemung
county, Knieskern in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll. Banks of the Genesee river,
Greece, Bradley. Abundant in the Bergen swamp, Genesee county; often
covering the ground, and running to great length. \
Leavds four-ranked, oval, acute; at the end of the stem, opposite, cuspi-
date : sterile flowers in erect ovoid catkins, borne on the ends of little
branches : fertile catkins of several scales becoming fleshy and uniting in a
berry, glaucous at first, blue-black when ripe, two- to four-seeded, borne on
short recurved pedicels, which is the determining characteristic of the species.
In open places, stems run several feet, rooting as they go: branches
curving upwards three to eight inches; but where the plants are crowded in
patches , they rise twelve to ‘eighteen inches. Rare. May.
TAXUS, Tournefort. Yew.
BACCATA, L., var. CANADENSIS, Gray. American Taxus.
Moist banks of woods and ravines, in deep evergreen shade. © Common.
Sometimes erect, with a tree-like stem and spreading branches, five or six
feet in height ; borders of the Paris hill swamp. April.
_ PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 15
Il, MONOCOTYLEDON &. Monocotyledons.
ARACEZ. Arums.
ARIS AMA, Martius. Indian Turnip.
TRIPHYLLUM, Torrey. Three-leaved Arisema.
Ravine-sides, moist woods. Common. May.
DRACONTIUM, Schott. Dragon Arisema.
Damp thickets on the flats of the Mohawk. Frequent. May.
PELTANDRA, Rajfinesque. Arrow-leaved Arum.
virGinica, Raf. Virginian Peltandra.
Swamps, sides of streams. Frequent. June, July.
CALLA, L. Wild Calla.
PALUSTRIS, L. Marsh Calla.
Bogs, streams ponds. Frequent. Common on Graefenberg hill. °
Often with two, and sometimes three spathes surrounding one spadix.
May — August.
SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisbury. Skunk Cabbage.
F@TIDUS, Salisb. Fetid Symplocarpus.
Low meadows, swamps. Common. March, April.
ORONTIUM, L. Golden-club.
AquaTicum, L. Floating Orontium.
Borders of a pond in Gilbertsville, Otsego county, H. Lathrop in herb. The
specimen of this plant is clear, and that it was gathered within the limits of
a botanical walk from this place is certain. The station, however, is wonder-
fully inland for a plant usually found around ponds near the coast and in
river-marshes of tide-water, being nearly four hundred miles up the Susque-
hanna valley. Rare. May.
ACORUS, L. Sweet-flag.
CALAMUS, L. Reed Calamus.
Rivulet-marshes. Common. June.
TYPHACEA. Typhads.
TYPHA, Tournefort. Cat-tails.
LATIFOLIA, L. Wide-leaved Typha.
Swamps. Common. June, July.
ANGUSTIFOLIA, L. Narrow-leaved Typha.
Common around Onondaga lake and west of Syracuse. June.
SPARGAN IUM, Tournefort. Bur-reeds. Spargania.
EURYCARPUM, Engelmann. Broad-fruited Sparganium.
Lake and river borders. Abundant along the outlet of Canaderaga lake,
Exeter, Otsego county. Probably not uncommon on the flats of the Mohawk.
Its habit alone would distinguish this species, the plant being as large
again in all its parts as the following. August, September.
RAMOSUM, Hudson. Branched-headed Spar ganium.
Marshes along streams. Common. July, August.
132 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
SIMPLEX, Hudson Single-headed Sparganium
Margins of ponds, Jakes. / Frequent. July.
NATANS, L. Floating Sparganium.
Slow-flowing brooks. On the flats of the Mohawk, a mile or two below Utica.
Rare. July.
ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Michz. Narrow-leaved Sparganium.
Margins of cold springs and high ponds in the northern part of Herkimer
county. Rare. July.
LEMNACEX. 7 Duckmeats..
LEMNA, L.
TRISULCA, L. Ivy-leaved, Three-parted Lemna.
Still water. Pond on the flats below Utica, Alexandria bay. Gates, Monroe
county, found in flower by C. M. Booth. Uncommon. June.
MINOR, L. Little Lemna.
Stagnant water. Common.
POLYRRHIZA, L. Many-rooted Lemna.
Ponds. . Frequent.
GIBBA, L. f Convez-leaved Lemna.
Ditches and stagnant waters; observed in flower, near Liverpool in the wes-
tern part of New-York State, Pursh. Onondaga lake. Rare.
NAJADACEZ. — Najads.
NAJAS, L.
MAJOR, Allionz. Greater Najas.
Borders of Onondaga lake. Discovered by G. W.Cuiinton, in October 1864,
growing in a stream emptying into the Jake near Liverpool.
It abounds, however, in the lake. in water ten to twenty-five feet deep;
most luxuriantly along the edge of a sudden descent of the bottom, at a
distance from shore. When the water is clear and still, the plants can be seen
growing on the bottom, branching in all directions from the root. But the
best specimens come from the deepest water, out of sight; some clusters of
which are three feet inlength, and these only fragments broken off by storms.
At least three forms occur. The common one is entirely unarmed, without ©
spines either on stems or leaves; perhaps the var. angustifolia, BRawy, ob-
served by CHamisso at Oahu, Sandwich Islands.
Another corresponds with the normal form described by Prof. ALEXANDER
Braun : Stem sparingly beset with spines (10-40 in each internode) ; leaves
broad-linear, each edge of the blade with 4 — 8 teeth. which are patent and
not quite so long as the leaf is broad, the leaf at the back furnished with
1-4 spines; sheath of leaf with rounded lateral edges, and without teeth;
fruit 5-8 millimetres long.— Florida, CaBants.
A small form occasionaily appears, about half the size of the first in all
the parts and fruit.
The above habitats, with our own, are the only stations of this plant known
on the American continents ; it is widely distributed over the Old world.
Local. August —- November.
FLEXILIS, Rostkov §& Schmidt. Bending Najas.
Lakes. rivers. Outlet of Canaderaga lake, Otsego county. Lake Ontario.
Cape Vincent, head of the St.Lawrence, Bradley. Abundant in the river
south of Oswego. Crooked lake, Sartwell. Infrequent. July - September.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 133
ZANNICHELLIA, Michelz. Horned Pondweed.
PALustTRIs, L. Marsh Zannichellia.
Rivulets,, marshy shores. Salina and Onondaga lake. Near Penn-Yan,
Sartwell. Rare. August — October.
RUPPIA, L. Tassel Pondweed.
MARITIMA, L. Seaside Ruppia.
Borders of Onondaga lake along the east side. It is fruitful in shallow water,
two to five feet in depth.
In deep water, in company with Najas major, a very large form grows,
many feet in length, bearing wide leaves, but flowerless and fruitless.
This plant and its companion are new to the interior, having been known
hitherto as exclusively maritime. Their presence here is proof, first, that the
sea originally came up to or covered the place; and second, that these piants
were flourishing at that time. July — November.
POTAMOGETON, Tournefort. Pondweeds.
- pecTINaTUs, L. Pectinate-leaved Potamogeton.
Rivers and lakes. Albany, Beck. Schenectady. Pearson. Near Watertown,
Gray, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Pools along Oriskany creek. Abundant in Onondaga
lake. Crooked lake, Saritwell. Rare.
ROBBINSII, Oakes. Discovered by ROBBINS.
Ponds. At the head of Onondaga lake, in the inlet of the creek, Rare.
PUSILLUS, L. Small Potamogeton.
Borders of lakes, standing waters. East Dry-lot pond, south Herkimer
county. Crooked lake, Yates county, Sartwell. Rare.
PAUCIFLORUS, Pursh. Few-flowered Potamogeton.
Standing water along streams; canals. Common.
coMPREssUs, L. Flat-stemmed Potamogeton.
Slow waters. Outlet of Canaderaga lake, Otsego county, where it abounds.
Sander’s lake and the Mohawk, Pearson. River St.Lawrence at Alexandria
bay. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Uncommon.
PERFOLIATUS, L. Perfoliate Potamogeton.
Canals, ponds. Common.
PR#HLONGUS, Wulfen. Long-peduncled Potamogeton.
Still deep water. Alexandria bay, Jefferson county, at the mouth of the
creek : peduncles eighteen inches in length. Scarce.
LUCENS, L. Shining-leaved Potamogeton.
Bottoms of ponds in shallow water. Frequent.
var. FLUITANS, Gray. Floating Potamogeton.
Ponds in deep water. Abundant.
NATANS, L. Swimming Potamogeton.
Lakes, rivers. Common.
HETEROPHYLLUS, Schrebd. Various-leaved Potamogeton.
Shallow ponds and borders of lakes. Head of Seneca lake, Gray. Common.
ALISMACE. . Water-plantains.
TRIGLOCHIN, L. Arrow- grasses.
PALUSTRE, L. Marsh Triglochin.
Boggy borders of Onondaga lake; at Salina, and northward beyond Liver-
pool. Abundant in water- covered places of moss or marl, in the West Ber-
gen swamp, Genesee county, Rare, June = August.
134 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
MARITIMUM, L. Seaside Triglochin.
Banks round Onondaga lake, most abundant on the south and east sides.
Bogs in the swamp of West-Bergen. Rare. July — September. —
ELATUM, Nuttall. Tall Triglochin.
Cold high marshes among the hill-tops of the range south of the Mohawk
valley. Most abundant at Mud lake, in the tamarack swamps near Jordan-
ville, on the State marsh and Hidden lake, south Herkimer county.
More lofty than the largest of the preceding species, sometimes nearly four
feet in height. Rare. June — September.
SCHEUCHZERIA, L. Scheuchzeria.
PALUSTRIS, L. Marsh Scheuchzeria.
Moss swamps. Summit lake. Mud lake. Hidden lake. Wetmore’s pond,
Frankfort hill. Bog near Oriskany. Abundant in the swamps of Rome.
Common in the marshes of the northern part of the county, Point of Rock
lake, North pond, and the north woods. May.
ALISMA, L. Water Plantain.
PLANTAGO, L., var. AMERICANUM, Gray. American Alisma.
Ditches, bogs. Common. July, August.
SAGITTARIA, L. : Arrowheads.
VARIABILIS, Engelmann. Variable-leaved Sagittaria.
Low grounds, water-sides : with manifold variations.
Common. July, August.
HETEROPHYLLA, Pursh. Differing-leaved Sagittaria.
Muddy banks. Frequent.
GRAMINEA, Michauz. Grass-leaved Sagittaria.
Shores of streams, ponds. Banks of Oriskany creek. Borders of Oneida lake,
Knieskern. Abundant along the outlet of the Hight lakes, north Herkimer
county; and on Fourth lake it grows deeply submerged, in patches over the
sandy bottom, having only short triangular leaves. Scarce. July, August.
HYDROCHARIDACE. Frogbits.
LIMNOBIUM, Richard. American Frog’ s-bit.
SPONGIA, Richard. Spongy-leaved Limnobium.
Floating in a part of Braddock’s bay, Greece, Bradley. Braddock’s bay,
Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Local. August.
ANACHARIS, Richard. . Water-moss.
CANADENSIS, Planchon. Canadian Anacharis.
Still water; brooks, rivers, lakes. Otsego lake. Canaderaga lake and its
outlet. Throughout the Mohawk, in side-waters of the stream. Lake Ontario
and the St.Lawrence river, flowering abundantly and beautifully at Alexan-
dria bay. Common. August.
VALLISNERIA, Micheli. Tape-grass.
SPIRALIS, L. Sptral-scaped Vallisneria.
Rivers and slow streams. Abundant in the Mohawk river. Outlet of Canade-
raga lake. Occasional in the Chenango canal. Outlet of Crooked lake, Sart-
well, Uncommon. August.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 135
ORCHIDACE. Orchids.
ORCHIS, LZ
SPECTABILIS, L. Showy Orchis.
Damp rich woods. Common, May.
GYMNADENTA, R. Brown.
TRIDENTATA, Lindley. Three-toothed-lipped Gymnadenia.
Shady swamps. Abundant. July.
PLATANTHERA, Richard.
OBTUSATA, Lindl. Obtuse-leaved Platanthera.
Mossy springy banks in the north woods, between Third lake and Bald rock,
Herkimer county. Rare. July.
ROTUNDIFOLIA, Lindley. Round-leaved Platanthera.
var. OBLONGIFOLIA. Oblong-leaved Platanthera.
Upland, open, sphagnous level at the head of Mud lake, south Herkimer
caunty; under scattered tamaracks and arbor vite, either among clusters
of the young evergreens or in shade of their north side, in cold damp moss:
accompanied by Calypso borealis, Cypripedium arietinum, Eriophorum al-
pinum. To be looked for on the extensive tamarack swamps south of Jordan-
ville.
Roots three or four long toothed tubers : scape six to twelve inches high :
deaf resting on the moss or settled in it, white cellular beneath as those of
P. orbiculata, about ten-nerved, long elliptical or oblong, two inches broad
by four to six in length; radical scapeless leaves still narrower, less than
half as wide : spikes six- to twelve-flowered, bracts nearly as long as the
ovaries : flowers large, lateral sepals spreading nearly three-fourths of an
inch : spur shorter than the lip, slender, lying close to the capsule : lip half
an inch long, sometimes oblong or rectangular and entire, with a wavy border,
but usually more or less parted into lateral lobes and notched at the end,
white with eight or ten purple spots: petals narrow, converging over the
column, deep purple: lower sepals long ovate, white; upper one broad ovate,
either curving over the petals or sometimes reflexed, veined and tinged with
purple. A plant as beautiful as it is rare.
It has been found before only in Newfoundland, Isle of Anticosti at the
mouth of the St.Lawrence, along the northeastern ‘boundaries of Maine, and
in the northern Rocky mountains; so that its presence south of latitude 43°
is most remarkable. Local. June, July.
ORBICULATA, Lindley. Orbicular-leaved Platanthera.
Deep damp woods. Throughout the valley of the Mohawk. About Otsego
lake, Miss 8S. Cooper: B. D. Gilbert. Most frequent on Frankfort hill, and
among the headwaters of the Deerfield creek. Oriskany valley; Oriskany,
Manchester, Clinton and College hill. Abundant in the north woods. Wide-
ly scattered, but scarce. July.
HOOKERI, Lindl. Dedicated to WILLIAM J. HOOKER.
Dry woods. Littlefalls, bushy cleared land on the summit of Fall hill, south
of the Mohawk. Dense woods along hillsides east of Utica and Oriskany,
Knieskern. Sandy evergreen- -wooded ridges southwest of Whitesboro. Pine
barrens along Wood creek, near New -London ; abundant in Jefferson county,
Gray. Scarce.
var. OBLONGIFOLIA. Oblong-leaved Hooker's Platanthera.
Steep banks of Fall hill at Littiefalls, between the tops of the cliffs and the
brow of the high land.
= Leaves four to six inches in length by two wide, narrowing toward the base
= into a clasping sheath, as in the var. of P. rotundifolia. Local, June.
186 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
BRACTEATA, Torrey. Long-bracted Platanthera.
Damp or wet woods. Along the Rolleboom of the Rotterdam hills, Schenec-
tady county. Fairfield, Herkimer county, Gray an Rare plants of Northern
N.Y. Frankfort hill. Not rare in southern Oneida county, Sangerfield; and
Madison county, Brookfield, Gray. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham.
Coll. Infrequent. June.
HYPERBOREA, Lindl. Northern Platanthera.
Shady swamps. Common. July.
DILATATA, Lendl. Dilated-lipped Platanthera.
Cold marshes. Summit lake, Otsego county. Common at Mud lake, in the
Jordanville swamps, on Hidden lake and the State marsh, south Herkimer
county. Wet banks of Fish creek. Level borders of Point of Rock lake; and
in all the sphagnum bogs of the northern part of the county. Throughout the
north woods and the northern portion of the State.
Abundant. June — August.
FLAVA, Gray. Yellow Platanthera.
Wet woods, borders of swamps. Frequent. July.
CILIARIS, Lindl. Ciliaie-lipped Platanthera.
Open swamps. West of Albany, Beck bot. Pine plains of Schenectady,
Pearson. Junius, Seneca county, Surtwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Greece and
Parma, Monroe county, Bradley. Infrequent. June, July.
BLEPHARIGLOTTIS, Lindl. Lash-lipped Platanthera.
Sphagnous swamps. Frankfort hill, around Wetmore’s pond. South Trenton.
Borders of Point of Rock lake. Two and three feet high. Rare.
var. HOLOPETALA, Gray. Entire-petaled Platanthera.
Open moss bogs of ‘the north woods, a foot or less in height : frequent there,
but not ovserved south of North pond, Boonville. July.
LACERA, Gray. Ragged Platanthera.
Wet meadows, streams, swamps. Frequent. July.
PSYCODES, Gray. Butterfly-like-lipped Platanthera.
Swampy woods, afid meadows. Common. July, August.
FIMBRIATA, Lindl. Soldier’s-plume. Fringed-lipped Platanthera.
Cold swamps. Delaware county, B.D. Gilbert. Otsego county, Miss S.
Cooper. Marshes of northern Herkimer county, W. Calverly. Shady swamp
west of Fort Bull, Rome.
In all respects, of character, size and time of flowering, the same as the
eastern form. Rare. June.
GOODYERA, R. Brown. Rattlesnake Plantains.
REPENS, KR. Br. Creeping Goodyera.
Dry ridges of ravines and their mossy sides, in the shade of hemlocks. Deer-
field creek. Starch-factory creek. Cascade glen. South side of Point of Rock
lake.
Rarely it is found in Cedar swamps, from Mud lake, where it grows side
by side with Calypso borealis, through similar localities on both the hills and
flats of the Mohawk, to the cold boggy woods of Rome. Common in southern
Oneida county. Gray.
The same in size and character with the White mountain plant.
Frequent. July, August.
PUBESCENS, R. Br. Pubescent-spiked Goodyera.
Damp shaded hillsides. Schenectady county, Pearson. Otsego county, B. D.
Gilbert. Schuyler hill, above Frankfort station. Banks of “Oriskany creek,
Pleasant valley. Abundant. July.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 137
SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies’-tresses.
GRACILIS, Bigelow. Slender Spiranthes.
Hillsides, dry open woods. Sides of the Mohawk valley from Schenectady
to Littlefalls. Pine plains of Rome, Knieskern. Around Oneida lake, Gray.
Banks of the hill near the old fort, ‘Oswego. Oak openings. Greece, Monroe
county, Bradley. Frequent. July, August.
LATIFOLIA, Torrey. Broad-leaved_Spiranthes.
Springy, grassy banks. Banks of West-Canada creek, Fairfield, Herkimer
county, Gray. Oriskany, at the head of the raceway, along the sidehill.
Opposite the village, on the north side of the Mohawk, scattered over the
wet slope. Springy banks at the headwaters of Frankfort creek, between
Wetmore’s and JerusaJem hill. Rocky island in Black river, Rutland, Jef-
ferson county, J. G. Crocker. Rare. June.
CERNUA, Richard. Nodding Spiranthes.
Marshes and wet meadows. Abundant. August, September.
LISTERA, &. Brown. Twayblade.
corDATA, &. Br. Heart-leaved Listera.
Swamps, in wet moss and deep shade. Mud and Hidden lakes, south Her-
kimer county. Cedar swamps on the flats of the Mohawk, and the pine
swamps beyond Rome. Paris hill swanip. Southern part of the county, Gray.
Abundant. May, June.
ARETHUSA, Gronovius. Arethusa.
BULBOSA, L. Bulbous Arethusa.
Sphagnum marshes. Major Van Voost’s fly, Schenectady, Pearson. For-
merly on the flats of the Mohawk below Utica, and in the Oriskany swamp,
Gray. In the extensive moss marsh beyond Fort Bull, and doubtless occa-
sional throughout the swamps of Rome. Junius, Seneca county, Sartwell in
herb. Ham. Coll. Borders of the West-Bergen swamp. Rare. May.
POGONIA, Jussieu. Pogonias.
OPHIOGLOSSOIDES, Nuttall. 5 aiaaatatis Pogonia.
Swamps of sphagnum. Common.
A monstrosity of this plant has been Se therad on Hidden lake, south
Herkimer county. Several flowers were found, all having many petals nearly
white, around three lips also white veined with purple, except their centers,
which were covered with a heavy deep green beard.
The peculiarities of these flowers are that they have three Jabella, and that
the column is resolved into small petaloid organs. The blossom is normal as
to the proper perianth, except that the labellum is unusually papillose,
bearded almost to the base. The points of interest are, first, that the two
accessory labella are just in the position of the two suppressed stamens of
the outer series, viz. of A* and A*, as represented in the diagram (Darwin,
Fertilization of Orchids, p. 292); and there is a small petaloid body on the
other side of the flower, answering to the other stamen A’*. Secondly, in one
of the blossoms, and less distinctly in another, two lateral stamens of the
inner series, a’ and a’, are represented each by a slender naked filament.
| There are remaining petaloid bodies enough to answer for the third stamen
of the inner series and for the stigmas, Gray in Linn. Soc. Jour. Also Sill.
- ° Jour.
Thus these developments, in some measure, reveal the complete or regular
orchid structure. June, July.
PENDULA, Léndl. Pendulous-flowered Pogonia.
Damp woods in rich mould. Pine plains of Rome, Knieskern. Eaton, Ma-
dison county, on the hill south of Leland’s upper pond, Bradley. Sheldrake
point, Cayuga lake, Gray. Gorham, Ontario county, Sartwell in herb. Ham.
Coll. Geneva, J. Smith fide Carey in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll. Parma, Mon-
roe county, Bradley. . Rare, August.
[ Senate No. 90. ] 9*
138 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
VERTICILLATA, Nutt. Whorled-leaved Pogonia.
Shady swamps. Schenectady, in the pine plains, Pearson. Oriskany swamp,
Vasey. Mossy bogs on the plains of Rome, along the Watertown railroad.
Rare. May.
CALOPOGON, Af. Brown. Calopogon.
PULCHELLUS, &. Br. Elegant Calopogon.
Sphagnous marshes. Common.
White flowers occur in the swamp of West-Bergen, Genesee county.
Rare. July.
CALYPSO, Salisbury. Calypso.
BOREALIS, Salisb. Northern Calypso.
Rich black soil on elevations in the arbor-vite swamp of Mud lake, sonth
Herkimer county : probably the southern limit of the plant.
From a swamp a mile or two north of Lowville, Lewis county, gathered
by a party of students, F. B. Hough. In evergreen woods along the north
side of Black river below Brownville, Vasey. In both these localities plants
were gathered many years ago, but have not been detected since, in either
piace, by most diligent search.
Hemlock woods bordering the extensive swamp in West-Bergen, Genesee
county, C. M. Booth. Rare. May, June.
TIPULARIA, Nuttall. Cranefly Orchis.
DISCOLOR, Nutt. Two-colored Tipularia.
Open woods on the Ridge-side, Parma, Monroe county, Bradley.
Rare. July.
MICROSTYLIS, Nuttald. Adder’ s-mouth.
MONOPHYLLOS, Lindley. Single-leaved Microstylis.
Shady bogs. Tamarack swamps between Jordanville and Page’s corners,
south Herkimer county. Bridgewater. Gray in Rare plants of Northern N.Y.
Between Clark’s mills and New-York mills. Cedar swamp near the Chenango
canal, three miles southwest of Utica. Shady borders of Hidden lake, Litch-
field. Borders of West-Bergen swamp. Rare. July.
LIPARIS, Richard, | — Twablade.
LILIIFOLIA, Richard. Lily-leaved Liparis.
Rich woods, banks of streams in shade. Rotterdam, Schenectady county,
Pearson. Verona, Knieskern.. Deep woods southeast of Clark’s mills. Ovid,
Seneca county, Brewer et Chickering in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll. ©
Scarce. June.
L@SELII, Richard. In honor of JoHN La@sEt.
Water-sides, marshes. Borders of Mud lake; on the swamps near Jordan-
ville; abundant in the shady borders and on the open marsh of Hidden lake;
and wet banks of Cedar lake, south Herkimer county. Northwestern part of
county, about Oneida lake, Gray. Rivulet-sides on the borders of the swamp
in West-Bergen, Genesee county. Frequent. June, July.
CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Coral-roots.
INNATA, R. Br. | Spurless Corallorhiza.
Wet moss in deep swamps, rarely in moist woods. Trenton falls. Cedar —
swamps on the flats of the Mohawk between Utica and Frankfort. Marsh
on Starch-factory creek east of Utica. Swamps west of Whitesboro. Paris
hill. Hidden lake borders. Tamarack marshes of Jordanville. Mud-lake
moss swamp. Frequent. May, June.
MULTIFLORA, Nutt. Many-flowered Corallorhiza.
Dry woods. } Abundant. August.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 139
ODONTORHIZA, Nutt. | Tooth-rooted Corallorhiza.
Deep rich woods. Otsego county, B. D. Gilbert. Ravine bottoms among the
head streams of Deerfield creek. Infrequent. July.
APLECTRUM, Nuttall. Adam-and-Eve.
HYEMALE, Nutt. Winter-lasting Aplectrum.
Damp woods in deep soil. College hill, Clinton. Foster’s grove, New-Hart-
ford. Woods on the Chenango canal, three miles southwest of Utica. Ori-
skany, Knieskern. Auburn, Cayuga county, J. H. Hall. Rochester, C. Dewey.
Scarce. May.
CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lady’s-slippers. Cypripedia.
PUBESCENS, Wild. Downy Cypripedium.
Rich oak woodlands; cedar and black ash swamps. Common. May.
PARVIFLORUM, Salisb. Small-flowered Cypripedium.
Deep damp woods. Low woods on the flats of Oriskany creek, between
Clinton and Manchester. Mohawk flats above Frankfort. Cedar swamp
between Day’s corners and Cedar lake, Litchfield; also the State marsh,
Jerusalem, Herkimer county. Infrequent. May.
On the Rolle-boom of the Rotterdam hills, Schenectady county, a speci-
men has been gathered, having all parts of the flower single, except the lip,
which is double. The two sacs are perfect, equal in form and of the usual
size, with complete orifices; distinct above, the two inside margins keeping
separate to the very point of attachment, the point of the sterile anther lying
between them; but below, they adhere about one-third their length. Lower
sepal entire. June.
cANDIDUM, MuAl. White-flowered Cypripedium.
Damp borders of streams and swamps.
Near Cooperstown, Otsego county, Horace Lathrop. The specimen in the
possession of Dr. LatrHrop, gathered a few years ago, certainly has the form
of this species; and he affirms that when growing, the flower was pure white.
And that its range commences in this part of the State, is not improbable.
It ought to be looked for through the northern valley of the Susquehanna,
and on the high marshes of its headwaters in south Herkimer county. The
tamarack swamps south of Jordanville are almost identical in character with
its habitat in the western part of the State, and contain many plarts its
companions there, including Parnassia caroliniana and Valeriana sylvatica.
On the open marsh of the Bergen swamp, Genesee county, but more abun-
dant along the edges of low woods bordering; where it was first found by
C. M. Booth and G. T. Fish. Rare. May.
SPECTABILE, Swartz. Showy Cypripedium.
Cold swamps. Summit lake in the cedar woods at its head, Otsego county.
Abundant in the marshes of Mud lake, Jordanville, Hidden lake, the State
marsh, and cedar swamps on the flats of the Mohawk below Utica, south
Herkimer county. Trenton falls, on the springy bank opposite the High falls;
and in swamps on the road to Utica. Between Oriskany and Rome. Swamp
on Paris hill.
In the last locality, and at Mud lake, the flowers are pure white frequently.
Infrequent. July.
_ ACAULE, Azton. | Stemless Cypripedium.
Sandy woods and swamps. Throughout Schenectady, Montgomery and Ot-
sego counties. Tamarack marshes between Page’s corners and Jordanville :
Frankfort hill, south Herkimer county. Paris hill swamp. Common on the
plains of Rome and Oneida lake. Above the cliffs along Fish creek. Sandy
woods in South-Trenton, and in the groves of Trenton falls. Abundant in
the northern part of the county, Lewis county, and the north woods.
Frequent.
Flowers white, near Cooperstown, Otsego county, Mrs. J. Shaw.
Rare. June.
140- EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
ARIETINUM, FR, Br. Ram’s-head Cypripedium.
Cold swamps, in moss and deep black soil. Summit lake, Otsego county, in
the half-open sphagnum bog-land adjoining, within clumps of low tamaracks
and arbor vite, or in their shade. In similar stations at Mud lake; but most
abundant on the tamarack marshes near Jordanville, on the road to Richfield
springs, Herkimer county. Usually growing singly or two or three together,
but often in clusters-of ten to twenty stems. Stems compressed, enclosed by
three sheaths at base, clothed with minute down, knotted at the bases of
leaves, twisted so that the leaves appear on all sides and not in opposite
ranks as in other species. Leaves three to six, ciliate, smooth above and
silvery-cellular beneath. Flower-bract large, ovate, leaf-like. F
This species, which has proved to be so rare and transitory, in these
stations appears both plenty and permanent. This is the more remarkable,
because occurring so far south; the plant being a northern one, and this”
habitat one of its limits southward.
Formerly, it has been found along the Rolle-boom near the Platte-kill,
Schenectady county, by Pearson ; and near Oneida lake, by Gray ; but the
plants have disappeared, or the stations are lost. Rare. May.
AMARYLLIDACE. Amaryllids.
HYPOXYS, L. Star- grass.
ERECTA, L. Upright Hypozxys.
Borders of woods, damp grass lands. Frequent. May — July.
TRIDACEA. ~ Trids.
IRIS, L.
VERSICOLOR, LL. Color-varying Iris.
Bogs and wet meadows. Common. May, June.
VIRGINICA, L. Virginian Iris.
Borders of marshes. Troy, Beck in herb. Rare. June.
SISYRINCHIUM,(L. Blue-eyed Grass.
BERMUDIANA, L., var. ANCEPS, Gray. Sword-spathed Sisyrinchium.
Waysides, pastures, meadows. Common. May — July.
DIOSCOREACEZ. Yam-roots.
DIOSCOREA J Plumier. Wild Yam-root.
VILLOSA, L. Downy Dioscorea.
Wet woods and thickets. Low sandy woods near Owasco lake, Cayuga
county, I. H. Hall. Rare. July.
SMILACEA. Smilaces.
SMILAX, Tournefort. Greenbriers.
ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. Round-leaved Smilaz.
Woods, thickets, near water. Schenectady county, E. W. Paige. Oneida
county, Knieskern. Penn-Yan, Sartwell. Rochester, C. Dewey.
Uncommon. June.
HISPIDA, Muhlenberg. Prickly Smilax.
Low woods, shady swamps. Oriskany valley; wet woods between Clinton
and Manchester; southeast of Clark’s mills. In all damp thickets, and
swamps on the flats of the Mohawk. Gorham, Seneca county, Sartwell. _
Frequent. June.
HERBACEA, L. . | Herbaceous Smilax.
Shaded banks of streams. Uncommon. June.
‘ig
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY.
TRILLIUM, L. Trillia.
SESSILE, L. Sesszle-flowered Trillium.
Rich woodlands. Near Irondequoit bay, Monroe county, L. Holzer.
. Rare. May.
cCERNUUM, L. Nodding Trillium.
Shady banks. Schenectady county, Pearson: Paige. Otsego county, H.
Lathrop. Scarce. May.
ERECTUM, L. Purple, Erect Trillium.
Rayines and moist banks. Common.
var. ALBUM, Pursh. White Trillium.
Valley of the Mohawk throughout: Frankfort: Utica. Valley of the Saquoit:
New-Hartford. Valley of the Oriskany: Clinton: Lairdsville. Abundant.
var. FLAVUM, Eaton. . Yellow Trillium.
Southern part of Lewis county. J. G. Crocker. Occasionally, with the nor-
mal form, in the vicinity of Utica. Banks of the Mohawk at Rome, Vasey.
Hamilton, Madison Vere and Norwich, Chenango county, J. 8. Douglass,
Torrey FI. N.Y. Scarce. May.
GRANDIFLORUM, Salisbury. Great-flowered Trillium.
Woods, cedar swamps, banks of streams. Abundant throughout the Mohawk
valley. Frequent in the Sauquoit and Oriskany vallies. | May.
ERYTHROCARPUM, Michauz. . Red-fruited Trillium,
Evergreen woods, open banks. Schenectady county, Pearson. Otsego county,
Miss S. Cooper. Trenton falls. Banks of the Deerfield creek. Brows of the
Starch-factory ravine. Frankfort hill. Paris hill. Sides of Oriskany creek,
-ayeinans seni Common throughout the sandy woods of Rome. Valley of
' the Unadilla, Gray. Abundant. May.
MEDEOLA, Gronovius. Cucumber-root.
virainica, L. Virginian Medeola.
Moist woods. Common. June.
LILIACE. Lilies.
ASPARAGUS, L.
OFFICINALE, L. Officenal Asparagus.
Pastures, ravines. Escapes frequently. | June.
POLYGONATUM, Tournefort. Solomon’s-seals. Polygonata.
BIFLORUM, Elliott. Twin-flowered Polygonatum.
Ravine-sides, moist woods. Abundant. May.
GIGANTEUM, Dietrich. Giant Polygonatum.
Banks of the Mohawk river, where it is common; but out of the valley it is
rare. Along Wood creek sparingly. June, July.
SMILACINA, Desfontaines. Smilacinas.
RACEMOSA, Desf. Racemed Smilacina.
Woods, thickets, hillsides. Common. May, June.
| STELLATA, Desf. Starry Smilacina.
Abundant on the banks of the Mohawk. Wood creek. Fish creek, Knieskern.
In all arbor-vitze swamps on the hills, from Summit lake westward to Hidden
lake. Frequent. J une.
142 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
TRIFOLIA, Desf. Three-leaved Smilacina.
Swamps. Summit lake. Mud lake. Jordanville marshes. Frankfort hill,
round Wetmore’s pond. Paris hill. Southeast of Oriskany. South Trenton.
Abundant in the swamps of Rome. Borders of Point of Rock lake. Common
in the cold marshes of the north woods. Abundant. May.
BIFOLIA, Ker. Two-leaved Smilacina.
Woods. Common. May.
CLINTONIA, Rafinesque. Wild Lily of the Valley.” Clintonia’
BOREALIS, Raf. Northern Clintonia.
Damp woods, and in all arbor-vitz swamps. Cold marshes and borders of -
ponds on the hills, from Otsego county, through the high swamps of Warren
and Litchfield to Cedar lake, south Herkimer county. Paris hill, and over
the uplands of the southern part of the county. Cedar swamps on the flats
of the Mohawk; between East-Canada creek and Littlefalls; below and
above Frankfort; ravines near Utica; south of Whitesboro; west of Ori-
skany; north of Rome. Swamps west of Rome and around Oneida lake.
About Point of Rock lake. Evergreen woods of South-Trenton. Sides of
North pond. Common in the north woods. Abundant, May, June.
HEMEROCALLIS, L. Day-lily.
FULVA, L. Fulvous Hemerocallis.
Roadsides; garden fences. Occasional. July.
ALLIUM, L. . Leeks.
TRICOCCUM, Azton. Three-seeded Allium.
Moist woods. ° Common. June.
cERNUUM, Foth. Drooping-flowered Allium.
Damp banks. Seneca county, shores of the lake, Gray. Chemung valley,
Knieskern, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Chemung county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Rare. July, August.
| VINEALE, L. Vineyard Allium.
Low meadows. Troy, Aiken in herb. Sartwell Ham.Coll. Schenectady coun-
_ty, Pearson: Paige. Near Utica, Knieskern in cat. Rare. June.
CANADENSE, Kalm. Canadian Allium.
Water-sides. Sander’s lake near Schenectady. Pearson. Shady woods,
Oneida county, Knieskern. Meadows on the flats of the Mohawk opposite
Whitesboro. Uncommon. May, June.
LILIUM, L. Lilies.
PHILADELPHICUM, L. Red Lily.
Plains, banks, bushes. Schenectady. Littlefalls. Rome. Abundant. June.
CANADENSE, L. Yellow Lily.
Wet meadows, borders of swamps. Pine plains of Schenectady. Otsego
county, Miss S. Cooper. Trenton falls, on the west bank opposite the High
falls. Oneida county, Knieskern. Meadows of the Mohawk. Sandy woods of
Rome. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Frequent. June, July.
SUPERBUM, L. Turk’s-cap. Superb Lily.
Low meadows and swamps. Common. July, August.
ERYTHRONIUM, L. Adder’s-tongues.
AMERICANUM, Smith. Yellow Erythronium.
Damp woods and meadows. Common. April, May.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 143
ALBIDUM, Nuttall. White Erythronium.
’ Wet meadows. Near Albany, Eaton bot. Albany, Torrey Fl. N.Y.: in herb.
Sartwell Ham. Coll. Delaware county, common, B. D. Gilbert.
Rare. April, May.
MELANTHACEZ. ) Melanthia.
UVULARIA, L. Bellworts.
GRANDIFLORA, Smith. Lar ge-flowered Uvularia.
Flats of streams, damp woods. Common. May.
PERFOLIATA, L. Small-flowered Uvularia.
Gulf-sides, borders of thickets. Ravines on the Deerfield hills. Frankfort
hill. Headwaters of the Sauquoit creek; of the Unadilla river; and south-
ward. Infrequent. May.
SESSILIFOLIA, L. Sesszle-leaved Uvularia.
Woods. Everywhere common. May.
PROSARTES, Don. Prosartes.
LANUGINOSA, Don. Downy Prosartes.
Rich open woods about Oriskany, Knieskern. Auburn, Cayuga county, J.
Carey in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll. Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sartwell.
Near Rochester, Eaton bot.: Z.H. Harris, Torrey Fl. N.Y.: C.M. Booth.
Greece, Monroe county, Bradley. Rare. May.
STREPTOPUS, Michauz.
AMPLEXIFOLIUS, DC. Stem-clasping Streptopus.
Cedar swamps. Fairfield, Hadley, Torrey Fl. N.Y. In most of the swamps
on the heights of Frankfort, near the Graefenberg Watercure; and Litchfield,
Gray. Paris hill. Rare. June.
RosEUS, Michz. Rosy-flowered Streptopus.
Ravines and woods. Common. May.
ZYGADENUS, Michauz.
eLaAucus, Nuttall. Glaucous Zygadenus.
On the gravelly banks of the St. Lawrence, in calcareous soil, Nuttall.
Abundant in the marly portions of the West-Bergen swamp, northeastern
Genesee county, chiefly in the shade of evergreens and throughout the arbor
vite bordering the marsh : discovered by G. T. Fisu. Rare. July.
VERATRUM, Tournefort. American Hellebore.
VIRIDE, Azton. ' Green-flowered Veratrum.
Wet meadows and swamps. Common. June.
CHAMAILIRIUM, Willdenow. Blazing-star.
LUTEUM, Gray. Light-yellow-flowered Chamelirium.
Meadows and low woodlands. Wet places in sandy woods near Owasco lake,
Cayuga county, J. H. Hall. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
| Rochester, Z. H. Harris in herb. Bradley. Rare. May, June.
TOFIELDIA, Hudson. | False Asphodel.
GLUTINOSA, Walld. Glutinous-stemmed Tofieldia.
Wet moss and shallow bogs on the swamp of West-Bergen, Genesee county.
In these moist stations, the plants are large and abundant; but sometimes
they are found in nearly dry marly mud, in company with Scleria verticillata
and Carex crawei, when they are dwarfed in size, flowering at the height of
three to six inches. Rare. June, July.
144 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
JUNCACE™. Rushes.
LUZULA, DC. : Wood-rushes.
PILOsSA, Weld. Hairy Luzula.
Damp shady banks of streams. Along Wood creek and near Oneida lake,
Knieskern. Abundant on the wooded flats and rocky sides of Fish creek.
Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Abundant. May.
CAMPESTRIS, DC. Field Luzula.
Dry woodlands. Common. May.
JUNCUS, L. Rushes. Junez.
EFFUSUS, L. Effuse Juncus.
Ditches, low meadows. Common. June.
FILIFORMIS, L. Filiform Juncus.
Sandy shores of lakes in the north woods. Head of Oneida lake, Gray.
Lake Ontario near Sackett’s-harbor, Gray in Rare plants of Northern N.Y.
Rare. July.
BALTICUS, Willd. Baltic Sea Juncus.
Gravelly shores of the St.Lawrence and of Lake Ontario, Torrey Fl. N. Y.
Lake shore, Sackett’s-harbor, Knieskern.
Common in the muddy portions of the swamp | in West-Bergen, north-
eastern Genesee county.
This plant appears out of place here. Its usual habitat is the border of
the Lake; while this station is three hundred feet or more above the level of
the Lake, and nearly twenty miles south of the shore and has been found
still farther inland. Other shore plants accompany it; Scirpus torreyi, Zy-
gadenus glaucus, Solidago houghtonit of which only one other station is
known, on the northern shore of Lake Michigan: all depend on the water
of the Lake for their establishment. Their presence at this place, therefore,
indicates that the surface of the water has been so much higher, or the land
so much lower, at some time past.
Furthermore, this is a seaside plant, native in the north of Europe and
on our northern coasts. For its introduction to the Great Lakes, it is just as
dependent on the ocean as are Ranunculus cymbalaria, Atriplex hastata,
Saliconia herbacea, Najas major, Ruppia maritima, Triglochin maritimum,
J. bulbosus, Scirpus maritimus and Spartina stricta for their existence at
Onondaga lake, and Lathyrus maritimus on the beaches of Oneida lake.
These localities are all nearly on the same level, which must have been the
shore of a maritime bay, during some ancient period. This period cannot
have been less remote than the Post- -tertiary, and may have been among the
epochs of the Tertiary itself.
So these stations prove these very species of plants to be very old; and
because still identical in character, both inland and on the coast, that they
have not — in the least during so many ages and so great changes.
Rare. July.
SCIRPOIDES, Lamarck. Scirpus-like Juncus.
Borders of ponds and streams. Lowsandy points of lakes in the north woods.
Shores of North pond near Alder creek. Shores of Lake Ontario, near
Sackett’s-harbor, Gray in Rare plants of Northern N.Y. Reoccurring on
the hills south of the Mohawk valley. Along Canaderaga lake outlet, Otsego
county. Southern Oneida and Madison counties, Gray. Yates county, Sart-
well in herb. Ham. Coll. Frequent. July.
PARADOXUS, Meyer. Remarkable-fruited Juncus.
Wet banks of rivulets, grassy marshes, around swamps, lakes, and all
water-courses. i .. Common. July, August.
[Senate No. 90.]
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 146
DEBILIS, Gray. Weak-stemmed Juncus.
Muddy bottoms of shady swamps.
Its habit clearly distinguishes this species; the stems lying flat on the
ground, radiating in all directions from the root, nearly two feet in length.
Infrequent. August, September.
ACUMINATUS, Michz. Sharp-fruited Juncus.
Marshes. Common along low shores in the north woods. In the swamps of
Warren, south Herkimer county, between Jordanville and Richfield springs.
Oneida county, Knieskern. Jefferson county, Vasey. Head of Seneca lake,
Gray. Crooked lake, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Frequent on the southern
borders of Bergen swamp, Genesee county. Abundant. July-September.
ARTICULATUS, L. Articulate Juncus.
Water-sides. Dexter, Jefferson county, Vasey. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb.
Ham. Coll.
var. PELOCARPUS, Gray. Brown-fruited Juncus.
Shores. Onondaga lake, on all sides, in shallow water. Banks of Genesee
river near Avon; mouth of the Genesee, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Rare. August.
noposus, L. Knotted-leaved Juncus.
Water-borders, muddy banks. North woods. Alder creek. Cedar lake,
south Herkimer county. Onondaga lake. Abundant. July.
var. MEGACEPHALDS, Torrey. Great-headed Juncus.
Sandy shores of Lake Ontario, Gray, Torrey Fl. N.Y.: bot. Wet soil near
the Lake shore, Monroe county, L. Holzer. Rare. July.
CONBADI, Tuckerman. Determined by CONRAD.
Sandy shores. Albany, Beck in herb. Plentiful on the banks of Third and
Fourth lakes, north Herkimer county; frequently viviparous. Rare. July.
styeius, L. Stygian Juncus.
In an extensive sphagnous swamp bordering Perch lake, Jefferson county;
not previously known as a native of North America, Gray in Rare plants of
Northern N.Y. Thirty years ago or so, it was found near the head of the
lake, on a wet quaking bog which extended to the water. But the !ake has
been raised at its outlet, or lowered; either of which would destroy the lo-
cality. Others have tried for years, but have not rediscovered the plant, Gray.
Specimens were taken from this station also by Crawe: Wood: Vasey.
The heads are not always single and terminal : many specimens have two,
one to three inches apart. Local. July, August.
TENUIS, Willd. Slender Juncus.
Roadsides, damp grounds. Common. June.
BULBOSUS, L., var. GERARDI, Gray. Black-grass.
Rivulet-sides and wet banks, east of Salina and west of Onondaga lake, in
thick patches. Common there. Local inland. August.
BUFONIUS, L. Toad Juncus.
Ditches, shores. Common. August.
PONTEDERIACE, Pickerel-weeds.
PONTEDERIA, L. Common Pickerel-weed.
CORDATA, L. Cordate-base-leaved Pontederia.
Shallow waters of lakes, ponds, rivers. Otsego lake, Miss S. Cooper. Lakes
of the north woods. Oneida lake, Knieskern. Bays and inlets on Lake On-
tario. Frequent.
var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Gray. Narrow-leaved Pontederia.
Borders of Canaderaga lake, Panag? county, Gray. July ~- September.
146 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
SCHOLLERA, Schreber. Water Star-grass.
GRAMINEA, Wild. . Grass-leaved Schollera.
Flowing water. Chenango canal, two miles southwest of Utica. Occasional.
in the Mohawk river throughout. Unadilla river common, Gray. Eaton
Madison county, Bradley. Junius, Seneca county, Sartwell in herb. Ham.
Coll. Genesee river and Irondequoit bay, C. M. Booth. Infrequent. August.
XYRIDACE. Ayrids.
XYRIS, L. Yellow-eyed Grass.
BULBOSA, Kunth. Bulbous Xyris.
Muddy edges of an elevated pond at the east end of Bald rock, north Her- —
kimer county. Growing in clusters of many plants connected at the roots :
very small in size, scapes two to six inches high, leaves one-half to two
inches long. Rare. July, August.
ERIOCAULONACE. Pipeworts.
ERIOCAULON, L.
SEPTANGULARE, Withering. Seven-angled Eriocaulon.
Lakes and ponds of the north woods, throughout and common. August.
CYPERACEA. Sedges.
CYPERUS, L. Cyperz.
DIANDRUS, Torrey. Two-stamened Cyperus.
var. CASTANEUS, Torr. Chestnut-colored Cyperus.
Wet pastures, Oneida county, Knieskern. Common in southern Oneida and
Madison counties, Gray. Marshy banks at Salina, and sandy shores beyond
Liverpool, Onondaga lake. Yates county, Sartwell. Monroe county, L.
Holzer. Abundant. August, September.
MICHAUXIANUS, Schultes. Discovered by MICHAUX.
Waterside marshes. Borders of Oneida lake, Knieskern. Salina, New-York,
J. Carey, Torrey Cyp. Wet banks at the head and east side of Onondaga
lake, but scarce. Shores of Lake Ontario : Oswego. Crooked lake, Sartwell.
Rare. August.
sTRIGOosUS, L. Strigose-spiked Cyperus.
Stream-sides, low sandy grounds. Valley of the Mohawk throughout, on
springy hillsides and gravelly banks. Whitesboro, on the barren sand from
the break of the Erie canal. Borders of swamps on the plains of Rome.
Around Onondaga lake. | Frequent. August.
INFLEXuUS, Muhl. Recurved-scaled Cyperus.
Sandy shores of rivers and lakes. Near Albany, T'racy and Eaton, Torrey
Cyp. Near Oneida lake, Gray Gram. & Cyp. Shore of Oneida lake at the
water’s edge, a half mile north of Fish creek, plenty, Knieskern.
Infrequent. August.
DENTATUS, Torr. Dentate-spiked Cyperus.
Shores of Fourth lake in the chain of Eight, north Herkimer and Hamilton
counties, on a sandy point of the north side, and at the head near the inlet —
from the upper lake: where it occurs in its abnormal state, with scales and
spikes foliaceous. ; Rare. August, September.
PHYMATODES, MvAl. Many-tubered Cyperus.
Damp banks. Low alluvial bottoms in the bed of the Mohawk river throngh-
out its length, but chiefly from Schenectady to Littlefalls; also in ditches and
bogs over the flats. Shores of Oneida lake, Torr. Cyp. Avon springs, Li-
vingston county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Common. August.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 147
SCHWEINITZII, Torrey. Discovered by SCHWEINITZ.
Dry sandy banks along the shore of Lake Ontario. Sodus bay, Sartwell in
herb. Ham. Coll. Near Greece, Monroe county, Bradley, Torrey Cyp. Beach
of Lake Ontario near Braddock’s bay, Bradley. Rare. August.
FILIcULMIS, Vahl. Filiform Cyperus.
Barren fields and banks. Abundant in the sandy wastes at the head of Oneida
lake. South shore of Oneida lake, Knieskern. Around Onondaga lake.
Frequent. July, August.
DULICHIUM, Richard.
SPATHACEUM, Persoon. Sheathed Dulzchium.
Marshes, borders of lakes, frequent. In the north woods, common. August.
HEMICARPHA, Nees von Esenbeck.
SUBSQUARROSA, JVees. Spreading-scaied Hemicarpha.
Sandy shores. Northern parts of the State of New-York, Stevenson ; western
parts of the same State, Gray; Torrey Cyp. Near Onsida lake, New-York,
Gray Gram. & Cyp. Shore of Oneida lake above the mouth of Fish creek,
with Cyperus inflexrus, Knieskern. _ Rare. July.
ELEOCHARIS, R&R. Brown.
OBTUSA, Schultes. Obtuse-scaled Eleocharis.
Marshes, low grounds. : Common. July.
PALUSTRIS, R. Br. Marsh Eleocharis.
Bogs, swamps, borders of ponds, lakes at the water’s edge. Often very high
when growing in shallow water. Common. July.
var. CALVA, Gray. Skull-spiked Eleocharis.
Western part of the State, Torrey Fl.N.Y. Watertown, Crawe, Gray bot.
August.
COMPRESSA, Sullivant. Compressed-culmed Eleocharés.
Shallow borders of lakes, or at the water’s edge, in the north woods. Wet
mud-banks of a millpond at Cedarville, south Herkimer county. Brownville,
Jefferson county, W. 4. Wood in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll. Scarce. August.
ROSTELLATA, Torrey. Rostrate-fruited Eleocharis.
Swamps. Junius, Seneca county, Sartwell, Torrey Cyp.and Fl. N.Y.: Gray
bot.: in herb. Surtwell Hum. Coll. Common on the swamp of West-Bergen,
Genesee county; in wet moss and water-covered marl.
This plant commonly bears fruitless culms two to four feet in length,
which, bending over, root at the end. August, September.
INTERMEDIA, Schultes. Intermediate Eleocharis.
Damp banks and shores. Jefferson county, Crawe, and Oneida county, Gray,
Torrey Cyp. Shores of North pond, southwest of Boonville. Near Oriskany,
Knieskern. Cedarville, covering the muddy banks of a millpond, and along
the creek towards Ilion; marly shores of Cedar lake, with Scirpus pauciflorus;
south Herkimer county. Southern Oneida and Madison counties, Gray.
Benton, Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Infrequent. August.
TENUIS, Schuites. Slender Eleocharis.
Marshes. Mud lake, Jordanville, Cedar lake, Hidden lake, and Cedarville,
south Herkimer, county. Frequent. August.
| actcunaris, R. Br. Needle Eleocharis.
Rivulet-sides, wet banks and bottoms of mud. Common. June ~ August.
148 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
SCIRPUS, L. Scirpi.
casPirosus, L. Tufted Scirpus.
Sphagnous bogs on mountain tops, and cold swamps. Mount Marey, Knies-
kern in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll. Common on the West-Bergen marsh,
northeastern Genesee county; where it grows very high, fifteen to twenty
inches. Rare. June, July.
PAUCIFLORUS, Lightfoot. Few-flowered Scirpus.
Marshes. Watertown near Lake Ontario, Crawe, Gray addend. bot. Hidden
lake, Litchfield; where it abounds in the peculiar covering composed of
Hypnum scorpioides, with Cariees chordorhiza, filiformis and limose chiefly:
marly bogs around Cedar lake, most abundant on an old outlet of the pond,
covering its surface : sonth Herkimer county. It also oceurs very sparingly
on the southern border of the swamp in Bergen, northeastern Genesee coun-
ty, in marl mud. Rare. July.
PLANIFOLIUS, Mul. Flat-leaved Scirpus.
Rocky woods and bogs. Ogdensburgh, St.Lawrence county, Crawe, Torrey
Cyp. Rare. June.
CLINTONII, Gray. Dedicated to G. W. CLINTON.
Dry banks.
Scirpus PLANIFOLIUS, var. brevifolius. Leaves much shorter than the
culm, very narrow, canaliculate, triquetrous towards the summit; scales
shorter and scarcely acuminate. Culm a foot long, very slender. Leaves
scarcely half a line wide, 1 —3 inches long, almost subulate. Spike broadly
ovate. Ogdensburgh, N.York, Crawe : Torrey Cyp.
Folio e vagina suprema involuto-filiformi culmo multum breviori, cz-
teris brevissimis vel subnullis; squamis capituli (preter infimam) carina
vix prominula haud percurrente muticis; setis perigynii achenium super-
antibus : rel. ut in S. planzfolio: Gray in Sill. Jour. Rare. June.
SUBTERMINALIS, Torrey. Subterminal-fruited Scirpus.
, y Pp
Deep still water. Inlet of a stream on the west side of First lake, north
Herkimer county. Sphagnum pond adjoining North pond, north Oneida co.
Rare. August.
var, TERRESTRIS. Emersed Subterminal-fruited Scirpus.
Wet moss on Hidden lake, south Herkimer county. Standing ten to twenty
inches high, with one to three or four erect strong leaves and open round
heads of fruit. Local. August.
PUNGENS, Vahl. Pointed Scirpus.
Lake borders, swamps. Shallow water of ponds in the north woods. Oneida
Jake, Knieskern. Western part of the State of New-York, Gray Gram. &
Cyp. Water-sides near Onondaga lake.
At Salina a small form occurs, short, slender, and few-flowered.
Abundant. August.
TORREYI, Olney. Determined by ToRREY.
Margins of rivers, ponds. Abundant near the head of Fourth lake, Hamil-
ton county, along the south shore, in shallow water on sandy bottoms. Also
in quantity over the southern portion of the swamp of West-Bergen, Genesee
county; in company with Juneus balticus and other Lake shore plants.
Rare. August.
e- ; :
LACUSTRIS, L. Lake Scirpus. _
Bogs, rivers, lakes. Common. July. *
' DEBILIS, -Pursh. «- Weak Scirpus. — [
Sandy borders of lakes. Wet shores of Oneida lake, Knieskern. Shore of
Lake Ontario near Sackett’s-harbor, New-York, Gray Gram. § Cyp.: Torr.
Cyp.: in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll. Rare. August, ;
bila
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. - 149
MARITIMUs, L. Seaside Scirpus.
Beaches, shore-marshes. Sandy banks at Salina and of Onondaga lake:
where all manner of forms abound, from a depauperate one and the smallest
size, up to the ordinary and highest states. Local inland.
var. MACROSTACHYOS, Michaux. Lar ge-headed Scirpus.
Marshes of Salina at the head of the lake. Abundant here, but local.
August — October.
FLUVIATILIS, Gray. River Scirpus.
Lake and river-marshes. Gravelly shores of Canaderaga lake, Otsego coun-
ty; where it was discovered by Dr. Gray inthe year 1832. Borders of Oneida
lake, Knieskern. Common in the western parts of the State of New-York,
Gray, Torrey Cyp. Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Irondequoit
bay of Lake Ontario, L. Holzer. Rare. August.
SYLVATictus, L. Woodland Scirpus.
var. ATROVIRENS, Gray. Dark-green Scirpus.
Low meadows, swamps. Common. July.
POLYPHYLLUS, Val. Many-leaved Scirpus.
Borders of wet woods and thicket-swamps. Near Penn-Yan, Yates county:
Lockport, Niagara county: Sartwell. Rare. July.
LINEATUS, Michz. Line-scaled Scirpus.
Swamps. Ontario county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. July.
ERIOPHORUM, Michz. Wool-bearing Scirpus.
Low grounds. Common.
var. CYPERINUS, Gray. Cyperus-like Scirpus.
Wet places on Bald rock, north Herkimer county.
var. LAXUS, Gray. Loose-fruiting Scirpus.
Marshes of the north woods. Borders of Oswego river. August.
ERIOPHORUM, L. Cotton-grasses. Eriophora.
ALPINuUM, L. Alpine Eriophorum.
Cold moss marshes. Oriskany swamp, Knieskern: Gray: Vasey. Abundant
on the extensive sphagnum swales beyond Rome, both sides of the Oswego
county road. Tufts on the surface of Hidden lake, Litchfield; and on the
borders of Mud ‘lake; south Herkimer county. Rare. June.
VAGINATUM, L. Sheathed-culmed Eriophorum.
Elevated swamps. Shaky sphagnum flats surrounding Wetmore’s pond on
Frankfort hill. Watertown and Utica, Gray, Torrey Cyp. Abundant in deep
sphagnous swamps on the pine plains six miles west of Rome. Rare. June.
virGinicum, L. Virginian Eriophorum.
Sphagnum bogs. Frankfort hill. Paris hill. Oriskany. Rome. South Trenton.
Near North pond. Common in the north woods. August.
POLYSTACHYON, L. _ Many-spiked Eriophorum.
Wet meadows, grassy bogs. Common.
var. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Gray. Narrow-leaved Eriophorum.
Cedar and moss-swamps. Western part of the State; Oriskany swamp;
Brookfield, Madison county; Gray. Sphagnum bog southeast of Oriskany,
on the hill. North Herkimer county marshes, at the edges of woods.
Rare. July.
150 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
GRACILE, Koch. Slender Eriophorum.
Mossy marshes. Open grassy bog, north of Summit lake, Otsego county.
Cedar swamp bordering Mud lake : abundant on Hidden lake; south Herki-
mer county. Common on cold bogs west of Fort Bull, Rome, near the Erie
canal. Pools in the sphagnous marsh adjoining North pond. Wet banks and
along brooks in the north woods. Infrequent. June.
FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl.
AUTUMNALIS, Rem. § Schultes. Autumnal Fimbristylis.
River-sides. Troy and Schenectady, Pearson. Infrequent. August, Sept.
CAPILLARIS, Gray. Capillary Fimbristylis.
Dry sand. Pine plains of Schenectady, E. W. Paige. Sandy plains of Oneida
lake, Gray. Uncommon. August, September.
RHYNCHOSPORA, VeaAl. Beaked Rushes.
FuscA, Rem. § Schultes. - Brown Rhynchospora.
Lake-shores and boggy margins of ponds in the north woods, Herkimer and
Hamilton counties : abundant there. August.
ALBA, Vahl. White Rhynchospora.
Marshes. Summit lake. Mud lake. Frankfort hill. State marsh. Hidden lake.
Oriskany swamp, Knieskern. North pond, off Alder creek; and in all the
bogs of the north woods. Common. August.
CAPILLACEA, Torrey. Capillary Rhynchospora.
Bogs and wet rocks. Cranberry marsh at the head of Oneida lake, Knieskern.
On limestone rocks, Watertown, New-York, Gray Rhyn. Junius, Seneca
county, Sartwell. Crevices and seats of the wet cliffs below the falls of Ge-
nesee river, Rochester. West-Bergen swamp, Genesee county.
A variety with twelve bristles is abundant on Hidden lake and the State
marsh, Litchfield, south Herkimer county. Rare. July, August.
GLOMERATA, Vahl. Clustered Rhynchospora.
Mossy level adjoining an elevated pond at the east end of Bald rock, north
of Third lake, north Herkimer county. Rare. August.
CLADIUM, Browne.
MARISCOIDES, Torrey. Mariscus-like Cladium.
Marshes and lake-shores. Abundant on Hidden lake, Litchfield. Oriskany
swamp, Gray: Knieskern. Common on borders of lakes and ponds in the
north woods. Infrequent. August.
SCLERIA, L. Nut-rushes.
TRIGLOMERATA, Michaux. Three-clustered Scleria.
Swamps, low copses. Plains of Rome, Knieskern. Yates county, Sartwell.
Infrequent. July.
PAUCIFLORA, Muhlenberg. Few-flowered Scleria.
Wet meadows, hillsides. Greece, Monroe county, Bradley. Rare. July.
VERTICILLATA, MuAl. Whorled-fruzted Scleria.
Marshes. Junius, Seneca county, Sartwell, Torrey Cyp.: Gray Gram. &
Cyp.: in herb. Sartwell Ham.Coll. Abounding in the damp marl of the
West-Bergen swamp, Genesee county.
The fresh plant has a peculiar and agreeable fragrance. Rare. August.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 151
CAREX, L. Carices.
GYNOCRATES, Wormskjold. Strong-pistilled Carex.
Swamps. Savannah, Wayne county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Springy
banks a few miles south of Rochester, west of the Genesee river, Dewey.
Abundant in the swamp of West-Bergen, Genesee county, in moisture and
shade, covering low mounds and decaying logs. Rare. June.
EXILIs, Dewey. _ Meagre-fruited Carex.
Elevated bogs. Marshy borders of a pond off the east end of Bald rock,
north of Third lake, north Herkimer county. Rare. June, July.
STERILIS, Willdenow. Barren-spiked Carex
Cold bogs on the hills. Frankfort hill. Paris hill. Summit lake. Hidden
lake. Sphagnous swamps between Rome and Oneida lake. West-Bergen,
Genesee county Infrequent. June.
BROMOIDES, Schkuhr. Bromus-like Carex.
Marshes, water-sides. Common. May.
DIsTICHA, Hudson. Two-ranked-fruited Carex.
var. SARTWELLII, Dewey. Discovered by SARTWELL.
Swamps. Junius, Seneca county, Sartwell.
Fruit not two-rowed. Rare. July.
DEcoMposITA, Muhlenberg. Decompound-spiked Carex.
Swamps. Junius, Seneca county, and Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sartwell.
Rare. July.
PRAIREA, Dewey. Prairie Carex.
Marshes on the hills south of the Mohawk valley. In the open mossy bog-
land north of Summit lake, Otsego county. Edges of Mud lake; common
on the tamarack swamps between Jordanville and Page’s corners; abundant
over the surface of Hidden lake; sparingly in the State swamp of Jerusalem
hill, Litchfield; south Herkimer county. Yates county}; Sartwell. West Ber-
gen, Genesee county. Rare. July.
CEPHALOPHORA, Willd. Head-bearing Carez.
Copses, sandy fields. Borders of thickets, north side of the river opposite
Whitesboro. Mohawk valley. Knieskern. Greece, Monroe county, Bradley.
Frequent. May, June.
MUHLENBERGII, Schkuhr. Discovered by MUHLENBERG.
Rocky woods, fields. Valley of the Mohawk, Knieskern. Dry sandy hills
near Irondequoit bay, L. Holzer. Braddock’s bay, Monroe county, Bradley:
Sartwell: Dewey. Rare. June.
CHORDORHIZA, L. Cord-rooted Carex.
Cold swamps, lake and river borders. Hidden lake and Jerusalem marsh,
abundant. Oriskany swamp, Knieskern. Junius, Seneca county, Sartwell.
Boggy margins of lakes in the north woods, frequent. St.Lawrence river
near Ogdensburgh, Crawe, Eaton bot. Rare. July.
CEPHALOIDEA, Dewey. Head-like Carez.
Fields and hedges. Banks of the Mohawk between Oriskany and Rome,
Vasey. Penn-Yan, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Infrequent. June.
SPARGANIOIDES, MuAl. Spar ganium-like Carex.
Wet meadows, low thickets. Common. June.
ROSEA, Schkuhr. Rose-like-headed Carex.
Cedar swamps. Abundant. June.
var. RADIATA, Dewey. Radiate-fruited Carex.
Meadows and open woods. Occasional. Junes
152 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
RETROFLEXA, MuhAl. Reflexed-fruited Carex.
Wet. woods, moss marshes. Frequent. June — August.
DISPERMA, Dewey. Two-seeded Carex.
Swamps, especially those of arbor vite; abundant in all. May, June.
VULPINOIDEA, Michaux. Fox-like Carex.
Ditches. Common. June, July.
SCABRIOR, Sartwell. Rougher Carex.
Wood-borders, copses. Penn-Yan, Yates conty, Sartwell. Rare. June, July.
SETACEA, Dewey. Awned-fruited Carex.
Moist banks. Abundant at the head of Hidden lake, Litchfield, south Her-
kimer county. Infrequent. June, July.
TERETIUSCULA, Goodenough. Rounder- headed Carex.
Swamps. Borders of Summit lake, and in the open marsh-land northward,
Otsego county. Margins of Mud lake; in the State marsh; and on Hidden
lake; south Herkimer county. Oriskany, Knieskern. Western part of the
State, Gray Gram. & Cyp. Penn-Yan, Sartwell. Frequent. June, July.
_sTipata, MuAl. Crowded-spiked Carex.
Wet meadows. Abundant. May, June.
ALOPECOIDEA, Tuckerman. Foxtail-like Carex.
Grassy woods. Oneida county, Vasey. Yates county, Sartwell.
Rare. June, Juiy.
STELLULATA, Good. Star-like Carex.
Deep swamps of cedar or sphagnum. Common. June.
SCIRPOIDES, Schkuhr. . Scirpus-like Carex.
Arbor vitz swamps. Frequent. May.
cuRTA, Good. Short-fruited Carex.
Marshes. Frankfort hill, abundant around Wetmore’s sphagnum pond.
Oriskany. Rome. Swamps of the north woods. Frequent. June, July.
TENELLA, Lhrhart. Slender Carex.
Bogs of Rome. Beyond Fort Bull, in low open woods. In the extensive
swamp northwest of New-London, north side of Wood creek. Rare. June.
DEWEYANA, Schkuhr. Discovered by DEWEY.
Shady ravines, damp woods. Around Mud lake, Warren: grove on the
banks of Cedar lake, Litchfield: south Herkimer county. Rich bottoms of
Starch-factory creek near Utica, and over the mossy sides of many deep ra-
vines at its head. Shaded rocky banks of Fish creek, from Taberg northward.
Scarce. July.
TRISPERMA, Dewey. Three-seeded Carex.
Cedar and sphagnum swamps. Frankfort hill. On the flats of the Mohawk
below Utica. Near Oneida lake, Knieskern. South-Trenton. North woods.
Abundant. July.
ARGYRANTHA, Tuckerman. Silver-flowered Carex.
Borders of low woods near the sphagnum swale of South-Trenton.
Rare. June, July.
TENUIFLORA, Wahlenberg. Small-flowered Carex
Open moss-swamp west of Fort Bull, Rome, south of the Erie canal, where
it is abundant, Formerly in the Oriskany swamp, Vasey ; but now all gone.
Rare. June.
~
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 153
STRAMINEA, Wahlenberg. Straw-colored Carex.
Swamps and their borders. Frequent. May, June.
MIRABILIS, Dewey. Notable Carex.
Wet meadows. Bottoms of the Mohawk river. Flats of Fish creek.
Frequent. June.
CRISTATA, Schwetnitz. Plume-headed Carex.
Low grounds. Abundant. June.
LAGOPODIOIDES, Schhuhr. Fiare’s-foot, Lagopus-like Carex.
Marshes, shady wet weods. Frequent. June, July.
TENERA, Dewey.- Pliant Carex.
Swamps. Common. June.
FESTUCACEA, Schkuhr. Festuca-like Carex.
Meadows, copses. Uncommon. July.
SCOPARIA, Schkuhr. Broom-like Carex.
Roadsides, bogs. Common. July.
SYCHNOCEPHALA, Carey. Clustered-headed Carex.
Spicis androgynis inferne masculis crebris arcte capitato-aggregatis folioso-
bracteatis ; stigmatibus 2; perigyniis compressis e basi ovato-lanceolata
abrupte contracta subsessili longe sensimque rostratis apice bifidis margine
scabris squamam hyalinam lanceclatam abrupte mucronatam paulo super-
antibus.
Hab. \n Nov. Ebor. Comitat. “ Jefferson,” ubi legerunt cl. 1.B.Crawe,
M.D., et cl. W.A.Wood, M.D.
Culm about a foot high, leafy, smooth; spikes sessile, densely clustered,
forming a compound capitate spike subtended by 3 long unequal foliaceous
bracts much exceeding the spike. Perigynium tapering from an abruptly
contracted ovate base into a long and slender scabrous bifid beak, a little
exceeding the lanceolate abruptly mucronate scale. Achenium ovate,
compressed, crowned with the lengthened style.
This plant, which has a great resemblance to C. cyperoides, Linnzxvus, dif-
fers from that species in the nearly sessile perigynium, which tapers from a
much wider and contracted (not attenuated ) base into a shorter beak, of
which the teeth are also shorter than in the European plant. The perigynia
are more crowded on the rachis than in C. cyperoides, the spikes of which,
owing to the greater length of the beaks, have a more comose appearance
than in our plant. The scale is shorter, abruptly mucronate, and not gradual-
ly tapering as in C. cyperoides; and the achenium is ovate, not ovate-oblong
as in that species : Carry in Sill. Jour.
Moist banks, wet meadows. Borders of woods, roadside between Watertown
and Adams, where it was discovered by Knieskern aud Vasey. about the year
1844. Watertown, received from Crawe, Dewey. Littlefalls, above the village,
between the canal and the river, in a low meadow, Vasey. Rare. June, July.
LENTICULARIS, Micha. Lentil-fruited Carex.
On an island in Lake Sanford, not far from the McIntyre lron-works, Knies-
kern. Sanday shores of Fourth lake in the chain of Kight, north Herkimer
county: only at the water’s edge, often in shade, where it grows two feet
high, but on exposed banks it bears full-sized spikes at the height of four
or five inches : abundant there. Rare. July, August.
: AuREA, Nuttall. Golden-fruited Carex.
| Wet rocks and banks. Ledges within reach of the spray from the upper
| falls, Trenton falls. West-Canada creek, Gray. Marshy slopes round Cedar
,
lake : hillsides of Hidden lake, Litchfield : south Herkimer county. Low
grass-lands along the road between Vanhornsville and Summit lake, Spring-
field, Otsego county. Banks of Oriskany creek, Knieskern. Scarce. June.
”
[ Senate No. 90.]
154 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
TORTA, Boott. = Curving-spiked Carex.
Low grounds of streams. Starch-factory creek Oriskany creek. Fish creek.
Abundant in a few localities, Yates county, Sartwell.
Uncommon. May, June.
VULGARIS, Fries. Universal Carex.
Swamp near Oriskany, Knieskern. Rare. June.
STRICTIOR, Dewey. Close-leaved Carex.
Borders of ponds, swamps Frequent. May, June.
STRICTA, Goodenough. Upright-leaved Carex.
Bogs. Common. May, June, °
ANGUSTATA, Booitt. Narrow-leaved Carex.
Beaver-meadows and marshes of the north woods, abundant. Cold swamps
on the south range of hills. Junius, Seneca county, Sartwell. Infrequent. July.
AQUATILIS, Wahl. Water Carex.
Upland swamps. Around Summit lake, and over the open moss swamp above
it, Otsego county. Borders of Mud lake, Warren; on Hidden lake, and the
State marsh, Litchfield; south Herkimer county. Junius, Seneca county,
Sartweli.
Filiform peduncles of fertile spikes, sometimes a foot in length, oecasional-
ly proceed from near the root. Scarce. July.
GYNANDRA, Schweinitz. Double-spiked Carex.
Swamps. Rome, abundant west of Fort Bull. Frequent. June.
CRINITA, Lamarck. Fringed-spiked Carex.
Stream-sides. Common. June, July.
POLYTRICHOIDES, Muhl. Haircap-moss, Polytrichum-like Carex.
Cedar and moss swamps. Common. June.
LEUCOGLOCHIN, Hhrhart. White-arrowheaded Carex.
Sphagnum swamps. Scarce about Wetmore’s pond, Frankfort hill. Common
on the swale of South-Trenton. Near North pond. Abundant in the north
woods, in nearly all mossy lowlands. Near Watertown, Gray Gram. & Cyp.
Rare. June, July.
PEDUNCULATA, Muhlenberg. Long-peduncled Carex.
Shady hillsides and rich ravine bottoms. Abundant. May.
WILLDENOWII, Schkuhr. In honor of WILLDENOW.
Dry banks. Watertown, Jefferson county, Crawe, Gruy Gram. & Cyp.:
Knieskern. Yates county, Sartwell. Rare. June.
STEUDELII, Kunth. Discovered by STEUDEL.
Hilly woods. Jefferson county, New-York, Wood. Watertown, Dr. W. A.
Wood, Dewey. Rare. June.
BACKII, Boott. Dedicated to BAck.
Rocky banks. On an island in Perch lake, Crawe, Dewey. About Water-
town, Knieskern. Dexter, Jefferson county, Vasey. Rare. June.
SQUARROSA, J. Squarrose-spiked Carex.
Bogs. Near Bath, Steuben county, Knieskern: Sartwell.
Scarce. June, July.
VIRESCENS, Muhl. Green-spiked Carex.
Shady hillsides, moist woods. Frankfort hill. Cascade glen; southeast of
Utica; abundant about the upper falls. Oriskany, Knieskern. Woodlands
along the cliffs of Fish creek. Monroe county, L. Holzer. ‘
Frequent. June, July.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 155
HIRSUTA, Willdenow. Hair-sheathed Carex.
Wet meadows. Schenectady, northeast of College buildings; and along the
brow of the Rotterdam hills. Littlefalls, flats of the Mohawk above the vil-
lage, south side of the river. Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sartwell.
Frequent. June.
BUXBAUMII, Wahlenberg. Honorary to BUXBAUM.
Swamps. Junius, Sertwell. Banks of the Genesee river, Greece, Bradley.
At the head of the swamp in West-Bergen, Genesee county. Rare. June.
- GRACILLIMA, Schweinitz. Slender Carex.
Meadows, copses, woods. Common. June, July.
FORMOSA, Dewey. Handsome Carex.
Moist banks and woodlands. Site of old Fort Bull, Rome, Vasey. Penn-
Yan, Sartwell. infrequent. June.
DAVISII, Zorrey. Dedicated to K. Davis.
Shaded banks. Utica, Gray Gram. & Cyp. Along the Mohawk banks op-
posite Whitesboro, under three butternut trees; below, on wooded hillsides
bordering a Cephalanthus swamp. Oriskany, Vasey. Frequent. June.
UMBELLATA, Schkuhr. Umbellate Carex.
Rocks; sandy hills and plains. Over the river and abuve Utica. Oriskany,
Dewey: F. Boott. Western part of the State, Gray Gram. & Cyp. Abundant
on the dry plains of Rome. Tufts on the sides of Bald rock, north of Third
lake, north Herkimer county. Penn-Yan, Sartwell. Abundant.
var. VICINA, Dewey. Near-headed Umbellate Carex.
The form with one or two heads of fruit close beneath the sterile spike, is
found on the barren ridges bordering the open sphagnum swamps beyond
Rome, Frequently. June.
EMMONSII, Dewey. Dedicated to K. EMMons.
Dry banks. Oriskany, Oneida county; Mount Hope, Rochester; Dewey.
Abundant in a few localities, Yates county, Sartwell. Webster, Monroe
county. L. Holzer. Infrequent.
var. ELLIPTICA, Boott. Longfruited Carex.
Spicis congestis ; perigyniis longioribus (14% — 75 lin. longis, ifs latis)
hirsutis squamam subduplo superantibus ; achenio elliptico triquetro (145
lin. longo, 3 lin. lato), basi styli decidua. ‘Tab. cctxxxvul. New-York,
Knieskern.
The var. has a longer body to the perigynium and a longer achenium, and
the pubescence is softer and longer, and the propo*tionate length of the
perigynium to the squame gives a peculiar aspect to the spike. It has not
been noticed by authors: F. Boorr.
Penn ian ; Rochester; Dewey. Infrequent. July.
PENNSYLVANICA, Lamarck. Pennsylvanian Carex.
Shady banks and deep thickets. Sides of the Mohawk valley, from Sche-
nectady to Littlefalls. Sandy ridges opposite Whitesboro, north side of the
Mohawk. Common on the plains of Rome.
Radical peduncles of fertile spikes, in addition to the usual one below the
sterile, appear frequently in specimens from the pine woods of Schenectady
county; and from sand-ridges among the sphagnum swales west of Rome,
between the Oswego county road and Wood creek. Abundant. May.
NOV H-ANGLIAZ, Schweinitz. New-England Carex.
Mountain streams. From Mount Marcy, N.Y., Dewey. Adirondac river,
Essex county, Knieskern, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Lake Sanford, Knieskern. _
Rare. July.
VARIA, Muhil. Variable-sized Carex.
_ Dry rocks and banks, both open and shaded. Common. May.
156 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
VESTITA, Willdenow. Hair-clothed-fruited Carex.
Sandy eopses. Pine plains of Schenectady, Knieskern: Pearson: Tucker-
man: F. Boott. Rare. June.
PUBESCENS, Juhl. Pubeseent Carex.
Open rich woods, river-bottom meadows. Banks of the Mohawk river op- .
posite Whitesboro, on sandy sidehilis. Meadows, Oriskany. Knéieskern.
Watertown. Jefferson county, Gray Gram. & Cyp.
Occasionally a specimen oceurs having an additional fertile spike on a long
slender pedunele, nearly radical. Infrequent. June.
FLAVA, L. Yellow Carex.
Low grounds, meadows, swamps, shores; most abundant in limestone soils.
Littlefalls; Mud lake; swamp of Cedarville; between Day’s eorners and
Cedar Jake; around Cedar lake; on Hidden lake and the State marsh,
Litchfield; south Herkimer county. Utica, Oriskany, Knieskern. Swamps of
Rome, west of Fort Bull. Trenton falls, on the rocks opposite the upper
falls, in the spray; a small form. Abundant between Steuben station and
Boonville; and common along the wet banks of North pond.
Frequent. June ~ August.
OEDERI, Hhrhart. Oederian Carex.
Wet banks. Shore of Lake Ontario near Sackett’s-harbor, Crawe, Gray
Gram. & Cyp. Watertown, Jefferson county, Vasey. Abundant in the swamp
of West-Bergen, Genesee county; a large form. Rare. June, July.
FOLLICULATA, L. Inflated-f~ruited Carex.
Swamps. Frankfort hill, round Wetmore’s bear-pond. Oriskany and Oneida
lake, Knieskern. Western part of the State, Gray in Rare plants of Northern
N.Y.: Gram. & Cyp. Abundant in the shady swamps of Rome, from old
Fort Bull to New-London. Sphagnum swale adjoining North pond. Abun-
dant on the borders of beaver-meadows and swamps of the north woods.
In marshes occasionally it oecnrs not over a span high, with two or three
full-sized heads of fruit; and at the same time, within a few feet, on firmer
ground, it grows to the height of four feet or more. Frequent. June, July.
ROSTRATA, Michaux. Rostratefruited Carex.
Shores and elevated marshes. Overflowed sandy point on the south side of
Fourth lake in the chain of Eight; abundant on the level marshes surround-
ing two ponds, at each end of Bald rock; north Herkimer county.
In bogs, dwarf forms are found, five or six inches high, with two or three
perfect heads of fruit. Rare. June — August.
INTUMESCENS, Rudge. Swollen-fruited Carex.
Wet meadows and swamps. Common. June, July.
GRAYII, Carey. Discovered by GRAY.
Spica mascula solitaria pedunculata; spicis foemineiggi@e globosis densi-
(25 — 30-) floris exserte pedunculatis ; stigmatibus 3; perigyniis deflexo-
patentibus ovatis ventricosis multi-nervosis rostratis ore bifidis squamam_
ovatam hyalinam mucronatam triplo superantibus,
Hab. Ad ripas fluminum ‘‘ Mohawk” et ‘‘ Wood creek,” Nov. Ebor.
occident. detexit cl. A. Gray, M.D.
Culm 3 feet high, robust, triquetrous, smooth and leafy. Leaves taller
than the culm, 4-5 lines broad, rough on the margin. Sterile spike
14 — 2 inches long: fertile spikes lobular, occasionally single, but gene-
rally z, quite distinct and separate, 14 inch in diameter. Perigynia
crowded, deflexed, smooth and shining, g lines in length, 25 — 30-nerved,
tapering into a long perfectly glabrous beak. Achenium obtusely triangu-
lar, minutely dotted under a lens, crowned with the long continuous style,
Dr. Gray, who first detected this plant on the banks of the Mohawk at
Utica, and described it as a variety of C. intumescens, Rupes, remarks that
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 157
it ‘‘is characterized by its larger and coarser habit, and by its globose many-
flowered pistillate spikes. It flowers a month later than the ordinary form of
the species, and when young might readily be mistaken for C. lupulina.” To
this may be added, that C. intwmescens, owing to the scarcely exserted
peduncles, has the loose few- (5—8-) flowered spikes closely approximate,
so as to be almost indistinguishable; and the perigynia are erect, much.shorter
(6-7 lines long), slightly serrulate towards the apex of the beak, and only
15-—20-nerved. Though closely resembling C. intumescens, these constant
characters, and a marked difference in aspect, appear to entitle this plant to
rank as a species : Carry in Sill. Jour.
This species was found by Dr. Gray in meadows at Utica, and described,
in 1834, in the Ann. Lyc. N.York, as a variety of C. intumescens. The large
globular female spikes, the smooth perigynium with its gradual acumination
into a short rostrum, its more copious nerves, stouter and smoother culm
and broader leaves, sufficiently distinguish it : F. Boor.
Rich river-bottoms. On the flats of the Mohawk below Utica. in meadows,
Gray. Above Utica and opposite Whitesboro. Oriskany, Knieskern: Vasey.
Wood creek, J. Carey. Reappears in the valley of the Genesee river.
Frequent. July, August.
LUPULINA, Muhlenberg. Hop-fruited Carex.
Bogs on the flats of streams, borders of swamps. Common. July, August.
LUPULIFORMIS, Sartwell. Hop-formed Carex.
Cold marshes. Highlands of New-York, Barratt, Gray Gram. & Cyp. Yates
county, Sartwell. Uncommon. July.
TENTACULATA, Muh. Tentacle-fruited Carex.
Marshy places. Common.
var. PARVULA. Small Tentaclefruited Carex.
A form occurs on wet flats of the Mohawk from Littlefalls to Rome, which
is much smaller and more slender than the common plant, with spikes and
perigynia less than half the usual size, and of a red-brown color. The scales
also are oblong-lanceolate, and nearly entire or even at the end.
var. ROSTRATA, Sartwell. Large-beaked Tentaclefruited Carex.
Water-sides. Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sartwell. June, July.
PLANTAGINEA, Lamarck. Plantain-leaved Carex.
Ravine-sides and cedar swamps. Common. May.
CAREYANA, Dewey. Discovered by CAREY.
Dry woods. Jefferson county, W..A. Wood. Found near Auburn in 1832 by
Joun Carry. Woods near the Genesee river, four or five miles above Ro-
chester, W. Boott: Dewey. Copses in Henrietta, Genesee county.
Rare. May.
LAXIFLORA, Lamarck. Loose-flowering Carex.
Moist woods. Common.
var. INTERMEDIA, Boott. Intermediate Loose-flowering Carex.
Open woods. Oriskany, Vasey, F. Boott. About Utica, in all ravines, river-
bottoms, copses. Yates county, Sartwell. Abundant. May, June.
var. PATULIFOLIA, Dewey. Wide-leaved Loose-flowering Carex.
Deep rich woods. Frequent.
PLATYPHYLLA, Carey. Flat-leaved Carex.
Limestone rocks and hillsides. Littlefalls, shady cliffs of Fall hill, south of
the Mohawk. Litchfield, springy sloping meadows between Cedar lake and
Hidden lake. Among loose rocks of the Chittenango creek ravine. Wooded
sides of the Black river between Brownville and Dexter. Infrequent. June.
BLANDA, Dewey. Delicate-formed Carex.
Dry woods and meadows. Common. June.
158 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
RETROCURVA, Dewey. Drooping-fruited Carex.
Copses. Pleasant valley of Oriskany creek, above the dam, Vasey. Penn-
Yan, Yates county, Sartwell. Rare. June.
CONOIDEA, Schkuhr. Conical-fruited Carex.
‘Wet meadows. Schenectady, a mile or more northeast of the Colleges.
Western part of the State, Gray Gram. §& Cyp. Frequent in Yates county,
Sartwell. Scarce. June.
GRISEA, Wahlenberg. Grayfruited Carex.
Moist woods, thickets, banks. Common. June.
DIGITALIS, Walldenow. Finger-length Carex. .
Shaded hillsides. Watertown, Jefferson county, Crawe, Gray Gram. & Cyp.
The true form from Jefferson county, Dewey. Dexter, Vasey. Yates county,
Sartwell. Frequent about Rochester, C. M. Booth. Wet meadows, Greece,
Monroe county, L. Holzer. Uncommon. June.
EBURNEA, Boott. Ivory-scaled Carex.
Cliffs. Helderberg mountains, Pearson. Abundant at Littlefalls, south side
of the river. Trenton falls. Fish creek precipices, on Hudson river sand-
stones. Western part of the State, Gray Gram. & Cyp. Watertown, N.Y.,
Crawe, Schwein. & Torrey Carices. All along Crooked lake outlet, Sartwell.
Wet woods. Shady borders of the swamp in West-Bergen, Genesee coun-
ty; in similar stations as thuse of C. gynocrates aud C. disperma.
Scarce. June, July.
GRANULARIS, Muhlenberg. Granular-spiked Carex.
Wet meadows, along streams. Common.
var. RECTA, Dewey. Straight-beaked Granular-spiked Carez.
Sterile meadows at Schenectady, a, mile or more northeast of Union College:
abundant there.
On the tops and sides of the Rotterdam hills occurs a form having short
wide root-leaves, broad foliaceous bracts, a single staminate spike sessile at
the base of and shorter than the highest fertile one, fertile spikes three or
four nearly sessile, perigynia long-ovoid and beakless. _ Rare. June.
VAGINATA, Tausch. a Sheathed-culmed Carez.
Spica mascula solitaria, pedunculata, oblonga, sub anthesi infracta, femi-
neis subbinis, ternisve, exserte pedunculatis, remotis, erectis, oblongis,
laxifloris; bracteis foliaceis, vagina dilatata patula; stigmatibus tribus;
utriculis squama apice carinata longioribus, oviformi-triangularibus, basi
attenuatis, glabris, rostro brevi, inzqualiter bidentato; culmo levi, striato,
basi foliato; foliis margine sursum scabris; caudice stolonifero : Kunze
Suppl. zu Schkuhr Riedgr.
Plants growing in large patches, from creeping roots. Stolons three to
ten inches in length; invested with sheaths about as long as the nodes.
Leaves radical; very long, twelve to eighteen inches; very narrow, only
a line and a half wide; glabrous, but rough on the margin from base to
end; acuminate ; light green. Culms one to two and a half feet in length,
usually about twenty inches; with one to three sheaths at base prolonged
into short leaves; compressed, flat; striate; smooth or harsh above on
the ridges; filiform, weak, leaning from the root with its spikes bending
over nearly to the ground, or the whole stem reclining on the leaves ;
sheathed toward the end. Sheaths from knots of the culm, cylindrical for
about an inch, then open and ending as short narrow sharp bracts ciliate
or scabrous margined ; enclosing the peduncles of the fertile spikes and
sometimes the fruit itself. Peduncles a little longer than the sheaths, rare-
ly four inches long if rising from near the root, slender, erect or when
elongated drooping with the fruit. Fertile spikes usually two, often only
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 159
one, rarely three; remote, three to five inches; cylindric; about an inch
long, loose-flowered, often much longer with scattered alternate fruit on a
zigzag rachis. Perigynia rarely globose, with a short beak contracted from
its base; commonly trigonal, narrowed below, bearing a distinct rostrum
nearly a line in length, which is turned obliquely outward to a greater or
less degree; or frequently long-oval tapering upward, two lines in length,
bending with the short beak slightly to one side; nerved ; quite smooth.
Rostrum rarely bidentate, and hairy at the orifice or down the inside ;
usually entire and obliquely truncated. Achenium short, triquetrous, with
sharp angles ; tristigmatic; stigmas long, exserted one or two lines beyond
the beak. Scales ovate, acute, shorter than the perigynia ; with green keels
and red margins. Staminate spike single, distant two to four inches from —
the highest pistillate one; long-elliptical ; with lanceolate, nearly obtuse,
brown scales; frequently having its peduncle bent at the base, or some-
times refracted even to a right angle.
Shady humid banks around the swamp in West-Bergen, Genesee county;
chiefly within the circle of arbor vite, but among other low evergreens in
half-open places and rivulet-sides on the southern border, sometimes in
company with C. gynocrates.
This species has been found before in Northern America only at Riviére
du Loup on the St.Lawrence recently hy W. Boott, at Montreal formerly by
W. F. Macrae, and in the Saskatchawan district long ago. In Europe it is an
alpine plant, ranging from the Swiss Alps to Lapland and Iceland.
Local. June.
LIVIDA, Wahlenberg. Tivid Carex.
Cold marshes. Formerly in the Oriskany swamp, Knieskern: Gray : Vasey.
Litchfield, south Herkimer county, nearly a mile southwest of Jerusalem
hill, in the center of a deep swamp among the East dry-lots, one of the
sources of the Unadilla river. The open lowest part is a marly bog, covered
in many places or scattered over all, with this most rare and interesting
species. Local.
var. RADICALIS. Radical-fertile-spiked Livid Carez.
With the typical form, on the State marsh, Litchfield. Spikes two, one
staminate and one pistillate, on separate peduncles, both springing together
from the root; that of the fertile spike nearly as long as the culm of the
sterile, erect.
Specimens of this variety are very scarce, perhaps two or three occurring
in a hundred of the regular species. The same variation has been observed
by Dr. KnieskeRn in the swamps about Manchester, N.J. June. July.
TETANICA, Schkuhr. Crooked-beaked Carex.
Swampy meadows. To be looked for on the upland marshes among the hill-
tops of south Herkimer county. Junius, Seneca county, Sartwell.
Rare. June.
wooplil, Dewey. Discovered by W. A. Woop.
River-banks, shores. On an island in Perch lake, Wood: Crawe: Dewey.
Dexter, Jefferson county, Vasey. Rare. June.
OLIGOCARPA, Schkuhr. Few-fruited Carex.
Dry copses. Borders of sandy plains, Rome, Knieskern. Banks of Wood
creek between New-London and Oneida lake, Gray: Gram. § Cyp. Penn-
Yan, Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. June.
HITCHCOCKIANA, Dewey. Dedicated to EDpwarvD HitcHcock.
Open woods. Watertown, Jefferson county, Crawe, Gray in Rare plants of
Northern N.Y.: Gram. & Cyp. Auburn, Cayuga county, J. Carey. Penn-
Yan, Yates county, Sartwell. Sandy grove-lands on the Ridge road near
Irondequoit bay, Monroe county, L. Holzer. Abundant south of Rochester,
Dewey. Infrequent, June,
160 ¥IGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
DEBILIS, Micha. Weak-stemmed Carex.
Damp woods, hills and hillsides. Abundant throughout the valley of the
Mohawk. On Frankfort hill near Wetmbre’s pond. Site of old Fort Bull on
Wood creek, Rome, Vasey. Borders of streams near Oneida lake, Knieskern.
Common in the north woods, Lewis and north Herkimer counties.
A small form on the sides of Bald rock. Frequent.
var. B ; Boott. Long-scaled Weak-stemmed Carex.
Spicis 5 — 7 erectis, terminali mascula vel medio vel basi vel apice et
basi mascula, feemineis linearibus angustis flosculis alternatim dispositis,
inferioribus szepe basi compositis; perigyniis brevioribus, rostro rarius
scabro, squama oblongo-ovata obtusa vel acuminata acuta mutica ciliata.
subequilata longioribus. Hab. New-York, Sartwell.
Between a and ( there are intermediate forms which insensibly unite them.
The specimens figured approach C. arctata; but the scales and the sessile
perigynium, with its acute base, at once distinguish them : F. Boorr.
Rare. June.
GLABRA, Boott. Smooth Carex.
‘Woods and plains.
Spicis 4 — 5 oblongis vel cylindricis pedunculatis pallidis, terminali
apice vel basi vel apice et basi rarius omnino mascula, reliquis foemineis
subdensifloris, superioribus approximatis inferioribus ‘longe exserte pe-
dunculatis nutantibus basi attenuatis laxifloris interdum compositis, infima
remota; bracteis vaginatis culmum subzquantibus; stigmatibus 3; pe-
rigyniis triquetris turgidis lanceolato-ellipticis utrinque acutis vel rostellatis
glabris, ore bidentato, (laciniis acutis) nervatis nervis prominentibus pel-
lucide punctatis viridibus, squama ferruginea medio viridi nervata scabra
ovato-lanceolata acuta vel mucronata rarius obtusa ciliata latioribus sub-
duplo longioribus. ('Tab. cctxxv.) | Hab. In America Sept.; New-York.
Knieskern.
Culmus 13 — 24 eee apice setaceus, scaber; pars spicas gerens
4—9 poll. longa. Folia 3 lin. lata, supra vaginaeque inferiores scabrius-
cule, Bractez (nisi suprema) vaginate, culmum subzquantes, vel infima
nunc eo brevior. Vagina infima sub 2 poll. longa, scabriuscula. Pe-
dunculi setacei, scabri, 2 — 3 poll. longi. Spice 8 — 21 lin, longe, 2 lin.
late. Squamez ferruginez, medio viridi nervate, scabre : masculz lan-
ceolate, obtuse, mutice, mpie ciliate : foeminee acon vel obtusa, mu-
cronate. Perigynium 275 — 3 lin. longum, 58 — 3% lin. latum, bidenta-
tum, laciniis acutis (nec I ga J nervis usque ad apicem conspicuis.
Achenium 1 lin. longum, 55; lin. latum, ovali-triquetrum, stipitatum, basi
styli apiculatum, flavidum.
AC. oxy lepide differt culmo, foliis pedunculisque glabris (nec pilosis) ;
perigyniis majoribus; squamis mucronatis ; spicis inferioribus nutantibus,
compositis.
A C. formosa differt spicis inferioribus, omnino fcemineis, etc.
A C. debili differt perigyniis rostellatis, ore acuta bidentato nec hyalino,
magis turgidis; nervis validioribus ; squamis firmioribus.
I have received this species under the names of C. formosa and C. debilis.
The absence of the subelongate rostrum, and of the hyaline obtuse orifice,
separates it from C. debilis and its allies. It has hitherto escaped the notice
of American botanists, and its value as a species must be determined by
future observation : F. Boorr.
Spicis distinctis cylindraceis pedunculatis; terminali staminifera, inter-
dum ad apicem vel basin pistillifera, vel in medio ; spicis pistilliferis, 3 —4,
sublaxifloris, bracteatis, inferne longo-pedunculatis et nutantibus; fructibus
tristigmaticis ovalibus subinflatis et inferne teretibus, superne conicis brevi-
rostratis, bidentatis glabris nervosis, squamam oblongam subacutam vel
Janceolatam multo superantibus; planta pallida et glabra.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 161
Culm 14 foot high, slender, erect, leafy toward the root; staminate
spike slender, sometimes with a few fruit at the apex, in the middle or at
the base; pistillate spikes 3 — 4, cylindric, slender, rather loose-flowered,
on slender peduncles with sheathing bracts which equal the culm nearly ;
stigmas 3; fruit oval, tapering below and conic above, smooth and gla-
brous, nearly twice longer than the oblong acutish scale which is white
on the margin and green on the back : whole plant light green.
This plant is the well-known glabrous form of C. flexuosa, Scuxunr, the
C. debilis, Micnavux, and blended with it, till Dr. Boorr separated them in
1860 : Dewey in Sill. Jour.
The glabrous form of the old C. flexuosa ; this was extended to C. debilis,
MicHavx,and then was remote from C. glabra, Boorr : received from Rome
or Oriskany, Dewey. Local. June.
ARCTATA, Booit. Contracted-beaked Carex.
Shady banks. Littlefalls, south side of the river below the town. Ravine-
bottoms and ridges, throughout the flats, and among the headwaters of
Starch-factory creek. Frankfort hill, copses and groves near bear-pond;
abundant on Jerusalem hill, bordering the cedar swamp of the State marsh;
wooded sides of Hidden and Cedar lakes; south Herkimer county. Banks of
Oriskany creek opposite the Dexter factories. Woodlands between Oriskany
and Rome. Beyond Rome, cleared land west of Fort Bull, with C. flerilis.
Valley of Fish creek north of Taberg, above the cliffs. Occasional in the
north woods. Infrequent. May, June.
KNIESKERNII, Dewey. Discovered by KNIESKERN.
Copses. Rome and Oriskany, from Knieskern, Dewey. In a shady field near
Fort Bull, Vasey. Local. June.
FLEXILIS, Rudge. Flexile Carex.
Low borders of woods. Litchfield, southwestern Herkimer county, Cedar
lake, on the moist sloping banks scattered with young evergreens; where it
was first observed in the United States, and received from the discoverer a far
better name, C. blepharophora, Gray in Rare plants of Northern N.Y. Old
Fort Bull on Wood creek, Knieskern: Vasey. Abundant still in the clearings
and swamps west of the fort and south of the Erie canal.
Rare. May, and early in June.
RICHARDSONII, R. Brown. Dedicated to RICHARDSON.
Dry woods, Parma, Monroe county, north side of the ridge, Bradley. Dis-
covered inthis locality long before the expedition to British America, Dewey.
Rare. July.
TORREYI, Tuckerman. Honorary to ToRREy.
Spica mascula solitaria, fem. 2 — 3 incluse pedunculatis erectis, stigmatibus
3, fructibus subglobosis obovatis obtusis nervosis glabris rostello brevi in-
tegro mucronatis, squama acuta mucronata duplo longioribus, caule foliis
bracteis squamisque ad carinam pubescentibus. Has. Nov. Ebor., Torr.!
in herb. Hook. (sub C. pallescente). Pedalis et sesquipedalis, omnino nisi
fructus pubescens : Tuckerman Enum. Car.
Utica, Gray. Received from the central part of the State, Dewey.
Local. June, July.
CRAWEI, Dewey. Discovered by CRAWE.
Limestone rocks and banks. Guffin’s bay in Black river near Watertown,
Crawe, Dewey. At the mouth of Black river, Sackett’s-harvor, Vasey. Cedar
lake, Litchfield, south Herkimer county, south side, on moist marly slopes
under young arbor vite. Barren spots of marl inthe swamps of West-Bergen,
Genesee county. ° Rare. June, July.
SCABRATA, Schweinitz. Rough Carex.
Swamps, streams, cold bogs in meadows and woods, Common. June, J uly,
[ Senate No. 90.] 1]
162 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
PALLESCENS, J. Pale Carex.
Wet rocks and meadows. Common on the flats of the Mohawk. Trenton
falls, on rocks wet by the spray from the upper falls. Cliffs of Fish creek
above Taberg. Frequent. June.
~Limosa, L. Bog Carex.
Moss marshes. Litchfield, south Herkimer county, abundant on Hidden lake
and the State marsh of Jerusalem hill; sphagnum borders of Wetmore’s
pond, Frankfort hill. North pond, southwest of Boonville. Common in the
lake-marshes and mossy lowlands of the Northern wilderness. Frequent.
var. RADICALIS. Radical-fertile-spiked Bog Carex.
Level bogs. round Wetmore’s sphagnum pond on Frankfort hill, south.
Herkimer county.
An extremely rare state having two spikes only, the sterile at the top of
the naked erect stout culm, the fertile drooping at the end of a filiform ra-
dical peduncle four to nine inches long.
This is considered a variety, because the peduncles of both sterile and
fertile spikes rise together from the root. Many other species bear fertile
spikes on long peduncles nearly radical, in addition to their usual number
on short peduncles just beneath the staminate; but these are regarded as
intermediate forms merely. June, July.
MAGELLANICA, Lamarck. From the Strait of Magellan.
Hab. In Europa et America septentrionali et australi. Lapland to Switzer-
land. Arctic America to Penn. I have adopted the name of LAMARCK, as
I cannot see any specific distinction between the Fuegian and the European
and American plant; but I have described the last as the typical form: F.
Boort. C. irrigua, Wauu. Hopp. Smiru.
Cold swamps. Arbor-vite and tamarack borders of Mud lake; abundant
on the high marshes of Jordanville; south Herkimer county. Still lingering
about the station where it used to flourish in the days of the old Oriskany
swamp; over the south hill, in a sphagnum bog. Common in the Paris-hill
marsh. Throughout the swamps and swales of Rome. About Point of Rock
lake, and in all the moss-bogs of the northern part of the county.
In the mossy lowlands of the north woods a tall form abounds, few-
flowered and slender-fruited.
In the swamp beyond Fort Bull, Rome, the form having additional spikes
on long peduncles, nearly radical, occurs frequently. Rare. June.
MILIACEA, Muhlenberg. Millet Carex.
Borders of streams, river-bottom meadows. Common. June.
HYSTRICINA, Willd. Porcupinefruited Carex.
Ditches, water-sides. Common. July.
PSEUDO-CYPERUS, L. Cyperus-like Carex.
Marshes, water-courses. North of Summit lake, Otsego county. Shady
mossy borders of Mud lake; abundant on the tamarack swamps of Jordan-
ville; sparingly at the head of Hidden lake, Litchfield; south Herkimer
county. Oriskany, raceway between the factories, Knieskern. In all the cold
bogs east of Fish creek, around Point of Rock lake, and through the nor-
thern part of the county. Penn-Yan, Yates county, Surtwell. .
Scarce. July, August.
comosa, Boott. Bristly-spiked Carex.
Bogs in meadows, woods, swamps, and stream-sides.
Common. July, August.
TRICHOCARPA, Muhl. Hairyfruied Carex.
Banks of creeks, rivulets, low-lands. Abundant.
var. 8, Boott. | Smooth-fruited Carex.
Perigyniis glabris, rostro ad margine$ laciniisque scabris; vaginis scabris,
Penn-Yan, Sartwell; F. Boorr. — June, July.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 163
LANUGINOSA, Michx. Woollyfruited Carex.
Wet meadows. Littlefalls, flats of the Mohawk, south side of the river
above the town. Dexter, Jefferson county, Vasey. Western part of the State,
Gray Gram. & Cyp. Yates county, Sartwell. Infrequent. June.
FILIFORMIS, L. Filiform-leaved Carex.
Cold marshes, banks, shores. Summit lake, northern Otsego county. About
Mud lake; on the tamarack swamps between Page’s corners and Jordanville,
Warren; around Cedar lake; common on Hidden lake; State swamp near
Jerusalem hill, Litchfield; south Herkimer county. Swamps just over the
ridge along the head of Oneida lake. Bogs and lake-shores of the north
woods. Frequent. June, July.
STRIATA, Micha. Nerved-striote Carex.
Swamps and low grounds. Western counties, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Near Ori-
skany, Vasey. On an island in Lake Sanford, Essex county, Knieskern.
Rare. June.
RETRORSA, Schweinitz. Recurved-fruited Carex.
Wet meadows, marshes. Around the lakes, and in all the cold swamps on
the hills southward. Throughout the flats of the Mohawk.
Frequent. June, July.
SCHWEINITZII, Dewey. Complimentary to SCHWEINITZ.
Low rivulet-sides, flats of streams, cedar swamps. Sparingly at Oriskany,
in marshy grounds along the railroad; and between Oriskany creek and the
raceway. Bridgewater, and swamps in the southern part of the county, Gray.
Common in the limestone region, from beyond Frankfort hill to Cedar lake,
in all rivulet-banks, meadows, ravine-bottoms, swamps; also in the great
swamp at Cedarville; south Herkimer county. Rare. June.
MIRATA, Dewey. Admirable Carex.
Cold marshes. Discovered in June 1829, in Greece, Monroe county, on the
banks of a small stream, by Dr. S. B. Braputry. The station was destroyed
soon after; and the plant has not been rediscovered by most diligent search
up the stream and down its length to the Lake, or by thorough exploration
of the whole region. Local. June.
LONGIROSTRIS, Torrey. 7 Long-beaked Carex.
Dry banks. Littlefalls, two miles below the town, among the shaded rocks
near the end of the north cliff. Fish creek, Rome, above the crossing of the
Oswego county road, in thickets along the banks. Below the bridge, Vasey.
Vienna, Knieskern. Searce. Early in June.
VASEYI, Dewey. Honorary to V ASEY.
Wet banks.
I find in Tuckerman’s herb. specimens associated with C. mondle from
Penn-Yan (the C. monzle No. 152 of Sarrwext’s Collection), which do
not agree with the original description of C. monzle, or with the Ohio
specimens from which that description was made. They approach in aspect
C. vesicaria ; but differ from it, and from C. monzle, in having a long
_ cylindric serrated rostrum, an oblong-ovate perigynium, with elongated
sharp rough lacinie : F. Boorr.
These specimens were C. vaseyi, as are all gathered at Penn-Yan by
Sartwell, Dewey. Rare. July.
HARTII, Dewey. Discovered by S. Hart WRiGHT.
Spikes extremely variable : the sterile sometimes wanting, usually single,
often two or three, frequently with fruit scattered along its sides or with
a cluster of perigynia at its base, rarely both, the highest one longest and
all slender-cylindric, with Jinear scales : the fertile, short cylindric, two
_ to seven in number, commonly four; the upper one or two sessile with
long leafy bracts, sometimes interrupted by staminate flowers or wholly
164
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
sterile at the end, closely fruited; middle ones oblong, short-pedunculate,
often two or more springing from the same sheathing bract; the lowest
on very long peduncles five to ten inches in length, rising from leaves
near the root, recurved, loose-flowered particularly at base, staminiferous
at summit occasionally. Stigmas three. Perigynia ovoid or conical, tapering
into a long beak ending in diverging teeth, all spreading or somewhat
retrorse, three or four times longer than the small lanceolate scale. Culm
one to three feet high, erect, smooth nearly to the top. Bracts, sheaths
long and narrow; the lower stem leaves extremely prolonged, sometimes
twice the length of the culm; all only two or three lines wide, very
scabrous on margin, and deeply striate with noded nerves.
Low grounds. Dundee, Yates county, S. H. Wright ; Ludlowville, Tomp-
kins county, H. B. Lord; along Seneca lake, Dewey. Abundant in the
southwestern part of the State.
var. BRADLEYI, Dewey. Discovered by 8. B. BRADLEY.
Smaller, the whole plant more slender and graceful. Staminate spikes
simple, the stamens less scattered on fertile spikes. Perigynia shorter and
narrower, with comparatively larger scales, ,
Along streams. Greece, Monroe county, Bradley. Found in searching for
C. mirata. Near Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sartwell. Rare. July.
RIPARIA, Goodenough. Lake-shore Carex.
Marshes along streams, lakes. Abundant on the flats of the Mohawk,
throughout its length; and occasionally ascending its creeks and head-
streams. Near Oneida lake, Knieskern. Frequent. May, June.
ARISTATA, 2. Brown. Bearded-leaved Carex.
River-banks. Watertown, Jefferson county, Crawe, Gray in Rare plants of
Northern N.Y.: Torrey Cyp. Brook-side between Watertown and Adams,
Jefferson county, Vasey. . Local. June. ©
UTRICULATA, Boott. Leathern-botilefruited Carex.
Banks and shores. Abundant.
var. SPARSIFLORA, Dewey. Loose-flowering Carex.
Watertown, Jefferson county, Crawe, Dewey. Local.
var. MINOR, Sartwell. Smaller Leathern-bottle-frwited Carex.
Omnibus partibus minoribus, F. Boorr.
Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sartwell ; Ludlowville, Tompkins county, H. B.
Lord. Sent from Jefferson county by Crawe, Dewey. Rare. June-August.
AMPULLACEA, Good. Flask-fruited Carex.
Level marshy borders of an elevated pond at the east end of Bald rock,
north of Third lake, north Herkimer coanty. Borders of Cedar lake, south
Herkimer county. Rare. July.
MONILE, Tuckerman. Necklace-fruiting Carex.
Bogs and water-sides. Southern Lewis county, and about a mile south of
Boonville, near the canal, around pools, Knieskern. Rare. June, July.
TUCKERMANI, Boott. Discovered by TUCKERMAN.
Low meadows, shady stream-sides. Common. July.
VESICARIA, L. Bladder-fruited Carex.
Swamps of the north woods near Third lake, Herkimer county.
Rare. July, August.
BULLATA, Schkuhr. Bubble-fruited Carex.
Meadows, on the flats of the Mohawk river; at Littlefalls, and westward.
Occasionally in upland marshes. Searce. June.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 165
PHYSEMA, Dewey. Inflated-fruited Carex.
Swamps. Utica, Rome, Knieskern. New-London and Bridgewater, Gray.
Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sartwell. Infrequent. June.
OLIGOSPERMA, Jlichauz. Few-seeded Carex.
Cold marshes. Oneida lake, Knieskern. Bogs in the sphagnum swales six
miles west of Rome. South-Trenton, in abundance. Common in the beaver
meadows, swamps, and pond-borders of north Herkimer and Hamilton
counties. Rare. June — August.
GRAMINEZ. Grasses.
LEERSIA, Solander. Cut-grass. White Grass.
ORYZOIDES, Swartz. Rice-like Leersia.
Water-sides, low sandy shores. Common. August, September.
vireinica, Walldenow. Virginian Leersia.
Marshes, moist woods. Infrequent. August.
ZIZANIA, Gronovius. , Indian Rice.
Aquatica, L. Water Zizania.
River and lake marshes. Lowlands of the Mohawk. Borders of Oneida lake,
Knieskern. Abundant round Onondaga lake. Oswego river, Eaton bot. Com-
mon in all the bays, inlets, marshes on the shore of Lake Ontario, from
several miles northeast of Oswego, through Sodus bay and the mouth of
Genesee river, to Braddock’s bay, Monroe county.
Frequent. August, September.
ALOPECURUS, L. Foxtail Grass.
GENICULATUS, L. Floating, Jointed Alopecurus.
Wet meadows. Between Albany and Kenwood, G. H. Peck. Oriskany creek,
in pools above the factories Pleasant-valley, Vasey. Penn-Yan, Yates coun-
ty, Sartwell. Rare. July.
ARISTULATUS, Michauz. Short-bearded Alopecurus.
Flats of streams. Littlefalls, below the town. Borders of Canaderaga lake
outlet, Otsego county. Along Wood creek near Fort Bull, Rome, Knieskern.
Common in the valley of the Unadilia, Gray ; western part of the State,
Gram. & Cyp. Shore of Lake Ontario on Sodus point, Wayne county. Penn-
Yan, Yates county, Sartwell. Infrequent. June.
PHLEUM, L. | Timothy. Herd’s-grass.
PRATENSE, L. Meadow Phleum.
Waysides, borders of fields, grass lands. Common. June.
VILFA, Adanson. Rush Grass.
VAGIN/EFLORA, Torrey. Sheath-flowering Vilfa.
Barren banks. Watertown, Jefferson county, Gray in Rare plants of Northern
N.York. Abundant along the sandy shore of Sodus bay, inside the point,
Wayne county. Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sartwell. Rare. September.
SPOROBOLUS, R. Brown. Drop-seed Grass.
HETEROLEPIS, Gray. Unequal-glumed Sporobolus.
Dry soil of cliffs. :
Foliis setaceis ; panicula pyramidata, sparsiflora ; gluma inferiore subuli-
formi, superiore ovata, cuspidata, subduplo brevior ; valvulis periantho
subzequalibus, muticis, gluma extima paulo minori. ‘
Root perennial. Culm 1 — 2 feet in height, smooth. Leaves convolute-
166 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
setaceous, with the margins hispidly scabrous upward; the lower ones
equalling the culm; the upper ones much shorter. Lower sheaths pilose ;
upper ones smooth. Panicle pyramidal, spreading or subcontracted ;
branches solitary, nearly simple, few and loosely flowered. Glumes pur-
plish; the outer one reduced to a subula, about one-half the length of
the inner one, which is strikingly membranaceous in texture, ovate or
ovate-oblong, one-nerved, with the nerve produced into a short cusp.
Valves of the perianth oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, thin and mem-
branaceous, a little shorter than the superior glume. Inferior valve ob-
scurely one-nerved, slightly apiculate. Superior valve two-nerved, a little
shorter than the outer one. Stamens 3. Anthers large, linear, orange-red.
Stigmas 2, hairy. Styles very short. Caryopsis subglobose, coriaceous,
smooth and shining.
Has. On rocks, Watertown, Jefferson county, Dr. Crawe: Gray in Rare
plants of Northern N.Y. Rare. August, September.
CRYPTANDRUS, Gray. Hidden-flowered Sporobolus.
Panicle pyramidal, the base usually inclosed in the upper sheath, with
spreading mostly alternate branches, which are hairy in the axils; spike-
lets racemose ; flowers awnless; lower glume very short; the upper one
as long as the nearly equal lanceolate acute palez ; sheaths bearded at the
throat): Sorrey Ann. Lyc, N.Y, FU NY.
Sandy wastes. Shores of Onondaga lake, along the west side. ‘Alun
on the beaches of Lake Ontario, from Sodus point, Wayne ocunty, to Brad-
dock’s bay, Monroe county. Rare. August — ‘October.
SEROTINUS, Gray. Late-flowering Sporobolus.
Moist banks. Shady water-sides at the head of Sodus bay, Wayne county.
Rare. September.
AGROSTIS, L. Bent-grass.
PERENNANS, T'uckerman. Perennial Agrostis.
Damp shady woodlands. Half-open places in all deep arbor-vite swamps.
On the flats of the Mohawk, and the hills of the southern part of this county
and south Herkimer county. Near Bridgewater, Gray. Frequent in the north
woods. Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Scarce. August.
scABRA, Wailldenow. Hair-grass. Rough-panicled Agrostis.
Old fields, rocky woods, barren hillsides, dried swamps. Common at Little-
falls, and on the south range of hills. Woods of north Herkimer county. :
Abundant.
var. MONTANA, Tuckerman. Mountain-side Agrostis.
Exposed rocks. Bald rock, north of Third lake, in short tufts or turfs in
the hollows of the surface : leaves very short, setaceous. Rare. August.
VULGARIS, Withering. Common Agrostis.
Meadows, fields, banks. Native near Oneida lake, Gray in herb. Sartwell
Ham. Coll. Shore of Lake Ontario, at Sackett’s-harbor, Gray. Frequent
along the south side of the Lake, on sandbanks and ridges.
Everywhere naturalized. August.
ALBA, L. White-panicled Agrostis.
Low grass-lands, swamps. Abundant. July.
var. ARISTATA, Gray. Awned Agrostis,
Sandy fields, near Oneida lake, Knieskern. Sandy field near the outlet of
Oneida lake, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Uncommon. June.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 167
CINNA, L.
ARUNDINACEA, L. Reed-like Cinna.
Inundated shady banks of streams, lakes. Along the Mohawk and its head
streams. Outlets of lakes in the western parts of the State.
Sometimes in swamps. Abundant in the marshes on the west side of On-
ondaga lake. August, September.
var. PENDULA, Gray. Drooping-flowered Cinna.
Cold damp woods. Frequent in the high woodlands on the hills south of the
Mohawk valley, from Summit lake, Otsego county, to Hidden Jake, south
Herkimer county. Oriskany swamp, formerly, Vasey. Trenton falls, Gray.
Alexandria bay, St.Lawrence county, G. W. Clinton. Rare. August.
MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. Dropseed-grass. Muhlenbergias.
SOBOLIFERA, Gray. Shoot-bearing-rooted Muhlenbergia.
Hilly woods. Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sartwell in herb. Ham. Coll.
Scarce. August, September.
GLOMERATA, Tvrinzus. Clustered-spiked Muhlenbergia.
Swamps. Abundant in all the upland marshes from Summit lake, Otsego
county, to Hidden lake, Litchfield, south Herkimer county. Bridgewater
region, Gray. Sandy plains, Oneida county, Knieskern. Frequent. August.
MEXICANA, Trinius. Mexican Muhlenber gia.
Low banks of streams, meadows, fields, hedges. Common. August.
SYLVATICA, Torrey & Gray. Woodland Muhlenber gia.
Borders of woods, open swamps. Abundant. August.
WILLDENOVII, Trinzius. Determined by WILLDENOW.
Rocks and hillsides. Shady banks below the cliffs at Bignose point on the
Mohawk, Montgomery county. Along the stony sides of cliffs and brows of
precipices at Littlefalls, Herkimer county. Sheldrake point, Cayuga lake,
Gray. Yates county, Sartwell. Frequent. August.
DIFFUSA, Schreber. Dropseed. Spreading Muhlenbergia.
Dry woods and fields. Sandy plains between Albany and Schenectady. Open
rocky steeps at Spraker’s, Montgomery county. Dry cliffs of Fish creek.
Yates county, Sartwell. Infrequent. August, September.
BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauvois.
ARISTATUM, Beauv. Awned Brachyelytrum.
Ravine-sides, rocky woods and hills Frequent. June, July.
CALAMAGROSTIS, Adanson. Blue-joint.
CANADENSIS, Beauvois. Canadian Calamagrostis.
Marshes. Abundant on the hills south of the Mohawk valley. The grass of
the beaver meadows of the north woods. Common. July, August.
coNnFINIS, Nuttall. Close-flowered Calamagrostis.
Swamps. In abundance near Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sartwell.
From the lowest sheaths of primary leaves of the usual width arise clusters
of remarkablylong filiform involute leaves, two feet in length, reaching nearly
to the panicle. Rare. July, August.
ARENARIA, Roth. Sand-reed Calamagrostis.
Barren beaches. Abundant on the shore of Lake Ontario, over the long bars
against Round pond, Long pond, Cranberry pond and Braddock’s bay, Mon-
roe county; covering the ridges of clear sand, with Cyperus schweinitzii.
Local, July = September
168 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
ORYZOPSIS, Michaucz. Mountain Rice.
MELANOCARPA, Muhlenberg. Black-fruited Oryzopsis.
Gulf-sides, rocky banks. In copses along the steep sidehills above Bignose
point on the Mohawk, and among shaded talus of the cliffs themselves,
Montgomery county. Rocky woods at Littlefalls, Herkimer county. Around
Oneida lake, Gray. Ravine of Chittenango creek. Frequent. August.
ASPERIFOLIA, Michauz. Rough-leaved Oryzopsis.
Shady sandy sidehills. Abundant. May.
CANADENSIS, Torrey. Canadian Oryzopsis.
Sandy barrens. Pine plains of Rome, Knieskern. Near Oneida lake. New-
York, Gray Gram. & Cyp. Yates county, Sartwell. Rare. May, June.
ARISTIDIA, L. Poverty-grass. Three-awned-grass.
picHotoma, Michauz. Base-branching Aristida.
Sandy plains, dry hillsides. Barren fields in Rotterdam, Schenectady county,
E.W. Paige. On the pine plains of Rome probably. Infrequent. July.
SPARTINA, Schreber. : Marsh Grass.
CYNOSUROIDES, W2lldenow. Cynosurus-like Spartina.
Lake marshes. Watertown, Jefferson county, on the rocky banks of Black
river; Oneida lake; Gray. Onondaga lake, all round. Cayuga marshes. Ca-
nandaigua lake, Sartwell in herb. Ham.Coll. Scarce. August—October.
sTRicTA, Roth. Salt-marsh Grass.
var. ALTERNIFLORA, Gray. Alternate-flowering Spartina.
Banks and marshes of Onondaga lake, chiefly along the west side.
Rare. August, September.
%
ELEUSINE, Gertner. Yard-grass.
INDICA, Gert. Indian Eleusine.
Around dwellings. Waterloo, Seneca county, Sartwell. July-September.
LEPTOCHLOA, Beauvois.
FASCICULARIS, Gray. e Clustered-flowered Leptochloa.
Abundant at Salina, and on the springy slopes southeastward along the banks
of Onondaga lake: short and spreading over wet shores, but erect and tall
in grassy marshes. Rare. August — October.
DACTYLIS, L. | Orchard Grass.
GLOMERATA, L. Clustered-fruited Dactylis.
Fields, in shade. Frequent. June.
EATONTIA, Rajfinesque.
OBTUSATA, Gray. _ Obtuse-glumed Eatonia.
Damp places in woods and fields, Oneida county, Knieskern. Western part of
the State, Gram. & Cyp.: Seneca lake, Gray. Yates county, Sartwell in herb.
Ham. Coll.
A small form is occasional in deep shady swamps. Scarce. June, July.
PENNSYLVANICA, Gray. Pennsylvanian Eatonia.
Moist banks. Borders of marshes on the shore of Lake Ontario.
Occasionally. July — September.
var. MAJOR, Torrey. Greater Pennsylvanian Eatonia.
Wet woods and borders of swamps. Frequent. June, July.
PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY AND VICINITY. 169
GLYCERIA, R. Brown. Manna Grass.
CANADENSIS, T'rinzus. Canadian Glyceria.
Swamps. Near Oriskany, Knieskern. High bogs of Bridgewater; and Brook-
field, Madison county, Gray. Western part of the State, Gram. & Cyp. Ju-
nius, Seneca county, Sartwell in herb. Hum. Coll. Infrequent. July, August.
ELONGATA, Trinius. Long-panicled Glyceria.
Borders of woods and swamps. Throughout the valley of the Mohawk.
Common in the southern part of the county, Gray. Western part of the State,
Gram. & Cyp. Frequent. June, July.
NERVATA, J'7rinzus. Nerved-flowered Glyceria.
Wet meadows, rivulet-sides, swamps. Common. June.
PALLIDA, T'rinius. Pale-flowered Glyceria.
Waiter-margins, wet banks. Borders of Canaderaga lake outlet, Richfield
and Exeter, Otsego county. Wood creek. near New-London, Knieskern.
Abundant on the shore of Oneida lake, Torrey Fl. N.Y. Western part of the
State of New-York, Gray Gram. & Cyp. Gorham, Seneca county, Sartwell
in herb. Ham. Coll. Infrequent. July, August.
AQUATICA, Smith. Water Glyceria.
Low meadows. Abundant. July, August.
FLUITANS, R. Brown. Floating Glyceria.
Borders of ponds, streams. Infrequent. June — August.
ACUTIFLORA, Torrey. . Sharp-flowered Glyceria.
Wet woods and shores. Ithaca, Tompkins county, Sartwell in herb. Ham.
Coll. Rare. June, July.
Fos... Meadow Grass.
ANNUA, L. Annual Poa.
Fields, waysides. Common. May —- September.
BREVIFOLIA, Muhlenberg. Short-leaved Poa.
Moist rocky places. Western part of the State, Sartwell, Torrey Fl. N.Y
Penn-Yan, Yates county, Sartwell. Rare. April, May.
*
ALSODES, Gray. Woodland Poa.
Shady hillsides. Around Bald rock. north Herkimer county, and abundant
on damp shaded banks of springs throughout the north woods. Utica, Gray
Gram. & Cyp. Bridgewater, Gray. Moist rocky banks of Fish creek, and on
wooded talus between the cliffs and the stream. Penn-Yan, Yates county,
Sartwell. _ Infrequent. June.
DEBILIS, Torrey. , . Weak-stemmed Poa,
Rocky banks. -Watertown, Jefferson county, Knieskern: Penn-Yan, Yates
county, Sartwell, in herb. Ham. Coll. Rare. May, June.
SEROTINA, Ehrhart. Late-flowering Poa.
Wet meadows. Common. July, August.
TRIVIALIS, L. Roadside Poa.
Low grass-lands. Occasionally in abundance. July.
PRATENSIS, L. Meadow Poa.
Shady fields and flats of ravines. Common. May - July.
COMPRESSA, L. Flat-stemmed Poa.
Dry banks. Sometimes on elevations in deep cedar swamps.
Common, June - August,
[ Senate No. 90.] i
170 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
ERAGROSTIS, Beauvois.
REPTANS, Nees von Esenbeck. Creeping Eragrostis.
Banks of streams, lakes. Wood and Oneida creeks, Knieskern. Abundant
over low sandy shores all along the head of Oneida lake. Cayuga lake, Gray.
Potter, Yates county, Sartwell. Penfield, L. Holzer ; Greece, Monroe county,
Bradley. Frequent on the beaches of Lake Ontario, from Sodus point,
Wayne county, to Braddock’s bay, Monroe county. Scarce. July, August.
PO.OIDES, Beauvois. Poa-like Eragrostis.
Sandy or gravelly places, Oriskany, Knieskern. Penn-Yan, Yates county,
Sartwell. Rare. July, August.
var. MEGASTACHY
CAREX PLATYPHYLLA.
CAREX COMOSA.
_ PANICUM PAUCIFLORUM.
AVENA SATIVA.
SPARTINA POLYSTACBYA.
CINNA PENDULA.
CINNA ARUNDINACEA. :
The following species, inserted in the Flora on the authority of
Pursu, have not been found in the State by any other botanist,
and, probably, never existed therein.
1. Sprraa aruncts, L.
2. SALVINIA NATANS, JL,
The following species, once spontaneous in the State, and in-
cluded in the catalogue, there is reason to fear have become extinet..
Some of them have been diligently sought for; in vain, in the
stations where they were originally found. The Pryevicua has
been extirpated at Rochester, but may exist at or near the upper
waters of the Genesee river, and the writer is very confident that
it will be found in the Adirondacks. :
jad
ACONITUM UNCINATUM, L.
ZANTHORHIZA APIIFOLIA, L’ Her.
TRIFOLIUM INCARNATUM, L.
PHLOMIS TUBEROSA, L.
PINGUICULA VULGARIS, L.
or ge te
The following is a list of the plants, so far as is known to me,
which have been found growing spontaneously in the State, and
which are not included in the Catalogue. The name of the dis-
coverer, or the authority for its insertion, the date of the discovery,
and the station, are added to each species, whenever the same are
known to me. Some of these plants are mere scapes, and, perhaps,
are not entitled to a place in a catalogue of the plants permanently
spontaneous in the State. It is believed that the valuable Catalogue
of the Plants of Oneida county and vicinity, by the Rev. Jomn A.
Pate Jun., which will be published herewith, will add somewhat
to this list, and also to the list of stations hereinafter given.
nk
H» OD bo
23.
24.
25.
26.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE STATE FLORA. 199
. Reseda luteola, Li. ‘* Roadsides in Westerd New-York.” Gray’s
Manual.
. Reseda odorata, L. Buffalo, 1862: Garden scape. G. W. CO.
. Reseda alba, L. Buffalo, 1862: Garden scape. G. W. OC.
. Nasturtium officinale, L. Common on Long Island: T. F. ALLEN,
M.D. Near Rochester: Rev. L.Houzer. Caledonia,&e. G.W.C.
. Nasturtium sylvestre, R. Br. Spontaneous about Flushing, Queens
county: W. H. Leaaert.
. Nasturtium armoracia, FRIES. Rather common about Buffalo, and
abundant on the banks of the Mohawk below Utica. It would
seem that it must be diffused by its seed. G. W. C.
Lepidium draba, L. See Addenda to Gray’s Manual: D.C.Eaton.
. Lepidium sativum. Buffalo, 1864: Garden scape, and spontaneous
in gardens. G. W. C.
. Lepidium ruderale, L. Near Brooklyn: W. H. Leaeert.
. Turritis glabra, 1. New-York city, on 86th-street, 1860: W. H.
LeaGetr. Buffalo, 1863: Davin F. Day, Esq.
. Barbarea precoz, R. Br. Lake Avenue, Rochester, 1864: Garden
scape. Rev. L. HouzEr.
. Brassica campestris, L. Buffalo, on the marshy edge of the river;
_ only a few plants, 1863. G. W. C.
. Raphanus sativus, L. Buffalo ; acommon weed in grain-fields. G.W.C.
. Ascyrum cruz-andree, L. New-Dorp, Staten Island, September 1864:
Ef: Acien, MD.
. Stlene inflata, SmMirH. Near Fort Richmond, Staten Island, 1860:
T.F.ALLEN, M.D. Abundant near Buffalo, on the Buffalo creek
below the Sulphur spring, 1862. G. W.C.
. Silene armeria, L. Buffalo; spontaneous in gardens, but seldom es-
caping :-D. F. Day.
. Lychnis vespertina, SintH. ‘ Klmira, N.Y.: EH. TATNAuL.” GRay’s
Manual, in the Addenda.
. Althea rosea, L. Buffalo; garden scape, rare. G. W. C.
. Althea ficifolia, L. Buffalo; garden scape, rare. G. W. C.
Mailva moschata. Buffalo, Portage, Chantauqua county, Cattaraugus
county, naturalized. G. W. C.
. Rosa setigera, Mx. Several places near Rochester: C. M. Boots,
M.D. Near Buffalo. G. W.C. Naturalized, if not native.
. Pyrus communis, l1. Grand Island, near Buffalo, in a grove of oak, a
single tree; in the same grove, is an apple tree; and, as they
were, until recently, remote from any dwelling, they are believed
to be spontaneous.
Ribes rubrum, L. In a swamp on the Scajaquada creek, near Forest
Lawn, Buffalo, 1863: D. F. Day, Esq. Not uncommon, as a
garden scape, about Buffalo; apparently native, in a wooded ra-
vine, below Westfield, Chautauqua county, 1864. G. W. C.
Sedum acre, L. Buffalo, Williamsville, Niagara Falls, 1863 ; natura-
lized. G. W. C.
Carum carui, Lu. Naturalized, by roadsides and fences, in Erie and
Chautauqua counties.
Anethum feniculum, L. Buffalo; garden scape: D. F. Day.
200 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
27.
28.
29.
30.
dl.
32.
33.
34.
30.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
4].
42.
43.
44,
45
AG.
47.
48.
49.
Coriandrum sativum, L. Buffalo; garden scape, rare. G. W.C.
Solidago bicolor, L., var. concolor, GRAY. Washington county, Dr. E.
Howe. .
Helianthus annuus, L. A frequent scape from gardens, but seems to
become depauperate at once, and soon disappears.
Galinsoga parviflora, Cay. ‘* Waste places, New-York,” &c.: GRAY’S
Manual. Brooklyn: A.Woop. New-York and Flushing, 1864:
T. F. ALLEN.
Matricaria parthenium, L. Garden scape; Buffale.
Matricaria balsamite, WiLLD. Buffalo ; seems inclined to perpetuate
itself in cemeteries, etc.
Matricaria chamomilla, L. Near Buffalo, 1864; spontaneous in, a
garden, and escaping: D. F.Day & G.W.C.
Tragopogon porrifolius, L. Ona gravelly bank of the Hrie railroad,
about a mile west of Salamanca, Cattaraugus county, remote from
any garden or dwelling, abundant, 1864. G. W. C.
Tragopogon pratense. Rochester ; a single plant: Rev. L. Houzmr.
Artemisia abrotanum, L. Buffalo, 1863; garden scape, firmly esta-
blished in the sand of the opposite Canadian shore, by the ruins
of a deserted house. G. W.C.
Silybum marianum. Buffalo; garden scape, 1862, D.¥.Day; 1863,
G. W.C.
Onopordon acanthium,L. Albany, 1827; Queenstown, 1862: G.W.C.
Rochester, 1864 : C. M. Bootu, M.D. |
Cirsium altissimum, SPRENG. Buffalo, 1862, G. W. C.
Lactuca sativa, L. An occasional, but not enduring, garden scape.
G. W.. C.
Cassiope hypnoides, Don. ‘Alpine summits of the Adirondack moun-
tains, Dr. PARRY :”’ Gray’s Manual.
Martynia proboscidea, GLOx. Greenbush, Rensselaer county, 1827;
Lewiston, Niagara county, 1863; an occasional garden scape.
G. W. C.
Linaria genistifolia, Mitt. ‘ Roadsides, New-York, near the city:
H. G. Cuanx, LESQUEREUX.” GRAY’S Manual.
Lithospermum hirtum, Luam. Buffalo, 1862: G.W.C. Rochester,
1864: Rev. L. Houzzr.
Polemonium ceruleum, L. ‘‘ Borders of a marsh three miles east of
Charlottesville, Schoharie county, New-York: Dr. E.C. Hows. eh
Gray’s Manual.
Phlox paniculata, L. Richfield Springs, ve county, in a bushy
field ; perhaps garden scapes, 1862. G. W.C.
Ipomea purpurea, LAM. Buffalo, 1862-4; the outcast of gardens, on
rubbish heaps, and, rarely, a scape. G. W. 0.
Cuscuta infleca, ENGELM. Youngstown, Niagara county, 1864: D.F.
Day & G.W.C. Salamanca, Cattaraugus county, 1864: G.W.C.
This is the C. umbrosa, Bryr., of Dr. ENGELMANN in GRAY’s
Manual; but whether it be the C. umbrosa of the State Flora,
queere ¢
Lycopersicum esculentum, Mitu. Buffalo ; a frequent scape, almost
naturalized. G. W. C
1a
61.
68.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE STATE FLORA. 201 |
. Physalis philadelphica, uam. Buffalo, 1863; brought by railroad
trains? G. W. C.
. Physalis pubescens, 1. Buffalo, 1863. G. W.C.
,
!
. Lycitum barbarum, 1. Suspension Bridge, Niagara county, 1864 ;
more Lushy, and more decidedly armed than when in cultivation.
GW» IO:
3. Gentiana andrewsii, var. albiflora, GRAY ined. Salamanca, Cattarau-
gus county, 1862: G.W.C. Buffalo, 1864: D.F.Day. Auburn,
Rev. L. HoLzer.
. Periploca greca, \.. ‘Near Rochester, New-York.’”? Gray’s Manual.
. Corispermum hysscpifolium, L. Buffalo, 1862. G. W. C.
). Chenopodium urbicum, L. Wesichester, Westchester county: A. A.
ADEE.
. Chenopodium urbicum, Ts., v. rhombifolium, Moquin. Buffalo, 1862;
Salina, 1864: G.W.C. Rochester, 1854: D.F.Day. Probably
beth the species and variety are common in the State.
. Chenopodium glaucum, L. Salina, 1862; Albany, 1863; Buffalo,
1864: G. W.C. The Island of New-York, 1861: T.F. ALLEN.
. Rouliera multifida, Moquin. ‘Waste places, New-York, in and
around the city: G. CAREy.’’ GRay’s Manual.
. Amarantus polygonoides, 1. Albany, 1864: G.W.C. This is the
Amaranthus deflexus, WiLLD.? of the State Flora, as appears ly
the specimen in the State Herbarium. But Euzolus deflexus, Rar.
(Amarantus deflexus, I.) is credited, by GRAy’s Manual, to waste
places about the city of New-York.
Montelia iamarascina, GRAY. ‘‘I have another species of this section,
collected Ly my fiiend Mr. G. CAREy in a swamp near Whitehall ;
Lut, owing to the confusion that exists in the genus, I am unable
to determine without better materials than L can command at
present’’ (State Plora, vol.2, p.145). The plant referred to, as
* appears by a specinen in the State Herbarium, is Montelza tama-
rascina, GRAY; the Amaranthus tamarascinus of the additional
list of 1853.
. Polygonum incarnaium, Fun. Buffalo, 1863: G.W.C. Rochester,
1854: Rev. L. HoLzer.
. Polygonum pennsylvanicum, L., a var.? with greenish white flowers ;
Buffalo, 1863 : G. W. C.
. Polygonum acre, H. B. K. Buffalo, 1862; Cayuga marshes, 1864 :
G. W. C. Believed to be common throughout the State.
. Rumex altissimus, Woop. ‘‘ Peekskill, Mrap:’’ Gray’s Manual.
Buffalo, 1854: G. W. C.
. Rumex hydrolapathum, Hupson, var.? americanum, GRAY. Buffalo,
1862; Cayuga marshes, 1864: G.W.C. Probably common in
the western anJ northern parts of the State. It is not clear whe-
ther this, or the last species, is the Rumex britannicus of the State
Flora.
. Callitriche autumnalis, LL. Alexandria bay, Jefferson county, 1868 :
2 ea ee 8
Euphorbia lathyris, u. Silver creek, Chautauqua county, 1868, nat.:
aw iG.
[ Senate No. 90.) 13*
202 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
69.
. Hordeum distichum, L. Same remarks.
Euphorbia peplus, lu. Received from W. M. BEaucnamp, Esq., of
Skaneateles, 1864 ; a common garden weed there.
. Urtica gracilis, Att. Common in the State, at least in the western
portion of it.
. Naias major, ALLIONI. In the Onondaga lake, and in the mouth of
a stream and pools on the beach of the lake at Liverpool, Onon-
daga county, September 1864. G. W.C.
. Potamogeton robbinsii, OAKES. ‘‘ White-Plains, New-York: H. G.
CLARK.’ GRAY’sS Manual.
. Potamogeton prelongus, WuuLF. Niagara river, New-York: Woop’s
Class Book.
. Potamogeton niagarensis, Tuck. Goat Island, just above Luna Island,
Niagara Falls: Prof. TucKERMAN.
. Sagittaria heterophylla, Pursu. Common, in the western part of the
State at least.
. Smilax glauca, WaT. Staten Island, common, 1864: T. F. A.
. Smilax tamnoides, L. Staten Island, 1864; one plant only: T.F.A.
. Trillium sessile, 1. Rochester, 1863; only one specimen collected :
Rev. L. HouzEr.
. Hemerocallis fulva, L. Buffalo; garden scape: G. W. C.
. Scerpus pauciflorus, LigHTFoot. ‘‘ Watertown, near Lake Ontario :
Dr. Crawe.’”’ Gray’s Manual.
. Scerpus clintonzi, GRAY in Sill., vol. 38, p. 290. Buffalo, June 1864:
G. W. C. |
. Carex sychnocephala, CAREY. ‘‘Jefferson county, VASEY & KNizs-
KERN ; and Little-falls, New-York, VAsry.” Gray’s Manual.
. Carex rostrata, Micux. ‘Cold bogs ; Mountains of New-York, New-
Hampshire, northward.”” Gray’s Manual.
. Carex gray, CAREY. ‘‘ Low meadows on the banks of the Mohawk,
and of Wood creek, New-York.”’ Gray’s Manual.
. Carex extensa, Goop. Coney Island, 1860, and again in 1864: T.F.
ALLEN.
. Carex mirata, Dew. ‘In Greece, eleven miles west of Rochester and
six south of Lake Ontario, in 1829, by Dr. S. B. BRADLEY.”
Dewey in Sill., -vol. 38, p. 290.
. Aristida purpurascens, Pork. Common in Suffolk county, and at High
Bridge on the Island of New-York, 1864: T. F. ALLEN.
. Aristida tuberculosa, Nutr. Coney Island, August 1864: T.F.ALLEN.
. Poa sylvestris, GRAY. Buffalo, 1864: G. W.C.
. Bromus racemosus, L. Buffalo, G. W. C.; and, probably, common in
the State.
. Bromus mollis, L. ‘‘ Wheat-fields, New-York and Pennsylvania ;
scarce.’ GRAY’S Manual.
. Cynosurus cristatus, L. Rochester and Buffalo, in lawns and court-
yards, creeping into the streets, 1864. G. W.C.
. Lolium temulentum, L. Buffalo, 1862: G. W. C.
. Triticum vulgare, L. Common along railroads, and about flouring
mills, etc.; very rarely in woods. Not naturalized.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE STATE FLORA. 203
96. Secale cereale, LL. Commonish as a culture weed.
97. Setaria italica, KuntH. Buffalo, 1862: G. W.C.,
98. Equisetum palustre, L. Squaw and Strawberry Islands, near Buffalo,
1862;: G. W.C.
99. Woodsta glabella, R. Brown. Little-falls, Herkimer county: Dr.
GEORGE VASEY.
100. Aspidium cristatum, var. major, HATON ined. Akron, Erie county,
and Caledonia, Livingston county, 1864. G. W.C.
101. Botrychium virginicum, var. simplex, GRAY. Buffalo, 1864; a large
form. G. W.C.
102. Azolla caroliniana, WILLD. Charlotte, Monroe county: Rev. L.
Houzer. Irondequoit Bay: E.G. Pickerr. Burnt-ship Bay
at the foot of Grand Island, 1864: G. W. C.
103. Duvalia rupestris, Sutu. One of the HEPATICACE”®, new to this
country, until discovered in Schuyler county by Professor E. G.
Pickett of the People’s College, in 1864.
Of the plants named in the foregoing list, it is feared that the
following have disappeared from the State.
1. PeERIPLocA GRzaCcA, L.
2. CAREX SYCHNOCEPHALA, Carey.
3. CAREX MIRATA, Dewey.
The following plants have been found growing so near the State,
and under such circumstances, as to warrant the belief that they
now are growing, or will soon extend themselves to and become
natives of the State.
1. Alyssum calycinum, . Brock’s Monument, Canada, 1863: D. F.
Pay & G. WC.
2. Glycyrhiza lepidota, Nutt. Canadian shore opposite Buffalo, 1862 :
ey A.
3. Dysodia chrysanthemoides, AG. On the Lake Huron railway in
Canada, opposite Buffalo, 1863: G. W. C.
The following plants, which are either maritime or principally
affect the seacoast, have been found on or near the coast of Lake
Erie, within or near the State. |
1. Cakile americana, Nutt.
. Lathyrus maritimus, BIGELOW.
. Euphorbia polygonifolia, L.
. Myrica cerifera, L. Erie, Pennsylvania, 1864: G. W.C.
. Lannichellia palustris, L.
Scirpus maritimus, L.
. Calamagrostis arenaria, RotH. Erie, Pennsylvania, 1864: G. W.C.
. Tricuspis purpurea, GRAY. Buffalo, 1862: G. W.C,
OMIA TP wr
204 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
The following plants, which are either maritime or affect the
seacoast, have been found in, or in the marshes adjoining the head
of, the Onondaga lake.
1. Ranunculus cymbalaria, Pursa.
2. Blitum maritimum, Nutt. 1864: G. W.C.
3. Atriplex hastata, Li.
4. Salicornia herbacea, L.
5. Natas major, ALLIONI. 1864: G. W.C.
6. Zannichellsa palustris, L. 1864: G. W.C.
7. Ruppia maritima, L. 1864: Rev. Joun A. PAINE jr.
8. Triglochin maritimum, Ih.
ViiJunons bulbosus; La. 18642 .G., Wie.
10. Scerpus maritimus, L.
11. Leptochloa fascicularis, GRAY. 1854: G. W.C.
. Panicum proliferum, Lam. 1864: G. W.C.
—
bo
The following are new stations of rare plants, or remarkable
stations of common plants, and have not been hereinbefore given.
1. Clematis ochroleuca, Ait. New-Dorp, Staten Tsland. Flowers middle
of May; in fruit in June, 1864: T. F. ALLEN.
2. Ranunculus pusillus, Por. New-Dorp, Staten Island, June 1864:
PAE VADREN S| McD;
3. Nasturtium lacustre, Gray. Buffalo, 1863: G. W.C.
4. Turritis stricta, GRAUAM. Lewiston, Niagara county, 1863: G.W.C.
5. Draba aradisans, Mtcax. ‘ Tho counterfeiter’s ledge,” Akron, Erie
county, 1864: D. F. Day & G. W.C.
6. Polanisia graveolens, Rav. Gravesend, Kings.county : J.F.S.Smira,
M.D.; W. H. Leceert, Ksq.
. Euonymus americanus, L. High Bridge, Island of New-York, 1860:
iL. F. ALLEN.
8. Desmodium sk ln ig DC. Patchogue, Suffolk county, September
1864: T. i’. ALLEN.
9. Viola selkirkiz, de Hanover, Chautauqua county, 1853: D.F.
Day, Esq.
10. Viola tricolor, var. arvensis, DC. Buffalo, 1853: G. W.C.
11. Potentilla fruticosa, L. Calelonia, Livingston county, 1854: G.W.C.
12. Conioselinum canadense, T. & G. Portage, Wyoming county, 1863 ;
Caledonia, Livingston county, 1864: G. W.C.
13. Lythrum salicaria, L. Flushing, Queens county, August 1864: T.F.
ALLEN, M.D.
14. Cuphea viscosissima, JAcg. Fort Washington, Island of New. yaa
September 1864: W.H.Leacerr & T. KF. ALLEN.
15. Lonicera oblongifolia, Hoox. Akron, Erie county, 1864: D. F. Day
& G.W.C. Caledonia, Livingston county, 1864: G. W. C.
16. gee! hyssopifolium, L. Abundant in Suffolk county, 1864:
. FE. ALLEN. is
a
17.
18.
19.
20.
Am
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
21.
28.
29.
30.
31.
oz.
33.
34,
39.
36.
37.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE STATE FLORA. 205
Aster spectabili:, AIT. Suffolk county, 1864: T. F. ALLEN.
Aster concolor, L. Suffolk county, 1864: T. F. ALLEN.
Aster ptarmicoides, T. & G. Niagara county, near the Whirlpool,
'ep2: G. WC.
Solidago tenuifolia, PURsa. Common on New-York and Staten Isl-
ands: T. F. ALLEN.
Rudbeckia hirta, L. Common on Long Island: T.F.AL:EeNn. Diffused
through the central portions of the State, from Chautauqua county
to Albany, in meadows and pastures. G. W. C.
Anthemis arvensis, L. Fort Hamilton, Queens county, September
1864: T. F. AtteN. Bath, Long Island, September 1864: W.
LEeGGETT. Rochester, a weed in nurseries: Rev. L. Houzer.
Cacalia suaveolens, L. Rochester, 1864: Rev. L. Houzer.
Sunchus arvensis, L. Shore of the Cayuga lake, Tompkins county :
H. B. Lorn, Esq. MJochester, 1864: G.W.C. Staten Island,
1864: T. F. ALLEN.
Pyrola uliginosa, T. & G. Sphagnous swamp in the Tonawanda re-
servation, about five miles cast of Akron, Hrie county, 1864: D.
H. DAY & Gi, W. C.
Plerospora andromedea, Nuzt. Portage, Wyoming ,county, 1863:
G. W.C. I have seen it at Niagara Falls, and in two or three
places near Albany. So far as I have observed, it always grows
under or very near Pinus sirobus, L.
Lex monticela, GRAY. Rock City, Cattaraugus county, 1864. G.W.C.
Hottonia inflata, Ext. Common on Long Island: T. F. ALLEN.
Pycnanthemum muticum, Pers. Rochester, 1864: Rev.L.Houzer.
Convolvulus arvensis, L. Buffalo, 1862: D. F. Day & G. W.C.
Huphorbia tpecacuanha, L. Common in Suffolk county, and about
Flushing and Jamaica in Queens county: T. F. ALLEN.
Inus serrulata, WILLD., was found by D. I’. Day, Esq., in 1863, on
Squaw Island, near Buffalo, occupying a very limited station, and,
so far as we know, is confined in this region to that station. A.
tncana, WiLLD., is the common Alder of the vicinity of Buffalo.
Zannichellia palustris, L. Flushing, Queens county, 1864: T. F.
ALLEN. Buffalo, 1864: Rev. L. Houzer.
Erythronium albidum, Nutt. Banks of the Buffalo creek near Buf-
falo, 1863: G. W. C.
Festuca duriuscula, L. Buffalo, 1864: G. W.C.
Eleocharis rostellata, Torr. ‘‘Gathered by me about Flushing, and
also about Springfield, Long Island. The form occurring here (as
in New-Durham, N.J., where I first found it) is very remarkable
for its long proliferous culms, which give it the appearance of
grass beaten down by wind or rain; and it entangles the feet.”’
TIPSALLEN, M.D.
Carex subulata, Micux. Magnolia swamps, Long Island, August
1864: T. F. ALLEN.
7
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RESULTS OF METEOROLUGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
I. METEOROLOGICAL SYNOPSIS FOR 1864: TOLEDO, OHIO.
BY J. B. TREMBLEY, M.D.
OBSERVATIONS taken three times per day, by J. B. TREMBLEY, M.D., in
the city of Toledo, Ohio: Latitude N. 41° 38’ 47.04; Longitude W.
© $2° 22' 17.15.
BaRoMeETRIcAL TABLE, showing the maximum and minimum height for the different
months of the year 1864; also the mean monthly height, range, greatest and
least daily variation; also the maximum, minimum, mean barometrical range,
ce greatest and least daily variation for the years 1864, 1863, 1862, 1861 and
1860.
! ) |
| pede eg? oe |
= tag | g | mae | 3 as | a
aS B45 ‘oa pee ies | ao
Seg) Shs bP a eS ee lee’ |g
MonrTus. Hei2| Bsle2| €8 | welisgel/elasls
s"|8| e4/2| = | 28/32 /2|/42/4
BS BS pts as |
—— | — } a —
January ..| 29.68 | 2 | 28.94 | 13 | 29.346 | 0.74 | 0.38 | 1] 0.02 | 22 |
February .| 29.79 | 18 | 28.64] 4 | 29.187 | £5 | AG | cde gOS 8
March 29.55 | 22 | 28.64|18| 29.144} .91| .32| 28] .03| 16 |
April ....| 29.52 | 28 | 23.88 | 10 | 29.194 | 64) .29) 27) 102) 14
May 2....| 29.69 | 5 | 28-92 | 10 | .29.162| .47|°.22| 3 |. .01!| 14
Jane sins 29.61 | 28 | 28.90] 9 | 29.344] .71| .27] 8| .00.] 17
Jilye sss. 99.50 | 27 | 29.12 | 1 | 29.330 | .38| .13:| 8| .00°| 27
August ...| 29.49 | 7 | 28.92 | 26| 29.258 | .57] .14/23| .01 | 16
September | 29.48 | 30 | 28.98 | 14 | 29.256 | .50 a7) 15 | «O20 ae
October ...| 29.62 | 3 | 28.93 | 27 | 29.200 | 0.69 | .18] 31} .02/ 7
November.| 29.67 | 25 | 28.58 | 9 | 29.229 | 1.09 | 40} 9| %05 | 18
December, | 29.85 | 9 | 28.63 | 27 | 29.185 | 1.22 | 0.39 | 9} 0.03) 16
1864....| 29.85 28.58 29.236 | 0.75 | 0.57 0.00
1863....| 29.81 28.47 29.280 | 0.88 | 1.75 0.00
1262....| 29.83 28.77 29.297 | 0.72 | 0.57 0.00
1861....| 29.90 28.88 29.354 | 0.63 | 0.66 0.00
1860....| 29.87 23.94 29.330 | 0.68 | 0.61 0.00
Mean Barometer for 5 years, 29.279.
208 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
TABLE showing the maximum, minimum, mean range, and greatest and least daily
variation of the thermometer for each month of the year 1864; also the mean
temperature of the warmest and coldest day in each month, with date of same.
: neh 2) °
- 8 = s
2 & 2 s 2
P=) a eg mgd a os 2
“20 “Bo ee| o |F| | 52 ape
= = ~ 2 =| b = ae 3
Montus. | " i ae ee % 5 o
5 5 So Sa Bi 3A = ae eS
Be eal et a ee Ss if i. 3s |-| 22 |.
i | O “S Ess as = Ot Ss a Ss “2 S
S lal lel \S & |e ilel ais) & 2| 3
2 ial a Al a A © als Al s Al & a
SiliR A =
January ..| 68 28; —15 | 1| 27.254] 83.00 | 23 28] 3 29) 55.66 128 —11.66 | 1
Februay .| 59 23| — 6 |18] 31.52¢) 65. 24 19} °3 12) 49.09 23 — 0.00 [17
March ...| 67 27 B27! Bo. 717 58. 37 27| 4 [30] 53.00 |23] 15.383 120
April ....| 62 21) 86 110) 46.11¢) 26, 16 (19) 1 [30] 56.00 \22) 39.00 116
My Sino | 90 1ST of 14) 63.19¢) 53. 16 | 7 3 |10) 78.22 131| 43.00 11
dune. ....| 98 28) 50.) 1) 70.A00/ 38. 31 |16)° 8 | 1| 57.33 125) S8.anem
duly. 2..-| 96 36) 60 22) 75.09") 3h: 241 5| 2] 9 83.33 119] 65.00 122
August ...| 96 /11| 49 [30) 71.10:| 47. 24/10, 1 (20! 85.33 111) 60.00 /39
September | 82 23) 45 30) 61.519) 37. 24 23) 6 \27) 71.00 (23) 50.00 |30
October ..) 65 | 5) 23 | 9) 48.00] 37. 22°20) 128 61.00) 51) Baeeoume
November,| 70 29 3 13] 40.641) 57. 22 25, 2 |10| 65.83 \29) e200
December.| 54 | 2 LO) 27644) 538% 8 28} -0-123) 51.00:| 2) bene
POG. 5.198 22153 49.95'| 49.90 | 37 | 0 37.33 11.635
1863 ....| 95 6| | s1.oss/48/58) 98} | o| | 95.3: 16 33
H8B2. ew l9%e| | ae Bl Psa Ue) 45.25 35). |) alee AD 16.33
1831...) 98 | —4 50.35¢) 46.66 ) 3 0 87.00) 9.65
1860....1 94 | 10 49.340) 44.13 | 41 2 83.00 | 2.66
Mean Temperature for 5 years, 50.41.
TABLE showing the mean temperature of each month of the years 1860, 1861, 1862,
1863 and 1864; also the mean of each year.
Months. 1860. TSbi) 1862. 1863. 1864.
January ...... 92.87 | 25.55 | 27.090 | 34.104 | 27.954
February .:.:.| 30.56 | 33:00 | 27.3177) 31.166 | 31. 820
Mareh .......| 42:56 | 35.88 | 34.835 | 35.244 | 35.717
AMOI Sate ee eke 48.37 | 49.43 | 49.350 | 48.615 | 46.119
Maw ofieeneee 63.96 | 55.01 | 60.147 | 63.060 | 63.190
dnine Fess eke 64.18 | 69.48 | 66.186 | 68.275 | 70.400
SAL CME heey 72 00 | 70.26 '| 79.900 | 74.507 | 75.090
AMeUSt Soe e rs POU TAO Sa ST 2 es a) a
September ....| 59.16 | 62.90 | 63 U64 | 61.651 | 61.519
October. tas 50.87 580) 3.824 | 44.875 | 48.000
November..... OL eae 39 OL | 40.785 | 44.163 | 40.641
Decemnber..... 24.05 | 38.14 | 36.125 | 34.223 | 27.641
Mean for year.| 49.343 | 50.368 | 51.316 | 51.069 | 49 900
TasLE showing the mean temperature of the seasons 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863 & 1864
SEASONS 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864.
Spring.....: | 61.63 | 46.77 | 47.977 | 48.973 | 48.008
Summer ..... 68 79 7).40 73.418 ) 71.91 72.164
Autumn .....| 49.12 52.06 Hosoi D022 50.052
Winter ...... 429.765 | 25.53 | 30.849 | 30.43 | 31.106
* Two months : January and February,
RESULTS OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 209
TABLE showing the depth of snow, and amount of melted snow and rain in inches
precipitated during each month of 1864; also the aggregate amount for the years
1864, 1863, 1862 and 1861.
: aia
Melted snow and’
|
|
Months. ' Snow in inches. aie aad ;
rain in inches.
| SODUATY soe ns | 12.500 0.375
: February ..... 3.250 0.93875 |
| YEE foie oss. | 7 750 1.9373
TROT. a gis 5 sats | 5.000 4.75
; May Sitamixataetee fi bl wiwle cla « 2.1875
) 1 ae eee Sl ae
| OGRA AR it | ae a 3.25
Augost «.i.-05 i aca 4.211
Pemtemiber <5.) “a. .s- 7.006
October .....- ) 0.125 1.6875
November ...., 6.500 | 5.8125
| December... | 13.000 | 1.6
mao oe Ffrat S )
Year 1864 .... 48.125 BC tata cl
| SFIS s a i Kc eR MRO pe 1 RP RS a yh 8 ah as | es v4 86— oF 6°96 6°86 E°LE j° Atenaqoiy
A |e | OL) ES | ey oe eS eee ls be: Oeee e 8° 1d 8g Gi GP 0°&% 8°96 O°9L |** Arvnuee
a ale) ie | oy Ge el eclee Ge imema moe | il, ee | owe Pe tet lee eal te ee
ee ee ee ie ee es ee
#2 j)24 i. S12 3| 91 Ss |] e 9 A iia Fea fie ae ead pe cee as a ~ =] a 09 . = A SHINO} |
ao ag (ge! Sea | Se | cast oe gee ee ers >| 5 03 2 = = ° = |
Pi eae s : 4 : esl te oe Fy oe |
| a toe sd = al =
SSL A | S SON : “UTLANO WU MIL,
"SISCONAQ TVOIDOIOUOALI “T
‘NosNHOf aiAvg <@ —‘LNONUAA “AUNGMAN + POST VOI SNOLLVAYASAO AO LOVELSAV ‘TI
RESULTS OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 211
8. MEMORANDA OF THE APPEARANCE OF AURORAS, SOLAR AND LUNAR
HAtos, PARHELIA, &c. AT NEWBURY, VERMONT, 1864.
Febr. 9.
ee 10.
ma: DQ.
‘“ Ay.
March 1.
« 4
73 5
« 16
« 28
April 3
73 8
73 9
~ = 29
« 24
May - 2
« 6
«10.
August 7.
« §=616.
a aU:
« 26.
« 27.
Octo. 20.
eee 8
Roy, - 19.
Dec. 20.
“. 21.
« 23.
Brilliant Aurora, 9 to 11 p.m.
Parhelion west of the Sun, 33 p.m.
Bright Aurora, 8 to 10 p.m.
Lunar Halo, 8 p.m.
Snow-storm commenced at 9 p.m. This storm commenced at
New-York city at 9 a.m. same day.
. Pale Aurora low in the north.
. Rain-storm commenced at 7 p.m., and rained till 93 a.m. of the
7th ; then rained and snowed till evening. Wind southwest
the 5th, southeast the 6th, northwest the 7th.
. One Parhelion north of the Sun, and one south of it : noon.
. Slight Aurora, 10 p.m.
. Solar Halo, 53 p.m.
. Aurora with small streamers, 9 p.m. ; low in the north.
. Pale Aurora low in the north, 9 p.m.
. Lunar Halo, 10 p.m.
. Brilhant Aurora, 9 to 11 p.m.
. Solar Halo, 11 to 12 a.m.
. Slight Aurora, 9 p.m.
First Thunder-shower, 4 to 5 p.m.
Pale Aurora low in the north, 9 p.m.
Rainbow in west, 8 a.m.
Brilliant Aurora with streamers, 9 p.m.
Top of Moose hillock white with snow.
First frost this morning.
Bright Aurora low in north, 9 p.m.
Bright Aurora low in north, 9 p.m.
Pale Aurora, evening.
Pale Aurora low in north, 9 p.m.
At one o’clock p.m. a furious northeast snow-storm commenced,
and continued to the morning of the 22d: twelve inches of
snow fell.
Mercury 20° below zero at eight o’clock a.m.
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
212
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RESULTS OF METEOROTOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
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‘(pepnpuey) ANAGVOY TIV] NOIN(Q) WOUd LOVULSAY “VOIDOTONOdLAY
214 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
IV. METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS FOR 1864, AND FOR 28 YEARS
NOW ENDED : ROCHESTER, NEW-YORK.
BY CHESTER DEWEY, D.D.
Observations taken at 7 a.m., and at 2 and 9 p.m.
TABLE I: TuermMomeTeRr.
| 1864, 28 youd
|
MonTuas. a. PE) FE. rv. | iv. | VI. | VII. vir. i
Foun. SAREE HEB ao. EB] ET ge |e Tow 22 aa
pre fo RAE mag EER) A |p | ow | Bett a.
Mora} Bis ova ie i St | 30 | so | se t4laa.a0
ama $7 | aM aoe aber atl at | 5 |
ow fo Btlew ee ea g/g) [gala
fee foc an car uae |S | 4 | Sy 60.04
say fy EB) rosso) et eee | |
aug {2 | BERR rononl gs) 96-00] ge | ce | eel a
soo {it [O08 onion) eeeh ee 2 | te | oe
on § oA deseo) SEE a) | | oe
or. fs: | 3281) oo.oa O60 0 te) oe) os
peo. fo: [3-73 ae.na| $257] desert] $ | as | So-a8 aa
{ \
Mean of year 1864, 47.73 : Range of year, 97°. Mean of 28 years, 47.02.
This Table shows us, Column I, the average temperature for each half-
month, and, II, of each month; III & IV, the highest and lowest mean of
each half-month ; V & VI, the highest and lowest temperature of each half,
and, VII, the range of temperature in the month ; VIII, the average mean
temperature of each half-month, and, LX, of each month for 28 years.
From the table is deduced, 1, the mean temperature of the year, 47°.73,
and the range of temperature in this year, 97°; and, 2, the average mean
temperature for 28 years, 479.02 : the .02 is in excess from the decimals.
——
RESULTS OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 915
In the order a, 6, c & d,
| |
| (a). | |
| | (6). |
| Annual mean temperature. Annual mean temperature. |
| 1837 45.72 ESbl 47.75 |
| 45.10 2 47.09 /
9 46.72 3 48.30 |
| 1840 47.06 4 47.97
| 1 46.36 5 46.76 |
2 47.44 6 44.97
| 38 44.70 7 45.94 | |
| 4 46.77 8 47.64 |
| » 47.01 9 47.32 |
6 48.26 1860 47.58 |
| 7 46.44 1 47.31 |
| 8 47.94 2 47.18 |
9 47.59 3 47.30 655.02
1850 47.97 1864 47.73 660.84
—— :
655.02 660.84. 1315.86 for 28 years. |
| Mean 46.79 of Ist 14 years. | Mean 47.20 of 2d 14 years. 47.00 mean. |
(ce). The range cf annual mean temperature is here seen to be from
44°.7 in 1843, to 48°.3 in 1853. The annual means, also, are only twice
below 45°, and only twice above 48°.
(@). In the 28 years, the range has been, at the hours of observation,
from 102° down to 20° below zero, or equal to 122°; and the same night,
at 3 a.m. was 25° below.
To show, on a2 moment’s inspection. the relative temperature of any month
or half-month, the following Table has been made with much care. The
mean temperature of any month or half-month in the 28 years is simply
compared with the general average of that time at the bottom. Thus, the
general mean of the first half of January 1837 is 25°.92, while the mean
of that half in 1837 is 17°.02, or very cold ; in 1856, is 15°.91, still colder ;
in 1857, is 17°.04, less severe ; in 1858, is 32°.95, warm for the season ;
and in 1838, is 36°.67, very warm for this half of January. So we see that
both halves of January 1856 and 1857 were far below their general means ;
and that the first half-months of February 1856 and 1857 were also very
cold, while the first half of February 1850 was 34°.55, very warm for the
season, and of 1853 was 35°.05, still warmer. Also the general mean of the
first half of December was 30°.96, and of that half in 1861 was 37°.71,
very warm for the season, as many may recollect ; for the mean tempera-
ture of some of its days was above 55°, and one exceeded 60°.
216 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
-Tasie II: Mean Temperature of exch half-month and of each month, and the mean
of the whole for 28 years, 1837 to 1864 inclusive.
|
JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MARCH.
Yerar.jist half. 2dhalf. Month. 1st half. 2dhalf. Month. jist half. 2d half. Month.
Hepes: 23031 20.16 2 G4 aA a5 De WA 26.36 382.89 29:62
1638") 36:67 25.94" 31.30 | 18.29)" 12512 15.20 | 31.65 | 38. 03ugeeemee
1839 | 32.02 18.60 25.81 | 20.22 5 Sp.00 VATED 28.71 305960" hole
PA SOLO: L954: LOB SNe eT chow wOmae 32.08 33.98°- 340587 foams
eA 25eBol 2812" 627302 a 19 S62 2 ne 28s RO 23.82 | 33, Ga0 aoueee
Peet RAL 32.19... 29.87 2 et e8 esa 30.7 Boe bh 40.67 39.43
1843 | 29.69 SO BLO My ORO eel ere: 17.05 20.29. 23. 6225s
1644) 24.33 15.73 > 19.89 1) 23.82.) 20ee 27.00 37.48 31.520 eisoee
1845 | 28.15 25.70 26.89 | 17.48 36.99 payinea st 35.40 39.23) “Steere
1846 | 29.54 238.29 25 DD) 1 oem ete 21.96 30249 Sifaeik 33.95
Vea +) 27.67 20.3 Bonet. Aeeomos 22.95 24.44 Dowel) 30.00 27.68
1848 | 27.60 al. Sr. 29R6L 23.26 28.93 26.20 24784 \-aSeol 31.76
S494 18367 5 25.69. 22:39 a) 2094. 2BeBoe 22 4b SLVSS He Ome 35.12
1850 | 27.36 34.82 30.09 | 34.55 30.07 32.31 52.73 | 3025605 s ioe
1851 | 30.06 25°65) 9 2779 | 26.60 BORO) e olleo 32.20 Alls asters
1852 | 21.60 19.83 20.69 | 30.26 23.89 26.96 32.84 30:96) “oleae
1853 | 29.69 22.17 25.86 35.05 Zheog vole 30.53) Sal 33.95
ESSA eas ‘QB Qe 25 86 24.07 24.05 24.06 40:17 . 2737 ewes
1855 | 32.22 2on2) Qikwoo 14.79 2(0).86 17.82 30.47 29.590) setae
1856 | 15.91 1 Gry eee Rosen a) hawoe 22.607. L704. 19.33. 28783" 24528
May 1e04. 13500 14.96 ZO M2 EOS e Oo, 92.07 37 48.50
WBS Su 782.0b.4 C0La ie 1 3L284 22952 op (k9.860 5 20.04 22.93 40.29 31.89
#859 1.25.67.) 380.876 . 28.35 DAO i Sree e ess 37.02: Al ate ates
1860 | 24.69 30.69 27.80 22067 SOR 12 262,50 Bones 38:21 Site
SGM 2860 | BOD: < Ze. oll 27205) \ S2e00 29.57 30.98. 31.56 "sie
1862 | 22.89 26282" D476 ZARB, 2407) ZEST 30,64. 34.5205 san
1863 | 33.38 2Zoy a0 oO 2eeBb 28.88. 26.12 25.02 32.B50aeeeeee
Hoos Ses8) 32-60") 2doa(2 30.17 26.87 28,46 34.04 29.98 31.95
Means! 25.92 PAI) MOOI DA a ro nO DoT 30.14 ° 34. 863 Seren
APRIL MAY JUNE
wang) a0.o4 43.37 . 41250 54.27 55.06 54.68 66.64 64.84 65.74
mesons 40 siete. ar coo 48.40 54.13 52.39 66.54 70.71 68.62
1839 | 49.04 50.12 49.58 52.96 56.13 54.54 57.89 61.29 59.59
1840 | 42.86 54.71 48.78 Zoi! 65.87 59.37 62.98 67.02 (Gon00
1841 | 35.24 45.15 40.20 44,98 63.04 ° 54:30 \|-69.55 — G9LbR 69.538
1842 | 43.64 49.64 46.79 51.11 56.29 53.85 58.82, (65.695 62025
1843 | 39.88 49.42 44.65 54.69 52.99 53.82 56°13. 69.27¢ 62ane
1844 | 52.98 52.89 523 57.35 60.56 59.01 60.22 68.04 64.13
1845 | 38.13 54.46 46.29 55.55 LOD 53.66 67.12 63.92 65.02
1846 | 41.40 52.93 47.16 56.97 64.42 60.82 64.82 67.91 66.37
1847 | 40.69 41.62 41.15 55.98 62.45 59.32 60.98 66.44 638.71
148) ASeAA ABR AD 4384'S 56.04 65.08 60.71 62.91 73.24 68.02
1849 | 48.26 43.33 48.80 48.69 58.46 Dates 64.47 13.20 68.86
T3500 87.420 47.%6e. Agsag 49.75 S2ae 51.28 67.07 72.04 69.56
1851 | 41.36 46.31 48.83 Awe. Dilys to 58 27 60.56 70.64 65.60
1852 | 36.58 - 42.53 39.55 56.02 57.73 56.90 63.78 69.07 66.42
1859 |) 39.27, - 48.13). 435.70 52.46 58.83 55.75 70.62 73.20 7T1<9k
1854 | 39.13 45.60 . 42.36 55.60 60.50 58.13 65.16 (ini 68.43
EBD i ph pel! 53202) Ad way By) 59.82 56.66 59.11 -68.16 GBs
1856 | 40.51 51.89 46.20 De eee OOO 54.72 64.76 73.28, 69,02
E85) Slee Looe Zaw Bone 47.64 59.27 53.62 60.93 66.56 63.74
1858 | 45.75 A411 . 44393 52.93 54.71 53.88 63.73 1713s Tee
1859 | 40.938 42.13 41.03 59. 71 61.83 60.81 091.55. 7 Ofivall 63.43
1860 | 42.07 45.00 43.53 OLA P6208) 61.7% 63.51 69.11 66.31
1861 | 42.18 48.91 45.54 49,20 dAVOD 51.86 66.89 65.95) SG6r42
1862 | 39564 47227 43745 52.00). SS ere 55.76 60.67 64.67 62008
1863 (37.955 48.475, 43).21 50.85 64.63 57.96 62.69 66.47 64.58
1864 | 42.20. 44.18 43.18 541s Doavot . 893 59.56 74.69 67.12
Means! 40.97 46.94 438.94 52.99 59.05 56.30 63.135 68.99 66.04
i
pala ieee
RESULTS OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
Taste II (Concluded).
217
YEAR. /1st half.
1837 | 68.24
1838 | 74.49
1839 | 67.53
1840 | 69.07
1841 | 67.40
1842 | 66.46
1843 | 66.69
1844 | 68.69
1845 | 71.07
1846 | 70.75
1847 | 71.53
1848 | 68.84
1849 | 71.16
1850 | 73.69
1851 | 67.85
1852 | 72.90
1853 | 69.42
1854 | 72.55
1855 |. 70.20
1856 | 70.84
1857 | 70.91
1858 | 73.22
~1859 | 70.38
1860 | 65.71
Means} 51.32
JULY. AUGUST. SEPTEMBER.
2d half. Month. Ast half. 2dhalf. Month. /|Iist half. 2d half. Month.
68.85 68.55 Gece LOocok 67.69 61.60 57.89 SORT
POE ia eo 3 C4 69.31 67.46 68.64 60.40 58.71 59.55
73.08 70.30 64.34 66.42 65.65 62.34 55.19 58.76
70.40 69.75 65.89 71.19 68.62 60.51 55.09 57.80
69.49 68.63 | 68.70 68.85 68.81 67.60 59. fan) ConOd,
fisae = O8-08 1 65:93" 69.21. 67.63 63.09 Hake 58.11
69.04 67.91 68.95 68.7] 68.89 620244) G02 Glas
68.89 68.79 66.93 64.21 65.53 65.60 54.94 60.27
69.37 70.19 69.42 70.46 69.95 60.90 56.00 58.45
10:67. 70.70 WAsZA ~ 6764. — 70,78 72.07 5S. &L 65.39
70.81 71.16 68:98 65.79 67.73 61.16 55.89 58.52
CLOET 70.39 72.13 69.60 70.85 62.20 52742 57.31
Wee 71.44 67.67 11-90 69.06 63.44 59.12 61.38
Te lites, Loe eal! jisi78... 67.29 69.46 62.15 58.73 60.44
72.58 70.29 Go. 66.20 67.72 68.80 55. 0h 61.96
10.64, «74,69 - | ‘66:20 69.95 68.14 65.53 55.36 60.44
69.33 69.38 76.11 66.33 71.06 66.47 58.42 62/45
76.90 74.80 70.02 TLeol 70.69 68.24° 58.29 63.26
fovtin 72.04 Gs02** 65621 68.02 66.98 58.95 62.96
76.04 73.52 69.80 63.30 66.44 65.13 54.76 59.94
to.Ger) 72-16 TOS? 63575; 4167230 67.20 54.64 60.92
69.37=) 71.21 (oneuie 1 04:57. 68167 66827 © (b6n2 OF WxObe2s
69.54 69.94 Tool 65.06 68.59 57.09 59.44 58.26
67.75 66.76 67.93° | 67-81 67.87 60.02 +. 54.87 57.44
69.27 68.66 68.29 66.94 67.59 63/63 1 758.07 60S90
Goole £0252 foe . 66073: {3699 71 64.25 60.60 62.42
68.96 (1.51 74.98 64.65 69.67 61.51 54.42 57.96
74.04 73.50 4:98) > 67515 70.92 60.87.) seh: 59.29
ti. 04s. 70.65 Omi 2 6745235" 68563 63.83 56.88 60.37
OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.
46.69 46.95 Avia Oleh AO is. lian) Ade OU aah ce. aoe ey
39.12 44.74 38.29 “204 32566 20-58" selSis 83" 122556
52262 53.70 37.89 30.76 34.32 34.758 23538. 28586
AXA, 46500 42.29 SEBO © AT ENT PAL oe Deere Ale 25.14
41.60 44.79 41.96 31.96 36.96 SRA JZA046 © 30858
45.91 49.19 AP 19 DORZI4 H35E20 29.63 25.98 27.74
ie aes ae 30). 80) Bont» 39595 98.09 32.58 30244
40.36 43.63 39.20 30-46 34.83 29Gb 262325 2Sc0e
44.98 48.63 40.82 34.40 © 37761 92389- A 22664 ~i 22276
39.94 46.06 47 a4) 136.0585 41a8o 98.8445 28.5144 28 sar
44-2) > 47.27 45.37 35.91 40.64 Sitek Oo 20eee + Bedok
47.06 46.90 9 ey: Spl | 64? pala Ha gabe P- ST.2ar OL LGTY Bake
48.06 48.73 HOO4 “4260 46-382 293571 1-26. 9452 BR 928
A7.02° 48.14 45.84 37.84 41.84 29.044, 24885 25.66
46.25 50.78 35.36; 39.96 34.66 26.87, 20.65% ZaGo
AG79, 51-95 39.31 Soult * oO. 37.02" “SLo(o | aatcoe
45.51 46.02 AVNG* N42220" /41-68 S209) 4 22k Tht 1 Bae
49.77 52.2 a9<3e" 535.84", 87.58 2556.0 2609)! Beate
44.15 47.08 AGS, «i407 40547 3382. 224000 200 aD
45.04 48.31 40.93 36.44 38.69 98-20" 20512) 424708
42.61 47.18 AD S58" > 2960 436.07 35.44.15) 31.21 33.26
50235) + 50.77 37.98 31.93 34.96 32.09 27.83 29.89
Reh op Ade 17 SA SOL” SAD LO 25.07. . 20.400 22566
52.08 50.49 44.91 34.38 39.64 25.381 9 26.85" "ZO.aE
Ae es 51.04 41.22 33.84 87:53 31.719 ¢ 28a he saad
44.31 50.96 BG .SGi. + ,a0e Oli... }oo st 33.60... -30.3%. 431492
46.29 48.52 AZO) al
forte Ho! Sig. PU LEUARCMe OTE. DIM
> ® so sTANDING COMMITTEE OF THE
ons, apace gay REGENTS,
Specially charged with the care of the State Cabinet.
1866.
¥Y (The Pavone) Mr. FENTON, Mr. CORNING,
_ (The Superintendent of Public Taetenetion) Mr. RICE,
es CAMPBELL, _ Mr. BREVOORT,
Mr. CLINTON, Mr. JOHNSON.
1]
* q . .. 7 .
& CURATOR:
. . JAMES HALL, LL.D.
» - ie * / *» ‘ ie
= =] : 4 j : >
* ih, 4
.
REPORT, “27 Ge
ake ‘? ‘
| LOC
To the Honorable the Legislature of the State of New Yorke p>:
The Regents of the University, as Trustees of the State cbt: a |
of Natural History, respectfully submit this their \
Oo
NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT... Pr
On the first day of November last, Col. Ezekiel J ovtett resigned
the Curatorship of the State Cabinet, and_at'the annual nibeting?
of the Board, on the eleventh of January last, Proféssér’ James’
Hall was appointed to that office. Col. Jewett had diséharged”
his duties with faithfulness and ability, and carries with him on’
his retirement the best wishes of the Board. The appointme sit of
Prof. Hall seemed eminently proper, both on account of ‘his ¢6n-
ceded competency and scientific reputation, and the deep iterést
which he has taken in plans for enlarging the Cabinet and placing
it in the ‘condition required by the present advanced stat¢e of Geo-
logical science. He has entered on his duties with his hatacteristic
coat’ and the Regents have no doubt that before the elose of the
year, the result of his labors will be seen in a generally improved
condition of every department of the Cabinet. Should the plans’
for enlarging and improving the Cabinet, communicated ‘by the’
Regents to the Legislature on the eighth of February last, in re-
sponse to the resolutions of April twenty-fourth, eighteen’ hundred
and sixty-five, be adopted, their execution will, to a great —. :
necessarily be committed to Professor Hall, and will! st sped *
due to him as their author. Ad Sip F
' A list of the additions made to the Cabinet dosing tha? J
eighteen hundred and sixty-five, is hereto annexed. sos OF |. |
A full collection of the rocks and minerals of the State:etitalle”
for economic purposes, would be of great value in determining the e
materials proper to be employed in the construction! $f ‘the: pro
posed new Capitol. It would be a public calamity if, ma struét-°
ure erected for ages to come, a single stone of a destructible ba" eae
ture should’ be used: This can only be avoided bya thorough | Pr:
ta ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS, - *
ledge of the character of our building materials. Specimens
yery such material in the State should be brought into one
“depository, and subjected to careful comparison and the
“therough examination. The beginning ofa collection has
- been made, thd it will be continued to the extent of the means at
wh pf the disposal of the Regents. In selecting materials for the great
, work proposed, the owners of quarries'should be invited to fur-
_ tish specimens of their stone, and these should be deposited for
” future reference and use in the Cabinet. Science; though of ines-
) timable,value in its abstractions, should in every possible way be
placed under contribution for advancing civilization and contrib-
~uting to the development of natural resources. 7 .
' Dr. Torrey’s Flora of the State does not. include the Musci,
r. Hepaticacee, Lichenes, Alge and Fungi. To complete the Flora
; ; these, orders must. be added. The Regents are happy to know
; that, our State has several zealous and Acie students of theSe
several or ders, particularly of the first two named, and that they
s will | baready to the Suits of their means to encourage and aid
3s x us of
vs Pt harles H. Peck, of Albany, has furnished valuable lists of
cs ay he a. and. Hepaticaces of the State, which we herewith sub-.
: mit;., We have reason to expect that Mr. Peck will make yearly
& . additions, to these lists. .
-. we also annex hereto a second paper, iene one of the Regents,
entitled ‘‘ Facts and. Observations touching the Flora of the State.”
| Professor Hall’s contributions. to Paleontology, intended for the
last. Report, but unavoidably omitted in the* printing, have been
~yery considerably extended, and are herewith communicated.
_ That yeteran observer, Prof. Dewey, has continued his “ Mete-
orological Results.” . Several other papers on that subject are also
added.
| _Explorations in Natural History can never be pronounced com-
* plete. There is always redson to expect-new discoveries in all its
departments.: There are details. of our State Geology, such are
. the peculiar limits-and connections of its strata and formations,
| which.are probably not yet absolutely determined. The numer-
ous additions to our Flora, contained in Mr., Paine’s Catalogue of
‘Plants of Oneida County and its Vicinity,” invite further seks
ane, promise other valuable discoveries.. Observers and explorers.
are few and scattered, and greatly need a leader and center of op-.
erations. Until they are increased in number, animated by the :
ret te ty THE STATE CABINET. age 4a
Bator ‘recognition of the dignity and utility of ner saieniiael
led to Ghevish a proper State pride and to regard the State Cabi
.as the great center of authentic information, there is no ope th
the Natural History of the State will be fully known. The Re-
gents therefore deem it their duty to foster local explorations : nd
to extend the warmest encouragement to all who are chee i
them. They cherish the Hohe that. collections, gathered by #
united contributions of the naturalists of the State, will n ‘not on onl
; form one great central depository; but will place it in ‘their pow: ‘:
7 to furnish’ free gifts to the Colleges and Academies and, to |] local |
‘Societies of Natural History. .They. deem it proper. to add, hat
they have received from many eminent. scientific men, a ost -
gratifying assurances that the. communications accompanying their ae '
Annual Reports, and especially the more recent ones, are subst an- as
tial contributions to science, and honorable to the State. “e ‘a
_ ‘The. Regents recommend. that their answer to the resolutions «
the Legislature, on the State Cabinet, with the ‘correspondene nc
annexed thereto, be printed as.a part of this mii he and for tl that
peers it is herewith communicated. =
ote
ah
ely submitted, :
viel order of the Regents. SP be a
0 JOHN VoL. PRUYN, 9 ie
A A eee “ - Chancellor Of the Crise Le
_ ApaNy, April 2, 1866. ; i
“Tar ° a Ps ¥ ’
Leen oar : ? ’
ag, ath BRT ar ' is , ; Piyy bcd - Tey
he shy Lore VENT SdiyAa thes BBWS An\? 2?) abe - ceh eA Gh ae
p> aa, "bs > 3 - ane
Hi es " SPECLAL REPORT
a bai
OF THE, REGENTS ‘OF THE UNIVERSITY, IN. RELATION TO
at} it THE STATE CABINET OF NATURAL HISTORY.
vVinosort tion Universtry or tap State or. New York,
Macro ‘tort : » OFFICE OF THE REGENTS;
ALBANY, February 8, 1886.
To ae ‘Honorable the Legislature :
“The Regents cf the’ University, in response to a resolution of the. Senate
and: ‘Assembly, passed April 24, 1865; in regard to the State Cabinet of
| ‘Natural BisGiry (a cépy of which is hereto feueneen have the honor to
We j
| REPORT: 3
+6 That, on the receipt of a certified copy thereof, the resolution was refer-
red te the standing committee on the State Cabinet, and that the accompa-
nying report of that committee was adopted by the Regents on the 12th
day of January, 1866, and ordered to be transmitted to the Legislature as
the answer of the Board on the subject referred to them.
I haye the the honor to be,
Very respectfully,
Your obediént servant,
JOHN V. L. PRUYN,. ©
Chancellor of the Unwersity.
To THE REGENTS or THE UNIVERSITY :
‘The undersigned, to whom was committed the duty of preparing your
. answer to the resolution passed by the Senate and Assembly on the 24th
_ day of April, 1865, respectfully Report:
That they thought it fit to obtain the views of gentlemen actively en-
- gaged in the prosecution of scientific researches, by way of aid in the dis-
charge of the duty imposed upon them, and that they therefore addressed
to a lar$e number of gentlemen distinguished: in the cultivation of natural
sciences, the following circular letter :
OFFICE OF THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE
Stats or New Yorx, ALBANY, June 1, 1865:
Sir—The Senate and Assembly of the State of New York, on the 24th
of April last, each adopted the following resolution :
Wurrnas, The Collections in geology, mineralogy and other depart- —
ments of natural history, made by the geological survey of the State, were _
committed to the charge of the Regents of the University by the act of the
pear 3 in 1845, and the reports published before and since that period
ON THE STATE CABINET. 9
ag the results of thes ‘survey, have conferred great credit upon the State of
New York, both at home and abroad, and the nomenclature proposed by her
geologists has been adopted by other States, and in the geological survey
of Canada, and is well known, appreciated and recognized by the scientific
men of Europe, and
WHEREAS, Great progress has been made since that period i in geological
investigations, both here and abroad, and it is due to science, as well as a
suitable recognition of the great reais given to the state of New York,
that her pre-eminence be sustained by keeping up the character and authen-
ticity of her collections as a museum of practical and scientific geology;
therefore be it
Resolved, That the Regents of the University report to the iegislatae
at its next session, what means may be necessary, together with a plan, for
placing the State Cabinet of Natural History in the condition required by
the present state of science, to maintain it in full efficiency as a museum of
Scientific and practical geology and comparative zoology; and whether the
establishment of a system of free lectures in connection with the cabinet is
desirable, and if so, on what genéral plan the same should be founded.
_ The Regents of the University have committed the duty of srenatia
their answer to this resolution to their standing committee on the State
Cabinet of Natural History. |
In the discharge of this duty, the committee desire to peal themselves
of the aid of those whose special studies relate to the subject of natural his-
tory in any of its branches, and of all who are interested in the increase
and spread of knowledge. They trust that the general scientific and econ-
omic interests to be subserved bythe action contemplated in the resolution,
will induce cordial co-operation with them, on the part of those to whom
this circular letter is addressed.
_ They will be obliged to you for the expression of your views and sugges-
tions upon any or all of the following topics, or upon any branch of them:
1st. Plans for placing the State Cabinet of Natural History in the con-
dition required by the present state of science, and for maintaining it in_
full efficiency as a museum of scientific and practical geology, and compar-
ative zoology.
_ 2d. The proper Heth seion of a scientific staff to carry out such plans
and estimates of the proper compensation thereof, and of the other expendi-
tures, temporary or permanent, requisite to,the attainment of the ends in
Fiew.
_ 8d. The desirableness of a system of free lectures in connection with the
cabinet, and if deemed desirable, a — plan for founding such a system
of lectures.
Answers are requested as early at least as the Ist of September next, to
be addressed to the undersigned at Albany.
| -T have the honor to be, sir,
Your obedient servant,
S. B. WOOLWORTH,
Secretary of the Regents,
Ca behalf of the Committe.
a [Senate, No. 89.] 2
hs boa ce kee
10 MENA ANNUAL REPORT OF Pie maces re
3 school. The principal are the following: that it now contains the best e
! Stree aA i v2) i
Us Peal hay
de a aie
‘The PounintiAee are happy to say that they ee received answers an a
number of gentlemen, and among them Professor James D. Dana, of ‘Yale
College; Sir William: Logan and Professor T. Sterry Hunt, of Montreal ;
Professor A. Winchell, of the University of Michigan ; Profossor Oren
Root, of Hamilton College; Professor Alexander Agassiz, of Harvard ;
University; Dr. Franklin B. Hough, of Albany; Professor A. A. Gould,
of Harvard University; J. J. Thomas, of Union Springs, N. Y., and Pro-
fessor James Hall, of Albany. These communications exhibit att labo- )
rious thought and careful consideration of the somewhat difficult, questions
involved in their inquiries. The committee take great pleasure in express-
ing their thanks to these gentlemen for their disinterested and able discus-
: sions of the subject, and they desire especially to note the fact that gentle-
men not residing in this State, and connected with other institutions having
the same general objects in view, and who might be supposed to be in situa-
tions where a feeling of rivalry might be engendered, have contributed
their assistance as freely and heartily as if they were themselves eR,
_ ble for the success of our institution.
The undersigned think it due to the kind efforts, of these gentlemen, as
well as to the ability and comprehensiveness of their views, that their com-
munications should be submitted to the Legislature. 7
After a careful consideration of these different projects, they haga come
to the conclusion that the plan submitted by Professor James Hall, in the
preparation of which he had the advantage of knowing all that has been
proposed by the other gentlemen whose communications are given, will ©
_ fully carry out the objects contemplated in the resolution of the Senate and
Assembly. Your committee, therefore, recommend that the Board make
‘answer to the resolution of the Senate and Assembly by a communieatagn:
of this report and. of the papers herewith submitted. wie a
) : ". REUBEN E. FENTON, bas
ERASTUS CORNING,
ALEXANDER S&S. JOHNSON,
_GEORGE W. CLINTON, — i. |
HLIAS W. LEAVENWORTH, 7
~ Committee on the State Cabinet.
; 3 Fy
, ' : r ee
a * > ‘i
New Haven, ss mea i,
:
.
T » the Board of paid | a
Gentlemen—In reply to the i wiguicia’ respecting the establishment of a }
school for paleontology, at Albany, I offer the following views: a
There are many/reasons why Albany is an excellent place for such a
collection of fossils in the country, in those of Mr. Hall and the State; ‘
that these collections have already become a standard of reference for the
world with regard to American species; that the position is on the border —
of the great paleontological region of New York. | Ne
SR eee ~~
»
~
ON THE STATE CABINET. * = -° ‘Ll
‘The establishment of such a school implies the establishment of a school
of zodlogy a8 well as of geology and mineralogy; for fossils, excluding -
fossil plants, are the remains of animals, and the subject eannot be pro-
perly taught without instruction in the fundamental principles and details
of the animal kingdom. For this purpose zodlogical collections would be ~
required, and instructors in its several departments. The plan adopted by
Prof. Agassiz, at Cambridge, with reference to a museum in ee is a
good model.
Instruction in geolofy would naturally constitute a prominent batt of
the system in such a school, as the relations of fogsils to the strata) and
- therefore the relations of the strata themselves are subjects of fundamental
importance. Mineralogy is also essential, as the rocks are made of mineral,
and if mining could be added, the school would be all the more useful to
the State and the country. ’
Instruction in these several departments wduld of course require courses
of lectures, which might, in part, be given by persons not permanently on’
the ground. I am, however, strongly of the opinion that the school will
not have much suecess unless it can command its professors through the
. year, and, also, unless recitations are added to the lectures.
It would greatly add to the efficiency of such a school if it could have a
number (say half a dozen) of scholarships instituted, which would give a
young man of promise three hundred dollars or soa year, and thus make
it easy for him to remain a number of years. This would insure the making
of thorough students in the different departments. Such paid students
would. help in the arrangement and labeling of collections as they should
come in; moreover, they would make a corps to assist in instruction, or
one from which assistants might be selected.
It is desirable that the collections should be arranged in part geogra-
phically. The rocks, fossils and living species, as well as minerals and
ores of thé State of New York, should make one independent collection.
Besides this, there should be a general collection of all North American
fossils and other specimens; also, another collection of fossils. arranged
- godlogically and forming a part of the general zodlogical cabinet. Collections
in the same departments from all parts of the world are required for compari-
son with those of Ainérica, in order that the relations of Américan and
foréign species may be fully understood, and thereby continental differences
and resemblances be studied. Part of the American species are identical
with those of Europe and other lands, and for the determination of the fact
in such eases, the fofeign species should be in the collections. In a word,
the collections daniiot be too comprehensive.
Very respectfully,
“ng seagate ee | Your obedient servant, .
Ye. ee rae - JAMES D. DANA.
.
“
) NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS,
dei MontTREAL, CANADA, December 27, 1865.
To s, B. Woonwonr, Esq., Secretary of the Regents of the Kt
- Universtty of the State of New York:
5 as your citoular dated J une 1; 1865, you: did us the honor as ask
_ for our views as to the best plan for reorganizing the State Cabinet of Nat-
ural History,.and in reply we beg leave to submit to you the. following _
‘suggestions: :
There should be established a sense museum of Natural Higaes which |
should cover the ground occupied by the great scientific, surveys of the
State, as set forth in your published volumes. Inasmuch, as in these sur-
veys the geological results-took the first rank, and as the New York rocks’
have become the types for the geology of the continent, the science of
geology should have the first place in the museum, and botany and zoiilogy
made subservient to it. To secure this end there should be,
First. A complete collection of rocks, minerals and fossils of the State,.
_. and for comparative study good collections of the rocks, minerals and fossils.
_of other parts of the world. In view of the special importance of the or-,
ganic remains of the New York rocks, and the volumes on paleontology —
published by the State, which have become classic throughout the scientific
‘a
world, every means should be taken to make the paleontological: collection
as complete as possible. For this purpose we would recommend that there
_ Should be added to the -present State collection that of Prof. James Hall,
the most extensive and most valuable collection of fossils in America, and
perhaps in the world. This collection possesses an additional importance
\from the fact that it contains many of the specimens upon which Professor —
Hall’s descriptions have been founded. Other typical collections of fossils
should also be procured by purchase or. otherwise. mr
~ Second. Collections of all the recent plants and apis of the State
should find a place in this museum, for the double purpose of a compara-
_ tive’study with the more recent fossil remains, and of illustrating abe works —
on botany and zodlogy already published by the State.
Third. Explorers, collectors, and active investigators in the several des Be
partments already mentioned, should be employed, and the results of their,
labors published in the form of a bulletin or report, to be issued under the
editorial care of the director of the museum. This person should be se-
lected for his high scientific attainments and pre-eminent position as a natu
~ yalist, and should be one whose name would give a reputation to the mu-
seum throughout, the scientific World. As geology is to take a pre-eminent —
position in this museum, the director should be above all a geologist. . For |
his assistants he should have a zodlogist and botanist, who might perhaps
be united in one person, and also a chemist and mineralogist to make ori- —
ginal investigations, for which purpose he would require a chemical labo-
ratory.
Fourth. Free courses ie ae on the various sciences «ial ba
‘ gts : : i a al
‘ ¢
- s , « - ‘ \ '
<
©.) ON THE STATE CABINET. : 13
the museum should be given by the director and his assistants, or by such
men as it might be found expedient to invite from without.
The question of the expenditure necessary to the carrying out of this
scheme, including the cost of buildings, a library for referenve, and the
salaries of the officers, is not one easy for us to fix. The salary of the di-
rector should, however, in.our opinion, be not less than $3,000 in gold, or
its equivalent, while for his chief assistants two-thirds that sum might be
paid. ;
It may be a question whether such a shana as is here proposed pane
best be carried out at Albany, or whether the city of New York, the great
metropolis not only-of the State but of the Union, would not be the most
desirable seat for:a great scientific institution. It would there be more
accessible, and would at the same time be in a position to take advantage
of the services of scientific men already there established in the other insti-
tutions of the city. |
We have the honor to be, sir,
Your most obedient servants,
W. E. LOGAN, F. R.S., F. G.S.,
Director of the Geological Survey of Canada.
‘ T. STERRY HUNT, F. R. &,
Chemist and Mineralogist to the Geological Survey of Canada. -
:
8. B. Wootworrn, LL. D., Secretary of the Board of Regents
- of the University of the State of New York:
Sir—In reply to the circular which I have had the honor to receive from
you, dated Albany, June 1, 1865, I would beg leave to offer the following |
statements and views:
In considering the nature and organization of an institution to be en-
grafted upon the ‘‘ State Cabinet of Natural History,” which shall be most
useful, appropriate and feasible, the following propositions seem to me to
approach the nature of axioms. _I shall at least assume them as postulates :
I. The plan must embrace adequate provision for the sacred preserva-
tion of the completeness and authenticity of the ‘‘ State Cabinet of Natural
History.”
II. The plan should éinbrave the acquisition of the magnificent cabinet
of Prof. Hall, which, besides being the grandest paleontological collection
in America, has had bestowed upon it an immense amount of original in-
vestigation, and contains more type specimens of American species .than
can ever again be collected together. Its loss to the State—especially if
its public Cabinet is to be maintained and made authentic—could never be
repaired.
III. A mere museum, without memoirs, lectures, or instruction in any
‘form, would be in great danger of gored and decay. Activity is the
universal law of life. | .
,
- .
eS
44° ~—sNINETEENTH
‘
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS,
_ IV. No provision which is not of a character extraordinary in Amerié&
will meet the demands of science, of thé proud position of the State, or the
expectations of the world in reference to the final results of the Scientific
surveys of the most opulent and enterprising State of the Union. | ig
V. The organization contemplated might result in a university, or in an
£ ’ ae
. x »
_ ' thts
yy Nis ee
¥
institution for, the cultivation of natural history pp ; or in an insti- N
- tute for public lectures only.
VI. To secure all the objects deemed desirable and win a success able
the name of the State, the institution, if an educational one, must be extra- —
ordinary, either in its nature or resources. A mere multiplication of the
- average institutions of learning in the country is to be deprecated. ©
VII. The mere establishment of an annual course of free public lectures |
does not seem to present a phase sufficiently scientific to insure: the end
“proposed. i in the first postulate. :
VIII. The provision likely to be granted fat a university is 66 such as
would secure the supply of any public want not supplied by existing insti-
‘tutions, even after combining the State Cabinet with the existing law and *
a
medical schools, and the astronomical observatory. It would not guarantée —
sufficient prominence to the department of Natural History to insure the |
adequate preservation and perfection of the State Cabinet.
IX. An institution for natural history is the only alternative. This,
‘however, should avoid occupying exactly the same field asthe Museum of
, on
Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge. At least its sphere should be viewed
from a different stand-poirit—that of geology. The institution might be
named ‘“‘ The Museum of Practical Geology.’ This name would be adapted
to the public taste, and using the term “practical” in its broadest and
truest sense, its scope would admit all the highest scientific investigations ; —
while geology at the same time holds the sciences did ee sodlogy
and botany as legitimate accessories. oF
Tue Moseum oF Practica, Grotoey.
Assuming that an institution of the nature indicated in the last postulate
has been dettued upon, I proceed to offer a few he esa under the fol-
lowing heads : . +s ae
14 The bétléctions. ik a eal
1. The existing Cabinet of Natural History should be restored in its
authenticity to the condition in which it existed at the close of the public
‘surveys. Especially in the departinents of geology and paleontology should
efforts be made to restore and preserve the original specimens.
2. The illustration of the natural history of the State of New York should |
be rendered complete in all its departments, and from every | section of the —
State; so that every species, both recent and fossil, shall be represented
in all its characters and phases. Especially in geology : and. paleontology, — ;
the museum shouldbe. made the. standard cabinet: of the United States:
“3: The methods of atrangément and naturé ‘of details may. wed, ‘be left
e
_ to the judgment of the director of the museum. It may be mentioned,
however, that modern science would demand the creation of the following
series of collections:
A. Three series of geological specimens.
| (a. ) A lithological series, nivresange the succession of rocks with their
fossils throughout the world.
(b.) A geographical series, in in whieh the formations of each state or geo-
logical area should be exhibjted.
(c.) An economical series in its fullest meaning.
_B. A paleontological collection, embracing all genera and species of
fossils, together with their living analogies, arranged for critical paleonto-
_ logical or zodlogical studies.
| authentically labeled series of geological specimens to such colleges of the:
ot
C. A zological collection. This, besides being completed for the State,
should be extended as far as practicable, especially in those classes and
orders which afford most assistance inthe investigation of fossil organisms.
ON THE STATE CABINET. | | 15.
~
It should be well provided with skulls, skeletons, dissections and micro-.
_ scopic preparations.
D. A botanical collection, completed for the State and extended beyond
this as far as practicable. All the vegetable productions and structures
‘embraced in the museum of the State Agricultural Society, would be natu-
rally included in this department. With a scientific view, this collection
should be made rich in those orders which present the nearest Sc ladiaal
to the vegetable life of the ancient world. .
4, The accumulation*of stores of duplicates in-every départment of the
museum should be a prominent object. Such accumulations are useful,
» (a) In determining the geographical range, and the specific variations
caused by age, sex, locality, geological epoch or other causes, and thus
settling upon the true specific characters, and especially in furnishing the
materials for the solution of the higher problems of biological science.
(b.) For exchanges with other,museums and with individuals. It would
be useful to imitate the example of the Smithsonian Institution by sending
out series of authentically labeled fossils to the museums of Europe and
America. |
5. It,would be judicious for the museum, and extremely advantageous to
_ the educational interests of the State, to take especial pains to distribute
“State as maintain a professor of geology and a geological cabinet. The
same may bé éaid of zodlogical and botanical specimens.
6. No student or officer connected with the operations of the museum
should have the right to maintain a private cabinet.
‘7. Every specimen in the exhibition rooms should “be so labeled as to
convey to the visitor the greatest possible amount of information in the
ofp Mewes,
2 during éerisi bey a hours.
space allotted; and the rooms should be kept open to the publie withut
a6 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS,
-
: . _ ‘ < ‘
* . - ‘ .
ry te Il. THE OPERATIONS. :
1. The increase of the number of specimens in all the topical but
botany most directly tributary.
2. The scientific investigation, description and cataloguing of the apioctin
and varieties; the arrangement of series for the illustration of species with
their varieties; the making of sections and preparations, and the system-
atic arrangement of the specimens so as tobe most convenient and in-
: structive for the student and visitor. ° . e
8. Instruction and demonstrations for the’ benefit of such students as
may be admitted to the working rooms of the museum.
4. An annual course of popular lectures might es: given by members °
of the scientific corps and other authorized persons, the object of which
‘should be to set forth the recent advances made in ‘natural history and
the applications of natural history to the common wants of mankind.
5. As the institution without the agency of the press would be compara-
| tively miute and inefficient, provision should be made for a certain amount 3
of printing and publication. Such publications might consist of : JN
(a.) An annual report to the Legislature, which, in view of the other publi-
cations, might be comparatively brief.
(b.) A bulletin, issued as often as the state of the work might require,
‘setting forth with adequate pictorial illustrations the principal permanent
results of the intervening period. * |
(c.) An annual volume of selections from the public lectures ueliveeta: 1
In all publications of the museum no opportunity should be lost for ex-
| hibiting the applications of the results obtained to the economies. re life, to”
_ education and to religion.
If, Tue ScrEentiFic Srarr.
1. The ultimate organization and perfection of the museum, ae its ope-
rations, would require a scientific staff ages 3 like the following:
A director; —
A professor of moulogy and salted paleontology ;
A professor of botany and botanical paleontology ;
* A professor of mineralogy and chemical and osetia geology ;
A professor of mines and mining ; |
A taxidermist, dissector and maker of preparations; ..-.
A draughtsman ; 3 ae
An engraver ; DON NSO Dali | ,
Collectors. | | Sieg ‘ |
2. The most indispensable of these officers would be the director, taxi-
dermist, draughtsman, engraver and collectors. The professorships of min-
eralogy and of mines and mining would address the popular appreciation,
e ¢
-especially in geology and paleontology, and those families of Deis and
and it might be desirable to fill one or both of them among the first. ‘The |
professorship of botany and botanical paleontology is farthest removed, per-
haps unjustly, from the ordinary operations and aims of "Wie and mining.
ON THE STATE CABINET. . MT
\
. 8. It is obvious. that j in an institution which makes geology its specialty,
the different chairs should be filled by men eminent in their several depart-
ments. The inducements which would command talent of the requisite
description are:
(a.) Just-pecuniary compensation. ‘
_ (b.) Facilities for investigation. These consist of raw material, authent-
ically labeled specimens, books, and a publication fund. ;
4..To secure unity and energy in the counsels and operations of the
museum, all its scientific interests and refations, and all its internal affairs,
whether scientific, prudential or governmental, should be left to the un-
- trammeled judgment of the director, who should be the sole executive
. officer of ao institution.
IV. THE EXPEnsEs.
1. The expenditures of the museum would be:,
For salaries of the scientific corps; _
_ For publications ;
‘For library ; :
For making palletes ‘
_ For incidentals.
2. The amount appropriated for publications would, to a great extent,
return to the library in the form of exchanges., Sales in the public market
would also reimburse the museum to a certain extent. A considerable
share, also, of the amount appropriated for collecting duplicates would -
reappear in the form of exchanges, collected from localities not easily ac-
cessible to the collectors employed by the museum. The present expendi-
_ture for printing the ‘“‘Appendix”’ to the Regents’ Annuaf Report would be
- discontinued.
3. As soon as the museum should become sufficiently organized to justify
the admission of students, a considerable and constantly increasing portion
of the simpler kinds of labor would be performed by them free of charge.
They would be glad, also, to engage in the collection of specimens during
~ a part of the year, on the receipt of traveling expenses, or a trifle more.
4. The salary of the director, to command a geologist and naturalist of
_ preéminent attainments, should not be less than $3,000 per annum. The
salaries of the professors should be duly proportioned to that of the director ;
say not less than $2,800 each.
5. The whole annual expenditure of the institution on its initiation mee? |
be limited to $10,000 or $12,000. .On attaining its full expansion, as con-
templated in the foregoing i aa it would probably reaéh $20,000 or
$30,000.
I have not taken the time to amplify or drgue the several points pre-
sented. I believe that much could be said in favor of every feature of the
institution as laid down above; but I have no doubt that your own infor-
- mation, or that of parties accessible to you, will supply ne arguments
(Senate, No. 89.] | 3 Ay Ris
a
ak se
7 ‘
. 19 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS,
which, for brevity, I have omitted. I will only add, that I believe the
. founding of such an institution in America would render the names of ay
Board of Regents immortal. : ; /
I have the honor to be, "?
Very, respectiuliy,'. yy LO 4) St ee
Your obedient servant, ‘
. ve A.’ WIN CHELL,
; Pr of Geol, Zobl. and Bot., University of Michigan.
one Anno, 10th July, 1865." Bye
HamI.ton CoLuEGE,
_. Cuinton, N. Y, Rb
To the Commuttee of the Regents on the
State Cabinet of Natural History :
Gentlemen—In response to the circular of June, issued in your. behalf,
I would respectfully present the following :
In the suggestions I shall make, I assume: that it is the hee of the x
Regents of the University to do whatever is needed to make the State cap-
ital the center of science as well as of legislation, and to render the State
collections complete as collections and unrivaled as a means of scientific |
instruction, and this at whatever expense. a
In the consideration of the topic first presented, I take the following a as
postulates : x : ay
1. The cabinetgshould be i in a position to be valuable for instruction as
_well as display. To this end the collections must be ia anraees
and labeled.
2. The collections of the different Weichert en each be devalened
to the greatest perfection, and therefore should be treated in some degree
independently, though with reference to the other departments.
Each department should be brought down to the present state ‘of the
science, and then of necessity each would mate the others and be but a
part of the whole. | 7
3. To make this arrangement and development valuable for the present,
and still more as a basis for future'work, they should be scientific and
_ thorough, of some well digested system which could be continued for suc-
ceeding years. | BS:
4, Scientific men in- the different departments of natural history a are tae
only men to form and execute the plans for such ends, and these menshould
be t.achers of the sciences rather than amateurs, in order that they may
make their work useful for learners as well as attractive for admirers:
5. The best plans can be devised only after a thorough examination of _
the material on hand, the means to ‘be used, and the arte adopted by 4
other large museums, |
!
ee
ON THE STATE CABINET. 9 19
With these points in view, I would suggest the appointment of a commis-
sion composed of men of learning and experitnce in the several depart-
ments of natural history, and that the Regents intrust to them the work of
_ preparing suitable plans for the development of the several departments,
affording them proper facilities for comparison and time for their work. |
In regard to the second topic presented, the same views as in the first |
would obtain.
A scientific staff should a organized in the same way, to carry out the
plans and keep the collections up to the level of science. The reports of
such a staff, made annually to the Regents, would be contributions to
science worthy the State of New York, and of immense advantage to the
scientific world.
Normal collections in all the various departments of natural history could
be arranged by this staff, and these collections would obviate the necessity .
of gathering large cabinets in the colleges and academies of ,the State.
Each institution would then require only small suites of characteristic spe-
cimens for the, purpose of elementary instruction, and there would be a
_ useful concentration of scientific effort to. the one point, viz: the State
museum.
The rate of reiiietion tian wont depend upon the grade of: men employed
to do the work, which would also gauge the character of the work done.
As to the third topic—of the desirableness of a course of free lectures at
the State capital, there can ‘be no doubt.’ Were the proper scientific staff
employed to make the State cabinet truly useful for scientific purposes, a
part of their duty should be to give, at stated seasons, lectures for teaching,
not rhetorical presentations of the popular points of science, but like those
at the European universities, ‘‘ practical teachings.”” These could be at-
tended by the teachers in our public schools and academies, who would |
thus become really qualified to teach the science as well as for other posi-
~ tions of influence, and at length the same work would be done here as was
accomplished by the-disciples of Linnzus in Sweden. Science in its accu-
rate and proper form, not its general and undefined shape, would become
‘in a manner popularized. Such lectures might be made of untold value to
the State, and would render our State capital the “scientific center,” like
the Alcala of the Moors, or the Berlin or Paris of our day. ,
In addition, neibttifig men of ability should be called upon to deliver
courses of lectures designed for general rather than for special instruction.
_ In conclusion, allow me to express my gratification at the interest now
manifested in the advancement of science, and my earnest hope that the
‘great State of New York, with its boundless resources, may lay now a
broad and secure foundation for scientific work, and a grand pregminence
for the future. |
All of which is respectfully submitted. : 7
sias an, OREN ROOT.
«
= 4g
7 ‘ ; ther A a nro
20 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS,
* , CamBripa@n,. Sept. 18, 1865. -
Dear Sir—I regret exceedingly father’s absence, as he would most cheer-
fully have sent you all information in his power respecting the proposed ~
organization of the New York State museum. At the suggestion of Prof.
Hall, I write you a few lines:in answer to your circular, which I should
have done before had I not been absent from Cambridge. I shall not pre-
tend to say anything more than what I know of filer, s views. respecting .
* such establishments: :
The great danger in this country with nolidaes and all scientific oak
lishments has been in their number. Means which, if concentrated, would
_ have given to the United States two, or three at the utmost, great universi-
ties, endowed amply, and numbering among their teachers the best men of.
the country, have resulted in scattering over the country some two hundred
small colleges, all of which repeat, to a certain extent, the same thing, are
} compelled to maintain expenditure identical in all, such as forty or fifty
professors of the same branch, ‘the same works repeated a great many times
in their diminutive libraries; all this and many other things which will ©
readily suggest themselves to you, preventing the intellectual development
of any one of: these colleges, and keeping them all down to a very low —
standard. Now that the natural sciences are claiming such'a large share —
as an educatiénal element, every institution which begins anew should |
attempt, as much as possible, t6 take at the outset some one branch not
yet fully developed by any existing institution, and make that its specialty.
Let the Smithsonian Institution devote itself mainly to the development of.
intercourse between scientific men of this country and Europe, and to fost-
ering original investigations by assisting them with books, instruments, &c.
Let the Philadelphia Academy, the Boston Society of N atural History,
devote themselves to the publication of memoirs for the advancement of the
natural history of this country. Let Philadelphia retain its preéminence
‘m its collection of birds, and remain the center of ornithology for the
United States. Let the Boston Society devote itself principally to develop
in‘its memoirs the taste for natural history, and to give to working natu-
/ ss haces’ OE
MusruM oF CoMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, )}
Va
. ralists a place wuere they may have an opportunity of publishing their ori-
ginal researches. Let the museum at Cambridge be especially the great
center of comparative zodlogy, making use of paleontology only so far as it
is necessary.to develop and contrast the former phases of existence on the
surface of our globe. Give to Cambridge a more extended field. ‘Let us
here not be limited to one country, but extend our comparisons for any
quarter of the globe; make it a wniversal exposition of comparative crea-
tions. ,
Let the State collection of New York balk as its. basis the colleneian of
the geological survey, and make them the standard for all future geological
“surveys of the country. No geological survey can ever be executed which —
will not have to-use as a starldard for comparison the collections. of Ne ews ;
al
"gle
ON THE STATE CABINET. .__ 2)
York, and in this, as in other standards, the greatest accuracy is of course
‘ecessary to preserve intact the information deposited with the specimens
in the State collections. The collection should be the basis for studying
the present creations from a geological and paleontological point of view,
and thus would naturally become the great school for American geologists.
It is, however, impossible at the present day to study paleontology and
geology satisfactorily without constant reference to zodlogy.. A small col-
lection, carefully selected, of, such animals now living which are particu-
_ larly instructive to the paleontologist, is therefore an absolute necessity,
and should be arranged with the paleontological collection in such a manner
that they should be complimentary of each other. The collection should
be, as far as possible, under the direction of a single individual, to whom
all the details should be left, as well as the selection and appointment of
the assistants. The assistants should be appointed once a year, and thus
it would prevent the offices from becoming sinecures. The only check ne-
cessary for the director is that the assistants should be confirmed by a sci-
entific faculty. This faculty should, iffpossible, be independent of the
trustees, who have the pecuniary management of the institution, and have
*the sole charge of the appointing of the scientific head of the cabinet. This
“
}
faculty would, if wisely selected, be more competent to administrate the
scientific matters of the cabinet, and would of course be regulated: in their
action by the funds annually placed at their disposal by the trustees. The
funds thus placed at the disposal of the faculty should be completely under
the control (being only income) of the scientific head, for the necessary
expenditures of keeping the collection in order, and he should quarterly
render his accounts to the faculty. Owing to the great extent of scientific .
inquiry, it is hardly possible for one man to have more than a very limited
acquaintance with the whole range of his department. He must have some:
specialty, and the number of assistants required for the proper care of such
a cabinet must of course depend on the funds available. For a cabinet
such as should be established: for New York, besides the director of the
~ museum there should be
One special assistant for mineralogy ; ;
‘ng do do geology ;
F ag “ede vertebrata (fossil) ;
do ‘do. invertebrata (fossil) ;
do do zodlogy, in its application to paleontology.
This is the least staff with which such an organization should be started.
The assistants will all be engaged in arranging their respective depart-
“ments, under the general direction of the director, to carry out a carefully |
laid plan. They will take care of the specimens which will surely be sent |
in from all quarters to such an institution—and that will be no small part.
of their labor—and can, during a certain part of the year, be sent off to
collect at localities which are particularly interesting, or would fill gaps
existing in the State cabinet. The special information the assistants pos-
‘22 —- NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF, THE REGENTS,
' /
v
-sess should, of course, be made available by the director to the improve-
ment of the collection, and give it thus an increased scientific value, while
the director should himself give lectures’on the general questions of pale--—
ontology and geology. The special assistants should, in their turn, de-
' velop, each in their department, the progress they have made in its appli-
cation to the department under their charge. A most thorough and com-
prehensive course in geology and paleontology. could thus be instituted,
- which would have, also, the adyantage of alluring special students to attend
any department they wish to follow, to the exclusion of the others. Let
anything which-is done be made in connection with a well fixed plan, capa-
ble of the utmost expansion, so that as the means of instruction expand,
the working plan should expand ‘naturally, and not cause any disturbance
of the usual routine of the establishment. These are the main features of
- the organization of our museum at Cambridge, applied to a cabinet of prac-
tical geology and paleontology, which have, thus far, been found to work
admirably. - J am, very respectfully,
| - Your obedient servant,
| | ALEX’R AGASSIZ. aa
8. B. Wootworta, Hsq., Secretary of Regents of University of N. Y. *
P. S: To make the collection permanently useful in a scientific point of
view, and preserve forever intact the records of the specimens, too great
care and time cannot be expended in the preparation of the catalogue, which
should eventually be published, and may be: expanded very. naturally to
include any seg? ial made during the sare os) of the collec-
tions.
Hon. S. B. Wied woe) Secretary of Board of Regents. :
#
Sir—I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of a divoulag from
your office, dated June 1, 1865, containing resolutions of the Senate and
Assembly of the State of New York, passed on the 24th of April last,
having reference to collections in geology, mineralogy, and other depart-
ments of natural history, and asking for suggestions of plans tending to 3
promote a knowledge of these sciences throughout the State. = .
The suggestions I have to offer will be limited to the sciences of geology
and mineralogy, and to a plan which, if successfully carried into execution,
would. place an authentic and valuable collection within the reach of aca-
demic classes throughout the State, at ‘moderate expense, and under cir-
cumstances tending to enhance the interest due to the study nt these sci-
ences. .
There are at present within the State somewhat over two hundred 4 incor-
porated academies, the greater part owning academic edifices, and collec- —
tions of books and apparatus permanently devoted to ‘purposes | of instruc- 7
tion. Many of these academies possess mineral cabinets, the chief value :
‘of which will sine be found due to the enthusiasm and pantie, spirit of 4
a ., a, af a
ON THE STATE CABINET. ® 23
individual collectors. In a very few, if indeed in any of these collections,
_ could we find a systematic series in which the specimens are carefully cho-
sen and properly labeled by competent authority, and in such a manner as
to present | the characteristics of the specimens to the greatest advantage.
These two hundred acadamies are scattered throughout the State, and it
_ may be safely assumed that there is no feature in the geology of the State
depending upon characteristic fossils, and no locality of minerals interest-
ing on account of their application to the arts, or their relations with sci-
ence, that is not within reach of some, of these academies.
bs In the localities where these characteristic fossils and these minerals
occur, they can usually be’ collected with facility, or with but moderate ex-
pense, and the largest item of expense that would attend any enterprise for
a collection would be that incident to traveling from one locality to another,
and which would preclude the possibility of success oie ne the
medium of a systematic exchange.
I would therefore suggest as the most effectual method for diffusing a
correct knowledge of the sciences under consideration, that the several
academies be invited to form. collections of objects within | their vicinity,
| previously designated by competent authority, in sufficient number to
furnish a general exchange. |
It would be easy to designate some two or ties subjects for collection
by each academy, and the labor of obtaining these would, it is believed, be
cheerfully undertaken by the classes interested in the study zi at times
devoted to recreation.
The specimens being carefully selected and securely packed, each kind .
by itself and with one general label, descriptive of the object, might be for-
warded to the State Cabinet, and there unpacked, distributed, labeled and
again sent back to the academies, affording’to each a cabinet of from four
to six hundred specimens. The series would present a complete systematic
collection of the geological features and mineral wealth of the State, cor-
rectly marked by printed labels, and of the Silay aie escent and scien-
tific value.
To give the highest practical value to such’a cabinet, there should accom-
pany each a descriptive catalogue, neatly bound, and in which the scien-
tific description, chemical characters, geological relations or economical
. Value of each specimen, according to its peculiarity, might be briefly stated.
‘I would assume that the expense of collecting and packing these speci-
‘mens would in every case be defrayed by the academies participating in
the enterprise, while. that of freight both ways,'and of assorting, labeling
and repacking should be paid by the State. The descriptive catalogue,
‘with suggestions for the arrangement and preservation v3 cabinets should
also be printed at the public expense.
‘There are in certain localities, as’ for example in Orange atrd St. Law-
rence counties, many interesting minerals, which are easily obtained on the
spot, and in much greater number than would be due from the institutions ©
F
24 NINETEENTH. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS,
. in their vicinity, while there are academies in cities and elsewhere remote
. from localities of special interest. In these cases an extra supply might —
be obtained through competent persons at a very moderate expense, to be
. defraying by those participating in the distribution without otherwise contrib-
uting to the formation of these cabinets. It would be proper {© estimate
the expense of a sufficient number of duplicates thus procured at $20 for
each kind. |
The cost of transportation of specimens-to diban: and of their return
(as freight) would be less than $10 for-each academy, and the expenge of
receiving, labeling, assorting and repacking would not exceed that sum.
The entire cost of placing cabinets of six hundred specimens in each of the
two hundred academies, would thus be brought.within four thousand or at
most five thousand dollars, and it may be doubted whether so great a public
benefit to the cause of science could be so cheaply purchased in any other
manner.
-
Respectfully yours,
aati ee B. HOUGH,
LOWVILLE, June 18, 1865.
s : Boston, September 7, 1865.
8. B. Wootworth, Esq.: .
I am not familiar with the collections at Albany, though I. am able to
form a good idea'of them from the printed catalogues. I should regard the °
collection in geology and paleontology as of paramount importance—indeed
they are of inestimable importance—to those branches of science in this -
country, inasmuch as they furnish the key to them, both on account of.
having been the earliest systematic collections, but derived from a region
from which the geological series in this country must take their departure.
I coincide with every expression of your preamble touching the great im-
_ portance of the collection, and I am rejoiced that there is a disposition to,
have them properly arranged, completed and preserved. I trust that it
will be done in the most liberal and scientific manner. It seems to me to
be the peculiar province of the State of New York to build up these depart-.
ments. In no place is there such variety and extent of rock, mineral and
' fossil material ; and the State has it now in its power to compel the refer-
ence of the whole continent to this collection, and ‘can do it in a manner
which no other State could begin to approach. Zodlogical collections may.
be made elsewhere with equal and even greater facility than in New York,
and it would hardly seem called for to compete with those now existing at
_ Washington, Philadelphia and Cambridge; so that while it is desirable ae 4
have a full suite’of the animals inhabiting the State, a genera collection
of animals would be of secondary importance. #
I am not geologist enough to be a proper adviser as to the arrangement |
of the sich sha but I shall never forget the satisfaction and instruction
ON THE STATE CABINET. — » 2 i
/
I derived from examining the Museum of Practical Geology in I ermyn
street, London, and I cannot conceive of a better plan than that. There
should be, first, a display of all the rocks as such in succession; second, a
series of the fossils characteristic of each formation i in the order of succes-
sion ; third, a series of fossils zodlogically arranged, intermixed with repre~
sentatives of existing species illustrative of their character; and finally
(not very essential as it seems to me), a geographical series might be added.
Above all, as the collection of most economical importance, and calculated
to secure the goterest and sanction of the public, specimens of rocks and
minerals in all their forms and uses, in the rough state and modified by.
chemical and mechanical agents. In this should be included maps and
models of important mineral regions, as well as mining machinery.
Qf course a large amount of space would be required, and this should be
earefully looked after in the outset, so that the whole ground necessary
_ may be covered at first, and no subsequent shifting or crowding of speci-
mens be requisite. Another cénsideration should be, to obtain at once all
the material relating to the State which could be secured from all public
and private sources. Better specimens would be selected, a great’ many
useless subsequent additions for officers and incompetent individuals would ~
be avoided, and better determinations of species would be made. With
this same view, and that there may be as correct a. historical display as
_ possible, a representation of the progress of geological researches, and an
identification of type specimens. The services of those who have been ear-
_ liest and longest engaged should be secured ; as many principal supervisors
should be permanently employed as there may be principal departments,
_ with some provision for subordinate assistants, for a time at least. The
pay should be such as to be an inducement to make a life business of it 5
the office should be permanent, and as far removed as possible from polit-
ical favor or patronage, and the incumbent should only be removed for
obwious incompetence or negligence. To be always maneuvering to retain
_ one’s place, or to be forever in fear that before your plans are half carried
out, some one will supersede you, and begin some new plan, must paralyze
all enthusiasm and pride, and the result be but a Penelope’s web. At the
"same time, incumbency should not be made so certain as to allow of apathy
and negligence.
The coming interests of the country will inevitably be so involved in the
development of mineral and agricultural wealth, that instruction in geology, ;
mineralogy, mining, zodlogy, &c., will be of the greatest importance. There
should be two kinds of lectures; one for those who desire to make these
branches their life business, and one of a more popular character, intended
simply to excite a general interest, and cultivate habits of observation
among the people, as well as an appreciation of the labors of scientific men.
Teachers of the common schools should be thus prepared to give a scientific
turn to the studies of their pupils, so far as to give some general ideas of
| the structure of the earth and its parts, and of animal and vegetable forms
oe No, 89.) v
-
and life. The Pea crite might d@this in part, though for this dnty’
or to some of the existing societies elsewhere. oY ie
\
26 | NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS,
to belong to them exclusively, would not be necessary or even advisable.
Any one who gave evidence of competency and aptitude might have a
chance, exactly as in the German universities, or rather as in the Lowell
ay 3
dg eee ee
lectures, where the lecturers are selected, either solicited or apptones bya
board of trustees. ‘
To make the collection as seal as possible, useful at all, ‘wave to the
multitude, complete and somewhat descriptive catalogues should be pre:
pared and printed as fast as possible. . .
These are the ideas which came uppermost in reply to your questions,
and which I am happy to be able to express. The proposed collection of
rocks, minerals and fossils, if carried out as it may be, must command the
attention of the world, and be more attractive than any yet made. “As to.
a general collection of recent animals, that may better be left to Barnum,
Very respectfully,
- Your obedient servant,
~ AUGUSTUS A. GOULD.
ee
—
UNION SPRINas, CayuGa Co., N. bal 8th mo. 22, 65.
ee a Wootworthi, Secretary of Regents: ¥
Respected Friend—Some weeks ago I received thy sedate in relation
to increasing the State collection of natural history. Being ‘unable to
read, from diseased eyes,. and supposing it to relate to the business of
Friends’ Academy, I handed it to one of the trustees, as I had been re-
leased. I have since learned its true import, and hasten to make a sug-
gestion (although I fear too late), which I offer for what it is worth. I
propose that a list be procured of all the energetic young naturalists
-
e
throughout the State, or those who are interested in the natural sciefices. -
Older ones would perhaps not be willing to undertake the labor. Request
these young men to make collections of minerals ‘and fossils, rare plants
and animals, and send their contributions to Albany with the understand-
ing thats they are to receive. exchange specimens ‘in return—the number or
value of these specimens to “depend on the value, number, or rareness of —
‘those sent. In this way a very extensive exchange might be entered into,
which would greatly stimulate young men in the study of natural science,
encourage them by i increasing their collections, and would afford an oppor- —
tunity of adding to the State collection, by retaining the most rare and
valuable specimens. This would still leave large opportunity to the con-
tributors to receive many returns. I cannot but think that a department i
\ 4
of exchange thus established would be widely beneficial, ona pecans Seay
study of these sciences throughout the State. Rar
ath Bd ah aber i Bes,
Roa J. J. Bie
\
mart | . iu
Regt.” [CRS ON THE STATE CABINET. \ 27
“
! “ALBANY, August me 1865.
8. B. Woouwwonmn, LL: D.,
Secretary of the Board of Regents, etc, :
Sir—In reply to a _ circular ‘which I have had the honor to receive from
you, dated Albany, June 1, 1865, I beg leave to offer the pai Sat sug-
gestions :
I understand the eégadation and your inquiries to refer to sant for per-
fecting the State museum and for bringing it up to the condition required
, by the present advanced state of science, and making it a museum of sci-
entific and practical geology and comparative zodlogy.
My views would be, that, looking to the results of the geological survey
of New York, the geological part of the museum should be made dominant,
as in this the State will derive more credit—assuming the geological for- |
mations of New York as a basis for arranging and parallelizing the collec-
tions from all the formations of other parts of the country, and at the same
time giving to each one its appropriate place. This would also give to the
museum a distinctive character, and render it always a standard of refer-
ence and authority in geological science, while its development of the eco-
nomi¢ applications of the mineral products of the State will be at once and
pregminently appreciated by the people.
The State cabinet of natural history was originally organized as the
‘result of the geological survey of the State, and the collections deposited
therein were derived from the investigations in that survey. :
In this museum there was arranged in the geological department, for the
first time in the history of American geology, a series of collections illus-
trating the order of sequence among the older formations. The plan of |
arrangement was adopted according to the best personal and collective
knowledge of the four individuals to whom the geological survey had been
assigned. It embraced, ; :
1. A geological collection, anpecitiie the sequence of the formations ; f
2. A geographical collection, illustrating their distribution ;
3. A paleontological collection;
4. An economical collection.
Of these’ the first collection, embracing the series s and showing the order
of the formations, was fully arranged and completed. The second, or geo-
graphical collection, was essentially completed, but of course to be in-
creased. The paleontological collection was scarcely begun, and the eco-,
nomical collection was not attempted, although a few specimens with that
Seo in view had been accumulated. ,
Beyond this, a collection in mineralogy had been arranged to illustrate
| is minerals of the State, and also one in zodlogy, with specimens in the
several departments of that science ; and also a botanical collection.
- Although much progress has been made in geological investigations since —
that period, very little has been found to conflict with the arrangement
which. was then seen and in any reorganization of the museum, I con-.
, @
s
“
(28 = NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS, — =
<<
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view. Among other points are to be-considered the following :
The historical value of the original collections cannot be over-estimated,
as these furnish authentic means of study and comparison. The plan
therefore. should embrace a provision for the restoration of the old arrange- —
ment, the preservation and authenticity of these collections as gh” existed
at the close of the work by the geological surveyors. _
Following this, the natural history of New York should be represented
a an
sider that the ofiginal plan and object ase be returned to and kept ine
and illustrated by specimens in every department ; deficiencies supplied; ¢ —
and provision made for special investigation among those classes or families
of which we have but imperfect knowledge. |
» I. Requirements of a Museum.
‘The present condition of science would require in any general museum
a series of collections which may be named in the following order:
-& Geological series proper, which should illustrate the nature and suc-
cession of all rocks with their accompanying characteristic fossils.
pia geographical series, exhibiting the character of the formation in
each geological area, and for the State, each county or group of counties .
occupying the same geological formation.
3. An economical collection in its fullest meaning, where all the pros
ducts of the earth, applied to useful or ornamental purposes, shall be ex- _
- hibited. This may be so extended as to show-the results obtained in thee
several processes which the substances undergo in being prepared for their °
- final uses. | |
4. A collection in paleontology, embracing all the genera and species of
fossils, together with their living analogies, arranged for critical paleonto- 3
- logical and zodlogical studies. This of course should be first carried out
for the State, and extended as rapidly as possible to other porters of the
country, and finally for the entire globe.
5. A collection in zodlogy proper, which after being oomtaa for the
State, should be extended over the United States, at least for certain ~
classes and orders necessary in the study of comparative zovlogy. In this
collection the external form alone should not be the final object, but skulls,
skeletons, dissections and microscopic preparations should form a prominent
part.
6. A botanical collection; complete for the State, and extended beyond ©
in those forms which present the nearest analogy or aid in illustrating the —
extinet vegetable productions of former periods. Specimens of vegetable
_ try and the world. ;
1d. Ga weenees of Large Collections,
A prominent object should be the acquisition of stores of duplicates air
every department. This is necessary (1) in order to ascertain the geogra-—
phioal range of species, their variations in different nen or as. —
‘ ,
F; 4
‘ r ,
. ’ ’ ’ 4 '
; : 7 pe t ea oe
if = . ‘ ay fem }
yale
structures, tissues, etc., should be accumulated from all parts of eee coun- 4
a
i
a
4
_ON THE STATE CABINET. = 29
by different surrounding physical conditions ; (2) for means of making
_ exchanges with cabinets and institutions, both in America and Europe ~
(as is done by the Smithsonian Institution at Washington and by the
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge), and also with individ-.
uals engaged in scientific investigations both here and abroad ; (3) for
the great advantages which might be extended to the educational inter-
ests of the State, in supplying to colleges and academies authentically
labeled specimens for illustrating their courses of instruction.
Ill. Cataloguing and Preparing Collections.
(a.) An object of the first importance would be to obtain a catalogue
of the materials in the cabinet as it at present exists. Until this be
done, it is impossible to know in what direction efforts for ite improve-
ment are to be made. |
(b.) The next object to be attained, and to be pursued simultaneansly
_ with the first, should be to fill up the deficiencies, more particularly i in
_ geology and paleontology, and whatever in other departments may con-
tribute to their elucidation.
(c.) The collections accumulated should as rapidly as possible be sub-
mitted to scientific scrutiny and investigation, description and cata-
_loguing. The arrangement would be first in series, illustrating each
species, together with sections, dissections and preparations, to be fol-
lowed by the systematic arrangement of the whole.
(d.) During the examination and preparation of collections, instruc-
tion and demonstration should be given for the benefit of such assistants
and collectors.as may be employed in the museum.
IV, Publishing. |
The museum should have the means of publication, as the progress of
work and investigation suggested will necessarily*bring out results of
great interest to the public. The publications might be similar to.that
now given by the Regents of the University, or that made by the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge. They would properly be:
An annual report to the Legislature, stating the ee al progress and
result of the work carried on in the museum ;
‘A bulletin to be issued as often as the anther of the work should
require, accompanied by proper illustrations, and may be the repository
of the permanent results of the operations of the museum, both in scien-
tific investigations and in their practical application to the pursuits of
_ the community.
~ Should the course of free, lectures be adopted, these should, to some
extent, be published, either in connection with the annual report, or oth-
erwise ; and since they would have reference mainly to the practical
application of science, they would find an appropriate channel of distri-
‘bution through the Legislature,
ais yi id 33 at
30 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS, |
. meee WS Scientific Stoff.
The Tvbplnet form of organization at the outset would be as ioltdidaes
A director, competent for the general charge of the museum, and to
L carry on and direct investigations in the several departments ; .
Two competent assistants ; ,
A taxidermist, competent to make dissections and propel gui and <
to mount skeletons ;
A draughtsman, cui iaaie for any Vetincinatti, and who sboatal be ;
able to aid in the general work of the museum, when his services are
not otherwise required ; /
An engraver ;
Collectors who may be temporarily or uerannonily attached to the |
museum.
_ In regard to the arrangement of materials and order of work, ie :
Museum of the Geological Survey of Canada may furnish an admirable
example. ‘This museum in its arrangement was modeled after the ori-
ginal plan of that of New York, and has been carried out on the same
plan. The organization of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cam-
bridge (which has been commenced on a zoological basis), may likewise
be.taken as a guide in many things. :
‘After the organization shall have been fae established, a few stu-
dents could be admitted, who, having made their preliminary studies,
“might desire to take up the study of a special department, and also, if i
competent and trustworthy, might for the time be entrusted with the
collectians. belonging thereto ; not simply for their personal advantage, (
but that they might place them and leave them in perfect. order, with
notes of their condition, deficiencies, etc. -By this means much work
might be accomplished without cost to the museum. Many of the ad-.
vanced students wotld doubtless be glad to avail themselves of the
opportunity of making collections for the museum, by simply being
allowed their traveling expenses, or with some small sum in addition,
Thus large accessions could be made to the museum and stores of o— j
cates acquired.
As soon as the means of compensation can be obtained, a more com: |
plete organization is desirable. This should embrace, in addition to sie
officers already enumerated, the following :
logy ; ; .
A professor of. mines and mining engineering ;
‘A professor of zoélogy and general paleontology ;
A professor of botany and botanical paleontology. | "29
The two first named departments have especial reference to the prac-’
tical“wants of the community, and the two last named ig be: made
equally available in their practical application. Ls agai
Tn order that the museum should take rank with similar institutions
|
A professor of i asaaste pei and chemical pine apd eat oe:
i
V5
| yrete ON THE STATE CABINET. | 31
‘in this eaey and in Europe, it is necessary that the services of men
eminent in their several departments be secured.
For this object the museum must be able to offer facilities for pagers
gation and publication, with materials at hand, and a scientific library,
together with just and adequate compensation as an inducement for the
best talent of the country to engage in its advancement.
‘In order to secure unity of purpose and energy of action in the opera-
tions of the museum, all its scientific purposes, relations and internal
affairs should be left to the judgment of the director, while its general
and pecuniary affairs should be administered by a committee, of which
the director should be one. :
VI. Sieh ey
Taking the organization in the simplest form which would produce a
direct’result, there will be the following sources of expenditure :
%, For Beolcstich :
For salaries ;
For library ;
For making collections ;
Incidentals.
By a judicious distribution of the publications of the museum, they ;
could be made to return to the library much valuable matter, thus aiding
-to increase the library: without direct expenditure.
The salary of the director should not be less than that of a professor ©
in Columbia College. The salaries of professors and assistants would
vary from $1,500 to $2,500 per annum.
The museum, on the initiation of the plan, might be conducted for a _
few years upon an annual expenditure of $10,000 or $12,000, while, as
its operations become extended and the plan fully developed, an i dee
Pantiare, of $25,000 or $30,000 will be required.
VII. Free Lectures.
A course of free lectures, given during the winter season, would doubt-
less aid much in bringing the museum and its objects more prominently
before the public, and in interesting the community therein. Such a
course would in every way be advantageous, and by being addressed to
many persons from different parts of the State, would thus enlist the
interest and sympathy of the entire population, and be the means of
making known the objects and plan of the museum to many persons ane
might not be reached by its publications.
The plan of the lectures might be similar to those given at the Smith-
sonian Institution during the winter months, and by adopting this ar-
| rangement ‘you may secure a wide range of subjects, to be treated by
the most eminent men in their several departments, and which could not
: folly, developed and its scientific staff complete
es,
be given by the permanent officers of the museum until its plan had been
/
8 NINETEENTH | ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS.
Were it necessary: i the tense purpose, I might go faabhior into the
details of the operations to be undertaken by the museum according to. |
~» the plan, but this does not Meat essential at the present stage of the
~ inquiry.
_ The foregoing eeneral plan appears to me to embrace the pointe neces-
| sary for placing the State Cabinet of Natural History on an equality. °
with. similar institutions in Europe, and with the Museum of Comparative
Zoblogy in Cambridge—that i is, as stated in the resolution of the Legis-
lature, for placing it ‘in the condition required by the present state of —
science, and, for maintaining it in full efficiency as a museum of scien-
_ - tific and: practical geology and comparative zoélogy.” °. ati
Iam, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant, | che,
JAMES HALL.
P. S. In connection with what has been said of the importance of an
economical collection, and as an evidence of the public appreciation of
information having strict reference to its economic bearings in relation
to mines and mineral products, may be mentioned the success of the
| school of mines attached to Columbia college. This was commenced
about the middle of Decemiber, 1864, and at the end of about one year. -
numbered eighty students, all of whom, I am informa) are earnest
workers. : ii
At the same time the scientific school at Cambridge, commenced some
fifteen years since, in all its departments, including civil engineering 4
and zoélogy (which are not taught at the school of mines in New York),. E:
numbers but seventy-five students, and the scientific school in New
Haven still fewer. Yet these schools have among their professors the
most eminent men, some of whom have been Jong known as successful
teachers and authors.
The school in New York offered to the community precisely that kind
of knowledge which was wanted, and the need of which has long been
seriously felt. To this I attributed its great success in the outset;
while by pursuing the same course, with. such extensions as may ee
ae found advantageous and necessary, it will doubtless become the leading
school of mines in the United States. |
' ; /
ACCOUNT CURRENT,
With Appropriation for the State Cabinet of Natural History.
1864-5. — DR.
‘To balance from 1863 -4 ....sseecssceeeeees Shae iiainecupeker betas
To appropriation for 1864-5 ...ccceesecveveecrerteeces ene is siden’
CR.
By collections eeee estes eesseseseseseeeoeeseeeeese ete sass aesaeeseves
_~ [Senate, No. 89.] 5
vi 800 00
$2,588 79
. $4 50°
PSY CMOMICHIS.. cc vccc ccc css Beye ie © ee ee ee eee Ts 119 77
By postage and stationery. .ccsserereccescccscescsscescscvcsscces 40 31
By cases ..... aeialabal io el Simin win Axacaigtinvn, mi 0 6ishsa- wi, s Masia. wings a phania man 8 0 86 50
NU ec ons de tiked wali nonce ¢ vada oe Screens ab 6 00
By contingents ...... Bead weds Hiv nies Stee os e'visedeneae acer evesdenece 39 75
By Dalance to NOW AcCOUDE 2.2000. oe cccccs covesccascccccscccevecs 2,291 96
——— $2,588 79
[Vouchers 1 - 5.] =
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APPENDIX,
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CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX.
A. Additions to the State Cabinet during 1865:
1. By donation 3
2. By pease. oN
B. Catalogue of Mosses: By OCnarius H. Pack.
C. List of Plants for State Herbarium, collected in the vicinity of Lud-
lowville, Tompkins county: By Henry B. Lorp.
D. Facts and Observations touching the Flora of the State of New York:
By one of the Rucenrs,
E. Results of Meteorological Observations :
1, Annual Meteorological Synopsis for 1865.
2. Rain Table, kept at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, during the years
1841-1865: By E. S. Marsn, M. D., Cuarues WINKLER,
M..D., and I. A. Laraam, LL.D.
3. Rain Table, kept at Pierrepont Manor, N. Y., during the
years 1859-65: By W. C. Prizrreponr.
4. Record (by Diagrams) of Thermometer and Barometer, for
. January, 1866, at Pierrepont Manor: By W. U. Pierrepont.
5. Monthly Results of Observations at Ruchester, for the year
1865: By C. Dewey, D.D.
F. Local Climatelogy:. By W. D. Winson, D.D., Professor in Hobart
College.
G. Results obtained by ie new method of recording Meteorological
phenomena: By Prof. G. W. Hoven, Director of Dudley Observatory.
H. Observations on the internal appendages of the Genus Arrypa, with
a notice of discovery of a loup oe the spiral cones: By
~ R. P. Wuitriexp.
I. Contributions to Paleontology: (1) By James Hatt.
1. Account, of some new or little known species of Fossils from
rocks of the age of the Niagara group, with Observations
on the geograpical distribution of the species of this epoch,
etc. (2)
(1.) The communications announced under this head in the Contents of the Appendix to
the Eighteenth Report on the State Cabinet, were postponed in consequence of the delay
in printing that part of the Report issued, which was not completed till December, 1865.
In the mean time it has been found desirable to intercalate some other matter, following
Propvuctts, etc., both as being a more natural arrangement, and as following the order
in which the subject has been treated in Volume V of the Paleontology of New York.
(2.) A part of this paper, to the 47th page inclusive, was published in advance of the
Report, in December, 1864, and January, 1865.
38 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS.
I. Contributions to Paleontology—continued:.
2.
3.
. On the Genus Cuonerss, with a list of the species known in
0 ID
rT.
18.
Observations on the Genus STREPTORHYNCHUS, continued from
the Sixteenth Report.
On the Genus SrrorHoponta.
the New York formations.
On the Genera PRopuctus, STROPHALOSIA, Avaowanall and Pro-
DUCTELLA.
On the Genera Sprrirera, Cyrtina and allied genera,
On the Genera Atuyrus, Merista and MERISTELLA.
. Note upon the Genus Zyeospira, and its relations to ATRYPA.
. Ou the Genera Pentamerus and Srrickianpia, and their sup-
posed relations with RensseLarria.
. On the Genera TerepratuLa, CENTRONELLA, CRYPTONELLA, etc.
. On the Genus TropipoLertus.
. On the Genus EicHwa.pia.
. Miscellaneous.
Introduction to the Study of the Grarro.itipa, with a list of the
species known in the Paleozoic formations of Canada and
the United States. : d
. Notes upon the Geology of some parts of Minnesota.
. Note upon the structure of the mountain region in the
northern parts of Georgia and Alabama, and the adjacent
parts of Tennessee.
Note upon the Geological relations of the oil-bearing strata
of Canada West.
Index to geological and paleontological subjects in ‘tile
Reports on the State Cabinet.
|
j
|
q
|
.
(.A.)
ADDITIONS TO THE STATE CABINET DURING 1865.
I. By DONATION.
I. To the Zoological Department.
From WILLIAM C. JOHNSON, Newburyport, } Mass.
A Star Fisu.
The Eae of the Pea Hen.
From the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
Forty-three 4 eta of FisHes in alcohol.
[List to be published in next Report.]
f The following MARINE SHELLS selected by Dk. CARPENTER:
[List to be published in next Report.]
Il. To the Botanical Department.
From Miss RoopA Watersory, Schoharie.
ros very nicely prepared specimens, and among them the Polemonium
ceruleum, L
From Hon. HENRY B. LORD, Ludlowville.
Some rare CARICES (inclusive of two new varieties), and other PLANTs.
From W. W. DENSLOW, Esq., New-York.
A specimen of Juglans regia, from New-York Island.
From ELLIOTT C. HOWE, M. D., Fort-Edward.
A lot of PLANTs.
- From the BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.
A valuable package of PLANTs.
From CHARLES H. PECK, Esq.. Albany.
A number of Mossus and HEPATICACER. —
' From LEWIS FOOTE, Ksq., Detroit, Mich.
A Specimen of ScoLopENDRIUM OFFICINARUM from vicinity of Syracuse,
discovered by Mr. Foors, March 3, 1865.
Ill. To the Geological and Mineralogical Department.
From the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro, presented through Hon.
Mr. Lissoa, Envoy Extraordinary, &c., of Brazil.
-
40 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REGENTS,
' MINERALS, _ LOCALITIES, - PROVINCES,
SILICATE AND CARBONATE OF CoPpPrER, Sao Borja, S. Pedro do Sul.
GALENA, Allegrete, ; de
Baryta, Cacapava, do
AGATE, F , Rio Jaguarao, do
OLIGISTE, Bage, * do
OLIGISTE CONCRETIONARY, Mina, do.Costa, do
SACCHAROIDAL LIMESTONE, Terra des Asperesas, do
HEMATITE, © Bagé, ‘do
DistHENE IN QUARTZ, Missoens, do
PyRoLvsitTEB, ° S. Jeronymo, do.
Stone Coa, Terra partido (Curral- do
Alto, ~ do
Srone Coat, Do Herval, do
do j Sandy, do
do. - Jaquarao, . do
MALACHITE, vipat Ie Cacapava, . do
HYLALINE JASPER, | Lagoa dos Patos, do
Maenetic [Ron Org, Palmeria dos Indios, Alageas. s
-Bituminous ScuHIstT, Camaragibe, do
LIGNITE, : do do
Scuistosge SLATE, bets Penedo, do
REFRACTORY SLATE, Belem, Para.
Fisrovus Gypsum, Kga, Amazona.
Biruminous Scuist witH LIeNitE, Tabatinga, do
LIGNITE, Manaos, ve do
MAGNESIAN SLATE, : _ Belem, do
ScuistosE SLATE, Shoresof the Amazon, do
RoLuep Sronzs, . Rio Tocantins, Prov’s of Para & Goyas
Pumice, Transp’d bythe waters .
of the Rio Solimoes, Amazona.
FETID-BITUMINOUS-CALCAREOUS-8LATY SCHIST, Bin
(DysopYLeE 7) , Da Chepada, Maranhao.
Hypravtic LIMESTONE, Apicum, do
HyDRAULIC-ARGILLACEOUS LIMESTONE, Bacanga, : do
OLIGISTE, IN PART HYDRATED, Caxias, do
FrBRous Gypsum, Alcantara, do
Strong Coan, © : Laguna, St. Catharina.
XRANITE, ; Of the mountains of Rio de Janeiro.
MARBLE (CALCAREO MARMORE), De Campos, do
FELDSPAR (PELUNZE), Nichtervy, do
Kaonin, do do
BirUMINOUS-CALCAREOUS-SLATY SCHIST, Ceara, Ceara.
GYPSUM, De Belmonte, do
CALCAREOUS-CRYSTALLINE-SLATY SCHIST, Baturite, _ do
Do. CRYSTALLIZED INTERIORLY, and containing ;
impression of fishes, * Milagres (Crato); Ceara. —
OLIGISTE, ‘Serra d’Araripe, do
CARBONATE OF COPPER, i Rio Jauru, Matto-Grosso.
STALACTITE, Gruta do inferno, do
Gypsum, - : ‘ Do Appody, R. Grand do Norte.
OLIGISTE, ; Cabaceiro, do
Rose QUARTZ, © Ae Pedra lavrada, : d0,.* 5%
PrROXIDE oF IRON, Bagi Estancia, Sergipe.
Lawestone (NEARLY MARBLE), : Vasa-barriz, do
LaMELLAR OLIGISTE IN QUARTZ, ; Serra da Gameleira, Bahia.
ASPHALTIC LIMESTONE, MPs Maran (ITheos), do
PEROXIDE OF MayaanesE, r Nazareth, | do 4
ON THE STATE CABINET. 4]
MINERALS. LOCALITIES, PROVINCES,
LIGNITE, Bareellos, Bahia.
Mricaceovus OLIGIstTE, Itabira, Minas.
Mauacaire, &c., Melancias, do
AMIANTHUS, Different plates in do
Minas, do
GALENA AND SULPHURET OF IRON, Infeccionado, do
CINNABAR IN SCHIST, Villarica, do
-CINNABAR, GRANULAR, Corrego Trepuy, do
_ KAouin, Thesoureiro, do
Sravactigzic Iron, Itabira, do
LAMELLOSE OLIGISTE, Mine of Tente Casi- do
; meiro, do
CRICHTONITE (TITANIFEROUS OXIDE or Iron), Serra de Nassouras, do
NeEocrTeEsE, Antonio Pereira, do
AurirErovs PyritEs IN QUARTZ, Torquirn, do ~
Mricaceous OLIGIsTE, Itabira, do
ARDOSIA, Ouro Preto, do
CrYSTALS OF ii Iron, Cocaes, do
TopPAZzEs, do
ACERDESE, Macaulas, de
do Antonio Pereira, do
_ OxIDE o£ Bismura, Catla Branea, do
CARBONATE of LEAD AND OF CopPErR, GALENA, Sette Lagoas, do
AMETHISTS, | From different places, do
AMPHIBOLITE AND AURIFEROUS ITABIRITE, Itabira do Campo, do
CASSITERITE IN GRANITE, Rio Paraupeba, do
Fivor Spar, with GALENA, &C., Itacolumy, do
Group oF HYALINE QUARTZ, Itambé, do
do do : . Brumado, do
HERYTHRINE (ARSENICAL CoBALT), Antonio Pereira, do
Native ARSENIC, Ouro Preto, : do
BLENDE, WitH AR. SUL., IN QUARTZ, Alaethé, do
ACICULAR STIBNITE, In TALCO- SCHIST, Cattas-Altas, do
PyritEs (MancassrrE) &c. IN Quartz, Timbopeba, do
GRAPHITE, Barreiras, do
LimMEsTONE (MARBLE), Itabira do Campo, do
CuRrysOBERYL, :; SerradasEsmeraldos, do
ITAcOLUMITE (GRES PLESCIVEL); Serra d’ Itacolumy, do
GALENA, Taubaté, St. Paulo.
Maeneric Iron Ore, -$. Jo. d’ Ypanema, do
LIMESTONE, 2 do . do do
Bituminous Scuist, Sorocaba, do
LIMONITE (SLATY), Ceritiba, Parana.
ARGENTIFEROUS GALENA, Iporanga, do
Nodules, caleareous, ferruginous and slaty ferruginous, which are found in extreme
abundanee, and from the size of a grown pea to that of a bomb shell of a gigantic mortar, in
the interior of the Provinces of Pernambuco, Parahyla, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceara, Pianhy,
Maranhao, Goyas, and Matto-Grosso.
-Agates, Sexios rollados (Rolles stones), common in the Rio de S. Francesco do Norte.
-
Il. ADDITIONS BY PURCHASE. :
(None).
{Senate, No. 89.] 6
C35.)
LIST OF MOSSES
OF THE
STATE OF NEW-YORK.
BY CHARLES H. PECK.
The following list is intended to contain the names of all the Mosses
hitherto detected in the State of New York. The habitat, and time of
maturing the fruit are given, and, of the rarer species, the station also. ‘ It
has been thought advisable to reproduce brief descriptions of those species
not described in Suttivanv’s Mosses of the United States, and to add
occasional remarks concerning the peculiarities of certain species and the
distinguishing characters of such as are closely related.
Grateful acknowledgments are rendered to that distinguished and expe-
rienced bryologist, Leo LesquErrvx, Hsq., of Columbus, Ohio, for much
kind assistance in the preparation of this List. He has freely communi-
cated the names, habitat, etc., of numerous species collected by him on the
. Adirondack Mountains, and in other parts of the State; and has authentt-
cated a large number of the other species herein recorded.
Much aid has also been received from our own indefatigable botwenell
the Hon. GeorcEe W. Cuinron, of Buffalo, at whose suggestion this work
was undertaken, and from whom contributions of many species from Western
New-York and the vicinity of Niagara Falls have been received.
Coz F. Austin, Esq , of Closter, New-Jersey, has kindly contributed
species both of Mosses and of Liverworts, from Orange county and the
_ Shawangunk Mountains. To them and to others due credit is herein given ;
their names signifying the authority for the statements made in the ponies
lar sentences to which they are respectively annexed.
ORDER MUSCI.—Mosses.
SPHAGNUM, Dull.
S, cymBiroLium, Ehrh.
Peat bogs and marshes. Frequent and variable. July.
8S. pyLaEsii, Brid.
Humected surface of granite rocks, top of Mt. Marcy, Adirondack
mountains; sterile, L. LrsQuEREUX.
|
}
q
q
|
|
q
4
LIST OF MOSSES. 43
”
. CYCLOPHYLLUM, Sulliv. and Lesqz.
‘Springs in granite rocks, Mt. Marcy, sterile, Lesqx.
. SQUARROSUM, Pers.
Peat bogs, especially on mountains. Common. July, August.
. CUSPIDATUM, Lhrh.
Deep bogs and cranberry marshes. Frequent and very variable. July.
. ACUTIFOLIUM, Ehrh.
Same habitat as the preceding. Also cummon and variable. July.
. RigipuM, Schp. S. compactrum, Brid.
Bogs and wet places. Catskill mountains, Adirondack mountains,
LEsQx. 6 dass
. SUBSECUNDUM, INees. S. contrortum, Schultz.
Deep bogs, Adirondack mountains, July, Lusex.
ANDRAEA, Ehrh.
A. PETROPHILA, Ehrh.
a
G.
G.
Damp faces of rocks on mountains. Notrare. July.
A. RUpEsTRIS, Turn. :
| Same habitat as the preceding. Catskill mountains. Abundant alout
fifty rods north of the Mountain House, Not frequent.. July.
A. CRASSINERVIA, Brch.
. Humected rocks, top of Whiteface mountain, August, Lusgx.
EPHEMERUM, Hampe.
. CRASSINERVIUM, Schwaegr.
.Moist grounds in fields, sides of ditches, etc. Not rare. Dec.— April.
ACAULON, Mull.
. MuTICUM, Schreb.
_ On the ground. Brooklyn, C. F. Austin. Buffalo, G. W. Ciinron.
December— April.
PHASCUM, L.
CUSPIDATUM, Schreb.
Waste fields near Saratoga; March, Lesqx.
PLEURIDIUM, Brid..
. ALTERNIFOLIUM, Brid.
*
Old fields. Very common. May, June.
GYMNOSTIMUM, Hedw.
RUPESTRE, Schwaegr.
Crevices of steep rocks and overhanging cliffs. Not rare. Sept., Oct.
cURVIROSTRUM, Hedw.
Wet rocks. Not uncommon. September, October.
Small forms of this specics closely resemble the preceding. Both are
variable. '
44 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET. -
WHISIA, Hed.
W. viriputa, Bred. :
Old fields, waste grounds, thin soil covering rocks. Frequent.
March — June.
RHABDOWHISIA, Schp.
R. DENTICULATA, Bryol. Europ.
Crevices of rocks on mountains. Sand Lake.
SELIGERIA, Breh. § wed
S. REcuRVATA, Bryol. Europ.
Rocks in ravines. Devil’s hole, Niagara county ; Caledonia, G. w.
CLINTON.
S. caLcaREA, Bryol. Europ.
With the preceding, from which it differs chiefly in its shorter stem,
broader leaves, and somewhat turbinate capsule.
The discovery of this rare and minute species in our State (as well as
of the preceding) is due to the earnest and faithful researches of G. W.
CLINTON.
DICRANUM, Hedw.
D. gracituscens, Wed. § Mohr.
On rocks; high peaks of the Adirondack mountains; Aug., Taso,
D. SCHREBERI, " Hedw.
Clay banks inmountains ; Adirondack mountains, above Keene ; very
rare; September, LEsQx.
_D. vinEens, Hedw.
Old logs and rotten wood in pear damp places, especially in woods
on mountains. Variable. Not abundant. May, June.
D. varium, Hedw. |
Moist ance and banks, most common on clay soil. a
November — April.
D. HETEROMALLUM, Hedw.
_ On the ground in open woods, banks, about the roots of trees, moun-
tain and plain. Very common and variable. ai October.
D. supuLattm, Hedw.
Shaded rocks, Adirondack mountains ; August, LESQx.
D. Biyttil, Bryol. Hurop.
Fissures of humected rocks, top of Mt. apeiee mci Lusgx.
D, staRKil, Wed. g- Mohr.
Same place as the preceding, LEsQx.
D. montTAaNnuM, Hedw.
Decayed logs and stumps in pine and hemlock woods, capeuilles on
mountains. Catskill mouutains. Groat Island, Niagara Falls, Lesqx.
. July, August.
D. FLAGELLARE, Hedw. | :
Old logs and rotten wood. Very common. — August.
|
|
|
;
‘
LIST OF MOSSES. : 45
D. INTERRUPTUM, Bryol. Europ.
Rocks, rarely on docuying wood, in hill and mountain woods. Com.
August.
D. LONGIFOLIUM, Hedw.
Trees in mountain woods. Sand Lake. Rocks; Adirondack moun-
_ tains, Lusgx. August, September.
D. scoparium, L. ) 13
Ground, rotten logs, rocks; base of Adirondack mountains, Lesqx.
var. pallidum, Mu/d.
On the ground, rotten logs, rocks. Very common and variable. -
July — September.
’ —D. eELonGAtTUM, Schwaegr.
Fissures of humected rock, top of Mt. Marcy; August, Lesqx.
_D. conarstum, Brid.
Decayed wood, sometimes on rocks, in mountain woods. Abundant
on the Catskill and the Adirondack mountains.
D. SCHRADERI, Schwaegr.
Bogs and boggy places in mountains; Catskill and Adirondack moun-
tains; August, Lesqx.
Shawangunk mountains, C. F. Aéstin.
D. spurium, Hedw.
Sandy ground ; Saratoga; July, Lusex.
Catskill mountains, T. P. JAmzEs, in Proceed. Am. Phil. Soc., 1864.
PD. uNDULATUM, Turn. -
On ground wet or dry in woods, sometimes on rocks; mountain and plain.
Frequent. July.
D. prumMMonpDt, C. Mull.
On the ground on mountains. Abundant under small pine trees on
the Catskill mountains, between the Mountain House and the lake.
Rare. ‘July.
ba ARCTOA, Brceh. § Schp.
A. FULVELLA, Bryol. Europ.
Fissures of humected rock, Mt. Marcy; July, Lesax.
CAMPYLOPUS, Bria. \
C. vizipis, Sulliv. §- Lesgez. |
Roots of trees, decayed logs, etc., in woods, Not rare. Sterile.
TREMATODON, Rich.
T. ampieuus, Hedw.
On the ground by roadsides, Sand Lake. Rare. July.
This is now regarded as a northern species, and T. LONGICOLLIs as a
- southern one. The latter probably does not occur within our limits.
LEUCOBRYUM, Hampe.
L. exavucum, L.
On the ground in woods, most often on knolls near swamps or water
holes. Common. ; December.
46
NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
FISSIDENS, Heading oe \ us —
. Exiauus, Sudliv.
Wet rocks along streams; Bahohanite, Miss R. WATERBURY. ~ July. 4
F. minutuuus, Szdlv. :
Rocks and ground in ravines. Albany. Hiéhdavioeeas mountains, 1
C.F. Austin. Buffalo; G. W. Cuinron. Scarce. Nov. — April. |
F. sryorpes, Hedw. | : » 4
Shaded ground in woods. Shaded ravines near Albany. Frequent |
in conservatories, in and around flower pots. Nov.- April.’ |
. TAXIFOLIUS, Hedw.
P
. SUBBASILARIS, Hedw.
-Humected rocks and clay banks. N iagara Falls ; December, Lesax. .
Rockland county, C. F. Austin. .
Roots of trees. Poestenkill, woods west of the village. Fort-Edward,
K. C. Hows. Not common. October — December.
. ADIANTOIDES, L.
Moist ground and rocks, generally in woods. Frequent. Nov. mee
. OSMUNDIOIDES, Hedw.
- Base of trees in swamps and mountains; Catskill mountains, LEsqx.
. GRANDIFRONS, Brad.
Humected perpendicular rocks ; Wingate Falls ;. Caledonia creek,
where it grows submerged, G. W. Ciinron. Not uncommon in.
Western’ New-York. Our plant bears pistillidia, but neither anthe-
- ridia nor fruit. —
CONOMITRIUM, Mont.
. JULIANUM, Savi.
On stones in mountain streams. Smoke’s creek, G. W. CLINTON.
Shawangunk mountains, C. F. Austin. Sterile.
BLINDIA, Breh. & Schp.
_ acuta, Dicks.
Humected perpendicular rocks; Catskill mountains, near the Cauters-
kill; July, Lesqx. Very rare.
° This interesting and ‘rare moss has been found in no other locality
in the State.
Dioecious: pale green, laanely ongepitete varying in length from »
half an inch to half a foot; stems filiform, naked near the base; leaves |
erect-open, shining, lanceolate-subulate, pointed by the excurrent costa; -
capsule pyriform, firm, with a rather long straight pedicel; peristome =
of 16 equidistant teeth ; lid large, with a straight or slightly inclined
beak; calyptra split to the point, covering the lid only; annulus,
none. |
————
— POTTIA, Ehrh.
TRUNCATA, L. ,
On the ground in moist fields, and by coaleiaee Common.
| November —April.
LIST OF MOSSES. | 47
DESMATODON, Brida.
. ARENACEUS, Sudliv. §- Lesgz.
Stones ; Devil’s Hole and Caledonia, G. W. Cuinron. Rare, July.
BARBULA, Hedw. .
. UNGUICULATA, Hedw.
Ground, claybanks. Variable and common. Noy. — April.
. CAESPITOSA, Schwaegr.
On the ground in woods and about the roots of trees. Common,
June.
. TORTUOSA, TP. :
Rocks. Goat Eaciat Lesqx. Common aban Niagara Falls, G. W.
Cxiinton. Helderberg mountains. Not frequent. June.
. CONVOLUTA, Hedw. :
Ground on mountains. Helderberg mountains, growing with Bryum
pyriforme, on ground on which charcoal had been burned. Rare.
. MUCRONIFOLIA, Schwaegr.
Roots of an elm subject to inundation, Schoharie, Miss R. WateEr-
BuRY. Stones; Devil’s Hole and Portage,G. W.Cuiston. June.
. FRAGILIS, Wils. TRICHOSTOMUM FRAGILE, Hook.
Humected rocks by waterfalls. Ausable river, near Lake Champlain;
sterile, ESQx.
Closely caespitose ; stems erect, shatple or forked, tomentose at the
base ; leaves closely imbricated, erect, plane on the margin, rigid, very
fragile, twisted when dry, lanceolate-subulate with an excurrent costa ;
areolation hyaline near the base, minute, chlorophyllose and papillose
above; capsule erect, ovate-oblong, scarcely curved ; lid obliquely
long-beaked ; teeth of the peristome convolute, very thin, fugacious ;
inflorescence dioecious.
TRICHOSTOMUM, Hedw.
. TORTILE, Schrad. |
Sandy ground, banks by roadsides, ete. Common. _ Nov.— March.
. VAGINANS, Sudliv.
On the Sah Shawengua’ mountains, C. F, AusTIN.
November — March.
. PALLIDUM, Hedw.
“Clayey ground. fields and open woods. Common. June.
. GLAUCESCENS, Hedw. ,
Cliffs and crevices of precipitous rocks. Adirondack mountains.
‘Ravine south of Albany. Rare. June.
DIDYMODON, Hedw.
. RUBELLUS, Roth.
_ Rocks, especially in ravines. Catskill mountains. Greenbush, near
Harlem R. R. bridge. Rare, Juve, July.
48 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET. —
D. turipus, Hornsch.
Niagara Falls, on a dry rock near the shore, one-eighth to one-quarter -
of a mile below the American staircase, G@. W. CLINTON. October. -
This fine species was found by Drummonp at Niagara Falls in 1818,
. iat had not been detected since that time sai 1865, when it was
: rediscovered as shown above.
D. cyLinpRicus, Brch.
| Catskill mountains. Jamus in Pr. Am. Phil. Soe.
Pah tek a Brid.
C. purPuREUS, L.
: |
Ground, rocks, rotten wood, old roofs. Common everywhere. May.
| DISTICHIUM, Breh, &§ Schp.
D. CAPILLACEUM, Bryol. Europ. |
Crevices of rocks, high summits of the Adirondack and the Catskill
mountains, LEs@x.
THTRAPHIS, Hedw.
T. PELLUCIDA, Hedw. )
- _Decayed wood in woods. Frequent. June.
_ ENCALYPTA, Scfreb.
E. ciLiAta, Hedw.
- Rocks and crevices of rocks on mountains. Sand Lake. Adirondack
mountains. | | July.
HK. sTREPTOCARPA, Hedw.
Rocks. The Ledge; Akron, G. W. Cuinron. a Falls,
JAMES in Pr. Am. Phil. Soc. Helderberg mountains. Sterile. |
ZYGODON, Hook. § Tayl.
YZ. MOUGEOTT, Brool. Europ.
Catskill mountains. sane in Pr. ne Phil, Soe.
_ Z. pApponicus, Hedw.
_Crevices of rocks. Catskill mountains, below Couterskil Falls.
Adirondack mountains, LrsqQx.
-ORTHOTRICHUM, Hedw.
,
O. RogsErRt, Brid.
Bark of Populus tremuloides, near Lake Placid, Adirondack moun- .
tains ; very rare; August, LEsqx.
O. CUPULATUM, Hoffm.
Rocks and trees. Beech trees, Rosis Point, G. W. CLINTON. Rare.
May, June. , 9
O. ANOMALUM, Hedw. | ‘
Rocks, sometimes on trees. Limestone rocks, N iagara Falls, LESQx.
On trees in the same locality, G. W. CLinron. Not common. June.
O. STRANGULATUM, Beauv.
- Trees, rocks and stone walls. Frequent. | Ios April, May.
3 « asl iil ae are oe
ee ee ee a ee ee Lak ee Ree
0
BA
me,
O
0
0
P
D. CLAVELLATA, Hook.
8.
s.
LIST OF MOSSES. | 49
. CANADENSE, Schp.
Trees, with the preceding. Less common. April, May.
. LEIOCARPUM, Bryol. Europ. lb;
Trees. Adirondack mountains, Lesqx. Sand Lake. Rare. June.
. HUTCHINSIZ, Hook. §- Tayl.
Granite rocks, mostly on mountains. Frequent. J une.
. LUpWIGII, Brid.
Trees on hills and mountains. Common. June.
-orispuM, Hedw.
Trees, dead branches on the ground and shaded granite rocks, Lesqx.
Catskill mountains. James in Pr. Am. Phil. Soc. Sand Lake.
Hall’s station, G. W. CLINTON. ' June.
. CRISPULUM, Brch.
Trees. Common. June.
PTYCHOMITRIUM, Brch. & Schp.
. INCURV™M, Schwaegr.
Rocks. Rockland county, C. F. Austin.
DRUMMONDIA, Hook.
Trees, on hills and mountains. Common. May, June.
SCHISTIDIUM, Schp.
APpocaARPuM, Hedw.
Rocks, especially in ravines and along streams. Frequent and va-
riable. November — April.
CONFERTUM, Funk. |
Same habitat as the preceding. Common. April.
~GRIMMIA, Ehrh.
G. PENNSYLVANICA, Schwaegr.
Wet rocks on hills and mountains. Common. December-— April.
G. LEUCOPH@A, Grev.
Sandstone rocks. Catskill mountains. JAMES in Pr. Am. Phil.
Soe. . June.
G. ovata, Web. & Mohr.
Naked, flat rocks, top of Mount Marcy; September, LEsqx.
Pulvinate or caespitose; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the upper
ones tapering into a hair point; capsule on a straight pedicel, ex-
serted, ovate, solid; lid obliquely beaked; teeth of the peristome
_ long, split to the middle, dark red; calyptra mitriform, lobate; inflo
rescence monoecious.
G. OLNEYI, Sulliv.
Rocks. Catskill mountains, (Torrey legit) C. F. Austin,
G. DONNIANA, Smith.
~ Rocks. Adirondack mountains; rare, Lesax.
[Senate, No. 89. ] 7 :
50 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE .CABINET.
RACOMITRIUM, Brid.
R. ACICULARE, Brid. .
Rocks along mountain streams. Catskill mountains. Sand Lake.
_ June.
R. suDETICUM, Funk.
Moist rocks along streams. Adirondack mountains; Aug., Lusq@x.
Catskill mountains. JAmzEs in Pr. Am. Phil. Soc.
R. MIcRocarPum, Brid.
Rocks, either moist or dry. On mountains. Common, May-June.
R. FASCICULARE, Arid.
Rocks near waterfalls, Adirondack mountains; Ausable river, etc.,
Les@x. Catskill mountains. JAmegs in Pr. Am. Phil. Soe.
HEDWIGIA, Ehrh. a
H. crznrata, Dicks.
Granite rocks and stone walls. Very rarely on decayed logs. Every-
where common. May.
SCHISTOSTEGA, Mohr.
: OSMUNDACEA, Web. & Mohr.
On dirt adhering to roots of overblown trees in deep woods, a short
distance south of Cranberry marsh, Sand Lake. This is at present ~
its only known locality in this country. August.
Very delicate, slender, simple or rarely bifurcate, 3’—6” long, —
crowing from a shining, yellowish-green and persistent prothallium,
rooting only at the base, two-shaped; sterile plants frondlike, with
the leaves two-ranked, rhomboidal, ecostate, vertically inserted,
confluent-at the base; fertile plants frondiform below or with the
stem nearly naked, bearing flowers and minute horizontal leaves of
various forms at the top; flowers eemmiform; vaginula ovate-glo-
bose; capsule on a long slender pedicel, minute, nearly globose,
without a peristome; operculum convex; calyptra minute, mitriform
or dimidiate-conical, covering the operculum only; spores minute.
A very rare little moss of peculiar habit and loose cellular structure,
with a beautiful glancous green color when fresh. First found in
this country in 1865. .
TETRAPLODON, Bryol. Hurop.
T. ANcusTATUS, Bryol. Europ.
On the excrement of cows in a swamp near Lake Placet Adiron-
dack mountains; August, LESQx.
T. mNrIoIDES, L. fil.
Excrement of some animal near - the top of Mount Marcy; August,
LESQX.
APHANORHEGMA, Sulliv.
A. SERBRATA, Suiliv. nae ae §
Moist ground in fields, Common, —_ November.
Gage Te wl
or
a a a, ae
LIST OF MOSSES. . OL
PHYSCOMITRIUM, Brid.
« P. PYRIFORME, L.
Moist ground, especially on clayey soil. Common every where. May.
FUNARIA, Schreb.
F. FLAVICANS, Micha.
Damp clayey soil in woods. Staten Island, A. A. Apex. Buffalo,
G. W. Ciinton. Rare. os April — May.
This species is more common. in the Southern States, and grows
especially on ground where charcoal has been burned.
F. HYGROMETRICA, Hedw. -
Ground wet or dry. Crevices of rocks, and in places burnt over in
charring coal. Common everywhere. | June.
Var. CALVESCENS, Bryol. Hurop.
Wet springy places. Buffalo, G. W. Ciinron.
MEESIA, Hedw.
M. uLicinosa, Hedw.
Moist sandy ground and marshy places. Along the railroad be-
tween West Albany and Center. Fort Edward, E. C. Howe. Rare.
June. -
M. TRisticHA, Funk.
Swamps and wet places. Fort Edward, E. C. Hows. Rare. June.
: BARTRAMIA, Hedw.
B. FONTANA, Brid.
Wet rocks and springy places on mountains. Common. June.
B. MUHLENBERGII, Schwaegr.
Moist sandy or gravelly places. Along the railroad between West
Albany and Center. Niagara Falls, G. W. Cuinton. Fort Edward,
H.C. Howe. June.
B. ITHYPHYLLA, Brid.
Fissures of rocks. Black mountain near Lake George; August,
LEsQx. |
B. pomirormis, Hedw.
On the ground in ravines and in the crevices of rocks. Frequent.
| May.
B. OEDERI, Swartz.
Rocks on hills and mountains. Helderberg and Adirondack moun-
tains. Akron and Devil’s Hole, G. W. Cuintron. Schoharie, Miss.
R. WatTeRBURY. Shawangunk mountains, C.F. Austin. June,
ee CONOSTOMUM, Swartz.
C. BOREALE, Swartz. 7
Crevices of rocks. Top of Mount Marcy; very rare; August, LEs@x.
| BRYUM, Dill.
B. cernuum Brch. & Schp. .
Crevices of rocks. Lake George; July, Lesqx.
ys?
52 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
B. ACUMINATUM, Hoppe & Hornsch.
Fissures of rocks. Adirondack mountains, ‘Lusex. Rock City, G.
“W. Curinron. Very rare. _ September.
Very similar to the following species in appearance, leaves and
capsules; but differs in having the flowers gemmaceous and ter-
minal, and, the inner peristome without cilia.
B. ELONGATUM, Dicks. .
Humected black soil in crevices of rocks. High summits of the Adi-
rondack mountains; Whiteface mountain, etc., LEsqx. - High Peak,
Catskill mountains. Rare. . July.
B. NUTANS, Schreb. ,
Low grounds. Crevices of rocks in mountains, Common. June.
Var. BIcoLoR, Bryol. Europ. ’
Marshy places on mountains. Adirondack mountains, Lesex.
B. crupum, Schreb.
Deep shaded crevices of rocks on mountains. Black mountain;
Catskill and Adirondack mountains, LESQX. Fort Edward, HK. C.
Howe. : , June.
B. ANNOTINUM, Hedw. [99%
Moist banks by roadsides. Sand Lake. August.
B. WAHLENBERGII, Schwaegr.
Springy places and wet gravel'y banks. Base of Helderberg moun-
_ tains, fertile specimens. Rare in fruit. June.
B. PYRIFORME, Hedw. 5 ;
Sandy soil, burnt ground, etc. Common, — June.
B. INTERMEDIUM, Brid. . | | |
Thin soil covering rocks. Not rare. June.
B. BimuM; Schreb.
Swamps and wet ground about roots of trees. Common. June.
B. PSEUDO-TRIQUETRUM, Schwaegr. rT
Wet rocks, especially on hills and mountains. Catskill:mountains.
Poestenkill. Not common. June, July.
B. RosEumM, Schreb. LIL OF
On the ground and about the roots of trecs in woods. Rare in fruit.
Mec ies
B. CAPILLARE, Hedw.
Adirondack mountains, August, Lesex. Buffalo, G. W. Sisko!
Fort Edward, H. C. Howe.
B. CYCLOPHYLLUM, Bryol. Hurop. a ue
Wet places. Caledonia creek at Green’s, where it was found in.
1865 by G. W. CuiInTON, the first to discover it in this country. |
Dioecious: loosely caespitose; stem branching by innovations
from the top or emitting slender branches from the base; leaves
bright green above, brown below, distant, half clasping the stem,
spreading, ovate-suborbicular, obtuse, entire, concave, costate to
near the apex; capsule ovate-pyriform, pendulous; epereuten mam-
-millate; annulus compound.
LIST OF MOSSES. 53
/
B. TURBINATUM, Hedw.
Humected rocks. Niagara Falls; very rare; July, Lesq@x.
B. caspiticium, L,
Dry ground in fields and open places. Common. May
B. ARGENTEUM, L.
Dry hard soil and thin earth covering rocks. Mountain and plain.
Everywhere. - June — November.
B. ATRoPuRPUREUM, Web. & Mohr.
Sandy soil. Buffalo (Forest Lawn); G. W. CLINTON. Very rare
and hitherto considered a Southern species, June.
MNIUM, Breh. & Schp.
M. puNcTATUM, Hedw.
Swamps and wet places in woods. Common and variable.
| November — April.
A very small form occurs in woods and ravines, especially on
mountains, growing on wet ground and rocks, sometimes on rotten
logs.
M. nornum, Hedw.
Humected granite rocks. Adirondack mountains; July, LEsQx.
Stones and banks along rivulets. Shawangunk mountains, C. F.
AUSTIN.
M. serratum, Brid.
Along rivulets. Greenbu
common.
M. nycopopro1pEs, Hook. ,
Moist rocks in woods on mountain slopes. Adirondack mountains;
Black mountain near Lake George, LESQX.
Much like M. seRRATUM, but distinguished by its larger size, dioe-
distant long ligulate acuminate leaves, with
h on the margin and a more
ubcylindrical, slightly in-
sh. Smeke’s creek, G. W.CLinton. Not
May.
cious inflorescence,
more numerous ard acute double teet
compact areolation,»longer, elliptical or s
curved capsule, and longer teeth of the peristome.
M. cusprpatum, Hedw. i
Groand, stones ‘and old logs in woods. Frequent.
M. aAFrFine, Bland.
Damp ground and rotten lo
Var. ELATUM, Bryol. Europ.
Along deep shaded creeks in mountains.
Var. nuaioum, Bryol. Europ.
Same places as the former, LESQX.
M. sprnuLosum, Bryol. Europ.
Ground in hemlock woods on mountains.
berg and Catskill mountains.
‘M. stecuare, Hedw.
Deep shaded rocks above Keene;
August, Lesqx.
May.
¢s in woods and ravines. Common, May.
Black mountain, LEsQx.
Common on the Helder-
~ June.
Adirondack mountains; rare;
54 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
AULACOMNION, aaaeticcgs
A. TURGIDUM, Schwaegr.
Bogs near the top of Mount Marcy; sterile, LESQx.
A. PALUSTRE, Schwaegr.
Bogs. Marshy ground. Decayed vegetable matter in wet places.
Common. June.
A, HETEROSTICHUM, Bryol. Europ.
Moist shaded banks in ravines. Frequent. | May.
TIMMIA, Hedw.
T. MEGAPOLITANA, Hedw.
Ground in shaded ravines. Greenbush. Schoharie, Miss R. Wa-
TERBURY. May.
ATRICHUM, Beauv.
A. UNDULATUM, Beauv.
Clayey soil, banks and ravines. Common. . November-May.
A. ANGUSTATUM, Beauv. |
. Ground, roadsides and banks. Frequent. November — May.
| ‘POGONATUM, Beauv.
P. BREVICAULE, Brid. |
_Clayey ground, roadsides, etc. Frequent. Sept. — November.
P. CAPILLARE, Brid.
Borders of gravelly torrents; slopes of Mount Marcy; Adirondack
mountains, LESQx.
P. ALPINUM, Brid. }
About ledges of rocks on mountains. Common on the Catskill
mountains. ; July.
POLYTRICHUM, Brid. :
_P. Formosum, Hedw.
Ground and rotten logs in woods, especially on mountains. Gian:
July.
P. PILIFERUM, Schreb. “
Dry hard soil overlying rocks, especially in molantwhaaea regions.
Not rare. « June.
P. JUNIPERINUM, Hedw. 3
Shaded ground in open woods and swamps. Common. June.
P. comMUNE, L.
Ground in old fields. Borders of woods and bogs. Everywhere.
: June.
In mountain regions nen the soil is poor, this moss quickly oc- a
cupies the little knolls in pastures and meadows, thereby diminish-—
ing the grass crop and rendering renewed cultivation necessary.
BUXBAUMIA, Haller. 3
B. APHYLLA, Haller. :
Ground in open woods. Sand Lake. Helderberg mountains. Rare.
. November — April.
LIST OF MOSSES. 55
DIPHYSCIUM, Web. & Mohr.
D. FoLttosum, Web. & Mohr.
Shaded banks and knolls in open woods. Not rare. ;
August, September.
_FONTINALIS, Dill.
FL AntTiIpyretica, L. Var. GIGANTEA, Sulliv.
Attached to sticks and stones in mountain streams and lakes. Com-
mon but usually sterile.
- Var. EATONI, Sulliv.
A slender form with narrow leaves. Catskill mountains, fruiting
abundantly; July, LEsqx.
The true F. ANTIPYRETICA has not yet been found in the State.
F. NOVH-ANGLIA, Sulliv.
. Mountain lakes and sluggish streams. Bowman’s Pond and Cran-
berry Creek, Sand Lake. Catskill mountains, Lzsex.
F, Lescurit, Sudlliv.
Streams and waterholes. Outlet of the lake between the Mountain
House and the Laurel House, Catskill mountains; also the Adiron-
dack mountains, LESQx.
-F. pALECARLICA, Bryol. Europ.
Stones in mountain streams. Common. August.
DICHELYMA, Myrin.
—™
D. cAPILLACEUM, Dill. ;
Streams, waterholes and lakes, attached to sticks and stones.
Bowman’s Pond and Cranberry Creek, Sand Lake. Sterile.
D. FALCATUM, Hedw.
Stones in mountain rivulets. In woods both sides of the road be-
tween the Mountain House and the Laurel House, Catskill moun-
tains. Rare. | July.
Fruiting specimens of this really beautiful moss were found in
nearly dry rivulets in the locality given, which at present is its only
known station in the State.
PTERIGYNANDRUM, Hedw.
P, FILIFORME, Timm.
Rocks on mountains, especially along streams. Shaded granite
rocks, Adirondack mountains, above Keene, Lesqx. Common on-
the Catskill mountains. July, August.
: - LEUCODON, Scawaegr.
L. JULAcEUs, Hedw.
Trees. Common. November, December.
‘L, Bracuyevs, Brid.
Trees. Sometimes on rocks. Mostly on mountains. Common.
November, December. —
56 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
LEPTODON, Mohr.
L. TRICHOMITRION, Mohr. — : 116% 4
| Trees in woods. Sometimes on rocks. Common. Nov., Dec.
seth 2 Hook. & Tay).
A vViTIcULosus, L.
Rocks. Goat Island, Lesqx. ARs localities iBade Niagara
Falls, G. W. Cuinton. Schoharie, Miss R. WatERBuRY. Abund-
ant on the Helderberg mountains. Always sterile vie limits,
the plant bearing pistillidia but no antheridia.
A. APICULATUS, Bryol. Hurop.
Rocks and trees, mostly on mountains. Rocks, Akron, G. W.
CLinton. Trees, Poestenkill. November, December.
Resembles the following species, from which it may be distin-
guished by the slight apiculation at the ge of the leaves and the
ciliate-papillate lobes at their base.
A. optusiFoLivs, Bryol. Hurop. — aT
Trees in woods. Especially on the maple, (Acer saccharinum.)
Common. , ~ November, December.
A. ATTENUATUS, Schreb. |
Base of trees, rocks and ground. “Pregiiche: Nov., Dec. . -°
A.? TRISTIS, Cesatt.
Trees in woods. Poestenkill. Fruit unknown.
LESKEA, Hedw.
L. poLycarPA, Ehrh. |
Trees in low grounds subject to inundations. Swamp south of
_. Greenbush. 3 ~ Saly.
L. opscura, Hedw. Pym ees | |
Trunks and roots of trees on low banks of streams. Hudson below
Albany. PAR i
L. NERVOSA, Schwaegr. _
Rocks. Niagara Falls, G. W..Ciinron. Trenton Falls, JAMEs.
The specimens are sterile, but believed to belong to this species.
L. ROSTRATA, Hedw. : .
Base of trees and on rocks. Very common. - November.
7 THELIA, Sulliv.
T. HIRTELLA, Hedw. .
Base of trees. Common in Western New-York, G. W. CLINTON.
November.
T. ASPRELLA, Schp. : | il
~ Base of trees. Common. N ovemlier,
This species is quite common in te vicinity of Albany, but T.
HIRTELLA, which in most places is as plentiful as T. ASPRELLA, has
not yet been observed here. |
LIST OF MOSSES. ne 57
MYURELLA, Schp.
. CAREYANA, Sulliv.
Rocks-and crevices mostly on mountains. Helderberg mountains.
Greenbush. Chittenango, G. W. Cuinron. Shawangunk moun-
tains, ©. F. Austin. Rare. Sterile.
It assumes two modes of growth; one, prostrate, forming thin
mats; the other, upright and compact.
PYLAISAEA, Schp.
. SUBDENTICULATA, Schp.
Base of trees, usually white oak, in dryish woods. Helderberg
mountains; Albany, C. F. Austin. Rare. November.
. INTRICATA, Hedw.
Trees in open woods, sometimes in cld orchards. Frequent.
November — March.
. VELUTINA, Schp.
. REPENS, Brid.
Trees, mostly in mountain woods. Sand Lake. Catskill mountains.
Rockland county, C. F. AUSTIN. October, November.
HOMALOTHECIUM, Schp.
SUBCAPILLATUM, Schp.
Trees. Common but not abundant. November, December.
PLATYGYRIUM, Schp.
Decaying wood, old logs, rails, stumps. Common. | Nov., Dec.
CYLINDROTHECIUM, Schp.
. CLADORRHIZANS, Hedw.
Old logs in woods, rarely on stones. Common. Nov., Dec.
. SEDUCTRIX, Hedw.
~ Roots of trees, stones and ground. Frequent. Nov., Dec.
. BREVISETUM, Schp.
On leaning trunks, Shawangunk mountains, C. F. Austin. Not
common. November, December.
_ -NECKERA, Hedw.
. PENNATA, Hedw.
Trees in woods. Frequent. November — April.
. COMPLANATA, L.
Rocks, Catskill mountains, T. P. JAMEs. Very rare. Sterile.
HOMALIA, Brid.
. JAMESII, Schp.
Catskill mountains, growing with N. compLanaTA; T. P. JAMES.
CLIMACIUM, Web. & Mohr.
. AMERICANUM, Brid.
Moist ground and rotten wood in fields and in woods. Common but
seldom found in fruit. . November,
[Senate, No. 89.] 8
58 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
_
C. DENDROIDES, L.
H.
i.
H.
in ®
Jona
boon
Ey
Habitat as in the preceding. Cemetery woods, Sand Lake. Wet
bank, Rensselaerville, Miss R. WATERBURY. Rare. Sept., Oct.
Distinguished from the preceding by the shorter capsule, shorter
rostrum to the operculum, and less distinctly auricled base of the
leaves.
HYPNUM, Dill.
. TAMARISCINUM, Hedw.
Ground and decayed logs in swamps and wet woods. Common.
October — March.
. DELICATULUM, C. Mull.
Ground and rocks in dry hilly woods. Not rare. Aug., Sept.
MINUTULUM, Hedw. | | TEES
Base of trees and rotten wood in area: Common. July -— Oct.
PYGMZUM, Bryol. Europ.
Rocks. Foster’s Flat, G. W. Cuinton. Rare. August.
. GRACILE, Bryol. Europ.
Ground and rotten i in wool! Catskill mountains. Fort Ed-
ward, EK. C. Hows. —
ABIETINUM, L. :
Rocks. Goat Island, Lesqx. Whirlpool wood, Niagara Falls, G. .
— W. Curnton. Helderberg mountains. : Sterile.
. BLANDOWII, Web. & Mohr. : ae
Swamps and bogs. Caledonia, G. W. Cuinton. Warren, Herki-
mer county, J. A. Pains, Jr. Rare. June.
Stems erect or ascending, 3’/—4’ long, simple or sparingly divided,
pinnately branched, densely-villous; branchlets attenuated, distich-
ous, flexuous or recurved; leaves ovate and broad-ovate, short acu-
minate, more or less plicate, usually with a strong fold in the middle
obscuring the costa which extends half way, reflexed on the margin
and papillose on the back, with slender, branching filaments at the
basal angles; areolation elongated; capsule oblong-cylindrical, sub-
arcuated; operculum conic, acute; annulus broad. A dull yellow-
ish-green moss resembling in appearance, both H. ABIETINUM _
H. PALUDOSUM. =
PALUDOSUM, Sulliv.
Swamps and bogs. Not uncommon. _. June,
. SQUARROSUM, L.
Wet places, ground and stones. Sat aeedll monntiras half way be-
tween the Mountain House and the Laurel House. Very rare.
‘Sterile.
. TRIQUETRUM, JL.
Ground in woods and swamps. Common and variable. Dec.—Mar.
BREVIROSTRE, Ehrh. , pf | .
Rocks and base of trees in mountains. Catskill mountains, below
Cauterskill Falls. Middletown, Miss R. WaTERBURY. Rare in
fruit. November — April.
Fruiting specimens were found in the localities mentioned. :
ON THE STATE CABINET. 59
H. sPLENDENS, Hedw.
Ground, rotten logs and rocks:in woods. Frequent. May, June.
. UMBRATUM, Ehrh.
Ground in pine and hemlock woods on high mountains. Base of
Mount Marcy, September, October, Lesqx. Slopes of High Peak,
Catskill mountains. Not common.
. ALLEGHANIENSE, C. Mull.
Moist rocks along streams and clefts of rocks on mountains. Hel-
derberg mountains. Devil’s Hole, G. W. CLINTON. Sterile.
. HIANS, Hedw.
Ground in open places, banks and ravines, especially on clayey soil.
Not rare. . November, December.
PILIFERUM, Schreb.
Ground and wet banks along streams in woods. Helderberg moun-
tains, in a deep ravine southwest of. Knowerville station. Fort
Edward, woods back of the Institute, E. C. Hows. Rare.
: November, December.
. SULLIVANTII, Spruce.
Moist banks in woods. Base of Catskill mountains, Lesqx. Ravine
near Knowerville station.
. TENELLUM, Dicks.
Found in small quantity growing with H. PULCHELLUM about the
roots of an old stump, Helderberg mountains.
Monoecious: stems slender, irregularly branched, greenish-yellow,
shining; leaves erect-spreading, narrowly lanceolate, nearly subu-
late, serrulate, costate to the apex; pericheetial leaves oblong acu-
minate, ecostate; capsule oval-oblong, horizontally inclined, annu-
late; operculum rostrate. A very small species first detected in this
‘country in 1865.
. STRIGOSUM, Hof/'m.
Open woods, ravines and hill sides, on the ground. Variable and
frequent, September, October.
. DIVERSIFOLIUM, Bryol. Europ.
Ground. Buffalo, December, G. W. CLINTON. Rare.
. Boscr1, Schwaegr.
Shaded rocks, base of Catskill mountains, not common, sterile,
LEsQx.
. SERRULATUM, Hedw.
Ground in open woods, sometimes about the roots of trees in wet or
dry places. Frequent. June — November.
. DEPLANATUM, Schp.
Wet stones, Shawangunk mountains, C. F. AUSTIN.
: DEPRESSUM, Breh.
Shawangunk mountains, C. F. AUSTIN.
. RUSCIFORME, Weis.
On stones in mountain streams, Catskill mountains, LEsqx. Sha-
wangunk mountains, C. F. Austin. August — November.
60 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
H. DEMIssuMm, Wils. : . 4
Moist surfaces of rocks on mountains. Catskill mountains. Rare.
“ July, August.
H. microcarpum, C. Mull.
Rotten tree-roots in woods, Staten Island, A. A. ADEE.
The form here noticed is the variety with inclined capsules. It pro-
bably does not extend to the central and northern parts of the State.
H. CYLINDRICARPUM, C. Mull. !
Old logs in woods. Base'of the Helderberg mountains, near Know-
erville station. Rare. November, December. —
A variety with capsules a little shorter than usual.
H. RECURVANS, Schwaegr.
Ground, old logs and rocks, especially on mountains. Very variable
- and frequent. _ November, December.
H. ALBULUM, C. Mull. u
Moist ground and base of shrubs about waterholes, Shawangunk
mountains, C. F. AUSTIN.
A southern moss which probably does not extend far within our
southern boundary.
H. rvGyrivum, Bryol. Europ.
Rocks in shallow streams, base of Mount Marcy, Lesqx. Cranberry
creek, Sand Lake. as rocks, Catskill mountains. Jane.
H. Mouue, Dicks.
Rocks in mountain streams. Catskill mountains. June.
H. ocHRACEUM, Turn.
Same habitat as the preceding. Adirondack mountains, August,
LEsQx. Shawangunk mountains, C. F. Austin. Sand Lake.
Sterile in the two localities last named. : i
H. MONTANUM, Wils. }
; Humected rocks, near the top of Mount Marcy, August, Lesqx.
H. cuspipatum, L. .
Cranberry swamp near Port Kent, Lake Champlain, Lesqx. Fort
Edward, E. C. Hows. - Sterile.
H. SCHREBERI, Willd.
Ground in open places and borders of woods. Frequent. Nov.— Dec.
H, cornpiFouivum, Hedw.
Swamps.and waterholes. Not rare. , ~ June.
H. GIGANTEUM; Schp.
Cranberry swamp near Port Kent, Lesqx. Caledonia, the creek
swamp, G. W. CLINTON.
Dioecious: stems robust, erect, 6’—10’ long, thickly branched;
branchlets open, somewhat attenuated or cuspidate, becoming shor ber
above; leaves usually imbricating, concave, broadly cordate-ovate,
entire, obtuse, costate nearly to the apex, with two or three rows of
large pellucid cellules at the excavated basal angles; capsule on a
long pedicel, oblong-cylindrical, horizontal, without an annulus;
operculum mammillate. }
LIST OF MOSSES. 61
H. stRAMINEUM, Dicks.
Bogs near the top’ of Mount Marcy, August, Lesex.
H. unc1nAtum, Hedw.
Rocks, ground and rotten wood in woods, especially on mountains,
Common. July.
H. REVOLVENS, Swartz.
Bergen swamp, G. W. CLINTON. Sterile.
H. FLUITANS, Hedw.
Swamps and low ponds about Lake Champlain, common, July,
~ — LEsgx.
H. apuncum, Hedw.
Trout lake near Lake George, LEsqgx. Fort Edward, E. C. Hows.
Var. GIGANTEUM, Bryol. Europ.
Big Bay, Strawberry. Island, growing in water, G. W. OurnTon.
Waterholes, Jamesville, J. A. Paring, Jr. Sterile.
Var. GRACILESCENS, Bryol. Europ.
Wet marshy ground; Buffalo, G. W. CLInToN. Sterile.
H, FILicinum, L.
Wet springy places on the ground and on dripping rocks. Common
and variable. Rare in fruit. May, June.
H, CRISTA-CASTRENSIS, L.
Ground and rotten logs, especially in mountainous districts. Not
uncommon. September.
H. Moutiuscum, Hedw.
Ground in woods. Sand Lake. Helderberg mountains. Not com-
mon. November — April.
H. CUPRESSIFORME, L. | ;
Bark of trees, Adirondack mountains, July, Lesqx.
H. IMPONENS, Hedw.
Old logs and ground in woods. Frequent. © November ~- April.
H. REPTILE, Miche. :
Old logs in mountain woods. Common. August.
Hy FERTIue, Sendt.
Decayed wood, sometimes on rocks, on mountains. Woods south
shore of Bowman’s Pond, Sand Lake. Catskill mountains. Rare.
July.
Monoecious: stems creeping, 2’—3’ long, pinnately branched;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, long attenuate, strongly incurved-hooked,
distantly serrulate toward the point, faintly bi-costate at the base;
_ capsule on a long pedicel, cylindrical, cernuous-incurved, wide
mouthed when dry; operculum convex-apiculate; annulus broad.
A soft moss with yellowish-green foliage, distinguished from H.
REPTILE by its long pedicels, operculum not rostellate, and leaves
longer pointed and more strongly curved, giving to the plant its
- peculiar soft and almost crisped appearance.
62
H.
a i
NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET..
CURVIFOLIUM, Hedw.
Wet ground in fields and by roadsides, old logs in woods, some-
times on rocks. Frequent and variable. ; «June,
HALDANIANUM, Grrev.
Ground and old logs in woods. Common and variable. Nov. — April:
ise PRATENSE, Koch.
Bogs around Lake George and Lake Champlain, sterile, Lusgx.
H. rugosum, Ehrh.
H. puumosum, L.
Exposed places on rocks. Goat Island, LESQx. Whirlpool wood,
G.W.Cuinton. ‘Sun-set Rock,” Catskill mountains. Rare. Sterile.
. NITENS, Schreb.
Peat bogs near Port Kent, Lusqx. Bergen swamp, G. W. CLINTON.
Fort Edward, E. C. Hows. | May, June.
. SALEBROSUM, Hof/m.
Decaying wood and sticks in pine and hemlock woods on moun-
tains. Helderberg mountains. Catskill mountains. Scarce.
N Nichaeigiss — April.
.L@&tTuM, Brid.
Ground, banks, rocks, old logs in woods, roots of trees. Abundant
every where. November, April.
. ACUMINATUM, Beauv.
Roots of trees and thin soil on rocks. Saratoga and Catskill moun-
tains, Lesqx. Portage and Chittenango, G. W. CLINTON.
November — April.
. RUTABULUM, J. .
Moist ground in woods and ravines. Common and variable.
November — April.
Rocks along mountain streams. Common. November —April. .
_ POPULEUM, Hedw.
Ground in pine woods, Catskill mountains; also near a ee
May, LEsQx.
, VELUTINUM, L.
Ground in pine and hemlock woods. Sand Lake and Helderberg
mountains. Not common. - March,
Stems creeping, closely entangled, irregularly pinnately branched,
branches more or less contorted and curved at the apex; leaves
loosely imbricating, spreading, subfalcate, lanceolate long acumi-
nate, or gradually tapering from the base to the apex, the whole
margin serrulate, distinctly costate beyond the middle; capsule
oval-oblong, horizontal-incurved; operculum broad, short-conic; pe-
dicel short, 5’—8” long, papillose. Forms thin mats on the ground
in thick woods. Foliage deep green, sometimes with a yellowish
tinge, :
H. REFLEXUM, Web. & Mohr.
Stones in deep woods; slopes of Mount Marcy; August, LEsa@x.
ee ae oe eee f
LIST OF MOSSES. 63
H. sTARKII, Brid.
Wet stones in woods; Lake Placid, Adirondack mountains, August,
LEsQx.
H. RIVULARE, Brch.
Wet rocks in mountain streams, swamps and ravines. Deyil’s Hole,
G. W. CLINTON. Cemetery woods, Sand Lake. Rare in fruit.
November — April.
H. NoVZ-ANGLIZ, Sulliv. & Lesqa.
_ Wet rocks and damp ground, mostly on mountains. Common, but
seldom fruits. * November — April.
H. sTELLATUM, Schreb. ;
_ Bogs, Port Kent, LEsqx. Bergen swamp, G. W. CuinTon. Sterile.
H. POLYMORPHUM, Brch.
Ground and rocks. Common and variable. June, July.
Var. minus, Sulliv. & Lesqzx.
Old logs of Thuja occidentalis, base of Mount Marcy, Lusex.
H. HISPIDULUM, Brid.
Ground, roots of trees and decayed wood. Common. June, July.
H. sUBTILE, Hoffm.
Base of trees, especially Acer saccharinum. Helderberg mountains.
Whirlpool woods, G. W. CLINTON. September.
H. MINUTIssimuM, Sulliv. & Lesqzx.
Rocks; Counterfeiter’s Ledge, Akron, G. W. Onrton. Very rare.
August, September.
H. CONFERVOIDES, Schwaegr.
Near Lebanon Springs, JAMEs in Pr, Am. Phil. Soc.
A. SPRUCEI, Brch.
Goat Island: Jamzs in Pr. Am. Phil. Soc.
H. apnatoum, Hedw.
Stones in open woods, roots and bark of trees. Frequent and va-
riable. J uly — September.
iH, sErPEns, L. | .
_ Decayed wood near the ground. Not rare. June.
H-’ RavIcaz, Brid.
Roots of trees, rotten wood, etc. Common and variable. June, July.
H. ORTHOCLADON, Beauv.
Wet places on the ground, decayed wood, and stones in rivulets.
Frequent and variable. June, July.
H. NOTEROPHILUM, Sulliv, & Lesqu. |
Springs and streams in limestone regions. Caledonia, G. W. CiIn-
TON. Sterile. Rare. .
H. RIPARIUM, L.
- Swamps, borders of lakes, waterholes. Frequent and very variable.
June — September.
64 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
H. PULCHELLUM, Dicks.
Adirondack mountains, LEsgx. Halde:tbork enenniiasie about the
roots of an old stump Rare.
Stems short, irregularly branched, radiculose at base; leaves sub-
secund, slightly curved, rather loosely imbricating, concave, lanceo-
late and oblong-lanceolate, narrowly acuminate, entire, ecostate,
_ with a narrow linear areolation; capsule oblong, slightly inclined;
operculum convex-conic; annulus composed of two rows of narrow
cells. A small species weit delicate, shining, y ellowieh: -green foliage.
H. DENTICULATUM, L.
Ground in woods, base of small trees in low grounds, rocks on moun-
tains. Common. July, August.
H. MUHLENBECKII, Harim. | :
Ground and rotten wood in woods. Common. June, J pa
H. sULLIVANTIA, Schp.
Humected rocks, Catskill mountains, also near Lake George, July,
LEesqx. Shawangunk mountains, OC. F. AUSTIN.
ORDER HEPATIC A—Liverworts.
RICCIA, Mich.
R. NATANS, L. ;
Stagnant pools. Brooklyn, (Torrey legit) C. F. Austin. Albany.
Not common. June. |
‘Var. TERRESTRIS, Nees.
Wet ground, borders of pools. With the preceding. Frond sone
somewhat stellately lobed; lobes linear, diverging; passes into the
typical form, C. F. ea
R. LUTESCENS, Schwein. . yak
Margins of pools, Jow muddy grounds. Common. Fruit unknown.
Sometimes found floating, late in autumn, in pools exsiccated dur-
ing summer.
R. FLUITANS, L. .
Stagnant water, rocky rivulets. Not rare. Sterile.
ANTHOCEROS, Jfich.
A. PUNCTATUS, L.
Wet banks, moist ground in fields. Common. September.
A. L&VIS, L.
Wet ground and rocks in rivulets; common, Sept., C. F. AUSTIN.
NOTOTHYLAS, Sulliv.
N. VALVATA, Sulliv.
Damp ground in fields. Common. : October.
N. MELANOSPORA, Sulliv.
With ANTHOCEROS PUNCTATUS and equally common, September, C.
F. AUSTIN.
‘LIST OF MOSSES. 65
e LUNULARIA, Mich.
_ L. vutearis, Mich.
4 Common and spontaneous in conservatories; distinguished from
MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA, by thecrescent-shaped, gemme-bearing
receptacles; sterile; C. F Austin.
’ | MARCHANTIA, Z.
M. poLyMorPHA, L.
Burnt ground, wet places, ditches, borders of swamps. Frequent.
' June-August. ©
PREISSIA, Nees.
P. comMuTATA, Nees.
Shaded wet places, ravines. Albany and Helderberg mountains.
Niagara Falls, G. W. CLINTON. June.
FEGATELLA, Raddi.
F. contoa, Corda.
Wet banks, along streams; in swamps and yavines. Common. May.
REBOULIA, Raddi.
R. HEMISPHZRICA, Raddi.
Rocks along streams, May, C. F. AustTIN.
BR. microcepHara, Tay. |
Moist shaded banks and rocks; common; May, C. F. Austin.
GRIMALDIA, Raddi.
G. BARBIFRONS, Raddi. |
Exposed rocky soil, Schoharie, Miss R. WarerBury. April, May.
DUVALIA, Nees.
D. RUPESTRIS, Nees.
Wet places in rocky ravines. Havana, Schuyler co., E. G. Prokert.
- >
METZGERIA, Raddi.
M. FruroaTa, Nees.
Rocks damp or dry, trees. Common, but seldom fruits.
_M. pusescens, Raddi.
: Rocks among moss, High Peak, Catskill mountains. Rare. Sterile.
ANEURA, Dumort.
A. sESSILIs, Spreng.
Decaying wood in swamps. Common.
A. PALMATA, Nees. 3 “
Old logs. Common.
A. MULTIFIDA, Dumort.
Old logs in swamps, wet ground in woods; frequently submerged;
common, C. F. AUSTIN.
STEETZIA, Lehm.
~
§. yyELyit, Lehm.
Wet ground, in springy, boggy places. Sand Lake, Shawangunk
mountains, C. F, AUSTIN. - Sterile,
.) ;
_ [Senate, No. 89.] 9
4) *
\ : %
, 7
66 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
PELLIA, Raddi.
P, EPIPHYLLA, Nees.
Wet ground, borders of ditches. Frequent. | April, May. ‘>
| BLASIA, Mich. :
B. pusiuua, L. . mad
Wet gravelly or sandy banks. Albany. Not common. Sterile.
GEOCALYX, Nees.
G. GRAVEOLENS, Nees. ae
Ground and old logs; common, C. F. AUSTIN.
: CHILOSCYPHUS, Corda.
C. POLYANTHUS, Corda.
Sticks and stones in streams and swamps; oe submerged. es
mon but sterile.
LOPHOCOLEA, Nees.
L. HETEROPHYLLA, Nees. :
Ground and old logs. Common and variable. June.
3 ‘ SPHAGNGCETIS, Nees.
S. communis, Nees.
Rotten wood and old logs. Common but: rarely fruits.
JUNGERMANNIA, ZL.
J. TRICOPHYLLA, L.
Wet ground, damp rocks, among moss, etc. Common.
J. SETACEA, Web.
With the last and as common, ©. F. Austr.
J. CONNIVENS, Dicks.
Decayed wood and damp places on the ground. Frequent.
J. CURVIFOLIA, Dicks.
Old logs. Frequent and variable in color.
J. BICUSPIDATA, L.
Rotten wood and among moss. Sand Lake. Catskill mountains. | “J
J. CATENULATA, Hub. :
Ground and old logs in swamps; very common, C. F. Austin.
Stems prostrate, rarely suberect, slightly compressed or subjula-
ceous. Leaves suborbicular, concave, obliquely clasping, nearly a
twice as wide as the stem, bifid, with an obtuse sinus and acute —
straight or connivent and more or less incurved lobes; amphigastria,
none; involucral leaves subovate, 2-3-cleft, the okie chee a q
Detikates perianth on a very short lateral branch, elongated, subey-
Hace: the apex trigonal, sub-acute, whitish, the mouth ciliate-—
lobed, the lobes spinulose- -dentate. Forms extensive olivegreen q
patches.
J. SULLIVANTIANA. (n. 8.)
Cold shaded ground, Orange county, C. F. AUSTIN. 7 ae
ai Amphigastria minute, ovate or sub-quadrate, sometimes emar
_ J. LESCURIANA. (n. 8.)
LIST OF MOSSES, 67
ginate. Color light green. Stems 2~—4 lines long, filifofm, creep-
ing, densely radiculose. Leaves scarcely wider than the stem,
somewhat distant, subdistichous, erecto- -patent, broadly and ob-
tusely complicate-concave, under pressure broadly cuneate-triradi-
ate, distinctly serfate-denticnlate, 3-bifid; sinus broad and obtusish
or sometimes acutish, lobes triangular-ovate, acute; areolation mi-
nute, for the most part quadrate, with the interstices narrow and
hyaline. Involucral leaves 3, }-connate, 2~3(?) lobed, spinulose-
dentate. Perianth terminal on a longish, club-shaped branch, pli-
cate to the base; apex obtusely triangular, white, deeply laciniate,
the lobes sub-linear, truncate, their apex minutely denticulate.”
Austin USS.
On the ground in open woods, Orange county, C. F. Austin.
“This is a larger species than the last with longer and more en-
tangled sterile stems and subulate, sub-squarrose amphigastria.
Fertile stems more clavate, erect, and crowded. Leaves more im-
bricated and the lobes more ovate, the lower not serrate. Involu-
cral leaves numerous and crowded into roseate or capitate heads
which are at first terminal, but at length dorsal, the inner ones
highly connate, scarious and eroded-denticulate on the margin above.
Perianth broadly oval, nearly white, strongly and acutely plicate,
- and even in the young state deeply laciniate-lobed; the motfth denticu-
late. The leaves towards the apex of the fertile stems are less
deeply bifid than the lower ones. and often 2-5 papillate-dentate at
the subtruncate apex of the lobes.” Austin USS. |
J. BICRENATA, Lindbg.
Ground in bleak open woods; Helderberg mountains, Shawangunk
mountains, 0. F. AUSTIN.
Color varying from pale green to reddish-brown. Stems short,
thick, densely radiculose; leaves orbicular or subquadrate, very
concave, closely imbricating, rather thick and firm, emarginate-2- .
- toothed, with a lunate sinus and acute teeth; involucral leaves 2-3-
"toothed, serrate; perianth terminal, ovate, plicate, the mouth ciliate-
denticulate, connivent.
J. incisa, Schrad.
Old logs. Sand Lake. Not common.
- J. BARBATA, Schreb.
Rocks and thin soil covering rocks in mountainous localities. - Fre-
quent and variable. Rarely fruits. D:
. Var. ATTENUATA, Vart.
. Rocks and ground; High Peak, CatSkill mountains. Fertile.
Stems more slender than in the typical form, erect; lower leaves:
eroded-denticulate at the apex; upper leaves uniformly 3-toothed;
amphigastria wanting.
68 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
J. MICHADXxiI, Web. .
Perpendicular faces of rocks on mountains. Sand Lake. Catskill
mountains. Hen
J. MInuTvA, Craniz:
Rocks, Catskill mountains,
Amphigastria none; leaves complicate-concave, pectinate-spread-
ing, <-4-bifid, the bits subequal, ovate, acute or obtuse; inner in- —
volucral leaves trifid; perianth oval-oblong, subcylindrical, the
mouth plicate. ides the last, but is more slender, leaves not
contorted, areolation more quadrate, C. F. AusTIN.
ra SCUTATA, Web.
¢ Qld logs. Common.
J. scuUTATA is described as having the perianth terminal, and at
length dorsal; in our plant (which may be a distinct species) the
perianth is PD niial as in SPHAGN@CETIS COMMUNIS; es amphigas-
tria is smaller, OC. F. AUsTIN.
J. PECKII, (n. s.)
Decayed wood, Sand Lake.
“A minute densely caespitose species of a light brownish-red
color. Stems rigid—with the leaves—lanceolate in outline, the base
densely radiculose and creeping, the apex ascending, microphyllose;
rootlets very long and of a light pink color. Leaves imbricated,
erecto#vertical, upwardly connivent, concave, rédtund-quadrate,
somewhat margined; the base obliquely clasping; the ventral mar-
gin almost connate with the amphigastria, the dorsal decurr ent; the
apex somewhat incurved, emarginate-bilobed; sinus acute or opines
lobes straightish or somewhat connivent and incurved; arenlaie
large, subrotund; the cellules contiguous and. poriform; interstices”
somewhat ieee: involucral leaves small, unequal and unequally
2-3(?)-toothed. Perianth on a very short branch arising from the
under side of the stem near the base, minute, ovate, somewhat ob-
lique; the mouth oblique, subtruncate, minutely denticulate, at
length fissured. . Amphigastria minute, oblong-ovate, margined,
entire; the apex incurved.”?’ Austin USS. :
Differs from J. souTaTA as follows: Plant smaller, color light red,
stems lanceolate, leaves frequently obtusely bilobed, amphigastria
smaller and entire, involucral leaves small and unequal; perianth |
never terminal and areolation of the leaves larger, C.F.AUSTIN.
J. SCHRADERI, Mart.
Old logs and decayed wood. ' Frequent. August — October.
J. ORENULATA, Smith.
Ground, Shawangunk moufttains, C. F. AUsTIN.
J. EXSEOTA, Smith.
Rotten wood. Sand Lake and Catskill mountains.
*
y -
2 ae " «LIST OF MOSSES. . ed
SCAPANIA, Lindbg.
S. NemonosA, Nees.
Ground, rotten wood, rocks, in wet or dry places, mountain and
plain. Frequent. Rocks, Catskill mountains, fertile. June.
PLAGIOCHILA, Nees & Mont.
P. sprInuLosA, Nees & Mont.
Rocks, High Peak, Catskill mountains. Rare.
P. ASPLENOIDES, Nees & Mont. .
_Rocks and banks along rivulets. Frequent and variable.
P. PORELLOIDES, Lindbg,
Roots of trees in swamps; common, C. F. AusTIN.
| SARCOSCYPHUS, Corda.
S. EHRHARTI, Corda.
Rocks in rivulets, Catskill mountains. Shawangunk mountains,
near Greenville, C. F. AUSTIN.
FRULLANIA, Raddi.
F. GRAYANA, Mont. |
Rocks and trees. Frequent. Abundant in swamps on balsam and
tamarack trees where it is fertile.
F, HUTCHINSIZE, Nees.
Rocks in rivulets, near Greenville, Orange county, C. F. Austin.
F. VIRGINICA, Gottsche.
Trees and rocks. Common.
F’. EBORACENSIS, Gottsche.
Trees and rocks. Frequent.
| LEJUNIA, Libert. :
L. SERPYLLIFOLIA, Libert.
Rocks and trees in mountainous districts. Catskill mountains.
L. CALCAREA, Libert.
Stones and roots of trees, Orange county, C. F. AUSTIN.
MADOTHECA, Dumort.
M. PLATYPHYLLA, Dumort.
Rocks and trees. Frequent and variable.
M. porELia, Nees. . .
Sticks and stones in streams. Sand Lake. «Sterile.
RADULA, Nees.
R. COMPLANATA, Dumort.
a Rocks and roots of trees. Very frequent and commonly fertile.
PTILIDIUM, Nees.
P. cILIARE, Nees.
Old logs and ground in woods; mountain and plain. Very common
and variable.
A large, erect, sterile form is found on the ground on high moun-
tains. . .
70} —s NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON HE STATE CABINET.
SENDTNERA, Endl
S. JUNIPERINA, Nees.
Crevices of perpendicular rocks on mountains, Catskill retell
- High Peak and below Cauterskill Falls. ‘
TRICHOCOLEA, Nees.
T. TOMENTELLA, Nees. }
Swamps and bogs. Common but seldom fruits.
MASTIGOBRYUM, Nees.
M. TRILOBATUM, Nees.
Ground, rocks and much decayed wood in woods. Frequent. Rarely
| fruits.
M. pDEFLEXxUM, Nees.
Rocks and base of trees. . Catskill mountains.
LEPIDOZIA, Nees.
L. REPTANS, Nees. _ ; F
Rotten logs and base of trees in woods, hills and mountains. Not
rare. ma
CALYPOGEIA, Raddi. m 2 a
C. TRICHOMANIS, Corda. .
Ground and old logs, often in wet places; common, C. F. Austin.
In the foregoing List, 274 species of Musci and 66 species of Hepaticz
are recorded. It is believed that not a few species yet remain to be
added to our Flora. It is the purpose of the writer to continue his
efforts to perfect the List, and he would solicit contributions of speci
mens and facts from the bryologists of the State. Itis well to notethe —
habitat and time of fructification. 4
The following species of Moss doubtless occur within our Keath but -4
have been omitted because they are not positively known to have been
detected therein: Ephemerum serratum, Astomum sullivanti, A. nitidu-
lum, Bruchia flexuosa, Archidium ohioense, Dicranum refescens, Bryum
lescurianum, Thelia lescurit, Hypnum scitum, and H. scorpioides. Three
species of moss new to this country, were detected the past season, and
three new species of Liverwort. are herein described, If we consider —
that the regions especially rich in species—the Catskill and the Adiron- 4
dack mountains—have been but little visited by collectors, we must *7
infer that many interesting species yet remain to reward future ba te a
ALBANY, December, 1865. s
(C.)
LIST OF PLANTS FOR STATE HERBARIUM,
COLLECTED BY
. -
| HENRY B. LORD,
IN THE VICINITY OF LUDLOWVILLE, TOMPKINS COUNTY, 1865.
DenTarta DIPHYLLA, With root.
SINAPIS NIGRA, , Flower and fruit. ,
STELLARIA LONGIFOLIA, do do
' RHUS GLABRA, do do
ACER SPICATUM, . | Flower.
GEUM ALBUM, Flower and fruit.
AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA, do do
CIRCHA ALPINA, _ Flower.
THASPIUM TRIFOLIATUM(?) do
CORNUS FLORIDA, . Fruit.
CoRNUS PANICULATA, do
SAMBUCUS PUBENS, do
MITCHELLA REPENS, Flower and fruit.
. EUPATORIUM SESSILIFOLIUM, Flower.
ASTER UNDULATUS (2 forms), . do
' SOLIDAGO ARGUTA, do
SoLIDAGO MUHLENBERGII, do :
HiIERACIUM SCABRUM, Flower and fruit.
SONCHUS OLERACEUS, | do do
SoNCHUS ASPER, do do
PYROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA, Fruit.
PYROLA CHLORANTHA, do :
VERONICA OFFICINALIS, Flower and fruit.
GERARDIA PEDICULARIA, -do do
LYCOPUS EUROPZUS, do do
' LITHOSPERMUM OFFICINALE, do do
ASARUM CANADENSE, Fruit.
JUGLANS CINEREA, do
CARYA ALBA, Flower.
r _ CARYA GLABRA, | do
CARPINUS AMERICANUS, binge Sys, | -
SMILACINA RACEMOSA, © Fruit.
UVULARIA GRADIFLORA, Flower and fruit.
JUNCUS NODOSUS, do do
CAREX TORTA.
CAREX RETROCURVA.
CAREX TRICHOCARPA.
CAREX PLATYPHYLLA.
CAREX ALOPECOIDEA.
CAREX DERI. —
ADNOPOGRON FURCATUS.
BotTRYCHIUM VIRGINICUM.
ARALIA QUINQUEFOLIA, Root.
(D.)
aa
FACTS AND OBSERVATIONS
TOUCHING THE Etat OF THE STATE OF NEW 7
COLLECTED, MAINLY, IN 1865.
BY ONE OF THE REGENTS.
It is desirable that some one should contribute, annually, to this
Report, a paper showing the progress of Botanical discovery in the
State, and preparing the way for a perfect Catalogue or Flora of the ©
State. Hoping that some one of more leisure and ability will, next 1
undertake that duty, I resume its performance now.
‘The inevitable delay which occurs in the printing of the Racca
Reports to the Legislature, would enable me to include observations and
facts made and ascertained in the season of 1866; but this is a 8 of
those of 1865, and I prefer, in general, to keep it SO.
Mr. Patne’s admirable Catalogue of the Plants of Oneida County and :
vicinity, which gives its chief grace and value to the last Report, con.
tains the results of that gentleman’s explorations in 1865, as well as in
1864 and previous years. It is to be regretted that he did not place
authentic specimens of his discoveries in the State Herbarium; which,
so far at least as its Flora is concerned, ought to be its great continent —
and illustrator. In drawing upon that Catalogue for materials for my
Lists, I was, at first, in special cases, in doubt whether I could safely
doso. I have concluded, however, to adopt the conclusions of that good
botanist, for the purposes of this paper, with the occasional expression:
of dissent or doubt.
The following is a list of the plants, so far as known to me, which
have been found growing spontaneously in the State, and which are not
included in TorREY’s Catalogue, nor in the additions thereto furnished
in my paper appended to the last or Highteenth Annual Report on the
State Cabinet:
1. Ranunculus flammula, L. Patnn’s Cat. p. 55, fide Gray. Tf I cor-
8 rectly understand the distinction pote it and var. reptans,
it is pretty common on the St. Lawrence.
2, Ranunculus clintonii, Brox. Mr. Parnes considers this a distinct —
species, though Dr. Torrey and Dr. Gray, and botanists BP 5a),
nerally, regard it as a form of R. repens.
i
4
;
since . oe
Se ee ee Se ee a er ee
pera Oe, hak dae heed r e ¥
Oh am *, ve 3 re i- “
Ate ) y " A . r ‘
anes ™ : . ‘ .
. = - i
ay % -
OBSERVATIONS ON THE STATE FLORA. 73
3. Nymphea tuberosa, PAINE. Paine’s Cat. p. 184. This species can
hardly be considered as established. Dr. Gray has undertaken
its investigation, but it may not be premature for me to express
my impression that, while the specific character given by Mr.
_ PAINE will probably fail, the species is a good one.
4. Nuphar kalmiana, Purse. N. lutea of the Flora.
5. Nuphar variegatum, ENGELM. In reference to this species, the vene-
rable E. DURAND, under the date of March 10, 1866, writes me:
“ Nuphar variegatum., I found in Philadelphia, in Dr. SHort’s
herb., now in Academy of Nat. Sciences, a specimen marked
New-York, from H. H. Eaton’s Herb.”’ It “is easily distin-
guished from N. advena, by its leaves always floating, with
closed sinuses and winged petioles.” Ihave just been informed,
authentically, that Dr. ENGELMANN now doubts the distinct-
ness of this species. .
6. Argemone mexicana, L. PAINE’s Cat. p. 185.
4. Dentaria heterophylla, Nutt, Patnu’s Cat. p. 60.
8. Cakile maritima, Scop.; var. equalis, CHAPM. Coney Island, one
plant, 1865: STEPHEN CALVERLEY. (C. maritima of the Flora=
> C. americana, NUTT.) .
9. Malva alcea, L. Buffalo, 1862, Alden, 1865; roadsides: G.W.C. For
the identification of this species, [am indebted to my friend
Davin F. Day, Esq.
10. Trifolium procumbens, L. PAtNnn’s Cat. p. 12. Sent to me, from the
vicinity of New-York, in 1864, by A. A. ADEE, Esq. Regarded
by botanists in the southern and eastern portions of the State
as common; but Medicago lupulina is often taken for it.
11, Medicago maculata, WILLD. PArNz’s Cat. p. 72.
12. Lespedeza stuvei, Nutt. PAINE’s Cat. p. 73.
13. Geum album, GmrLiIn. Common in the western part of the State,
and, probably throughout it. The G@. virginianum of the Flora
is, probably, G. album; but our Flora includes both species.
14, Prunus spinosa, L, PAtnn’s Cat. p. 75.
15. Potentilla paradoxa, L. Nutt. PAINE’s Cat. p. 186.
16. Hydrangea arborescens, L. In 1865, the Rev. L. Houzer collected, on
the hills near Corning, of the road to Blossburg, what I believe
to be this plant, though it had no radiant flowers.
11. Pimpinella anisum, L.. Buffalo, 1865: D.F. Day and G. W.C. Spon-
taneous about gardens; hardly a scape.
-
18. Lonicera parviflora, var. douglasii, Gray. On the verge of the
chasm between Niagara Falls and Suspension Bridge, 1865.
G. W.C.
19. Galium mollugo, var. y. Hoox, & ARN. New-York Island, 1865.
M. W. DEnstow, Esq.
a 20. Fedia olitoria, Vanu. Abundant iu a court-yard near Buffalo, and
Pits, spreading, 1865. G. W. C.
(Senate, No. 89.] 10
a 5
‘yi
ea ie
yy ae it
a ee
nf
Ql.
22.
23.
24,
(25.
8.
ee
28.
29.
6380.
31.
32.
33.
34.
30.
36.
3T.
38.
39.
40.
Al.
42.
43.
44,
45.
‘Rumex sanguineus, L. PAINzE’s Cat. p.122. I fearthata ‘oda
a
‘NINETEENTH spuhibr REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET. y
Aster azureus, Linpu, Near the whirlpool of the Niagara river, om
the top and edge of the bank, 1865. G, W. C.
m
Solidago puberula, Nutt. ,PAINn’s Cat. p. 98. New-York botardaial q
- write me that it has long been regarded as common on Long —
Island, etc.
Solidago speciosa, Nutr. Harlem, 1861, 0. F. Austin, Re-disco-
vered there, in 1865, by Dr.. BUuRNSTEAD and Dr. ALLEN,
Solidago speciosa, var. angustata, Torr. & Gr. PAINE’S Cat. p. 93.
Solidago houghtonii, Torr. & GR. Theopen swamp in Ber gen, 1865:
Dr. C. M. Bort and Mr. PAINE.
Solidago linoides, SOLANDER. PAINE’s Cat. p. 94..
Lapsana communis, L. Buffalo, 1865, and ' in a 2 court-yard and the
adjacent street. G. W.C. ~
Pyrola secunda, L. var. pumila. PAINnE’s Cat. p. 187.
Dodecatheon meadia, L. PAINE’S Cat. p. 105. This seems very
doubtful. | |
Utricularia clandestina, Nutt. PAtNE’s Cat. p. 106. : :
Se en ee ee ee ee ee
Utricularia gibba, L. Patnu’s Cat. p. 106.
Gerardia integrifolia, GRAY. Salamanca, side of the hill opposite ~
the railroad station, 1865. G. W. C.
Schwalbea americana, L. PAINE’s Cat. p. 109.
t
: %
PEE ee ee ee PD
Hyssopus officinalis, L. PArtnx’s Cat.-p. 110.
Thymus serpyllifolia, L. Parne’s Cat. p. 111.
Atropa belladonna, L. Parne’s Cat. p. 116.
Atriplex hastata, L. var. oblongifolia. PaAtnn’s Cat. p. 120. This
seems to be different from a narrow leaved form which I haye~ —
found at Syracuse, and also about court-yards and gardens in
Buffalo and Richfield Springs, and I have never seen it. If it
be different, then Salina and Syracuse present four remarkably
variant forms of Atriplex hastata.
Amarantus retroflexus, L. PAInn’s Cat. p. 120. -
Amarantus hypochondriacus, L. Niagara Falls, 1865. G. W.C. ‘a
Amarantus spinosus, L. Along the Buffalo and State Line wp gn
near Elk-street, Buffalo, 1865. G. W. C. "
Polygonum carey, OLNEY, Patnn’s Cat. p. 121.
form of &. obtusifolius is taken for this species.
Rumex acetosa, L. PArINE’s Cat. p. 122.
Callitriche austinti, ENentm. “Staten Island, in shady by-ways 0 on
dry, hilly ground, ” June 1865. C. F. AUSTIN.
Populus angulata, Art. Patnn’s Cat. p. 189.
-
46.
pS 4%.
«48.
50.
eae
52.
«58.
= BA,
55.
56.
e
57.
58.
59.
60.
BG.
* 62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
-* 69.
os 10.
? 7
ete
We "
7
49,
.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE STATE FLORA.
63)
Juniperus sobina, L. var. prostrata. PArnE’s Cat. p. 130. Long
known to our botanists, but first identified as a var. of sabina,
by Dr. RoBBins. :
Sparganium eurycarpum, ENGELM, Parnn’s Cat. p. 13].
Sparganium natans, L. PArNn’s Cat. p. 182.
Sagittaria graminea, MicHx. Patnx’s Cat. p.134. Dr. ENGELMANN,
about two years ago, wrote me that this species exists in the
Niagara river, near Buffalo; but I have not been able to iden-
tify it to my satisfaction.
Platanthera rotundifolia, LINDL.
135.
Cypripedium candidum, Munu. PAINE’s Cat. p. 139.
var. oblongifolia. PAINE’s Cat. p.
é
Tofieldia gtutinosa, WILLD. PArne’s Cat. p. 143.
Juncus debilis, GRAY. PAINE’s Cat. p. 145.
Xyris bulbosa, KUNTH. PAINE’s Cat. p. 146.
PAINE’S Cat. p. 147.
Scirpus fluviatilis, GRAY. PAINE’s Cat, p. 149. Well known to bota-
nists, since GRAY pointed out the distinction between it and
S. maritimus, and included in several local catalogues, includ-
ing my own. | ' :
Eleocharis compressa, SULLIVANT.
Carex prairea, DEw. PAINE’s Cat. p.151. (I may as well remark
~ here, that I dare not interfere in the disputes touching the spe-
cies of this extremely large genus; and, so far as I refer to it,
I adopt the conclusions of Mr. PAINE’s Catalogue, without exa-
mination.) I suppose this to be C. teretiuscula, var. major,
Kocu. Bergen swamp, 1865:*G. W.C. Parnn’s Cat. p. 151.
Carex cephaloidea, Dew. Patnu’s Cat. p. 151.
Carex scabrior, SARTWELL. * PAINE’S Cat. p. 152.
Carex tenella, EHRH. PAINE’s Cat. p. 152. .
Carex argyrantha, TuCKERMAN. PAINE’s Cat. p. 152.
Carex lenticularis, MicHx. PAINE’s Cat. p. 153.
‘Carex strictior, DnwEY. Painn’s Cat. p. 154.
Carex gynandra, SOHWEIN, “PAINE’S Cat. p. 154.
Carex emmonsii, DEw. PAINE’S Cat. p. 155.
Carex lupuliformis, SARTW. PAINE’s Cat. p. 157.
Carex retrocurpa, Dew. . PAINE’S Cat. p. 158. 5
Carex vaginata, TAUscH. Patnz’s Cat. p, 158.
Carex woodii, Daw. Patnn’s Cat. p.159. |
Carex glabra, Boort. Parnn’s Cat. p. 160. oh
Carex knieskernii, Duw. PAINn’s Cat. p. 161, .
%
igtt Sate
,
ate, 2 * *Se
Ae RWS ace
SS
>
6
42.
"3.
14.
15.
76.
TT.
78.
19.
80.
81.
88.
Carex richardsonii, R. Brown. Parnz’s Cat. p. 161.
. Aspidium dilatatum, WILLD. PaINE’s Cat. p. 178.
NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
Carex vaseyi, DEw. Parnn’s Cat. p. 163.
Carex harivi, Dew. PAINE’s Cat. p. 163.
Carex hartii, var. brad{eyi, Dew. Patnu’s Cat. p. 163.
Carex ampullacea, Goop. PArnzE’s Cat. p. 164.
Carex monile, TUCKERM. PAINE’s Cat. P. 164.
Carex vesicaria, L. Patnn’s Cat. p. 164.
Carex physema, Dew. Patnn’s Cat. p. 165. To these Carices must
be added:
Carex utriculata, var. minor, the pe of the discovery of whee 18,
I believe, daa to the eau. Henry B. Lorp.
Carex cederi, var. prolifera, Lonp. This form is found by Mr: Lorp
near Ludlowville, Tompkins county, and he deems it worthy to
be noted as a variety, under the above name. At least one of
the spikes of each plant is proliferous; that is, from one of the
ponent issues a stalk bearing a spike.
Sas |
. Carex lupulina, var. gigantoidea, DEwny in STLLIMAN’s Journal.
Discovered by Mr. Lorp, near Ludlowville, in 1865.
; Tripsacum dactyloides, L. Hunter’s Point, Long Tsland, 1865. Drv
TE ALDEN.
. Cystopteris fragilis, var. dentata, Hook. PAainx’s Cat. p. 178.
4
. Aspidium boottit, TucKERM. PAINE’s Cat. p.178. These two forms
of A. spinulosum, as they are commonly conceded to be, are not
extremely uncommon in the State, and have long been _—
to its botanists. |
. Botrychium lanceolatum, ANGSTR. PAINE’S Cat. p. 179.
Iscetes braunti, Dur1EU. The Niagara river, near Buffalo, at the
mouth of the Little Bay of Strawberry Island, and along the
head of Grand Island, 1865: G. W.C. This was determined
by DuriEv, to whom specimens were sent, “ with the same
remark that Prof. BRAUN makes to Dr. ENGELMANN, that £
braunit and echinospora may probably prove to be forms of the ~
same spécies.”? KE. DURAND, in lit., Dec. 5, 1865.
. Iscetes macrospora, DurtEv. This species “was established on an
unique specimen in the herbarium of the Phil. Academy of Na-
tural Sciences, which I sent to Prof. Durinv three years ago. —
It was marked, ‘found in a pond of the Catskill” It is distin-
guished by its very large spores and androspores, larger than ~
in any other known species.” KH. Duranp, in lit., Dec. 11, 1865.
The station of this plant is believed to be one of the small ponds
_or lakes back of the Mountain House.
e ?
* OBSERVATIONS ON THE STATE FLORA. Tt.
The following plants, which are either maritime or principally affect
the sea coast, have, since the last Report, been found in the interior of
the State: ais '
’ 1. Orontium aquaticum, L. “ Borders of a aS in Gilbertsville, Otsego *
i “county, H. Larurop in herb.” Paine’s Vatalogue.
_, 2. Eleocharis olivacea, TorR. PAtnn’s Catalogue.
3. Calamagrostis arenaria, RotH. Patnz’s Cataldgue.
4 ¥, . .
_ 4. Spartina stricta, var. alterniflora, GRAY. Patnn’s Catalogue.
The following list containg new stations of rare plants, or remarkable —
stations of common ones, and some corrections“of reputed stations, and —
notable observations touching some of our plants:
1. Ranunculus reptans, L. On western edge of Strawberry Island, in
the Niagara river, and off the Little Bay of that Island, in water
from one to two feet deep.
2. Adlumia cirrhosa, Rar. Akron, Erie county, 1864: D. F. Day and
2 Aa) eS
3. Nuphar kalmiana, Pursu. Williams’s Bridge, on the Harlem river, —
1865. T. F. ALLEN.
4. Dicentra eximia, D.C. On recurring to my correspondence with
DAvip Tuomas, in 1829, I find that he had not, as I supposed,
then found this plant native in Cayuga county. Prof. PIckETT
kindly communicated to me a letter of my dear friend, Dr. Sart-
WELL, dated June 23, 1865, in which he writes: “As to Dicen-
tra eximia, | know not where it can be found. About twenty
years ago, I found it in Wayne county, not far from Lyons; and
David THomas found it in Scipio, Cayuga county, about the
same time, or before. I doubt whether it can be had, at this |
time, unless some one has it in his garden. I have no duplicate
specimen.”
-
Lychnis vespertina, SiptH. New-York Island, 1865. W. W. DENsLow: ~ .
Vicia cracca, L. Hanover, Chautauqua county, 1865: D. F. Day. Mr.” 7
Day informs me that it had taken possession of afarminthat
town, and, being regarded as a weed, the farm nee depreciated a
in value. v
bi
Tt. Gymnocladus canadensis, Lam. ~The Hon. Henry B. Sows of Lud-
lowville, Tompkins county, wrote to me, on the 15th of July
1865: “Too late for flowering specimens. I know of but one
‘tree in this town, and two smaller growing near it, which I
- should take to be ‘seedlings, only the flowers on the oldest tree
are staminate. These trees are, apparently, spontaneous,
growing outside of any enclosure, near the (Cayuga) Lake.
mt They have been regarded with great curiosity by the people, no
BN iy» one knowing what tocallthem. The prevalent impression was
. _ that they were mahogany trees, and I have frequently had them
pointed out to me as such; and, sometimes, the very interesting
¢ 4
-
78 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET.
‘incident was stated, that the largest tree (about 18 incall in- (
diameter) was planted by a sailor, or rather the seed was id y 3
planted which he brought with him from a voyage tothe ma-
hogany countries.” , i
at Rosa setigera, Mtcux. In company with Dr. Boots, I found some a
: _ bushes of this near Rochester, in 1864, an our way to Ironde- — :
* . Quoit Bay, and the Dogtor informed me that there were other ;
stations of it near Rochester. In the same year I found a ~ ~
single bush of it on the edge of a wooded swamp, remote from
any garden, near Buffalo. “Tn 1865, I found it abundant, on the. ©
‘banks of the Oak Orchard creek, at Albion. I am inclined, #
however, to the belief that, in all these Stations, it was bird- q
sown, and that it is not indie genous to the State. mi
‘is:
2: Lythrum hyssopifolia, L. Staten Island, 1865. W. H. LEGGETT.
10. Epilobium molle, Torrey. Buffalo, 1865.. G.W.C.
Fi. Opuntia vulgaris, Mitu. My venerable friend, Dr. JAMES HADLEY, ~~
now of Buffalo, wrote me, on the 23d of May 1866, as follows:
“Tn answer to your inquiries I would state that I never found,
; and do not know that any one else ever found, Opuntia vulgaris j
‘ at Fairfield. The statement of Dr. TorREY, in his Flora of the if
"
State, ‘The most northern locality in this State is Fairfield, |
where it was found by Prof. HapLey’, is‘an error. I collected * ui
this plant at New-Haven, Connecticut; and it may be thata
specimen, collected there, slipped in among some plants from
Fairfield which I furmshed to Doctor Torrey. Icanimagine
no other way in which the error could have occurred.’ My
good friend, JAmxs L. Bennett, of Providence, R. 1, in March
1866, wrote me that, in 1856 or 1857, he found the Opuntiavul-
garis ‘¢in the neighborhood of Syracuse, in a southwestern di-
rection from the city,” and that “it appeared a native, and not he
an:accidental interloper.” ;
. Valeriana sylvatica, RicHARDS. Bergen swamp, « « Genesee county,
1865. Dr. Boots, Fisu, PAINE,
. Solidago ohioensis, RIDDELL. Bergen swamp, 1865. Booru, FisH.
Veronica anagallis, L. Caledonia, Livingston county; and in the
Tonawanda swamp, on the Oak Orchard creek, near Alabama,
1865. G. W.C. Near Bergen, 1865: L. Houzzr, Fisu, Boots.
. Melissa officinalis, L. Roadsides in vont aba ity Erie county, 1865.
* .Naturalized, D. F. Day.
. Blephilia hirsuta, Benta. “Tt grows along the Ghenwae river, west — :
of the railroad bridge, outside of Corning, near the Painted
. Post station.” Rev. L. HouzEr, 1865.
$ : Eve
OC ae en Pe is
PP ne eee et) ee ae
. Gentiana saponaria, var. linearis, GRAY. Irondequoit Bay, 1863.
GEO. W. FIsH. et? a
18. Frasera carolinensis, WaLt. Under the date of ‘ Greatfield, 2 mo. ‘ae
2, 1828,” Davip THOMAS wroté me: ‘ Frasera carolinensis is |
: called a biennial, but 1 am satisfied that it is often triennial.”
It is abundant in rocky groves east of and near Buffalo. a a
friend, D. F. Day, and myself have observed it closelaas in and |
Ay)
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPATE FLORA.
since 1861. In that year we found only radical leaves and a on xa
few old fruit stalks. In 1862 it flowered. In 1863 and 1864 it —
%, did not; but in 1865 it did flower. Be
19. Acerates viridiflora, Ext. Staten Island, 1865. W. H. Leaaerr. S :,
ie 0) Myrica cerifera, L. Caledonia, and the Bergen swamp, common. — bs!
| 1865. Ww at
ie
. i 21. Naias major, ALLIONI. Irondequoit Bay, 1865. Prof. E. G. Piokzrr.
99. Zygadenus glaucus, Nutt. Caledonia, 1865: G@. W. OC. Bergen
4 swamp, 1865: Fis, Booru, PAtnr, Houzer.
Ff | 23. Tofieldia glutinosa, WILLD. Bergen swamp, 1865: Boots, Parng, - 7
oo * Fis, Houzer.
a 94. Eleocharis rosiellata, TORREY. Bergen swamp, 1865: Boorn, Fisu, i
| RAINE, HOLZER,
5. Scirpus ceespitosus, L. . Bergen swamp, 1865: Fisu, Booru, HouzEr,
WC. ; .
. Scleria verticillata, Munu. Bergen swamp, 1865: CLINTON, Boora,
Fish, PIcKETT.
. Carex gynocrates, WORMSKIOLD ; C. dioica of the Flora. Bergen
‘swamp, 1865: Booru, PaIne.
. Cares siccata, Dewny. Bergen swamp, 1865. G. W. C.
. Carex grayii, Canny. Rochester, Boorn, ALDEN, 1865; Houzer
and G. W. C. Af
31. Scolopendrium officinarum, Swargz. On the third day of March,
1865, Lewis Foote, Esq., of Detroit, Michigan, discovered a -
new station of this fern, which, in a letter to me, he describes
as being ‘‘about 200 feet from the track of the Syracuse &
| Binghamton R. R., about five miles from Syracuse and half a
oy | mile from Janesville, in a deep rocky ravine, through which a
iv small stream empties into the Butternut creek.” In noticing
this interesting discovery, in the American Journal, Professor
GRAY supposes that this may be Pursu’s original station: But
“TAA there is reason to believe that PURSH’s was neither this nor the —
— —-—sChittenango Falls station. Purs# states that he found it ‘in
_ ~~ -~—s shady woods, among loose rocks, in the western parts of New- —
4 ta York, near Onondaga, on the plantations of J. GEDDIs, Esq.”
ag’ The Hon. GrorGE Geppss, the son of Pursu’s ‘‘J.GEDDIS,
ie} Esq.,”’ under the date of “ Fairmount, March 31, 1866,” very
rm obligingly wrote me as follows, in answer to my inquiries: “I
regret to have to say that my knowledge of botany is too limited
to enable me to identify the fern commonly called the Harts-
tongue. But it so happens that I remember many years since,
when I was small boy, that my father set me looking for it in a
gorge in the limestone precipice just south of my house, which ~
is 41 miles west of the center of Syracuse., The gorge is within
one mile of my house, and is quite like the locality on the But-
ternut creek and the locality on the Chittemango. I am very
*
Pas
b
bean ®
%
*
4
€9 | NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET, >)
familiar with all these three places. I very well remember _
that my father was anxious to secure a specimen of this fern, _
as the fact of its having been found here was disputed. Your ae
letter, read in connection with my recollection of his having
_ said that some noted botanist had found it in the gorge near
here, and the dispute that had grown out of the report, leaves
no doubt in my mind that the fern was found within one mile
of here, and by the man you name, though not strictly onmy ~~
* father’s land, but just off his property. This being so, it is
safe for you to say that on the Chittenango, on the Butternut,
and in the town of Onondaga, just at the base of the limestone |}
cliff of one hundred feet high, this fern has been found. The 7
first of these discoveries was the one in 1806, by PursH. It ~~
would have gratified my father much, could he have shown that ~~ }
this fern grew in various places along the base of the limestone™ —)
range, though he was unable to find a specimen here as late as |
the time when he set me looking for it, when I was carrying a
gun over our hills about the year 1825.” ~
a. |
“ é
On account of delay in the publication of this Report, the © a
remaining Papers named in the Table of Contents, on pages 37, ; 4
38, will appear in the next Annual Report. |
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