pe Fes pss hi, 661 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ANNUAL REPORT OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS THE YEAR ENDED JUNE ‘30, 1903. LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1904. LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAI QARDEN., THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. STAFF. A. C. True, Ph. D., Director. FE. W. Auuen, Ph. D., Assistant Director and Editor of Experiment Station Record. W. H. Bear, B. A., M. E , Chief of Editorial Division. W. H. Evans, Ph. D., Chief of Division of Insular Stations. Joun Hamitron, Farmers’ Institute Specialist. Mrs. C. E. Jonnston, Chief Clerk. Saran L. Sommers, Record Clerk. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS, E. W. Aven and H. W. Lawson, B. $., Chemistry, dairy farming, and dairying. W. H. Beat, Agricultural physics. W. H. Evans, Botany. C. F. Laneworrny, Ph. D., Food and nutrition. J. I. Scuvuure, B. 8., Field crops. E. V. Witcox, Ph D., Entomology and veterinary science. C. B. Smiru, M. 3., Horticulture. D. J. Crospy, M. S., Agricultural institutions. Wiiuiam Henry, Indexing and proof reading. G. A. Hartow, Librarian. ‘ ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. C. C. Grorceson, M. § , Special agent in charge, Sitka. F. E. Raper, B. 8., Assistant at Sitka. R. W. De Armonp, Assistant at Sitka. P. H. Ross, Assistant at Kenai. J. W. NEAL, Assistant at Copper Center. HAWAIIL EXPERIMENT STATION, Jarep G. Smiru, Special agent in charge, Honolulu, Epmunp C. Suorey, Chemist. D. L. Van Dine, Entomologist. Frank FE. Conter, Farm foreman. J. E. Hicerxs, Expert in horticulture. PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION, F. D. Garpner, Special agent in charge, Mayaguez. O. W. Barrerr, Entomologist and botanist. J. W. Van Leennorr, Coffee expert. J. Van Leennorr, jr., Tobacco expert. ~£. F. Curr, Farm superintendent. ~Epw. C. Hows, Clerk and stenographer. oY ~w™ 4 THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS, W. 0. Arwarrer, Ph. D., Chief of nutrition investigations, "Middletown, Conn, C.D. Woops, B. 8., Special agent at Orono, Me. F. G. Benepicr, Ph. D., Physiological chemist. R. D. Mitner, Ph. B., Assistant. IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS, Suwoop Mrap, M.8., C. E., Chief of irrigation investigations. C. EF. Tarr, B. 8., Assistant in charge of central district. Samuet Fortier, M. E., Agent and expert in charge of western district. J.S. Baker, Agent and expert in charge of northern district. R. P. Teevr, M. A., Editorial assistant. C. G. Exniorr, C. E., Agent and expert in charge of drainage investigations. M. A. Aupricu, Agent and expert in charge of rice investigations in Louisiana and Texas. A. J. Turner, Agent and expert in charge of pumping investigations. A. P. Stover, B. §., Assistant in field investigations in California. Frank ApaAms, B. A., Assistant, investigations in Platte River Valley. W. B. Dunton, Agent and expert, investigations in Platte River Valley. Fk. R. Morean, Agent and expert in field investigations in Utah. To the Senate and House of Representatives: I transmit herewith the annual report of the Office of Experiment Stations, prepared under the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture, which includes a report on the work and expenditures of the agricul- tural experiment stations in the United States for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903, in accordance with the act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the said fiscal year. The attention of the Congress is called to the request of the See- retary of Agriculture that 5,000 copies of the report be printed for the use of the Department of Agriculture, and that provision be made to print such a report annually. THEODORE ROOSEVELT. Wuirre Houser, /ebruary 5, 1904. oT we f “a i] 27S ee oe : i rs Me cl My iy vay. J. sila fis is ae aie ‘ f : $ sew iat ¢ . LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, Washington, D. C., February 4, 1904. Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report of the Office of Experiment Stations, prepared in accordance with my instruc- tions. This includes a report on the work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations established under the act of Congress of March 2, 1887, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903, in compli- ance with the following provision of the act making appropriations for this Department for the said fiscal year: The Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe the form of the annual financial statement required by section three of the said act of March second, eighteen hun- dred and eighty-seven, shall ascertain whether the expenditures under the appro- priation hereby made are in accordance with the provisions of the said act, and shall make report thereon to Congress. Reports are also included on the experiment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, which are provided for in the appropriation act aforesaid and are directly managed by this Department. If this report is published by Congress, it is desirable that 5,000 copies should be provided for the use of this Department, and that provision be made to print such a report annually. I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, JAMES WILSON, The PRESIDENT. Secretary. ve Jae - , Diy <¢ as ry i! we as € = ‘ “4 be = ois PCED: ls ea ‘wha ty hard ‘he 1. LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. OFrFIce or EXPERIMENT STATIONS, Washington, D. C., February 2, 1904. Str: I have the honor to present herewith the annual report of the Office of Experiment Stations, which includes a report on the work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations in the United States for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903. This is the ninth annual report on the work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations in the United States, made by the Director of the Office of Experiment Statioas, under instructions from the Secretary of Agriculture. As heretofore, the report is based on three sources of information, viz, the annual financial statements of the stations, rendered on the schedules prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture, in accordance with the act of Congress; the printed reports and bulletins of the stations; and the reports of personal examinations of the work and expenditures of the stations made dur- ing the past year by the Director, assistant director, and one other expert officer of the Office of Experiment Stations. In addition to the brief accounts of all the stations, the detailed reports of the special agents in charge of the stations in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, and summary statements regarding the special investigations in charge of this Office have been included, together with special articles on progress in agricultural education, farmers’ institutes in the United States, instruction in agriculture in land-grant colleges and schools for colored persons, development of the text-book of agriculture in North America, agricultural economics as a subject of study in the agricultural college, experiment station work with apples, a summary of recent American work on feeding stuffs, and organization of governing boards and rules adopted by them for the regulation of agricultural experiment stations. Very respectfully, A. C. Trug, Director. Hon. James WiLson, Secretary of Agriculture. 9 - . f CONTENTS. Work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations. .........._-- 0 ee ES peering a Aaa i ge Se Rat CVE TEN LAINIE Seles he ine ae a ere SY Ee PrmEREN OR UNO: Minor © 2c ee EE Fes Fone Se 1 URES got UT mei ts, ee See Rae a Red Statistics of the land-grant. colleges .-....-.-..-....-2.22..2.-.----- Pee tcas itr AETICMIITAleCOUCa ION’ =. oa" fs ae ees ee ee artes AETHGIS. “REACTIES. 2 2 ae ey ee, ae ee ihe Assoeiation: of Colleres‘and Stations == 222.222 2.222225. 12 Fe he Ofhce ob Px periment Siawdong 325-39 o~ ang ee Experiment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico ..........-- PiREtiEGN ry Enipe HONG. fr eer 2 ae oe a ee ee Pereeaion Tivesiieations oo = 6 Ay et ta or ete ee EE 1 acs Oh 6: 1! 2) oa ee ed SERA eee Ae A Oil gh aie duly Methods.of distribution of water ...--..-...-.2..1-2.2-22) 22... irrigation in the semiarid recion =. < - ~~ 222222: 3.2 ec irrigation). the hnmid tesion >>>. ooo. ase eds te Pumping and drainage investigations..-_..................--.- PiQGSIOG BEECIOS 3 hea nk on ey Sonn te nL eee Se eee USAT NEST 2) 2 0 i een A See eS SEER ot furs a etna 2 e The Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta- RUSE Ree Eek oe Oe heir ot ete heh eee Ae Ce 2 © eee Seventeenth annual convention. ............----------------------- The American Association of Farmers’ Institute Workers ............--- ore aie MCteNiTnl NOC G cho. 3 Sto ki SCN eee Bsa a teen Sai Pie ee DerInent SUOMNS sos 52 bs bec Meat ee ante ee oe Re E OUUGON ... 5 ee- elo Ck ae ae os ep ata ee eae Legal and economic investigations. ...-.....-...........------- Pnigntion Wa PUCHWONS: a0660025582s56- 25-26. A en a em 11 D> Coo I J sJ Or ol & bo AT ior) 12 CONTENTS. Work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations—Continued. The agricultural experiment stations in the several States and Territories, with governing boards, station staffs, general outlook, lines of work, income, and publications ..... 2s. .5.2.--si5>e4+> spa ee eee Alabama College Station . = .<- =: cc. 2..02. sce ene eee eee Alabama Canebrake Station: \.<-. 5.2 << -S2-2. cs eee «ee ee oe eee Alabama Tuskegee Station ..<.<. .cacbs.ooence cee oe eae ee Alaska stations. ... 25 cece ettiige nae een eee eee Arizona Station. . 20203...) dvs Sack Ree ee oe ee ee Connecticut State Station. 52205-54554 0. 5.2 ec) ee oe Connecticut Storrs Station ~... .2.2.2-222<...cncee ees eee Delaware Station . -.. 2. £.20- 2. deed Florida Station... -.....- 3-2 32524. ete eee Georgia Station -. 22222 55-2204 5.-8hc. 2-8 eer Hawai Station: - o2..< 22 den o> 6 ene ee ee Hawaii Sugar Planters’ Station= ~~~... >. /-.3 2258. ae Idaho Station:...< 2222 2322025222262 36 22a eee TMlinois Station 303. Woks se oe ee See tee eee tee Indiana Station: 2 ss. 22 e202 22,5228. oe ee Towa‘ Station.2...2<2.2.30.0 ee 2 Kansas Station’... {2-2-2 Jo te ee ee ee Kentucky Station . 7. -...562< 22.25.20 ee Sue Louisiana stations) =... or otc eos s ooo ee eee Maine Station 2 <=... 22 Hes. tcc om: be eee be ee Maryland Station... ...2.. 2.22. 228) 283-50 Seon er Massachusetts Station. <..2.22 52sec 2c .coee 62 ie eee Michiean Station... 23221224 see e ce ee ea ee i Minnesota Station... 2.022.226. cs0 oe ee ee eee Mississippi Station :. = 24.222 35.22 2ekess45-t 22 ee Missouri College Station .22.<-4. 2222252522225 2oe0 es) Missouri State Fruit Station. 2.2522 .322-2-5 eee eee Montana Station: 2 2222 ee 2 a ee eee Nebraska Station:..2.: 6.22.02 226 Sec eee ele ae eee Nevada Station:....2.)-2-522-22-25.4.. oe. ono eee eee New Hampshire:Station®: - 22.2.2. 2. a6..22-2 225245 ee eee New Jersey stations)... 2..25.s252- 2522-506 J5- pee ee ee eee New Mexico Station... 20.6 502 235. ee ee North Carolina Station 2.2: 3...<222 222222 enu thee eee North Dakota Station: .2 2. 222 2 22232 Soden cee eee Ohio Station. 222 =. ose. ss2 coe 3 oe eee eee Oregon Station... -. = 22. 2<2 22. cccSecdeen 6 J2-5 56> err Pennsylvania Station.s-- so. 2s: 2. 22h see eee Porto Rico. Station .22 2222552622 =e oe eee Page. a a | - —_ — ~ ~ CONTENTS. Work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations—Continued. if g The agricultural experiment stations, etc. —Continued. Pha Eevee an oy NON cae ee pA ARE Coen a SE AS be btn = ATE DEETE S11 12) ROR Sra pe Si Re ace oe a Se eS ne Oe Sa RRA IM UIOR rete ie se So oS ak ee POY ernie DRAROM gee sO hr os Se win a ee a ll eemrine ROM ee era eas en a ee oan Ses ee a een rere aAsONM. ca aioe wetaa nn oe See Sees Lda byeoe skit Publications of the Office of Experiment Stations issued during 1903____- Station publications received by the Office of Experiment Stations during ee Pr eee eee ie eee, eI ee eras oe, set HL, Dae Statistics of land-grant colleges and agric altaral experiment stations, 1903. Summary of statistics of land-grant colleges ..................------ Summary of statistics of the stations -. 22.22. .24-5-20205 68.422 ices. Statistics of the land-grant colleges and universities..............--- Table 1.—Land-grant institutions and their courses of study... -. Mable 2:-—General stanswes, 3525 ooo aos seme ae Bee ES Table 3.—Students, by classes and courses ...............------ Table 4.—Value of permanent funds and equipment .......-.--- Table 5.—Revenue for year ended June 30, 1903.........-....-- Table 6.—Additions to equipment in 1903............-.--....-- Table 7.—Disbursements from the United States Treasury to the States and Territories of the appropriations under the act of Congress approved August 30, 1890.........-. Statistics of the agricultural experiment stations..................-- Table.8.—General statisties, 10082-2225 S2e. bos bis ec eces 52 Table 9.—Revenue and additions to equipment in 1903......._-- Table 10.—Expenditures from the United States appropriation for the year ended June 30, 1903.................. Table 11.—Disbursements from the United States Treasury to the States and Territories of the appropriations under the act of Congress of March 2, 1887 ........-.-.-- Federal legislation, regulations, and rulings affecting agricultural colleges Si Mnpreemne NCI Hit 996.34 = a Se See Se a eee eae PMC CISIAGUNIN S25 9a kr P ao oan. a eicfeth a Po Ae Ae Regulations of the Post-Office Department concerning agricultural experiment station publications /....-:2:-+2:.--.---0..0---es.--% Rulings of the Treasury Department affecting agricultural experiment UML Shs wr ee SO a ot ce oe Shih Cee oc bebe eee eee Rulings of the Department of Agriculture on the work and expendi- tures of agricultural experiment stations .................-------. Organiz tion of governing boards and rules adopted by them for the reg- ulation of agricultural experiment stations _........-.....---.-----.-- Annual report of the Alaska Agricultural Experiment Stations for 1903 .-..-- ee MEIC onthe as uots Sato Lee! Sek Us og os a Sao Sia we Ee aie PROD ose ete eease EST. oe eae a aoliie bk Oe EG Rien FOF SCIOtLING INVERN RAMONS sf 23 os 2 oJ soob ee) toe dao esa aue een sae: MEIICRION OF CHUUIC iia ches den ds oven ons vate iho ousl aaaee ee than dee MRR INMR TLS Soo aa coe eins tue sod aoe See ae Sate PR A Ae INGLE WOU oe ca tee 62s ah ac Cone oN a eee Seem ce keee acute Ohadels SI RARER Ra eet ed nla Oe dre Matetans Sc Tua Bathe eee manele cha os anes wees RE ORRII S tNiretn Paws Hes PRE hee: OP ROASTS obec 18 Page. 187 190 19] 193 195 197 201 203 205 221 221 222 224 224 230 232 234 236 238 14 CONTENTS. age. Annual report of the Alaska Agricultural [experiment Stations, 1908—Cont’d. Work at Sitka Station—Continued. Nursery work—Continued. PLUM go ois oo ons oo wis cei i mt ene ee 329 Raspberries ..-. .. + «-s+.0c0=+s=sbleo sen) cee ee ene ne 330 Ourrants... - 2 -as.2-<.c50005- as ano a ee 330 Strawberries... =~ .23 --p-2é- .<... 222255: 242.32 ee ee 344 — Vegetables.c2. 2222 ae 002s bess es bine eee oe 390 Kenai Station... 222 .2>= leaned. 52+ lesen 282d ke eee 353 Stock raising. a success +. 42. 22.8% 2s Sse ee ee eee 354 A. change in superintendent. .-. 5.2 2. -. 5. 2-.j0.255 5525 2 354 Report of H. P. Nielsen, superintendent of Kenai Station -.....-.-.-- 354 Clearing of mew. land) « -. 2 « 2. eee J seessi ees 355 Field. crops) < ..- 2-4-2) ino 5es -see e ee oe rr 397 Spring Crops .c-2 aces msc we hoes dee tease ee ee 358 Grasses =. ..22-5..5.5.2¢5- -ciac SP ote se 359 Rampart Station. 2s..2s.2- 5 sss Sse eeeins ane e See) eee 361 Report of Rey. C. P. Coe on eoupemslys experiments at Wood Island.... 362 Hield Crops <= -2-< 2-32. 0en 501.21, Je to eh ee ces coe er 362 GTASBES ote te Va pee fee ee aes bay shitter 364 Clover--2 12262 s5 52055 b peced be eee ee ee 364 Vegetables: .... 225.2252 i243 20258. 254-2 5. eee 364 Flowers and trees... 22. 92220 os... 33 0 songs See ee 421 RN rts a Seg SS UL Roe aes ON he eS ete Bae: he er 421 Pee een RARVIOMEIDESIAOTIS 9 5 so) ee Se Set SS ees ES 422 PREIS seat ge ed a an Re a TL oF Benen 423 Poemeen Me TORAre PINS 2. Coa eae een ben eu elses Jecuecs 424 Veeetables from northerm-grown. seed _.2- J. 2.cl se sec ceec eae des ee 424 URINE it SEIS ibe Ps oR Cee aA en oem IE Lees 425 Ron OLwabiolies OF pineanples. - 4... 52.2. 2 faeeo DAL e aseewat eso nuke 425 Pe SU Dee Eh Sto. 4 ole ee. SA ee es 425 Mipreareoragical observations... =< 525.62 ..2 uk esac ent te ue eae eee 426 REI MBUTENEV OS UNO Kose 2e od bee aan een Ges = aeeet ee ee 427 WERE MEMOS TNC hei 26 tat tee SEE t pt eee ee oe ee One 427 Plans for future investigations. ...............2-2- re ea Se 427 PRGUMNCICES EE VORUIDAION Bes 2 Sf oo be poke annem eee bes kv eee . 428 EUMIEREPERG So ace Lee Ae Pe ak Seal ae ia oe eo ee 428 PUREE ol 2 ken So ee ok ae ee oe ee ee 428 MD anGeriaenOTMe She em. < Seco ol cia Be ee eee ae Coe oe 429 Report of O. W. Barrett, entomologist and botanist..........---....--..- 429 RRORRIN Gl WOE Shock cet ecard express alee ee meeme eee 430 Pah PONSCHONG 470 Seco ce a be Geek eee eee 431 DEANE Ob. sacs Oo ec Seg een 2 eee me bce ae kes 431 SORE COMOCHON. Soc tnt inc ta Ween Cee CA ee hee teaee Saees 432 XENI Were ork tN hE te Tig ne oe et en oe ee eee ore ee Sa 433 Mhacellaneous Rative Cropas << o.6) oon kc ewacmsdwvencete Secueeen 433 Ree Cie teh Secale Cekh ow heedn tus bes ihe ee pees Gd 434 Miseollansous/imported.crope £566. ic. po ene seah ewcmeu naan 435 , . . ° 16 CONTENTS. Annual report of the Porto Rico Experiment Station for 1903—Continued. a Report of O. W. Barrett, entomologist and botanist—Continued. Plant collections—Continued. CAERAV Ei. ooo an on amin nos Soaple mace hin Gaere orale meres een 435 Riber plants. a. 35 0. cs neha e ante donee ee ee 436 Forest, plat... .% c205: i Snes seem snes one eee 437 Rubber plat.- ..<-5- 2.24... c-26 <> awe ones ane eee 438 Cacad plato 222.5 /s3 2 eae eee oe Pmt CEM HER BNON iano - 3 Sock tact casa Se oe cle t Seeeee Petes marricultiral education, 1903... 2< 2.5 -s.n0ce chet Lo nnviebwn meee Educational work of the Department of Agriculture .................--- Educational work of the Office of Experiment Stations ..............--. PeB Gin Ol, HOHOOL PANG ONS: 2 oo 8 5 os oa We in ee ae er Planting trees and ornamentals for the improvement of school STOUNGR So =et b ee eh 2 5 Sen eh naan ess eee RR RE an Flower and vegetable gardens as sources for nature-study material ANG. OULCOOL Mana tre nine 2. 92... eee eae eee eee INGK IN. AliasiiG BtAbES aio t's oc oan So ks ee ep eee ee ee South Atlantic States ........ Sas ae eS ace 5 Speech Re a POUR COMER SIALOE is. 5 ond aun na ess pear eebe sh aaaptee coat NOPGL ensrar GUILER. ooo os. ae es acetn = ee ek ora ee eee WHIGRLOCDUBLALON oo ate oo ed SO es sees ora Fae ek tat a Insult: PORSCRSIONS 25. a2 ee we Bie ee ent sy ee S. Doc. 148, 58-2——2 18 CONTENTS. ° Page. Progress in agricultural education, 1908—Continued. Educational work of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations 2. 5 os -<.«swes.-. c= esau eeenwee eee aes 584 The agricultural colleges .2..- 2 2 cnn sew ewan dese Joaw een cee e ee eee ae 597 Courses in rural engineering 2 22 os. Sete ae Josie ee eae ee 599 Courses in rural econ0my osc tou. 2 sec .0 > reece on eee ee 610 Rural economy in European agricultural schools ........-..---- 611 France: 32.23 8a oe ee et ee 611 Beleium: 22osce3 sce eset Fe et ee 614 Great Britain 4 22's 2s.ck Fests oe ae alee ee 614 ARISES 6 os Sait Gwe sre aS Sato og et 615 Germany 2222snscec besos tess ce) oo eee 617 Short and special courses =.=. ..220 2 5.2. 2. 6s Jose oon 620 Summer schools. ..-. 225250255 -S25s5 5 soca '52.scl2 epee ee 622 Secondary cOuUTSeS . 2/265 seae 5 oste satan sess Sek = eee eee 622 The secondary:schools:. 9: 22.52.9226 Jie See S5 he see ee 623 The primary Schools: .- : ss25+.3552522 234.25) 22 veo eee 627 The schooligardens. 2. ..sa0c0 32 - ee eee $15, 000. 00 Fees for the analysis of fertilizers=.2 2-2-2222 52s eee 8, 137. 06 Farm preducts --2: 3.226822 ee eee 566. 85 Miscellanedna': 4233.2 2S aa ee eee eee 377. 69 TotalS te whys 2 paves coca ee eee 24, 081. 60 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approyed. ALABAMA. 79 PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 121-124 and the Annual Report for 1902. The bulle- tins include the following subjects: Dairy herd record and creamery notes; grazing and feeding experiments with pigs; vetch, cowpea, and soy-bean hay as substitutes for wheat bran; and the horticultural law— notes on some of the insects and fungus diseases affecting horticultural crops. Canebrake Agricultural Experiment Station, Uniontown. GOVERNING BOARD. Board of Control: R. R. Poole (Commissioner of Agriculture, ex officio), Montgom- ery; J. Huggins, Newbern; A. Sledge, Whitsett; G. D. Stollenwerck, Uniontown; W. M. Munford, Uniontown; J. B. Garber, Laneville. STATION STAFF, J. M. Richeson, M. 8., Director; Secretary. William Munford, Treasurer. J. F. Connor, V. M. D., Veterinarian. GENERAL OUTLOOK. The work of the Canebrake Station has been devoted as heretofore to field experiments with legumes, fertilizers, and barnyard manure as means of improving the depleted soils of the prairie region. Cow- peas, melilotus, velvet beans, vetches, and clover have been grown as soil correctives and nitrogen gatherers, and some attention has been given to drainage, methods of cultivation, and experiments with up- land rice, flax, and fruits. LINES .OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Canebrake Station during the past year were as follows: Soil improvement, field experi- ments, horticulture, floriculture, diseases of plants, and diseases of animals. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows : AH UNIT PIAL ips VS ce et ans, crs ae a Soe 32, 493. 76 ereetan SOCEMASICTS - Pi Bey Cee oy 5 toe nie ota ee he on, 5 wk te 383. 75 ANG} rT hegts Bae) Bee te eee AEE A ae aE et Oe Ae ee ee 2,877. D1 No publications have been received from this station during the past year. Tuskegee Agricultural Experiment Station, Tuskegee. Department of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. GOVERNING BOARD. Board of Regents: R. R. Poole, Montgomery; George W. Campbell, Tuskegee; Chas. W. Hare, Tuskegee; Lewis Adams, Tuskegee; Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee; Warren Logan, Tuskegee. SO REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. STATION STAFF, G. W. Carver, Director. G. W. Owens, Dairying. R. M. Attwell, Superintendent of Farm. G. K. Gordon, Dairying. C. W. Greene, Practical Agriculture, A. F. Crawford, Landscape Gardening. Hlome Farm. D. A. Williston, Landscape Gardening. G. R. Bridgeforth, Stock Raising. C. J. Calloway, Bureau of Nature Study. J. B. Brown, Truck Gardening. GENERAL OUTLOOK, The Tuskegee Station has continued its demonstration experiments with various soil renovators, with the object of showing what can be done by the poor farmer of Alabama in building up a worn-out soil with little cash outlay. This has seemed desirable, because the ma- jority of the negro farmers in the vicinity of Tuskegee are men of small means and are under the necessity of earning a living while bringing their land up to a condition of productiveness. Emphasis has been laid upon intensive methods of cultivation, and under these methods the station has shown results this year giving a net gain of nearly $100 per acre. A series of experiments on fodder plants has just been brought to a close, and the results are being tabulated for publication. The station has cooperated with a number of farmers throughout the State in growing cotton, corn, cassava, and other for- age and food plants. Cooperative work has also been carried on with other stations and with this Department. The extension work of the station, consisting largely of the distribution of leaflets among farmers, has been continued. Children’s gardens have also been conducted in connection with the agricultural department of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. The station’ is slowly acquiring a good equip- ment of farm implements and is in a better condition than formerly for conducting investigations. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Tuskegee Station during the past year were as follows: Field experiments, horticulture, diseases of plants, animal industry, and dairying. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: State appropriation .<2: = 0. vo 22 bose eee $1, 500 PUBLICATIONS. No publications have been issued, it having been found that the station could exert its influence most effectually through conferences of farmers. ALASKA. $1 ALASKA. Alaska Agricultural Experiment Stations, Si/ka, Kenai, and Copper Center. Under the supervision of A. C. True, Director, Office of Experiment Stations, United States Department of Agriculture. STATION STAFF. C. C. Georgeson, M. 8., Special Agent in R. W. De Armond, Assistant at Sitka. Charge, Sitka. H. P. Nielsen,@ Assistant at Kenai. F. E. Rader, Assistant at Sitka. J. W. Neal, Assistant at Copper Center. GENERAL OUTLOOK. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903, experiment stations were maintained at Sitka, Kenai, and Rampart. A new station was estab- lished at Copper Center, and cooperative investigations were carried on in a number of localities. The experimental work for the greater part included the growing of cereals and vegetables; methods of reclaiming, draining, and fertilizing land, and the curing and ensiling of crops. The distribution of seeds of hardy varieties of vegetables, cereals, and grasses has been continued and extended, seed having been distributed to more than 1,000 addresses during the year. The efforts that have been put forth in this direction have already produced many beneficial results, as is shown by the increasing number of gar- dens and other plats of ground which are brought under cultivation. An address list of about 1,500 names has been prepared, to which the publications of the station and other information are sent from time to time. The supervision of voluntary observers of the Weather Bureau in Alaska has been continued as in former years. There are now twenty meteorological stations supplied with instruments by thé Weather Bureau which report to the experiment station at Sitka. The new station, which has been opened in Copper Center in the valley of the Copper River, embraces a tract of about 775 acres, which has been temporarily withdrawn from entry by the Secretary of the Interior and set aside for the use of the station. During the past summer the special agent in charge of the Alaska stations visited this station and reports that about ten acres of land had been cleared, plowed, and seeded to spring crops, which consist chiefly of varieties of oats, barley, spring wheat, emmer, buckwheat, and grasses, and in spite of a backward spring, with the exception of the wheat, some of the varieties of all the cereals matured. Peas, radishes, and lettuce were being supplied on the table at this time and other hardy vege- tables promised well. At the Kenai Station there are now about 15 acres under cultivation, and it is planned to clear 10 acres more. AIl hardy vegetables did « Resigned November 1 and succeeded by P. H. Ross, 6 S. Doe. 148, 58-2 32 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. well, and buckwheat, oats, and barley matured. A log residence for the superintendent and a stock barn have been erected, the former containing also storeroom for grains, seeds, ete. A beginning has been made here in animal industry, a cow and a calf having been added to the live-stock equipment. During a period of 87 days in June, July, and August the cow gave 2,530 pounds of milk, or over 29 pounds per day, from a pasture of native grasses only. At the Rampart Station work has been restricted owing to lack of help to attend to the experiments. Spring wheat, barley, and oats matured at this place, and winter rye, sown from seed matured in 1901, successfully passed through the winter and matured a crop of fine grain. These results, attained at a latitude of 65° 30’ N., aid in demon- strating some of the agricultural possibilities of the country. There were also very successful cooperative experiments on Wood Island with winter rye and spring wheat, barley, oats, grasses, and other forage plants and hardy vegetables. At the Sitka Station additional work has been done on the head- quarters and other buildings and a beginning made in horticultural work. A small nursery has been established, and about 400 trees, mostly apple trees, are being grown to furnish scions for grafting. Several hundred currant, raspberry, and other shrubs are being grown, and a start has been made with hardy ornamental shrubs for distribu- tion. Hardy vegetables and cereals were grown as formerly. There is need of additional work on the buildings at this station, and a small propagating house is desired for carrying on the horticultural inyesti- gations, as well as inclosed yards for poultry. As the work progresses there is a greater demand for a scientific equipment at the Sitka Station. ’ There is need of a chemist, botanist, and entomologist, with equip- ment for each. For some time to come the necessary investigations of the different stations along the lines of chemistry, botany, ete., could be conducted at the Sitka Station if the proper equipment were provided. It is also desirable to equip the station at Rampart, which is representative of the largest agricultural region in Alaska, embrac- ing many thousands of acres. The limited experiments thus far con- ducted at this station have shown the practicability of agriculture in this region, and there is need of a permanent superintendent to extend the work, and of buildings, and an equipment of animals and implements. Additional buildings and equipment are also needed at Copper Center, which is also believed to be representative of a large agricultural area. Funds are needed also for the purchase of additional live stock for experiments in animal industry. The special agent recommends the establishment ef a temporary cattle range on Kadiak Island, with a view of introducing some of the hardier breeds of cattle into Alaska. Southwestern Alaska is a natural range country, and Kadiak Island offers opportunities well adapted to this investigation, Ea, ARIZONA. 83 LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Alaska stations during the past fiscal year were as follows: Field experiments with cereals, fiber plants, vegetables, and grasses; tests of methods of reclamation, drainage, and fertilization of land; curing and ensiling of forage crops; horticulture—propagating currant, gooseberry, and raspberry plants, experiments with hardy fruit trees, ornamentals, and strawberries; and meteorological observations. INCOME. The income of the stations during the past fiscal year was as follows: MW MEbed Staves ap PLO praAllON.-- eo oet eke ee eee coke $15, 000 PUBLICATIONS. The seventh report on the investigations in Alaska, giving a detailed account of the operations during the year 1903, has been prepared by the special agent in charge of Alaska investigations, and is given on page 315. ARIZONA. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Arizona, Tucson. Department of the University of Arizona. GOVERNING BOARD. Board of Regents: Winfield Scott (Chancellor), Scottsdale; Geo. J. Roskruge (Sec- retary), Tucson; J. M. Ormsby (Treasurer), Tucson; Mark J. Egan, Clifton; Gov. A. O. Brodie (ex officio), Phoenix; N. G. Layton (Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio), Phoni«. STATION STAFF. R. H. Forbes, M. 8., Director; Chemist; in T. F. McConnell, jr. (Phenix), Animal charge of Farmers’ Institutes. FHusbandman. A. J. McClatehie, M. A. (Phania), Agri- J. J. Thornber, M. A., Botanist. culturist, Horticulturist. W. W. Skinner, M. 8., Associate Chemist. 8S. M. Woodward, M. A., Consulting Meteorologist. GENERAL OUTLOOK, The Arizona Station has continued to give prominence to irrigation investigations, range improvement, animal husbandry, and the intro- duction of new crops. The irrigation investigations are in coopera- tion with this Office and the range improvements with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. During the year 4.2 square miles intended for observations in range improvement have been fenced and placed in condition favorable for the achievement of future results. The work with date palms (PI. I, fig. 1), also in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry, has been very successful. There S4 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. are now 15 acres in palms and this year a small crop of Rhars and Deglet Noor dates was obtained on 83-year-old trees. The work is attracting much attention, but would-be planters can not secure suck- ers for starting an orchard. The station will not be able to supply any of these until LO acres more are set out to palms. The work in animal husbandry has been interrupted by the resignation of the animal husbandman, who has gone to Nevada. He has been succeeded by T. F. McConnell, jr., formerly of Wisconsin, who has taken up some work on the improvement and care of milk, the feeding of dairy cows mainly with alfalfa used as a soiling crop, and the feeding of steers for beef. An experiment has also been made on the effect of barley added to alfalfa on the quality of pork. Some successful experiments with melons have been conducted at Phoenix. (PI. I, fig. 2.) About 700 young Hucalyptus rudis are being propagated and will be distributed next spring. This has been found to be the best variety for Arizona conditions, being frost and drought resisting and honey producing. A study of the Colorado River water in cooperation with the U. 5. Geological Survey has been continued. The station is making very satisfactory progress considering the conditions under which it is working. It was given an appropriation of $11,000 by the Territorial legislature last winter to be expended particularly in extending the date-palm experiments and improving the station farm, and for the dissemination of results of station work by means of publications, farmers’ institutes, and short courses of instruction. Institute work, including the giving of short courses of instruction, was undertaken at Thatcher, in the Upper Gila region, and was cordially received. This evidence of good will on the part of the people of the Territory is very encouraging. The desert labora- tory established near Tucson under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution is expected to be of material assistance to the station in the studying of native forage plants on the ranges under the control of the station. The work of the Arizona Station is now so well organ- ized that it could profitably utilize larger funds in the more extensive study of the problems of irrigation, range improvement, and animal husbandry, and might in this way more effectually aid the agricultural development of the Territory. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Arizona Station during — the past year were as follows: Chemistry—study of irrigation waters and their effects upon irrigated soils; botany; field experiments— cereals, forage crops; irrigation investigations; improvement of ranges; horticulture—date-palm growing, melons, vegetables, fruits, etc.; and feeding experiments—beef and dairy cattle, sheep, and hogs. Senate Doc. No. 148 PLATE lI. Fig. 1.—ARIZONA STATION—DEGLET Noor DATE PALM THREE YEARS AFTER PLANTING AT TEMPE. FiGg. 2.—ARIZONA STATION—MELON EXPERIMENTS AT PHOENIX. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PART OF FARM IN BACKGROUND. a, . re : : ' > La : ™ * _ > ‘ , Z - : ‘ . a J t - rad ae werk Fs ’ ‘ i * - ts _ x s ’ = ; P a 4 P . - -* » . at « ‘ ea, ~ od ac . = ARKANSAS. 85 INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: Rinited States appropriation. ._...-..:-....-.4..------<-.- $15, 000. 00 SERRE IVONETLRIONY 2 rennet re Sa alga. Sma = pee 741. 89 Ns ti eg ee ee eee: 1, 694. 21 RMGC EINCOUS. — 2... eee ee So pee ee 53. 06 ANGUTA NS Be de pes Ie pp ae aa as eae Se ee 9 ee 17, 489. 16 A report of the receipts.and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 43-45 on utilizing our water supply, the river-irrigating waters of Arizona, and timely hints to farmers; indexes to Bulletins 1-32 and Annual Reports for 1890-1899; and the Annual Report for 1902. The Annual Report, in addition to matter of an administrative character, contains articles on strawberries, eucalypts, the melon plant louse, and the ‘* manteca” disease, forage crops, dehorning fattening steers, and the dairy herd. ARKANSAS. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Puyetteville. Department of the University of Arkansas. GOVERNING BOARD. Board of Control—Agricultural Committee: G. T. Breckenridge, Paragould; J.C. South, Mountain Home; C. C. Hamby, Prescott; H. 8. Hartzog (President University), Fayetteville; W. G. Vineenheller, Fayetteville. STATION STAFF. W. G. Vincenheller, Director. Ernest Walker, B.S. Aar., Horticulturist, R. R. Dinwiddie, M. D., Pathologist, Entomologist. Bacteriologist. C. L. Newman, B. §., Agriculturist. J. F. Moore, B. 8., Chemist. GENERAL OUTLOOK. The work of the Arkansas Station during the past year has been largely a continuation of investigations started in former years. Pork production is one of the most promising lines of animal husbandry in the State and is, as it has been in previous years, one of the most prominent features of station work. The station has made a very thorough study of the best succession of grazing crops for hogs, the poisonous effects of cotton-seed meal, and swine diseases. These experiments have shown that under 86 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Arkansas conditions pigs can be profitably raised on alfalfa and pea- nuts with some grain to harden the meat. Cotton-seed meal seems to be suited to the latter purpose, and it has been found that, when fed to pigs at a daily rate of 0.25 per cent of the live weight of the pig, it accomplishes this result without injury to the animal. An interesting general result of the experiments on the poisonous effects of cotton- seed meal is that ‘‘the harmful effects of overfeeding with cotton-seed meal are manifested in all species of animals so far tested. Hogs exhibit no great excess of susceptibility over cattle when fed in doses proportionate to their weight.” Experiments on other important features of this subject are being continued. The effect of ‘*hog- ‘anching” according to the above system, as well as the residual effect of leguminous plants on the fertility of the soil, are being studied. This work has for its object the solution of the important question of increasing and conserving the fertility of the soil by simple farm methods. The cowpea has been found to be one of the most valuable crops for this purpose, and the station has in progress quite extensive experiments inthe improvement of this plant. Digestion experiments with a number of animal fats and vegetable oils have given results which indicate that the vegetable oils are more completely digested than animal fats, that the digestibility of both fats and oils is increased by cooking, and that their digestibility decreases as their fluidity decreases. The station is cooperating with this Department in testing a large number of imported yarieties of apples. The substation at Newport has been discontinued and the work in pork production there trans- ferred to Fayetteville, where it will be continued in connection with rotation and soil improvement experiments. An appropriation of 31,000 has been secured from the State for the inspection and control of contagious diseases of animals. Several minor improvements in station equipment have been made, including the erection of an inex- pensive equipment for poultry experiments, the moving of the barns to a more suitable location, and the planting of shrubbery and flowers for the beautification of the grounds. At the close of the year the director resigned and was succeeded by W. G. Vincenheller, who was at one time pomologist and institute worker at the station. The station is in need of aid in the study of plant diseases and of additional funds for printing. Coincident with the recent revision of the mailing list a circular was sent out asking those who cared to have their names continued on the list to fill out and return the blanks. Over 90 per cent of the 5,500 recipients of this circular responded promptly and sent in the names of enough others desiring the station publications to increase the mailing list to over 20,000 names. This is an indication of one way in which the station might with additional funds reach a larger number of its constituents. It might reach many CALIFORNIA. 87 more if some provision were made for holding farmers’ institutes in the State. The president of the university with which the station is connected is starting the institute work, but can not accomplish much in this direction without additional State aid. It is hoped that such aid and also additional funds for the station will soon be provided. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Arkansas Station dur- ing the past year were as follows: Chemistry of foods—lard and oils used in cooking, effect of different feeds on the quality of the fat of hogs; field experiments—selection of wheat and oats, culture of corn in combination with cowpeas, soy beans, rape, peanuts, etc., for for- age; horticulture—apples, peaches, small fruits, and garden vegetables, investigation of insecticides; plant breeding—cowpea; diseases of plants; feeding experiments—feeding and pasturing swine on peanuts, chufas, cotton-seed meal, etc.; and diseases of animals—swine plague, swine pest, and investigation of methods for applying vaccine. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: Minted States ap PLOpriatlGM ow. 4-2. ose sane eee eee $15, 000. 00 EEUU CIE ese eee ee ee he ee 914. 79 ACL pe a aR et Bie hires Se ts 15, 914. 79 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 72-75, including reports on experiments with sweet potatoes, pork production and hog ranching, alfalfa, and the phosphate rocks of Arkansas. CALIFORNIA. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, Perkeley. Department of the University of California. GOVERNING BOARD. The Regents of the University: Governor G. C. Pardee (e2-officio President), Sacra- mento; Alden Anderson, 2 Morgan st., Suisun City; Arthur G. Fisk, Mills Building, San Francisco; T. J. Kirk (State Superintendent of Public Instruction), Sacramento; Benjamin F, Rush, Suisun City; R. J. Taussig, 26 Main st., San Francisco; Benjamin Ide Wheeler, 1820 Scenic ave., Berkeley; Isaias W. Hellman, Nevada Bank, San Fran- cisco; Chester Rowell, Fresno; J. A. Waymire, Alameda; C. W. Slack, Nevada Block, San Francisco; J. Ys. Reinstein, 217 Sansome st., San Francisco; J. FE. Budd, Stockton; Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst, Pleasanton; A. W. Foster, Mutual Life Insurance SS REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Building, San Francisco; Garret W. Mcknerney, Nevada Block, San Francisco; CO. N. Ellinwood, 2789 Pacific ave., Sun Irrancisco; J. W. McKinley, 254 South Broadway, Los Angeles; Rey. P. C. York, 1267 Sixteenth ave., Oakland; J. A. W. Dohrman, 7/2 worth ave., Oakland; F. ’ Britton, 632 Wals- Sutton st., San Francisco; C. 8. Wheeler, 582 Market st., San Francisco; G. C. Earl, 2739 Pacific ave., San Francisco. , , , 4 , STATION STAFF, Kk. W. Hilgard, Pr. Chemist. EK. J. Wickson, M. A., //orticullurist. W. A. Setchell,@ Pu. D., Botanist. R. H. Loughridge, Pu. D., Agricultural Geologist and Soil Physicist (Soils and Alkali). C. W. Woodworth, M. 8., 2ntomologist. R. E. Smith, B. 8., Plant Pathologist. Elwood Mead, M. 8., C. E., Irrigation Engineering. M. E. Jaffa, M. S., (Foods and Nutrition). George Roberts, M. 8., Chemist (Fertilizer Control). D., LL. D., Director; Assistant Chemist G. W. Shaw, M. A., Px. D., Assistant Chemist (Sugars, Starches, Oils). G. E. Colby, M. 8., Assistant Chemist (Fruits, Waters, and Insecticides). H. M. Hall, M. 8., Assistant Botanist. A. R. Ward, B. §. A., D. V. My Veteri- narian, Bacteriologist. K. H. Twight, B. S., Dipléme FE. A. M., Viticulturist. - KE. W. Major, B. Acr., Animal Industry. H. J. Quayle, Assistant in Entomology. C. A. Triebel, Pr. G., Student Assistant in Agricultural Laboratory. W. T. Clarke, Assistant Superintendent of University Extension. A. V. Stubenrauch, M. 8S. A., Assistant Horticulturist, Superintendent Substations. S. Fortier, M. E., Irrigation. A. P. Stover, B.8., Assistant in Irrigation. Emil Kellner, Foreman of Grounds. C. A. Colmore, B. 8., Clerk to Director. W. H. Voleh, Temporary Assistant Iento- mologist. OUTLYING STATIONS. San Joaquin Valley Station: John Tuohy, Patron, Tulare; Julius Forrer, Foreman, Tulare. Southern California Station: J. FE. Foreman, Ontario. McComas, Patron, Pomona; James W. Mills, Chico Forestry Station: A. A. Knowlton, Patron, Chico; J. H. Ooley, Workman in Charge. Santa Monica Forestry Station: Roy Jones, Patron, Santa Monica; William Shutt, Foreman, Santa Monica. Poultry Experiment Station: H. O. Woodworth, Moreman, Pelaluma. GENERAL OUTLOOK. The California Station has continued to investigate a large number of problems reiated to the principal agricultural and horticultural interests of the State. During the year a considerable amount of entomological work has been closed and the results published; also some viticultural and beet-sugar work. In these lines and in horti- culture considerable new work has been undertaken, and a_ plant pathologist, who has inaugurated investigations on asparagus rust, has been added to the staff. The entomologist is cooperating with individuals, county officers, and other Pacific coast entomologists in studies of the codling moth, red spider, peach borer, and peach worm. aQOn leave. CALIFORNIA. 8Y The horticulturist cooperates with farmers in a number of ways, including tests of application of fertilizers, green manures, etc.; the plant pathologist with the California Asparagus Growers’ Association in his work on asparagus rust; and the animal pathologist with stockmen on diseases of animals. With this Office the cooperative enterprises include irrigation and nutrition investigations; and with the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department, investigations of the gluten content of wheat, the influence of environment on the sugar content of muskmelons, the available plant food in soils, and sugar beets. Members of the staff have assisted as heretofore in the farmers’ institute work and find that a limited amount of such work aids them in keeping informed on matters requiring investigation. The inspection work of the station is growing. A recent law adds ferti- lizer control to the duties of the station and provides funds for the inspection. This has made possible the addition of another chemist to the staff, which has also been strengthened by the addition of a plant pathologist as noted above, and an assistant entomologist. The Southern Coast Range Substation at Paso Robles and the Sierra Foothills Substation at Jackson have been closed. At the Southern California Substation, Pomona, a contract has been made for an adequate water supply, and additions to the pipe lines and _ the capacity of the reservoir have been made. At the San Joaquin Valley Substation, Tulare, a complete pumping plant and pipe-line system for irrigation have been installed. At the Chico Forestry Substation a workman’s cottage has been erected, thus permitting permanent resi- dence and closer supervision of work. The last legislature granted the Berkeley Station $3,000 for viticultural investigations and $5,000 for the establishment of a poultry experiment station at Petaluma. This station is to be under the supervision of the director of the Berkeley Station and its objects are to study the diseases of poultry; the value of poultry foods for the production of flesh, fat, eggs, and feathers; methods of sanitation; and means of promoting the poultry interests of the State. The station has also had some assistance from individuals and associations for special investigations. The people in two counties raised $2,500 for work on the codling moth. Another county pays the salary of an assistant entomologist, who is working on the red spider, and several associations and commissions interested in cooperative work have supplied various amounts. From the way in which the people of the State through their legislators and the people of certain localities and different associa- tions interested in special investigations are supporting the California Station by giving funds for special investigations and otherwise aiding these enterprises, it is evident that the work of the station is highly appreciated. The vast resources of this State render it necessary that the station have larger funds to investigate the , . 90 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. problems arising in different localities and in connection with various industries, and it is hoped that provision will be made soon for liberal funds which shall be more permanent than the irregular appropriations and donations heretofore given. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the California Station during the past year were as follows: Physics, chemistry and geo- graphical distribution of soils; bacteriology; fertilizers; field crops; horticulture; botany; meteorology; technology of wine and olive oil, including zymology; beet-sugar chemistry; chemistry of foods and feeding stuffs; animal husbandry; entomology; dairying; drainage and irrigation; reclamation of alkali lands; and plant pathology. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States "appropriation: > 225-2 se-- sees eee eee eee $15, 000. 00 Farm products: 2 22088 5320065 3 See eee oe ee 1, 243. 14 POTAL 22 See oo ard Se at ee Se eons eee 16, 243. 14 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 141-146 and 148 on experiments with deciduous fruits at Paso Robles, grasshoppers in California, the California peach-tree borer, the peach worm, the red spider of citrus trees, new methods of grafting and budding vines, and resistant vines and their hybrids. A special seed bulletin on the distribution of seeds and plants was also received. COLORADO. Agricultural Experiment Station, Fort Collins. Department of the State Agricultural College of Colorado. GOVERNING BOARD. The State Board of Agriculture: P. F. Sharp (President), Denver; A. M. Hawley (Secretary), Fort Collins; Whitney Newton (State Treasurer), Denver; George A. Webb (Local Treasurer), Fort Collins; B. F. Rockafellow, Canyon City; Mrs. EF. F. Routt, Denver; Jesse Harris, Fort Collins; Harlan Thomas, Denver; J. L. Chatfield, Gypsum; B. U. Dye, Rockyford; ¥.. H. Grubb, Carbondale; Governor J. H. Peabody (ex officio), Denver; B. O. Aylesworth (ex officio), Fort Collins. COLORADO. 9] STATION STAFF. Li. 'G. Carpenter, @ M. 8., Director; Trriga- F. M. Rolfs, B. S., Assistant Horticultiwrist. tion Engineer. > . M. Hawley, Secretary. C. P. Gillette, M. S., Entomologist. A. D. Milligan, Clerk, Stenographer. W. P. Headden, M. A., Pu. D., Chemist. F. C. Alford, B. S., Assistant Chemist. Wendell Paddock, M. 8., Botanist, ITorti- Earl Douglass, B. S8., Assistant Chemist. culturist. R. E. Trimble, B. S., Assistant Meteorolo- Gi. Glover, M. S., D. V..M., Veteri- gist, Irrigation Engineer. narian. S. Arthur Johnson, M. S., Assistant En- W. L. Carlyle, B.S. A., Animal Hushand- tomologist. ; man. P. K. Blinn, B. 8., Field Agent, Arkansas A. H. Danielson, B. 8., Agronomist. Valley Substation, Rockyford. J.-E. Payne, M. S., Field Agent. GENERAL OUTLOOK.. The Colorado Station has continued lines of work formerly in progress, giving considerable attention to irrigation investigations, the utilization of by-products of the sugar beet, and horticultural investigations. The chemist has made digestion experiments with sheep on coarse fodders, and the agriculturist soiling experiments with cows and feeding experiments with pigs. The results of a number of feeding experiments with cows, pigs, and lambs have been published. The chemist is also studying the changes in the composition and character of the solids and sediment of irrigation waters at different stages, and also in stored water. The horticulturist is studying the Rhizoctonia of potatoes—the cause of large tops and no tubers, and conducting a number of experiments in cooperation with a large number of farmers to secure varieties resistant to Rhizoctonia. He is also con- ducting cooperative experiments with fertilizers for fruit trees. The experiments in cooperation with this Department now include investiga- tions of the gluten content of wheat, sugar-beet investigations, the influence of environment on the sugar content of muskmelons, and the available plant food in soils with the Bureau of Chemistry; investigations of the conditions and limitations incident to the extension of the dairy industry in the short-grass country between the Mississippi Valley and the Rocky Mountains with the Bureau of Animal Industry. On the farm the breeding and selection of macaroni wheats have been given attention, and there have also been experiments with varieties of wheat in the San Luis Valley to secure an earlier-ripening variety. Range experiments have been in progress on a tract belonging to the college farm. The station has now practically closed down its substation work. The Arkansas Valley Substation has been rented to a progressive graduate of the college, who will do some experimenting for the sta- tion to make further tests of some things which have been tried there. aQOn leave. 92 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, The Cheyenne Wells farm is also leased. The station maintains two field agents, one in the Arkansas Valley and one on the plains, who have been doing considerable useful work in a practical way and in the dissemination of information, the collection of data, etc. A reser- voir with an area of 50 acres and an inlet for conducting storm water from an extensive watershed have been under construction during the year, and a structure for a central heating plant is nearing com- pletion. The last legislature made an appropriation of $40,000 for a building for the department of civil and irrigation engineering at the college, in which provision will also be made for the office of the sta- tion director. Several changes in the station staff, especially among assistants, have occurred during the year. The vacancy in the posi- tion of professor of agriculture in the college and agriculturist of the station has been filled by the election of W. L. Carlyle, of the Uni- versity of Wisconsin. The director of the station has been made State irrigation engineer, but still retains his position in the station. The Colorado Station has investigations of considerable importance in progress. The most extensive and important problems under con- sideration are those relating to irrigation, and it is much to be desired that nothing shall interfere with the vigorous and systematic prosecu- tion of these investigations. The farm operations of this station need to be more fully put under the control of its expert officers. Lack of funds has compelled the station to restrict its work in a number of directions, including especially horticulture and animal husbandry, and it is hoped that means may be provided soon for extending the work of the station along these important lines. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Colorado Station during the past year were as follows: Chemistry—analysis of soils and irrigation waters, sugar-beet investigations, studies of methods of analyzing feeding stuffs, etc.; field experiments—vyariety tests of wheat and oats for different altitudes; horticulture; diseases of plants; entomology—study of the codling moth, grasshoppers, various borers and leaf rollers, cutworms, and insects working on sugar beets and cantaloupes; irrigation—use of water, measurements of losses from ditches, studies of means for economizing water, measurements of seepage on the Platte, the Arkansas, the Rio Grande, and their tributaries. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation: 22-32 s-2 22s se eee ee $15, 000. 00 Farm producta:.c2 220522 Meee ee eee ee eee 133. 67 Miscellaneous, including balance from previous year. - - - - - - 994. 05 Total... 22.2 Ae ee ee ee 16, 127272 CONNECTICUT. 93 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 72-81 and the Annual Report for 1902. The bulletins include a soil study—IV, the ground water; the feeding value of beet pulp; swine feeding in Colorado; lamb feeding experiments; feeding beet pulp to lambs; unirrigated lands of eastern Colorado; the tomato industry of the Arkansas Valley; treatment of stinking smut in wheat; laying down peach trees, and onion growing in the Cache la Poudre Valley. The Annual Report contains the usual matters of an admin- istrative nature and reports from the different departments. CONNECTICUT. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New /Haven. GOVERNING BOARD. State Board of Control: Governor Abiram Chamberlain (President), Hartford; W. H. Brewer (Secretary), New Haven; E. H. Jenkins (Treasurer), New Iaven; W. O. Atwater, Middletown; Edwin Hoyt, New Canaan; J. H. Webb, Box 1425, New Haven; T. 8. Gold, West Cornwall; B. W. Collins, Meriden. STATION STAFF. E. H. Jenkins, Pu. D., Director. G. P. Clinton, 8. D., Botanist. A. L. Winton, Px. B., Chemist. V. E. Cole, Librarian, Clerk. T. B. Osborne, Pu. D., Chemist. L. M. Brautlecht, Assistant Clerk. A. W. Ogden, Pu. B., Chemist. William Veitch, in charge of Buildings M. Silverman, Pu. B., Chemist. and Grounds. I. F. Harris, Pu. B., Chemist. Hugo Lange, Laboratory Assistant. FE. Monroe Bailey, Chemist. J. B. Olcott, in charge of Grass Garden W. E. Britton, Pa. D., Entomologist. (South Manchester ). Walter Mulford, I. E., in charge of Forest William Pokrob, Laboratory Assistant. Work and State Forester. V. L. Churchill, Sampling Agent. GENERAL OUTLOOK. The lines of work at the Connecticut State Station have not been changed or enlarged during the past year. Progress has been made, however, in the increased amount of work done. Considerable inves- tigation is being conducted on the microscopy of food adulterations, which is of a fundamental character and is of widespread usefulness. Work of this kind has been done with edible berries, certain cultivated sorghums, and seeds found in wheat screenings. Chemical studies of considerable permanent value were made on the effect of roasting on the cocoa bean and on the composition of authentic samples of cocoa beans and shells. The investigation of vegetable proteids continues 4 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. to be one of the leading lines of strictly scientific investigation. The work of the station forester is increasing popular interest in the util- ization of waste lands for timber growth. Water companies are realizing the value of timber growth as a protection to watersheds both in conserving the rainfall and in lessening the danger of infee- tion. ‘The station has planted valuable timber on 100 acres of waste land in order to test experimentally different ways of planting and caring for the trees and to furnish an object lesson in forest manage- ment. The experiments with tobacco grown under shade have been continued, and it is the opinion of the station authorities that there is a future for the production of Sumatra leaf in this country when experience in handling the leaf has been gained. At the present time much of the crop is spoiled in the process sof fermenting. The station is cooperating with the Bureau of Soils of this Department in testing tobacco seed imported from Sumatra, with the Bureau of Plant Indus- try in tests of novelties introduced by the seed trade and studies of the alfalfa plant, and with the Bureau of Forestry in tree planting experiments. The inspection work of this station is growing steadily in variety and amount and absorbs an increasing amount of its energy. The work now includes the inspection of fertilizers, foods, feeding stuffs, orchard pests, and dairy apparatus. The State does not always pro- vide adequate means for all of this work, so that it becomes something of a financial burden. In addition to the more practical enterprises the station is doing a large amount of strictly scientific work of great value and its influence is being felt throughout the State. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Connecticut State Sta- tion during the past year were as follows: Analysis and inspection of fertilizers, foods, and feeding stuffs; inspection of Babcock test appa- ratus and nurseries; chemistry—study of vegetable proteids; diseases of plants; horticulture—fertilization of orchards and study of the anatomy of fruits; forestry; field experiments—tobacco, grasses for turf making and pasture; and entomology. INCOME, The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United /States appropriation@ =- eee ee eee $7, 500. 00 State appropriate... eee eee See eae Ae 15, 500. 00 Individtials 5 foc oe ee eo 10, 340. 00 WeOCS woe so slowed Sua Mas oe ee re 3, 019. 64 Farm products. 2022 Sore ee ee ee eee GIN7 Miscellaneous’. =... asech 5 oe eee eee 20. 29 Total... 22530 eee ee eee ees 36, 441, 90 CONNECTICUT. 95 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Part IV of the Annual Report for 1901, containing articles on the examination of Babcock apparatus, fertilization of peach orchards, tobacco growing, composition of feeding stuffs, the nucleic acid of the wheat embryo, and the report of the forester; Bulletins 139-143 on the apple-tree tent caterpillar, the white fly or plant-house aleurodes, commercial feeding stuffs in the Connecticut market, spray calendar, and two common scale insects of the orchard; and Parts I and II of the Annual Report for 1902 devoted, respectively, to fertilizers, and the second report of the State entomologist. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs. 4 Department of the Connecticut Agricultural College. GOVERNING BOARD. Board of Trustees: Governor Abiram Chamberlain (ex-officio President), Hartford; E. H. Jenkins (ex-officio Vice-President), New Haven; George A. Hopson (Secretary), East Wallingford; B. C. Patterson, Torrington; E. S. Henry, Rockville; George 8S. Palmer, Norwich; D. W. Patten, North Haven; C. A. Capen, Willimantic; A. J. Pier- pont, Waterbury; L. J. Storrs, Spring Hill. . STATION STAFF. L. A. Clinton, M. 8., Director; Agricul- H.L. Garrigus, B. AGr., Assistant in Field turist. Experiments. A. G. Gulley, M. 8., Horticulturist. EK. R. Bennett, B. S., Assistant Horticul- W. O. Atwater, Pu. D., Supervisor Nutri- turist. tion Investigations (Middletown). W. M. Esten, M. 8., Laboratory Assistant H. W. Conn, Pu. D., Supervisor Dairy (Middletown). Bacteriology (Middletown). B. F. Koons, Pa. D., Consulting Ento- C. L. Beach, B. 8., Dairy Husbandman. mologist. W. A. Stocking, jr., B. S. A., Assistant B. B. Turner, Pu. D., Consulting Chemist. Bacteriologist. Kk. H. Lehnert, B.8., D. V.8., Consulting F. H. Stoneburn, Powltryman. Veterinarian. -E. A. White, B. 8., Consulting Botanist. GENERAL OUTLOOK. The reorganization of this station and its work has continued during the past year and as a result the station has been put in better condi- tion financially and as regards facilities for work than it has ever been in the past. The State appropriation of $1,800 for food and dairy work has been divided equally between the supervisor of nutrition @Telegraph address, Storrs via Willimantic; railroad station, express, and freight address, Eagleville. 96 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. investigations and the dairy department of the college, and the latter is now in position to take up much more extensive work in dairying, especially dairy bacteriology. This, in fact, is being made one of the main features of the station’s work. The direction that this work is now taking is along lines of sanitary milk production and the methods of manufacturing soft cheeses, which at the present time are almost entirely imported. Although some of them are manufactured at one or two places in the United States, the process of manufacturing is a trade secret and not generally known. Under the direction of the supervisor of dairy bacteriology the station has succeeded in making a quality of cheese which is declared by experts to be equal to the imported article. This line of work promises to be of great importance and may result in the establishment of a new industry for New Eng- land. There have also been feeding experiments with dairy cows; tests of milk as a feed for pigs; experiments on the cost of raising calves, on legumes as cover crops, and in poultry culture, including the raising, feeding, and breeding of ducks, the production of squabs, and the cost of egg production. The work in horticulture has included diseases of fruits and vege- tables, diseases of fruit in cold storage, the thinning of fruit, and tests of varieties. The extensive orchards of a fruit grower at South Glastonbury, Conn., have been placed at the command of the station for experimental purposes, and a station officer has spent considerable time in carrying on experiments in these orchards during the past year. In cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department and with nearly one hundred farmers in the State, the station is conducting experiments with alfalfa to determine the areas where it can be successfully produced. Investigations on the food and nutrition of man have as heretofore been aided by a special appropriation from the State, and are carried on at Middletown in connection with similar investigations conducted under the auspices of this Office (see p. 64). The chemist of the college has resigned, and has been succeeded by B. B. Turner, who becomes consulting chemist of the station. A small laboratory in the chemical building has been fitted up for station work. The professor of English in the college has been made editor of station publications. The old experiment plats, proving unsuited to the purpose, have been given up and a new location selected which will be put in condition. The station will fit up a laboratory for soil physicsand seed testing in the agricultural building. The equipment has been considerably improved inseveral other particulars during the year. The station is coming more intimately in contact with the farmers of - the State, and is endeavoring to conduct investigations that will be of interest tothem. Its outlook as an agency to aid the agriculture of the State is much brighter than it has been in the past, DELAWARE. 97 LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Connecticut Storrs Station during the past year were as follows: Food and nutrition of man and animals; bacteriology of dairy products; field experiments— fertilizers, soil tests, cover crops, nitrogen experiments; poultry experiments; dairying. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: Paned sistes-approprigtion +. 37 2237. . - oe e cc ee nee $7, 500. 00 PN HORAE DP UOPLUAULON = ee Sete eke 2 ste Se tee nee rp. a eo 1, 800. 00 INR OM ANG OUS ate tae ee APES Seren mens fae S ESE Ic 33. 55 TRAN ITIIGS pate Rates Sta ce NB 9 ia a a eel eal letae NS et oa ae 9, 333. 55 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletin 24, on the history of a tuberculous herd of cows, Bulletin 25, on the covered pail as a factor in sanitary milk production, and the Annual Report for 1901. The latter contains in addition to administrative reports the records of meteorological observations, and reports on the following: An experiment on soil improvement, pot experiments with nitrogenous fertilizers, field experiments with fertilizers, the digestibility and availability of food materials. — DELAWARE. The Delaware College Agyicultural Experiment Station, Newark. Department of Delaware College. GOVERNING BOARD. Board of Trustees—Committee on Agriculture: George G. Kerr ( Chairman), Newark; James Hossinger, Newark; Manlove Hayes, Dover; Daniel W. Corbit, Odessa; 8. H. Messick, Bridgeville. STATION STAFF. Arthur T. Neale, M. A., Pu. D., Director; C. L. Penny, M. A., Chemist. Agriculturist. C. O. Houghton, B. A., Entomologist. F. D. Chester, M. 8., Mycologist. C. O. Smith, -B. S., Assistant Bacteriolo- C. P. Close, M. 8., Horticulturist. gist. GENERAL OUTLOOK. The lines of work pursued by the Delaware Station during the past year do not differ materially from those of previous years. Some of the features given especial prominence are studies in soil bacteriology S. Doe. 148, 58-2——7 OS REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. and chemistry, dairy husbandry, animal diseases, the introduction of the proper method of spraying and orchard management in the State, and the study of cover crops for orchards in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. The station is also cooperating with the Division of Entomology in studying the San José scale and Asiatic ladybird. A test of a mercury vapor electric light in forcing lettuce and celery under greenhouse benches is being planned. At the close of the year the professor of agriculture in the college and the meteorologist of the station resigned and has been succeeded by James A. Foord, formerly of Cornell University and station. A building, formerly occupied in part by the college for a gymnasium and other purposes, has now been turned over exclusively to the station. It has been moved and refitted and will add materially to the station equipment. In the college with which the station is connected an especial effort is being made to develop agricultural courses, and. just now considerable attention is being given to short courses. The station council system has been abandoned and the administrative policy is practically the same as it was before the council system was adopted. The college and station have only a very limited area of land for purposes of instruction or investigation, and additional funds might profitably be used in the purchase and equipment of a farm. The station should also have additional funds for the purpose of developing experiments in agronomy and scientific investigations in other lines of work. Many of the difficulties which this station and the college with which it is connected have encoun- tered in the development of their work have been due to a lack of suflicient financial support from the State. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Delaware Station during the past year were as follows: Chemistry; bacteriology—studies of nitrifying bacteria and nitrogen-assimilating bacteria; field experi- ments—cultural experiments with legumes and other forage and_ field crops, breeding experiments with cereals; horticulture—study of cover crops for orchards, pruning of orchards, varieties of fruits; diseases of plants—study of blights and other diseases of cantaloupes, canker of pears and apples, asparagus rust and other fungus diseases of fruits and vegetables; feeding experiments; diseases of animals; entomol- ogy—studies of insects attacking fruit and shade trees; and dairying. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation « .- 22ers 2c es ee eaters a ts 515, 000 FLORIDA. oo A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 56-59 on some destructive caterpillars, sundry notes on plant diseases, the San José scale, and the codling moth. FLORIDA. Agricultural Experiment Station of Florida, Luke City. Department of University of Florida. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Board of Trustees: George W.Wilson (President), Jacksonville; F. F.S. Stringer (Secretary), Brooksville; 1. D. Beggs, President), Kissimmee; F. M. Simonton, Tampa; J. R. Jernigan (Clerk), Lake City. EK. Harris, Ocala; Pensacola; C. A. Carson ( Vice- Parrott, Jacksonville; W. P. STATION STAFF. T. H. Taliaferro, C. E., Pu. D., Director. ies Miller, Me S:, Director. H. A. Gossard, M. 8., Entomologist. H. H. Hume, M. 8., Botanist, Horticul- turist. C. F. Dawson, M. D., D.V.S., Veterinarian. C. M. Conner, B. A., Agriculturist. A. W. Blair, M. S., Assistant Chemist. W. P. Jernigan, Auditor, Bookkeeper. Chemist, Vice- A. L. Clayton, Stenographer, Librarian. F. C. Reimer, B. 8., Assistant Botanist, Horticulturist. R. A. Lichtenthaeler, B. $., Assistant Chemist. W. E. Worthington, Assistant in Field Experiments. J. F. Mitchell, Foreman of Farm. J. H. Jefferies, Foreman of Gardens and Orchards. . GENERAL OUTLOOK. The Florida Station has made considerable progress in organizing the work of investigation during the past year in spite of the fact that several of its departments have been somewhat handicapped by the lack of sufficient competent assistance. There has been a commenda- ble spirit of cooperation between different members of the staff. The botanist and horticulturist, the entomologist, and the chemist are doing especially effective work in this way on citrus fruits, including the study of varieties, culture, composition, insect pests, marketing, etc. The botanist and horticulturist has published during the year three of a series of bulletins on citrus fruits, and is collecting data for others of this series. His department has been moved to new quarters, giving better facilities for work, and a new greenhouse is now being constructed and additional land placed at his disposal. The entomol- ogist has published a very complete monograph on the white fly, and LOO REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. is also supplementing the work of the botanist and horticulturist on pecans by a study of pecan insects. The chemist is giving special attention to a study of the composition of Florida fruits and of pine- apple soils, regarding which a bulletin has recently been published. He is also conducting experiments with pineapple fertilizers in coop- eration with prominent pineapple growers which have given some unexpected and important results. He is cooperating with the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department in a study of the vegetable plant food in soils. The station is also cooperating with the Bureau of Plant Industry in testing novelties introduced by the seed trade, and with the Division of Entomology in studies of the San José scale and the Asiatic ladybird. The agriculturist is making a thorough study of the relative agri- cultural value of velvet beans, cassava, and sweet potatoes, including culture and feeding experiments. It isconsidered especially important that the station work on cassava be repeated to settle beyond doubt its actual farm value. The experimental work with pineapples at Jensen has been continued on a very satisfactory cooperative basis, and the substation at Bocaraton has also been continued. A consid- erable portion of the wooded area of the new farm has been cleared. While this farm is to be devoted mainly to general farm operations, a part has been assigned to the botanist and horticulturist for experi- mental work, and another part to the entomologist for an orchard to test the limits of endurance of different fruit trees for different kinds of sprays. ‘The new science building has been completed and is occu- pied by the different departments, with the exception of chemistry. As stated above, the staffof the Florida Station are working together harmoniously in conducting their investigations, and yet the need of a separate director to organize and manage the station work as a unit is felt. The station is in need of additional funds for maintenance. With its present resources it is able to work effectively in only a few lines, and its chief officers are overburdened with details which should be attended to by competent assistants. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Florida Station during the past year were as follows: Chemistry—study of pineapple soils and of the food and fertilizer ingredients of pineapples; field experi- ments—cassava, corn, and other farm crops; horticulture—asparagus culture, blight of tomatoes, celery and cantaloupes, varieties of straw- berries and dewberries, studies of citrus fruits, experiments with lettuce and pineapples under cover; feeding experiments with hogs, steers, and dairy animals; veterinary science-—Texas fever and nature and causes of salt sickness; entomology—white fly, San José scale, pine- apple insects, and pecan budworm. GEORGIA. 101 INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: cented States appropriation « .ac<-j2222 -< sScnceeh elas n.. $15, 000. 00 LICE ss ee eee eT Se ae 8 Sor So ee a 1, 650. 08 eaten ipa cranes hit a YR abies Pipes Cae bea hee 2 16, 650. 08 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 61-66, including the following subjects: Two peach scales, the Peen-to peach group, packing citrus fruits, Texas cattle fever and salt-sick, the kumquats, and the Mandarin orange group. The bulletins on citrus fruits, kumquats, and the Mandarin orange group are to be followed by others, comprising a series on inquiries regarding citrus fruits. GEORGIA. Georgia Experiment Station, [xperiment.¢ Department of Georgia State College of Agriculture and Mechanie Arts. GOVERNING BOARD. Board of Directors: O. B. Stevens (President), Atlanta; J. B. Park, jr. (Secretary and Treasurer), Greensboro; Walter B. Hill, Athens; H. C. White, Athens; G. M. Ryals, Savannah; P. E. Boyd, Leary; J. T. Ferguson, De Soto; J. H. Mobley, Ham- ilton; A. J. Smith, Conyers; N. B. Drewry, Griffin; Felix Corput, Cavespring; John Deadwyler, Maysville; George Gilmore, Warthen; William Henderson, Ocilla. STATION STAFF. R. J. Redding, Director. J. M. Kimbrough, Agriculturist. H. C. White, C. E., Pa. D., Vice-Director; Claude L. Willoughby, B. AGr., Dairyman. Chemist, Josephine M. Heyfron, Stenographer, Ac- H. N. Starnes, B. A., Biologist, Horticul- countant. turist. D. A. Duffee, Foreman in Horticulture. GENERAL OUTLOOK, Few changes in the lines of work were made at the Georgia Station during the past year. The results of investigations carried on indicate that subsoiling is not a justifiable practice on soils available to the station; that both cotton and corn should be planted in squares allowing cultivation both ways, and that the most effective commercial fertilizers on the upland soils of middle Georgia are (1) for corn, 10 parts of avail- able phosphoric acid, 2 parts of potash, and 5 parts of nitrogen; (2) for cotton, 10 parts of available phosphoric acid, 3 parts of potash, and “Telegraph, freight, and express address, Griffin. 102 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. % parts of nitrogen. Some new features have been introduced in animal husbandry and dairying. ‘These include tests of cotton-seed meal and other concentrated feeds, a succession of soiling crops for dairy cows, and a herd record. Studies of the effect of different feeds on the quality (hardness) of butter, and tests of different kinds of silage have been planned. Investigations for the purpose of estab- lishing a schedule of formulas for the safe use of Bordeaux mixture on peaches; fertilizer tests with peaches; a thorough and comprehen- sive test of the Stringfellow method of pruning peaches, apples, and cherries; tests of carbon bisulphid for weevils in grain, and the hybrid- ization of citrus fruits have been undertaken. The culture of ginseng, which was discontinued in 1898, has been resumed. ; The extensive vineyard of numerous varieties is being replaced by a limited number of approved varieties of grapes trained on different systems. Cooperative experiments with cantaloupes have been dis- continued, but experiments will be continued at the station. The station is cooperating with this Office in nutrition investigations, with the Bureau of Plant Industry in testing varieties of corn, and with the Division of Entomology in studies of the San José scale and the Asi- atic ladybird. The publication of press bulletins has been resumed and farmers’ institutes are being developed under the auspices of the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at. Athens, with the cooperation of station officials. The work of this station is conducted on too narrow a basis to fully meet the needs of the agriculture of the State. Its most important work thus far has been in field and orchard experiments and these should be extended to different regions of the State. The investiga- tions in animal husbandry and dairying should be put on a more scientific basis, and also be conducted on a larger scale as regards their practical features. The resources of the station might well be increased to enable it to enlarge its work along the lines indicated above. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Georgia Station during the past year were as follows: Field experiments—culture and fer- tilizer tests; horticulture—orchard and small fruits, celery, canta- loupes, forcing vegetables; pig feeding; and dairying. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriation > 2-0. .22ps.s 5326-22 eee eee $15, 000. 00 State: approprigtion.. 4225.2 -- See Sao ee eee 784. 67 Farm products 22-2 25-2 te son a ae ee eee eee 1, 739. 64 Miscellaneous ..22~ 5.922. SS ee Se ee 4, 289. 75 Totallo 222 Freon om = oes eee ae ae ee ee eee 21, 814. 06 HAWAII. 103 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules proyided by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 57-59 on cantaloupe culture in Georgia, corn culture, and cotton culture; and the Annual Report of the station for 1902. HAWATI. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, Honolulu. Under the supervision of A. C. True, Director, Office of Experiment Stations, United States Department of Agriculture. STATION STAFF. Jared G. Smith, Special Agent in Charge; KE. C. Shorey, Chemist. F in charge of Farmers’ Institutes. *. EK. Conter, Farm Foreman. D. L. Van Dine, Entomologist. J. E. Higgins, Expert in Horticulture. GENERAL OUTLOOK. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903, the work of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station was in continuation of the various lines of investigation described in the previous reports, with such special increase as occasion demanded. Additional portions of the station lands have been brought under cultivation and some experi- ments begun which will require a number of years for completion. The permanent improvements, such as buildings, fences, irrigation plant, ete., have been extended as occasion required and funds per- mitted. A new building was erected for the use of the agriculturist and entomologist, and the irrigation plant extended by the addition of about 2,000 feet of pipe, thus enabling the more extended application of water for the lower portions of the station grounds. Numerous additions to the library have been made by purchase and otherwise, and it is fast becoming a valuable asset of the station. Provision has been made for an office and library building. The experiments on taro rot and potato rot have been continued upon an enlarged scale. One of the diseases of the taro plant was held in check by proper attention to irrigation water and the applica- tion of proper fertilizers. The results obtained will have an important bearing on the production of this staple food crop. The so-called black rot of potatoes is in reality caused by two fungi. The true black rot may be combated by the use of Bordeaux mixture, but the other disease called ** quick rot” is caused by a soil fungus which attacks plants through their roots and even causes whole fields to wilt and turn black within a few days. Experiments have been undertaken this 104 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, year in which the seed tubers were soaked in a solution of formalin before being planted, with results which seem to indicate the success of this method. Efforts are being made also to promote the growing of corn, which was formerly an important industry on the island of Maui. During a number of unfavorable seasons the corn has been badly affected with an aphis and the crops were practically failures. The station made arrangements whereby LO acres of land were secured and planted toa number of the best varieties of corn from the Middle West and the New England States. The soil was worked deep and manured, fertilizers were applied, and thorough cultivation was given throughout the growing season. Through this method of cultivation corn was kept in excellent condition, while that planted in the usual way was practically worthless. Variety tests with tomatoes have been undertaken. A visit of inspection has been made by the agriculturist to Kauai, the most northern and -geologically the oldest island of the group. Considerable attention has at one time been given to forestry on this island, and the ranchers are devoting more attention to the growing of forage crops and to rational methods of stock feeding than formerly. ‘The station desires to cooperate in these enterprises and is doing so as far as its resources will permit. The Hawaiian Live Stock Breeders’ Association has become interested in the station and its work and was instrumental to a considerable degree in securing the assistance given the station by the recent legislature. There is urgent need that the station take up investigations in animal husbandry, but it is unable to do so with its present working staff, equipment, and funds. A collection is being made of the grasses and forage plants of the island, and the entomologist has engaged in a general warfare against injurious insects. The assistant agriculturist has given his attention mainly to fiber plants and has prepared a bulletin on the sisal hemp in Hawaii, as well as a press bulletin on Manila hemp. Experiments with vanilla and cacao have been started and plantations of these plants commenced. Some investigations have been inaugurated in growing cotton and tobacco and considerable success attained in growing Sumatra leaf under shade. Different members of the station staff have from time to time visited the different islands for the purpose of investigating specific problems and of attending farmers’ institutes which have been held in a number of localities and have been very successful. The legislature of Hawaii at its recent session appropriated $16,800 toward the support of the station for the two years ending June 30, 1905. It includes $10,000 for maintenance, $2,000 for salary of chemist, $3,000 for library and office building, $1,500 for residence for chemist, $600 for stenographer, and $300 for farmers’ institutes. The building of a small insectary is contemplated. Dr. E. C. Shorey has been appointed chemist of the station, and will take up among other things a study of.the soils of Hawaii and the use of fertilizers. The support given to the station HAWAII. 105 by the people of Hawaii and the evident interest that they take in the investigations of the station and in the farmers’ institutes conducted under the auspices of the station are encouraging. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Hawaii Station during the past year were as follows: Field experiments—varieties of cotton, hemp, sorghum, potatoes, taro, culture experiments; horticulture experiments with strawberries, growing of grape cuttings; diseases of plants and animals—fusarium diseases of potatoes, taro rot, diseases of poultry; entomology—study of injurious insects and means for their repression. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: Wuited: States appropriation... 22-2 i o<22s2c32-22<. ssc 5-225 $12, 000. 00 LOUIS 1 Leo! 1 ena ee Se a a aa 600. 85 SEU UE SN og Sea 2 ip BAC ooe 7 Go aS SP ge See ae i 12, 600. 85 PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletin 2 on the root rot of taro, Bulletin 3 on insecticides for use in Hawaii, and Press Bulletin 2 on the castor bean. The third report on the investigations in Hawaii, giving a detailed account of the operations during the year 1903, has been prepared by the special agent in charge of the Hawaii Station and is given on page 391. Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu. GOVERNING BOARD. Trustees of Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association: W. G. Irwin, H. A. Isenberg, W. O. Smith, G. H. Robertson, F. A. Schaefer, H. P. Baldwin, E. D. Tenney, F. M. Swanzy, B. F. Dillingham. STATION STAFF. C. F. Eckart, Director; Chief Chemist. Firman Thompson, Assistant Chemist. §. 8. Peck, B. S., First Assistant Chemist. A, E. Jordan, Assistant Chemist. F. R. Werthmueller, B.S., Assistant Chem- Fe. G. Clark, Field Assistant. GENERAL OUTLOOK, The work of this station during the past year has been continued along the same lines as formerly, and has included chemical investiga- tions on the manufacture of sugar and the investigation of sugar-house products, soils, fertilizers, and irrigation waters, and field work, including irrigation of cane, variety tests of cane, fertilizer experi- ments, and other cultural investigations bearing on the economic limitations of intensive agriculture. 106 REPORT OF OFFICF OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. PUBLICATIONS. The only publication received from this station during the past fiscal year was a report on the work of the experiment station and laboratories of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. IDAILO,. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Idaho, Moscow. Department of the University of Idaho. GOVERNING BOARD. Chas. L. Heitman ( President), Rathdrum; Mrs. Wm. TH. Riden- baugh ( Vice-President), Boise; George C. Parkinson (Secretary), Preston; Edward §. Sweet, Grangeville; J. HW. MeCarthy, Wallace; William L. Payne ( Treasurer), Moscow. Board of Regents: STATION STAFF. H. T. French, M. turist. S., Director; Agricul- C. N. Little, M. A. Hngineer. , Pu. D., Irrigation L. F. Henderson, Pu. B., Botanist. J. M. Aldrich, M.-S., Entomologist. L. B. Judson, B. 8., Horticulturist. J.S. Burd, Chemist. W. G. Harrison, B. A., Clerk. Marion F. Wood, Farm Foreman. GENERAL OUTLOOK, Aside from the departments of the station in which changes of staff have occurred during the past year, the lines of work haye been con- tinued as formerly. Feeding experiments to determine the quality of meat and cost of production of crossbred as compared with pure-bred swine have been concluded, with results showing the Tamworth- Poland China cross to be superior to the pure-bred Poland China. — The botanist of the station has sueceeded in combating the mildew of gooseberries and grapes by spraying, and also in successfully treating apple scab and curly leaf in peaches. He is continuing considerable work with diseases and insects affecting fruits, and is also inaugurating some new work along these lines. The chemist has resumed the study of the gluten content of wheat to determine the milling quality of cer- tain grades, and will take up the study of organic phosphorus in wheat, the composition of ripening fruits, alkali soils, and stock foods of the State. The entomologist is preparing a report on grasshopper and cricket depredations in the State, and the horticulturist has inaugu- rated a line of experiments in testing the effect of certain fertilizers in orchards in addition to the work already under way. ‘The tests of novelties introduced by the seed trade in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department have been continued, and tests of forage plants and imported cereals, including macaroni wheats, have been undertaken in cooperation with farmers in the eastern part of the State. The macaroni wheats have already made a good IDAHO. 107 showing in the State, even in the high altitudes where short seasons prevail. The chemist severed his connection with the station June 30, 1903, and was succeeded by J. S. Burd of this Department. Considerable progress has been made during the year in separating the university and station work more clearly and in providing additional equipment for the station. A State appropriation of $5,000 has been made for farm improvements, including $3,000 for the purchase of improved live stock. The farm barn which was destroyed by wind has been rebuilt, and plans have been made for equipping a bacteriological laboratory for station. work. The station is attracting much more interest throughout the State than ever before and is making consid- erable progress in the oryanization of its work on a more permanent basis, largely as the result of the appointment of a director as a sepa- rate administrative officer. The State appropriation of $4,000 for farmers’ institutes will relieve the station of any expenditures along this line, and the further appropriation for live stock and station improvements are encouraging as indicating the favor with which the work of the station is received throughout the State. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Idaho Station during the past year were as follows: Chemistry—experiments with sugar beets, studies of wheats and wheat soils, miscellaneous analytical work; botany—studies of plant diseases and their remedies, experiments with grasses and forage crops; field experiments—tests of various grasses and other forage crops for pasture and hay, experiments with cereals desirable for introduction; horticulture—cultural and variety tests of garden crops, fruits, and forest trees, pruning experiments and experiments with tomatoes; entomology—study of the codling moth in cooperation with entomologists of other northwestern stations, observations on phylloxera, and experiments with insecticides; feed- ing experiments cattle, sheep, and swine. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: MIMEeUES Ate AP PLOWNIAWOM so 52-- t. ce one ee eae $15, 000. 00 Se aR PIEIOIOUNS 28 8 8s eco Wd on nee ele ae 1, 069, 82 RMN OMRROMNI ED eS ne Noein So Rh ae eae el amin hte 1, 408. 61 RRR ety irre ha wt ake, ican 17, 478. 43 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. 108 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 32-38 and the Annual Report for 1902. The bulletins include reports of investigations in feeding steers and lambs, analysis of stock foods, grasses, and clovers and how to grow them in Idaho, tomato culture, the codling moth, conditions of stock poisoning in Idaho, grasses and forage plants in Idaho, and meteorological records. ILLINOIS. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, Urbana. Department of the University of Illinois. GOVERNING BOARD. Board of Trustees of the University: Governor Richard Yates, Springfield; James K. Dickirson, Lawrenceville; Alfted Bayliss, Springfield; Mrs. Alice A. Abbott, 7106 W. Illinois st., Urbana; Frederic L. Hatch (President), Spring Grove; Augustus F. Nightingale, 159 La Salle st., Chicago; Alexander McLean, Macomb; Samuel A. Bullard, Springfield; Mrs. Carrie T. Alexander, Belleville; Wm. B. McKinley, Cham- paign; L. TL. Kerrick, Bloomington; Laura B. Evans, Taylorville; Wm. L. Pillsbury (Secretary), Urbana; FE. G. Keith ( Treasurer), Chicago. STATION STAFF, Eugene Davenport, M. Aar., Director. T. J. Burrill, Pr. D., Botanist. C. G. Hopkins, Pr. D., Chiefin Agronomy, Chemist. J.C. Blair, Chief in Horticulture. H. W. Mumford, B: S., Husbandry. W. J. Fraser, M. 8., Chief in Dairy Hus- bandry. C: ¥. Hottes, Pr. D:. Physiology. L. H. Smith, B. 8., Chief Assistant in Chemistry and Plant Breeding. A. D. Shamel, B. 8., Chief Assistant in Farm Crops. J. W. Lloyd, B. S. Horticulture. A. J. Glover, B. AGr., Chief Assistant in Field Investigations. J. G. Mosier, B. 8., Chief Assistant in Soil Physics. C. 8. Crandall, M. 8., Chief Assistant in Pomology. Chief in Animal Chief in Vegetable A., Chief Assistant in J. W. Hart, Chief Assistant in Dairy Manu- factures. H. A. Hopper, B. 8. A., Assistant in Dairy Husbandry. C. C. Hayden, B.S. A., Assisiant in Dairy Husbandry. E. S. Good, B. S., Assistant in Animal. Husbandry. Carl FE. Lee, B.8., Assistant in Dairy Hus- bandry. J. T. Barrett, B. S., Assistant Botanist. J. H. Pettit, Pu. B., Assistant in Soil Analyses. Kk. M. East, B. 8., Assistant in Chemistry. W. F. Pate, B. 8., Assistant in Chemistry. k. C. Obrecht, B.S. A., Assistant in Horse Investigations. C. Willis, B. S., Assistant in Soil Physics. I. O. Schaub, B.8., Assistant in Chemistry. C. A. Schroeder, M.8., Assistant in Chem- istry. William Dietrich, B.S. A., Assistant in Swine Husbandry. Kate McIntyre, Secretary. Senate Doc. No. 148 PLATE ll. Sr om i a @ a Fic. 1.—ILLINOIS STATION—FEEDING SHEDS AND PENS. Fia. 2.—lIOowWA STATION—COOPERATIVE FEEDING EXPERIMENTS AT ODEBOLT. a ¥ ater ees JAE TAT I : Ws a ud pe ‘ sibie, : g Fe Gl Aese)~ = g SS) ILLINOIS. L109 GENERAL OUTLOOK. The large funds at the disposal of the Illinois Station during the past two years have enabled it to prosecute vigorously the work already in hand and to take up many additional lines. Experiments with alfalfa show here as elsewhere a general failure of thiscrop where the specific alfalfa bacterium is absent. In some locations the soils have been found so acid as to impair if not altogether prevent the develop- ment of root tubercles on legumes. Other soils covering large areas have been found notably deficient in phosphorus, and farmers in these localities are now profiting greatly through the application of phos- phorus, lime, and the use of leguminous crops. Recent experiments to determine whether large production of milk from a given amount of feed was due to more perfect digestion on the part of some cows or greater ability of these animals to produce milk from the digested feed indicate the latter to be the cause of the larger milk production. There is apparently very little difference in the power of individual cows when in good health to digest feed. The station has recently inaugurated investigations to determine the cost of producing beef from birth to finish (Pl. IT, fig. 1), and to com- pare the relative value of the shed and the stable for housing cows. Field work among creameries and cheese factories throughout the State has been undertaken, and the cooperative experiments with farmers have been continued. The station has also begun field work in the dairy districts of northern Illinois for the purpose of studying and improving dairy methods. The objects of this work, as well as of field work with spraying mixtures and soil inoculations, are to do for the farmer what he can not do for himself, or else lead him to see the necessity for better methods. Cooperation with this Department in testing novelties, making a soil survey, and studying the available plant food in soils has been continued, and an investigation of insects affecting wheat has been undertaken in cooperation with the Division of Entomology. The legislature of Illinois at its last session nearly doubled the State appropriations for the college and station, giving $50,000 to the college of agriculture and $85,000 to the station, which, with the Hatch fund, makes a total of $100,000 annually for investigations. The State funds for experimental work are apportioned as follows: Live-stock investigations and soil work each $25,000, dairy work $15,000, corn improvement and breeding and horticultural investigations each $10,000. These liberal appropriations were secured largely through the aid of the agricultural associations of the State, the presidents of which form an advisory committee to act with the director of the sta- tion in determining the lines of work to be undertaken. The extension L110 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. of the work of the station over such large areas and on such a large scale has necessitated the creation of nine new positions on the station staff. The college of agriculture, with more generous State support than heretofore, is enabled to continue and extend its cooperative enterprises and to inaugurate some new lines of work among school children in the rural districts by which these children are brought into sympa- thetic relation with the college and are given some instruction which will enable them to better understand the literature issued by the col- lege of agriculture and other similar institutions. A portion of the $50,000 appropriated by the last legislature will be used in the erection of farm buildings, which will be of direct benefit to the station. These additional funds have also enabled the college to make a more satis- factory cooperative arrangement with this Office for the investigation of problems in human nutrition. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Illinois Station during the past year were as follows: Chemistry—studies of the chemical composition of corn; bacteriology; pot and field experiments—pot experiments with type soils from different parts of the State, studies on management of soils conducted on type soils in fifteen or sixteen different regions, inoculation experiments with alfalfa, experiments with sugar beets; horticulture—experiments in orchard management, renoyation of orchards, cold-storage investigations, experiments with garden vegetables; forestry; plant breeding—experiments in breeding and selecting corn to change the protein, oil, and starch contents; animal husbandry—studies of dairy conditions in different parts of the State, study of methods of grading beef cattle in Chicago markets, experiments on cost of beef production and on methods of housing cattle, feeding experiments with pigs; diseases of plants—study of bitter rot and other rots of apples, apple scabs and cankers; diseases of animals; entomology; dairying, and extension work in orchard management; dairy methods and the use of soil inoculations. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropriations]. 228-2224... ee ee ee $15, 000. 00 State, appropriation 222-2 33-2 t.. 22) ato ei oe eee 54, 000. 00 Re@8 = oic.c 21, 357. 83 126 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 838-91, including two reports on fertilizer inspection, a report on finances and meteorology including an index, and bulletins on the following subjects: Grass thrips, cereal breakfast foods, variation of Zril//um grandiflorum, potato insecticides and fungicides in 1902, oat smut and its prevention, the chinch bug in Maine, and experiments in orchard culture. MARYLAND. Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park. Department of Maryland Agricultural College. GOVERNING BOARD. Board of Trustees—Agricultural Committee: Governor J. W. Smith, Annapolis; Chas. W. Stanley (Chairman), Laurel; Chas. W. Slagle, Baltimore; David Seibert, Clearspring; Murray Vandiver, Havre de Grace; Chas. A. Councilman, Glyndon; Allen Dodge, Washington, D. C.; Noble L. Mitchell, Bel Air. STATION STAFF. H. J. Patterson, B. 8., Director;, Chemist. KE. O. Garner, Superintendent of Farm, J. 8. Robinson, Jlorticulturist. Recorder of Experiments. 8. 8. Buckley, D. V. 8., Veterinarian. C.F. Austin, B.8., Associate Horticulturist. W. T. L. Taliaferro, B. A., Agriculturist. T. B. Symons, B. 8., Acting Entomologist. C. F. Doane, M. 8., Dairy Husbandman — F.C. Bishopp, B.8., Assistant Entomologist. and Bacteriologist. F. H. Blodgett, M. 8., Assistant Plant J. B.S. Norton, M.8., Botanist, Vegetable Pathologist, Botanist. Pathologist. J. R. Owens, M. D., Treasurer. H. H. Howell, Clerk. T. H. White, Gardener. GENERAL OUTLOOK. The Maryland Station has continued its work along nearly the same lines as formerly. The studies on the influence of preservatives on the digestibility of milk fed to young calves have been closed and results published, which, while not conclusive, seem to indicate that no seriously harmful results followed the use of preservatives, except possibly the falling out of hair on calves fed for a rather long period. It is pointed out, however, that there is little or no occasion for the use of preservatives, and a subsequent bulletin discusses at length MARYLAND. 127 economical methods for improving the keeping qualities of milk with- out the use of preservative materials. The dairyman is now studying the chemical changes in the composition of milk with advancing lacta- tion, including in the determinations the casein and albumen, as well _as the total solids and fat. Attention is also being given to the breed- ing up of a dairy herd and the growing of forage crops for dairy cows. Alfalfa has been produced quite extensively in the State and gives very satisfactory results. The station is experimenting with various methods of seeding and inoculating the soil and has taken up work with alkali soils, which are said to be quite prevalent in the State. The chief work of the veteri- narian has been in connection with an outbreak of tuberculosis in the herd. About 27 animals are now quarantined, this number including quite a number of young cattle which have been secured in a series of breeding-up experiments with the ordinary cattle of the State. In the horticultural department the practice of growing green crops and composting them has proved very satisfactory as a means of keeping up the greenhouse soil. The entomologist and vegetable pathologist continue to carry on incidental investigations in connection with the horticultural inspection work in the State. The station is cooperating with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department in making cereal investigations, variety tests of sweet potatoes, and studies of the influence of origin of red-clover seed on yield of crop; with the Bureau of Chemistry in investigating the gluten content of wheat and the influence of environment on the sugar content of musk- melons, and with the Bureau of Soils in a chemical study of soils and in making a soil survey. There have been a number of changes in the staff during the year, due to resignations to accept positions in this Department or in other stations. There is increasing evidence that the work of the Maryland Station is influencing the practice of the better farmers of the State, and the $5,000 appropriation given it by the last legislature was evidence of the appreciation in which it is held. It has considerable work in progress, which is being developed along a few safe and important lines, and there is good opportunity for undertaking important in- vestigations in several other lines. The horticultural interests of the State are very large, and some of the problems affecting them are in need of investigation. This is especially true of diseases and insect pests affecting horticultural crops and problems in truck growing, particularly the application of irrigation to the production of market- garden crops in the vicinity of large cities. At the present time, however, the funds of the station are not sufficient to enable it to undertake additional work. 128 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. LINES OF WORK, The principal lines of work conducted at the Maryland Station during the past year were as follows: Chemistry—analytical work, study of milk preservatives, baking powders, etc. ; soils; fieldexperiments—tests of varieties of grasses, forage crops, soil renovators, corn, potatoes, and wheat, cultural, fertilizer, and inoculation experiments, breeding and selection of corn and wheat; horticulture—orchard management, variety tests, cover crops, cultural methods, breeding and selection of strawberries and carnations, rotation of vegetables in the forcing house, systematic study of fruit areas in Maryland; diseases of plants; feeding experiments; dairying; diseases of animals; entomology—inspection of orchards, study of life history of injurious insects. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United Statesappropmatloness- oe) = eee eae eee eee $15, 000. 00 State‘appropriatione ls 4o = ee ee ee 5, 000, 00 Farm products.ceajer. Stk see ee eet ee ees 4, 257.58 Balance trom previoushveeies so = eee = a ee ee 20. 40 Totals Piaf ss ee eee eee 24, 277.98 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were the Annual Report for 1902, and Bulletins 83-88 on thinning fruits, investigations as to the cause of pithiness in celery, feeding experiments with cows, influence of preservatives on the food value of milk, the periodical cicada and its occurrence in Maryland in 1902, and economical methods for improving the keeping qualities of milk. MASSACHUSETTS. Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst. Department of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. GOVERNING BOARD. Board of Trustees—Committee on Experiment Department: James Draper (Chair- man), Worcester; J. Lewis Elsworth, Boston; William Wheeler, Concord; Elijah W. Wood, West Newton; William H. Bowker, Boston; Henry H. Goodell, Amherst. MASSACHUSETTS. 129 STATION STAFF, H. H. Goodell, LL. D., Director. W. P. Brooks, Pa. D., Agriculturist. -G. FE. Stone, Pu. D., Botanist, Mycologist. C. A. Goessmann, Pur. D., LL. D., Honor- ary Director; Chemist (Fertilizers). J. 8. Lindsey, Pa. D., Chemist (Foods and Feeding). C. H. Fernald, Pa. D., Entomologist. F. A. Waugh, M. 8., /Torticulturist. J. K. Ostrander, C. E., Meteorologist. F. R. Church, Assistant Agriculturist. G. F. Freeman, Ass‘stant Botanist, Mycol- ogist. N. F. Monahan, Assistant Botanist. H. D. Haskins, B. 8., Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers). J. E. Halligan, B. (Fertilizers). S., Assistant Chemist W. Ek. Tottingham, (Foods and Feeding). Ii. B. Holland, M.8., I’irst Chemist (Foods and Feeding). P. H. Smith, B.S., Assistant Chemist (Foods and Feeding). R. H. Robertson, B. 8., Assistant Chemist (Fertilizers). J. G. Cook, B.S., Assistant Chemist (Foods and Feeding). H. T. Fernald, Pu. D., Associate Entomol- ogist. G. O. Greene, M. 8. turist. Assistant Chemist , Assistant Forticul- Albert Parsons, B. and Feeding). Fk. F. Henshaw, Observer. G. F. Mills, Treaswrer. S., Inspector (Foods K. A. Jones, Superintendent of Farm. GENERAL OUTLOOK. The work of the Massachusetts Station has not changed materially during the past year. The entomologist has published a catalogue of the Coccide of the world and the results of studies on the life history of Aleurodes. He is cooperating with other entomologists in making investigations upon the relation between temperature and insect life. In the department of foods and feeding, digestion and milk experiments with brewers’ and distillers’ by-products have shown that these materials have a high rate of digestibility, and it is believed that the brewers’ grains furnish cheap and quite satisfactory protein sources for milk producers. Malt sprouts, while giving reasonably satis- factory results, are not particularly to be recommended because animals object to the taste. Careful and continued observations failed to show that any of these materials imparted objectionable flavors or odors to the milk. Digestion tests have also been made with apple pomace, soy beans, hominy meal, and other concentrated feeds, and investigations have been started to determine the value of dried blood as a source of protein for milk production. In this department, and also in the department of agronomy, considerable attention is being given to alfalfa, soy beans, and cowpeas. Recent trials have shown that winter wheat and sand vetch sown together about September 1 produce a very desirable green feed for early spring. In the depart- ment of agriculture the field and pot experiments are being continued as heretofore, and investigations are being made relative to the feeding 8. Doc. 148, 58-2 9 130 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. of fowls for eggs for the special purpose of determining the influence of fat in the ration. The department of vegetable pathology and physi- ology has published recently the results of investigations pertaining to injuries to shade trees from electricity. The results of studies of tomato rots and the pruning of tomatoes are ready for publication, and studies of the influence of soil texture on the growth of roses and of the carnation stem rots have been undertaken. The change of administration in the department of horticulture has resulted in the inauguration of several new lines of work, including experiments in pruning and propagation, and work in systematic pomology. There are also variety tests, cover-crop experiments, cultural experiments, and studies of apple soils. The station is cooperating with the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department in studying the available plant food in soils. The Massachusetts Station has a considerable amount of work of a scientific character in hand, and has recently strengthened its staff by the appointment of a number of assistants who have no college duties. A simplification has been made in the method of accounting and a system of different-colored vouchers adopted for different funds. The chemical department has better facilities for exact ash analysis, con- sisting of platinum apparatus for incinerations to secure more exact results regarding the composition of plants. The college has erected a new building, which includes a women’s dormitory and a dining hall for students. The State has given funds for quite an extensive col- lege and station exhibit in the educational building at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Massachusetts Hatch Station during the past year were as follows: Chemistry—miscellaneous analytical work, studies of legumes and plants affecting the quality of butter; meteorology; analysis and inspection of fertilizers and concen- trated commercial feeding stuffs; inspection of creamery glassware and nurseries; field experiments—soil inoculation, plat experiments with fertilizers, grasses, and yarious farm crops, supplemented by similar pot experiments; horticulture—vyarieties of peaches, grapes, and other fruits, raspberry hybrids, investigations with plums, study of the effect of electricity and illuminating gas on plants and trees; diseases of plants, especially those of melons, cucumbers, and lettuce; diges- tion and feeding experiments; diseases of animals; entomology— study of the life history of economic insects and the use of insecticides; and dairying. MICHIGAN. 181 INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United Bates appropriation -.~ 225.252.2052... 22.it.---.-- $15, 000. 00 reerceaaUNRInCND aang 2) Loe sete ee oe en 11, 200. 00 GES ole Bee ee eee oe Rae, Sane TNS Laie oe Oa a 4, 215. 25 PRESTR NGC H p< = Seth SS ae oso ae toe tl oid Sg si 2, 298. 12 UG PEGG 5 ee ee eRe <2 8 oy, 2p Ree 3, 291. 04 TAM te cet A er te en SES oat wet owen 36, 004. 41 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 83-87, Meteorological Bulletins 157-173, and the Annual Report for 1902. Bulletins 83, 84, and 85 contain reports of the inspec- tion of fertilizers and feeding stuffs; Bulletin 86 is on orchard treat- ment for the San José scale, and Bulletin 87 gives the results of seven years of pathological and physiological studies of cucumbers under glass. MICHIGAN. Experiment Station of Michigan State Agricultural College, Agricultural College. Department of Michigan State Agricultural College. GOVERNING BOARD. State Board of Agriculture: Chas. J. Monroe (President), South Haven; T. F. Marston, Bay City; Chas. F. Moore, St. Clair; W. H. Wallace, Bay Port; Governor A. T. Bliss, Lansing; Jonathan L. Snyder (President of the College), Agricultural College; E. P. Allen, Ypsilanti; R. D. Graham, Grand Rapids; L, W. Watkins, Manchester; B. F. Davis ( Treasurer), Lansing. STATION STAFF. C. D. Smith, M.8., Director; Agriculturist. M. L. Dean, Assistant Horticulturist. L. R. Taft, M. 8., Horticulturist. B. O. Longyear, B. 8., Consulting Botanist. R. 8. Shaw, B. 8. A., Live Stock. Mrs. L. E. Landon, Librarian. R. H. Pettit, B. S. Acr., Entomologist. T. A. Farrand, in charge of Substation C. E. Marshall, Pa. D., Bacteriologist. (South Haven). F. W. Robison, B. 8., Chemist. L. M. Geismar, in charge of Substation F. S. Kedzie, M. 8., Associate Chemist. (Chatham). G. A. Waterman, M. D. C., Consulting oA Cw: : ; . ~~ | . . , : : o » : > ’ ’ — 7 . ’ " - {> _ - R 7 2 ~ =! + a . on - a « - ® ‘* a" ~— - 1 = R: . ot « ; : >< > mf * - = ' - . > 7 ™ . 1% - ; - — ~ ( > - He 4 ‘ a « i ' - - call 7 2 sl “ ‘ a, ¥ | _ U = — by ~ — ——— < ~ F MICHIGAN. foa tory is to be published soon in a special report. The Michigan Station is making good progress in the improvement of its equipment and the prosecution of useful lines of work. It could profitably give increased attention to horticulture by instituting more thorough and comprehensive investigations along this line, and the resources of the station might well be enlarged for this purpose. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Michigan Station during the past year were as follows: Chemistry—analysis and control of fertilizers and feeding stuffs, analysis of breakfast foods and condi- ments; bacteriology—aeration of milk, its effect on gases, souring, ete., study of milk supply and the bacteria of the dairy; soils; field experiments—fertilizer, cultural and variety tests with sugar beets and many other field crops, production of sugar-beet seed, rotations, experiments with cowpeas, soy beans, and other legumes, breeding and selection of wheat; horticulture—variety tests and orchard manage- ment; diseases of plants—fungus diseases of the sugar beet, clover, and fruits; feeding experiments—utilization of cowpeas, soy beans, and other legumes, comparison of corn silage with dried corn fodder and with beet pulp, fattening lambs with beet pulp; diseases of animals; entomology, and stable hygiene. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: Pimbed Siates appropriation: <2. 52.- 22.2222 6 2. 2 $15, 000. 00 DIBES ANPFODTIBNON 3.22826 oii ose 2 eos edn nate Bees «5, 000. 00 CR ne oe te es 2 el eee ce oe ee 2,120. 00 MI RRECRRICIONGS soo ee eh es Pe ee ae ns Ss a ent 2, 681. 10 Miscellaneous, including balance from previous year- - ----- 2, 824. 69 SPUN ey oe eae eer aN ge ce ee ae SE OS Se ens ere ee 27, 625. 79 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 199-208, Special Bulletins 15-19, and the Annual Report for 1901. The Annual Report contains brief reports by the director and the heads of the different departments and reprints of Bulletins 193-202 and Special Bulletin 16. The bulletins in the regular series include reports of the inspection work of the station, reports from the substations, and the records of investigations on the aeration of milk; @ For substations. 134 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ‘ cowpeas, soy beans, and winter vetch; some insects of the year 1901, mosquitoes and other insects of the year 1902; notes on small fruits; sugar-beet experiments 1902, and Michigan mushrooms. The special bulletins include two spray calendars, technical reports on the aeration of milk, and the investigations with mosquitoes, and a bulletin on sugar beets in the upper Peninsula. MINNESOTA. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota, S/. Anthony Park, St. Paul. Department of the University of Minnesota. GOVERNING BOARD. Board of Regents: Greenleaf Clark (President), St. Paul; William M. Liggett, St. Anthony Park; Stephen Mahoney (Secretary), Minneapolis; Elmer E. Adams, Fergus Falls; Thomas Wilson, St. Paul; A. E. Rice, Willmar; O. C. Strickler, New Ulm; James T. Wyman, Minneapolis; T. L. Schurmeier, St. Paul; Governor Samuel R. Van Sant, Winona; Cyrus Northrop, Minneapolis; John W. Olsen, Albert Lea; J. E. Ware, ( Treasurer), Minneapolis. STATION STAFF. W. M. Liggett, Director. T. A. Hoverstad, B. Aar., Superintendent W. M. Hays, M. Aar., Agriculturist. of Substation ( Crookston) . S. B. Green, B. 8., Horticulturist. H. H. Chapman, B. §., B. Aar., Superin- Harry Snyder, B. 8., Chemist. tendent of Substation (Grand Rapids). T. L. Haecker, Dairy Husbandman. J. A. Hummel, B. Aar., Assistant Chemist. M. H. Reynolds, M. D., V. M., Veteri- C.P. Bull, B. AGr., Assistant Agriculturist. narian. A. J. Ruggles, B. S. A., Assistant Ento- F. L. Washburn, M. A., Entomologist. mologist. Andrew Boss, Animal Hushandman. J. A. Vye, Secretary. < Beyer Aune, Farm Foreman. GENERAL OUTLOOK. The work of the Minnesota Station has not changed materially during the past year. Breeding investigations with cereals and grasses in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department and with other northwestern stations continue to occupy a very promi- — nent place in the work of the station. The station has also continued to cooperate with the Bureau of Chemistry in studying the available plant food in soils, with the Bureau of Statistics in securing data relating to the cost of growing field crops and to farm management, and with this Office in nutrition investigations. A study of mosquitoes in cooperation with the Division of Entomology has also been under- taken. The entomologist has succeeded in breeding the Hessian fly, and has thus been enabled to make some advance in the knowledge of this insect. The station chemist in connection with his investigations on the food and nutrition of man is planning to take up work with macaroni wheats. . MINNESOTA. 135 The substations at Grand Rapids and Crookston have been continued, as heretofore, supported by State funds. At the latter place there are field experiments including variety tests, rotations, and cultural experiments with the principal cereals, and the seeds of promising varieties are distributed throughout the region in which the station is located. It is planned to close out some of the work at this station and during the past season some progress has been made in this direc- tion. Subsequently experiments in animal husbandry will be devel- oped, and .a new barn and a silo are to be erected for this purpose. The substation already has a poultry plant, and the experiments with poultry have resulted in some development of both commercial and farm poultry raising in the vicinity. There are also forestry experi- ments, tests of different kinds of vegetables, and some work with hedges. The matter of farm drainage is also being agitated, and a movement has been started for the establishment of an agricultural high school at Crookston for Red River Valley pupils. The Minnesota Station continues to be a strong factor in the devel- opment of the agricultural interests in the State. It has quite a liberal income and the last legislature made grants for new buildings for the college and station amounting to $300,000, and yet the demands made upon the station are so great that it has been necessary to curtail some of the investigations during the past year for lack of sufficient funds. The university has recently come under the management of a State board of control, established to manage the finances of all penal, charitable, and educational institutions in the State. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the Minnesota Station dur- ing the past year were as follows: Chemistry of soils and farm crops; field experiments—rotations, tests of varieties of cereals and forage crops, proportion of flax and wheat to use when sown together, time and depth of seeding grains and amount of seed, methods of seeding grasses; horticulture—tests of varieties of fruits and vegetables, use of wind-breaks, testing hardy stocks for apple trees, improvement of native fruits; forestry; diseases of plants; food and nutrition of man; plant and animal breeding; feeding experiments; diseases of animals; entomology, and dairying. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: Ligtied Minted SPPTODFIOMOR.. 25. Leoltae Dotal\s sites Se Soe os ae 17, 479. 42 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 83-92, on improving an orchard, poultry feeding, analyses of commercial fertilizers, goose septicemia, fowl typhoid, the SOUTH CAROLINA. 179 forests of Rhode Island, commercial fertilizers, further experiments in top-dressing grass land, bush fruits, and the soy bean. SOUTH CAROLINA. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson College. Department of Clemson Agricultural College. GOVERNING BOARD. Board of Trustees: R. W. Simpson (President), Pendleton; P. H. E. Sloan (Secretary and Treasurer), Clemson College; D. K. Norris, Cateechee; M. L. Donaldson, Greenville; kh. E. Bowen, Briggs; B. R. Tillman, Trenton; J. E. Bradley, Hunters; W.D. Evans, Cheraw; L. A. Sease, Prosperity; J. E. Wannamaker, St. Matthews; A. T. Smythe, Charleston; J.S. Garris, Spartanburg; J. E. Tindal, Silver; J. H. Hardin, Chester; H.M. Stackhouse (Secretary of Fertilizer Department), Clemson College. STATION STAFF. P. H. Mell, M. E., Px. D., Director. C. C. McDonnell, B. 8., Assistant Chemist. J.S. Newman, Vice-Director; Agriculturist. D. H. Henry, B. 8., Assistant Chemist. M. B. Hardin, Chemist. C. C. Newman, Horticulturist. H. Metcalf, M. A., Pu. D., Botanist, Bac- C. E. Chambliss, M. 8., Entomologist. teriologist. G. E. Nesom, B.8., D. V. M., Veterinarian. B. F. Robertson, B. S., Assistant Chemist. B. H. Rawl, B. S., Animal Husbandman. F. S. Shiver, Pa. G., Assistant Chemist. J.S. Pickett, Station Foreman. H. Benton, M.8., Assistant Agriculturist. J. N. Hook, Secretary. GENERAL OUTLOOK. The production of plants for hay and for a succession of pasturage isa leading feature of the work of the South Carolina Station. Orchard grass, redtop, Texas bluegrass, Kentucky bluegrass mixed with white clover (for lawn and pasture), and Bermuda grass have been found worthy of cultivation. Bermuda grass and Texas bluegrass are especially valuable, the former for summer and the latter for fall and spring pasturage. The vetches on Bermuda sod also afford excellent spring pasturage, and hairy vetch sown with oats gave a large yield of excellent hay. Crimson clover and Dwarf Essex rape also gave good results. Experiments with sorghum, teosinte, Kafir corn, cow- peas, and velvet beans for hay resulted in favor of sorghum, teosinte, and cowpeas in the order named. The veterinarian of the station is engaged largely in the work of inspection and continues to make use- ful observations regarding the practicability of inoculation against Texas fever and on poultry diseases and miscellaneous diseases of stock. He is also making some study of the general questions of breeding stock and providing a succession of forage crops. The station is cooperating with the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department in studying the available plant food in soils and with farmers along the coast in raising Sea-island cotton and truck and forage plants. Station « Telegraph office, Clemson College; express and freight address, Calhoun, 180 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. officers took an active part during the past summer in the farmers’ institutes, 32 of which were held, with a total attendance of over 8,000. At the round-up institute held at the college the Ist of August nearly 1,500 farmers spent four days in a most enthusiastic meeting. The station is acquiring better facilities for work through the erection of a $3,000 barn and the purchase of considerable live stock. A new agri- cultural building for the college and station to cost $50,000, is in pro- cess of construction. The building will be three stories high, with a frontage of 176 feet and a depth of 120 feet. The South Carolina Station during the past year has been undergoing considerable reorganization, with a view of making a clear differentia- tion between station and college work. Some progress has been made in this direction by assigning a definite area of land to the station for experimental purposes, erecting a station barn, separating the station herd from the college herd, and relieving the vice-director of the man- agement of the college farm. It is evident, however, that the affairs of the station can not be put ona thoroughly satisfactory basis and its work pushed vigorously until a separate director clothed with proper authority to outline a general plan of work is appointed. Farmers’ institutes have been very successful and a useful means of bringing the station officers into touch with the people, but they are now laying upon the Hatch fund a heavy burden, which should be carried by the State with funds especially provided for the purpose. With such funds and with additional resources for developing the horticultural work, the South Carolina Station would be in a position to greatly increase its usefulness in the State. LINES OF WORK. The principal lines of work conducted at the South Carolina Station during the past year were as follows: Chemistry—chemistry of Sea- island cotton, plant food in soils, analysis and control of fertilizers; field experiments—domestication of native grasses and other forage crops, tests of crops for economic pork production, rotations, tests of sorghum and Kafir corn for hay; horticulture; plant breeding—cotton, strawberries; feeding experiments—mainly with dairycowsand poultry; veterinary science—diseases of poultry, inoculation for Texas fever; entomology—orchard inspection, methods of destroying insect pests of fruits and vegetables; and dairying. INCOME. The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows: United States appropristicn = 220.2555. eee ee ee $15, 000. 00 Farm products’... 226 2220 note See eee 1, 687. 63 Total .......#.. cnc ee eeee ee ee eee 16, 687. 63 SOUTH DAKOTA. 181 A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States fund has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by this Department, and has been approved. PUBLICATIONS. The publications of this station received during the past fiscal year were Bulletins 72-80 and the Annual Report for 1902. The bulletins include two reports on the analysis of commercial fertilizers, one on Texas fever, and the following: Bermuda grass; the standardization of sulphuric acid; the nature, determination, and distribution of the pentosans in the Sea-island cotton; experiments with poultry; cotton culture; and a rotation study. SOUTH DAKOTA. South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Brookings. Department of South Dakota Agricultural College. GOVERNING BOARD. Regents of Education: I. W. Goodner (President), Pierre; Frederick A. Spafford, Flandreau; I. D. Aldrich (Secretary), Bigstone; M. F. Greeley, Gary; A. W. Burtt, Huron; R. M. Slocum, Herreid; R. A. Larson (Secretary and Accountant), Brookings. STATION STAFF. J. W. Wilson, M.S. A., Director; Animal A. H. Wheaton, Assistant in Dairying. Fusbandman. F. E. Hepner, Pu. G., Assistant in Chem- E. C. Chilcott, M. 8., Vice-Director; Agri- istry. culturist. F. A. Norton, Pu. G., Assistant Chemist. J. H. Shepard, B. 8., Chemist. R. F. Kerr, M. A., Librarian, Statistician. De Alton Saunders,@ M. A., Botanist, Ento- R. A. Larson, Accountant, Secretary. mologist. Sylvester Baltz, Superintendent of High- W. A. Wheeler, B. A., Botanist. more Substation. E. L. Moore, B.8., D.V.S., Veterinarian. H. G. Skinner, B.S. A., Assistant Animal N. E. Hansen, M. 8., Horticulturist. FHushandman. W. 8. Thornber, M. 8., Assistant Horti- T. B. Kelly, Stenographer. culturist. William West, Harm Foreman. A. B. Holm, B. 8., Assistant in Soils. Chas. Haralson, Gardener, Florist. GENERAL OUTLOOK. The South Dakota Station has continued the investigations already begun and inaugurated work in animal husbandry, especially the feed- ing of cattle and sheep. :.2.- GCircalan71e 5s: --- Circular 7: Annual ae are ILLINOIS STATION, Title, Author, Methods: of Gorn Breeding... 22-5225 eee eee Special Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station . Supplement to Bulletin 73. sicki.> aces orcewewe eee eae | Fifteenth Annual Report, 1902; oo. cece ace oe eee eee | Feeds Supplementary to Corn for Fattening Steers.......| Dairy Conditions and Suggestions for their Improvement.| Records of Individual Cows on Dairy Farms............- Climate of Dlinoiss:sccs 3s. eas. Sane teee nate eee eee The Structure of the Corn Kernel and the Composition of Its Different Parts. is Soil Treatment for Wheat in Rotations, with special ref- erence to Southern Illinois Soils. Sugar-Beet Investigations in Illinois...................--.- | Dairy In VesiPaAtlonG 2c. =a: .cosese.caese eco epewscetaaceesee Inyesticationiot Wingis|Soils? 222.525 505sn ee eee cee seen bive-Stock Investig along: =~ 2 --.ceecce once nae se cee eee ee Corn ExperimentsiinWlinois 22. 2-5. b-< sess sees eee Fruitand Orchard Investipations..-....-- os sass sss esee Methods of Maintaining the Productive Capacity of Illi- nois Soils. The Cowpea and Soy Bean in Illinois. .................... Infected:Avialta Soils. 6. S22 se sewieinsccicsminicen ace eae come Roasting of Beeks,.22 2125. tek a escenario eee eee G. Hopkins. | H. W. Mumford. Do. W. J. Fraser. | A. J. Glover. | J. G. Mosier, C. G. Hopkins, L. H. Smith, and E. M. East. C. G. Hopkins. Cc. G. Hopes and L. H. Smith W. J. Fraser. C. G. Hopkins. H. W. Mumford. C. G. Hopkins, L. H.. Smith, and A. D. Shamel. C. G. Hopkins. D. 8. Dalbey. C. G. Hopkins. Isabel Bevier and Eliz- abeth C. Sprague. C. G. Hopkins. ~ INDIANA STATION. 1902. Annual Report .... 1903. Bulletin 94 Bulletin 95 .... - Bulletin 96 1902. Bulletin 67 1903. Bulletin 68 Bulletin 69 Bulletin 70 Bulletin 71 Bulletin 72 Bulletin 73 Hifteenth Annual Report, 1902). --a-...2-senceees ease eee Diseases Of HhCepste: :s- ... 35 s22> tones oe ee ee ee eee F. W. Robison. Special Bulletin 17.) Mosquitoes and other Insects of the Year 1902._.......... R. H. Pettit. Special Bulletin 18.| Sugar Beets in the Upper Peninsula ..................---. | C. D. Smith and L. M. | Geismar. Special Bulletin :19.| ‘Spraying Calendar. ss oe-.- see ee en ee eee ie ee aa and C. D. Smith. « Special Bulletin 20.| Report of the Upper Peninsula Substation for the Years | C. D. Smith and L. M. a ; 1901 and 1902. Geismar. Special Bulletin'21-| Cheese Probléms:--2-4--5. 2-2. eee te eee J. Michels. i ro. by: — ae oo STATION PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED DURING 1903. ya | Station publications received by the Office of Experiment Stations during 1908—Continued. MINNESOTA STATION. Publication. | Title. Author. 1902. : Bulletin 75......... Mattenine LAMDS i> Jo 52) cused eae ee ee T. Shaw. Bulletin 76........-. pig Site eh a Poet S021 yee eae eS EIR 1 ha le le Oe ds eae Sl Do. Bulletin 77_....--.- | Insects Notably Injurious in 1902.............-.....--..-- F. L. Washburn. Banal Report. .-.| Tenth Annual Report; 1902:-- -:.-- 2-2-2: .0s-20e sere secu-= 1903. Bulletin 78....-.... | Experiments in Sheep Husbandry.............-...------- | 'T. Shaw. Bulletin 79......... | Investigation in Milk Production..............-....---.-- T. L. Haecker. Bulletin 80......... | Alfalfa, Its Chemical Development, Feeding Value, and | H. Snyder and J. A. Digestibility. The Digestibility of Hog Millet. | Hummel. Bulletin 81. -..-.... Review of the Work of the Northeast Experiment Farm | H. H. Chapman. since its Organization in May, 1896. Bulletin$2....--..- Hemormharic Septicsmia. .- 22. sass ccc, cae oases M. H. Reynolds. Bulletin 83......... | Apples and Apple Growing in Minnesota.......-....-..-- S. B. Green. | MISSISSIPPI STATION. 1902. Bulletin: 78°.2.-..-.- ihe Chicken Mite. 255 ance cned ose el eee Sa Sater G. W. Herrick. 1903. | Bulletin 79 .......-. Report of Work at McNeill Branch Station for 1902... .-. | E. B. Ferris. Bulletin 80 .......- Karmers’ Tnstitute Bulletin. 1902. 2-2 se Annual Report ....| Sixteenth Annual Report, 1903.............-.------------. MISSOURL FRUIT STATION. 7 : 1902. Bulletin 4 ...... ..-| Winter Treatment of Orchards and Notes on Cultivation.) F. W. Faurot and J. T. Stinson. Bolletin. 5 ....2..-: Notes on Spraying and Spraying Machinery -.........--- Do. Biennial report. .-..| Second Biennial Report, 1901-2...............--.-----.--- 1903. Bulletin 6 ......-.. Report on Fungus Diseases occurringon Cultivated Fruits.| F. W. Faurot. Benet 7 2: .2--.-- Strawberry Culture...........--....- Ree See Veta heey BN P. Evans and F. W. Faurot. MISSOURI STATION. 1902. Bulletin 57 ........ Raising Calves with Skim Milk...................... ..| C. H. Eckles. Bulletin 58 ........ Feeding the Dairy Cow-..2s2-sese~ once s ce cate e eons a Do. Bulletin 59 ........ Corn Improvement for Missouri G. M. Tucker. Circular 10 ........ Spray Colen Gar soe owt asap ae ee Sane eee ues M. O. Booth. NCUIRE TL... 22... COrn. 88 ft BiOCk: R000 eae eee te eae eee ae eee H. J. Waters. Circular 12 ........ Wactorsin Beer eroductioia.-°s-.-0 aces teens F. B. Mumford. Circular 13 ...:.... Plant Propagawion -s2 oe: taceee cece ek ac eben ene essen W. L. Howard. 1903. : Bulletin 60 ........ AUN aw Bordesux POW! .<..cbnotusecsectde nt cce ree nas sen R. M. Bird. Bulletin 61 ........ Apple Growing in Missouri J.C. Whitman. Bulletin 62 ........ Hessian Fly in Missouri .................. J. M. Stedman. Circular 14 ........ Commercial Fruit Evaporators ............-...--2essee00s J.C. Whitman and L. A. Goodman. Circular 16 ....<... The Principles of Plant Production ...................-.- ¥. B. Mumford. Circular 16 ........ Report on the Enforcement of the Fertilizer Control Law.) H. J. Waters. 212 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Station publications received by the Office of Experiment Stations during 1903—Continued. MONTANA STATION, Publication. | Title. Author. } 1902. . Bulletin 37 ....... Pork Production in Montana..............----.-------.--| R.S. Shaw. Bulletin 38 ....... | Mood AGulteration . ...2<20-..-.......--.-| A. L. Haecker. Sieccesel| Poisoning of Cattle by Common Sorghum and KafirCorn.| A. T. Peters, H. B. Slade, and S. Avery. aceon Macaroni Wheats qq (<1 cij2zincin nso se cose eeepc niece oe ee] ae Tene Stace Experiments in Orchard Culture ........................-| R.A. Emerson. soba | Experiment in Mulching Garden Vegetables. -....--...--- Do. Experiments in the Culture of the Sugar Beet in Nebraska. NEVADA STATION. 1902. Bulletin 54 Annual Report ..-. 1902. Bulletin 94 Bulletin 95 ....... Bulletin 96 Technical Bul. 4...) Technical Bul. 5.. 1903. Technical Bul. 6...| Bulletin 97 Bulletin 98 Bulletin 99 Bulletin 100 Bulletin 101 Valley, Nevada. Annual Report, 1902 ae of Irrigation Investigations, Humboldt River NEW HAMPSHIRE STATION. Remedies for Meas: ase a sa nescemecr ares ances A How tolGrow/a WOrest cron Seed spon cn secs e nee eee } Fourteenth Annual Report, 19020 oso an.eses aes ae ee eee | Effect of Acetylene Gaslight on Plant Growth.........-.-- A Partial Bibliography of the Economic Relations of North American Birds. | A Selected List of Vegetables for the Garden...........-. the White Ply of Greenhouses 2s----.o-=-2- 5.2 eeeeeeee Fungus Diseases and Spraying...........2------2-----e-es- | T. L. Lyon and A. T. Wiancko., J.D. Stannard. A. F. Conradi. F. W. Rane. Do. C. M. Weed. W.F. Fiske. F. igi Morse et al. oO. F. W. Rane. C. M. Weed and A. F. Conradi. H. H. Lamson. STATION PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED DURING 1903. 218 Station publications received by the Office of Experiment Stations during 1903—Continued. NEW JERSEY STATIONS. Publication. Title. Author. 1902. Bulletin 162 ....... hime, Salt, and Sulphur Wash: ----252-se<- sense accons = | J. B. Smith. Bulletin 163 .....-. Analyses and Valuations of Commercial Fertilizers and | L. A. Voorhees and Ground Bone. | J.P. Street. Annual Report ....| Twenty-third Annual Report of the State Station and Fifteenth Annual Report of the College Station, 1902. 1903. Bulletin 164 ....... Field Experiments with Nitrate of Soda on ForageCrops | E. B. Voorhees. and on Market Garden Crops. Bulletin 165 ....... Concentrated: heeding Stntisn oc. 3. casi coe ee oce ese L. A, Voorhees and | J. P.Street. Bulletin 166 .....-. | The Proper Disposal of Sewerage Wastesin Rural Districts. J. Nelson. Bulletin 167 ....-.-- Some of the Newer Fungicides .. 322... 5. 2226. a2 eee ems | B.D. Halsted and J.A. Kelsey. Bulletin 168 ....... Analyses and Valuations of Commercial Fertilizers and | J. P. Street, W.P.Allen, Ground Bone. | and V.J. Carberry. NEW MEXICO STATION. 1902. Annual Report ....| Thirteenth Annual Report, 1902 .............-.-------0-s- 1903. Bulletin 44 .......- Ash Analyses of Some New Mexico Plants .....-...-....-- | A. Goss. Bulletin 45 ........ Pumping for Irrigation from Wells: ..2222 2... 2-22--2---- | J.J. Vernon and F.E. | Lester. Bnet 46\ 5 Ss... _ Soil Moisture Investigations for the Seasons of 1901 and | J.J. Vernon and J. D. 1902. Tinsley. Bulletin 47 .......- | Shade Trees and Other Ornamentals .................---- | F. Garcia. NEW YORK STATE STATION. 1901. | Annual Report ....| Twentieth Annual Report, 1901..................-.--..--- 1902. | Bulletin 217 ....... Inspection on Peedinge Siniis-.--- eee nero nace eas sence = | W. H. Jordan, C. G. | Jenter, and F. D. Fuller. Bulletin 218 ......-. Variety Tests of Strawberries: ..--....-.-.----.=---..-+--- O.M. Taylor. Bulletin 219 ..-.-..-- Some of the Compounds Present in American Cheddar | L. L. Van Slyke and } Cheese. E. B. Hart. Bulletin 220 ....... Two Unusual Troubles of Apple Foliage.-............----- F.C. Stewart and H. J. Eustace. Bulletin 221 ....... Potato Spraying Experiments in 1902....................- F. C. Stewart, H. J. | Eustace, and F. A. Sirrine. Bulletin 222 ....... eae of Analyses of Paris Green and other Insecticides | L. L. Van Slyke and ' in 1902, W.H. Andrews. Bulletin 223 .....-.. Investigations Concerning the Self-Fertility of the SS. A. Beach. : Grape, 1900-1902—Parts I and IT. Bulletin 224 ....... Investigations Concerning the Self-Fertility of the | N. O. Booth. Grape, 1900-1902—Part ITI. Bulletin 225 ....... Control of Rusty Spot in Cheese Factories............-.-- He A. Mita Si) and G. A. Smith Bulletin 226 ....... Raspberry Cane Blight and Raspberry Yellows........... F. é. Stewart and H. J. Eustace. Bulletin 227 ....... A Destructive Apple Rot Following Scab.......-.-..----. H.J. Eustace. Bulletin 228 ....... San José Scale Investigations—Part IV...............--.- V. H. Lowe and P. J. | Parrott. Bulletin 229 ....... DITECUOLH DE DOLE TOY, 1900 5d acace ssn us bun ews cee aamaomnel W.H., Jordan. 214 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Station publications received by the Office of Experiment Stations during 1908—Continued. NEW YORK STATE STATION—Continued, Publication, Title. Author. 1903, Bulletin 230 ....... Some Facts About Commercial Fertilizers in New York | L. L. Van Slyke. State. Bulletin 281 ....... The Relation of Carbon-dioxid to Proteolysis in the | L. L. Van Slyke and Ripening of Cheddar Cheese. i. B. Hart. Bulletin 282 ....... Combating the Black Rot of Cabbage by the Removal of | F.C. Stewart and H.A. | Affected Leaves. Harding. Bulletin 233 ....... Rennet-Enzym as a Factor in Cheese Ripening .......... L. L. Van Slyke, H. A. Harding, and E. B. - Hart. Bulletin 234 .....-. Experiments in Curing Cheese at Different Tempera- | L. L. Van Slyke, G. A. tures. Smith, and E, B. Hart. Bulletin 235 ....... Two:Decays or Stored Apples. ....\22-2.2-- 22 se aces a eee H. J. Eustace. Bulletin 286 ....... Conditions affecting Chemical Changes in Cheese ! L. L. Van Slyke and | Ripening. EK. B. Hart. Bulletin 237 ...... The Role of the Lactic-Acid Bacteria in the Manufaec- | H.A. Harding. ture and in the Early Stages of Ripening of Cheddar | Cheese. Bulletin 238 -...... The Status of Phosphorus in Certain Food Materials and i. B. Hart and W. H. Animal By-Products with Special Reference to Inor- Andrews. | ganic Forms. Bulletin 239 ....... Thinning Apples! s-- <5 5-6-s-secce eee ee Se are Sere | S$. A. Beach. Bulletin 240 ....... | Inspection of Meeding Stutis: 2252252520: 2: een eee ee | W.H. Jordan and F.D. Fuller. } } NEW YORK CORNELL STATION. | 1902. | Bulletin 208 ....... i MbelGrape-Root Wort: 2-230 .o-vesse ss ee ea eee ee ees _M.Y. Slingerland and J. Craig. Annual Report...) Fifteenth Annual ‘Report, 1902-. 2.3.2. 222-22. -n eee e oe ce | 1903. Bulletin 209 ......- Distinctive Characteristics of the Species of the Genus | W.C. Thro. Lecanium. Bulletin 210 ....... Commercial Bean Growing in New York............----. | J. L. Stone. Bulletin 211 -.-...- Cooperative Poultry Experiments; The Yearly Record H. Hf. Wing. of Three Flocks. Bulletin:212 2--=.- - Second Report on Cooperative Records on the Cost of Do. Producing Eggs. Bulletin 213 --.2.-- Methods;of:- Milking: :-20- (ooo See fe eee eee H. H. Wing and J. A. Foord, NORTH CAROLINA STATION. 1902. Annual Report....| Twenty-Fifth Annual Report, 1902.........-.-..------+--- 1903. Bulletin 182 ....... The Apple: Propagation, Planting, Pruning, and Culture ......--. W. F. Massey. Apples in North Carolina. Preparing Apples for | T. K. Bruner. Market. How to Utilize the Surplus Apple Crop. Cider | G.MeCarthy. Vinegar. Bulletin 183 ....... Insect and Fungus Enemies of the Apple, Pear, and | F. L. Stevens and F. Quince, with Methods of Treatment. Sherman, jr. Bulletin 184 ....... | The Culture and Marketing of Orchard and Garden | W. F. Massey. | Fruits. Bulletin 185 ....... The Black Rot of the Grape in North Carolina, and Its | A. W. Edson. | Treatment. Bulletin 186 ....... Insect and Fungus Enemies of the Peach, Plum, Cherry, | F. Sherman, jr., and Fig, and Persimmon. F. L. Stevens. Bulletin 187........ |) Grapes and'Smiall Rruits i... sess eee nee eee eee W. F. Massey. Bulletin 188........ | The Granville Tobacco Wilt; A Preliminary Bulletin....)| F. L.StevensandW. G. Sackett. STATION Station publications received by the Office of Experiment Stations during 1905—Continued. NORTH DAKOTA STATION, PUBLICATIONS RECELVED DURING 1903. Publication. Title. 1902. Bulletin 53.....-..-- Food Products and their Adulteration ...........--..-.--- Bulletin 54......... Abortion in Cattle. Secours in New-Born Calves ......-.- Annual Report ....| Thirteenth Annual Report, 1902 .......---.--------------- 1903. Bulletin 65: -......- Misoe arid hiax-seedi SelOCHON case. decisis onan eae cemew pena Bulletin 56......... Noxious Weeds and How to Kill Them Bulletin 57......... Some Food Products and Food Adulteration.............- Special Bulletin 1..| Pure Food Law and Rulings of the Food Commissioner. - Srecial Bulletin 2. | WEES Seco. Foose cece meren ence ninawnininine amine a wninie='= Author. . F. Ladd. . Van Es. H. L. Bolley. . R. Waldron. . F. Ladd et al. . F. Ladd. Ber — .R. Waldron. 4 OHIO STATION. 1902. Bulletin 135.......-. Twenty-First Annual Report, 1902. Meteorological Sum- mary, 1901. Press Bulletins. Index. Bulletin 136......-- The Bess aM Why TN ONIOS sone se anne saeine oma eas ance C. E. Thorne. 1905, Bulletin 137....---- Suggestions Concerning Apple Culture .............------ W.J.Green. Bulletin 138.....-.--. Experiments with Osta s.2. =a ssa-n aes eos oe enn = ie ©. G. Williams. Bulletin 139.....---. A. Rosette Disease of Potatoes. -.-..----..-.....2+-------2- A.D. Selby. Bulletin 140.......- Ble COE Crop mee seem cc ose eae en ee eee ee ee noel | C.G. Williams. Bulletin 141. ....-..- Thiewtamtenance OF WELtIItYs 2.2 --..--- s-S-2-555aec ens nce ©, E. Thorne. OKLAHOMA STATION. = | 1902. Bulletin 55.....-..- | Teresa th Certs cy ae Ae ee eS ee a eee ne ORES ocr pa J. Fields. Bulletin 56.......-- Ghrden= Verperblesreseenccs: oso eee pec seer ee aman laa O. M. Morris. 1903. Bulletins7....2522: Directions for using Vaccine for the Prevention of Black- | L. L. Lewis. leg in Cattle. Bulletin 68: --22:5- - Fattening Steers; Using Cotton Seed, Cotton-Seed Meal, | F. C. Burtis and Wheat Straw, and Hay. Fields. Bulletin 59.......-.. Reprints from Bulletins Nos. 47, 50, and 52, and Annual Annual Report.... | Reports 8 to 11. Mwelluhi Anna RepONt ;1 90S sees sata eee a aon aavieee sess OREGON STATION. 1902. Bulletin 73. .....--- 1903. Bulletin 74 Bulletin 75 ........ Bulletin 76 ee ——————— 1902. Bulletin: 61 ........ Annnal Report.... 1903. Bulletin 62 ........ Bulletin 63 | Notes on Vinegar Making Tnsecticides and Wungicideés ... ~- -. 02.225. - ese wasn scene Leguminous Forage Plants ...............-.--.---++---=-- PENNSYLVANIA STATION. | The Cultivation of Vegetables and Notes on Varieties... q bh. F. Pernot. G. Coote. A. B. Cordley. J. Withyeombe. Annual Report of the Director Annual Report, 1902 . 22-52 ..22 sens cv ceensecenencscceness | An Experiment in Ginseng Culture Losses in Manure H. P. Armsby. G.C. Butz. | W. Frear. 215 216 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Station publications received by the Office of Experiment Stations during 1903—Continued, Publication, 1902. Annual Report .... 1903. Buoletin' Ss ~...5<.5. PORTO RICO STATION, Title. Author. Second Annual Report, 1902)... ...:: 5-25. ccnno- ac seeeee eee Soil Survey from Arecibo to Ponce, Porto Rico F. D. Gardner. C. W. Dorsey, L. Mes- mer,and T, A.Caine. RHODE ISLAND STATION, Bulletin 86 Bulletin 87 Bulletin 88 Bulletin 89 Annual Report... 1903. Bulletin 90 Bulletin 91 Bulletin 92 Bulletin 93 Bulletin 94 we eens Bulletin 95 Bulletin 96 Bulletin 97 Goose Septicemia Rowley phoid! 2. ese iae wok eset nee ane eee The Forests of Rhode Island | Commercial Pertilizers\.-- <2. oo nce wean =| Htiteenth Annual Report; 19022222220 cecee ceo cee ces | | Further Experiments in Top-Dressing Grass Land........ Bush RTGS. oc obs. becca eo w erat oe ces soeeeenweeeeeee The SOY. BEAM <2 52s ssecens ae eacee a2 coe cee as eee pane ae Commercial Ortiz ers => eee ee eee eee Commercial Meeding Stutis). .2o2.4-525-cenneicteniene seca Cooperative Experiments in Top-Dressing Grass Land... Influence of Lime upon Plant Growth Commercial Rertilizers'-.-.0----- an. oon eseeee meses eoeeee 1902. Bulletin 252. -- Bulletin 73: .. 22224. Bulletin 74 Billewn 72-22. ons. Bulletin 76 Bulletin 77 Bulletin 78 Annual Report .... 1903. Bulletin 79 Bulletin 80 1901. Annual Report.... 1902. Bulletin 75........- Bulletin 76 Bullenn 77. 2.22 Annual Report.... SOUTH CAROLINA STATION. | DexXHs ROVETe beers ose che eer eae RCE eee Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Season of 1901-2— Part IT. Experiments; with Poultry: 22. 2s.s222-6 20 eee nese enaeee | ia arey CHS Se eS eae socks asescocueeesceosseensbsescccs- ‘Bermuda Grass oo 30 et eee eee eee eee | The Standardization of Sulphurie Acid Pentosans in the Sea Island Cotton. | A Rotation Study | Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Season of 1902-3— Part I. Artificial Incubation of Chickens= > 3: Seo s.- eee eee ae Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Season of 1902-3— Part II. SOUTH DAKOTA STATION. Annual Report, 1901 Treatment of Smuts and Rusts A Study of Northwestern Apples ..........-..-----.------ Macaroni Wheat in South Dakota Annual Report, 1902 The Nature, Determination, and Distribution of the | C. Curtice. Do. F. W. Card. _#H.J.WheelerandB.L, | Hartwell. | H.J.Wheelerand G. E. | Adams. F. W. Card. | G. E. Adams. H.J. Wheeler et al. H. J. Wheeler, A. W. | Bosworth, and J. W. Kellogg. H.J. Wheeler. H.J.WheelerandG.E, Adams. H.J. Wheeler et al. G. E. Nesom. O. M. Watson. | J.S. Newman. Do. F.S. Shiver. Do. Do. M. B. Hardin. | O.M. Watson. D. A. Saunders. N. E. Hansen. E.C. Chilcott et al. STATION PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED DURING 1903. a 21% Station publications received by the Office of Experiment Stations during 1903—Continued. SOUTH DAKOTA STATION—Continued. Publication. 1903. Bulletin 78 Bulletin 79 Bulletin 80 Bulletins1 Title. A Preliminary Reporton the Fringed Tapeworm of Sheep. Crop Rotation for South Dakota Lamb Feeding Kattenine Sheep on! Grass 2 63 oo.1ss cmos wen sceeeess: Pasture and Forage Plants for South Dakota Feeding Dairy Cows Flies Author. E. L. Moore. | E. C. Chilcott. J. W. Wilson G. Skinner. Do. E. C. Chilcott. J. W. Wilson G. Skinner. | E. L. Moore. J.H.Shepard. and H. and H. D. A. Saunders. Elements of Prairie Horticulture ......................--- N. E. Hansen. ns eport..-.-| Annual Report, 1908. ...c< secs cen cbes cotacs vee concn occle TENNESSEE STATION. 1902. | Annual Report ....| Fifteenth Annual Report, 1902 ..................-...:--.. 1903. | Bol Vol XVi, No.1) Kertilizer Experiments... ...2-.2.2 25.2. 22-2ccesseeccsecee C. A. Moores. PPO UOl. s2Vik. NO, 2) GHD JOSE SORIC2 oo 52 coc oc ace = mace dee eee ee oases Suse oes | C. A. Keffer. Bul. Vol. XVI, No.3) Corn, Wheat, and Soy-Bean Meal with Skim Milk for | A.M.Soule and J. R. Pork Production. Fain. Bul. Vol. XVI, No.4) Influence of Climate and Soil on the Composition and | A.M. Soule and P. O. Milling Qualities of Winter Wheat. | Vanatter. TEXAS STATION. 1902. Annual Report ... 1903. Bulletin 65 Bulletin 66 Bulletin 67 Bulletin 68 Bulletin 69 1902. Bulletin 78 Bulletin 79 Bulletin 80 1903. Bulletin 81 Bulletin 82 -| Fourteenth Annual Report, 1902 | The Tomato _ Poison in Water from a Gold and Silver Mill Feeding Beet Pulp to Steers and Sheep The Manufacture of Cane Sirup Alfalfa, Peanuts, Velvet Beans, Millet, Rape............-. Commercial Fertilizers and Commercial Poisonous In- secticides. Cabbage: Test of Varieties and Fertilizers UTAH STATION. E. J. Kyle and E. C. Green. | B.C. Pittuck. H. H. Harrington. Do. B.C. Pittuck and §., A. McHenry. | Experiments in Fattening Lambs...........-..-....--.-- Process Butter F. E. Linfield. R. W. Clark a | Crockett. | P. A. Yoder. | R. W. Clark. nd J. A. 218 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Station publications received by the Office of Experiment Stations during 1903—Continued, Publication, 1902. Bulletin 98 Annual Report... 1903. Bulletin 99 ..... Bulletin 100 Bulletin 101 1901. Bulletin 129..... Bulletin 130..... Bulletin 131 1902. Bulletin 134. .... Bulletin 135... .- Bulletin 136... .. Bulletin 137..... Bulletin 138... .-. Bulletin 139..... Bulletin 140..... Bulletin 141 Bulletin 142..... Annual Report - - 1903. Bulletin 144 Bulletin 145..... Bulletin 146..... VERMONT STATION, Title. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers .....................- :} Rifteenth Annual Report, 1902’ 72. .-s7s2s2 a eee Commercial Fertilizers... 2:55 .a.neerd. onsen ab sean eee Paying for Separator Cream at the Creamery............- Gommercial Feeding Stuffs, 2-5. ie ces ee VIRGINIA STATION. | Orchard Studies II. The Fruit Plantation—Stone Fruits. Orchard Studies IIT. | tant Varieties of Apples. | Orchard Studies IV. | José Seale. Orchard Studies V. Report on Crab Apples.........----- Orchard Studies VI. | chard. Orchard Studies VII. Spraying the Plum | Notes on the Varieties of Domestica Plums. | Orchard Studies VIII. On the Occurrence and Treat- ment of ire Blight in the Pear Orchard. Orchard Studies IX. Orchard, | ter of Cider Applesin Europe and Comparisons with | American Fruit. | Orchard Studies X. Handling of Cider Fruit. Orchard Studies XI. A Consideration of the Principles - and Technique Involved in the Fermentation and | Final Finishing of Ciders. Orchard Studies XII. | _ Ciders. Orchard Studies XIII. | of Apple Trees. Orchard Studies XTV. Some Observation on Crown Gall The Lime-Sulphur Wash | Orchard Studies XV. Annual Report, 1902 The Bitter Rot of Apples.......... Stock and Poultry Powders or Condimental Foods....--. Rorage Plana. n 5.255 ceeu cee Se ciowene ee eee eee ee eee Notes on Some of the More Impor- Remedial Measures Against San | Second Report on the Cherry Or- | An Investigation into the Charac- | A Consideration of the Commercial | The Chemical Composition of | | Author, J. L. Hills and ©, H, | Jones, | Do. J.L. Hills. J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and I’. M. Hollister. | W.B. Alwood. Do. Do. |W. B. Alwood and H. | JL. Price. Do. | Do. | W.B, Alwood. Do. Do. W. B. Alwood and J. L. Phillips. | W. B. Alwood. D. O. Nourse and M. Ferguson. D.O, Nourse. W. B. Alwood. Bulletin 147........ Bush/Eruits, Second Reports: --p aes seen ee a eee H. L. Price. WASHINGTON STATION. 1902. Bulletin 54... .....-. The Formalin Treatment for Wheat and Oat Smut.....-. R. K. Beattie. Bulletimpps----22 2 | Washington Soils’. 2 5:21.2'0..5 desc snes a ee Be eee KE. Fulmer. 1903, Bulletin66: ..-5.. | Spraying for the San José Scale with Modifications of | C. V. Piper. Bulletin 57 Bulletin 58...... Bulletin 59...... the Sulphur-Salt-Lime Wash. | Chemical Notes on the Sulphur-Salt-Lime Wash.......-.. | Experiments in Feeding Swine.........-..---...-----.---- Root Diseases of Fruit and Other Trees Caused by Toad Stools. Home Vegetable Garden in the Palouse Country......-. | R. W. Thateher. S. W. Fletcher. KE. E. Elliott. C. V. Piper and S. W. Fletcher. STATION PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED DURING 1903. 219 Station publications received by the Office of Experiment Stations during 1905—Continued. WEST VIRGINIA STATION. Publication. Title. Author. 1902. Bulletin 81.....-..-. Vegetable Gardening in the Mountain Glades. .........-- L. C. Corbett and K.C. Davis. Bulletin 82........ Peach Growing In, Wess VaTeinia =) > 2222-22 ene n-ne nee e K. C. Davis. Bulletin 83........ POULtIY KOZ DAMIM ENA as ene 2 tee nee ena sa Seis conn e's sn J. H. Stewart and H. Atwood. 1903. Bulletin 84........ Experiments with Buckwheat and Oats. ...........---.--.- Do. Bulletin 85.....-... Commercial Wertilizers=-...5-25 222.224 2522-e--2 crosses J. H. Stewart and B. H. Hite. Bulletin 86........ Cranbernies in West) Vireinia.. <2. .- 222 so -eecc cece see eae L, C. Corbett. Bulletin 87.......-. Greenhouses 222. 22S Ss Seas ae a eee eee ines eee Do. Special Report.....| Report of the Nursery Inspection Work of the Station J. H. Stewart. | for the Years 1901 and 1902. | WISCONSIN STATION. 1902. Bulletin 96........ Investigations of Methods of Milking...................- F. W. Woll. Bulletin 97.....-... Licensed Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 1902................ F. W. Woll and G. A. Olsen. Annual Report ....| Nineteenth Annual Report, 1902..............------------ 1903. Bulletin 98........ | On the Prevention of Oat Smut and Potato Seab.......-- R. A. Moore. Bulletin 99........ | Concentrated Feeding Stuffs and Fertilizers Licensed F. W. Woll. for Sale in Wisconsin, 1903. Bulletin 100........) Licensed Fertilizers and Feeding Stuffs, 1903..........---. F. W. Woll and G. A Olsen. Bulletin 101-....... Shrinkage of Cold-Cured Cheese During Ripening....-.-. S. M. Babcock, H. L: Russell, and U. § Baer. Bulletin 102....... | Strdies in. Will; Productloncs: .---- sce sees ence aeons W. L. Carlyle and F. W. Woll. Bulletin 103....... | Soiling Crops for Dairy Cows in Wisconsin..-..-.--..----- W. L. Carlyle, J. R. Danks, and G. E. Morton. Bulletin 104....... | The Food Requirements of Pigs from Birth to Maturity-. W. L. Carlyle. 1902. Index Bulletin C 1903. Bulletin 56........ Bulletin 57........ Bulletin 58........ Annual Report .... | WYOMING STATION. Food: Adulteration:in Wyoming: ..232-52h toe oo .- tess University of Illinois .........-. AGS aspen es Purdue University ..........-.. LOWE, Poets iSo asec Iowa State College of Agricul- ture and the Mechanic Arts. Kiansasi2<- 2255-45. Kansas State Agricultural Col- lege. Kentucky. -....:4.:- Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky. The Kentucky Normal and In- dustrial Institute for Colored Persons. Lo) ut th 0: ee Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechan- ical College. | Southern University and Agri- culturaland Mechanical Col- | lege. Maine 2225" -cceacce The University of Maine....... Maryland <-2<-.-2. | Maryland Agricultural College. | Princess Anne Academy....... Massachusetts ....- Massachusetts Agricultural College. *Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Location. Auburn Pine Bluff Berkeley Fort Collins ...... PLOLS 3265.6 Soe Newark Lake City ........ Tallahassee AURENS. Aa eee College Moscow Urbana Lafayette AMES 7.502 Seeesaee Manhattan Lexington ran ktort, wee viatrxie se ROR AOL CD UEIECD Agr. elect. engin., sugar engin., civil engin., mech., general sci., commercial (B. 8.), Lat. sei., lit. (B. A.). Clas., sci., agr., mech., normal, printing, music.. Clas. (B. A.), Lat. sci. (Ph. B.), sci., agr., for., hort., chem., phar., civil engin., mech. engin., elect. engin., mining engin. (B.8.). = A A.), mech. engin. (B. M. E.), agr., sci. (B.8.). EIEIO 28a sthitee kwon cons | -ulty. Datentl ene Faculty = e ia pik va College of agriculture and Experi- Bishan intecsitae lish- | ment mechanic arts. ment state or Territory. ment |of agri-| SSS ee ee station of insti-| cul- | prepar- Collegi- depart- | officers. tution.| tural | atory pe Total, | ments. course. | classe BC. classes.! Glasses, Alabama (Auburn) \aos2523.0.2te: 1872 1872 4 29 a 30 3 12 Alsbama’ (Normals. 2. .tos) 256 --- 1875 1882 22 21 48 |. ..<2cnse a eeeear ee Pub 2) 01: Weenies Semen es ak SS he tee 1891 1891 15 13 @19 |W tees 6 Arkansas (Fayetteville) ..........-.. 1872 1872 8 10 18 23 5 Arkansas (Pine Bluff) .............- ASTD. eee one 3 5 ee ee os California j T8683 1S. asee se 66 66 163 30 RUIRINLO, Senor ta. een ota ee ee 1878 8 38 O88 bw ose 16 Connecticut td eee 20 PAT (iene es ie 14 Delaware (Newark) ..............-: 1870 UE gl oe ee Se 20 20 | ose 6 Delaware (Dover) .................. 1892 1892 3 4 26 |. 2. cctnpe| sone Florida (Lake City)................. 1884 1884 | 6 18 a21 4 14 Florida (Tallahassee)...........--..- 1887 1890 nD Bete aot 11 i Ee ee Georgia: (Athens) 252000. iss. 28-.e 1872 12 leaee case 22 22°| . «ace Avante eee Georgia: (Coblege)sfsss2 ts os ess 1890 1890 10 a 14 | tse eeeee GANG. =>. Sek eee le sk Set pees oe 1892 1892 1 15. 19 PO ULE sts) 1A eRe ee Diet cee eee eee | 1867 WSGG. Vo ee wre 94 94 Indiana : 1874 US74 Wap eee 86 86 Iowa 2 1869 1869). |\Seree sacle aeceek oe 84) | ce oeeee MADSAG: So ionaswece ears one one sees | 1863 1874 6 49 a52 Kentucky (Lexington) ............- 1865 1880 4 22 26 Kentucky (Frankfort).............. | 1887 1892 3 3 a4 Louisiana (Baton Rouge)........... | 1877 1887 7 24 G27 ||. eee Louisiana (New Orleans)......-.-.- 1880 1890 8 8 16: | acre cee MAING?! 23 J Soe ee ees eet 1865 1865 te} 255 a3 5d 661 |. 222 eee Maryland (College Park).........-. 1859 1859 Y 17 19 Maryland (Princess Anne) .-.....--|2.2-.2-<|--5-.-2- 10 | 257 sees 10: ||22 3 eee Massachusetts (Amherst).........-. 1867 IBGTeI esse oe 23 23 Massachusetts (Boston)...........-. WSGOr ess Sele eee 165 165: |) Soe Michie: ..22 oe sees ee 1855 1855 20 57 Qb7 |. 2 eese 2s MINMNCSOUG, 3552S. sss oe oe | 1869 A869), jee as ae e91 91 Mississippi (Agricultural College) ..| 1880 1880 6 25 a29 Mississippi (Westside) ....-...-.-... 1871 1878 13 6 19)-): oer Missouri (Columbia). .........-....- | 1870 acy (UME ie ee 67 a67 Missouri (Jefferson City)-........--.- 1866 1866 6 3 a8 Montana casio. scene see eeue aeons 1893 1893 2 26 28) \Uccoseeeee WEDTHSKAip 2 coe -cect wen Sachem ee es 1869 S869 ie: ee oee 43 43 INGVAOS eee eee. ote e cae ve aaa e ess 1873 1888 11 18 O24: | io saaeaee New Hampshire: <2). sso. Sse e 1866 1866 eso 21 pA Ea Pie ge eS NEw CISCY cn ive<. he sccn acne Loss 1864 1865 ll 28 39 NEW MCKICD Bis yo. ce cence cee remiee 1889 1890 4 24 28) |-c2. eee WewAN OPK esd See eee ee 1865 1 ie el eee Pee | ee North Carolina (West Raleigh) -.-... 1889 1S89e oo gesc2 32 by 48 ee North Carolina (Greensboro) ....... 1891 0) teal Pere eS 14 14 | 2 eee North Dakota 1890 1890 12 25 @33)|.. eee ODIO merase ee as sedans waters 1870 1873. =| 5osecue 105 105 Oklahoma (Stillwater)...........--- 1891 1892 2 23 2D! |i waeeseee Oklahoma (Langston) ...........-.- 1897 1899 n hla Pee See eS je a OYePOO) Pes. o co fae owe eee ee 1868 SRS VAISS aor == 30 30).| 5 aeons PCUNSY)VAWISR 252 oan.c se ace fein aia com 1855 1859 6 52 262) | aecmennes RHOUS Island S22 24 ce ee ooee aes 1888 1890 7 25 O25) | ac 2een eee South Carolina (Clemson College) ..| 1889 1893 2 42 44 | cemeotee South Carolina (Orangeburg)....-.. 1896 1896 10 5 15 South Dakotas ...i 20 S325 eee 1881 1884 if 36 37 |aaseneaees Tenn CROCS. =. eet mee emcees ree 1794 ARGO! Wise seceer 47 47 Texas (College Station)-..........-.. 1871 AST Cisse ese 30 30)! -2ceceaeee Texas(Prairieview) efi o 3-55 see ee 6 With s2 252 ss2os- Seco acee es ee 8 aks. eee Mermont:.. oo 2023 5 2 jectiewaeeeceomens cs 2 i 38 Virginia ( Blacksburg) 47 | cecneeee se : Wirginia (Hampton)\--2..5-ss2-2-22 99) | seco e seme ee eee Washincton.. (fo ce eee eee eee G48 | comeseees West Virginia (Morgantown)....-.-- 1867 1867 7 60 67. |zae eee West Virginia (Institute) ........... 1891 1892 4 12 16 |2 20-2 es eeee ee Wisconsin: 2. ic. aceces cesoeetee sens 1848 1866 38 106 106 Wyoming: 2.226 cee tn Se eee 1887 1891 17 17 aij Total. 2.225626. ose cack os ae beereeee peeeeeee 445 2, 024 2, 461 1,141 aTotal, counting none twice. > Including all departments of the university. STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. of land-grant colleges, 1903. 231 Graduates. sa Serer a Bae, In 1902-3. Number of | Number of_| Number of | Number of | punk gon Total num-|} volumes in | 2¢TeS allotted |acresofland) acresin |) and grant ber since vioeee: toState under) grant of 1862) farm and | "514g of : organiza- mbes act of 1862. | still unsold.| grounds. 1862 Number.| “Y asa tion. : | | Ay E Per cent. 43 20 7 727 19, 427 77 AN Us) Sees ee 325 74 20 0 746 Boy [oeh | ae teem e een ae was cae ab. Aa eee Se 7 27 «0 35 AD; 502" |Seseee ee ieea ET ie FG aa eta 28 7 326 9, 000 150000 i tesa ese 155 | 8 5 21-0 160 Ce Gy Pee hee ate abel Pa eee a DO NW ie mina Sege S 489 83 6 b3, 319 108, 418 150, 000 4,195 411 6 DP ses eke 233 19, 253 90, 000 44, 685 600 6 5 19. 9 212 10, 625 180000! sosenee === 300 5 22 22 0 321 22, 800 BCL LU Bee ei RICE 16 6 4 22 0 22 B00 ss is. saree eemeslecc ace ease ston LE fe Samat ey 8 21 1 83 4, 000 90, 000 333 6 14 21 0 49 S00: |S teree cose ele te eet LOD Ws seems 15 oie? 386 43, 050 270, 000 125 7 24 22 0 125 (ALU Ri beicpceccHen Haare paar | Ape a 30 23 6 98 6, 600 90, 000 116 |e ees ee te 511 23 6 63,401 90, 000 480, 000 665 5 185 23 «2 1, 762 15, 400 390, 000 189 5 Lnnek ceil BAR ARSE iS Ee eo 20, 000 204, 000 841 6,7,8 53 22 7 918 27,710 82, 313 323 5, 54, 6,7 46 18 0 336 17, 292 330, 258 6 15 23 0 115 hy 760 |e eee ee | eee SI0iteseces: ee 27 21 6 320 23, 000 PAL ATL Util mee Seen mene 583 4,5 30 17 2 245 Bi 998 3/28 Fes aes Pee eee ota 108) | ae cee 47 23 2 815 25, 000 210) 000" |= 22 eee ee 373 5 10 74 Wie a ees 6, 750 TIO; 000" Pea. Fates ee 286 5,6 See Plan Sane en 9 GOO) | Sess ase Sasi e eee eee nes 120 \)\5- toe sees lS aes 611 25, 258 CAL La Cees eee eat 404 5 191 23 4 2,892 TT; O83. 2 oc eaSeaescar. |i asreteaeees es 1G S| Scenes ret 60 23 8 971 008 235, 682 61, 553 684 7 3105) Rae aed b4, 513 113, 000 94, 000 40 300 3,4,5 2 eS eee RE 326 19,119 Py Bt 72 Ua (Re ese ee ES 2, 000 6 7 25 0 140 DOO. [whee ces Sadec ace Aeaeneeeeee 5 1B NY aR ae ee 2, 252 95, 000 277, 016 47,107 5 f 28 19 0 220 MUO Pawns soit eres [eas Sees mee 12 21 0 35 11, 000 90, 000 90, 000 170 23 0 b 2, 045 59, 550 90, 000 30, 000 28 21 0 220 9, 000 90000). 2222225 Joeee 14 23 0 252 15, 287 TOO; O00 u == seeeeece t= 41 22 2 489 50, 655 PALUR( TU E ee eee 4 21 6 41 16; BOOs| 2. Se tees Sas [Roe ee PLU) EB ee Bee 67,030 317, 899 S00 sO nee eee ee 5 36 22 2 211 6, 000 PVE el gee ne me 593 6 11 23 0 35 929 125 2 21 6 33 9, 350 155 22 0 1, 536 58, 223 23 21 6 76 23, 466 2 20 0 2 750 29 20 0 466 3, 300 72 23 8 654 20, 000 6 22 0 101 15, 200 60 19 0 258 10, 417 59 20 0 233 1,390 17 22 0 232 17, 350 56 Pe eee eee 25, 600 36 21 0 459 9, 000 45 22 0 306 1, 109 10 22 0 98 23, 500 45 23 0 3, 681 98, 345 55 18 0 435 5, 000 84 2 4 1, 236 12, 698 27 25 0 125 9, 385 50 23 0 881 20, 400 20 20 0 103 2, 800 281 21.0 b5, 189 101, 086 5 23 +0 102 24, 249 4, 524 21 10 53, 252 1, 837, 461 10, 170, 851 1, 007, 994 2D; 800") <5. ccc senss e Including 4 Including reparatory classes. Echool of Mines at Rolla. 232 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TABLE 3.—Students by classes and By classes, State or Territory. Prepara-| Collegi- Post- Other tory ate BBO - gradu- | depart- | Total. classes. | classes, | SPEC. ate. ments, Alabama (AUDUIN) 6. odsiscsecccesescecy 57 284 78 16) |- SOBRE aoe 49 UUM OLN ee ee ees cane can See aCe Sete la eee oon 753 138 27 2,370 DiC OF cE: eee Bee ee tort Pe RSH Or ics [ot ae 1,109 176 yd ee HOW Beeratenecacccas vere Sop aras ere ope 230 901 346 6 113 LGD ATIC (ae Sip ap ey SE ay ais Oa 342 927 338 7 bel a eee Kentucky (Lexington) .......24222..2.<- 108 ABD cat ciel Se ee 12 94 Kentucky (Krankfort) i=223:257222..2.55 35 1 ae ea 2 144 Louisiana (Baton Rouge) .............<. 137 273 4 10°| coe eae Louisiana (New Orleans)...............- BYNES Bact S25") a5 Total, counting none twice. ¢ Including school of mines at Rolla. aIncluding 1,800 enrolled in correspondence courses. SS STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 933 courses at land-grant colleges in 1903. By courses, Four-year. Shorter. . oO ro ms ' my ‘ my ro) . r) 1 o rat . oo ont » oo ci to & oO & a ° 5 2 \cs| 88 | be | SS | Se) Se] 2 5 AP) bated (ts re tare =} 3-}S8|-as | $8 | wb) ye lose 3 ] & ci a=) = ea ars =) 5 RS) ao OF Pes) we igo = 3 A= 5 v= HO = 3S oe) aa g oF Bo So 3) B, = Bo 33 GS a ene = A = b S11 9S | ef | EA | SB |Se/aPl & rv a 6 | 32 a < | A) iS) Ao la oo] < 2 A eo] > = eIncluding correspondence courses. J Including forestry. gIncluding civil engineering. hSummer institute, 234 ; eit : Land-grant | Other land- | Other perma- Bd grounds State or Territory. | fund of 1862. | grant funds.| nent funds. staat owned by the j cathe: institution. Alabama (Auburn) ........ $253, 500. 00 $4, 500. 00 Aidpamia (NormaAl)}\s2. <<. |-aucses... beeen Gece 228, 000. 00 105;'000;00))|(02 2525 2522 ee ee 325, 000. 00 Nevada to 25-Ee.eecczereee 985'000..00'}-.2 355208 52. 5te)cacls meas tas cee ele Se eee 35, 000. 00 New Hampshire ........... 80) 000::00) poe eee oes 70; 000:00 |. 25 s25 2. eseeee 20, 500. 00 ING Wi CINCY oe cbse oc ccc meeee 116; 000,00! [c= =2562 22 2 } 000: 00) |i22. 33 eee 130, 000. 00 NGW MEXICO Goose eo. Seco el itentwe Sone eaae eee woe ee eal One cee ee ee 8, 500. 00 ING WHA OTE Se case. ease 6882576512) |Ssee Seca ee 6, 783; 886.28) |Laoc a seeeeeeee 369, 077. 98 North Carolina (Raleigh).. 125,000) 000) ccc SS ARS nee ee 26, 189. 55 North Carolina (Greens- OKO) 2 esekocareen aes ot [Caceeeces cae ccine Beeecssccoscss Seems O05 350Bi sco tse- 22-55: 18, 000. 00 Worth Dakota -2.).. s.scc.ce: 62,981.80 fe sces case ce os nlaoceenepeecacees 996, 500. 00 32, 000. 00 Ohio? a Serre Bae aie 524, 146. 30 44,780, 18 |. 5c eee 25, 000. 00 Pennsylvania a>. sss ee ee 25 607s4o. lace socee aoe 25, 000. 00 Rhode island: 24-2254 ce eee 2, 500002 2tencas ose 25, 000. 00 South Carolina (Clemson College) ........-.. 5, 704200 [eee cue 12, 500. 00 South Carolina (Orangeburg) ...........-. teee , 764200 || 52222822. sees 12, 500. 00 SOOtH DAL Otay Sse se ee eae eee 8, 046. 31 25, 000. 00 RORNCHES ooh ort cee sl ts ee Se 23; 960100252 2.cceeeone 25, 000. 00 Texas f College Station)). >.< S222 222 ee tee 14280500 ||. 222s0 2: eee 18, 750. 00 Texas (PrainievyieW) «ses ose sede eek co oo nies | Cee cdounsoecns setee eee eee 6, 250. 00 Utah? 5 Sse eke eee ne Fay de Beemer ee se) 25, 000. 00 Vermont 222 ee ei eae cee enone oanes $,.130200: | 2222. oceeeeee 25, 000. 00 Virginia (Blacksburg) <.-....2-2:2---022-s-02 D0 6bSh72 ieee eee 16, 666. 67 Mirginia (Hampton) so2socs) 22 ee soa ae 10; 329536 Noe Soca eee 8, 333. 33 Washington.) 22: 22328002 ee eee SS eee ee eee 25, 000. 00 West Virginia (Morgantown) ........-....--- 6,553:001|-32352--2=8 20, 000. 00 West Virginia (Institute). 22 essa Sok ee see ao oe | ree sae seee 5, 000. 00 WISCONSIN « 255-2 isi ses. eet eee 12, 525. 39 13, 474. 72 25, 000. 00 Wyoming ...... Seawen Sete te eee 83:20 | coseteee eee 25, 000. 00 Wotal i322 3-352 o sateen stem eeapaeeee 674,174.77 84, 903. 31 | 1,200, 000. 00 aIncluding incidental fees. + Amount expended from an annual appropriation of $100,000. re ee ae ee ee STATISTICS for year ended June 80, 1903. OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 237 State aid. Appropria- App propria- tions for tion buildings or current for other expenses. | special pur- poses. 33, 000. 00 25, 000. 00 » 60, 000. 00 187, 518. 00 48, 272. 41 8, 000. 00 11, 500. 00 22,175. 00 15, 000. 00 37, 250. 00 21, 250. 00 10, 500. 00 2, 500. 00 5, 652. 10 Spero Bsa sskessaess 8 = SaSS8 Se SSSE5 3| BB.8g =| 3SSS8 Ls 5 2 100. 00 Fees and all other sources. Income from en- dowment other than Federal or State grants. Incidental fees. Tuition fees, Miscella- neous, $1, 679. 27 58, 317. 48 9, 182. 42 25, 000. 00 512.18 2,071.39 Sth 00 [anes <5 6 alee ea: 783.29 2) 041.10 CAS SATE EGET 65, 000.00 | 252,987.75 | 11,794.01} 34,520.48 aE ONE, OF Pos 3-8 = 465.00 | 5,110.00} 26, 424. 99 109, 500.00 |........---- 104,915.30} 5,037.95| 16,161.36 Rite CM ea ot 2 460.00} 1,725.00 | 25,939.99 SOR Oo tts ba ee ee 1, 068. 00 700. 00 Ag THS OF Ieee fe eee te 7, 021. 00 3, 293. 91 LITT 1 a ae soa Be SS Rs) Fee AE fh oe ES el OD DY Pach ae, eee 2, 375. 00 800. 00 4,516. 67 Pe TOTES Ap POO TORR 9,830.00 | 8,825.00] 18,333.10 En 9o BE Sri gied (SIE Aa FF ISON) oct eee sp es ee) 33,000.00 | 3, 965.00 905.91 | 1,209.97 | 42,076.08 12,000.00} 17,971.76 |........---- 6, 036.00 629. 30 LES dey RIA, 2 1,802.00 |....-..---..| _ 4,084.12 ae hee a 390, 796.56 | 223,145.32 | 57,058.76 | 306,141.08 361.79 | 4,906.20] 14,030.48 PEED eS ae on mar {wes 22) 938. 78 2 Ee EERE 9 PRESET 131. 50 4, 612.74 6,191.25 | 34,808.75 | 90,366.85 CCIE SRN CR a ae 1,311.00 4, 658. 29 Reis Eee 834. 60 2, 005. 34 540.00 | 9,048.38 | 19,638.84 100. 00 a eae eee SOG MONS acsbat ae 4,397.18 2,282.00 | 3,033.50 9, 875. 58 10, 000.00 |" 1, 944.50 | 18,470.86 |.......-.... 14, 340. 93 TO; 000 OU iS 25- co Silence ene dee ae ea heres Ep ea Ray (asd Raion] ESS Amie aie [PAR ae aoe 12, 241. 26 $1: 000 0D tc. eos 2,786.00 | 1,146.25 8,174.19 eS ae 16, 013. 31 | 418,914.47 |............] 4,301.08 i SATS 5 ES PD 1,245.00 | 20,398. 95 1, 267. 32 Bhs acre 2 50, 606; 88 | ioco0ccecccl-cdsesczcc-cl) 104, 777.80 12,500.00 |............ 130.00 | 2,572.45} 16,330.15 TA 278.00 Wins caviandosdlosakae etapa eee! 13, 559. 50 OS ne aaa PARP i 116. 00 809. 95 120, 000. 00 681.80 | 21,668.50 | 47,419.75 | 96,108.00 O08, 00..15 3s coletmanae eee 506. 1,175. 49 1, 577,927.40 | 602, 802. 41 944,826.07 | 294,492.95 |1, 120,993.80 | 9,248, 378. 40 e Including School of Mines at Rolla, a Including tuition fees, Total. 15, 150. 00 146, 899.57 73, 200, 00 53,522, 12 9, 005. 49 50,795. 91 15, 200. 00 34,789. 04 16, 333. 33 98, 397. 61 559, 730. 53 219, 609. 95 266, 792. 36 103, 330. 62 99, 826. 80 15,338. 26 138, 892. 32 23) 444. 62 81, 100.17 106, 234. 80 9) 291. 85 150, 559. 27 403, 137.26 226, 573. 89 108, 248. 47 114; 162. 42 24,754. 00 74, 737.39 88, 716. 29 68, 030. 00 38, 991. 26 104, 260. 66 83, 358. 86 100, 231. 66 194, 046. 96 111, 532. 60 171, 440. 50 29, 525. 95 625, 878. 16 67,131. 42 STATIONS. XPERIMENT x v) OFFICE OF PORT OF > 4 RE 238 $6 “IFS ‘S 00 “Ste 00 “929 % 9¢ "TZ8 ‘T 62 ‘1&z ‘SF eee eee eee eee 9% “LIE ‘998 60 “E88 ‘CTLo 00 “262 ‘F 00 00¢ ST ‘SLL ‘SL TL “ege zo°cge ‘ze [tress PC “ZEL ‘F FL °L96 T 76 “PCG ‘ST 00 “000 ‘E 00 “CT9‘L 00 ‘00¢ 00 “00¢ ‘9 es | FS “OLS “SOL ZO "SCE ‘8 | 00°000'26.00 [eettente tte 00 “000 ‘08 SLFS9 ‘ICT OF 'ZL6 ‘88 90 “E28 ‘OT 29 “ZL0 ‘T 00 ‘OOF ‘Sz 00 ‘00¢ LL “SCZ ‘Pb 89 SPS ‘T 00 ‘008 Gorin ay. 8 onsscece ees 5 00°CIZ. 0 [rteteeeeeeetee CC 'ZPS ‘LE 00 °208 ‘S 00 ‘00¢ ‘Zz 00 000 ‘% 0Z 820 ‘TS 00 “000 ‘% 19 ‘SCP ‘CZ 008 ‘8 00 ‘908 ‘SF 00 000 ‘F 08 "892 ‘I8 00 ‘00¢ OOMGGe =. IT RSE Ra Rec ec eNs LC "C76 ‘ES 00 ‘0¢T Ooce;'T 0 [reteceteceeee $8 "9CZ “Sz 91 S19 00 °ELT “Se striae: te 00 006 ‘9 00 “008 ‘% F8 ‘LOF'G OF E48 ‘T 00 006 ‘ST 00 °000‘T 80 ZLF ‘ZOL 00 000 ‘CL » 00 000 *97 98 OLT ‘ZI 00 6L8°S 00 TET ‘ss ‘snoou | [BIOL -B[ [99081 00 ‘OFF 99 “9G “OPS 00 *000 ‘T 00 00T , 00296 ‘c 00000 ‘¢ OL ST 00 009 ‘7$ | “Yo0Ws BAYT | “AroUTYORIN | ' ee a GL °GS9 ‘T Go "LZ 00 O0OT Flee akin acs ee es Bk OE CET RE ce ON: ee a aad be Sapa ere LOND ELA Ont 98 “19% (1) Al ct I dita al | ake igs ge ee ea eee ents ip atk ont aati ieZ “=="""(QLOQSUAAIH)) BULLOIBD YON 00000 % 00 ‘00F 6G ISL ‘SF Poe Ses EX ae of ae >>> (SLOTBY IS9A\) BUTLOIBD YON Bitstad Peers {Oden Laue 6L 6FS ‘6 BE POP. PCG. ee ee sed Ot ae sh ate Se ee LOREAL NT 00 ‘00¢ 00°86 = «| 00008 ‘T ee ie he Pel bey an eo Stam ric aor ert esp Sigs Use eee eee sor s""* OOTXOT MON 88 “0¢8 ‘T 9L P60 ‘% 00000 ‘F9 00 00¢ ‘% erat er HORS SSESSE Sais ph eas ae Nga ie UE eae eR OR RG TORT ZO ‘098 ‘F 00 “SCL ‘T “000 ‘Gh Porn eset = teh OTIS O ura) AON 6¢ "Tae 88 “CES ** BPBADN pee ee 26 FC6 ‘2 ees =“ BXSBIOONT 00 *G90 ‘T 00 00¢ ‘T OOOOGES s+ eter ein aie cekisae oe ore See ere ee eae sence cmae~sie's* =a TBI TON [Scam soee san talees st eieSa sess Ne sc sist Ar Spas si AIS Se OS eau nie apo ee es ah pda Ceara ee (OUT) ea Mnosst fl ae Bae oeia ea | wear ivanieieie.ra.~ | ies sleisialcig same eae ie oe {RF 2°28) nine gratis) Sass BESS Ene S "= (BIQUIN [OD ) LINOSSTIT Pee chip Sl eS ne NP 00 ‘000 ‘¢ [Soe rama stereos eile ee ee ony ie aA SS mane Cprsisaqn) TAdISsIsst Ay 80 ‘PL0‘¢ 9P S00‘ 00°20 ‘eg eee eC RE aD See eater ets (oF8a][OD [Bang[nowsy ) TddIssisstpy 00 000 ‘ZI 00 00 *Z OOMOOG Cite eae s gees [Ear aioe see tee Ie rie aie a ane ae an pe p5 cess spins BIOSOUUTT SS BSntic roe losoane ace pan oe 00 000 ‘08 |PReSSR OAT Ss Rete Sse i Series eee nie sa Renee ar een COS OT 00 “09T ‘¢ (ae ke a [STORES SSG: URS eS aie a eae cane aa (uojsog) S}JosNyoRsse at 00 OGL ‘T OO" GOGtOR. ear see SS sas aoe ss cic iin aici aie ea ee messi * (QsdoULY ) S}Josntpousse yy CO '9FS ‘T £9 C6 QOPGBB SO. car at] pee esas [rien misc sia ia eG aoe aaa (quUy ssoouNd) puxlsreyy 00 °00¢‘T 00 ‘OOF OON000) Stes nil See ene on SG ag ey FS IRE Te Oe a eae ene (yavq So [[OD) PuxpAreyy 00 “ChE 7 19 "ISG fa. 9L "6zE ee . “OULRy 8¢°L9 00 “0g 00 “968 Ieee oiets Pots Sip: SH minhs san Sens SSeS cena et meine ieee * (SUBOLIO MON) BUBISTNO'T ZS ‘089 ‘% C9 “6FS T8 003 ‘ZF foo See Sa ri aris OR a Re ns eT (asnoy uoVR_) BUBISINOT 00 SHE 00 ‘OOL Se es | SSeS Oc ee Sn ee aaa ame ge (410 YUBA ) Ayonjue y 00 ‘ZIF ‘8 00‘9T9 ¢ GG 91z ‘98 [Sesieraie eyiple ria 8 ein Dereny Sic Sater ae GR By aa e OS (uojsulxe'yT) Ayonjuoy 00000‘ 00 '00¢ ‘T OC OOO OT Rees ris ra ne irene a niiefarcin ninaie cep eisai aia eileen Saeki SvSURYy, 00 000 ‘F 00 ‘00¢ ‘g OS“SSGESGY veo] SERRE SENG eS ae ee Bi a a a ae Seah te RAN SSE URAC oe Ee 00 ‘OPE 19 “€89 ‘LOT eaten Seaniaas 2 cal tain ens a en PERN Mee peek SS pon UE ok Me ae RMOUEHW OI 00 000 ‘¢ C0; 000); 0 [raisin eatin meer | 00 '908 Ko mn nti aoe arian cle aimee a bata ke eis Spee po OR IOS OOS SIOUTTIT £9 ‘SES ‘s 8& “886 | 69°C0% SOL SOBG GL a male cic oa = cut tee Rae co eae ie a gc hk ate reeOUG DL rice re era ade 00 ‘001 [eter es at ee SS eae 7 open nh Soa iat Cae ee OSOTLOO) BEaLOoe) 00 ‘OGL L¢°009 ‘T OOO09 p< = + rset Sete Stal eR Sm Airs aie TRC Sia cote saan age Mee Ra RE a (susyay) BLs10e4 00 ‘00% 00 ‘O0T 00 ‘00 laced bat rks ey [recat Tats eee aiee pia (dossBYyRI[RL) BPMOTA 96 *L96 ‘T 68 ‘SEL 00 000 ‘0% Gehan SEU ALG ESS Ogee oat ae (AQID ONBT) BPLIOLA eee eee wee eee 00 Sz eels aad (ae ne ain arene (au ne eines Tel Deas On Ae Pr eT OE Os (19AO) WIBMRTOM 00 00¢ ‘S GOMOD SE ha GS SARS Ra FSS ae Se ee SAS ae peas nak ee ee ** (YIBMON) OBA BLOT | £0 "FSb 10 "GOP BORGO BE or wry ae re Ser Ae eRe eR Sit Si cde Sci on Ore oe RS qnomoouu0g weet eee | 00°000 ‘ZI Jee Ei See ee eg ees etek a ae gee ake gers pee te ce OD BLO TOR 00 °0000% 00 "000 ‘er WSORGEPA Gis Mell cna tock Gath pale ok ge oe eta pea ear pea tte BIULOFTTRD een aeted MUIR Tk cae ee lmeg cS Sees Grae BS ee RTS hari eee aoe ee Ae ik ae ee (gatg oni} SBSUBYLY 00 000 ‘EL 00 000 ‘T pcb Seas mae nas gone fee ee ate Atay [eR lg AO sink giais <> eine Cia aera ees (OT[TLANVIOARY) SvSUBYIV SP °Z99 ‘1 SP 289 ‘T OOSGLGN Oly, |SFisn Sori SS Se See te eee aa eae A is gaa a BUOZIIV rece engl Oe iy TOOS OGG a cael ee ee ee |e ee ee ee Pe ie a te a ae ee ([VULION) BUIRGRLy 00 00T ‘TS 00 9240 ‘2% [eetaen Genre bon cael ae | tia Gay set Skin aia aia Has nape Me GS TS -*(uinqny) vureqeyy | } | | 23 | | : ' ‘snyeinddy “Arvaiqrvy | “sSUIp[ING, TRO UERO PES “AIOJLIAT, 10 99R19 | quouRUtled | "C067 ‘sabajoo qunsb-pun) fo quaudinba 0) suoipppy—'9 ATAVY, STATIONS. 239 THE COLLEGES AND STATISTICS OF 8& "889 ‘SFL ‘S 96 ‘TLL ‘Sz P9 “PSP ‘SPL 00 061 ‘FL 00 ‘00F ‘L $0 668 ‘ST LZ ‘00 ‘901 00 ‘080 ‘OF 00 “00 ‘g9 G8 “TZ8 ‘99 00 ‘0¢8 ‘T 0 ‘F20 ‘2 00 “SF9 ‘L 1G 681 ZL 069 ‘6T 84 °960'% 00 “000 ‘008 18 “SEs ‘2% 6% 69 8% “02a ‘9T FG 902 ‘ZEST ‘snyeindde Surpnpouy a 96 ‘OFT ‘TE 80 °Z6T T6 ‘BEE “OZ LG S&P ; OF ILZ‘S 88 G28 ‘ZL cP g90 ‘8 92 926 ‘FZ 9 00 “0&% 00 “OFZ 00 ‘000 ‘8 eee ee ee ee ee 00 ‘00F ‘T 00 “O0F ‘T 00 “GOL OL ‘FFG ‘gE saa pes ape a LEO ot Lz 00F ‘La 00 “08% ‘TT ect OF SIT ‘F 10 ‘OF0 ‘T ord nets OURUOORT 66 ‘06F ‘T 00 ‘098 “T Lz "9CT 00 ‘OST | 98 969 ‘T 00°G9LS 00 °ST@‘T Sh 898 % OF 79 6 “E88 ie ap ee 00 “COP ‘s 00°20 ‘T “00 ‘O0T 00 °000 “6 00 °000 *% 00 °000 “s FG ‘Z8T “691 6 ‘LFS ‘FOL 02 022 ‘T Tg 929 ‘T 00 “009 hy eee LP ‘881 ‘6 00 "000 ‘¢ “0048 DATT puv ‘AroUTqoORUt TS ‘088 ‘9GF ‘T 00 OGL ‘9T $C “oP ‘6 00 "008 ‘OT 68 “G69 ‘¢ 00 “000 ‘9% 00 ‘004 ‘8% 00 000 ‘% TG “GhS ‘CT OF ‘ZIE ‘CST 00 ‘008 ‘% 1G ‘6FS ‘OL 00 00% 00 000 ‘9 #8 900 ‘T 00 ‘00¢ 00 ‘O01 00 "006 ‘T OF "68L 00 0¢8 1B “G28 8 TLL 00 ‘OFZ 00 GLE T 00000 ‘T €8 ‘0G ‘FT SL ‘96F ‘T “ee ee ee ee ee 00 000 ‘008 SETAE | $6890 98 620 ‘T G6 6E8 00000 ‘2 | 00 "000 ‘O0L 9G “916 “9z9 02 “9T9 ‘SF PE “902 ‘9 ‘snyvindde Surpnpouyy sete teceeeeeeececeeceeceneterset essere cesenscnsoe ee OT * BUTUIOS CSL Rae ee te een ae Cee Oe Ea “777***(93NQSUT) BIULITA ISAA4 --*(UMOJUBFIOW) BIULSITA IS9 AL es UOVSUTYSB MA “**"(uojdurey) BIULSIT A sso eeesss=(SInqsyoul_) BIULSITA Soe seteeeeeeeeeseseceeserere=* AHOULIOA SSK = eee aeete Poses eeeeeeeeereeeeeere sup eae ale I> hese ott hota > (MOTAOLITRIg ) SUXaJ, - (uonRs seers SUxOL + i Es 2 oe SOROS be sre trereteressesessssessssmowEC YING wereeeessessssees (Sinqasunig) Bulporey ynog sorte sessss= (OF0T[OD UOSMID[O) BUITOIBD YINOS : soeeeeeeess* puUBlsy Opogy “77 """RTUBALASUUOd era pee ene ae ht (0y HG. sania taht eg ane a RuUIOyR[yO eee net eT Sa an ae ae On GAA TTS BULOYRLAO rm tii beh a ing See arn eg rie! STO gS STATIONS. 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[ses tes =sanses sss s-he nor 000 ‘6% 000 ‘Gz 000 ‘ez 000 ‘FZ 000 ‘gz 000 ‘za 000 ‘TZ 000‘0@ | 000‘6T | 000‘8E | 000‘ZT | O00‘9T | O00‘GT |----77777777777777* BURIpUT 000 ‘ez 000 ‘ez 000 ‘6% 000 ‘F 000 ‘82 000 ‘%% 000 ‘TZ 000‘0G | 000°6E | 000‘ST | 000‘ZT | 000‘9T | O00'SE |--------7->->-"*>"*> slouTTIT 000 ‘ez 000 “cz 000 ‘cz 000 “Fa 000 ‘8% 000 ‘Za 000 ‘TZ QOOF OZ | OOON GT OOOH S Tet esis ete daar | pein eeaa Geers ee “-"* OWURPT : 000 ‘&z 000 ‘ez 000 ‘ez 000 ‘F% 000 ‘z 000 ‘Ze 000 ‘TZ 000‘0% | 000‘6L | 000‘'8T | O00‘ZT | O00‘9T | O00'ST [7°77 77777777777 7777" BTsIOND: 000 ‘cz 000 “cz 000 ‘cz 000 ‘cz 000 ‘Fa 000 ‘8% 000 ‘Ze 000 ‘Tz 000°0% | 000‘6E | 000‘8T | 000‘ZT | OO0'9T | OO0‘GE |---- 777777777 > oF 7** BpMOLT 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘ez 000 ‘ez 000 ‘cz 000 ‘FZ 000 ‘8% 000 ‘2% 000 ‘1% 000 ‘0% | 000‘6L | 000‘8T | 000°ZT | 000‘9T | O00‘GE |***---7"7""- -* OIBA ROL 000 ‘cz 000 ‘cz 000 “cz 000 ‘6% 000 ‘FZ 000 ‘8% 000 ‘2% 000 ‘12% 000°0@ | 000‘6L | 000‘ST | 000‘2T | O00‘9T | O00‘GT |*-"--77*7777 7" > qnoToouUoD 000 ‘ez 000 “6% 000 *¢% 000 ‘ 000 ‘FZ 000 ‘$a 000 ‘Za 000 ‘T% 000‘0@ | 000‘6T | 000‘ST | 000‘2T | 000‘9T | O00‘GL |--*-*-7777---777"* OpBIOTOD 000 ‘cz 000 ‘ez 000 ‘cz 000 ‘cz 000 ‘F& 000 ‘8% 000 ‘Zz 000 ‘Tz 000‘0% | 000°6E | O00‘SE | 000‘ZT | 000‘9T | OO0‘ET |- me * BIULOFTTBD ‘ 000 ‘SZ 000 ‘¢% 000 ‘cz 000 ‘ba 000 ‘8% 000 ‘Z% 000 ‘TZ 000‘0% | 000‘6T | 000‘ST | OO0‘ZT | O00‘9T | O00‘GE |--7-*7 77777777 tt 7 SBsUBHIY 000 ‘6 000 ‘¢z 000 ‘&% 000 ‘S| ; 000 *¥% 000 ‘8% 000 ‘2% 000 ‘Tz 000‘0% | 000‘6T | 000‘ST | OOO‘ZT | O00‘9T | OO0‘GE |--~7*~7 7777777 7*°** BUOZTIIY 000 ‘ez$ 000 ‘ez 000 °ez$ | 000°EZ$ | 000'EcS | 000'FZS | 000"E2%S | 000‘ZZS | 000‘TZS | 000 ‘OZ | 0006S | 000‘STS | 000 ‘LTS | 000‘9TS | 000 ‘ETS |-->>>- oh “* BULB BLY “PO6T ‘806 | “2061 | “1061 | “OU6T “668 | “868T “LOST “968 “C68T “PEST “S681 “C68T. “T68T. “O68 - — - — —__—_— *AIOPIIO TL, 10 9YBI1S —0g oun Surpue wv9a XK : v 068T ‘08 snbny paaosddn ssasbuoy fo joo ay) wapun spp ovunyoou ayy pun aanynnibo fo sabayoo fo pw ur suoynrdosddny ay JO sarwopwlay, Pun sayy ayy 07 hansvauy SIDI, papuy ay, wouf sjuamasungsyy—' ) a aTAV 241 STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 000 ‘002 ‘E | 000 ‘002 ‘T) 000 ‘002 ‘T} 000 ‘00% ‘T} 000 ‘002 ‘T) 000 ‘Ze ‘T} 000 ‘POT ‘T} 000 ‘90 ‘T| 000 ‘800 ‘T| 000 ‘096 000 ‘cz 000 ‘6% 000 ‘6% 000 ‘6% 000 ‘¢% 000 ‘¢% 000 ‘ce *G06T ‘IOTIOJUT OY JO ArvJOINAG OY} 0} WOT|RONPA JO IOUO[SSTUTMIOH JO MOTTO} BIS [RNUUL OY} TOIT vd 000 ‘316 000 ‘Z8L 000 (099: °-""#="s === ==" [8}0OL A ee eee sr ese*Surmtod AA 000eL |octttctett ttt ** THISUOOST AA 000‘GE |ttttttttttt VIULBITA 989M 000 9T | 000 SI wa] aatnm in eane sss OTST ORE AR ooo'er [rtttttttttt eaccecs BIULSITA . o00e |ttttttte “fosecess= AUOULIOA 000 ‘eT ea eeeee plots alate! Sh R A 6 | 16 S. Doc. 148, 58-2 242 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. STATISTICS OF THE AGRICUL TABLE 8.—General Date of origi- | pe Station, Location. Director. nel organ - dna Hatch ‘ 4 Act. Alabama (College) ..... AMDUID. =. 2. eeeeneer| ls TOR, DURPET a. See ais Feb. —,1883 | Feb, 24, 1888 Alabama (Canebrake)..; Uniontown..........-. J.M.Richeson........ Jan. 1,1886 | Apr. 1,1888 Alabama) \252-b MUSKER CESS ote mewese WiaCarveroca.to-.== Feb. 15,1897 | :.cee=ceeueeee | ATIZON Oso ean SUICHON s o<% emcee eee R, He Rorbes sc onte eee 1889 Arkansas’. oofocecce sees Fayetteville.........-. W..G. Vincenheller -.2|-------cs o<-526-< i. WALCIS:. os..22--74|S one oee eee | Jan, —, 1888 Missouri (fruit) ........ Mountain Grove....--. ERIN AULA aloe sie tore tmetatee Feb. 1,1900)|s-s2505seeeeee MONTANA coe nbs sens oss BOZEMAN AS. coos. ~ seen 5; WOMer 225.5525 -80|pvoen ee ore eee July 1,1893 Webraska °2...--2 52% ses FAUCOMT Fete sen case's EA. Burnett ..-....-- Dec. 16,1884 | June 13, 1887 MORAN i oo cn atae RAD reat etree J.3. Stubbs’. ...00-222-|s-.8) ace ee eee New Hampshire........ Dntham oo! eee ese WD nba = seeese eee 1886 | Aug. 4, 1887 New Jersey (State) ..... New Brunswick ...... E. B. Voorhees........ Mar. 10, 1880)|)-2as5-seee eee New Jersey (college) ...|-.-.- docs eee OO 2 sees sence ss lee| ace neon ereners April 26, 1888 New Mexico..... ees Mesilla Park. ........- iy. Moster: 220 32.22 eee Dec. 14,1889 New York (State) ...... GCC V A ree ane eee We Jordanieers ses Mar. —, 1882 '|- sc2.322-seemee New York (Cornell)....| Ithaca................ ye Davey oe. aeo sexe 1879 | April —, 1888 North Carolina .... ...- Raleleh: 23. ceases BIW seelISOre.- 2. .osnen Mar. 12,1877 | Mar. 7,1887 North Dakota .......... Agricultural College: .| J. H. Worst - 2-2. .25-5<|o-seesemeceseee Mar. —, 1890 ONIO (2-2; Sen eeeer Wooster .u--setecs55 CH, THOrme os-ceseee April 25,1882 | April 2, 1888 Oklahoma: .2.scsc2ecse6 Stillwater ............ Joon, Welds 3... - 2 .cs + aon Sas oenae ew eee nee ee 15: 0005 00i|Sasseeee-oee 11, 220. 00 2,547. 08 Rhode sland: 2s. se220: th ee oe ee eee 1B;Q00%00 5 (joc sceete be |e ancien apieon| tee eee 1, 227. Honthi Caroling. <-scce--s ne eee ecco se neees 15,000:00 V.c23 Secee nse ste cesce bu) tee eeemeeeee 1, 687. 63 NouthwDakotasss: 620 SS eee eee 15, 000. 00 1, 200.00 |...--0- 22sec) eo ccceseeeeee + === aaa Monwesseel... ces ccnen se ces atee eae oe nas 15;'000!00 [soc ccc ace rch oe necice ol] oe eee 5, 582. 67 MOKAS 2720 SS es ceas Ole ae eee aes 15, 000. 00 5,000.00 |... c.ccc0l ale cam eter meet eee Uta ee: ake Soe eas caeeeee een eee 15, 000/00. |. cccccec. selon tescocc ed Sete e eee 3, 634. 64 MENINODU. = svacaeccems toner Seo eene eae 15, 000. 00 1, 090. 99 2:'608.22 | 25 eeneeee Wit Pia no cwcew aD et ease eee ecc ce eemee ss AU EO ecesaaosers Gocesonecacd |cGascscoc ac: 346. 32 Washineton’- c: fics sce osseceneee once. 15, 000. 00 2, 389. 8B | a ece cacdescs|occcte se ae eel Seana West Varginig 20s 228 so eee cee eemoaee AD OOOROO ||Rec see Se celeeosteaeeeee 13, 068. 00 932. 00 Wisconsin: So. ~ 2 Lacie one eee even eaweaes 15,,000;.00: |! “15,000.00. |......-..2.. 1,800.00: |2.ceeeeneee Wyoming 2 5.03.5 co sce ee en eeepc 15,,000:\00) | st ceecenens 120. 00 220. 39 385. 10 DOG: 26 2 ee one 720, 000,00 | 431,262.41 | 10,660.00 | 99,864.23 | 105,128, 02 aIncluding balance from previous year. > Balance from previous year. e For substations. dIncluding substations. e For substation, including farm land. J Of this amount $2,520.31 is from cattle sales, STATISTIOS tions to equipment in 1903. OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 249 Miscel- Additions to equipment in 1903. Farm : . laneous. sy 42 F . | Appa- : Live Miscel- Buildings. | Library. ratus. a stock. | laneous. $377. 69 $735.00 | $500.00 | $810.00 $115.00 | $366.00 53. 06 195. 94 7.33 244. 59 679. 95 582. 45 96. 66 Ae 300.79 168. 26 27.50 22.50 400800 |=. 425 -a- ak ee 58. 57 28. 28 377. 84 252. 99 2711 A ee a 994. 05 37.50 24.00 G2bo7i nee eee 150. 00 328. 50 Perea ot eek, OOK. cece ne 1, 084. 24 305. 97 YBN EES en See Bee a 33.55 O74. 90) [Poe sea ace = 582. 06 2.00 80. 50 169. 40 aa re 749. 83 458. 07 831.10 45.89 A113 jal Pe a Ses eee 500. 00 46. 63 429.79 255. 06 105. 00 362. 50 4, 289. 75 700. 00 53. 00 16. 00 ZIDLUO s| Saemaen sol eee ate Ja-oe FSF 205. 69 139. 92 47.50 331.30 123. 00 80.75 6331.61 128. 67 103. 38 109. 86 347. 05 2.50 90. 02 1, 484. 63 1, 422. 56 117.97 428. 85 588. 69 DIO! bac eee $24. 24 750. 00 14. 60 729. 81 816, 80 | 2,402.14 |. ..--..see 61,743.18 506.17 79.75 712.39 48.53 82. 60 243. 40 a619. 81 10, 961. 26 376.16 100. 38 700. 34 | 2,657.43 2.90 @11, 218. 62 1,096. 81 287.71 26. 71 602. 57 291.35 | 2,425.93 BIR IOG hier 21 Sb 7583; |2.<22 2. 2: 276. 93 110. 71 227.20 77) a Wl BE ee 620. 40 363. 94 285. 38 158. 4L 304. 04 360, 00 118. 60 Seok OF Wine 362004 AP |... cos cee 84. 09 283. 31 196,13; | 5ao8 22 252) ten soe a2, 824.69 2178-36 360. 39 993. 21 V7) 30) 7) Re a 99.10 atualesaaces = 2,081.40 | 1,000.00 10. 60 ieee RES ly (re O Al Pees a1, 409. 30 43,800. 00 ¢61.79 252. 09 351. 05 295.00 |e5, 455. 43 a3, 229. 61 78, 150. 00 222. 61 621.35 135. 40 937.00 |Sc2nccces Peers ice 200: O0Ms ose ee |asee ol Sooo Sas Mac ae awa lacoeeeasns Ce eS ie 0 6, 300. 00 100. 00 300. 00 1005 00) ceeesis a) aecooce nes eee esos) s . 495860. 78. leoseecececc 4.77 560. 06 4255783 soeenos sl aac eewe 6 226.56 404. 84 66. 63 175. 04 237.42 266,20 | oocccc ans Beton aoe 61.00 300. 00 226. 00 §..00) |Beneesce =: 274. 00 ee oth i CAI OO) Pad a oo eae Be 103. 69 288209) | ets ae ee Se 281. 88 Geet ewes lt ss 20;:000/00 | .5 2225.50 550. 33 191.95 130; 00 |bos-2--252 449, 91 Se eee 600. 00 6. 90 100. 00 700. 00 512. 00 300. 00 h7, 304. 55 10, 500. 00 692.59 27.55 | 1,947.00 200200 || face coon pease a 141.38 78.71 385. 89 85. 57 300. 00 400. 00 k2, 883. 70 768. 44 51.27 112. 94 178.35 gb e's gl Bere ee 477.22 142. 60 oe? 422.94 20.00 440. 00 50.12 1, 959. 96 2,403. 54 265.17 25. 30 401. 48 | 3,222.34 232. 98 2 750. 00 69.19 325. 09 300) OO: be cesse.e .: 305. 34 peteget ce 2) |e 16; 445) 64 |! sce... 75.16 37.50 229. 05 GIA) eee aes oem BL GE hee 28) 94872 |e 55556. 62.68 | 2,596. 58 68.85; |szaecec.52 35. 93 a1, 251. 50 264. 51 274.78 342. 23 306,45; leesico tae oe |=-ecdenes a5 Seen ese 586. 59 194. 66 454. 00 121. 65 PAB Boe eee 954.16 5. 90 15. 76 216.10 302. 92 74.10 198. 12 102. 49 400. 00 270. 00 63. 04 278.33 150. 00 112. 50 8, 737. 01 252. 40 200. 72 386. 03 84. 30 75. 00 115. 45 eeaee Laces 748. 71 93.17 5.55 568. 83 | 1,040.01 |16, 117.14 oo = Sees 930. 67 101, 50. 409. 51 730. 57 665. SEE Ra 73. 261SBe esccann mae TSB Be lie oo asain cet [ese ce coe slaemen ee ree 61, 289.35 2A9. OD- le ec2 22 se 261. 89 26-80) le seese es: 59. 83 2, 087. 5u 1, 919. 81 891.31 | 1, 232.01 197.27 448.35 | 4,369.23 Eg a Pacts test ee CLS OOS UUs [se nicin ore orde'e os $46. 00 310. 00 302.00 | 1,024. Swen see ae ae 1,391.49 402.15 76.60 218. 80 192. 03 338. 27 | 60, 323. 07 | 3,427, 287.73 135, 581.16 [11,501.35 18, 552. 41 | 15,123.98 |22, 427. 82 |33, 183, 89 9 For biennial period 1903 and 1904. ~ hInsurance. Total. $75. 00 | $2, 601. 00 > wo orn % Fi § NESESE RRSeSSELEL aeI2228 “ eey Be 026 “101 eee ee w hers S to") ON - ie eb oa for) i) _ lon ons BESS seuee: SraSSHESER ~ a © 674. 56 = x : oe] 1 ReRrs SESSSRSRES _ noe ee ro er) =" S388 TWO 8 bo wwe 236, 370. 61 iEstimated amount of State and other appropriations not included in Hatch fund spent for experi- orton purposes. ted amount of State appropriation spent for experimental purposes. kIncluding farm products. OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TABLE 10,—Lxpenditures from United States 250 REPORT OF OFFICE Station, | Amount. | Salaries. Labor. Alabama‘. 33bts ecco $15, 000. 00} $8, 828. 91) $1, 367. 62 Tatas ee DAA ee 15,000.00} 8, 259.64) 1,874.15 ATKANSSS 5 As)... beens 15,000.00) 7,374.86) 2,168. 45 Califormia:..2.. 2b cee cee. tects 15,000.00) 7,120.51) 3,196.33 MAING oat. ks 15,000.00} 7,939.45} 1, 808. 42 Marviand. = heer cao. 15,000.00) 7,799.00) 2,988. 59 Massachusetts ..........- 15,000.00) 6,829.37) 3,216.52 Machipan).» i See oo eae 15,000.00) 6,364.06) 2,971.97 MINT CSOLE <. 552) ethatcterars's 15, 000. 00) 10,507.38} 2, 129. 00 Mississippisici>. coe pede 15,000.00) 7,480.53) 1, 457.05 MISSOURI Soe aoe 15,000.00} 6,174.58) 2,920.45 Montane ane. secs ake 15,000.00} 8,818.50) 2,218.85 INGDIaSICR 26 Soe toeeae 15,000.00} 8,774.69) 1,200.00 NGVada so Ssn ses 15,000.00} 8,221.35} 2,023.15 New Hampshire......... 15,000.00} 9,306.88) 1,379.52 New. Jerse yic. a dese tas 15, 000.00) = 9, 730. 00 901.18 ING WiUMexICOscesssce estes 15,000.00) 7,579.94) 1,749.22 New York (State) ....... 1, 500. 00 120200 reer etaats New York tecened) Saher 13,500.00) 8, 236.97! 1,810.63 North Carolina.......... 15,000.00) 8,953.32) 1,659.51 North Dakota) csi... .4-. 15,000.00) 7,741.85) 3,056.31 OhiOs2 2s 2-5 nese -| 15,000.00} 9,667.92) 2,867.38 Oklahoma..... -| 15,000.00) 6,655.00) 2, 500. 00 Oregon... 3.5: 15, 000.00} 10,599.25) 2,006.06 Pennsylvania ..........- 15,000.00} 10,306. 20).......... Rhode Island ........... | 15,000.00) 7,794.97) 2,334.58 South Carolina .......... | 15,000.00) 8,579.76) 2,244.55 South Dakota ........... 15,000.00) 9,435.00) 1,538.52 Wennessee's.3.3-2.56c25-5 | 15,000.00) 8,035.81! 3,453.32 MOKA’ Ao Sooo nee | 15,000.00) 9,467.08) 1, 405. 62 BSH: hee Reed te | 15,000.00) 6,645.41) 4,141.94 Wermont..Jseee-cseeeeeee 15,000.00) 6,682.23) 2,775.78 WAreinia a. scons s en soen ce 15,000.00} 8,847.37] 2,478.65 Washington 2552252552522 15,000.00) 9,859.71) 1,933.20 West Virginia ........... 15,000.00} 11341.36).......... WASCONSING Ss cce cee sence 15,000.00} 8,357.97) 1,874.88 Wyoming! sicecc5cctes oe 15,000.00) 6,085.60) 3, 120.03 Total S..e<-esnasbee 720, 000. 00) 403, 389. 33/104, 560. 52 Ite Publica- tions. . 69 -18 1, 368. 1, 229. 87 9, 117.18 1, 570. 67 1, 241. 64 277. 26 549. 90 625. 93 40,579, 87 mized, Postage and station- ery. $147. 58 136. 60 Freight and ex- press. $266. 12 188. 06 258.14 490. 58 356. 25 83. 16 117. 80 218.19 97. 48 833. 33: 172. 99 9, 130. 54 Heat, light, and water. tee nel ewww wwe 15, 286. 12/8, 012. 29 STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 951 appropriation for year ended June 80, 1903.4 Itemized. Seeds, Tools, Furni- | - . plants, imple- |“ture | Scien- Travel-|Contin-| Build- | Bal- and Ferti- |Feeding}| Libra- | ments, Ant tific Live | ing gent ing j|ance. sundry | lizers. | stuffs. ry. and fix. | #Ppara- stock, ex- ex- and sup- machin- payed tus. penses. | penses.| repairs. plies. ery. || 7 eS alae ae $687.81) $342.07) $317.57] $500.45) $72.89) $118.37, $398.38) $17.25) ........ | $15.00) $403. 22\...... 223.75) 429.04) 454.58 7.33 679.95 96.66 80.60) 982.45 $344.18)........ 195, 94!...... 366. 76 : BU oe 542.85) 107.11 149. 83) Scene 267.50) 42.10) 532.17)...... 100. 83 36.74 790. 00)...... 170.50) 149.00) 738.04)...... 225.65) 131.41 1285 Ol erates 77. 66 6.62) 349. 71)...... 68. 02 19. 50 750. 00) ...... 200.67; 25.75) 607.17)...... 34.90) 114. 65 68.14). 5.27 : 52. ae Z Bee] Geese | eth yf) Oa op) eee SSeS PRRs boone soc) aes 502.14) 142.80} 1,372.06] 276.93} 227.20) 331.39] 110.71) 222.11) 279.87) 15.00) 188.75) ..... 765.43) 175.26) 300.50) 285.38) 304.04) 113.60) 158.41} 360.00) 228.08) 15.00) 363.94)...... 810.76} 716.85) 587.17) 56.18) 196.13) 35.03 87. 90}. ..----- 105.50) 121.00) 530,77)...... 379. 26 3. 28 499.93) 359.37) 84. 89 83. 66 874. 24)1,571.55) 390.05 8.48 495. 16)...... 221: | Eee 1 Fab a a] ees GOE20 lesen see ee = £865 00)) seems 2 = eee sso eece ne| has 44 629.30) 205.58) 1,117.01) 149.31) 236.21) 253%73)........- 422.50) 243.38) 15. 748. 97). ..... 797.47, 20.10} 1,297.93) 186.15 185.40) 329.05) 314.63) 74.00) 365.92) 15. 148),6B) 2 coe 197.55| 106.45] 625.38] 93.17 395.76] 42. 78)......... 1,026.86} 265.90}...... Saf) 498288) 52-5 141.10) 75.61) 1,178.24) 99.00) 104.63) 127.35) 409.51)........ 478.83) 116.44 750.00]...... iid EES (0 Bee ee Pe! (ee eee es ee ee 1S eee ee 40.50} 35.00 267.89)...... AIS 74) = Lee oe eee Pope Benen | Men Aan Seal SA Cerenan 40051 Deccan ae 249.00)... -.. 151.49) 127. 62) 61.69} 520.66) 129.00) 12.40) 1,231.51) 45.00) 283.51) 15.00)......... 1, 720. 31 1.50 75.70) 498. 60) eed eee eee 332.95) 102.00) 502.60) 106.48! 17). 20). 596. 86 5.15, 209.37 2.15) 218.80) 338.27 76.60) 192.03) 233.37) 13.05. 750.00 23, 928. 54/5, 669. ae 064. | ama 333. sl 768. 64 aThe expenditures under the different heads are affected by the total revenue of the station, as shown in Table 9. 7,519. 07 9, 737, 08|5, 493. 66/12, 152. 35|8, 822, 74 252 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Taste 11.—Disbursements from the United States Treasury to the States and Territories State or Territory. 1888, 1889, 1890. 1891. 1892 1893 1894. DERROIDD oe wine swans $11, 250. 00 |$18, 750. 00 |$14, 999.34 |$15, 000.00 |$15, 000. 00 |$15, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 ATION. Joo: cans ccs scatemeceeul te eteees eee 10, 000. 00 | 15, 000.00 | 15,000.00 | 15,000.00 | 15,000. 00 AYKGNERS 26. ceeued 11, 250. 00 | 18, 750.00 | 15,000.00 | 15,000.00 | 15,000.00 | 15,000.00 | 15, 000. 00 Galifomia....¢ , .- > - - ee 4 , ae eon = 0 ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 353 Among our present needs I will recommend as much needed at this station a good hay rake and at least 10 bales of barbed wire. The latter is a serious need to protect our crops. The ordinary pole fence does not turn the stock once they get a taste of the fine oats and various grains growing at the station. Respectfully submitted. J. W. NEAL, Superintendent Copper Center Experiment Station. Prof. C. C. GEorGESON, Special Agent in Charge of . tlaska Investigations. KENAI STATION. On returning to Valdez from the interior I took the first boat bound ’ for Cook Inlet, which happened to be the Mewport. She left Valdez August 11 and arrived at Seldovia on the 13th. The little flat-bottomed steamer 7yonée was in waiting and left the same night for the ports in the north of the inlet, and arrived at Kenai the next morning. I found Mr. Nielsen and Mr. Ross engaged in breaking new ground. (Pl. X, fig. 1.) There are nowat the station 21 acres cleared, broken, and fenced. The first 5 acres were cleared immediately back of the village, but it was found that the winds from the sea, which swept in unobstructed, damaged the crops. The next 16 acres were therefore cleared some little distance back in the woods so as to leave a shelter belt of timber to protect the crops from the sea winds. This has been found to be an advantage, but it is believed that still better protection will be afforded farther back, and the next field to be cleared has been chosen with this end in view. In the middle of August, when the writer was there, the crops looked welland gave promise of a plentiful harvest. (Pl. XI.) But the promise was not fulfilled. It will be seen from Mr. Nielsen’s report, submitted herewith, that none of the grain matured this year. Heretofore the earlier varieties of grain have matured, but this year was an exception in this respect. The spring was late and the summer averaged colder than in previous years. There was less sunshine than usual, with a great deal of misty, overcast weather. The number of clear days was as follows, by months: May, 9; June, 6; July, 12; August, 10. But whatever the cause, the fact remains that grain failed to mature. Of the five years during which we have been at work on this station this is the only total failure to mature grain. From the data now at hand it is evident that grain growing for the seed is uncertain along the coast on the Kenai Peninsula. But there is reason to believe that grain can be matured some 10 or more miles from the coast where the influence of the winds and mists from the inlet are less sinister. S. Doc. 148, 58-2——23 354 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. STOCK RAISING A SUCCESS. But there is no doubt in regard to stock raising. The station work oxen have now been kept for five years, winter and summer, wholly on native-grown feed—grass in summer and hay or silage in winter— and they have been kept in sufliciently good condition for work. We have also made a start in keeping cows. Cattle have been kept at Kenai and Ninilchick for many years. The native stock is a diminutive Siberian breed, but at Kenai they have been improved by the introduction of American cattle, and the two cows owned by the station at this writing are of average size. That live stock can be grown there has been proved, and I therefore recom- mend that hereafter special attention be given to animal industry at this station. If the money is available I recommend the building up of a small dairy herd and that a dairy equipment be provided. ‘This, however, should not be done if it will in any way retard the develop- ment of the stations in the Copper River Valley and at Rampart on the Yukon, for I consider that these stations are of more immediate importance than the Kenai Station. But provided that these stations do not suffer, the work of clearing and improving land at Kenai should continue, and a small herd of general-purpose cattle should be collected there with a view to inaugurate dairy work when the necessary equip- ment can be provided. Nowhere in Alaska has butter or cheese been manufactured, and it will be an instructive and profitable experiment to ascertain what cattle raised on native feed can produce in this line. A CHANGE IN SUPERINTENDENT. Mr. H. P. Nielsen, who has been superintendent of this station since the breaking of the first sod in the spring of 1899, has resigned, and Mr. P. H. Ross, a graduate of the Kansas State Agricultural Col- lege, has taken his place. Mr. Nielsen bas been an energetic and industrious worker, and most of the hard work of clearing the land has been done by him. He has erected all of the buildings and laid the foundations of the station, from which much usefulness in the future may be expected. Mr. Nielsen’s report follows herewith: REPORT OF H. P. NIELSEN, SUPERINTENDENT OF KENAI STATION. Kenat, ALAsKa, October 14, 1903. Dear Str: I herewith submit report on work for the season of 1903. CLEARING OF NEW LAND. In addition to work with experimental crops on the 15 acres previ- ously cleared and broken we haye cleared of trees, stumps, and brush, ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 355 and broken 6 acres more and fenced it. For convenience the tield by the house is designated in this report as Field A; the field back in the woods, Field B. GENERAL IMPROVEMENTS AND ADDITIONS. Last year I purchased a building of the Alaska Packers Association which had been used for quarters for Chinamen while the cannery here was in operation. The object was to tear the house down and with the lumber build a barn for implements and grain. The building as it stood measured 75 by 24 by 10 feet. I took it down, moved the lum- ber 2 miles, and built a barn here measuring 64 by 24 by 10 feet; we having some lumber left. The old implement shed is being converted into a stable for horses and cattle. (Pl. XII, figs. 1 and 2. Fourteen hens and a cock were bought in August and the old silo building converted into a chicken house. A 3-year-old cow was bought in August for the station. One of the oxen brought up here in 1899 died last spring. Last year a yoke of oxen were shipped here from Portland, Oreg., but one of them had received so severe injuries on the voyage that he died a week after landing. The station herd now consists of 2 cows, a 16-month-old heifer calf, a 2-year-old steer, and 2 oxen; 6 head in all. Twelve tons of native grass were cut, cured, and stacked in July and August. About 7 tons of this are now in stack. Of the orchard set out in the spring of 1902 there are alive 3 apple trees, 1 cherry tree, 7 raspberry bushes, 10 gooseberry bushes, and 1 currant bush. The apple trees grew very slowly during the summer. The cherry tree grew shoots about 3 feet long, and seems healthy. The raspberries made a remarkable growth from the roots and sent up many new canes, but all of last year’s stems were winterkilled, so they did not bear any fruit. The gooseberries grew new stems, 2 to 3 feet long, but did not bear. The currant bush made a normal growth without bearing any fruit. The strawberries, 3 rarieties, did remarkably well, and ripened nearly a gallon of berries, but, owing to the birds, there were seldom more than 3 or 4 ripe berries to be found at atime. New plants were made by the hundred in the latter part of the summer, so the beds will need to be extended next year. The grain has been hauled off the field, and the portion which was dry enough to stack has been stacked up; the rest is standing in shock in the stack yard. Five acres of the grain field have not yet been plowed this fall. NOTES ON VEGETABLES. Potatoes.—FKarly Rose and Early Burbank were planted May 23. They did not all come up until about July 6, but when once up they 556 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. grew rapidly. The yield was not so good as last year, but two-thirds of the Early Rose and one-half of the Burbank were marketable. They were dug September 24. Success with vegetables this year was not so good as usual, except with cabbage, celery, and parsley. The peas did fairly well, but were. late in coming into bearing. The lack of success with the other things was due partly to the cold summer, but mostly to the fact that the soil was new. It was given a liberal dressing of manure last spring, but it did not have time to decay sufliciently to help the plants much this year. ; April 27 I planted in the cold frame the following seeds: Cabbage, Jersey Wakefield; cauliflower, Early Snowball and Dwarf Erfurt; lettuce, Big Boston and Morse; kohl-rabi, Large White; broccoli, Mammoth White; cucumber, White Spine; celery, Improved White Plume; onions, Yellow Globe Danvers; parsley, Plain Single; and Brussels sprouts. The cabbage was set out in the open June 3 and did very well. Less than 1 per cent of the plants set out failed to grow and most of those that grew made good-sized heads. The cabbage last summer was the best I ever raised. The cauliflower and broccoli plants were set out June 8, but did not amount to anything. The plants kept green all summer, but they did not begin to grow well until in August, and the frost killed them before they came to head. The kohlrabi plants were set out June 3 and did fairly well A few plants of both varieties of lettuce were set out June 8, but they did not develop to large heads. The cucumbers did not get large enough to transplant. I do not think cucumbers can be raised here. I have tried them five years now without success. I had no ground prepared rich enough in which to transplant celery. I therefore took out the other plants and transplanted the celery to the cold frame, and it grew magnificently. Of course, I did not have room to bank it up, but some of the plants grew 15 inches high, and as they stood so closely they partly bleached without banking. It is finely flavored and tender. The onions were left in the cold frame and the largest bulbs attained a size of 1 inch in diameter. The parsley was also left in the cold frame and grew to be 1 foot high. On May 19 I planted the following varieties of peas: American Wonder, Hosford Market Garden, Earliest of All or Alaska, and Thor- burn Extra Early Market. There was no noticeable difference as to earliness, for they were all late. They were not eatable until about the 1st of September. Hosford Market Garden grew the largest vine, it being about 3 feet tall. Senate Doc. No. 148. PLATE XIl. Fic. 1.—ALASKA STATIONS—STATION BUILDINGS AT KENAI STATION. Fia. 2.—ALASKA STATIONS—NEW BARN AT KENAI STATION. ts ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 357 On May 20 I planted beets, Karly Egyptian; carrots, Early Scarlet Horn; parsnips, Hollow Crown; corn salad; and ruta-baga, Large White. The beet, carrot, and parsnip seed were soaked in water over night, but they did not come up until about five weeks after plant- ing. The beets amounted to nothing. The carrots were small, largest roots being only 1 inch in diameter and 2 and 24 inches long. The parsnips did not do so well. The corn salad came up in about three weeks, but grew very slowly. It is green at the present time, but only 2 inches high, and has not been picked. The ruta-bagas came up in about two weeks, but did not get very large; a few of the largest weighed 1 pound a piece. They needed richer ground. On May 28 I planted mustard, White London; garden cress; spin- ach, Savoy; kale, Siberian; and radishes, Early Scarlet and French Breakfast. The mustard did not get large, neither did the cress. The spinach went to seed without making many leaves. The kale grew well; some of the leaves were 14 inches long, and the plants stood quite thick in the rows. The radishes did fairly well, but were a long time attaining an eatable size. Turnip (White Dutch) was sowed broadcast June 10, and the seed covered by raking the ground over with the garden rake. They did fairly well, but none of them became exceptionally large. FIELD CROPS. Winter grain.—Giant Winter Rye seeded August 25, 1902. Sep- tember 3 there was a fine stand 3 inches high. October 1 it was 6 inches high and spreading out. It wintered over in good shape, and on July 1, 1903, there was a good stand, 3 feet high, fully headed. July 15 it was 54 feet high. August 1, 6 feet high and just going out of bloom. August 19, 6 to 7 feet high, filling out nicely and prom- ised well. September 1, ripening and grain in the dough. September 15, grain injured by the frost. The chaff and straw were ripe, but the seed would not harden. It was cut September 21. The grain is not mature enough to make seed. Excelsior winter rye, seeded at the same time and in the same kind of ground as the above variety. Growth and results the same as the above. Two other varieties of rye (Schlansted and Fechitin) were sown, but the seed failed to grow. A plat each of Excelsior winter wheat and Giant winter rye was sown August 18 last. At the present time the plats are green and look very promising. 3858 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. SPRING CROPS. Wheat—Romanow.—Two plats were seeded, one in Field A, May 26, and one in Field B, June 4. On June 6 the plat seeded May 26 was com- ingup. The platseeded June 4 was coming up June 14. OnJuly 1 it was noted in Field A, stand excellent, 4 inches high. In Field B, stand excellent, 5 to 6 inches high. July 15, in Field A, growth spindling, 6 to 8 inches high; in Field B, 8 inches high. August 1, in Field A, 1 foot high; in Field B, 18 inches high. Angust 19, in Field A, 24 to 30 inches high and beginning to bloom; in Field B, 36 inches high and in bloom. September 1, in Field A, 30 to 36 inches high, in bloom; in Field B, 45 feet high, in bloom. September 15, in Field A, 42 to 48 inches high, still in bloom. It will make no grain. In Field B, 5 to 6 feet high and still blooming. Both plats were cut September 22, the straw to be used for hay. Barley—Manshury, seeded May 28. June 6, was just showing above ground. July 1, stand excellent, 3 to 4 inches high. July 15, 4 to 6 inches high. August 1, 12 to 20 inches high and beginning to head. August 19, 30 to 40 inches high and in bloom. September 1, passing from milk to dough, 3 to 4 feet high. September 15, about 30 per cent still in the milk; rest in the dough; straw still green. When cut, September 29, a small percentage of the straw turning yellow, mostly green. Grain spoiled by the heavy frosts of September 23, 24, 26, 27, and 28. No seed ripe. Oats—Sixty Day.—Two plats of this oats were sown, one in Field A, May 26, which was just coming up June 6. The other plat was sown in Field B June 4. July 1 the stand was good, 3 inches high in both fields. July 15, in Field A, 6 inches high; in Field B, 7 inches high. August 1, in Field A, 12 inches high, 10 per cent headed; in Field B, 14 inches high, but no heads yet. August 19, in Field A, 30 inches high and in bloom; in Field B, 36 inches high and in bloom. Septem- ber 1, in Field A, some in bloom, some just past; in Field B, 4 feet high and in bloom. September 15, in Field A, 36 to 42 inches high, grain in milk and dough, a few hulls turning yellow, straw green yet, beginning to lodge badly; in Field B, 4 feet high, badly lodged, grain in the milk, straw green. The plat in Field B was cut for hay Sep- tember 23, no grain ripe. The plat in Field A was cut September 28, no grain ripe. Swedish Select.—Two plats were seeded with this variety, one in Field A, May 26, and one in Field B, June 4. The plat seeded May 26 was just showing above ground June 6. The plat seeded June 4 was coming up June 12. July 1, in Field A, stand good, 3 inches high; in Field B, stand excellent, 3 inches high. July 15, in Field A, 4 to 6 inches high; in Field B, 8 inches high. August 1, in Field A, 12 to 14 inches high; in Field B, 20 inches high. August 19, in Field ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 859 A, 30 inches high, in bloom; in Field B, 36 inches high, just headed out. September 1, in Field A, just past bloom, 3 feet high; in Field B, 5 feet high, in bloom. September 15, in Field A, 42 to 48 inches high, some spots 5 feet high, grain in the milk and still growing, color dark green; in Field B, what is standing is 5 to 6 feet high, 75 per cent of it flat on the ground from the recent storm, grain in the milk, color dark green. Both plats were cut September 23. As there was no ripe grain it will be used for hay. Common field oats seeded June 15. July 1 there was an excellent stand, 2 inches high. July 15 it was 3 inches high. August 1, 8 inches high. August 19, average height 16 inches, beginning to head. September 1, 30 inches high, about 90 per cent headed. September 15, 36 to 42 inches high, fully headed, about 20 per cent in bloom. — It was cut for hay September 26 and 27. No grain whatever in the heads. Two acres was sown to Burt Extra Early oats with seed raised here in 1902, but it failed to make a stand. Buckwheat.—Orenburg, seeded May 26. July 1, stand excellent, 1 to 2 inches high. July 14, 2 to 4 inches high, beginning to bloom. August 1, 8 to 12 inches high, in full bloom. August 19, 12 to 18 inches high, in full bloom, some seed formed. September 1, killed by frost, no seed ripe. It was cut September 10. GRASSES. On July 1 notes were taken. Grasses seeded in the spring of 1902, as follows: ; Dactylis glomerata.—Leaves 6 inches in height, a few seed stalks headed out, 20 to 24 inches high. Agrostis vulgaris.—1\ foot high, heading out. Lolium perenne.—WN interkilled. Bromus ‘nermis.—16 inches high, fine stand. Poa pratensis.—1 foot high, heading out. Festuca clatior.—Growth spotted, 6 to 20 inches high, no heads yet. Avena elatior.—WN interkilled. Phleum pratense.—12 to 16 inches high, just showing a few heads. Alopecurus pratens’s.—30 inches high, fully headed, and in bloom. These plats were all mowed for hay July 6. ‘A second crop of hay was mowed September 10. Yield somewhat smaller. On June 1 and June 2, 1903, a small plat each of the following grasses and forage plants were seeded: Lromus inermis, Dactylis glomerata, Lathyrus sylvestris, Avra cespitosa, Polygon um sachalinense, Ulex europeus, Avena clatior, Alopecurus pratensis, white clover, red clover, alsike clover, Phleum pratense, Lolium perenne, Festuca elatior, Poa pratensis, and Poa aquatica. 860 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Of these varieties, Aira ceespitosa, Polygonum sachalinense, and Poa aquatica failed to grow. Bromus snermis.—dualy 1, stand was good; 1 to 3 inches high. July 15,3 to 4 inches high. August 1, 4 to 5 inches high. August 19, 6 to S inches high. September 15,12 to 15 inches high. This plat has been pastured, but is still green. Dactylis glomerata.—July 1, just up. July 15, stand good, 14 to 2 inches high. August 1,5 inches high. August 19, 6 to 8 inches high. September 1, 8 to 12 inches high. Pastured the last week. Growth has ceased, but plat still green. Lathyrus sylvestris.—September 1, just coming up. September 15, stand good, 2 inches high. October 10,3 inches high; plants green, but growth stopped. Ulex curopeus.—dJuly 15, stand uncertain, just showing above ground. August 1, just coming up. August 19, stand good, 2 inches high. September 1, 4 to 5 inches high. No progress. Avena elatior.—July 1, stand fine, 14 inches high. July 15, 2 to 4 inches high. August 1, 8 to 10 inches high. August 19, average height 16 inches; beginning to head. September 1, 18 inches high; fully headed. It was about 2 feet high on September 15, when it was mowed for hay. The stubble started growing at once. Plat still ereen, Alopecurus pratensis.—J uly 1, stand uncertain, just coming up. July 15, stand good, 1 inch high. August 1, 2 to 3 inches high. August 19, 4 inches high. September 1, 5 to 6 inches high. September 15, a few seed stalks 24 inches high; body of grass 6 to 8 inches high. Plat still green. White clover.—July 1, just coming up. July 15, stand good, $ inch high. August 1, 1 inch high. August 19, 3 to 5 inches high. Sep- tember 1, 4 to 6 inches high. September 15, 6 to 8 inches high. September 17, cut, and with the other 2 varieties of clover used for silage. Red clover.—July 1, fine stand, 1 inch high. July 15, 14 to 2 inches high. August 19, 4 to 6 inches high. September 1, 6 to 8 inches high. September 15, 8 to 10 inches high. Cut for silage September 17. Alsike clover.—July 1, just coming up. July 15, stand good, 4 inch high. August 1, 1 to 2 inches high. August 19, 4 to 6 inches high. September 1, 6 to 8 inches high. September 15, 8 to 10 inches high. Cut for silage September 17. Phleum pratense.—July 1, just coming up. July 15, stand good, 1 inch high. August 1, 2 to 3 inches high. August 19, average height, 6 inches. September 1, 8 inches; beginning to head. Sep- tember 15, growth spotted, 10 to 18 inches high; fully headed; earliest heads in bloom. Lolium perenne.—July 1, good stand, 2 inches high. July 15, 3 inches high. August 1, 4 to 5 inches high. August 19, 5 to 6 ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 861 inches high. September 1, 8 to 10 inches high; spreading out. Sep- tember 15, same as before. October 10, plat still green, although the cattle have pastured it close. Festuca elatior.—July 1, just coming up. July 15,1 to 14 inches high. August 1,2 inches high. August 19,4 inches high. Septem- ber 1, 6 inches high. September 15, 6 inches high. Agrostis vulgaris.—July 15, good stand, 1 inch high. August 1, 2 inches high. August 19, 6 inches high. September 1, 8 to 10 inches high. September 15, 10 to 12 inches high. The cattle have eaten this plat off quite close. oa pratensis.—July 15, stand uncertain; just coming up. August 1, 1 inch high: stand uncertain. August 15, uncertain. Septembe1 1, smothered by weeds. Pape. July 1, just up; stand good. July 15, 2 to 4 inches high. August 1, 6 to 10 inches high. August 19, 12 to 18 inches high. September 1, 18 inches high; flower stalks appear- ing. September 15, just beginning to bloom. Cut for hay about 2 feet high. Ilemp.—Seeded June 1. July 1, just up; stand uncertain; 1 inch high. July 15, stand uncertain, 2 inches high. August 1, 3 to 6 inches high. August 19,6 to 12 inches high. September 1, 1 to 2 feet high: no blossoms yet; will not make anything. September 15, 1 to 3 feet high; making buds; no blossoms yet. Cut down Septem- ber 21. A total failure. Respectfully submitted. H. P. Nretsen, Superintendent. Prof. C. C. GrorGEson, Special Agent in Charge of Alaska Investigations, Sitka, Alaska. RAMPART STATION. The following grains matured at ca ee again this year. Named in order of their appearance in Plate X, fig. 2, from left to right, they are as follows: Flying Scotchman oats, Manktiney barley, Black Fin- nish oats, Burt Extra Early oats, Romandw spring wheat, and common oats. The Black Finnish oats is a very tine sample. It stands 5 feet high and has a good grain. The Manshury barley is also good. The others are inferior. As stated elsewhere, the patch of cleared ground has been cultivated by Mr. J. W. Duncan under the direction of the special agent. I recommend most earnestly that a regular employee be put in charge of the station, and that a team of horses and the necessary farm imple- ments be provided, This should be done as early in the coming season as possible, in order that ground may be prepared for the y year follow- ing. The equipment and the first year’s work will cost $ 35,000, the cost of transportation and freight being perhaps the heaviest items. 362 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. REPORT OF REV. C. P. COE ON COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS AT WOOD ISLAND. Woop Isutanp, Kaprak, ALAsKa, September 11, 1903. Dar Str: | have the honor to submit herewith the report of the agricultural work and experiments for this present year. Owing to your request to have the report early, Iam unable to give final and detinite results in many cases. The weather has been so unfavorable throughout the season that the results are far from being as favorable as usual. On two days only has the thermometer reached 80° F. All the land used was treated to a light dressing of fish guano, and all the stable manure obtainable was also used. Some of the most thoroughly decayed vegetation from a marsh was used as a fertilizer on three plats, but without any definite results. It would supply humus, but is very slow in decaying. FIELD CROPS. Barley—Beardless.—Seattle seed sown on sandy land April 23, as nurse crop for grasses, vetches, etc., made a slight stand, and has ~grown to about 18 inches in height. Heads are short, but large in diameter, and seed is large and heavy. It will mature. Manshury.— Minnesota seed, sown on May 5, on land used one year before, has made a growth of 23 feet, good straw, moderate, well-filled heads, and will mature. Manshury. —Home-grown seed, sown on new ground May 11, made good growth of straw and some heads would mature. It will be cut for feed when weather permits. Buchwheat—Japanese.—Seattle seed. Sown on three plats May 29, 23, and 26. Land was all old; conditions favorable. All plats blossomed, and a few seeds are to be found now, but none would mature. Corn wheat.—Two plats were sown May 13 in drills, and May 22 broadcast, on old land. The first plat grew straw 4 feet high, and from a distance seemed to have fine heads, but they were all empty. It was cut for hay September 8. The other plat was destroyed by geese. Flax—Seed from Seattle. Sown May 138, 22,23, 26, and June 2. Three of these plats have done very nicely rel will furnish seed. The stalks are about 16 inches high, and the seed pods are now well filled and the seeds getting hard. The other two plats did no good. This is the first time flax has done so well. ‘vale—Thousand Headed.—Sown in wet places, broadcast, and has failed to do any good. Few seeds germinated, and those that did have furnished plants but about 8 inches high now. Last year the success was much better. ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 3638 Millet-—Hunegarian.—Sown May 22, 26, and June 2, and has done no good. A few spears may be found 4 or 5 inches high. Oats. —Several experiments were made with oats. The results were fairly favorable. Oats will be counted one of the most satisfactory crops. Black Finnish, home-grown seed, sown May 11 on land broken last fall, made a good growth and will be cut for hay. Swedish Select, Dakota seed, sown May 5 on old land, now stand 2$ feet high, are well headed, and will mature. On new land they were sown May 11 and will be cut for feed. Thousand to One. home-grown seed, sown May 11, made good growth and will be cut for hay. Right Side, home-grown seed, sown May 6, stand 33 feet high, are well headed, and will mature. Sown on new land May 11, the result was the same as other varieties. Seattle seed oats on new land gave same results. Sixty Day, Sitka seed, sown May 5, are 24 feet high, but badly lodged by storms the early part of September. They are well headed and will mature, if not beaten down again by the winds. Mixed White, home grown, and will also mature. They now stand 34 feet. vas.—W hite Canadian and Blue Prussian peas were sown with oats for feed. The result was favorable, but the yield was not large, probably 8 tons green feed to the acre. On sandy land they did no good. Rye.—Experiments with rye were confined to three sowings of Excelsior, three of Giant, and one of Schlonsted seed. Most of these were made in August last year, and two as late as October 3. The straw of the rye was about 5 feet high, but the heads were empty. It was cut for hay in September. Rape.—Dwarf Essex and Dwarf Victoria were sown in oats May 5. At this writing it is not more than 4 inches high, even where the oats failed. Last year the rape put into the silo rotted. Spelt. —_Home-grown seed was sown May 6. It is 3 feet high and will probably mature. Vetches.—Both Spring and Sand vetches were sown in barley on sandy land April 23. Some plants have made a growth of 2 feet from the crown, but the stand is poor and will not mature seed. Wheat.— Experiments were made with Romanow from imported Russian, Sitka, and home-grown seed, all on similar soil. The plats were sown May 5 and 6. The Russian seed made a good stand, and the grain stands about 24 feet high. The heads are medium length and small; seed may mature. The Sitka seed did better. The grain is 3 feet high, the heads longer and larger, and seed will probably mature. The home-grown seed has made about the same showing as 864 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. the Sitka seed. Seed from Seattle on new land grew 3 feet high, and will be cut for hay. Marvel Spring wheat.—Home-grown seed made a growth of about 3 feet, and has been cut for hay. GRASSES. Bromus inerim/s.—Sown with barley on a sandy field, but has not made any showing. Where sown previously it does not now show. The grass plats sown last year survived the winter and were cut for hay the firstof September. The half acre made about half a ton of hay. Johnson grass was sown under same conditions as the clover, and a few roots can be found. These are bearing seed. Timothy.—A plat of timothy sown two years ago is as fine a piece of grass as one could ask to see anywhere. It stands 3 feet high and has long full heads at present. We are saving it for seed. The stalks are well leaved, and the yield would be very satisfactory. Timothy has been used to sow on meadows and pasture lands, and the results have been satisfactory. CLOVER. Alfalfa was sown with barley as a nurse cropand made a small stand. Some stalks are 10 inches high. This was on sandy land. The stand is probably not sufficient to justify saving. Alsike clover has not done well. Neither that sown on sandy land this year nor that sown last year. Esparsette was sown with barley on sandy soil, but not a stalk can be found. Crimson clover was sown with barley; nothing to be seen. Mammoth red clover, under same conditions as alfalfa, has made about the same record. White clover was sown with timothy on meadow and is showing well. Wild rice has been sown in the lakes. That sown in the spring has not made any showing, and that sown this fall has not had time to do so. VEGETABLES. It is in this part of the work that failure has been met with in greatest measure, and that too with vegetables that have given the best results in previous years. Cabbage, cauliflower, celery, celeriac, and broccoli in several varieties were sown in window boxes and hotbeds as early as March 9 and in the open May 1. Plants were transplanted into cans, and from the cans into the garden May 23, but it is doubtful if we will have one head of cabbage, or more than half dozen heads of cauliflower. Celery, celeriac, and broccoli are no better. Caraway seed was sown, but has made no showing. . ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 365 Carrot.—Short Horn germinated poorly, but grew to fair size and were very fine. Half Long Danvers and White Belgian have done nothing; on old land, too. Chervil planted May 1 and 22 did nothing. Corn salad ditto. Cress, curled, sown May 1, germinated slowly; seeded quickly. Water cress was sown along margin of streams, but has not grown well. Beets.—KEarly Egyptian, sown May 1, has done as well as beets can be expected to do, better than ever before here. Long Smooth Blood beet, Half Long Blood, Golden Tankard mangle-wurzel, and Mam- moth Long Red mangle-wurzel germinated very poorly and have made very little growth. Dill was sown, but no seed germinated as far as can be seen. Endive was sown May 1, and but few seeds germinated. Plants that grew went to seed speedily. Another plat sown June 2 is now ready for use. In this seed germinated well. Beans.—Red Valentine and Six Weeks varieties have grown to about 4 inches in height and have blossomed. Kale was sown in the open May 1, and at present is ready for use. Kohl-rabi was sown in open May 1; a few seeds germinated, but are no account. Lettuce.—Many varieties of lettuce were sown, such as Boston Market, San Francisco Market, Hanson, Deacon, Prize Head, ete. Of these San Francisco Market has proved the only good variety this season. Others did well for a little time, but soon went to seed. The San Francisco Market was sown May 1, and from the time it became ready for use until the present has been improving. From that one seeding we have had lettuce all the summer for our use and for sale, and now there are heads as large as early cabbage, solid and crisp. Few heads have sent up seed stalks. Leek.—Carenton were sown in hotbed May 10, and set in open May 23, sown in open May 1. Results nothing. Onions.—Onion sets were planted May 23, but did not do well. We have at no time succeeded in raising onions of any considerable size. May 1, Australian Brown, Prize Taker, and Pink Prize Taker onion seed was sown in the open on old garden plat and at this time we have good bunch onions that are very fine, but they are not more than three-fourths of an inch in diameter. The Prize Taker have given better results than the Australian. Parsley.—Triple curled was sown in hotbed and May 1 in the open garden. Few seeds germinated. That in the open which did germi- nate haye produced very fine plants. Peas.—Peas have been next to a failure. A very few times we have been able to gather a suflicient quantity to serve at the table, although 566 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, there were a great many planted. The varieties sown were Alaska, First and Best, Scorcher, and Horsford. Potatoes. —Potatoes were planted April 28, May 6, 16, 22, and 26, using old land in all cases. One patch planted May 22 has failed entirely, but the others have done fairly well. In each of the best two fields 1 dug 1 rod September 9, and the yield was 18 pounds. This, at 800 rods of potato rows to the acre, gives a yield of 240 bush- els. The tubers should grow considerably still this fall, as the vines at this time are still in bloom and vigorous. Potatoes on sandy land will yield a little more than half as well as those above noted. Radishes.—Radishes were planted in large quantities and at various times with good results. Early Scarlet, Long Scarlet, Early Bird, French Forcing, all did as wellas could be expected at every planting, but the radishes soon became hollow. Black Spanish germinated well, but ran to seed before making roots of desirable size. Scarlet China Winter radishes were sown in August and are looking well now, but will need several weeks of growing weather to make satisfactory roots. Ruta-bagas.—RKuta-bagas of two varieties were planted, one plat of ach April 28 on sandy land, similar to that on which they made a good yield last year. The rootsare small at this writing and the yield will be light, although the seed germinated well. May 26 another plat of each was sown. ‘The land is better, and the roots will be larger, but not so large as last year on the same ground. The kinds planted were Yellow Swede and Sweet Russian. Salsify.—Long White has succeeded for the first time in our experi- ence. The tops have grown to 18 inches high, but the roots are small, about three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Turnips.— Amber Globe, White Milan, and Yellow Aberdeen were sown May 25 and 26. The roots will be small and the yield very light on the ground that gave such excellent results last year. In an old garden which is very rich we had a few turnips which measured 8 inches in diameter. The crop is practically a failure. FLOWERS AND TREES. With flowers, such as poppies, nasturtiums, corn flower, sweet peas, and pansies we have had success, as usual. Several hardy bulbs secured a year ago last spring failed to survive the winter. Shrubs have failed to do any good, but I still believe both bulbs and shrubs could be grown. Small fruits have been given little attention, but hardy varieties should do well. One crab-apple tree has survived and has made a little growth in three summers. Some black locust seed was sown in the spring and a few seed germinated and have pro- duced plants 2 inches high. ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 367 LIVE STOCK. The winter was severe on stock that was not fed and, as few people were prepared to feed throughout the winter, many cattle died and many calves could not be raised. At the orphanage, counting our own and orphanage cattle, the loss of cows and calves was 10 head altogether. Some of these losses might be attributed to the severe winter, others were occasioned by falling from cliffs, 1 by drowning, 1 from injury, and for 1 the cause is unknown. However, the cattle have done well this summer, and from a herd of 5 milch cows, 3 of which are giving milk for the first time, the following record was made, in August, which is about the same as the other months since the first of June: Milk record of 5 cows for month of August, 1903. Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. MAINED Pi os2cé pecs s esses 85/ dD. AURIS IDs. occdc 2 ce soo cle 03 SANE IST 23 5 3. 5. 4os46 oes 87.5 PUIOUIBG co oo oe Se awn ae Sb: Sy Bueush 13-52 eet aseese ADs MADROUSD OAS. 2 Sees 83.5 PIPING Conte ees ote 87 ASUS 2252s ee ae a os 76 AVIS TSE 2s cscees ane. 85 MORIN O20 Sao ate ts. aos 91 ADeust 15 so isos etic 87 PMPUStLG doesn ce eben ce 86 POMOC CRG eo poland sna ot $0.'5y| AUSUBLIG <2. <5. 5-6. SSk> | August 27 <5 2.55252. 90 PRUMURG O.cvcdusckacen vend 83 2a FTES Td (Oe a ee i Ghd ANIPUSHOR S.-i scesceee 85.5 1 Sy RS ee Shr sAuphish ise 4-6 ee ese 0) le Aaetish 20 te oe oe $3.5 Tos (0) es 79:5 | August 19) 2-22-65... 84.67: August 30°. 22225 255.55 2-5 83.5 MONG Pe Stan bets ous as we 9}: bi > AURUSU 20 So = L aS ee o- 28 83 ANIGUSE SI Soo ccc eos cee 85 AGCURD LG ates J => saat = 97. 8 | PAUPISE DI 22 o-~ obese 55 85 — VAG fia & aes = ea 85 AU RUIRG 2ates Sh ers FiG. 2.—ALASKA STATIONS—CABBAGE AND POTATOES AT HOPE, COOK INLET, AUGUST 16. ‘9 , ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. aid transplanted to open ground the first part of June, grew large and were of excellent quality. Early Half Long carrots planted in the hotbed the first part of April and transplanted in the early part of June, matured well, and by the latter part of August the bulbs were from 1 to 1} inches in diameter. Hollow Crown parsnips was the only variety planted. Planted in hotbed the first part of April, and transplanted 1st of June. The largest roots reached the size of 14 inches in diameter. Large Hanson, Early Prize Head lettuce, and many other varieties did very well. Were planted in hotbed and in open ground from early spring to the middle of June. All did well and can be scarcely surpassed for quality and size. An early variety of peas planted in open ground about the Ist of June, did well, and peas were of good quality for table use. Black wax beans, planted in hotbed the middle of April and transplanted to open ground the middle of June, though not a success asin warmer climates; green beans of excellent quality were raised for table use by August 20. Extra Early Erfurt cauliflower, planted in hotbed early in April and transplanted early in June, gave a few good heads. Among field crops, two varieties of oats were sown, just to have something that looks like the States growing in the garden besides the vegetables. The seed was planted late in May in the open ground. The growth of the straw was equal to any in the States, and some of the seed matured, but the plant was green when the frost killed it early in September. A year or so since a small plat of buckwheat was planted as described for the oats above. The yield was very good, but many of the grains were caught by the frost while only partially filled out. A. C. Karleson, Unalakleet.—The garden work has been very successful this year owing to the early spring and warm summer. The varieties raised were potatoes, ruta-bagas, turnips, parsnips, carrots, radishes, cabbage, lettuce, rhubarb, spinach, peas, and beans. Some of the turnips were quite large, weighing up to 11 pounds. The peas did nicely, but the beans failed. I seeded some turnips and carrots, but the latter did not ripen before the frost came. I experimented with some oats, and it did grow to maturity. I also tried other seed besides the above mentioned, but it never came up—probably too old. I beg leave to call special attention to the following report from Mr. John A. Dexter, of Golovin. This little settlement is located on Gol- ovin Bay, north of latitude 64° and not very far from Nome, in a tree- less, wind-swept region, and surrounded by the icy waters of Bering Sea. In the light of these facts, the results reported by Mr. Dexter seem little short of miraculous. John A. Dexter, Golovin Bay.—I began gardening June 6, 1901, at Chinik or Golo- vin, not far from Nome, and have continued every year, and have been successful with the following: Lettuce, radishes, carrots, peas, parsnips, turnips (small white), ruta-bagas, sage, thyme, marjoram, potatoes, onions, leek, beets, spinach, kale, chicory, water cress, pepper grass, chives, cauliflower, cabbage, oats, and barley. The last three summers my gardens have exceeded my expectations. Last summer some of my ruta-bagas weighed 84 pounds, and six varieties of turnips were all of a fine size and excellent flavor. Lettuce raised in this section excels any I have ever eaten. I have also raised as high as five crops of radishes in a season. The lettuce we cut instead of pulling it by the roots, and in less than a week it is large enough to cut again; some heads measuring 26 inches around, and weighing 2} pounds. Car- rots grow splendidly. I find that the Short Horn, and several other hardy varieties, grow to be quite large, and for table use are far superior to the carrots raised on the coast. The average size is about 24 inches around and 6 inches long. Oats also grow fine and ripen. T planted a piece of ground 20 by 16, and it was the prettiest piece of oatsever seen. It grew 4 feet tall, and the oats were heavy and in 378 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. every way developed. [sincerely believe that Alaska could produce enough oat hay to feed a very large amount of stock. There is one drawback for raising it for grain; some seasons are very rainy, but to cut during the month of July, there is nothing better for hay. Potatoes grew very well last season. The frost destroyed the tips on the 2d of September, retarding the growth; still some of my crop weighed 1 pound and averaged about 3 to the pound. My garden is the only one in this section, but at Nome there are quite a number who raised radishes and lettuce and did a fine business supplying restaurants and hotels at 50 cents per head of a few leaves. My garden of 23 acres is situated on a point on the north shore of Golovin Bay and is exposed to all of the strong gales, being only 60 yards from the beach, and has Golovin Bay on the south and Golovin Sound on the north. The soil is a sandy loam and is rarely fit for planting before the Ist of June. I have not tried hotbeds or hothouses, raising everything from seed planted in the open air and using very little fertilizer. I consider this section much better adapted to agricultural pursuits than parts of Norway and Sweden, and I can see no reason why Alaska can not produce nearly all her vegetables needed. The Yukon Valley is as good a farming country as the northern part of Minnesota, in fact taking the long summer day with 20 hours of sunshine, it makes a pretty fair growing season. During the past season I raised 500 pounds of carrots, 2,500 pounds of turnips, 2,000 pounds of potatoes, 8300 pounds of parsnips, 150 pounds of onions, and other vegetables in abundance, also sweet peas for flowers. I also keep 2 horses, 2 cows, 1 bull, cutting all the feed here, except oats for the horses; 5 pigs, raised from April to October, averaged 150 pounds and were only fed one month before killing time, and 2 goats, which were killed by the dogs. Mrs. Charles P. Phillips, Council City.—The seed you sent last year I used this spring. I could not begin to use all of the lettuce. I have given it away toall friends, also radishes. I planted carrots, parsnips, turnips, radishes, mustard, beets, onions, three kinds of lettuce, sweet peas and nasturtiums, all in three beds, inclosed with a fence about 18 feet square. It is a small place to call a garden, but I get lots of green food from it. Now, as to the way we grow the plants. We put down large logs and fill them level with stable manure, then 6 inches with black soil, about 4 inches of sand or wash from the river. I have had this garden three summers. Last year we filled it level with manure and put the old soil on top with the dirt. The manure is in the bottom and keeps it warm and, as none of the things I desire haye long roots, it does not burn them. The ground is so cold and it is the only way I can see to form a heat under plants. Iam the only one in this part of the country that tries to have a garden, and I could not get along without it. The first lettuce I planted was on May 1 and on July 4 had nice lettuce for dinner. Last fall I took in the house six heads half grown and kept in the window until Thanksgiving day and had it for dinner, and it was a treat. I had some nice large turnips and beets last season. J. A. Morgan, Dawson, Y. T.—You will find with this letter some samples of oats, wheat, and barley that were grown here from the seed you sent us. We planted it on May 22, and by July 20 the barley was 47 inches high, the wheat 45 inches, and the oats 42 inches. It was ripe September 1, and at that time the wheat was 47 inches high, barley 45 inches, oats 42 inches. From the way it did I should think it would go about 60 bushels to the acre. The vegetables did finely. From the Jer- sey Wakefield cabbage you sent us we got heads that weighed 12 pounds, and none less than 6 pounds. We started those and cauliflower in the house the 1st of April, and set them outdoors the Ist of June. We had Early Snowball cauliflower that weighed 3 pounds, and none less than 1 pound. The Purple-Top Strap-Leaf turnips did not get very large, but were nice and tender. They were planted the Ist of ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 379 June and we had some the last of July. Laing Improved ruta-bagas were quite large, the largest weighing 2} pounds. They were nice and tender. They were planted at the same time, but we did not have any until September 1. Early Scarlet Horn carrots did nicely. They were about 8 inches long and about 3 inches in diameter. Ready for the table about August 20. Onions were only good for, young onions. Egyptian beets got quite large, some being 3 inches in diameter. Early Market and Alaska peas yielded finely. They grew about 14 inches high. We also planted some Atlantic Prize tomatoes outdoors. The plants grew about 20 inches high, and bore so many tomatoes they had to be propped up with sticks. They were all ripe by the Ist of September. From 15 sacks Early Rose potatoes we got 250 sacks, and they were as nice as could be grown anywhere; some weighed 2 pounds. Peter Inndine, Eagle.—The three kinds of wheat, barley, and oats matured per- fectly. The wheat reached a height of 5 feet; the oats, some as high as 53 feet; and barley, 5 feet. The turnips and cabbage also did well, but prefer the Yellow Globe turnip for this climate. I raised 100 sacks of potatoes on three-fourths of an acre of ground, This year I planted 4 acres of Early Rose potatoes. I now have 5 acres in cultivation. Have a house, 3 cows, 2 calves, and several pigs. This year I built a double log barn, and, if expectations don’t fail, by this coming fall I shall have a large silo. John H. Robinson, Circle—Mr. F.. E. Reynoldson, chief office deputy marshal, and myself cultivated a garden this year, using Department seeds, and will give you a report as to growth, ete. Early Jersey Wakefield cabbage does not prove to be the most suitable for the Yukon; they mature too early and burst open, and so will not keep during the summer. The Flat Dutch and Drumhead varieties seem better adapted to our conditions. Turnips grew well and large; we had some 8 or 9 pounds in weight and 27% inches in circumference. Our beets were the best in Eagle, three of them ayer- aging 4 pounds in weight, and were as fine as could be seen anywhere in the world. Parsnips grew more tops than roots, but attained 4 or 5 inches in length and 2 inches largest circumference. Carrots were excellent, large, firm, and well matured. Cauli- flower matured too early, but were large. Peas were excellent, bearing large and continuously. Garden beans, large flat, we tried, and they can be grown well, pods averaging 4 to 5 inches and well filled. Celery not grown. Radishes fair. Lettuce good. We grew enough vegetables for two families in lot 50 by 100 feet this summer; also about 5 bushels of potatoes. By the way, the people in Dawson gave an exhibition of vegetables on the Yukon this monthand, for outside of Dawson districts, Father Monroe, of the Jesuit Mission, received first prize for assortment of vegetables, and Reynoldson and Robinson, of Eagle, second prize. George F. Bemis, Circle.—I enclose you samples of peas and barley which I raised from the above seeds furnished by you. I experimented also with cabbage; the Early York was very hard and of fine quality, weighing from 4 to 6 pounds. I raised from 8 pounds of potatoes which were planted this year 126 pounds. My rhu- harb stood the winter and came up this spring, and the leaves are fine. Carrots, parsnips, turnips, ruta-bagas, cress, Brussels sprouts, beets, string beans, and all such truck I have raised with good results, as have also others to whom I have distrib- uted the seed. Red and alsike clover lived through the winter and came up in good shape. The latter kind I think did the best. I feel satisfied that millet and timothy would do well if you would send some; also several kinds of small fruit— strawberry, raspberry, ete. Last year I did not water any of my truck, but resorted to a more extensive use of the hoe, and found it all right, and am following the same plan this year. Since 5580 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. planting my first little garden in 1898, at Circle, I have shown to the people that very many things can be raised here that was at that time thought impossible, and, as a result, at least 15 or 20 acres are in grain and yegetables about town this year. Edward J. Knapp, St. Andrew's Mission, Rampart.—Mr. B. A. Knott, an old Ger- man nxner who has been here for several years and has taken considerable interest in gardening, planted a garden this year in which he grew a variety of vegetables— peas, bush beans, and garden beans, white and purple top turnips, beets, ruta-bagas, cabbage, kale, lettuce, radishes, celery, carrots, parsnips, potatoes, and parsley, a great variety, some of which did very well indeed. On a piece of ground 25 by 40 feet he gathered a crop of turnips that weighed nearly if not quite a ton. Some of the roots weighed over 6 pounds. Some of his potatoes reached a fair size, though many were very small. The cabbage headed well, but did not grow large. The kale developed quite well, growing plants that spread to a diameter of 30 inches. The cabbage and some of the kale were started in the late spring indoors, but kale planted later out of doors did -better than that the growth of which was forced. Some of the turnips, too, that were planted late grew quickly and developed better than those transplanted earlier. The ruta-bagas did not do very well, nor did the beets, parsnips, or carrots. The celery grew only about 8 inches tall. The peas did very well; so did the bush beans. The garden beans did poorly, though they bore. The lettuce, especially the red variety, did well. Mr. Knott took much interest in his garden and worked at it hard. The early part of the season was very dry, and this set back the growth of the plants. The water had to be carried daily from the creek to the top of the bench until the plants got well rooted. Some of the soil cultivated by Mr. Knott was new. A part of it he treated with ashes and got good results wherever the ashes were used. There was no severe frost here until the latter part of August. A. H. Monroe, Rampart.—American Wonder peas planted in the latter part of June in very good soil on a bench or bar about 20 miles from the mouth of Baker Creek and 80 miles up the Tanana from Fort Gibbon grew fine and were full of blossoms, and a few pods beginning to fill by the last of August. Silver Hull buck- wheat was doing excellent, about 3 to 33 feet high, and seed forming, doing well, somein the dough. Mustard, some as high as 3 feet and seed pods well filled. Some of the lettuce was very large and tender. The onions came up but only a few lived, and they got about one-fourth of an inch in diameter. The carrots and parsnips did not come up. The cabbage got about 3 inches high. The kale got about 10 inches high and had some very nice leaves. The Purple-Top Strap-Leayed turnip did well. The white turnips went more to leaves. The ruta-baga is most too slow a grower for this country, I think, although some got as large as 2 inches in diameter. The experiment station at Rampart did very well in raising grain. I visited the station with Mr. J. W. Duncan, and the wheat was well headed and well filled with large plump grain. The black oats, some of which was 6 feet high, had long heads well filled. The rye was sown too thick, but the grains are as nice as I ever saw. I saw both beets and parsnips that lived in the ground over winter where they grew and had gone to seed, and the seed seemed to mature all right. E. T. Townsend, Rampart.—There have been several very successful gardens here this summer, and I have heard several speak of planting extensively next summer. One thing is sure, that any garden planted early and but slightly tended will yield large returns, if planted on reasonably good soil. ; Mr. Knott and Mr. E. J. Knapp planted quite a large garden at Rampart, and had remarkable success with all of the ordinary vegetables, harvesting more than a ton of turnips. I saw some of the grain, barley, wheat, oats, buckwheat, etc., which grew on the Government farm (so called) this summer, and it was remarkably fine, with large plump heads and very rank. ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 381 J. F. Karshner, Baker Creek Station.—I have a fine locality as to soil and lay of land, facing the south on a large flat. It is about 6 miles from the Tanana River and about the same distance from Baker Creek Station. It is tempered by hot springs, which is no small affair, for they spread along the stream for a mile, hot and warm water oozing out and forming three small streams which empty into a creek into the Tanana. The seeds you sent me were in fine condition and fresh, as allcame up. I received a fresh package from the States in time to get in early. I had lettuce, radishes, peas, beets, carrots, and turnips, all large enough to eat by July 4. In fact the let- tuce and radishes were large enough to eat by the last of June. I wish you could see my garden as it looks now (August 22). Cabbage heading beautifully; potatoes in full bloom, and a late kind at that. If I had had Early Rose I think I would have had potatoes large enough to eat by this time. Cucumbers and tomatoes are doing finely. The California squash is looking remarkably well. The squashes are as large as my head. Turnips that a few weeks ago weighed 4 pounds are now as large as a man’s head. The ruta-bagas are simply enormous, and potatoes are filling out as well as lever sawthem. I have never seen vegetables grow as they do around the springs. I had no frost here when it was freezing at Baker Creek Station. I planted peas, beets, radishes, turnips, and lettuce April 20, and they were up May 1, and no frost to hurt them, though there was 3 feet of snow on the benches only a short distance away. Iappreciate the difference in the climate, and the heat on the ground one had to see to believe. J. L. Lucchesi, S. J., Holy Cross Mission, Koserefsky.—In general, results were encouraging. The potatoes, Early Rose, are larger and better than ever. Soggy potatoes are getting rare. We have such an abundance that, besides supplying this large institution and outlaying missions, we have enough to feed the cows. All the other vegetables that are usually grown here have given their wonted satisfaction. Even tomatoes, though tried for the first time, were fit for table use. They were pulled green, however, as they had not time or heat enough to ripen. We are still trying the grains, and-by the samples sent you you will see that oats and buckwheat are not far from success. As yet but few matured seeds on the ears, but we hope by planting these seeds, grown in the country, that the ears will mature more and more each succeeding season as the seed becomes acclimated. Corn failed, owing to haying the wrong brand of seed, I think. As for the hay crop, we have more than enough, and our herd, more than doubled since you were here, need have no fears of going hungry the coming winter. Clover blossoms for the first time adorned our fields this summer. In fact it is hard to realize that this spot, once covered with trees, brush, and moss, could in so short a time be brought to its present fruitful and beautiful state. One of the sisters at Holy Cross Mission.—In the spring of 1902 we planted some Broad Windsor and Lima beans and both did well. We distributed much seed among the Indians of this village and in Piment, and they seemed quite in earnest to start little gardens, but the great drawback is the scarcity of tools. We are lending ours to the Indians around this village whenever we can, and it is a great encouragement. SOIL TEMPERATURES. Readings, taken at 7 a. m., in degrees Fahrenheit. Thermometers planted 6 and 24 inches deep, respectively. Radiation thermometer shows the daily minimum temperature 6 inches above surface of ground, 382 OFFICK Soil temperatures. Or EXPERIMENT SITKA EXPERIMENT STATION, STATIONS, bg Pane Kies —— — : ther- | ther- : ther- | ther- Day. Day mom- | mome- Day % mom- | mome- ther- eter. | ter. eter. | ter. rp er. 1903. r. 1903, } our ri! 1903. eis oR F. May 8 . 5. | Julyl...; 654.0 50.0 .0 |) Aug. 24 58. 0 54.0 39.0 May9..| 44. | July2...] 54.0] 50.0 .0 || Aug. 25.] 68.0] 58.5 38.0 May 10 3.4 | July3...| 54.0] 50.0 .0 || Aug. 26.| 57.0] 64.0 44.0 May 11 3. July 4.. 54.0 50.0 9. Aug. 27 57.0 54.5 37.0 May 12 : | July 5.. 54.0 50.0 R Aug. 28 56.0 54.0 34.0 May 13 5. | July6.. 55.0 50.0 .O || Aug. 29 56.0 53.5 31.0 May 14 .} 45. July 7... 56.0 50.5 .0 |) Aug, 30 56.0 54.0 34.0 May 15 i | July8...| 56.0 50.5 .0 || Aug. 31 57.5 54.0 31.0 May 16 5. E July 9...) 55,0 50.5 5. Sept. 1 56.0 53.0 34,0 May 17 i. || July 10..| 55.0 50.5 F Sept. 2 56.5 54.0 32.0 May 18 ‘ | July11..) 67.0 51.0 } Sept. 3 55.5 54.0 30,0 May 19 : July12..| 55.0 51.0 b Sept. 4 55.0 53.5 31.0 May 20 x | July 13...) 56.0 51.0 -0 || Sept.5 56.0 53.5 32.0 May 21 ik July14..| 56.0] 51.0 3.0 || Sept.6..] 56.0] 58.5 31.0 May 22 Be: July 15. .|) 55.5 61.5 é Sept.7..| 655.0 )° 53.0 37,0 May 23 mr) | July 16..| 56.0 51.5 i Sept.8 55.0 53.0 82.0 May 24 .5 | July 17..| 56.0 51.5 5.0 |) Sept.9..| 56.0 53.5 34.0 May 25 1.5 July 18..} 56.0 51.5 3.0 H Sept.10.| 55.0 53.5 34.0 May 26 1.5 July 19...) 55.0 51.5 -0 || Sept. 11 54.0 53.5 33.0 May 27 0 July 20..) 54.0 52.0 .0 || Sept.12.] 56.5 53.5 34.0 May 28 £0 July 21..] 53.0] 52.0 5.0 || Sept.13.| 56.0] 53.0 34.0 May 29 0 | July 22..| 55.0 | 52.0 .0 || Sept.14.] 53.0] 52.5 38.0 May 30 .0 } July 23..| 56.0 52.0 4.0 || Sept.15.} 53.0 52.0 38.5 May 31 .0 July 24..| 56.0 52.0 3.0 || Sept. 16 53.0 52.5 44.0 June 1 .0 July 25.-| 57.0 52.0 3.0 || Sept.17 .| 53.0 52.0 40,0 June 2.. 0 July 26..); 55.0 52.0 4.0 || Sept.18.] 52.5 52.0 36.0 June 3.. .0 July 27..| 56.0 52.0 5.0 || Sept.19.} 54.0 52.0 34.0 June 4.. .5 July 28..| 57.0 53. 0 5.0 || Sept. 20.) 50.0 52.0 30.0 June 5-.. .0 July 29..| 56.0 52.0 .0 || Sept.21.} 50.5 51.5 29.0 June 6... 9.5 July 80..| 56.0 53.0 2.0 || Sept.22.] 51.5 51.0 26.0 June 7.. .0 July 31--| 567.0 52.5 .0 |) Sept. 23 49.0 51.0 36.0 June 8..| 52.5 Aug. 1..| 56.0 52.5 .0 || Sept. 24.) 49.0 51.0 29.0 June 9..| 52.5 Aug. 2-.-] 56.0 53.0 3,0 || Sept. 25 .} 49.0 51.0 34.0 June 10.| 52.5 Aug. 3-.| 56.0 53. 0 .0 || Sept. 26 49.0 50.5 33.0 June ll.| 52.5 Aug. 4..) 58.0 53.0 .0 || Sept.27.| 48.5 50.5 30.0 June 12.| 52.0 Aug. 5..| 59.0 53.0 .0 || Sept. 28 .| 50.0 51.5 31.5 June 13.) 52.0 Aug. 6..| 60.0 53.0 -O || Sept. 29.| 49.5 51.0 33.0 June 14.} 52.0 Aug. 7..| 59.0 53.5 .0 || Sept.30-} 50.0 50. 5 31.0 June15.| 62.5 Aug. 8..| 59.0 53.0 5.0 || Oct.1-..] 48.0 50. 5 20.0 June 16.| 52.5 Aug. 9..|° 56.0 52.5 4.0 || Oct.2. 46.5 50.0 19.0 Junel7.| 53.5 Aug. 10.) 58.0 54.0 3.0 |] Oct.3 45.5 49.5 19.0 Junels.| 53.5 Aug. 11.] 58.0 54.0 .0 |} Oct.4. 48.0 50. 0 23.0 June 19. 0 Aug. 12.|° 57.0 54,0 5.0 || Oct.5-..| 46.5 49.0 26.0 June 20. Bb) Aug. 13.] 58.0 53.5 9.0 || Oct.6 45.5 49.0 31.0 June 21. .5 Aug. 14.| 57.5 54.0 5.0 || Oct.7..-] 46.0 49.5 32.0 June 22. .5 Aug. 15.} 57.0 54.0 .O || Oct.8-..| 46.5 49.0 26.0 June 23 . - Aug. 16.} 58.0 54.0 4.0 || Oet.9 45.0 49.0 23.0 June 24. Aug. 17.| 58.0 53.5 .0 |} Oct. 10 45.5 49.0 25.0 June 25 - Aug. 18.] 58.0 53.5 .0 || Oct.11..| 45.0 49.0 26.0 June 26. Aug. 19.) 69.0 54.0 .0 |} Oct. 12 45.5 49.0 30.0 June 27. Aug. 20.| 57.0 54.0 .0 || Oct. 13..] 46.0 49.0 30.5 June 28. Aug. 21.| 57.0 52.0 .0 || Oct. 14 45.0 49.0 30.0 June 29. Aug. 22.| 58.0 54.0 4.0 || Oct.15 44.0 47.0 31.0 June 30. Aug. 23.| 58.0 54.0 .0 COPPER CENTER EXPERIMENT STATION. 1903. : 4 1903. or OUR 4 1903. ri! ous Sone May1..| 33.0 .0 -0 || May 17 .| 38.0 32.0 7 June 2..| 44.0 38.0 28.0 May 2 34.0 .0 .0 || May 18 -| 40.0 32.5 ; June 3..| 44.0 38.0 26.0 May8..| 34.0 .0 .0 || May 19 .| 42.0 82.5 2.0 || June 4..] 42.0 38.5 35.0 May 4..| 35.0 .0 .0 || May 20 .| 41.0 33.0 3.0 || June 5..| 42.5 38.0 29.0 May 5..| 35.0 .5 .O || May 21 .| 41.0 34.0 .0 || June 6.., 43.0 38.5 37.0 May 6..| 36.0 .5 .0 || May 22 .} 40.0 34.0 3.0 || June7..| 45.0 39.0 29.0 May 7..| 36.0 .5 .0 || May 23 39.5 34.5 .0 || June 8..} 50.0 40.0 38.0 May 8..| 36.0 A) .0 || May 24 .| 40.0 34.5 .0}|- June 9..| 50.0 40.0 28.0 May 9..| 36.0 5 .0 |} May 25 .| 40.0 35.0 -0 || June 10.) 50.0 41.0 27.0 May 10.| 35.5 6 .0 || May 26 .| 41.0 35.0 .0 || Junell.) 49.0 41.0 31.0 May 11 .| 35.0 «5 5.0 || May 27 .| 42.0 35.5 .0 || June 12.) 49.0 41.5 31.0 May 12 .| 37. .5 .0 || May 28 .| 41.0 36.0 .0 || June 13.| 52.0 42.0 42.0 May 13 39 .0 .0 || May 29 41.5 36.5 .0 || June 14./ 51.5 42.5 42.0 May 14 .0 5.0 || May 30.) 42.0 37.0 .0 || Junel5.| 48.5 42.5 32.0 May 15 .0 -0 || May 31 .| 46.0 37.5 .0 || June 16.| 50.0 42.5 39.0 May 16 2.0 -O}! Junel..} 44.0 38.0 d, June 17.| 50,0 43.0 29.0 ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Soil temperatures Continued. COPPER CENTER EXPERIMENT STATION—Continued. 3383 6-inch) 24-inch ee pinon poh See — ee sch Bee: : ther- | ther- : : ther- | ther- — E ther- | ther- Day. | mom-| mome- Raga Day. | mom: |mome- a Day. | mom-|mome- her's eter. | eter. | ior. eter. | ter. el eter.:| ter. | "0. | i = 1903. oR oR bad oe 1903. UR, of | oF, | 1903. oF, Gs OR June 18.) 50.0 43.0 38.0 || July 22.| 53.0 48.5 36.0 || Aug.25 .| 52.5 50.5 44.0 June 19.| 50.0 45.0 40.0 July v2 WR 285) 48.5 30.0 || Aug.26 .} 47.5 50.0 24.0 June 20.) 53.0 45.0 44.0 || July 24.] 54.0 48.5 30.0 || Aug. 27 -| 47.5 49.5 20.0 June 21.| 57.0 46.0 36.0 July 25.) 55.0 49.0 29.0 || Aug.28 .| 45.0 49.0 16.0 June 22.|} 59.0 47.5 42.0 || July 26.] 57.0 49.5 40.0 || Aug.29 -) 46.0 48.5 33.0 June 23.| 57.5 47.5 44.0 || July 27.) 56.0 49.5 46.0 || Aug.30-} 43.0 48.5 19.0 June 24.) 55.0 48.0 34.0 || July 28.| 57.0 50.0 47.0 || Aug. 31 44.0 48.5 20.0 June 25.|} 55.0 47.0 42.0 || July 29.| 56.0 50. 0 47.0 || Sept.1..| 42.5 48.0 16.0 June 26.) 50.0 47.0 40.0 || July 80.) 55.0 50.0 30.0 || Sept. 2- 43.0 47.5 18.0 June 27.) 50.0 46.5 39.0 || July 31-} - 55.0 50.0 33.0 || Sept.3..) 44.0 46.5 11.0 June 28.) 52.5 46.5 38.0 |} Aug.1..| 55.5 50.5 28.0 || Sept.4..) 42.5 46.0 11.0 June 29.| 52.0 46.5 37.0 || Aug.2..| 57.5 50.5 46.0 || Sept.5..| 42.0 46.0 17.0 June 30.) 53.0 46.5 36.0 || Aug.3..| 57.0 50.5 47.0 || Sept.6-.-) 44.5 46.0 22.0 July 1..| 65.0 47.0 31.0 || Aug.4.-| 56.0 50.5 48.0 || Sept.7..| 45.0 46.0 35.0 July 2..| 65.0 47.0 47.0 || Aug.5..| 56.0 50.5 42.0 || Sept.8..| 44.0 46.0 31.0 July 3..| 50.5 47.5 30.0 || Aug.6..] 52.5 50.5 27.0 || Sept.9..| 41.0 46.0 10.0 July 4. 57.0 47.0 41.0 |} Aug.7..| 538.0 50. 0 31.0 || Sept.10-.| 41.5 46.0 11.0 July 5. 55.0 47.0 35.0 |} Aug.8.-} 57.5 50.0 47.0 || Sept.11-| 40.5 45.5 13.0 July6. 57.0 48.0 45.0 || Aug.9..| 57.5 50.5 48.0 || Sept.12.| 41.0 45.0 18.0 July 7 ..| 59.0 48.5 53.0 || Aug.10.|} 57.0 50.5 45.0 || Sept.13-) 43.0 45.0 36.0 July 8. 58.0 49.0 46.0 || Aug.11.} 55.0 50.5 40.0 || Sept.14-| 44.0 45.0 46.0 July 9..! 58.0 49.0 45.0 || Aug.12.|} 55.0 50.5 33.0 |! Sept.15.! 42.0 45.0 41.0 July 10 .| 56.0 49.0 30.0 || Aug.13-| 56.0! 50.5 28.0 || Sept.16-| 45.0 45.0 33.0 July 11.] 57.5 49.0 40.0 || Aug.14.|} 55.0 50.5 29.0 || Sept.17.| 42.5 45.0 26.0 July 12 .| 55.0 49.0 24.0 || Aug.15.|} 53.0 50.5 28.0 || Sept.18-| 42.5 44.5 23.0 July 13 .| 55.0 49.0 45.0 || Aug.16.| 56.0 50.5 44.0 || Sept.19-| 39.0 44.5 20.0 July 14 .| 54.0 49.0 42.0 || Aug.17.| 58.0 50.5 45.0 || Sept.20.| 39.0 44.0 20.0 July 15 .| 53.0 49.0 39.0 || Aug.18.| 57.0 50.5 47.0 || Sept.21.) 38.5 43.5 15.0 July 16.) 54.0 49.0 42.0 || Aug.19.| 56.0 50.5 44.0 || Sept. 22-.] 38.0 43.0 17.0 July 17.} 54.0.) 48.5 29.0 || Aug.20.} 53.0 50.5 45.0 || Sept. 23.) 38.0 42.5 12.0 July 18 -| 52.0 48.5 40.0 |} Aug.21.| 53.5 50. 5 36.0 || Sept.24.) 37.0 42.5 15.0 July 19 55.0 48.5 42.0 || Aug. 22.) 53.0 50.5 38.0 || Sept.25-] 37.0 42.5 14.0 July 20 .| 53.0 48.5 42.0 || Aug. 23.| 51.0 51.0 26.0 || Sept.26-| 35.5 41.5 11.0 July 21 .| 52.0 48.5 32.0 || Aug. 24.| 51.0 51.0 32.0 || Sept. 27.| 32.0 41.0 4.0 KENAI EXPERIMENT STATION. 6-inch 24-inch 6-inch 24-inch 6-inch | 24-inch Day ther- ther- Day. ther- _| ther-= | Day. ther- ther- Paap: mometer. Um weg mometer. mometer.;mometer. 1902. OR: oF. 1903. OOF 1903. ee OR a ea 52.5 49.5 || May 19..... 37.0 || June 18 .... 55.0 38.5 Sept. 2....- 51.0 49.5 || May 20..... 37.0 June 19 ...- 51.0 40.0 Sept. 3..... 52.0 49.5 || May 21..... 36.0 June 20.... 50.0 40.5 Sept. 4..... 53. 0 49.0 || May 22..... 37.0 June 21 .... 50.0 41.0 Sept. 6....- 53.0 49.0 || May 33....- 35.0 June 22 .... 49.5 41.0 Sept. 6..... 52.0 49.0 || May 24..... 37.5 |. June 23 .... 52.0 41.5 Sept. 7..... 50.5 49.0 || May 25..... 39.0 |. June 24.... 55.0 42.0 Sept. 8..... 50.5 49.0 || May 26..... 41.0 June 25 .... 53.5 42.5 Sept. 9..... 51.0 48.5 || May 27..... 39.0 June 26.... 62.5 43.0 Sept. 10... 48.5 48.5 || May 28..... 41.0 June 27.... 53.0 43.5 Sept. 11... 49.0 48.0 |} May 29..... 40.0 June 28.... 65.0 43.5 Sept. 12... 47.5 48.0 || May 30..... 42.0 June 29 53.5 44.0 Sept. 13... 48.0 47.5 || May 31..... 41.5 June 30... 53.5 44.5 Sept. 14... 48.0 47.b.|| June 1.....- 41.0 52,0 lh Dalya oi... 55.0 44.5 Sept. 15.... 46.0 47.0 |) June 2..... 42.5 82.05) July 2.25. 51.5 45.0 Sept. 16.. 47.5 47.0 || June3..... 42.5 92:0 ||| July 'S ..... 54.0 45.0 Sept. 17... 49.0 47.9 || June4..... 41.0 82:0) July: 4.2... 56.0 45.0 Sept. 18... 47.0 46.5 mne' 526... 44.0 82.5 |] July 5.-... 53.0 45.0 Sept. 19... 46.5 46.5 || June6..... 45.0 82.5 || July 6..... 54.0 45.5 Sept. 20... 47.0 46.5 || June7..... 44.0 S8700 DULY 7 . Maxi- | Mini- | Daily : ‘a Partly : : /mum. | mum, | mean, | tation. | Clear. | cioudy, | Cloudy. | 1902, OF. OR, of, Inches. | Odtobet.<2 HeAchocse eee 66 | 34. 2 0. 72 | 11 1s 21 NoOVemhen <2 --. es, $2 16 “Dp 1,50 | ily 11 2 December: 02. ee Ba —53 12.4 ut | 2 8 3 1903 | JAMMER ee eee ee 37 —60 Dy Bae ore 14 1 16 MED MAI soe wae ocr 43 —55 0 a Pps See 17 4 if Maree oe - een eee ae 44 —25 11.8 2 21 8 2 Apres scdetcee ries toes 58 25 PN WN a 2 ee 22 7 nf Nibiy ee co estan sacar 80 23 47.3 60 | 6 16 9 UUNC Heo seer a. bs See 96 | 30 56.9 1.38 5 18 rf TL co Oe a ee 87 29 58.4 99 6 12 13 AMPUAG: toate see oe 85 24 | 58.3 1.16 14 aeescaneee a7 September =.2¢ s27. 820 2- 75 8 43.31 1.354 LS. (Peru peice 12 | } FORT GIBBON. Henry F. Simmons, Observer. | | 1902 Octobenz>. Seto e eae 53 —9 27.56 1.79 10 1b 6 November ¢.s%-s-s.-- 15 —d5 — 8.5 .ol 18 8 4 December: e222 25 —64 —19, 82 1.36 40 9 8 1903 / VENA eee eens ts 20) -66 29. 85 37 15 7 9 Mepiuuaryete - 226 22. eee a: Son 68 - 4,39 73 8 7 13 MRC HCS eee aoe eee ee b 89: | e971 58 bg 1.14 in 4 16 Arle eee oe eee 49 | —39 14.7 23 20 5 5 NRW iteers etic Sete ee ere 65 13 42.59 .16 19 6 6. DUO Reo ae tee ys iocee 88 Se 53.8 .38 26 1 3 PULSE aoe eeiaeen te oaees 84 33 57.6 1.76 8 9 14 ASIDVIBG Ue icc eo seco ne 74 28 56.3 2,34 12 7 12 FORT YUKON. Leonidas J. H. Wooden, Observer. | - 1902. | MS a tae Jas teen eee eee WS. seen ec cccc | cence ce ee|nis noah teicied atolsle ae ere | ea AAUPMSE. . cho toes saeco 81 40 59.4 ote | ces 22 + Se] actin eel See September). 22-6 2... S-25 66 24 41.6 1.88 |..----2 200). eee sree el eee eee eee Octoper <-ss sas: Sea ceee see eae Os SoS cere ORT Nokce wesc aula se cee eee eee Nowember™. 652002522 Jaleee ee EPL | Semen 1260 Soe ae eles aoe bi ds\ic ee oe IDECEMPC oot ene se ae eleeeteae Se A Se 75 ere Aa | ee essa Any” 1903. | ASG hy Gena ee aes ene ee oe pean bY 6p Soo seeks GW || ei cents Pies | abe 602 al See eee EDrUAI YS Soe ee ee ee epee S259) Pee eae ahs ( 2 ay epee \20' Jos 2 Aprilas eee ee ey liens Se ata, ee ee = | ee IED Shee a SPORE Se te eee 5 Bie ee Spal, tee ee | Perea. sc DUNC -2 ae ee See eee | hae BON: aan eke is| eee Renee oe s\csw ne eee | June and July of 1902 not reported. September for 15 days. FORT EGBERT. March, 1903, not reported. Cc. A. Tunholtz, Observer. 1902. October November December January February 68 20 28 41 37 38 55 65 MOND August, maximum for 16 days. Sao Annwin - : ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Meteorological observations—Continued. FORT EGBERT. Temperature. Capt. John B. Clayton, Observer. 389 Weather conditions (number of days). CORN. As has been previously stated, the most important corn-growing section in the Hawaiian Islands is the Kula district, on the island of Maui. This comprises some 7,000 acres on the leeward slope of Holeakala, at an elevation of between 2,500 and 5,000 feet. The soil ranges in depth from 6 inches to as many feet, and consists of a very fine and powdery loam. This Kula region has been famous for its fertility, the land having been in cultivation for sixty years. It was in this district that much of the wheat grown for export from the Hawaiian Islands was raised during the time of the early gold excite- ment in California. This district, in common with many others of the group, is divided mainly into large holdings, hut the corn land and the land capable of the cultivation of corn is leased in parcels of smallacreage to Portuguese, Japanese, and Chinese tenants. Many of these small farms, if they may be termed such, especially those along the govern- ment road which runs from Makawao to Makena, have been in cultiva- tion continuously, in some cases, for forty years. ‘The climatic condi- tions are such that the best results can not be counted on oftener than three years out of five. Nevertheless the yields have in former years been so heavy that the losses of the bad years were more than made up for by the intervening good seasons, and both the corn crop and the potato crop have yielded large returns. As has heen stated before, the land is in itself extremely rich, and its physical characteristics are such that it would stand a good deal of poor cultivation. The texture of the soil is so loose and friable that deep plowing and thorough cultivation would be as easy here as on the black prairie loams of the West. But good cultivation by the tenants of these PLATE XIV. HAWAII STATION ViEW OF STATION ’ BUILDINGS ’ AND GROUNDS. HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION. 393 lands has been an exception rather than a rule. The practice has been to plow to the depth of not to exceed 1 to 8 inches and the cul- tivation has been by hand rather than by horse labor, practically no machinery except garden tools being used. With this extremely shallow cultivation the yields in former years have been surprisingly high, as much as from 50 to 60 bushels of corn per acre, a yield which would be considered above the average in the corn States. The sum- mer of 1902 was a bad season for the corn growers of this district, as was also the preceding year. The yields were uniformly so low that many of the lands were given up and were allowed to go back into the grass. Besides being rather an unfavorable season, the corn was badly affected with an aphis, which increased so greatly in num- bers that, early in August, at the time when the corn should have been filling, the leaves of the plants were brown and shriveled as if struck by frost. A demand was made by the residents of this corn-growing section that the station undertake work for the improvement of condi- tions then existing, and with this end in viewa number of visits were made to this district during the year. At the time the work of the corn-plant louse was called to our attention the crop was too badly damaged to do anything of any real value, but a survey was made of the district with a view of undertaking new work during the next erowing season. The ravages of this plant louse could not be checked, but advice could be given in regard to fighting this pest should it appear during the next season. To treat a large acreage by the application of insecticides would be impossible; but this, as well as any other insect pest of a similar nature, could in a measure be held in check by improving the condition of the plant itself. Any plant which has an abundance of plant food—in other words, any plant which receives good cultivation—is much better prepared to resist the attacks of insects than a plant which is not in the best condition of development. In other words, the improvement of the crop would be most likely to be brought about by the improvement in the method of cultivation. Instead of plowing the land to a depth of 1 to 3 inches, turn it under to a depth of 6 to 8 inches, and for cultivating by hand substitute cultivation with corn cultivators. Because of the steadily decreasing crops during the past ten years, the tenants have considered it impracticable to spend more money in more thorough cultivation, so that the whole industry of this little region has been on the down grade. Arrangements were made with Mrs. Dora Von Tempsky, of Kula, to cultivate some 10 acres of land, plowing it to a depth of from 6 inches to a foot or as deep as practicable. It was also thought best to intro- duce new seed. A number of the best varieties of corn from the Middle West and from the New England States were procured. The practice has been to clear off all of the cornstalks and all of the weeds and grass in the cornfields, pile and burn them previous to 394 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. plowing for the new crop. In this way, and also through the washing of the soil, when unprotected by weeds and grass, much of the finest and richest surface soil has been washed off, and there has been consider- able loss in soluble plant food. The people in this region are too poor to purchase commercial fertilizers, but it is quite within the means of any of these men to utilize the homemade fertilizers of the farm. To some extent it has been the practice in this district to burn farm- yard manure or to throw it into the gulches. Year after year every- thing in the way of weeds and cornstalks has been destroyed or burned as being something of no value. ‘To improve the condition of the soil, it is advisable to increase the humus content of the soil. As a beginning, and especially as an object lesson, a stalk cutter was purchased in Nebraska, and the standing cornstalks on the 10 aeres of land chosen for the experiment were chopped down by this stalk cutter and plowed into the soil, and the weeds and grass on the land were also plowed in. The land was not simply plowed, as has been customary by others, to a depth of 1 to 2 inches, but to a depth of from 6 inches to a foot. During this plowing all of the large stones which had been plowed up were taken from the field. As a matter of course a considerable quantity of subsoil was thrown up, and the presence of this subsoil at the surface would, to a certain extent, decrease the yield of corn during the first year, but it would improve the condition of the soil for the second and succeeding years. On one piece of land, and especially on several washed knolls, a quantity of manure from an old corral was spread over the surface of the land before plowing. In addition to these methods of improving the condition of the soil, and hence the general condition of the plants themselves, a crop of crimson clover seed was sown between the corn rows at the last cultivation just before the crop was laid by. Not only has clover never been planted in these islands, but no crop what- ‘ever is ordinarily used on the land where corn is planted to retain the surface soil and prevent washing. On all of these cornfields a good many milch cows and horses are pastured after the crop has been harvested. A crop of clover, grown on the land after the corn is harvested, would not only improve the condition of the soil for succeeding corn crops, but would also supply forage during the cold and usually rainy winter season. About an acre of a small white bean was sown during the winter of 1902 on a part of this experi- mental cornfield, with a view not only to enriching the soil by turning under the crop, but also to see if an intermediate money crop could not be produced during the time that the ground was idle. This part of the experiment was not very successful, the yield of beans being too small to warrant anyone attempting to grow them for profit, but the vines and stubble were, instead of being burned, turned under and the humus content of the soil increased to that HAWAIL EXPERIMENT STATION. 395 extent. Not only were a number of improved varieties of seed corn planted, but an experiment was made in method of planting. Instead of dropping the seed by hand, as is customary in this district, a portion of the land was planted with a one-horse planter, and on one portion of the field the seed was dropped in deep furrows instead of being planted on the smooth surface. This experiment is not yet completed; in fact it will be best to continue this experiment through a term of years. At the end of June of the present fiscal year the corn planted on the land on which the manure had been applied was looking especially fine, and the corn which had been planted in deep furrows in plowed land was also in better condition than that which had been simply planted in surface rows. Two of the varieties, the Leaming and the Boone County White, were making a much more favorable growth than any of the others, or than what may be called the native corn. Reports received since June indicate that these two varieties are particularly adapted to cultivation in the Kula district. POTATOES. The potato experiment begun during 1902 was continued. A small quantity of seed of the 4 varieties, which showed a tendency to resist the black rot, was procured from Maine. Unfortunately, the seed was delayed in transit. It did not arrive until fully a month after the time for planting potatoes, and then in such bad condition that only a few tubers of each variety were left to plant. This failure to procure good seed of course rendered it impossible to continue the experi- ment as planned last year. In the meantime, through correspondence with the Office of Experiment Stations, we had been informed in regard to experiments which were being conducted by the Ohio Experiment Station in the treatment of perhaps this same potato disease. A quantity of seed was purchased in the Honolulu market and the work was continued on the same land in the Kula district, but with a view to finding out whether active measures could not be used in fighting the disease. The potatoes were soaked in a solution of 3 per cent forma- lin for from twenty minutes to half an hour just before planting. Then the seed was dropped in furrows, covered, and then the whole furrow was sprayed with the 3 per cent formalin solution, as Professor Selby, of the Ohio Experiment Sfation, had stated in his report in regard to a similar disease that this treatment, both of the seed and of the soil, with formalin in a measure insures the crop against the destruction by the very serious fusarium fungus. The formalin costs about 25 cents per pound in the local market, and about 40 pounds were used in treating the seed potatoes and in spraying the furrows where the potatoes were planted on 1 acre of land. The cost of applica- tion was not excessive, and if formalin could be procured at cheaper 896 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, prices, as it undoubtedly could be in larger quantities, an acre of potatoes should be treated at an expense of less than $10. ‘The plants on this treated plat were comparatively free from the ‘* quick rot,” although some individual plants throughout the patch were affected hy it. Indications at the close of the year were that this experi- mental plat would yield a fairly good crop of potatoes. While not wishing to definitely recommend this method of treating potatoes to prevent the ‘* quick rot,” it is believed from the results obtained from one year’s work that this method is not only practicable, but econom- ical as well. In the case of a fungus of this kind, which lives entirely in the soil and which remains in living condition in the soil for cer- tainly two or three years, the only other method of fighting the fun- gus which causes the disease would be to plant some other crop which it does not destroy. We can at this time recommend no other crop to substitute for potatoes, and hence believe that the station has scored a decided success as a result of this experimental treat- ment of the land itself to destroy the fungus. It is not recommended as an invariable method, but the indications are that the treatment either of the seed or of the soil, or of both the seed and soil, with a comparatively strong solution of formalin, a powerful disinfectant and germicide, will give some measure of insurance against total loss of the potato crop from this ‘* quick-rot” disease. TARO. The taro experiment begun in the previous year was continued. The first trial crop was harvested in September, 1902, and the plants were found to be almost entirely free from the root-rot disease. The yield on the trial plat was much greater than on any of the other taro patches which had not received treatment to prevent root rot. A new crop yas planted on the same land, in October, 1902. The hules being selected from plants which were not diseased, no further application of lime or fertilizers was made. The effect during the present growing season of the fertilizers and lime applied last year has been more marked than during the previous season. While the crop has not been harvested, the general appearance of the plants indicates that they are much healthier than any of the untreated surrounding patches. In the absence of laboratory facilities to study the nature of the disease and determine whether the fungus is infectious, as has been supposed, arrangements were made with Doctor Pierce of the Pacific coast path- ological laboratory, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, at Santa Ana, Cal., to study the etiology of the disease. A considerable quantity of dis- eased taro was sent to Doctor Pierce, who is now carrying on an investigation in regard to the nature of the fungus. The second taro disease, of apparently bacterial origin, has proven very serious around Honolulu during the past season. A microscopic examination of HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION. 397 infected roots show the fibro-vascular bundles to be completely clogged with great masses of bacteria. However, in the case of this second root rot, which may be called a brown core rot, no experiments or investigations have been made, because of a lack of proper laboratory equipment. TOMATOES. In February, 1903, the first experiment with tomatoes was under- taken. One hundred and forty-five varieties were secured from dealers in the United States, Australia, and Europe. ‘The idea of the experi- ment was in the main to determine what are the best commercial varieties for this climate. The tomato plant grows here as a perennial, but in the case of almost all of the varieties there is a rapid deterio- ‘ation in the quality of the fruit, especially when seed from improved horticultural forms, locally grown, are replanted year after year. While tomatoes are continuously on sale in our markets the quality is not of the best, and the statement is often made that good tomatoes ‘an not be grown here. The plan of the experiment was as follows: Three methods of planting were tried, in flats or boxes. The first planting was in large flats under cloth. After two weeks the seedlings were transplanted to small flats under cloth, then hardened off in the open air preparatory to finally transplanting them to the field. The second method was to start the seed in small flats under cloth and harden them off in the flats by direct exposure to air and sunshine. The third plan was to start the seed in flats in the open air, with only partial protection from the wind. In the field three methods of planting were used. The vines were placed in the furrow, on the ridge, and on the level surface of the ground. Thirty vines were used of each variety, ten vines in a row. Two vines in each row were fertilized with nitrate of soda and Thomas slag. One vine in each row was rigorously pruned back. The blossoms were pulled off from two vines in each row, and the plant was not permitted to produce any fruit until it had made a strong growth. Two forms of trellis were used to keep the plants up off the ground. Some plants were simply tied to a stake, and in the case of others a lath trellis was placed along both sides of the row to keep the lower branches off the ground. The chief difficulty in growing tomatoes here is to get them of good size and color. There is a fruit fly which stings the tomato and deposits its eggs in the fruit, and these develop into maggots which utterly ruin the fruit. Observations were also made in regard to the effect of different methods of treatment on this fruit fly. Notice was taken in regard to the shape, thickness of skin, size, sweetness, keeping quality, ete., and the extent to which the tomatoes rot on the vines. Some varieties show quite a marked resistance, both to the prevalent tomato rot and the attacks of the tomato fly. 398 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, An analysis was made of the soil on which these tomatoes were grown. It contained potash, 0.58 per cent; lime, 1 per cent; magne- sium, 4.55 per cent; phosphoric acid, 0.75 per cent, and nitrogen, 0.38 percent. It will thus be seen that this soil is exceptionally rich. The only fertilizers required were lime to balance the magnesium and a general fertilizer to replace the elements removed. The high per- centage of magnesium in this soil is unusual, although it bears the relation to lime which many of the Hawaiian soils do. The toma- toes on this plat grew too rankly to produce the best results. Many of the varieties showed a tendency to keep on producing vine indefi- nitely without flowering or setting fruit. This experiment was not carried through to a conclusion because Mr. T. F. Sedgwick, agri- culturist of the station, resigned before the completion of the season’s work and no appointment has as yet been made to fill his place. Nevertheless, many facts in regard to the cultivation of this crop have been determined, and the results will be published some time during the next fiscal year. FORAGE PLANTS. The dairying and grazing industry is second in importance to sugar in Hawaii. Upward of 25,000 head of cattle are raised on the 70 or more ranches which comprise fully four-fifths of the total area of the islands. The number of dairy cattle has not been determined, but there are between 25 and 30 dairies in the vicinity of Honolulu, and a large number of the stock ranches have dairies for the pro- duction of cream or butter for supplying the local trade on this and other islands. The forage problem is, as may be readily seen, one of the most important lines of investigation. Some work has been done during the past year in the way of preliminary survey of the field. A number of ranches have been visited on Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. The special agent in charge of this station was made an honorary member of. the Hawaiian Live Stock Association at its annual meeting in Honolulu, November, 1902. It is the aim of the station to undertake, as soon as practicable, experiments along the line of animal industry. The original land divisions throughout the Territory of Hawaii extended in narrow wedges from the mountain to the sea. In the early days, before the settlement of these islands by white men, the land belonged to the king and was by him parceled out to the chiefs. The people owned no land. The idea was to give to every chief a patch of land which should contain mountain Jand for supplying timber and fiber plants, valley land for taro and food plants, and a strip of sea beach for the fisheries. These original land divisions have been perpetuated so that practically all of the ranches and estates, at least the original ones, are in the form of long narrow strips or wedges, extending from a broad fringe along the seacoast, in a nar- HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION. 899 row strip, back along some valley, to where it narrows to its source in the mountain range. Because of this original method of dividing the land, most of the ranges contain mountain pastures, where the vegetation is rank and where rain falls in many cases almost continu- ously throughout the year; and dry and almost rainless belts, with scanty vegetation along the coast. The middle ranges, between 2,000 and 5,000 feet elevation, are usually the best. In studying the plant growth of these island ranges the most apparent fact is that there are so few species of grass. Two introduced forms almost completely occupy the land. The Manienie or Bermuda grass of the southern United States has overrun the land from the seacoast to an elevation of 4,000 feet. Above this altitude the Hilo grass, Paspalum conjuga- tum, one of the water grasses, occupies the land almost to the exclu- sion of other species. These two foreign grasses have almost entirely run out the native grass flora, and on some of the richer and more open ranges one may ride all day without seeing any other grass which constitutes any considerable proportion of the feed. Again there are districts, especially along the leeward coasts of the different islands, where the rainfall is so slight that none of the turf-forming grass can grow. There are many examples of such lands practically without vegetation, except after the winter rains. Practically, the only rains which may be depended upon are the Kona or southerly storms, during the winter season. The rainfall in some of these dis- tricts, especially to the leeward of the three high mountain peaks, Halia- kala, Mauna Loa, and Mauna Kea, averages less than 10 inches per annum, with occasional seasons when no rain falls at all. From such practically rainless regions there is every gradation of rainfall up to 300 inches per annum, and here, as in all other countries, the amount of rainfall governs the amount and quality of the vegetation. In the early days one of the native grasses, known as Pili (//eteropogon con- tortus), a species which is also common in the southwestern United States, was abundant on the leeward coasts at an elevation of from 200 to 1,000 feet above sea level. However, overstocking has almost entirely destroyed this grass. Here, as in the Rocky Mountain region, the upper mountain pas- tures, with their luxuriant forage, are very satisfactory for raising young stock, but to fatten cattle for the market they must be driven down to the pastures at a lower elevation. The greatest number of species of plants which are eaten by stock are found at the higher elevations. ‘The fattening pastures contain principally the one species of grass only, the Manienie. One of the chief problems is to intro- duce variety on this dry-Jand pasture by the introduction of grass and forage plants from other semiarid regions. A cooperative experi- ment was arranged with Prof. J. W. Spillman, in charge of the grass and forage plant investigations of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 400 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Professor Spillman supplied the station with a considerable quantity of seed of about a dozen of the best grasses of the western plains. The seeds were sown on the ranch of the American Sugar Company, on western Molokai. Because of the delay in the transportation of these seeds, they did not reach the islands in ood time to secure the best results. For that reason only a portion of the seed was sown, The entire west end of Molokai is extremely dry. The land is gently rolling and in the main without deep ravines or gulches. The highest point on this partof the island is about 2,000 feet. There is an entire lack of springs or running streams. Nevertheless, on this portion of the island about 5,000 sheep and several thousand head of cattle are ranged throughout the year. The soil is extremely fertile. The vegetation is quite scanty, except for a few weeks in early spring, after the winter rains have germinated the seeds of the annual grasses and weeds. The best of the pasturage does not last very long. This land was chosen as being about the best on which to try an experi- ment with the introduction of dry-land grasses from other countries. The land chosen for the experiment was harrowed with a straight- toothed harrow, and the seed sown directly afterwards. This was done after one of the late rains of the spring ef 1903, but there being no heavy rain subsequent to this time the results have not been very satisfactory. However, a start has been made and a good many plants of several of these new grasses have been obtained. ‘These will undoubtedly in time produce seed and serve as a center for the distribu- tion of seeds over the rest of the range. Because of the lateness of the season only part of the seed received from Washington was used, and the balance will be sown about the Ist of October during the coming year, as from that time on the regular rains may be expected. Circular letters were sent to all the members of the Stockman’s Asso- ciation, requesting them to send in to the station samples of the native grasses and forage plants for determination. It is intended to publish a list of the native and introduced forage plants of the islands as soon as suflicient data in regard to their existence or cultivation throughout the islands are secured. Practically all of the beef sold in the local markets is from animals which have been fattened on the open range. Very little has been done in the way of feeding stock on alfalfa, corn, etc., except on one of the ranches of Kauai, where the cattle are fattened on the waste from a starch manufactory. Some experiments have been made with alfalfa. It grows very well from the sea level up to 2,500 to 3,000 feet elevation. Most of the alfalfa grown is irrigated, but there have been several very successful experiments on a small scale in growing this forage crop without irrigation, especially at a higher elevation where the rainfall is more abundant. Plans are being made to undertake work along the lines of the economical fattening of cattle for market. HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION. 401 DAIRYING. Much work is to be done in investigations along the line of dairying, especially in the compounding of rations. Sorghum and Johnson grass, known here as evergreen millet, are practically the only forage plants cultivated for feeding dairy cattle. The required nitrogenous feeds are supplied by bran, middlings, and other milled feeds imported from California. Again, while there are many dairies which have full- blooded and grade Jersey, Holstein, and other milk breeds of cattle, certainly the majority of the milch cows on the islands are scrub stock. A cooperative experiment will be undertaken with one of the dairies in the vicinity of Honolulu to work out some of the problems in connection with this industry. Much valuable work in the cultiva- tion of torage plants new on the islands is being carried on by the agricultural department of the Kamehameha Boys’ School. — Prof. F. G. Krause, who is in charge of this work, has presented a number of papers at the farmers’ institute, giving the results of his investiga- tions. Some of these papers will shortly be published for general dis- tribution, as the information contained in them is equally valuable for all of the islands. ANIMAL DISEASES. According to the report of the president of the board of health of Hawaii for 1902, 990 cattle, out of a total of 3,376 slaughtered for the Honolulu market during the six months ended December 31, 1902, were infected with liver fluke. Two hundred and forty-seven, out of a total of 487 calves examined during the same period, also showed infection. The liver fluke is an internal parasite which exists for only a portion of its life cycle in the bodies of warm-blooded animals. In the early stage of its development it is parasitic within the bodies of certain fresh-water snails. It secures entrance to the bodies of cattle in the drinking water or through the cattle eating the succulent grasses growing around stagnant water holes, on which the snail also feeds. During the stage of the existence of the fluke, when it is parasitic within the body of the snail, it is extremely minute, but when it enters the body of the animal and finds final lodgment in the ducts of the liver it grows into a flat, worm-like body, often 3 inches or more in length. Its presence in the liver of the infected animal, especially when it exists in any considerable number, often causes the death of the animal. An epidemic of losses from this source was reported to the station from the windward side of the island of Oahu. The cattle principally affected were young cows from 2 to 3 years old. An ani- mal which is infested with liver fluke becomes extremely emaciated, and can be distinguished at a distance in the pastures because of its standing alone, with head up, and apparently without inclination to eat 8. Doe. 148, 58-2 26 402 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. or move. Death usually occurs through effusion of the blood serum into the abdominal and lung cavities. This is followed by the forma- tion of dropsical swellings along the under side of the body, extending forward to the neck and throat, at which time the animal usually dies from suffocation. A number of post-mortems were made and notes were taken in regard to the symptoms. In every case where the car- casses of cattle which had died were examined, enormous numbers of the flukeworm were found in the liver and bile ducts and in the gall bladder. The blood becomes almost entirely free from red corpuscles, and the animal dies because of the dropsical condition which ensues. As the liver fluke, to complete its round of existence, must pass a por- tion of its life in the body of the snail, the drainage of marshes and water holes, where the rank vegetation harbors the snails, will prevent the infection of stock. Liver fluke is worse in the windward districts, where the rainfall is high, and also in the upper mountain pastures. Cattle which are confined throughout their life to pastures on the drier portions of the islands are seldom infected with liver fluke. The remedy in all cases is to see that an abundance of fresh water is sup- plied the cattle so that they will not be under the necessity to frequent the stagnant water holes which supply the source of infection. TOBACCO. A small amount of Sumatra tobacco was grown under cloth at the experiment station during the spring of 1903. While the crop was not of the best, because of the soil not being suited to this type of tobacco, the results obtained were so promising that a more extended experiment will be conducted during the next year. Up to this time the Hawaiian Islands have been almost absolutely dependent upon a single crop, the cultivation of sugar cane. A number of causes have contributed to the decrease in the amount of profits from sugar. Because of this, and also because of the necessity of having more than one industry on a paying basis in this country, it has been considered advisable to do all in our power to further the establishment of new agricultural industries. A cursory examination of the islands, and especially of certain districts on Maui and Hawaii, lead me to believe that there are considerable bodies of land well adapted to the cultiva- tion of tobacco. A more extended survey of this district will be made during the next fiscal year, and, if possible, a cooperative experiment in tobacco culture will be arranged under the direction of the tobacco experts of the Bureau of Soils. VANILLA. The vanilla bean is a cured fruit of the vine belonging to the orchid family. This plant is a native of Mexico, and the world supply of vanilla comes from Mexico and from the tropical and subtropical HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION. 403 islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans, from Madagascar to Tahiti. It has long been in cultivation in Hawaii, but, except on one planta- tion on the island of Hawaii, only as an ornamental in house yards. It seems to be extremely well adapted to cultivation at the lower eleva- tions, below 1,500 feet, especially on the leeward side of the islands. The principal requisites are a light soil, porous subsoil, moist atmos- phere, and protection from strong wind. The flowers require hand pollination; otherwise they will not produce fruit. An experiment in curing and fermenting the vanilla pods to produce the commercial vanilla was made at the station in the early months of 1903. Pods for this purpose were supplied by Hon. S$. M. Damon, of Moanalua, one of the suburbs of Honolulu. As a result of this experiment in the fermentation of the crop, and also because the vanilla plant grows so widely and so well from one end of the group to the other, and also because the plants now growing here do not seem to be infected with any of the serious diseases which affect this crop in other coun- tries, the outlook for the cultivation of vanilla on a somewhat extended scale is very bright. The prime requisites to make the cultivation of this crop a success are the selection of a suitable location at a low elevation, where there is protection from the full sweep of the trade winds. Constant and careful attention to every detail of cultivation of the plants, the pollination of the flowers, and the fermentation of the pods to produce a select finished product ready for the market is of even greater importance. The sole difference between a crop of vanilla worth $1 a pound and one worth from $10 to $15 is the care given to the crop from the time the cuttings are planted until the finished product is marketed. SISAL. In 1893 the Hawaiian commissioner of agriculture and forestry secured 20,000 sisal plants, which were carefully set out at that time in alarge number of localities throughout the islands. This introduction, and especially the wide dissemination of the plants after they reached the islands, proved to be of great value. A few years after this origi- nal introduction of sisal a plantation for the cultivation of this crop was formed on the island of Oahu. The sisal plant grows as well here as anywhere else in the world. It is thus far entirely free from any serious insect or fungus disease. The quality of the fiber produced is _ exceptionally good, bringing almost as high a price in the markets of the United States as the best fiber imported from Yucatan. This crop is one which may be cultivated advantageously on lands which are extremely dry, although it shows a surprising adaptation to districts where the rainfall is 100 or more inches per annum. Nevertheless, the best fiber is produced where the plants grow within a few miles of the Kona coasts. Coral soils have been considered the best for this 404 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, crop, probably because the whole peninsula of Yucatan, where sisal is the main crop, is of coral formation. In the Hawaiian Islands sisal seems to do just as well, and the quality of the fiber is certainly not inferior, whether it grows on coral flats along the seacoast or on volcano formations where the soils are deficient in lime. The lee- ward or Kona districts of the Hawaiian Islands are naturally adapted to the cultivation of this important fiber plant. During the past year a large number of new plantations have been started, and while there is at present only one plantation of some 600 acres which is marketing sisal fiber, the next two or three years will see a very considerable increase in the quantity of fiber exported. PEPPERS. Two species of pepper plants, Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens, are widely scattered in a semiwild condition throughout the islands. Both species were undoubtedly introduced from Mexico or South America, and soon found ready acceptance by the native population. The original cultivated forms have been grown somany years without cultivation that they have reverted to the original species. Instead of being annual, this species is here truly perennial. In almost any situation in which the seed falls the plants which spring up yield enormous quantities of fruit. In consideration of the fact that large quantities of dried peppers are imported annually into the United States from foreign countries, the question of cultivating this crop here has often been considered. Within the last twelve months two small plantations have been established for growing this crop. A quantity of the fruit was dried at the experiment station and samples were sent to some of the leading dealers in condiments in the United States. A number of them replied to the effect that the samples sent were of good commercial quality and several offers were made, pro- vided a sufficient amount of the dried peppers could be gotten together to pay for shipping them. This plant grows like a weed at all of the lower elevations of the islands, and while the profits from the cultivation of this crop may not be comparable to those of coffee, sugar, vanilla, or sisal, the prices secured for the samples which have been sent to the eastern markets indicate the possibility of inaugurating an industry which will yield avery fair margin of profit. Practically the only labor in connec- tion with growing peppers is that of picking them. The method of curing is simply to dry the pods in the sun and to protect them” from rain and moisture during the curing process. CASTOR BEANS. The castor-bean plant, so well known as an annual ornamental in back yards and gardens throughout the United States, is perennial in Hawaii. It is not known what the extreme life of this tree is in the ~~ - HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION. 405 Tropics. There are many specimens all through these islands at elevations from seacoast to 3,000 feet which have attained the height of 30 feet or more, with a trunk diameter of sometimes more than 20 inches. It is certain that its introduction into the islands dates back almost to the time of the arrival of the first missionaries. Consider- able experimenting has been done with this crop for the production of the seeds both for export and for the local manufacture of the oil. There are already in operation two plantations which total an area of upward of 100 acres, and within the last six months of the fiscal year these plantings have been very largely increased and many plantations on other islands are engaging in a small way in the cultivation of this crop, with a view to increasing their acreage should the present favor- able prices for the beans maintain. There is a ready market for the castor beans in Honolulu, or they may be packed and shipped to the San Francisco or Eastern markets. The crop practically requires no manipulation to produce a finished product, differing in this regard from most tropical products which require various processes of fermenta- tion. The method of planting differs somewhat from that- in vogue in other countries where the castor bean grows. The seed is planted where it is to remain on land which has been thoroughly and deeply plowed. ‘The rows are made from 20 to 24 feet apart and the castor- bean trees are allowed to grow 15 feet apart in the rows. As soonas the plants are 2 feet high the terminal bud is nipped off, forcing the produce- tion of lateral shoots. These in turn are nipped to compel the tree to branch as muchas possible. By this method of treatment avery broadly pyramidal growth is produced, with very much greater bearing sur- face than if the tree were permitted to establish an upright form. Another advantage of this style of pruning is that the clusters of seed pods are kept within easy reach of the laborer who picks them. The ground between the rows is kept in a good state of cultivation. For the first year at least, or until the lateral branches of the castor-bean plants have extended so as to fill the rows, an intermediate crop, such as sweet potatoes or corn, may be cultivated between the rows. The average yield, judging from those plantations which are now in bear- ing, ranges from 2,500 to 3,000 pounds of seed per acre per annum. The drawbacks connected with the cultivation of this crop are chiefly the fact that there is no general harvest season, but the seed must be picked at frequent intervals throughout the year. On a small plantation this item of expense would be very serious, but on plantations of any con- siderable size it would not have to be considered. The castor bean is a crop which at the present time has very few enemies in this country. The plant grows wild from sea elevation to the elevation of 3,000 feet or more, and the best oil-bearing varieties thrive equally as well as the wild forms. It is a crop which seems to be well suited to small landholders. 406 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. PINEAPPLES. There are two large pineapple canneries in successful operation on the island of Oahu. Pineapples grow very thriftily at middle eleva- tions on all of the islands, especially from 1,000 feet upward. Experi- ments in the cultivation of this crop have been carried on for fully twenty years. Practically all of the known varieties have been imported from all parts of the world where this fruit is grown. Asa result of these experiments, carried on by private individuals, it has been found that the Smooth Cayenne variety is the best adapted to Hawaiian conditions. The fruit attains a degree of excellence not surpassed by any other crop of subtropical fruit. It is said that previous to the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands, canned pineapples imported into the United States from here were made to pay a duty as fruit preserved in sugar, although, as a matter of fact, no sugar was used in the canning process, the fruit simply being preserved in its own juices. The Hawaiian canned pineapples are superior in quality to any others now placed onthe American market, because they are allowed to ripen and attain their fullest development in the field. They compete in the markets with similar fruit which has been shipped from the West Indies or Mexico. Pineapples which are shipped long distances must be harvested before they are completely ripe, and hence none of the same class of goods put up for the Eastern markets can in any way compare in quality or flavor with the Hawaiian pines which are not placed in cans until fully and completely ripe. The prices obtained by the local packers for their product are much in excess of prices obtained by the canneries anywhere on the mainland. The demand for our product has been thus far much greater than the possible supply. The pines have not been affected by any serious disease. They are also comparatively free from insect injury, the only pests infesting the plants being mealy bugs and scale insects, and these in too small numbers to cause any serious damage. The soils devoted to pineapple cultivation are at an elevation of from 1,000 to 2,000 feet. The mean summer temperatures of this pineapple belt range from 5 to 10 degrees lower than temperatures in the vicinity of Honolulu or at sea level. The soils are mostly virgin, never having been used for any other crop. Being somewhat acid, the soils improve with culti- vation and give better results the fourth and fifth year after setting out the plantation than the second year, when the first crop comes into bearing. There are many thousand acres of land suited to the culti- vation of pineapples, and the industry is capable of very great expan- sion. As long as the Hawaiian growers maintain the high standard of excellence now existing, there will be an almost unlimited market. There is now a very considerable trade in the shipment of the fresh pines to the markets of the Pacific coast, an industry which is also capable of considerable extension. (PI. XV, fig. 1.) HAWAIL EXPERIMENT STATION. 407 COTTON. The ruling high prices for cotton during the last twelve months have caused many inquiries in regard to the possibility of cultivating this crop in these islands. A considerable amount of Sea-island cotton was grown here during the period from 1860 to 1870. From the latter date there was a marked falling off in acreage and before the end of the next decade the industry was entirely abandoned. There are many cotton plants grown mainly for ornament in yards on all of the islands. The plant shows a tendency to live almost indefinitely, there being many individual plants in the city of Honolulu which are known to be from 15 to 20 years old. There would be no difficulty whatever about growing this crop on a commercial scale in these islands, as there are thousands of acres of land not adapted to sugar cane which could be, at very little cost, converted into cotton fields. Cotton is not a crop which brings very large returns per acre, but it has this in its favor that it is a cash crop. Occasional experiments have been made in the cultivation of this crop. The quality of the fiber and the yield compare very favorably with the average results throughout the Southern States. However, there are no cotton gins, so that there would be no local market. A factor which might be taken into consideration in an attempt to establish the cultivation of cotton in these islands would be the proximity to the Japanese and Chinese markets. If this crop is ever grown on an extensive scale, the prices obtained for the fiber should be higher than the ruling prices in the South by the amount of difference in freight between Galveston and New Orleans and the Pacific coast. The average steamship passage from Honolulu to Japanese ports is from nine to ten days, and freight rates of cotton from here to Japan should be correspondingly much cheaper than from Gulf of Mexico ports. Provided cotton can be grown here for export to the Orient, the average of prices received by the producer should be enough higher than the average prices in New Orleans to return a very fair margin of profit to the Hawaiian grower. This station has grown several of the best varieties of cotton. Other experiments, on which more careful notes will be taken in regard to yield and quality of product, will be undertaken should there be a demand for information in regard to the cultivation of this crop. SUGAR CANE. The cultivation of sugar cane has for thirty years been the dominant industry in the Hawaiian Islands. The land at present under cultiva- tion in this crop constitutes the coastal plains and a belt of land extending backward from the seacoast a distance of from 3 to 10 miles. The location of the plantations has been governed in the past largely by the available supply of water, either for irrigation or, on those plantations where irrigation is not required, for fluming cane to 408 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. the mills. The water supply has been developed remarkably within the last five years, over and above what was considered to be an available limit previous to that time. Asa result, either by the dis- covery of new underground sources of water supply or by utilizing, by means of engineering enterprise, supplies of water previously considered inaccessible, it has been possible to greatly extend the area devoted to the cultivation of this crop. At the time of the passage of the reciprocity treaty the Hawaiian minister at Washington stated that the possible yield of sugar would never exceed 100,000 tons. At the time of the revolution, ten years ago, the advocates of annexation advanced the belief that the annual yield of cane sugar would never exceed 250,000 tons. The development of new sources of water supply and the conservation or improvement of existing sources of water have’so changed the situation that, at the present time, no one can properly set a limit upon the amount of land available for the cultivation of sugarcane. The limitations are no longer those of available land and available water, but only such as are marked by the ability to obtain working capital and labor. The climate is ideal for the growth of the sugar-cane plant. The soils, naturally fertile, are capable of quick response to the application of fertilizers and modern methods of cultivation. The fact that the islands are sur- rounded in every direction by 2,000 miles or more of ocean has worked to prevent the introduction into these islands of the numerous fungus diseases and insect pests which have so seriously affected the cultivation of sugar cane in the continental countries. As before stated, practically the only limitations to prevent the indefinite expansion of the area cultivated in sugar cane in the Hawaiian Islands is the capacity to obtain capital for investment and the possi- bility of obtaining the necessary labor. Until the present time all of the cane grown in Hawaii has been cultivated under the plantation system. A large majority of the total population of these islands con- sists of Japanese and Chinese coolies, imported with the sole yiew of supplying the labor necessary to the cultivation of sugar cane. The existence in an American community of over 150,000 souls of so large an alien population, consisting of men who understand neither the language, laws, customs, nor the American ideals of government, a class of men who come to this country not to become citizens, but only as a temporary expedient and who expect to return to their native lands as soon as they have obtained what is to them a competency, is certainly in many respects unfortunate. The statement is often made that a white man can not endure labor in a cane field. This, we believe, isa misstatement of the case. There is nothing in the climate to prevent a man working out of doors every day in the year. The ‘‘native sons” of Hawaii are as vigorous a race as any produced in any colder climate. The work in the cane fields is a ele i Senate Doc. No. 148. PLATE XV. Fic. 1.—HAWAIl STATION—PINEAPPLE PLANTATION. FiG. 2.—HAWAI STATION—A COFFEE MILL. me * HAWAIL EXPERIMENT STATION. 409 not more difficult than that in the harvest fields or in hundreds of occu- pations which require manual toil in other lands. A successful begin- ning in the cultivation of sugar cane by white farmers, who own and cultivate their own land, has been made in at least two localities in these islands. In the Olaa district on the island of Hawaii there are between 60 and 70 independent landowners who are growing cane which they sell to one of the near-by plantations. A part of this number employ no Asiatic labor whatever, they and the members of their families per- forming all the necessary labor. Cane is being grown by some of the members of the Wahiawa colony on the island of Oahu. It has been proved at least in these two instances that the white man can perform all of the work required in the cultivation of cane at a profit to him- self in some cases far above the average received from the cultivation of any agricultural crop on the mainland of the United States. The successful beginnings made in these two instances will undoubt- edly grow to greater proportions. Such a change must of necessity be gradual. The entering wedge must be the establishment of colo- nies, the members of which can supply to one another that degree of social intercourse which is requisite in any American community. The prevailing conditions are such that individual farmers scattered here and there over the Territory would probably not succeed, but with colonies of sufficient numbers, so that there can be at once estab- lished the schools and churches and social organizations to which our people are accustomed, they would thrive and prosper as well in these islands of the Paciffe as in any of the mainland States or Territories. COFFEE. As stated in my previous annual reports, there is a very large area of land in this Territory which might be devoted to this crop. Ata moderate estimate there are 350,000 acres of mountainous land between an elevation of 2,000 and 5,000 feet on which coffee would thrive. The quantity of Hawaiian-grown product now exported from the Territory amounts to about 1,200 tons, worth $250,000. In the period from 1890 to 1897 the coffee industry received great impetus in these islands because of the high price of this product. Fully 10,000 acres were planted in coffee during that time, and much land was undoubtedly set out in coffee orchards which proved to be not well adapted to the crop. Nevertheless, in certain districts, especially the Hamakua and Kona districts on the island of Hawaii, and in the Waimanalo district on Oahu, the trees have reached a very thrifty stage of development. Asa result of the rapid fall of prices in the years succeeding 1896, many of those who had planted extensive areas of coffee with every expectation of at once acquiring a fortune were forced to abandon their plantations as unprofitable. The fact that the coffee industry 410 REPORT? OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. was established during a boom has worked against the success of the industry. At the present time a far greater area of coffee is in bearing than there ever was during the palmiest days of the coffee excitement in Kona and Olaa. Furthermore, notwithstanding the remarkable fall in prices, there are still a number of plantations which are making money out of the coffee business. One of the most serious mistakes made at the time of the attempt to establish this industry was one that has been made in almost every new irrigation district of the Pacific coast. Instead of getting in a class of men who had previously made their living from some form of agriculture or horticulture, literature was circulated all over the world that created the impression that here was a golden opportunity where a man with no knowledge of agriculture whatever could make a fortune simply by planting his trees and letting them grow. Agriculture in subtropical regions has just as many drawbacks as in the temperate zone. Skill and a certain amount of knowledge in regard to the growth of plants, methods of cultivation, pruning, the use of fertilizers, and the treatment of the soils, are equally as valuable attributes of the planter in the Tropics as elsewhere. The boom period of the coffee industry in Hawaii is past. The remarkable thrift and vigor of the coffee trees, the enor- mous crops of berries, yielding coffee of a high quality, indicate that if the cultivation is pursued under business methods as much profit ‘an. be made with this crop here as in any other land. The men who are still succeeding in coffee are not only good farmers but business men as well. There is probably no occupation in which the union of these qualities of knowledge of agriculture and of business methods is more necessary than in the management of any kind of a plantation in the Tropics. While it is the oft-expressed opinion of a great many people that coffee can not be grown at a profit in these islands as long as the product sells for less than 12 cents a pound, nevertheless there are a number of planters who realize a fair rate of interest upon their investment when at least a portion of their crop is marketed at as low as 64 to 7 cents per pound, (Pl. XV, fig. 2.) The hope for the rehabilitation of the coffee industry lies not so much in securing a bounty as in creating for our really very superior product an individual market in the United States. If the Hawaiian coffees can be marketed as Hawaiian coffee, without blending or mixing them with the inferior grades of Central American or Brazilian coffee, it will not be very long before the superiority of our product will create a market for every ton which the islands can produce. Those of our planters who have been most successful have applied to the culti- vation of this crop the same care and knowledge of conditions that the sugar planters have applied to the cultivation of sugarcane. The planters have evolved a method of cultivation entirely suited to local HAWAIL EXPERIMENT STATION. 411 conditions and also entirely unlike the methods pursued in the Central or South American coflee-producing countries. The greatest increase in the rate of income from a given area of coffee will come from improved methods of cultivation and from the use of high-grade fer- tilizers rather than through an effort to bid down toa still lower level the monthly wages of the laboring class. In other words, cheap labor is not the greatest necessity. There are half a dozen plantations on the island of Hawaii where the yield of coffee has exceeded 2,000 pounds per acre, equal to ten times the average yield per acre in Brazil. The coffee belt on all of the islands is a region where the climate is almost unexcelled. Although this Territory lies within the Tropics and has advantages which such a location secures, through perpetual absence of severe winter cold, the mean temperature is about 10 degrees lower than that of any other group of islands within equal distance from the equator. The unbroken sweep of ocean to the northward and the trade winds which prevail ten months in every year create conditions not to be found anywhere else in the Tropical Zone. The daily temperatures throughout the year, from sea level to an eleva- tion of 5,000 feet, seldom range below 50° or above 85° F. The cli- mate of the whole group is very equable. Violent storms or torna- does, such as sweep the West Indies and devastate the mainland of the United States, are here absolutely unknown. If the coffee indus- try can again be placed upon a suitable basis, and it can be if the people of the mainland of the United States will insist on having Kona and Hamakua coffees supplied them, the question of the intro- duction of the American farming population in these islands will be answered. Coffee is at present sold in the United States very much according to reputation and fashion. Far more attention is paid to the color of the bean than to its quality or even to its flavor. But even on these terms the Hawaiian coffee can hold its own. « 2) > és~ i, { = - ‘ . . * ( ; J < i x » - . > »> - * . - Ca = % * * ' iti HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION. 413 FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. The farmers’ institute work inaugurated during the previous year has continued to develop. Four regular quarterly meetings were held by the local institute of the Wahiawa colony. The interest evoked by farmers and planters and also by the business men of the commu- nity in the success of this organization has been extremely gratifying. The increased numbers in attendance made it possible to begin the holding of both afternoon and evening sessions at the last meeting of the year. The papers presented before this society have been very varefully prepared, and have in all cases elicited much discussion. The second regular meeting of the year was held at the Kamehameha schools in Honolulu. The average attendance has about doubled dur- ing this year as compared with the first. The Territorial legislature at its recent session appropriated the sum of $300 for the publication and distribution of the papers presented before this organization during the next biennial period. The Hilo Agricultural Society has shown equal growth, both in attendance and in interest. Other societies will be organized in other portions of the territory as soon as there is a demand for them. A large number of local societies of this character will prove an extremely important factor in the development of the agricultural resources of these islands. WORK IN OUTLYING ISLANDS. Thirteen trips to the other islands of the group, including Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, were made by the special agent in charge and his assistants during the last twelve months. The regions covered were: From Lihuo to Waimea on Kauai; the Kula, Wailuku, and Makawao districts on Maui; the Hilo, Hamakua, Kohala, Waimea, and Kona districts on the island of Hawaii, and the western half of Molo- kai. There are still a number of districts which have not been visited by any member of the station staff, as the Hanalei district on Kauai, the Hana and Lahaina districts on Maui and the Kau side of the island of Hawaii, nor has any member of the station visited the smaller islands of Lanai, Kahoolawi, and Niihau. A number of short excur- sions were made to various parts of the island of Oahu. FUNDS. Besides the appropriation of $12,000 from the United States Treasury this station received during the fiscal year the sum of $600.85 from sales of the various products of the station. This sum largely increased the amount available for the purchase of books and apparatus. The money received from this source was turned into the United States Treasury, from which it was reappropriated under the provisions of the act of Congress permitting the use of such moneys for the main- tenance of the station. 414 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, The legislature of the Territory of Hawaii, at its session during the closing months of the fiscal year 1903, made liberal appropriations to assist this station. The items set apart for use during the coming fis- cal period wereas follows: Ten thousand dollars for ‘* assistance to Fed- eral Experiment Station,” the sum appropriated for the first six months of this period to be expended under the direction of the Territorial board of agriculture and forestry; $2,000 for salary of chemist; $1,500 residence for chemist, and $3,000 for an oftice, laboratory, and library building, making a total of $16,500 to be expended for the benefit of this station during the two years ending June 30, 1905. This very liberal appropriation of funds will be of great assistance in carrying on whatever investigations are undertaken for the advancement of the agriculture of these islands. ENTOMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. Probably the most discouraging problem confronting those seeking to establish diversified farming in these islands is the injury to the crops from insect attacks. The two main industries as well, the pro- duction of sugar and stock raising, pay unwillingly an immense yearly toll because of these pests. To meet the many demands made upon the station for help from this source an entomologist was added to the station staff one year ago to organize a department of ento- mology and to begin investigations along this line. I will briefly summarize from his detailed report for the past year. The greater part of the year has been spent in the organization of the department and in field work. The limited means of the station would not permit any great expenditure for laboratory equipment or breeding experiments; in fact, these were not essential at the begin- ning. The conditions surrounding the work were entirely different from those in a temperate climate, and at first glance it would seem that the many recommendations and conclusions arrived at in various parts of the United States in combating insect pests would not apply here in any way. It is evident, however, that the same principles governing the work elsewhere are applicable in Hawaii, but the methods must be changed to meet the local conditions. The most striking difference between the conditions here and elsewhere is the continuous presence of the injurious species. This fact applies to the fauna in general, accounted for not only by the perennial food supply, but also by the evenness of the temperature and rainfall, there being no long-continued spells of hot, cold, wet, or dry weather. The injurious species are, with few exceptions, introduced from abroad. Their having no natural check as regards climate, and being freed for the most part from their natural enemies that preyed upon them at ‘*home,” together with the continual food supply and lack of active and HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION. 415 precautionary measures to subdue them, accounts for the unusual num- bers in which they occur. It is obvious why no active measures haye been considered for these various pests. The dominant industry has been a single field crop and it has yielded until now such unusual returns that it has not been neces- sary to grow alarmed over the loss through insect pests and other sources. Moreover, the subjection of pests to field crops depends not so much on active measures to destroy them as preventative metbods in cultivation. Until the recent alarm over the leaf hopper (/erhinsi- ella saccharicida) the sugar cane has been particularly free from insect pests, the cane borer (Sphenophorus obscurus) being the principal source of loss. The persistence of the Chinese gardeners has enabled them to raise the few common vegetables they offer on the market de- spite the onslaught of pests. The pineapple and sisal industries already established are free from any serious pests, as are also the taro and rice, while the banana and coffee industries have not been checked by insect attacks. With the attempt to encourage and establish other paying crops, for example, the more choice varieties of vegetables, field crops such as watermelons, corn, potatoes, ete., the tropical fruits which thrive so well here, and the citrus fruits, comes the necessity of studying their foes to be found here and methods of their control. The work on Hawatian entomology in the past has been purely technical with the exception of ascertaining the native home of certain pests and determining, collecting, introducing, breeding, and dissemi- nating their predaceous and parasitic enemies. Work of this character has been carried on here for the past ten years under the direction of Prof. A. Koebele, the eminent entomologist of the Territory. This work is highly desirable and has added greatly to the knowledge of the importance of the predaceous and parasitic forms in checking injurious species. Without going into a discussion of the limitations of this line of work, it is sufficient to say that the control of the injurious insects can not be left to this method entirely. The many requests for help before and since organization of this department is proof of that fact. A study of the life history and habits of the inju- rious insects, the extent of their injury, the symptoms of their attack, and the comparative resistance of different varieties to the attack, along with remedies, both active and precautionary, to check them is, to say the least, an equally important line of investigation. There was an entire lack of literature on economic entomology, and despite the fact that an immense amount of technical literature on Hawaiian entomology is in existence, it was not available Aside from various reports by Mr. Koebele in The Planters’ Monthly, dealing for the most part with his introductions from abroad of beneficial species and several references in Insect Life, the balance consisted entirely of foreign publications widely separated as regards place and time of 416 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. publication. The effort to obtain a working reference library has resulted thus far in procuring the available publications on economic entomology from forty of the State experiment stations, and a com- plete set of the various publications of the Division of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture, including some of the early reports of the commission of entomology, the Smithsonian Institution publi- cations on entomology, and various papers and reports of Messrs. Koebele and Perkins. A bibliography of Hawaiian entomology is being prepared, and the effort to procure all available references will be continued. : A collection of the injurious insects has been started, arranged in met- amorphosis cases to illustrate their life history before farmers’ insti- tutes and at lectures. About 100 lantern slides have also been pur- chased or prepared for this same purpose, illustrating the injurious and beneficial insects, their life history, the difference between biting and sucking insects, how the injury is wrought, and the methods and the machinery used in combating the injurious ones. The entomologist during the year has visited the four principal islands of the group and made a personal study of the problems facing those attempting to raise the various crops. The result is quite a large amount of data on several of the most serious pests. Recom- mendations were made following the methods employed in other parts of the United States. In many instances the entomologist prepared the mixtures and applied them himself. Many difficulties were met; for example, many of the more active mixtures used elsewhere with- out injury against scale insects at a time when the plants are not in leaf—that is, ‘‘ winter washes”—can not be used here where the plants are constantly in leaf, the frequent showers necessitating using mix- tures not easily washed away, and also spraying more often than else- where. Many of the precautionary measures taken elsewhere—for example, fall plowing for the cutworm and exposing the mature forms to severe cold, rotation of crops, etc.—are eliminated here, where no cold seasons exist or where, as in some cases, crop follows crop throughout the year. The fruits are confined to small plantings about homes. In combating the pests of these trees the returns would not justify any great expenditure of time or money. This necessitated obtaining apparatus which would be efficient, yet low enough in cost to make it feasible to purchase it, throwing out of the consideration the larger and more efficient outfits. After many trials a ‘* bucket outfit,” supplied with an extension rod and extra length of hose, was found to meet the present demand. There was great need here of having in convenient form some of the formulas of the standard remedies and directions for applying them intelligently. Accordingly a bulletin entitled ‘‘ Insecticides for use in Hawaii” was written, treating of what seemed to be only of interest Senate Doc. No. 148. PLATE XVII. FiG. 2.—HAWAI! STATION—NATIVE ORANGE TREE. HAWAIL EXPERIMENT STATION. 417 here and not attempting to go far beyond the present demand. The idea was not to present anything new, but to give as much of the vast amount of the available literature on this subject as would be useful. The bulletin, Bulletin No. 3 of this station, mentions in the introduction the seriousness of some of the insect depredations in Hawaii; empha- sizes the importance of precautionary measures in cultivation; it dis- tinguishes between the two classes of insects, biting and sucking, which feed on the external parts of plants; it describes spraying apparatusand explains how to spray successfully, and gives the standard insecticides for both classes of insects, with directions for making the mixtures and applying them. That the bulletin met a popular demand has been shown by acknowledgments received from those on the regu- lar mailing list and frequent requests for additional copies. The entomologist has visited during the year the Wahiana colony, island of Oahu, to investigate the so-called ‘* melon fly” (Dacus eucur- bite); the Kula district, on the island of Maui, where a plant louse (Aphis sp.) threatened the corn crop; Waimea, island of Hawaii, where cutworms belonging to the family Noctuide (species of the genus Agrotis) had driven several holders of small places to abandon their claims, and all crops, more especially garden crops, were severely attacked; Makaweli, island of Kauai, to conduct spraying experiments to check a scale insect (Mytilaspis pinneformis) on citrus trees; Kokala, Hamakua, and Hilo districts, island of Hawaii, to investigate the work of a leaf hopper (Perkinsiella saccharicida), a recent pest causing great alarm to the sugar planters; and Makawao, island of Maui, where the Japanese ‘‘rose” beetle (Adoretus wmbrosis) and another beetle, the so-called ‘‘ Olinda bug” (Aramigus fuller’), destroyed many newly imported trees. The Japanese ‘‘ rose” beetle obtained its name because it has made the growing of roses practically impossible except in favored localities, but it is equally destructive to grapes. Both beetles are general feeders and many plants and shrubs suffer from their work. Observations have been made and spraying experiments conducted in and about Honolulu to check several of the scale insects seriously attacking fruit trees. The report for the year contains valuable data on these various pests, together with the suggestions offered for their control. Much of this information has been disseminated among the people in the farmers’ institute meetings and through the reports of the local press. Other injurious insects mentioned are the peach scale (///aspis amyg- dali); Aspidiotus aurantii on citrus trees; Siphanta acuta, locally known as the ‘‘ torpedo fly,” on the mango; the sugar-cane borer; the larva of a beetle (Sphenophorus obscurus), and a leaf hopper of the corn (Dicranotropis maidis), 8. Doc. 148, 58-2——27 418 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, The mosquito question is a serious one in Hawaii. No attempt has heen made to destroy them, simply protection from the adult being practiced. The introduction of the insect into Hawaii, its distribution and abundance in the Territory, has been worked out. Determina- tions made by Mr. Coquillett, of the Division of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture, gives, besides the common mosquito ( Culex pipiens), two species of the dangerous yellow-fever genus Stegomyia, the Cuban yellow-fever species (Stegomyia fusciata and S. scutellaris). The entomologist has given several lectures illustrated by lantern slides on the life history and breeding places of mosquitoes and the methods used elsewhere to destroy them. He is taking a leading part in the campaign recently started under the direction of the board of health and department of public works to lessen the number of this pest in Honolulu, and has in preparation a bulletin on the mosquitoes of Hawaii, the result of breeding experiments in the laboratory, and observations in the field. This department has rapidly outgrown the small space ailotted to it at the beginning of the year. For the coming year’s work an insectary in which to carry on breeding experiments and to observe more accu- rately the metamorphosis of certain species is in course of construc- tion, and more laboratory room with additional equipment will be given. Acknowledgments are given to Dr. L. O. Howard, Entomologist of this Department, for determinations made of specimens sent to him during the year, and to Prof. V. L. Kellogg, of Stanford University, for many valuable suggestions made by him in organizing the depart- ment while visiting the islands one year ago. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PORTO RICO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION FOR 1903. By Frank D. Garpner, Special Agent in Charye. INTRODUCTION. The following pages give, in general terms, the progress of the work of the Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station for the year ended June 30, 1903. The appropriation made by the United States Congress for the year was $12,000. For the year ending June 30, 1904, however, this amount has been increased to $15,000, and now equals the sum which is appropriated annually to the experiment station in each of the States and Territories. The insular legislature also made an appropriation of $2,700 for the past year, to be used as follows: Drainage, $800; fencing, $500; tobacco investigations, $500; coffee investigations, $500; irrigation, $300; and painting, $100. As stated in the last report, the station did not secure possession of its new location until the last week in June, 1902. Considerable of the work of repairing was, therefore, done during the present year and paid for out of funds from the same year. The setting aside of a considerable area of Government land in the northeast part of the island for a forest reserve, as recommended in our last report, has been effected through the proclamation of the President, dated Jan- uary 17, 1903, and is known as the Luquillo Forest Reserve. It has been placed under the care of the Bureau of Forestry of this Depart- ment, and is thus the first forest reserve to fall under the administra- tion of this Department. Mr. C. R. Newton, clerk and stenographer to the station, resigned January 1 to accept a more responsible position as official stenographer to the supreme court of Porto Rico at San Juan. His place has been filled by Mr. E. C. Howe. Mr. P. A. English, farm foreman, resigned in February to take a place in the Treasury Department, and his place has been temporarily supplied by Mr. E. G. Bowersox. An examina- tion has been held for the position of farm superintendent and it is probable that an appointment will be made to said position in a short time. Negotiations have been underway for some time in reference. to the employment of a horticulturist, but thus far no one has been appointed. The horticultural work has been pushed vigorously, however, by Mr. O. W. Barrett, but to the necessary neglect of his special investiga- tions in botany and entomology. 419 420 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The station is now well and permanently located, and a large num- her of important investigations are under way, as may be seen from the list of experiments on a following page. With the appointment of two more good men to take charge of horticulture and animal industry, respectively, the organization of the station will be very satisfactory and the field of investigations well covered. IMPROVEMENTS AND EQUIPMENT. The improvements have consisted chiefly in the repair and painting of buildings, building of fences, and repair and cleaning of roads and ditches. A barbed-wire fence of 3 new wires and posts of native wood at intervals of 15 feet has been built around the tract known as the **Ochenta;” the length of the fence is about 2,600 meters, or a little more than 1.5 miles. Forty rods of woven-wire highway fencé have been erected along the highway leading from the city to the sta- tion farm. Asa result of the appropriation made by the insular leg- islature for fencing, 550 rods more of the woven-wire fencing has been purchased and, at the present writing, is being erected. The stable and wagon shed, which was brought from Rio Piedras, has been erected on the site of the old stable which has been torn down. A plant house 60 by 80 feet in area has been constructed of poles, wire, and tent cloth, such as is used for tobacco shade. The uprights of native wood were cut from the farm, as were also the bamboo string- ers, thus making the cost of the structure small. The most serious objection to the framework has been that the nodes on the bamboo have worn holes through the canvas. The nodes project very little, but they are so hard and cutting that it is recommended that they be carefully smoothed off wherever they come in contact with the canvas, The‘additions to the equipment consist principally of small imple- ments, such as hoes, spades, shovels, etc., together with a new set of work harness, a drainage level, and a new typewriter and bookeases for the office. DRAINAGE. Approximately 900 feet of underdrainage of bamboo has been put down in the experimental field and, up to date, has given excellent results. The nodes were cut out of the poles, thus securing hollow cylinders about a foot in length and from 2 to 4 inches internal diam- eter. These were sorted so as to place the larger ones at the mouth of the drain and the next smaller ones were gradually used as the head of the drain was approached. They were placed at an average depth of about 3 feet and were at once covered. They work quite as satis- factory as tile drain, but, of course, they can not be expected to last for a great lengtb of time. In connection with the appropriation made PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT SPATION. 42] by the insular legislature for drainage the coming year, it may be said that negotiations thus far indicate that it will be more economical to purchase a small-sized tile machine and manufacture the tiles on the ground. CLEARING AND PREPARATION OF LAND. During the year two fields have been cleared of a considerable growth of brush, weeds, and grass, and plowed. The first, consisting of about 15 acres, was prepared during October and November, 1902, and was planted to general crops. such as rice, corn, beans, cowpeas, alfalfa, and kafir corn. These crops were planted chiefly as a prelimi- nary preparation of the land for future experimental purposes. Owing to the lateness of planting, the severe attack of many insects, and the prolonged drought which prevailed from January 1 to May 15, these crops gave very poor results. After they were harvested the land was laid out into permanent plats, each 20 by 50 meters, or one-tenth of an hectare in area. Between the ends of plats was left roadways 5 meters in width for the purpose of turning rows and passage with wagons, etc., and along the sides was left a space 1 meter in width, A number of these plats have been pianted to permanent crops, while others have been subdivided and used for annual crops, fertilizer tests, etc. The second field, more recently cleared and plowed, contains about 25 acres, and is to be used for a general fruit orchard. A portion of this was planted to general crops in May, as soon as the rains began, but the results have been similar to those in the other field and indi- cate that very little may be expected from the first crops planted on land that has for many years been allowed to go to weeds and brush. The difficulty on such land is largely due to insects, especially the larval stage of various kinds, which seem to be abnormally abundant. With clean cultivation a great many of them disappear in a few months. - TRAVEL. During the year the special agent in charge made a trip to Wash- ington to prepare his last annual report and consult with the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations in regard to the general policies of the station. He also made one trip to San Juan, in February, to secure the introduction of an appropriation bill before the local legis- lature, which was then in session. Two trips were made during the year to the ** La Carmelita,” where the coffee experiments are being conducted, and one trip to Lajas, in company with Mr. Barrett and Professor Earle, to study the pineapple industry at that place. In addition to the above the station botanist and entomologist made a trip to Venezuela and Trinidad to study the cacao industry and collect 4992 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. seeds of various economic plants for the station. He also made two trips in company with Prof. F. S. Karle, one to La Carmelita and one to Maricao, to study various plant diseases, as well as various short excursions for the purpose of collecting specimens. SCOPE OF INVESTIGATIONS. : Tropical horticulture along a number of lines has appealed to us as being a very important, if not the most important, branch of investi- gation that the station could undertake. On account of the long time required for such work to give results, it was decided that it should be commenced at the earliest date. As previously stated, no hortieul- turist has thus far been secured, and Mr. Barrett, botanist and entomologist for the station, has been designated to look after the work, with the result that, since its inauguration, it has occupied nearly all of his time. The entomological and botanical investigations have, therefore, been necessarily neglected, although the demand for them, especially the entomological, has been as urgent as ever. In several instances insects have completely devoured a considerable area of field corn and cowpeas, as well as small plats of sweet corn, string beans, and other tender vegetables. Plant diseases of a fungus or bacterial character have been responsible for the total failure of several attempts to grow tomatoes, egg plants, and Irish potatoes. Scale insects of various kinds are prevalent on most of the young citrus orchards in various parts of the island. The following experiments are now in progress: dapertments at Porto Rico Experiment Station. Ex- | Ex- | peri-| Kind of plant Nature of experiment. || P&T Kind of plant Nature of experiment ment : as G 3 | ment c 7 4 a No, | No. ane. ‘ : | : 1 | Bananas....... ..-,| Test of varieties. 199) (Cotes. =e Effect of plant dis- 7 al ke AG. 25 Reem Ie Test of fertilizers. tances. 3) | MAMAN ese ce comes Test of varieties. > el eee GO isesecseaee With and without re rae GOs sess Berea | Test of fertilizers. | | shade. 5 | Cassava .......--. | Test of varieties. A Ie) ae GOs ako se noes Methods of pruning. 6 Weise 8 oe Do. | 92 | Citrus fruits ...... Tests of varieties. it | CRCRO ETE Les Do. | 93 | Orehard tests of 8 Leguminouscrops| Comparative value of. || miscellaneous | 9 | Vegetables ....--- | Miscellaneous test of. |, tropical fruits. | 10H Grasses 27 oan eo. | Tests of. | 24 | Coffee leaf miner. Extermination of. 11 Cucumbers.......| Effect of fertilizers on. 25 | Pineapples ....... Test of varieties. 7 12 | Tomatoes......... Do. 26'5| ‘Bananas: -.5. 22s. Effect of plant dis- 13 | Fiber plants...... | Test of kinds. tances. 14 Forestry experi- | fn Al a do: tee Methods of propaga- ments. | | tion. 15 Tobacco investi- | | 2 28 en| CR esata. sha Test of varieties. gations. '.09""| SRabber. © sees Do. 16)|Govee 5 s56-o—. 253 Treatmentofoldplan- |} 30 | Changa........... Methods of extermi- tation. | nating. pleats 3 Coe. eee Seedlings, effect of fer- 31 | Florists’ bulbs.... Test of varieties. tilizers. | 32 | Miscellaneous na- Tests of. pt Bae OGin aot seek Tests of varieties. I} tive crops. Reports on the major part of the above list of experiments will be found in the reports of Mr. Barrett, under the heads of horticulture, PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 423 botany, and entomology, or of Mr. Van Leenhoff, under the head of cottee investigations. The following experiments, on which brief report is made, have been under the immediate supervision of the writer, assisted by the farm foreman. LEGUMINOUS CROPS. On account of the impoverished and bad physical condition of much land in Porto Rico, considerable attention has been given to leguminous crops, with the hope of securing something that would serve in pre- venting, to a large degree, the severe washing of the soil, which now takes place on the steep lands and, at the same time, enrich the nitro- gen content of the soil as well as improve its physical condition. As stated in the last annual report, alfalfa, common red clover, crimson clover, and alsike clover were tried at Rio Piedras, but that all were failures, except alfalfa, which was still living when the grounds were abandoned. In November, 1902, about one acre was seeded to alfalfa on the experimental grounds at Mayaguez. Ef a a 2 S Sales caters eS z D x = = 5 = & | & <4 a} 5 5 < n e) Zz = “4 Hacienda Perla: | | ibis! SR eee ee ee 7.19, 3.98) 6.51) 18.78) 6. 72) 11.47} 10.55) 9.92) 15.43) 16.53) 28. 13, 4. 92 140. 06 OOS = Bees ee ear | 12.05) 3.67] 4.43] 23.34) 18. 70) 18,55) 11.04) 11.95) 15.30) 15.83) 8.36) 8. 70/151. 92 il! Ue SS ee aoe 6.07, 1.85) 11.03) 7.05) 16.26) 25.34] 33.58) ‘ 8.19) 16.10 14.16) 16.43) 11. 67/167. 73 ae ae ee 1 13. 99 .24, 7.25) 9.94) 19.83) 32.92) 10.08} 8.13) 10. 06, 6.06 13.03) 9.64/141.17 5s ee ee et 4.37| 2.44). 388) 7.55) 10.28) 75-40) 14.40) 10.61)" - -.-2)2- 222 jee | oe Se | od Mean ......... 8.73) 2.43) 6.62) 13.33) 14. 35] 19.13] 15. 93) 9. 76| 14. 22| 13.14] 16.48) 8. 73)150. 22 San Juan: | | De seein tale oa 2.92} .80) 2.29) 6.09) 2.59) 7.23) 7.53} 10.38) 13.66) 10.21) 11.81) 2.10) 77.61 Ot eee 3.93] 2.13) 1.57) 5.92] 3.83) 7.53] 6.33) 7. 00) 3.05) 8.11) 4.50) 2.39) 56.29 TOONS se steekee 4.36) .50) 4.60) .66) 4.84) 7.05) 10.98) 8.59) 7.39) 8.30) 9.55) 8.43) 85.25 LO et 2 sree 12.45, .09 4.08) 6. 09) 13.97) 12.22) 4.61) 4.66) 4.85) 3.13) 5.65) 7.16) 78.96 ASUS Seca e 2.09} 1.44 4.26) 3.07) 4.54) 2.18) 7.13) 8.41).-.--.|.-.--.|...2. fn fs ee SS eS —SS—_ EE Mean ....--.--.| 5.15) 99} 3. 36) 4.36] 5.95) 7.24! 7.31| 7.80] 7.23) 7.48|- 7.87] 5.02) 74.52 Mayaguez: oa LGOO eee Sas ideas {sean JER Heer es Saree Sane 14. 41)" 19, 02). <- 8.73; 3.02) 4 OSE ee NQOD: 3.3525 serene 1.49} 1.06) 1.21) 5.44] 6.14) 14.03] 13.11) 14.02) 7.44) 12.47) 2.99) 4.20) 83.57 cL 1) eee) 2.19} .58) 5.72) .58] 11.87) 10.44] 17.06} 9.86) 13.00} 11.27) 12.84) 2.08) 97.49 1902s eet ceeee: 4.67, .39) _.13) 10.85) 16.56 8.33) 7.62! 5.80) 7.60) 5.82) 9.14) 4.48) 81.39 Li, Se eo Sear 2.13} -.33) 2.19) 1.74) 11.58, 12.42) 10.86} 7.89) 7.77 oe eee Meam22552-52 2:62} "2.592: 31, 4.65) 11.53 11.30) 12 61] 11.31) 8. 95 9.57| 7.12] 2.95) 87.48 Yauco: ay aD Fey ry OPTS Beas [seed Bee eee Lie 9.50) BGl ss od See ee | -.2. 7012 eae TI00®. S58 Eee G00ls oe 2ol seen -91) 1.70) 18.50) 5.61) 2.96) 2.75) 5.86) 3.25) 2. 74/.____- BOOS 93 342 BS tod 3.04) 1.50) 3.16) .37) 3.78, 1.27) 9.72) 4.30) 9.57) 3.36 7.52) 1.52) 49.11 iL: | eee 3.14 -12} .65) 7.97] 10.59) 15. 45)....-. 2.98} 4.60) 3.58 1.82) 3.74)...... 1905. 5262522522. | 1.26 83} 3.80) . 3.67) 5.04) 1.09) S21). 4.22). 2. 2). 3) S econ ae eee Mean! 6°) 2°) | 3.37 55 2.53| 3.23] 5.27, 7.96] 5.56| 3.61] 5.64) 4.26 4.07] 2.66] 49.11 PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 427 ADMINISTRATIVE WORK. As time goes on the administrative work of the station increases. The correspondence has increased about 40 per cent over that of the first year. The total number of letters written during the year has been something more than 1,000. The duties as disbursing officer, together with the keeping of separate accounts for the Federa! and insular appropriations, require in the aggregate considerable time. The detailed administration of the general field work, together with superintending the labor and keeping in order the general appearance of the farm and buildings, fully occupies the time of the farm foreman or superintendent and allows him very little opportunity even to carry out the details of experiments. The labor problem is quite different from that in the States. Labor, to be effective, requires constant and careful supervision. Without such supervision it accomplishes very little. . There are far more workmen than places for them, and the best of them are quite satisfactory, considering the price, if given sufficient supervision. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. During May and June, 1903, the services of Prof. F. S. Earle, of the New York Botanical Gardens, were secured, to make a study of some of the most important pathological diseases which occur on the island. The results of his investigations are appended as a portion of this report. About 300 bound volumes have been added to the library during the year and the unbound publications have been largely increased. The mailing list now numbers approximately 1,000 names and is daily increasing. At the present time the work of tobacco investigation for the coming year, under the appropriation made by the insular legislature, have been commenced and arrangements made to continue the same through- out the year. PLANS FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS. Most of the work commenced during the year will necessarily con- tinue for several years and is sufficient to fully occupy the time of the present station staff. It is desired, however, to secure two additions to the regular staff, i. e.,a horticulturist and a live-stock specialist, and also to retain the services of the tobacco specialist, who has already begun preliminary investigations under the small appropriation made by the insular legislature, through the year. With these additions to the staff, considerable more important work might be undertaken. 428 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. TOBACCO INVESTIGATIONS. The tobacco investigations as outlined for the year consist, first, of a survey of the tobacco conditions in all the principal tobacco- erowing districts, and second, of some detailed experiments on a plantation near Aguas Buenas. (PI. XLX, figs. 1 and 2.) Itis planned to conduct experiments in the preparation of seed beds, comparison of plants from Porto Rican, Sumatra, Habana, and Connecticut-grown seed for the production of wrappers, comparison of growing wrap- pers with and without shade, methods of topping and priming, effect of fertilizers on yield and quality of fillers, experiments in manner of curing, and also of fermenting. In short, the crop will be carried through from the seed to the product ready for the manufacturer. The cooperation of the United States Department of Agriculture would have been of great assistance in this connection, but, unfortu- nately, the appropriation for tobacco investigations was so restricted that it could not be used in the island possessions. POMOLOGY. As above stated, the investigations now begun in plant industry will be continued for some time to come. Prominence will be given, how- ever, to pomology, and especially to the citrus fruits. An order has already been placed for 28 varieties of budded trees of orange, grape- fruit, and lemon to be planted in the experimental orchard. As will be seen under the head of horticulture, seedlings from a variety of stock are now in the nursery and will form the basis of an elaborate investigation in the propagation of citrus stock for Porto Rico. For example, budding material from the best native orange (** china”) that can be found will be uniformly budded onto stock of each variety that we now have to determine the best stock to be used. A consider- able number of seedlings from what is now supposed to be the best stock will also be budded with a large number of standard varieties of orange to determine which is best suited to Porto Rico. Other experi- ments in reference to the best fertilizers to be used for orange trees, together with methods of soil management and the pruning of the trees, will also be inaugurated. ANIMAL INDUSTRY. It is doubtful if any work along this line can be commenced during the present year, because of the lack of funds. There is scarcely a doubt, however, but that the insular legislature will make provision for this line of work when the matter is properly laid before it. It will require a good man to take charge of the work and a considerable outlay at the start for the purchase of animals and the installation. The most promising lines to begin with would be dairying, swine husbandry, and poultry. There is also a demand for the breeding of PLATE XIX. No. 148. Senate Doc. Fic. 1. Fig. 2 Porto Rico STATION—SHADE-GROWN TOBACCO NINETY Days AFTER PLANTING. PORTO RICO STATION—SHADE-GROWN TOBACCO AFTER SEVERAL PRUNINGS. Fic. 4 PorTO RICO PLANTING. STATION—YAUTIA, EIGHT MONTHS AFTER PLANTING. PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 4929 larger horses for road purposes, and especially for good-sized mules for work purposes. At present all the interior road freighting and the plowing of land is done by oxen. Dairying should be con- fined, first, to the development of a good local milk supply, and second, to the manufacture of butter and cheese for home consump- tion. It would not be wise to attempt to do more than develop the industry for home consumption, for it presents certain difficulties which are more easily overcome in a temperate climate. Swine industry should be, first, the introduction of a suitable breed for the climate, and second, to ascertain. what tropical crops are best suited for producing pork. The poultry should be improved in size particularly and with refer- ence to both meat and eggs. SOIL INVESTIGATIONS. The soil survey, which was begun last year and of which a map has been prepared, should be continued. To be successfully carried on this work would require the cooperation of the Bureau of Soils. Cer- tain restrictions laid upon the appropriation for the Bureau now pre- vents its cooperation in this regard. Soil improvement by the application of manures and growing of leguminous crops will be fully investigated at the station grounds. The cooperation of the various bureaus of the Department with the experiment station is desired to the fullest possible extent, and a scheme for such cooperation along various lines will be suggested for approval of the Secretary. The cordial financial support which has thus far been accorded the station by both the National Congress and the insular legislature, together with the interest manifested by the planters in requesting its publications, is very encouraging and bespeaks for the station a high degree of usefulness. It is confidently believed that the people of Porto Rico will meet the demands of the experiment station by adequate appropriations with which to enlarge its usefulness from year to year. REPORT OF 0. W. BARRETT, ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST. During July attention was directed principally toward experiments with the changa (Scapteriscus didactylus) and with insecticide and fungicide tests in the vegetable plats. In August the experimental plats were harvested and a collection of the native crops in the vicinity was made and sent to the new station grounds at Mayaguez; some attention was also given to the herbarium and insect collection. On account of the condition of the land at the new grounds and the time required to fit the soil for crops very little ecological work was attempted, the greater part of the time from September to December 480 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. being spent in studying the economic plants of the district and in laying out nurseries and propagating plats of same. The trials of native vegetables -which were not completed in Rio Piedras were resumed, From January to July the work has been almost entirely of a horti- cultural nature. It has seemed best to give prominence to pomology, and a fairly complete collection of the native fruits, as well as many varieties of tropical and subtropical fruits from other countries, has been made; forage, fiber, and vegetable crops have been considered of secondary importance. Over 300 varieties of plants have been under investigation during the year. RESULTS OF WORK. The herbarium now contains about 325 species of economic plants; though but very little time could be allowed for botanizing, many interesting species have been secured in or near the station grounds. Over 100 species of injurious insects have been studied. No attempt has been made to include the noneconomic species as yet. A collection of the native woods has been commenced; about 100 “ubinet specimens and a small number of ‘*trunk sections” are already assembled. As it was found impossible to prevent damage to the herbarium specimens from mold and insects when kept in ordinary cases, zine- sheathed cases have been substituted with complete success. Further study of the changa has resulted in no import:nt results beyond those given in Bulletin No. 2. Two trips were made in May, in company with Prof. F. S. Earle, of the NewYork Botanic Gardens, for the purpose of studying the fun- gus diseases of coffee and cacao. Three days were spent at the coffee substation. In March a trip was made to Venezuela and Trinidad for the purpose of studying the methods of cacao culture in use in those countries and of securing seed of the principal varieties of the plant. Seven days were spent in Venezuela and five in Trinidad. Ninety-one varieties of seeds and plants were brought back, nearly all of which were new to Porto Rico. Although the culture of cacao, in Trinidad especially, is far better managed than it is in this island, it was concluded that our soils and climate compare very favorably with those of that island, and that with proper interest and attention the industry can be made very profitable here. In St. Vincent the manufacture of starch from arrowroot was witnessed. Two visits were made to the botanie gardens, St. George, Grenada, and a call was paid to the botanic station, Scarborough, Tobago. In April a cheese-cloth tent 60 by 80 feet was erected after the style of the ordinary tobacco-shade tent. It was intended for use as a propa- gating shed, but as the texture of the cloth has proved too light to withstand the heayy rainfall and strong winds and too open-meshed to PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 431 afford sufticient shade, it has been on the whole a failure. Moreover, the atmosphere within being slightly more humid and warmer, con- duces to fungus diseases among the seedlings. Previous to this sey- eral small palm: leaf sheds were used successfully. PLANT COLLECTIONS. The following collections of economic plants have been assembled: BANANA PLAT. About 3 acres of wind-sheltered hillside having a western exposure were set aside for the collection of bananas and plantains. This plat is intended for a variety test, a source for stock distribution of the more valuable kinds, and as an experiment in methods of planting, cultivation, and fertilizing (Pl. XVIII, fig.2). In regard to the methods of planting, it has been found that the **fiame” (short portion of stem base with corm-like rootstock) was preferable for planting in dry soil; that the ‘* tallo” (5-foot section of stem with root) gave best results in wet soil, and that the ‘‘pichén” (2-3-foot sucker or offshoot from stem base) was the most convenient for general purposes. The num- ber of offshoots produced by each of these methods was nearly the same after eight months. Contrary to the popular belief it was indicated that drying the roots in the sun for several days previous to planting was injurious to the vitality of the plant and considerably retarded its sprouting. It is possible, however, that sun-baking may be more or less effective in preventing decay of the root when planted in wet soil. Very few of the ‘‘pichones” failed to start into growth within one month after setting, but about 5 per cent of the roots planted by the other methods rotted. Liberal quantities of wood ashes, phosphate rock, nitrate of soda, rotted coffee pulp, and stable manure were used without apparent effect. The plants which have made the best growth thus far are those growing in a heayy red clay which apparently con- tains very little humus though much moisture. An experiment to determine the effect of allowing few and many offshoots from the parent plant to remain is in progress; three years will be required to terminate this experiment. Although but five varieties of this most important fruit are com- monly offered for sale in the markets of the island, an unexpectedly large number of the following native varieties has been procured from various parts of the island: Enano. Colorado Blanco. Plitano Hartén. Enano Doble. Rosa, or Datyl. Plitano Trescientos. Chamaluco. Dominico. Platano Enano. Chamaluco Pato. Manzano. Pidtano Cuarenteno. Guarin, or Gigante. Prieto. Plitano Morado. Guarin Doble. Inglés. Guayabo. Morado, or Colorado. Congo. Cenizo. Morado Doble. Congo Morado, 432 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, The following varieties were received from the Jamaica Botanic Gardens in January. It is probable that there are four to six redupli- ations of the native varieties under these names: Martaban. Pisang Rim-Kela. Cinerea. Pisang Sereh. Pisang Kudjo Hudang. Guindy. Pisang Almeido. Pisang Palembang. Lady’s finger. Pisang Kelat. Red. Lady’s finger (Pashongar). Pisang Rajah. China. Discolor. Pisang Soosoo. Martabanica. Rubra. Pisang Ambon. Champa. Apple. Pisang Mass. YAUTIA COLLECTION. The collection of Yautia (anthosoma spp.) which was begun in Rio Piedras has been more than doubled, and it is believed to now con- tain practically all the known varieties. (Pl. XLX, fig. 4). This most valuable root crop appears to be confined to Tropical America, though perhaps the oldest cultivated plant in the world. Experiments have been begun in methods of planting. With one ‘‘ short season” variety nine kinds of fertilizers have been used; the plant does not readil: respond to chemical fertlizers, but stable manure has given yery good results. The collections consists at present of the following 25 varieties: Rollisa, or Islefia. Cimarrona. Rollisa Ancha. Blanca. Palma. Alocasia marshallii. Amarilla, or Hueyo. Gris, or Amarilla de Maya- Alocasia batavensis. Punzera. gilez. 1 Venzuelan variety. Prieta, or Morada. Martinica. 2 Trinidad yarieties. Guayamera colorada. Islefia de Ponce. 6 Jamaica varieties, Guayamera verde. Orqueta. The question of synonymy can not be fully worked out until the roots are harvested, but judging from the leaf and petiole characters, there is not a great amount of duplication among these names. Though even the natives of Porto Rico commonly believe that the Yautia never flowers, a photograph of the flower of the ‘* Martinica” variety was taken at the coffee substation (Pl. XX, fig. 3), and evi- dence was obtained that at least three other kinds haye been seen in bloom. The average market price (14 to 2 cents per pound) of Yautie *« about twice that of Taro, or ‘* Malanga.” FE The very rare and interesting plant which is popularly kno **Yautia del Monte,” and which had been considered an Amorphop lus, has been found to be Dracontium asperum, an Aroid from South America, not known to be native elsewhere in the West Indies. Tw. colonies of the plant occur at the station grounds, and specimens ¢ feet high have been measured, the flower photographed, and the seed collected. The corm, sometimes 1 foot in diameter, is dug and eaten i. nw Senate Doc. No. 148. PLATE XX. Fic. 2.—PortTo Rico STATION—COFFEE Fic. 3.—PORTO Rico STATION—FLOWER SEEDLINGS BEING TRANSFERRED TO OF XANTHOSOMA PERAGRINA, THE PLANTATION. YAUTIA MARTINICA PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 433 in times of scarcity of other roots; when boiled, it resembles a squash in color and flayor and seems to be free from rhaphides. YAMS. The following varieties have been assembled: From Jamaica Department of Agriculture: Barbados Table, Lucia. Yampie, or Indian, St. Vincent. Negro. Collected in Grenada, British West Indies: White Lisbon, St. Kitts. White, or Water, St. Lucia. From Hawaii Experiment Station: Uhi. Hoi. Native varieties: Gunda (Dioscorea bulbifera), Congo. Mapues Morado (D. trifida), Gulém. Guinéa, Agua. Purchased: Chinese (D. divaricata). Six species are represented in this collection. Most of the varieties, however, belong either to Dioscorea aculeata or D. alata. An interesting yam bean, believed to be Calopogonium caruleum, is under investigation. For unknown reasons it is very seldom culti- rated, but is said to yield large roots of first-class quality. An exchange of the yam varieties has been instituted between Ha- waii and Porto Rico. MISCELLANEOUS NATIVE CROPS. Two varieties of the native papaw (Carica papaya) are being com- pared with a variety the seeds of which were received through Mr. G,. N. Collins from Costa Rica. The plat of ‘‘Maraca,” or edible canna (Canna edulis), is proving less productive at Mayaguez than at Rio Piedras. The small plat at the latter place yielded roots at the rate of about 15 tons per acre. A large Hesperid butterfly (Calpodes ethlius) feeds upon the leaves, and a black fungus, the colonies of which occur in circular patches on the upper side of the leaf, is also injurious. A plat of the rare root crop known as ‘* Llerén” (Calathea allouya) is making a good growth. Though difficult of cultivation, this peculiar plant is highly prized by the natives of the interior, and is even sold in the streets of some of the large towns, the crisp, nut-like tubers ranking with peanuts in popularity. The native ‘*Malanga” (Colocasia antiquorum esculenta) is under comparison with the ** Dasheen” (Colocasia sp. 4) of Trinidad. Our plant thus far appears superior to the imported one. S. Doc. 148, 58-2 28 434 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) is frequently found growing wild about the plantations; it responds readily to cultivation, but requires a fairly rich soil to produce a profitable yield. The sword or horse bean (Canavalia gladiata) has given good results as a soiling crop. Cowiteh (J/ucuna pruriens) produces a heavy growth of vine, but can not be utilized as a soiling crop on account of the poisonous bristles on the pods in place of the ** velvet” of the velvet bean. Two plats of sweet ginger (Z/ngiber officinale) made a good growth in sandy soil at Rio Piedras; the seed roots, however, remained some four months in the ground before sprouting. In clay loam at Maya- guez the crop has proved a failure. A plat of Hedionda (Cassta occidentalis) did not respond to cultiva- tion in the tests at Rio Piedras. The seeds of this plant are commonly mixed with coffee by the poorer classes, both for its reputed medicinal qualities and as an adulterant. BULBS. The following varieties of bulbs were received from a wholesale florist in Hoboken, N. J., for testing at Rio Piedras Lilium longiflorum, L. longiflorum giganteum, L. longiflorum extmium, L. harrisii, Freesia refracta alba, ‘* White Roman” hya- cinth, and ‘‘ Paper White” narcissus. Although the bulbs of the Easter lily (Z. harrisi7) were so badly affected with a fungus disease prevalent in Bermuda that about 25 per cent were eee upon arrival, fully 75 per cent of those planted reached a height of 12 to 18 inches and bore one or two (rarely three) good-sized flowers each. Practically all the plants showed traces of the fungus disease which has caused such ravages in the Bermuda fields during the last few years. Many plants, however, ripened seed, and about 85 per cent of the bulbs dug in August were apparently almost free from the disease. The average number of the ‘‘seed” bulbs produced on the stem above the old bulb was three to five; these appeared much more healthy than the old bulbs. It is quite possible that the Bermuda or Easter lily can be sueccess- fully grown in the island, and at the present price (about $8 per thousand) the business should be fairly profitable. When planted in November a crop may be harvested in July or August, in time for the September trade. According to our experiments, a light but rich sandy loam is pre- ferred. Shade proved deleterious. The change did practically no damage to this crop. Neither of the two fertilized plats responded appreciably. Of the Longiflorum varieties the Gigantium produced more flowers; both of these varieties were somewhat later in flowering than the Har- risii, and both showed serious traces of fungus disease. PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 435 Another case of lily bulbs (Z. Aarrisii 1) was received from the same firm and planted at Mayaguez in September, with negative results. The Roman hyacinths failed utterly; only about 1 per cent of the bulbs flowered. We suspect that both the ‘‘ seed” and the phenological conditions were not good. About 75 per cent of the narcissus bulbs flowered, but did not make a satisfactory growth thereafter and produced only a very small num- ber of weak side bulbs. Out of some 500 freesia bulbs planted not more than 25 per cent produced plants above 3 inches in height, and not one flower was pro- duced. The Barbados lily (4/ippeastrum equestre), or ‘* Mapola,” is a weed in many places in Porto Rico, though it retails at 15 cents in the Northern market. Experiment proved that full-sized bulbs could be erown 4 inches apart in ordinary soil. Thus in a plat 11 feet square 1,000 salable bulbs could be grown with very little attention, and even at one-half cent apiece their cultivation should be highly remu- nerative, provided a market could be depended upon. Three varieties of fancy-leaved caladiums were found growing wild in the station grounds at Rio Piedras: This plant is native to tropical America, and appears exceedingly hardy and very prolific of offsets. Small plants of the size which retails m the North at 10 to 15 cents were easily grown on the experimental grounds at Mayaguez. Cut- tings of the parent bulb sprout readily, and j in a moist, rich soil make a very rapid growth. MISCELLANEOUS IMPORTED CROPS. Seeds of the tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea) were secured in Caracas, Venezuela, and the plants, though very sensitive to climatic influences, are growing slowly. Plants of 2ass/flora edulis, from seed received from Jamaica Depart- ment of Agriculture, are dohic well. Seed of a species of Passiflora were collected in Caracas; the seedlings are growing slowly. Four kinds of te: pe a Anam, Amoy, and Dragon’s Pool— received through the United States Depae tment of Agriculture, have made a slow growth and many plants died in the dry season. Nine varieties of Venezuelan beans have been tested. CASSAVA. A dry, gravelly patch of clayey soil underlaid with **'Tosca” lime- stone was chosen for this collection. (Pl. XIX, fig. 3.) No fertilizer has been applied, but the plants have responded well to the clean culti- vation given them. 436 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The collection consists at present of the following 25 varieties: From Jamaica Department of Agriculture: Native varieties: Rodney. Negrita. Robby Hanson. Coriana. Bunch of Keys. Ceiba. Black Bunch of Keys. Pata Paloma No, 1. Brown Stick. Pata Paloma No. 2 Yellow Belly. Pata Paloma No. 3. rustic. Pana. White Top. Dulce. Mass Jack. Miguela. New Green. Brava de Palo Verde. Auntie Gracie. From the Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Grey Stick. Department of Agriculture: St. John. Florida Old Sweet. Garden Sweet. FIBER PLANTS. The four 2-inch seedlings of Manila hemp (Musa tevtilis) which were received in January from the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, made a very slow growth at first, but are now beginning to throw out offshoots and one of the plants is 1 meter high. The bulbils of the indigenous ‘‘maguey” (urcrwa fetida) which were set in December, 1902, have reached a height of 18 inches, while suckers of the same species have attained nearly 3 feet. The Cuban maguey (/7 cubensis), known as ‘*Cocuisa,” has made a slower growth; the very spiny and comparatively short leaves, as well as the slow growth and poorer grade of fiber, render this plant unworthy of cultivation in this district. Twelve small plants of the Bahama sisal (Agave rigida sisalana) were received in December from the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture and have made a fair growth ina poor stony soil; they are now 13 feet in height and are beginning to throw out the subterranean suckers. Plants of the Indian madar (Calotropis procera), which grow wild in many«parts of the island, have made a fairly good growth in stony soil. The ‘‘Santa Maria,” or Sansevieria guineensis, which also occurs wild in several districts, has been a failure owing to the too dry and poor soil. Much interest has been awakened in this fiber recently, but- it is feared that it can not be grown in the poor soil which is so well suited to the maguey. **Caillo” (Urena sinuata), a common wayside plant belonging to the Malvacer, makes a very rapid growth—about 2 meters in three months—and together with the following species is commonly used in making cheap cordage, thongs, ete. Urena lobata, the wild jute of the fields, grows rapidly and can PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 437 readily be trained into a straight, few-branched, woody plant of 2 to 3 meters. Plants of the true jute (Corchorus capsularis), grown from purchased seed, are making a fine growth and fruiting heavily. A few seedlings of a rare shrub believed to be Daphnopsis philippiana were secured at the coffee substation and are now ready for permanent setting. Ropes made from the fiber of the bark of this plant can not be bitten off by horses or dogs on account of the abundance of rhaph- ides contained in the fiber cells. Roots of the famous Arouma (/schnosiphon arouma) were collected in the forest at Arima, Trinidad, but the attempt to cultivate the species has been a failure here as in Trinidad. Young plants of the ‘*t Jipijapi” (Cardudovica sp. 4) were obtained in Caracas, Venezuela; this species is said to produce the best grade of leaf for making ‘‘ Panama” hats in Colombia and Venezuela. They are now growing in the cloth tent, but probably require greater humid- ity and more shade to attain perfect development. Four old roots of Carludovica palmata have been received from the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, one plant of which survives a ** black-rot” disease. Contrary to the popular belief experiments have shown that plants of the Porto Rico hat palm (/nodes causiarum) may be easily raised from seed; these seedlings, however, should be transplanted from the wet sand before they reach a height of 6 inches. At the coffee substation the leaves of the ‘‘ Palma de Sierra” (Acrista monticola) are made into cordage, hammocks, bottoms for cot beds, ete. If a market could be found for this coarse material a new industry would be opened; the supply is practically inexhaustible in the moun- tainous districts, especially in the Luquillo Forest Reserve. The young leaves of the royal palm (Roystonea borinquena) could be used similarly. FOREST PLAT. An experiment has been begun to determine whether a hill, barren of trees and composed of the common red clay over limestone, can be profitably afforested with native or introduced species of timber trees. About 4 acres have been set with seedlings, cuttings, and ‘*volunteers” of 1 to 3 years of age; 100 square feet are allowed to each tree. The present rank growth of grass and weeds serves as partial shade for the very young plants; as soon as required a space is cleared around each tree, the rubbish being used as a mulch during very dry weather. A few species have been included, not so much for their timber val- ues as for other economic purposes, as carob, logwood, kopok, bay rum, copal, ete. 438 REPORT OF OFFICE OF JXPERIMENT STATIONS, The following species have been received from or collected at the coffee substation: Cedro hembro ( Cedrela odorata). Cedro macho, or purple cedar. Leche prieta (Diphelis ? sp.). Mato. Motilla (Sloanea sp. ). Yaya (Oxvandra ? sp.). Jaya. Nuesmoseado ( Nectandra sp. ). Canelo, or wild cinnamon. Arroyo. Arrejan. Sabina ( Magnolia splendens ?). Almendroén ( Prunus occidentalis) . Guayabota (Eugenia?). Aguacatillo. Hueso blanco. Corcho prieto. Tabonuco (Dacryodes hexandra). The following species have been received through the United States Department of Agriculture: Sissoo ( Dahlbergia sissoo). Quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii). Grabrowskia glabra. Brachychiton (Sterculia diversifolia). Carob ( Ceratonia siliqua). Silk-cotton (‘‘ Ceiba casearia’’ ). From Madagascar Experiment Station: Copal ( Trachylobium verrucosum). From purchased seeds: Catalpa ovata. Catalpa speciosa. From California Forestry Station: Sydney Golden Wattle (Cassia flori- bunda). Golden Wattle (Acacia pycnantha). Black Wattle (Acacia mollissima). Australian Blackwood (Acacia mela- noxylon). Albizzia julibrissin. Gymnocladus canadensis. Oleander Wattle (Acacia neriifolia). Red Gum (Lucalyptus rostrata). Blue Gum ( Hucalyptus globulus). Manna Gum (Hucalyptus viminalis). Karri (Hucalyptus diversicolor) . Sugar Gum (Eucalyptus corynocalyx). From Trinidad Botanical Gardens: Logwood (Jlzematoxylon campechianum). From Grenada Botanical Gardens: Hrythrina sp.? From Caracas, Venezuela: Erythrina sp.? From San Juan, Porto Rico: Lebbek ( Albizzia lebbek). From vicinity of experiment station, Mayaguez: Lechecillo ( Chrysophyllum monopyrenum ). Cieneguillo (Eugenia ?). Hoja Menuda ( Myrcia? sp. ). Capa Sabdna ( Cordia sp.?). Roble ( Tecoma pentaphylla). Palo de Pollo. Higuerfllo ( Vitex divaricata). Cojoba ( Piptadenia peregrina) . Moca (Andira inermis). Jacana (Lucuma multiflora). Guaraguao (Guarea trichiliodes). Espino (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis). Goano (Ochroma logopus). Yagruma Macho (Didymopanax moro- totoni). Malagueta (Anamomis caryophyllata) . Auzti (Anamomis? sp. ). Mameyuelo (Ardisia? sp.). Indio. Almendrén Cimarrén. Aceituna (Symplocos sp.). Jagua (Genipa americana). Acacia. Quitardn, or Abelluelo ( Colubrina fer- ruginosa). Gudsima ( Guazuma guazuma). Guayabillo (Myrcia ?). Algarrobo (Hymenxa courbaril). Bocare (Hrythrina micropteryx). Cafeillo ( Faramea odoratissima) . Cafiafistolo ( Cassia fistula). Santa Maria ( Thespesia populnea). Pomarosa (Jambosa jambos). RUBBER PLAT. In January 100 one-year-old seedlings of Castilloa elastica were received from the United States Department of Agriculture; 96 of these were brought through the long drought and have been trans- PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 439 planted into rows 12 feet apart in a 1-acre plat. In May some 500 seeds of Casti//ou sp. were received through Mr. G. N. Collins from Nicoya, Costa Rica; these had been packed in moistened powdered charcoal and were germinating upon arrival; 100 of these rapidly growing seedlings will be transferred to the plat in September, 100 will be set in nursery rows, and the remainder will be held for distribution. Fifteen seedlings of the West African silk rubber (/’°wntumia elastica) were obtained in September from seed received from the Trinidad Botanical Gardens; a few of these plants were lost during the dry season. The average height of the remaining specimens at nine months from seed is fully 1 meter; the unpruned form has a large, roundish head of bifurcating branches. Seeds of Ceara rubber (Jlanthot glaziovit), received from Dr. John Gifford, have as yet failed to germinate. Plants have been raised from cuttings of the native wild fig (/V%eus populnea?) and will be set in the plat together with ‘* volunteer” plants of same species procured in the vicinity. CACAO PLAT. At the ‘* Moca” estate, one of the largest cacao walks in the hills near Spanish Town, Trinidad, a study was made of the varieties of cacao grown there, the propagation and cultural methods in use, and the fermentation and drying processes used in preparing the seeds for the market. Some 25 selected fruits, representing the 12 principal varieties, were obtained and brought back in almost perfect condition. The pods were sponged off en route with formalin solution as often as indications of decay were noticed. Seeds of the Alligator cacao (Theobroma bicolor) alone were lost. The coolie labor system, which has been so well managed by the Trini- dad Government, was also studied, but no form of it appears to be applicable in Porto Rico. Under this system the cacao trees are pur- chased from the Hindoo coolie, who is furnished seed, land, tools, and the right to build a hut and till a small tract for his own benefit. The trees may be sold by the coolie to the estate owner at any time after one year, but are usually cared for until bearing (three to five years) by the cooly, who must live constantly on the estate. The coolies are expected to do *‘ piece” and day labor when required by the superin- tendent. On account of the coolie’s propensity for saving his wages to his personal physical detriment, a large part of the daily wage is paid either in rations on the estate or through store checks. No attempt toward artificial control of the ferments of the curing processes was noted. The popular impression is that no two lots of the ‘‘beans” can ever be treated the same way because of the differ- ences between the seeds—all varieties being sweated together—as well as temperature and humidity differences. No white seeds were 440 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. observed. About 3 pounds of ** beans” per tree is the average annual crop in Trinidad; that is, an acre containing 800 trees will produce about half a ton of cocoa, worth about $100. The life of a tree is indefinite, and a plantation should yield a practically continuous crop (8 to 13 annual pickings) for at least twenty-five years. About half of the Trinidad cacao seeds were planted in large, shallow boxes of earth without fertilizer and the other half were planted in bamboo pots, one seed to each pot; each method was found to have some adyantages over the other. The ‘* damping off” was more easily controlled in the pots than in the boxes, but about 30 per cent of the seedlings were lost from this disease. In June about 350 selected seedlings were transferred into the plat without loss. The site selected for the experiment is a ravine, the sides of which were densely covered with second-growth shrubs and trees. This natural shade will be gradu- ally cut out and replaced by ‘* Bocare” (Erythrina micropteryx)—one shade tree to four cacao trees. Two varieties of the Porto Rico cacao—the common Colorado (proba- bly identical with the Trinidad ‘‘ Forastero”) and the white-seeded variety having yellow pods—are also represented in the collection. The white-seeded cacao is considered more difficult to grow, but of superior quality. The Trinidad varieties are the following: Calabacillo, red Criollo-Forastero, red. Forastero-Cundeamor. Criollo-Forastero, yellow. Criollo, red. Criollo-Calabacillo. Large, smooth yellow. Forastero, 5-angled, large seed, small, thin Forastero, Ceylon, brown. pod, acute tip. Lapp Forastero. Forastero, low grade. FRUIT NURSERIES. Experiments in cutting propagation of various varieties of native fruits have been made. A roofed shed open to the air on all sides is indicated as the proper locus for further work in this line. Species from Trinidad: Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). Cannon-ball tree ( Cowroupita guianen- Kokam butter (Garcinia indica). sis). Carap, or crab-nut (Carapa guianen- Madagascar tamarind or Voa-Vanga sis). ( Vangueria edulis). Nutmeg (Myristica moschata). Apple calabash (Parmentiera cere- ifera). From Venezuela: Sweet lemon ( Citrus medica lumia), a tree bearing medicinal seeds. From Curagao: Small, sweet mango (Mangifera indica). From Grenada: Tahiti apple (Hugenia malaccensis). Nutmeg ( Myristica moschata). PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 441 From United States Department of Agriculture: Jujube (Zizyphus sp. ). Five varieties figs (Ficus carica). Pistachio ( Pistacia vera). Wild pistachio ( Pistacia mutica). Anatto ( Bixa orellana). Pond apple ( Anona glabra). Cherimoyer ( Anona cherimolia). Species obtained in exchange: Cluster or Giilar fig ( Ficus glomerata). Java plum ( Eugenia sp.?). Surinam cherry (Lugenia mitchel’). Amatungula (Carrissa arduina). Loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica). French mulberry (Morus alba). Chinese cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia). Camphor ( Cinnamomum camphora). Cuban Ti-es (Lucuma rivicoa angus- tifolia). S} ecies collected in vicinity of station: Ciruelo, or Spanish plum (Spondias purpurea). Jobo de la India (Spondias dulcis). Pear guava (Psidium guayava). Apple guava, or guayabo (Psidium guayava). Cereso (Malpighia glabra). Ceresas ( Cordia nitida). Grosello, or Tahiti gooseberry ( Cicca disticha). Calambrefia ( Coccolobis nivea). Mango (Mangifera indica), 3 vars. Aguacate, or alligator pear (Persea gratissima), 2 vars. Soursop, or guandbana ( Anona muri- cala). Custard apple, or corazon (Anona reticulata). Wildcustardapple( Anonamontana?). Cashew apple, or pajuil ( Anacardium occidentale). Mamee apple, or mamey (Mammea americana). Marmalade fruit, or mamey sapote ( Lucuma mammosa). Nuez, or candle nut ( Aleurites moluc- cana). , Ginep, or quenepa ( Melicocca bijuga). Genipap, orjagua ( Genipa americana). Sea grape, oruvero( Coccolobisuvifera). Cocoa plum, or jicaco ( Chrysobalanos ieaco). Star apple, or caimito ( Chrysophyllum cainito). Kai apple (Doyvalis [Aberia] caffra). Cashew apple (Anacardium occiden- tale), from Beira, Portuguese East Africa. Bengal fig (Ficus oppositifolia). Coca ( Erythroxylon coca). Cola ( Cola acuminata). Mexican white sapote (Cassimiroa edulis). Chinese guava (Psidium lucidum). Guinea guava ( Psidium guineense). Cabada guava (Psidium guayava). Cattley guava ( Psidium cattleyanum). Sour guisaro guava (Psidium gquay- ava). Calcutta apple guava ( Psidium pomi- ferum). Guayabillo (Calyptranthes?). Sapodilla, or nispero ( Achras sapota). Guerrero (Hupatorium dalea?). Betel-nut (Areca catechu). Sweet orange, or china ( Citrus auran- tium sinensis). Sour orange, or naranjo (Citrus au- rantium amara). Bittersweet orange, or ingierta ( Citrus aurantium amara dulcis). Rough lemon, or limén bobo ( Citrus medica genuina+-C. medica limon? ). Lime, or limén agrio (Citrus medica acida). Sweet lemon, or lima (Citrus medica lumia). Sweet lime, or limén dulce (Citrus medica limetta). Caracas sweet lemon, or lima ( Citrus medica lumia?). Citron, or cidra (Citrus medica genu- ina). “San Domingan’’ orange (Citrus au- rantium sinensis). Bergamot* orange (Citrus aurantium bergamia). Mandarin seedling orange ( Citrus no- bilis). Kumquat orange, (Citrus japonica), 2 varieties. Grapefruit, or toronja (Citrus decu- mana). Myrtleorange( Citrus aurantium var. ). 442 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The greater part of the above nursery stock, except the Citrus varieties, will be set in the 25-acre orchard, which is nearly ready for planting, during the months of September, October, and November (Pl. XX, fig. 1). The trees will be set in rows 25 feet apart and 15 to 25 feet apart in the row, depending on the variety. There are now in the budding rows (three plants to the meter in rows 1 meter apart) the following: 1,250 limén bobo, 1,000 naranjo, 200 china, 100 ingierta. These stocks will be ready for budding dur- ing the next rainy season. An experiment to test the comparative values of the above 16 (and other) stocks for budding with certain standard sweet oranges and the native Mayaguez ‘‘china” is con- templated. SEED AND PLANT DISTRIBUTION AND ACQUISITION. Several hundred packages of garden seeds received from the United States Department of Agriculture have been distributed to the rural schools and to estate owners. Native bulbs, seeds, and roots have been sent to Hawaii, Honduras, and to several firms in California and Florida. Collections of the three principal varieties of Porto Rican pineapples have been sent to the botanic stations in Antigua, Dominica, and Jamaica. The botanic stations in the British West Indies have very generously offered to supply gratis to the Porto Rico experiment station the varieties of economic plants which may be obtained at their station grounds, a list of desiderata has been sent to Sir Daniel Morris, director of the Imperial Department of Agriculture in the West Indies, and to Mr. J. H. Hart, director of the Trinidad Botanic Gardens, and packages of seeds are being received at frequent intervals from the several British stations. . The two most valuable additions to our economic collections thus far have been the collection of bananas (22 varieties), tanier or yautia (6 varieties), yams (5 varieties), and cassava (14 varieties), secured from the Jamaica Department of Agriculture, and the collection of miscel- laneous economic plants received from the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture. Besides Great Britain the only foreign country donating seeds or plants was Madagascar. INSECT PESTS. Insecticide experiments were carried on in July and August at Rio Piedras with the cotton bollworm, leaf hoppers, aphids, and the changa. At Mayaguez the first entomological work to demand attention was PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 443 the eradication of the white ants, which, due to the semiabandoned state of the place, had become thoroughly established in the outbuild- ings, fence posts, and all mango and ‘‘jobo” trees in the vicinity. Over seventy-five nests were destroyed within 100 yards of the office building. As the arsenic treatment proved too slow and uncertain, recourse was had to burning with kerosene. A few ounces of the oil usually sufficed in dry weather to effect the entire destruction of a nest and all the insects therein. In a few cases the individuals which had been outside the nest at the time of its destruction returned and formed a small nest near the site of the old one. As many as eight queens were discovered in one nest, though four was an unusual num- ber. The number of workers in a large colony was estimated to be from 50,000 to 100,000. The species has been determined as Hutermes morio (%). The winged form migrates from April to July. Live wood is very seldom attacked. A smaller species, having hyaline instead of sooty wings, swarms in vast numbers in April, but no nest has been located yet. It is recommended that all fence posts be well tarred before setting. The ‘‘ poma rosa” (Hugenta (Jambosa) jambos) is especially liable to the attacks of white ants. The following kinds of woods may be used for posts in a “‘live” fence: Algarrobo (Hymenxa courbaril), jobo (Spondias lutea), bocare (Erythrina micropteryx), almacigo (Bursera simaruba), guayabo (Psidium guayaba), and molinillo or havilla (ura crepitans). Of course some of these species will not take root in dry soil, but with a little care an ant-proof fence may be had which is practically permanent. The sprouting branches should be lopped off two or three times a year. The changa has done more or less damage in the vegetable beds and nurseries. Repeated applications of the poisoned bait, as recom- mended in Bulletin No. 2, have served, however, to keep this enemy in check. Traps made by sinking 5-gallon kerosene tins just below the surface of the soil and lightly covering the open tops of same with small sticks, grass, and earth proved utterly useless. CUTWORMS. Comparatively little damage has been done by these insects, though a species of Prodenia has been quite numerous and hand-picking of the larye had to be kept up for some weeks in the Central American rubber-seed beds. .Larve of an undetermined species were sent in from the coffee substation and reported as doing considerable injury in the coffee-seed beds. The cotton bollworm (//eliothis armiger) destroyed a field of corn in November and December. Dropping or spraying Paris green in water into the heart of the young plants resulted in killing great 444 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. numbers of the larvee, but the moths continued in force till February. From | to + larvee on the average inhabited each ‘*spear.” Several species of flies were attracted to the frass thrown up by these laryee and some of the smaller species bred therein. When much diluted, kerosene emulsion, whale-oil soap, and creolin solution were also tried, but although effective in killing the larvae, seriously injured the corn itself, COFFEE INSECTS. The coffee leaf miner (Leucoptera (Cemiostoma) coffeella) has been studied with the hope that some means might be discovered for suc- cessfully combating this most serious enemy of the coffee in Porto Rico; but as yet no parasites of this minute moth have been observed and in only one instance were the larvee found dead in the galleries between the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf, and no insecticide has been found applicable. This pest is now evenly distributed over the whole island; 20 per cent to 40 per cent of the leaves on each tree are affected, and sometimes 6 or more larve are found in the same burrow. An experiment has been begun at the station grounds in Mayaguez to determine the result of removing all affected leaves in a plat of badly infested trees. Data are kept showing the number of leaves removed, the cost of the required labor, the average cost per tree, the reduction of the percentage of infested leaves by each picking, and an estimate of the benefit realized subsequently in the plat. The pickings will be repeated as often as reinfection renders necessary. The red scale (Lecanium hemisphericum) has proved troublesome locally, but as soon as the number of scales becomes so great that the individuals are clustered together closely on the branch, a cream- colored fungus usually appears and annihilates the whole colony. The hyphe of this interesting and important fungus (which is being studied by Prof. F. S. Earle, of the New York Botanical Gardens) rapidly spread over each scale, the young and adults alike, and extends radially to some millimeters distance beyond. Very few coccinellid larvee have been observed among the scales. A plant louse (Aphis?) is occasionally detrimental to the young coffee leaves, but it is usually kept in check by the larve of a fly (Syrphus‘?). A scale (Orthezia sp.), parasitic on the roots of unhealthy coffee trees, was observed at the coffee substation. A fulgorid bug, having the entire body and wings covered with a grayish-white powder and consequently often mistaken for a moth, is rather common, but seldom found in large colonies. It attacks the young branches. PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 445 INSECT ENEMIES OF CITRUS STOCK. The red scale (Lecantum hemisphericum) is probably the most com- mon scale on the orange here; since it infests many other plants it is liable to appear in any orchard at any time. Two to four applications of kerosene emulsion are usually necessary to rid a badly infested tree of this pest. This scale is sometimes parasitized by a hymenopter, as well as by the common whitish fungus, which is proving to be of great importance. The purple scale (J/ytilaspis citricola) is very common in all parts of the island; it is parasitized by a ‘‘ red-fruited” fungus (Spherostilbe coccophila) and a black slow-growing fungus (Alyriangium durie?), which was first observed at Naguabo and which is fairly common at Mayaguez. The chaff scale (Chionasp/s citr?) is common everywhere on orange and lime. Aspidiotus auranti is rare but apparently spreading. Ceroplastes floridensis was noted only in an orchard near Naguabo. Chrysomphalus aonidum is rarely met with as yet. Dactylopius citré is not common. Aspidiotus articulatus occurs commonly in the eastern and northern districts. Generally speaking the orange growers in Porto Rico are not giving sufficient attention to the scale pests in their groves; the spraying is entrusted to native laborers, who are certain to leave more or less unsprayed surface on each tree. One of the most promising groves has been very seriously injured by allowing the pests to become thoroughly established. Moreover, the insecticides are notalways care- fully made, and worse still, perhaps, old and badly infested native seedling trees are frequently left standing in or near the new orchards to breed and distribute endless generations of scales to the nurseries and young trees. Thousands of acres in the north part of the island have been planted with oranges in the past two or three years, and though it is natural that in this hurry and optimistic excitement such dangers are overlooked by the average planter, the prospective injury from scale insects in these new orchards might be very greatly les- sened by a more careful attention to their present requirements. In some groves considerable damage is being caused by a small brown ant which bites the bark and feeds upon the gum which exudes from the wound. Small branches are frequently girdled, and the loss of sap and gum through the numerous open wounds in time weakens the young tree. When not too close to the trunk of the tree a nest may be destroyed by pouring into it a few spoonfuls of carbon bisulphid and then covering with a wet gunny sack, but young trees are some- times killed by the use of too much of the liquid near the roots. 446 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Kerosene emulsion poured into the openings of a nest just after a rain is also effective in killing or driving away the ants. Fresh air-slaked lime placed close about the base of the trunk will for a time hinder the processions. Cloth bandages tarred or wet with creolin, corrosive sublimate solution, or crude carbolic acid solution are of some tempo- rary value only; the two latter should be applied over a plain bandage of cotton batting. The larve of a weevil determined as /ixvophthalmus spengleri was found eating the bark from the taproots of orange stock in a nursery near Rio Piedras. The adult insect is common throughout the island not only on citrus stock, but on nearly all kinds of fruit trees. A handful of air-slaked lime at the foot of the tree deters the female from entering the ground to deposit her eggs at that point. Hand picking will probably be found necessary to keep this pest in check for the next few years. During the dry season two species of Lamellicorn beetles seriously damage the foliage of citrus stock and bananas. A boy with a lantern and a pail containing a little kerosene and water can easily collect a large per cent of these insects in an orchard by visiting the trees in the early part of the evening; for large trees a sheet spread under the branches may be used by two or three boys to better advantage. INSECT ENEMIES OF MISCELLANEOUS FRUIT TREES. Diaspis pentagona has proved very destructive to peach trees in the ast part of the island; this species also attacks mulberry and papaw. Although not difficult to control, the native makes no attempt to rid his dying papaws of this ‘‘ piojo” (louse). Aleurodicus minima injures the wild guava (2’stdiwm guayava) in some localities. Asterolecanium pustulans has appeared on the fig (7icus carica) at the experiment station. An undetermined scale (Vinsonia?) occurs on the rose apple (/am- bosa J ain bos) . The Guanibano (Anona muricata) is everywhere affected with Lecanium hemisphericum; and an aphid frequently joins its efforts to weaken the tree, and by its habit of attacking the flowers prob- ably prevents the ‘* setting” of many fruits. A thrips anda Dactylopius have injured Pajuil seedlings (Anacar- dium occidentale) in our nurseries; a few of the plants were killed in spite of kerosene emulsion treatment. An aphid appeared on the Castilloa plants, but was exterminated by a lace-wing fly (Chrysopa?). The flower clusters of cacao (Theobroma cacao) are frequently attacked by a brownish aphid, and the punctured and weakened pedi- PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 447 cels and embryo fruits thus become very liable to the attacks of the pod-rot fungus. Vinsonia stellifera occurs commonly on the cocoanut (Cocos nuci- era). At Ponce many of these trees are dead or dying from attacks of Aspidiotus destructor. This scale is parasitized, however, to some extent by a Tineid moth, the larva of which forms a web over the scales on the worst-infested leaflets and gradually devours the entire colony, though not soon enough to save the life of the leaflet; attempts to rear this interesting insect have been unsuccessful thus far and but one imago was seen in situ. MISCELLANEOUS INSECT ENEMIES. A cricket (@ryllodes muticus) has proved a serious pest in the sta- tion’s nurseries and seed beds, many valuable plants having been cut off just above the ground. In one case freshly cut leaves were found in the burrow of this insect, which had thus adopted one of the chan- ga’s (Scapteriscus didactylus) clever habits. A cricket, presumably this species, was reported as doing considerable damage in the coffee seed beds at the coffee substation. A small fly (Lonchea chalybea), previously known from Brazil, has caused much damage in the larval stage by boring into the terminal buds (rarely petioles) of cassava (Wanthot utilissima and M. palmata aipi); hand picking is the only remedy since the openings to the bur- rows are closed by a granular, gummy secretion; the brittle terminal bud is broken off and dropped on the ground where the immediate ‘**bleeding” and withering of the bud imprisons and kills the young maggots. Mature cassava plants are usually attacked by a small bug of the Tingitide (Atheas nigricornis ¢); the under surface of the full- sized leaf is the only part attacked and, therefore, successful spraying is exceedingly difficult, especially since the insect is possessed of great vitality. A brownish mite also causes injury to the young cassava leaf; the epidermis of the under surface of the basal portion of the blade is the usual point of attack. Lecaniwmn hemisphericum and an undetermined white scale have been noted on stems of cassava. Practically no insect enemy of the yautia (Xanthosoma sp.) has been observed yet; however, a black aphid was found on a plant pur- chased as Alocasia marshallii, but believed to be a Xanthosoma, and a mite was noted on the upper surface of the leaf blade of a plant bought for Alocasia batavensis, but which appears identical with the common yautia known as ‘‘ Guayamera.” The malanga (Colocasia antiquorum esculentum) is occasionally attacked by an aphid which is usually parasitized by a whitish fungus and a hymenopter. A seale (Dactylopius 4) attacks the ** heads” of Guinea yams at 44% REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Mayaguez. One variety of yam brought from the botanic gardens at St. George, Grenada, was badly affected with Asp/d/otus hart7/. The minute leaf hopper (Aimpoasca mal’) has been the severest insect enemy of beans and cowpeas; spraying isalmost useless. Agallia tenella and several Tettigoniids have also injured beans and other small crops. A lepidopterous stem borer has destroyed many plants in the bean plats and has greatly hindered the growth of the horse beans. The bean leaf beetle (Cerotoma denticornis) is common. Plutella maculipennis was very abundant on cabbage at Rio Piedras; it was controlled by repeated applications of **slug shot” reinforced with paris green. A flea beetle (Systena basalis), in company with a root fungus, has ruined a plat of Russian sunflower at the station. Larve of a weevil (apparently Sphenophorus) were observed in sugar cane at Ponce. Protoparce carolina occurs commonly on tomato and tobacco throughout the island; the larvee are usually killed by a thrust of a knife made from a Maya (Lromelia pinguin) leaf. The melon worm Pyralid (Diaphania hyalinata) has proved a severe pest throughout the year, both at Rio Piedras and Mayaguez, on squash, cucumber, and melon; while small the plants can be kept from serious injury by hand picking the young larve in the buds and new leaves, but when the plants are mature this becomes a laborious task. PLANT PARASITES. Several species of Loranthus are common on various fruit and timber trees; in the vicinity of Ponce many fine trees were noted killed or dying from the parasitism of a white-fruited Phoradendron. The calabash (Crescentia cujete) is very frequently attacked. A dodder (Cuscuta americana?) was with difficulty eradicated from a plat of alfalfa in the trial grounds of the station at Mayaguez. This species occurs commonly on low shrubbery, especially along the sea shore. Bromeliads and orchids are occasionally found on coffee; these do little or no damage to the host, though causing a shabby appearance. Lichens and liverworts, however, undoubtedly injure the leaves and bark of coffee by retaining excessive moisture, obstructing respiration, and furnishing a foothold for various fungi; since these plants thrive only in very humid situations, the ‘opening up” to more light and better air circulation will soon ameliorate the condition of the ‘* mos- siest” patch of trees. The Guama (Jaga laurina) is very frequently affected with a peculiar disease of the peduncle. This organ becomes excessively branched and, each branchlet being distorted and abbreviated, the infertile mass PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 449 of pedicles assumes a more or less spherical shape, becomes a harbor for coccids, ants, cockroaches, etc., and is believed by many peons to give rise to a ‘“‘rust” disease of coffee growing beneath such shade trees. Although coffee does frequently die under Guama trees badly affected with the peduncle disease, no etiological connection has been established between the two effects. The peduncle disease appears to be of a physiological rather than of the ** witches broom” (Exoascus) type. The Guaba (/nga vera), which is usually preferrea for coffee shade, appears to have no enemy other than the fungus mycelium which sometimes attacks the roots of coffee and coffee shade trees in small areas in old plantations. It is, however, much less prolific than its related species, the Guama, producing but one light and irregular crop of more or less imperfect fruits, instead of two heavy regular (May and October) crops of seeds in an edible pulp. FUNGUS DISEASES. The following fungi have proved more or less injurious during the year: Cladosporium citri, damaging sour stock in citrus nurseries. An undetermined ‘*spot” fungus appearing on the under side of citrus leaves and resembling ‘*melanose;” this disease occurs com- monly throughout central Mexico in the old orange groves. A red-spored ‘‘damping off” disease of citrus nursery stock in seed beds. Stilhum flaviduim on coffee at the coffee substation; not common. A root disease of coffee caused by the subterranean hyph of an undetermined fungus (Polyporus?). This disease spreads radially, killing the shade trees and nearly all plants in its course, but its progress is fortunately very slow. Ditching around the infected are: is advised. A red-spored fungus occurring in spots on the leaves of the Avo- cado pear causes some damage locally. Practically all of the Avocado pear trees in a district near Joyuda were reported to have died simul- taneously. The cause was not determined. Graphiola phanicis is well established on the date palms of the island. Cercospora sp. occurs on Hedionda (Cassia occidentalis). Cercospora personata injures peanuts (Arachis hypogea). Cercosporium beticola is one of the four or more root rots of the bean. Coleosporium ipomae appears in red-brown spots on sweet potato leaves, but it is parasitized by Ramularia coleospori’, which appears as a white dot in the center of the host colony. S. Doc. 148* 58-2——29 450 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. A root rot of the potato (Solanum tuberosum) resembles in its effects the ‘black collar” form of //zoctonia soland. This fungus seems to preclude the growing of this crop in Porto Rico. A blight on tomato, which has been under investigation for over a year and which may prove to be Bacillus solanacearum, has destroyed many plats in our experiments. Its action is apparently downward through the vascular bundles which enter the petiole. No amount of Bordeaux mixture has any appreciable effect. REPORT OF J. W. VAN LEENHOFF, COFFEE SPECIALIST. As stated in last year’s report, a beginning was made in January, 1902, with the establishment of coffee seed and nursery beds, the object being the production of select plant material for experimental pur- poses and for free distribution among coffee planters with whom the station might wish to cooperate. (Pl. XX.) As the station had selected, but had not yet been able to secure posses- sion of the desired lands for experimental purposes, these beds were constructed in the immediate neighborhood and on soil which after- wards proved to be very much impoverished. (Pl. XXII, fig. 1.) Up to the present time, except in a very few instances, coffee planters obtain their seedlings only from plants grown from berries which for different reasons have fallen from the trees and gradually grown up on the same spot, forming in many instances, dense underbrush, mak- ing cultivation of parent trees impossible and exhausting the soil toa large extent. As all kinds of berries, from good and bad parent trees, ripe and unripe, sick and healthy, large and small, are to be found among fallen ones and a large percentage of them germinate, the seedlings for this reason alone do not offer a sufficient guaranty to produce healthy and desirable plant material. In fact, the constant use of such material may have produced a degeneration to which the present small crops per acre may be partly attributed. Once the seeds have germinated, they are permitted to grow under dense shade with hardly any light or ventilation, and consequently they become as a rule long, slender weaklings. The roots, grown in uncultivated soil and, because of the crowded condition of the plants, all intermingled, do not have the desirable form of a straight taproot and pyramidal distribution of side roots. Instead of this all kinds of bent forms, knots, and rottenness are general. Several thousands of such seed- lings derived from different plantations were inspected, and in many instances not a single one was found with a well-formed root system. After the germination and the full development of the first leaves in the seed beds, the young plants were transplanted into nursery beds constructed similarly to the seed beds. Before transplanting, 54 of the beds were treated with the following fertilizers: Nitrate of soda, muriate of potash, lime phosphate, bone meal, stable manure, and PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 451 Porto Rican bat guano, all applied alone and in different mixtures. The results of these different treatments were that all the beds treated with bat guano or with mixtures of same with other fertilizers gave splendid results, the plants growing twice as fast as those in the other beds. Other manures or fertilizers seemed to have very little or no effect. The bat guano was obtained from deposits in caves, of which a large number exist in the island of Porto Rico. An analysis of same, as made by the Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture, is given below: Per cent. BRCeE TENDS TORO RCLCMT toes cer ceive’ tee ee ree ee A DS Bye 12. 93 ANGULO LE ee ee ee Se eee Sire 2 en ete Ohare oe Meee cae eee Ps . 96 Total nitrogen (nitrates, present) equivalent to.............---.- 3.32 MERUISV STN Simro a 5 eg ee cases SNe Gee en ee Rink, Somme So 4.03 MROVIRI UIT ween a ek wel er mree Se ews Seer. at Bee ER ets Se 13. 86 PS SOTPAIOTING OM) Co Arg. 02 Sate gi ie ne hl RE ied oe Ree ok 52.33 In October and November all the plants, after they had been gradu ally uncovered, were standing in the full sunlight, and at the end of November were sufficiently accustomed to the sunlight to be trans- planted to the field. Not having yet obtained control of the desired lands, it was decided to leave the plants a year longer in the beds, during which time they developed into fine-looking plants and are now being used for planting in the experimental fields or for supplying planters who are cooperating with the station, the stump-planting system being used. IMPROVEMENT OF OLD COFFEE GROVE. As already mentioned in a former report, 10 acres of old coffee lands were divided into 10 square plats of 1 acre each and numbered from 1 to 10. (Pl. XXIII, figs. 1-+.) The crop produced on these plats before any experiments were made was ascertained, with the following results: Product of 10 acres of Porto Rican coffee in the barrio Anon, district of Ponce, Porto Rico, 1902. oi { 2 | | Acre No. i Bi 3. 4, 5. BAW ks 8. 9. 10. Total. iF vena |_ Ripe berries: Meters :..2< =~. 1,800 1,516$ | 2,520 | 2,659 369 | 597 $78 | 278 | 545 = |:«823 11, 1854 In pounds.....| 2,477 | 1,973 | 3,415 | 3,752.5 | 500 | 852 | 529 | 383 | 701.5 | 711 15, 295 Coffee ready for market, in POUNGS 2.6 505505. 45.5 459.5 763.5) 805 113 | 181 | 114 S4 | 163 158.5 | 3, 387 | i The harvested berries were measured by almudas to a total of 559.25, for which the pickers were paid 7 cents per almuda, or a total of $39.15. This quantity produced 3,387 pounds of coffee ready for market, therefore— | pound berries about equals 0.22 pound ready for market. 1 almuda berries about equals 6 pounds ready for market. 1 liter berries about equals 0.30 pound ready for market. 452 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The cost per LOO pounds of harvesting and marketing coffee was as follows: Picking. .\. 20. sc-c0-si4ese0 ane se ocee a eee ee eee nnn $1.16 Pulping, hulling; and drying? 2 oes oe eee ee eee eee . 60 Transporting berries from field to factory..............-..-.-.- . 10 Transporting to Ponce market... 2.25... .25-c.sss ones oun eae . 25 Total per 100 pounds 52° + 2.2. 32. 2s ee oe eee 2. T1 After the harvesting of the old crop the whole of the 10 acres were varefully weeded and the coffee as well as the shade trees provisionally and roughly pruned, immediately after which operation acres num- bered 1, 3,4, and 8 were selected for making a beginning for the differ- ent improvement experiments. For this purpose each of them was divided into 4 square plats of one-quarter of an acre each, making a total of 16 plats, numbered from 1 to 16. The first 4 numbers being of the original acre No. 1, the second of acre No. 3, and so on. The following operations were then undertaken: Plat No. 1. Experiments were made with leguminous plants as fer- tilizer. All vegetation except coffee and shade removed. Coffee, dis- tanced at practically 8 by 8 feet, by removing all trees at less distance. Cowpeas were planted and after they had come up very nicely were plowed under. Kaperiment with plant distances. Coffee trees. Coffee trees. Spaced. Re- | Remain-| Spaced. Re- Remain- moved. | ing. | moved. ing. Feet. Veet. Plat NO, Usn2--2tee 8by8 238 130, || Plat No.(822.0-4.see Tby 7 107 103 Plat No s2t22 3. ee 8 by 8 125 | 110)|| PigtiNoxg?s eee. 6 by 6 215 207 Plat NOt oes 7 by 7 63 | 92 || Plat No. 10........- 6 by 6 138 137 Plat No. 6.......---| 6 by 6 110 | 113 || Plat No. 11........- 7 by 7 110 147 } Making a total of 8 plats, or 2 acres,on which were remoyed 1,106 and > ) ’ ) remained 1,039 coffee trees. Plats 4, 5, 7, and 12 were left as check plats in their original state. CUTTING COFFEE TREES TO STUMPS. On plats Nos. 9 and 10 all existing coffee trees were cut to stumps about 6 inches high, and besides on plat No. 9 all shade trees were removed. Very soon the stump began producing new shoots, in most instances in large quantities. As soon as the shoots had attained a height of a few inches, all of them except two opposite ones were removed from each stump, and since that time the shoots have grown very rapidly, but quicker in No. 9 than in No. 10. Besides the above-mentioned experiments, all the trees of the first 12 plats were thoroughly cleaned by rubbing with a rough cloth and afterwards painted with lime milk. The general appearance of the trees has improved greatly. 148 Senate Doc. No. PLATE XXI. PorRTO Rico STATION—LA ISOLINA, A COFFEE PLANTATION. “in” ee aes PLATE XXII. Fic. 1.—PorRTO Rico STATION—COFFEE-SEED BEDS UNDER ARTIFICIAL SHADE. LEAVES REMOVED IN 1900 TO FiG. 2,—PorTo Rico STATION—COFFEE Crop, 1901. COMBAT LEAF MINER. PLATE XXIII. 148. Senate Doc. No. Fic. 1.--PORTO RICO STATION—FOREMAN’S HOUSE AT THE COFFEE EXPERIMENTS Fia. 2.—PoORTO RICO STATION—FELLING THE VIRGIN FOREST. COFFEE. Fic. 4.—PorTo Rico STATION—ORIGINAL CONDITION OF OLD COFFEE Pi ATS * » ° bg ’ \ > A + i. 1 - ~ , > r > + ’ * . : ~ > re , Y ¢ KR , ~ ~ t , ’ ‘ a ve - . . ‘ = - — . a s ‘ 4 < = ‘ Sue - . . 4 r H 3 : : - = - , i“ ; - ps i a r ive c : t * S ~ © v i ~7 = * | Z . | ‘ 4 * a: ~ hc ae - . ” ‘ ns ’ a £ + . + - ° ‘ - f . - ‘ 7 bs 4 ’ s ‘ j a as i ' a. re , ‘i ba f ~ i - ‘ a2 ; ad : rf +e +: (te _ ie?! ix ee a —s asi? /S «© PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 453 RENOVATING OF OLD COFFEE PLANTATION. Plat No. 13. All coffee and shade removed; plowed, harrowed, and planted to soja beans. Plat No. 14. All coffee removed, shade left. Plat No. 15. All coffee and shade removed; plowed, harrowed, and planted to alfalfa. Plat No. 16. All coffee and shade removed; plowed and harrowed and planted to cowpeas. The soja beans, after coming up nicely, were damaged by heavy rains, but afterwards recuperated and are now doing fairly well. The alfalfa was entirely destroyed by heavy rains after having come up nicely. The cowpeas came up very nicely and grew luxuriantly, and were plowed under before the beans had entirely ripened. After some further preparation the plats will be set to new coffee trees from the nursery beds. EXPERIMENTS WITH NEW COFFEE. The object in view is to improve upon the present condition of coffee trees in Porto Rico. Generally speaking this may be done in two different ways—(1) improvements in the Porto Rican coffee and shade trees themselves, and (2) improvements in the Porto Rican coffee by cross breeding, budding, or replacing by foreign coffee and shade trees. In order to make experiments along these lines possible, a part of the 25 acres of virgin forest mentioned in last annual report has been cleared and a road made through it. Two houses for the foreman and laborers have been built. An imaginary line running north and south through the center of the tract divides it in two parts. To the east of this line experiments are conducted with Porto Rican coffee and shade and to the west with imported varieties of coffee and shade trees. Seed and nursery beds have been constructed, in which seeds from different sources have been planted. Among these were seven kinds of coffee imported from Brazil, which, however, owing to having been sent in bulk, and, in general, in a very bad and poor condition, did not come up at all. Several kinds from the Hawaiian Islands and Ceylon came up with fine results and have been already planted in the field. Coffee seed from Porto Rico, well prepared, all came up with exceed- ingly good results. To continue experiments with imported coffee it is desirable to secure as rapidly as possible seeds of a large variety of foreign material, and I would recommend giving the procuring of this material special attention. Experiments with different plant distances have been begun by planting coffee at distances of 12 by 12, 10 by 10, 8 by 8, 6 by 6, and 454 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 4 by 4 feet, and the shade trees, which are representative of Porto Rico, have been planted between them. COFFEE LEAF MINER. So much damage is caused by this insect that experiments in exter- minating it by collecting and destroying all infested leaves have been tried on several occasions. The first attempt was made at Mammeys on a patch of old coffee, in which nearly all the leaves were infested. After picking there were so few leaves left that the following crop was very much reduced. The suceceding one, however, was very much better. The new nursery beds are situated in the virgin forest, a part of which has recently been felled and burned. There is no coffee growing nearer than 1,000 feet of these beds, and they are further sheltered by strips of standing forest which act as wind-breaks. Not- withstanding this isolation, these beds suffered in the beginning of May from an extremely heavy attack of leaf miner. As a remedy all the leaves attacked were continuously cut off and burned. The growth of the plants was retarded considerably, but they recuperated and are now in very fine and healthy condition, without any sign of the leaf miner. At the station headquarters in Mayaguez the effect of picking the leaves is being tried on an isolated patch of about one acre. The pick- ings are being made at intervals of about two weeks, and a complete record is kept of the time required and the number of leaves collected at each picking. The indications are that this method of extermination would prove such a stupendous task that it would be out of the question. REPORT ON OBSERVATIONS IN PORTO RICO. 3y Prof. F. S. Earn, of the New York Botanical Garden. In accordance with the instructions of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations, I visited Porto Rico for the purpose of studying its horticultural possibilities and of making observation on plant dis- eases. Owing to the short time at my disposal, it was impossible to make any extended investigations. The following notes are the result of a brief and hurried inspection of a small portion of the island, and are to be considered as suggestions indicating some lines along which work is needed, rather than as giving results of permanent value. The horticultural crops now attracting most attention in Porto Rico are orangesand pineapples. Bananas are grown extensively, but mostly in the interior, where difficulties of transportation would prevent their becoming an article of export. Some of the lowlands near the coast are well adapted to the culture of bananas, and there seems no reason PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 455 why they could not be grown there profitably for the United States market. At present the subject seems to be receiving no attention. To successfully develop this, or in fact any other branch of the fruit business, better transportation facilities will be necessary. The present steamer service is poorly adapted for the transportation of perishable fruits. Pineapples thrive in many parts of the island. The finest ones seen were in the neighborhood of Lajas, southeast of Mayaguez. This fungus parasite occurs in Grenada and Barbados. See Scale Insects of the West Indies. H. Maxwell-Lefroy, West Indian Bul. 3, 1902, p. 314. PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 459 These are doubtless scattered to some extent by the wind, but it seems probable that they are more often inadvertently carried from the diseased to healthy scale by the small ants that always accompany this scale and can be seen running about among them in great numbers. With the beginning of the rainy season the fungus was multiplying with great rapidity and seemed abundantly able to hold the scale effectively in check. In fact on many trees it had already been com- pletely exterminated.“ (+) The red scale (Aspidiotus Jicus). ~This scale was observed in several localities, but nowhere abundant enough to do much harm. — It infests both the leaves and twigs. It is occasionally parasitized by the white fungus mentioned above, but not to the same extent as the Lecanium. Other orange insects. —Two species of beetles belonging to the Cur- culionide were observed feeding on orange foliage. They are of about the same size (1 centimeter long), one being brown in color, the other light green. The green one was much the more abundant, and in some cases was seriously injuring the foliage. Whether, like the related Priepodes in Jamaica,’ the larval stage fed upon the orange roots was not determined. It would doubtless be practicable to pro- tect the trees from this injury by spraying with Paris green. A large brown beetle (Lachnosterna sp.), closely resembling the May beetle, was abundant in the orange groves. Round holes, a centi- ~ meter or more in diameter, were often observed in the ground near g insects were always found. They did not seem to be feeding on the roots, and whether they were there for oviposition or only for shelter could not be determined. At night they emerge and fly about freely. The larva is probably a ‘‘ white grub” feeding on plant roots, but whether particularly on orange roots is doubtful. One species of small black ant occasionally does damage by gnaw- ing the bark of young trees both below and above the surface of the ground. In some cases trees have been girdled and killed by them. The ants build little runways covered with particles of earth cemented together on the trunks of the trees where they are feeding, so that it is comparatively easy to find those trees that are being attacked. Some planters claim good results from brushing off these runways and apply- ing a ring of coal tar to the base of the tree. As coal tar is often dangerous when applied to the bark of young trees, it was suggested to substitute a rosin mixture like a thin, sticky grafting wax, to be applied with a brush. This would cover and promote the healing of — — — - 7 the base of the trees. On digging down one or more pairs of these «Since my return to New York I have found the same fungus on the scale in the greenhouse of the New York Botanical Garden. bJour. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 4 (1903), p. 8. 460 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. injured places and would probably prevent further attacks. These ants do not seem to live in large burrows or ‘Sant hills,” so it is diffi- cult to destroy them with carbon bisulphid. COFFEE. Coffee has long been the leading agricultural crop of Porto Rico. A large part of the hill lands of the interior are probably better adapted to coffee than to any other commercial product. Owing to discouragement over the losses caused by the disastrous hurricane of 1899 and to the continued low prices, many of the estates are being greatly neglected and the production has fallen far below what it should be from so large an acreage. On only too many of the estates weeds and bushes are allowed to grow among the coffee unchecked, and the bananas, originally planted for shade, have multiplied through neglect until the coffee is being smothered. In many cases the trees were too closely planted in the first place and, with this overshading and no attempt at pruning or training, they have spindled up into slender, feeble bushes that are utterly unable to bear a satisfactory crop. Evidently, the greatest need of the coffee industry is for a reform in cultural methods. While coffee may require a certain amount of shade for its best development, it is certainly true that overshading and neglect are disastrous. Experiments to determine the proper amount of shade, the best kind of shade trees, the best dis- tance for planting, and many other practical cultural questions are being undertaken by the Porto Rico Experiment Station at its substa- tion on the Carmelita estate in the hills north of Ponce. Under the able supervision of Mr. Van Leenhoff, the coffee expert of the station, results of great practical value may be expected. While neglect in consequence of low prices is perhaps natural, it should be remembered that in any industry during periods of depression those producers are best able to survive who, by employing the best methods, are able to increase the total output without proportionally increasing the expense. Thus in the Southern States, during the years when 5 cents or less yas the ruling price for cotton, those planters who by good manage-. ment were able to produce a bale to the acre could still come out even, or perhaps make a small profit, while those who only produced a third of a bale per acre were plunged hopelessly into debt. It is the same with coffee. Those who neglect their estates during the present crisis will inevitably be forced out of the business, while for those who by industry and skill succeed in producing maximum crops there is still a reasonable profit even at present prices. | Coffee leaf miner (Leucoptera coffcella).—This insect seems to be the most serious coffee pest in Porto Rico. It is a minute silvery moth. The damage is done in the larval stage when it burrows within the PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 461 leaf tissues, causing the death of irregular areas 1 to 2 centimeters in diameter. When several of these dead areas occur on each leaf, as is often the case, the reduction of active leaf surface is so great as to seriously derange the nutrition of the plant. No natural enemies of this pest were observed. The larvee are so protected, owing to their feeding on the inner tissues of the leaf, that applications of insecti- cides would be useless. The only possible remedy that suggests itself is the laborious one of hand picking and burning the infested leaves. At first thought this would seem impracticable with a crop like coffee on account of the expense. It is probable, however, that thorough work continued for a single season would so nearly exterminate the pest as to give practical immunity for a number of years. If so, the expense would be amply repaid by the increased yields of successive crops. The mature insect is so small that it is not likely that it flies far, and an estate once thoroughly cleaned up would be only slowly reinfested. This method of treatment is at least promising enough to deserve a practical test. A thorough study of the habits of the adult moth might suggest some means by which the insect could be more cheaply combated while in this stage, but in the absence of this knowl- edge no plan of attack can be suggested. The injury done by this insect is serious enough to demand a thorough investigation of its habits and life history. Stilbum leaf spot (Stilbum jflavidum).—In moister locations, and especially where overshaded, coffee leaves are also much spotted by this fungus. The Stilbum spots can easily be distinguished from those caused by the leaf miner by their lighter, nearly white color and regularly rounded outline. They are usually about 1 centimeter in diameter. The leaf miner spots are brown and irregular in outline. At certain times the fruiting bodies of the fungus can be seen with the naked eye abundantly scattered over the spots. They consist of minute, pale, yellow stalks, 2 to 3 millimeters high, ending in a small enlargement or knob. While the Stilbum disease is rather trouble- some under present conditions it is not to be specially feared, since it only occurs where there is too much shade and moisture. It can be completely controlled by a proper thinning of the plantations and the cutting out of excessive shade. Sclerotiui (*) leaf blight.—A peculiar disease of coffee foliage was observed at one spot on the Carmelita estate. The above name is pro- visionally suggested for it, although no true Sclerotia were found. The underside of the leaves were covered by a thin weft of delicate white mycelium. On the petioles and twigs this mycelium was gath- ered into thick, tough brownish strands that advanced rapidly up the stems, spreading out again into a delicate white weft as each leaf was reached. No spore forms were observed, the fungus having the appearance of the mycelium of some of the hymenomycetes. The ‘ 462 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. infected leaves soon blackened and after a time dropped. No trees had been entirely killed by it, but all within the infected area (some- thing less than an acre) were badly injured. It seems to be spreading rapidly in concentric circles,and it was strongly advised that all the infected trees be cut down and burned. The disease was not observed at any other point, and it is hoped that it is not widely distributed. If it should ever become prevalent it could doubtless be held in check by spraying with Bordeaux mixture, but for occasional sporadic out- breaks the cutting and burning of infected trees seems better and safer. The name given above was suggested by the close resemblance of this disease to one that occurs quite frequently on pear and other fruit trees in southern Georgia, Alabama, and northern Florida. During the season of midsummer rains this fungus spreads out over the twigs and foliage much as with this coffee fungus, but during the winter it assumes the form of brown sclerotium-like masses on the older twigs. The rainy season had begun when the coffee fungus was seen in Porto Rico. Whether it forms Sclerotia during the dry sea- son or simply exists in the form of the thick brown strands noted above could not be determined. Coffee root rot.—On one estate in the hills east of Mayaguez a serious root disease of coffee was observed. The roots are gradually killed by the growth of the delicate white mycelium of what is probably some hymenomycetous fungus. This spreads slowly underground from tree to tree. Unfortunately, the ‘* guaba,” one of the leguminous trees most widely planted as a coffee shade, is attacked by the same disease. In fact, it seems more susceptible than the coffee, since the diseased areas often seem to start from a dead or dying *‘ guaba” tree as a cen- ter. Root diseases of this class are very difficult to combat. It may be necessary to entirely abandon the cultivation of coffee on badly infested areas. If so, it becomes a matter of prime importance to know what alternate crop could be safely planted on such infested lands. Where the disease is confined to certain small, well-defined areas it can be kept from spreading by digging and keeping open a deep trench around the infested areas, going deep enough to get well below the lateral spread of the roots. All trees within the area should be dug up and burned and no others planted for a period of years, since such fungi are usually very persistent, living on the dead roots, etc., in the soil. The disease was only observed in this one locality, but reports from various parties indicate that it is somewhat widely scattered. Mealy bug at the root.—On examining the roots of certain feeble- looking trees they were found to be infested by some species of mealy bug. Lack of time prevented a sufficiently thorough investigation to determine whether such cases are abundant enough to cause material PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 463 damage. The trees in question had been stunted by overshading and — neglect. It is doubtful if this trouble will prove a serious one where trees are in a condition of vigorous growth. Leaf-eating insects.—A small gray beetle belonging to the Curcu- lionide is doing much harm by gnawing the expanding terminal buds on the young twigs. As the leaf tissue gets older and harder it does not seem to be attacked. On some trees almost every bud had been gnawed and the young shoots very much injured. A few other unim- portant leaf-eating insects were observed. Spraying with Paris green is the indicated remedy in those cases where the damage is sufficient to justify the expense. Black aphis.—The young twigs of coffee are at times badly infested by a large black aphis (species not determined). At the time of my visit these were comparatively scarce and almost every individual seen showed evidence of being parasitized, probably by some hymen- opterous insect. Coffee scale (Lecanium sp.).—A large brown Lecanium (probably L. hemisphericum) is also at times abundant and destructive, attacking the young growth and also the berries and peduncles. At the time of my visit but little of this scale could be found and that was heavily parasitized by the same white fungus (Sporotrichum?) mentioned above as attacking this scale on the orange. This fungus is so effective in destroying the Lecanium that it is to be hoped some way may be found for successfully cultivating it in the laboratory, so that it can be artificially introduced when natural infection fails to occur. SUGAR CANE. Next to coffee this is the most important commercial crop of the island. Owing to lack of time, it was impossible to make more than a casual investigation of this crop, and only one disease was noted. On the beautifully lying level coast lands, where cane is mostly cultivated, it would seem to be entirely practicable to use horse machinery in preparing and ditching the land and in cultivating the crop to a much greater extent than is now practical. The present excessive depend- ence on hand labor greatly increases the cost of production. Sugar-cane root rot.—On entering Ponce by rail from Yauco con- siderable areas in certain fields were noted from the car windows where the young rattoon canes were very pale in color, in fact, almost milk white, and whose growth was very feeble. On visiting these fields the old stubble and the base of the young canes was found to be envel- oped ina mass of the white mycelium of some hymenomycetous fungus. No fruit bodies of the fungus were found on the stubble or on living canes, but on some pieces of old cane lying on the ground well-devel- oped specimens of a peculiar white Schizophyllum were found. The 464 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. disease resembles closely the Marasmius cane disease of Barbados, @ and some of the other islands. It is possible that it will prove to be this disease, but the symptoms are slightly different, and no fruit bodies of the Marasmius could be found. Sceh/zophyllum lobatum is known as a wound parasite in Java,’ so it seems possible that the Schizophyllum found on the old canes may be connected with this root trouble, but no direct evidence of such a connection was secured. Laborers were at work digging out the dead and dying hills with hoes and replanting them. This will doubtless prove to be a waste of labor as the soil is so well stocked with the fungus that the new cuttings will soon contract the disease. Such areas should be at once plowed up and not replanted to cane for a term of years. So far as observed the disease was mostly confined to certain areas of poor, white, rocky soil, and it was only seen in this one locality. It is hoped that it will prove to be only a local outbreak. The soil on which it was found was poorly suited to cane in the first place and ought not to have been planted to this crop. TOBACCO. Tobacco is an important crop in Porto Rico. The quality of the leaf grown in the open is good, and recent experiments show that under cheese-cloth tents a wrapper leaf of the finest quality can be produced. It was offseason at the time of my visit, so that the only plants seen were those that had produced the regular crop and one rattoon or sucker crop that had been harvested and were now growing a second sucker crop that was being allowed to run up to seed. The indiscriminate saving of seed from such old and exhausted plants can hardly be a wise practice. Tobacco wilt.—In one small field in a sandy river bottom near Ponce, a portion of these old plants were seen to be dying from some wilt disease. On pulling up the freshly wilted plants one or more of the fibrous roots were found to be brown and partially rotted, while the brown- ing had extended up in irregular patches on the main root or crown until this had been girdled. In some cases this browning extended up to the surface of the soil. The disease seemed to involve the bark and cambium layer, but did not at first penetrate to the hard, central, woody tissues and did not discolor the vascular bundles. No fungus was observed on the freshly killed tissues. An agar tube inoculated on the spot with a fragment of the discolored tissue of the cambium layer has developed an abundant growth of bacteria, but no fungi. It has not been possible to make further studies of this disease. It should be carefully investigated, as it shows characteristics that might make it dangerous. «See A. Howard, Diseases of Sugar Cane in the West Indies, Annals of Botany, 17 (1903), pp. 391-413. > Raciborski.. See a review in Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Abt., 5 (1899), p. 169, PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 465 COTTON. Cotton culture is beginning to attract some attention in Porto Rico. I saw no fields of cotton, but scattered plants of the perennial Gossyp- ium barbadense were not uncommon along the roadsides. These thrive so well under conditions of absolute neglect that there can be no doubt as to the success of this crop when properly cultivated. Two leaf diseases were noted. The true cotton rust.—The true cotton rust (Uredo gossypiz) was col- lected on some of these wild plants near Mayaguez. It has heretofore only been reported from Ecuador. It causes small purplish-brown spots on the leaves and would probably cause them to fall prematurely. It is not, however, likely to prove particularly troublesome. It is entirely distinct from any of the diseases that have been called ‘‘ cot- ton rust” in the United States. Cotton areolate mildew.—This well-known disease of the Southern States, caused by Ramularia areola, also occurs on leaves of the wild cotton near Mayaguez. It produces white, frosted patches on the underside of the leaves. It is a disease of secondary importance, mostly occurring only on rank plants in moist places and doing but little harm. COCOANUTS. Cocoanuts are widely planted in Porto Rico. For the most part they seem quite healthy. No trace of either of the serious diseases found in Jamaica® was observed. In the neighborhood of Ponce many of the trees were yellow and some were dying. Inspection showed that the trouble was caused by scale insects. Fortunately, a lepidopterous larva was present in some numbers feeding on the scales. Specimens were secured by Professor Barrett, and it is to be hoped he will succeed in rearing them. Unless this or some other enemy of the scale multiplies very rapidly, a number of trees in the neigh- borhood of Ponce will be lost, as they are very badly infested. CACAO. This crop has so far attracted but little attention in Porto Rico. There are, however, some plantations and others are contemplated. Only a few opportunities for observing this crop were found, and but two diseases were noted. Some complaint was heard of losses of trees from root rot, but no cases were seen. Cacao die bach.—Certain trees that were growing in dry exposed places were gradually dying back from the tips of the branches. The appearance was something the same as where trees are suffering from “See Report on a trip to Jamaica, Jour, New York Bot. Gard,, 4 (1903), pp. 4-7, 8. Doc, 148, 58-2——3 466 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. some root trouble, but in these cases the roots were normal. The bark on the upper more exposed side of the twigs and branches was seen to be brown and diseased for some distance in advance of the death of the leaves. Some small pustules were observed on this diseased area con- taining rather immature pyenidia with large oval, continuous, colorless sporules. In this condition the fungus would be classed as a Macro- phoma, but its appearance suggested that at full maturity the sporules would probably become brown, when they would be classed in Sphee- ropsis; or, if the spore became divided into two cells, in Diplodia. The sporules in the latter genus often remain for some time in this colorless condition before dividing and turning brown. A similar dying back of cacao limbs occurs in Grenada,” caused by Diplodia cacaoicola, P. Henn.’ It seems probable that the Porto Rican fungus will prove to be this species, but unfortunately the material secured does not fully settle the question. Cacao pod rot.—The same pod rot noted in Jamaica’ occurs in Porto Rico. It usually attacks the blossom end first, finally involving the entire pod. The tissues turn brown and are somewhat softened, and the surface is soon covered by a white mold-like growth. This con- sists of delicate filament bearing great numbers of very minute oval spores. In agar cultures larger oblong septate spores are produced, showing that it is probably some species of Fusarium, though the spores are straight, not curved as is usual in this genus. Three rots of cacao pods have been described from the West Indies,’ but this is clearly different from either of them. It promises to be quite destructive, especially during wet weather and where trees are overshaded. PAPAW. The papaw (Carica papaya) is a conspicuous tropical fruit and one that seems to have some commercial possibilities. The tree comes into bearing when less than a year old and produces enormous crops. The ripe fruits, which are about the size and shape of a muskmelon, have a very sweet, rich flesh that is liked by many people. With refrigeration they could doubtless be transported successfully to north- ern markets, where they would in time win a recognized place. The green fruits are boiled and used as a vegetable. Recently some inter- est has been attracted to this crop by its use for the manufacture of a “The Fungoid Diseases of Cacao in the West Indies, Albert Howard, West Indian Bul. 2 (1901), pp. 203-205. >For a further discussion of this fungus see Diplodia cacaoicola, P. Henn, a para- sitic fungus of sugar cane and cacao in the West Indies, Albert Howard, Ann. of Bot., 15 (1901), pp. 683-701. ¢ Jour. New York Bot. Gard., 4 (1903), p. 9. dSee Mr. Howard’s paper on Cacao Diseases, referred to aboye, . PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION. 467 digestive agent that it is claimed is equal to or superior to animal pepsin. Unfortunately, the plant seems rather subject to diseases. Besides the two troubles mentioned below, it is attacked and injured by red spiders during the dry season, and Professor Barrett has observed a bud rot that kills the plant by destroying the terminal bud and the soft tissue at the apex of the stem. No cases of this disease were observed. Papaw scale.—A scale insect, probably Diaspis pentagona, attacks the papaw very seriously and is killing a great many of the trees. No parasites were observed, and spraying will have to be resorted to to save the trees. So faras I know nothing is known as to the resist- ance of papaw foliage to kerosene or other insecticides, and experi- ments would have to be made to determine what tr eatment would be safest and most effective. Papaw leaf blight.— & fungus (Puceiniopsis carice)“ was observed in the neighborhood of San Juan. It forms small (1 millimeter) erumpent black masses on the under side of the leaves and causes more or less yellowing of the surrounding tissues. The attacked leaves fall pre- maturely. It seems more abundant on young seedlings, but was also observed on bearing trees. The damage done by it is usually of minor importance, but when combined with the attacks of the scale it hastens the death of the trees. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture is the indi- cated remedy. BEANS AND COWPEAS. Beans are extensively grown in Porto Rico and constitute an important element in the food supply. The common bean rust (Uro- myces) was observed, and a few cases of two wilt diseases were found. Still a third wilt occurs on the cowpea. Neither of these wilts seemed to be caused by Neocosmospora, the common wilt fungus of the Southern States. They have not been sufficiently studied for further comment at this time. As they are probably of considerable economic importance, they should be fully investigated. ‘Doubtless many other diseases of economic plants occur that were not observed during the short time at my disposal. On the whole, the more important crops do not seem to be unusually subject to serious diseases. In fact, their production is less heavily handicapped in this way than in many competing countries; still enough is recorded above to indicate the need for a careful study of the diseases that do occur. The diseases of tropical plants have received comparatively little atten- tion and the field is a wide and important one, since tropical products seem destined to play an ever-increasing part in the world’s commerce. a Bul. New York Bot. Gusti: 2 (1902), p. 340. Dese ribed specimens sent from Sanibel Island, Florida, by 8. M. Tracy. 468 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. In this connection attention should be called to the fact that so far Porto Rico has no legal protection against the introduction of injurious insects and diseases. ‘The increased interest in the growth of horticul- tural products is certain to lead to the introduction of many new species and varieties of plants. It is by the introduction of infested plants that dangerous insects and diseases are usually disseminated. All of the more important horticultural States have found it necessary to pro- tect their interests by providing for the inspection of nursery stock of all kinds. It would be wise for Porto Rico to follow their example and provide for the eflicient inspection of all imported plants. REVIEW OF IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS FOR 1903. By Etwoon Mrap, Chief of Irrigation Investigations. The following is a résumé of the investigations in irrigation and drainage carried on by this Office during the past season in both the arid and humid portions of the United States and a two-months’ study of irrigation in northern Italy made by the writer. A complete report of the work in some of the States can not be given at this writing, because the computations and tabulations necessary thereto have not been completed. The special studies in irrigation carried on in the different States will be described separately. CALIFORNIA. S. Fortier, Director Montana Experiment Station, in charge. In 1903 the legislature of California appropriated $10,000 to aid this Office in its investigations in California during the fiscal years 1904 and 1905. The agreement for this cooperation provides that each party shall contribute equally to the expenses, and that the work in 1904 shall include studies of the duty of water in irrigation and the factors which influence it; studies of the methods of irrigation employed in California, with a view to securing the adoption of better methods than those now in common use; studies of loss of water from canals and flumes through seepage and evaporation and the best means of alleviating the injuries caused, either by improving the construction of canals or removing surplus water by drainage; studies of the methods and cost of pumping water. The climate of California permits of the production of special crops, such as citrus fruits, grapes, and sugar beets, which have a high acreage value, and which have raised the prices of land and water in California above those of any other State. This intensive agriculture, however, occupies but a small part of the irrigated district. Over 4,000,000 acres of fertile lands are now seeded to wheat and barley, and about 2,000,000 acres in adjacent fields are unproductive summer fallow. The average annual return from this vast acreage of unirri- gated land, including the area summer fallowed, is probably not over $7 an acre. In some of the districts where citrus fruits are grown the high price of land and water has extended the area irrigated until the adoption of the most skillful and economical methods is necessary in order to 469 470 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. serve all the land now being watered. This makes it necessary to determine the methods by which water can be applied to crops with the least waste and least loss. Opinions differ among fruit growers in California as to the kind of furrow to use in orchard irrigation. Ten years ago the shallow fur- row was generally adopted, but the practice in recent years has been toward a less number of deep furrows. The chief reason for this change is the saving of water due to diminished evaporation. Six months ago there was no definite information available as to the difference in evaporation between the two modes of application. Since July last the experiments carried on by this Office in comparing the losses due to evaporation in shallow and deep furrow irrigation show that when water was applied to the surface of bare soil 93 per cent was lost by evaporation. When the same quantity was applied in shallow furrows 3 inches deep the loss was 83 per cent. When applied in furrows 12 inches deep the loss was only 62 per cent. In California it costs from $5 to $15 per acre to prepare land for irrigated crops. The profits from a given acreage will depend in no small degree on the adoption of a suitable method and the manner of preparing the surface and the ditches in accordance with that method. — In order to determine which practice is best suited to a particular crop and furnish irrigators with reliable information on this branch of the subject, a careful study is being made of the different ways in which water is used; he field of inquiry has included the furrow, basin, and check systems of irrigation as well as the various means used to distribute water in shallow and deep furrows. Experiments have been carried on during the past six months with the object of determining the effect of irrigation on the worn-out fields of the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. Cereal and forage crops are being grown in basins made of galvanized iron and the quantity of water added to the typical soils contained in these vessels varies from nothing to 24 inches in depth over the surface. In so far as practicable, natural conditions are maintained and the yield in each receptacle will be compared with the amount of water applied. It is hoped that, if the crops watered show a marked increase in yield, it will tend to induce agriculturists to extend the irrigated area over regions that are now being cultivated by the aid of rainfall alone. In recent years the most pronounced extension of irrigation in Cali- fornia has been due to the use of pumps to provide a water supply. The abundance and low price of petroleum and the utilization of the power of streams to generate electricity have been two important con- tributing causes to this. At the present time crude petroleum costs about 2 cents a gallon. It seems possible that with better transporta- tion facilities the price may be reduced to one-half of this. With such cheap fuel it will be possible for farmers to cooperate in the IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 471 building of large central power plants for the generation of electrical energy by the consumption of crude oil. This energy can be distrib- uted to motors on the respective farms of the shareholders and enable water to be lifted from wells 25 feet deep at a cost of $1 per acre-foot. It seems reasonable to conclude that cheap fuel, together with the utilization of the fall of the mountain streams, will produce cheap power, and that cheap power will tend to increase at a rapid rate the number of pumping plants. This branch of the investigation in California is being carried on as follows: (1) Collecting descriptions of all existing plants and tabulating the results. (2) Making field tests of plants in operation. (3) Measuring the amount of water discharged by different plants and ascertaining the average duty of water under pumping plants. (4) Making laboratory tests to determine the efficiency of various makes of pumps and engines. NEVADA. Gorpon H. True, Professor of Animal Husbandry, Nevada State University, in charge. The legislature of Nevada appropriated $2,000 to aid in cooperative investigations between this Office and the State agricultural experi- ment station. A plan for cooperative studies of the duty of water and the best means of preventing or removing the evils caused by seepage water by drainage was prepared by this Office and submitted to the governor. Consideration of this was delayed until after the time for beginning such studies, and the only investigations carried on this season in Nevada have been made at the State experiment station. These have embraced measurements of the duty of water and deter- minations of the losses from seepage and evaporation in ditches, which are carried on under the direction of Professor True. In addition to these Professor True has made two reports, one on the methods of preparing land for irrigation, and one on certain types of current wheels in use in Nevada. These reports are a part of a general coop- erative investigation carried on under the direction of this Office, to be referred to hereafter. OREGON. James Wirnycomepr, Director Oregon Experiment Station, in charge. ’ S ’ = The irrigation problems of Oregon are of an exceptional character. The western and most populous part of the State is humid. ‘To more than three-fourths of the people irrigation is a matter having no direct interest, and its development in the arid sections has been neglected. In the eastern and central portions of the State are large areas, esti- 472 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. mated by Professor Withycombe to include 8,000,000 acres of land, in which agriculture is on the border line between ability to grow crops without irrigation and failure in attempting to do so. There are other large areas having ample water supply, but where the climatic condi- tions are not as yet understood. It is therefore one of the most attractive and at the same time most difficult fields for the conduct of the studies intrusted to this Office. At a conference held in Portland, Oreg., under the auspices of the chamber of commerce of that place and attended by the director and board of trustees of the State experiment station, it was agreed that the study of the best means of utilizing small quantities of water and a determination of the best means of applying it to crops would be a work of great practical value in the agricultural development of the State. For this purpose special apparatus has been designed by this investigation and installed by Professor Withycombe, by means of which measurements of different quantities of water applied in irriga- tion are being made. At Umatilla 6 tanks 20 inches in diameter and 3 feet deep have been installed. They are filled with soil in such a way as to reproduce natural conditions—that is, in the bottom is placed 13 inches of gravel and sand mixed, and above this 18 inches of voleanic ash and sand mixed, which is the character of the surface soil in that locality. These tanks were filled and weighed, and then water to 15 per cent of the weight of the soil was supplied to each tank. Nos. 5 and 6 were planted to soy beans, Nos. 3 and 4 to barley, and Nos. 1 and 2 are fallowed. One of these tanks will be cultivated—that is, the soil will be stirred similarly to cultivating, and in the other it will remain with- out stirring. These tanks will be weighed about every fifteen days and water supplied to bring them up to their original weight, so that the exact loss of water from the different tanks can be ascertained. Alongside of these tanks in the same inclosure are 5 plats 3 by 6 feet each. They are separated by means of sheet zine embedded into the ground 3 feet deep, so as to reduce the liability of the water per- colating, laterally, from one plat to another, These plats are sup- plied with equal amounts of water, namely, 15 per cent by volume, except No. 4. This is subirrigated by means of an iron pipe placed 18 inches below the surface and running about 4 feet through the middle of the plat, and just one-half the water was supplied to this plat that was supplied to the others. Plat No. 5 is planted with soy beans, plats Nos. 3 and 4 are planted with barley, and the other two are fallowed to be treated similarly to the fallowed tanks. Samples of soil taken from these plats have been forwarded to the chemical laboratory of the Oregon State Experiment Station for moisture determinations at the same time the tanks are weighed. The climatic conditions of different sections of the State are being IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 473 studied for the purpose of selecting localities for experiments to deter- mine the benefits of irrigation, which will fill the subsoil with moisture, will furnish an effective supplement to the rainfall of the succeeding summer, and thus add to the certainty and amoufnt of yields obtained. WASHINGTON. O. L. Water, Professor of Irrigation Engineering, Washington Agricultural Experi- ment Station, in charge. The mest important irrigated district in Washington is the Yakima Valley. Here the large yields of grain, alfalfa, and fruit have given land and water an exceptional value, and have led to a rapid extension of the irrigated area during the past five years. This increased demand on the stream is making imperative better arrangements for the division of water between ditches and its more economical use by farmers. In addition to the extension of irrigation under ditches already built, the construction of a number of other large works is either under way or the preliminary arrangements are far advanced. A canal 41 miles long is being built near Ellensburg; the Indian Bureau of the United States Government is building a canal to water 20,000 acres near Yakima; the Sunnyside Canal is being extended to bring several thousand acres of land under irrigation; and a bigh-line canal, esti- mated to cost $3,000,000, is being surveyed. [Estimates are being prepared for the construction of storage reservoirs, and the complete utilization of this river in the near future is assured. The measurements of acreage irrigated made by this Office show that an area of 110,000 acres of land is now being irrigated and that there is under ditches already constructed an additional area of 130,000 acres which can be irrigated. This makes a total of 240,000 acres which can be supplied when the present ditches have been enlarged and put in better condition. ‘To this can be added a large area of land along the Columbia River. Near Mabton many thousand acres can be supplied from the Indian canal, if it can be extended in that direction. To furnish the water for this land the natural flow of the river can be supplemented by storage. Several natural lakes with a combined capacity of 240,000 acre-feet can be utilized for this purpose with a duty of 110 acres for each cubic foot of water per second. This stream will serve 300,000 acres of land, but with the duty shown in some of the measurements made by this Office, where enough water was applied to the land in a single season to cover it to a depth of 10 feet, it will not serve one-third of that area. The work of this Office is to promote the adoption of methods needed to secure the higher duty. At the present time there are no administrative regulations to pro- tect the rights of the different appropriators or to insure economy in 474 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. the use of water. These will be indispensable in the near future, and the aid of this Office in the gathering of facts needed in preparing these regulations was invoked. As a basis, knowledge of two conditions is indispensable. One fs the amount of waier now being diverted and the other is the amount which returns as seepage. Through the coop- “eration of the different ditch owners, Professor Waller and hig assist- ants have been enabled this summer to obtain complete measurements of the volume of water taken from the stream by the different canals. Comparing this with the records of the stream’s discharge gives an approximate idea of the percentage which returns as seepage and the manner in which this affects the available water supply. Incidentally, it gives the data for determining the average duty of water through- out this entire district—one of the essential facts greatly needed by courts, canal companies, and farmers in organizing the distribution of yater over large areas. Professor Waller reports that this work began on June 20, and that from this time until August 1 he and his assistant were kept busily employed in installing gauge rods, measuring the flow of water in the canals, and gathering data to show the acreage irrigated. He reports that everybody in this valley is interested in the work being done, and that there are urgent requests for information regarding the results; that some of the parties connected with the large projects are anxious to know whether there is any water for them before undertaking the expenditure of large sums of money in ditches or flumes. These investigations, to be reliable, must be continued through another season. The immense amount of preliminary work imposed upon Professor Waller delayed some of the records, so that another season will be necessary to get a complete record. He proposes to put a man in the field early in March in order that he may get over the entire section before water is turned into the ditches, check the gauge rods and canal sections, and determine the conditions regarding depth of soil water where seepage is an important factor. The prac- tical value of this work, both to those engaged in present development and its influence in the establishment of the right kind of laws and customs for the future regulation of water in this district, justifies its efficient prosecution. In addition to these studies an investigation of the drainage problems of this valley was made under the direction of Mr. Elliott, as will be explained in the report of the drainage work of this Office. IDAHO. Apert Evaene Wricat, Agent and Expert, in charge. The irrigation investigations in Idaho during the past year were carried on in cooperation with the State engineer’s office. The prin- cipal fields of this work were in the valleys of Lost River and Raft IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 475 River. On these streams there haye been numerous water-right con- troversies, and much ill feeling has been engendered between ditch owners and settlers because natural conditions make a just division of the stream’s flow exceedingly difficult. . The uncertain question is the extent of seepage losses, both from the main stream and from the ditches. Mr. Wright made an elaborate set of measurements covering 55 miles of the stream’s length. He also measured all of the large and many of the small ditches, and these, in connection with the watermaster’s report of acreage, furnished data for the determination of the duty of water, which varied from 2 acre-feet to 80 acre-feet of water for each acre of land irrigated. The question which confronts the irrigators in this section is how far head gates above should be closed to make up for seepage losses below. There is one place in Lost River where a large part of the water sinks and then reappears. Except during the flood season it seems to make no difference with the flow of the lower part of the stream whether the water in the upper part is diverted or not. The settlers along the upper section contend that their right to divert the stream should be independent of the rights on the lower section, while only definite measurements to show that closing the upper ditches would not benefit them will satisfy the settlers on the lower section that this contention is a just one. The prior rights on the lower sec- tion of the stream amount to about three times the average flow of the river, and this year all of the upper ditches were shut off at the request of the holders of these lower prior rights. Near the lower end of the river a large part of the water sinks. Holders of prior rights along this section contend that it is the use of water above that dries up the channel, although they admit that many times as much water as they claim passes the upper head gates. Because of their contention the water master this year followed the decree rigidly, closed the upper head gates at the demand of the holders of prior rights below, and turned 80 cubic feet of water per second back into the river, although the appropriations of these claim- ants amounted to only 6 cubie feet per second. Not one cubic foot per second of this reached the head gates of the holders of these prior rights. The data obtained by Mr. Wright regarding the location and extent of seepage losses will enable the owners of the lower ditches to locate new head gates where they can be sure of a constant supply and, as this season was an average one, the investigations made seem to be conclusive and will not need repetition. The investigations were begun too late to determine the duty of water for the season, but as this is altogether subordinate to the important question of distribution, it is probable that duty-of-water measurements can be carried on more economically and effectively in other sections. 476 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, The studies on Raft River included about 100 miles of the stream and included an interesting interstate problem, the irrigable lands being scattered over 15 townships in Idaho and 4 in Utah. For the irrigation of these lands 16,436 ‘‘inches” of water are decreed—a volume greatly in excess of the needs of the land now irrigated and more than the stream can furnish. These excess rights have given rise to many bitter personal and neighborhood quarrels, which have been aggravated by the indefinite description of the box through which these ‘*inches” are to be measured. The decree establishing water rights on this river limits them to the land named in the findings, but the courts have not upheld this attach- ment of water to land. The decree also defines the irrigation season as from April 1 to October 1, but specifies that water may be used earlier than April 1 if desired. One irrigator interpreted the word ‘Searlier” to extend to December, and was heavily tined for contempt. One difficulty in the extension of irrigation in this valley is the uncertainty regarding rights to underground water where it sinks in the channel of small streams or reappears in springs. The attempt to sell seepage water rising on a bench some distance from the river has led to controversy and threatened litigation. The seepage losses in the channel of Raft River are very great, and the holders of prior rights on the lower end claim that no water should be diverted until the water reaches the head gates of their ditches, bas- ing this claim on the ground that the amount of water needed to sup- ply their priorities, added to the amount lost in seepage, will absorb all the stream carries. Two or three lawsuits over this question have cost the State several hundred dollars defending the water commis- sioner. The irrigators on Goose Creek, a stream west of Raft River, have the reputation of being the most skillful and economical users of water in Idaho. Rotation has reached a high degree of perfection, water being divided into rights as small as a quarter of an inch and the time of use regulated to the minute. Water rights are dealt in as real estate and are sold at prices varying from $12 to $115 per inch, accord ing to the date of priority. MONTANA. J. S. Baker, Instructor in Civil Engineering, Montana College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, in charge. Investigations in Montana have been carried on in the Yellowstone, Bitter Root, and Gallatin valleys. In the Yellowstone Valley meas- urements to determine the duty of water have been carried on along one of the large canals, and in connection with this a survey has been made of the entire area irrigated and seepage tests made on a number of the larger canals. In these tests we have endeavored to make meas- IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 477 urements at each mile along the canal. This plan has also been fol- lowed in our seepage tests in the other two valleys named. In the Gallatin Valley the duty of water experiments have been continued by measurements of the water used on three different farms. We have also made seepage tests on the Kleinschmidt canal, Cameron ditch, and the High-Line ditch of the West Gallatin Irrigation Company. In the Bitter Root Valley three sets of seepage measurements were made on the river, and similar measurements were made on many of the larger canals. The studies of the duty of water in the Bitter Root Valley have included measurements of the quantity used on 15,000 acres of the Bitter Root farm, and at three other farms located at different points in the valley. In a number of localities in western Montana, notably at Great Falls and in the vicinity of Bozeman, it has been demonstrated that crops can be grown without irrigation, and it is manifest that there are large areas in the State where the addition of a very small supplemental water supply, through the adoption of winter irrigation, the conserva- tion of moisture by proper cultivation, or the construction of small reservoirs or pumping plants, will lead to the settlement and cultivation of large areas where complete irrigation is not practicable. The study of methods for supplementing rainfall by the use of small quantities of water in irrigation is therefore one of the important unsolved prob- lems of agriculture in Montana, and we have selected, 16 miles south west of Great Falls, a 20-acre tract on which to study winter irrigation and different methods of conserving moisture and utilizing small sup- plies. It is intended to select locations in the vicinity of Helena and Bozeman for conducting similar investigations. UTAH. FE. R. MorGan, Agent and Expert; W. W. McLaueGuuin, Assistant in Irrigation Inves- tigations, in charge. Investigations in Utah involve cooperative arrangements with both the State experiment station and the State engineer’s office. Mr. E. R. Morgan, agent and expert, has been carrying on the work in coopera- tion with the State engineer’s office. This has been the determination of the duty of water in different parts of the Weber River irrigation system. Asanaid to this there have been installed in all of the canals, under the direction of the State engineer, adequate head gates and measuring flumes, to permit of an accurate record of the water used. The work this year was largely preliminary to more careful studies next season, Mr. Morgan’s time being devoted to putting in ‘ating flumes and weirs, selecting the localities, and measuring the areas Where duty of water is to be studied. All the expenses of this work, aside from the salary and field expenses of our agent, have been borne either by the State or the farmers and canal owners, 478 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, The Utah Experiment Station, recognizing that the time has come when water must be used with efliciency and economy in order to supply the lands already under ditches, is making a study of the best methods of distributing and using water and has equipped its station with special instruments and apparatus for carrying this on in a systematic way. An agreement for cooperation in this study was entered into in October of the present year. The subjects to be embraced are the determination of the amount of water needed in the irrigation of crops, the time and manner of application to secure the best results, and the ascertainment of the value of water in the irriga- tion of field, orchard, and garden crops. In addition to this study cooperation in certain drainage studies has also been agreed upon, the purpose of this being to determine the most practical way in which drainage may be carried out by farmers. The reclamation of the overwatered lands of the West rests largely in convincing farmers that drainage will pay. Laboratory or special experiments will not satisfy farmers that it is sufficiently profitable to merit their attention, and it is intended in Utah to inaugurate some drainage experiments under the field conditions that the farmer must use and to cultivate the fields thus drained in the same manner that the farmer has ordi- narily followed. In other words, the effort in the drainage investiga- tions in Utah will be to obliterate as far as possible the experimental aspect. WYOMING. B. P. Fiemina, Assistant in Agricultural Engineering, University of Wyoming, in charge. The principal special work in Wyoming was measurements of the duty of water, which were carried on at the agricultural experiment station and on Sand Creek, and in the measurement of the water diverted and the areas irrigated on Horseshoe and Deer creeks. Mr. Fleming also assisted in measurements of water used in Wyoming as a part of the interstate investigation on the Platte River. — COLORADO. C. E. Tarr, Assistant in Irrigation Investigations, in charge. The investigations in Colorado were carried on from the central office in Cheyenne under the direction, in, the earlier part of the sea- son, of Mr. C. T. Johnston, and later in the year, of Mr. C. E. Tait. Because of the large area of Jand irrigated, and the high value of water for irrigation, a large number of reservoirs have been con- structed, and with this construction the complications growing out of the adjustment of rights to water in the natural streams and in the stored supplies have made the questions of distribution in Colorado IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 479 of relatively great importance. These were studied on a number of streams in the Platte River drainage, Mr. Frank Adams having charge of the measurements of the water diverted and the determination of the acreage irrigated in the Cache la Poudre Valley, and Mr. Tait of the measurements to determine the amount of seepage from ditches and fields which returns to the stream. This work had for its primary object the study of the Platte River as an interstate stream. This phase of the work is discussed under another heading. NEBRASKA. O. V. P. Srour, Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska, in charge. The work in Nebraska was divided into three parts: The study of the Platte River as an interstate stream; experiments to determine the quantities of water to apply to different crops to obtain the best results, and the study of drainage and reclamation of alkali lands. The work on the Platte River included measurements of the canals diverting water from both branches of the river from the west line of the State to their confluence, and of those on the main stream. Gauge rods were established in the principal canals near their heads, and records of gauge heights throughout the season were kept for most of the canals. Under some of the canals no irrigation was practiced on account of the heavy rainfall, and no records of gauge heights on such canals were kept. Measurements of the flow of the branches of the river and the main stream were made in the season of lowest water. These with the meas- urements of the canals will help to determine the influence of diver- sions upon the flow of the stream. The measurements on the North Platte extended from the Wyoming line to the junction with the South Platte. Those on the South Platte extended from the Colorado line to Korty Station, about 40 miles below the line, where the flow disap- peared. Measurements on the main stream extended from the junc- tion to Kearney. The work on the Platte included also the gathering of data as to the acreage under the canals, the crops raised, yields, and prices, and the general condition of agriculture in the region. All preparations were made for measuring the water applied to oats, alfalfa, corn, and potatoes, near Lexington, but the heavy rain- fall of the season destroyed the value of the experiments. The work in drainage and reclamation of alkali lands was largely preliminary. The cooperative investigations carried on with the Missouri State Experiment Station were begun in 1901. Since that time the station has built a small storage reservoir. The water used in these experi- ments comes from this reservoir and the city waterworks. During the season of 1903 the experiments included the irrigation of strawberries, asparagus, nursery stock (consisting of apples, peach, and plum trees), onions, and a late irrigation of corn. The season as a whole was not calculated to make a favorable showing for irrigation, as the rainfall of the summer months was considerably more than the average. None of the crops were irrigated until August. The irrigation of strawberries in 1901 and 1902 having shown its value, this feature of the experiment was dropped. In 1902 one plat of irrigated strawberries produced 276 crates per acre, while the unir- rigated one produced only 28. Another irrigated alah produced 290 crates per acre, while the unirrigated produced only 39. Similar results were obtained on all the irr ‘igated and unirrigated areas. The strawberry beds were irrigated this year to determine the effect of watering young plants. These were set in rows + feet apart, the plants 2 feet apart in the rows. The irrigating ditches were made by opening a furrow on one side of each row of plants with a single- shovel plow. The plants were placed on sloping ground and the furrow was run on the upper side of the row, as near to it as possible. Enough water was applied to cover the land to a depth of 54 inches. There were copious rains, which apparently supplied all the moisture needed by the unirrigated plants. Nevertheless, the effects of this watering can not be determined until next season. The critical period in the life of a strawberry plant is during the month of August, and past experiments in irrigation have shown that, if water is supplied in August, it affects the yield of fruit the next year. This year will determine whether an abundant supply of water furnished artificially is of more value than a moderate amount supplied by rain. Aside from the irrigation, the plants on the irrigated and unirrigated area were treated in the same way, and both will be mulched alike ating the winter. In the irrigation of asparagus the sections of the field irrigated are 7 years old and have received each autumn for three or four years a 454 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. heavy dressing of barnyard manure, well worked into the soil. The rows are 4) feet apart, the plants growing thickly in the rows in a mass 12 to 16 inches wide. The land slopes gently to the south. The irrigation ditches were made by furrows with a single-shovel plow working as near the plants as possible without injuring them. Through these furrows water was allowed to run until the soil was thoroughly saturated. The total amount of water applied in two days, August 10 and 12, was 2.4 inches, over the area irrigated. Frequent showers kept the soil supplied with more than a normal amount of moisture during the remainder of August and well into September, yet the irrigated rows showed the effects of the extra water they had received. Within two weeks the watered rows began to show signs of renewed vigor; new shoots began to appear and the branches of the mature plants appeared green at the tip. With the waning of September the brownish appearance of the unirrigated rows was quite noticeable, while the irrigated plants continued green; but the most interesting feature of this experiment was the fact that the unirrigated rows were affected with asparagus rust while the irrigated plants were apparently entirely free from the disease. This shows at least that irrigation does not aggravate this disease and gives rise to the possibility that it may afford a means of overcoming its effects. The photographs in Pl. XXIV, fig. 1, show the difference in size and appearance of aspar- agus plants in the irrigated and unirrigated rows, the stalks photo- graphed being average specimens in point of size from both areas. Pl. XXIV, fig. 2, show near views of sections of the stalks taken from the irrigated and unirrigated rows. The unirrigated were small - and showed plainly the effect of disease. The irrig: ated stalks were large, clean, and healthy. If irrigation shall prove a preventive of asparagus rust it will be of untold value to the gardeners throughout the United States, and if this application of water invigorates the plant sufficiently to cause it to resist a common disease, it is also quite likely that enough surplus food supply will be stored up in the roots to enable them to push out the young edible shoots early in the spring in a more vigorous and abundant faction The nursery stock was irrigated to a depth of 4.67 inches. At the first of November the irrigated trees were not appreciably larger than those not irrigated, but the irrigated trees seemed disposed to con- tinue their growth and probably will outstrip the unirrigated ones, as nursery stock grows until December if it has sufficient moisture. Four varieties of onions were irrigated, the watering beginning July 27 and continuing until the soil was well saturated, 6 inches over the entire area being applied. The crop was harvested the first of September and a careful record kept of the yield on equal areas of irrigated and unirrigated plats, the yield being weighed at the time of harvesting so as to show the total difference, and then the product Senate Doc. No. 148 PLATE XXIV. Fic. 1.—IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS—ASPARAGUS PLANTS FROM IRRIGATED AND UNIRRIGATED ROWS. FiG. 2.—IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS—EFFECT OF IRRIGATION OF ASPARAGUS DURING’ AN ORDINARY SEASON. UNIRRIGATED STALKS BADLY AFFECTED BY RUST. * pr Phiaks 9 oe Senate Doc. No. 148. PLATE XXV. FIG. 1.—iIRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS—YIELD OF ONIONS ON IRRIGATED AND UNIRRIGATED PLATS. FiG. 2.—IRRIGATION EXPERIMENTS—MOVABLE SPRINKLER. ) a Ee ee ai _— . ul e ta te eee ot Ete . "ane a whe! IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 485 was divided into three grades based on size. Of the Silver King variety the increase due to irrigation was 77.6 per cent; the White Portugal, 25.5 per cent, and the Yellow Danvers, 67.6 per cent. The percentage of large-size onions on the irrigated plats was still greater, the difference in the appearance of the crops from irrigated and unir- rigated plats being shown in the photograph. (PI. XXV, fig. 1.) WISCONSIN. A. R. Wurrson, Professor of Agricultural Physics, Wisconsin Agricultural Experi- ment Station, in charge. The irrigation investigations in Wisconsin have embraced studies of the irrigation and drainage requirements of cranberries. The State station has provided for the carrying out of these experiments by securing a lease from the Wisconsin Cranberry Association of about 9 acres of land 10 miles southwest of Grand Rapids. On this the asso- ciation has planted different varieties of vines, representing all those grown in the United States and Alaska, as well as others received from Norway, Russia, Siberia, and Canada. With these are 2 acres of standard vines on which the results of applying different quantities of water and putting it on and taking it off by different methods will be studied. A small reservoir has been constructed and measurements of seepage and evaporation have been begun. Success in cranberry growing depends on the proper use of water. It must be applied at the right time and withdrawn quickly at the right time. At the outset the cranberry growers of Wisconsin made no effort to provide for definite control over water. If nature failed to cover the vines at the right time or uncovered them at the wrong time the crop suffered. The severe drought of 1895 almost destroyed the industry in that State. With its revival came better methods. Dams are being built to collect the surplus water and canals constructed to carry the water pumped from the streams; but with this develop- ment have come new difficulties. More water is needed, larger ditches are required, and organization of water users to secure more system in drawing off water is needed to prevent the work of one neighbor damaging those below him. Much litigation has been caused by this lack of cooperative arrangements and by the construc- tion of inadequate works. The work of this Office is to aid in the organization of this industry, exactly as it is aiding in the organiza- tion of the industry in the arid States, and the first thing needed is expert study in the collection of facts and the aid of expert advice in the formation of plans. The work in that section is being carried on along the following lines: (1) The collection of data from growers as to the amount of water used and their methods of applying it. 456 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. (2) The determination of losses from seepage and evaporation from ground covered by vines as well as from reservoirs. (3) The determination of the effect of standing water at different temperatures on berries and vines in various stages of development and under various conditions of weather. (4) The determination of the coefficient of resistance of peat ditches used for carrying water to and from the vines. (5) The determination of the most effective methods of using water to prevent injury from frost. (6) The effect upon the cranberry marshes of the drainage of adja- cent areas for farm purposes. The results of the present year, while not conclusive, show how greatly the suecess of this industry will be promoted by an efficient system of canals for getting the water on to the ground and getting it off. On June 11 of- this year there was danger of frost. Those who had proper ditches saved their crops. ‘Those who were not so provided lost them. A conservative estimate of the loss in the Cranmoor and Mather regions places this loss at $25,000. The damage due to improper drains in this region, which prevented the removal of the water in time, was greater than that from frost, so that from these two items in the two districts there wasa net loss this year of over $75,000, a sum which would probably be nearly sufficient to construct a system of canals to meet the demands of both districts. NEW JERSEY. FE. B. Voorners, Director New Jersey Experiment Station, in charge. For several years this Office has been cooperating with the State experiment station of New Jersey in a study of the benefits of irriga- tion to market gardeners and experiments with methods of distributing and applying water to the sandy lands along the Atlantic seaboard. The report of Professor Voorhees in 1902 illustrated and described some experiments with ditch lining which had proven effective. Further experiments in this direction were continued this year. In addition to the investigations at the station and in the sandy lands of southern New Jersey, Professor Voorhees visited a number of the market gardeners who are irrigating in the vicinity of New York and Boston, in order to learn something of their methods and whether or not it has paid. All of the reports were favorable, some of the results surprisingly so. The general conclusion seems to be that whenever market gardeners can obtain a water supply by gravity, or by pumping it to a height of 30 feet, it will pay to irrigate, and that ability to secure an emergency supply at much greater expense often saves a year’s crop. The 14 market gardeners interviewed this year have been irrigating from one to twenty-five years; not one proposes to abandon the practice. IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 487 The report of Mr. David Astle, of Vineland, N. J., will serve as an illustration of the others. He irrigates potatoes, eels: onions, toma- toes, celery, Lima beans, cabbage, etc. His water sinh comes from driven wells, is pumped into a tank, and distributed from there through pipes attached to movable sprinklers, the form of sprinkler being devised by Mr. Astle. It is a long pipe, supplied at intervals with spraying nozzles and supported by means of a wheel framework. Water is introduced into this by means of arubber hose. The ground to be watered is supplied from a series of iron pipes, and when one sec- tion has been irrigated the rubber hose is uncoupled and attached to the next tap on the supply pipe. (See Pl. XXYV, fig. 2.) The results of Mr. Astle’s experience this year is told in part in a letter, from which the following extract is taken: I began irrigating in 1899. The first crop watered was an acre of cabbage and the experiment was a great success. In the spring of 1900 I irrigated cabbage, beets, potatoes, and onions with excellent results. Irrigation worked so well that I watered all the crops which could be reached with our pipes. Among the crops were two plats of potatoes, one of which was irrigated and one could not be. The yield from the same area of the irrigated plat was four times that of the unirrigated. In 1902 we irrigated half a plat of ground and left the other half unirrigated. The unirrigated half was two weeks later in maturing and the produce greatly inferior in quality and quantity. During the spring of 1900 we eepaiad garden crops adjacent to a field of hay and some of the water fell on the meadow. We harvested twice as much hay from the irrigated portion, although the rainfall for the season was abundant. During the present year we have irrigated a plat of 246 square rods, 227 of which was planted in potatoes. We began irrigating these March 10 and began digging June 10. They were all sold by the 20th, and we received a little more than $272 for the crop at wholesale rates. During the growth of this crop we had a period of seven weeks in which not a drop of rain fell and without irrigation the crop would have been a complete failure. After the potatoes were harvested 207 rods of the ground was planted in celery. Some of this was injured by a heavy rain and wind- storm while being bleached, but up to the present we have sold at wholesale $278 worth, and more than half remains unsold. LOUISIANA AND TEXAS. Morton A. Atpricn and W. B. Greaory, professors in Tulane University, in charge. Five stations for the measurement of the amount of water used in rice irrigation were established in Louisiana and Texas and complete records obtained from three of them. ‘The others were injured by the breaking of levees, which turned the water in or out of the fields where measurements were being kept, and thus destroyed the accuracy of the records. During the summer of 1902 this Office collected a large number of samples of salt water for the Bureau of Chemistry, and this year our agent has visited the fields on which this water was applied to see whether its effects were noticeable in the subsequent crop. No difli- 488 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. » culty was encountered from the salt water in 1903, the fresh-water supply having been ample. A dam is being constructed in the Mer- mentau River in order to keep out the salt water in seasons of shortage. The effect of this will be watched with much interest. Data has been collected to show the cost of pumping water and to assist in determining the efficiency of different types of pumps. ‘The collection of samples of salt water for the Bureau of Chemistry was interrupted by a change in our agents, but arrangements are being made for the renewal of this cooperation in 1904, The time of Professor Aldrich was given to the collection of data showing the cost of supplying water, the character of the rental agree- ments, and other social and legal questions connected with the use of these streams in irrigation. INVESTIGATIONS ALONG THE ATLANTIC SEABOARD. In February last year, in company with Mr. Samuel G. Stoney, I made an inspection of the rice plantations along the Cooper River, near Charleston, 5. C., for the purpose of ascertaining what could be done for the betterment of conditions along this river. Ever since the war the rice industry along this stream has languished, the total area under cultivation being only about half what it was a half century ago, and many of the plantations and buildings have been abandoned for many years. The inspection was made from a gasoline launch, and we stopped at a number of places where dikes were being built and repaired and saw a number of plantations on which the cost of repairing dikes has led to their disuse. This was the second visit made to this district and it confirmed the conclusion formed at the first one, that the thing most needed to restore the rice industry in this part of the country to its original prosperity is the organization of all the planters along each river into some sort of a cooperative body, haying for its object the maintenance and repairing of the levees according to systematic plans. Such an organization of rice growers would permit of the operation of modern up-to-date machinery for the driving of piles and the building of dikes, and this would lessen the expense of repairs by at least one-half and would greatly improve the character of the work when completed. Such an organization would insure protection of the levees along the stream. As it is now one negligent planter often endangers the safety of the plantations above and below him. The building of better levees is one of the measures needed to insure the protection of these plantations in time of flood. Other improvements are needed to insure an ample water supply in time of drouth. Subsequent to my visit some drainage surveys were made by Mr. Elliott of this Office to ascertain the feasibility of securing a supplementary water supply during the low-water season. It is Senate Doc. No. 148. PLATE XXVI. Fic. 1.—IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS—WOODEN UNDERDRAIN USED IN THE REMOVAL OF SEEPAGE WATER AND ALKALI. FiG. 2.—IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS—AN OPEN DRAIN FOR THE REMOVAL OF WASTE AND SEEPAGE WATER. Senate Doc. No. 148. PLATE XXVIII. IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS—DRAIN DITCH FOR REMOVAL OF SEEPAGE WATER AND ALKALI FROM A Hop YARD. IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 459 believed that these studies of dikes and drains should he continued until enough information has been gained to enable this Office to make definite recommendations for the improvement of the rice industry of this region. At the request of Mr. J. H. Stewart, director of the State experi- ment station of West Virginia, a visit was made to Parkersburg in order to determine whether or not a feasible location could be obtained for pumping water from the Ohio River to irrigate a small experi- mental tract in the vicinity of this city. The wide difference between the high and low water levels of this stream is not a favorable condi- tion for pumping, and it was concluded to examine some of the tribu- tary streams to see if a reservoir which would furnish water by gravity could not be built. The search for such location has not yet been completed. DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. C. G. Exuiorr, Expert in Drainage, in charge. From drainage surveys made in the Fresno district, California, in 1902, plans and estimates were made and published in circular No. 50 of the Office of Experiment Stations. The tract for which drainage was proposed contains about 25 square miles of fruit land which requires drainage to reclaim it from injury which has resulted from excessive quantities of soil water and alkali. Through the efforts of those intimately concerned in the drainage of land in that State requiring combined effort, the passage of a drainage law was secured during the session of the legislature in 1902-3, and a district is now being organized under its provisions. During the summer of 1903 measurements of the fluctuation of ground water were made for the purpose of ascertaining more accurately than had previously been done the quantity of water that should be removed by drainage. These measurements lead to the conclusion that during the month of March 0.15 acre-inch should be drained from each acre in twenty-four hours, in April 0.08 acre-inch, and in May 0.02 acre-inch, in order to prevent the soil water line from rising. The tile-drain system pro- posed for that district is designed to remove 0.09 acre-inch each twenty-four hours. This, from investigations thus far made, it is believed will meet the requirements. At the request of farmers at Sunnyside, Wash., who desired some assistance, examinations and surveys of land showing seepage and alkali were made in the early part of the season of 1903. Drainage for 1,500 acres was planned and surveys, with estimates of cost, were made, together with suggestions for necessary supplemental farm drainage. A district for the execution of this.work has been organ- ized in accordance with the provisions of the State law. The Ahtanum Valley and lands about North Yakima were carefully 490 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. examined during the season. A large underflow of water passes from the higher lands bordering the valley on the north and accumulates on the lower lands during the season. As a result many acres now show serious injury. Drains were laid out for intercepting the soil water from the lands of some farmers who see the necessity of drainage. Suggestions upon the drainage required for several farms have been offered, and investigations have been made in the lower Ahtanum Valley with the view to determining what method should be adopted to reclaim it as a whole from the injury which it has already received from overirrigation and from seepage from higher lands. Examinations have been made of wet lands in the Grey Bull Valley, ear Burlington, Wyo., where the rapid seepage of water through the open gravel beneath the soil has ruined portions of the richest valley land. A simple drainage plan was proposed, which met with favor, and will probably be followed by a few of the most progressive farmers. For the reason that the last two seasons have been excessively wet in the Central West drainage has received marked attention during the past year. The absolute necessity of this improvement has been forced upon the attention of farmers, especially in the States of Iowa and Missouri. During the five or six years previous to the last two there was only an average rainfall, while one. of them (1901) was unusually dry. These years were favorable for the opening up and cultivating of lowlands which, with little or no artificial drainage, produced large crops. The success which attended the cropping of these rich lands under conditions of normal rainfall led to the eultiva- tion of a large acreage of lands which had hitherto been neglected. A considerable part of the Missouri Valley lands between Sioux City and Council Bluffs, Iowa, are of this kind. In Monona and Harrison counties not less than 75,000 acres have been rendered unproductive during the past year, much of it being land equipped with good improvements. The Little Sioux River, with its tributaries, over- flows its banks when at flood height. From the fact that the banks of both the Little Sioux and Missouri rivers are higher than the land between them, the overflow of this stream and the water of rainfall must flow parallel to both until it may be discharged into the Missouri River at some lower point. The difficulties connected with the drain- age of this valley are twofold—(1) protection of the lowlands from the overflow of the streams, and (2) provision for disposal of the surplus rainfall. The plan proposed for this improvement consists in straightening the little Sioux River by making cuts across circuitous bends, thereby adding one-half to its carrying capacity. For the more complete drainage of the land itself it is proposed to build a large relief ditch, 22 miles long, which will discharge into the Missouri River. These improvements are estimated to cost $238,000, for which it is proposed IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 491 to tax 58,000 acres of land. A public meeting was held at which a representative of this Department was invited to explain the plans and discuss their adaptation to the needs of the portion of the valley under discussion. Several propositions for draining lands in Woodbury County, lying directly north of Monona County, were briefly exam- ined and the people of that county, at their request, were addressed at a meeting held at Salix, where the feasibility of the plans proposed, as well as the general principles involved in the drainage of level lands, was discussed. in Buena Vista County the improvement of Coon River is proposed. The channel at the headwaters of this stream is a mere slough, which has been used as an outlet for surface and tile drainage, but, owing to the unusual rainfall, a large acreage of land which has been tile- drained at considerable expense has been flooded. The improvement of this river will involve provision for the drainage of approximately 115,000 acres. The drainage expert of this Office was called upon to confer with the county auditor, attorney, and engineer regarding the proper steps to be taken for starting this project in accordanee with the State drainage Jaws. Surveys for this work are now being made. It should be observed in this connection that the provisions of the State drainage law are meager, many regulations for carrying out efficient drainage work requiring the cooperation of landowners being wanting. Much confusion has arisen in the attempt to organize dis- tricts to execute work in accordance with the law. The county auditors of the State have a committee which is instructed to formu- late such amendments as occur to them as necessary. .-aeeeeee | 3,08 Cotton seed and cotton-seed products..... 1,189 || Poultry feeds 2.52.2 ...:¢-<-.-2 eee eee ; 215 OSIBE = te Lote bao at oe os eee ene 28 || Condimental feeds... .2- 5. So aeaeee eee 200 QOatmilling products. 42622 3-225. eae eee 51 || Animal meals and similar products ...--. 207 Rice and rice milling products.........-.. 23 || Forage crops, fresh and cured, including RVG (8 cet Sipe es pe oe eee 18 SUAS . 2s. oc ecewnsseccee cee se ee eee 798 Rye willing products 22 2. ee ee ee 36 || Sugar-beet pulp and silage and other Spelt and spelt milling products....-.-.... 6 sugar-beet products. -.-.-.-t oso). .asaeeee 12 Sorghum seed ROOtS:. 2: 3.222 .0c6s\sese sess eee 47 When tas. ooo see Seek Sees Pumpkins and stock melons. ...........-.. 11 Wheat milling products... Fruits, fruit pomace, ete. .--2.---eseeeeeee if Gluten meals and feeds ...............---- , 233 | Molasses, molasses feeds, and sugar ....-. 3 Flaxseed, linseed meal, and similar prod- 4 || Miscellaneous...2s. ....... 25.2. eee ee 112 TCR 32s Sess os ee ee. foe ee 71 Brewers’ grains and malt sprouts ......... 265 Total... 2.65 o4o25.55 5 eee 11,749 | As will be seen by the above list the number of analyses of wheat milling products, gluten products, and cotton seed and cotton-seed products is large. This is natural, since these goods are commercial by-products from important industries. The number of analyses of mixed feeds, commercial and proprietary feeds, cereal breakfast-food by-products, and similar feeds is also large. This is undoubtedly due RECENT AMERICAN WORK ON FEEDING STUFFS. o45 in a considerable measure to the great development of the cereal breakfast-food industry, as very many of these materials are by- products from the breakfast-food factories, and consist of shrunken or damaged grain, residues of the manufactured products and similar materials, often mixed with some standard concentrated feed, such as gluten meal. A few analyses have been reported of materials seldom used as feed- ing stuffs, at least in the United States, including saltbushes, almond hulls, olive pomace, Russian thistles, corn silk, leaves of several varie- ties of oak and of poison oak, ete. No complete compilation of analyses of American feeding stuffs has been made in recent years, although a fairly complete summary “ of earlier analyses was issued some years ago. Several of the State experiment stations, following a common custom, have published more or less extended compilations within the last three years. Of these the bulletin by J. T. Willard? published by the Kansas Station, entitled *‘The Exact Calculations of Balanced Rations,” should be mentioned, since the feeding value of the different materials is summarized in a somewhat unusual way. According to the author, ‘‘the bulletin maintains and the method of calculation is based upon the fact that, reduced to a final analysis, the balancing of a ration consists in balancing the feeds used init two by two. In this pairing any of the feeds may be used more than once, and the several quantities of a feed so used are finally added together to obtain the totalsum. Recognition of the compound nature of this sum is essential to an understanding of the theory of the balancing of rations.” The method of calculating balanced rations, on the basis of the protein, fat, and carbohydrate content is described, and a method suggested, regarded as ample for practical requirements, which takes into account only protein and nitrogenous constituents. In addition, a table is given which shows the relative amounts of a number of feeds, arranged in pairs, which may be used to approximate the nutritive ratios called. for by the commonly accepted feeding standards. Figures are given for 14 different ratios. In the author’s opinion ‘**the mixtures given may in many cases constitute a ration; in others a ration may be com- pounded by using, in any proportion desired, any of the various mix- tures having the same nutritive ratio.” The New Jersey Stations’ has published considerable data regarding the variations in price of commercial feeding stuffs during recent years. «Compilation of Analyses of American Feeding Stuffs, E. H. Jenkins and A. L, Winton, U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 11, 1892. » Kansas Sta. Bul. 115. ¢ New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1900, p. 180. 516 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, SPECIAL STUDIES OF FEEDING STUFFS. A number of American investigators have published special studies dealing with different crops, grains, etc., which should be mentioned in a summary of the work on the general subject of feeding stuffs pub- lished during the period covered by this compilation. At the Oregon Station, A. L. Knisely” studied the composition of the different parts of the lupine plant. J. Stewart,’ at the Utah Station, studied the composition of the dif- ferent parts of the Golden Vine field pea, and H. ae Miller,’ of the F ida Station, studied the velvet bean. . D. Smith a carried on an extended investigation at the Michigan sen of the shrinkage of oats, corn fodder and other corn products, and clover hay during storage. At the Alabama Station, J. F. Duggar’ studied the composition of different parts of the cowpea plant. C. H. Jones and B. O. White,’ at the Vermont Station, made special studies of the composition of the nitrogen-free extract matter of pota- toes and artichokes. Chemical studies of the changes in crops during the process of ensiling were made at the Oregon Station by J. Withycombe.?% Work which is regarded as preliminary was carried on by J. Withy- combe and A. L. ieaneely “on treating corn fodders in silos with steam. The chemical composition of such silage was studied, as well as that of silage treated with salt with and without the addition of water, and silage which had received no special treatment. F. S. Shiver’ has made an extended investigation of the composi- tion of the Sea-island cotton plant and its parts. Numerous analyses were made of the seed, kernels, hulls, linters, lint, and meal of two varieties; the constants of Sea-island cotton-seed oil were determined, ‘and the form in which phosphoric acid exists in the meal was studied. The investigations have also included determinations by the pheny]- hydrazin and phloroglucin methods of the pentosans in different parts of the plants. Pentosans were found to be widely distributed in the Sea-island cotton plant and its products, varying in amount from 1.53 per cent in lint to 21.88 per cent in the bulls. J.T. Willard, R. W. Clothier, F. C. Weber, et al.,/ have reported numerous analyses of corn, made during a period of four years. The object of the work has been mainly to improve the protein content of corn, the results indicating that the most practical means for this pur- @ Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 30. f Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 209, 217. + Utah Sta. Bul. 69. g Oregon Sta. Bul. 67. ¢ Florida Sta. Bul. 60. 4 Oregon Sta. Bul. 72. @ Michigan Sta. Bul. 191. éSouth Carolina Sta. Buls. 68 and 78. é Alabama Sta. Bul. 118. J Kansas Sta. Bul. 107. RECENT AMERICAN WORK ON FEEDING STUFES. he pose is the selection of seed corn containing large germs. Extended crossing experiments have been conducted in connection with the chemical investigations. An extended study of the corn kernel and the composition of its different parts has been carried on also at the Illinois Station by C. G. Hopkins and his associates.“ These investigations have for their chief object the modification and improvement of the corn kernel, with a view to increasing its protein content and its consequent value as a feeding stuff. T. B. Osborne,’ at the Connecticut State Station, has continued his important investigations of the composition of proteids and has reported an extended study of the nucleic acid in the wheat embryo, the discovery of which is announced in the report of the station for 1899. T. B. Osborne and I. F. Harris’ have also reported extended inves- + tigations of the form in which nitrogen occurs in proteids contained in feeding stuffs and some other materials, the specific rotation of some of these vegetable proteids, and other topics connected with the chemistry of this important group. (See also p. 522.) The composition of different parts of the alfalfa plant at different stages of growth was reported by H. Snyder and J. A. Hummel? at the Minnesota Station. The feeding value of sorghum canes at different stages of growth, as shown by chemical composition, was studied by R. W. Thatcher? at the Nebraska Station. A special study of the composition of cotton-seed meal was reported by W. A. Withers and G. S. Fraps,’ of the North Carolina Station. In addition to the constituents usually determined, the authors report determinations of betain, cholin, gossypein, organic acids, and several members of the carbohydrate group. The pentosans of cotton-seed meal, they found, are not soluble in diastase, and are contained entirely in the nitrogen-free extract, unless an unusually large quantity of hulls is present. Cotton-seed meal was found to contain neither starch nor an appreciable quantity of sucrose or reducing sugars. C. A. Browne, jr.,% reported a chemical study of rice oil obtained from rice bran. At the Montana Station, F. W. Traphagen” concluded from a @{Tllinois Sta. Buls. 82 and 87. »>Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 365. ae Amer. Chem. Soc:, 25 (1903), Nos. 4, p. 323; 5, p. 474; 8, pp. 837, 842, 848, ¢ Minnesota Sta. Bul. 80. ¢ Nebraska Sta. Bul. 62. J North Carolina Sta. Bul. 179. 9 Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 25 (1903), No. 9. p. 9438, h Montana Sta. Rpt. 1902, p. 58. 518 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. number of analyses of grasses that, when the same species are gath- ered at ditferent periods at different stages of growth, they may differ in composition to a greater degree than grasses of totally different genera collected under similar conditions. R. W. Thatcher, of the Nebraska Station, analyzed a number of samples of different forage crops cut at an interval of three weeks, to study the effect of the time of cutting upon composition. In connection with an investigation of the feeding value of bran, W. Frear and W. A. Hutchison? studied the composition of bran from winter and spring wheat. L. H. Merrill’ investigated the determined and calculated heat of combustion of feeding stuffs and the feces from sheep fed these materials. As an illustration of the discrepancies observed in the case of a number of samples of wheat and various milling products, the difference between the determination and the calculated fuel value ranged from 0.026 to 0.430 calories, or nearly 10 per cent of the total determined quantity. The variations, it is said, were intimately con- nected with the amount of crude fiber present. ~ Ina discussion of feeding farm animals M. E. Jaffa and L. Ander- son” devoted considerable attention to the feeding value of fruits, summarizing a large amount of analytical data on this subject, most of which was derived from station analyses. At the New Hampshire Station F. W. Morse’ carried on a special study of corn silage with reference to the amount of acidity developed by different varieties of corn preserved for different lengths of time. Extensive microscopical studies of the anatomical structure of the seed of a number of cultural varieties of sorghum were carried on by A. L. Winton.’ The same author’ reported similar studies of wheat screenings. At the New Jersey Stations L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street” studied the losses in the fat of corn meal due to the action of molds. On the basis of a large number of analyses the fat in normal corn meal was found to average in amount 47 per cent as much as the protein. Sam- ples which showed under the microscope the presence of Penicillium glaucum had lost from 4.2 to 67.7 per cent of the fat which should «Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1900, p. 73. >Pennsylvania Sta. Bul. 48. ¢Maine Sta. Bul. 67. @California Sta. Bul. 132. ¢New Hampshire Sta. Bul. 96. J Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 6 (1903), p. 337; Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1902, pt. 3, p. 326. g Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 6 (1903), p. 432; Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1902, pt. 3, p. 339. iNew Jersey Stas. Bul. 160. RECENT AMERICAN WORK ON FEEDING STUFFS. 519 have been present if the meals were originally of normal quality. To determine whether the growth of mold was the real cause of the diminished fat content, samples of normal corn meal of known com- position were inoculated with P. glaucum and the mold allowed to grow for nine days at an average of 71° F., under different conditions as regards moisture. The percentage loss of fat was found to range from 1.35 to 12.24, the smallest loss being found in the sample in which there was 10.73 per cent of water present and greatest in the sample having the largest amount of water, viz, 36.24 per cent. In other words, this percentage loss of fat increases with the amount of moisture present. Other tests are very briefly reported, which bear out this opinion. E. B. Hart and W. H. Andrews ®% studied the form in which phos- phorus occurs in feediny stuffs and animal by-products, reaching the ~conclusion that in such materials practically all the phosphorus occurs in organic compounds and that commercial feeding stuffs of vegetable origin do not contain appreciable quantities of phosphorus in inorganic compounds and, furthermore, that feeding stuffs of animal orgin, such as liver meal and dried blood, are also approximately free from such phosphorus compounds. The proportion of the energy of timothy hay available to the animal body was studied by H. P. Armsby and J. A. Fries? at the Pennsyl- yania Station with a respiration calorimeter of the Atwater-Rosa type, which has been elaborated in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department. In determinations of the income and outgo of energy in experiments with steers fed timothy hay, the following tentative conclusions were drawn: The nutritive value of timothy hay, either for maintenance or pro- duction, was not measured in these experiments by its metabolizable energy, but was in every case materially less. In other words, the digestible nutrients of the timothy hay did not replace body tissue in isodynamic proportions. The work of digestion and assimilation in the case of timothy hay appears to be so great that, at the maintenance requirement or even below it, the heat production of the animal is in excess of the amount needed for the maintenance of body temperature. The availability of the metabolizable energy of timothy hay, within the range of these experiments, appears to be a linear function of its amount. ‘The experiments afford no clear indication that the avail- ability is less above the maintenance requirements than below it. (See also p. 535.) Mention should be made of the extended compilation of data regard- ing the feeding value of sugar beets and sugar-beet products, published “New York State Sta. Bul. 238. » Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 1902, p. 96. 520 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, by L. S. Ware.“ This is not an experiment-station publication, but contains in addition to other data summaries of investigations carried on at a number of the stations on sugar beets, their composition, feeding value, etc. ANALYTICAL METHODS. In connection with the work referred to above much attention has necessarily been given to analytical methods. Any discussion of this subject must refer to the work of the Association of Official Agricul- tural Chemists,’ which has devoted much time to the consideration of methods of analyses. In the report of the convention held in 1900 it was recommended by W. H. Krug, referee, on the basis of analyses of samples of wheat, bran, and peas, that the then method of the association for moist- ure be further studied, with the view of fixing the time required and the exact temperature at which the determination must be made. He also recommended further study of the effect of various methods of distillation on the result obtained by the phloroglucin method, and the ‘ determination of the effect of the length of time which the precipitated distillate stands upon the amount of phloroglucin obtained. Recommendations were also made regarding the determination of pentosans and crude fiber by G. S. Fraps. Attention was called to probable sources of error in the official method of distillation in deter- mining pentosans, in the quality of phloroglucin used, and in the composition of the products obtained by distillation of pentosans with hydrochloric acid. A method devised by K6nig was proposed for preparing crude fiber practically free from pentosans. A method of purifying phloroglucin was adopted; also several changes in manipu- lation in the provisional method for the determination of pentosans by means of phloroglucin. ; At the convention of 1901 the report of W. H. Krug, the referee on foods and feeding stuffs, related to the determination of moisture, starch, pentosans, and galactan. The recommendation of the referee dealt mainly with minor changes leading to more exact methods. It was recommended that the method used for drying sugars be adopted as optional for the drying of feeding stuffs. With the phloroglucin method it was recommended that, instead of using 3 grams of material, a quantity of the material be chosen so that the weight of the phloro- glucin obtained shall not exceed 0.3 gram. A number of other minor modifications of this method were suggested. A paper on the determination of pentosan-free crude fiber was pre- “Cattle Feeding with Sugar Beets, Sugar, Molasses, and Sugar-beet Residuum, by L. S$. Ware, Philadelphia, 1902. ¥U.S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Chemistry Buls. 46 rey., 62, 67, and 73. RECENT AMERICAN WORK ON FEEDING STUFES. 521 sented by G. S. Fraps. The result of a test of Kénig’s method, with modifications, for determining pentosan-free crude fiber was reported. The method is found to be much shorter than the official one, the substance being digested, filtered, and washed in three hours. It has the following advantages: It yields a fiber practically free from pentosans, the manipulations are less complicated, and the time is shortened. It requires further study, however, in its application to cotton-seed meal. The author suggested that it be further studied by the referee. The use of air in moisture determination, except in substances con- taining drying oils, was referred by the association to the referee for further study. In the diastase method for starch 20 cubic centi- meters was adopted instead of 40 cubic centimeters in digesting with malt extract. In neutralizing, sodium hydrate in a cooled solution yas adopted in lieu of sodium carbonate while hot. Instead of digest- ing over night with malt extract, two or three hours was considered sufficient. The recommendation for the phloroglucin method was adopted, and several other minor modifications were made. It was recommended that the referee take up the study of the Kénig method for the determination of crude fiber. At the convention of 1902, according to C. A. Browne, jr., referee of feeding stuffs, the work during the year was practically along the same lines as in the past and consisted mainly in the determination of the moisture, fat, and pentosans in samples of timothy hay and dis- tillers’ grains according to the official methods and in the comparison of the official and Kénig methods for crude fiber on both samples. Based upon results obtained by nine analysts, the referee recom- mended a further study of the Kénig method with the additional treat- ment of the fiber with alkali, as by the official method. The referee also recommended the substitution of Kréber’s factors for calculating pentoses and pentosans for those given in the provisional method, which recommendation was adopted. A paper by E. Gudeman, dealing with the manufacture and analysis of gluten feeds, was read. In this paper methods for the determi- nation of fat and of the acidity were compared. At the convention of official agricultural chemists held in 1903, F. D. Fuller“ reported the results of the official and the Dormeyer methods of estimating fat, the higher results being obtained by the latter method. The official method and the Kénig method for estimating crude fiber were also studied. C. A. Browne, jr.,? at the same meeting, among other matters, reported the results of analyses of cattle feeds rich in protein. It was « Experiment Station Record XV, p. 435. » Experiment Station Record XV, p. 436. 522 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. found that when the residues from ordinary ether extraction were digested with pepsin: additional quantities of fat were obtained by again extracting with ether. Under special studies of analytical methods the following articles should also be mentioned: Rk. W. Thatcher“ published an article dealing with filtration in the determination of crude fiber. He modifies the official method by filtering through asbestos wool, placed in a large funnel, on a platinum cone. The residue is washed into a platinum dish, the water evapo- rated, and the determination completed as usual. This procedure is especially adapted to the glycerol-sulphuric acid mixture used in the K6nig method for crude fiber. C. A. Browne, jr., andC. P. Beistle,’ in an article on the discrepancies in the analyses of feeding stuffs, studied pentosans and similar bodies, and G. S. Fraps°¢ studied the methods of estimating pentosans. The nature, determination, and distribution of pentosans in Sea- island cotton was studied by F. S. Shiver,” who compared the phenyl- bydrazin and phloroglucin methods of determination. C. L. Penny’ devised a multiple fat extractor. An apparatus designed to overcome certain difficulties in determining fat was described by H. J. Wheeler and B. L. Hartwell.” F. G. Benedict’ proposed a modification of the method of distilling ammonia in the determination of nitrogen. The methods of deter- mining proteid nitrogen in vegetable materials were critically studied by G. S. Fraps and J. A. Bizzell.” In continuation of earlier work on the constituents of proteids T. B. Osborne’ has reported important articles, including (1) an investiga- tion on the hydrolytic derivative of the globulin edestin and its rela- tion to Weyl’s albuminate and the histon group, (2) the basic character of the protein molecule and the reactions of edestin with definite quantities of acids and alkalis, and (3) a study of sulphur in protein bodies. -(See also p. 517.) E. Gudeman/ studied the determination of fat and acidity in gluten feeds. He found that drying corn gluten feeds in hydrogen, vacuum, or air modifies them sufficiently to give low results for the percentage “Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 24 (1902), p. 1210. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 23 (1901), p. 229. ¢ Amer. Chem. Jour., 25 (1901), p. 501. 4 South Carolina Sta. Bul. 78. ¢ Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1900, p. 85. J Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 268. 7 Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 22 (1900), p. 259. 4 North Carolina Sta. Bul. 174. + Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1900, pt. 4., pp. 388-471. J Science, n. ser., 16 (1902), p. 287. RECENT AMERICAN WORK ON FEEDING STUFFS. 523 of fat and increases the acidity of the extracted fat. The author claims that acidity of feeding stuffs is due to the presence of acid salts and is ro criterion of the quality of the feed or raw materials from which it was made. The determination of sulphur and chlorin in plants was studied by G. S. Fraps,“ and determinations of the sulphur content of a num- ber of vegetable materials were reported by the author and W. A. Withers.’ The determination of pentosan-free crude fiber was studied by G. S. Fraps.¢ MANUFACTURE OF FEEDING STUFFS. In their publications on the composition and value of feeding stuffs a number of the stations have discussed the processes of manufacture. Thus, J. B. Lindsey,” at the Massachusetts Station, described the man- ufacture of concentrated feeds, and at the Pennsylvania Station W. Frear’ described the processes of manufacture of commercial feeds. At the Iowa station W. J. Kennedy and F. W. Marshall’ described the processes of manufacture of tankage and similar materials which are assuming some importance at the present time as a stock feed. CONDIMENTAL AND MEDICINAL FEEDS. A large number of condimental and medicinal feeds are on sale in the United States. Several of the State experiment stations have analyzed such goods and have studied their value in proportion to their cost and as compared with the claims made for them by the manufacturers. The work published during the period covered by this summary includes series of analyses by F. W. Woll,7 W. H. Jordan and C. G. Jenter,” by the Connecticut State Station,’ L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street,’ R. J. Davidson,* E. H. Jenkins et al.,’ W. Frear,” B. W. Kilgore,” and J. B. Lindsey.? The general con- «North Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1902, pp. 42, 44. » North Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1902, p. 53. ¢ North Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1902, p. 59. d Massachusetts Sta. Bul. 78. €Pennsylyania Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1901, pt. 1, p. 559. J Towa Sta. Bul. 65. 9g Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1899, p. 271. hNew York State Sta. Bul. 166. ‘Connecticut State Sta. Bul. 132. Conn. Sta. Rpts. 1900, p. 355; 1902, p. 359. Jj New Jersey Sta. Bul. 153. ‘Virginia Sta. Bul. 107. ‘Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 4, p. 313. Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 28. Pennsylvania Dept. Agr. Bul. 107. “North Carolina Dept. Agr. Bul. 24 (1903), No. 1, p. 78. oMassachusetts Sta. Bul. 71. 524 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. clusion reached is that these materials consist of mixtures of such common drugs as gentian, fenugreek, salt, sulphur, charcoal, sul- phate of magnesia, soda, etc., mixed with cereals, oil meal, and by-products. The cost of such goods is very high in proportion to their nutritive value, and the general opinion seems to be that as remedial agents they are not needed by healthy animals. R. W. Clothier® reported the composition of condimental stock food and also a test in which a lot of 211 sheep fed alfalfa hay and ear corn gained 117 pounds more than a similar lot fed condimental stock food in addition to the hay and corn. C.S. Plumb” tested the value of condimental stock food in fattening swine. In one test the best results were obtained without condimental feed, and in another somewhat greater profits were obtained with a lot fed this material. Discussing these experiments the author states, ‘*‘In themselves there is no special objection to stock foods. In fact, there are brands made that are rich in nutriment and have a high valueasafood. The principal criticism that can be made is the exces- sive price generally charged for them, which is far beyond their value. No doubt in many cases oil meal will give fully as satisfactory results as the stock food.” H. Snyder and J. A. Hummel’ found that steers digested alfalfa hay fed with corn meal much more thoroughly than a similar ration with the addition of condimental food. At the Virginia Station D. O. Nourse and M. Ferguson”? examined a considerable number of condimental feeds and found that they were made up of ordinary concentrated feeds and such drugs as Epsom salts, sulphur, ginger root, fennel seed, gentian, fenugreek, mustard, etc. These drugs are used in small quantities so the price per ton would not greatly exceed that of the concentrated feed used as a base, probably not over $40 per ton, ‘‘ while the price to the consumer is from $140 to $1,600 per ton. ‘‘Tf at any time the animal begins to show improvement, apparently from the use of these powders, it can be attributed rather to the bet- ter care and treatment which the animal in nearly every case receives than to any particular virtue contained in the prepared articles. It is noticeable that in nearly all cases they are recommended to be fed with a mash feed of some kind.” The feeding value of fenugreek, which is an ingredient of many condimental stock foods, is discussed in a recent journal.¢ “Industrialist, 26 (1900), p. 469. @ Virginia Sta. Bul. 144. 5 ’ Indiana Sta. Bul. 93. ¢Farm Students’ Rev., 7 (1902), p. 21. ¢ Minnesota Sta. Bul. 80. o1 bo or RECENT AMERICAN WORK ON FEEDING STUFFS. POISONOUS PLANTS AND INJURIOUS FEEDING STUFFS. The number of farm animals annually injured or killed by eating pois- onous plants is fairly large. The American investigators have devoted considerable attention to the study of these materials, which quite commonly form a part of pasture grasses or cured forage crops. A summary of the work along these lines, published during the time covered by this summary, should include the following: The Nebraska Station Report for 1899 contains notes by C. E. Bessey @ on various poisonous plants growing in that State. At the Montana Station E. V. Wilcox’ published a list of plants which were known to be poisonous, or which were suspected of being injurious to stock. Of the species mentioned. the purple and tall lark- spur, aconite, lupine, death camass, nightshade, and water hemlock are known to have caused the death of a number of animals, while loco weeds are suspected of being injurious. Cases of poisoning by lupines were investigated, and it was found that the most severe losses have been due to eating these plants in the form of hay, the poisoning in all cases being apparently due to eating the ripe or nearly ripe seed. The bulletin also contains an account of the poisoning of cows by feed- ing smutty-oat hay and a study of poisoning believed to be caused by ergot growing on native grasses. D. A. Brodie,’ at the Washington Station, carried on a number of experiments with Znanthe sarmentosa, Angelica genufleca, A. hender- soni, Sium cicutefolium, Heracleum lanatum, Conioselinum gmelini, which indicated that these plants were not poisonous. Death or serious symptoms of poisoning were observed when steers were fed fresh new roots of Cicuta vagans, although neither the young plant nor the mature plant, including roots, proved poisonous. No bad effects were observed when cured Cieuta vagans found in hay was fed to steers. The Division of Botany of the United States Department of Agri- culture published an extended report by V. K. Chesnut and E. VY. Wilcox? on the stock-poisoning plants of Montana. The most impor- tant of these are considered to be Zygadenus venenosus, Delphiniun glaucum, D. bicolor, Ciceuta occidentalis, Aragallus spicatus, A. lagopus, A. splendens, Lupinus leucophyllus, L. sericeus, and L. cyaneus. A number of experiments were made in the treatment of poisoned animals, sheep, cattle, and rabbits, and especially promising results were obtained from the use of permanganate of potash as an oxidizing agent, administered as soon as possible after symptoms of poisoning were manifested. « Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1899, p. 28. >» Montana Sta. Bul. 22. ¢ Washington Sta. Bul. 45. aU. 8. Dept. Agr., Division of Botany Bul. 26. 526 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. V. K. Chesnut” published considerable data on the poisonous plants of the stock ranges of the northern United States, the discussion being partly based on the bulletin referred to above. According to recent experiments at the Vermont Station? the com- mon horsetail (/gu7setum arvense) may cause poisoning when present in hay. It was found that when horses were fed cured horsetail equal in amount to not more than one-fourth of their coarse-fodder ration symptoms of poisoning were noticed and, if the feeding was continued, the horses died. The symptoms of poisoning were less noticeable with young than with old horses, and also when a liberal grain ration was supplied. It was also observed that the green plant was less harmful than the dry, possibly owing to the fact that green fodder is somewhat laxative. The experiments were made by F. A. Rich and L. R. Jones. An important contribution to the subject of injurious feeding stuffs has been made by A. T. Peters, 5S. Avery, and H. B. Slade® of the Nebraska Station, who have for a number of years studied sorghum poisoning and have recently demonstrated the presence of cyanic acid in the green leaves of young and old sorghum plants and Kafir corn. ‘The poison, it is stated, is always present in at least minute traces, but becomes dangerous only when the plant is arrested by dry weather at certain stages of its growth. Sunlight such as prevails in the arid and semiarid parts of the United States causes the development of the poison in excess. When the symptoms of poisoning do not appear so violently as to make medical treatment out of the question, drenching the animal with a solution of corn sirup or with sweet milk is suggested. Thoroughly cured Kafir corn that had been especially deadly before harvesting was fed without producing any symptoms of poisoning. Experiments to study the cause of the injurious effects of cotton- seed meal were carried on with pigs by R. R. Dinwiddie,’ which fur- nished considerable information regarding the length of time which small amounts of cotton-seed meal may be fed, symptoms of poisoning induced by larger amounts, and related topics, but did not show defi- nitely to what the poisonous effects were due. FEEDING-STUFFS INSPECTIONS. Although the experiment stations had from the first analyzed quite generally the feeding stuffs found in the markets and called attention to the variation in their composition and the effect of this upon their real value, there was no inspection and control of concentrated feeding stuffs under law in the United States until 1897. @U.8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1900, p. 305. > Vermont Sta: Bul. 95. ¢ Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 50, 55; Bul. 77. Jour. Comp. Med. and Vet. Arch., 23 (1902), p. 704; Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 25 (1903), p. 55. @ Arkansas Sta. Bul. 76. RECENT AMERICAN WORK ON FEEDING STUFFS. 527 In that year the legislature of Massachusetts passed an act authoriz- ing the experiment station to sample and analyze for protein and fat all concentrated commercial feeding stuffs offered for sale in the State and to publish the results, ‘‘with such additional information as cir- cumstances advise,” omitting the names of the jobbers or local dealers selling the feeding stuffs. The law directs that the samples shall be taken from packages representing not less than 5 per cent of the whole lot inspected, and each sample divided into two equal parts, properly labeled, one duplicate to be retained by the party whose stock is sampled and the other used by the station for analysis. No provi- sion is made by this law for a guaranty of the composition of feeding stuffs and no penalty for selling inferior goods. However, through the influence of the station a considerable number of large manufac- turers and jobbers have been led to place guaranties upon their goods, and intelligent farmers have been aroused to the desirability of buying feeding stuffs only on guaranty. The same year (1897) the State of Maine enacted a law for the inspection of feeding stuffs much more comprehensive in its character, and this law has served as the basis of laws since passed by several other States. The concentrated feeding stuffs coming within the scope of the Maine law include linseed meals, cotton-seed meals, pea meals, cocoa- nut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried brewers’ grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cerealine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, maize and oat chops, ground beef or fish scraps, mixed feeds, and all other material of similar nature, not including hays and straws, the whole seeds or unmixed meals made directly from the entire grains of wheat, rye, barley, oats, maize, buckwheat, and broom corn, or wheat, rye, and buckwheat bran or middlings. The concentrated feeding stuffs as defined are required to bear a label stating the number of net pounds in the package, the name or trade-mark of the material, name and address of the manufacturer or shipper, and the percentage of crude protein and of crude fat, as determined by the methods adopted at the time by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Before offering a concentrated feeding stuff for sale in the State, the manufacturer or dealer must file with the director of the Maine Experiment Station a certified copy of the label to be used on each brand, accompanied, when requested, by a certified sample of the feeding stuff. This is not required of local dealers when the manufacturer or importer has complied with the laws, otherwise the local dealers are liable. An inspection tax of 10 cents per ton is to be paid to the director of the Maine Station, who in return furnishes tags to be affixed to each package stating that the specified charges have been paid. The inspection taxes received by 528 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. the director are paid over to the treasurer of the Maine Station, who is required to make an annual report of receipts and expenditures from the fund, and to turn over to the State treasury all receipts in excess of $3,000 per annum. The inspection is conducted by the director of the station, who is authorized to take samples in person, or by deputy, not exceeding 2 pounds in weight, from any lot or package of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs which may be in the possession of any manufacturer, importer, or dealer in the State, the sample to be drawn in the presence of arepresentative of the dealer. The mixed sample is divided into two equal parts, properly labeled, and one part taken for the inspection, while the other is retained by the dealer. The results of the inspec- tion are published in reports or bulletins from time to time. Failure to comply with the provisions of the law is punishable by a fine of not more than $100 for the first offense and not more than $200 for each subsequent offense. The secretary of the State board of agriculture is made the prosecuting officer under the law, being notified of any violation of its provisions by the director of the experiment station. Upon learning of violations of the act the secre- tary is required to notify the manufacturer, importer, or dealer and give him not less than thirty days in which to comply with the requirements of the act. No prosecution relative to the quality of concentrated feeding stuff is to be made if the same is found substan- tially equivalent to the guaranty. This law went into effect October 1, 1897. The Vermont law, which is modeled on the Maine law, was passed in 1898 and went into effect July 1, 1899. It differs from the Maine law in some minor details. It charges the director of the Vermont Experiment Station with the carrying out of the law and the inspec- tion in practically the same manner as the Maine law. It provides that the percentage of crude fat need not be guaranteed when it is less than 3 per cent. To facilitate the inspection the law requires that all manufacturers and importers of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs shall, upon request, furnish the director of the station with a complete list of the brands of feeding stuffs which they sell in the State, and the names of their agents. The inspection tax received by the director is to be paid to the State treasurer, and from this the station is to be reimbursed for the expense of carrying out the inspection, in no case in excess of the amount of inspection tax received. The penalty for noncompliance with the law is fixed at $50 for the first offense and not more than $100 for each subsequent offense. The director notifies the State treasurer of all violations of the act and the latter institutes the prosecution. The laws of Connecticut and Rhode Island, both of which went into effect July 1, 1899, are almost exactly alike and are both quite similar RECENT AMERICAN WOKK ON FEEDING STUFFS. 529 to the Maine law. The Connecticut law includes in its scope brans and middlings, although State inspection laws generally exempt these materials. Neither the Connecticut nor Rhode Island law imposes an inspection tax. The Connecticut law makes no provision of funds for its execution, but the Rhode Island law carries an appropriation of $1,300 per annum for that purpose. Both laws provide the same penalty as the Maine law, prosecution under the law being in the hands of the State dairy commissioner in the case of the Connecticut law and the board of managers of the Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in the case of Rhode Island. February 13, 1899, the North Carolina general assembly passed what is known as the ‘* pure food law,” which went into effect on August 1 of the same year. Under this law feeding stuffs are analyzed as well as foods, since the law declares that the term ‘** food” shall inelude all articles used by man or domestic animals for food, condiments, or drink, whether simple, mixed, or compound. The State board of agriculture is intrusted with the carrying out of the provisions of the law and is authorized to collect samples, make examinations, and publish the results; to cause all compound, mixed, or blended products to be properly branded; to describe how this shall be done; to fix standards of strength, quality, and purity, and to publish lists of articles exempt from the provisions of the act. When adulteration, misbranding, or other violation is evident, the board of agriculture is directed to certify the fact to the proper solicitor, who shall prosecute without delay in every case. The law provides that any person who shall knowingly manufacture, sell, expose for sale, or have in his possession with intent to sell any article of food which is adulterated or misbranded, or who shall violate any of the provisions of the act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and be fined not to exceed $200 for the first offense and for each subse- quent offense not exceeding $300, or be imprisoned not exceeding one year, or both. The law also provides for the purchase of samples for analysis, and failure to comply with this provision or hindering the work of the State chemist is declared a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not more than $100 or by imprisonment for not more than 100 days, or both. All fines, less legal costs and charges, shall be paid into the treasury of the State for the benefit of the department of agriculture, to be used exclusively in executing the provisions of the pure-food law. The New York law, which went into effect December 1, 1899, is likewise very similar to the Maine law in its general provisions, but differs in requiring a license fee of $25 annually by each manufacturer, importer, or dealer. These license fees are transmitted by the director of the station to the State treasurer, and are used in defray- S. Doc. 148, 58-2——34 530 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ing the expense of the inspection and in enforcing the provisions of the law. The penalty for failure to comply with the provisions of the law is the same as in the case of the Maine law, and is enforced by the State commissioner of agriculture. A clause relating to adulteration of meal or ground grain with mill- ing or manufacturing offals is added, providing that such adulteration, unless plainly marked or indicated upon the package, shall be punish- able by a fine of not less than $25 nor more than $100 for each offense. The New Jersey Station from time to time voluntarily made quite . comprehensive studies of different classes of concentrated feeding stuffs, showing the variation in percentage composition and in relative price. - The legislature on March 15, 1900, passed a law regulating the sale of feeding stuffs in New Jersey, which is very similar in its provision to the Maine law. The experiment station is authorized to secure the collection of samples of every kind of material used for feeding domestic animals, to analyze them, and to publish the results. Penalties varying from $25 to $200 are provided for violating the provisions of the law. : On April 5, 1900, Maryland adopted a feeding-stuff law regulating the manufacture and sale of concentrated feeds, the law being similar in many respects to that of North Carolina. The State chemist of the Maryland Agricultural College is required to collect and analyze samples, and the manufacturer, importer, agent, or seller of the feed- ing stuff is required to pay to the treasurer of the agricultural college an inspection fee of $20 for each brand, and shall receive from the treasurer a license. Failure to comply with the law carries a penalty of $100 to $500, or, under certain conditions, imprisonment of not less than one or more than six months, or both fine and imprisonment. The Pennsylvania legislature passed a feeding-stuff law April 25, 1901, which went into effect on the 1st day of October of the same year. The State secretary of agriculture is intrusted with carrying out the provisions of the law, the necessary expenses being paid out of the State treasury, the maximum amount which may be expended being not more than $5,000 a year. Failure to comply with the law carries a penalty of $50 to $100 and costs, including expenses of analy- sis under certain conditions, with the alternative of from ten to thirty — days’ imprisonment in certain cases, or both fine and imprisonment. May 13, 1901, the Wisconsin legislature passed a law, which went into effect July 1 of that year, regulating the sale and analysis of con- centrated feeding stuffs, which is also similar to the Maine law. The director of the State experiment station is required to analyze or cause to be analyzed at least one sample of every concentrated feeding stuff sold or offered for sale under the law. The penalties provided for violating the law range from $25 to $200. The New Hampshire legislature passed a law regulating the sale of RECENT AMERICAN WORK ON FEEDING STUFFS. 531 concentrated feeding stuffs in 1901, which went into effect December 1 of that year. The law requires that each manufacturer, importer, agent, or seller of any concentrated commercial feeding stuff shall pay annually to the State a license fee of $20. The secretary of the State board of agriculture is instructed to have analyses of the feeding stuffs offered for sale made at the State station. Selling or attempt- ing to sell any commercial feeding stuff without complying with the requirements is punishable by a fine of not more than $100 for the first offense and not more than $200 for each subsequent offense. ‘**Any person who shall adulterate any kind of meal or ground grain with milling or manufacturing offals, or any other substance what- ever, for the purpose of sale,” without stating the fact plainly, or who shall sell, or attempt to dispose of such goods, unless their true character is indicated, shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100 for each offense. The carrying out of the provisions of the law is intrusted to the State board of agriculture, acting through its secre- tary, and the State experiment station. For a time the Tennessee Station conducted an inspection of cotton- seed meals, though such inspection has not been required by State law. In all the States having feeding stuff control laws publications are issued from time to time, giving the text of the laws and results of analyses of feeding stuffs, lists of feeding stuffs on sale with guaran- teed composition, and similar data. In those States in which the carrying on of the laws is intrusted to the experiment stations, these publications are issued as station bulletins or are included in the annual reports. In general it may be said that the laws providing for feeding-stuff inspection have accomplished a great amount of good in diminishing the sale of worthless materials, instructing the people in regard to the composition of feeding stuffs and their comparative value, and at the same time promoting the interests of honest manufacturers and dealers. ADULTERATION OF FEEDING STUFFS. The inspection work carried on in the United States necessarily involves the examination of feeding stuffs with a view to the detection of adulteration or sophistication, and, as has been previously noted, such legislation has in general resulted in the sale of concentrated feeds which are free from adulteration in States with a feeding-stuff law. In a recent publication of the New Jersey Stations, L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street® described two materials which are new adulterants in the New Jersey feed markets. One consisted of the hard, flinty hulls of the rice grain and has been sold under the misleading name «4 New Jersey Stas. Bul. 160, 5382 REPORT OF of ‘rice’ meal.” OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The other consisted of the entire hull of the coffee berry and has been sold under the misleading name of ‘‘cornaline.” J. B. Lindsey“ published data regarding the extent of feeding-stuff adulteration in Massachusetts, and mentioned new feeds which had been placed on the market. FEEDING EXPERIMENTS. Generally speaking, the feeding experiments with farm animals in the United States have been conducted at the experiment. stations. The feeding stuffs and rations tested and the problems studied are very varied. The number of experiments published during the period covered by this compilation is fairly large, and any adequate summary of the work would be too long for the purposes of this paper. following table, which shows the number of publications reporting such experiments issued by the stations, gives an idea of the scope of the work: The Number of publications reporting feeding experiments made with different farm animals. Stations. Calves. Cattle and steers. Chick- | ens. | Horses Cows. | and |mules. Pigs. Sheep and lambs. Alabama College Station Arizona Station Arkansas Station California Station Colorado Station Connecticut State Station Connecticut Storrs Station Florida Station. ... Georgia Station Idaho Station Kansas Station Kentucky Station Louisiana Station Maine Station Maryland Station Massachusetts Station Michigan Station Minnesota Station Mississippi Station Missouri Station Montana Station Nebraska Station Nevada Station New Hampshire Station New Jersey Stations .....-.....-.... New York Cornell Station New York State Station North Dakota Station Oklahoma Station Oregon Station Pennsylvania Station Rhode Island Station South Carolina Station South Dakota Station Tennessee Station Utah Station Vermont Station Virginia Station Washington Station Wisconsin Station West Virginia Station Wyoming Station Total 1 ie 1 i Set pee 1 1| ape teers ede ered 44 16 56 «4 Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1902, p. - RECENT AMERICAN WORK ON FEEDING STUFFS. joe A few feeding experiments have been carried on by American investigators not connected with experiment stations, thus Margaret Bb. Wilson” studied the growth of suckling pigs fed on a diet of skimmed cow’s milk. Several investigators have reported more or less extended data regarding the feeding value of molasses for horses; for instance, G. H. Berns? reported tests in which molasses was successfully employed as a part of the ration for a large number of horses for a considerable time. A number of the stations have published general discussions of feeding problems and summaries of the results obtained. A number of text- books and other treatises discussing the subject have also been issued. Several publications have been prepared by American authors which discuss the feeding of squabs and pigeons and quails in captivity on the basis of personal experience. The following works by station officials dealing with the general sub- ject of feeding should be mentioned: The Feeding of Animals, by W.H. Jordan; New York, 1901. Feeds and Feeding, fourth edition, by W. A. Henry; Madison, Wis., 1902. The Principles of Animal Nutrition, by H. P. Armsby; New York, 1903. The Chemistry of Plant and Animal Life, by H. Snyder; Easton, Pa., 1903. DIGESTIBILITY OF FEEDING STUFFS. At about the date stated as the beginning of the period covered by this summary, a bulletin was published by W. H. Jordan and F. H. Hall,“ summarizing the American digestion experiments with farm animals, exclusive of poultry. Since that time a number of the stations have issued bulletins discussing the subject and have published more or less complete summaries of coefficients of digestibility. One of these by J. B. Lindsey and N. J. Hunting,? of the Massachusetts Sta- tion, contains a reasonably complete summary of the American work, including the results of the experiments with ruminants, swine, horses, and poultry. A summary of digestion experiments with sheep car- ried on at the Massachusetts Station was recently published by J. B. Lindsey et al.¢ The experiments on the digestibility of different feeding stuffs published during the period under consideration include the following: The digestibility of Kafir corn, maize, and cowpeas, ground and unground, was tested with chickens by J. Fields and A. G. Ford.” H. Snyder andJ. A. Hummel? studied the digestibility of hog-millet seed with a pig, finding that this material is equal in digestibility to “Amer. Jour. Physiol., 8 (1902), No. 3, p. 197. > Amer. Vet. Rey., 26 (1902), p. 615. ¢U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 77. 4 Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 195. ¢ Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1902, p. 82. J Oklahoma Sta. Bul. 46. 7 Minnesota Sta. Bul. 80. 5384 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. barley, wheat, and shorts, but is inferior to corn meal or oil meal. The experiment is interesting, since the method of separating the feces was the same as that commonly used in experiments with man, namely, charcoal was given with the last meal before and the first after the test. This imparts a characteristic color to the feces. W. H. Jordan and C. G. Jenter“ studied with sheep the digestibility of commercial oat feed when added to a grain ration. The digestibility of some of the nonnitrogenous constituents of a number of feeding stuffs was tested by G. 5. Fraps? in experiments with sheep, the materials studied including timothy hay, green rape, crab-grass hay fed alone and with cowpea meal, and corn bran and rice bran. The constituents studied included the different members of the carbohydrate group. According to the author the constituents which make the nitrogen-free extract should be arranged in the fol- lowing order as regards digestibility: Sugar, starch, pentosans, and ‘**remainder.” The crude fiber he divides into pseudo-pentosans and residue, the former making up from 0 to 14.4 per cent of the crude fiber, and being as a rule less digestible. J. Fields and A. G. Ford® studied the digestibility of a number of coarse fodders with sheep, the different sorts of forage including Kafir corn, corn, sorghum, black-rice corn, and milo maize. J. M. Bartlett 7 studied with sheep the digestibility of clover hay, clover silage, corn meal fed with clover hay, hay (mostly timothy), oats, oat and pea hay and silage, oat and vetch hay, two mixed feeds, and corn germ. In experiments with sheep J. B. Lindsey’ studied the digestibility of millet, millet hay, millet and soy-bean silage, corn and soy-bean silage, hay (largely June grasses), meadow fescue, Kentucky blue grass, tall-oat grass, distillery grains, oat feed, rye feed, Cleveland flax meal, and a commercial feed. In an extended investigation of the amount of feed required by sheep for a maintenance ration, W. W. Cook/ studied the digestibility of timothy hay alone and fed with corn. C. G. Hopkins’ studied with steers the digestibility of corn fodder (ground corn and cobs and shredded stover) and shredded corn stover. He found that the value of the material was increased by grinding and shredding, shredded corn stover closely resembling timothy hay in composition and digestibility. H. E. Stockbridge,” in experiments with steers, studied the digesti- bility of cassava fed with cotton-seed hulls and cotton-seed meal. In a digestion experiment with steers made by H. K. Miller’ the digestibility of green velvet bean vines and hay was studied. a New York State Sta. Bul. 166. J Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 238. +» North Carolina Sta. Bul. 172. 7 Illinois Sta. Bul. 58. ¢ Oklahoma Sta. Bul. 46. Florida Sta. Bul. 55. d Maine Sta. Bul. 67. i Florida Sta. Bul. 60. ¢ Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 33, 50. RECENT AMERICAN WORK ON FEEDING STUFFS. 535 H. Snyder and J. A. Hummel? in experiments with steers studied the digestibility of alfalfa hay, alone and fed with corn meal with and without a stock feed, and green alfalfa fed alone and with barley and mangels. In the authors’ opinion these trials indicate that in digesti- bility alfalfa hay is equal to red-clover hay. It was more digestible when fed with the grain than when fed alone. The Utah Station’ made artificial digestion experiments with the whole plant, leaves, stalk, and flower of the Golden Vine field pea, and discussed the feeding value of the different parts of the plant and of the whole plant as compared with other feeding stuffs. The digestibility and feeding value of rice bran was studied at the Louisiana Station by C. A. Browne, jr.¢ J. B. Lindsey“ studied with sheep the digestibility of pentosans and other constituents of the carbohydrate group in feeding stuffs, the conclusion being reached that pentosans were as digestible as ‘‘any of the other fodder groups (except in the presence of excessive incrusting substance), and the digested material is practically utilized in the animal organism to the same degree as the other carbohydrates.” The digestibility of a number of edible oils, including cotton-seed oil, was studied by J. F. Moore’ with mice and guinea pigs. METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS. ‘In connection with digestion experiments the income and outgo of nitrogen is frequently determined. This was done in W. W. Cook’s study of the maintenance ration of sheep and in H. Snyder and J. A. Hummel’s study of the digestibility of hog millet. One of the most important of recent contributions to the theoretical discussions of metabolism, especially the metabolism of energy, is H. P. Armsby’s/ recent volume, entitled ‘‘ Principles of Animal Nutri- tion,” which summarizes, in systematic form, the available information which has accumulated in recent years regarding the principles of animal nutrition, especially from the standpoint of energy. A respiration calorimeter of the Atwater-Rosa type, suitable for experiments with steers, has been constructed at the Pennsylvania Experiment Station by H. P. Armsby and J. A. Fries,’ cooperating with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department. (See also p. 519.) After the accuracy of the apparatus had been demonstrated by tests in which alcohol was burned in the respiration chamber, 4 Minnesota Sta. Bul. 80. » Utah Sta. Bul. 69. ¢ Louisiana Planter, 30 (1903), p. 383. 4d Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1902, p. 69. ¢ Arkansas Sta. Bul. 78. J Principles of Animal Nutrition, by H. P. Armsby, New York, 1903. g Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1902, p. 280. 586 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. experiments were carried on with a steer to study the available energy of timothy hay.“ On the basis of theoretical considerations the authors came to the conclusion that for cattle a maintenance ration is a question of tissue replacement rather than of heat production, and, therefore, that the value of a given feeding stuff for maintenance depends upon the availability of its energy. For instance, it is at least very probable that the work of digestion and assimilation in the case of a material like corn meal would be materially less than in the case of hay; or, in other words, that a larger percentage of the energy of the grain would be available for the maintenance of tissue. It would follow from this that in case of a ration consisting largely of grain, a less amount of material or of metabolizable energy would be required for maintenance than in the case of a ration consisting exclusively of coarse fodder. In other words, the maintenance ration is a variable rather than a constant, depending upon the kind of food used. In the experiments reported the maintenance requirement of the steer, aS com- puted, was 10,710 calories, the average weight of the animal during the experiment being approximately 410 kilograms. On the assump- tion that the maintenance requirement is proportional to the two-thirds power of the live weight, this equals 12,197 calories per 500 kilograms live weight. An important feature of the experiments is the information they afford regarding the substituting value of nutrients. This and other theoretical questions connected with the metabolism of matter and energy are discussed at length. @U.8. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Bul. 51. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH APPLES. By C. B. Smiru, Horticultural Editor, Office of Eaperiment Stations. Farm problems are not solved inaday. Often they are not alike two years in succession or in two contiguous localities. But they come up with each recurring season and the experiment stations are asked to solve them. The stations, located under widely varying climatic and soil conditions, undertake their solution. From time to time bulletins and reports are published showing the results obtained. These may cover but one phase of the subject as studied at one or more stations. Other stations in other States may be called upon to study different phases of the same problem. Thus data accumulate. A single bulletin may show but little progress. If one read that alone, it might seem that the advance in agricultural knowledge was slow and fragmentary. It is not, however, by considering the individual results secured at one station in one year that the amount of work accomplished or the pres- ent status of a farm problem can be ascertained, but by study of the combined results secured at all the stations fora series of years. When all the results secured over a long period of time at all the stations are brought together, it is often surprising to tind how large a number of problems have been worked out. This is especially true of all our more common field crops and orchard fruits. To illustrate this and to show just what the nature of the work is that has been done and the advance that has been attained in a particular line, it is proposed to assemble the results thus far secured at the stations with the one crop—apples. No fruit is so largely grown in America as the apple. The number of apple trees and the yield of apples in bushels far exceeds that of all other fruits combined, including citrus fruits and grapes. It is not strange, therefore, that since the establishment of the agricultural experiment stations throughout the country more than 170 bulletins and reports should have been issued on the culture of apples. A large number of these publications report the results of experimental work to show the effects in orchards of clean cultivation, sod, cover crops, fertilizers, root pruning at transplanting, different-length root grafts, crossing, girdling, thinning, harvesting, storing, cold storage, compo- sition, utilization, and other problems. It is work along these lines 537 5388 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. that has been reviewed in this article. ‘The work with varieties and in spraying, and studies of the diseases and insects affecting apples, have been omitted. So much has been done along these lines that, if prop- erly reviewed, it would fill a volume. Attention in this article has therefore been centered on the other questions relating to apple grow- ing which have been investigated by the stations. PERIOD OF GROWTH. In investigating the growth of the branches of apple trees the W iscon- sin Station found” that active branch growth ceased one year June 4, while the following year it continued on many trees until October 1. Cultivation or late rain and favorable weather may induce trees to make a second growth, commencing the middle of July or later. One instance is cited where, out of 325 trees that had made a second growth, 66 per cent were in cultivated ground and 21.1 per cent in sod. On the cultivated soil the branch growth on many trees was as much as one-half inch per day. Many apple grafts, top-worked, continued to grow several weeks later than the stocks. The bark was set on many of the smaller branches by August 15, while on the larger trunks it could still be peeled at that date. Another season the bark slipped readily on all branches up to September 15, and on the larger branches to September 25. Root growth was found active one season as late as October 6, although no growth of twigs had occurred on any of the trees later than July 1. In Tennessee the experiment station found’ that, as a general rule, apple shoots make their principal growth in length before July 1 and that the outermost shoots finish their growth in length sooner than the lower shoots. An examination of the growth of buds on the various trees showed that 50 per cent of all the buds found on Jonathan in 1900 above the lowest limb started into growth by June 30, 1901, and 15 per cent had made shoots three-fourths inch long or more. With York Imperial 60 per cent had started into growth and 28 per cent made shoots. APPLE BUDS AND POLLEN. An extended study has been made by the Wisconsin Station of the development of apple buds and the germination of apple pollen. It was found that leaf buds and flower buds are not structurally distinct. Every bud on the apple tree is formed as a leaf bud and every bud on the tree has the power to become a flower bud. Leaf and flower buds are, in a measure, interchangeable. By pruning away the branch immediately above a flower bud it may be converted into a leaf bud, «Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1900, p. 3. b Tennessee Sta. Bul., Vol. XIV, No. 4. SXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH APPLES. 539 and by ringing a branch just below a leaf bud it may be converted into a flower bud. Factors which tend to the formation of flower buds are any restriction of prepared food in the branches, such as is caused by ringing or a wrinkling of the bark formed by the union of the fruit spur with the branch which supports it. Dry weather is also conducive to the formation of flower buds, since during such dry periods evaporation through the leaves is rapid and sap becomes con- centrated and rich in prepared food. Flower buds are then formed in portions of the tree where there may be no restrictions to the move- ment of the sap, as at the end of young shoots. Whenever the water supply is increased the tendency is to wood growth and the formation of leaf buds. A decrease in water supply tends to make flower buds. A normal growth is accompanied by normal formation of flowers. When the fruit spurs of a healthy tree push into growth or sap sprouts start freely from the old wood, growth is abnormal and fruit production is postponed.“ The first clear evidence of flower buds on the apple tree was found one season June 30.” Another season flower buds for the most part were formed between August 1 and September 3.° Flower buds do not usually form until active wood growth for the season stops. At that time they may begin and continue until cold weather sets in. The same fruit spur has been found to fruit annually in some instances, instead of biennially, as has sometimes been claimed. In the flower buds the calyx and receptacle are first to appear, next the stamens and petals, which are apparently outgrowths of the calyx or receptacle, and finally the pistils, which are extremely slow in developing. The observations indicate that flower buds seldom or never revert to leaf buds, though they may not develop into flowers for several seasons. If heavily shaded they may never bloom; but during very favorable seasons for the formation of flowers all the 1-year old, 2-year old, and 3-year old flower buds, many older buds, and some buds formed during the year, may form embryo flowers. This explains why an excessive fruit crop is always followed by a scanty one. ‘‘ There are no reserve buds. Only the buds formed the preceding season are developed, and the draft on the tree necessary to develop so many apples prevents many of these from forming flowers, even if they are of the annual flowering variety.” ¢ While the production of flower buds on the apple tree is largely controlled by climatic conditions, a number of other factors also enter in over which the orchardist has control. The temperature may be modified by planting on the north or northeastern slopes. Early «Amer. Gard., 22 (1901), No. 332, p. 330. » Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1899, p. 289. ¢ Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 304. 540 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, spring plowing and frequent shallow cultivation will preserve a good supply of moisture in the soil, which is so essential to the growth of healthy leaves and buds. In seasons of excessive rainfall the ground may be left uncultivated to hasten evaporation. In the Northern States it is desirable for the formation of flower buds that wood growth come to an end about July 1. Should growth continue after this date it may be checked by moderate root pruning. This can be accomplished by plowing a furrow down the rows each way, followed by a subsoiler, so that the small roots on each tree can be cut off. Plowing should be followed by a cover crop to evaporate any excess moisture in the soil. At the Rhode Island Station” a study was made of the effect of light on bud development. An examination was made of the number of flower buds on limbs exposed to sunlight as compared with those on limbs partially shaded. The proportion found was 182 clusters on limbs in sunlight and only 136 on limbs partially shaded. This sug- gests the desirability of thinning out the tops of trees that become too luxuriant in wood and leaf growth, so that more flower buds may be produced. The Canada Experimental Farms? report some experiments in which whitewash covering the trees appeared to have but little effect in retarding the swelling of apple buds in the spring. Mulching apples with strawy manure in winter when the ground was deeply frozen and covered with 8 to 12 inches of snow did not retard leafing and blos- soming the following spring. Some of the conditions controlling the germination of apple pollen have been studied and reported upon by the Wisconsin Station.“ In a saturated atmosphere under a bell jar apple anthers failed to burst after fifty-six hours, while in dry air the anthers on duplicate twigs had practically all burst. The experiment is believed to indicate that during periods of protracted rain, or as long as the trees are wet with rain or dew or enveloped in fog, practically no anthers burst and there- fore no pollen is wasted. The anthers were not found to swell per- ceptibly until the maximum temperature reached 70° F. Other laboratory experiments with blossoms indicate that pollen is discharged freely only in warm and dry weather. At a temperature of 40° to 51° F. pollen germination was very feeble, a fact which indicates that the vitality of the pollen is not likely to be injured by exposure to a prolonged rainy period if the weather remains cool. If it rises to 65° or 70° F. the vitality of the pollen may be destroyed. Observations at the New Jersey stations” showed that no apples set when the fruit blossoms were not permitted to get dry during the period of pollination. 4 Rhode Island Sta. Bul. 37. . ¢ Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 289. > Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1899, p. 94. 4% New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1899, p. 221. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH APPLES. 541 Laboratory investigations at the New York State Station “ showed that any of the ordinary insecticides or fungicides prevent the germi- nation of pollen on the stigmatic surface of the pistil if applied before the pollen reaches the pistil. In the orchard spraying mixtures largely prevented the pollination of the freshly opened blossoms and the set- ting of fruit. In some cases the spraying mixtures had a decisive corrosive effect on the tissues of the stamens and pistils. Blossoms which had been open several days before spraying were not seriously injured by spraying mixtures, the fruit setting in abundance. The yield of a number of varieties from spraying in bloom was slightly diminished, but the total marketable fruit was in nowise diminished. On the whole, there was no apparent injury as regards the resulting fruit crop in spraying orchards in full bloom. Fletcher’ has shown that under normal conditions only about one blossom in ten sets fruit, even in the most favorable season and with the most productive varie- ties, so that many of the blossoms that open might be killed by spray- ing or otherwise and still a full crop of fruit be secured. SELF-STERILITY IN APPLES. According to S. W. Fletcher,“ orchard fruits can not be separated into self-sterile and self-fertile varieties, since self-sterility is not a constant character. Some varieties which are self-sterile under one condition may be self-fertile under another. A number of the stations have made observations on the self-sterility or self-fertility of apples. Work at the Delaware Station’ during two seasons indicates that prac- tically all the more important varieties grown on the Chesapeake pen- insula are probably self-sterile. July and Bough, both of little com- mercial importance, were the only varieties that set any considerable amount of fruit when self-pollinated. Astrakhan, Early Harvest, and Yellow Transparent were more or less self-fertile and, under favorable conditions, might produce crops. The varieties that were found self- sterile, or nearly so, were Early Ripe, English Russet, Fanny, Gilpin, Gravenstein, Grimes, Lily of Kent, Missouri Pippin, Nero, Paragon, Red Streak, Stark, Stamen, Strawberry, William Favorite, and Wine- sap. The self-fertile kinds were confined almost exclusively to sum- mer sorts. Gilpin, a winter sort, set a few fruits, but they dropped as the season advanced. At the Vermont Station” the following varieties were found to be self-sterile: Rhode Island Greening, Ben Davis, Hawley, King, North- ern, Northern Spy, Porter, Red Astrakhan, Red Kennedy, Roseau, Rox- bury Russet, Tolman Sweet, Wealthy, Westfield (Seek-no-further), and William Favorite. The varieties Baldwin, Esopus, and Fameuse were a New York State Sta. Bul. 196. ¢ Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 83. b New York Cornell Sta. Bul. 181. 4 Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1900, p. 362. 542 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. slightly self-fertile. One Baldwin fruit set out of 150 blossoms coy- ered, 1 Esopus out of 86 blossoms covered, and 1 Fameuse out of 223 blossoms covered. At the Kansas Station,“ Grimes Golden, Arkansas Black, and Mam- moth Black Twig failed to set a single fruit without cross-fertilization, and Huntsman was practically self-sterile. The variety Ben Davis, which was found self-sterile in Vermont and also in Canada, proved self-fertile at the Kansas Station. Twenty-six out of 100 blossoms of this variety covered set fruit. The self-pollinated fruit, however, was not so large or so vigorous as that from cross*fertilized blossoms. There was also a greater tendency of the self-pollinated fruits to fall from the tree before they attained the size of a hazelnut. They responded readily, however, to the pollen of almost any other variety. Jonathan, Huntsman, and Cooper Early proved especially valuable as pollenizers in orchards. The varieties Cooper Early, Jonathan, Smith Cider, Smokehouse, White Pearmain, and Wine were all more or less self-fertile. Experiments in intercrossing varieties of apples at the Delaware Station? indicate that Paragon, Stamen, Winesap, and Lily of Kent— all weak pollen bearers except the latter—are intersterile and should not be planted together in commercial orchards for the purpose of cross-pollination. Fletcher’ found the varieties Bellflower, Primate Spitzenburg, Willow Twig, and Winesap to tend toward self-sterility. The varieties Stark, Longfield, and Tolman Sweet were self-fertile, but much larger fruits of Stark and Longfield were obtained when they were cross-fertilized. There appeared to be no increase in size from cross-fertilizing Tolman Sweet. In Canada H. 8. Peart” reports that the varieties Alexander, Baldwin, Chenango, Early Harvest, Greening, Holland, Twenty Ounce, and Ontario showed a certain amount of self-fertility when the blossoms were covered with paper bags. Twenty-one other varieties were found self-sterile. The eight varieties which are men- tioned specifically as being self-sterile are Blenheim, Ben Davis, Canada Red, King, Mann, Fameuse, Spy, and Ribston. The Spy was found to bloom at the same period as Ben Davis and Princess Louise. The data secured at the above stations show that a very large number of varieties of apples are self-sterile. Further experiment with other varieties is likely to increase the list of self-sterile sorts. The practical conclusion that can be drawn from this work is that large blocks of apples of a single variety should never be planted. Two or more varieties should be mixed in alternating rows. Varieties stand- ing next to each other should be such as will blossom at the same time and be capable of cross-fertilizing each other. “Industrialist, 29 (1902), No. 11, p. 163. ¢ New York Cornell Sta. Bul. 181. > Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 83. 4 Canad. Hort., 26 (1903), No.9, p. 361. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH APPLES. 543 In a study of the blooming period of varieties of apples at the Dela- ware Station it was found that good tillage, spraying, fertilizing, etc... extended the period of flower-bud formation in the fall and seemed to prolong the blossoming period in the spring, while on poor, unculti- rated soils the blooming period was shortened. In studying the agents of pollination in Kansas, Greene “ found that honeybees were most useful. He found that bees worked for the most part on the side of the tree away from the wind. With an east wind 20 bees were counted on the west side of a Huntsman tree in full bloom and but eight’on the east side. These figures were duplicated with other varieties. Bees were noticed to visit the same flower five or six times within the course of twenty-five or thirty minutes. While the honeybee was found the greatest agent in pollination, enough other bees were present to insure a crop of fruit when the weather was favorable. Microscopic slides carefully prepared with adhesive material and placed at different distances from trees in full bloom in such a manner as to catch any pollen that might be carried by the wind indicate that the wind does aid in pollination, though not to any great extent in the case of apples. CROSSING. Experiments in cross-breeding Russian varieties of apples at the Iowa Station’ would seem to indicate that ** hardiness follows largely the mother variety and that the fruit is most frequently modified by the male parent.” The Canadian experiment stations have reported the results of extensive work in cross-breeding hardy varieties of apples and crabs for planting in the uncongenial regions of the Northwest. Of 200 of the hardiest varieties of apples and crabs planted at Brandon and Indian Head, none produced fruits except seedlings of Pyrus baccata. The blossoms of this apple have been cross-fertilized with pollen from such hardy improved sorts as Tetofsky, Wealthy, and Duchess, and also with pollen of Transcendent, Hyslop, and Orange crabs. A number of trees from these crosses have fruited and the fruits have proved a great advance on the original crab. Sixteen or seventeen varieties have been named and a number distributed through- out different sections of the Northwest. While the apples secured are small, they make very good apple sauce and jelly and promise to be of great usefulness to people in those cold regions. ROOT GRAFTING. Several of the experiment stations have made experiments in using different lengths of roots and scions in grafting. The most extensive « Industrialist, 29 (1902), No. 11. blowa Sta. Buls. 14 and 32. 544 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, work along this line has been reported by the Kansas Station.¢ The experiments extended over a number of years and included tests of the value of 24, 12, and 6-inch. scions grafted above and below the crown, and of the use of whole roots and of different-length piece roots. The longest scion uniformly produced the best trees, but it is not believed that the increased growth is sufficient to pay for the expense and trouble of making 24-inch scions, and it is believed doubt- ful if it would pay for 12-inch scions. The growth on whole roots was somewhat greater during the two years than on piece roots. The third year, however, this difference largely disappeared. An examination of an orchard set with trees grown on whole roots, piece roots, and budded stock showed that the trees had made fully as good or better growth on the piece root and budded stock ten years after planting as on the whole-root stock. The work of the station leads to the conclu- sion that the manner of propagation counts for little after growth commences. Whole-root grafted apple trees are of no greater value to the buyer than trees grafted on piece roots of 5, 4, or 24 inches in length. There was no constant difference in grafting an inch above the crown or an inch below it when the trees were set 3 or 4 inches deep in the soil. In these experiments the principal root growth was made at or just below the union of the stock and scion. In experiments at the Illinois Station’ no better results were obtained with whole roots than with piece roots of the same size. Roots with the small side branches left on gave better results than roots of the same size with the rootlets cut away. Roots 5 inches long gave better results than roots 4 inches, 2 inches, or 1 inch long. When not trimmed, roots 5 inches long gave nearly as good results as roots 10 inches long. At the Alabama Station’ 1-year-old trees which had been grafted on the bottom half of roots made a better growth than trees which had been grafted on the upper half of roots or on whole roots, and it is believed from the results obtained that the superior advan- tages claimed for whole roots are without foundation. In an experi- ment with Summer Wafer apples at the Oregon Station” grafting on whole roots appeared to give slightly better results than grafting on either the lower half or upper half of the root. When the work at all of the different experiment stations in root grafting is carefully reviewed, the conclusion seems inevitable that, for all practical purposes, grafting the apple on pieces of roots 23 to 5 inches long is likely to prove most profitable to the grower and equally satisfactory to the planter. «Kansas Sta. Buls. 65 and 106. ¢ Alabama College Sta. Bul. 98. bTllinois Sta. Bul. 21. 4 Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 36. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH APPLES. 545 PLANTING AND PRUNING TREES. A comparison was made at the Nebraska Station” of the growth in the orchard of 1-year whips, 2-year whips, 2-year tops on 3-year roots, and 2-year limb trees. At the end of three years there was a slight advantage in growth in favor of the 3-year-old trees. The 2-year limb trees stood second. The 1-year trees were smallest, but had made a much larger growth relatively than the older trees. The results are believed to indicate that it is better to plant l-year trees, if available, rather than wait another year in order to get older trees. Cutting back apple trees after planting to 1 mere whip is not believed to be good practice. While such trees are as likely to live, they lose in growth. Shortening the branch back about half seemed to give better results than not heading it at all and was much better than pruning to a whip. In a similar series of experiments at the Rhode Island Station,’ covering a period of three years, Professor Card came to the conclusion that, for practical purposes, the most rational method of transplanting trees in the orchard is to leave on all sound roots and shorten back the tops about half. Other experiments at the Nebraska Station indicate that fall-planted trees do make some root growth late in the fall and early in the spring before leaf growth starts. Notwith- standing this fact, however, it is believed that fall planting will not prove as satisfactory in that State as spring planting, because of the drying effects on the trees over winter. In Wyoming’ a test was made of eastern versus western grown trees. At the end of the year 38 per cent of the trees obtained from New York had died, while only 9 per cent of those obtained from Colorado had died. In another experiment the figures were 324 per cent and 17 per cent, respectively. in favor of western trees. In experiments reported by the Woburn Experiment Fruit Farm in England,’ where trees were not cut back at planting nor subsequently pruned, they were straggling in form and there was a general loss in vigor of growth. Nevertheless, the amount of fruit borne by such trees was in excess of the average. When the trees were cut back at planting and not subsequently pruned they assumed the general straggling form noted above, but suffered no loss in vigor of growth. The experiments were slightly in favor of an immediate cutting back on setting rather than waiting until a year later. Trees root-pruned every year for four years after planting out made but little more than half the growth of normal trees, and those root-pruned every other aNebraska Sta. Bul. 56. » Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 238. . ¢ Wyoming Sta. Bul. 34. @Woburn Expt. Fruit Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 106, 252, S. Doe. 148, 58-2— —35 546 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. year only about two-thirds as great a growth. The crops borne by these trees, however, were heavy in proportion to their size. Some experiments in pruning trees every two months during the year at the Nebraska Station” seemed to indicate the growing season as most preferable, since the wound healed better than when made in the winter. As to making the wounds smooth or rough, but very little difference could be noticed, what difference there was being in favor of leaving them rough. Untreated wounds seemed to heal as well as those covered with wax, paint, or like material, but checked worst of all. Lead paint was as satisfactory a material for covering the wounds as anything tried, followed closely by grafting wax. Coal tar seemed to prevent healing. Shellac was a failure; it neither aided in healing nor prevented checking. Pine tar had nothing to recommend it. Prof. E. 8. Goff? has pointed out that as apple trees increase in age the size of the fruit tends to become smaller. This is believed to be due to the increased difficulty of sap circulation in the fruit-bearing tree. He cites an instance in which water sprouts on part of an apple tree were allowed to develop in place of a large limb that had been broken off. The fruit on this portion of the tree was much larger than on the remaining old portions of the tree. The question is therefore raised whether the size of fruit on old apple or pear trees can not be maintained by a careful system of renewal pruning. Some data are given by the West Virginia Station’ to show the effect of top grafting and root grafting on the longevity of some varieties of apples. Trees of the King apple, twenty years old, top- worked on seedlings were in fairly good condition, while others of the same variety root-grafted and set in the same orchard at the same time had been dead for ten years. Ten top-grafted and ten root-grafted Walldow apple trees were set in an orchard at the same time. The top-worked trees at the age of twenty years were alive and thrifty, while of the root-grafted trees only one limb of one tree was living, the majority of the trees having died between the ages of five and ten years. In an apple orchard planted with 100 root-grafted and 70 top- grafted trees, 44 per cent of the former and only 7.2 per cent of the latter had died. In propagating varieties of apples that have weak trunks top graft- ing, or even better, double working is recommended. For double working Tolman Sweet is considered a good variety, since it possesses close, smooth bark, a strong yet not rapid growth, and a great length of life. In this connection G. T. Powell reports that he has success- fully grown the King apple in New York by using the Northern Spy @ Nebraska Sta. Bul. 50. b Amer. Gard., 23 (1902), No. 385, p. 302. ¢ West Virginia Sta. Bul. 47. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK !WITH APPLES. 547 as a foundation stock. In this work choice buds taken from trees that regularly produced an excellent quality of fruit were used. No canker has appeared on these trees during the past ten years. The trees have shown unusual thrift and vigor and the fruit has been uniformly fine. The Delaware Station“ also considers the Spy an ideal stock to top work. ROOT PRUNING APPLE TREES. About 1890 H. M. Stringfellow, of Texas, wrote a series of articles on fruit growing, in which he urged the advantage and desirability of cutting off all roots of nursery trees at transplanting time to mere stubs and cutting back the stem to about a foot. So many were the advantages claimed for this method and so strenuously were they pre- sented that a number of stations took up the matter and made careful experiments with different orchard fruits to see what there was in it. Only the results secured with apples will be considered here. At the Georgia Station? apple trees were pruned to mere knobs and planted in dibble holes on a red loam with a stiff red-clay subsoil, in comparison with trees with whole roots planted in the usual manner in standard holes. The root-pruned trees made fewer, deeper, larger, and more robust roots than the other trees, the depth of penetration for typical roots being 174 inches against 94 inches for the unpruned trees. From this experiment with apple and other fruits it is con- cluded that stub-pruned apple trees will live and flourish under Georgia conditions. In some experiments reported by the Oregon Station’ every alter nate tree in a row containing 24 trees was pruned by the Stringfellow system, while the others were root-pruned and the tops cut back 30 inches. At the end of two years it was practically impossible to tell by the eye alone which tree had been pruned according to the String- fellow method and which had not. Two trees set out at the same time, without either top or root pruning, presented a very unthrifty appear- ance in comparison with the pruned trees. In one test at the Montana Station” 60 per cent of stub root-pruned trees lived over winter, while 70 per cent of those not root pruned lived. In another experiment at the station‘ 89 trees of Wealthy and Alexander were stub pruned, stem cut back 12 inches, and the club thus left set with a crowbar. By July the same year 18 per cent of the trees were dead, 56 per cent in good condition, and the rest weak. The fact that 75 per cent of the dead trees were of the Alexander variety is taken as indicating marked difference in the ability of the different varieties to withstand this treatment. 4 Delaware Sta. Bul. 48. d Montana Sta. Bul. 24. » Georgia Sta. Bul. 40. ¢ Montana Sta. Bul. 28. ¢ Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 36, 548 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. At the Nebraska Station” Professor Card planted 25 apple trees root pruned according to the Stringfellow method, 25 with roots cut back one-half, and 25 with the roots wholly untrimmed, just as received from the nursery. The Stringfellow pruned trees started into growth much slower than the others and made a much poorer root development. Nine of the trees died during the season and the remainder made a very poor growth, while none of the trees with the roots shortened half or left without pruning died. Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1896, p. 164. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH APPLES. 559 of grain per acre extracts from the soil 6.5 pounds potash, 12.4 pounds phosphates, and 25 pounds nitrogen. If the straw be added the total amount of these elements removed is 32 pounds potash, 20 pounds phosphates, and 35 pounds nitrogen per acre. A consideration of all these data indicates that the annual draft of a bearing orchard on soil fertility is fully as great as the annual draft of a goodcrop of wheat and hence, if it be necessary to fertilize for wheat, itisjustas essential to fertilize forapples. Robertsalso analyzed thrifty young apple trees from the nursery, and from the data obtained esti- mated that an acre of nursery apple stock 3 years old would remove from the soil about 29 pounds nitrogen, 10 pounds phosphoric acid, and 20 pounds potash. These are much smaller amounts of fertilizing ele- ments than would be removed by a good crop of wheat in a single year. Similar analyses at the New York State Station” showed nurs- ery stock to be much less exhaustive on the soil than a crop of grain. The usual failure to raise nursery stock with success continuously on the same land is believed to be due to the fact that the readily available fertilizing materials have been exhausted in the rapid growth of the stock and to the fact that the ground is not always cultivated when it is in the best condition. At the Iowa Station? apple twigs of hardy and tender varieties were analyzed to determine whether there exists in midwinter a character- istic difference in the composition of the new growths. The same twigs were also studied microscopically. While some differences were found no definite conclusions could be drawn from the work. In a study of the moisture content of the twigs of different varieties of apples Shutt® found that there was a ** distinct relationship between the moisture content of the twig and its power to resist the action of frost, and that those trees whose new growth contains the largest percentage of water as winter approaches are in all probability most tender.” The Missouri Station” also made an examination of apple twigs, analyses being made of the ash of water sprouts and the bearing twigs. Striking differences were found, as is shown in the following table: Composition of the ash of water sprouts and fruit tivigs. Phosphoric acid. | Lime. Potash. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. Water sprouts ........... SRE PENCE Oe ie 0.9713 | 0.9157 0. 2916 PUSS MINI te eis sane apes ece.(ce > woerm cmos wae dn carota’ ont ae ee neaniateae 2. 2864 . 9589 . 4651 a4New York State Sta. Rpt. 1892, p. 173. » Towa Sta. Bul. 4. ¢Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. ser., 9 (1903), Sec. IV, p. 149. 7 Missouri Sta. Rpt. 1898, p. 77. 560 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ‘**Surely the much larger absolute amount of lime, phosphoric aeid, and potash in the bearing twigs must be either the cause or condition of their bearing.” The Missouri Station also reports the results of anal- yses of the leaves and peelings of fruit of Ben Davis apple trees that had been fertilized with sulphate of iron. The fruit borne on the trees which had been fertilized with this substance had a much deeper color than that from unfertilized trees, but contrary to expectation the ash of the leaves and peelings contained less sulphate of iron than was found in the leaves and peelings of fruit grown on trees which had not received the sulphate of iron. At Wye College, in England, sul- phate of iron used in connection with complete fertilizers had no effect on the color of apples.“ An excess of phosphate resulted in highly colored apples, but there was no noticeable effect on color due either to the absence or excess of potash. When expensive commercial fertilizers are used in orchards they should be accompanied by thorough tillage and spraying, otherwise the cost of the fertilizers may far exceed the returns from their use. It is only in the best-tilled orchards that commercial fertilizers can be used profitably. Professor Bailey states’? that in his opinion it will not pay to add commercial fertilizers to the general run of fruit plan- tations in New York. Tillage and other treatment are not good enough to warrant the extra expense. He gives an account of an experiment with a bearing orchard in sod in which one lot of trees was top-dressed with 750 pounds of either muriate or sulphate of pot- ash, but not cultivated. Another plat was given clean cultivation but no fertilizers, while a third plat received both cultivation and 750 pounds of sulphate of potash per acre. Neither tillage alone nor fer- tilizers alone gave beneficial results, but the two combined resulted in amore vigorous, darker-green foliage and better yield. The apples on the cultivated and fertilized plat were 7 to 10 days later than the others and were less highly colored. Another experiment with an unprofitable orchard 25 years old is recorded. An expert upon examining the orchard thought that it needed potash. Fertilizers were applied to the orchard in August. Some trees were given 10 pounds of nitrate of soda each, others received 10 pounds muriate of potash, others 10 pounds sulphate of potash, and others both muriate and sulphate. The fertilizers were applied as far as the spread of the Iimbs. They were lightly plowed in and harrowed. No results from the fertilizers were observable the following year, but the second year the foliage of the nitrated trees was remarkably darker and more vigorous than the others and bore a heavier load of fruit. These same results were observable the fol- lowing year, but in a less degree. The fourth year all effects of the a Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 29 (1901), No. 752, p. 332. b New York Cornell Sta. Bul, 153. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH APPLES. 561 fertilizers were lost. There was a very slight benefit observable from the use of the potash, but no difference between the two different forms. These results are considered remarkable in showing how diffi- cult it is to make predictions as to the fertilizer requirements of an old orchard and the long time required before the effects of the ferti- lizers are visible. It was eighteen months before the effects of the nitrate of soda could be seen. In fertilizer experiments with apples on sod at the Massachusetts Station’ marked improvement was observed only when nitrate of soda was used. At the Maine Experiment Station the use of nitrogenous fertilizers alone greatly increased wood growth, but there was a noticeable lack of color in the fruit. Trees fertilized with acid rock alone did not appear better than those in the check plats. Potash alone, however, produced a distinct improvement. The same station’? made an experiment to determine the effect of potash fertilizers on the development of apple scab. The muriate of potash, sulphate of potash, and kainit, respectively, were used on the different plats at the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre over an area of 15 feet radius around each tree. The orchard was about 25 years old when the experiment began in 1898, and each year since then the trees have been regularly fertilized as noted. The detailed results obtained need not be given, but they show clearly ** that an excess of potash in whatever form applied has no effect whatever in warding off attacks of the apple scab.” The New York State Station’ in some experiments extending over five years also found that potash in the form of wood ashes used at the rate of 100 pounds per tree each season had no apparent effect in decreasing apple scab. In these experiments it was found that the color of the fruits of some varieties in some seasons was much improved by the use of ashes. In seasons which favored the perfect develop- ment of the fruit, however, none of the varieties showed any improve- ment in color due to the use of the ashes. ‘‘Apparently the use of ashes had a general tendency to hasten the perfect development of the fruit. When the season was not especially favorable to perfect devel- opment of the fruit it improved the keeping quality, but in a season very favorable to the perfect development of the fruit the ripening processes were generally carried so far where the ashes were used that the apples did not keep so well as where no ashes were used.” At the Rhode Island Station” an old, neglected, moss-grown, and unprofitable orchard was converted within three years into a thrifty, paying orchard by ordinary attention to fertilizing, spraying, pruning, and tilling. No general conclusions can be drawn from the fertilizer work thus far reported other than that an orchard in full bearing is as exhaustive 4 Massachusetts Sta. Bul. 66. ¢ New York State Sta. Bul. 140. bMaine Sta. Bul. 89. @ Rhode Island Sta. Bul, 83. 8. Doc. 148, 58-2——36 562 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. on the soil as any of the ordinary farm crops, and should, therefore, be as regularly fertilized as other crops. The application of commer- cial fertilizers without cultivation is likely to be a complete loss. The two should go together. Fertilizers and cultivation appear to delay the ripening period a week to ten days. Nitrogen is more often needed in orchards than is generally supposed. Its use alone results in less highly colored fruits. Neither potash nor sulphate of iron appears to be the cause of high color in fruit, while there is some evidence that phosphoric acid in excess may conduce to high color. Fruit twigs are much richer in mineral elements than water sprouts. GIRDLING TO PRODUCE FRUITFULNESS. The Massachusetts Hatch Station” reports an experiment in which three crab-apple trees were girdled to determine its effect on fruitful- ness. A ring of bark, varying from one-eighth to one-half inch wide, was removed from the trees in some instances just at the ground, in others just below the main branches, and in still others on one or more of the main branches. All the girdles made near the ground healed over readily and completely. Those on the main trunk healed less completely, but sufficiently to insure a good growth of tree, while some of the girdled branches died. All the trees showed a marked increase in fruitfulness over those not girdled. No conclusions are drawn from this experiment, but it is pointed out that girdling may be of value in throwing rank-growing trees on very rich, moist soil into bearing. » THINNING. In order to determine the value of thinning apples, the Massachu- setts Hatch Station?’ selected two Gravenstein trees, each of which had made a heavy set of fruit. The thinned tree yielded 7 bushels of first-class apples, 1 bushel of second-class, and 93 bushels of windfalls. The unthinned trees yielded 25 bushels of first-grade fruit, 24 bushels of second-grade, and 104 bushels of windfalls. The cost of thinning was 48 cents per tree, and the market value of the thinned fruit $4.45, and of the unthinned tree but $2.12. Similar results were also obtained on thinned and unthinned Tetofsky trees. In another experi- ment in thinning Red Astrakhan, Baldwin, and Rhode Island Green- ing the profits from thinning varied from 55 cents to $2.05 per tree, the greatest average profit being- obtained from thinning Red Astrak- han. The yields of these varieties were slightly increased by thinning, but with the varieties Early Harvest and Hurlbut, the yields were practically the same on the thinned and unthinned trees. aMassachusetts Hatch Stat. Bul. 1. b Massachusetts Hateh Stat. Bul. 44, EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH APPLES. 563 Experiments at the New York State Station” in thinning Baldwin, Hubbardston, and Rhode Island Greening apples for four seasons indicate that in seasons when heavy crops are borne thinning the fruit heightens the color and increases the size. When only a small crop of fruit is set, thinning has no appreciable influence on either color or size. The experiments with all three varieties of apples were fairly uniform in showing no tendency on the part of the trees which had been regularly thinned to produce larger crops or to bear more regu- larly than trees not thinned. The thinned trees bore a larger per- centage of first-grade fruit than unthinned trees, and the fruit was much better adapted for making fancy grades. From a commercial standpoint, the gist of the experiments is contained in the opinion of the practical grower in whose orchard the experiments were con- ducted, to the effect that, when there is a heavy set of apples and the likelihood of a large crop of small fruit, generally it will pay to thin to such an extent as to insure good-sized fruit; otherwise not, except as a protection to the tree. It is believed that the cost of thinning a well- loaded apple tree should not exceed 50 cents. At the Delaware Station’ apples on heavily loaded Lankford trees were thinned 4 to 6 inches apart, after first removing all inferior and wormy specimens. At harvest time the thinned trees yielded from one and one-half to three times as much first-grade picked fruit as did the unthinned trees, while the yield of second and third-grade picked fruit was greatest on the unthinned trees. The thinned trees gave from three to seven times as much first-grade dropped fruit as did the unthinned trees, while the yield of second-grade dropped fruit was greater under the unthinned trees. The total yield from the thinned trees averaged about the same as from the unthinned trees. HARVESTING AND STORING APPLES. Chemical analyses by C. A. Browne, jr.,° show that, after apples have reached their maximum size and weight, they receive no further nour- ishment from the tree and may be picked and will ripen just as well as if allowed to remain on the tree. It is the general experience of grow- ers that apples picked when fully matured, but still hard and carefully stored, keep better and develop a finer flavor than when allowed to ripenon the tree. The keeping qualities of apples appear to be greatly influenced by their condition when picked, the temperature at which they are kept in storage, methods of handling, ete. The keeping quality of different varieties of apples also varies greatly. Asa result of experiments in storing a number of varieties “aNew York State Sta. Bul. 239. + Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1902, p. 91. ¢ Pennsylvania State Dept. Agr. Bul. 58. 564 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. of apples in a cellar at the Maine Station” the following conclusions were reached relative to varieties: Dudley, Haas, and most of the Russian varieties are comparatively poor keepers and should be used before January. Borsdorf, Longfield, Pewaukee, Porter, and Shiawassee are at their best before the Ist of February, though keeping well into March. Hurlbut, Milding, and Munson Sweet begin to break down in March; the latter is in good condition from October to this date. Arctic, Bethel, Boiken, Mann, Northwestern Greening, Rall Janet, Stark, Westfield, and Winesap are in prime condition up to April 1. Munson Sweet, Porter, and Shiawassee showed most sur- prising results, and indicate that with care these sorts may be kept much longer than is generally supposed. Peter, which became too soft for market in January, made very good pies as late as the end of March. The Ohio Station’ has reported an experiment to determine the effect on the keeping quality of picking apples at four different periods between September 26 and October 20. The difference in keeping quality became decided only after nearly six months. The early picked fruit lost slightly more in weight than late-picked fruit. The Illinois Station’ also investigated the degree of maturity most suitable for picking apples to be held in cold storage. The results obtained indicate a great superiority in the keeping quality of mature over immature fruits. The mature fruit in storage showed a much smaller percentage of rot, was less subject to scald, did not shrink as much, had better color and better selling qualities when remoyed from storage. The same station” erected a cold-storage building capable of holding 2,500 barrels of fruit and costing $3,080.41. With 70 tons of ice placed in the building the temperature was maintained at 33° F., or a little lower, for about seven months, and the cost of storage averaged about 19.1 cents per barrel. Without exception the fruit in this building kept well. ‘‘There was no scald, no withering, the fruit remained plump and in perfect condition, and the percentage of rotten fruits was very small.” The results are believed to plainly show the utility of buildings of this character cooled by ice. ‘**Com- mercial growers of apples can well afford to invest in similar storage houses and thus add greatly to their profits.” Other experiments by the same station show pretty clearly that horticulturists in southern Illinois at least can not afford to insulate a cellar for storing fruit; the earth proved too good a conductor of both heat and cold and a uniform temperature could not be maintained. Fruit stored in such cellars was more or less wilted and the percentage of rot quite high. Experiments reported by the Iowa Station ® indicate that the varie- ties McMahan White, Northern Spy, Pewaukee, Roman Stem, Seek- No-Further, White Pippin, and Wolf River possess poor keeping qualities and are not suitable for storing in cold storage in that State. «Maine Sta. Bul. 82. @ Vllinois Sta. Cires. 44 and 67. Ohio Sta. Bul., Vol. II, No. 4, €lowa Sta. Bul. 72. ¢[llinois Sta. Cire. 67. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH APPLES. 565 Especially satisfactory results were secured in the cold storage of Fameuse and Wealthy, both of which kept well until March. The results secured with these two fruits are believed to be of great value to the apple growers of Iowa, since they are hardy throughout the State, productive, and of excellent quality. Other standard varieties that kept well in cold storage were Ben Davis, Dominie or Wells, Janet, Romanite, and Willow Twig. Many experiments have been made to determine the value of wrap- ping apples kept over winter either in an ordinary cellar or in cold storage. At the New Hampshire Station“ it was found that wrapped apples kept considerably better than unwrapped, particularly during the later months of storage. But little difference was noted until March 1. The Colorado State Board of Horticulture’ has published the results of a test of the comparative value of wrapping apples and of storing them without wrapping. Both the wrapped and unwrapped fruit were placed in cold storage in the fall. The following June fully 70 per cent of the unwrapped apples were decayed, and those remain- ing in firm condition were so badly discolored and had lost flavor to such an extent as to render them wholly unfit for either show or market. In this experiment the apples were wrapped first in a sheet of wax paper and then in common news paper. When only common news paper was used to wrap the fruit about 30 per cent was in very poor condition June 1, while varieties picked and stored at the same time, using the double wrapping of wax sheets and common paper, remained in almost perfect condition as late as November 1. Of four different forms of wrapping material used at the New Hampshire Sta- tion, namely, heavy wax manila, thin wax manila, plain manila tissue, and news paper, but very little difference was noticed in the effective- ness of the different wrappings, and it is believed that clean news paper is as good as the more expensive forms. In a test reported by the Central Experimental Farms of Canada’ of wrapped versus unwrapped fruit, the wrapped fruit kept best. There were fewer rotten apples and they lost least by evaporation. At the West Virginia Station” fruit kept in cold storage in the light, with the exception of York Imperial, lost more in weight than fruit in darkness. There was also a slightly greater loss of weight in apples stored in open barrels than those stored in headed barrels. The same station also states that practical experience in that State has shown that the later the Willow and Rome Beauty can be placed in cold storage without being actually frozen on the trees the better they will keep. ¢ New Hampshire Sta. Bul. 93. » Colorado State Bd. Hort. Rpt. 1898, p. 39. ¢Canada Cent. Expt. Farm Rpt. 1897. @ West Virginia Sta. Bul. 74. 566 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The New Hampshire Station” experiments show that when apples are kept in storage certain chemical changes take place which are independent of decay and which result in the overripe condition recog- nized by mealy pulp and lack of flavor. ‘* Low temperatures hinder the chemical changes while high temperatures hasten them. Apples intended for cold storage should be carefully handled and placed in the storehouse as soon as possible after picking.” For best results in the cold storage for apples a constant temperature as near freezing point as possible is generally recommended. The conclusions of G. H. Powell and $. H. Fulton, of this Depart- ment, who made very extensive studies on the cold storage of apples, are in part as follows:? An apple usually should be fully grown and highly colored when picked, to give it the best keeping and commercial qualities. When harvested in that condition it is less liable to scald, of better quality, more attractive in appearance, and is worth more money than when it is picked in greener condition. An exception to the state- ment appears to exist in the case of certain varieties when borne on rapidly growing young trees. Such fruit is likely to be overgrown, and under these conditions the apples may need picking before they reach their highest color and full development. Uniform color may be secured by pruning to let the sunlight into the tree, by cultural conditions that check the growth of the tree early in the fall, and by pick- ing over the trees several times, taking the apples in each picking that have attained the desired degree of color and size. Apples should be stored as quickly as possible after picking. The fruit ripens rapidly after it is picked, especially if the weather is hot. The ripening which takes place between the time of picking and storage shortens the life of the fruit in the storage house. The fruit rots multiply rapidly if storage is delayed and the fruit becomes heated. If the weather is cool enough to prevent after ripening, a delay in the storage of the fruit may not be injurious to its keeping quality. A temperature of 31° to 32° F. retards the ripening processes more than a higher temperature. This temperature favors the fruit in other respects. A fruit wrapper retards the ripen- ing of the fruit; it preserves its bright color, checks transpiration and lessens wilting, protects the apple from bruising, and prevents the spread of fungus spores from decayed to perfect fruit. In commercial practice the use of the wrapper may be advisable on the finest grades of fruit that are placed on the market in small packages. Apples that are to be stored for any length of time should be placed in closed pack- ages. Fruit in ventilated packages is likely to be injured by wilting. Delicate fruit and fruit on which the ripening processes need to be quickly checked should be stored in the smallest practicable commercial package. The fruit cools more rapidly in small packages. Apples should be in a firm condition when taken from storage, and kept in a low temperature after removal. A high temperature hastens decom- position and develops scald. The best fruit keeps best in storage.. When the crop is light it may pay to store fruit of inferior grade, but in this case the grades should be established when the fruit is picked. The bruising of the fruit leads to premature decay. The scald is probably caused by a ferment or enzym which works most rapidly in a high temperature. * * * From the practical standpoint the scald may be pre- a@New Hampshire Sta. Bul. 93. 5U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bul. 48. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH APPLES. 567 vented to the greatest extent by producing highly-colored, well-developed fruit, by storing it as soon as it is picked in a temperature of 31° to 32° F., by removing it from storage while it is still free from scald, and by holding it after removal in the coolest possible temperature. A variety may differ in its keeping quality when grown in different parts of the country. It may vary when grown in the same locality under different cultural con- ditions. The character of the soil, the age of the trees, the care of the orchard—all of these factors modify the growth of the tree and fruit and may affect the keeping quality of the apples. The character of the season also modifies the keeping power of the fruit. COMPOSITION. The composition of the flesh of 25 varieties of perfectly ripe, sound, unwilted apples was found by C. A. Browne, jr.,“ to average about 84 per cent water, 12 per cent sugar, 0.6 per cent free malic acid, and 0.3 per cent ash. The water content of the apples varied in the dif- ferent varieties from 76.6 per cent to 86.2 per cent, and the total sugar from 9.6 per cent to 16.8 percent. Seven varieties of California apples’ averaged 86 per cent water and 11.62 per cent sugar. Prof. W. R. Lazenby, of the Ohio Station,’ found from the analyses of a large number of varieties that apples of the best quality are the ones containing the largest amount of water, while small, runty apples of inferior quality contained the least amount. In preparing apples for the table Professor Lazenby also found that the waste of 25 varieties as purchased in the open market averaged about 24 per cent, but with select specimens the waste might be as low as 10 per cent. Inferior specimens of apples appear to draw more heavily on the mineral constituents of the soil than the better grades, as shown by analyses reported by the Missouri Station.“ Large ripe specimens of Ben Davis, averaging 34 inches in diameter, contained 7 pounds of phosphoric acid and 37 pounds of potash per acre, while smaller ripe specimens 25 inches in diameter contained 7} pounds phosphoric acid and 43 pounds potash per acre. This is based on the estimate of 10 bushels of fruit per tree and the trees spaced 30 feet apart each way. Unripe apples contain considerable amounts of starch and less sugar than ripe apples. Thus C. A. Browne, jr.,“ found that very green Baldwin apples contained, August 7, 4.14 per cent starch and 8.11 per cent sugar. Five weeks later they contained 3.67 per cent starch and 10.72 per cent sugar. Two months later when ripe they contained but 0.17 per cent starch and 14.87 per cent sugar. Perfectly ripe apples contain no starch whatever. In the after-ripening of apples, C. A. Browne, jr., found that the chemical changes that take place are mainly « Pennsylvania State Dept. Agr. Bul. 58. » California Sta. Rpt. 1898, p. 143. ¢ Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 1903, p. 105. 4 Missouri Sta. Bul. 10. 568 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. as follows: The residual starch is changed into sucrose or cane sugar in the first stage, next the cane sugar is changed into invert sugar, and finally there is a slow decrease in total sugar. The acid which is most abundant in the green fruit gradually decreases with ripening. When apples were gathered before they were ripe and stored or allowed to sweat in piles, R. Otto” found that the starch in them was entirely converted into sugar within 2 to 3 weeks. The sweating of apples is, therefore, believed to be very advantageous in cider making and especially desirable with apples not yet fully ripe, since such apples contain comparatively large amounts of starch which needs to be converted into sugar for the manufacture of good cider. The apples must not be allowed to lie too long, however, after the starch has become converted into sugar. Fruit under a bell jar in the experiment mentioned above increased in sugar content from 9.98 to 11.51 per cent within 23 days, but after 49 days it had again decreased to 10.4 per cent. The composition of the apple has also been found to vary with the different seasons. Thus R. Otto’ gives the results of the analyses of 18 varieties of apples harvested in the fall of 1898 and of the same varieties harvested in 1900. The average monthly precipitation in 1898 for the months March to October, inclusive, was 58.6 millime- ters, while in 1900 it was 61.4 millimeters. There was also 281.7° C. more heat during the months of June, July, September, and October in 1900 than in 1898. Asa result of these different climatic conditions two-thirds of the varieties ripened considerably earlier in 1900 than in 1898—in many cases 2 weeks and in some cases 22 and 45 days earlier. The specific gravity of the musts of half of the varieties was considera- bly higher in 1900 than in 1898. With 13 of the 18 varieties there was a considerable increase in the sugar content and a decrease in the acid content in 1900 as compared with 1898. The difference in rainfall and temperature in 1900 was believed to largely account for the earlier ripening and the differences in the chemical composition of the apples. UTILIZATION OF WASTE APPLES. But few experiments have been made along this line at the stations. The Virginia Station reports’ that with a hand grinder and press only about 2 gallons of cider could be obtained per bushel of apples. With apples at 8 cents per bushel cider made in this way cost 6 cents per gallon. With a medium-sized custom grinder and press run with an 8-horsepower engine, cider was produced ata cost of 2.3 cents per gallon, and 4 gallons were obtained per bushel of apples. A _ jelly «Proskauer Obstbau Ztg., 7 (1902), No. 10, p. 156. bLandw. Jahrb., 31 (1902), No. 4, pp. 605-618. ¢ Virginia Sta. Bul. 57. EXPERIMENT STATION WORK WITH APPLES. 569 suitable for table use made by adding 1 pound of sugar to 5 pounds of cider, cost for material about 3 cents per pound of finished product, 40 pounds of jelly being made per 100 pounds of cider. A better quality of apples was found necessary for marmalade than for cider. It was found advantageous to cook apples in cider rather than water. With apples at 20 cents per bushel, marmalade cost for material less than 2 cents per pound of finished product, an average of 116 pounds being made from 80 pounds sliced fruit, 8 gallons fresh cider, and 35 pounds of sugar. The loss from coring and paring the apples aver- aged 25.4 per cent, while in the case of unpared fruit the colander removed not over 5 per cent. At the Central Experimental Farm of Canada’ some experiments were made in evaporating apples. Samples of 47 varieties of apples were evaporated without sulphuring in a family evaporator. The temperature ranged between 200 and 210° F. Patten Greening fur- nished 16 pounds of evaporated product per bushel of fruit. This was the largest amount obtained from any variety. Following this came Baxter 10 pounds per bushel, Ben Davis 9.4 pounds, Golden Russet 9.4 pounds, Northern Spy 9.7 pounds, King 9 pounds, Ribston Pippin 9 pounds, Twenty Ounce 9.4 pounds, and Pewaukee 7.6 pounds. The flesh of some varieties quickly turned brown on being cut, while others did not discolor as rapidly or to as great an extent. Sulphur- ing largely overcame this defect, but it is held that an apple whose cut surface dries white instead of brown is to be preferred. Varieties that retained their color well were Baxter, Duke of Connaught, Lawver, Missouri Pippin, and Walbridge. In these experiments the best apples for evaporating were found to be those still firm and somewhat green. Such apples produce a pro- duct of better texture and flavor than apples ripe enough for dessert. The Massachusetts Hatch Station? has also reported the results of some work in evaporating apples. Varieties producing the best qual- ity of product were Swaar, Snow, Ben Davis, Hurlbut, Baldwin, and Willow Twig; second quality, Westfield (Seek-No-Further), Rhode Island Greening, and Red Russet. The average result secured in this experiment was about 64 pounds of evaporated fruit per bushel of apples. The use of sound fresh fruit gave a larger and better product than overripe fruit. In preparing the fruit it was first dropped into salt water and then subjected for a few minutes to the fumes of sulphur in order to bleach it. Analysis showed that only one-fifth to one-thirtieth of 1 per cent of sulphurous acid was found in the fruit, an amount considered entirely harmless, most of which would wash out in preparation for cooking. “Canada Expt. Farms Rpt. 1896, p. 160. > Massachusetts Hatch Sta. Rpt. 1894, p. 20. 570 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The North Carolina Station” believes it is much more advantageous to evaporate apples than to sun-dry them, since evaporated apples sell for about 6 cents per pound in the market, while sun-dried apples bring only 24 to 84 cents. § wi 34 ar ran O Pian rer DeveLlopmENT OF Grovaps. PLAY GROUN BoYs GROUND Gres PLay win fun Grenasum Oo f ‘ AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF OAKDALE SCHOOL GROUNDS, East DEDHAM, MASS. 2 Hee e te “ XXXIll. P ”) GR i) Fic. 1.—A PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 517 Connecticut has its school of horticulture at Hartford, and school gardens in connection with the normal school at Willimantic, several of the schools at Hartford, and the school at West Hartford. The school of horticulture (Pl. XXX], fig. 2), maintains the largest number of gardens of considerable size of any institution in the country. There are 166 gardens apportioned as follows: For teachers, 24 gardens, each 10 by 30 feet; for boys and girls, 125 gardens, each 10 by 25 feet, for first-year pupils; 16 gardens, each 10 by 30 feet, for second-year pupils, and 1 garden, 10 by 40 feet, for a third-year pupil. The pupils are drawn largely from the city schools and have one hour a week in the gardens. The second-year pupils also have root grafting and greenhouse work, including the preparation of soil, potting, repotting, and pricking out plants, and will later be instructed in budding, spad- ing, etc. Each city school is given six free scholarships. First-year pupils not receiving scholarships are charged $5 tuition. In close proximity to the children’s gardens the school of horticulture main- tains demonstration plats 40 feet square of many staple crops, such as the cereals, flax, hemp, cotton, sugar cane, rice, tobacco, millet, and sweet and medicinal herbs; also smaller plats of the various budding plants. All of these plats are distinctly labeled, a feature which adds greatly to their educational value. In Maine, Bath and perhaps a few other cities have begun scbool- garden work and this last spring the Maine State Pomological Society held a two-day horticultural school for children at Winthrop, in which considerable effort was made to arouse an interest in nature-study work and school gardening. A member of your committee gave an illustrated lecture on school gardens the first evening of the school. In Providence, R. I., school-garden work began eleven years ago at the Vineyard Street Grammar School with the planting of ferns and violets in one of the angles of the building. Gardens have also been conducted in connection with the kindergarten, the Benefit Street Primary School, and the vacation schools of the last three years. This spring ten new school gardens have been started in the city. children were from 6 to 15 years of a American agriculturists. EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. At the convention of the association held in Washington, D. C., November 17-19, 1903, there was much discussion of educational topics. In the section on horticulture and botany several papers dealt with the teaching of botany and horticulture in the agricultural courses of the colleges. The committee of this section on courses in botany presented an outline of an elementary course in botany together with suggestions as to more advanced courses. This com- mittee was contmued, and was directed to formulate its courses with reference to cognate courses on economic lines. The appointment of a committee to act in conjunction with this committee and to report on courses of study in horticulture was also authorized. In the section on college work the two subjects discussed were the mission of the land-grant colleges and short courses. In the general session the eommittee on methods of teaching agriculture presented the following report on the relation of the natural sciences to agri- culture in a four-year college course: The more definite formulation of courses of instruction in agriculture, the division of these courses according to the several branches of the science of agriculture, and the consequent specialization of the courses due to the employment of an increased force of experts in various agricultural subjects, have already led to a considerable reorganization of faculties and courses in our agricultural colleges. This moyement is continuing and will further develop with the increase of the resources and equip- ment of the agricultural departments of these institutions. One effect of this move- PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 585 ment has been to change the relation of the natural sciences to agriculture in the scheme of instruction in the agricultural colleges. As long as agriculture was taught almost wholly on a practical basis and without much regard to its pedagogical for- mulation, the teachers of the natural sciences were called upon not only to develop the relations of these sciences to agriculture in their courses of instruction, but to give instruction in strictly agricultural subjects, and this was done to a considerable extent, especially in chemistry and botany. Out of this grew a series of text-books and manuals in which the general principles of these sciences were more or less extensively combined with statements of their relations to the theory and practice of agriculture. Thus we have books on agricultural chemistry, agricultural botany, agricultural physics, ete. The preparation of such books was a very useful work. They helped to turn the attention of scientists to the importance of the problems of agriculture and thus led to the further investigation of these problems; they brought together many facts and principles out of which in large measure the science of agriculture itself is now being constructed. But this method of procedure, as we can now see, had also some unfortunate results from which we are seeking to escape through the more thorough formulation of the science of agriculture and of courses based thereon, and the readjustment of the courses in the natural sciences to meet this new condition of agricultural pedagogy. One result of the prolonged study of the relations of science to agriculture was to lead both teacher and student too far afield in the pursuit of problems which, though important scientifically, and even economically, had too remote connection with agriculture itself to make it worth while for the student whose aim was to be a master of the theory and practice of agriculture to follow after them. Thus, for example, agricultural chemistry developed a system of analysis of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, and adulterated products which in the minds of many teachers came to be so prominent a part of this branch of chemistry that it often assumed an undue impor- tance in the general agricultural courses in our colleges. Now, we shall always need expert analysts of fertilizers and feeding stuffs, and special courses for the training of those experts should be offered in our agricultural colleges. But these should be clearly differentiated from the courses intended to lay the foundations for the scien- tific study of agriculture. Under the old system the emphasis was often laid so much on analytical work that the colleges produced many analysts and but few agricultural experts. So in botany it is easily possible, for example, to lay so much stress on studies of fungi and bacteria, or grasses, that the students are led to strive to become experts in vegetable pathology or agrostology. It is true we need many more such experts, but, nevertheless, it should not be the object of botanical studies underlying the general course in agriculture to aim at the training of pathological experts, or agrostologists, or any other kind of botanical experts. While botanical experts and agricultural experts may for a time profitably study botany together their paths should soon diverge, and this must be kept in mind by teachers of botany. Another unfortunate result of the old arrangement of courses in our agricultural colleges was that the study of the general principles and outlines of the various natu- ral sciences was often unwisely abridged, in order to give more attention to their economic applications. This has perhaps not been so much the fault of the science teachers as of the managers of the agricultural colleges. The attempt to create a very practical atmosphere in these institutions has often led to great disregard of established pedagogical principles in the teaching of the complex subjects relating to agriculture and other arts. Nothing is more firmly established in pedagogical science than the principle that, before proceeding to the study of complex problems, the pupil should become acquainted with the elementary facts and principles involved in the solution of these problems. It is also very generally agreed that an outline study of a general subject which will enable the pupil to have some compre- 586 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. hension of the subject as a whole and the relations of its different parts should pre- cede detailed study of special topics included in this general subject. Thus it is best both practically and pedagogically that the boy in the graded schools should be taught an outline of the history of the United States. He will thus acquire a certain amount of information which will be useful to him if he goes out into life from the graded school, and he will also have laid the best foundation for such special studies of United States history as he may have opportunity to pursue in higher courses of instruction. In like manner in the natural sciences there should be a sufficient period of general study before special topics are taken up, and the abridgment of this preliminary course throws the future course of the student out of pedagogical balance. The general readjustments of science teaching which are demanded by the present development of our agricultural colleges are, therefore, first, the more thorough teaching of the foundations of the natural sciences; secondly, the clearer differentia- tion of the courses in natural science associated with the courses in agriculture from those which are intended for the training of experts in various economic specialties related to agriculture; and, thirdly, the separation from the science courses of those subjects which may be more appropriately taught by the instructors in the various branches of agriculture itself. From the nature of the case it is obvious that the details of these readjustments can be worked out only as the result of many experi- mental efforts and long discussion of the practical and pedagogical points involved. The eyolutionary forces which are to result in the elaboration of more perfect and satisfactory courses of instruction in agriculture are already at work in our agricul- tural institutions and they will continue to work for an indefinite period. It has seemed, however, to your committee that at this juncture it would be helpful to call attention to some of the general factors of this evolution and even to suggest a some- what definite mode of procedure to secure the sought-for ends. In this, as in other lines of its work, the committee has assumed that it would be more useful to present a definite scheme rather than general suggestions. This is done with the understand- ing, as heretofore, that the committee is not seeking to establish dogmas or write prescriptions, but only to furnish a definite basis for discussion. It is the more encouraged to continue efforts in this line because it is convinced that, as the result of its previous efforts, the movement for the betterment of courses of instruction in our agricultural colleges has been materially aided, though no institution has adopted in detail the programme laid down in the reports of this committee. As the basis of our presentation of a scheme of science teaching for a four-year college course in agriculture, we take (1) the standard entrance requirements laid down in the report of your committee on entrance requirements as published in Bulletin No. 41 of the Office of Experiment Stations; (2) the general outline of the college course as made by that committee and our committee and published in Cir- cular No. 37 of the Office of Experiment Stations; and (3) the syllabi of courses in the different branches of agriculture as laid down in the reports of this committee published in Circulars Nos. 39, 41, and 45 of said Office. The standard entrance requirement scheme has been taken, rather than the abridged scheme presented by the entrance requirement committee, because in our judgment there can be no satisfactory arrangement of college courses in agricul- ture until the students admitted to the college courses have had suitable prepara- tion in secondary schools. Within the past few years there has been a wonderful development of the high schools in all parts of our country and there has been set on foot a movement for the establishment of secondary schools and courses especially adapted to the requirements of our agricultural communities. The agricultural col- leges should encourage this development of secondary education in many ways. But they should do so especially by differentiating their college courses more distinctly from secondary courses, and putting their college courses on a sufficiently high basis PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 587 to make the bachelor’s degree from an agricultural college represent an education of as high a grade as a bachelor’s degree from any other college. For this purpose the standard entrance requirement scheme referred to above is none too high. This provides for at least a year’s instruction in some natural science. It is believed by your committee that ordinarily an elementary course in physics or chemistry in the high school will best lay the foundation for further science study. In the scheme herewith presented we selected physics as the science to be taught in the high school as the preliminary to science study in the college course in agriculture. In the general scheme of the four-year college course in agriculture presented herewith, we have first provided for courses in general physics and chemistry on the assumption that these would naturally precede the study of plants and animals, whether in a general way under the head of botany, physiology, or zoology, or in a special way under the different branches of agriculture. Some knowledge of physics and chemistry is also essential to a proper understanding of even the elements of meteorology and geology, as provided for in this course. Botany has been so placed as to run along with agronomy, and physiology and zoology with the more scientific presentation of zootechny. While we believe it would be well for the agricultural student in his undergraduate work to take all of the subjects included in the scheme as here outlined, yet we have recognized the demand for an earlier specialization of agricultural work by so arranging the course that in senior year at least some studies may be substituted for those laid down in our scheme. For example, if the student is aiming to be a plant expert he may omit veterinary science and take more of applied botany or horticul- ture, or specialize in agronomy as far as additional courses in these subjects are offered in the institution he attends. -In a similar way the student devoted to animal industry may substitute special studies along this line for the horticulture and forestry. Agricultural experts can not, however, expect that any properly adjusted under- graduate course will fully meet their needs for training along their chosen lines. Persons who expect to enter positions in our Department of Agriculture, experiment stations, or agricultural colleges should attain at least the master’s degree. And erelong the doctor’s degree will be a prerequisite to entrance on the career of agri- cultural teacher or investigator in our colleges and universities and the National Department of Agriculture. In outlining the courses in the various sciences the purpose has been to indicate in a general way the topics which may properly be included in such courses, taking into account the time limitations and what will be taught under the head of agricul- ture. The arrangement of these topics and the emphasis to be laid on each of them will, of course, vary with the teacher as well as the equipment and other conditions existing in particular institutions. Our effort has been chiefly to so present this mat- ter as to indicate how the science teaching may be differentiated from and at the same time related to the teaching of agriculture in a college course. In arranging this scheme the committee has had the assistance of the expert officers of the Office of Experiment Stations and of Prof. G. P. Merrill, the geologist of the Smithsonian Institution. Text-books and specialists in a number of different lines have also been consulted. As the result of a conference with Mr. A. F. Woods, assistant chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry, who is chairman of a committee appointed by the section of botany and horticulture of this association to formulate a scheme for courses in botany, it was ascertained that, after an independent study of this matter, that committee had reached substantially the same conclusions as had our committee, as far as the lines of our work coincided, and that both committees were in general accord with the scheme proposed by a committee of the Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology. Special attention is therefore invited to the report presented by Mr. Woods to the section on botany and horticulture, 588 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The standard series of entrance requirements referred to above is as follows: (1) Physical geography. (2) United States history. (3) Arithmetic, including the metric system. (4) Algebra, to quadraties. (5) English grammar and composition, together with the English requirements of the New England Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools. (6) Plane geometry. (7) One foreign language. (8) One of the natural sciences. (9) Ancient, general, or English history. The general relation of the natural-science courses to those in agriculture.and other subjects may be seen in the following outline of the agricultural course in college as laid down in a previous report of this committee: Agricultural course in college.@ Freshmen. Sophomores. Juniors. Seniors. Subjects. Hours. Subjects. Hours. Subjects. Hours. Subjects. Hours. Rh ySICS Ss> -n:<- 150 | Agriculture: Agriculture: Agriculture: Chemistry... =. - 150 Zootechny 60 }\ 150 Agrono- | Dairying . 70 Geometry and Agronomy 90 |f : MLye-ce = 1 D0 150 Farm me- trigonometry - 155 | Meteorology..-. 60 Zoo tech- | chanics. 60 190 English::2..-2.- 120 | Agricultural Iyneee 100 Rural eco- Modern lan- chemistry .... 180 | Geology .....-.- 120 nomics . 60 PULCY a ceeeee 180))| Botaniy ==22-2--- 1207 PBoOtaniy-seeeeeee 60 | Veterinary Hn lishe es seeee 80 | Physiology ..-.- 180 medicine ....- 180 Modern lan- LOOLOD Va eae 120 | Horticulture SUALC TSR o- see 100 | Psychology ..... 60 and forestry .. 180 Drawallo sees ses 60 | Modern lan- History and po- SUR Mera ace oe 60 litical econo- MY ise 190 Kthics 2... sees 40 755 750 750 780 aA general outline of this course, without reference to its division according to years, was given in the second report of this committee. (See U.S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 49 and Cire. 37.) The number of hours assigned to each subject includes the time given to laboratory exer- cises, each of which would occupy two hours. Thus, for example, 150 hours of physics may be divided into 60 lectures or recitations, and 45 (=90 hours) laboratory exercises. Our committee has not attempted to say how the time should be divided between lectures or recitations and laboratory exercises, but presupposes that a reasonable number of laboratory exercises or practicums will be given in all the science courses. ' The arrangement of the college course here suggested proceeds on the assumption that it is best for the student to devote his time largely during the first two years to language, mathematics, and the fundamental sciences, physics, chemistry, and botany. He will thus be prepared for a better understanding of the more complex sciences of agriculture, zoology, animal physiology, and veterinary medicine in the second half of his course. The course in agriculture has been arranged with reference to taking up first in sophomore year some of the simpler topics in zootechny, such as stock judging and types of breeds, which do not require scientific knowledge, but are well calculated to arouse the interest of the student in agricultural subjects. Agronomy may then be taken up systematically and run along with the study of meteorology, agricultural chemistry and botany, and the more scientific study of zootechny may be parallel with the study of- physiology and zoology. In senior year a considerable number of electives could be offered, one or more of which might be substituted for veterinary medicine, horticulture and forestry, or history and political economy, so as to enable the student to specialize in agronomy, horticulture, zootechny, dairying, farm me- PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. ~~ 589 chanics, vegetable pathology, entomology, etc. In general, however, it is believed that the course as here outlined will be satisfactory as providing a liberal education, including systematic study of the theory and practice of agriculture, and as a good foundation for specialization in agriculture and the sciences related thereto in post- graduate courses. COURSES IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES. PHYSICS—PREPARATORY COURSE. General laws and principles of— Dynamics of solids, liquids, and gases, Heat, Electricity and magnetism, Sound, Light. PHYSICS—COLLEGE COURSE—150 HOURS. GENERAL CONSTITUTION AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER. DyNAMICS OR THE GENERAL(Solids (mechanics) . LAWS OF FORCE AND THE RELATIONS EXISTING BE-\ Liquids (hydrostatics). TWEEN FORCE, MASS, AND VELOCITY AS APPLIED TO| Gases (pneumatics). ELECTRICITY AND MAGNET- ISM. SouND AND LIGHT Measurement of quantity of heat (calorimetry, specific heat). Latent heat. Fusion and solidification. Evaporation and condensation. Conduction. Radiation. Thermodynamics. Relation of temperature to movements of the atmosphere. General theories and laws. Sources and production. Measurement. Atmospheric electricity. Applications. Sound—production and propagation. Propagation. Reflection. Refraction. Polarization. Applications—lenses and optical instruments. Laight =~ -- Measurement of temperature (thermometry ). Expansion (solids, liquids, gases) . Color. GENERAL CHEMISTRY—I150 HOURS. PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS. INORGANIC PREPARATIONS. INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE awanysts.{ Blowpipe analysis. Separation of groups. INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 590 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY—180 HOURS. Composition and properties of matter. Properties and laws of combination of elements and simpler compounds. Laboratory manipulations. Classification of elements, equations, for- mulas, ete. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW -.- Air and water. Soils and fertilizers. . Plant growth and products. CHEMISTRY: OF [250/22 deh ee eee Foods. Animal life ...4) Nutrition. Animal body and produets. Dairying. INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL METHODS. BOTANY—180 HOURS. @ The accompanying outline course for botany in the agricultural colleges is based very largely upon the standard elementary course recommended for adoption by the Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology, and embraces one year’s work, the lectures and laboratory work required being about 180 hours. The various topics and sequence need not be strictly followed, and in many cases it will be found advisable to transfer subjects from one group to another in the sequence of teaching. Either group may be condensed, or each may be extended to cover a year’s work, If 120 hours are given in the second year and 60 hours in the third year, the adjust- ment can be made to suit the convenience of the instructor and the facilities for instruction. Instruction in taxonomy is not provided, since the use of the manual, while desirable in itself, is not essential for an elementary course in botany. In Botany II it is recommended that the earlier groups of plants be passed over rapidly, particular attention being given to their economic features, and that progressively more time be given to the higher and more conspicuous forms. The course as a whole may be given in about 80 hours of lectures or recitations and 100 hours of practicums. a@The time allowance for this course might with advantage be extended to 240 hours by taking 60 hours from physiology, which has been given a relatively liberal time allowance. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 591 BOTANY I.—GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Types. Structures. The seed. 2 252. - ae Homologous parts. Food supply. Germination. Gross anatomy. Phyllotaxy. 3uds Common forms. "4 DWDeweeeeereeece =< % Winter forms. Wel sfovon eee See 4 The shoot ceties sStructure. cys peer \ Distribution. Specialized forms of stems, leaves, ete. Growth, annual. Shedding of bark, leaves, ete. Gross anatomy of typical root. Secondary roots. Specialized forms. ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY. (Phe Toots 2-2 Sees Wieser { Structure. Distribution. Typical structure. Function of parts. Morphological study of several parts. The flower......--.- ! = ) P Construction of {Transverse. diagrams ....\ Longitudinal. Structure with especial reference to changes from flower to fruit. Morphological study of types. Thestreuite. == aes Contents. Structure. * Modifications. Formation of tissues. hecell. an cee Absorption. Transfer. Transpiration. Turgidity. Plasmolysis. [ito of chlorophyll. OS eee eee eee eee X6le of light. Photosynthesis -.--- , Role of carbon dioxid. [Evolstion of oxygen. Study of starch grains. {Role of oxygen. MSHIratIOnNee s,s = < ; ark Kespiration \ Evolution of carbon dioxid. PHYSIOLOGY... -. f Action of diastase. Jigesti s Reels 2 = Digestion ---.-.. ~--) Translocation of food. Nature of stimulus. Nature of response. Iyritabulity 2S 2. -- +. Geotropism. Heliotropism. Hydrotropism, ete. Localization. Amount of growth in seeds, stems, ete. Relation to temperature, moisture, ete. Fertilization, Sexual. Asexual, 2) iS = < oF = St. S 5 he ee —e 092 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Modifications for special functions. Dissemination. Cross pollination. Light relations. EcoLoGy.—A sTUDY OF PLANTS IN THEIR Mesophytes. RECIPROCAL RELATIONS. Hydrophytes. Halophytes. Xerophytes. Climbers. Epiphytes. Parasites. Saprophytes. Insectivorous plants. Symbiosis. Plant associations. Zonal distribution. Plant societies —.. BOTANY Il.—NATURAL HISTORY AND CLASSIFICATION. CLASSIFICATION. STRUCTURE. REPRODUCTION. HoMOoLoGIEs. ADAPTATIONS. Pleurococcus. Spirogyra. Vaucheria. Fucus. Bacteria. Yeasts. Rusts. Bune sieece cet e Smuts. Mildews. Toadstools. Puffballs. TYPES FOR STUDY-----.---- aichens2>-sA-2e6 Parmelia. Hepatics (Marchantia or Porella). Bryophytes~..---- iM nes | Ferns. Pteridophytes ~~.) Horsetails. Lycopodium. Gymnosperms - - - Pine. JMonocotyledon. Angiosperms. -.-- \Dicotyledon. METEOROLOGY—60 HOURS. The course here outlined assumes some knowledge of general weather changes as illustrated on the daily weather map and as recommended by the conference on geography of the National Educational Association in 1893 for the lower schools, and that the student has taken an elementary course in physics in the high school or first year in college, and especially has precise knowledge of mass, volume, density; force, inertia, velocity, rotation, centrifugal force; gravitation, gravity, weight; atom, molecule; solid, liquid, gas; expansion, heat, temperature, specific heat, latent heat. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 993 DEFINITION AND SCOPE. Origin. Composition. THE ATMOSPHERE (IN GENERAL) ...4 Extent and weight. Arrangement about the earth (relations to geo- sphere and hydrosphere). Sources, nature, transmission of heat. Variations : Mime ORPATTIRG --. ...'5-5--clacecs : oe B Measurement. Distribution over the earth. Measurement. 0S = le I Teasurement Distribution. General principles. Relations to atmospheric circulation. Measurement. Distribution. IRCULATION—GENERAL MOVEMENTS] 7, sae F Le ‘ C a Cast neonate TOVEMENTS) Causes and modifying influence (convectional a : : theory and effects of earth’s rotation). Classification. Origin. Measurement. ATMOSPHERIC} Distribution. MOISTURE. Dew. Condensation in form of ---.4 Frost. Clouds. Tropical. Cyclones ....-.-- Extratropical. Anticyclones. PITORMS = 22 22> = Thunderstorms. Tornadoes. Sources. Raimtall 7222 2 Measurement. Distribution. PRECIPITATION -.- Relation to atmospheric circulation. Snow, hail, ete. Of different zones and seasons WEATHER... ...- : : oe : =e Observation and prediction. i Z svations, ¢ oealities. 7 a” See Of different zones, elevations, and localities Variations. S. Doc. 148, 58-2——38 594 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, GEOLOGY—120 HOURS. THE EARTH IN ITS RELATION TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM. The Atmosphere—composition, volume, and weight. The Ocean—composition, volume, and weight. The Solid Globe— {Elements constituting rocks. dimensions, | Minerals constituting rocks. shape, and con- stitution. | Rocks, Geroanosy: THE MA- TERIALS OF THE Action of the atmosphere and EARTH. of heat and cold. Chemical action of water. Mechanical action of water and ice. Action of plants and animals. Principles involved. The weathering of rocks and_for- A and trappean {KS mation ot al! appean rocks, sandstone, limestone, slate, ete. Considera- | Proportional amounts of yari- tions of} ous constituents removed or | Weathering of granite, gneiss, special) lost. cases. Physical manifestations of weathering—size and shape of resultant particles, and their chemical composition. Volcanoes, hot springs, and geysers. Earthquakes. Upheaval and depression. DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY -) Circulation of water in springs, rivers, and oceans. Glaciers and glaciation. Erosion and deposition. Metamorphism. STRUCTURAL GEoLocy JatChitecture of the earth’s crust, statification and bedding, ; |. jointing, cleavage, mode of occurrence of rock masses. STRATIGRAPHIC GEOL- jecucrs ‘principles. oGY (HisToricaAL) Development of life. GEOLOGY ). | Development of continents. MAN As A GkoLOoGI- {The earth as modified by human action; effects of deforesta- CAL AGENT. ) tion, ete. F Ore deposits—occurrence and mode of deposition. Ores of the metals. The nonmetallic minerals. Economic GroLoGy ~.) Building and decorative material. Road metal. Mineral waters, artesian waters, etc. (hydrography). Soils—surveys and mapping. PHYSIOGRAPHIC GEOL- { Physiography—its influence on distribution and deyelopment oGy. | of the human race, ete. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 595 PHYSIOLOGY—IL80 HOURS. Physiology is the science of the functions of living tissue (here confined to animals). The main facts and theories of animal physiology apply to man and the various domesticated animals, and constitute the subject of general physiology. If preferred, a course in human physiology covering substantially the same topics, may be substi- tuted. In the agricultural college the hygiene of domesticated animals will ordinarily be taught under the separate subject of zootechny, and the same may be said for metabolism and digestion in different species of animals. Illustrative materials and simple demonstrations will be used in connection with the lectures or text-book. DEFINITIONS, PROBLEMS, METHODS OF STUDY. Composition. Metabolism. Change of form. Movements. Development of energy. Irritability. Reproduction. PROTOPLASM ...-.. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONDITIONS OF ANIMAL LIFE. MECHANICS OF ANIMAL LIFE. Saliva. Gastric juice. Bile. Pancreatic juice. Intestinal juices. Lacteals and lymphatics. Mechanism of digestion. Absorption. Assimilation. Distribution of the products of digestion. DIGESTION .....--- a JComposition and elements. Se aa a | Distribution in the body. Respiratory changes in the blood and tissues. Oxygen, carbon dioxid, and nitrogen in the blood. Mechanics of respiratory movements. Nervous control of respiration. Relations of circulatory and respiratory systems. Composition and excretion of urine. Excretion of sweat and nature and amount of perspiration. Feces. their functions. Course of circulation. Mechanics of circulation. Nervous control. Blood pressure. Pulse. Fluctuations in quantity of blood. CIRCULATION .....- Simple muscular contraction. Relation of neryous and muscular systems. Chemical. Changes in muscles during contraction .._---- Thermal. Electrical. a of heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries as related to MuscuLark ACTION | Conditions which determine muscular irritability and action, 596 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Structure and anatomy of brain as related to nervous functions. Localization of motor and sensory areas in the brain. Conditions of cerebral action. Brain... nt Structure and functions. Spinal cord. R : ° teflex action. NERVOUS SYSTEM Structure and optical principles of the Sight.) eye. Function of various parts of the eye. Hearing. Structure and functions of the ear. Special senses - - Smelling -Structure and functions of the nasal fossee. Functions of various organs con- aste..... ! : Taste { cerned in this sense. Function of various organs. REPRODUCTION --4x;_,.<,: Nutrition of the fetus. ComMPARATIVE {Comparative study of various functions in animals and man, e. g., PHYSIOLOGY. | digestion in man, horse, cow, sheep, hog, and chicken. ZOOLOGY—120 HOURS. Zoology is the science of animal life in its broadest sense. In agricultural colleges the subject matter of zoological courses is perhaps best largely confined to a study of the anatomy, habits, distribution, and natural enemies of the important injurious and beneficial species. The special economic aspects of domesticated mammals and birds would naturally be taught under zootechny, while the general subject of the interrelations of animals to man comes under the subject of zoology. An outline course in economic entomology is provided in connection with the course in zoology. The course, as a whole, provides for forty to forty-five lectures, and about eighty practicums (of two hours each). DEFINITION AND GENERAL ORIENTATION. Protozoa. Coelenterata. Echinodermata. » Mollusca. Vermes. Arthropoda. CLASSIFICATION sceceeseeo eee .( Bryozoa. Brachiopoda. Tunicata. Fishes. Amphibians. Vertebrata. ..... Reptiles. Birds. ’ Mammals. Comparative morphology of organs in yarious groups. ; : Anatomical evidences of relationship ‘and eyolu- tion. | Discussion and study of types of various groups. GROSS ANATOMY ..-.-.-2------- Simple cell. Muscle cell. Gland cell. Bone cell. Nerve cell. Various forms of tissue, MICROSCOPICAL ANATOMY .------ PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 597 Fertilization. Segmentation of egg. Germinal layers. ~-**) Origin of organs. Study of types. Embryological evidences of relationship. DEVELOPM ENT, EMBRYOLOGY Means of distribution. DNISTRTBUDION 22-2 22..2.-. 2224 Laws of distribution. Natural barriers and life zones. Feeding habits of various groups. Interrelation of various groups. Usefulness of animals and economic animal products. Birds. Economic ASPECTS ) Mammals. pee OUEIPE. (Direct re- Classification. lation- Habits. ship of Life history. animals Useful species. to agri- Injurious species. culture. Insects Parasitic insects. (ento- Predaceous insects. mology ) Fungus diseases. Cultural methods. Jarriers. Means of Tar bands. re pres-) Mechanical) Traps. sion. methods.) Ditches, ete. Heat. , Cold. Dry insecticides. Chemical Contact methods. insecti- cides. Spraying. ) Poisons. Spraying calen- dar. THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. The States are contributing more liberally than ever before to the support of the agricultural colleges. During the past year special appropriations for the better equipment and maintenance of these institutions aggregating more than $1,500,000 have been made. This will enable them not only to provide more adequate buildings and facilities, but also to extend their courses of instruction. The exten- sion of their work is along two main lines: (1) To make the courses of college grade more complete by the differentiation of the different branches of agriculture and the addition of courses in rural engineer- ing and rural economy, which subjects have hitherto been largely neglected; and (2) to provide for the broader extension of agricultural education through secondary schools, short courses, summer schools, 598 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. normal courses, correspondence courses, farmers’ institutes, and other forms of university extension work. Among the buildings recently completed at the colleges, which will be for the general use of the agricultural departments, are those in South Carolina and Wisconsin. In South Carolina a building has been erected for the use of. the agricultural department of the college and offices of the experiment station at a cost of $50,000, exclusive of furniture and equipment. The architect’s drawing of the South Carolina building is shown in Pl. XXXVIII. The following description of the new building for the College of Agriculture of the University of Wisconsin is taken from the Experiment Station Record: Agricultural Hall, the ney agricultural building of the Wisconsin College of Agri- culture, makes provision for the administrative offices of the college and the experi- ment station, as well as the departments of agronomy, animal husbandry, bacteriology, and chemistry. In it are also located the offices of the superintendent of farmers’ institutes. The structure has a frontage of 200 feet by 64 feet in depth, and is three stories iv height over an amply lighted, full-height basement. In the rear is an addition ic the form of an octagon (only partly shown in the accompanying plans), two stories in height and 66 feet across. The building is constructed of buff pressed brick, terra cotta, and Indiana buff Bedford limestone. It has a roof of red tile, and all out- side metal work, including cornice, is of copper. It is of slow-burning construction throughout. Heat is supplied by the central heating plant of the agricultural college, the steam pipes being brought from the heating plant to the agricultural building in an ample tunnel. Running under the hallway of the basement is a large tunnel or ‘‘ plenum,” in which one can walk upright without inconvenience. This tunnel has a brick floor, brick sides, and plastered ceiling. Under it runs the sewer pipe. In it run steam, gas, water, and electric-wire pipes, all accessible. From this main tunnel or plenum run branches to vertical air ducts here and there throughout the building. The tunnel system is connected with the fan room. Tempered air is forced by an electric fan into the tunnel, thence into the various branches and upward into the several rooms. Other pipes carry the foul air picked up at the floor out through two large ventilating chimneys in the roof of the building. There are ample steam radiators to warm the building in addition to this indirect system. The arrangement of the laboratories, lecture rooms, offices, ete., of the various departments accommodated in the building is shown in the accompanying plans. In addition to the usual facilities for these departments, there are five fire-proof vaults, document, museum, and seminary rooms, and an unusual number of closets and storerooms. Space has been reserved for one or two departments not yet organized. The mailing room is located near the east entrance, which has a porte cochere, affording protection from storms in handling mail matter. There is a large room for the storage of extra bulletins and reports; also a room for duplicates from the library. On the basement floor of the octagon at the rear is located the agricultural library, with accommodations for 20,000 volumes, and a large reading room. On the floor above is an auditorium, a gallery communicating with the second floor. This hall has a seating capacity of over 700 and is unobstructed by posts. The octagon form brings the audience as close as possible to the speaker, both on the main floor and in the gallery. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 599 Plate XX XIX shows the building in a somewhat incomplete condition. When completed there will bea stone railing around the east portico, and an ornate, wide balustrade stairway of cut Bedford stone will furnish the approach up the sloping incline to the front entrance. For this building the legislature of 1901 appropriated $150,000. Architect’s fees, grading the grounds, and other initial expenses were not covered by this appro- priation. The plans were drawn and the construction supervised by Mr. J. T. W. Jennings, the university architect. The legislature of 1903 made a further appro- priation of $25,000 for the necessary furniture and fixtures. With the completion of this building the agricultural college will occupy a group of four buildings located at the west end of Observatory Hill. These are all devoted strictly to agricultural instruction and experiment station work, the training which agricultural students receive in science, language, mathematics, mechanics, ete., being given in the other departments of the university. The farm barns are located about 60 rods farther west. A number of laboratory buildings for the use of both college and station have also been constructed, including a two-story judging pavilion for agronomy and animal husbandry, at the Iowa College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts (Pl. XLIV, fig. 1); a large new physical-science building at the Kansas Agricultural College (PI. XILIV, fig. 2), which has recently been completed at a cost of $57,000; a new science building at the Mississippi Agricultural Col- lege (Pl. XLV, fig. 1), which will furnish better quarters for the departments of agriculture, horticulture, and entomology in both col- lege and station, and a new chemistry building for the Nevada college and station (Pl. XLV, fig. 2). > COURSES IN RURAL ENGINEERING. Within the past few years there has been a rapid increase in the interest manifested by the agricultural colleges in subjects connected with the construction and use of farm machinery and the use of various kinds of power for agricultural purposes. In a number of institutions this has led to the establishment of more definite courses in those topics which are commonly grouped under the name of farm mechanics. There is also a decided tendency to enlarge the courses on subjects relating to irrigation, drainage, water and sewage systems, farm buildings, roads, and related subjects, and thus to prepare the way for the establishment of separate departments of rural engineer- ing. This movement has recently been emphasized by the provision in several of our larger agricultural institutions of special equipment for work in these lines. At the College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois five courses in subjects connected with rural engineering are given. These courses are thus described in the university catalogue for 1903: Drainage and irrigation.—Location of drains and irrigation conduits, leveling, dig- ging, laying tile and pipes, filling and subsequent care, cost of construction and efficiency, sewers for the disposal of waste from farm buildings, and the sewage from 600 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. kitchen and toilet; farm water pipes, pipe and thread cutting. Class work, laboratory and field practice. Field machinery. —The tools and machinery of the field, plows, harrows, and hoes; seeders, drills, corn and potato planters, cultivators, weeders, and spraying machines; mowers, rakes, self-binders, corn harvesters and huskers, potato diggers, wagons, ete. Class work and laboratory practice, including setting up and testing machines (Pl. XLVI), noting construction and elements necessary for successful work. Farm power machinery.—Horsepowers, gas engines, traction engines, windmills, pumps, corn shellers, feed cutters, grinders, and thrashing machines, their construction, efficiency, durability, and care. Class room and laboratory work. Farm buildings, fences, and roads.—The arrangement, design, construction, and cost of farm buildings, especially of barns, granaries, and silos; the different kinds of fences, their cost, construction, efficiency, and durability; cost and construction of roads and walks. Class work and practice in designing and drafting buildings, operating fence-building machines, setting and testing fence posts, making walks, ete. Special work in farm mechanics.—Students may arrange for special work in any of the lines covering drainage or farm machinery, either in the second semester or the summer. Special provision is made for these courses in the large agricultural building of the university, and ‘‘the college keeps on deposit from the largest manufacturers several thousand dollars’ worth of plows, cultivators, planters, cutters, shellers, grinders, mowers, binders, engines, etc.” This work is in charge of F. R. Crane as instructor in farm mechanics. At the Iowa College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts a depart- ment of farm mechanics has recently been established and a special building erected for its use. The following description of this build- ing is taken from an article in the Experiment Station Record: The building for the new department of farm mechanics is an addition to Agricul- tural Hall, and is connected with it by a corridor 27 feet long by 15 feet wide. (Pl. XLVIL.) The main part of the new building is 60 by 100 feet and contains two main floors. Each of these floors has a balcony about 12 feet wide, which is sup- ported by steel columns. The second floor balcony extends over only a part of that floor, the remainder being inclosed and constituting an attic or third floor. The effect is, therefore, that of a four-story building, there being windows on each of the main and baleony floors. The first or ground floor (Pl. XLVIII) contains a large machinery operating room 663 feet long by the full width of the building, with an approach 14 feet wide and payed with brick. This room will be used for the study and operation of farm motors, such as gas engines, steam traction engines, etc. At one side is a row of double forges supplied with blast from a fan, and a double row of anvils, for students’ use, and across the end is a row of benches. On this floor are also located wood-working and iron- working shops for experimental purposes, both well equipped with hand and power machines, and also tool rooms, toilet room, and a supply of lockers. These rooms and the corridor all have a brick floor. The balcony of this floor will be used as a carpenter shop for students of this department, and be proyided with circular saws, lathes, grindstone, emery wheel, ete. On the second floor (Pl. XLIX) are located offices for the head of the department, a class room about 21 by 30 feet, a drafting room 22 by 27 feet, and a students’ study and reading room 17 by 22 feet. About half of this floor will be occupied by a PLATE XXXVIII. Senate Doc ») t: 2 va - ‘ * : ‘ a” .~ i q4 - F ¥ m: : s = os ” , i+ 5 s¥ - s é ‘ Yr b ie - x y; ¥, -* » * NS . ' : ae eicciaicct § a Migs My Bid : E es r 2.8 Fe ‘ . ‘ ’ » ; y \ w ‘ 5 3 - - mn * h gieere J ty . ‘ ‘ Wiidos ri ae} ‘ 4 \ : hi . ° rT kh no RE | P e ll . ; F ae. 7 t . eat Ve 2a j te” , y/ Yi he : i : t at as \, i q Oe. ; vy oe ¥ x + oe aN a. ae le “1 7 V7 at Puan te ls re Saw ¢ — =. ls 9) peer aes : ‘ > i seeds tt ‘ ie" Te CORP ae ae . > ~~ s vow ré Why «mea « i “en = . : we : ms, a & i a ee +e a c " 7 os _— a . - 4 ee - ¢ , ee. . ‘ ay < = 7 © as C vi) Ee 28 ‘ * ee eS ‘ ye oe PLATE XL. HALL GENERAL TOILET lS] ==] (c=) KL JRL HOI —— = AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—BASEMENT PLAN OF THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY. 7 aoe ‘Rte Suet footer! agate € = i aie eel fe eR Hy : 7 ty ‘ nn is: Ao nate: eh mc ty Toe Snel ai a . "i se 5s - "on af ri a a i | ada Pay PLATE XL}. 148, te Doc. No. n cn ve > g i __— SC ee a £ MH AUDITORIUM [ ° * Ss 4 7 a oe ae ee eo f= = ms so Ma ANIM | STUDENT 5’ STUDENTS? ROOM 4 Ro ae ; S S STRAR | RESEARCHE = paiRY BACT LABY nee WASHING, MEDIA, AND STORE ROOM PAT HOLOGICAL-BAC™ LABORATORY | STORE : SUPT OF | | ROOM Povoser ] FARMERS'INSTITUTES } | ——— —s a OFFICE aaneinde OFFICE be ROOF OF | CORRIDOR, CORRIDOR SHELTER| _ = * —_* =A Hay ae “ PASSAGE WARDROBE eS aI TOILET {cl —=T| MUSEUM RECITATION ROOM “ee DEANS if J DEANS OFFICE. OFFICE ee FACULTY || SST CHEMIST* ROOM | H OFFICE VAULT i AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—FIRST-FLOOR PLAN OF THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY. = » ww = it a Ps, 7 t Fase Gis OS eee Te . a : * S , @@e ‘ ‘ a sp» ¢ ; Sea a. hoe oa eee ataticg y . a ff pak ul ae 4 y - e ie, i . tf . ‘ 5 } o> 2 $ : * fi A vs gens P 4 jat- ra. we * dh ee te ales oy ~ i] ’ ‘ ‘ bb a te on “i " § a ' Fone PL ie" ‘ 4 ; 4 t * yore ow oe n i © * + me re ag ‘7 ae Tas * . r ; wt . Ss tee © ~e a ; ° . ” > / ‘se ' es ‘i... : yy * Lik ie ar “by "4 5 Mig pt \'y ea Sher a) Ae iT. Fy ! ry 2 -© ss ee : ; . i * ae ; 7 a ita } ; Piet ao ? f Uv in? 1 Tk : ri, ye ia ' 4 st 3 ie te , ’ ~ : aor = {* Rik be) ey * ~ ; 3 ye ree eee tk + a Ot ig £ tA? PU a e . § - _ ; / + ee \ or eae & } \ i rd % : ¥ 17 7 Wh, vk , : : ¢ es) Be opeacic hi Ape wy PV ia sw lk : Oat J A> x «ten FY + 3 : i | eee a ee Jt Bees va rf ¥ Y ’ «i , t= Py “i > ts : e. ‘ yf mAs met j ay p > ‘ “ = ; Ls) as - i 4 and + oh th a a 3 id - ee +e és ate : z % ? Pw Me ‘ : ty. ; —¥ pet ae : i . 2 ap hn oe Ae 2 RO oi eid es Piet , “{ “7 F Atti oF be : "Mae 7 ny, aes vi J y - . 4 ’ v - : x pa J : o] | r ra 48 ~ il 7 - , ‘ae . a4 4 = ‘ ; J ‘ J oe Ow! PLATE XLII. 148. No. Senate Doc. IIBACTERIOLOGISTS PRIVATE LABY L OFFICE CHEMIST OFFIC MISTS VATE LABY a . BACTERIOLOGISTS 2 ero ae Gg BACT DAIRY LABY MUSLUM aoa , tits GCHLMICAL LABY oor* p> =p ? TAT NI NOMEN NITOR ROOM Al IMAI tg So = eh yy Ez _ AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—SECOND-FLOOR PLAN OF THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY. . » % ¢ I r . : rs ! ’ - ts = i i P ! b a ‘ i ; J €o " } es ‘ ~ ” § PP i 4 ame rota 4 ae aot) ee y | et italien Poesy Saf bint | ; Ze ; : ; a | . 3 et See ; ee. ox ¢ 3 % se = 4 «ci e £ x ce tae 7 * . = - s S ocem = ye om * dete as - es rs - x -7s = 8 i = LS ae - — = ae - 2 a * to? were rd ' ad * % 2 Me : St yi te Ya - Dir a ? at Tame 5 gD * 5 Sa 2 \ . = a —paggres 2 So ~ . : “d a * Ee Seer eg : a - > ‘ | — ww y “~- hapa % _ Wi Te es MA ages - ~~ % oat a Ap - “- © 2 = 2 ee 5 ka = ri -~ < 4 “ ~ ~ © * P a SOS it ee, Weer ace be = = r, va - 4 a - kg = > « 5 ’ s —_ » ei] s a - 7 = a , : Zeer Pi ees —— Pm eae Ted. ug ie ibyeheg,9 4 ii : ci: j é : <. o , Se — z , . 2 ie \ 148. No. ee: ae Nae AGRONOMY AGRONOMY LABORATORY i. - - o = | LECTURE ROOM EARCH AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—THIRD-FLOOR PLAN OF THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY. STATION DESEA OFFICE ASS'§ NitROGEN LAB Y " 1EMIST 00M L.. SS a ) OGRAPHER DARK ROOM = ~—— LECTURE vi ™ IL. = HALL CORRIDOR. = 7 = So UNASSIGNED Crp RY ROOM SEMINA . UNASSIGNED UNASSIGNE ROOF OF PORTICO | | : | aCe | Senate Doc. No. 148. PLATE XLIV. Fic. 1.—AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—lOWA COLLEGE, NEW JUDGING PAVILION. Fic. 2,—AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—KANSAS COLLEGE AND STATION, SCIENCE BUILDING. ' i ' 7 +e “ : f i e I he ~ v 7 " ’ : five .* iM F ‘y ! ' Hey ‘ el oy ys ? . ’ : . y ‘ 7 . > { } iT A : te, i - ‘ a - i 2 i 4S ey i 4 oe | ’ * m L# : LS baal ‘ as " , My 5 ‘ J ‘ v i: > - f BAS y 3 y é - 2 - « Senate Doc. No. 148. PLATE XLV. Fig. 1.—AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—MISSISSIPPI COLLEGE AND STATION, SCIENCE BUILDING. FiG. 2.—AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—NEVADA COLLEGE AND STATION, CHEMISTRY BUILDING. Late Senate Doc. No. 148. PLATE XLVI. = a |S i . jon ee a Fia. 1.—AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, STUDENTS SETTING UP SELF-BINDERS. Se PR REM ae i NN St a YA 8 7 Ys - $ FiG. 2.—AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, STUDENTS SETTING UP SELF-BINDERS. z 4 - : 4 < / 7 4 _ ‘ e _ - ¥ iF 7 - ° . - “ ‘ a 7 s. * 3 ’ ‘ a > = * s PLATE XLVII. No. 148. Senate Doc. ange Se . Mites Sue ee ek aw eS — —_—— < _—_— oo ene ae RS: —_ AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—IOWA COLLEGE, FARM MECHANICS BUILDING. PLaTe XLVIII. No. 148 Senate Doc. 1RON SHOP fi LATHE i] IO TOILET ROOM = | be AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—FIRST-FLOOR PLAN OF Farm MECHANICS BUILDING, lOwA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE i : i: EXHAUST FAN al in) fh ke pees | GAS ENGINE 12 LOCKERS—ITIER “AO LOCKERS CORRIDOR MACHINE OPERATING ROOM TOOL ROOM AND MECHANIC ARTS. a * tp et ep fee NL TAG stim ie! 7S." “WF os PLATE XLIX, CONNECTING CORRIDOR eh DRAF TING ROOM READING ROOM | | | | | | | | | | | | > | | | | | | | | | | ' ' \ \ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ! o CORRIDOR HAFTI Or les CLASS ROOM J ORRICt ELEVATOR MOTOR MACHINE OPERATING ROOM AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—SECOND-FLOOR PLAN OF FARM MECHANICS BUILDING, lOowA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS. t } ‘ J » iy } ‘ : gs . , ’ c ~<" 4 ie. : ia ie > ls ? : * qq . E na a ey é tt : 7 a7 ' i > 3 . a b4 Py rs , i: ' iG he = > 7 "g ; , 7 tel J ne ° \ vi Se Pek tens * I PLATE L. DARK ROOM p jSKV LIGHT \ STORAGE AND EXHIBIT | PHOTOGRAPHIC BLUE PRINT | ROOM AND OFFICE ROOM —— = = | TOILET STORAGE STORAGE AND EXHIBIT BALCONY eee AQGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—BALCONY AND THIRD-FLOOR PLAN OF FARM MECHANICS BUILDING, lOWA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS. OFFICE a 7 7 J 7 ~ | . d ‘ 7 l - 7 / 5 a ‘ ; 1 ~ i < . = came f 7 , =» J Dp _ M = “a oar “ 4 : 2 : . ; : - > » 2 ” { \ | 7 bs é ml : ‘ ; ; a f - s > i ia “" / Ce _—. r — = ee oe i : : rag : =r = : doe . : ‘ ae d BY =! aT < in ; i ie ee Sem * * je , uf Ua - » ion Pane PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 601 smaller machine room 51 feet 7 inches by the width of the building. This room will be used for setting up, operating, and testing various kinds of farm machinery, such as binders, mowers, corn planters, corn shredders, plows, wagons, etc. The connec- tion with the main building is upon this floor. The balcony and third floor (Pl. L) will be used for storing farm machinery not in use, and will contain an office for assistants in the department, a mailing room, and several storage rooms. Photographic and dark rooms for instructing the students of this department in photography will be located on this floor. The building has a large elevator with openings on each floor and balcony. It is yery substantially constructed of brick, stone, and steel, and is fireproof throughout. The cost, including heating, plumbing, furniture, and other equipment, will be between $65,000 and $70,000. Those familiar with such buildings state that when completed it will be the best and most thoroughly equipped building for instruction in farm mechanics in this or any other country. Although this department is new at the college, it already has considerable material in the way of equipment. A 12-horsepower steam engine has been donated by z thrashing-machine company, to be used for instruction purposes, and a wagon com- pany has furnished a farm wagon especially constructed for experimental work. The equipment of this wagon includes 10 sets of wheels of different heights and differ- ent widths of tire, to be used in tests to determine the best kinds of wheels for different roads, and sets of roller and ball-bearing axles, which will be tested and compared with the ordinary friction axles to determine the relative draft. The roller bearings were especially manufactured for this wagon and are thought to be the first roller bearings used on a farm wagon. A steel grain tank, having a capacity of 150 bushels, also goes with the wagon. The department is also provided with a newly-invented dynamometer which registers maximum and minimum drafts on a sheet of paper, and by an ingenious device shows the average draft during the test. It will be the aim of the department to cooperate with the implement manufac- turers in yarious ways. A friendly spirit has already been exhibited by these manu- facturers. Quite a number of machines have already been received from them which will be used for practice work by the students, and many others have been promised as soon as the new building is ready to receive them. Representatives of these implement manufacturers will be invited to lecture before the students in farm mechanics from time to time, explaining in detail the construction of the machines which they are manufacturing, with the aid of specimens of these machines for illustration. In this way it is hoped to obtain for the students the best possible information on implement construction by men who are specialists in their lines. The aim will be to make the collegiate course thoroughly. practical. Students will be trained in the fundamental principles of construction of farm machinery, and in the setting up, operating, and adjusting of various kinds of implements. Besides farm machinery, the department embraces instruction in farm drainage, road construction, irrigation, planning farm buildings, mechanical drawing, carpen- tering, blacksmithing, and horseshoeing. Courses are provided in farm and field machinery, in farm power machinery, in drainage, and farm buildings, and oppor- tunity is offered for postgraduate work. A number of postgraduate students are taking farm mechanics this year as a major study, with the expectation of fitting themselves for teaching this subject, and many inquiries are being received from prospective students. The new department is in charge of Prof. C. J. Zintheo, recently instructor in agricultural engineering at the North Dakota Agricultural College, who was formerly in the employ of a large implement concern and has had experience in both the practical and theoretical aspects of the subject. 602 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. At the College of Agriculture of the University of Minnesota a course in rural engineering is offered, which includes the following topics: ‘*Subduing new prairie and timber soils, farm drainage, irrigation and irrigation works, tillage of crops, roads, their financial support, their location, construction, and maintenance, farm buildings, farm fences, farm implements and machinery.” In the short course for farmers at this institution instruction regard- ing farm mechanics and implements is given in accordance with the following outline: Farm mechanics.—The instruction given in this subject will consist of lectures on farm mechanics, taking up such subjects as pumps, farm water systems, windmills, the general principles of steam and gasoline engines, placing shafting, pulleys, and belts; pipe fitting, soldering, etc. Some instruction will also be given on sharpening and using hand tools, such as saws, planes, chisels, and other tools necessary in farm practice. Farm implements.—The lectures on farm implements will be illustrated as far as possible by samples. Stereopticon views will be made use of in illustrating machines that can not well be taken to the class room. It is the aim in these lectures to bring out the lines covering the draft of implements and the objects attained by their use. Suggestions will be made on selection of implements adapted to the various kinds of work. The care of implements when not in use will also be discussed, and an attempt made to give as fully as possible all information that will be beneficial in the care and handling of farm machinery. Similar subjects are also taught in the agricultural high school con- nected with this college. At the North Dakota Agricultural College instruction is given in the regular course regarding road construction, drainage, irrigation, farm buildings and machinery, and the programme for these subjects in the short course is as follows: Farm mechanics.—Three lectures on ‘Laying out the farm’’ will consider the selec- tion of building sites, location of farm buildings, and the division of the farm into fields. Twelve lectures on ‘‘Construction of Buildings and Works’’ will diseuss the principles of construction, giving plans and specifications and estimates of the cost of farm buildings, the water system, sewerage and drainage, roads and fences, etc. Two lectures are given on the elementary principles of physics, upon which farm mechanics depend. Nine lectures disclose the principles involved in the use of the lever, evener, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, screw, and wedge. Twenty-four lectures on “Construction and Use of Farm Machinery”’ will discuss. the several classes of farm machinery in their order, the use of power machines, and the operation, care, and repairing of farm machinery. At the Collegé of Agriculture of the University of Wisconsin a course in farm engineering has for some time been given in the depart- ment of agricultural physics. This has included instruction relating to ‘‘farm machines and engines, the construction and maintenance of country roads, and the construction of farm building.” In order to provide more adequately for work in these lines the State legislature, at its session in 1903, made an appropriation of $15,000 for a farm- een ne PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 603 engineering building, and G. N. Knapp, an engineer connected with the U. S. Geological Survey, has been appointed assistant professor of agricultural engineering. tas the announcement of courses of instruction in the Gallees of Agriculture of Cornell University for 1908-4, as reorganized under the directorship of Prof. L. H. Bailey, farm mechanics and engineer- ing are distinctly recognized, and two courses are offered, as follows: Farm mechanics and engineering.—Lectures and recitations upon selecting, planning, and equipping farms, building roads, farm vehicles and machinery, power, water, and drainage. Practice in leveling and laying drains, dynamometer, and other tests of wagons and farm implements. Special instruction will be given on rural roads, and it is expected that a piece of actual road will be constructed each year. Farm buildings.—Study and designing of farm buildings. Open to seniors and to others by special permission. In order to aid the movement for the more complete recognition of rural engineering in our agricultural colleges and experiment stations and the United States Department of Agriculture, the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment. Stations has appointed a standing committee on rural engineering, which sub- mitted the following report at the convention of the association held in Washington, D. C., November 17-19, 1903: At the last meeting of the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations the following resolution was adopted: ‘Whereas, The agricultural colleges and experiment stations, as well as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, are broadening their work relating to irrigation and farm machinery and other lines of agricultural engineering, and there is press- ing need of the more definite formation of plans for this work: Therefore be it ““Resolved, That this association make provision for the appointment of a standing committee on agricultural engineering to consist of five members, and that it be made the duty of this committee to cooperate with the Department of Agriculture in pro- moting education and research along the different lines of agricultural engineering.”’ Your committee, appointed in pursuance of this resolution, begs leave to submit the following progress report: Rural engineering, as defined in Circular 45 of the Office of Experiment Stations, is ‘‘the science and art of laying out farms, designing and constructing farm build- ings and works, and making and using farm implements and machinery.”’ A careful examination of existing conditions in the United States leads to a belief that there should bea strengthening of the courses of instruction in these subjects in our colleges, and the inauguration of comprehensive investigations and research work to ascertain the best practice in this and other lands and provide up-to-date informa- tion for instruction in our institutions of learning. This is equally true, whether the opportunities for students or the needs of the American farmers are considered. The field of practical usefulness for the one and the need of the other are alike extensive. In support of these conclusions we submit the following facts: The comparatively large areas of American farms makes the laying out and arrangement of the different fields a matter of especial importance to our farmers. In order to maintain the fertility of the soil, rotation of crops must be practiced. To do this, fields should have such areas and such number as will make a regular system of rotation feasible. This gives an opportunity for the exercise of skill and intelligence, and, in connection with the building of roads leading from farm build- 604 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ings to different parts of the farm, may involve marked economy or serious waste in the expenses of construction and in the distances traveled in going to and from the fields. It is therefore one of the things to which attention should be directed in our institutions of learning. Closely related to the arrangement of fields is the construction and grouping of farm houses and farm buildings, not only to secure efficiency and economy, but to contribute to the healthfulness and attractiveness of farm life. There is no doubt that present conditions in these particulars in the United States are inferior to those in most Huropean countries, and it is equally certain that improving the conditions of farm life will have much to do with determining whether the exodus of people from the country to the cities will be checked or become greater in the future than in the past. In the construction of farm buildings, both barns and houses, the farmer is almost entirely dependent on his own knowledge and ingenuity in preparing plans and often in their execution. The designing of city buildings is largely in the hands of archi- tects and engineers, and they are constructed by expert mechanics. They haye, therefore, a finish and convenience which add largely to the attractiveness of city life. In the country, however, exactly the reverse is true. The great majority of farm buildings are unsatisfactory, whether considered from the standpoint of appear- ance, durability, adaptability to the work to be done, healthfulness, or pleasantness for the occupants. Some problems in connection with farm buildings need careful study. Among these is ventilation. The fact is we do not know either the effect of poor ventilation or the most efficient means of securing good ventilation. But the majority of the improvements to be wrought do not require research so much as the application of skill and ingenuity in design. One illustration of this is the fact that nothing is of more service in a home than a convenient water system. Much of the dislike which many women have to farm life comes, consciously or unconsciously, from the heavy work of handling water in cooking and washing, all of which could be easily saved by the adoption of readily available means. There is no reason why a farmhouse should not be as attractive as a city house, and there is no reason why the grounds surrounding farmhouses should not be made as attractive as city parks. It is largely because farm life and the farm home are not attractive that many of the enterprising, aggressive youth of the country flock to the cities. Heretofore, nearly all farm buildings have been built of wood. A change in this direction is inevitable in the near future. Timber is becoming scarce and costly and must be supplemented by brick, stone, or concrete. We ought to begin in the near future to determine the relative value and cost of these different materials, and this is particularly a work for the colleges and stations. The character of farm buildings has also changed greatly in the past quarter of a century. Formerly they were simply storage places for grain or shelters for live stock. With the introduction of feed cutters, silos, power churns, centrifugal cream separators, and scores of other machines formerly unknown, these buildings are becoming as complex in their designs and uses as factories, and there is need of scientific study to determine the most economical designs to fulfill these different requirements. Another reason for strengthening these courses of study is the fact that all of the public lands susceptible of cultivation in their natural condition haye been taken up, so that this outlet for our growing population is closed. We have, howeyer, large areas of land which, when drained or irrigated, can be settled upon and cultivated. The importance of irrigation is manifest from the statement that in two-fifths of the United States it is an absolute necessity to the existence of civilized life, and there is every reason to believe that it is destined to be an important means of increasing production throughout the whole country. But in order that fields may be irrigated they must be smoothed so that water will flow over them; and in order that the best results may be obtained the methods of applying water to crops to secure the PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 605 greatest economy in use and the largest yields must be studied, and the mutual rela- tion of peoples who depend on the same water supply must be ascertained in order that we may have institutions which will secure harmony and justice. An excellent beginning in the study of these questions has been made in a few institutions and by the Office of Experiment Stations, but there is a greatrfield for the extension of both instruction and research and for a broader cooperation between the Department and the State institutions in both the cultural and engineering sides of this branch of agriculture. Of wider application and scarcely less importance is the subject of drainage. The marsh and overflowed lands along our seacoast and the bottom lands bordering many of our rivers are at present unsightly, unproductive, and in some instances a menace to the health of surrounding districts. They need only to be diked and drained to be the most valuable lands in the country. The carrying out of these improvements will add immensely to the agricultural values of the country, and the work is certain to be undertaken in the near future. It involves, however, a larger knowledge of agricultural engineering than can now be obtained in our land-grant colleges. In fact, the profession of agricultural engineer, so prominent in Europe, is almost unknown in this country. Very little has been done in this country to develop a satisfactory drainage practice. The principles of drainage are understood by but few, and instruction in our colleges is meager and far from being up to date. Drain- age laws are far from satisfactory and need to be modified because this work is beyond the means of individuals and must be carried out by organizations of large numbers of landowners associated under some definite legal plan. Careful work must be done in the study of the practical side of this subject, in determining the most effective methods of constructing ditches, in determining the kind of under- drains to be used, the depth at which they should be laid, the distance apart, ete. We believe that in irrigation and drainage there is a field for cooperation between the Department of Agriculture and the experiment stations and colleges which ought to be more fully utilized, the Department of Agriculture coordinating the work of the stations and aiding them in carrying out original researches. Associated with drainage and irrigation is another branch of hydraulic agriculture whose importance has not been properly realized. This is the terracing and draining of hillside farms in order to protect them from the destructive effects of erosion. It is an unfortunate fact that much of the activity of the last century in subduing and settling this country has been of adestructive character. Forests have been cut from the headwaters of streams; the hillsides which they protect have been exposed to the erosion of storms, and the evils of the work done by rainfall have been aggra- vated by the planting of these lands to crops which require clean culture, such as corn, tobaceo, and cotton, which provide no binding material for the soil. As a result, much of the accumulated fertility has been carried down into the channels of streams, thus leaving thousands of acres of what was fertile land not many years ago scarred with gullies and practically abandoned to weeds and brush. We must stop this destructive style of farming if we are to maintain the prosperity and provide an adequate food supply for many sections in the eastern half of the United States. To find out how best to do this and to encourage farmers to begin action is a work which both the Department of Agriculture and the different State experiment sta- tions should take up at once. The hill lands of France, Germany, and England are as fertile as they were a century ago, although many of them are devoted to culti- vated crops. The credit for these results is due to the existence of a body of trained agricultural engineers, a class of professional men not now existing in the United States. The time has come when our colleges should lend themselves actively to this sort of training. The opportunities for employment in irrigation, drainage, and hill- side protection are sufficiently great to make it an attractive course to young men having aptitude for such work, and it is the field to which we must look for the 606 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. largest results in the extension of our productive area and in the conservation of the fertility of much of the land now being farmed. Another branch of rural engineering is the construction of country roads. Increase in population in our cities has resulted in larger areas being devoted to the produe- tion of perishable products—such as milk, garden truck, and fruit. The marketing of these has greatly increased the travel on country roads. The character of these products is such as to demand quick transportation, thus rendering it necessary that the roads should be hard and smooth, and this is being emphasized by the fact that the automobile and traction engine require a better roadway than the horse and cart. To build roads suited to the conditions of modern life, especially in the vicinity of cities, requires a knowledge of engineering wholly different from that of a quarter of a century ago and demands not only that the courses of instruction be strengthened, but that facilities be provided for experimentation regarding the best materials to use. It is believed, however, that the greatest opportunities for students and for the improvement of the general agricultural practice of this country will be found in the systematic study of the manufacture and use of agricultural machinery. This country is the greatest maker and user of farm machinery in the world, and it is due largely to this fact that we have become the most prosperous agricultural country in the world. It has enabled the farmer to pay the high prices for labor created by the competition of our manufactories and has taken away from farm life much of the drudgery of manual toil and made it in the best sense an intellectual pursuit. Improvements in machinery haye brought about a steady reduction in the cost of production, notwithstanding the steady rise in wages. The self-binder enables one man to accomplish the work done by four men with the best machinery in use at the close of the civil war. The check-row corn planter and the two-horse cultivator have, according to a recent writer, lessened by more than half the labor cost of pro- ducing a bushel of Indian corn. Machinery has enabled the eastern farmer to adopt intensive farming. The windmill pumps the water used in the dairy, the centrifugal separator skims the milk, and water or wind power runs the churn. The gasoline or steam motor is beginning to haul the product of the truck farm to the city market, rendering the farmer equally independent of horses and railways. In the same way it has enabled the western farmer to plant and haryest large areas, notwithstanding the scanty labor supply to be found there. Last year a trac- tion engine in Calfornia cut and thrashed over a hundred acres of wheat in a single day, doing the work of nearly one hundred horses with modern mowing and reaping machinery, and equaling the result accomplished by that many men and horses fifty years ago. Less than a century separates the operation of machines like this and the cutting of grain with the scythe and thrashing it with the flail, and the improve- ments which have been made in harvesting machinery haye been duplicated in many other lines of farm work. There are now traction engines which plow 30 acres of ground ina day. Recently a gasoline motor has been invented which promises to be as successful in displacing the horse in certain lines of work on the farm as the automobile is on the country roads. The demands which these changes are making on the farmer for a knowledge of the principles of mechanics and for a certain amount of skill in their application is so much greater than it was a century ago that it can not be stated as a percentage. The question we have to consider is whether we have recognized this change in the courses of instruction in our agricultural colleges. Your committee is unanimously of the opinion that we have not, and that the facilities for instruction are not in keeping with the importance of this branch of agriculture. In the majority of insti- tutions the same kind of mechanical training is given agricultural students as to students who expect to work in factories, while the work to be done by the farmer in the use of machines and tools is of a radically different character. On the farm one man must do many kinds of work, and hence must use many different kinds of PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATICN. 607 tools; in shops and factories one man does one thing or a few things only. This highly developed specialization produces efficient labor. A man uses a tool until he understands it thoronghly, recognizes immediately any defect, acquires a feeling of ownership in it, gives it constant care, and is often able to make improvements in its construction. All this is very different in the experience of the farmer. He uses one machine only a short time, and then must take up another. What is learned about the construction and use of a machine at one time is largely lost before it is again called into use. The result of all this is that the farmer fails to develop that interest and mechanical sense which are necessary to the highest efficiency in the operation of the complex machinery which now forms a part of the equipment of every modern farm. The records of the last census show that over one hundred million dollars worth of farm machinery is made and sold each year. The saving which would come to the people of this country by extending the life of each machine one year would be an immense addition to the annual profits of our farmers. This saving can be more than realized and it can be augmented by the greater efficiency which would come from expert care and management. At present it is notorious that the American farmer, with all his mechanical aptitude and inventive skill, is behind the other leading agricultural countries in his management and care of agricultural machinery. It is believed that this is largely due to the neglect of this subject in our schools. In Germany, France, and more recently in England, a well-equipped laboratory for testing agricultural machines and a museum filled with samples of machines of differ- ent patterns for examination by students is held to be as essential to proper instruc- tion as a chemical laboratory. The first floor of the agricultural high school at Berlin contains a museum in which are found the best types of agricultural implements of the United States, England, and Germany. The student who makes proper use of that museum has a better understanding of the principles which govern the construc- tion of the tools he is to use and the modifications to conform to different uses than it would be possible for him to acquire in any other way, and it is a kind of training especially demanded by the conditions of American farm life. This training in the agricultural institutions of Germany is regarded there as of the highest value not only by farmers but by manufacturers. It gives them trained workmen in their shops; it gives them trained agents to extend their export trade in different countries. The union of agricultural and mechanical knowledge in their employees and agents has enabled German implement makers to greatly increase their export trade, and it is believed that the same result would follow similar training here. If we are to maintain our standing as a producing and manufacturing nation we must maintain our superiority as designers and users of farm machinery, and this can be best promoted by bringing the trained intelligence of the experts of the Department of Agriculture and of the students and professors of our agricultural colleges to bear on this problem. A few colleges have created departments for instruction in certain branches of rural engineering, the departments of irrigation engineering in Colorado and California being illustrations of this, and a number of colleges are now considering the establishment of courses in rural engineering with farm mechanics as the leading feature, and there is much interest in the development of these courses as independent lines of work. Among these are the colleges of agriculture in Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and North Dakota. In each case this work has been inaugurated as a branch of instruction in agronomy. While this may answer as a beginning, the importance of the allied branches of rural engineering taken together entitles it to be made an independent department of instruction, having equal rank with agronomy or animal industry as they have been established in a number of institutions. The scheme outlined in the fifth report of the committee on methods of teaching agriculture, and published in Circular 45 of the Office of Experiment Stations, brings together in a logical way the scattered 608 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. instruction which bears on this branch of agriculture and furnishes a systematic and well-rounded course. Such departments are needed to furnish opportunities for specialization by students who wish to prepare themselves for leadership along these lines of work, and would furnish a field for experimentation and systematic training for farmers in the subjects which to-day constitute the most important factors in the expenses and profits of American agriculture. The same policy should be followed in the organization of the work of the Depart- ment of Agriculture. This Department is now doing important and useful work in a number of branches of rural engineering, but its influence on the development of the country and the effectiveness of the investigators would be greatly promoted if all of these related lines of work were gathered together in one division, instead of being made simply incidents of the work of several bureaus organized to do other things, as is now the case. It is believed that the importance of these subjects war- rants the adoption of this plan atan early date. One of the reasons for believing this is the consideration given to these subjects in other countries where their importance is far less than with us. The bureau of hydraulic agriculture is one of the leading bureaus of the agricultural department of France. It includes only drainage and irrigation. The relative importance of these subjects in France and this country is shown by the fact that France has only 400,000 acres of irrigated land, while we haye nearly 8,000,000 acres irrigated and the work is still in its infancy. In France irri- gation is not a necessity—only an aid to agriculture. In two-fifths of the United States it is a necessity for civilized life. Furthermore, the conditions which haye been created in this country by the character of our irrigation development give to the irrigation investigations of the Department of Agriculture a significance and impor- tance not possessed by similar work in any other country in the world. Over 8,000,000 acres of sagebrush desert land has been reclaimed by the unaided efforts of farmers, without any assistance from either the Federal Government or the States, in such a manner as to produce good crops. This task is one of the greatest achievements of the agricultural classes of this or any other continent. It has inyolyed an amount of experimenting and a waste of money in failures and partial failures which is inconceivable to those not practically familiar with western conditions. This task, however, has not been completed. Some of the most difficult problems yet remain to be solved. Some of the things which remain to be done are to determine the amount of water which each farmer should receive, and to provide for an equitable distribution of the waters of streams. The uncertainty regarding rights to water is one of the grievous evils which confront western farmers. It is believed that if these rights were so well established and protected that each farmer could know certainly that in times of scarcity he would receive his proper share, the value of each one of these 8,000,000 acres would be increased on an average at least $5, or an aggregate of $40,000,000 in all. But this is only one feature of the gain. Such a change will put an end to litigation and to the enormous expenditure of time and money which it involves. The watering of 8,000,000 acres of land involves the handling of an enormous quan- tity of water each year. If this water could be transferred from the streams to the field ~ with the same system and skill that is exercised in the operation of some of our rail- roads, or that is shown in the distribution of water in some of the best districts of Italy and France, the gain in the saving of water and in the increased production of crops would be something enormous. At present in many parts of the West there is either a very defective system or no system at all, and a competent investigator has estimated that we are losing each year at least $10,000,000 on account of the faulty distribution of appropriated waters. These figures are sufficient to show the neces- sity for a systematic study of these questions by the Department of Agriculture and to show also why, with the increase in the cultivated area which is each year going on, PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 609 the necessity for these investigations and their importance to the whole country is destined to increase. There is no country where drainage problems are as important as in the United States. The swamp and overflowed lands of this country if reclaimed will equal in productive capacity practically the whole of France, yet the problems of drainage and diking, on which their successful reclamation depends, have as yet received but little study, and the practice in both directions is susceptible of great improvement. The construction of country roads is an essential feature of rural engineering. The great extent of our country, its recent settlement, and the necessity for extensive improvements in those directions, make it an important factor in the work of the Department of Agriculture. The necessity for improvements in roads has been referred to above, but the study of the character of these improvements involves also a study of the kind of machines and vehicles that are to travel onthem. Along with the study of road making should go a study of the limitations and requirements of traction engines, automobiles, and all of the new forms of transportation which are becoming an essential factor of American farm life. The relation of the problems of farm machinery to irrigation and drainage has already been shown by the necessity of including in these investigations a study of the applications of power to pumping, because pumping is the only means of supplying water for irrigation in certain dis- tricts and an essential means of removing water from over-irrigated Jands in others. The study of pumping has, of necessity, led to a study of the relative economy and effectiveness of different formsof power fortheoperation of pumps. Thereis equalneed of similar studies of the applications of the different forms of power, whether steam, gasoline, electricity, water, or wind power in the other branches of farm work, and these are being brought home each year with increasing force to both the manufac- turers and users of farm machinery. We believe, therefore, that all these related lines of work should be brought together in the Department of Agriculture ina single bureau, exactly as all the related lines of instruction in these subjects should be brought together in one distinct course in our colleges. The necessity for increased attention to these subjects has been recognized by both the Secretary of Agriculture and the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations. Dr. True has recommended that the name ‘irrigation investigations’? be changed to “irrigation and agricultural engineering’’ in order to more correctly indicate the nature of the work being done, and the Secretary of Agriculture, on the recommen- dation of Dr. True, has included in his estimates to Congress a request for this change and for an increased appropriation to be expended in making investigations in the applications of power to farm machinery, the direction of these inquiries, as indi- cated in Dr. True’s report, to be: “(1) Preliminary work in the collection and publication of information regarding the evolution, character, and uses of farm implements and machinery in this and other countries. This is important because the available literature on the subject is scattered, fragmentary, and out of date. A small beginning has just been made in this direction in a bulletin on The Evolution of Reaping Machines recently published by this Office, and another bulletin describing corn-harvesting machinery, which is being prepared. **(2) Laboratory and practical tests, involving a study of principles of construction and methods of operation of farm implements and machinery with special reference to efficiency and economy. These might very properly include certain strictly technical inquiries regarding the fundamental nature of the various mechanical farm operations with a view to suggesting the best means of performing them with the implements and machines at present available, or with others, the construction of which will be indicated by the results of the inquiries. Such inquiries would require considerable laboratory equipment, but the results obtained would be useful to the S. Doc. 148, 58-2——39 610 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. farmer by securing for him the most efficient implement or machine for performing the desired operation, and to the manufacturer by assisting him in the construction of the desired implements and machines.”’ This committee recommends that the association declare itself in favor of the crea- tion of separate departments of rural engineering in the colleges, that it give its hearty support to the efforts of the Secretary of Agriculture to extend the work of his Department along these lines, and that the executive committee be instructed to urge upon Congress the importance of giving the Department liberal appropriations for these purposes. COURSES IN RURAL ECONOMY. There has thus far been comparatively little instruction given in our agricultural colleges on subjects connected with the economic problems of agriculture. Attention was called to this in the fifth report of the committee on teaching agriculture of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations in 1900, when a tentative course in rural economy was outlined. Since then there has been a somewhat greater interest in this subject manifested by the managers of our agricultural colleges, and in a few institutions we have the beginnings of definite courses of instruction along these lines. At the College of Agriculture of the Ohio State University a course on the history of agriculture and rural economics is offered, which consists of ‘*‘ lectures and recitations upon the history of agriculture; present agricultural methods in various countries; cost and relative profits of various farm operations and systems.” Prof. H. C. Price, who has recently been appointed dean of this college, is also desig- nated professor of rural economy. In the College of Agriculture of the University of Minnesota a course in ‘*agricultural economics” is offered, which includes the following topics: Farm management, systems of farming, planning farms, fields, crops, stock, labor, farm finances, sales, prices, agricultural statistics, pro- duction, exports, wages, land laws, ownership, taxes, organizations. Special attention has also been given by this institution to original investigations regarding the cost of production of agricultural crops, in cooperation with the Bureau of Statistics of this Department. At the University of Wisconsin a course in agricultural economics is given by Dr. H. C. Taylor, instructor in commerce. ‘‘ This course treats of those principles which underlie the prosperity of the farmer and of all other classes in so far as they are dependent upon agricul- ture. The subject is divided into two parts. Part one considers the point of view of the farmer and those economic principles which underlie the management of a farm in such manner as will make it yield the largest net return. Part two discusses the point of view of the nation as a whole and those principles which should guide the statesman in his efforts to regulate and improve the agriculture of a country.” PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 611 At the Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts special attention is now being given to this subject. The following courses are offered: Farm management.—Farm capital, permanent and floating; distribution of capital; labor and its efficiency; profit or loss from the use of machinery; farm advertising; inventory and accounts; types of farming considered from a business standpoint. Rural economics.—History and development of agriculture; influence of location, climate, and other factors upon the agriculture of a country; relation of agriculture to other industries and to the body politic; farm law. In the reorganized programme for courses of instruction in the Col- lege of Agriculture of Cornell University rural economy is given as one of the main branches of agriculture, and courses are offered in farm accounting and the economics and history of agriculture. With a view to increasing interest in this subject, President Butter- field, of the Rhode Island Agricultural College, has been asked to out- line a course of instruction suitable for the agricultural colleges, and attention is invited to his article as given in this report (p. 713). In the agricultural institutions of Europe considerable attention is given to rural economy and courses of instruction have been quite definitely established. To indicate the nature and scope of these courses the following outline has been prepared: RURAL ECONOMY IN EUROPEAN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. FRANCE. In the higher agricultural schools of France rural economy and rural legislation are taught as constituting one course. The lectures on rural economy include the elements of political economy, rural economy proper, and agricultural legislation. In teaching the elements of political economy the relation of the subject to rural economy is impressed upon the students and the object, character, and utility of the science are discussed. Political economy as taught in this course comprises a consideration of the production, circulation, distribution, and consumption of wealth, and under these different heads the following topics are included: Production of wealth.—Production—its agencies, character, and purpose. Property and property rights. Primitive forms of land ownership. Labor. Liberty and division of labor. Capital—its character, origin, and function. Machinery in agri- culture and other industries. Methods of production under modern social conditions. Circulation of wealth.—Exchange. Theory of values. Money. Prices. Mono- metallism and bimetallism. Depreciation of the precious metals and commercial crises. The foreign trade of France. Theory of markets. Protection. History of French commerce since 1789. Distribution of wealth.—Theory of economic rent. Interest and the variations in percentage of the same. Salaries and theories relating thereto. Population and the law of Malthus. Statistics on population in France and foreign countries. Consumption of riches.—Luxuries: Imposts. The budget. Statistics and economics of the French system of finance. 612 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Rural economy includes the study of the character and history of the subject as preliminary to a course outlined as follows: Production of agricultural qwealth.—Agencies of agricultural production. Land. Division of land properties. Reducing and increasing the size of farms in France and other countries. Statistics on the division of land properties. Divisions in crop pro- duction. Improvements of land. Valuation of farms. Rents in their relation to the fertility of the soil. Capital in agriculture, its utility and function. Capital invested and capital for ranning expenses. Elements of expense and theories relat- ing thereto. Systems of farming. Change from one system to another according to economics or other conditions. Agricultural estates. A detailed monograph on some estates under different systems of management required. Organization and administration of estates. Methods of soil management. Direct returns. Rent for cash and on shares. Estates under managers or superintendents. Agricultural labor (men, animals, machines, periods of activity). Live stock and its economical aspects. Statistical and comparative study of plant and animal production in France and other countries. Circulation of agricultural wealth.—Exchange. Division of agricultural labor and specialization in production. International commerce in agricultural products. The French system of customs, its history with reference to the products of the soil. Credit.—Credit as based on real estate, personal property, or confidence. Credit institutions of France, such as the Credit Foncier and Credit Agricole. Mutual credit associations in France and other countries. Distribution of agricultural wealth.—Distribution of proceeds among the factors of production. Fluctuations in rents and prices of land in France during the last cen- tury. Agricultural crises. Agricultural profits. Salaries and their variation. Consumption of agricultural wealth.—Development of the consumption of agricul- tural products. Influence of markets on production. Agriculture andimposts. Dis- tinction between imposts affecting the proprietor and those affecting the renter. Land tax. Comparisons with other countries. Agricultural accounts.—Their utility. Net returns in agriculture. Methods of farm bookkeeping. In addition to the above, lectures on agricultural colonization are given at the agricultural school at Grignon. These lectures have ref- erence to Tunis. The following topics are considered: Land laws, crops, stock raising, organization and administration of estates, capital invested and profits. The lectures on rural legislation present a study of civil, adminis- trative, and commercial laws, together with other legislation of agri- cultural interest. The following is an outline of the three important subdivisions: Civil law.—Study of the second book of the Civil Code. Contracts. Sales. Leases. Privileges and mortgages. Administrative law.—Administrative jurisdiction. Administrative bodies and offi- cers in arrondissements, departments, and the State. Powers of mayors and prefects. Water laws, roads, and waterways. Dispossession. Boundaries. Commercial law.—Merchants and commercial transactions. Commercial jurisdic- tion. Commercial papers, bills of exchange, ete. The class work is supplemented by excursions to different estates for the purpose of inspecting and studying the management. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 6138 The above outline is fairly representative of the study of rural eco- nomics in the Institute Nationale Agronomique, which stands at the head of the French system of agricultural schools and the three national schools of agriculture at Grignon, Rennes, and Montpellier. The supervision of these institutions is centralized in the ministry of agriculture, and the courses given in the studies common to all these schools are in general quite uniform. The following outline represents the course as taught in the practical schools of agriculture, which are of a lower grade than the institutions above mentioned: Elements of political economy.—Detinitions: Wealth, labor, property, capital, ex- change, value, price, money, credit, and banks. Markets. Lines of transportation. Commerce, domestic and foreign. Wages, imposts, population, theory of Malthus. Elements of rural economy.—Factors of agricultural production. Land. Rent. Esti- mating landed property values. Capital in agriculture. System of farming. Renting for cash and on shares. Farms in charge of managers. Agricultural labor. Hand labor. Animal labor. Machines. Live stock and its economic relation. Principal systems of farming followed in France. Agricultural statistics of France. Elements of rural legislation.—Distinction of property: Real estate, personal prop- erty, property rights. Marking and establishing boundaries. Fences. Party prop- erty and party rights. Planting. ‘Building. Rights of passage. Farm rents. Sales: Guaranties, exchanges, loans, mortgages. Societies. Syndicates. Mutual insurance. Culture of tobacco (in France under the direct supervision of the State). Destruction and protection of crops. Domestic animals, ete. Adulteration of products. Various laws of interest to the farm. In the French grammar schools in which a course in agriculture is given the following topics are considered in connection with the study of rural economy: Landed property.—Division of the land. Proper means to prevent its incon- veniences. Societies and meetings. Large, medium, and small farms. Methods of management.—Personal direction and direction by manager. Renting for cash. Renting on shares. Rents. Proper methods to protect the interests of renters and proprietors. Farm laborers. Wages. Methods to remedy the depopu- lation of country districts. Utility of good roads. Assistance given by the State. Agricultural mutuality.—Agricultural credit. / Agricultural institutions.—Comices. Societies. Syndicates. Agricultural instruc- tion. Agronomic institute. National schools of agriculture. Practical schools of agriculture. Farm schools. Departmental professors of agriculture. Distribution of production.—Agricultural statistics of France. Production and con- sumption. Imports and exports. Countries from which imported—products and quantities. Countries to which France exports its agricultural products—kinds and quantities. Agricultural statistics of the department; brief general review of the agricultural situation of the department; crops, stock, implements, capital for running expenses, ete. Production, consumption, imports, exports. Progress to be realized. In many of the French schools the subject of agricultural book- keeping is not included in rural economy, but is taught separately. 614 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. BELGIUM, In some of the Belgian institutions social, political, and rural econ- omy were formerly taught as one subject, but at present rural economy is considered as a separate branch. In addition to rural economy proper, rural legislation, social and political economy, and agricultural bookkeeping are taught. The following is an outline of the course in social and political economy given at the Agricultural Institute at Gembloux: Production of wealth.—Agents and helps of production. Division oflabor. Associa- ‘tion. Methods of production as on large, medium, orsmall farms, or by cooperation. Condition of production. Individualism or socialism. Equilibrium in production. Circulation of wealth.—Exchange. Money. Commerce. Credit. Distribution and consumption of wealth.—Property rights. Hereditary rights.” Con- tracts between employer and employee. Rent. Interest. Savings. Insurance. Luxury. Charity. Public finance.—State properties. Imposts. Loans. Budget. Lectures on the subject of rural economy are given during the third year of the college course. The subject. is divided into six groups, consisting of a general consideration of the subject, soil, capital, labor, necessary and favorable elements, and production: General consideration.—Factors instrumental in agricultural production—their rela- tive value. Definitions. Limits of rural economy. The soil.—Definitions. Rent. Land values. Appraising land properties. Land improvements. Capital.— Running expenses. Investments. Circulating capital. Relation between investment and circulating capital. Chattels—live stock and implements. Labor.—Wages. Foremen. Assistants. Day laborers. Contractors, ete. Elements necessary or favorable to production.—Systems of culture. Rotations. Physiological, economical, and meteorological laws. Large, medium, and small farms. Renting lands on shares and for cash. Personal direction of the farm or by manager. Lands adapted to agriculture. Cooperation in agriculture. Syndicates. Comices. Agricultural credit. Production.—Plant production: Cereals, forage plants, industrial crops. Market gardening. Animal production: Horses, cattle, sheep, swine, poultry. Agricultural industries: Sugar, breweries, distilleries, creameries, cheese factories, and their organizations. The lectures in the course are supplemented by making estimates on land values, capital required for running expenses, quantities of feed consumed, management of the farm, labor needed on the farm, and by excursions for the purpose of observation. Rural legislation.—Property rights. Accession. Use. Water rights. Culture. Harvesting. Bees. Contracts (labor contracts, leases). Sales (defects in animals annulling sales). Various laws and regulations. Rural police. Roads, etc. Elements of commercial law. GREAT BRITAIN. The courses in rural economy in the agricultural“institutions of Great Britain are not very uniform. The term ‘‘rural economy” is PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 615 frequently used as designating economical farm management, and the branch of study which we are now considering is designated ‘‘ rural economics.” In some of the schools this branch, in connection with rural laws, is optional. The topics studied in a number of institutions are here briefly outlined. Edinburgh Sehool of Agricultural Science.—Food supply of the United Kingdom. Wages of agricultural labor. Profits of farms. Rent of land and cause of its variation. Contracts for the hire of land. Risks of long leases. Compensation forimprovements. Fixity of tenure and its effects. Prices of agricultural products. Foreign competition. Effects of appreciation of gold and depreciation of silver. Effects of various imperial and local taxes on agriculture. University of Aberdeen.—This institution offers a course of fifty hours in economic science as applied to agriculture in connection with farm bookkeeping. The lectures treat of general and agricultural economics. Under the last-mentioned study the following are the principal topics considered: Rent of land and the cause oi its variation. Profits of the farm. Wages of labor. Variations in efficiency of agricultural labor. Contracts for the hire of lands. Leases. Compensation for improvements and dilapidations. Fixity of tenure. Prices of agricultural produce. Food supply of the United Kingdom and foreign competition. Imperial and local taxes in relation to agriculture. Instruction in farm bookkeeping and accounts is also given. The text-book studied in connection with the course in economics is Walker’s Elementary Lessons in Political Economy. Edinburgh and East of Scotland Agricultural College.—A course of fifty lectures on economics as applied to agriculture is given in Edin- burgh University by the professor of political economy. Royal Agricultural College and Farm, Cirencester.—Laws of landed estates. Landlord and tenant. Highways and rights of way and water. Master and servant as affecting farmers, land stewards, and land agents. Farm animals—sale, purchase, hire, riding, and driving. Cattle diseases acts. Durham College of Science.—The agricultural department of this institution gives a course in estate management, which includes a study of the laws relating to landed property. Southeastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent.—A course in agricul- tural law. Principles and practice of ordinary tenant right, and other valuations, with a knowledge of valuation tables. Nature and incidence of local and other taxation, and the various public and other charges affecting landed and house property. Such matters as outlay or investment in agriculture are treated in the course on agronomy. AUSTRIA. An outline of rural economics and allied studies as taught in the Hochschule fiir. Bodenkultur, the highest agricultural institution of 616 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Austria, is here given. The institution offers courses in agronomy, forestry, and rural engineering, and a study of the topics mentioned below is given to all students: Constitution and administration.—The State of Austria-Hungary. Administration of general and local interests. Administrative jurisdiction. Civil rights. —Civilians and officials. Property and mortgage. Contracts. Caution. Defenses. Civil jurisdiction of Austria. Administrative rights.—Police. Administration and population. Property trans- fer: Inseparable estates, division, inheritance, etc. Water. Mutuality. Roads. Railroads. Credit. Associations. Forests. Hunting and fishing. Fields and birds. Insects. Agricultural education. Rights of the poor. Finances.—Receipts and expenditures. Budgets. Demands of the State. Imposts and contributions. Custom-houses. The credit of the State. Contraction and extinction of debts. The different topics in the course are discussed and practical cases are examined. ‘The students are required to draw up contracts and other legal documents. Political economy.—Preliminary topics. Principal tendencies of political economy. Forms of private and collective economy. History of political economy and its theories from antiquity to the present day. Theories of values. Wealth and its estimation. The factors of production. Organization of production. Prices, monop- olies, exchange, money. Credit—titles, banks, exchanges, paper money. Trans- portation. Commerce. Distribution of wealth. Socialism. Consumption of wealth. Political economy applied to agricultural statistics:—Economics in general—their object, their tendencies, their foundations. Economics of production: Agricultural economics (legislation, agricultural credit, mutuality, instruction, public improve- ments); economics of forestry, mines, industries, and commerce. Economies of population. Statistics: Small and large farms; division and restriction of the same; relative importance of various agricultural products. Labor and social reform.—Historical valuation of labor; division of labor; liberty of labor, ete. Conditions of industrial and agricultural labors from an economical and social standpoint. Social questions arising from conditions of labor. The most important social theories. What is social reform’? Results obtained. The most important questions in connection with these different branches are discussed by the students in class work. The subject of rural economy proper is taught in the course in agronomy. In teaching the subject the principal object is to present methods for the organization and direction of a certain farm or estate under given, natural, and economic conditions. General topics. —Object of rural economy. Factors of agricultural production. Soil. Capital invested. Capital for running expenses. Labor. Laborers and other agents. Methods of management and system of farming. Special topics.—Organization of an agricultural estate—estimates, systematizing, etc. Management, with a study in detail of the books to be kept, either in single or double entry. Taxation. The exercises in connection with this study consist in estimating the value of certain estates, calculating the commercial value of fertilizers and feeds, planning rotations, outlining the production of estates, PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 617 studying the loss of plant food, and giving conclusions as to the influence of a certain system of farming on the soil. Books are kept in single and double entry and practical exercises in farm practice are given. In the course in forestry rural economy as taught has reference to the value and management of forests, and in the course in agricultural engineering the object of the lectures given is to impress upon the student the importance of always considering and undertaking from an economical standpoint. . GERMANY. The subject of rural economy at the Royal Agricultural High School, at Berlin, is taught by means of lectures in the class room and by deliberation and discussions in the seminar. The class-room work consists of lectures on economic problems in their relation to agricul- ture, on rural jurisprudence, and on such phases of legislation as are of interest and importance to the farmer, surveyor, and agricultural engineer. . ~ — " m4 yee = a = * c 3 ad =~ ‘ 9» « re iz - 2 - be * — eo _ i — oe a . a vs * > “4 ~~ , Ps . =| , 2 - ee ae ae ee 4 = > ? ra ’ > is ‘ . - a > te 2 ¥ . ~ . .” “ ~ > 4 ‘ . : . . ‘ ‘ “7 . - . y b * x « * ‘ PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 625 An agricultural school of secondary grade has recently been opened at Rutherford, Napa County, Cal., under the auspices of the Youth’s Directory of San Francisco, a Roman Catholic organization. For a number of years this organization has been sending boys who had graduated from the grammar grades of its city school to ranches in different parts of the State, but with unsatisfactory results. A ranch of 1,000 acres has therefore been purchased, on which vineyards ‘and orchards are being planted, and stock raising and dairying are being established with the aid of the students sent from the city schools. A building with class-room laboratories and dormitories to accommodate 150 boys is now being erected. The Mount Hermon School, near Northfield, Mass., founded by the late D. L. Moody, has established an agricultural department, and now offers courses of instruction in that subject. This step on the part of one of the largest secondary schools in the United States will be a matter of interest to those who are following the progress of second- ary agricultural education. It is the more significant from the fact that the institution is not a technical school, and that this is the first attempt to establish an industrial course. It is another indication of the hold which this grade of agricultural education is taking. The school has for some time had a farm of about 1,000 acres, which is carried on quite largely with student labor. In consideration of the low tate of tuition and board, pupils are expected to work about fifteen hours a week, and many of the boys have put in this time on the farm. As now operated it is said to yield a good profit. Much of the product finds a market at the boys’ and girls’ departments of the school and the Bible school, which together have an aggregate of about 900 students. There is at present a dairy of about 200 cows, and fruit orchards of considerable proportions, together with a cannery for putting up vegetables, especially tomatoes, peas, and corn. There has, however, been no theoretical instruction in agriculture or horticulture. Mr. Harry Hayward, a graduate of the school and for several months past assistant chief of the Dairy Division of this Department, has now been called to the school as director of the agri- cultural department, and entered upon his duties August 1. The department will be organized into divisions for horticulture, dairying, and field work; and courses will be offered in different branches of agriculture, which it is understood will be mainly elective. In other words, only such of the 425 boys in the school as are especially inter- ested in agriculture will be required to take the courses, although others may be required to work on the farm as heretofore. It is planned to carry the farm on with student labor to even a greater extent than in the past, with practical foremen at the head of the sevy- eral departments. As the school runs practically the year round, there being three terms of sixteen weeks each, this plan will be feasible. S. Doc. 148, 58-2——40 626 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. An effort will be made to make the instruction as practical as experi- ence and the conditions surrounding the school will permit. A con- siderable number of the pupils come from the farming districts and expect to return to the farm, and the courses will be planned with special reference to their needs. With the equipment already at hand the opportunity would seem to be an unusual one for demonstrating the high value of agricultural courses in secondary schools. In Massachusetts arrangements are being made to carry into effect the provisions in the will of Oliver Smith, which call for the estab- lishment of an agricultural school. Mr. Smith was born at Hatfield, Mass., in 1776, and died in the same town in 1845, having amassed a fortune then valued at $370,000. By will he provided for a number of charitable enterprises which have since been wisely administered by a board of trustees, and in such a manner that the funds have grown until they reach a total of over one and one-third million dol- lars. The provisions of Mr. Smith’s will relating to the agricultural school] do not permit of its establishment before December 22, 1905, at which time the fund available for this purpose will be $300,000 or more. The founder directs that this school shall be established in the city of Northampton, Mass., and shall have in connection therewith ‘‘a pattern farm” and an experimental farm. Since the Massachusetts Agricultural College is located at Amherst, only 8 miles from North- ampton, it is very probable that the new school will be of secondary grade and will be closely affiliated with the college. The first annual report of the Winona Agricultural and Technical Institute at Winona Lake, Ind., founded in 1902, shows that 92 boys were enrolled during its first session, of whom 57 came from the city, 21 from villages, and 14 from farms, and ranged in age from 14 to 22. This school is founded upon the assumption that boys should begin early to assume a part of the responsibility for their education. . To that end all students are required to work on an average fifteen hours per week, which partially pays their expenses. The labor of each boy is valued at 84 cents per hour. Two hundred and twenty-five dollars will pay for board, room, heat, light, and tuition for the year—thirty-six weeks. This amount will be decreased at the rate of 84 cents for each hour of labor performed by the boy. The course of study covers two years in a preparatory department corresponding to the seventh and eighth grades of the public schools, and four years in an academic department, in which the studies will be grouped in four courses entitled agriculture, trades, elementary technology, and academic. The course in agriculture will begin in the second year of the preparatory department and run through the four years of the academic department, provision being made in the last year for electives. A substantial brick building, known as the Mount Memorial Build- ing, has been erected for the school work, and there are also two PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 627 dormitories. The school is under the management of a board of 21 directors and a faculty of 13 members. In Elyria, Ohio, a city of about 10,000 inhabitants, Mr. Lyman Carrier, a graduate of the Michigan Agricultural College, bas recently been appointed teacher of sciences in the public high school, and an elective course has been arranged in which agriculture is to be taught in the third and fourth years. A class of 7 boys, all sons of farmers, elected this course the present school year. Instruction in animal husbandry, with special reference to dairy animals, is being given by lectures, laboratory exercises, visits to farms, etc. Later on soils and farm crops will be taken up. Of the 327 students in the Elyria High School this year, 103 are from the country. This work is being watched with great interest, since in Ohio and in many other States are high schools containing large numbers of country boys to whom such courses, if successful, will appeal. THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS. The movement for the introduction of the teaching of agricultural subjects into the primary schools made considerable progress during the past year. This matter is being widely discussed in assemblies of teachers and farmers and in the press. But better and more effective than this are the actual trials of such instruction in the schools, which are now going on in a number of places in different parts of the country. The State legislatures are being affected by this movement and already laws have been passed in a number of States by which instruction in agriculture in the public schools is permitted or encouraged. Such laws now exist in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illi- nois, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, and Wisconsin. ~ The State superintendents of public instruction are beginning to take an active interest in this subject. Definite provision is made for elementary courses in agriculture in the general courses of study out- lined for the public schools in Illinois and Missouri. In Illinois this course has been prepared by Prof. Eugene Davenport, dean of the College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois, and includes out- lines and suggestions for a series of simple observations and experi- ments ona variety of topics connected with the growth of cultivated plants and with animal husbandry, arranged according to the months of the school year and the vacation period. In New Hampshire a similar course has been prepared by Prof. G. H. Whitcher, superintendent of schools for several towns, and recently president of the State Teachers’ Association. Provision has been made for the training of teachers in agricultural subjects in the three State normal schools of Missouri, in county train- 628 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, ing schools in Wisconsin and Michigan, and in summer schools or special courses connected with agricultural colleges in California, Connecticut, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. A very interesting work is being done by Mr. O. J. Kern, superin- tendent of schools for Winnebago County, Ill. Every effort is being made to secure the general improvement of the schools of this county by increasing the efficiency of the teaching force, consolidating the weak schools, improving the school buildings and their equipment, beautifying the school grounds, and securing useful district and travel- ing libraries. But in addition to this the teaching of agriculture is being directly promoted in a number of ways. Through meetings and publications the teachers and the patrons of the schools are being shown the usefulness and the practicability of teaching agricultural subjects in the rural schools. The illustrated publications entitled ** The Country School and the Country Child” and the *‘Winnebagoes” bring out very clearly the features and progress of this work. The school garden is being made a strong feature of the work at present, and, in 1903, 70 district schools in this county report that. they have grown plants of some kind. In order to interest the farm boy and his parents in this new movement for the betterment of the country schools, Superintendent Kern organized a Farmer Boys’ Experiment Club. This was begun February 22, 1902, with a membership of 37 boys, and has grown until in November, 1903, it had 405 members. The college of agriculture of the University of Illinois is cooperating in this work. The work of the club is thus described by Superin- tendent Kern: The machinery of the organization is very simple. There is no elaborate constitu- tion and by-laws to set forth in high-sounding terms what the boys are on earth for. The county superintendent has a list of the names of the boys, with the post-office address of each. Superintendent Rankin, of the agricultural college extension work, has a duplicate list, and from each office go circulars, bulletins, and literature of various kinds, the main object being to keep in touch with the boys and to interest them more deeply in the beauty of country life and the worth, dignity, and scientific advancement in agriculture. After the organization of the club it occurred to me that it would doa great deal of good to have the boys and their parents go on an excursion to the agricultural college and experiment station connected with the University of Illinois at Urbana. Rockford is 214 miles from Urbana, and we secured a rate of $2.50 for the round trip. On June 5, 1902, 180 boys and 150 adults—nearly six coaches full—left Rock- ford for Urbana, and on June 1, 19038, a second excursion, numbering 204 persons, was run to the same place. Only 13 persons of the second excursion were members of the first. The expectation is, if proper arrangements can be made, to continue these excursions to the colleges of neighboring States. We hope to arrange for an excursion to the St. Louis Exposition in 1904. While at the college of agriculture and experiment stations, the boys were shown the laboratories where the work of testing and improving types of corn, treatment and analysis of soils, propagation of plants, etc., was done. On the experiment farm PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 629 the boys were shown the growing crops and were told how they were being cared for and what experimental work was being done. They inspected sugar beets, oats, corn, soy beans, cowpeas, wheat, and alfalfa. Some roots of the last-named plant were pulled up and the boys were shown where the bacteria deposit in the ground the nitrogen which they take from the air. The live-stock department of the farm appealed strongly to the boys. They inspected a model dairy barn. At the feeding yards they saw a bunch of steers that were being fed a balanced ration that would make it possible for the cattle to bring the top price in the Chicago market. The horticultural department was of more than passing interest. To be sure, it is too soon to say what the effect of these excursions will be. Some of the boys had never been on a railroad train. Many more had never been out of the county. We wili wait patiently for time to show results in quickened aspirations, stronger characters in growing boys, and a general uplift in the educational interests of Winnebago County. The experimental and observation work of the boys thus far has consisted in test- ing vitality of various seeds, planting corn and noting growth, testing for smut in oats, experimenting with sugar beets, etc. In making investigations with reference to smut in oats, each boy was directed to go into four different fields and make three counts in the same field by placing a bar- rel hoop oyer as many stalks of grain as the hoop might inclose, and then counting and recording results. The percentage of smut was determined by the boys. Some of the work that came under my personal direction showed a percentage of smut from 3 per cent, the lowest, to 23 per cent, the highest. This was practical work in arithmetic. Each boy last year was given 2 pounds of sugar-beet seed by the experiment station at Urbana. The department wanted to interest the boys and see at the same time whether sugar beets could be grown with profit in this dairy region of northern Illinois. Some very fine beets were raised by the boys. They selected specimens and ‘sent them to the experiment station to be analyzed. The remainder were fed to the stock on the farm. The boys concluded that, if sufficient help could be secured at a reasonable wage, sugar beets could be grown here with profit. One boy kept an exact account of labor, rent of ground, etc.—in short, the first cost of raising his beets. His plat com- prised 45 square rods of ground. The total cost of cultivation, harvesting, and rent of ground was $19.75. The number of bushels raised was 183, thus making the cost a trifle over 10 cents per bushel. These beets were tested, the best of those received at the experiment station showing 18 per cent sugar and 86.7 purity coefficient. This was practical work for the boys, and many of them have notebooks on the present year’s work. ; At present, in Illinois the breeding of improved types of corn is attracting the attention of the farmers. Professor Hopkins, of the Illinois College of Agriculture, is able to show results from experiments over a number of years that corn may be bred to produce a high percentage of oil, thus making it more valuable commercially, or it may be bred to produce a high percentage of protein, making it more valuable for feeding purposes. The Illinois State Farmers’ Institute gave to every boy of Winnebago County who sent 4 cents in postage 500 grains of this high-bred corn. Nearly 200 boys of the experiment club sent for the corn last spring and planted it. Each boy is expected to note all interesting facts about the growth of the corn and make an exhibit of the 10 best ears at the county farmers’ institute next January and enter in competition for prizes already offered by the officers of the institute. This is practical work to get them interested in approved types of grains and in touch with that great educational movement, the farmers’ institute. 6380 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The boys also make observations as to barren stalks of corn in plats 100 hills square and compute the percentage. The time the tassel and silk appear on a stalk of corn is noted. It is not expected that a 10-year-old boy be equipped with a compound microscope of 10,000 diameters and have him know the whole mystery of life from the study of a cross section of a grain of pollen, and that at a single sitting. Nay; rather have him use his eyes—a little observation this week, more next week, more next year—until the habit of observing is fixed and silently there grows within him the power to judge and he becomes educated because he sees things with his eyes. During the past summer the boys have held meetings at various farms. * * * Last winter during the annual meeting of the county farmers’ institute a half-day session was devoted to the interests of the boys. Several members of the experiment club gave an account of their work; some of the fathers suggested how they might help along the work of the club, while a few teachers told how the district school might assist such an organization of boys. * * * We are arranging a monthly lecture course for the Boys’ Experiment Club, the Girls’ Home Culture Club—now being organized, and the parents of Winnebago County during the coming fall and winter months on one Saturday of each month, This is made possible by a small appropriation from the county board of supervisors toward the expense of securing speakers. The deficit will be made up somehow. The lectures are all free and held in the beautiful auditorium of the new Memorial Hall erected by the people to the memory of the soldiers and sailors of Winnebago County, and dedicated by President Roosevelt last June. The course, so far, includes: October: Corn Growing, by Professor Holden, Iowa College of Agriculture. November: Stock Feeding, Dean Henry, Wisconsin College of Agriculture. December: The Kind of School for Country People, by Dean Davenport, of the Illinois College of Agriculture. The remaining numbers will he provided for. It is the expectation to close the course in February with a lecture on the Value of Birds to the Farmer, illustrated with a stereopticon. A similar club for boys and girls has been formed in Ohio, under the auspices of the Agricultural Students’ Union of the Ohio State University, and a number of clubs have lately been formed im Lowa. THE SCHOOL GARDENS. The nature ana extent of the school-garden movement in this country have already been presented in another place in this report (see pp. 573-584.) ELEMENTARY BOOKS FOR SCHOOLS. Until quite recently one of the greatest hindrances to effective work on behalf of the introduction of school gardens and elementary courses in agriculture has been the lack of suitable text-books, manuals, and reference books. This difficulty is now being rapidly overcome, and especially during the past year a number of useful books in these lines have been published. Mr. D. J. Crosby, of the Office of Exper- iment Stations, recently made a list of some of these books which are useful to teachers and scholars, and this was published as Circular No. PROGRESS [N AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 631 52 of this Office. Since it illustrates an important step in the prog- ress of the movement on behalf of agricultural education, it is given herewith. (See also Development of the 1 lext-book of Agriculture in North America, p. 689). The following list of publications is not comprehensive; it is purposely very much abridged. It hasnot been the aim to list all the good works published on nature study, school gardening, and elementary agriculture. Such a list would be so long as to be confusing to both teacher and pupil. The aim has been rather to suggest a few (1) books which would aid the teacher just beginning nature-study work to get the proper point of view, (2) supplementary aids for the teacher, (3) interesting nature stories for pupils, (4) Foams elementary texts on agriculture, suitable for pupils in the last two years of the grammar school and the first two years of the high school, and (5) publications which might serve as the nucleus for a public-school agricultural library. NATURE STUDY AND SCHOOL GARDENING. BOOKS FOR TEACHERS. Bailey, L. H. The Nature-Study Idea (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1903, pp. 159, figs. 2). Goff, E. 8. Principles of Plant Culture (Madison: E. 8. Goff, 1897, pp. 276, figs. 173). Hemenway, H. D. How to make School Gardens (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1903, pp. X VI+-107, pls. 8, figs. 16). Hodge, C. F. Nature Study and Life (London and Boston: Ginn & Co., 1902, pp. 514, pl. 1, figs. 196). Jackman, W. 8. Field Work in Nature Study (Chicago: A. Flanagan Co., 1894, pp. IV+-129, il.). SUPPLEMENTARY READING FOR TEACHERS. Bulletins and Leaflets on Nature Study and School Gardening published by— New Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Durham, N. H. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. State Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa. Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Kingston, R. I. Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Hampton, Va. Farmers’ Bulletins published by the U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D,&.> No. 42. Facts About Milk. Pp. 29 No. 54. Some Common Birds. Pp. 40. No. 86. Thirty Poisonous Plants. Pp. 32. No. 93. Sugar as Food. Pp. 27. No. 95. Good Roads for Farmers. Pp. 47. No. 99. Insect Enemies of Shade Trees. Pp. 30. No. 111. The Farmer’s Interest in Good Seed. Pp. 24. No. 127. Important Insecticides. Pp. 42. No, 128. Eggs and Their Uses as Foods. Pp. 32. No. 134, Tree Planting in Rural School Grounds. Pp. 32. No. 154. The Fruit Garden: Preparation and Care. Pp. 20. No. 155. How Insects Affect Health in Rural Districts. Pp. 20. No. 157, The Propagation of Plants. Pp. 24 No. 173. Primer of Forestry. Pp. 48. 632 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. SUPPLEMENTARY READING FOR PUPILS, Burroughs, John. Works (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 11 vols. ). Burrotighs, John. A Year in the Fields (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1901, pp. XIV-+-220, pls. 24). Harrington, M. W. About the Weather (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1899, pp. 246, il.). Seton, Ernest Thompson. Lives of the Hunted (New York: Charles Scribners’ Sons, 1901, pp. 360, il.). Seton, Ernest Thompson. Wild Animals I Have Known (New York: Charles Scribners’ Sons, 1898, pp. 358, il.). Leaflets: Blair, J. C. The Study of Horticulture. Davenport, EK. The Study of Farm Animals. Davenport, E. The Study of Agriculture. Shamel, A. D. The Study of Farm Crops. (Taylorville, Ill.: C. M. Parker, 1901-1903. ) ELEMENTARY AGRICULTURE. TEXT-BOOKS, For the Seventh and HKighth Grades: Bessey, C. F., et al. New Elementary Agriculture (Lincoln, Nebr.: The Uni- versity Publishing Co., 1903, pp. X-}-194, figs. 62). 3urkett, C. W., et al. Agriculture for Beginners (London and Boston: Ginn & Co., 1903, pp. XII-+-267, figs. 215 and frontispiece). James, C. C. Practical Agriculture (American edition edited by John Craig. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1902, pp. VIII-+203, pls. 11, figs. 90). For the Ninth and Tenth Grades: Bailey, L. H. Principles of Agriculture (New York and London: The Mae- millan Co., 1898, pp. X VI-+-300, figs. 92). Brooks, W. P. Agriculture (Springfield, Mass.: The Home Correspondence School, 1901, vol. 1, pp. X VII-+-199, figs. 55, map 1; vol. 2, pp. XXIV-+201— 541, figs. 119, map 1; vol. 3, pp. X XI-+-543-855, figs. 122). BOOKS AND BULLETINS FOR REFERENCE, Bailey, L. H. The Garden-Craft Series. (New York: The Macmillan Co. ) The Horticulturist’s Rule-Book. Plant-Breeding. The Forcing-Book. The Nursery-Book. Garden-Making. Suggestions for the Utilization of Home Grounds. The Pruning-Book, The Practical Garden Book. Bailey, L. H. (Editor.) The Rural Science Series. (New York: The Macmillan Yo. ) . Bailey, Principles of Agriculture. Balley, Principles of Fruit-Growing. Bailey, Principles of Vegetable-Gardening. Card, Bush-Fruits. 1 Fairchild, Rural Wealth and Welfare. Jordan, Feeding of Animals. King, The Soil. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 633 Bailey, L. H. (Editor) —Continued. King, Irrigation and Drainage. Lodeman, The Spraying of Plants. Roberts, The Fertility of the Land. Roberts, The Farmers’ Business Handbook. Roberts, The Farmstead. Voorhees, Fertilizers. Watson, Farm and Poultry. Wing, Milk and Its Products. Bailey, L. H. Lessons with Plants (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1899, pp. 491, figs. 446). Conn, H. W. Agricultural Bacteriology (Philadelphia: P. Blakiston’s Sons & Co., 1901, pp. 412, figs. 40). Craig, John A. Judging Live Stock (Ames, Iowa: Published by the Author, 1901, pp. 193, il.). Decker, J. W. Cheddar Cheese Making (Madison, Wis.: Published by the Author, 1895, pp. 151, il.). Decker, J. W. Elements of Dairying (Columbus, O.: Published by the Author, 1903, pp. 114, il.). Gurler, H. B. American Dairying (Chicago: Breeder’s Gazette Print, 1894, pp. 267, il.). Hampton Agricultural Leaflets (Hampton, Va.: Hampton Institute Press). Hampton Animal Industry Leaflets (Hampton, Va.: Hampton Institute Press). Hays, W. M., et al. Rural School Agriculture Bulletin 1 (St. Anthony Park, Minn., Department of Agriculture, University of Minnesota). Howard, W. L. Plant Propagation—Some Phases of Practical Horticulture Adapted to Use in the Public Schools (Columbia, Mo.: Agricultural Experiment Station, Circular of Information No. 13, 1902, pp. 50, figs. 20). King, F. H. Text-Book of the Physics of Agriculture (Madison, Wis.: Published by the Author, 1901, pp. 604, il.). Mumford, F. B. The Principles of Plant Production—The Seed (Columbia, Mo.: Agricultural Experiment Station, Circular of Information No. 15, 1903, pp. 38, figs. 11). Snyder, Harry. Chemistry of Dairying (Easton, Pa.: Press of the Chemical Pub. Co., 1897, pp. 156). Snyder, Harry. Chemistry of Plant and Animal Life (Easton, Pa.: Press of the Chemical Pub. Co., 1903, pp. X VII-+-406, il:). Snyder, Harry. Chemistry of Soils and Fertilizers (Easton, Pa.: Press of the Chem- ical Pub. Co., 1899, pp. 277, il.). Z Van Slyke, L. L. Modern Dairy Science and Practice (Harrisburg, Pa.: Department of Agriculture Bulletin 104, 1902, pp. 127, il.). Voorhees, E. B. First Principles of Agriculture (New York: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1896, pp. 212). Wallace, R. H. Agriculture (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1895, pp. 352, figs. 136). Weed, C. M. Fungi and Fungicides (New York: O. Judd Co., 1894, pp. 228). Weed, C. M. Spraying Crops: Why, When, and How (New York: O. Judd Co., 1903, 4. ed., pp. XI+-136, il.). Whitcher, Geo. H. An Outline Course in Agriculture for Public Schools (Durham, N. H.: Published by the Author, 1903, pp. 12). Woll, F. W., etal. Handbook for Farmers and Dairymen (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1900, 2. ed., pp. 437). Course of Study for the Common Schools of Illinois—Third General Revision (Tay- lorville, Ill.: C. M. Parker, 1903, pp. 219). 634 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Course er Study for Rural and Village Schools (Jefferson City, Mou: § S ment of Education, 1908, pp. 82). Experiment Station Work (Subseries of Farmers’ Bulletins, U8. Agriculture, Washington, D, C.). Farmers’ Bulletins (U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, ivf ©. Select bulletins wanted from complete list. Monthly List of Publications (Division of Publications, U. 8. Déparenene ture, Washington, D. C.). Will be sent regularly to all who apply for it. 4 Yearbooks of the U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, Ay O24 Obtain through members of Congress. = , ‘ / ¢ 7 ot | ® wZ 1 a 7 a) , x FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 3y Joun HAmILton, Farmers’ Institute Specialist, Office of Experiment Stations. The demand for exact information of a kind to be of assistance to the practical farmer has resulted in the establishing of farmers’ insti- tutes. The work has developed so rapidly and has reached such proportions as to now be organized in almost all of the States and Territories, and has attracted the attention of all who are interested in the effort to improve agricultural conditions in the United States. No common or uniform system has been adopted by the States, but each is conducting its work for the most part according to methods inaugurated when the movement first began, and when there had been but little experience to guide in their constitution. The formation of the American Association of Farmers’ Institute Workers was the first attempt to secure uniformity. Through the influence of this association the directors of institutes have had brought to their attention the varying degrees of success that have been secured from the use of different methods, with the result that the most suc- cessful are being generally adopted and thereby a greater degree of uniformity is being secured. The action of the National Department of Agriculture in taking up this work in a systematic way through the appointment of a special officer to give his entire attention to aiding in its development promises to be of service in this direction. The fact that there is a central office to which application can be made for information respecting institutes, and where statistical data can be gathered for the benefit of the State directors and institute lecturers, will do much to bring about a closer union of the workers and greater uniformity in their methods. During the few months in which this office has been in existence, the farmers’ institute specialist has per- fected the list of State directors, and has secured a considerable amount of statistical information that shows approximately the condition of the institutes throughout the country. Expressions of interest in what the Department is undertaking in aid of this work and many offers of cooperation have been received from the State directors and institute lecturers. Asa matter of record it may be well to state that Congress, at the request of the Secretary of Agriculture, provided at its last session 635 636 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. for the appointment of a farmers’ institute specialist in the Office of Experiment Stations in the Department of Agriculture, and appropri- ated the sum of $5,000 for the purpose of meeting the necessary expenses. The duties of this officer, as stated in the act making the appropriation, are ‘*to investigate and report upon the organization and progress of farmers’ institutes in the several States and Territories, and upon similar organizations in foreign countries, with special sug- gestions of plans and methods for making such organizations more effective for the dissemination of the results of the work of the Depart- ment of Agriculture and the experiment stations and of improved methods of agricultural practice.” The institute specialist entered upon his duties on the 1st of April, 1903. Inasmuch as there has been no precedent to be followed or plan for- mulated, it was necessary first of all to define the character and outline the scope of the work that the institute officer should undertake. It was manifest that the relation of the Department to the institute work in the several States must of necessity be largely advisory and in the way of securing and sending out to the State authorities information respecting the condition and progress of the work throughout the country. It was agreed that every effort should be made to strengthen the work in each State by aiding in perfecting their institute organizations and by assisting in improving and increasing their lecture force, and that the channels through which the Department ought to operate should be those which each State has created for the management and control of the institute work within its limits. As soon as this had been settled the work of securing definite infor- mation in regard to the condition of the farmers’ institutes in the several States was taken up. Requests were sent out to the State directors asking for copies of the laws under which the institutes are organized and operated in their States, and also for information as to the amount of money available for institute purposes for the year ended June 30, 1903, as well as for that ending June 30, 1904. There was general response to these inquiries, and copies of the laws have been secured and arranged for publication. A comparison of the laws and of the reports of the superintendents in States in which institutes exist shows that the control of the work throughout the country is by no means uniform. In 21 States and Territories the management is in the hands of the State boards of agriculture or boards of similar character. In 21 States and Terri- tories it is in the hands of the agricultural college or experiment station officers, and in 5 others the control is vested in special boards constituted for the purpose. In a number of States the local institutes are organized under laws which specify their duties and prescribe their form of organization. FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 637 In such States, therefore, the local institute organizations are perma- nent in their character and are obliged to report annually to the State superintendent, showing that they have complied with the laws con- stituting them, before they can receive any appropriation for their support. In a few States no local boards of institute officers exist, but the State director selects from year to year a correspondent in each county, and to these correspondents the work of advertising the meetings, selecting local committees, renting halls, and other prelimi- nary arrangements is committed. All of the directors recognize the need for some form of local assistance to relieve them of minor details, and the tendency is in the direction of legally constituted county societies, or institutes, to take charge of the purely local work, leaving to the State officers that of providing for the districting of the State into sections, fixing dates of institutes in the several sections, and of supplying to each a corps of speakers selected and paid by the State director to assist in conducting the institutes. Fourteen States held annual round-up institutes last year. In some instances these meetings were confined to the lecture force. In others the local directors of institutes were also included, while others included in the round-up meeting lecturers, local managers, and the general farming public. In all cases the directors have found that these annual meetings of the workers for conference have been highly advantageous in creating enthusiasm and in securing greater uniform- ity of method among those who are intrusted with the organization and conduct of the work. Prominent lecturers and specialists from other States are frequently invited to these meetings, who present new methods, found to be successful elsewhere, for the consideration of their hearers. NATIONAL MEETING OF INSTITUTE WORKERS. A meeting in many respects similar to the State round-up was held in June, 1903, by the American Association of Farmers’ Institute Workers, at Toronto, Canada. Seventeen States of the Union were represented by delegates, and several of the Provinces of the Dominion of Canada. A full stenographic record of the proceedings was made and_ has been published as Bulletin No. 138 of this Office. One of the most important subjects brought before that meeting was that of interesting. the sons and daughters of farmers in the institute work. Facts were presented showing that it is possible to interest the boys and girls of the country in agriculture so as to secure their attendance at the insti- tute meetings, and that it is also possible to induce many of them to enter upon a course of study suited to fit them to enter the agricultural college of their State. This feature of the institute ought to be care- fully considered and some method devised that can be generally adopted which will create in the minds of young people a desire for 638 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. and «a better appreciation and knowledge of farm operations, and that will lead them to the agricultural college for the information which they need. One means that has been found effective in securing the results indicated is that of prescribing some simple experiments in the growing of crops, to be conducted by country children, upon which each is to report to a subsequent institute and submit also a sample of the product in competition for some prize or other award in recognition of its merits. The close attention demanded by the care of a growing crop during the season develops powers of observation that become more discriminating and acute each year, and Jeads eventually to the desire for and the careful study of literature which explains the scientific phenomena involved in the operations which they have conducted. The principle which this method of developing interest involves is capable of application in a great variety of ways, and is the lever that must be used if the children of farmers are to be lifted out of the monotony and drudgery of the old farm routine. INTEREST INCREASING. The interest manifested in the farmers’ institutes is seen in the action of the legislatures of the several States and of the officers hay- ing control of the work in making appropriations for their support. Amounts varying from $35 in the Territory of Hawaii to $20,000 in the State of New York show the extremes, the aggregate for the 45 States and Territories reporting being $187,226. The appropriations for the coming season, as shown by the reports of 40 States and Ter- ritories, amounts to $210,975. If the States not reporting appropriate | sums equal to those of last year, the total for the coming season will reach $214,729, or $27,503 more than was appropriated for the year just closed. It may be of interest to know that where the institutes have been longest in operation the appropriations are correspondingly large. New York $20,000; Pennsylvania $15,000 for the past sea- son and for the next year $17,500; Ohio $16,981; Wisconsin $12,000; Illinois $18,150; Indiana $10,000; Minnesota $16,500; Michigan $7,500. Other States with smaller agricultural population have been equally liberal: West Virginia $5,451; Vermont $5,000; Maryiand $4,000; Maine $3,000; Florida $2,500, and California $4,000. Institutes were held in all of the 52 States and Territories excepting 6—3 States and 3 Territories. The attendance has been increased over that of last year, the reports showing 904,654 for this year as against 819,999 for the previous year. The real advance numerically is greater than these figures indicate. The method of computing averages for the attendance was changed this year upon the recommendation of the American Association of Farmers’ Institute Workers, with the result of reducing the number reported in the four States of Pennsyl- oe . 7 FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 639 vania, Michigan, Idaho, and North Dakota 99,481. That this falling off is not real, but is occasioned by the new method of averaging, is shown by the fact that these 4+ States held 126 more institutes this year than last, showing conclusively that the interest is increasing instead of diminishing, as the figures unexplained would indicate. If this cor- rection is made, the attendance for the past year exceeds that of the previous year by 184,136. The total number of institutes was 3,179. One thousand three hun- dred and fifty-nine were one-day institutes; 1,637 were two-day, and 77 were three-day and over. A more accurate understanding of the amount of work accomplished is shown by the number of sessions held, which amounted to 9,570 during the year. These meetings were addressed by 924 lecturers employed by the State directors and by about three times as many more employed by the local managers of institutes, making a total approximating 4,000 persons who gave instruction at the institutes during the year. One hundred and ninety-six of these were members of the agricultural college or experiment station staffs, who contributed 1,666 days of time to this work, attending in all 752 institutes. EXTENSION OF THE WORK. The agricultural population of the United States was not less than 27,000,000 at the date of the last census. Before this large number of our citizens can be brought in touch with the institute movement, it is manifest that it will be necessary to greatly extend the work and effect an organization that will be compact in its structure and systematic in its operation, having definite plans for coming into contact with every farmer’s family and for bringing to these workers in the field of agri- culture the precise kind of information which the individual most needs. The necessity for a greater number of competent lecturers to give instruction in institutes is felt in every State. In response to a cir- cular letter recently sent out to the directors of institutes asking for the names of lecturers who have been in their employ during the pre- vious year on the State lecture force, there have been received some- thing over 850 names. Anexamination of the reports of 623 lecturers shows that 287 of them had college degrees, 138 had taken partial college courses, 108 had the advantage of normal or high school train- ing, and 90 were practical specialists, having had ordinary educational advantages. Five States each reported over 50 members on their lec- ture corps; 10 States between 20 and 50; 12 States reported between 10 and 20; 12 States reported between 5 and 10. One State reported but 1, and another large agricultural State only 3. A number of States reported scarcely any names outside of those of persons connected with their agricultural college or experiment station staffs, 640 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. It is clear that the first great need is some effective method for increasing the number of teachers capable of giving instruction along the lines of agricultural science. The number of specially educated and carefully trained instructors in agriculture is at present limited. Many of the most competent men graduated by the agricultural col- leges each year are being engaged by the colleges and stations for the work of instruction, while others are employed in directing farm operations on a large scale for companies, or on the estates of wealthy capitalists, and are therefore fully occupied with the duties that they have assumed. Their time is thus preempted in a way that makes it impracticable for them to deyote any considerable portion of it to the general work of educational extension in the institute field. It will doubtless be many years before a sufficient number of highly educated and liberally trained scientists can be had to supply the demands of the institute work. On the other hand it might be possible, through the cooperation of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations and the National Department of Agriculture, to equip a large number of practical men along at least one line, or in a single specialty, so as to make them capable teachers in that respect. To do this there should be organized some system by which men who have made a life pursuit of some phase of agricultural practice can be discovered and ‘an be furnished with the latest and best information relating to their specialty. These men should be sought out in every State, their names listed and correspondence opened with the view of interesting them in perfecting their education. To this end courses of study might be prepared by the agricultural colleges and by this Department under the correspondence system, which would enable these specialists to supplement their practical experience with the scientific training that each needs for the effective presentation of that which he undertakes to teach. It might be well also for the agricultural colleges to consider the practicability of estab- lishing normal courses for farmers’ institute instructors which would enable the institute lecturers to attend certain lectures and engage in appropriate studies and courses of reading, not for general culture, but for information along specific lines, permitting each student to select topics relating to his specialty. From time to time the body of students in attendance upon these institute courses could be assembled for general lectures upon the art of teaching and the practical methods of institute work. Examinations could be required of each student in the specialty which he has selected, and a suitable certificate of pro- ficiency be given by the college which would be of service in securing invitations for institute engagements. This course ought perhaps to extend through several weeks and include a system of laboratory and field practice that would give the students some insight into the methods pursued in research work, FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 641 COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS FOR INSTITUTE LECTURERS. The training of men for lecture service can also be assisted by cooperation on the part of the experiment stations. Original research work must always be in the hands and under the control of men of the highest scientific ability, but the verification of results which they have obtained and the demonstration of truths which the stations wish to disseminate could be greatly assisted by availing themselves of care- ful, practical specialists working under station direction in. various localities throughout the State. Such cooperation has been tried in several of the States and in the Province of Ontario, Canada, with results that are convincing as to their value to the State and as to their strengthening influence upon the individuals who have conducted the work. An instance is given where experimenters numbering 3,845, located in all parts of a province, have recently reported to their experiment station the results of their work for 1903, which was planned and directed by the station officers. Fruits, grains, vegetables, grass crops, and animals have been tested in this way simultaneously upon all soils in many localities and under varying conditions. The results compared and tabulated have been of great value to the citizens of the several districts embraced by these experiments. Inasmuch as this work was begun under the impetus given to inquiry and research by the farmers’ institute movement and has been carried into effect by selected citizens who have been identified with the farmers’ institute work, it may be of service to quote from a recent report of the work of the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union, made by its secretary: The number of experimenters engaged in the cooperative work has increased from 12 in 1886 to 3,845 in 1903. In agriculture alone there have been 31,051 dis- tinct tests made throughout the province since the work was started 18 years ago. These tests have required about 148,537 separate plats. The increase in the number of experimenters in agriculture can be seen from the following figures, which show the exact numbers actually engaged in the work in each of the several years: 1886, 12; 1887, 60; 1888, 90; 1891, 203; 1892, 754; 1894, 1,440; 1896, 2,425; 1901, 2,760; 1902, 3,135; and 1903, 3,845. In horticulture the cooperative work was taken up by 15 experimenters in 1888 and by about five hundred experimenters in 1903. The secretary, in a letter of November 19, 1903, in commenting upon this work, states— That the cooperative experiment work along the various lines of agriculture which is being conducted by the Agricultural and Experimental Union is exerting an influence which is wholesome in its character, extensive in its operation, and far reaching in its results. It deals with the agriculturists themselves, as well as with the materials which are used in agriculture; with living, thinking, active men, as well as with soils, fertilizers, plants, trees, and animals. Its tendencies are to improve men and to help men improve agriculture. It opens up a channel through which some S. Doe. 148, 58-2——41 642 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. of the best material of the experiment station can be brought to the homes of ex-stu- dents of the agricultural college and of other farmers; it makes direct application of the information gained at the station by having experiments conducted on hundreds and even thousands of farms, and it systematizes the cooperative work in such a way that the results of those experiments, which have been conducted with care and accuracy, can be summarized and made into valuable reports for the guidance of farmers generally. Perhaps the greatest advantage of the cooperative experiment work is that it helps the best farmers to help themselves and to help others. It combines in an admirable way the training of the hands and thé training of the intellect, and is one of the greatest educational features which has been introduced throughout the rural districts in recent years. The beneficial results that have come from this method of educating the farming people are so conspicuous throughout the locality in which it has been tried as to be remarked by all intelligent travelers who visit that section. That research work is the first duty of the experi- ment station is unquestionably true. It is also true that the carrying of the results to the people who need the information which has been secured is likewise aduty. Whether this shall be accomplished through the dissemination of literature, the sending out of station officers to publish the information before farmers’ institutes, the use of intelligent citizens in cooperative experiment work, or all three of these, is a ques- tion to be determined by those to whom has been committed the work of experimentation by their several States, and it is gratifying to know that the colleges and stations recognize their duty and responsi- bility in this direction, for in 21 States and Territories the farmers’ institutes have been committed to the management of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and during the past year, as has else- where been stated, 196 different members of these institutions have given instruction in agriculture in the farmers’ institutes of this country. THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTE AND THE COMMON SCHOOL. The institute movement was inaugurated for the improvement of the adult farmer. Its work among adults has been very valuable not only in assisting the farmer in correcting defective methods and in apply- ing newly discovered principles in the prosecution of his art, but also in showing him how much there is of information respecting agricul- ture that could be imparted to the youngest child if the opportunity were given and competent teachers employed. The adults whom the institutes have been instructing are the con- trolling forces in the several localities in which they live, and have power to change the methods now in use in the conduct of their public schools. The campaign of the education of these men has brought many to see the value of the scientific truths in agriculture that have been pre- sented, and they are gradually coming to insist that this same kind of instruction shall be given to their children in the rural schools. FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 645 The enactment of laws in some of the States providing for the con- solidation of schools in the rural districts is a step in this direction, and is a result due in great part to the agitation of the subject of agriculture in the public schools by the farmers’ institute lecturers. State after State has come to regard with growing solicitude the situ- ation of the youth in the country homes, and is earnestly striving to supply equal educational advantages to the rural districts that the towns and cities now enjoy. The one plan agreed upon as promising most in this direction is that of the consolidation or concentration of the ungraded crossroads schools into a well-organized, equipped, offi- cered and central-graded school, to which scholars living beyond easy walking distance are conveyed in vans. It is now clear that the work of instruction in agriculture, if it is to ultimately revolutionize the art, can not be confined to teaching grown-up scholars, but must be begun between the ages of 6 and 18 years, and one of our great agricultural States has come to an appre- ciation of this fact. In that State the superintendent of public instrue- tion has made it obligatory upon the part of teachers in the public schools to be prepared to pass an examination upon natural science subjects which relate to agriculture, and in that same State professor- ships of agriculture have been introduced into the normal schools. The future lines of development of the institute must also unques- tionably be in the direction of reaching the young people who are starting out in life, and immediate steps should be taken to adapt the institute for the efficient performance of this new work. Reference has already been made in this report to one possible method that could be used by the institutes in interesting and instructing country children. THE INSTITUTE FIELD. The field covered by the institutes is wide and the movement is yet in its infancy. Much better methods, more comprehensive as well as more efficient, will have to be employed before the work can be per- fected. The problems that are involved in meeting the requirements of agriculture in an educational sense are such as will tax the resources and thought of the best-educated leaders of our time. It is not too early for this Department to begin to plan for shaping and assisting the great work that has been developing so rapidly in recent years. This obligation has been recognized in part in providing a special officer to gather information and render assistance to the several States. An outline of the work that can be undertaken by the Department with the means now at its command was presented by the institute specialist before the American Association of Farmers’ Institute Workers, at its recent meeting in Toronto, in answer to the question O44 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ** Tow the National Department of Agriculture may, through its insti- tute officer, assist the State institute meetings.” That portion of the paper which gives specific answers to the question just stated is incorporated in this report, and is as follows: There are three distinct classes of people upon whom the life and progress of the farmers’ institute depends: (1) The State director of institutes or person in general control; (2) The local manager of institutes comprising the local board; (3) The lecturers or teachers who undertake to instruct the people in the art and science of agriculture. The Departinent can assist the State director or other officers in charge of the farmers’ institutes in a State— (1) By furnishing him with data respecting the methods of conducting the institute work in other States; (2) By keeping him informed in advance as to the places selected for institutes, the dates upon which they are to be held, and the speakers who are to be present in all of the States; (3) By placing him in communication with the institute lecturers of the country; (4) By aiding in securing the interest and cooperation of agricultural college and experiment station experts in his work; (5) By sending experts either from the Department of Agriculture at Washington or from such of the corps of agricultural college and experiment station men as may be available, to assist him in his institutes; (6) By suggesting methods for local organization; (7) By educating lecturers for institute work by means of correspondence through the Office of Experiment Stations and by bringing them into communication with experts to give them instruction in the latest and most reliable discoveries of science along the line of their specialties; (8) By publishing an annual report giving a synopsis of the institute work, its character and progress in all of the States. The Department can be of assistance to the local managers, through the agency of the State directors— (1) By sending them institute literature; (2) By suggesting effective methods for advertising institute meetings; (3) By furnishing model forms of programmes; (4) By suggesting topics for discussion; (5) By suggesting methods for creating and increasing interest in farmers’ institutes; (6) By furnishing question-box material; (7) By calling attention to subjects that should be excluded from their institutes. The Department can assist the institute lecturer— (1) By placing him in communication with the director of institutes in other States; (2) By bringing him into correspondence with scientific experts in the line of his specialty ; (3) By opening a correspondence school in the Office of Experiment Stations for institute lecturers; (4) By using its influence in securing and providing at least some help for a course of instruction for the institute lecturer by the agricultural college of the State; (5) By using its influence with station officers to provide for an annual visit to the State experiment station on the part of the lecturer for the study of methods of experimentation and for familiarizing him with the work of his station; (6) By arranging for an annual meeting of lecturers at the Office of Experiment Stations in Washington for conference and for the study of the work of the Depart- FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 645 ment of Agriculture. The Department, moreover, will welcome individual lecturers at any time and for any period who come to Washington either as casual visitors or for purposes of study; (7) By sending him the publications of the Department of Agriculture; (8) By sending him lists of the experiment station bulletins of the several States; (9) By sending him lists of the reports of the State departments of agriculture; (10) By supplying him with charts relating to soils, cattle feeds, fertilizers, the composition of crops, etc., so far as the Department is able to furnish them; (11) By sending him lists of books which relate to his specialty; (12) By interesting him in and securing his attendance at the American Associa- tion of Farmers’ Institute Workers. These are some of the more obvious and direct ways by which the Department may assist the State institutes. There are others not so direct but equally effective, such as, for instance, by endeavoring to influence the normal schools to introduce the study of agricultural science into their curricula, and the State and county teachers’ institutes to devote some time to nature-study topics instead of confining their schedules, as is too often the case at present, to the presentation of worn-out and soporific discussions on abstract questions of psychology; by urging State boards of education to exert their influence in behalf of better rural schools; by urging State and county agricultural societies to make their exhibits educational and helpful instead of commonplace or & mere miniature copy of their weekly local markets; by inducing granges, alliances, and farm clubs to send representatives to the institute to take notes of the discussions and report to their societies, or better, to secure the attendance of these organizations en masse. CONDITION OF THE INSTITUTE WORK. In order that the condition of the institute work throughout the country might be ascertained, the following blank form, accompanied by a letter addressed to the officers having general charge of the insti- tutes in the States and Territories, was sent out requesting them to fill in the blanks with appropriate replies to the questions asked and to return them promptly to the Office of Experiment Stations. The time covered by the report corresponds with the fiscal year of the Department, which ended June 30, 1903. Form or Report. Report of the director of farmers’ institutes for the State of 30, 1903. for the year ended June . Total number of institutes held during the year ending June 30, 1903, 2. Number of one-day institutes, ; two-day, ——; three or more days, 3. Total number of sessions, . Total attendance, computed by taking the largest attendance at any one session, for each institute, 5. When did your institute season begin? 6. When did it end? 7. On what basis are the institutes apportioned to the several districts in your State? 8. On what basis are your funds distributed in aid of institutes? 9. What proportion of the local expenses do you, as director, pay? 10. If these expenses are provided for locally, what is the system? 11. Does the State make appropriation for institutes? — 646 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 12. If so, what was the appropriation last year? ——. What amount is appropri- ated for the coming year? To whom is the appropriation made payable? 14. Have you any other funds for institute purposes outside of the State appropri- ation? 15. If so, give the sources and the amount? 16. What was the total cost of your institutes for the last institute season? 17. What was the cost per session? 18. By whom is the State director appointed? 19. For what period is he appointed? 20. What other duties does he have in addition to his work as director? 21. What office assistance does he have as director? 22. What salary does the director receive? 23. From what fund is the salary paid? 24. From what fund are the office expenses paid? 25. What provision is made for meeting the cost of postage, printing, and advertising? 26. To what extent do you, as director, attend your institutes? 27. Do you take a place regularly on the programme as a lecturer? 28. To what extent do you arrange the dates, places, and programmes for your institutes? 29. Do you publish an announcement of the dates, places, and speakers before your institute season begins? If so, how long in advance? 30. Do you have any special or leading topic prescribed for discussion in every institute held in your State? ——. If so, what was the topic last season, and what do you propose for the coming season? 31. Do you have any definite plan for conducting the question box? what is the plan and how do you secure its observance by the local managers? 32. Are any institutes held by localities or organizations independent of your con- trol? If so, how many? Under whose auspices are these independent institutes held? 34. Give an estimate of the attendance the past year at the independent institutes? 35. Do you encourage their continuance? ——. If so, in what mannerdo you exhibi* your interest? 36. Do you publish a report of the proceedings of your institutes? 37. If so, give your method for securing the reports of the proceedings, the num- ber you publish, and the method of their distribution ———. 38. Who appoints your State lecturers? 39. What compensation do they receive? 40. On what basis is the compensation rated? . What proportion of the time of the institute is given to the State lecturers? . How many state lecturers do you supply to any one institute? 43. Is the State lecture force present at your institutes selected according to pam definite plan? . Ifso, what is the plan? 44. Do you have rest or vacation periods for your lecturers during the institute season? If so, how often do they occur and for what length of time? ie What is the method of selecting the presiding officer of the institute? . What is your method of advertising the institute? . Where are your most successful institutes held, in the town or country? Ze Do you hold sessions specially for women? 49. If so, what is your method and degree of success? 50. Do. you have exhibits of agricultural implements or products at your institutes? 51. Do you have more than one set of institutes in operation at the same time? If so, how many, and what plan have you adopted? If so, FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 647 53. Do the transportation companies grant you any concessions? what extent? 54. What assistance does your State agricultural college furnish in institute work? 55. What assistance do you receive from the State agricultural experiment station? 56. What is your form of local organization for institutes? 57. Do you find it to be satisfactory? 58. Do your county fair and agricultural societies take any part in your insti- tutes? If so, to what extent? 59. Do the county superintendents of schools, school directors, or teachers assist you in your institute work? If so, to what extent? 60. What are your institutes doing to improve the condition of your rural schools? 61. What are your institutes doing to improve the condition of your country roads? 62. Do you ever visit institutes in neighboring States? 63. Have you visited the homes of your lecturers to see the condition of their surroundings? 64. Do you require that your lecturers submit their addresses for criticism to make sure that they are scientifically correct? 65. Are you a member of the American Association of Farmers’ Institute Workers? 66. What special new features have you introduced into your institute work dur- ing the past season, and with what results? 67. Do you hold an annual round-up institute? If so, do you limit the pro- gramme strictly to the discussion of institute methods, or is it general? 68. What can the Office of Experiment Stations do to assist you in making your work more effective? If so, to (Name) ; (Address ) Replies have been received from almost all of the directors—some quite complete, others but partial, and one failed to respond. The statistical data herewith presented have been secured from the State directors of institutes, the reports of the presidents of the agri- cultural and mechanical colleges to the Secretary of the Interior and to the Secretary of Agriculture, from bulletins and programmes issued by the State institute directors, and from information secured by per- sonal visits by the institute specialist. The purpose has been to present as complete statistics as possible in order that those who are interested may have information that is full and reliable, and also that they may be informed as to the precise character and extent of the work and the methods pursued by the several States in conducting it. Out of 44 States reporting the source of income for institute pur- poses, the institutes in 33 of them are supported by appropriations by the States, 10 are sustained by local subscriptions or by agricultural college or experiment station assistance, and 1 receives appropriations both from the State and the agricultural college. This shows that there is in almost all of the States a feeling of responsibility on the part of their legislatures for the support of the farmers’ institute movement. The few States in which no State aid is now given will no doubt in the near future be brought to contribute from State funds. | 648 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. In reply to the question as ** to what extent the State director attends his institutes,” 24 reply that they have attended all or nearly all, 4 do not attend, and 12 attend part of the time. To the query as to ‘‘ whether the State director takes a place wpon the regular programme,” 21 replied affirmatively, 13 that they do not, and 4 that they permit their names to be placed on the programmes occasionally. Out of 39 replies to the question as to ‘‘ whether the State director arranges the dates, places, and programmes for institutes,” 27 state that they complete all arrangements, 5 that this work is done by local committees, and 7 that it is effected by cooperation with the county authorities. To the question ‘‘Do you publish an announcement of the dates, places, and speakers before your institute season begins,” 29 replied that they publish these facts, and 10 that they do not. Out of 39 who responded to the inquiry as to ‘* whether they pre- scribe special or leading topics for discussion in the institutes,” 13 replied that they do, 25 that they do not, and 1 that he does so occasionally. To the question ‘‘ Do you have any definite plan for conducting the question box,” 9 replied that they had, and 31 that they had not. Out of 40 States, 21 publish the proceedings of their institutes either in whole or in part, and 19 make no provision for publication. Thirty-one reports show that in 20 States the lecturers are appointed directly by the superintendents of institutes, and in 11 of the States they are appointed by boards of agriculture, regents of the university, or by institute committees. The compensation allowed to institute lecturers is reported by 32 directors. In 10 of the States their expenses only are paid. In 7 they receive from $15 to $50 per week and expenses. In 15 they receive from $2 to $10 per day and expenses. Inanswer to the question ‘‘ Where are your most successful institutes held, in the town or country,” 24 reported in the ‘‘small towns,” and 15 stated ‘‘in the country.” Institutes ‘‘ specially for women” are held in 15 of the States report- ing, none being held in the other 25. In all of the States reporting, 43 in number, the agricultural colleges furnish lecturers for the institute work, and out of 44 States reporting, 43 experiment stations participate in lecturing before farmers’ institutes. : Thirty-eight replies were received to the question, ‘‘ Do your county fair associations and agricultural societies take part in your insti- tutes.” Twelve reported that their agricultural societies assist them, and 26 that they do not. Fourteen out of 39 report that they hold annual round-up institutes; the other 25 do not. —— FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 649 Various replies were received to the inquiry as to what the Office of Experiment Stations can do to assist in making the State institute work more effective. Twenty-three directors made definite requests. Six- teen of them asked for competent speakers, and 7 for suitable literature. Two asked for assistance in securing State organization. Two requested aid in educating their lecturers through the establishment of State normal schools, to be in session for two or three weeks each year. One asked for financial assistance, and 1 requested some sug- gestion as to how attendance upon their institutes can be increased. An examination of the reports from all of the States and Territories shows that 3,106 institutes cost $60.22 per institute; that 9,426 sessions cost an average of $16.85 per session. There were 4,864 days of institutes in all. A summary of the reports which are comparable shows that 4,792 days of institutes cost at the rate of $39 per day, and that the average cost for institutes to 886,654 persons was 0.022 cent per person for the year. Twenty States reported copies of their proceedings published and issued amounting to 253,700. Statistics giving the details of the work in each State are appended in the tabulated statement accompanying this report. The replies received indicate what is being done in the institute work throughout the country, and show to some extent the interest that this work has excited both upon the part of the farming people who are directly benefited and also of those who have in charge the general system of public education. The colleges and stations have with one exception been active in their support of this movement. There has been lack of organized cooperation on the part of the local agricultural societies in many of the States. This is a source of influence that ought to be enlisted in support of the institute move- ment. It is unfortunate that full statistics could not be secured from all of the States so as to be able to show the condition of the work in all of the respects indicated in the blank form submitted. It is hoped that the directors will arrange to secure data so that it will be possible to present a complete report next year. Some statistics taken from the Census Report for the year 1900 are also given, showing the population of the several States, the number of homes in each State, and the percentage of the whole number of homes that are distinctly farm homes. From these data an approxi- mation of the number of people who live in farm homes is given. This approximation is arrived at by estimating that the number of persons in a farm home is equal to that in other homes, and that the per cent of farm homes is, therefore, also the per cent of rural population. This estimate is not strictly accurate, for the Census enumerators in 650 REPORT OF OFFICK OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. taking account of farm homes did not include a home, although situated in the country, which ‘‘consists of only a dwelling and ground upon which it stands, with appurtenances thereto, but is not occupied by what may be termed a farm family.” (Census Report of 1900, pt. 2, Population, p. cLxxxvit.) Neither are there included farm laborers who reside in towns and cities, but who work out on farms. The figures, therefore, given for farm population are below rather than above the actual number engaged in agriculture. FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES. ALABAMA. Population 1,828,697. Total number of homes 374,765. Number of farm homes 217,461. Per cent of farm homes 58. Approximate population in farm homes 1,060,644, Director ofinstitutes.—C. A. Cary, Veterinarian, Alabama Polytechnic Institute and Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn. The farmers’ institute work in Alabama is under the direction of the board of trustees of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute and of the agricultural experiment station. There is no State law regulating or directing the work. Last year there was appropriated by the college $600 for institute expenses, and eleven lecturers were employed for institute services. Twenty-two institutes were held, consisting of 50 sessions, with a total attendance of 2,618. No report of institute proceedings is printed. The director is appointed for the period of one year by the board of trustees of the college and station. Eight members of the college and station staffs participated in the institute work, aggregating 52 days of service. There are no permanent local institute organizations, the director arranging for the dates, places, and programmes, as well as advertising the institutes. A ten-day round-up institute, or convention of institute workers, was held last year at the college. The sum of $800 has been appropriated for the institute season ending June 30, 1904. ALABAMA INSTITUTES FOR COLORED PEOPLE. G. W. Carver, Director, Department of Agriculture and Experiment Station, Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, Tuskegee. Farmers’ institutes for colored people have been organized under the direction of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. About 10,000 colored people are reported to have been in attendance during the past year at the institute meetings. The expenses of the institutes are met by the localities in which they are held. The meetings are advertised by circulars, personal letters, and through the various pulpits of the surrounding country. The formation of local organiza- FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 651 tions to meet once each month is encouraged. A general conference, known as the Tuskegee Normal Conference, took place at the industrial institute last February, largely attended by farmers from all over the State. The lecture service is performed chiefly by the members of the Tuskegee Institute. ALASKA. Population 63,592. Total number of homes 13,459. Number of farm homes 27. Per cent of farm homes 0.2. Approximate population in farm homes 127. Director of institutes.—C. C. Georgeson, Special Agent in Charge of Experiment Station, Sitka. Farmers’ institutes have not yet been organized in Alaska, but the special agent in charge of the experiment station, as he visits the vari- ous districts, takes advantage of the opportunity to give advice as to the methods that might be used in improving the agriculture of the several localities. ARIZONA. Population 122,931. Total number of homes 29,875. Number of farm homes 7,391. Per cent of farm homes 24.7. Approximate population in farm homes 30,362. Director of institutes.—R. H. Forbes, Director Agricultural Experiment Station, Tucson, ‘armers’ institutes in Arizona have been held under the direction of the State University, and until this year no specific appropriation had been made by the legislature for meeting the expenses of institute work. Two institutes consisting of 20 sessions were held by four members of the college and experiment station staffs. The director reports an attendance of 1,000. The legislative assembly this year passed an act providing for the establishment of farmers’ institutes throughout the Territory, and appropriated $2,700 for the purpose of meeting the expenses. This sum is to be available for the season of 1903-4. The new law places the control of the institutes in the hands of the board of regents of the university. CALIFORNIA. Population 1,485,053. Total number of homes 341,781. Number of farm homes 71,119. Per cent of farm homes 20.8. Approximate population in farm homes 308,891. Superintendent of institutes. —E. J. Wickson, University of California, Berkeley. The institute work in California is under the general direction of the superintendent of farmers’ institutes, assisted by two conductors, one haying the central and northern portions of the State, and the other having charge of the institute work in the southern section. The last legislature by act approved March 18, 1903, authorized the board of regents of the University of California to hold farmers’ insti- 652 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. tutes under such rules and regulations as they may deem proper and at such times and places as they may direct. The sum of $12,000 was appropriated for institute work for the next two fiscal years. During the past year $4,000 was spent by the university in paying the salaries of the conductors of institutes, the expenses of lecturers, hall rent, advertising, ete. Sixty institutes were held during the year made up of 254 sessions. The total attendance is given at 20,000. Ten thousand copies of the proceedings are prepared and printed in the agricultural report, and abstracts published by the agricultural journals. Thirteen members of the college and station staffs participated in the work, attending all of the institutes and aggregating 131 days of service. The arranging of dates, places, and programmes for institutes is in the hands of the superintendent.. A number of independent agricultural institutes were held at which the estimated attendance was about 5,000. The superintendent reports that the most successful meetings are held in country districts. No general round-up institute was held for the State, but a very successful meeting of farmers’ clubs was held in southern California made up of delegates from 35 societies, and con- tinuing for four days. Another six-day meeting was held at a sea- side camping place in southern California with good results. The superintendent provides two lecturers for each one-day insti- tute, and three lecturers for each institute continuing two days or more. There are no special or permanent local organizations in the several counties, but a local committee appointed by the last institute takes charge, under the general direction of the State superintendent, of the work of preparation for future meetings. COLORADO. Population 539,700. Total number of homes 127,459. Number of farm homes 24,745. Per cent of farm homes 19.4. Approximate population in farm homes 104,701. Director of institutes.—B. O. Aylesworth, President State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. There are no specific laws in this State in regard to farmers’ insti- tutes. The work has been conducted by the State Agricultural Col- lege and the funds with which to carry it on have been contributed by this institution. Ten institutes were held last year, made up of 20 sessions, and an attendance of about 1,300 persons. The total expense yas $385. The lecture force was provided from the staffs of the agri- cultural college and experiment station. Nine persons were sent out on this service, contributing in the aggregate sixty-five days of time. There has been no arrangement made for the publication of the proceedings. FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 653 CONNECTICUT. Population 908,420. Total number of homes 203,424. Number of farm homes 26,609. Per cent of farm homes 13.1. Approximate population in farm homes 119,003. Superintendents of institutes.—James F. Brown, Secretary State Board of Agricul- ture, North Stonington; J. B. Noble, Secretary Connecticut Dairymen’s Association, Hartford; H. C. C. Miles, secretary Connecticut Pomological Society, Milford. Connecticut has no special law regulating the holding of farmers’ institutes. The State board of agriculture, the Connecticut Dairy- men’s Association, and the Pomological Society are each carrying on institute work in the State. The methods used by these different organizations in carrying out their work and disseminating informa- tion are entirely in their own discretion. Each, however, has a com- mittee appointed to have charge of the institute work. The board of agriculture requires that localities applying for institutes shall ‘‘fur- nish a suitable hall, provide local transportation for speakers and visitors, music, if desired, and entertain by collation, or otherwise, unless there are convenient hotel accommodations.” The board pays for printing, traveling expenses, and services of speakers. Nine institutes were held during the past year, made up of 25 sessions and attended by 4,000 persons. Twenty-one different speakers were on the institute force of the State. The total expense amounted to $700. Five thousand copies of reports of the proceedings were printed and distributed. The appropriation for institutes is by the board of agri- culture which receives $3,500 annually for all purposes. Six other institutes were held by the State Pomological Society, the State Dairy- men’s Association, and the Tobacco Growers’ Association. There are no specific local organizations for conducting institutes, but the super- tendents depend upon the local granges and farm clubs for cooperation. DELAWARE. Population 184,735. Total number of homes 39,446. Number of farm homes 9,677. Per centof farm homes 24.5. Approximate population in farm homes 45,260. Director of institutes.—Wesley Webb, Dover. Until this year the farmers’ institute work in Delaware was organized by counties, each of the three counties having a separate institute director. The legislature of 1903 amended the law by providing ** that the State board of agriculture may appoint a director of farmers’ insti- tutes for the State to cooperate with the farmers’ institutes of the several counties.” The sum of $600 annually is appropriated, being $200 to the institutes in each county. The salary of the superintendent is pro- vided for outside of this amount. The law provides that the failure of any county to hold an institute in any year shall forfeit its appro- priation for that year. 654 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Twenty-cight institutes were held during the past season made up of 67 sessions, and attended by 4.800 persons, Nineteen lecturers were on the State force. The total expense amounted to $800, Four members of the agricultural college and experiment station staffs were in attendance as lecturers and contributed fifteen days of time. The director of institutes is also secretary of the State board of agriculture. The local organizations are provided for under an act of the legislature of May, 1889, which requires that there shall be a president, vice- president, secretary, treasurer, and an executive committee for each county organization, and that these officers shall receive no compensa- tion and are to hold their office for one year. No report of the pro- ceedings has heretofore been published, but the superintendent states that they expect to issue a report in the future. FLORIDA. Population 528,542. Total number of homes 117,001. Number o* farm homes 40,965. Per cent of farm homes 35. Approximate population in farm homes 184,989. . Director of institutes.—C. M. Conner, Florida Agricultural College, Lake City. Authority to hold farmers’ institutes is committed by the State to the board of trustees of the Florida Agricultural College and the Experiment Station. The appropriation to these institutions contains the following clause: ‘* For holding farmers’ institutes, $2,500.” The superintendent is appointed by the board of trustees, and last year under his direction 21 institutes were held, consisting of 42 sessions. Two thousand nine hundred persons were in attendance, and 22 State speakers gave instruction. The total cost of the institutes was $2,500. The agricultural college and experiment station staffs were repre- sented by 2 lecturers from their force, who contributed 30 days of time. The local organization consists of a chairman in each county appointed by the superintendent of institutes, with authority to make all necessary local arrangements for institute meetings. Five thou- sand copies of reports of the proceedings were distributed last year. The superintendent, in addition to his duties as director of farmers’ institutes, is also professor of agriculture in the agricultural college of Florida. The dates and places for all institutes are arranged by the superintendent, and notices of meetings are published from 3 to 4 weeks in advance. GEORGIA. Population 2,216,331. Total number of homes 455,557. Number of farm homes 221,395. Per cent of farm homes 48.6. Approximate population in farm homes 1,077,136. Director of institutes.—H. C. White, President of the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Athens; Harvie Jordan, Assistant Director of Institutes, Monticello. FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 655 There is no law in this State providing for the holding of farmers’ institutes. The work has been conducted by the college of agriculture of the State University, and the money needed for carrying on the work has been appropriated by the trustees of that university. The general direction of the work is in the hands of the president of the agricul- tural college, aided by a field assistant, Mr. Harvie Jordan, of Monti- cello. One thousand dollars was set aside by the trustees of the university for bearing the expenses of institutes for the past year. Fifteen institutes were held, consisting of 32 sessions, attended by about 3,500 persons. Eight lecturers were upon the State force, 6 of whom were representatives of the faculty of the college or the station staff, who contributed 13 days of their time to institute lecture service. No institutes had been held in Georgia for several years until the past season. The purpose of the director is to organize a farmers’ institute in every senatorial district in the State. Each locality is expected to secure a suitable hall for meeting, without charge to the State superintendent, and to provide all of the local accommodations needed for successfully conducting the meeting. The State supplies 2 lecturers to each institute, whose expenses are paid out of the agri- cultural college funds. The dates, places, and programmes for the institutes have thus far been arranged by the director, and the meet- ings are advertised at least 2 weeks in advance by means of the county press. No report of the proceedings is published. In addition to the institutes held by the college of agriculture of the State University, one meeting was held by the Georgia State Industrial College, at which there were present about 1,000 farmers. The meeting was con- ducted by 3 members of the college staff. HAWAII. Population 154,001. Total number of homes 36,922. Number of farm homes 1,409. Per cent of farm homes 3.8. Approximate population in farm homes 5,852. President of institutes.—Jared G. Smith, Special Agent in Charge of the Agricul- tural Experiment Station, Honolulu. There are no laws in force in this Territory relating to farmers’ insti- tutes. A farmers’ institute society was organized January 25, 1902, and quarterly meetings have been held regularly since. Seventy-five persons have enrolled themselves as active members. No funds have as yet been appropriated by the local legislature for assisting in the institute work. Four institutes were held during the past season, con- sisting of four sessions, with an attendance of 160. The cost of these meetings was $35. All of these meetings were conducted by the experiment station staff. A report of the proceedings has been made, but owing to lack of funds has not been printed. One hundred and fifty dollars has been appropriated for institutes for the coming year. 656 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The arranging of dates, places, and programunes is left entirely to the gin | , 8 ; J president of the institute society. Two independent institutes were held during the year, with an estimated attendance of about 100, IDAHO. Population 161,772. Total number of homes 37,491. Number of farm homes 17,153. Per cent of farm homes 45.8. Approximate population in farm homes 74,091. Superintendent of institutes.—H. T. French, Director Agricultural Experiment Station, Moscow. The last legislature appropriated $2,000 for institute work for two years. The control of the institutes and the expenditure of the money are intrusted to the board of regents of the college of agriculture of the University of Idaho. Seventeen institutes were held during the year, made up of 75 sessions. Two thousand five hundred and fifty persons were in attendance. There were 9 lecturers on the State force, of whom 6 were furnished from the agricultural college and station staffs, who attended all of the institutes, contributing 60 days of their time. The dates, places, and programmes are all arranged by the superintendent of institutes. The principal topics discussed last year were sugar-beet culture, dairying, horticulture, stock breeding, and feeding. Announcements of the dates, places, and speakers are made from four to eight weeks in advance of the meetings. Brief reports of the discussions are prepared by the secretary and published and distributed. The form of local organization consists of a chairman elected at the institute meeting and a secretary appointed, together with such special committees as are needed. ILLINOIS. Population 4,821,550. Total number of homes 1,036,158. Number of farm homes 262,388. Per cent of farm homes 25.3. Approximate population in farm homes 1,219,852. Superintendent of institutes.—A. B. Hostetter, Secretary Illinois Farmers’ Institutes, Springfield. The Illinois Farmers’ Institute is organized under special act of the legislature and isa public corporation of the State. ‘* It consists of three delegates from each county of the State, elected annually at the farmers’ institutes of the county,” and is managed by a board of trustees ‘‘consisting of the State superintendent of public instruction, the professor of agriculture of the University of Illinois, the presi- dent of the State board of agriculture, the president of the State Horticultural Society, the president of the State Dairymen’s Associa- tion, and one member from each Congressional district of the State, to be selected by the delegates from the district present at the annual meeting.” The officers of this board of directors are a ‘‘ president, FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 657 vice-president, secretary, treasurer, a State superintendent of farmers’ institutes, and such other officers or agents as may be deemed proper for organizing and conducting the work of the organization, all of whom shall hold their office for one year, unless removed sooner by the board, and shall perform such duties as may be required of them by the rules of the board.” Article 5 of the act prescribes the duties of the State superintendent of institutes: Secrion 1. The State superintendent of institutes shall have general supervision of institute work in the State under the direction of the board of directors and of the executive committee. Src. 2. He shall make recommendations as to lines of work which he believes will prove profitable for the ensuing year, together with general plans for their execution and estimates of expenses. He shall make such other recommendations to the board of directors as he may deem for the best interest of the institute work. Sec. 3. He shall visit the county institute and district conferences when invited to do so by the county institute officers or directors, or when in his judgment the insti- tute work demands such visit. Sec. 4. He shall have charge of the publication of the annual report, and shall insert therein such matters as will advance the agricultural interests of the State, under the direction of the executive committee. Sec. 5. He shall be librarian of the farmers’ institute free libraries, and shall sub- mit to the board of directors or to the executive committee, for approval, lists of books which he deems ought to be purchased for the use of the libraries when such are needed. Sec. 6. He shall make a detailed annual report in writing to the board of directors at the last meeting of the old board, of his acts and doings during the year, together with a general summary of the institute work of the State for the year; he shall also make such other reports during the year as the board of directors or executive com- mittee may require. One hundred and eight institute meetings were held last year, 68 being two days and 40 being three or more days. Eighty-four speak- ers are on the lecture force and 42,876 persons were in attendance. The appropriation amounted to $18,150. An annual report is made and distributed. Seven members of the agricultural college and experiment station staffs were reported on the institute lecture corps, who devoted 23 days to this service. The local organizations in the several counties elect their own officers and formulate their own rules. They are permitted to select their own speakers and to choose such topics for consideration as they consider will be of interest to their respective localities. Each county farmers’ institute is entitled to the sum of $75 per annum on condition ‘* that such institute shall file with the secretary of the Illinois Farmers’ Institute a sworn statement which shall show that said county farmers’ institute has held one or more duly advertised public sessions annually, of not less than two days each, at some easily accessible location.” This statement shall also S. Doc. 148, 58-2 2 658 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. include ‘‘an itemized exhibit of the expenses of the meeting with receipted vouchers therefor, a copy of its printed programme and the printed proceedings showing the title and author of the papers read and by whom discussed, place or places of meeting, with average daily attendance, and such other information as may be called for by the Illinois Farmers’ Institute and necessary to successfully assist this work.” The Illinois Farmers’ Institute is authorized to award one free scholarship in the college of agriculture, good for two years, for each county in the State, and one for each Congressional district of Chicago. The awards are made on the recommendation of the farm- ers’ institute director for each Congressional district. Free circulating libraries are distributed among the several county institutes. Fifty- one of these libraries have been equipped and sent out, containing about 50 volumes. The Illinois Farmers’ Institute is required to make an annual report to the governor of its transactions, which report shall include papers pertaining to its work and addresses made at the annual meeting of the organization. Twenty thousand copies of this report are required to be printed each year, one-half for the use of the Illinois Farmers’ Institute and the remainder to the secretary of the State for dis- tribution. INDIANA. Population 2,516,462. Total number of homes 571,513. Number of farm homes 221,451. Per cent of farm homes 38.7. Approximate population in farm homes 973,870. Superintendent of institutes.—W. C. Latta, Professor of Agriculture in the School of Agriculture, Horticulture, and Veterinary Science of Purdue University, Lafayette. The laws of the State of Indiana require the committee of experi- mental agriculture and horticulture of the board of trustees, together with the faculty of the school of agriculture of Purdue University, to appoint persons to hold county institutes in the several counties of the State. Ten thousand dollars per annum has been appropriated for bearing the expenses of the lecturers and such other items as may be necessary for the proper conduct of the work. The director of insti- tutes is appointed by the trustees of Purdue University, the present officer being the professor of agriculture in the university, and advisory agriculturist of the experiment station. During the year 181 institutes were held, comprising 858 sessions, and attended by 73,653 persons. The number of lecturers upon the State force was 39. The schedule, including dates, places, and pro- grammes, is arranged by the superintendent, and the places are decided by conference with the local officers. The local committees usually arrange the programmes. Two State lecturers are provided for each institute, with an occasional extra speaker to discuss some special topic. Members of the college and station staffs attend institutes without FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 659 charge except for their expenses and at times when other duties do not seriously interfere. The local organizations are effected by hav- ing a chairman, secretary, and a vice-president for each township, chosen at the county meeting for the ensuing year. The advertising of the institute is left entirely to the local organization, which for this purpose uses postals, postal-card programmes, personal letters, and the local press. Six hundred copies of abstracts of the proceedings are printed and distributed each year. In addition to the number of meet- ings above given, there were held two district institutes and an annual conference, the purpose of the conference being to prepare local man- agers and speakers for the coming season’s campaign. INDIAN TERRITORY. Population 302,060. To*al number of homes 76,701. Number of farm homes 47,594. Per cent of farm homes 62.1. Approximate population in farm homes 187,579. Farmers’ institutes have not been organized in the Territory. IOWA. Population 2,231,853. Total number of homes 480,878. Number of farm homes 223,525. Per cent of farm homes, 46.5.- Approximate population in farm homes 1,037, 811. Director of institutes. —J. C. Simpson, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, Des Moines. There is no central organization or State superintendent of farmers’ institutes in lowa, but each county is entitled to organize an institute when forty or more farmers meet and elect a president, secretary, treasurer, and an executive committee of not less than three outside of such officers, and hold an institute remaining in session not Jess than two days in each year. Upon presenting proof to the county auditor of such organization and such institute having been held, and an item- ized statement showing the manner in which the money used has been expended, it is the duty of the county auditor to certify the statement to the auditor of the State, who upon receipt of such certification is required to remit to the treasurer of the county his warrant not to exceed $75 in any one year: The absence of any State organization, or central office, or board of control has made it difficult to secure data respecting the work. The secretary of the State department of agriculture has made an estimate of the attendance. There are 99 counties in the State, each of which is entitled to $75 for institute purposes, making the appropriation available $7,425. Sixty-four counties held institutes this year—50 two days, and 14 three or more days. The total number of sessions was 348. The attendance is given at 17,750. No report is published of the institute proceedings. 660 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. KANSAS. Population 1,470,495. ‘Total number of homes 321,947. Number of farm homes 167,006. Per cent of farm homes 51.9. Approximate population in farm homes 763,186. Director of institutes.—J. T. Willard, Director Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan. The legislature of 1903 passed an act providing for the formation of county farmers’ institute associations. Such association under this act shall consist of a president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer, and it must adopt a constitution and by-laws for its government. The county institute association is entitled to the sum of $50 from the county to defray the legitimate expenses of a two days’ institute, and the legis- lature has provided in addition an appropriation of $2,000 per year to the State agricultural college, to be used in paying the expenses of the members of the college faculty and experiment station who attend institutes. The duties of State directors are performed by the chair- man of a committee appointed by the president of the college on insti- tute work. Ninety-two institutes were held during the year, composed of 204 sessions. Eighty-two of the institutes were one-day and 10 were two-day. The total attendance was 38,085. The number of speakers upon the State corps was 16. The college and station staffs attended 90 institutes, giving 200 days of their time. The chairman of the State institute committee arranges the dates, places, and pro- grammes for institute meetings. The said corps of lecturers is com- posed of members of the college faculty and station force. The proceedings are not published except brief abstracts by the farm papers. KENTUCKY. Population 2,147,174. Total number of homes 437,054. Number of farm homes 234,821. Per cent of farm homes 53.7. Approximate population in farm homes 1,153,032. Director of institutes.—I. B. Nall, Commissioner of Agriculture, Frankfort. Kentucky has no specific farmers’ institute law. The work is con- ducted under authority given in the general law prescribing the duties of the State bureau of agriculture in which the commissioner is directed to ‘‘promote and encourage, as far as practicable, societies and other associations in the several counties.” Eight institutes were held during the year, attended by 2,000 persons. Eleven lecturers are upon the State institute force. Three of these are from the agricul- tural college and experiment station staffs, who attended five institutes, giving in the aggregate fifteen days of their time to institute work. The sum of $13,000 is annually appropriated to meet the expenses of the bureau of agriculture. Of this sum $1,200 was appropriated by the bureau for institute purposes. The proceedings are edited by the State director and printed in supplement form, and circulated by the FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 661 leading agricultural papers in the State. The county papers also inclose these supplements, distributing them among their subscribers. About 8,000 copies of the proceedings of each institute were printed and circulated in this manner during the past year. The work of arranging for institutes in the several counties is in the hands of the superintendent, who cooperates with local farm clubs in arranging the dates, places, and programmes, the State furnishing such additional lecturers as may be necessary. The dates, places, and speakers are announced as soon as the programme has been prepared through the State agricultural papers as well as by means of local publications. LOUISIANA. Population 1,381,625. Total number of homes 284,875. Number of farm homes 114,214. Per cent 40.1. Approximate population in farm homes 554,031. Director of institutes. —J. G. Lee, Commissioner of Agriculture, Baton Rouge. Under the constitution of 1898 the Louisiana State board of agri- culture and immigration were given control and direction of all State agricultural organizations and State farmers’ institutes. The board organized a farmers’ institute committee, composed of the president of the Louisiana State University, the director of the State experiment station, and the commissioner of agriculture and immigration. Two thousand dollars is annually appropriated for institute work. The commissioner of agriculture and immigration is the executive officer of the State committee on farmers’ institutes, and has direct control of the work of organizing and conducting institutes in the several dis- tricts. The commissioner reports 13 persons on the State institute lecture force. Fifty institutes were held last year. Forty-eight were one-day and two were three-day, aggregating 134 sessions. The total attendance was 13,245. The amount appropriated for institute pur- poses was $2,000. Three thousand five hundred copies of reports of institute proceedings were printed and distributed. Permanent insti- tute clubs with a president and secretary, with one vice-president from each ward of the parish, constitute the local organization. The insti- tute director cooperates with the local authorities in arranging dates, places, and programmes for institute meetings. The State director of institutes is appointed by the governor for a period of four years, and is also commissioner of agriculture and immigration. MAINE. Population 694,466. Total number of homes 163,344. Number of farm homes 57,153. Per cent of farm homes 35. Approximate population in farm homes 245,063. Director of institutes.—A. W. Gilman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Augusta. In Maine under the act creating the State department of agriculture, and providing for the appointment of a commissioner of agriculture, the commissioner is required to ‘‘hold or cause to be held two farm- 662 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ers’ institutes in each county annually, and as many more as the appropriation therefor will allow.” Three thousand dollars is annu- ally appropriated for the institute work. During the year 40 institutes were held, composed of 83 sessions; 5,846 persons were in attendance. Nine lecturers are upon the State force. Abstracts of the proceed- ings are prepared by the commissioner and are included in his annual report, of which 6,000 copies are printed. The commissioner is appointed by the legislature and holds office for two years. The loca- tion of the county meetings is made by the county agents, and the dates and programmes are planned by the State director of insti- tutes. The agricultural college and experiment station officers par- ticipated in the lecture work whenever desired and at times that did not conflict with their other duties. MARYLAND. Population 1,188,044. Total number of homes 242,331. Number of farm homes 47,089. Per cent of farm homes 19.4. Approximate population in farm homes 230,480. Director of institutes.—W. L. Amoss, College Park. Under the State law the farmers’ institute director of Maryland is appointed by the trustees of the Maryland Agricultural College, and at least ‘‘ one institute is required to be held in each year in each county of the State, and an additional one in each county if deemed necessary and desirable.” The institute under this act was made a department of the Maryland Agricultural College. Forty institutes were held last year, consisting of 116 sessions; 11,222 persons were in attendance. There were 7 lecturers upon the State force. The mem- bers of the agricultural college faculty and of the experiment station devoted 56 days of their time to assisting in the institute work. The work in the several counties is conducted by a local committee, or county organization wherever they exist, or through a local corre- spondent appointed by the director of institutes. Reports of the insti- tutes are furnished to the county papers, and enough of these are secured by the director to supply his mailing list. The advertising of the meetings is effected through the newspapers of the State by sending to each a programme about four weeks before the institate in the county in which the newspaper is published is held. Four thou- sand dollars was appropriated last year for institute expenses. The director each year plans a visit of representatives of the institutes in the several counties to some place of special interest outside of the State, as a farm, canning factory, city market, or educational institu- tion, each delegate being expected to write a report of what he has observed during his visit, and present this before the next institute meeting. The results from this method of verifying information have been very satisfactory. FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 663 MASSACHUSETTS. Population 2,805,346. Total number of homes 613,659. Number of farm homes 36,510. Per cent of farm homes 5.9. Approximate population in farm homes 165,515. Director of institutes. Boston. J. L. Ellsworth, Secretary State Board of Agriculture, The farmers’ institutes of Massachusetts are held under a general law establishing the board of agriculture, which authorizes it to ‘* dis- seminate useful information in agriculture by lectures or otherwise.” By a rule of the State board the secretary of the board is required to provide lecturers for farmers’ institutes so far as the appropriation for the object will allow. The board recommends ‘*that whenever any farmers’ organization in the State shall desire to have a course of not more than three lectures on any farm subject they may apply to the secretary of the board of agriculture for a lecturer, and the secre- tary, if he thinks the subject a proper one, shall furnish a lecturer, providing he can secure a competent person to attend on the dates named, and also providing that he has not already been called on dur- ing the year to provide lecturers for more than thirteen courses.” One hundred and twenty institutes, composed of 154 sessions, were held this year. Twelve thousand four hundred and eighty-seven per- sons were in attendance, and there were 68 lecturers upon the State force engaged in giving instruction at these meetings. Two thousand dollars was appropriated for meeting the necessary expenses of the State lecturers. The local expenses are met by the societies holding the meetings. Eight members of the agricultural college and station force delivered lectures at 14 institutes, contributing in the aggregate 28 days of time. The dates, places, and programmes for the meetings are arranged by the State director in cooperation with the local offi- cials. The agricultural societies represented on the State board of agriculture are the local organizations under whose auspices the insti- tutes are held. MICHIGAN. Population 2,420,982. Total number of homes 548,094. Number of farm homes 202,457. Per cent of farm homes 36.9. Approximate population in farm homes 893,342. Superintendent of institutes.—L. R. Taft, Horticulturist of the Experiment Station of the Michigan Agricultural College, Agricultural College. The State board of agriculture is authorized by act of the legislature of 1901 to *‘hold institutes and to establish and maintain courses of reading and lectures for instruction in the various branches of agri- culture, mechanic arts, domestic economy, and the related sciences.” The board is authorized to ‘‘ formulate such rules and regulations as it shall deem proper to carry on the work contemplated in the act, and 664 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. may employ such agent or agents to perform such duties in connection therewith as it shall deem best.” Local county farmers’ institute societies are provided for in the act, and such societies are réquired to hold annually at least one institute of at least two days in length. To organize a local county institute society the rule of the board requires that at least ‘‘ twenty residents of the county, without regard to sex, but of legal age, shall meet and adopt a brief constitution in harmony with the State law, elect a pres- ident and vice-president from each township in the county, and a secretary, who shall also be treasurer. Such society shall furnish to the secretary of the board of agriculture a copy of its constitution and by-laws, and shall transmit with the same a written agreement, signed by the president and secretary of the society, stating that the society will, for purposes of farmers’ institutes, conform to the rules of the board of agriculture governing such institute. Within ten days after the close of each institute the secretary shall make a report to the superintendent on blanks to be furnished by the superintendent.” The immediate management of the farmers’ insti- tutes is placed in charge of a superintendent elected by the board of agriculture. The superintendent arranges for locating and holding institutes, is authorized to approve all institute societies when prop- erly organized, and, after consultation with members of local institute societies, determine the time and place for holding the institutes and the subjects to be discussed. He also designates the persons who are to attend as lecturers, and has authority to reject from the programme local speakers or topics that are objectionable. He has authority to call upon the faculty and instructors of the agricultural college and the members of the experiment station force for such institute work as may be assigned them by the board with the consent of the president. During the past year 284 institutes were held, consisting of 885 ses- sions. Two hundred and thirteen of these institutes were one-day, 70 were two-day, and one three-day. The total attendance was 53,087. There were 97 speakers upon the State lecture force. Sixteen mem- bers of the college faculty and of the experiment station staff assisted in this work. The appropriation for the expenses of the lecture force was $7,500. Reports containing statistics of attendance, list of officers, etc., and a report of the annual round-up institute, together with such papers as are of special excellence read at the county institutes, are edited by the State superintendent, and 8,000 copies were published for distribution by the institute societies. A round-up of institute workers is held each year. lor) lor) On FARMERS’ INSTITUTES OF THE UNITED STATES. MINNESOTA. Population 1,751,394. Total number of homes 342,658. Number of farm homes 152,393. Per cent of farm homes 44.5. Approximate population in farm homes 779,470. Superintendent of institutes. —O. C. Gregg, Lynd. The legislature of Minnesota, by act approved April 14, 1903, repealed all former legislation with regard to farmers’ institutes in that State, and provided for their future constitution, government, and support in an entirely new act composed of fifteen sections. A board of administration is created by the act consisting of three mem- bers of the board of regents of the University of Minnesota, the presi- dent of the State Agricultural Society, the president of the State Dairy Association, and the president of the State Horticultural Society, to have charge of the execution of the act regulating the farmers’ insti- tute work throughout the State. This board of administration is authorized to appoint a State superintendent of farmers’ institutes whose term of office continues for two years. The board of adminis- tration, in conjunction with the superintendent, arranges the institute circuits and determines the times and places where institutes are to be held. The duties of the superintendent are defined as follows: ‘*To superintend the several institutes when located as herein pro- vided; to engage competent instructors therefor; to receive, examine, and report upon all bills for expenses and services payable from estab- lished appropriation; and at the end of each fiscal year to make a detailed report of all farmers’ institutes held under his direction, with an itemized account of all expenditures under this act during the year last past, to said board of administration.” The board of administra- tion is directed to prepare and publish each year a Farmers’ Institute Annual. Thirty thousand copies of this publication were sent out last year. One hundred institutes were held during the season, consisting of 238 sessions. Eighty-five institutes were one-day and 15 were two- day. The total attendance was 35,171. Thirteen lecturers were upon the State institute corps. The appropriation for institute expenses was $16,500. The college and experiment station were rep- resented by one member, who attended nineteen meetings, amounting to nineteen days of service. There are no local county organizations of institutes in the State, the superintendent selecting persons in each locality from year to year to assist him in organizing and conducting the local work. MISSISSIPPI. Population 1,551,270. Total number of homes 318,948. Number of farm homes 221,110. Per cent of farm homes 69.3. Approximate population in farm homes 1,075,030. O66 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Director of institutes. —J. C. Hardy, President Mississippi Agricultural and Mechan- ical College, Agricultural College. Farmers’ institute work in Mississippi is under the direction of the — president of the agricultural and mechanical college. There are no laws organizing institutes in the State excepting that which makes an appropriation to the agricultural and mechanical college for institute work. Last year 58 institutes were held, composed of 122 sessions. Fifty-six were one-day meetings and two were two-day meetings. The total attendance was 10,000. There were 15 lecturers upon the State lecture corps, 9 of whom were members of the college and experiment station staffs. The college and experiment station lecturers partici- pated in all the meetings that were held. One thousand five hundred dollars was appropriated for institute work, and 18,000 copies of insti- tute reports were published and distributed among the farmers of the State. The State director organizes the farmers in the several localities into clubs, and the clubs of each county into a single county club, the county club having charge of the local institute work. He also fixes the dates and places for institutes, committing the preparation of the programmes and the arrangement of speakers to the county insti- tute club. Announcement of dates, places, and speakers is made about one month before an institute meeting is held, by publishing the pro- gramme in the county papers. The State director is appointed by the board of trustees of the agricultural and mechanical college, and the appropriation made by the State is payable to this board of trustees. A round-up meeting of institute workers was held this year at which about 400 farmers from the various districts of the State were present. An effort is to be made the coming year to organize a per- manent farmers’ club in each county, to have charge of the local work connected with the farmers’ institute meetings. MISSOURI. Population 3,106,665. Total number of homes 654,333. Number of farm homes 282,840. Per cent of farm homes 43.2. Approximate population in farm homes 1,340,079. Director of institutes.—George B. Ellis, Secretary State Board of Agriculture, Columbia. The control of farmers’ institutes in Missouri is by law placed in the hands of the State board of agriculture, which is required to ‘‘ hold farmers’ institutes in different parts of the State for the purpose of giving instruction in agriculture.” The execution of this work is placed in the hands of the secretary of the board. One hundred and twenty-seven institutes were held during the year, attended by 25,400 persons. Thirty-one lecturers were upon the State institute staff, ten of whom were members of the agricultural college faculty FARMERS’ INSTITUTES OF THE UNITED STATES. 667 and experiment station force. These college and station men gave 120 days of time, and were present at all of the institutes that were held. Four thousand dollars was appropriated by the State for institute work, made payable to the board of agriculture. There are no permanent local organizations for institute purposes in the several counties, the director arranging each year for the institutes by correspondence from the office with a local committee, which he appoints. The director fixes the dates and places and consults with the local committee respecting the programmes. Meetings are advertised by publishing from two to four weeks in advance the dates, places, and names of the speakers in the local press. A traveling institute was organized two years ago and was in successful operation during the past season. A railway car is fitted up with illustrative material and equipped with a lecture force furnished by the college of agriculture and mechanie arts of the university and by the experiment station. Numerous districts were visited in this manner and very satisfactory institutes were held, the lecturers having the advantage of the material with which the car was supplied for use in demonstration. The railroads of the State cordially cooperated in the movement and the meetings were unusually well attended, as appears from a comparison with the attendance of the previous year in which 10,000 persons were reported to have been present at institutes, this year the number was increased to 25,400. No reports of the institutes are published. MONTANA. Population 245,329. Total number of homes 55,889. Number of farm homes 13,909. Per cent of farm homes 24.9. - Approximate population in farm homes 60,588. Director of institutes.—F. B. Linfield, Acting Secretary of the Board of Farmers’ Institutes, Bozeman. The board of administration of farmers’ institutes in Montana is composed of the governor of the State, the director of the Montana Experiment Station, and the presidents of the Montana Registered Cattle Breeders’ Association, the Montana Wool Growers’ Associa- tion, the Montana Live Stock Association, the Montana Horticultural Society, the Montana State Board of Horticulture, the Montana Agri- cultural Association, and the Montana Dairyman’s Association. The officers of the board consist of a president and secretary elected by the board for two years. The members of this board of admin- istration are designated ‘‘ Directors of Montana farmers’ institutes and are authorized to hold institutes for the instruction of the citizens of the State in the various branches of agriculture, and to prescribe such rules and regulations as they may deem best for organizing and conducting the same.” At least one institute shall be held in each county each year. The directors are authorized to designate the times 668 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. and places. The local county organizations are required to provide suitable halls, and must furnish them with light and heat and bear all necessary advertising expenses. ‘Two thousand dollars was appro- priated for the purpose of conducting institutes this year. Under a new law approved March 6, 1903, $4,000 per annum is appropriated, and each institute held under the authority of the board shall be entitled to a sum not exceeding $50 from the amount thus appropriated. An institute annual is authorized to be published, the cost not to exceed $1,500 in any one year. Sixteen institutes were held during the year, consisting of 32 sessions. Six hundred persons were in attendance and 16 lecturers were upon the State force. Four of these lecturers were members of the agricultural college and station staffs and were present at 8 institutes, contributing 32 days of their time. The rules of the board require that the State shall be divided into districts for institute purposes. The formation of local farmers’ insti- tute organizations, or farmers’ clubs, in the various counties of the State is recommended. The secretary of the board is, under their rules, the superintendent of farmers’ institutes and has immediate charge of all arrangements for the farmers’ institute work over the State. He is required to make a report of the work of the year and the meetings held to the board. Five thousand copies of reports of the institutes are published each year and distributed NEBRASKA. Population 1,066,300. Total number of homes 220,947. Number of farm homes 116,854. Per cent of farm homes 52.9. Approximate population in farm homes 564,072. Director of institutes.—E. A. Burnett, Director Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, Lincoln. Farmers’ institutes in Nebraska are held under the general direction of the industrial college of the University of Nebraska and the agri- cultural experiment station. The university employs a superintendent of farmers’ institutes, who is director of the experiment station. There is also employed an assistant superintendent who has charge of the field work. Sixty-five institutes were held last year, consisting of 268 sessions. Twenty-three institutes were one-day, 38 two-day, and 4 three-day. The total attendance was 25,000. Thirty-three lecturers were employed upon the State institute force, and $4,000 was appropriated for meet- iny the expenses of the work. The members of the agricultural col- lege and experiment station staffs assist whenever their services are required and their duties in connection with their official positions permit. No report of the proceedings is published. The dates, places, and programmes for the institutes are arranged by the State director. The local county organizations consist of a president, secre- FARMERS’ INSTITUTES OF THE UNITED STATES. 669 tary, and executive committee, who are intrusted with the duties of securing meeting rooms and providing for the payment of the local expenses of the institute. The State lecturers are appointed by authority of the regents of the university and are assigned to the several localities by the superintendent of institutes. The institutes are advertised through the local papers, by means of posters, and by the distribution of programmes through the mail. NEVADA. Population 42,325. Total number of homes 11,190. Number of farm homes 2,164. Per cent of farm homes 19.3. Approximate population in farm homes 8,170. Director of institutes. —N. E. Wilson, Vice-Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, Reno. The work of conducting farmers’ institutes in Nevada is in charge of the State agricultural experiment station. There is no law in this State providing for the organization or conducting of institutes. Last year there were held, under the direction of the station staff, three institutes, composed of 18 sessions. Nine hundred and pelt -three persons were in attendance. Five State speakers comprised the lec- ture corps, all of whom were members of the agricultural experiment station staff. The total expense was $120. The local organization consists of a local executive committee, with a permanent chairman and secretary. The arranging of dates, places, and programmes is by the State director, after consultation with members of the local committee. The railroad companies furnish free transportation for all workers within State limits and grant reduced rates to all who attend the institutes. No report of the proceedings is published. NEW HAMPSHIRE. ee eeton 411,588. Total number of homes 97,902. Number of farm homes 8,271. Per cent of farm homes 28.9. Approximate population in farm homes 118,948. Director of institutes.—N. J. Bachelder, Secretary State Board of Agriculture, Concord. The public statutes of New Hampshire require the secretary of the board of agriculture to ‘‘make arrangements for, give public notice of, and if possible personally attend the farmers’ meetings authorized by the board.” Under this general authority farmers’ institutes are organized and conducted. Last season 18 one-day institutes, com- posed of 36 sessions, were held. Six thousand three hundred people were in attendance and 14 lecturers were upon the State corps. The total expense was $1,000, which was apportioned from the general fund appropriated to the State board of agriculture. Local arrangements holding institutes are made by the secretary of the board with 670 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. grange organizations, farm clubs, and agricultural and horticultural societies. ‘Two thousand copies of reports of proceedings were pub- lished and distributed. NEW JERSEY. Population 1,883,669. Total number of homes 415,222. Number of farm homes 35,337. Per cent of farm homes 8.5, Approximate population in farm homes 160,111. Director of institutes.—Franklin Dye, Secretary of State Board of Agriculture, Trenton. The farmers’ institutes in New Jersey are organized and conducted under general authority granted to the State board of agriculture by the legislature. Under the act the board is authorized to ‘‘ employ suitable persons to lecture before the State board of agriculture at its annual or other meetings and in the counties of the State.” The exee- utive committee of the board has delegated the management and con- duct of the institutes to its secretary. ‘Thirty-one institutes were held last season, made up of 119 sessions. Twelve of these institutes were one-day, 18 were two-day, and 1 three-day. The total attend- ance was 6,850. Thirty-eight lecturers were employed during the season upon the State force, and $2,000 was expended for meeting the expenses. No report of the proceedings is published. Independent institutes, averaging two meetings in each of the eighteen counties, were held, with an attendance of about 50 each. The State director usually furnishes a speaker when requested to lee- ture before these independent or auxiliary institutes. There are no specific local organizations for institute work in the State. The director invites the members of county boards, granges, and farm clubs to aid him in the work of arranging for the county meetings. In most places the dates, places, and programmes are prepared by the State director. The local communities are expected to provide proper meet- ing rooms and pay all expenses for heat and light. The director attends almost all of the institutes, and in many instances takes a place regularly upon the platform as a lecturer. NEW MEXICO. Population 195,310. Total number of homes 46,355. Number of farm homes 13,102. Per cent of farm homes 28.3. Approximate population in farm homes 55,272. Director of institutes.—Luther Foster, President of College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, and Director of the Experiment Station, Mesilla Park. The farmers’ institute work in New Mexico is under the direction of the agricultural college and experiment station. There is no specific legislation providing for the organization or control of the institute work. The expenses are met by appropriations made by the FARMERS’ INSTITUTES OF THE UNITED STATES. 671 board of regents of the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and of the experiment station. Three institutes were held last year, having a total of 13 sessions. Three hundred and seventy-five per- sons were in attendance, and five lecturers, all members of the station staff, gave instruction at these meetings. The total expense amounted to $125.» No report of proceedings is published. The citizens in the localities where institutes are held pay all the expenses of the meet- ings except those incurred by the State lecturers. The advertising of the institutes is committed to the localities in which the meetings are to be held. NEW YORE. Population 7,268,894. Total number of homes 1,634,523. Number of farm homes 227,822. Per cent of farm homes 13.9. Approximate population in farm homes 1,010,376. Director of institutes.—F. KE. Dawley, Fayetteville. The director of institutes is appointed by the commissioner of agri- culture under authority of an act of the legislature creating the department of agriculture. The law simply provides for the appoint- ment of the director of institutes and for the appropriation of funds to conduct them, leaving the organization and management entirely in the hands of the State institute director. Last year 312 institutes were beld, made up of 1,363 sessions. One hundred and six of these insti- tutes were one-day, 202 were two-day, and 4 were three-day. The total attendance was 138,528. Sixty-six lecturers were upon the State corps, and $20,000 was appropriated for carrying on the work. As many as five separate corps of speakers are in the field at the same time. An annual meeting of the lecturers upon the State force has been held for the purpose of normal instruction. The director con- templates extending the course so as to continue for about two weeks, the meetings to be held at the State experiment station and at Cor- nell University. The State speakers in New York are all listed under the civil service, and the director reports that there has been no serious trouble from the rulings of the Civil Service Commission. A special effort has been made to develop institute lecturers, and the large number of efficient men now on the New York State force is evidence of the success of the director in this respect. An annual report of institutes, amounting to 25,000 copies, was printed and the copies distributed by the State director and by mem- bers of the legislature. The local, or county, organization varies. Usually a local committee is selected by the State director to have charge of thearrangements for holding the county meetings. The dates, places, and programmes are arranged by the director. Each local- ity is required to provide a hall free of expense. The State pays the expenses for advertising and also for lighting and heating of the hall, 672 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The director frequently furnishes speakers for independent institutes that are held under the auspices of granges, farm clubs, or agricultural societies. The attendance at these independent institutes last year is reported as 2,320. NORTH CAROLINA. Population 1,893,810. Total number of homes 370,072. Number of farm homes 223.831. Per cent of farm homes 60.5. Approximate population in farm homes 1,145,755. Director of institutes. —S. L. Patterson, Commissioner of Agriculture, Raleigh. By act of assembly it is made the duty of the commissioner of agri- culture of North Carolina, by and with the consent and advice of the board of agriculture, ‘‘to hold farmers’ institutes in the several coun- ties of the State as frequently as may be deemed advisable in order to instruct the people in improved methods in farming, in the beneficial use of fertilizers and composts, and to ascertain the wants and neces- sities of the various farming communities; and may collect the papers and addresses made at these institutes and publish the same in pam- phlet form, annually, for distribution among the farmers of the State. He may secure such assistants as may be necessary or beneficial in holding such institutes.” Fifteen institutes were held last year, composed of 25 sessions, and attended by 1,525 persons. Eight instructors were upon the State lecture force, five of whom were members of the agricultural college and station staffs. Representatives of these institutions attended every institute, giving in the aggregate 51 days of their time. Six hundred dollars was appropriated by the board of agriculture for defraying the expenses of the work. ‘The commissioner of agricul- ture is elected by the people for a term of four years. One thousand dollars has been set aside by the board for institute purposes for the coming season. No annual report has been published. The local organization for the counties consists of a chairman, secretary, and committee on pro- grammes. The director holds institutes upon request of the various localities. The local expenses are provided for by the community in which the institute is held. Announcement of the dates, places, and speakers is made by publication in the newspapers and through the distribution of posters. NORTH DAKOTA. Population 319,146. Total number of homes 64,690. Number of farm homes 44,112. Per cent of farm homes 68.2. Approximate population in farm homes 217,657. Director of institutes —E. E. Kaufman, Professor of Dairying, North Dakota Agricultural College, Agricultural College. The farmers’ institute board is provided for by an act of assembly FARMERS’ INSTITUTES OF THE UNITED STATES. 673 approved March 13, 1903. The board is composed of the president of the board of trustees of the North Dakota Agricultural College, the commissioner of agriculture and labor, the director of the experiment station, the professor of agriculture and the professor of dairying of the North Dakota Agricultural College. It is made the duty of the board ‘‘to employ a director of farmers’ institutes and such other lecturers as may be deemed necessary; to authorize the holding of not less than 40 institutes each year.” Nineteen institutes were held last year consisting of 67 sessions. Three institutes were one-day, and 16 were two-day. The total attend- ance is reported as 2,655. The number of speakers on the State lecture force is 11, and $1,500 was appropriated for carrying on the work. Four of the State speakers were members of the agricultural college and experiment station staffs. Representatives of these institutes were present at 6 institutes, contributing 14 days of time. The pro- ceedings are published in an institute annual, of which 10,000 were distributed at subsequent institute meetings and through the mail. The institute board appoints all State lecturers. An institute com- mittee in each county is selected by the State institute board to look after the advertising and make such special arrangements as are nec- essary for the successful conduct of the meetings. The dates, places, and programmes are all arranged by the State director, and notices of meetings are published about four weeks in advance. The State director is appointed by the State farmers’ institute board for one season. A number of independent institutes were held by local farmers’ societies with an estimated attendance of 225. The institute meetings are advertised by means of large posters, through the pub- - lication of the programmes by local newspapers, and by postal-card invitations sent out through the mail. The act of the legislature of 1903 increased the appropriation for institute purposes to $8,000 per year. OHIO. Population 4,157,545. Total number of homes 944,433. Number of farm homes 280,068. Per cent of farm homes 29.7. Approximate population in farm homes 1,237,790. Director of institutes—W. W. Miller, Secretary State Board of Agriculture, Columbus. The farmers’ institute work in Ohio is organized under the pro- visions of an act passed April 26, 1890, and amended April 27, 1896. Under this act whenever *‘ twenty or more persons, residents of any county in the State, organize themselves into a farmers’ institute society, adopt a constitution and by-laws agreeable to rules and regu- lations furnished by the State board of agriculture; and when such society shall have elected proper officers and performed such other S. Doe. 148, 58-243 O74 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ucts as may be required by the rules of the State board of agriculture, such society shall be deemed a body corporate.” Not more than four farmers’ institute societies in any county are permitted to hold annual meetings under the auspices of the State board of agriculture. The secretary of the State board of agriculture has charge of the farmers’ institute work under the general direction of the board. Section 3 of the act provides for the maintenance of farmers’ institutes through the levy of a direct tax. Ohio is the only State that has adopted this method of institute support. The section is as follows: When a society organized under the provisions of this act shall have held an annual farmers’ institute meeting in accordance with the rules of the State board of agriculture, the secretary of said board shall issue certificates, one to the president of the farmers’ institute society and one to the president of the State board of agri- culture, setting forth these facts, and on the presentation of these certificates to the county auditor, he shall each year draw orders on the treasurer of the county as fol- lows: Based on the last previous national census, a sum equal to three mills for each inhabitant of the county in favor of the president of the State board of agriculture and a sum equal to three mills for each inhabitant of the county in favor of the president of the farmers’ institute society, where but one society is organized; but in counties where there are more than one farmers’ institute society organized under the provisions of this act and holding meetings under the auspices and by the direc- tion of the State board of agriculture, the said three mills for each inhabitant shall be equally apportioned among such societies, and warrants in the proper amounts issued to the respective presidents, and the treasurer of the county shall pay the same from the county fund: Provided, That in no county shall the total annual sum exceed two hundred and fifty dollars: And provided further, That the payment to any institute society shall not exceed the expense, as per detailed statement, pro- vided in section four of this act. The act, it will be seen, provides permanent county institute organ- ization and secures to each a substantial fund for support. The State board of agriculture, under rules which it is authorized to prescribe, . gives specific instructions for the formation of local societies and directs how reports shall be made out, and directs the details to be observed in conducting their institute meetings. The State lecturers are required to devote their time and efforts to the discussion of such subjects as are designated by the institute law, namely, ‘* farming, stock raising, fruit culture, and all branches of business connected with the industry of agriculture.” Two hundred and sixty-three institutes were held last year consisting of 1,250 sessions. All of these were two-day institutes. Highty-one thousand seven hundred and fifty-two persons were in attendance. The State teaching force consisted of 29 members and the total expense incurred was $16,981. Ten thousand copies of reports of the proceedings were published and distributed. All of the local expenses are met by the counties from their portion of the per capita tax. The dates and places for institutes are arranged by the State director, and the programmes are submitted to him by local societies FARMERS’ INSTITUTES OF THE UNITED STATES. 675 for approval. The dates, places, and speakers are announced about forty days in advance of December 1, which is the beginning of the institute season. The institutes are advertised locally by the county societies. Twenty-eight independent institutes were held during the year by local organizations. The attendance reported was 8,681. OKLAHOMA. Population 398,331. Total number of homes 86,908. Number of farm homes 63,094. Per cent of farm homes 72.6. Approximate population in farm homes 289,188. Director of institutes. —J. B. Thoburn, Secretary Board of Agriculture, Guthrie. The formation of a State board of agriculture, consisting of six members and the governor, who is a member ex oflicio, is authorized under a recent act of the Territorial legislature. The six members of this board are elected by delegates from county institutes, whose organization is provided for in the act. Wherever not less than fifteen farmers, residents in one county, shall apply to the secretary of the Territory he is required to issue a charter of incorporation and the organization shall thereafter be known as the county farmers’ institute for such county. These county institutes are required to hold an annual meeting at the county seat, at which matters pertaining to agriculture shall be discussed and one delegate be elected to attend the annual meeting of the board of agriculture. These delegates at their annual meeting elect two members of the State board of agricul- ture, whose terms are for three years, and the law provides that this board **shall have supervision of the county farmers’ institute sys- tem.” The board elects its secretary and assigns his duties, one of which is the management of the farmers’ institutes. Last year 29 institutes were held: Twenty-three one-day, 5 two- day, and 1 three-day. There were 36 sessions. One thousand dol- lars was appropriated for conducting the work. Six speakers were upon the institute force, all members of the agricultural college and experiment station staffs, and contributing twenty days of their time. The local expenses of the institutes are provided for by the county institute societies. The dates of institutes are fixed by the county organizations at their annual meetings, and they also assist the State director in preparing. programmes. No report of the institute pro- ceedings is published. OREGON. Population 413,536. Total number of homes 91,214. Number of farm homes 36,156. Per cent of farm homes 39.6. Approximate population in farm homes 163,760. Director of institutes.—James Withycombe, Director Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis. Oregon has no law regarding farmers’ institutes. Those that are 676 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. held are under the direction of the State agricultural college and experiment station, and are voluntary on the part of these institutions. Last year 20 institutes were held, ten one-day and ten two-day, the total number of sessions being 60. Four thousand persons were in attendance. There were six lecturers upon the State force, all of whom were from the college and experiment station staffs. They con- tributed in the aggregate 240 days of time. The sum of $300 was expended in carrying on the work. No report of proceedings is pub- lished. ‘The sum of $1,000 has been appropriated for institute pur- poses for the coming year. There is no regular form of organization for the several counties. The director arranges the dates and places after consultation with the localities desiring institutes. PENNSYLVANIA. Population 6,302,115. Total number of homes 1,320,025. Number of farm homes 225,565. Per cent of farm homes 17.1. Approximate population in farm homes 1,077,661. Director of institutes.—A. L. Martin, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg. Under the Pennsylvania law the deputy secretary of agriculture, who is appointed by the governor for a term of four years, is also director of farmers’ institutes. He is required to ‘‘arrange them in such manner as to time and places of holding the same as to secure the greatest economy and efficiency of service, and to this end he shall, in each county where such institutes are to be held, confer and advise with the local member of the State board of agriculture, together with representatives duly appointed by each county agricultural, horticul- tural, and other like organizations, with reference to the appointment of speakers and other local arrangements.” The institutes are supported by biennial appropriations by the legis- lature to the department of agriculture. The number of institutes held last year were 327, consisting of 831 sessions. Forty-nine of these institutes were one-day, 277 two-day, and 1 three-day. There were 58 lecturers upon the State force. The amount appropriated for the support of the institutes was $15,000. Partial reports are pub- lished in the annual report of the department. Thirty-one thousand six hundred copies of this report are published and distributed annually. The Pennsylvania State College and the Agricultural Experiment Station were represented on the institute lecture force by four members, who contributed in the aggregate 108 days of their time and attended 58 institutes. The local organization consists-of a county chairman, who is usually the member of the State board of agriculture elected by the county agricultural society, and one repre- sentative from each of the other county agricultural organizations. All of the expenses of the institute work, including the local expenses in the several counties, are paid out of the State appropriation. The FARMERS’ INSTITUTES OF THE UNITED STATES. 677 State director fixes the dates and the county committees select the places and prepare the programmes. About 75 independent institutes were held last year by farmers’ clubs, granges, and county agricul- tural societies. The State is divided into five sections for institute purposes, and the institute director furnishes three lecturers for each section. A feature of the work in this State has been the prescribing of one or two important topics, requiring them to be placed upon every pro- gramme for discussion throughout the State. The training of institute lecturers so as to increase the number of eflicient instructors in the institute work is made an important feature by the State director. PORTO RICO. Farmers’ institutes have not yet been organized in Porto Rico. RHODE ISLAND. Population 428,556. Total number of homes 94,179. Number of farm homes 5,638. Per cent of farm homes 6. Approximate population in farm homes 25,713. Director of institutes.—John G. Clarke, Secretary State Board of Agriculture, Providence. Farmers’ institutes in Rhode Island are conducted under authority granted by the general assembly in an act passed May 19, 1892, sec- tion 4 of which is as follows: ‘*The board shall hold one agricultural institute in each county annually, either independently or in connec- tion with any society or association, or other organization devoted to the same general objects, and may hold as many more as it shall deem expedient, and shall, as far as practicable, encourage State and local associations and societies in the interest of agriculture.” The secre- tary of the State board of agriculture is charged with the duty of arranging for and holding institutes, the expenses of which are paid by the board out of an annual appropriation of $15,000. One insti- tute was held in this State, with a total attendance of 20. One lecturer was upon the State force. The total expense was $44. SOUTH CAROLINA. Population 1,340,316. Total number of homes 269,864. Number of farm homes 152,993. Per cent of farm homes 56.7. Approximate population in farm homes 759,959. Director of institutes. —J. 8S. Newman, Director Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson College. There is no special law in this State authorizing the holding of farmers’ institutes. Institutes, however, are held under authority granted by the board of trustees of Clemson Agricultural College. A committee of this board makes out the programme for the year and appoints an officer to take charge of the work of conducting the meet- 678 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ings. Thirty-one institutes were held with an equal number of sessions. The total attendance was 8,690. Eleven lecturers were on the State force, and the total expense of the institutes was $1,000. Eight mem- bers of the college and station staffs contributed thirty days of time to institute work. The programme for each institute is arranged at the college before the season begins, and the college pays the entire expenses connected with the meetings. Nineteen institutes for negroes were conducted by the Colored Nor- mal Industrial, Agricultural, and Mechanical College under the diree- tion of President Thomas E. Miller. The attendance aggregated 5,700, and thirty-five days of the time of the college staff were given to the work. The expense of the institute amounted to $150. No report of the proceedings was published. SOUTH DAKOTA. Population 401,570. Total number of homes 83,536. Number of farm homes 51,937. Per cent of farm homes 62.2. Approximate population in farm homes 249,776. There has been no legislation in South Dakota relating to farmers’ institutes and no institutes were held during the past year. TENNESSEE. Population 2,020,615. Total number of homes 402,536. Number of farm homes 226,027. Per cent of farm homes 56.2. Approximate population in farm homes 1,135,585. Director of institutes —W. W. Ogilvie, Commissioner of Agriculture, Nashville. Tennessee has no special law respecting farmers’ institutes. An appropriation is made to the department of agriculture by the legis- lature to be used by the commissioner for institute purposes. The commissioner has complete control of the work, selects the lecturers, arranges the programmes, and decides the places and times for holding the meetings. Forty institutes were held last year at a cost of $2,500. Seven members of the agricultural college and station staffs contributed 125 days of their time in giving instruction at institute meetings. Ten thousand persons are reported as having been in attendance. The death of the former commissioner, who had charge of the institute work during the past season, has made it impossible to secure full statistical data. A general farmers’ institute was held at the State Agricultural and Mechanical College at Knoxville, June 23 to 26, at which there were estimated to be about 1,200 farmers, mostly from eastern Tennessee. The meetings were addressed by members of the agricultural college and experiment station staffs, as well as by lecturers secured from other States. The appropriation for institute purposes for the coming year has been increased to $5,000. FARMERS’ INSTITUTES OF THE UNITED STATES. 679 TEXAS. Population 3,048,710. Total number of homes 589,291. Number of farm homes 341,889. Per cent of farm homes 58. Approximate population in farm homes 1,768,251. Director of institutes. —R. L. Bennett, Agricultural and Mechanical College, College Station. The legislature at its last session made an appropriation for the salary of a superintendent of farmers’ institutes. The board of directors of the college has also set aside out of its general funds an amount sufficient to pay the traveling expenses of the superintendent. Until the present year the farmers’ institutes were held under an organization known as the Texas Farmers’ Institutes. The expenses were met by an agricultural paper that paid the salary of a director of institutes and such other expenses as were involved in carrying on the work. Sixty-four institutes were held during the year, made up ef 180 sessions. Five thousand three hundred and seventy-six persons were in attendance and the total cost was $2,100. Loeal institutes have been organized in many of the counties of the State. The director, however, with but few exceptions, arranges the dates, places, and programmes for institute meetings. All of the local expenses are met by the citizens of the community in which the insti- tutes are held, including the entertainment of the State lecturers. No report of proceedings is published. There has been organized in this State the Farmers’ Boys Progress- ive League, intended to reach the boys and girls out upon the farms, and to assist and interest them in the higher forms of agricultural life and practice. Any boy or girl between the ages of 14 and 20, living on the farms or ranches of the southwest, can become a member and will be entitled to certain privileges which the constitution of the league provides. For the present they are engaged in cultivating crops, the seeds of which were furnished by the Texas Farmers’ Congress. A report of their work is to be made to the county farmers’ institute and prizes are offered for products that are specially meritorious. UTAH. Population 276,749. Total number of homes 56,196. Number of farm homes 19,529. Per cent of farm homes 34.8. Approximate population in farm homes 96,308. Director of institutes.—John A. Widtsoe, Director Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, Logan. Farmers’ institutes in Utah are by law under the direction of the trustees of the agricultural college, who are *‘authorized and required to hold institutes.” There must be held at least one institute in each county during each school year, at such times and such places as the 680 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. trustees and faculty of the agricultural college may direct. The sum of $1,500 is appropriated for institute purposes, to be expended by the board of trustees of the college. Under the provisions of this act it is made the duty of those conducting institutes to encourage and assist in the organization of local agricultural societies. The course of instruction must be so arranged as to ‘* present to those in attendance the results of the most recent investigations in theoretical and practical agriculture.” Forty institutes were held during the year, consisting of forty sessions. Three thousand two hundred people were in attendance. Ten lecturers were upon the State institute force, all of whom were members of the college faculty or experiment station staff. Five thousand copies of the reports of proceedings are printed and distributed. A committee of the faculty, under the direction of the president, arranged for all institute work. The dates, places, and programmes are fixed by this committee. All of the local expenses incurred in holding meetings are paid out of the State appropriation. VERMONT. Population 348,641. Total number of homes 81,462. Number of farm homes 32,871. Per cent of farm homes 40.4. Approximate population in farm homes 138,830. Director of institutes.—C. J. Bell, Secretary State -Board of Agriculture, East Hardwick. The farmers’ institute work of Vermont is under the control of the State board of agriculture. This board is composed of the governor, the president of the University of Vermont and State agricultural college, and three other persons appointed by the governor. They hold office for two years. The board is required to ‘‘hold one meet- ing in each county annually, and others if deemed expedient, and may employ lecturers, essayists, or other aid in conducting said meetings, managing its affairs generally, and discharging its duties. At such meetings it shall present subjects for discussion and, among other topics, forestry, tree planting, roads, and road making.” Forty-one institutes were held last year, consisting of 108 sessions. Sixteen thousand four hundred persons were in attendance. Twenty- six lecturers constituted the State force, and $5,000 was appropriated for meeting the expenses. The board publishes annually 3,000 copies of its report, which includes the proceedings of the farmers’ institute. The dates, places, and programmes for institutes are arranged by the State director. The free use of hall is required to be provided by the community, the State board defraying the other local expenses. A number of independent institutes were held, having an estimated attendance of about 500. FARMERS’ INSTITUTES OF THE UNITED STATES. 681 VIRGINIA. Population 1,854,184. Total number of homes 364,517. Number of farm homes 170,412. Per cent of farm homes 46.8. Approximate population in farm homes 867,758. Director of institutes.—G. W. Koiner, Commissioner of Agriculture, Richmond. The board of agriculture of the State of Virginia is required to hold ‘farmers’ institutes at such times and at such places throughout the State as it may deem necessary for the advancement of agricultural knowledge and the improvement of agricultural methods and practices, and publish and disburse such papers and addresses read or made at these institutes as promise to be of value to the farming interests.” The duty of arranging for and conducting farmers’ institutes is placed in the hands of the secretary of the board. Last year 72 insti- tutes were held, composed of 144 sessions, attended by 18,000 persons. Three lecturers were upon the State force. The agricultural college and station staffs attended four institutes and contributed eight days of time. All of the expenses of the institutes are borne by the depart- ment of agriculture. An appropriation of $3,500 has been made by the State board for the expenses of institutes during the coming year. WASHINGTON. Population 518,103. Total number of homes 113,086. Number of farm homes 33,931. Per cent of farm homes 380. Approximate population in farm - homes 155,430. Director of institutes. —E. A. Bryan, President Washington Agricultural College, Pullman. The law of the State of Washington, in defining the purposes of the Washington Agricultural College and School of Science declares that ‘one of the objects of the State college shall be to hold farmers’ insti- tutes at such times and places and under such regulations as the board of regents may determine.” Anact of the legislature of 1903 requires that ‘‘at least one institute shall be held in each county in each year.” The sum of $2,500 is appropriated for institute purposes. Twelve institutes were held during the past season, attended by 1,800 people. Three members of the agricultural college and experiment station staffs were upon the State lecture course and contributed thirty days of their time. WEST VIRGINIA. Population 958,800. Total number of homes 186,291. Number of farm homes 94,566. Per cent of farm homes 50.8. Approximate population in farm homes 487,070. Director of institutes.—J. B. Garvin, Assistant Secretary of the Board of Agricul- -ture, Charleston. The law of West Virginia places the control of the farmers’ insti- tutes in the hands of the State board of agriculture. Under this act 682 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. the board is required to ** promote and encourage as far as practicable the holding of farmers’ institutes, the organization of agricultural and horticultural societies and other associations in the interest of agriculture in the several counties of the State. * * *” It is directed to ‘* hold farmers’ institutes for the instruction of the farm- ers of the State in the various branches of agriculture. Such insti- tutes shall be held at such times and places in each year as the said board may direct. The said board shall make such orders and reg- ulations as it may deem proper for organizing and conducting such institutes and may employ an agent or agents to perform such work in connection therewith as they may deem best.” The course of instruction in such institutes shall be so ‘‘arranged as to pre- sent to those in attendance the results of the most recent investi- gations in theoretical and practical farming.” One hundred and fifty-eight institutes were held last year; 23 were one-day, 185 were two-day, together comprising 632 sessions. Fifteen thousand seven hundred and fifty persons were reported in attendance. Sixteen lec- turers were upon the State force, four of whom were members of the agricultural college and experiment station staffs, who attended 17 institutes and contributed forty days of their time. Five thousand four hundred and fifty-one dollars was appropriated for institute work. There is no law requiring the formation of local institute associa- tions, but the board of agriculture has had prepared a set of by-laws which they recommend to local communities for adoption for the pur- pose of securing a local farmers’ institute society in every county in the State. The director of institutes is appointed by the State board of agriculture for a period of two years. The board arranges the dates of the institutes and assigns two of its members to be present at each. The entire expense of the institutes is paid out of the appro- priation made to the State board of agriculture. The reports of the proceedings of the several institutes are required to be sent in to the secretary of the board and are printed in an agricultural periodical issued under the direction of the State board of agriculture. WISCONSIN. Population 2,069,042. Total number of homes 436,063. Number of farm homes 169,531. Per cent of farm homes 39.8. Approximate population in farm homes 823,478. Director of institutes.—George McKerrow, Madison. The board of regents of the State University is authorized by the law of Wisconsin to ‘‘ hold institutes for the instruction of citizens of. this State in the various branches of agriculture. Such institutes shall be held at such times and at such places as said board may direct. The said board shall make such rules and regulations as it may deem FARMERS’ INSTITUTES OF THE UNITED STATES. 683 proper for organizing and conducting such institutes, and may employ an agent or agents to perform such work in connection therewith as they may deem best.” One hundred and twenty institutes were held during the year. Twenty were one-day institutes, 99 were two-day, and 1 three-day, aggregating 566 sessions. The total number reported in attendance was 55,000. Twenty-two lecturers were upon the State force, two of whom were members of the agricultural college and experiment station staffs, who contributed four days of time. The amount appropriated for, institute expenses was $12,000. Sixty thousand copies of the farmers’ institute bulletin, containing the proceedings of the institutes, were published and distributed. The local expenses of the institutes are provided for by the citizens of the community in which the institute is held. The meetings are placed upon request of the various locali- ties. Petitions are sent in to the director of institutes and, through these, meetings are granted in the discretion of the State director. Fifteen thousand posters and 45,000 programmes of the meetings were sent out from the State office last year, as well as notices of institute meetings to all the papers in the section in which the meetings were held. The arranging of the dates, places, and programmes is in the hands of the institute director, and announcements of the times, places, and speakers are made about one month in advance of the institute season. The special topics for discussion last year were live stock and dairying. ‘The institute director is elected by the board of regents of the university, nominated by the president of the university and dean of the agricultural college, and recommended by the farm com- mittee. He takes a place regularly on the programme as a lecturer, and is in the field during the entire season in which institutes are held. WYOMING. ro Population 92,531. Total number of homes 20,116. Number of farm homes 5,959. Per cent of farm homes 29.5. Approximate population in farm homes 27,296. Dissector of institutes. —Charles W. Lewis, President of the University of Wyoming, Laramie. Farmers’ institutes have not been organized in Wyoming, and there is no legislation providing for their organization or support. The faculty of the State University and the experiment station staff have undertaken to conduct aseries of institute meetings during the coming year. 684 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Number of institutes held and the approximate attendance during the year ended June 80, Number of States and Territories. one-day institutes. AJGRIIG 3... oe cane scene ceewe eee 22 ATINGBG 2228, cones ere een loo eee ee eee Califomia .-5 2. 3<-5.25<2255-556 12 Coloradosc: s. Sece ee ee ese 6 Connecticut. ..2222-2-5sechcace 8 Delaware . 21 MlOoNGs 232260 as oes eee 20 Georgia 2255S deena asennad 14 Wawalle: +. aoe owchne cee 4 Tahoe owas a5 Se ows Ses eee 5 Dilinoises. 2ssceesss So Sse eed sae eaoee Ineiana i: Sees nea nee ees 3 TOWS (35 sooue ee oe set ca eak laa ceaneeae MGR eh ae en ere eerie 82 Kentucky 22224: --5<5 35-25 225s 2 TOUISIaNOse == sce kote sepesecsce 48 Maine. .202 Saeed oer see ee 40 Maryland feo Seescnee cece 22 Massachunetisi:--c-sce-ceene ces 120 DESC U PAIN Se ae ars atatel es tere 213 Minnesota) ..2-22.2- 55. 55-55-25 85 MiUSSISSI ppl S35 520 2se5 osc seo 56 MissOUTIs,.25 228 eee cece ees 50 MOM Rian 2 oseeemeaicm am cmeiarene Nebraska .- NG@VAGS 2 tee soso ce see eee -clSeceee cee New Hampshire N@WATCISCVs a2 ooo onan seeeeeeee News MGxic0<22 p22 secokeeceee N@w Works 2234-20 -csesience= cee North Caroling) <2) 2.2-2ose oe NorthoDakotato2 =) aoa OHIO 255255 bee ee Okishomae.—o-ceeo eee eee Orepon2Sacees see set cite Pennsylvania assesses osaeeeee oe 49 Rhode Island... ..222.22=--252 1 South Carolina. .+.2:---5-<..--- { 50 DONTESSCE. 2h es ads eho eat ae eee TO@XAS . 6c e 5-5 ocose’ soc e cece ae oeecwes sours Wtaheiceeenscmecestecceeesecaet 40 Vermont a soos: 22 oee eee oe 41 Wireinie) cise. ose sees eee 72 Washington 42-65-52. -e 2s some 170, 548 Number | Appropriations. | STATIONS. Number of insti- of ses- > Attendance. sions. tutes. 1902-3. | 1902-3. | 1901-2. | 1902-3. | 1901-2. | 1902-3. $600 50 24 | 22 2,616 2,618 60 20 2 2 350 1, 000 4, 000 254 63 60 20, 000 20, 000 385 | 20 15 10!) | eee 1,300 700 25 12 9 5, 000 4, 000 800 67 15 28 8,055 4, 800 2,500 42 22 21 3, 300 2, 900 1, 000 SDs bres es ate 15'||2, 2238 38, 500 35 4 4 4 180 160 1, 000 75 50 17 | 17,000 2,550 Ss TOR ee ee 110 108 39, 187 42,876 10, 000 858 | 201 181 | 40,000 73, 653 7,425 348 65 64 | 6, 500 17, 750 2, 000 204 102 92 32,450 38, 085 SOO ees cssre aaa aos. a8iSc 8 1, 600 2,000 2,000 134 38 50 | 7,500 18, 245 3, 000 83 37 40 5, 920 5, 846 4, 000 116 36 40 | 1,500 11, 222 2, 000 154 128 120 |} 2,176 12, 487 7,500 885 255 284 | 101,000 53, 037 16, 500 238 69 100 27, 205 35,171 1, 500 122 40 58 8, 000 10, 000 Z 000M SSeS" =e 104 127 10, 000 25, 400 2, 000 32 17 16 1, 200 600 4, 000 268 86 65 25, 800 25, 000 120 18 1 3 |.3.2o eee 983 1, 000 36 40 18 4,000 6, 300 2, 000 119 17 31 5, 000 6, 850 125 13 Besse cee Fi PE te 375 20, 000 1,363 269 312 | 94,688 138, 528 600 25 17 15 1, 700 1, 525 1, 500 67 27 19 9, 967 2,695 16, 981 1,250 | 278 263 94, 655 81, 752 1, 000 36 11 29 1,150 cs eee eens 7 300 60 19 20 3, 385 4, 000 15, 000 831 189 327 | 144,431 112, 550 44 il 1 ail 30 20 1,150 50 | 31 50 10, 100 14, 390 PS VU eas cesar eecic Sane 40 |). Spnaeeeee 10, 000 2,100 180 e eee eee 64) 22 aie 5, 376 1,500 40 — 44 40: | 7S eee 3, 200 5, 000 108 50 41 10, 000 16, 400 Sore 144 47 72 14, 100 18, 000 2° 500i | sae0- 222 31 12 1,500 1,800 5, 451 632 75 158-15, 000 15, 750 12, 000 566 122 120 , 800 , 000 187, 226 | 9,570 2, 764 3,179 | 819, 995 904, 654 a f al FARMERS’ INSTITUTES OF THE UNITED STATES. 687 Number of lecturers employed by the State directors of farmers’ institutes during the year ended June 80, 1903. — < Number of Number of | Number of States and Territories. Alabama Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware UG See ee Indiana Iowa OT TC eee a Kentutky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts ............. Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina we wee wesw eee nee Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Abi 121 bs ees eee aye ey Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Reports of pro- members of institutes | days con- | ceedings. Total agricul- | attended |tributedto| Total | number tural col- | by mem- | the insti- | number npulectar lege and | bers of the} tute work of days of erson experiment agricul- (by the agri- institutes the State station turaleol- | cultural jheld dur-| Pub- | Number forte staffs en- | lege and jcollege and| ing the | lished. |of copies. 7 gaged in /experimentiexperiment) year. institute station station work, staffs. staffs. 11 8 22 52 | OF NNO. 22: |eeese wees 4 4 2 22 IGN NOT S20 jaceeeeae 23 13 60 131 | 111 | Yes 10, 000 9 9 10 65 | TGS POIN Gees |e oe ete Bi Loe ae all eee Sos aes 11 | Yes 5, 000 19 4 10 | 15 | Baa INQue le acest see 22 2 21 | 30 | 22 | Yes 5,000 8 9 18 | 16 Gi || NOs sla s eee ASP ease eer Soe Sal PR ae AMIN ae lees sgt 9 6 aye 60 29 | Yes 6, 000 S4 7 13 | 23 DDO CB eos |seces coe DO ea scese eC rleaee te canoes looaSes acon. 359 | Yes... 600 Se eee low Saceweneticlastoctaceacealsanceasiees sl 142) WING =. scloeckn tate 16 | 19 90 | 200 1024) "NOLS cl'se.2 eee 11 33 5 15 (An So dee 10, 000 LB wec ace asic oon oan ace | poe aoe eee es De Sd ee ae 3, 500 Oo ee eee eu Ut la aeer ta sel Sacuse easier 40 | Yes... 6, 000 il 7 40 56 68 [SNoOw22|-..2s-Seeee 68 8 14 28 120} NGS2 ele caesar ol se Pee ee feet Shc ce |e eee 356 | Yes... 8, 000 13 1 19 19 115 | Yes... 30, 000 15 9 58 | 25 60 } Yes_-- 18, 000 31 10 127 | 120 205. NOE ose eee ee 16 4 | 8 32 16 | Yes. 5, 000 Bol |-sockiswsuce bs ciswn co siee essa neat eeeams TW | ING p22 - | eo anes 5 6 | 3 9 6) -NO2222|S2 ses SD eee Ja. oe | Seemics oo ceee le oweeee er ee 18 | Yes. 2, 000 BS |S 2 sseSsec. as lace Mee sank |Se eee eee DE NOSs2-| eee 5 5 | 3 43 GP NGpccs| aoe. e226 i Re ee ree mle (ink “ee Oe Ee 522 | Yes... 25, 000 | 8 5 15 | 51 UDA INO’ ee | ot cece ene 11 } 4 6 | 14 35 | Yes.. 10, 000 FOIE Boats on nll Se oe em ete nee coe coe 526 | Yes.. 10, 000 6 6 | 7 20 BG | oss2iss|eas apn ten 6 6 | 20 240 SO IENO-o.|beeee 58 | 4 | 58 108 606 | Yes... 31, 600 1G) Peete Seen aN | Peps See OE lee ere Pa 1 aed? ee ee oe | 12 9 31 65 BO) | NOsSs[cesseesces i | d ye 4 * Fi a ap ' H i . , oan Bg Cae ; ae ee me ,, = Raege J : ; ; R s } ‘ 4 ; ' : ] , v 2 : : i , } sea ee DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEXT-BOOK OF AGRICULTURE IN NORTH AMERICA By L. H. Batney, Director of the College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station of Cornell University. A century and a half ago the ancients were still dominant author- ities in agriculture. The first great application of scientific teaching to agriculture, at least in English, was Tull’s Horse-Hoeing Hus- bandry, 1733, in which an attempt was made to improve tillage by expounding what were conceived to be its underlying principles and results. The scientific spirit of inquiry grew slowly and steadily; but it was not until the birth of the science of agricultural chemistry in the early years of the eighteenth century that great progress was made in applying science to farming. Davy, Liebig, and Boussingault, representing three nationalities, are the prominent names in this early field. The principles of chemistry as applied to farming were con- ceived to be fundamental concepts of a rational agriculture. They afforded a central idea around which all other agricultural questions could be crystallized. The long-hoped-for science of agriculture had come. In the ultimate analysis of the text-books of agriculture one finds two contrasting and conflicting types of ideas—the idea of science and the idea of business or practice. Those who conceive science to be the fundamental and controlling idea in farming start the book with discussions of groundwork of science—chemistry, plant life, physics, meteorology. Most of the older books and many of the newer ones are of this type. Those who conceive business or prac- tice to be the unit in agriculture start the book with farm manage- ment as explained and aided by science. The former system is applied science and it usually starts with heat, air, elements, chemical action, or physiology; the latter system is scientific explanation and advice and starts with soils, plants, or animals. One emphasizes the stand- point of the student, the other the standpoint of the farmer. One begins in the laboratory, the other in the field. The applied-science « An article under this title I contributed to Book Reviews, 7 (1899), No. 2, pp. 43-53. The present paper is based on that article, but is greatly extended. S. Doe. 148, 58-2 44 689 690 R®2PORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. book may make its theme either physical science or biological science. It usually chooses the former, particularly chemistry. The early idea was to combine science with practice. The present idea is to make practice scientific from the beginning. There is a third type of text-book in which the distinctions between science and farm management are not clearly apprehended, and the work becomes a compound of the two main-type ideas. Considered as an industry, agriculture is manufacturing, buying, and selling. It is business. But unlike most other businesses, the oper- ator is producer of the raw material as well as dealer in the products. In order to produce his wares to the best advantage he must know much of the principles in accordance with which the most successful production must proceed. In other words, he must know much of the sciences on which agriculture is based, as physics, chemistry, botany, and other sciences. But he should never forget that the practice of agriculture is an art and not a science. These remarks will suggest why it is that there is such a bewilder- ing diversity in plan in the various text-books of agriculture. One reason why these text-books have not been more successful in accom- plishing the missions for which they are designed is the fact that they look upon agriculture from the academic point of view rather than from the agricultural. Another reason is the attempt to make them ‘‘ practical” by inserting specific directions for the performing of accustomed farm operations; for these directions must necessarily be of local and temporary application, whereas principles are general and abiding. More than a dozen schoolbooks of agriculture were pubtished in the United States prior to the passage of the land-grant college act in 1862. The first American text-book that I know is Daniel Adams’s Agri- cultural Reader, Designed for the Use of Schools, and published at Boston in 1824. The preface is dated at Mount Vernon, N. H., October 23,1824. It is a duodecimo leather-bound book of 264 pages, contain- ing a great number of short unrelated articles on agricultural practice and kindred topics. The preface records that ‘*‘The design of a publi- cation of this nature was formed as early as the year 1821; and it was a satisfaction, while in the prosecution of it, to perceive that the ocea- sion for such a publication already begins to be felt.” This reference, as explained in a footnote, is to the report of a committee on crops of the Rockingham Agricultural Society and to the address of Theodore Sedgwick before the Berkshire Agricultural Society. Both these parties urged the necessity of a book on agriculture for schools. The second book is apparently Taylor’s Farmer’s School Book, pub- lished in 1837 in Ithaca and Albany, N. Y. This is a 16mo of 232 — pages ‘designed as a reading book in common schools. Children TEXT-BOOK OF AGRICULTURE. 691 may read and study in the schoolroom what they will practice when they become men. They now read the *‘ English Reader’ or some other collection that they do not understand or feel any interest in, and which, the worst of all, never gives them one useful idea for the prac- tical business of life.” Taylor was editor of the monthly Common School Assistant and author of The District School or National Edu- cation, the latter designed **to show what our common schools now are, what they ought to be, and how the people may make them such.” His Farmer’s School Book starts out with general discussions of phys- ical science, but soon passes into consideration of farm practice and management of specific crops. The chapter on hemp was written by Henry Clay. The third book appears to have been Judge Buel’s adaptation of General Armstrong’s Treatise on Agriculture, 1839. There is no internal evidence that this work was designed for the schools, although it was adaptable to that use, but it was one of Harpers’ School Dis- trict Library. The original edition was published anonymously ‘* by a practical farmer” in 1820 in Albany. It first ran as a serial in the Albany Argus, Judge Buel’s paper, in 1819. Gen. John Armstrong was a soldier in the Revolution and, subsequently, United States Sen- ator, minister to France, and Secretary of War. The book under con- sideration treats the subject almost wholly from the point of view of farm practice, and was an excellent treatise for its day. Judge Buel’s Farmer’s Companion, or Essays on the Principles and Practice of American Husbandry, was published in 1839. The volume yas also incorporated in The School Library, Vol. XVI, a series **published under the sanction of the board of education of the State of Massachusetts.” The book does not appear to have been intended as a pupil’s text, however. The first distinct and professed indigenous American text-book or treatise on agriculture appears to have been Alonzo Gray’s Elements of Scientific and Practical Agriculture, published in New York in 1842. Its chief theme is life, the ‘‘ vital principle,” and it is the full- est analysis of the biological type of presentation which has yet appeared in our text-book literature. It gives an excellent outline, also, of the chemical wisdom of the time. It is too technical even for our present-day rural schools. The second real text-book treatise appears to have been Davis’s Text-Book on Agriculture, copyrighted in 1847, but bearing the pub- lisher’s date of 1848. It is essentially a laboratory presentation of the subject. Of the eight chapters seven are concerned mostly with chemical matters, and even the eighth chapter contains little discus- sion of farm subjects. A long appendix is devoted to a discussion of insects injurious to vegetation. Dayis’s opening sentence is this: ‘Chemistry is that science which makes us acquainted with the com- 692 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. position and properties of bodies, and the changes which take place be- tween the particles of matter at insensible distances from each other.” The next work is Doctor Rodgers’s, of Rochester, N. Y., published in 1848, and a second edition in 1850. It is a most complete and sys- tematic presentation of the applied-science idea, running through chemistry, geology, botany, and meteorology; and it ends with an attempt to present agricultural subjects. The highly illumined sym- bolic frontispiece well represents the animus of the work—a scroll reaching from the electric heavens bearing the words ‘‘ Chemistry, botany, meteorology, agriculture.” A great advance was made by Professor Norton’s Elements of Sei- entific Agriculture, 1850. Here there was a distinct and successful attempt to approach the subject from the agricultural view point, explaining rural practices by the applications of science. But even here the advice was very largely chemical. This was not a fault fifty years ago, but it seems to be a shortcoming when it is used in books of the present day. In 1851 the reading-book idea, apparently dormant since Adams and Taylor’s time, came forward in Rey. John L. Blake’s Lessons in Modern Farming. This book differed widely from Taylor’s, however, in the fact that it presents the subject from the literary side, whereas the earlier book presented it from the science and farm-practice side. Blake had a great intellectual interest in rural life, as evidenced by his Farm and Fireside, 1852, and Farmer’s Every-Day Book, and The Farmer at Home. Waring’s excellent Elements of Agriculture, 1854, reminds one of Norton’s book, although it is written more completely from the chem- ical point of view. The revision is dated 1868, but the general line of treatment remains the same; the author writes that ‘‘ the observation and experience of the intervening years have sadly clouded some of these fancies (of the original edition), and the veil which hangs about the true theories of agriculture has grown harder to penetrate; the difficulties in the way of precise knowledge have not lessened with close acquaintance.” This frank admission is the indisputable mark of the honest searcher for truth. It also suggests the inherent weakness of the attempt to teach agriculture under the guise of an exact physical science. To those who have learned to honor the name of Colonel Waring as that of a practical sanitary engineer and an efficient public servant, these references to his early labors in the agricultural field will afford a new source of pleasure. Fox’s American Text-Book, Detroit, 1854, has the distinction of being the first text published west of New York State. The chemical features are strong, even in the discussion of the particular crops. It goes into the methods of growing the leading crops with considerable fullness, TEXT-BOOK OF AGRICULTURE. 698 Nash’s Progressive Farmer, 1857, is another chemical presentation of the subject, being even more closely confined to this view point than most of its contemporaries. Chemistry and fertilizing the land are considered to be the fundamental units. ; A translation (from the German) of Albert D. Thaer’s Principles of Agriculture, by William Shaw and Cuthbert W. Johnson, was pub- lished in New York in 1846, 1848, and 1858. It was not designed as a text-book for schools, although it was one of the volumes of the Michigan District School Library. It was an important work in its day, of 552 large pages. Thaer (1752-1828) was one of the first and greatest of agricultural teachers, experimenters, and writers. Campbell’s Manual of Scientific and Practical Agriculture, 1859, is a full exposition of the chemistry idea. The second half of the book is devoted to detailed instructions for growing the various crops, written from the farm-practice viewpoint. Animal industry receives liberal space. It appeals to the writer that the books of Norton, Waring, and Emerson and Flint are the three great historic American text-books, and of these, that of Emerson and Flint seems to come nearest to the agricultural point of view. The book sets out with the chemical theme—the composition of matter, but it quickly runs into a rational elucidation of farming by means of scientific truths. It attempts to give the underlying reasons for rotation of crops, maintaining fertility of the land, the cultivation of particular classes of plants, the man- agement of stock, and similar true agricultural problems. It stands between the old-time applied chemistry and the new-time farm prac- tice. The second edition of the book, with no change of plan, appeared in 1885. The agricultural colleges began to come to the fore in the sixties. Agricultural education was given an immense impetus. Of the text- books of this early period two stand out with great distinction—the ever-admirable works of Professor Johnson, of Yale, on How Crops Grow and How Crops Feed. The former first appeared in 1868, and a new edition in 1890; the latter, which is still in its original edition, appeared in 1870. These are not text-books of agriculture, but agri- cultural chemistries, and they are therefore not included in the fol- lowing bibliography, but they gave such an impetus to the study of the subject that no sketch of American agricultural education can be complete without a mention of them. They practically held the field alone until the appearance of Storer’s Agriculture in Some of its Relations with Chemistry, in 1887. Many books on agricultural chem- istry have appeared in this country, as well as some on agricultural botany. Mention should also be made of the excellent Elements of Agricultural Geology, for the Schools of Kansas, by Prof. William K. Kedzie, 1877. 694 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. In the modern text-books of agriculture, the agricultural point of view has been more and more emphasized. Yet the greater part of them start out with the theme of the composition of matter, as those of James, Lupton, Thompson, Gulley, Winslow, Wallace, Voorhees, Dawson. Of the recent texts, James’s Agriculture is the first work since Gray’s, unless we except Pendleton’s, which makes life, or biology, the primary theme of the treatise. Mills and Shaw’s book starts out with chemistry, but, like James’s, it very soon picks up the farmer’s point of view and discusses farm management. Pendleton’s book, which is the most minute and extended American text, presents both the biological and physical science sides, making some practical applications near the end. From the earliest agitation of agricultural education the State has been urged, directly or indirectly, to promote the enterprise. Arm- strong’s original treatise, 1820, was strongly commended by the New York State board of agriculture. Norton’s was a ‘‘ prize essay of the New York State Agricultural Society.” Emerson and Flint’s was approved and recommended by the Massachusetts State board of agriculture. Ryerson’s was ‘‘authorized by the council of public instruction of Ontario.” Janes’s Scientific Manual was published by the department of agriculture of the State of Georgia. Lupton’s book was written under the auspices of the superintendent of public instruction and the commissioner of agriculture of the State of Ten- nessee. Gulley’s First Lessons was written at the solicitation of the Agricultural College of Mississippi. Mills and Shaw’s was ‘‘auth- orized by the honorable the minister of education for use in the public schools of Ontario.” The plan of Voorhees’s work was indorsed by the New Jersey State board of agriculture and the State Grange. Robins’s edition of Dawson is published under the authority of the Protestant committee of the council of public instruction. James’s book is written by the deputy minister of agriculture of Ontario. Two text-books of agriculture, one for pupils and one for teachers, have been ‘‘authorized by the advisory board of Manitoba” of the department of education; these books are Our Canadian Prairies and Prairie Agriculture. A new motive appeared in the American text-books of agriculture in 1901, when Professor Brooks published his Agriculture, in three volumes, for use in a correspondence school. These volumes proceed from the chemical-composition idea, but soon take up the subject from the view point of farm practice. The most recent tendency in text-books of agriculture is an adapta- tion to the elementary country schools. At last a distinctly popular movement has set in to introduce agricultural teaching into the rural schools. This movement is necessarily experimental, and the experi- ment will be reflected in the text-books. Two types of books will TEXT-BOOK OF AGRICULTURE. 695 come into use—the information-book, in which the subject-matter is to be learned and from which recitations are to be made and the nature- study book which will set pupils and teachers at work with actual things and affairs. The former will no doubt be more popular at the beginning, but the latter will have the more abiding influence, because it rests on sound pedagogical principles. In the lower grades, general nature study will no doubt prove to be the most useful method of presentation, for this is fundamental. As the grades advance, agri- cultural nature study can gradually be introduced. It is probable that the most useful book, at least for the present, will be one that attempts at the same time to awaken an interest in country life and to set the pupil at the working out of specific problems. Mere problems are too ‘‘dry” to attract pupils except now and then under the inspiration of an extra good teacher. On the other hand, mere information-giving has little teaching value and is not likely to arouse any important enthusiasm for the open country and the farm. Ata recent convention [ heard it said, in advocacy of a certain text, that the book ‘‘ would teach itself.” This is a doubtful encomium. The book that does all the work for the pupil has little abiding value. It is probable that no one system nor one set of texts can be made to work in different parts of the Union. The introducing of agricul- ture into the rural schools isa very different question in the East from what it isin the West. In the West, and largely in the South, agri- culture dominates public sentiment. In the East, however, agricultural sentiment is far from paramount, and in some parts it is scarcely dis- cernible. Moreover, the theories of the relations of the university and agricultural college to the administration of public education are unlike as between some of the thirteen original States on the one hand and the States formed from the Northwest Territory and from the farther West on the other. In most parts of the East the movement is likely to originate extraneously to the public school system and to be at first of an adyisory and interest-arousing character. It would seem to be a most curious anomaly that it is so difficult to introduce agricultural subjects into schools in the agricultural regions; but the wonder is explained when one remembers that school systems began with things that are extraneous to the daily life and only latterly have come to the point of putting into pedagogic form the things and activi- ties whereby men live. It seems to be the history of the evolu- tion of institutions that they have begun at the top and worked down- ward to the common and homely affairs of life. This movement for the teaching of agriculture in the schools, in other words, is the expres- sion of the desire to put the schools in line with the activities of the people. Necessarily, the agricultural instruction will attain the great- est prominence in those regions in which agriculture itself attains to the greatest importance. 696 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Whether it is wise to force agriculture into the common schools is a question for serious consideration. Agricultural and rural subjects should be introduced largely, if at all, for the purpose of training the mind and of putting the pupil in sympathy with the things with which he lives. If the great body of teachers of any State are not in sym- pathy with the teaching of agricultural subjects and have no knowledge of then, it would seem that little can be gained by forcing such sub- jects on them. The work must begin farther back—by arousing the pupils, the teachers, the parents. These are questions of procedure to be worked out in each great geographical region. The next few years are likely to constitute an epoch of experiment from which permanent good can not fail to come. In the meantime, we must not be impatient. The elementary text-book of agriculture will be only one factor—and sometimes a very small factor—in this new development. Of course, the best view of the subject of text-book literature is to be had by examining the books, but there are few libraries in which all these works can be seen. Therefore, I have brought together a chronological list of all American text-books of agriculture with which I am acquainted, together with transcriptions of their tables of con- tents. It is an interesting and suggestive record. Efforts enough have been made, but they have fallen short of anticipations. Before text-books we need teachers, and we must appeal to the child through his interest in nature rather than technically in the farm. The full contents are given in place of reviews, in order to show the way in which the subject is approached and handled. Most of these books are in the author’s library. CHRONOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN TEXT- BOOKS OF AGRICULTURE. 1824. Danten Apams, M. D. The Agricultural Reader, Designed for the Use of Schools. Boston, 1824. Published by Richardson & Lord. Pp. 264. The book is not divided into chapters. It contains about 70 articles, mostly on agricultural practice. There are afew poems; also a glossary. The book opens with an ‘‘explanation of terms,’’ and it is designed that the greater part of these explanations be committed to memory. 1837. J: Orvitte Taytor. The Farmer’s School Book. Published at the ‘‘Common School Depository,” Albany; and by Mack, Andrus & Woodruff, Ithaca. Pp. 282. Introduction. Chapter I, Chemistry—General Principles; Chapter II, Caloric; Chapter III, Oxygen; Chapter IV, Nitrogen; Chapter V, Atmosphere; Chapter VI, Carbon—Carbonic Acid; Chapter VII, Light—Electricity; Chapter VIII, Hydrogen; Chapter IX, Water; Chapter X, The Earth; Chapter XI, How Tillable Lands are Made; Chapter XII, The Composition of Arable Lands; Chapter XIII, Vegetable Nutriment; Chapter XIV, Properties of Mixed Earths and Their Culti- TEXT-BOOK OF AGRICULTURE. 697 vation; Chapter XV, The Nature of Manures—Varieties; Chapter XVI, The Nature of Manures—continued; Chapter XVII, Stimulating Manures—Lime, Plaster, Ashes, and Marl; Chapter X VIII, Improvement of the Soil; Chapter XIX, Succession of Crops; Chapter XX, Grasses; Chapter X XI, Grasses—continued; Chapter XXII, Hemp; Chapter X XIII, Hops; Chapter X XIV, Ruta-baga; Chap- ter XX V, Pasture; Chapter XX VI, The Culture of Silk; Chapter XX VII, History of Silk; Chapter XXVIII, Silk—continued; Chapter X XIX, Sugar Made from Beets; Chapter XXX, Beet Sugar—continued; Chapter XX XI, Best Breeds of Cattle; Chapter XXXII, The Different Breeds of Neat Cattle Compared; Chapter XXXIII, On Buying and Stocking a Farm with Cattle; Chapter XXXIV, The Cow—Raising Calves; Chapter XX XV, Working Oxen; Chapter XXXVI, Pas- turing Cattle; Chapter XX XVII, Soiling Cattle; Chapter XX XVIII, Stall-Feeding Beef Cattle; Chapter XX XIX, Milch Kine; Chapter XL, The Pasture and Other Food Best for Cows, as Regards Their Milk; Chapter XLI, The Management of Milk and Cream—Making and Preserving Butter; Chapter XLII, Making and Preserving Cheese; Chapter XLIII, Swine; Chapter XLIV, Diseases of Cattle; Chapter XLV, Diseases Peculiar to Oxen, Cows, and Calves; Chapter XLVI, Diseases of Horses; Chapter XLVII, Sheep; Chapter XLVIII, Sheep—continued; Chapter XLIX, The Farmyard; Chapter L, The Farmyard—continued. 1839. Jonun Armstrone. A Treatise on Agriculture: Comprising a Concise History of its Origin and Progress; the Present Condition of the Art Abroad and at Home, and the Theory and Practice of Husbandry. To which is added a Dissertation on the Kitchen and Fruit Garden. With Notes by J. Buel. Harper & Bros. Pp. 282. No. 88 of ‘School District Library.” Chapter I, of the Rise and Progress of Agriculture; Chapter II, of the Actual State of Agriculture in Europe; Chapter III, Theory of Vegetation; Chapter IV, of the Analysis of Soils and of the Agricultural Relations Between Soils and Plants; Chapter V, of Practical Agriculture and its Necessary Implements; Chapter VI, of Manures, Their Management and Application; Chapter VII, of Tillage and the Principles on which it is Founded; Chapter VIII, of a Rotation of Crops and the Principles on which it is Founded; Chapter IX, of the Plants Recommended for a Course of Crops in the Preceding Chapter and Their Culture; Chapter X, of Other Plants Useful in a Rotation of Crops and Adapted to Our Climate; Chapter XI, of Meadows; Chapter XII, of Farm Cattle; Chapter XIII, of the Dairy; Chapter XIV, of Orchards; Chapter XV, of the Kitchen Garden; Chapter XVI, of the Fruit Garden. 1842. Atonzo Gray, A. M., Teacher of Chemistry and Natural His- tory in Philips Academy, Andover, Mass. Elements of Scientific and Practical Agriculture, or the Application of Biology, Geology, and Chemistry to Agriculture and Horticulture. Intended as a Text-Book for Farmers and Students in Agriculture. Van Nostrand & Terrett, New York. Copyright 1842. Pp. 368. Introduction. Part First is ‘‘Biology of Plants:’’ Chapter I, The Vital Prin- ciple; Chapter II, Influence of the Atmosphere, Water, and Other Agents upon the Vital Principle, as Connected with the Phenomena of Vegetation; Chapter ILI, Productions of the Vital Principle—Their Character, Composition, Sources, and Assimilation. Part Second is ‘‘Geology and Chemistry of Soils:’’? Chapter IV, Rocks and Their Relation to Vegetation; Chapter V, Soils and Their Relation 698 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. to Vegetation; Chapter VI, Improvement of the Soil; Chapter VII, Improvement of the Soil by Manures and Tillage; Chapter VIII, Practical Agriculture; Chapter IX, Horticulture. 1848. N.S. Davis, M.D. A Text-Book on Agriculture. Samuel S. & William Wood, New York. Pp. 187. Illustrated with pictures of chemical apparatus and of insects. Chapter I, Agricultural Science: (1) Agents Productive of Chemical Changes in Matter (Caloric, Attraction, Light, Electricity), (2) Classification of Bodies, (3) Chemical Nomenclature, or System of Naming, (4) Laws of Chemical Combi- nations; Chapter II, Organic Elements, Inorganic Elements; Chapter III, (1) Formation of Soils, (2) Classification of Soils, (8) Composition of Soils; Chapter IV, (1) Composition of Vegetables, (2) Sources from which Living Vegetables Derive their Ingredients; Chapter V, The Means Possessed by Man for Fertilizing the Soil and Adapting it for the Growth of any Crop which He May Desire, the Addition of Inorganic Substances as Means of Fertilizing the Soil, Vegetable and Animal Substances as Fertilizers of the Soil; Chapter VI, (1) Inorganic Sub- stances Used as Manure, (2) Organic or Vegetab.e and Animal Manures; Chapter VII, The Best Modes of Analyzing Vegetable Substances and Soils, with Tables Showing the Composition of the Various Grains, Grasses, Soils, etc., According to the Analysis of the Best Chemists; Chapter VIII, Practical Agriculture and Horti- culture, (1) Germination of Seeds, (2) Influence of Caloric, Light, and Electricity, (3) Description of Particular Grains, Grasses, etc., (4) Rotation of Crops, (5) Connection of Farm Stock with Vegetation, (6) Selection, Preservation, and Prepa- ration of Seeds, and the Propagation of Plants by Cuttings, Layers, Buds, Grafts, ete. Appendix on Insects Injurious to Vegetation. 1848. M. M. Roperers, M. D. Scientific Agriculture, or the Ele- ments of Chemistry, Geology, Botany, and Meteorology, Applied to Practical Agriculture. Illustrated by Numerous Engravings and a Copious Glossary. Erastus Darrow, Rochester. Pp. 279. Part I, Chemistry: Chapter I, Introductory; Chapter II, Light; Chapter ITI, General Properties of Gases; Chapter IV, Elementary Bodies; Chapter V, Fer- mentation. Part II, Geology: Chapter I, Introductory; Chapter II, Granite. Part III, Botany. Chapter I, Introductory; Chapter II, Organs and Structure of the Flower; Chapter III, Structure and Functions of the Leaf; Chapter IV, General Remarks. Part IV, Meteorology: Chapter I, Introductory; Chapter II, Rain; Chapter III, Various Aérial Phenomena. Part V, Agriculture: Chapter I, For- mation and Elements of Soils; Chapter I, Metals, Metalloids, and Organic Ele- ments of Soils; Chapter III, Physical Properties of Soils; Chapter IV, Tillage; Chapter V, Stercology—Manures; Chapter VI, Mineral Manures; Chapter WALT, Tables of Analyses; Chapter VIII, Analysis of Soils; Chapter IX, Mechanical Philosophy. Glossary. A second edition was published in 1850, of 296 pages, by Erastus Darrow, Rochester; C. M. Saxton, New York; J. P. Jewett & Co., Boston. It is said that over 3,000 copies of this second edition were sold; and the plates were still in existence in 189°. 1848. L. Bentz, Director of the Normal Primary School of the Meurthe, France, and A. J. Curétrren, of Roville, Professor of Rural Economy in the same school. Elements of Agriculture, for the Use of Primary and Secondary Schools. Translated and adapted TEXT-BOOK OF AGRICULTURE. 699 to the use of rural primary schools of the United States of America by F. G. Skinner. C. M. Saxton & Co., New York. Copyright 1848. Pp. 91. Part I: Chapter I, General Notions on the Art of Cultivating the Soil and of the Different Objects that Exist in Nature; Chapter II, Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology; Chapter III, the Reproduction of Vegetables. Part II: Chapter I, General Consideration of the Soil; Chapter II, the Physical Properties of Soil. Part I1I: Chapter I, Ameliorators; Chapter II, Stimulants; Chapter III, Manures. 1850. Joun P. Norton, M. A., Professor of Scientific Agriculture in Yale College. Elements of Scientific Agriculture, or the Connection Between Science and the Art of Practical Farming. Prize Essay of the New York State Agricultural Society. Adapted to the use of Schools. A. O. Moore, New York. Copyright 1850. Pp. 208. Introduction; Organic Elements of Plants; Inorganic Part of Plants, or Ash; Sources of the Organic Food of Plants; the Organic Substances of Plants; the Soil; Manures; Composition of Different Crops; Application of the Crops in Feeding; Milk and Dairy Produce generally; Recapitulation; Nature of Chemical Analysis; Applications of Geology to Agriculture. Norton’s book went to a second edition in 1851 and to a fifth in 1854. 1851. Rev. Jonn L. Buiake, D. D. Lessons in Modern Farming, or Agriculture for Schools. Containing Scientific Exercises for Recitation and Elegant Extracts from Rural Literature for Aca- demic or Family Reading. Mark H. Newman & Co., New York. Pp. 482. The cover stamp is ‘‘ Agriculture for Schools.” Has no table of contents. The first essays are Moral Dignity of American Labor, The Harbinger of Spring, the Old Grist-mill (poem), Thanksgiving Day (poem), Scientific Terms in Agriculture, Agricultural Chemistry, The Crop of Acorns (poem), The American Ploughman, Physiological Reflections on Water, The Superiority of Educated Labor. 1854. Grorce E. Warina, Jr., Consulting Agriculturist. The Ele- ments of Agriculture: A Book for Young Farmers. With Questions Prepared for the Use of Schools. Clark & Maynard, New York. Copyright 1854. Pp. 288. Section I, The Plant: Chapter I, Introduction; Chapter II, Atmosphere; Chap- ter II], Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen; Chapter IV, Inorganic Matter; Chapter V, Growth; Chapter VI, Proximate Division of Plants; Chapter VII, Location of the Proximates and Variations in the Ashes of Plants; Chapter VIII, Recapitula- tion. Section II, The Soil: Chapter I, Formation and Character of the Soil; Chapter II, Uses of Organic Matter; Chapter III, Uses of Inorganic Matter. See- tion III, Manures: Chapter [, Character and Varieties of Manure; Chapter IT, Excrements of Animals; Chapter III, Waste of Manure; Chapter 1V, Absorbents; Chapter V, Composting Stable Manure; Chapter VI, Different Kinds of Animal Excrement; Chapter VII, Other Organic Manures; Chapter VIII, Mineral Ma- nures; Chapter IX, Deficiencies of Soils, Means of Restoration, ete.; Chapter X, Atmospheric Fertilizers; Chapter XI, Recapitulation. Section IV, Mechanical Cultivation: Chapter I, Méchanical Character of the Soil; Chapter I], Underdrain- ing; Chapter III, Advantage of Underdraining; Chapter IV, Subsoil Plowing; Chapter V, Plowing and Other Modes of Pulverizing the Soil; Chapter VI, 700 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Rolling, Mulching, Weeding, ete. Section V, Analysis: Chapter I, Nature of Analysis; Chapter II, Tables of Analysis. The Practical Farmer. Explanation of Terms. For second edition, see entry under 1868. 1854. CHarLes Fox, Lecturer on Agriculture in the University of Michigan. The American Text-Book of Practical and Scientific Agriculture, Intended for the Use of Colleges, Schools, and Private Students, as well as for the Practical Farmer. Including Analyses by the Most Eminent Chemists. Elwood & Co., Detroit. Pp. 354. Chapter I, Introductory; Chapter II, Plants, the Air, Water; Chapter III, The Soil; Chapter IV, Meteorology; Chapter V, Formation of Plants; Chapter VI, Wheat; Chapter VII, Rye; Chapter VIII, Barley; Chapter IX, Oats; Chapter X, Indian Corn; Chapter XI, Rice, Buckwheat, Millet, Canary Grass; Chapter XII, Leguminous Plants—Beans, Peas, Lentils, Vetches, and Lupines; Chapter XIII, Grasses and other Fodder Plants; Chapter XIV, Clover and other Forage Plants; Chapter XV, Plants Cultivated for their Roots and Leaves—Turnips, Kohl Rabi, Cabbage, Rape; Chapter XVI, Potato, Jerusalem Artichoke; Chapter XVII, Parsnip, Carrot, Beet; Chapter X VIII, Sweet Potatoes, Mustard, Hops; Chapter XIX, Onions, Pumpkins, Tobacco, Castor-Oil Bean, Licorice, Uncommon Plants; Chapter XX, Teasel, Flax, Hemp, Broom Corn, Ozier Willow; Chapter X XI, Fruit Trees and Vegetables; Chapter X XII, Manures; Chapter X XIII, Plowing. 1857. J. A. Nasu, Principal of Mount Pleasant Institute, Instructor of Agriculture in Amherst College, and Member of the Massachu- setts Board of Agriculture. The Progressive Farmer: A Scientific Treatise on Agricultural Chemistry and the Geology of Agriculture. On Plants, Animals, Manures, and Soils. Applied to Practical Agri- culture. A. O. Moore, New York. Pp. 254. Chapter I, Agricultural Chemistry; Chapter II, Geology of Agriculture; Chap- ter III, Vegetable Physiology; Chapter IV, Animals and their Products; Chapter V, Manures; Chapter VI, Practical Agriculture. 1859. J. L. Camppexyi, A. M., Professor of Physical Science, Wash- ington College, Va. A Manual of Scientific and Practical Agricul- ture for the School and the Farm, with Numerous Illustrations. Lindsay & Blakiston, Philadelphia. Pp. 442. Chapter I, Preliminary Definitions and Illustrations; Chapter II, Heat, Light, Electricity; Chapter III, Chemical Symbols, Equivalents, and Nomenclature; Chapter IV, History and Properties of the Metalloids; Chapter V, History and Properties of the Metals; Chapter VI, Organic Chemistry—Chemistry of Plants; Chapter VII, Mineral Constituents, or Ashes, of Plants; Chapter VIII, Animal Chemistry; Chapter IX, Sources from which Plants Derive Their Nourishment; Chapter X, General Principles of Vegetable Physiology; Chapter XI, Structure and Functions of the Organs of Plants; Chapter XII, The Soil—Its Geological Origin, etc.; Chapter XIII, Mechanical Management of the Soil; Chapter XIV, Chemical Treatment of the Soil; Chapter XV, History and Properties of Special Manures; Chapter X VI, Application of Fertilizers—Planting and Culture of Crops; Chapter X VII, Culture of Indian Corn; Chapter X VIII, Culture of Wheat and Oats; Chapter XIX, Planting and Culture of Potatoes; Chapter XX, Hay Crops and Pasture; Chapter XXI, Beans and Peas—Especially the ‘‘Southern Pea:’’ TEXT-BOOK OF AGRICULTURE. TOL Chapter X XII, Culture and Management of Tobacco; Chapter X XIII, The Cotton Crop; Chapter X XIV, Rotation of Crops; Chapter X XV, Value of Crops as Food; Chapter XX VI, Animal Physiology; Chapter XX VII, Selection and Preparation of Food; Chapter XX VIII, Selection and Care of Stock. 1861. James F. W. Jonunston, M. A., etc. Catechism of Agricul- tural Chemistry and Geology. Approved by the Provincial Board of Education for Use in the Schools in New Brunswick. Fortieth Edition. Barnes & Co., St. John, N. B. Pp. 68. An English work reprinted. Contains 406 questions with answers. 1862. GrorcE B. Emerson and CHarues L. Fur, the latter Secre- tary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. Manual of Agriculture, for the School, the Farm, and the Fireside. Swan, Brewer & Tileston, Boston. Pp. 306. Chapter I, Introduction; Chapter II, The Air and the Gases in It; Chapter ITI, The Atmosphere and the Forces Acting in It; Chapter [V, Changes in the Atmos- phere—Instruments to Measure them—Climate; Chapter V, Of Water; Chapter VI, Of Plants; Chapter VII, Elements of Plants; Chapter VIII, Organic Com- pounds in Plants; Chapter [X, The Soil; Chapter X, Of the Subsoil; Chapter XI, Of Amendments; Chapter XII, Of Fertilizers; Chapter XIII, Of Tillage; Chapter XIV, Preparation of Lands; Chapter XV, Sowing, Planting, etc.; Chapter X VI, Culture of the Cereals; Chapter X VII, Leguminous Plants; Chapter X VIII, Esculent Roots; Chapter XIX, the Grasses—Formation of Meadows or Upland Mowings; Chapter XX, Plants used in the Arts and Manufactures; Chapter X XT, Of Rotation of Crops; Chapter X XII, The Harvest; Chapter X XIII, Diseases and Enemies of Growing Plants; Chapter XXIV, Management of Farm Stock; Chap- ter XX V, The Economy of the Farm; Chapter XX VI, Economy of the Household. Questions. For second edition see entry under 1885. 1864. J. W. Dawson, Principal of MeGill University. First Lessons in Scientific Agriculture. For Schools and Private Instruction. John Lovell, Montreal, and Adam Miller, Toronto. Pp. VIII+ 208. Chapter I, The Science of Agriculture and its Uses; Chapter II, How May Sci- entific Agriculture be Best Taught in Schools; Chapter III, Chemical Combination and Decomposition; Chapter IV, Simple Substances of which Plants Consist; Chapter V, Sources of the Organic Food of Plants; Chapter VI, Structure of Plants; Chapter VII, Organic Compounds Produced by Plants; Chapter VIII, The Ashes of Plants; Chapter IX, The Soil; Chapter X, Exhaustion of the Soil; Chapter XI, Improvement of the Soil; Chapter XII, Manures; Chapter XIII, Crops; Chapter XIV, Suggestions as to Practical Applications. Appendix, com- prising Application of Meteorology to Agriculture; Directions for Performing Experiments; Rotation of Crops for Canada. 1868. Grorce E. Warine, Jr. The Elements of Agriculture: A Book for Young Farmers. Second and revised edition. Orange Judd Co., New York. Copyright 1868. Pp. 254. Section I, The Plant: Chapter I, Introduction; Chapter II, The Atmosphere and its Carbon; Chapter III, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen; Chapter IV, Earthy 702 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Matter; Chapter V, Growth; Chapter VI, Starch, Woody Fiber, Gluten, ete.; Chapter VII, Location of the Different Parts and Variations in the Ashes of Plants; Chapter VIII, Recapitulation. “Section IT, The Soil: Chapter I, Forma- tion and Character of the Soil; Chapter Il, Uses of Atmospheric Matter; Chapter I1I, Uses of Earthy Matter. Section III, Manures: Chapter I, Character and Varieties of Manures; Chapter II], Animal Excrement; Chapter III, Waste of Manure; Chapter IV, Absorbents; Chapter V, Composting Stable Manure; Chap- ter VI, Different Kinds of Animal Excrement; Chapter VII, Other Organic Manures; Chapter VIII, Mineral Manures; Chapter IX, Deficiencies of Soils, Means of Restoration, etc.; Chapter X, Atmospheric Fertilizers; Chapter XI, Recapitulation. Section IV, Mechanical Cultivation: Chapter I, The Mechanical Character of Soils; Chapter II, Underdraining; Chapter III, Advantages of Underdraining; Chapter IV, Subsoil Plowing; Chapter V, Plowing and Other Processes of Pulverizing the Soil; Chapter VI, Rolling, Mulching, Weeding, ete. Section V, Analysis: Chapter I, Analysis; Chapter II, Tables of Analysis. The Practical Farmer. Explanation of Terms. 1870. EGrrron Ryerson. First Lessons on Agriculture; for Cana- > ’ dian Farmers and Their Families. Copp, Clark & Co., Toronto. Copyright 1870.. Pp. XI+ 216. Part I, Preparatory Knowledge: Chapter I, The Farmer and His Professien; Chapter II, On the Two Kinds of Substances with which the Farmer has to do— Organic and Inorganic; Chapter III, On the Organic Constituents of Plants and Animals; Chapter IV, The Fifteen Elementary Substances; Chapter V, Expla- nation of Chemical Terms; Chapter VI, Definitions of the Acids, Bases, and Salts; Chapter VII, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon; (no Chapter VIII); Chapter IX, Chlorine, Sulphur, Phosphorus; Chapter X, Metals—Potassium and Sodium; Chapter XI, Calcium and Magnesium; Chapter XII, Aluminum and Silicon; Chapter XIII, Metals Employed in the Arts—Iron and Manganese; Chapter XIV, Other Useful Metals—Tin, Copper, Zinc, Lead; Chapter XV, The Noble Metals— Mercury, Silver, Platinum, Gold; Chapter XVI, Kinds of Soils; Chapter X VII, Structure of Plants and Offices of Their Organs. Part II, Preparatory Knowledge Applied: Chapter X VIII, Composition of Soils and Plants and Their Relations to Each Other; Chapter XIX, Soils Adapted to Different Kinds of Grain and Vege- tables; Chapter XX, How to Conserve Soils; Chapter X XI, Vegetable Manures; Chapter XXII, Animal Manures; Chapter XXIII, Mixed Manures; Chapter XXIV, Inorganic or Mineral Manures—Lime; Chapter XX V, Inorganic or Min- eral Manures—Marls, Gypsum; Chapter XX VI, Ashes; Chapter XX VII, Other Inorganic or Mineral Manures; Chapter X X VIII, Amendments, Irrigation, Drain- age, Subsoil Plowing; (no Chapter XXIX); Chapter XXX, Rotation of Crops; Chapter XX XI, Sowing, Care, and Harvesting of Grain Crops; Chapter X XXII, Leguminous Crops; Chapter XX XIII, Roots or Esculent Plants; Chapter XX XIV, Grasses, Meadows, Pastures; Chapter XXXV, Fruits; Chapter XXXVI, Plants Used in Arts and Manufactures; Chapter XX X VII, Economy of the Farm; Chap- ter XXXVIII, Economy of the Household; Chapter XX XIX, Miscellaneous Questions and Answers Relating to Natural History. Index and Explanation of Terms. A second edition of Ryerson appeared in 1271 as one of the ‘‘Canadian Series of School Books.’’ There is no change except in the numbering of the chapters. There was another early Canadian work by Prof. Henry Youle Hind. Its title has been quoted to me as ‘‘Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry, or Elements of the Science of Agriculture,’’ and is said to have been published in 1850. TEXT-BOOK OF AGRICULTURE. 703 1875. KE. M. Penpueron, M. D., Professor of Agriculture and Hor- ticulture in the University of Georgia. Text-Book of Scientific Agriculture, with Practical Deductions. Intended for the Use of Colleges, Schools, and Private Students. A. S. Barnes & Co., New York. Copyright 1874. Pp. 419. ° Part I, Anatomy and Physiology of Plants, comprising nine chapters. Part II ? ’ 4 >. ’ i 5 ’ Agricultural Meteorology, comprising four chapters. Part III, Soils as Related to Physics, comprising seven chapters. Part IV, Chemistry of the Atmosphere, com- ? SD ? « ’ prising four chapters. Part V, Chemistry of Plants, comprising ten chapters. Part VI, Chemistry of Soils, with ninechapters. Part VII, Fertilizers and Natural Manures, eight chapters. Part VIII, Animal Nutrition, three chapters. Appen- » elg p dix with remarks on specific crops. Second edition, 1877, pp. 445, being enlarged by an addendum ‘‘embracing recent discoveries in agricultural science.”’ 1878. Tnomas P. Janes, Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia. The Farmer’s Scientific Manual. Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga. Pp. 168. Chapter I, General Chemistry; Chapter II, Plants—The Structure and Offices of Their Different Parts; Chapter III, Chemical Composition of Plants; Chapter IV, Plant Fertilization; Chapter V, Soil Fertilization; Chapter VI, Soils in Their Relation to Vegetation; Chapter VII, Fertilizers; Chapter VIII, Plants and Their Products as Food for Animals; Chapter IX, Agricultural Experiments; Chapter X, Farm Drainage; Chapter XI, Irrigation; Chapter XH, Meteorology in its Relations to Agriculture; Chapter XIII, Entomology in its Relations to Agricul- ture. Appendix. 1880. N. T. Lupron, LL. D., Professor of Chemistry in Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. The Elementary Principles of Scien- tific Agriculture. American Book Company. Pp. 107. ‘Chapter I, The Development of Scientific Agriculture; Chapter II, The Origin, Composition, and Classification of Soils; Chapter III, The Composition of Plants; Chapter IV, Composition and Properties of the Atmosphere; Chapter V, The Sources of Plant Food and How Obtained; Chapter VI, The Improvement of Soils; Chapter VII, The Use of Manures and Fertilizers; Chapter VIII, Mineral Fertilizers; Chapter IX, Rotation of Crops; Chapter X, The Selection and Care of Live Stock. Appendix. Questions. 1882. Henry Tanner. First Principles of Agriculture. Canada Publishing Co., Toronto. Pp. 95. (Canadian edition of a British: book, with Canadian preface by Prof. William Brown. The first London edition was 1878; the second 1879.) Chapter I, The Soil; Chapter 11, Composition of Crops; Chapter III, Fertility of the Soil; Chapter IV, Farm Manures; Chapter V, Artificial Manures; Chapter VI, Natural Manures; Chapter VII, Tillage Operations; Chapter VIII, Rotation of Crops; Chapter IX, Live Stock; Chapter X, Food of Farm Stock. Appendix. 1882. R.S. THompson. Science in Farming. A Text-Book on the Principles of Agriculture, Including a Treatise on Agricultural 704 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Chemistry. Designed for use in schools, granges, farmers’ clubs, and by farmers and their families. Published by the Farmers’ Advance, Springfield, O. Pp. 186. Chapter I, Science in Farming; Chapter II, Science in its Elements; Chapter III, Science in Heat and Energy; Chapter IV, Chemistry; Chapter V, Science in Air; Chapter VI, Science in Soils; Chapter VII, Science in Plant Growth; pipet VIII, Science in Animal Life; Chapter IX, Science in Foods; Chapter X, Science in Moedines Chapter XI, Science in Waruligers! 1883. ALLEN Bowre Davis, late President of the Board of Trustees of the Maryland Agricultural College. Elementary Agriculture. For the use of schools. John B. Piet & Co., Baltimore. Pp. V1+126. Chapters I-VI, Definitions; Chapter VII, The Object of Plowing; Chapters VIII-XIII, Corn; Chapters XIV-X V1, Wheat; Chapter X VII, Rotation of Crops, Tobacco; Chapter XVIII, Tobacco—continued; Chapter XIX, Rye, Ergot; Chapter XX, Oats; Chapter X XI, Potatoes; Chapter XXII, Caibage: Chapter XXIII, The Carrot—A Useful Food for Consumes Chapies XXIV, The Parsnip—‘‘It is Nerve and Brain Food;’’ Chapter XX V, The Onion—How Used in Ancient Times; Chapter XX VI, The Turnip—Its Medicinal Properties; Chapter XX Vil, The Bean—Wholesome Food for Man and Beast; Chapter X X VIII, The Pea—Good for Scorbutic Humors; Chapter X XIX, Lettuce—A Promoter of Sleep; Chapter XXX, The Beet—Sometimes Used to Make Sugar; Chapter XX XI, The Eggplant—How Raised and Cooked; Chapter XX XII, The Tomato—Antibilious, and a Preventive of Chills and Fevers; Chapter XX XIII, The Strawberry—The Best Way to Cultivate; Chapter XX XIV, Berries—Their Healthfulness and Pecu- niary Value; Chapter XX XV, The Grape—Beneficial for the General Health; Chapter XXXVI, The Horse-radish and Common Radish—Excellent for Diges- tion; Chapter XXXVII, Parsley, Celery, and Rhubarb; Chapter X XXVIII, Asparagus and Poke; Chapter XX XIX, The Barometer—Signs of Rain; Chapter XL, Review; Chapter XLI, The Horse, Cow, and Hog; Chapter XLII, Agricul- tural Machinery—Its Uses; Chapter XLIII, The Farmhouse; Chapter XLIV, Flower Gardens; Chapter XLV, Sentiments of Plants and Flowers; Chapter XLVI, The Geranium; Chapter XLVII, Botanical Geography; Chapter XLVIII, Cereals; Chapter XLIX, Zones, Tropics, and Breed Lines; Chapter L, Raising Poultry; Chapter LI, Sheep Raising; Chapter LII, Fruit Trees; Chapter LIV, Canning; Chapter LV, Butter; Chapter LVI, The Weather—The Moon; Chapter LVII, ea and Coffee; Chapter LVIII, Thunderstorms; Chapter LIX, Clover; Chapter LX, Remarks on Grasses. Appendices I and II. 1885. Emersonand Fuinr. Manual of Agriculture. A new edition, revised by Dr. Charles A. Goessmann, Professor of Chemistry, Massachusetts Agricultural College. Orange Judd Co., New York. Copyright 1885. Pp. 284. Has the same chapters as the first edition (1862), but the questions are omitted from the end of the volume. 1887. F. A. Guuuey, Professor of Agriculture in Agricultural Col- lege of Mississippi, Starkville, Miss. First Lessons in Agriculture. Published by the Autbor. Pp. 118. Chapter I, Composition of Matter; Chapter II, Origin and Formation of Soils: TEXT-BOOK OF AGRICULTURE. 705 Chapter III, Composition of the Soil; Chapter IV, Composition of the Plant; Chapter V, Plant Food in the Soil; Chapter VI, Mechanical Condition of the Soil; Chapter VII, Effect of Water on the Soil and Crop; Chapter VIII, Farm Drainage; Chapter IX, Preparation of the Land for the Crop; Chapter X, How Plants Grow; Chapter XI, Fertilization of the Seed; Chapter XII, Improvement of Variety; Chapter XIII, Cultivation of the Crop; Chapter XIV, Manures; Chapter XV, Commercial Fertilizers; Chapter XVI, Care of Manure—Composting; Chapter XVII, Rotation of Crops; Chapter XVIII, Farm Live Stock; Chapter XIX, Diversified Farming; Chapter XX, Food and Manure Value of Crops. Glossary. A second editiom, revised and enlarged, appeared in 1892, by the Rural Pub- lishing Company, New York. Pp. 155. Illustrated. The following chapters are added: Farm Live Stock; Breeds of Horses; Breeds of Cattle; Sheep. 1888. The ‘A B C of Agriculture,” by Mason C. Wetp and other writers. Published by the Orange Judd Co., New York. Copy- right 1887. Pp. 66. Advertised as a book ‘‘ adapted to district and rural schools,’’ but there is no evidence in the book that it was written as a definite text-book. 1890. James Mints, M. A., President Ontario Agricultural College, and THomas Suaw, Professor of Agriculture, Ontario Agricultural College. The First Principles of Agriculture. Authorized by the honorable the minister of education for use in the public schools of Ontario. J. E. Bryant Co., Toronto. Pp. 250. Chapter I, Definitions and Explanations; Chapter II, The Plant; Chapter ITI, The Soil; Chapter IV, Tillage—Introductory; Chapter V, Tillage—The Improve- ment of Soils; Chapter VI, Tillage—The Preparation of the Soil for the Seed; Chapter VII, Tillage—The Rotation of Crops; Chapter VIII, The Crops of the Farm—Their Growth and Management; Chapter IX, Crops for Soiling; Chapter X, The Weeds of the Farm; Chapter XI, Diseases of Crops; Chapter XII, Insects; Chapter XIII, Outlines of the Principles of Feeding; Chapter XIV, The Feeding, Care, and Management of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, and Swine; Chapter XV, Breed- ing; Chapter XVI, The Breeds of Live Stock; Chapter XVII, Dairying; Chapter XVIII, The Silo and Ensilage; Chapter XIX, The Cultivation of Forest Trees for Shade, Ornament, and Protection. 1891. I. O. Winstow, A. M. The Principles of Agriculture for Common Schools. American Book Co. Pp. 152. Suggestions to Teachers; Chapter I, The Substances of the Earth; Chapter IT, Land and Water; Chapter III, The Atmosphere; Chapter IV, Plants; Chapter V, Fertilizers; Chapter VI, Cultivation; Chapter VII, Animals. Glossary. 1895. R. Heperr Wa wace, late Lecturer and Examiner in Agricul- ture to the Education Department of Victoria and the Victorian Department of Agriculture. Agriculture. Illustrated. J. B. Lip- pincott Co. Pp. 352. “This book has been written with the object of placing before the student and reader a simple statement of the principles of agriculture,”’ ete. Chapter I, Intro- duction; Chapter II, The Natural Kingdoms; Chapter III, Forms of Matter; Chap- ter [V, Atmospheric Air; Chapter V, Atmospheric Air—continued; Chapter VJ, 8. Doc. 148, 58-2——45 706 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, Water; Chapter VII, Metals; Chapter VIII, Nonmetals; Chapter IX, Oxides and Salts, Acids and Alkalies; Chapter X, Carbon Compounds; Chapter XI, The Ash and Volatile Portion of Plants; Chapter XII, Soil Food of Plants; Chapter XITI, Seed-—Germination; Chapter XIV, Growth—Office of Leaves; Chapter XV, Growth—Sap Movements; Chapter X VI, Blossoms and Their Functions; Chapter XVII, Farm Seeds; Chapter XVIII, What Are Soils?; Chapter XIX, Lava and Peat Soils; Chapter XX, Humus and Stones; Chapter X XI, Properties of Soils; Chapter XXII, Conditions of Fertility; Chapter XXIII, Classification of Soils; Chapter XXIV, Some Constituents of Soils; Chapter X XV, Soil Physies; Chapter XX VI, What Frost, Water, and Air Do to Rocks; Chapter XX VII, Removed Soils; Chapter XX VIII, Formation of Surface Soil and Subsoil; Chapter X XIX, Soil Chemistry; Chapter X XX, Soil Chemistry—continued; Chapter XX XI, Cul- tivation—A Means of Enriching Land; Chapter XX XII, Cultivation—A Means of Cleaning the Land; Chapter XX XIII, Cultivation—A Preparation for Seed; Chapter XXXIV, Cultivation—An Aid to Root Development; Chapter XX XY, Tillage; Chapter XXXVI, Implements for Working Soils—Plows; Chapter XXXVII, Implements for Working Soils—Cultivators, Harrows, ete.; Chapter XXXVIII, Implements for Sowing Seed; Chapter XX XIX, Implements for Interculture; Chapter XL, Exhaustion and Improvement of Soils; Chapter XLI, Claying and Sanding, Paring and Burning, Marling, Warping, etc.; Chapter XLII, Drainage; Chapter XLIII, Drainage Systems and Methods; Chapter XLIV, Irri- gation; Chapter XLV, Manure; Chapter XLVI, The Character and Preparation of Farmyard Manure; Chapter XLVII, Composition and Effect of Farmyard Ma- nure; Chapter XLVIII, Food in Relation to Manure; Chapter X LIX, Other Gen- eral Manures; Chapter L, Phosphatic Manures; Chapter LI, Nitrogenous Manures; Chapter LII, Potash and Other Manures; Chapter LIII, Lime; Chapter LIV, Rotation of Crops; Chapter LV, Rotation for a Light Soil; Chapter LVI, Rotation for a Clay Soil; Chapter LVI, Rotation for Loams; Chapter LVIII, Distinctive Characteristics of Crops; Chapter LIX, Wheat and Rye; Chapter LX, Barley; Chapter LXI, Oats; Chapter LXII, Meadow Grass and Meadow Hay; Chapter LXIII, Grass Seeds; Chapter LXIV, Beans and Peas; Chapter LXV, Leguminous Fodder Crops—Vetches, Clovers, Sainfoin, Lucerne; Chapter LX VI, Other Fod- der Crops; Chapter LX VII, Root Crops—Mangel-Wurzel, Turnip; Chapter LXVIII, Root Crops—Swede, Potato; Chapter LXIX, Harvesting and Other Machinery;:Chapter LX X, Conclusion. 1895. Our Canadian Prairies. Being a Description of the Most Nota- ble Plants of Manitoba; the Chief Noxious Weeds and How to Destroy Them; the Trees and Wild Fruits, along with Arbor-Day Exercises and Poems. OC. Blackett Robinson,/Toronto. Copyright 1895. Pp. 162. Manitoba Course of Agriculture, first series. Plant life in Manitoba; flowers and gardens; the flower of the heart (poem); how to collect and preserve plants; how to tell the flowers; thirty notable plants; the Carmen Hill convention; Shakespeare praises country life; Arbor Day—its mportance to Manitoba. Appendix: Key for determining plants; explanation of terms; four model schedules; list of thirty notable plants—their common and botanical names and times of flowering; list of eleven noxious weeds of Manitoba; list of fourteen wild fruits of Manitoba; list of sixteen forest trees of Manitoba. 1895 (7). Prairie Agriculture. Containing a List of Chemical Ex- periments; A Series of Experiments on the Growth of Seeds; A Description of How Plants Grow; A Sketch of the Formation of TEXT-BOOK OF AGRICULTURE. 707 the Prairie Soil by Water and Ice Action; An Account of Farm- ing Operations and of Crops Adapted to Manitoba; A Description of Diseases of Crops, of Insects, and of Birds; An Account with Illustrations of the Breeds of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, and Poultry Adapted to Manitoba; Advantages of Mixed Farming. The Consolidated Stationery Co., Winnipeg. Pp. 259. Manitoba Course of Agriculture, second series. The work of the farmer; chemical experiments bearing on agriculture; experi- ments on plant growth; how plants grow; formation of soil; drainage; road mak- ing; well boring; composition of soil; improvement of soil; selection of a farm; breaking the prairie; plowing; harrowing; cultivating; farrowing; sowing; roll- ing; rotation of crops; wheat; oats; barley; peas; flax; turnips; mangles; carrots; potatoes; fodder plants; grasses; weeds; diseases of crops; insects; birds; animal industry; breeding; feeding of farm stock; foods; management of stock; horses; cattle; sheep; swine; poultry; bees; mixed farming; farm buildings; fences; trees and shrubs. Forty colored plates of the plants of Manitoba accompany these two books. 1896. Epwarp Bb. Voorners, A. M., Director of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations and Professor of Agriculture in Rutgers College. First Principles of Agriculture. Silver, Burdett & Co., Boston. Pp. 212. Chapter I, The Constituents of Plants; Chapter II, Origin and Formation of Soils; Chapter III, Composition of Soils; Chapter IV, The Improvement of Soils; Chapter V, Natural Manures; Chapter VI, Artificial and Concentrated Manures— Nitrogenous Materials; Chapter VII, Artificial and Concentrated Manures—Phos- phates; Chapter VIII, Artificial and Concentrated Manures—Superphosphates and Potash Salts; Chapter IX, Artificial Manures or Fertilizers—Methods of Buying, Valuation, Formulas; Chapter X, The Rotation of Crops; Chapter XI, The Selection of Seed, Farm Crops and Their Classification, Cereals, Grasses, Pastures, Roots, Tubers, and Market-Garden Crops; Chapter XII, The Growth of Animals, the Constituents of Animals and Animal Food, the Character and Com- position of Fodders and Feeds; Chapter XIII, The Digestibility of Fodders and Feeds, Feeding Standards, Nutritive Ratio, the Exchange of Farm Products for Concentrated Feeds; Chapter XIV, Principles of Feeding, the Pure Breeds of Farm Stock; Chapter XV, The Products of the Dairy, Their Character and Com- position, Dairy Management. Tables. 1897. Sir Witi1am Dawson, late Principal of McGill University. First Lessons in the Scientific Principles of Agriculture. For schools and private instruction. New edition, revised and enlarged, with the permission of the author, by S. P. Robins, Principal of the MeGill Normal School. W. Drysdale & Co., Montreal. Copyright 1897. Pp. 323. Introduction: The Science of Agriculture. Chapter I, Forms of Matter; Chapter II, Heat; Chapter II], Chemical Principles; Chapter IV, Chemical Processes; Chapter V, Chemical Properties of the Elements and Compounds Most Important in Agriculture; Chapter VI, Plants, Their Functions and Structures; Chapter VII, Organic Compounds Produced by Plants; Chapter VIII, The Ashes of Plants; TOS REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Chapter IX, The Atmospheric Food of Plants; Chapter X, The Soil, Origin, and Classification; Chapter XI, The Relation of the Soil to Plants; Chapter XII, Exhaustion of the Soil; Chapter XIII, Improvement of the Soil by Mechanical Means; Chapter XIV, Improvement of the Soil by Manures; Chapter XV, Crops; Chapter XVI, Soiling and Silos.’ 1898. Cnartes C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Onta- rio, formerly Professor of Chemistry at the Ontario Agricultural College. Agriculture. George N. Morang, Toronto. Pp. 200. Part I, The Plant: Chapter I, The Seed; Chapter II, The Young Plant; Chapter III, The Plant and Water; Chapter IV, The Plant and the Soil; Chapter V, The Plant and the Air; Chapter VI, Structure and Growth of the Plant; Chapter VII, Naming and Classification of Plants. Part I], The Soil: Chapter VIII, Nature and Origin of the Soil; Chapter LX, Tilling and Draining the Soil; Chapter X, Improving the Soil. Part III, The Crops of the Field: Chapter XI, The Grasses; Chapter XII, The Grain Crops or Cereals; Chapter XIII, The Leguminous Plants; Chapter XIV, Root Crops and Tubers; Chapter XV, Various Other Crops; Chapter X VI, Weeds; Chapter XVII, Insects of the Field; Chapter XVIII, The Diseases of Plants; Chapter XIX, Rotation of Crops. Part IV, The Garden, Orchard, and Vineyard: Chapter XX, The Garden; Chapter X XI, The Apple Orchard; Chap- ter XXII, Other Orchard Trees; Chapter XXIII, Insects of the Orchard; Chap- ter XXIV, Diseases of the Orchard; Chapter XXV, The Vineyard. Part V, Live Stock and Dairying: Chapter X XVI, Horses; Chapter X XVII, Cattle; Chapter XX VIII, Sheep; Chapter XXIX, Swine; Chapter XXX, Poultry; Chap- ter XX XI, Milk; Chapter XXXII, The Products of Milk; Chapter XX XIII, The Structure of Animals; Chapter XXXIV, Foods of Animals; Chapter XXXV, Digestion and Uses of Foods. Part VI, Other Subjects: Chapter XXXVI, Bees; Chapter XXXVII, Birds; Chapter XX XVIII, Forestry; Chapter XXXIX, Roads; Chapter XL, The Rural Home. Appendix: List of Trees; List of Weeds; Spraying Mixtures. ‘“American edition,’’ 1899, edited by John Craig, Professor of Horticulture in the Iowa Agricultural College. Pp. 203. Preserves the original chapters and text, but uses various new cuts and inserts full-page half-tones, and adds three pages on adornment of school grounds. 1s9s. L. H. Bartey, Professor of Horticulture in the Cornell Uni- versity. The Principles of Agriculture: A text-book for schools and rural societies. The Macmillan Co., New York. Pp. 300. Introduction: What Is Agriculture. Part I, The Soil: Chapter I, The Contents of the Soil; Chapter II, The Texture of the Soil; Chapter III, The Moisture in the Soil; Chapter IV, The Tillage of the Soil; Chapter V, Enriching the Soil— Farm Resources; Chapter VI, Enriching the Soil—Commercial Resources. Part II, The Plant and Crops: Chapter VII, The Offices of the Plant; Chapter VIII, How the Plant Lives; Chapter IX, The Propagation of Plants; Chapter X, Preparation of Land for the Seed; Chapter XI, Subsequent Care of the Plant; Chapter XII, Pastures, Meadows, and Forage. Part III, The Animal and Stock: Chapter XIII, The Offices of the Animal; Chapter XIV, How the Animal Lives; Chapter XV, The Feeding of the Animal; Chapter XVI, The Management of Stock. Glossary. A second edition was published in January, 1900, a third in January, 1901, and other editions subsequently. ? TEXT-BOOK OF AGRICULTURE. 709 1900. - RomuLo Escosar, Editor of El Agricultor Mexicano. Tratado elemental de Agricultura, por el ingeniero agrénomo. C. Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Pp. 207. Prélogo del autor: Capitulo I, Generalidades; Capitulo 11, Del Vegetal; Capitulo III, De la Atmésfera; Capftulo IV, Del Suelo; Capitulo V, Del Agua; Capitulo VI, Reproduccién de los Vegetales; Capitulo VII, Movilario Agricola; Capitulo VIII, Praeticas Agricolas. 1901. J.B. McBrypr, C.E., Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Elements of Agriculture, for use in Schools. B. F. Johnson Pub. Co., Rich- mond, Va. Copyright 1901. Pp. 270 Part I, Climate: Chapter I, Sunlight; Chapter II, Sunlight—continued; Chapter III, Rain; Chapter IV, The Atmosphere; Chapter V, The Atmosphere—continued. Part II, Plants: Chapter VI, Plants and Their Seed; Chapter VII, Parts of a Plant; Chapter VIII, Composition of Plants; Chapter 1X, Composition of Plants—con- tinued; Chapter X, The Food the Plant takes from the Soil; Chapter XI, The Food the Plant takes from the Air; Chapter XII, How Plants Grow. Part III, Soils: Chapter XIII, How Soils are Made; Chapter XIV, Classification of Soils; Chapter XV, Composition of Soils; Chapter X VI, Composition of Soils—continued; Chapter XVII, Water in Soils; Chapter XVIII, Nitrogen in the Soil; Chapter XIX, How Soils Lose Water; Chapter XX, How Soils Lose Nitrogen; Chapter XXI, How Soils Lose Mineral Matter; Chapter XXII, Cultivation of Soils; - Chapter XXIII, Cultivation of Soils—continued. Part IV, Manures: Chapter XXIV, Classification of Manures; Chapter XX V, Commercial Fertilizers; Chapter XXVI, Commercial Fertilizers—continued; Chapter XX VII, Use of Manures. Part V, Farm Crops: Chapter XX VIII, Seed Testing; Chapter X XIX, Classifica- tion of Crops—Cereal and Fodder Crops; Chapter XXX, Fodder Crops and Pastures; Chapter XX XI, Root and Tuber Crops—Miscellaneous Crops; Chapter XXXII, Rotation of Crops. Part VI, Animal Production: Chapter X XXIII, Composition of Animals; Chapter XX XIV, Food, Work, and Growth of Animals; Chapter XXXV, Care of Animals; Chapter XXXVI, Feeding of Animals; Chapter XX XVII, Stock Food; Chapter XX XVIII, Digestibility of Stock Foods; Chapter XX XIX, Calculating Rations for Animals; Chapter XL, Selecting Stock Foods. Part VII, Miscellaneous Topics: Chapter XLI, Birds; Chapter XLII, Insectivorous Birds; Chapter XLII, Seed-eating Birds; Chapter X LIV, Birds of Prey; Chapter XLV, Forestry; Chapter XLVI, Roads. Appendix (tables). 1901. WieraAm P. Brooks. Agriculture. The Home Correspond- ence School, the King-Richardson Co., Proprietors, Springfield, Mass. Volume I. Soils and how to treat them (this being the title on the cover; the full legend on the title pages is ‘‘ Soils, formation, physical and chemical charac- teristics and methods of improvement, including tillage and irrigation’’). What agriculture is; essential definitions; classes of compounds; what the plant contains; the nature of the elements useful to plants and the sources from which plants derive them; summary; elements always found in plants but not known to be necessary; a soil element not found in plants; the soil; the formation of soils; mechanical agencies; the chemical action of air and water; plants and animals as soil formers and improvers; soils classified according to method of formation; the components of soils; agricultural classification of soils; light and heavy soils; lead- ing characteristics of the different kinds of soil; physical characteristics of soils; {a0 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. relation of the soil to water; relation of soil to heat; chemical characteristics of soils; the extent to which soils hold different food elements by chemical forces; improvement of soils; the mixture of soils; tillage; tillage implements and oper- ations; ordinary plows and plowing; plowing; harrows and harrowing; rollers and rolling; cultivators and cultivating; hand implements; drainage; open drains; underdrains; points to be settled before the drains are put in; practical sugges- tions; obstructions in drains; irrigation; methods of obtaining water for irrigation; methods of application. Volume IT. Manures, fertilizers, and farm crops, including green manuring and crop rotation. Manures; farm manures; the excrements of our larger domestic animals; composition of litter; the application of farmyard manures; poultry manure; miscellaneous manurial substances; sea manures; fertilizers; fertilizers used chiefly as sources of phosphoric acid; the nature and general composition of the different phosphates; the selection of phosphoric acid fertilizers; fertilizers used chiefly as sources of potash; complete fertilizers; indirect fertilizers; fertilizer laws and guaranties; experiments as a means of determining whether fertilizers may be profitably used; plan for farmers’ experiments with fertilizers; different systems in accordance with which fertilizers may be used; green manuring; farm crops; crop rotation; systems of rotation; methods of propagating plants; seed propagation; planting seeds; the plant; mowings and pastures; perennial grasses; perennial clovers and alfalfa; seeding and care of mowings; annual forage crops for hay, soiling, folding, or ensilage; crops cultivated for their seeds; crops culti- vated for underground parts; tubers; bulbs. Volume III. Animal husbandry, including the breeds of live stock, the general principles of breeding, feeding animals; including discussion of ensilage, dairy man- agement on the farm, and poultry farming. Animal husbandry; stock farming; breeds of live stock; neat cattle; dairy breeds; beef breeds; dual purpose breeds; horses; breeds of horses valuable for their speed; draft horses; carriage and coach breeds; ponies; mules; sheep; short-wooled sheep; middle=wooled breeds; long- wooled breeds; swine; large breeds of hogs; middle breeds; small breeds; the hog on the farm; general principles of stock breeding; heredity; variation; fecundity; in-breeding; cross-breeding; relative influence of parents; influence of previous im- pregnations; mental influences and nervous impressions; the selection of individual animals for breeding; details of stock breeding; the principles and practices of feeding; composition of the animal body and of the animal products; composition of foods; functions of nutrients; digestibility; feeding standards; cattle foods; silage; straws; roots and tubers; grainsand seeds; by-products; feeding in summer; dairy husbandry; milk; good cows essential to profitable milk production; conditions essential for the production of good milk; means whereby milk is contaminated after leaving the cow; disposal of dairy products; milk and cream for market; cream; butter making; poultry farming; barnyard fowls; American breeds; Asiatic class; Mediterranean class; French fowls; English fowls; games; general care of fowls; the raising of chickens; turkeys; ducks; breeds of ducks; geese. 1901. Francis Warts. Nature Teaching. Based upon the general principles of agriculture for the use of schools. Issued under the authority of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the West Indies. Dulau & Co., London; Bowen & Sons, Bridgetown, Barbados. Pp. 199. | Chapter I, The Seed; Chapter II, The Root; Chapter III, The Stem; Chapter IV, The Leaf; Chapter V, The Soil; Chapter VI, Plant Food and Manures; Chap- ter VII, Flowers and Fruits; Chapter VIFI, Weeds; Chapter IX, Insects. Glos- sary. Appendices. TEXT-BOOK OF AGRICULTURE. TLE 1902. F. P. Sever. Elements of Agriculture, with Industrial Les- sons. D.C. Heath & Co., Boston. Pp. 141. Part I: Chapter I, Domestic Animals and Fowls (Lesson 1, Rover, a St. Bernard; Lesson 2, The Horse; Lesson 3, The Horse, continued; Lesson 4, Among the Poultry; Lesson 5, Among the Poultry, continued); Chapter II, In the House, In the Garden, and In the Store (Lesson 6, Helping Mother; Lesson 7, Helping Mother, continued; Lesson 8, Grandfather’s Garden; Lesson 9, Grandfather’s Garden, con- tinued; Lesson 10, Helping in the Store). Part Il: Chapter III, In the Country (Lesson 11, Farm Economy; Lesson 12, Farm Dairying; Lesson 13, The Farmers’ Friends—Do You Know Us’; Lesson 14, In the Orchard); Chapter IV, The Soil (Lesson 15, Story of the Soil; Lesson 16, Story of the Soil, continued); Chapter V, Plants, Field Crops (Lesson 17, The Fairies in the Trees; Lesson 18, The Little Ear and Its Big Friend; Lesson 19, Cotton; Lesson 20, Wheat; Lesson 21, Rice; Lesson 22, Tobacco); Chapter VI, Conclusion (Lesson 23, Little Things) . 1903. Cuas. E. BessEYy, LAwrRENCcE Bruner, G. D. Swezey. New Elementary Agriculture for Rural and Grade Schools. An elemen- tary text-book dealing with the Plants, Insects, Birds, Weather, and Animals of the Farm. The University Publishing Co., Lincoln, Nebr. “Pp. 194. Chapter I, What is a Plant and What is It Doing?; Chapter II, How the Farmer can Use the Plant; Chapter III, Different Classes of Farm Plants; Chapter IV, The Important Farm Crops; Chapter V, The Insects of the Farm; Chapter VI, Useful Insects; Chapter VII, Harmful Insects; Chapter VIII, Birds; Chapter IX, Other Wild Animals; Chapter X, The Weather of the Farm; Chapter XI, The Wind; Chapter XII, Cloudy and Rainy Weather; Chapter XIII, Storms; Chap- ter XIV, Weather Predictions; Chapter XV, The Soil; Chapter X VI, Domestic Animals of the Farm; Chapter XVII, Cattle; Chapter X VIII, Swine; Chapter XIX, Sheep; Chapter XX, How to Care for Live Stock. 1903. Cartes Witi1am Burkett, Frank LincoLn STEVENS, DanreL Harvey Hint. Agriculture for Beginners. Ginn & Co., Boston and London. Copyright 1903. Pp. 267. Chapter I, The Soil; Chapter II, The Soil and The Plant; Chapter III, The Plant; Chapter If6V, How to Raise a Fruit Tree; Chapter V, the Diseases of Plants; Chapter VI, Orchard, Garden, and Field Insects; Chapter VII, Farm Crops; Chap- ter VIII, Domestic Animals; Chapter IX, Farm Dairying. Appendix. Glossary. 19038. Universtry oF Minnesota, Willet M. Hays, Editor. Exer- cises in Agriculture and Housekeeping for Rural Schools. St. Paul, Minn. MeGill-Warner Co. Pp. 196. This is ‘‘ Bulletin No. 1,’’ issued under State auspices by the department of agri- culture of the University of Minnesota. The cover is stamped ‘‘ Rural School Agriculture. Bulletin No. 1, Practical Exercises.’? The book contains 237 sepa- rate exercises, each one signed by its author, from which the teacher may choose available material. The University was intrusted, in 1901, by the State legislature, ‘with the work of helping to introduce the subjects of agriculture and household economics into the rural schools of the State.’? The following extracts from the preface explain how the work was undertaken: ‘‘At a meeting of the board of regents, June 4, 1902, the full administration of this whole matter was assigned to 712 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Regent Liggett. Prof. W. M. Hays was put in charge of the work. Mr. J. F. Wojta, M. Agr., of the University of Wisconsin, was elected by the board of regents as assistant in agriculture to aid in this work. Prof. Wm. Robertson, instructor in agricultural physics in the School of Agriculture, was temporarily employed to assist during a part of the summer. The first bulletin prepared under this law has been jointly edited by Messrs. Hays, Robertson, and Wojta. The exercises have been prepared by these gentlemen and other members of the department of agriculture of the University of Minnesota, to be distributed in cooperation with the State department of public instruction.” 1903. James B. Hunnicurr. Agriculture for the Common Schools. Atlanta, Ga. The Cultivator Publishing Co. Pp. 225. Chapter I, Man’s Chief Pursuit; Chapter Il, Agriculture as a Science; Chapter I1I, Something of the History of Agriculture; Chapter IV, The Soil; Chapter V, Composition and Kinds of Soil; Chapter VI, Uses of the Soil; Chapter VII, The Soil as a Workshop; Chapter VIII, Preservation and Improvement of the Soil; Chapter IX, Other Points About Soil; Chapter X, Plants—How They Grow; Chap- ter XI, Uses and Abuses of Water on the Farm; Chapter XII, Plants and the Atmosphere; Chapter XIII, Manures and Fertilizers; Chapter XIV, How to Use Manures and Fertilizers; Chapter XV, Planting; Chapter XVI, Selecting Seed; Chapter X VII, Preparing the Soil for Planting; Chapter X VIII, Cultivation; Chap- ter XIX, Gathering and Housing; Chapter XX, Marketing Crops; Chapter X XI, Investing Profits; Chapter XXII, Farm Labor; Chapter X XIII, Farm Implements; Chapter XXIV, Farm Animals; Chapter X XV, Grass Culture; Chapter XX VI, Truck Farming; Chapter XX VII, Dairy Farming in the South; Chapter XX VIII, Stock Growing; Chapter X XIX, Poultry Farming; Chapter XXX, Bee Keeping; Chapter XXXI, Farm and Public Roads; Chapter XXXII, Farm Buildings; Chapter XX XIII, Village Farming; Chapter X XXIV, Forestry; Chapter XXXV, The Farmer as a Citizen; Chapter XXXVI, The Farmer Should be Educated. Appendix—Usetful Tables. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AS A SUBJECT OF STUDY IN THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 3y Kenyon L. Burrerriecp, A. M., President of the Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. The writer has been asked to make suggestions relative to the teach- ing of what is coming to be called agricultural economics, with special reference to its place in the curriculum of the agricultural college. With the practical object in mind of endeavoring to outline work which may be pursued under this head, it is not desirable to discuss at length the reasons why the subject should be given attention. These reasons lie deep in the foundation of sound agricultural education, and, indeed, involve our whole educational structure. But it may not be out of place merely to indicate the direction such a discussion might take. It may be observed, in the first place, that the aim of agricultural education has been, in large measure, to help the farmer to secure larger crops of choicer products at less cost. It has involved the application of the principles of the natural sciences to the physical problems of the farm. This of course is fundamental, but nevertheless partial. Agriculture is something more than the growing of things, and something more than the growing of more things more cheaply. And it is not a far ery from the admission of this fact to the acknowl- edgment that the agricultural course shall discuss those problems that go beyond the scope of studying science in relation to the soil, the plant, and the animal. It may be urged that this need of broader instruction is being met by the study of farm management, for this subject includes a discus- sion of those questions that look toward the disposal of the crops, the general administration of the farm, and the relation of the farmer to the business world. Farm management is bound to occupy an increas- ing shaye of time in the agricultural course, at least so long as that course attempts to train farmers. But farm management discusses the aspects of agriculture as a business and approaches agriculture from the standpoint of the individual farmer; while agriculture is something more than a business, it is an industry. And because agriculture is an industry and indeed ranks among the leading industries, it is related to all other industries and must be con- 713 714 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. sidered in those relations. It is not an isolated occupation. It is sub- ject to economic laws. It prospers or lags, not merely because of its internal phases, so to speak, but also because of its external relations. It should therefore be studied as an industry as well as an art and a business and approached from the economic standpoint. And, finally, it may be said that the social point of view is absolutely necessary in agricultural as in all other education. Indeed, I question if it is not true that the great educational problem of the near future is to be not the conflict between cultural and vocational education, but the conflict between the technical preparation of the man as an expert and the proper training of that same man for his high duties, both political and social, in the community life. Agricultural economics should lead the student to the social viewpoint. This sketchy statement is hardly worthy the name of an argument for the study of agricultural economics and will not be presented as a formal plea for adopting this study, but it is possible that it may hint at the fundamental nature of the reasons that lie back of this movement. Until the material to be presented in the teaching of this subject is better organized than it is at present, a definition of agricultural eco- nomics ought to be provisional. Any definition is likely to be unsatis- factory from some point of view. Perhaps the boundaries of this subject could best be defined by indicating what lies outside of them, but contiguous to them. However, agricultural economics may be said to be the study of agriculture as an industry, using the word industry in its wide, economic sense. It is a discussion of agriculture in the light of the principles of political economy. It is the applica- tion of industrial or economic laws to the problems of the farmer. It may be distinguished from rural sociology in that the latter is the study of the social conditions under which farmers live and the social institutions that minister peculiarly to the farmers’ welfare. It may be distinguished from farm management in that the latter discusses the business and commercial phases of agriculture viewed from the standpoint of the individual farmer. Agricultural economics will impinge upon rural sociology at numerous points, because, in a full analysis, the economic and the sociological can not be entirely divorced. It may impinge upon farm management even more frequently, because many of the subjects of discussion are the same, although there is a wide difference in the point of view from which the subjécts are approached and in the method of treatment. It ought to be said that no claim will be made for agricultural economics as a new science, nor is it likely that those who carry on researches under its name or who teach its subject-matter will con- tribute materially to economic theory. Its method will be frankly descriptive rather than theoretical. But this fact need not detract af AGRIOULTURAL ECONOMICS. 715 from its value or dignity, because it is clearly evident that in modern economic study a large share of the best work is being done by those who are studying existing conditions. There is another consideration of some importance. The subject ought to be presented by an economist rather than by an agriculturist, because the subject-matter is primarily economic and not agricultural. But the economist who teaches this subject should be a man in thorough sympathy with practical agriculture and able to approach his subject from the standpoint of the actual conditions and needs of the agriculture of this country. Where it is not at present feasible to employ a specialist for the work, the teacher of agricultural economics should at least have had a thorough grounding in economics. I trust that the little band of keen-sighted professors of agriculture who have been wise enough within very recent years to give courses bearing on this general subject will take no offense at this statement. I am speaking ideally. Ultimately, specialists in economics connected with the land-grant colleges must do this work. They have at hand splen- did opportunity for labor in a field which is almost virgin soil. Ideally, again, the study of agricultural economics would not be an isolated subject, but would be a feature of a lengthened study of social science, extending over two or three years’ time, with a fair prepara- tion in the principles of economics and sociology and politics, followed by some consideration of the more important problems of the day that are economic, sociological, and political. With this general prepara- tion the student could then well spend at least one year in the study of agricultural economics and rural sociology. The immediate task, however, is that of endeavoring to outline what might be given ina course of agricultural economics to occupy a period of perhaps three hours per week for a term of from twelve to twenty weeks. It is hoped that the appended outline may be suggestive of what can easily be given in the average agricultural course of the land-grant colleges. It is not designed to be a final analysis of the subject of agricultural economics. OUTLINE FOR A SHORT LECTURE COURSE IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS. I. Characteristics of the agricultural industry. Dependence upon nature. Capital and labor as applied to agriculture. The laws of rent and of decreasing returns in agriculture. Relation of agriculture to other industries and to the welfare of mankind. II. History of the agricultural industry. In ancient times. Status in Europe prior to the eighteenth century. The struggle to maintain its standing after the advent of commerce and manufacture. 4 716 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Il. History of the agricultural industry—Continued. In the United States. The pioneer stage. Development of commercial agriculture. The new farming. Il]. Present status of the farming industry. The world’s food supply. Agricultural resources of the United States. Geographical factors. Soil, climate, fertility, natural enemies. Statistics of farms, farm wealth, production, ete. Leading subindustries—cereals, stock, etc. Distribution of production. IV. The agricultural market. Description of the market—local, domestic, foreign. Mechanism of the market. Banks and local exchange facilities. Middlemen. Boards of trade. Prices of agricultural products. Movements of. Agricultural competition. Depressions in agriculture. Influence of ‘‘options.”’ Transportation of agricultural products. Primary transportation—wagon roads and trolley lines. Railroad and water transportation. Facilities. Rates. Discriminations. Delivery methods. Incidents of the transportation system—elevators, ete. Imperfect distribution of agricultural products. Develcpment of the market. Increase of consumption of products—manufacture of farm products as a factor. The factor of choicer products. The factor of better distribution of products. The local market as a factor. The foreign market as a factor. VY. Business cooperation in agriculture. Historical sketch. Present status. Production. Marketing. Buying. Miscellaneous business cooperation. Difficulties and tendencies. VI. Agriculture and legislation. Land laws and land policy of the United States. Agriculture and the tariff. Agriculture and monetary legislation. Taxation and agriculture. Food and dairy laws. Government aid to agriculture. ——_- AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS. ve VII. Some current problems. Agricultural labor. Machinery and agriculture. Interest rates, indebtedness, ete. Tenant-farming. Large versus small farming. Business methods. Immigration and agriculture. If time permits, and the students have had adequate preparation in general economics, it would be profitable to dwell at some length upon the first two chapters of the outline. In the first the industry of agriculture may be described in economic terms and its economic character fully analyzed. In the second one could well spend some time in discussing the development of agriculture and its changing relations to other industries. But in the ordinary course likely to be given to agricultural students it will hardly be wise to do more with these topics than to make them a slight foundation for the subsequent descriptive work. It will be observed that American conditions natur- ally form the point of view of this outline. The most serious difficulties in offering this subject will arise in those institutions where the agricultural course is relatively inflexible and where the elective system has made small headway. Here the prime objection will be, ‘‘ There is not time.” It may be urged in reply that this same objection has been raised against almost every study that has been introduced in the last twenty years. But in spite of the objection the new subjects flourish and multiply exceedingly. Perhaps it will be a rather harsh and unsatisfactory answer to this objection to say, ‘*Take time.” Of course, if the subject is not more important than something else, it will be difficult to find a place for it in this inflexible curriculum. But if agricultural educators once concede the importance of the subject, a place will be made for it. Another objection will arise through the contention that there is ‘*no body of knowledge” that has been put into pedagogical form relating to this subject. That is true. It was true ten years ago of a score of subjects which are now taught successfully in our agricultural courses. Theoretically, it is a powerful objection; practically, it never long stands in the way of adopting a new course of study. There is already abundance of material at hand for a moderately satisfactory course in agricultural economics. The recent publications of the Department of Agriculture, the various reports of governments and States, the Federal census, the files of our best farm papers, and finally the valuable reports of the Industrial Com- mission, are easily accessible. All this information needs digesting and arranging, but it is far from being in a chaotic condition, and the requisite ‘* body of knowledge” can be fairly well organized without serious difficulty. It may be said in passing, however, that no phase 718 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. of economics or sociology offers a richer field for investigation than does agriculture. The request which came to me for this article said specifically that a discussion of possible work in agricultural economics was desired. I can not refrain, however, in closing, from making a plea for a broader view of the question and for urging agricultural educators to consider as a unit the whole subject of what, for want of a better term, we may call rural social science, and therefore to permit just as much attention to the study of rural sociology as to the study of agri- cultural economics. We need more well-equipped leaders on the farm, and these leaders will find that the questions confronting them are in no small degree sociological. Farmers’ organizations, better communication in rural districts, the country school, the country church, all the broad phases of agricultural education, are pressing problems in each farm community. They need the leadership of trained minds. Viewed in all broader aspects, these sociological ques- tions are of the greatest importance. Indeed, if I had to choose between a course in rural sociology and a course in agricultural economics, taking as a standpoint the need of the man who is getting his training in an agricultural college as a future farmer, I would be inclined to sacrifice the agricultural economics, because I believe that the adequate development of the social agencies for progress in rural life is of vital and immediate concern. If, however, the course in rural sociology can not be given, I would urge that a chapter be added to the outline submitted above, somewhat as follows. This will serve at least to call attention to the importance of the sociological factor in rural progress: VIII. Some sociological factors influencing the industry of agriculture. Movements of the farm population. Improvements in communication in rural districts—trolleys, telephones, mail delivery, roads. The country church. The rural school. Agricultural education. Farmers’ organizations and societies. Cooperation of the factors. INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE IN LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS FOR COLORED PERSONS. By D. J. Crossy, Office of Experiment Stations. The land-grant colleges for colored persons, which are supported mainly by National and State funds, constitute a class by themselves. In their organization and work they differ in so many respects from the land-grant colleges for whites that the general statements made regarding these colleges, considered as forming one system of educa- tional institutions, are often misleading. Much has been written about the facilities for agricultural education and the methods of instruction in agriculture in the land- grant colleges generally which is not really applicable to these institutions for the colored people of the South. It has therefore seemed desirable to give a separate account of the opportunities offered these people for instruction in agriculture in the land-grant institutions set apart by law for their race. It is intended to show (1) the requirements for admission to these institutions, (2) the number and character of courses offered and the degrees given, (3) the extent and character of instruction in agriculture, including, also, statements regarding the facilities for such instruction, and (4) some statistics showing the revenues, value of equipment, and number of students in these institutions. Incidentally, they will be compared collectively in certain of their features with similar institutions for white persons in the same States. There are 16 of the so-called ‘* land-grant” colleges and schools for colored persons, though, as a matter of fact, only 4 of them partici- pate in the benefits of the land-grant act of 1862. All, however, receive funds provided by the act of 1890, the amounts received by the different institutions being determined by the ratio of colored to white persons in the States establishing separate schools for the two races. In one State (Mississippi) the colored agricultural and mechanical college receives a larger percentage of the *tsecond Morrill fund” than that for white persons. The total revenue of the colored institutions in the fiscal year 1902-8 was $537,738.45. Of this amount $205,554.94 was received from the Federal Government, $159,264 from the States, and $172,919.51 from fees and other sources. The largest revenue ($194,046.96) was received by Hampton Normal and Agricultural 719 720 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Institute, and the smallest ($9,005.49) by the Delaware State College for Colored Students. The average total income per student was $88; that of the white colleges was $173—nearly twice as much. The equipment of these institutions is valued at nearly $2,000,000, of which 67 per cent is represented by buildings. The approximate total value of farms and grounds is $300,000; of apparatus, $41,400; of machinery, $83,300; of libraries, $380,400, and of live stock, $27,600. More than half of the live stock is owned by one institution—the Hampton Institute. That these institutions are gaining in wealth is shown by the fact that more than 8 per cent of their total equipment has been added during the past fiscal year. And yet, with two-thirds us many students as the land-grant colleges for whites, these insti- tutions have an equipment valued at less than one-third that in the colleges for whites. The total number of students in the colleges and schools for negroes in 1902-3 was 6,080; the number of graduates, 422; the number of degrees conferred, 119; the number of instructors, 346. There were 14.4 students for each graduate;, 51 students for each graduate froma degree course; 17.6 students for each instructor. In the colleges for whites in these States there were 9,171 students; 608 graduates; 608 degrees; 15 students for each graduate; 15 students for each graduate froma degree course, and 14.4 students for each instructor. In material equipment then—income, buildings, land, apparatus, machinery, and number of instructors—the colleges for whites are relatively much better off than those for negroes. On the other hand, the latter insti- tutions graduate a larger percentage of those enrolled than do the former. The statistics show that 71 per cent of the students in the negro institutions were in the preparatory courses and only 12 per cent in the collegiate courses. But of the graduates of these institutions only 28 per cent received bachelors’ degrees, and, furthermore, 269 (nearly 36 per cent) of the students reported as being in collegiate courses were in attendance at an institution which is admittedly a secondary school and grants no degrees; so it is safe to assume that not more than three or four per cent of the students in the land-grant colleges for negroes were in four-year courses leading to bachelors’ degrees. This, in itself, is not to be taken as an unfavorable criticism of the institutions, except in so far as the figures are slightly misleading, for it is known that much of the most useful work done by them is done in the secondary and special courses; but it is an indication of the grade of instruction that must be provided for nearly all of the people served in these colleges and schools. Most of these institutions are doing their utmost to meet the real, most urgent, and most immediate needs of the young people within AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. 722 their doors and to guide aright those who have gone out from the shadow of the college walls to labor among their people. And they are succeeding in their mission in just such proportion as they have inculcated lessons of temperance, morality, industry, and dignity of service, whether it be labor of the hands or of the head. ~ And yet there are some among the teachers in these schools who seem to forget that a child ‘‘must creep before it can walk,” who would teach the classics and the higher mathematics and theology and international law to the exclusion of a thorough grounding in English, arithmetic, and the industrial arts; who forget that it is the ‘* mission” (and it may be a most honorable mission, a most high calling) of the great majority of all the people, both black and white, to labor, to be producers. And these teachers are the ones who send out ‘‘kid- gloved” graduates to lives of miserable failure, whether it be as instructors and leaders among their people, or as producers of the necessities and comforts of life. In general, however, it may be said that considering their limited resources most of the negro schools endowed by the Federal Govern- ment are making an honest effort to offer their students good oppor- tunities for training along industrial lines. As regards agriculture, this is shown by the fact that all but one of them are teaching agricul- ture and more than one-fourth of all the matriculates in these schools are taking agricultural courses of some sort. This is a good showing, when it is considered that so many of those enrolled are in primary and grammar grades—when 71 per cent of all the students are in pre- paratory courses. It 1s a better showing by over 15 per cent than similar institutions for whites in the same States are making with only 14 per cent of preparatory students. This is not intended to bea comparison of the quality of instruction, but of the number taking agriculture as shown by official returns from each institution. It is likely that in the agricultural colleges for whites more peda- gogical courses and higher grades of instruction in agriculture are found, and it would be strange if this were not true. The negro, like the white man, has had to evolve his own courses in agriculture, but the latter has had the advantage of long experience in educational work, while the former is but 40 years from slavery. He has had text- books, but not the inspiration and guidance of experienced teachers. He has had the example of his white neighbor, but not the benefit of that white neighbor’s agricultural college, except in the rare cases where one of his own race has been trained in the colleges of the North. So, while we must admit that the Southern agricultural col- leges and schools for negroes have many shortcomings and many needs, a careful study of the whole situation must convince us that the outlook is, on the whole, very encouraging, that earnest and noble S. Doc. 148, 58-2——46 722 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATUONS, effort is meeting its reward in the upward trend of educational methods and in the more wholesome attitude of the negro race toward indus- trial education. And yet, optimistic as we may be, we should not lose sight of the fact that the institutions under consideration have many needs. Some of the more prominent of these needs as regards instruction in agri- culture may be summed up as follows: (1) Better instructors: These should be better trained in up-to-date methods of teaching agriculture and should have a broader and more hopeful view of the agricultural situation than is now prevalent in these institutions. They should be primarily teachers of agriculture; not teachers of chemistry or botany as related to agriculture. It would also be infinitely better if they could broaden their horizon by taking postgraduate work in some other college than the one from which they graduate. (2) Better text-books of agriculture: Many of those now in use are antiquated. At one time they were comparatively sound, but later and better books have appeared and should speedily replace those not thoroughly suited to the more modern method of teaching agriculture. (3) Better library facilities: Few of these schools have anything like adequate reference libraries. The total value of their libraries (330,396) is less than that of single libraries in many of the agricul- tural colleges for whites. (4) Better laboratory facilities: Only two or three of these insti- tutes have any laboratory equipment for teaching agriculture. (5) Better farm buildings, live stock, machinery, and other equip- ment: Some of these schools have farms with thoroughly modern equipment and are practicing diversified farming, but they are the exception to the general rule. (6) More liberal funds: It has been shown above that the income per student of the colored schools is scarcely more than half that of the colleges for whites. It will hardly be possible to make much improvement in their staff of instruction and material equipment until they have better financial support. (7) Better methods of instruction: These will surely come and can only come when the other needs are more or less fully supplied. With better-trained instructors, better text-books and library facili- ties, better laboratory and farm equipments and methods, we shall speedily have in these schools better methods of instruction and a more rational attitude toward the fundamental industry of the South. Detailed statements regarding the facilities and methods of instrue- tion in agriculture in the different colleges and schools for negroes in the South are given below. An article by C. L. Goodrich describing the methods of instruction in agriculture in Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is given on page 739. AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. 123 ALABAMA. Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama for Negroes, Normal. The Agricultural and Mechanical College offers a preparatory course of three years, a normal course extending over four years, an English primary course of three years, the pupils in which constitute a practice school for normal students, and three collegiate courses of four years each, viz: The agricultural course leading to the degree of bachelor of agricultural science; the mechanical course leading to the degree of bachelor of mechanical science, and the scientific course leading to the degree of bachelor of science. There are also industrial courses in carpentry, iron making, shoe making, broom making, chair bottoming, nurse training, sewing, millinery, cooking, laundering, printing, etc. Candidates for admission to the college and normal courses must present satisfactory evidence of good moral character and must be not less than 15 years of age. Younger persons of good moral character are admitted to the preparatory course and a limited number of chil- dren of any age into the English primary course. Agriculture and mechanics are taught throughout the first two years of the normal course. The agricultural course includes solid geometry, five hours per week for one term; structural, physiological, and field botany, daily throughout the freshman year; agricultural chemistry, daily throughout two terms of the freshman year; qualitative analysis, throughout one term; comparative physiology, one term in the sopho- more year; veterinary hygiene, one term in the sophomore year; geology, two terms in the junior year; mineralogy, entomology, and human anatomy, one term each in the junior year; general physies and zoology, two terms each in the junior year; political economy, two terms in the senior year; climatology, moral science, and meteorology, one term each in the senior year, besides the agricultural subjects, which are as follows: History of agriculture, drainage and irrigation, fertilizers, and stock breeding, one term each in the sophomore year; truck farming and horticulture, one term each in the junior year; forage plants, forestry, review of the United States Department of Agriculture bulletins, spraying of plants and agricultural engineering, one term each in the senior year. ‘* Experimental work” occurs daily through- out the course. The industrial course in agriculture extends over three years and is described in the catalogue of the institution as follows: FIRST YEAR—FIRST TERM. Lectures on soils, plants, domestic animals, and management of live stock and dairy. Goff’s Principles of Plant Culture. SECOND TERM. Diseases of live stock and domestic animals; practical gardening and management of live stock and dairy. 724 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. SECOND YEAR—FIRST TERM. Discussion of soils—their formation and classification, their physical defects and remedies; dairy farming continued. SECOND TERM. Lectures on the means to protect the soil from waste and restore fertility; arti- ficial and green fertilizers. THIRD YEAR—FIRST TERM. Practical gardening; floricultare and horticulture; farm drainage; planting and raising of grains, grasses, etc. SECOND TERM. Poultry, sheep, and cattle raising; management of dairy continued; pruning, graft- ing, and budding; bee culture and lectures on political economy. Instruction in agriculture is given by the professor of agriculture and one assistant. The buildings of the college comprise seven large college buildings, a number of smaller buildings, a new barn and dairy, and several of the old buildings that were on the farm before it was purchased for college purposes. The farm consists of nearly 200 acres of land on the Meridianyille pike, about 4 miles north of Hunts- ville. It is well stocked with mules, horses, Devon and Jersey cows, hogs, poultry, vehicles, and implements. There is also an orchard containing all the leading fruits of the region; a laboratory containing chemical, biological, and other apparatus, and a library of choice books, magazines, and journals. The different industrial departments are also provided with suitable reference books and text-books, and the literary and scientific departments with encyclopedias and other books to which all the students have access. ARKANSAS. Branch Normal College, Pine Bluff. This college is a department of the University of Arkansas, estab- lished in 1873 for the purpose of training teachers for the public schools of the State. The courses of study include a two-year prepara- tory course, a four-year normal course which comprises two years of college preparatory work and two years of college work, and a clas- sical college course of four years. Graduates of the normal course are granted the degree licentiate of instruction, and of the classical course the degree bachelor of arts. For admission to the normal course can- didates, if young men, must be at least 16 years of age, and if young women 14 years of age, and must pass satisfactory examinations in arithmetic, English grammar, geography, and United States history. Instruction in agriculture is not included in the curriculum of the college. All students are required to spend ten hours a week in sew- ing, typewriting, or shop work. 7 Senate Doc, No. 148 PLATE LIV. FIG. 1.—INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE FOR NEGROES—FLORIDA STATE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, STUDENTS THRASHING RYE. FiG. 2.—INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE FOR NEGROES—FLORIDA STATE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, STUDENTS SHREDDING CORN. . er’ ~ ot ’ ’ » ) it 7 a ‘ M 2 ? ‘“ 5 a aa - = cs 7 wf: . ‘ ~ Senate Doc. No. 148 PLATE LV. FiG. 1.—INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE FOR NEGROES—FLORIDA STATE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, Dairy HERD. FiG. 2.—INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE FOR NEGROES—FLORIDA STATE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, POULTRY. a” AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. 725 DELAWARE. State College for Colored Students, Dover. This college offers a four-year classical course leading to the degree bachelor of arts, a four-year scientific course leading to the degree bach- elor of science, a four-year engineering course leading to the degree bachelor of engineering, and a four-year agricultural course leading to the degree bachelor of agriculture. In addition there is a normal course of three years, the graduates of which receive certificates recommending them as teachers in the public schools of the State, and a two-year preparatory course. Applicants for admission to the college course must be at least 14 years of age and be able to pass a satisfactory examination in read- ing, writing, spelling, arithmetic, English grammar, and history of the United States, except in the classical course, where additional tests in rhetoric, algebra, and English classics are required. Students are admitted to the preparatory and normal courses without examina- tion. The first two years of the agricultural course is the same as the scientific course and include mathematics, botany, anatomy, biology, physical geography, English, history, chemistry, zoology, miner- alogy, and Latin. The agricultural subjects of the junior and senior years include breeding, drainage, feeding, vegetable physiology and pathology, dairying, fruit culture, horticulture, and physics of the soil. The agricultural faculty consists of one instructor in practical agri- culture. The agricultural students are required to take practical work in agriculture and horticulture averaging two hours a day. Laboratory practice is an important feature of instruction in botany, zoology, chemistry, and physics. The library of the college contains several hundred volumes. The college is located 2 miles north of Dover on the Loockerman farm, a tract of about 100 acres containing, in addition to the college buildings, a number of farm buildings and greenhouses, orchards, and small fruit plantations. FLORIDA. The Florida State Normal and Industrial School, Jullahassee. This institution includes a preparatory school and a normal school. The work of the school is organized in three departments—academie, agricultural, and mechanical—and boys who receive diplomas are required to complete the academic work and either the agricultural or the mechanical work, which are features of each term’s work in both the preparatory and the normal course. Applicants for admission to the normal course must be 16 years old, 726 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. and, in addition to being able to read and write, must have a fair knowledge of arithmetic, English grammar, and descriptive geogra- phy. No degrees are conferred. Graduates of the four-year normal course receiye diplomas which entitle them to first-grade certificates without examination. Agronomy, horticulture, animal husbandry, dairying, agricultural engineering, and rural economy are studied by the regular agricul-. tural class. Each subject is taken up by quarters and is given during two or three forty-minute periods a week. Short courses in botany and agricultural chemistry are given in connection with the agricul- tural work. Instruction is largely by means of lectures. The text- books used for the class room and reference purposes include the Principles of Agriculture for Common Schools, Windslow; First Principles of Agriculture, Voorhees; The Principles of Plant Culture, Goff; Botany, Bailey; Common-Sense Ideas for Dairymen, Blake; Feeds and Feeding, Henry. The students have free access to a library containing Government bulletins and periodicals and a few agricultural papers. Students are required to collect soils and experiment with them in glass boxes. They also spend three hours a day in field work (PL LIV, figs. 1 and 2). The instructors having charge of the agri- cultural work include a science teacher, a teacher of dairying, and a teacher of poultry raising and practical farm work. The building used for agricultural classes contains two small rooms used for dairy- ing and one for the class room. The dairy rooms are equipped with separators, milk testers, butter workers, scales, fertilizers, churns, cream vats, and a refrigerator. The college farm contains about 160 acres, upon which are grown peas, corn, potatoes, millet, sugar cane, oats, rye, and garden vege- tables. Some experiments have been made with legumes. The farm animals include 2 mules, + horses, 16 dairy cows (PI. LY, fig. 1), a Jersey bull, about 40 head of hogs, and 75 or 80 chickens (Pl. LV, fig. 2). Students are required to do all the field work. GEORGIA. Georgia State Industrial College, College. This college is a department of the State university. The courses of study offered are the industrial, three-year preparatory, three-year normal, and four-year collegiate. For admission to the college, stu- dents must be not less than 14 years of age, of good moral character, and able to pass ‘‘an entrance examination.” Agriculture does not appear in the curriculum as a subject for study - and recitation, but is givenas an industrial subject. Students are given employment and instruction on the farm and in the dairy. There is a AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. (21 special dairy course given during two months in the winter, which includes instruction in the care of the dairy herd, feeds and feeding, milk as a food, dairy machinery, butter making, and general care of a modern dairy. This instruction is given by the foreman of the farms. A library of about 600 volumes is available for the students. The college buildings include a dormitory, two school buildings, farm- house, blacksmith shop, wheelwright and carpenter shops, and four cottages for the faculty. The campus contains about 35 acres and the college farm 51 acres. The latter is fairly well equipped with agri- cultural implements, and contains a dwelling for the superintendent and a barn. KENTUCKY. The Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute for Colored Persons, Irankfort. The courses of study offered include a three-year preparatory course, a three-year normal course, and a four-year teacher’s course. Candi- dates for admission must be at least 16 years of age, possess good health, good moral character, and sign a written pledge to teach so far as practicable in the common colored schools of Kentucky a period equal to twice the time spent in the school. Agriculture is not taught in the normal department, but is one of the features of the industrial department. All young men must work one hour a day, and those choosing agricultural work are given instrue- tion in dairying, soils, seeds and growth of plants, flowers, fertilizers and fertile soil, cultivation of the soil, rotation of crops, farm animals and implements, and other agricultural subjects. The library contains Johnson’s How Crops Feed and How Crops Grow; Storer’s Agricul- ture, and the publications of the Department of Agriculture. The farm contains 300 acres and affords excellent opportunities for work, many of the students earning enough to defray their expenses. There are a number of farm animals, including a herd of Holstein and Jersey cattle. LOUISIANA. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, New Orleans. The Southern University is divided into six departments as follows: (1) College, offering four-year classical and scientific courses. (2) Nor- mal school, offering a three-year course. (3) High school (college preparatory), four-year course. (4) Grammer school, three-year course, including sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. (5) Department of music. (6) Industrial department, including agricultural school, mechanical school, girls’ industrial school, dairy school, school of printing, and school of bookkeeping and typewriting. Any colored resident of Louisiana may be admitted to the university after examina- tion, and will be classified according to his attainments. 128 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The agricultural and mechanical departments have been organized since 1890. The agricultural course is a secondary course correspond- ing in grade to the college preparatory course. The class-room work consists very largely of instruction in agricultural chemistry to which three hours per week are devoted during the first and second years, five hours during the third year, and review work during the first term of the fourth year. The subjects treated in this connection include organic and inorganic substances, the relation of air and water to soil, germination of seeds, drainage, manures and fertilizers, classification of plants, farm crops, chemical affinity and chemical decomposition, formulas of compounds, vegetable organic compounds, reproductive organs of plants, ete. Carried along with this work is the practical work in field, laboratory and farm buildings, five to fourteen hours per week. Attention is given to the application of fertilizers, care, breeding, and feeding of stock, dairying, truck farming, and fruit cul- ture. The dairy schoo] has been in operation on the farm since 1896. The course covers two years. Instruction is given by the superin- tendent of the agricultural section. A library of some 4,000 volumes is available to all students, as are also a number of periodicals and a fairly representative list of modern text-books on agricultural subjects. The principal buildings at the university—those in which the aca- demic instruction is given—are located in the city of New Orleans. One of these is the laboratory building for chemistry and physies in which instruction in agricultural chemistry is given. A second group of buildings is on the university farm, 4 miles up the river from the city limits. These include the old plantation buildings, dwellings for workmen, a two-story frame dormitory and dairy building, barns and hog house, stable for cows and horses, and other farm buildings. The farm consists of about 100 acres of Mississippi River alluvium upon which all the staple crops of the region are grown. It is stocked with 7 Jersey and Holstein cows, a Jersey bull, 2 horses, 4 mules, 11 hogs, and 100 fowls. MARYLAND. Princess Anne Academy, Princess Anne. Eastern Branch of Maryland Agricultural College. This is a secondary school devoted largely to the preparation of students for Morgan College, in Baltimore, with which it is associated. The courses of study offered include a normal preparatory course, a secondary academic course of four years, and a normal course of four | years, differing from the academic course only in the subjects of instruction during the last two years. Academic and normal students are required to spend not less than three hours per day in ‘‘ industrial experiment.” AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. ‘ 729 The industrial course includes agriculture, and the subjects consid- ered under this head: are soils, seeds, fertilizers, seeding, cultivation, harvesting, marketing, animal industry, poultry breeding, and dairy- ing. Attention is also given to the care of tools and their construc- tion and use, also the use of incubators, brooders, and the latest and most improved dairy apparatus, such as separators, churns, and testers. Practice work in the making of butter and care and marketing of cream is a feature of dairy instruction. For the girls a home garden department with instruction in the care of vegetables, fruits, and flowers has been provided. This is to show how home conditions can be improved and the usefulness of the home garden enhanced. Agricultural instruction is given by the instructor in agriculture and animal industry and the foreman of the farm. The buildings of the academy include a class room, mechanics’ building, and several dormi- tories and farm buildings. The farm consists of 128 acres, mostly under cultivation. MISSISSIPPI. Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College, Westside. Students who can pass an examination in the fourth reader, ele- mentary arithmetic to fractions, elementary geography, spelling and grammar, are admitted to a graded course in this institution covering three years and leading up to the college preparatory course. Lectures in agriculture are given throughout the first year of the graded course; text-book work, with Gulley’s Agriculture, during the second year, and with McBryde’s during the first term of the third year. The college preparatory course covers two years and includes a study of the First Principles of Agriculture, by Voorhees, during the second term of the junior year, and an industrial course throughout the senior year. The college scientific course of four years follows. In this course instruction in horticulture is given in the second term of the sophomore year; in feeding, with Armsby’s text-book, during the first term of the senior year, and in the Physics of Agriculture (King) dur- ing the second and third terms of the senior year. The text-book work is supplemented by lectures and practicums, the latter consisting chiefly of field work. The lectures include the composition of matter, origin and composition of soil for crops, rota- tion of crops, improvement of farm stock, insects injurious to farm and garden, breeds of live stock, etc. There are also special courses in agriculture including the following: Elements of agriculture, chem- istry, botany, practical farming, agricultural chemistry, insects inju- rious to farm and garden, horticulture, practical farming, how crops grow, cattle feeding, and breeds of live stock. All of this instruction is given by the instructor in agriculture. 730 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The college has a well-selected library of about 2,700 volumes, be- sides numerous pamphlets, magazines, weekly and daily papers. The buildings include 3 recitation buildings, 5 dormitory buildings, and a laboratory containing 6 rooms for the natural sciences, besides a number of dwellings for members of the faculty. The college owns 300 acres of land which is deyoted to campus, garden, and pasture. The farm is stocked with 10 mules, a herd of Devon cattle, a number of hogs, and numerous agricultural implements. Most of the staple farm crops, fruits, and garden vegetables are produced. MISSOURI. Lincoln Institute, Jefferson City. In this institution there is a four-year college course leading to the degree bachelor of arts. This is preceded by a three-year college preparatory course and a four-year normal course nearly parallel with the college preparatory course. There are also three-year industrial courses in carpentry, blacksmithing, machinery, sewing, and cooking. A subnormal course covering two years serves as a preparatory course for the normal, college preparatory, and industrial courses. Graduates in the normal course receive diplomas which entitle them to teach in any county of the State without examination. Agriculture is required of all students in the subnormal, normal, and college preparatory departments. The theoretical instruction is given by the professor of science in the scientific department of the college, and farm practice is given under the direction of the farm manager. The buildings of the institution include a large, well- appointed main building, with class rooms, assembly hall, library, and laboratories; two dormitories, a mechanical building, a residence for the president, and a cottage on the farm for the manager. The farm consists of 25 acres, mostly under cultivation. NORTH CAROLINA. State Agricultural and Mechanical College for the Colored Race, (reensboro. The North Carolina Agricultural and Mechanical College for the colored race offers two four-year courses of study, the agricultural lead- ing to the degree of bachelor of agriculture, and the mechanical leading to the degree of bachelor of science. There are also indus- trial or trade courses and academic or college preparatory courses. Candidates for admission to the college courses must be not less than 14 years of age, must understand fairly well the forms and rules of the English language, must*be familiar with arithmetic, and have a knowledge of history. In the college courses there is a total of 247 credits, of which 225 are necessary for graduation. A credit consists of one hour a week AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. 731 of class-room recitation or two hours a week of industrial work for one term. ‘The requirements for graduation in the agricultural course are as follows: Mathematics, 55; English, 35; geography, 10; wood- work, 3; drawing, 6; blacksmithing, 3; shoe and harness shop, 3; physics, 7; chemistry, 18; bookkeeping, +; mechanics, 2; agriculture, 47; horticulture, 23; industrial, 26; and thesis, 5. Candidates for diplomas are required to complete all the industrial courses. The courses offered by the agricultural department are described in the college catalogue as follows: COURSES IN AGRICULTURE. Course I. Elementary principles of agriculture.—Three credits. This term’s work is designed to give the student a sort of bird’s-eye view of the whole field of agricul- ture in an elementary way. It will be freely illustrated by experiment in the labo- ratory. It is required of all students to take this course, as it will aid them to choose intelligently between the agricultural or the mechanical course, which should be done at the end of the first year. Text: Elementary Principles of Agriculture.— McBryde. * * * * * * * Course III. Physical geography.—Five credits. The course is illustrated by means of lantern slides and experiments. Text: Tarr’s Physical Geography. Course IV. Breeding.—Two credits. Such subjects as atavism, variation, selection, heredity, line breeding, and in-and-in breeding are discussed. Collateral reading ‘ required. Text: Animal Breeding.—Shaw. Course V. Dairying.—Three credits. Lectures and recitation work. The com- position, secretion, and production of milk is thoroughly discussed. Butter and cheese making are studied according to the latest and most improyed methods. Text: Milk and Its Products.—Wing. Course VI. Bacteriology.—Three credits. Lectures are given on the nature of bacteria, their relation to other plants, supplemented by laboratory work. Course VII. Agricultural bacteriology.—Five credits. The relation of bacteria to the soil and the manure heap, to the ripening of cream and cheese, to various dis- eases, etc., is thoroughly discussed. Text: Agricultural Bacteriology.—Conn. Course VIII. Entomology.—Three credits. The subject is taught by means of lectures and the student is required to read up on topics assigned him by the instructor. The most common insects and insecticides are studied, Course IX. Forage crops.—Three credits. Lectures are given on the adaptability of the various crops that can be successfully and profitably grown in North Carolina to special soils, methods, and seeding; preparation of seed bed and pasturing are also discussed. Collateral reading required. Course X. Plant diseases.—Three credits. Lectures and laboratory work. Com- mon diseases, such as the cereal rusts and insects; diseases of cotton, tobacco, and fruit trees are studied with the aid of the compound microscope. Course XI. Ieeding.—Five credits. The laws of nutrition and the composition of animal bodies are briefly discussed. The composition and digestibility, market and food value of the various food stuffs are discussed. Nutritive ratios and the practical application of same in compounding ratios for the various farm animals are carefully considered. Collateral reading required. Text: Feeding of Animals.—Jordan. Course XII. Velerinary science.—Three credits. The common diseases of farm animals are briefly discussed, together with remedies for same, Some practice work in caring for sick animals is also provided with the student. Text: Veterinary FEle- ments. —Hopkins. 732 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Course XIII. Meteorology.—Two credits. Movements of the atmosphere, character of winds, cyclones, tornadoes, thunderstorms, and weather forecasting are discussed. COURSES IN HORTICULTURE. Course I. Botany.—Two credits. The various parts of plants arestudied. Lectures — will be given twice per week. Course Il. Botany.—Five credits. Such subjects as how the plant takes up food from the soil and the atmosphere; the effect of sunlight, air, and moisture on plants are noted. Diseases of plants and remedies for same are discussed in an elementary way. Given in connection with Course I—Agriculture. Text: Elementary Botany.— Bailey. Course III. Propagation of plants.—Three credits. Methods of propagating plants by cuttings, stallons, suckers, layering, seeds, etc., are discussed. The principles underlying budding, grafting, and pruning are also discussed. Text: Principles of Plant Culture.—Goff. Course IV. Small fruit cultwre-—Two credits. Methods of propagating and culti- vating various kinds of small fruit are discussed, together with the preparation of soil for same. Course V. Market gardening.—Three credits. A study of the different crops adapted to market gardening and adapted to North Carolina is made. Construction and management of hotbeds, cold frames, special fertilizers for vegetable crops, packing, shipping, and marketing are also considered. Text: Vegetable Gardening.— Bailey. Course VI. Pomology.—Two credits. Planting of fruit trees, tilling and fertilizing fruit lands. Planting and caring for orchards, picking, packing, storing, and shipping __ fruit are discussed. Text: Fruit Growing.—Bailey. Course VII. Plant breeding.—Two credits. Methods of crops, fertilizing plants, originating new varieties, and how to improye old varieties are discussed. Course VIII. Landscape gardening.—Two credits. Principles of embellishing land- scapes, planting and management of woodlands, management of forests are discussed. Text: Landscape Gardening.—Maynard. COURSES IN PHYSICS. Course I. Mechanics, hydraulics, hydrostatics, and pneumatics. Three hours. Course II. Heat, magnetism, and electricity. Two hours. Course III. Sound and light. Two hours. Course IV. Agricultural physics.—Five credits. The power of soils to retain mois- ture, effect of deep and shallow cultivation, methods of constructing farm buildings, ventilation, road making, draft of wagons and plows, ete., are fully discussed. Text: Physics of Agriculture.—King. Course V. Physical laboratory work in mechanics of masses, liquids, gant, and heat. Three hours. Course VI. Agricultural physics laboratory work.—Two hours. This course will accompany Course IV with detailed experiments to show the rate of percolation of water through soils; capillary attraction; effect of different kinds of mulches; deter- mination of specific gravity and specific heat; and the mechanical analysis of soils. The department has been recently equipped with the latest apparatus for soil work. COURSES IN CHEMISTRY. Course I. General chemistry lectures.—Three credits. Course II. General chemistry lectures and laboratory work. Three credits. Course ITI. Qualitative analysis. Laboratory work. Three credits. During this term the student becomes familiar with testing for the metals and especially the 14 which enter into the composition of plant and animal life. . PLATE LVI. 148 nate Doc. No Se INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE FOR NEGROES—NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE FOR THE COLORED RACE, MAIN BUILDING. = a \ Senate Doc, No. 148 PLATE LVII. FiG. 1.—GREENHOUSE WORK. FiG. 2.—MAKING CUTTINGS. Fic. 4.—GRAFTING AND POTTING Fic. 5.—GREENHOUSE. Room. INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE FOR NEGROES—NORTH CAR- OLINA AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE FOR THE COLORED RACE. AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. 733 Course IV. Qualitative analysis. Laboratory work. Two credits. Text: Apple- ton’s Qualitative Analysis. Course V. Agricultural chemistry.—Two credits. Lectures on the chemical compo- sition of soils, plants, and animals. The function of the various elements necessary for plant growth and the various compounds for animal nutrition are discussed. Course VI. Quantitative analysis.—Five credits. Instruction is given in the analysis of soils, fertilizers, and feeding stuffs, the object being to acquaint the student with the chemical composition of soils, fertilizers, and feeding stuffs, so that he may intel- ligently make use of reports and bulletins of experiment stations dealing with the chemical composition of various agricultural products. Course VII. Animal toxicology.—Two credits. Lectures are given on the poison- ous plants and insects injurious to stock; the symptoms of poisoning by paints, pigments, insecticides, matches, and vermin poison; the sources, elimination, and antidotes of stock poison, etc. INDUSTRIAL COURSES. . (Two hours of practice work in Industrial Courses count one hour’s credit. ) Course I. Greenhouse management.—Three credits. Practical work is given in the care and management of greenhouses. Students are required to grow and care for various flowers, such as carnations, roses, hyacinths, freesias, narcissus, etc., as well as various foliage plants, like ferns and palms. Course IL. Propagation.—Given alternately with Course III. Three credits. Prac- tice is given in making cuttings, in potting, rooting, grafting, budding, ete. Each student is required to make at least 2,000 cuttings from 20 different kinds of plants and to root and pot same. He is also taught how to prepare various fungicides and insecticides, how and when to apply them. Course III. Gardening under glass.—Two credits. Such plants as lettuce, beans, cucumbers, eggplant, tomatoes, ete., are grown under glass, and the student will be required to care for them and become thoroughly familiar with every detail of fore- ing plants for the winter and very early spring market. Course IV. Market gardening.—Two credits. Practice is given in transplanting plants from the greenhouse or cold frames to the field. Attention is also given to raising early vegetables on a commercial scale. Course V. Care of live stock.—Two credits. The student is required to go into the various barns of the college and obtain practice in feeding cows, horses, hogs, chick- ens, etc.; to learn various methods of feeding and make records of feeding experi- ments, to study the milk records and compare same with the various types of dairy cows. Course VI. Milk and cream testing.—Two credits. The student is taught how to test milk and cream; he is made familiar with the Babcock test for fat; he is also expected to test milk for adulterants, determine its specific gravity, total solids, the amount of water it contains, and is required to make at least two tests of each cow in the college herd. He also becomes expert in testing cream for acidity according to at least two different methods. Course VII. Butter making.—Two credits. Thorough drill is given in butter making according to the most improved methods. Considerable drill is also given in making neat and attractive packages, in sorting and scoring butter, ripening cream, etc. Course VIII. Management of dairy.—Three credits. The student is expected to go into the dairy and take charge of the work under the supervision of an instructor. He receives instruction in the care and management of separators and obtains more practice in butter making. He is also expected to keep the dairy accounts and records. 734 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Course IX. Management of farm.—Three credits. Practice is given in directing the work on the college farm under the supervision of the foreman of the farm. Course X. Poultry raising.—Two credits. Practice is given in caring for poultry, in the management of incubators, brooders, ete. Instruction is given by the professor of agriculture and chemistry, two assistants, and the director of industries. Most of the class reei- tations are in the main building (Pl. LVI). This is a large brick building with stone and terra-cotta trimmings, two stories high with basement. In the basement is the chemical laboratory, and on the first floor physical, chemical, and bacteriological laboratories and library. The remainder of the building is devoted to class rooms. The barn is a modern structure of wood and brick, the basement of which is used for dairy cattle and second floor for horses and farm implements. The dairy is a two-story brick and wood building, con- taining on the first floor a separating room and butter-making room and on the second floor a milk-testing laboratory, offices, and reading room. The dairy is well equipped with modern separators, churns, butter workers, refrigerators, Babcock tests, and other dairy apparatus. There are also three greenhouses—one for the forcing of carnations, one for roses and other flowers, and one for early vegetables. The equipment for laboratory work in physics is modern in every respect and includes a ball-bearing balance, 50 cubic centimeter flasks for specitic-gravity work, brass tubes for the determination of volume weight, apparent specific gravity and porosity of soils, apparatus to determine the power of loose and compact soils to retain moisture and the rate of percolation of water through soils, a set of galvanized-iron cylinders to show the effect of mulches or evaporation of water from soil, and a set of glass tubes for determining the capillary attraction of soils. The farm of 125 acres is stocked with a fine herd of 35 pure-bred and grade Jersey cows and equipped with the most improved farm machinery and labor-saving devices. Corn, wheat, and potatoes are the most important crops, while other vegetables are grown to such extent as the market demands. A barn and 90-ton silo are the princi- pal buildings on this farm. The college has purchased and received as donations from a number of firms a considerable amount of farm machinery, plows, harrows, cultivators, a seed drill, a corn harvester, and various tools and machines for market gardening. OKLAHOMA. Agricultural and Normal University, Langston. This institution was established in 1897 and now has several substan- tial stone and brick buildings, including fairly well equipped shops, dormitories for boys and girls, and the president’s house. ‘The four- year courses offered by the university are the classical, scientific, AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. 735 normal, mechanical engineering, and agricultural. There are also three-year college preparatory and architectural courses and four-year elementary courses. During the past year there have been no students in the collegiate courses. The agricultural course as outlined in the catalogue of the institu- tion includes the study of soils, crops, manures, farm equipment, breeds of live stock, plans of farm building, and judging live stock during the first year; farm economy, farm motors, farm roads, milk analysis, foods and food adulteration during the second year; horti- culture, soil analysis, stock breeding and feeding, farm dairying, and drainage during the junior year, and diseases of animals in the first term of the senior year. The other subjects in the course include mathematics, beginning with trigonometry, English beginning with rhetoric, mechanical drawing, shop work, botany, biology, chemistry, vegetable pathology, comparative anatomy and physiology, history, surgery and sanitation, psychology, human physiology, geology, moral philosophy, and political economy. Instruction in agriculture is given partly by lectures and partly by text-books by one instructor. Students have access to a library of about 600 volumes, including a number of publications of this Department. The college farm com- prises about 160 acres, 90 of which are available for cultivation and 40 for pasture. The only farm building is a barn of very limited capacity and equipment. There is a span of mules, one horse, and one cow, also a few farm implements and machines. About 50 stu- dents have been taking agriculture during the past year. SOUTH CAROLINA. Colored Normal, Industrial, Agricultural, and Mechanical College, Orangeburg. This institution admits children of kindergarten grade to the school and provides instruction that will carry them through college courses leading to degrees. The degrees given are bachelor of arts for the regular college course, bachelor of agriculture for the agricultural course, bachelor of science for the mechanical course, and licentiate of instruction for the normal course. Students entering any of the col- lege courses are required to pass examinations or present equivalents in English grammar, history, composition, geography, arithmetic, algebra through quadratic equations, elementary physics, botany, and physiology. Freshmen in the agricultural course have four hours a week of plane geometry throughout the year; two hours a week of Genung’s Outlines of Rhetoric; two hours a week for one term of English classies: four hours a week of agriculture; five hours a week of farm work, and eight hours a week of industries. Sophomores have solid geometry, 736 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. four hours; rhetoric, two hours; history of civilization, two hours; English literature, two hours; chemistry, four hours; agriculture, four hours; farm work, five hours; and industries, eight hours. The sub- jects and hours for the junior class are: English literature, 2; agricul- ture, 4; botany, 3; physics, 3; chemical laboratory, 4; military science, 2; farm and dairy work, 2; and industries, 8. For the senior class the subjects and hours are: English literature, 2; chemistry, 4; geology, 3; agriculture, 4; physiology, 2; horticulture, 3; military science, 1; farm and dairy work, 5; and industries, 8. Instruction in agriculture is given by the president of the college, who is also professor of agriculture, by means of lectures, recitations, and practicums. The nature and extent of the work is indicated in the following description of courses from the catalogue of the institution for 1902-3: The soil.—A study of the origin, formation, and classification of the soils with refer- ence to theiragricultural value; the conditions of fertility and the circumstances that influence it; indications of fertility, barren, and exhausted soils; improvement of soils, physical properties of soils, including their relations to air, water, and heat; capillarity, diffusion, and solution, as related to soil texture; farm drainage, including methods of construction; irrigation, tillage, plowing, subsoiling, harrowing, ete. Principles of manure and manuring.—Constituents of plants, sources and specific action of the various elements of plant food; crops and materials used as fertilizers; methods of farming in relation to the conservation of fertility. Farm crops.—Plant breeding; variation, selection, self and cross fertilization; prac- tical methods of increasing the yield of crops; conditions of germination and plant growth, rotation of crops; planting, growing, harvesting, and storing crops. Animal husbandry.—This work begins with a careful study of the types of domestic animals. The score card is the basis in judging beef and dairy cattle, draft and light horses, swine, and poultry. After the student has become familiar with the most approved types, he studies the principles and methods of successful breeding, heredity, atavism, variation, selection, fecundity, ete. Agricultural engineering.—Construction of barns, stables, and other shelters, fences, etc. Road building is considered with special reference to country roads. Some attention is given to the mechanics of farm implements and machines. Stock feeding.—The laws of animal nutrition; composition of the animal body; fodders, the source of nutrients; digestion, resorption, circulation, respiration, and excretion; formation of muscle, flesh, and fat; composition and digestibility as determining the value of feeding stuffs, their preparation and use; feeding for fat, for milk, for work, and for growth. A portion of the time is devoted to practicums, in which the student is required to compound rations and feed them, carefully record- ing the results. , Dairying.—Breeding and improvement of the herd; management and equipment of the farm dairy. One half of the student’s time is devoted to practical work in the college dairy, which is fully equipped. Experiments in agriculture.—The work consists of lectures on methods of experi- ment-station work and critical studies of bulletins. The student is required to make abstracts of a sufficient number of bulletins bearing on a selected line of work, to become familiar with their scope and aim. He is also required to plan and conduct an original experiment, using the results obtained as the basis for a thesis. Entomology.—Classification of insects sufficient to enable the student to distinguish between useful and injurious insects and to apply remedies intelligently. AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. 737 Agricultural chemistry.—Soil, its formation, composition, alteration by mechanical, chemical, biological agencies; its relation to light, heat, and moisture. Soil physics in general. Manures, natural and artificial; their composition, application, value. Theory of rotation of crops; extensive and intensive cultivation; industrial agricul- ture in general. Farm sanitation; air, respiration, vitiated air and yentilation, infection, contagion, germ theory of disease. Water, potable water, hard and soft; impurities in it and their effects on health and life. Food, composition and general properties; preservation of food and food adulterations. Butter making.—The running of separators; ripening and churning of cream; the proper acidity of cream to secure best flavor; how to churn, wash, and salt butter so as to avoid specks and mottles; to secure good grain and best methods for preparing for market are some of the points which receive special attention, As all creamery men should be able to judge butter from a commercial standpoint, students are trained daily in the art of scoring butter by the score card. In the spring term, during the months of April and May, a special study is made of the relation of bacteriology to the dairy, tracing the various changes that take place in milk and its products to the action of bacteria; the isolation and culture of bacteria found in milk and dairy products, microscopic examination of milk, and a study of the influences of the size of globules on the creaming of milk and churning of cream. During the month there will be practice work in the creaming of milk, ripening of cream, churning and packing butter, and the making of cheese adapted especially for domestic manufacture and home use. The industrial features of the agricultural course include practical farming, dairying, and cheese making, and are under the control of the superintendent of the farm. The college is well provided with large, substantial, and well-equipped buildings for class rooms, lab- oratories, and dormitories, besides industrial buildings in which the various trade courses are taken. The farm, consisting of 130 acres, is adjacent to the campus. TEXAS. Prairieview State Normal and Industrial College, Prairieview. This college is a branch of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, located at College Station. It offers a normal course cover- ing four years, and a collegiate course covering two years additional to the normal course. - Candidates for admission to the normal course are required to pass an examination or present equivalents in arith- metic as far as percentage, orthography, English grammar and com- position, geography, Texas history, and history of the United States. The minimum age limit is 16 years. Graduates of the normal course receive a teacher’s diploma, and those of the college course the degree bachelor of arts or bachelor of science. A diploma from the college is equivalent to a permanent State teacher's certificate. During the four years of the normal course agriculture is taught under the head of ‘* Industrial theory and practice,” which is made a part of each term’s work throughout the six years of the two courses, It is described in the catalogue of the institution as follows: S. Doe. 148, 58-2——-47 reé 738 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. COURSE IN AGRICULTURE. FIRST YEAR. First term.—Structure and classification of soil. Care of stock. Composting. Second term.—Preparation of soil. Use of implements. Pruning, grafting, and cutting. Third term.—Cultivation and habits of plants. Lectures. SECOND YEAR. First term.—Stock judging. Harvesting. Drainage. Second term.—Selection, manner, and time of planting seed. Animal physiology. Third term.—Animal physiology. THIRD YEAR. First term.—Arboriculture. Subsoil. Taproot. Second term.—Veterinary science (text-book). Orchards and small fruits. Third term.—Economic entomology. Lectures. FOURTH YEAR. First term.—Dairying. Cutting and rooting. Second term.—Horticulture (market gardening). Hotbed forcing. Root crops. Third term.—Farm management and business. Vegetable physiology. JUNIOR YEAR. First term.—V egetable physiology. Agricultural chemistry. SENIOR YEAR. First term.—Agricultural botany. Road making. The college provides a special course in dairy husbandry (feeding of dairy stock, feeding for milk) use of separator, and also conducts a class in butchering. Instruction in agriculture is given by the professor of agriculture, the foreman of the farm, and a student assistant. Instruction is by means of lectures, text-books, and laboratory and field work. The text-books used are Lupton’s Agriculture and Morrow and Hunt’s Soils and Crops. Students have access to a reference library contain- ing a number of carefully selected volumes and to current magazines and other reading matter. Among the agricultural works are the bulletins of the different experiment stations in the United States and a number of the best agricultural papers. The principal buildings are the Academic Hall, containing offices, laboratory, library and reading room, chapel, and recitation rooms; the shop, a one-story structure, containing the woodworking and blacksmithing shops; a steam laundry, power plant, etc., and five or six dormitories. The college farm comprises 1,500 acres, upon which grain, cotton, hay, forage crops, and live stock are the principal assets. Pure-bred and graded cattle and hogs are kept for purposes AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. 739 of instruction and practice in farm operations. There is also a good outfit of farm implements, including reaper, corn and cotton plant- ers, and a variety of plows, harrows, and cultivators. VIRGINIA. Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Hampton. This institution was opened to negro children in 1868 and to Indian children in 1878. The courses of study offered include a three-year academic course followed by. two-year normal, agricultural, business, domestic art, and domestic science courses. There are also numerous trade courses and summer normal courses. A practice school, admit- ting children from the kindergarten up, is connected with the institute. For admission to the academic department applicants must be able to read well in books corresponding to the third reader, to write ina fair hand a paragraph or simple letter in English, and to pass satisfac- tory examinations both in mental and written work in the first four rules of arithmetic, in United States money, liquid, dry, and long measure, avoirdupois weight, and common and decimal fractions. Applicants for admission to the more advanced courses must be graduates of the academic course or must pass examinations equivalent to that course. 3 The equipment of the institute includes 60 buildings, several hundred acres of land, and all the necessary apparatus, machinery, live stock, ete. A description of the agricultural features of the instruction and equipment is given in the following article, prepared at our request by the officer in charge of the agricultural department of the institute: METHODS AND FACILITIES FOR INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE AT THE HAMPTON NORMAL AND AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE. By C. L. Goopricn, Professor of Agriculture, in Charge of the Agricultural Department. The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is a land-grant institution. Hampton differs, however, from the majority of land- grant colleges in that her pupils are negroes and Indians. ‘It is an industrial school and its course of instruction is not carried to so high an academic degree as in other land-grant institutions. The academic course covers the ground from the kindergarten through about two years of high-school work, barring all languages but English. The work from the kindergarten through the fifth grade is carried onin the Whittier School. This is the practice school of the institute and is attended by about 400 children from the imme- diate vicinity. The institute proper is attended by about 700 boarding students, girls and boys, from all parts of the South. Hampton offers 740 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. to students attending the institute proper an academic course covering three years, fourteen trade courses, and several post-graduate courses. The academic students attend school during the day, while the trade students attend night school for their academic training. The following schedule of subjects and time periods in each week will give a somewhat definite idea of the course and the relative amount of time given to agriculture: Junior year. Periods. Middle year. Periods. | Senior year. Periods. BMelishi..-<<5 sees aes Si SB Slish: ose saree 8.) Englishi.--..2o.c2ee- eee 8 ATItHMeIC + .o2 252s. 4)) -Arithmetie=4-245-255 4 | Geometry: 2. 222. 2teae eee 3 Bookkeeping ........--.- 2 Geography .......--- 4 | Geography .......-... | 4 Historywacs csc tenet 4°) Bistory 225) s-2s ees 3 NG@WS'sk0 st eee 2 || \CLyIGS=.25. =. eee 3 Methods and psychology 4 IWRC). on 22 250 sees 2. AMUsiers te 8 2aat ae 1. | Music. >. 3... 3222-2 2h YAWANE ss oc oo So seee 2.|: Drawing? =. 20.05 oso -ee 2’ | Drawing. 2. osebaseseeeee 1} Phypiolory . $2544. < 2 | IPINVRIGH Sse cme onan 2 z PHYSICS= 38 eee ee 1i Manual! training .... 4 | Manual training..... 4 | Manual training ......-- 4 Agriculture .......-- 3) | SApTICUlbUTes Jee <.cnees 2°| Agriculture .2- 2222 sees | 2 The academic term is thirty weeks; a recitation period is forty minutes. From this it will be seen that each pupil, trade as well as academic, is required to take some instruction in agriculture. This instruction in agriculture reaches down into the Whittier School, each child there receiving instruction in the subject two periods of thirty minutes each per week. In addition to this required agriculture, the institute offers a three- year post-graduate course, also special elective courses of one year in several branches of the subject. Z Hampton requires all of her pupils to study agriculture, not because she expects or desires that they all become farmers, but because (1) she knows that the great majority of the negro race in this country are located on the soil; (2) she believes that rural life in the South is the most desirable for the masses of the race; (3) she realizes that the present rural life of the negro is not what it should be; (4) she knows that the majority of her pupils come from the rural districts and it is her desire that they return to their people prepared to teach and help them to live better, economically, as well as socially and morally; (5) she knows that the majority of her pupils do go back to their people and that a great majority of them, whether they go as farmers, teach- ers, mechanics, or professional men and women obtain part of their subsistence directly from the soil; (6) she believes that the public- school teacher can be a most powerful factor in the future uplift of the agriculture of the country, by teaching the children the elementary principles which underlie successful farming. The headquarters of Hampton’s agricultural department are located ah Senate Doc. No. 148. PLATE LVIII. RETR Ash taal ay a si FiG. 1.—INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE FOR NEGROES—HAMPTON INSTITUTE, DOMESTIC SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE BUILDING. FiG. 2.—INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE FOR NEGROES—HAMPTON INSTITUTE, A CORNER IN THE GIRLS’ GARDEN. tae Senate Doc. No. 148 PLATE LIX. FiG. 1.—INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE FOR NEGROES—HAMPTON INSTITUTE, MIXING FERTILIZERS. FIG. 2.—INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE FOR NEGROES—HAMPTON INSTITUTE, THE DAIRY. AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. 741 in six large rooms in the Domestic Science Building (Pl. LVII, fig. 1), which is located near the center of a 45-acre campus surrounded by the other buildings of the institute. These rooms are: The museum and lecture room for chemistry and animal industry, the chemical laboratory, the horticultural laboratory, the farm imple- ment room, the farm laboratory, the dairy. These rooms are finished with brick walls painted cream color and hard-pine ceiling varnished. They are lighted by electricity and are heated by steam. The museum and lecture room for chemistry and animal industry is 31 by 55 feet. At one end of the room is a lecture desk, fitted with water tanks, gas, drawers, and cupboards, a chart case, chairs with writing arms for the accommodation of classes of from 30 to 50 pupils. On the walls are 42 linear feet of 43-inch slate blackboard. The other end of. the room is furnished with six large museum cases in which there is a growing collection of illustrative material for use in class work, such as plants, rocks, soils, fertilizers, insects, etc. A beginning has been made toward an economic and industrial collection of farm products, illustrating the steps in the preparation of the raw material for use, the finished product, and the by-products. This room is also equipped with photographs and cuts of fine stock and a set of charts illustrating composition of feeding stuffs and fertilizers, the nutritive ratios of different foods, etc. This room opens into the chemical laboratory, a room 31 by 45 feet, furnished with the usual chemical work tables, equipped with draw- ers, cupboards, bottle racks, water and gas, to accommodate 30 pupils. The room has two vapor hoods and a balance case, apparatus and chemicals sufficient to carry classes through qualitative analysis and to give them simple quantitative work. One end of the room is furnished with hand and steam turbine and Babcock milk testers. The horticultural laboratory is 31 by 45 feet. It is used for general plant, soil, and entomological work. It has six laboratory tables, 42 by 60 inches, and four 30 by 50 inches. These are arranged on two sides of the room near the windows. They are furnished with draw- ers and stools with adjustable tops. The center of the room is fur- nished with chairs to accommodate 380 to 40 pupils. At the back of the room is a 16-foot cabinet for apparatus and illustrative speci- mens. The room is also furnished with book cases to accommodate a fairly full collection of the experiment station bulletins, bulletins of the National Department of Agriculture, and a collection of agricultural reference books. Connected with this room on the southwest side is a small conservatory, 8 by 30 feet, furnished with iron and tile bench, work table, sink, and insect cages. There is also connected with this laboratory a seed and apparatus room, 9 by 12 feet. This laboratory has an outfit of six Bausch & Lomb com- pound microscopes, furnished with double nose pieces, 1 and 2-inch 742 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. eye pieces, 4, 4, and £ objectives, a good microtome, water baths, reagents, stains, etc., for biological work. Aside from these the apparatus consists of bottles, glass tumblers, plates, tin pans, panes of glass, flower pots, lamp chimneys, fruit jars, boxes, simple balances, etc. One aim of the school is to make teaching as simple as possible, hence the use of simple apparatus in order to avoid confusion on the part of the pupils and to acquaint them with such simple material and apparatus as can be obtained almost anywhere they may happen to be teaching. The farm-implement room is furnished with a fair collection of modern farm tools and machines, consisting of plows, harrows, culti- vators, planters, mowers, harvesters, seed cleaners, draining tools, spray pumps, etc. The farm laboratory has no special outfit of apparatus. (PL LIX, fig. 1.) Itisused for general work, such as preparing soils for laboratory work, preparing vegetables for market, repairing implements, observa- tion lessons inanimal industry, and for storing crates, implements, ete. The dairy is a room 31 by 55 feet. (PI. LIX, fig. 2.) It is equipped with apparatus for illustrative and practical work in the different methods of caring for milk and converting it into butter and cheese, namely, shallow pans, Cooley creamer, three separators, aerators, cream vats, churns, butter bowls and patent butter workers, cheese vats, cheese press, hot and cold water, and steam for sterilizing. In addition to the above-mentioned rooms in the domestic-science building the institute has two plant houses, covering an area of 3,000 square feet, and several hundred sash for cold-frame and hotbed work; also a farm barn, 50 by 100 feet, with an ‘*L” 40 by 100 feet. This houses 25 horses and 45 grade dairy cows, and has milk room, harness rooms, and storage for grain, hay, bedding, carts, and tools. Con- nected with it are two square brick silos. For practical work in poultry raising the institute has a poultry house that accommodates 240 fowls, representing eight breeds, with several smaller houses for common fowl and chickens, an incubator house, and a brooder house. Adjoining the 45-acre campus are 90 acres of land under cultivation. This land is disposed as follows: Two acres are used for a county-school garden; 8 acres are used for simple experiments, illustrative and practical work with crops and fertilizers; 12 acres are in fruit. The remainder is used for growing truck, grain, and forage crops. Five miles from the campus is a second farm of about 600 acres, of which 400 acres are under cultivation. This farm is conducted as a dairy farm. The country-school garden is divided into three sections. Section 1 is being developed into a small park; section 2 is divided into individual AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. 743 garden beds, varying in size from + by 6 to 11 by 15 feet, used for growing vegetables and flowers; section 3 is used for farm crops. The fruit garden is divided as follows: Grapes, one-half acre; rasp- berries and blackberries, 14 acres; pears, 1} acres; apricots, nectarines, and persimmons, | acre; apples, 24 acres; miscellaneous, three-fourths acre. The remainder of the farm is cut by ditches and convenient roads into fields of from 5 to 16 acres. The soil of the farm varies from a clay loam toa sandy loam and is ina very good state of fertility, to which it has been brought by deep and thorough tillage and the free use of farm manure. The principal crops grown on the farm are white potatoes and garden peas for shipping; corn for grain, soiling, and silage; small grain for feed- ing; grass, clover, alfalfa, and cowpeas for soiling, hay, and soil improvement; garden vegetables for home consumption. In general the method of cultivation is deep and thorough soil preparation, with flat and shallow after cultivation. Fertilizing is done mainly with stable manures and green crops turned under, with the addition of bone meal, acid phosphate, potash salts, and cotton- seed meal. The work of the institute is largely done by the students. An average of 15 to 20 students are employed all the year on the farm. These students work all day and attend night school. A large num- ber of day-school students spend one day of each week at work on the farm. During the past summer 56 students spent the vacation work- ing on the farm. Elementary agriculture, as stated above, is a part of the prescribed course of the Whittier School, and is required of every pupil who enters the institute. Many of these pupils, particularly the older ones, come from farming communities. Their experience with agri- culture has been discouraging and they have developed more or less prejudice against it. Others, coming from the cities, look upon farm- ing with more or less disfavor. For this reason the institute finds it necessary to use some judgment in approaching the pupils with the subject. With this in view the school is divided into two large sec- tions. The first section consists of the younger children, or those of the kindergarten and first four grades, together with postgraduates and special students, who elect some branch of agriculture. These students begin the study by actual work in the garden, field, or stable. The second section, or those of the sixth grade and up, a large number of whom enter the school at this grade, are approached through simple nature and science lessons having a bearing on agriculture, with the idea of developing in the student an interest in ‘the subject Ww ithout increasing the pre} judice. The course in agriculture, then, begins in the kindergarten class. 744 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. These children and all up through the fifth grade attend our Whittier School, and do their first work in agriculture in the school garden. A section of this garden, as indicated above, is cut up into small beds, varying in size from 4 by 6 feet for the kindergarten to 11 by 15 feet for the fourth and fifth grades. Two children are assigned to each bed and they care for the bed together. The aim in the garden is to make the work a pleasure te the children and not let them see the harder side of it until they have developed a liking for it. This work: begins at the opening of school in October, at which time the gardens are thoroughly spaded, raked, and planted with such crops as spinach, kale, radishes, and onions, which generally stand the winter climate of the region very well, and give the children a crop of radishes before Thanksgiving and early spring crops of the other vegetables. These crops are followed by summer vegetables and flowers, the children being allowed to take home what they raise. At the close of the school, the last of May, volunteers are called for to carry on the sum- mer work. About one-quarter of the school has volunteered each summer thus far. There would have been many more volunteers, but the children come from poor families and many have to work for wages during the summer. The children come to the garden by classes and class sections of thirty to fifty, each class working two half-hours a week. Some of the lessons taught are as follows: How to use the spade, hoe, rake, dibber; how to prepare the soil for planting; how to plant seeds; how to transplant; how to care for the garden after it is planted; how to propagate and care for small fruits. During the winter the garden work is supplemented by window gardening and simple nature lessons with plants and soils. Each pupil has a window box 9 by 18 inches by 3 inches deep. In these boxes plants are propagated by seeds and cuttings to be transplanted to the garden in the spring. In this way the garden is supplied with early cabbages, lettuce, tomatoes, and flowering plants. The nature lessons center largely in the garden and are based on the work done there. The object of the work is to arouse an interest in plants and animals, and to teach simple facts and principles which will be useful in the garden and on the farm. The Whittier School enrolled last year 432 pupils, all of whom worked inthe garden. This garden and nature work is in charge of one of the instructors of agriculture assisted by the class teacher, normal students, and special agriculture students. Work in agriculture for the second large section of pupils begins with the junior academic class which corresponds to about the sixth grade. These are the pupils who come with more or less prejudice against farming and are approached in the subject through simple science and nature work. During the junior year, an aggregate of five months, us ~ in a A yi es ee ee LS ee oe ae Diet be ti eh at AOR ek ae Be Senate Doc. No. 148. PLATE LX. Fic. 1.—INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE FOR NEGROES—HAMPTON INSTITUTE, SWEET POTATO ROOTS. FiG. 2.—INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE FOR NEGROES—HAMPTON INSTITUTE, JUDGING Dairy STOCK. a . . 3 . \ ‘ , . Se 4 =o ‘ ‘ 4 : / i . j + J Ul é . . ’ : = s a a = ‘ y 4s . Pe 7 - -! . * AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. 745 fall and spring, are deyoted to introducing the pupils to plant life, soil, and insect life. The object of the work is to arouse an interest in nature and to teach in a simple way some of the fundamental truths of agriculture. A brief outline of the work is as follows: Plant life.—Principal parts of plant and the use of these parts to man; how these parts grow and what they do for the plant; conditions necessary for each part to make its best growth and to do its best work for the plant and for man; how to bring about these conditions. Soils.—Relation of soils to plants; sand, clay, humus; how soils are made; work of sun, water, ice, air, plants, and earthworms in making soils; soil conditions which affect plant growth; relation of soil to water, heat, and air; plant food in the soil; how to bring about and maintain soil conditions which favor plant growth. Insect life.—General structure, metamorphosis, and habits are studied in grasshoppers, squash bugs, beetles, flies, bees, moths, and butterflies; the habits of other insects common on the farm are studied as they are found during field excursions. The divisions of the subject are not taught as separate and distinct topics, an attempt being made to impress the student with the close relation existing between them and the interdependence of each on the other. The method of instruction is by observation and experiment in field and class room, by written exercise, and by discussion. The lecture method is eliminated as far as possible. Each pupil takes part in every field excursion and observation lesson and performs or assists in per- forming nearly every class-room experiment. The interest of the pupil is more easily aroused and held by putting him actively in touch with the work. Hampton has a great deal to do for her pupils during the limited time that they are with her; therefore she finds it necessary to eliminate an amount of matter that is usually taught in the schools and to select mainly those things that will be of practical value to the student during the life for which she is fitting him. For this reason the attempt is made to make every lesson in agriculture, and particu- larly in the first year, teach some fundamental principle or practical truth. For instance, in studying roots the pupils are taken to the field to observe the roots of several plants which have been sp ete as in the accompanying illustration of sweet potato roots (Pl. LX, tig. 1). Arrived in the field the class is asked the following questions: In what part of the soil do you find most of the roots? How near the surface of the soil do you find roots? How far do you find them reaching out sideways or laterally from the plant? How deep do you find them penetrating the soil? These questions are generally answered. Then follows the question: Of what value is it to the farmer or plant grower to know about 746 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. these things‘ The discussion brought out by this last question develops important facts relative to soil preparation, after-cultivation, distribu- tion of manure and fertilizers, and soil drainage. The usual questions: Are they fibrous roots or fleshy roots? clustered roots or tap root? etc., are considered of but secondary value and, unless the time per- mits, are eliminated. In studing leaves, emphasis is placed not on form, but on functions and conditions which favor or interfere with the functions and value of these facts to the plant grower. The work of the second or middle academic year is based directly on the principles taught during the junior year. The subjects studied are soil water, farm drainage, after-cultivation, rotation of crops, plant propagation, injurious insects and plant diseases, manures and manuring. Practical work begins this year and by this time the pupils generally take kindly to it. The subjects for the senior year are care and management of farm stock; dairying including care and testing of milk, methods of cream- ing, ripening, churning, etc.; elementary principles of stock breeding, and stock feeding. The student is made familiar with the different types and breeds by bringing the animals into the class room and taking the class into the stables and poultry houses. The latter method also affords an opportunity for observing the construction of farm build- ings and the general management of live stock (Pl. LX, fig. 2). This required agriculture is given to both girls and boys. No text- books are used. In the junior year Bailey’s Principles of Agriculture is put into their hands as a reference book. In the middle and senior years they are given outline leaflets and United States Farmers’ Bul- letins and referred to the general reference library. The post-graduate course of three years follows the same general outline as the required course, but covers a wider field. It carries the student into simple quantitative analysis in chemistry. Bailey’s Botany and Gray’s Manual are used in plant study, with references to Bailey’s Lessons with Plants and Coulter’s Plant Relations. The Soil, by King; Fertility of the Land, by Roberts; Voorhees’s Fertilizers; Milk and Its Products, by Wing; Feeds and Feeding, by Henry; Curtis’s Horses, Cattle, Sheep, and Swine; The Principles of Fruit Growing, The Pruning Book, and The Nursery Book, by Bailey; Farmers’ Bulletins, and bulletins from the State experiment stations are used as text and special reference books. The general reference library is close at hand and is constantly used. The members of this class spend two or three hours each day in class and laboratory work in the field, stable, dairy, or poultry house, or act as assistants in the laboratory work of the lower classes. The work of all the classes is largely done through field excursions for observation, actual field work, and laboratory work. Few text- books are used and in some of the classes none. No attempt is made AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. 747 to cover a large amount of ground. The aim is to fix thoroughly in the mind of the pupil a few of the more important and fundamental facts and principles and to start him thinking and investigating for himself. Notas much time, perhaps, is spent in reviews and exami- nations as is customary in some institutions, and yet the pupils are being reviewed and examined all the time. An effort.is made to base each new step or each new subject upon what has gone before, so that previous work is constantly referred to and kept fresh in the mind, and unless each step is well done the advance step is more or less a failure. With the Whittier and academic classes the agriculture is used largely as a basis for work in English and somewhat for arith- metic. So, while teaching the latter two subjects the teacher at the same time gets a gauge of the work in agriculture. The force of agriculture teachers the past year consisted of (1) 6 lady teachers, giving part time to the teaching of elementary agri- culture; (2) 1 male instructor, devoting his time to chemistry and animal industry; (3) 4 male instructors, giving their full time to gen- eral agriculture and horticulture. The number of students that received instruction in agriculture last year was as follows: | Girls. | Boys. | Total. React i os se eee tere ot ay dome 260 | 172 432 UR EMaE MRE ree eet: Ska Lee ee ea, USI Se eee 95 107 202 PCL Oe es ie Be Iai ae oe ae Bie gn eee te rE gl ot ol Ke 65 139 204 pO ON a pgne ed © SS eae pl tee 2 ot eet a POR IE mci SP opie 24 40 64 ply a Oe a yet it eS ie he BE A Ste NS ee en ee eS Ne 2 3 5 ya ON ates | Sp aS Ne ie See ft cea ia a ie micas SEA ae een a Al Ee oe 4 4 | 446 465 911 | { The agricultural reference library, which is located in the horticul- tural laboratory, contains about 100 standard works on agriculture, horticulture, and the sciences relating to these subjects, and about a dozen of the leading agricultural periodicals. WEST VIRGINIA. The West Virginia Colored Institute, Jnstitute. This institution is located eight miles west of Charleston, on the Great Kanawha River. It offers a preparatory course of one year, leading to a four-year secondary normal and agricultural course. There are also commercial and industrial courses, covering from one to four years. The requirements for admission to the preparatory course are an age limit of 14 years, ability ** to read well in the Fifth Reader,” and a ** knowledge of compound numbers and of fractions.” Gradu- ates of the industrial courses receive certificates and of the normal course diplomas. 748 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. During the first term of the agricultural course instruction is given in general agriculture, including the origin and classification of the physical and chemical properties of soils, the relation of air and water to soils, composition and primary objects of plants, farm work, ete. During the second term breeds of live stock are studied; the third term, horticulture, and entomology. The agricultural subjects of the second year are farm practice, stock breeding, and vegetable histology: of the third year, soils and fertilizers, landscape gardening and farm work, stock feeding, market gardening, and dairying; of the fourth year, agricultural chemistry, dairy bacteriology, farm work, veterinary science, plant diseases, and fruit growing. Poultry raising is also made a feature of the agricultural course. Along with the agricultural sub- jects students study arithmetic, algebra, geometry, physiology, English (including rhetoric and English literature),,United States and general history, civics, zoology, physics, chemistry, botany, physical geog- raphy, and economics. Instruction in agriculture is given by the professor of agriculture and botany. The library of the institute consists of a well-chosen assortment of books, including encyclopedias, atlases, and other reference books, a number of Government publications, current periodicals, and news- papers. The library is located in West Hall, which also accommo- dates the agricultural department and the cooking department. There is also an academic building, a well-constructed brick building contain- ing offices, recitation rooms, assembly room, sewing department, dairy, and printing office; dormitories for young men and young women, anda large building for the trades school. These buildings are located on grounds containing 31 acres. Value of equipment of land-grant colleges and schools for colored persons in 1903. | Miscella- State or Terri- |Farmand 43: | Appara- | Machin- | + -+ z Live | neous tory. | grounds, | Buildings. ae ery. | M4brary-| stock. | equip- Total. ment, | | | Alabama...... $18, 20(.00 $45,353. 54] $4,001. 458) $4, 992. 30) $2,957.00) $400.00 $532.09) $76, 436. 55 Arkansas: 2=-./: | 50,009.00) 26, 000. 00 500. 00) 12,000.00) 3, 000.00).......--. 1,500.00} 98, 000. 00 Delaware ..... 6, 000. 00) 18,800. 00)'- 1,000.00}. 8,000.00)... 5. Sales 2 oie eee er 33, 800. 00 Wiorida) fa. ee 5,500.00, 20,000.00) 6,944.55) 1,650.00) 1, 000. 00) 1, 410. 00 8, 000. 00 39, 504. 55 Georgia ...-.-.. 10,000.00} 32,433.04) 3,144.00).......... 100. 00 415.00): sos beeen 46, 092. 04 Kentucky..... 22, 600. 00 23, 000. 00 400. 00) 2,500. 00) LCO0S00 See eee | 1, 200. 00 51, 500. 00 Louisiana ..... 22,500.00) 47,760.82) 3,496.78) 4,415. 10) 3,980.00) 1,100 00) 7,200.00) 90, 452. 70 Maryland ..... 6, 000. 00 16,000.00) 1, 400. 00) 1, 300. 00) 400.00) 1, 250. 00) 2,000.00) 28, 350.00 Mississippi-..--} 6,000.00} 150,000.00) 10, 000. Nese 2 5 555- | 38,000.00} 2, 000. 00 2,000.00) 178, 000. 00 Missouri ...-.. 6,000.00 100, 000. 00 400.00) 5, 000. 00 300. 00 150. 00. 50.00) 111, 900.00 North Carolina} 18, 000. 00 60, 000.00} 4, 000. 00) 6,000.00} 1, 150.00 972.00); .chase eee 90, 122. 50 Oklahoma ....} 5,000. 00 33, 904.35} 1,500. 00) 8, 569. 25} 1, 600. 00 525.00 | 2,044. 25) 53, 142. 85 South Carolina} 40, 000. 00 8,500.00) 3,600.00) 7,150.00) 1,700.00) 2, 200. 00 2,000.00) 65, 150. 00 ‘REMAN aac eee 15, 000. 00 92,100.00} 1,000.00; 3,000.00 909.00} 2660: 00)... 2. Benes 114, 669. 00 Viremnials. <2. 57, 000.:00)) 591 O00! 00 | sah see seam seee ace 6, 500. 00) 14, 000. 00 4155, 000.00) 823, 500. 00 West Virginia.| 12, 000. 00) 14, OOO; 00l2 ao: ceca 18,771.00, 2,000. 00 500. 00) 1,500.00) 108, 771.00 Total... ./299, 800. le 338, 851.75} 41,386.91 83, 347. 65) 30, 396.00) 27,582.50, 178, 026, 34/1, 999, 391. 15 | | aIncluding apparatus and machinery. ee ee ee a ee en eee ee , Pee YY eae Wer is AGRICULTURE IN NEGRO SCHOOLS. 749 Revenue of land-grant colleges and schools for colored persons in 1902-3. Ae < Federal eee oF Terri- aid. act of ve 1890, Alabama .......-. $11, 150. 00 Arkansas ........ 6, 818.18 Delaware...-...-. 5, 000. 00 Florida -.-....--. 12, 600. CO | Clots Fee $, 333. 33 Kentucky ..-...-. a4, 880. 50 Louisiana .....-- 12, 348.77 Maryland ....... 7, 411. 82 Mississippi ..-.--- | 6 26, 026. 27 | Missouri. 2 ....2.-: 1, 562. 50 North Carolina..| 8, 250.00 Oklahoma....... 2,500. 00 South Carolina. .) ¢18, 254.00 oy Ch 6, 250, 00 Virginia .........| 269, 269. 57 West Virginia ...| 5,000. 00 Yo ol he sae 205, 554. 94 a Including $1,255.50 interest on land grant of 1862. » Including $6,314.50 interest on land grant of 1862 and 95,7 lege lands. State aid. | ‘Appropria- Appropria-| tions for Total | tionsfor | buildings | Tuition Incidental, Miscella- | income. current ex-| or other fees. fees, neous. penses. special pur- | poses. CCRC ACL OY ee nn eee CRA SAS PIS ae ce $15, 150. 00 AY EYISULU [os ee Soe anes Bee UG Weiler trates al woe ea ae a 10, 936. 18 Uh eee eal sletea amas | 1,500. 00 $434.10 | $2,071.39 9, 005. 49 2, 000. 00 CUNT) | Ee ame gla (eee eee 500. 00 15, 200. 00 SENT IN( Tbe ene soe GR ee! Pere aaa 16, 333. 33 8,000, 00]. - <2. -- 22). ----- 2-3 <- 200. 00 2,257.76 15, 338. 26 TO! QUO O00 Reo ae eee es 168. 00 76.50 | 851.35 23, 444. 62 a eS enccseeeeect 108.60 415.00 | 1,361.53 9, 291.85 §, 000. 00 SOU SOOM enn eran, - 1, 068. 00 700. 00 38, 794. 27 DON 17500! MELOSOU MIO: | secre cats bo neccclacsasdectene 33, 737. 50 TBA BO cw a; OOOO terse soc c5ls geo tanean 22,938.78 | 43, 688.78 17; 0002002) Acr= sone ss ASE aes ees array Bie Se eae 19, 500. 00 Ser ee GARCONOD} Seria noe eleeten ced [aeee tyes |e 04" 754 00 [OF BOOROO) bess =the = eee Pec PE Pec acon 12,241.26 | 38,991.26 Lt DARE R otnore otters alent boo wien nons cece caeae ce eld, Mioeo lt: 194 046.96 le ele COOL OD) ee 2eeGORO0N Eee et coe. 116.00 809. 95 29, 525. 95 112,564.00 46, 700. 00 2,100. 50 2, 309. 60 168, 509, 41 587, 738. 45 ¢ Including $5,754 interest on land grant of 1862. d Including $10,329.36 interest on land grant of 1862 and $50,606.88 income from endowment other than Federal or State grants. 75.77 interest on proceeds of sale of col- Students in the land-grant colleges and schools for colored persons in 1902-3. State or Territory. Preparatory. Georgia Kentucky Louisiana.........-. i Maryland Mississippi Msssouri North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Vinee Bem nals a eiesi== irginia West Virginia Zz a | Number of ‘ =I > 2 graduates— = 5 2 | & 3 5 39 eer | ; > 3 % a3 a | 5¢ g ee é Ber |S se eee = Sl = Zc 2° 2 Tok As ao 2 20 H = 5 o | & 28 4 b + L a co 5 & ae = = z 3 = = # z o& 'S) wn a ro) a nn =) A a 9 5 leg eee Sees 468 | 126 | 3 74 746 CT, Cte dO Oe ae ee hey eee 5 | 5 | 160 19 PI Coote Og | Rea ae oe 5D 2 » 4 22 en eae See | 4 171 Ga leeent ees 14 | 49 32 Fe Sea Rear 439 40 1 24 | 125 LOC eee 2 144 200 29) Seen 15 115 Sere SDF Clearer al Line Ape 377 AG} ee eee 30 245 RE REAR gan ce] Ore, pane oir, eee ia eid Opt i eee scat 9 ETP es Sea Pee a Sie eae | 584 158 | 7 | 7 | 140 1 22 3 | 276 386 | 80 28 2s 220 166 TI RES S oA OES 167 30) 11 11 | 35 A | Fo 2 cpl Fe eer een 237 3’ |2aiahen 2 2 (RE ee oe ee eae 665 116 | 59 59 | 233 aes hoc ll Z a eo) Pee nen Pema eae 276 26 | 3 45 | 306 S60i) asbar| © GBB! |se tic oe 1, 635 Ohi fees sewer 84 1, 236 Hane Oeics Giisctee as Noe teo 150 IE sac geal 20 103 732 894 | 28 424 | 6,080 | 1,680 | 119| 422] 8,746 a Including students in the summer school. Abbott, A. A., 108. Aber, W. G., 201. Achison, A. J., 373. Ackerman, J. H., 169. Adams, E. E., i34. Adams, F., 4, 76, 479, 493. Adams, G. E., 176. Adams, L., 79. Adams, L. H., 198. Agee, A., 165. Aldrich, I. D., 181. Aldrich, J. M., 106. Aldrich, M. A., 4, 74, 487, 488. Alexander, C. T., 108. Alexander, E. A., 113. Alford, F. C., 91. Allen, C. N., 160. Allen, E. P., 131. Allen, E. W., 3. Allen, R. M., 119. Allen, W. P., 150. Allison, T. F. P., 183. Alwood, W. B., 191. Ames, J. W., 165. Amoss, W. L., 662. Amsler, L. D., 185. Anderson, A., 87. Anderson, D. C., 58. Anderson, J. T., 77. Anderson, L., 518, 624. Andrews, W. H., 155, 519. Apperson, J. T., 169. Armsby, H. P., 171, 172, 519, 533, 535. Arthur, J. C., 111. Astle, D., 487. Atherton, G. W., 50, 53, 171. Atkinson, B. H., 121. Atkinson, G. F., 158. Atwater, W. O., 4, 64, 66, 93, 95, 503. Atwell, R. M., 80. Atwood, H., 195. Aune, B., 134. Austin, C. F., 126. Averitt, S. D., 119. Avery, S., 144, 526. Aylesworth, B. O., 90, 652. Ayres, I. W., 146. Babb, C. M., 195. Babb, J. G., 138. Babcock, 8. M., 198. Bachelder, N. J., 669. INDEX OF NAMES. Bader, F. E., 285. Baer, U. S., 198. Bagléy, Mrs. R. N., 187. Bailey, E. M., 93. Bailey, J. B., 136. Bailey, L. H., 53, 158, 552, 603, 689. Bain, S. M., 183. Baker, J. S., 4, 71, 476. Baldwin, H. P., 105. Ball, E. D., 188. Ball, O. M., 185. Baltz, S., 181. Banks, W. A., 111. Barbour, E. H., 144. Barclay, C. S., 113. Barnard, F. J., 193. Barnes, C. L., 116. Barnes, S. E., 183. Barrett, D. W., 421, 422. Barrett, J. M., 111. Barrett, J. T., 108. 560, Barrett, O. W., 3, 174, 419, 429, | 465, 467. Barrett, R. C., i13. Barrow, D. N., 121. Bartlett, G. J., 386. Bartlett, J. M., 124, 534. Bartlett, W. F., 76. | Baum, §S., 121. Bayliss, A., 108. Beach, C. L., 95. Beach, S. A., 155. Beal, W. H.., 3. | Beard, H. G., 167. Beardshear, W. M., 51, 115. Beattie, R. K., 193, 194. Beem, D. E., 111. Beggs, E. D., 99. | Beistle, C. P., 522. | Belcher, W. H., 150. Bell, C. J., 680. Bell, H., 150. Bell, W. C., 119. | Bemis, G. F., 379. Benedict, F. G., 4, 66, 522. Benn, W. P., 372. Bennett, E. R., 95. Bennett, R. L., 187, 679. Benson, M. A., 190. Benton, H., 179. Berns, G. H., 533. Berry, J. W., 116. Bessey, C. E., 144, 525. | Billings, G. A., 150. Bird, R. M., 138. Bishopp, F. C., 126. Bitting, A. W., 111. | Bizzell, J. A., 158, 522. Blair, A. W., 99. Blair, J. C., 108. Blankinship, J. W., 142. Blatter, F., 188. Blaylock, A., 371. Blayney, F., 165. Blinn, P. K., 91. Bliss, A. T., 131. Blix, R., 388. Blodgett, F. H., 126. | Blouin, R. E., 121. ' Boardman, W. K., 113. Bolley, H. L., 163. Bonsteel, J. A., 158. Booher, W. W., 146. Bookstaver, H. W., 150. Booth, N. O., 193. Boss, A., 134. Bosworth, A. W., 176, Bouska, F. W., 113. Bowen, A. F., 161. | Bowen, R. E., 179. Bowersox, E. G., 419. Bowker, W. H., 128. Boyd, P. E., 101. Boyd, T. D., 121. Bradfute, O. E., 165. Bradley, J. E., 179. Brady, J. G., 40, 315. | Bragg, T., 77. Brainerd, W. K., 196. Brautlecht, L. M., 93. ! Breckenridge, G. T., 85. Brett, P. M., 150. Brevig, T. L., 389. Brewer, W. H., 93. Bridgeforth, G. R., 80. Bridwell, J. C., 148. Briggs, S. M., 198. Britton, J. A., 88. Britton, W. E., 93. Brock, R. J., 116. Brodboll, H. C. R., 167. Brodie, A. O., 83. Brodie, D. A., 525. Brooks, W. P., 129. Broome, F. H., 183. Broun, W. L., 51. Brown, C. M., 373. 751 Brown, Brown, J. Brown, J. Brown, J. Brown, J. Brown, W., 148. Browne, C. A., jr., 121, 517, 521, 22, 535, 558, 559, 568, 567. Bruner, L., 144. Bryan, E. A., 54, 193, 681. Buchanan, R. E., 118. Buckham, M. H., 190. Buckhout, W. A., 172. Buckley, 8. S., 126. Budd, J. E., 87. Buffum, B. C., 50, 201. Bull, C. P., 134: Bull, M., 176. Bullard, §. A., 108. Burd, J. S., 106, 107. Burgess, A. J., 56. Burke, E., 142. Burke, L. A., 373. Burke, T. F., 201. Burkett, C. W., 161. Burnett, E. A., 144, 668. Burnette, F. H., 121. Burrill, T. J., 108. Burtis, F. C., 167. Burton, G. H., 150. Burtt, A. W., 181. Butler, E. A., 158. Butler, M., 136. Butler, T., 161. Butterfield, K. L., 178, 611, 718. Butz, GC. 172; Caldwell, G. C., 158. Caldwell, J. W., 183. Calkins, E. C., 144. Calloway, C. J., 80. Campbell, G. W., 79. - Campbell, W. G., 119. Cannon, A., 160. Capen, C. A., 95. Carberry, V. J., 150. Card, F. W., 176, 545, 548, 550, 554. Carlyle, W. L., 91, 92. Carpenter, L. G., 55, 91. Carpenter, T. M., 172. Carrier, L., 627. Carson, C. A., 99. Carson, J. W., 185. Carver, G. W., 80, 650. Cary, C. A., 77, 650. Case, L., 201. Cavanaugh, G. W., 158. Cavell, J. F., 113. Chadwick, E. M., 176. Chalmers, J., 182. Chamberlain, A., 93, 95. Chamberlain, G. E., 169. Chambliss, C. E., 179. Chapman, H. H., 154. Chatfield, J. L., 90. Chaves, J. F., 153. Chesnut, V. K., 142, 525, 526. INDEX OF NAMES. Chester, F. D., 97. Chilcott, E. C., 181. Chilton, H. §., 136. Chiquelin, G., 121. Church, F. R., 129. Church, J. M., 169. Churchill, G. W., 155. Churchill, V. L., 93. Clark, E. G., 105. Clark, G., 134. Clark, H. D., 385. Clark, R. W., 188, 189. Clark, T. W., 146. Clark, V. A., 155. Clarke, J. G., 677. Clarke, W. T., 88. Clay, W. J., 185. Clayton, A. L., 99. Clayton, J. B., 389. Clemons, L. E., 116. Clinton, G. P., 93. Clinton, L. A., 95. Close, C. P., 97, 558. Clothier, R. W., 516, 524. Cloyd, D. M., 191. Coates, C. /E., jr., 121. Coe, C. P., 318, 318; 362, 386. Coggeshall, C. H., 176. Colby, G. E., 88. Cole, V. E., 93. Collins, B. W., 93. Collins, G. N., 438, 439. Colmore, C. A., 88. Coman, J. J., 136. Comstock, J. H., 158. Condit, M.8., 150. Conn, H. W., 95. Connaway, J. W., 138. Conner, C. M., 99, 654. Connor, J. F., 79. Conter, F. E., 3, 103. Cook, J. G., 129. Cook, P., 150. £ Cook, W. W., 534, 535. Cooley, R. A., 142. Cooper, W. A., 1538. Coote, G., 169. Coquillett, D. W., 418. Corbit, D. W., 97. Cordley, A. B., 169. Cornell, F. C., 158. Corput, F., 101. Cotton, J. S., 193. Councilman, C. A., 126. Coville, F. V., 56. Cowden, W. J. W., 195. Craig, J., 158, 555. Craig, J. A., 185, 186. Crandall, C. S., 108. Crane, A. B., 72, 481, 482. Crane, C. B., 150. Crane, F. R., 600. Crane, M., 163. Cranefield, F., 198. Crawford, A. F., 80. Crawford, T. H., 169. Creelman, G. C., 57. Crockett, H. W., 188. Crockett, J. A., 188. Crosby, D. J., 8, 23, 573, 620,680,719. Crow, H. D., 198. Culver, T. M., 141. Culver, T. U., 77. Cummings, M. B., 124. Cummins, A. B., 113. Curt, E. F., 3, 174. Curtice, C., 176. Curtis, H. E., 119. Curtiss, C. F., 50, 118. Dabney, C. W., 53. Dales, J. §., 144. Dalrymple, W. H., 121. Daly, J. D., 169. Damon, 8. M., 403. Danielson, A. H., 91. Darnell, J. E., 150. Darrow, W. M., 172. Davenport, E., 108, 627, 630. Davidson, R. J., 191, 528. Davis, B. F., 181. Davis, E. M., 148. Davis, H.S., 193. Davis, J. C., 201. Dawley, F. E., 58, 671. Dawson, C. F., 99. Deadwyler, J., 101. Dean, G. A., 116. Dean, M. L.; 131. De Armond, R. W., 3, 81. DeCamp, G. E., 150. Denise, D. D., 150, Dent, A. T., 136. Derthick, F. A., 165. Dexter, J. A., 377. Dickens, A., 116. Dickirson, J. K., 108. Didlake, M. L.,119. Dietrich, W., 108. Dillingham, B. F., 105. Dinsmore, 8. C., 124. Dinsmore, W., 113. Dinwiddie, R. R., 85, 526. Doane, C. F., 126. Dockery, T. C., 186. Dodge, A., 126. - Dodson, W. R., 121. Dohrman, F. W., 88. Donaldson, M. L., 179. Dorer, G., 150. Doten,S. B., 146. Doughton, R. L., 160. Douglass, E., 91. Downing, C., 111. Draper, J., 128. Drew, G. A., 124. Drewry, N. B,, 101. Driver, J. F., 150. Dryden, J., 58, 188. Duffee, D. A., 101. Duggar, B. M., 138. Duggar, J. F.,77, 516. Dunbar, F.I., 169. Duncan, J., 387. Dunean, J. W., 361, 380. Duncan, W., 370. Dunn, W., 160. Dunton, W. B., 4, 76, 498. Durgin, A. J., 124. Dusenbury, E. G., 155. Dye, B. U., 90. Dye, F., 58, 670. Dymond, J., 121. Earl, G. C., 88. Earle, F. S., 175, 421, 422, 427, 430, 444, 454. East, E. M., 108. Easterly, H. G., 57. Eastman, A. V., 121. Eastman, R. E., 116. Eckart, C. F., 105. Eckles, C. H., 138. Edelman, E., 374. Edmiston, H. D., 172. Edmonds, E. A., 197. Edwards, F. E., 169. Egan, M.J., 83. Eissing, W., 176. Elling, O. H., 116. Ellinwood, C. N., 88. Elliott, A., 58. Elliott, C. G., 4, 74, 75, 474, 488, 489. Elliott, E. E., 193. Elliott, W. J., 142. Ellis, 457, 458, Ellis, G. B., 666. Ellsworth, E. A., 111. Ellsworth, J. L., 128, 663. Ely, R. T., 76, 493. Emerson, R. A., 144, 552, 553, 555. Emmons, H. F., 372 English, P. A., 419. Erf, O., 116, 117. Ernst, C. J., 144. Erwin, A. T., 115. Esten, W. M., 95. Ettinger, U. L., 193. Eustace, H. J., 155. Evans, E., 197. _ Evans, L. B., 108. Evans, P., 141. Evans, W. D., 179. Evans, W. H., 3,314. Fain, J. R., 183. Fairchild, E. T., 116. Farrand, T. A., 131. Farrington, E. H., 198. Fassett, G.S., 190. Faurot, F. W., 141. Favor, E. H., 138. Fellows, G. E., 50,124. Ferguson, J. T., 101. Ferguson, M., 191, 524. Ferguson, T. B., 167. Fernald, C. H., 129. Fernald, H. T., 129. Ferneyhough, J.G.,191. Ferris, E. B., 136. Field, S., 153. Fields, J., 167, 533, 534. Finley, J. B., 195. Fisher, M. L., 111. Fisher, R. W., 142. INDEX OF NAMES. Fisk, A. G., 87. Fitzmaurice, C. R., 146. Fleming, A. M., 187. Fleming, B. P., 71, 76, 201, 478. Fletcher, S. W., 158, 541, 542. Foord, J. A., 98. Forbes, E. B., 138. Forbes, R. H., 55, 88, 651. Ford, A. G., 167, 533, 534. Ford, P.. 153. Forehand, J. M., 160. Forell, E. von, 144. Forrer, J., 88. Fortier, S.. 4, 68, 71, 88, 142, 469. Foster, A. W., 87. Foster, F. O., 167. Foster, L., 153, 670. Fowler, J. M., 111. Francis, M., 185. Fransden, P., 146. Fraps, G. S., 185, 517, 520, 521, 522, 523, 534. Fraser, S., 158. Fraser, W. J., 108. Frazee, D. F., 119. Frear, W., 172, 518, 523. Freeman, G. F., 129. French, H. T., 106, 656. Friend, ©. E., 116. Fries, J. A., 172, 519, 535. Frisby, A. J., 197. Fuller, F. D., 155, 521. Fulmer, E., 193. Fulton, J. F., 169. Fulton, 8. H., 566. Fulton, W. M., 188. Fuqua, H. L., 121. Gabrilson, C. L., 113. Gaede, H. A., 150. Gain, J. H., 144. Gallaher, D. C., 195. Galloway, B. T., 55. Garber, J. B., 79. Garcia, F., 153. Gardner, F. D., 3, 174, 419. Garman, H., 119. Garner, E. O., 126. Garrigus, H. L., 95. Garris, J. S., 179. Garvin, J. B., 681. Gay, C. W., 113. Geismar, L. M., 131. George, W. C., 136. Georgeson, C.C., 3, 81, 313, 651. Gibboney, J. H., 191. Gibbs, H. D., 169. Gibbs, W. D., 148. Gifford, J., 439. Gill, E. T., 150. Gillette, C. P., 91. Gilman, A. W., 124, 661. Gilmore, G., 101. Gilmore, J. W., 158. Glass, F. W., 165. Glendinning, H., 58. Glenk, R., 121. | Glover, A. J., 108. S. Doe. 148, 58-2——48 753 | Glover, G. H., 91. Gmelich, J. F., 138. Goessmann, C. A., 129. Goethe, R., 549. Goff, E. S., 546. | Gold, T. S., 93. | Good, E. §., 108. Goodell, H. H., 128, Goodner, I, W., 181. Goodrich, C. L., 722, Gordon, G. K., 80. Goss, A., 111. Gossard, H. A., 99. Gowell, G. M., 124. | Graham, R. D., 181. | Graham, W. A., 160. | Gramm, O., 201. Grant, E. M., 195. Gray, J. C., 172. Greeley, M. F., 181. Greely, A. W., 40. | Green, E. C., 185, 186. Green, S. B., 134. Green, W. J., 165. Greene, C. W., 80. Greene, G. O., 129. Gregg, E. S., 190. Gregg, O. C., 665. Gregory, W. B., 74, 487. Grest, N., 163. Grindley, H. S., 67. Grubb, E. H., 90. Gudeman, E., 521, 522. Gulley, A. G., 95. Gunsaulus, F. W., 51. Guthrie, J. E., 113. 129, 739. Haecker, A. L., 144. Haecker, T. L., 134. Haidusek, A., 185. Hale, J. W., 195. Hall, F. H., 155, 533. Hall, H. F., 148. Hall, H. M., 88. Halligan, J. E., 129. Halsted, B. D., 150. Hamby, C. C., 89. Hamilton, J., 3, 58 635. Hammond, S. H., 155. Hampton, H. H., 183. Haney, J. G., 72, 116, 480. Hanmore, T. W., 357. Hanna, L. B., 163. Hansen, L., 187. Hansen, N. E., 181. Hanson, H. H., 124. Haralson, C., 181. Hardin, J. H., 179. Hardin, M. B., 179. Harding, H. A., 155. Hardy, J. C., 50, 57, 136, 666. Hare, C. L., 77. Hare, C: W., 79. Hare, R. F., 153. Harlow, G. A., 3. Harper, J. N., 119. Harper, M. W., 138. Harrington, H. H., 185. 754 Harris, F. E., Harris, G. D., 121. 99. Harris, I. F., 98, 517. Harris, J., 90. Harrison, J. T., 136. Harrison, W. G., 106. Hart, E. B., 155, 519. Hart, J. II., 442. Hart, J. W., 108. Hartman, T. J., 167. Hartman, W.§., 142. Hartwell, B. L., 176, 522. Hartzog, H. S., 85. Harvey, D. W., 375. Harwood, T. E., 183. Haskins, H. D., 129. Hastings, EF. G., 198. Hatch, F. L., 1C8. Haviland, L. P., 155. Hawley, A. M., 90, 91. Haworth, C. E., 195. Hayden, C. C., 1C8. Hayes, M., 97. Hays, W. M., 54, 134. Hayward, H., 625. Headden, W. P., 91. Heard, W. W., 121. Hearst, P. A., 87. Hebard, G. R., 201. Heitman, C. L., 106. Hellman, I. W., 87. Helme, N., 176. Helsell, W. A., 113. Henderson, L. F., 106. Henderson, W., 101. Henry, D. H., 179. Henry, E. S., 95. Henry, S. A., 186. Henry, W., 3. Henry, W. A., 198, 523, 630. Henshaw, F. F., 129. Hepner, F. E., 181. Herbert, J. W., jr., 150. Herfurth, I., 198. Herrick, G. W., 135. Heyfron, J. M., 101. Hickok, E., 138. Higgins, J. E., 3, 103. Hilgard, E. W., &5, 88. Hill, W. B., 101. 056000) A omen re Hills, J. L., 199. Hate 8: HH, 495: Hogan, F. L., 136. Holden, P. G., 113, 630. Holdrum, A. C., 150. Holgate, IJ. L., 169. Holland, E. B., 129. Hollister, FP. M., 190. Holm, A. B., 181. Holmes, W., 165. Holt, H. B., 153. Hook, J. N., 179. Hopkins, A. D., 56. Hopkins, C. A., 457. Hopkins, ©. G., 55, 108, 517, 534, 629. Hopkins, J., 188. INDEX OF NAMES. Hopper, I. A., 108, Ilopson, G. A., 95. Horsfall, F., 141. Horton, A. H., 155. Hossinger, J., 97. Hostetter, A. B., 656. Hotchkiss, W. S., 185, 186. Hottes, C. F., 108. Houghton, C. O., 97. Houser, J. §., 165. Iouston, D. F., 50. Hoverstad, T. A., 134. Howard, C. D., 195. Ifoward, J., 370. Howard, L. O., 418. Ioward, W. L., 138. Howe, E. C., 3, 174, 419. Howell, H. H., 126. | Hoyt, £., 93. | Hudson, J., 150. | Wuggins, J., 79. Iiume, H. H., 99. } Hummel, J. A., 134, 517, 524, 533, 535. Humphrey, G. C., 198, 199. Hungerford, J. B., 113. Hunn, ©. FE., 158. Hunt, Tk. 158: Hunt, T. S., 113, | Hunting, N. J., 533. Hutchinson, P. L., 121. Hutchinson, W. L., 136. Hutchison, W. A., 518. Hutt, 0._L., 56. Hutt, W.N., 188. | Irvine, B. F., 169. Irwin, W. G., 105. Isenberg, H. A., 105. Jackson, §S., 314. Jaffa, M. E., 67, 88, 518. James, C. C., 58. Jamme, G., jr., 387. | Jardine, W., 188, 189. Jaynes, S. O., 71. | Jefferies, J. H., 99. Jeffrey, J.S., 161. | Jenkins, E. H., 50, 93, 95, 523. | Jensen, J., 155. Jenter, C. G., 155, 523, 534. | Jernigan, W. P., 99. | Jester, G. T., 185. | John, G. M., 195. | Johnson, S., 111. Johnson, S&S. A., 91. Johnson, T. C., 195. Johnston, C. E., 3. | Johnston, C. T., 68, 76, 478, 493. Johnston, F.S., 185, 186. Jones, A. C., 201. | Jones, C. H., 190, 516. Jones, C. L., 124. Jones, E. A., 129 Jones, I., 317. Jones, J. M., 77. | Jones, L. R., 190, 526. Jones, R., 88. Jones, W.J., 111. Jordan, A. E., 105. Jordan, A. T., 150. Jordan, H., 154, 155, Jordan, W.11., 50, 54, 155, 523, 533, 534. Joy Brothers, 482. Judson, L. B., 106. ee Karleson, A. C., 377. Karshner, J. F., 381. Kaufman, E. E., 57, 672. Keady, W. P., 169. Kedzie, F.8., 131. Keffer, C. A., 183. Keith, E. G., 108. Keller, G. N.,119. Kellner, E., 88. Kellogg, J. W., 176. Kellogg, V. L., 418. Kelly, T. B., 181. Kelsey, J. A., 150, Kendall, J. C., 161. Kennedy, P. B., 146. Kennedy, W. J., 113, 523. Kenower, G. F., 144. Kent, F. L., 169. Kerby, J. C., 141. Kern, O. J., 581, 628. Kerr, G. G., 97. Kerr, R. F., 181. Kerrick, L. H., 108. ( Kerwin, J. C., 197. “4 Ketcham, S. B., 150. Kilgore, B. W., 50, 57, 161, 523. Killebrew, J. B., 183. Killin, B., 169, 314. Kimball, C. D., 176. Kimbrough, J. M., 101. ~ King, C. M., 113. King, F. H., 55. King, R. C., 136. Kinkead, G. B., 119. Kirk; T. J., 57. Kkirman, R., 146. Knapp, E. J., 380. Knapp, G. N., 199, 603. Kxnapp, H., 113. Ienight, H., 201. Knisely, A. L., 169, 516. Knott, B. A., 380. Knowlton, A. A., 88. Knudson, T., 317. Koch, P., 142. Koebele, A., 415. koiner, G. W., 681. Koons, B. F., 95. Kountz, J., 142. Kramer, W. H., 165. : Krause, F. G., 401. Krug, W. H., 520. Kunst, F. B., 195. Kyle, E. J., 183. La Bach, J. O.,119. Ladd, E. F., 163. - Lake, E. R., 169. Lamme, E. B., 142. - a = Lamme, M. A., 142. Lampton, T., 136. Landon, Mrs. L. E., 131. Lange, H., 93. Langworthy, C. F., 3,513. Larson, C., 113. Larson, R. A.,181. Latta, W. C., 57, 111, 658. Lawrence, W. H., 193. Lawson, A., 374, 375. Lawson, H. W., 3. Layton, N. G., 83. Lazenby, W. R., 567. Le Conte, J. N.,71. Lee, C. E., 108. Lee, J. G., 121, 661. Leech, A., 163. Leedy, B. G., 169. Legett, K. K., 185. Lehnert, E. H., 95. Lester, F. E., 153. Leupp, W. I¥., 150. Lewis, C. W., 201, 202, 683. Lewis, L. L., 167. ~ Libby, E. H., 124. Lichtenthaeler, R. A., 99. Liggett, W. M., 134. Lilyegrem, F., 374. Lindsey, J. B., 129, 523, 532, 533, 534, 535. Lines, E. F., 121. Linfield, F. B., 142, 667. Lipman, J. G., 150. Little, C. N., 106. Little, E. E., 118. Lioyd,. E. R., 136. Lloyd, J. W., 108. Logan, W., 79. Longino, A. H., 136. Longyear, B. O., 131. Loughridge, R. H., 88. Lucchesi, J. L., 381. Lucero, J., 153. Lummis, G. M., 165. Lundine, P., 379. Lyon, §. S., 163. Lyon, T. L., 144. McAfee, C. B., 141. McAlister, J. A., 187. McBryde, J. B., 191. McBryde, J. M., 191. MecCailum, A. T., 160. McCarthy, J. H., 106. McClatchie, A. J., 83. McClendon, H. P., 121. McClendon, T., 121. McComas, J. E., 88. McConnell, T. F., jr., 83, 84. MecCornick, W. S., 187. MeCroskey, R. C., 193. McDonnell, C. C., 179. McDowell, J. C., 163. McDowell, J. S., 116. McElroy, W. O., 113. McEnerney, G. W., 88. McGuigan, H., 163. McHugh, J. K., 121. INDEX OF NAMES. McIntyre, K., 108. McKay, A. B., 136. McKay, G. L., 113. McKellips, C. M., 169. Mc Kerrow, G., 57, 58, 682. McKinley, J. W., 88. McKinley, W. B., 108. MeKissick, C., 163. McLallen, H. C., 153. McLaughlin, J., 385. McLaughlin, W. W., 188, 189. McLean, A., 108. McRae, J. P., 160. Mackintosh, R. S., 77, 78. Macoun, W. T., 555. Maddock, B., 58. Mahoney, S., 134. Major, C., 111. Major, E. W., 88. Maloney, L. V., 158. Marrett, W. H., 372. Marsh, H. R., 389. Marshall, C. E., 131. Marshall, F. R., 185, 186. Marshall, F. W., 523. Marshall, W. W., 144. Marston, T. F., 131. Martin, A. L., 676. Massey, W. F., 161. Mathewson, T. G., 176. Maughan, P. W., 187. May, D. W., 119. Mayo, N. 5., 116. Mead, E., 4, 68, 74, £8, 469. Mead, M. C., 197. Mell, P. H., 51, 179. Melton, A. M., 116. Merrill, G. F., 197. Merrill, G. P., 587. Merrill, L. A., 188. Merrill, L. H., 124, 518. Merten, W. H., 167. Meske, A. E., 150. Messick, S. H., 97. Metcalf, H., 56, 179. Miles, H. C. C., 653. Miller, H. K., 99, 516, 534. Miller, T. E., 678. Miller, W. W., 673. Milligan, A. D., 91. Mills, G. F., 129. Mills, J., 58, 59. Mills, J. W., 88. Milner, R. D., 4. Mitchell, J. F., 99. Mitchell, N. L., 126. Mobley, J. H., 101. Moody, D. L., 625. Mooers, C. A., 183. Mohn, E., 165. Mokler, A. J., 201. Monahan, N. F., 129. Moncure, W. A. P., 191. Moninger, W. R., 113. Monroe, A. H., 380. Monroe, C. J., 131. Moore, C. F., 131. Moore, E. L., 181. Moore, J. F., 85, 535. Moore, J. S., 136. Moore, R. A., 198. Moorhouse, L. A., 167. Morgan, E. R., 4, 71, 477. Morgan, H. A., 121. Morgan, J. A., 378. Morgan, W. H., 136. Morris, D., 442. Morris, O. M., 167. Morrison, W. G., 161. Morse, F. W., 148, 518. Morse, W. J., 190. Mosier, J. G., 108. Moulder, J. D., 163. Mudge, C. W., 155. Mulford, W., 93. Mumford, F. B., 55, 74, 138, 140. Mumford, H. W., 108. Munford, W. M., 79. Munson, W. M., 124, 554. Murphy, F., 150. Myers, E. C., 113. Myrland, A. J., 197. Nall, I. B., 660. Neal, J. W., 3, 81, 318, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 343. Neale, A. T., 97. Neilson, A. J., 150. Nelson, A., 201. Nelson, E. E., 201. Nelson, J., 150. Nelson, J. B., 188. Nelson, N. A., 201. Nelson, S. B., 193. Nesom, G. E., 179. Newman, C. C., 179. Newman, C. L., 85. Newman, J. S., 179, 677. Newton, C. R., 419. Newton, F. E., 155. Newton, W., 90. Nichols, E. R., 116. Nicholson, H. H., 144. Nicholson, J. F., 167. Nielsen, H. P., 81, 358, 354, 386. Nightingale, A. F., 108. Noble, J. B., 653. Norris, D. K., 179. Northrop, C., 53, 134. Northrop, R. §., 158. Norton, F. A., 181. Norton, J. B. S., 126. Nourse, D. O., 191, 524. Nugent, C. E., 163. Nutter, J. W., 119. Nye, S. A., 176. Nyland, J., 373. Obrecht, R. C., 108. | Odell, B. B., jr., 155. Ogden, A. W., 93. Ogilvie, W. W., 678. O'Hanlon, W., 155. Olcott, J. B., 93. Oldham, C. D., 195. Olin, M. H., 155, 756 Olin, W. H., 113. Olsen, J. W., i34. Olson, G. A., 198. Olwell, J. D., 169. Ooley, J. H., 88. Ormsbee, E. J., 190. Ormsby, J. M., 83. Orton, W. A., 56. Osborne, T. B., 93, 517, 522. Ostrander, J. E., 129. Otero, M. A., 153. Otto, R., 568. Owen, E. R., 187. Owens, G. W., 80. Owens, J. R., 126. Paddock, W., 91. Palmer, G. M., 375. Palmer, G.S., 95. Pammel, L. H., 56, 113. Pardee, G. C., 87. Park, J. B., jr., 101. Parker, D. T., 197. Parkinson, G. C., 106. Parrott, J. R., 99. Parrott, P. J., 155. Parsons, A., 129. Parsons, C., 181. Parsons, Mrs. H., 578. Patch, E. M., 124. Patching, F., 370. Pate, W. F., 108. Patten, A. J., 155. Patten, D. W., 95. Patterson, B. C., 95. Patterson, H. J., 126. Patterson, J. K., 50, 119. Patterson, S. L., 160, 672. Patterson, W. C., 172. Patton, C. A., 165. Paull, L. F., 116. Payne, J. E., 91. Payne, W. L., 106. Peabody, J. H., 90. Pearson, R. A., 158. Peart, H.S., 542. Peck, C., 190. Peck, S. S., 105. Peevy, L. H., 121. Penick, W. B., 113. Penny, C.L., 97, 522. Pereles, J. M., 197. Perkins, G. H., 190. Perkins, R. C. L., 416. Perkins, W. R., 136. Pernot, E. F., 169. Perrin, S. W., 144. Peter, A. M., 119. Peters, A. T., 144, 526. Pettit, J. H., 108. Pettit, R. H., 131. Petty, R. L., 371. Phares, J., 136. Phillips, Mrs. C. P., 378. Pickett, J. S., 179. Pierce, N. B., 396. Pierpont, A.J., 95. Pillsbury, J. P., 172. INDEX OF NAMES. Pillsbury, W. L., 108. Pingree, M. H., 172. Plumb, C.S., 55, 524. | Pokrob, W., 93. Poole, R. R., 79. Pope, C.§8., 124. Popenoe, E. A., 116. Post, C. L., 153. Potis, A. R:, 181; Powell, E. H., 190. Powell, G. H., 566. Powell, G. T., 546, 548, 550. Pratt, H. A., 66, 505. Prausnitz, W., 510. | Price, H. C., 610. Price, H. L., 191. Price, R. B., 138. Prucha, M. J., 155. Puls) A. J)5 197. | Quayle, H. J., 88. Rader, F. E., 3, 81, 318. | Rane, F. W., 148. Rankin, F. H., 58. a Ransom, A. McB., 77. | Raw], B. H., 179. Redding, R. J., 101. Reed, H. S., 138. Reese, E., 183. Reeves, G. I., 138. Reichardt, F. A., 185. Reimer, F. C., 99. Reinstein, J. B., 87. Reynolds, M. H., 134. Reynoldson, E. E., 379. Rice, A. E., 134. Rice, J. E., 158. Rich, E. P., 144. Rich, F, A., 190, 526. Richards, E. H., 510. Richards, E. S., 187. Richards, W. B., 198. Richardson, A. B., 41, 66, 503, 505. Richardson, G. A., 153. Richeson, J. M., 79. Ridenbaugh, Mrs. W. H., 106. Ridgaway, C. B., 201. Riley, E. F., 197. Riley, E. H., 167. Risser, A. K., 172. Roadhouse, J. F., 71. Robert, J. C., 136. Roberts, G., 88. Roberts, H. F., 116. Roberts, I. P., 558, 559. Roberts, J. A., 124. Robertson, B. F., 179. Robertson, G. H., 105. Robertson, J. K., 185, 186. Robertson, R.H., 129. Robertson, W. R., 191. Robinson, J. H., 379. Robinson, J. M., 142. Robinson, J.5., 126. Robison, F. W., 131. Rock, E. H., 376. | Rockafellow, B. F., 90. Rolfs, F. M., 91. Rolfs, P. H., 425. Roll, G., 375, Romig, J. H., 376. Rose, L., 58. | Roskruge, G. J., 83. Ross, B. B., 77. Ross, G. W., 57. Ross, P. H., 3, 358, 354, Rost, E., 121. Rouse, I., 155. Routt, Mrs. E. F., 90. Rowell, C., 87. Ruggles, A. J., 134. Rumsey, W. E., 195. Rush, B. F., 87. Russell, F. L., 124. Russell, H. L., 198. Rutherford, W. J., 113. Ryals, G. M., 101. Sabsovich, H. L., 150. Sampson, D. L., 165. Sanderson, E. D., 185. Sandsten, E. P., 198. Sansom, M., 185. Sargent, H. O., 77. Saunders, De A., 181. Schaefer, F. A., 105. Schaub, I. O., 108. Scherffius, W. H., 119. Schnabel, J., 138. Schrader, F. C., 336. Sehraub, F. C., 155. Schroeder, C. A., 108. Schuler, C., 121. Schulte, J. I., 3. Schultz, L., 165. Schurman, J. G., 158. Schurmeier, T. L., 134. Schweitzer, P., 138. Scott, A., 150. Scott, J. M., 153. Scott, R. W., 160. Seott, W., 83. Seott, W. M., 457. Seovell, M. A., 50, 119. Scudder, H. H., 148. Sease, L. A., 179. Sedgwick, T. F., 398. Seibert, D., 126. Selby, A. D., 165. Selden, B. R., 191. Sellers, E. T., 121. Setchell, W. A., 88.. Severance, G., 193. Sexton, G., 316. Shame], A. D., 108. Sharp, J. P., 193. Sharp, P. F., 90. Shaw, E. L., 148. Shaw, G. W., 88. Shaw, R. H., 116. Shaw, R. S., 131. Shaw, W. R., 167. Shaw, W. S., 183. Shedd, O. M., 119. Sheldon, J. L., 195. Shepard, J. H., 181. Shephard, W. J., 385. Shepperd, J. H., 50, 163. Sherman, F., jr., 161. Shiver, F. S., 179, 516, 522. Shoesmith, V. M., 116. Shorey, E. C., 3, 1€3, 104. Shutt, F. T., 558, 559. Shutt, W., 88. Sigman, E. E., 201. Silverman, M., 93. Simmons, H. F., 388. Simonton, F. M., 99. Simpson, J. C., 659. Simpson, R. W., 179. Skinner, B. S., 161. skinner, H. G., 181. Skinner, J. H., 111. Skinner, W. W., 83. Skolfield, H., 121. Slack, C. W., 87. Slade, H. B., 526. Slagle, C. W., 126. Sledge, A., 79. Slingerland, M. V., 158. Sloan, P. H. E., 179. Slocum, R. M., 181. Smith, A., 58. Smith, A. J., 101. Smith, C. B., 3, 537. Smith, C. D., 131, 516. Smith, C. O., 97. Smith, G. A., 155. Smith, H. R., 144. Smith, J. B., 56, 150. Smith, J. C., 376. Smith, J. G., 3, 103, 391, 655 Smith, J. K., 371. Smnith, J. W.; 126. Smith, L. H., 108. Smith, O., 626. Smith, P. H., 129. Smith, R. E., 88. Smith, W. O., 105. Smyth, E. A., jr., 191. Smythe, A. T., 179. Snow, A. M., 124. Snyder, H., 67, 134, 517, 524, 533, 535, 558. Snyder, J. L., 50, 131. Snyder, W. P., 144. Sommers, S. L., 3. Soule, A. M., 183. South, J. C., 85. Southworth, E. A., 457, 458. Spafford, F. A., 181. Spencer, J., 191. Spethmahn, M. T., 221. Spillman, J. W., 399, 400. Stackhouse, H. M., 179. Stanley, C. W., 126. Stanton, E. W., 113. Starnes, H. N., 101. Stayner, G. E., 113. Stedman, J. M., 138. Stemen, C. B., 111. Stene, A. E., 176. INDEX OF NAMES. | Stern, A., 163. Stevens, F. L., 56, 161. Stevens, H. L., 201. Stevens, 0. B., 101. Stevens, W. J., 582. | Stevensen, W. H., 118. Stewart, F. C., 155. | Stewart, J., 516. Stewart, J. H., 195, 489. Stewart, M. A., 195. Stewart, R., 188. Stockbridge, H. E., 534. Stocking, W. A., jr., 95. Stokes, J. B., 160. Stoll, R. C., 119. Stollenwerck, G. D., 79. Stone, A. L., 198. Stone, B. A., 201. Stone, B. N., 163. Stone, C. W., 148. Stone, G. E., 129. Stone, J. L., 158. Stone, W. E., 50, 53. Stoneburn, F. H., 95. Stoney, S. G., 488. Storms, A. B., 114. Storrs, L. J., 95. Stout, O. V. P., 72, 73, 76, 144, 479. Stover, A. P., 4, 71, 38. Street, J. P., 150, 518, 523. 531. Strickler, O. C., 134. Stringer, F.S., 99. Stringfellow, H. M., 547. Stuart, W., 190. Stuart, W. V., 111. Stubbs, E. S., 146. Stubbs, J. E., 146. Stubbs, W. C., 121. Stubenrauch, A. V., 88. Summers, H. E., 113. Swanzy, F. M., 105. Swartwout, A. M., 141. Sweet, E. S., 106. Swezey, G. D., 144. Swinehart, W. H., 368. Symons, T. B., 126. Taft, L. R., 58, 131, 554, 663. Taggart, J. L., 165. Tait, C. E., 4, 68, 76, 478, 479, 493. Taliaferro, T. H., 99. Taliaferro, W. T. L., 126. Tallant, J. G., 148. Taussig, R. J., 87. Taylor, F. W., 148. Taylor, G. B., 121. Taylor, G. H., 146. Taylor, H. C., 197, 610. Taylor, O. M., 155. Teele, R. P., 4, 499. Teeters, J. L., 144. Temple, O. P., 183. Ten Eyck, A. M., 116. Tenney, E. D., 105. Terwilliger, J., 155. Thatcher, R. W., 193, 517, 518, 522. Theile, W. C., 167. Thoburn, J. B., 675. 757 Thomas, H., 90. Thompson, F., 105. Thompson, O. A., 163. Thompson, W. O., 50, 56. Thornber, J. J., 83. Thornber, W. S., 181. Thorne, C. E., 55, 165. Tibbey, H. S., 376, 387. Tillman, B. R., 179. Tindal, J. E., 179. Tinsley, J. D., 153. Tobin, P. H., 185. Tottingham, W. E., 129. Townsend, E. T., 380. Townsend, M. E., 148. Traphagen, F. W., 517. Triebel, C. A., 88. Trimble, R. E., 91. Troop, J., 111. Trotter, J. R., 195. True, A. C., 3, 23, 50, 52, 55, 81, 103, 174, 571, 609. True, G. H., 146, 471. Trueman, J. M., 158. Tucker, G. M., 138. Tulloss, J. O., 116. Tunholtz, C. A., 388. Tuohy, J., 88. Turner, A. J.. 4, 71. Turner, B. B., 95, 96. Turner, J. D., 119. Twight, E. H., 88. Tyler, H. W., 50. Tynanwvl. Py 201. Upson, I. S., 150. | Vanatter, P. O., 183. Van Dine, D. L., 3, 103. Vandiver, M., 126. Van Doren, P. V. D., 150. Van Es, L., 163. Van Hise, C. R., 199. Van Hook, J. M., 158. Van Leenhoff, J., jr., 3, 174. Van Leenhoff, J. W., 3, 174, 423, 450, 460. Van Natta, J. H., 111. Van Norman, H. E., 111. Van Sant, S. R., 134. Van Slyke, L. L., 155. Veitch, W., 93. Vernon, J. J., 153. Vilas, W. F., 197. Vincenheller, W. G., 85, 86. Volch, W. H., 88. Von Tenpsky, D., 393. Voorhees, E. B., 50, 52, 55, 58, 74, 150, 151, 486.» - Voorhees, L. A., 150, 518, 523, 531, Vye, J. A., 134. Wachter, H. M., 165. Wade, C, I., 191. Waid, C. W., 165. ; Wainwright, T. L., 136. Wait, C. E., 68. Waldron, C. B., 163, 552. 758 Waldron, L. R., 163. Walker, E., 85. Wallace, W. H., 131. Waller, O. L., 70, 71, 1938, 473, 474. Walton, B. F., 161. Wannamaker, J. E., 179. Ward, A. R., 88. Ward, C. W., 155. Ward, J. B., 150. Ware, J. E., 134. Ware, L. S., 520. Washburn, F. L., 184. Washington, B. T., 79. Wason, G. A., 148. Waterman, G. A., 131. Waters, H. J., 138, 4838. Watkins, L. W., 181. Watkins, S. H., 113. Watson, E. J., 121. Watson, G. C., 172. Watson, J. V. B., 176. Watson, W. M., 195. Waugh, F. A., 129. Waymire, J. A., 87. Weatherford, J. K., 169. Webb, G. A., 90. Webb, J. H., 93. Webb, W., 58, 653. Webber, H. J., 56. Weber, F. C., 516. Webster, E. H., 117. Weed, C. M., 56, 148. Weems, J. B., 113. Weld, I. C., 148. Wells, C., 138. Wells, F. J., 198. Welty, C., 165. Werthmueller, F. R., 105. West, W., 181. Wheaton, A. H., 181. INDEX OF NAMES. Wheeler, B. Wheeler, C. F., 583. Wheeler, C. S., 88. Wheeler, G. C., 116. Wheeler, H. J., 50, 54, 176, 522. Wheeler, W., 128. Wheeler, W. A., 181. Wheeler, W. P., 155. Wheizel, H. H., 158. Whitaker, M. A., 150. Whitcher, G. H., 627. White, B. O., 516. White, D. D., 165. White, E. A., 95. - White, H. ©., 50, 51, 67, 101, 654. White, H. V., 171. White, T. H., 126. White, W. A., 511. White, W. J., 195. Whitehill, A. R., 195. Whitfield, D. S., 384. Whitfield, H. L., 136. Whitmore, G. ©., 187. Whitney, M., 55. Whitson, A. R., 73, 198, 485. Whitten, J. C., 138, 551, 552. Wiancko, A. T., 111. Wickson, E. J., 88, 651. Widtsoe, J. A., 188, 679. Wikoff, F. J., 167. Wilcox, E. V,.3. 775 Wiley, H. W., 55. Willard, J. T., 116, 515, 516, 660. Williams, C. G., 165. Williams, D., 121. Williams, E. L., 158. Williams, H. W., 150. Williams, W., 138. Willis, C., 108. Williston, D. A., 80. Ua Ef £25. O Willoughby, C. L., 101. Wilson, G. W., 99. Wilson, H. L., 172. Wilson, J. H., 113. Wilson, J. W., 181. Wilson, M. B., 533. Wilson, N. E., 146, 669, Wilson, T., 134. Wilson, T. B., 155. Wing, H. H., 158. Winton, A. L., 93, 518. Withers, W. A., 4, 161, 517, 528, Withycombe, J., 71, 169, 471, 472, 516, 675. Woll, F. W., 198, 523. Wood, E. W., 128. Wood, M. F., 106. Wooden, L. J. H., 388, Woodruff, O., 150. Woods, A. F., 56, 587. Woods, C. D., 4, 67, 124. Woodward, J. A., 171. Woodward, S. M., 838. Woodworth, C. W., 88. Woodworth, H. O., 88. Wooton, E. O., 153. Worst, J. H., 50, 163. Worthington, W. E., 99. Wright, A. E., 71, 474, 475. Wyman, J. T., 134. Yates, R., 108. Yates, W. E., 169. Yoder, P. A., 188. York,. P..C., 88: Zintheo, C. J., 114, 601. Zuboff, J., 384. TaSG els ; re) 7 a . Ay r 4 iz sf m Bin ele, . . - , a ~ od - J . . Tw 32 . é *. ‘ r : . ee end - é ‘ a us Ne 4 New York Botanical Garden i 258 5931 Ze tit : 73} yt, he es ee ——