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1364 Issued September 14, 1911.

US: DEPARTMENT GF AGRICULTURE.

Lise ARY
MIRVY YORE

ANNUAL REPORT — Betaswas

QAR EH

OF THE

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30,

1910.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1911.

JOINT RESOLUTION Providing for printing annually the Report of the Director of the
Office of Experiment Stations, Department of Agriculture.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That there be printed eight thousand copies
of the Report of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations, prepared
under the supervision of the Secretary of Agriculture, on the work and expendi-
tures of that office and of the agricultural experiment stations established in
the several States and Territories under the act of Congress of March second,
eighteen hundred and eighty-seven, for nineteen hundred and three, of which
one thousand copies shall be for the use of the Senate, two thousand copies
for the use of the House of Representatives, and five thousand copies for the
use of the Department of Agriculture; and that annually hereafter a similar
report shall be prepared and printed, the edition to be the same as for the
report herein provided.

Approved, April 27, 1904.

2

THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

A. C. Trun, Ph. D., Se. D., Director.

BE. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Mrs. C. E. Jounston, Chief Clerk.
SaraH L. Sommers, Record Clerk.

E. Lucy O«Gpen, Librarian.

RELATIONS WITH STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The Director and ASSISTANT DIRECTOR.
W. H. BHRAL.

W. H. EVANS.

J. I. SCHULTD.

EXPHPRIMENT STATION RECORD.

ALLEN, Ph. D., Editor.
_ Kner, B. S., Assistant Editor.
. BHAL, A. B., M. E.,
. TILLMAN, B. & Agr
. EVANS, Ph.
. Lone, A. M.,
5 “LANGWORTHY, Ph. D., Foods and human nutrition.
. SCHULTH, B. Agr., x
. RANKIN, A. B., B. S. a, }Fiela ee
. Crossy, M. S., Agricultural education.
. Moran, M. A., Rural economics.
. GLASSON, B. S. A., Horticulture and forestry.
. A. Hooker, B. §., Economie zoology, entomology, and veterinary medicine.

BE. W. Morsp, B. A. S., Zootechny, dairying, and dairy farming.
L. W. Ferzer, Ph. D., M. D., Agricultural chemistry, agrotechny, and veterinary medi-

cine.
WILLIAM Henry, Indexing and proof reading.

’ \Meteorology, soils, and fertilizers.

Do lagricultural botany, bacteriology, and vegetable pathology.

ghsoousodgwame
eee te ate

EXPERIMENT STATION WORK.
W. H. Brat, Editor, with the assistance of the staff of Experiment Station Record.
INSULAR STATIONS.
W. H. Evans, Ph. D., Chief.
ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

C. C. GrorGEson, M. S., Special agent in charge, Sitka.
A. J. WILKUS, Assistant at Sitka.

G. W. Gassmr, B. S., Assistant at Rampart.

M. D. Snoperass, B. S., Assistant at Kodiak.
LAURENCH KeLiy, Assistant dairyman at Kodiak.

C. W. HrIpDEMAN, Jr., Herdsman at Kodiak.

J. W. NwAL, Assistant at Fairbanks.

HAWAIL EXPERIMENT STATION,

E. V. Witcox, Ph. D., Special agent in charge, Honolulu.
J. E. Hiaeins, B. A., M. S. A., Horticulturist.

C. K. McCLEeLLAND, Agronomist.

W. P. Kewiey, M. S., Chemist.

D. T. Futuaway, A. B., Entomologist.

W. T. McGeores, B. S., Assistant chemist.

ALicp R. THOMPSON, B. S., Assistant chemist.

C. J. Hunn, B. 8. A., Assistant horticulturist.
VALENTINE Hour, Assistant in horticulture.

C. A. Sauer, Assistant in agronomy.

>

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

PORTO RICO EXPERIMENT STATION.

D. W. May, M. Agr., Special agent in charge, Mayaguez.
J. W. VAN LEENHOFF, Coffee expert.

W. V. Tower, B. S., Entomologist.

P. L. Grin, A. B., Chemist.

Cc. F. KinMAN, B. S., Horticulturist.

E. G. RirzMAan, B. S. A., Animal husbandman.

G. L. Fawcett, B. S., Plant pathologist.

T. B. McCLeLLAND, A. B., Assistant horticulturist.

Cc. N. AcnTron, Assistant chemist.

W. E. Hess, Expert gardener.

GUAM BXPERIMENT STAWION.

J. B. THompson, B. S., Special agent in charge, Island of Guam.
PETER NELSON, ‘Assistant.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

D. J. Crospy, M. S., Specialist in agricultural education.

F. W. Howse, Assistant in agricultural education.

JOHN HAMILTON, B. S., M. 8S. A., Farmers’ institute specialist.
J. M. SrepMAN, B. S., Assistant farmers’ institute specialist.

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS.

Cc. F. LaANGwcrruHy, Ph. D., Expert in charge of nutrition investigations.
R. D. Mitner, Ph. B., Assistant in nutrition investigations.

S. C. CuarK, B. S., M. A., Assistant in nutrition laboratory.

W. P. Garrett, B. S., M. A., Assistant in nutrition laboratory.

IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS.

SAMUEL Fortier, D. Sc., Chief of irrigation investigations.
R. P. TEELE, M. A., Assistant chief.

Irrigation engineers and irrigation managers.—A. P. Stover, M. S. in C. E., in charge
of work in Oregon; C. E. Tart, B. A., in charge of work in southern California; S. O.
JAYN»E, B. S., in charge of work in Washington; FRANK ADAMS, M. A., in charge of work
in California; W. W. McLAUGHLIN, B. S., in charge of work in Utah; P. E. Fume, in
charge of work in Arizona and of power investigations; W. L. RocKWELL, C. E., in
charge of work in Texas; M. B. WiLuiAMs, B. C. E., in charge of work in humid sec-
tions; D. H. Bark, B. S., in charge of work in Idaho; C. G. HASKELL, C. E., in charge of
rice investigations ; V. M. Conn, B. §8., in charge of work in central California.

Scientific assistants.—F. G. Harppn, A. M., R. D. RoBprtson, B. §., and S. H.
BECKETT, B. S.

Agent.—J. W. LONGSTRETH, in charge of work in Kanasas.

Expert mechanician.—E. J. Horr.

Irrigation farmers.—J. H. Gorpon, R. G. HEMPHILL, B. S.; W. H. Lauck, R. E.
Manonry, and JoHN KRALL, Jr.

Collaborators.—O. V. P. Strout, C. E., in charge of work in Nebraska, University of
Nebraska; G. H. True, B. S., in charge of work in Nevada, University of Nevada; W. B.
Grecory, M. E., in charge of rice investigations in Louisiana and Texas, Tulane Univer-
sity; F. L. Brxpy, B. S., in charge of work in New Mexico, New Mexico College of
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS.

C. G. Evxiort, C. E., Chief drainage engineer and chief of drainage investigations.
A. D. MorenHousst, M. E., Office engineer and acting chief in absence of the chief.

Assistant office engineers.—R. D. MarsDEN, B. 8.; H. H. Barrows, C. H.; N. B. Waps,
BS. sin Cc. BH.

Draftsmen.—G. F. Pouumrs, H. B. ARTLEY.

Drainage engineers. —W. J. Mc@atHROoN; S. H. McCrory, B. S.; H. A. Kipp, B. S. in
C. E.; FE: EF. SHarnr, B. S. in C.-E.; 0: G@. BAxtur, B.S. in C. BE:

Assistant drainage engineers.—G. M. WARREN, B. S.; D. L. YARNELL, B. C. E.; J. V.
PHILLIPS, B. S.; L. A. JONES, C. B.; F. G. Hason, B.S. 3) Co W. Oxny, B.C; His de Be
HASWELL, B. S. A.; W. J. ScHLick, B. C. H.; A. G: Hann) B.S!)31C. We. MeNGaE ba

Drainage Dib incoreior irrigated cua G. MILLER, B. 8.3 R. ye Hart, B. S.; W. W.
WEIR; S. W. Cooper; W. A. KELLY, B.

Engineers available for special w et E. Morcan; S. M. Woopwarp, M. S., M. A.3$
C. EF. Brown, M. S.; L. L. Hipinenr, B. C. H.; J. T. Stewart, B. S. in C. E.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,
Washington, D. C., March 8, 1911.
Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report of
the Office of Experiment Stations, the publication of which is author-
ized by joint resolution of the Fifty-eighth Congress, second session.
This includes a report on the work and expenditures of the agri-
cultural experiment stations established under the act of Congress
of March 2, 1887, and further endowed under the act of Congress of
March 16, 1906, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, in compliance
with the following provision of the act making appropriations for
this department for the said fiscal year:

_ The Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe the form of the annual financial
statement required under the above acts, ascertain whether the expenditures
are in accordance with their provisions, and make report thereon to Congress,

Very respectfully, A. C. Tron,

Director.
Hon. James WILson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

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CONTE NAT &

Work ot the Office of Experiment Stations............-..2-+:isassesaceeess-
Relations with the agricultural experiment stations...............-.------
isilanex pertinent statous 2.60.6 ac =. nnn ney einen SS eee

Alaa Rts tlON ss aaron aoe aaa pete itucincha ete sap he eset Ee eee =

LAWALL Sta hlONA SsGc6 2 Sos etree eee. A RSe Te Aree .

Rorte, Rico stations 35 ase Wee. nnn. 5 22 Se ee Stee 2
CUR ITON 25,5 oars oe oS 4 epee anion Sees on SS See eo
Pein: Inv eRntipa Ones opo0 = sateen has eos oc posits te esi ae
TemicrnOn Vesa TONS: 02 occ fn oe nein eas a eee Deena
SUSUMU EMU AGS ie oy etaesi soy ais ea ere tae = = ir geek ee somal pees wees

INGwe Mien CONS aan ee ore in Ace coin. Sree Oe ee ae
COOLOTG Ope eee es care seer Nar ne the a, 0S OS A Sn A a ache pi
Nay OWA NMNES cia ha Siac cain Wine ie wa RVA cape a cin, <i PE Re I oe
IO INES TNS peg ep aes or ie ie ook sie as AS eS See ae ee eae
INorthaDakotass.pocset ec ce to Soe ese tae soe See aes See

TERIA ION, OF TCO Sean eae seein neers cine oe cones Ieee se <.s
Immpation jnphimid: sections. 2. 3.222215 20 =-\--,5 22 - See eae ee
Dremace investigations 5. cc sent cciote ea lcas = Sin ace ae ae ae ae
imprayement of farm lands: .)2.2: 5.22. -pnu3 SeMaee eee ate =
Drainsveobswamip lands) jac neo ac mcd ote ne necis DOSE Dae
Reclamation-of overflowed lands: ./2...:.5. 5... 2 ane tae e
Drimace. of tericated lands... 2.2520 ts oe fons ne eee
Collection: of technieal data... 2s 2-222: oe. Aas a eeee eee ee
Preliminary and reconnoissance work......-..-----------++----++++--
DPisseminationvoLinformaiion.. 2520... 2s bine os Pee se eee 2
Promotion. of-agriculturall edueation.. -.. +... ajc Ssuds te ees he eee
Parmers’ institutes and extension work... .... 24:2 esse Sesh. eee.
PIL AMIN se 2 Sy a ae cy os hic ch. SDS: Cambie Bete gs mee F ge eey ge 2)
PREG ONING 5 it 3 eae che pel Sadie = CAjais. x PC ee
Work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations ..............-.
Review onthe Vestine. cS te oe ele acc ie Mia cs od Sm cynal cae
Ghances.dm nemsonnels 0.8 oes os no Soe oe a oe inion oe oes AC =
Dr iCharles A. Goersinaa my, 2.06 ogc ate He oe kee RE
Prot. Williana, Fs Brewery staee core oh ciclons = pIES OC a
Newrlinesofarork yeur 4. shsH3 55. Joleen wees Jee). Shek ee Ss.
imerease imi fondsiand\ equipment e.----5-. sabe. eee eee eee ee ae -
inyvestigaions under the AdamaAct....-. 4.25.2. irthids Rietdoieel..
Dba LOH AMMUISHPATLON 295.05 So ae ee he IS BAU OU LEG...

8 CONTENTS.

Work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations—Continued.
Publications obitheistationsa2+.5--5-> hee ebaee ooeceee aoe o eee
Sonie noteworthy resultsof.station work... -.2..< <2... 2s2-<se6 doce eee
Progress: 1n TOreion COUMUTes: a2 ns s2 2 sen atin cin one ole ps hee eo See
Inspection ofthe stations... 5 =. <.--[... 2ose ep < a2 55 22a a ee

Alabama, College stations ss cp 2224-42 2 s\-7ao = 2 os Sas so sel eee
Alabama) Canebrake'station=+.-2n-ac2,. 03 ses soe scans eee
‘Alabama Tuskegee station... 25> a) ee oo ete oo 355 a ee
Alaska stationse seat peer eee oc aronee So Soest
Arizona: statlonnc~< cece oe erg ee a). oS SE ee ee
Arkansas. station 5.5506 ete ees ee A eS ee
Califormia‘statlonaccoceen sone nee omer ce Uno eee 1 ee
Coloradostatione==-2eeeecee eee cae. eye ee etre este fod te

Georgia station s:2.2%.. 22 <sodee cee Bee ee eee Oe eee
Guanistatlony 222.528 2 onot eee eee ee ee ee eee ae eee
Hawalt station... 5: sse.04 4-2 - Se eee SSO San ee ee
Hawatian sugariplanters: stations 5----50s5-6s25e-- =. ee
Wdahostadoness 558i <p Pete eee aoe eee eee PORE E En Eee

entucky: stato) soc cean coin ee Se Cem ene 2 i we
Mouisian a Statlonss ccc eek ee eee Cece Renn
Mame StAtlORs oiiis iraecn ok.ce es ee ce RRS ere
Maryland stations... c.9s5-$002 ce sean eet tae oe ee
Massachisetts stablons-+.- 255.222 oe ey aS eS 8 aise
Michigan-statloncs .. fc. 82s. Seda ee cae eee ee
Minnesotaistation .: 2.2.2.2.) ed ee Ee ee
Massissip pl: statiomess ccc «<<< oc ed ots eee too ee
Missouri. College istations..:.2% 3-205 4.52 ee. eee ee
Montana station

New Hampshireistation. =... =. =22s54:.2 oe ee ee ae ee ee
New Jersey: stations: --.2<<<<.t. Sole oe ieee
New Mexico station

North Carolina College station
North Carolina State station
North Dakota station

Oregon: station a5 3. 2: s.< s..ss0s Sc oe ees eeu ee
Pennsylvania, station. =. <2 2002....,.. 5... saen se
Pennsylvania State College Institute of Animal Nutrition............
Porto Rico station

Page.

CONTENTS. Q

Work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations—Continued. Page.
Inspection of the stations—Continued.

Mennessee siatlONcew a>. e sa Oba as See EL Soe cases eed. 240

Texas shablowsterecincs 40s 2a as Sasacio se tes eal bee ae a eae 242

Mine Atinkiess oS eonus 5.558 ~ 508 sana as soe sho eee 245

Monmant, staulOns 50 2.5.chras 005250 sok ese ae sas San eso tae coo = 249

Narginie station.....v goluetee bug aor er ee a) acint ea 2 =. = 251

Winginia druck atatlonie. o- . <5 6.05 ais. < 15 ee Se Ra woe 254

Washineton, statiae tess —<=-. 6.4 >.-.5.959s Lee soie Mh weee nee» 2). 2s 257

WiesisVinginiaciniens. 22.2.5. 2tuuieosdl Sac ae Posen t.2 - 258

Masconsim stations 5.4 /soso5.0 SO est sek lane ee pester’ F252 261

Miaming sisiiOns 53502 = So sates S-AE Re eee Meee = 267

Statistics of land-grant colleges and agricultural experiment stations, 1910... .. 271

Summary of statistics of land-grant colleges............--.--------------- 271

Summary. of statistics. of the stations... <<. ...s..., ee sis ieee lesbain 273

Statistics of the land-grant colleges and universities..........-.---.------- 275

Statistics of the agricultural experiment stations............--....------- 300

Meapressamapriculiural education, 1910... 1.2.5 .222.25555552555-- 48ers eee 315

Bormann Lon ii 0; WeaEs sec, alana ss pce s seh see as de eeee we 315

Educational work of the Department of Agriculture...............----- i ouG

Educational work of the Office of Experiment Stations.................-- 319

Relation to American institutions..............------- aN «ee 320

Relation, to-foreiom drstititlonas=< i: 4. cifsass: ois-ie sogelies S85 225. 321

AtiriG rata 8 ccd ale Yea Ses le eas ee eee 321

Ammenibina se se4 ooo bo Sa 2 eal el Etre Rey eee ee 322

PAGS (rail asp Sean oer OR Sioa oe eee ayay et: ME we ea ee 322

(elem: - es as 3 V3 Jaan ales 3 SoS CREE ne 2 323

rayzallee Uke Soe phn ee ay ewe Cae atin aie. fnak 323.

I miiahwlislancs ss see eae aes steel a eR es re ee pire Lec eee ne eee 324

Braise Westelindies\ 4222 ASS 53-38 oe Soa Sere ee ce 325

Giamard ayes amy pe sth Pp bg Ape Oe ee ge oe eee ee ooh Sea eis St 326

Sa Ss pas bes nape ees ead 5 eee oe 327

(Colimaliitar 35 75s DS ae ee hn Re RE ess 328

| Datta Ey a6 [ae eon = op eee pee eR Oe i ne ERR Fate yt Se 328

FRAC Ges ah meee ah ete Eee See ee eS fe 328

Gen an yest eae or Rn ee ot ee ee AEE, oo crs 328

UFirn lity ser ease Met Ae a etek ek Le bel he Rec 2 St he ee Mee ais 329

Mapai skeet ga cee a eee oe OE eee Scie 330

IM Gixal © O ery ae ars ats ys on RS I ee el eae ook 330

RUMI RS eo oe 35 = 5 5 4 ae pea ee Ee ta 330

SUD fra a De < pene ae Rea REPS ene cannes * eo 1h* Sepa 331
Educational work of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and

Eeperiment Stations 2. 2232.05. 5--22 0 Hak Ett Bae RET ec EE. 22). 331

Work of the National Education Association. .........-........-------- 338

fhe. Graduate, School of Agriculture....:3.2hecas Iasseie bases ceed. 344

iPurposexof ithe pehoolt tv tsesa5-fore st AS Se Se ese h ce. 345

Equipment of Iowa college departments...........-------------+---- 345

Apmenttural enpineerimg. . 245-2 8he lo 2. leo ate ee ieee A 345

Apronomy department... 29s wie bate y Asse es oot ss: 345

Animal nusbandryadepanrtment=-.94 65-445 ee eee ete 345

[EV Oj RUDiA\ows (eh Ce Nah C40 C) 6 epee ane ME SOO Ae RR a ERNE et 346

Darrngg de pantin Ones. Aeeee sakes) ea easels on etna iors 346

Keqnomics departments 76945, 2.c.45 5 sae ciaeias RO eer arse 346

Department of horticulture and forestry.........-........----++- 346

10 CONTENTS.

Progress in agricultural education, 1910—Continued.
The Graduate School of Agriculture—Continued.
Requirements for admission. ..........----+---- 2-2-2 e eee ee eee eens
Gaurses Of BtUAY.sous fe 88 esis oe Horii die As ag nie = ate SS tare
Gonteren ces cman sone eosin lala aierale sie oe teirot ott icc eee eee
aCW li yies Sense s cars tee Aan oo Sica amet e seer ce a's» LEIS Soars
Instructors in plant physiology and naan - = SGU See ee
Instructors in agronomy ...............--..-------
Instructersin horticulture. io. -- 3. .<.< i. 2.5 hE - Se eee
Imstructorsmianimalibusbandry~ 44-222 ee ee =
Instructors in poultry husbandry,. -.22<23-.22...2+ 3-2-2 = eee
Instructorsin aairyinge an. soo 2 - eens ois. Oe eee eee
Instructors "in rural engineertnp 253.65. 22e2 > acs ee
Instructors in rural economics and sociology. .......------------
The aericultural colleges... 222 «15-425 tits aisle el a elie tate
istoricalla..osesse. Store ee ee eee ree eee ao ae eee
Appropriations. «s- =. =. 0.22 ais ate ee eee tect le ae nee er
Buildings. f2e.2 4 secs 2 3 asa ssh ae ee ae eee
Work at the colleres saa se =o seat laya tetera at ie
Goursestiomteacherss sseeee eee eee shee ae eee eee
College extension and short courses.......-- ateste
The colleges at the International Live Stock Poees. pete! yikes
The colleges at the Fourth National Dairy Show. ...-..-.-------
"ihe secondary SCHOOIBE 2 <2.5..)s21\. so 1st a hwo el = cpr ee
Recent progress by States. . -..--...-.-2.-2- 250-25 2- Uae eee
). WA PYG le BP ROB EE Door eae dover eannes Ae ee Seer e soot basso ae
(allaformiajen 2. 4ts ese ile ee tee ice ree: eee
OoilloenGlos acoecoase soc eenee onan e Ene qoeconcEoesepedasasccdans

errs leur S ssierct ocr es ancl foe ee
1 hie] (hc ee ere aerate eee ak Nak A
IMOTMEATIA «cee oi te oe ie wierd ae WS aS See te See eee
INe@w: MexdCOn tice os ces Soe: ice Ses Sees Oe eee
New: MOEK sone eccewinb lss D ae eee eee

WATPUNIA 25.2 cine cinta s An oats Seth ta aes ee
WASCODSIM: te alc ancttotesarsinse aa aaa ie sos Se eee See eee

High school extension work in agriculture........-.--.-------------
The Baltimore County. plant oc. lewies)--cs- = 1 ee ee

The Stocktom plain. </. 5 ste selsts tele ole elas Serer ee rae eee ee
Agriculture in normal schools... 2.2532. 2-2 eee eee
Agriculture in the State Normal School at Athens, Ga...-.-.-----

The elementary schools ..2.... 12S .eeUSe te See ee eee
AC modellrural schools. © ose eee ee see ee ee ee
Farmers’ institutes in the United States, 1910...........:...-.-.-.-----------
Imstutuntes Wel da: = y-vcsce-sleccssh tnt scat oo ea ee retaere
SS GSS OMS ere rare ete roses te fare cc tara ane Neyer charc ie) aves Ve eRe sro tee eee
PEL OM GAM COS = agetay-taretetenctererer a So eas bore ee Se ee eee eee omer
AD PTOPTIAtlONS. <=). cro cali ee oe
Agricultural college and experiment station aid. ....-..------------+-+---

CONTENTS.

Farmers’ institutes in the United States, 1910—Continued.
URerCN Bbc Uy) ho: Pee ne Men Rei ne ee Cre Per ery Liab Seis el ele
Aonicultural colloxe. extension. work... .«isvses sesh ses oo 7st Re
The American Association of Farmers’ Institute Workers. ..........-..-..
Tnstitutesfor young peaple.s 35 f. tes Fs ta ddag datas 82 OIE TIN
Mnstitutes for WOME... <icjs enero pte poicte rate ert as See eee aa
NaIMASSOCIA TONS sis cso coe scissile te eee eee” 2S SOM RS
Agricultutal instruction trainse: 2.2/2 Sas SS Os Oe
Reporwior Lockhmanarersh. 225702 Ws ey IDS oT) LE a
Bconomy.in institute expenditure..<22.....2.5 0. 9s 255.2. eters t eee -
Improvement. of the institute servica\.os....:.. 2s fees Sede ee
WATIAOL LO: OMMCO screw isin ne sate otic nne shee eyes ee eR OOS
Bs ULC OPIOLUA retest caer atenoi ict Stott att PCI S oe amici are en ts teen oe a ore
Statistics oltarmers sinstitutes lOO 4) cam ado nese ce tee ee ae eee

The results of agricultural extension in Belgium.......-.............--....-
MeROCTG LIONS re wise trot a dient ee cai avalrwpaea ie 2 cis sass Se Se a ea ae
(PX TERSLON SUPEEVISOIS 3 <tscew tenes oisoce Kedec =< tae cee ss eee ee
IETONANGO,OL A TGWOLD) qajorer ticity tate rele ee ie de SE OE WO:
ptewdner on Prabang 2 25 8.cit ch 49 «cyan olen aot Aaa oe eee

Pnanimeeionmiacnmart =: =. ae ots hha Waele cial alae nice ee iho a
Bro VATGOrO MICO ORs ae ete Pinte eects Seiya eee oe ee eterna ne eee
Rete wines @leW MEO. 25. a) (0A ahs oa bras ee eo a ee
Erevan CGO UKeMOUTE.. cer ase, ei Eee eich ee Oe Ce ee ees
PALICOLOCN ATE ec mario a oer at oe meee ee ai 5 ee ee area

Origin and development of the nutrition investigations of the Office of Experi-

BANE T UGH UA UL OMS scever rita ee ey Matec eees a tance ee ey Scns eee ec Wd nc a an

Hany nutrition work in, the United: States... =... 22.0 sacle seen. -- see
Origin of the nutrition work of the United States Department of Agriculture.
Orcanization of the nutrition inquiry. Ys)... cie.0 > dae ee ate otis ee abe
Peope onthe Miuitribion AMVestiontiOUss 25 V<.< + \<cic'o sss 2's aves wih claws ee ewe
Technical reports, popular bulletins, and other nutrition publications. . . .
Results of the nutrition work and conclusion..................-.+-++.---
errigaivon wuder the Carey Acton. 5 nc, <b es% Deke ae nn os oy edaea es Beene
Conditions leading up to the passage of the Carey Act............-.-.---
he: Carey Ach and jis amendments... ..-.8 ee. a)a.. 12 dySjnm cies oni tele eens ees
Gerben Or the Carey Neh. nha ss: - vis) oe eee eae aces ts ee ee
SPIRGACARCVAA CH Otabes 2 go's oes ao ak uae pete a aoe, bee RU a dt

DONWON Re 2 Seat ea et Lh et a ak Be SL he
IMomibamar srertecrae fs Sey Ms ta tehrcin's 2 Seay Phi be Uae | ae oe RAL Le OR oy
0 G2 S10) Rae og a Oe eR ent OR ae har wee Meee
(Colona QO nora ee sey Er ei 2 Ey SRL PO PORE, Eb a Py tse

ithe -walue ofthe Carey Acts At. vance eta het aan hss oes
Development of methods of draining irrigated lands..................-.-..--
METERING UNGE as othe nic 5 ae rome ce RIA ae etc) eet Ldap gt a Is 8
arises: which prodies SCCpare =. tena Seeks tags nd a cemmoen aeere eeehaeke aes
Methods of draining in the Bear River Valley, Utah......................
Progress and difficulties in western Colorado
alec hina lis AGATA teApge Mises se. ot 50 al Fs Se sae Seah
Special relief wells and discharge drains...............2..0.2..0000ee000-

12 CONTENTS.

Development of methods of draining irrigated lands—Continued. Page.
Steam land dredges. -...-.....--.-. 4 sepa Oo ass tee eee 496
Maintenances. 2-3 -24s24-15- Safe, cin ee vee EER eit ested tee Lend eae 496
Cement drain tile...... pee aiucetoad. occ AME sol pene ad. Bea Ae 497
Wooden box Grains 5.355635 ain 5 Sn eee Seta S ee ee 497
Cooperative drainage.ic- oc nveassyocdet tac Say ee SRE Se .-. . 498
Beneficial effect of draining on alkali land..............--....---+------ 499
Pumping drainage water from sumps into irrigation ditches.............. 499

The Guam Agricultural Experiment Station and its work for the fiscal year 1910. 503
The station. 25-052 oes ae erste sob hissiiend 2 ee 503
Improvements: $7 -330- acsecsosscace cee HEN AOS 35 ae est OAS 5a. See 503
MOTAP CICLO PS 12 aie es esa ey ots Scans ns a OE 505
Vegetableiexpermacn tean5. 9225. fos sna a ae oe 5 eee 506
Grain; storing experiments aero ae a eters eee See 507
Hedge plant studies.-......-.. 5 SPN SUE se C4 Sade aoe face i tessa bee eel ee 509
Planiwmtroduetions...c a2 45s S45 the bate om ary ts i, Ge ee ee 509
implements 4-25 722 Soaesz ees cee 4s es eee ee eee ea 510

Imports and exports of the.island of Guam... .....5... ..s2eetes-s--ceuase 210

Priate I.

VI.

Vill.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

Fig. 1.—New laboratory building at the Connecticut State station.
Fig. 2.—Main building of the Florida station. ............-....--

. Fig 1.—Laboratory at the Louisiana rice station, Crowley. Fig. 2.—

Sheep feeding barn at the Montana station.............-

. Fig. 1.—New dairy building, New Hampshire College ant Seition

Fig. 2.—Sheep barn at the New Hampshire station...............

. Fig. 1.—Experiments on the accumulation and utilization of atmos-

pheric nitrogen, New Jersey stations. Fig. 2.—Feeding experi-
ments with hogs, North Dakota station... ~ fo. suenl-0-~=-5----

. Fig. 1.—New greenhouse laboratories, New York Cornell College and

station. Fig. 2.—New dairy barns, New York Cornell College and
tation eee ss.23. Sern See ees ra feed pe eres ee ape in ae

Fig. 1—New dairy coe at the Oklahoma station. Fig. 2—New
sheep barn at the Oklahoma station............

. Fig. 1.—Administration building of the West ieee egg ee

at Jackson. Fig. 2.—Barns and silos of the West Tennessee sub-

Fig. 1.—Dairy laboratory building, Wisconsin College and station.
Fig. 2.—Buildings of the new poultry plant, Wisconsin College
BRAM ARION Gee nes tne OY cee Gas oats BS ainl oe gerne RAS ee

IX. Fig. 1.—New dairy barn, South Dakota College and station. Fig.

2.—Concrete silo at the Wisconsin College and station............

. Fig. 1.—Cow fed wholly on corn products. Fig. 2.—Calf from cow

fedton" corm products S22 sae see saree ee ee eee ee aries

. Fig. 1.—Cow fed wholly on wheat products. Fig. 2—Calf from cow

fed oricwheat prodnetery..22: Se otee SUN JOD SMES UI Fe Oe ok

. Fig. 1.—Millbank Agricultural Hall, Tuskegee Institute. Fig. 2.—

Laboratory for zoology and entamcioer Massachusetts College. -

. Hadley Hall, the administration building at the New Mexico Cor

lege. Fig. 2.—Wilson Hall, the New Mexico agricultural building.

. Fig. 1.—Boys’ dormitory, New Mexico College. Fig. 2.—Y.M.C. A.

building New Mexico'Golleses a sees See ae ee a ne ee ors

. Fig. 1.—Ceres Hall, the women’s building, North Dakota College.

Fig. 2.—Veterinary laboratory, North Dakota College ........-...

. Fig. 1.—Dormitory, California Agricultural School, Davis. Fig. 2.—

Daury barn, Calutormia AoriculturaliSchooleessesscs--4)-ee ses] e

. Fig. 1.—Horticultural building, California Agricultural School.

Fig. 2.—Horse barn, California Agricultural School. .....-....--.

. Fig. 1.—Agriculture taught in new $125,000 high-school building,

Texarkana, Tex. Fig. 2.—One of the review classes at the Georgia
State Normal School making purity test of crimson clover seed. . .

. Fig. 1.—Junior normal pupils recording plat notes. Fig. 2.—Section

of senior class judging corn, Georgia State Normal School.........

Page.

108

152

188

194

202

220

240

262

14

ILLUSTRATIONS,

Page,

Puate XX. Fig. 1.—Sheep judging at Farm Boys’ Encampment, Clarinda,

Towa. Fig. 2.—Children starting home from model rural school,
Karkeville pMose. sn oes oc 6 oe caieis sy see See eerie ee ae eee 382

XXI. Fig. 1.—Concrete retaining wall, north side of Twin Falls Canal.

Fig. 2.—Waste gates, north side of Twin Falls Canal, Milner Dam
Impuhes ae kono wn Ghee eee saya cleo ote cine oars te see 472

XXII. Fig. 1.—Main canal headworks, Dechutes Irrigation & Power Co.,

Deschutes, Oreg. Fig. 2.—Main canal flume of Deschutes Irriga-
tion & Power Co., in process of enlargement..............-.--- 480

XXIII. Fig. 1.—Effect of seepage and alkali upon a bearing orchard in the

Yakima Valley, Wash. Fig. 2.—Country drain-tile factory in
thesBeamRiver: VallevavWtalieesat see ee ec tel eats s 2\a eee 492

XXIV. Fig. 1.—Trenching for tile drains by steam power, Box Elder

County, Utah. Fig. 2.—Difficulties of constructing drains by
hand labor, Montrose, Colo. . a Se 492

XXV. Fig. 1.—Steam trenching eine Sauimped oe ai endl Reseem

N. Mex. Fig. 2.—Ditching with a steam land dredge, Mexes
Walley a Wiaslits serch oie en toe eee a cece et ae rey oh 494

XXVI. A drainage ditch made with a steam dredge in the Yakima Valley,

Wash. Fig. 2.—Hand-excavated drainage ditch curbed to pre-
vent caving, ‘Sunnyside, - Wash... 22252502002... dS0i2 Sc ceee 496

XXVII. Views of the Guam Experiment Station. Fig. 1—General view.

Fig. 2.—Entrance to experimental grounds. Fig. 3.—Squashes. 504

XXVIII. Cropsgrown at the Guam Experiment Station. Fig. 1.—Pigeon pea.

Fig.

Fig. 2—Jerusalem corn. Fig. 3.—Nursery, showing plants in
aU DOG POLS= === 5 see Nas os es crane sie eee eateries eee 504

XXIX. Fig. 1.—Caribao and native plow, Guam station. Fig. 2.—Caribao

and disk harrow: Guam! station ees. a. eee see neo eee eee 510

TEXT FIGURES.

1. Tanks for soil investigation at Florida station—section..........----- 118
2. Tanks for soil investigation at Florida station—general plan........... 118
32, basement plan:of modelwunal school. <2. -cs0 1 Soe-eee ie eee 384
4, First-floor plan ‘of model rural school). = << <2) c2c = ere eee 385
5. Attic plan ofmodelirural.schoollo%. 2.-.--)2-o2e. 2. seepete see epee 386
6. Collecting pits in connection with tile drains as used in Montrose County,

Colo. cece aah a 52002 bi 2o5- eabaodeecmasne oEes nee ee eee 494
7. Plan and profile showing relief drainage wells as used in Otero County,

ColOss 0202 dO. seh hc SE Gee ee eee ee 495
8. Grain-storage tank, Guam Experiment Station.............------.---- 508

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT
STATIONS, 1910.

WORK OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The general character of the work of the Office of Experiment
Stations was not changed during 1910, and included the supervision
of the expenditures of Federal funds by the agricultural experiment
stations in the several States; conferences and correspondence with
station officers regarding the management, equipment, and work of
the stations; the collection and dissemination of information re-
garding the progress of agricultural education and research through-
out the world by means of technical and popular bulletins; the
management of the agricultural experiment stations in Alaska,
Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Guam; the promotion of the interests
of agricultural colleges and schools and farmers’ institutes through-
out the United States; special investigations on irrigation and drain-
age, conducted largely in cooperation with experiment. stations,
educational institutions, and other agencies in different States and
Territories; and the investigation of problems relating to the food
and nutrition of man.

RELATIONS WITH THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The relations of the office to the work and expenditures of the
experiment stations continue to increase in volume and _ variety,
While these center primarily on the Federal funds, as a matter of
fact they extend to practically all phases of the station activity,
including organization, administration, and general policy.

The popularity of experimental work and confidence in the sta-
tions have led to increasing appropriations to them for a wide range
of duties in the field of investigation, demonstration, and inspec-
tion. The multiplicity of their present duties and the pressure upon
them for all forms of extension enterprises have raised a large num-
ber of administrative questions, and required the outlining of a
more fixed policy as applied to the use of the Federal funds. The
department’s administration of these funds has been modified with
a view to meeting the requirements of the changed conditions due
to the broader development of the stations and the colleges with

15

16 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

which the stations are connected. This has led to a more exact
limitation of expenditures from these funds to those directly con-
nected with experimental work and the publication of the results
thereof. In February, 1909, announcement was made through a
circular letter that, beginning with the fiscal year 1909-10, no ex-
penses could be permitted from Federal sources for extension work
or the issuing of extension bulletins. This has led to a closer scru-
tiny of the accounts for such expenditures during the past year,
and in places where there has not been a clear understanding to occa-
sional readjustment. In a number of instances disallowances have
been necessary as a result of inappropriate charges, and in less serious
cases promise has been required of a change of practice before the
financial reports have been approved.

One important result of the year’s inspection, therefore, has been
a clearer understanding as to the elimination from the Federal funds
of all expenses for extension enterprises, and a putting into practice
of the policy of confining the use of the Federal funds strictly
within the limits of conducting experiments and investigations and
reporting the results of the same.

The treatment of the station work in the text of popular bulle-
tins, in such manner as to distinguish such bulletins from mere
compilations of information from general sources and to give the
station credit for its work, has received considerable attention. This
has been strongly urged as desirable from the standpoint both of
the reader and of the station, for it shows the source of the experi-
mental evidence on which directions or generalizations are based and
definitely connects the preparation and issuing of such bulletins with
the station’s work. The public, which does not usually distinguish
between these different branches of activity, should be led in that
direction as far as possible.

To meet the demand for studies of problems involving special or
local conditions, the work of the stations is being scattered over the
States more broadly than formerly. There has been increased
activity in the establishment of demonstration and experimental
farms under State appropriations, and in a number of States such
work is now organized on an extensive basis. Aside from this, the
station experts are extending their investigations to particular locali-
ties where special problems or conditions are presented. Where the
Adams fund has been expended in connection with such outlying
investigations, it has been desirable to include these in our annual
inspection, and this has increased the time required for an examina-
tion of the station work.

During the year several cases have arisen which have called for
an unusual amount of attention from the office. - These have usually
been associated with the removal of the director of the station. ‘There

RELATIONS WITH THE STATIONS. 1?

das been rather more than the usual amount of unrest and unsettled
conditions growing out of the relations of boards of control with
directors. Where the efficiency of the station work under the Federal
funds has been involved, it has been necessary for the department to
interfere and to prescribe conditions which must be recognized and
met by the local authorities. In some instances this has resulted in
the temporary withholding of the Federal funds, and in the enforce-
ment of the principles which must govern in the selection of station
officers and in the management of the institution. As long as boards
of control continue to have a wrong impression of their duties to the
station and a wrong attitude toward its conduct, the office will be
called upon to deal with these matters, and to restrain the local
authorities from action clearly detrimental to the station. The
practice of boards in interfering in the conduct of work after the
general plans have been approved, and with the expenditure of funds
for the purposes necessary to carry out such work, is a misconcep-
tion of their duties which it has been necessary to combat firmly in a
number of instances.

It has also been necessary to urge with greater emphasis that the
nature and extent of the station work now require that the directors,
as well as members of the staffs, shall be men well trained in agri-
cultural science, and that their tenure of office shall be as perma-
nent as that of the heads of departments in our best colleges and
universities.

Questions relating to the administration of the experiment stations
demand increasing attention. At the present stage this is one of the
most important matters relating to the stations. In many instances
the magnitude of the enterprise, when there is coupled with it the
direction of the college of agriculture, the extension work, and the
State inspections, has clearly outgrown the old form of organization.
Provision is needed by which more attention and consideration will
be given to the conduct of the station on the business side, and in
the direction of its experimental and other work. A large majority
of the difficulties which the office encounters in its administration
of the funds are attributable to the lack of such provision. In some
of our largest agricultural institutions it is now very desirable that
the immediate management of the stations shall be committed to
officers specially charged with that function. For this purpose an
increase of the administrative force should be made and the duties
of administrative officers further differentiated. The tendency to
leave important administrative matters to clerks, accountants, or
other persons not acquainted with the character and purpose of the
station work is much to be deprecated.
~ One result of the broadening activities of the stations is a too gen-
eral use of the Hatch fund for administrative and similar expenses

91866°—11——2

18 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

without sufficient definite experimental work. The office has main-
tained that the Hatch fund should not be largely drawn upon to
provide for the general administration of the stations operating
with liberal State appropriations, but that it should be used mainly
for definite experimental work in much the same way that the
Adams fund is. It is more and more evident that those stations
which have no regular State appropriation will find increasing
difficulty in meeting the calls upon them in the way of simple or
local trials, the giving out of general information, answering miscel-
Janeous correspondence, preparation of popular bulletins, ete.

The States have been increasingly liberal in the matter of appro-
priations for maintenance and for buildings and equipment. The
revenues of the stations for the year aggregated nearly $3,000,000,
and fully half of this came from State and local sources. But these
revenues are frequently not available for meeting general expenses
for maintenance, being provided for special purposes; and this fact
has unduly increased the burden for maintenance against the Hatch
fund.

While the office is following closely and criticizing frankly the
work and expenditures of the stations, it is also deeply impressed
with their increasing scientific and practical strength and the im-
portance of their operations, as well as the growing appreciation of
the results of their work by the agricultural people throughout the
country and abroad. The granting of Federal aid to original re-
search through the Adams Act has materially raised the level of
scientific aim and accuracy, and established new standards for
thoroughness and fundamental work. Instead of minimizing their
more practical work, this has led the States to increase largely their
funds for substations and special experimental work. The American
system of agricultural experiment stations is, therefore, more com-
prehensive, far-reaching, and permanently established than ever
before.

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

It is a pleasure to note the growing appreciation of these stations
and their work, as is shown by the more frequent requests for aid
in the solution of individual problems, local contributions toward the
expense of experiments, and greater demand for the publications.
This appreciation is not confined to the immediate constituency of
the stations, but the published results of their work are being sought
by other countries having similar problems, and recently formal per-
mission was granted a foreign government to reprint certain of their
bulletins. The work of the Hawaii and Porto Rico stations on trop-
ical fruits, the Hawaii investigations on rice, cotton, and manganese
soils, and the Porto Rico studies on the cause of the so-called “ sick
soils” and means for their improvement have all attracted wide

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 19

attention. These are connected with fundamental problems of trop-
ical agriculture and the results can be applied under like conditions
anywhere.

No change has been made in the policy of any of the stations,
diversified agriculture being the aim of each, and some results are
beginning to be apparent. The first commercial crop of cotton in
Hawaii in half a century was produced during 1910 as a result of
the showing made by the experiments of the station. The growing of
leguminous cover crops is being adopted in Hawaii and Porto Rico.
The value of windbreaks as a protection to orchards against the trade
winds is also becoming appreciated, and they are being planted by
the more progressive horticulturists. The suggestions of the Alaska
stations regarding the preparation of the soil, methods of planting,
varieties, etc., are being quite generally adopted. In Guam, where
work was begun only a little more than a year ago, the value of some
of the new crops has been recognized and many requests have been
received from the natives for material for planting. The adoption
of a small cultivator introduced by the station shows the open-
mindedness and willingness of the ranchers to adopt new crops and
methods when their superiority is demonstrated.

The increase in buildings and equipment kept pace with the in-
comes of the stations, and the facilities for carrying on investigations
are fairly adequate for the problems now in hand and the means for
work will compare favorably with institutions in other countries
simuarly situated.

The various bureaus and offices of the department continue their
generous assistance to the work of the several stations by supplying
material and information, and it is desired to acknowledge here their
cordial cooperation.

The administrative business of this office in its relations with the
insular stations continues to be under the charge of Dr. Walter H.
Evans, chief of the division of insular stations. The character, scope,
and results of some of the lines of work of the stations are summar-
ized below.

ALASKA STATIONS.

The early part of the season of 1910 was not favorable to field and
garden crops in Alaska, but from midsummer on the climatic condi-
tions became more satisfactory and the favorable conditions contin-
ued until late in the fall. ‘This made it possible to grow many plants
to a better degree of maturity than often happens, and the success
reported with some crops was all that could be desired. The work
at the several stations has been continued along the lines described
in previous reports. The principal investigations at the several sta-
tions are horticulture at Sitka, grain growing and cereal breeding at
Rampart, general farming and adaptation of crops at Fairbanks,

20 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

and stock breeding at Kodiak. Other lines of work are being con-
ducted at each station, and data are being rapidly accumulated that
will soon make possible the answering of questions relating to pos-
sible crop production in all of the more important regions of the
Territory. The reports received from the different stations are most
satisfactory and reflect credit upon those who are carrying on this
important work.

At Sitka, where the principal work in horticulture is carried on,
the season was favorable to vegetable growing, and excellent results -
were obtained with all the common hardy kinds. In the plant breed-
ing work the success with strawberries mentioned in previous re-
ports has been maintained. During the past year nearly 2,000
hybrid plants were under observation, and it is believed that at least
a score of them will prove thoroughly adapted to the coast region of
Alaska. Most of the hybrid strawberries proved to be shy bearers,
but occasional plants were found to be exceedingly prolific, one pro-
ducing 200 berries. A large proportion of the plants produce berries
comparable in size with the average strawberries of the markets,
and in addition they partake of the flavor and firmness of the wild
berry. A few plants of the hybrid made between the salmonberry
and the cultivated raspberry have fruited, but the fruits did not
show any improvement over the parental types. The attempt to
secure the hybridization of the native Alaskan crab apple with pollen
from early and hardy varieties of apples from the Northern States
has been continued, but some years will have to elapse before results
can be obtained. As in former years, considerable work is being
done in testing bush fruits of various kinds, and these are being
propagated and distributed over the Territory for trial as rapidly
as possible. Currants, raspberries, and gooseberries have been found
to succeed nearly everywhere, but the apple and cherry trees that
have been distributed have made but little, if any, growth. It seems
almost certain that none of the present varieties of these fruits can
mature in Alaska, and the only way to success lies in the development
of varieties from hardy wild species. Some work is being carried
on with ornamental plants, and the Tartarian honeysuckle and
Japanese rose (Rosa rugosa) have been established and are doing
remarkably well. In addition to the experiments with fruits, the
testing of many varieties of potatoes with a view to selecting those
best adapted for general culture is being continued at the Sitka
station.

At the Rampart station, where cereal introduction and breeding
are the chief lines of investigation, the success reported in previous
years was repeated. At this station, which is located in the Yukon
Valley at 65° 30’ N. latitude, practically all the winter wheat, winter
rye, and spring-sown barley and oats matured. Spring-sown wheat

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 21

failed to mature. Frosts that injured potato tops and other tender
vegetables did not appear to appreciably hurt the cereals. It is
gratifying to be able to report the practicability of growing hardy,
early maturing varieties of barley, oats, winter wheat, and winter
rye in the interior valleys of that Territory. Systematic work is
being conducted on cereal breeding at the Rampart station, and by
cross-fertilization new varieties of barley and oats have been pro-
duced that from their first season’s growth appear very promising.
This work will be continued to provide varieties of the important
cereals that are especially adapted to local conditions. Some addi-
tional land was prepared for cultivation at Rampart, so that about
25 acres are now available for experimental purposes.

At the Fairbanks station results similar to those described for the
Rampart station were secured. This is very gratifying, as the work
there was only recently begun and immediate success was not ex-
pected. The work is chiefly that of maintaining a general farm.
Sixty-five acres are under plow and some 40 or 50 acres cleared for
meadow. The principal work during the past year was the growing
of oats for feed and grain, the object of the experiments being to
determine whether hay and grain can be profitably grown in the
interior of Alaska. In order to more efficiently care for the crop a
self-binder reaper was added to the equipment of the Fairbanks
station during the year. It is believed that this was the first machine
of the kind taken to Alaska. An experiment on growing potatoes
on a commercial scale was undertaken, 11 acres being planted to that
crop. Frost caused considerable injury to the plants on the lower
flat lands, but the potatoes planted on the slopes suffered but little
injury. After providing seed for future planting there remained
of the crop over 300 bushels to be sold. Ten acres additional land
were cleared and plowed during the summer, and progress was made
toward the erection of some much-needed buildings. The superin-
tendent of the Fairbanks station devoted some time during the sum-
mer to a reconnoissance of the Tanana River Valley with a view to
determining roughly the agricultural capabilities of that region
preliminary to a detailed regional survey by the Department of the
Interior.

The stock-breeding work is all done at the Kodiak station. The
Galloway cattle brought there three years ago are doing well and are
proving adapted to the climate and the country. The station suf-
fered no material losses in cattle during the past year, and although
the snowfall was the heaviest on record, the stock kept in excellent
condition throughout the winter on native hay and silage put up
on the ranch. The object of this experiment is to test the adapta-
bility of these cattle to Alaskan conditions, to develop their milk-
ing qualities if possible, in order to make them an all-purpose breed,

22 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

and to produce surplus stock to be sold to settlers at prices not much
in excess of those for which common cattle can be brought into the
country. At the end of the fiscal year there were 61 pure-bred Gallo-
ways of all ages at the station. The work for the past year was
highly successful, and a late communication from the superintendent
in charge of that station states that the cattle had been fed but once
up to December 4, 1910. The autumn having been an open one, the
stock maintained themselves on the ranges. Their condition was
reported as excellent. The efforts to develop a milking strain of
Galloways are being continued, and it is desired to add to the herd
by purchasing additional cows that are known to be fairly good
milkers. ;

The sheep-breeding work is a new feature, having been introduced
during the past year by the purchase of 40 ewes. Most of these sheep
have been bred in Alaska and are thoroughly acclimated. The sheep
are mostly Cotswold and Merino grades, and it is intended to intro-
duce rams of a large breed, such as the Lincoln. At the end of the
fiscal year the flock of sheep had been increased to 74 by the birth of
lambs.

The cooperative work with farmers and gardeners was continued,
the station distributing seeds and plants for trial throughout the
Territory. Reports are received of the successes and failures, and
in this way it is possible to quickly determine the value of new
introductions.

HAWAII STATION.

A new office building was erected during the year from funds
supplied by the Territory of Hawaii, and the old concrete building
with some modification was turned into laboratories. An additional
area of about 10 acres, situated at an elevation of about 250 feet, has
been brought under cultivation and is planted to cotton, bananas, and
papayas, and some planting has been done about the office and other
buildings. The principal buildings of the station are situated on
land formerly reserved by the Navy Department and occupied by the
Department of Agriculture by agreement. On March 25 an Execu-
tive order was issued transferring this tract to this department for
use as an experiment station. Cooperative experiments with corn,
cotton, pineapples, rubber, rice, sorghum, and a number of miscel-
laneous forage crops are being carried on at very slight expense to
the station on a number of large plantations with very satisfactory
results. :

The investigations of the agronomist on rice, cotton, and forage
plants progressed very favorably. Assisted by the chemist, a rational
system of applying fertilizers to the rice crop has been worked out.
Extensive fertilizer experiments with rice have been carried on, and

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 23

it has been demonstrated that the proper time to apply fertilizers
for rice is before planting and not with the irrigation water during
the growth of the plant, as has been the practice. The rice plant
was found to take up its plant food early in its growth, and the stool-
ing or tillering was greatly increased by the early application of the
fertilizers. It has also been found that ammonium sulphate is a
better source of nitrogen for rice in Hawaii than sodium nitrate; in
fact, there appears to be some evidence that the rice plant, especially
when submerged, does not use the nitrates directly. During the year
the agronomist visited Japan and China for the purpose of studying
the rice industry in those countries. The Japanese, who make up
more than 40 per cent of the population of the islands, prefer Jap-
anese varieties of rice even though they cost more than the domestic
ones. To produce this type of rice, seed of about 150 varieties were
obtained for experimental purposes, and of four a sufficient quantity
of seed was secured to test their qualities when grown on a consider-
able scale in Hawaii.

The experiments with cotton, begun three years ago, have yielded
such striking results that 500 acres of commercial plantings have
been made with every prospect of increased areas being devoted to
this crop in the coming year. It has been definitely determined that
cotton can be grown at any elevation up to 1,600 feet above sea level
and with a precipitation varying from 25 to 100 inches, although a
moderate rainfall gives the most favorable results. The experiments
are principally with sea-island and Caravonica cottons, and as these
plants are perennials in Hawaii it is necessary to control their growth
to prevent their becoming too large. Experiments have shown that
the form of the plant and the time of crop production can largely
be controlled by pruning, and that the prunings can be utilized for
propagating. Although this method may not prove a commercial
success, it has proved valuable in the propagation of pure strains of
cotton where the possibility of crossing could not be eliminated. The
tendency to heavy production of cotton was shown in a field of sea
island, where the plants averaged 700 bolls at six months, and some
individuals bore as many as 1,200 bolls. This heavy load, especially
on the lateral branches, tended to bend the plants to the ground, in-
juring the lint, and as a consequence experiments are in progress to
secure plants with shorter limbs and of a more upright habit of
growth. The Caravonica plants are stronger and more upright in
habit of growth, and while the yield of lint during the first year was
very small, the second year a heavy crop was obtained. The strong
growth, greater ease of picking, and high percentage of lint make
this a desirable crop, and there is little choice between this and sea-
island cotton. Some strains of Egyptian cotton experimented with
grew vigorously and yielded better than sea island, and it is probable

24 REPORT OF OFFICE OF HXPERIMENT STATIONS.

that Egyptian cotton can be added to the types grown in Hawaii.
In experiments on the use of fertilizers for cotton, the value of phos-
phates in increasing production has been clearly shown, increases of
two or three fold over check plats being obtained.

Attention is being given to corn breeding, broom corn, ete.
Through the influence of the station there is considerable interest
in the growing of leguminous plants for cover crops and for forage.
Pigeon peas, cowpeas, and jack beans are being extensively grown,
the pigeon pea and jack bean doing exceedingly well. Cowpeas are
subject to attacks of plant lice, but where these pests have been
absent the crop has been one of the best. The success attained with
leguminous plants has led to the adoption of rotation of crops, espe-
cially where pineapples are grown. An experiment with sugar cane
has also shown that rotation for this crop is profitable, at least under
some conditions. A fertilizer experiment on a plantation that has
been in taro for fully 200 years was begun, and an opportunity will
thus be given to determine the fertilizer requirements of this crop.

The station chemist continued his pineapple investigations, the
studies including the effect of manganese on the plant, the process of
ripening of the fruit, and the utilization of the by-products from
the canneries. The injurious influence of manganese on pineapples
has been mentioned in previous reports. Studies were undertaken
to ascertain what crops, if any, could be grown in rotation with
pineapples or to replace them on manganiferous soils, but with little
promise of success. Where less quantities of manganese are found
in the soil, the addition of fertilizers composed of superphosphates,
sulphate of ammonia, and sulphate of potash will overcome the
injurious effect to a considerable extent. These investigations have
led to the discovery that the most serious drawback to pineapple
culture in Hawaii is a lack of proper aeration of the soil. The soils
contain large amounts of iron, and as a result they are easily puddled
after a rain or irrigation and air can not penetrate to the roots. Pre-
liminary experiments have shown the value of drainage in increasing
the aeration of the soil. A study of the ripening processes of the
pineapple has shown that the sugar content of the fruit is directly
influenced by the degree of ripeness when cut, there being no increase
after the cutting of the fruit, although a green fruit may turn yellow
and become soft. The large waste of materials about the pineapple
has led to investigations which have shown methods whereby they
can be profitably utilized.

The horticultural investigations were continued along previous
lines, the attempt being made to induce a more general growing of
improved varieties of tropical fruits. Satisfactory progress was
made in propagating mangoes and avocados, and the method for
mango propagation described in the previous report of the station

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 25

continued to give good results. Some attention is being given to the
varieties of avocados in the Territory, and four have been found to
have especial merit and they will be propagated as rapidly as possible,
Experiments are also in progress in improving the papaya. It has
been found that by the use of the pistillate plants in an orchard the
nonbearing staminate plants can be eliminated. Enough perfect
flowers are produced for the purpose of fertilization and the seed-
lings from such fruits are either all pistillate or perfect, and the
results of crossing are eliminated. Marked differences in quality,
shipping, etc., have been noted and the experiments are being con-
ducted to improve these characters. Shipping experiments with
sweet potatoes were undertaken during the year, and it was found
practicable and profitable to ship them to San Francisco during the
early summer before the California crop has begun to come in.

The entomologist continued his studies of insect pests of agricul-
tural crops with a view to their control. Especial attention has been
given the insects attacking sweet potatoes in Hawaii, and a bulletin
prepared on the subject. Attempts are being made to introduce para-
sites of the algaroba bean weevil, but the results thus far can not be
safely forecasted. Extensive additions were made to the collections
of economic insects, and much work in breeding and life-history study
is in progress.

The cooperative work on the rubber plantations was continued,
The commercial plantings have all been made at elevations of 1,400
feet or below, and satisfactory growth is reported. The Ceara rub-
ber trees continue to grow more rapidly than the Hevea trees, and the
extensive planting of Hevea trees will depend on whether the yield
of rubber will ultimately be enough larger than that of Ceara to
warrant the longer waiting for the first tapping. The advantage
of clean cultivation of rubber plantations is shown by the much more
vigorous growth of cultivated trees. Where cultivation can not be
practiced owing to the rocky nature of the soil it was found desirable
to destroy the weeds by other means. Spraying experiments were
tried for the destruction of weeds among the rubber trees, and it
was found that the ground could be cleared of all weeds by spraying
with arsenite of soda. About 400 acres were successfully cleaned
in this way at a cost of about $1.25 per acre.

The work of the station continues to be of great practical im-
portance, and the relations with the people of the islands are most
cordial and helpful. In order to bring the results of investigations
within the observation of many who can not otherwise be reached,
the station has taken up the problem of establishing demonstration
farms in different parts of the islands. The funds are supplied by
the Territorial government, and it is proposed, as far as possible, to
work through the most successful farmer in the different homestead

26 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

communities. The work will be planned and directed by the station,
and the results can be interpreted by the man locally in charge.
The work for the present will be largely on better methods of cul-
tivation, rotation, and the introduction of new crops.

PORTO RICO STATION.

The office and laboratory building provided from insular funds
was occupied and the installation of the equipment completed during
the past year. The building has proved a model of comfort and
convenience. The station and its work are being more appreciated
each succeeding year, if the increased number of visitors, the growth
of correspondence, and requests for advice and assistance are any
criterion of the estimate placed upon it. While, of necessity, much
work is done that is of an elementary and demonstrational character,
efforts are continually being made to draw the work into more defi-
nite lines relating strictly to tropical conditions, with a view to de-
termining some of the fundamental principles underlying a rational
system of tropical agriculture.

One of the lines to which especial attention is being paid is soil
investigations. The climatic conditions in the Tropics havea peculiar
effect on the soils. It was shown in the previous report that certain
anaerobic bacteria tend to accumulate in the soil, and the products of
their activity are detrimental to plant growth. It has been found
that disinfecting the soil with chemicals, burning, or fallowing tends
to correct these injurious conditions, and the station is working on
cheap and efficient methods of partial soil sterilization. The physi-
ologist of the station, who discovered that the areas designated as
“sick soils” contained abnormal amounts of butyric acid resulting
from an accumulation of anaerobic bacteria in the soil, has continued
his investigations, studying especially the rdle of protozoa in soils and
methods for the economical disinfection of soils. The experiments
on disinfection were comducted with soils that had become so infested
with butyric-acid organisms as to render the cultivation of lilies im-
possible. A number of disinfectants were tried and the best results
were obtained with carbon bisulphid and chlorid of lime. The re-
sults indicate that chlorid of lime is one of the best and cheapest soil
disinfectants known.

The chemical department during the past year carried out a large
amount of analytical work on new varieties of sugar cane, waters,
limestones, guanos, and other fertilizing materials. The research
work was chiefly devoted to studies on soils and plant nutrition.
Among the subjects of soil studies were the formation of calcareous
hardpan, injury by alkaline waters, lime requirements of soils, ete.
A large amount of work has been done on the causes and means for
correction of the chlorosis of pineapples in certain districts of the

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. on

island, which appears to be due to unfavorable soil conditions. It
appears that a content of more than 2 per cent of calcium carbonate
in Porto Rican soils renders them unsuited for the growing of pine-
apples. Treating the chlorotic plants with iron sulphate resulted in
restoring the normal green color to the leaves and in stimulating the
growth, but it is doubtful whether such treatments can be made com-
mercially profitable. In connection with this investigation a study
has been begun on the lime-requiring plants and those which do not
thrive in the presence of lime. In view of the results of these investi-
gations it is recommended that other crops, as tobacco, coconuts,
pigeon peas, etc., be planted where the proportion of lime is found
injurious to pineapples. Some studies on the lime and magnesium
ratio for plants have been begun, and a series of water cultures is
in progress.

The entomologist continued his studies on the insect pests of citrus
trees and has prepared a bulletin describing the principal insects and
suggesting means for their control. In the preparation of this bul-
letin it was necessary to test the methods of combating insects in other
regions, and in many instances some modifications in the formulas for
preparation of the insecticides or their application was necessary to
adapt them to Porto Rican conditions. By fumigation, spraying,
and the introduction of windbreaks about the trees, so as to permit
the rapid growth of beneficial fungi, it has been found practicable
to keep the insects in check on most orchards. An investigation has
been begun on the injury to coffee trees by ants. The ants live pref-
erably on the shade trees, but colonies were found on coffee trees, where
they do some damage. Experiments with repellents have shown that
some may be found defective. An extensive study has been made of
Lachnosterna sp., an insect resembling the May beetle. Its larve are
particularly troublesome in cane fields. The beetles feed principally
on certain weeds, and spraying the weeds with arsenate of lead was
found to destroy the most of the beetles. Carbon bisulphid injected
into the soil destroyed the grubs, and experiments are in progress
with lime and other fertilizers to prevent, if possible, the depositing
of the eggs in the cane. A parasitic mite has been found on the
larvee of the beetle, and its work is being watched with great interest.
Studies have also been made of the insects attacking guavas, and the
life history of a number of species is being worked out. Through the
activities of the station a deep interest has been aroused in beekeep-
ing, and a number of nuclei of broods have been disposed of to go to
coffee plantations. At one time the station was instructing 15 persons
in the handling of bees, methods of raising, and the production of
honey. The entomologist made a visit to Cuba during the year to
compare some of the insect problems of that island with those in
Porto Rico.

298 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The plant pathologist studied the diseases of a number of eco-
nomic plants; among them were those occurring on coffee, cacao, pine-
apples, citrus fruits, sugar cane, and bananas. It has been found
possible to control the coffee-leaf blight by spraying just before the
beginning of the wet season. Experiments are in progress looking
to the control of the coffee disease due to Stilbum flavidum. The
effect. of trenching about trees to prevent the spread of a root disease
is being tried. The experiments on soil disinfection for the preven-
tion of the Fusarium on pineapples have been so successful that the
treatment on a field scale was made during the past year. Experi-
ments have shown that spraying with Bordeaux mixture can not
be depended upon to control citrus scab in Porto Rico, as is claimed
to be the case elsewhere. A study has been begun on the fungi
causing root injuries to sugar cane, in which the fungi have been
isolated and as far as possible identified. A disease of bananas,
apparently due to a species of Fusarium that enters the plants
through the roots, is under observation. It has given little trouble
until the present year, and studies of methods for its control have
been begun. A bud rot of coconuts has been found in a few locali-
ties, and as a somewhat similar disease is very destructive elsewhere
in the West Indies it will be given attention.

The work with coffee, in addition to the experiments in the renova-
tion of old plantations and establishment of new ones, includes in-
vestigations with foreign coffees, methods of transplanting, viability
of coffee seed and means for preserving it, methods of fertilizing and
cultivation adapted to different types of soil, ete. Among the foreign
coffees introduced by the station a number of trees have borne and
the station has limited quantities of seed of Padang, Maragogype,
Preanger, a Ceylon hybrid, and the famous Blue Mountain coffee
of Jamaica that may be had for planting purposes. These are among
the highest-priced coffees of the world, and 38-year-old trees have
yielded over a pound of cleaned coffee to the tree. The work with
coffee will be considerably extended. Severe windstorms caused
many of the coffee berries to fall from the trees, and as a result
the crop was considerably less than it otherwise would have been.
Experiments have been begun on the value of windbreaks in con-
nection with coffee planting, and some of the species planted are
ready for testing. The result of the renovation experiment of the
old plantation for 1910 showed a production of 260 pounds per
acre, the cost of which for the year was $5.25 per hundred pounds.
Practically all the seed produced on the new plantation was dis-
tributed for planting or used in testing, and no financial statement
for the year is possible.

The horticulturist devoted much attention to a study of some of
the problems of citrus fruits, as that industry is developing quite

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 29

rapidly in Porto Rico. An experiment to determine the losses in
transit of carelessly handled fruit showed that 22 per cent of bruised
fruit, 11 per cent of fruit pulled from the stems, 38 per cent of fruit
cut by clippers, and only 5 per cent of sound, carefully handled fruit
had decayed after 14 days in storage. This shows that the great
losses of citrus fruits are due to careless handling. The variety plant-
ings of citrus fruits began bearing during the past season, and within
a few years the relative value of the more important varieties for
planting in Porto Rico should be definitely known. The value of
growing cover crops in orchards has been given attention for some
time, and it is becoming a common practice to grow them during the
period of heaviest rainfall. Tests are now being made of a large
number of leguminous cover crops to determine which are best suited
to the prevailing conditions.

Considerable additions were made to the collection of mangoes, and
the station now has growing 62 distinct varieties besides numerous
seedlings. Experiments are in progress with various methods of
propagating the mango, and the most satisfactory method, at least
for old trees, is by bark grafting. Plantings of additional species
of rubber-yielding trees have been made and a tapping trial of some
8-year-old Castilloa trees was conducted, the herringbone system be-
ing used, but this method does not appear suitable to this species in
Porto Rico. Plantings of vanilla, cacao, and other economic plants
lave been made, and the station’s collections of these plants are being
rapidly extended. A study has been begun on the reasons for the
rapid deterioration of vegetables grown from northern seed,
lettuce, tomatoes, beans, okra, radishes, beets, and cantaloups being
experimented with.

The work in animal husbandry has been largely confined to the
introduction and acclimatization of improved breeds of live stock, and
some results of the introductions are beginning to be shown. Some
trouble has been met with in the introductions of stock by reason of
diseases, but methods for overcoming them have been learned.
Horses have suffered from osteoporosis, but in several cases the dis-
ease has yielded to treatment. Glanders affect horses and mules of
the island, but the station stock has thus far been free from it. Ticks
infest cattle at certain seasons and tend to keep them somewhat
emaciated, but otherwise do little damage. The progeny of American
saddle-bred horses bred to native mares have matured into handsome
animals that command very high prices. The station has introduced
six more horses during the year to continue the work. The cross-bred
zebu bulls introduced by the station in 1909 have developed splen-
didly, and they will be used to improve the size of the native cattle.
The woolless sheep introduced from Barbados a year ago have proved
well adapted to their surroundings, but need some improvement in

30 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

their meat-yielding qualities. The breeds of pigs and poultry intro-
duced by the station are proving adaptable to Porto Rican conditions
and the surplus is in great demand by planters and breeders. Con-
tinued experiments with cane tops and corn as silage have shown the
importance of the silo as an adjunct to stock keeping. <A study is
being made of various stock feeds, concentrates being but little used
in Porto Rico. There does not appear to be much prospect for the
local production of concentrated feeds and more attention should
be given to those forage crops which can to some extent supplement
the present scarcity. This must be done by the planters before there
can be a very extensive improvement in the stock situation. During
the year more sanitary and commodious buildings for the farm live
stock were erected.
GUAM STATION.

The purchase of the tract of land leased by the station from Juan
Torres was completed and the transfer of the property made accord-
ing to the laws and customs of Guam. The purchase price, $1,300,
is considered very reasonable, and the station now has a permanent
location. The land was cleared of its tropical growth and fenced,
some roads were constructed, and necessary buildings were erected
or are in course of erection. Of the 32 acres that are adapted to
general agriculture all but 5 or 6 are now under cultivation. In
order to supply the station with water for irrigation and other pur-
poses a well was dug that gives an abundance of good water, and an
engine, pump, and pipes were secured to convey the water to points
where it is needed.

The work of improving the station has proceeded exceedingly well,
when it is understood that nearly all supplies must be sent by trans-
port from San Francisco, and all the planning and much of the
oversight of the work devolve directly on the special agent in charge.
A capable foreman has been secured’ and the burden somewhat
lightened.

The greater portion of the available land has been planted to
forage crops of various kinds. One of the lines of work which it is
desired to take up is the introduction of better live stock, but before
that can be done a regular supply of forage must be assured. On
this account especial efforts were given to the production of forage,
and Kafir corn, Egyptian corn, broom corn, sorghum, milo maize,
Johnson grass, Guinea grass, Paspalum dilatatum, peanuts, mung
beans, jack beans, cowpeas, soy beans, and velvet beans were intro-
duced and are under comparison. Kafir corn produced large yields
of green feed when planted during the dry season, and when cut the
plants sent out new shoots and quickly produced a second crop.
The rattooning habit was found to apply to a number of crops in

INSULAR EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 81

Guam that are ordinarily grown as annuals elsewhere. Among the
grasses, Paspalum dilatatum, a native of Brazil that has become
established quite extensively elsewhere, gives promise of the greatest
ralue. Guinea grass, that was introduced from Hawaii, is also
promising and it is believed that under more favorable circum-
stances it will yield heavily. Johnson grass, which was introduced
into Guam some years ago under the name Samoa grass, was planted
at the station, but it has thus far shown no superiority over the two
other species mentioned. On account of its tendency to spread and
to hold the ground, even against cultivation, it will not be distributed
for general planting until its habits in Guam are better known.

The experiments with leguminous plants proved quite successful,
so far as growing the plants was concerned. Cowpeas and velvet
beans were found to grow readily and yield a large amount of for-
age, but where it was desired to enrich the soil by plowing them
under the native plows would not answer the purpose. A variety
of bush Lima beans was secured that produced an immense amount
of leaves on fairly good soil and it was more easily plowed under,
The soil of the station, although formerly in cultivation, has, through
the common methods of cultivation, been depleted of much of its
fertility. Tt is, however, typical of much of the farm land of Guam,
and offers a good opportunity of demonstrating methods of enriching
the soil through the use of leguminous crops, etc.

Some attention was given to corn culture and methods for improv-
ing it. Considerable corn is grown in Guam and it forms a staple
article of diet, being largely used in the form of corn cakes. The
special agent in charge introduced a small hand mill for grinding
corn to take the place of the usual laborious method, and he is ex-
perimenting with the ground seed of Kafir corn as a substitute for
maize meal. An experiment is in progress to determine a practicable
method of storing corn and other grains. Great losses are occa-
sioned by weevils and rots due to the excessive humidity, and as a
result only limited quantities are commonly stored. A method of
kiln drying and sealing in tanks was successfully tried as a means
of preventing loss and providing a supply for future use.

A number of the fruits and vegetables introduced by the station are
giving excellent results. Pineapples and avocados introduced through
the Hawaii Experiment Station are thriving, the first avocados pro-
duced on the island being from seed sent to Guam from Honolulu
for planting in the governor’s garden some four or five years ago.
Several varieties of sweet potatoes were introduced from Hawaii
and they proved superior to anything previously grown in Guam.
Experiments are in progress with a large number of other field
crops and vegetables, and with some considerable success has been
attained.

32 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The station is striving to gain the confidence and interest of the
people in its work, and for the short time it has been in operation
the results seem quite satisfactory. The people seem anxious to
obtain seeds of plants the value of which they can see, and some
are quite interested in the implements and methods of cultivation
that have been adopted. One of the most successful implements
introduced was a small cultivator that cost about $5. With one
of these and a carabao a man can do more and better work in the
field than 10 men can do with the native implements. The ad-
vantages of this cultivator were quickly perceived, and arrangements
were made to supply a limited number of requests for them at cost.
The introduction of these will doubtless be followed by a demand
for other agricultural implements and tools and a decided advance
in agriculture will be brought about.

The introduction of some improved live stock and the study of
some of the more important insect pests and plant diseases are
problems that are to be taken up as soon as possible. For the present
the important problem is to interest the people in agriculture and
get them back upon the farms. It is believed this can best be ac- _
complished by simple experiments in which the elementary prin-
ciples of agriculture are taught through ocular demonstration.

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS.

Foodstuffs of all sorts, both animal and vegetable, are agricul-
tural products. Through its nutrition investigations the Department
of Agriculture studies many questions which pertain to the utiliza-
tion of foods, with a view to benefiting the producer, the distributor,
and the consumer. As a whole the nutrition enterprise involves co-
operation with other bureaus of the department when this seems
desirable, and the supplementing, but not the duplication, of their
work.

During the past year attention was given especially to experi-
ments with the respiration calorimeter, and particularly to matters
which have to do with meat and with cheese, to the application of
the results of technical experiments to the preparation of food, to
the preparation of bulletins, both technical and popular, and to meet-
ing in other ways the public demand for data on nutrition topics.

The study of many of the practical everyday problems having to
do with the nutrition of man as well as the investigation of complex
problems necessitate the accurate measurement of the income and
outgo of matter and energy and related factors. From time to time
various methods have been proposed for accomplishing this end, and
apparatus of a variety of types which would measure one or more
of the desired factors has been devised. It has been geiierally con-

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. 83

ceded that the respiration calorimeter, devised and perfected in con-
nection with the nutrition investigations of the Office of Experiment
Stations, adequately meets the requirements of the case and that the
perfecting of the respiration calorimeter represents a great advance
in experimental methods of importance in studying agricultural and
other problems.

The respiration calorimeter, which has been installed in improved
form at the Department of Agriculture, has been carefully tested
and found fully satisfactory. During the year some accessory appa-
ratus was installed which is of decided value since it very materially
lessens the effect of external temperature upon the calorimeter, a
matter of importance in connection with its use in warm climates and
in localities subject to varying temperatures.

The problems studied with this apparatus during the last year
have to do particularly with the relative ease of digestion of cheese
and of meat as parts of a simple mixed diet. The results as yet ob-
tained do not show that significant differences exist when the quan-
tites eaten are comparable with those observed in the usual diet. This
work was undertaken to round out investigations carried on in coop-
eration with the Bureau of Animal Industry on the relative nutritive
value of cheese made and cured in different ways and of cheese of
different sorts. From these experiments it has already been learned
that cheese is digested very thoroughly by the average individual
and that it is not a common cause of physiological disturbance as is
often claimed. As a whole the work has demonstrated the high
nutritive value of cheese and the possibility of its use in quantity in
the diet as a source of both protein and fat.

Many tests have also been made of preparing cheese and meat for
the table, to supplement the more technical work referred to above,
and that which has been undertaken earlier with respect to the rela-
tive nutritive value and digestibility of different kinds and cuts of
meat cooked in various ways. The results of the technical and prac-
tical studies with meat were embodied in a Farmers’ Bulletin on the
economical use of meat in the home, and the preparation of a similar
bulletin dealing with the use of cheese as an economical and nutritious
part of the diet was undertaken.

It is also proposed to study the relative value as sources of energy
in the body of beef fat, vegetable oils of different kinds, butter, lard,
and other edible or culinary fats, since experimental data on this
subject are much needed in considering questions which are at the
present time of special interest to the Department of Agriculture.
It is also expected that some special studies of the nutritive value of
honey will be undertaken, for which a demand has arisen.

The economical use of cereals, fruits, nuts, and vegetables, and
products made from them can be studied by methods now available,

91866°—11——_3

34 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

which would include work with the respiration calorimeter, and it
is believed that such studies and the supplementary work along these
lines which has already been done by the department could not fail
to yield results of importance in discussing the available food supply
with reference to economical and rational living.

It seems fair to say that the recent adaptation of the respiration
calorimeter to experiments with vegetable products marks a decided
advance in agricultural investigation. In work undertaken in coop-
eration with the Bureau of Chemistry studies have been made of
ripening fruit (bananas), in which the gaseous exchange and energy
output were measured during the ripening period. The results are
of decided interest theoretically, and also for their bearing on prob-
lems relating to fruit handling and storage. Plans have been formu-
lated for other investigations which have to do with questions of
vegetable physiology in which the department is interested, the work
to be undertaken in cooperation with other bureaus.

There are many problems concerned with the relation between food
consumption and the production of useful work on the farm and in
the home which are of great importance and special interest at this
time, when so much attention is being directed to the problem of
efficiency in the production of useful labor. Work already under-
taken shows that such problems can be studied with the respiration
calorimeter as readily and as satisfactorily as the relation of fuel to
the production of work in an engine can be determined by the lab-
oratory methods commonly used in the study of such a question.
Indeed, it would seem that the respiration calorimeter or some similar
device is a necessity if certain data are to be procured which are
fundamental to the adequate discussion of problems pertaining to
the production of useful work.

The question of insuring satisfactory luncheons for school chil-
dren, and the related problem of supplying under municipal and
philanthropic auspices food for needy school children, are assuming
great importance and a widespread interest is manifested in this
whole subject. Data regarding many phases of this question are
frequently requested from the Department of Agriculture and can be
supplied from the accumulated results of past experiments. However,
some additional information should be sought by the improved
methods of experimenting which are now available.

Requests are also frequently received from institution managers for
advice and suggestions regarding food problems which arise when a
large number of persons are fed under more or less uniform condi-
tions. It is possible in this case also to supply a large amount of in-
formation derived from facts accumulated in connection with earlier
experiments of the department. Here, too, additional data are much
needed and could be readily accumulated.

NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. 35

The department investigations in nutrition and in kindred lines
have a vital relation to the work of the agricultural colleges and
experiment stations.

In response to a widespread demand from farmers and others, the
agricultural colleges are offering courses in home economics in which
instruction regarding the nutritive value of different foods and ways
of handling and cooking them constitutes an important feature. The
colleges have always looked to the department for aid in this line,
and are now doing so more than ever. The agricultural colleges have
been stimulated by a recent act of Congress to organize courses for
teachers along this line as well as other branches of agriculture and
mechanic arts. Secondary and primary schools all over the United
States are taking up the work and the demand for teachers and for
information exceeds the supply. Students, teachers, investigators,
and interested individuals recognize the importance of the nutrition
investigations of the department in this connection and turn to the
department in increasing numbers for information and suggestions.
This is only one phase of a great movement for improving living
conditions in country and town by means of education directly re-
lated to home economics and the vocations of the people. It has long
been understood that work of this character has been undertaken by
the Department of Agriculture and the demand for information con-
tinues to increase.

Owing in large measure to the interest which the Department of
Agriculture has taken in such questions, many of the experiment
stations have devoted part of their resources to the study of nutri-
tion problems and the interest in such lines of work is growing.

One of the most interesting features of the Department of Agri-
culture work is that the department is so generally regarded as a
bureau of information by the public as a whole, and this is as marked
with reference to nutrition matters as with other branches of agri-
cultural work. The number of farmers’ wives and other house-
keepers and teachers and individuals who submit their problems to
the department and ask for data and suggestions regarding food,
nutrition, and other home problems is very large and constantly in-
creasing. This means that directly and personally, as well as by
means of its publications, experimental work, and its close relation
with agricultural colleges and other educational institutions, the
department comes in touch with the people of the United States and
is able to demonstrate that its nutrition work is of interest and prac-
tical value as well as of scientific importance.

The results of the nutrition investigations, in accordance with the
usual policy of the department, have been published in technical bul-
tetins in limited editions, while the general deductions of popular
interest which have been drawn from experimental work, have been

36 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

summarized in Farmers’ Bulletins and other popular publications
designed for general circulation, a total of 60 technical bulletins and
46 Farmers’ Bulletins and popular summaries having been published
up to the present time, together with numerous reports of progress
and similar articles. That the data thus reported are of general
interest is indicated by the fact that the demand for technical
bulletins almost always exceeds the supply, while the requests for
popular bulletins can only be met by reprinting them at frequent
intervals. Of 22 Farmers’ Bulletins on nutrition topics now avail-
able, the department records show that a total of over 7,000,000 copies
have been distributed and almost entirely upon request.

During the past year 1 technical bulletin, a series of 15 colored
food and nutrition charts, 3 Farmers’ Bulletins, and 1 circular
were issued. The technical bulletin reports the results of studies of
calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in food and nutrition. The
food charts, which are of a size suitable for classroom use, are de-
signed to show in graphic form the composition and nutritive value
of a considerable number of food materials in common use in the
American home. Outline figures representing a variety of food mate-
rials are divided in such a way that the proportions of water, protein,
fat, carbohydrates, and ash are indicated and colored, so that the
kind of nutritive material present and the relative amount may be
seen at a glance in much the same way that the proportion of land
and water in a country and the general character of the surface may
be seen from a map.

The Farmers’ Bulletins have to do with the economical use of meat
in the home, with bread and bread making, and with the care of milk
and its use in the home, the last-mentioned bulletin having been pre-
pared in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry.

The circular describes briefly the organization and extent of the
nutrition investigations, the methods of distributing nutrition bul-
letins, and lists and describes the publications issued in connection
with the enterprise. It is designed particularly to meet the requests
for information received from investigators and other interested per-
sons in various countries.

In addition to the above, a technical bulletin, a Farmer’s Bulletin
dealing with the economical use of cheese in the diet, and a circular
discussing food in American homes have been prepared for publi-
cation, while several special articles and technical reports are ap-
proaching completion.

As a part of the regular work in nutrition, abstracts of the cur-
rent literature on the general subjects of physiological chemistry and
nutrition were prepared for the Experiment Station Record, as well
as popular summaries, particularly of work carried on at the Ameri-
can experiment stations, for publication in the series of Farmers’
Bulletins entitled “ Experiment Station Work.”

IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 37

As has been the case for many years, many requests for information
along nutrition lines were received from Members of Congress, teach-
ers, institution managers, home makers, and others.

The work connected with nutrition investigations, as heretofore,
has been in charge of Dr. C. F. Langworthy.

IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS.

For a number of years after this division of the office was estab-
lished the headquarters of the field force were for the most part at
two central stations. One of these was located at Cheyenne, Wyo.,
and represented the Rocky Mountain States; the other was at Berke-
ley, Cal., and represented the Pacific Coast States. This arrange-
ment necessitated too much travel and was in other respects undesira-
ble. Accordingly, during the past three years a reorganization of the
field force has been undertaken by Dr. Fortier, the chief of this
division. This readjustment consisted in placing an agent in charge
of irrigation investigations in each State of the arid region. Already
10 State agencies have been established, and as soon as sufficient funds
can be secured agents will be appointed in the other Western States.
The wisdom of this plan has been fully shown by the results obtained
since the change was made. It has been found that the agent whose
duties are confined to a single State has a much better opportunity to
become familiar with local conditions as regards irrigation and its
allied subjects. This knowledge is necessary to one whose business
it is to advise and instruct farmers and the officers of irrigation enter-
prises of all kinds with a view to bringing about better methods. If
he is the right kind of man, the longer he represents a State the more
knowledge he will acquire regarding its conditions and possibilities,
and the more valuable will his services become.

In the following paragraphs are given a brief description of the
work undertaken during the past year and of some of the more prom-
inent irrigation features in each of the fields of operation.

CALIFORNIA.

The work in this State is under the general supervision of Frank
Adams, with headquarters at Berkeley. He is assisted by V. M.
Cone, in charge of the San Joaquin Valley, and by C. E. Tait,
in charge of southern California. The State cooperates with this
office in the work by contributing one-half of the funds necessary to
carry on the investigations. A tract consisting of about 15 acres on
the university farm at Davis has been set aside for experiments in
irrigation. This tract is subdivided in such a way as to illustrate the
various methods of applying water and in the channels which supply
water different devices for the measurement and division of water

38 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

have been installed. Experiments have likewise been conducted to
determine the duty of water on alfalfa, wheat, and corn.

Some interesting results have been obtained from experiments on
the canals of the San Joaquin Valley to determine the effect of
velocity upon seepage losses.

In southern California the investigations have included the meth-
ods and cost of cleaning canals, a study of the organization of mutual
water companies, cost of pumping water, and the storage of flood
water in the gravel beds of the Imperial Valley.

In addition to this work a study is being made of the conditions in
Russian River and Napa River Valleys, in northern California, and
in Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties, in southern California, to
show the advantage of irrigation in regions where irrigation is not
essential to crop production.

The Berkeley office is headquarters for instruments under the
charge of E. J. Hoff, where instruments from all parts of the Union
are sent for repairs. Here also new devices for measuring water are
tested and both new and old current meters rated.

The published reports? of the agents in California during the past
year comprise a bulletin on the Delivery of Water to Ivrigators, by
Mr. Adams; a circular containing a review of irrigation investiga-
tions in California, by the same author; a bulletin on Irrigation in
the San Joaquin Valley, Cal., by Mr. Cone; a bulletin on the Use of
Underground Water for Irrigation at Pomona, Cal., by Mr. Tait;
and a bulletin on Irrigation in California, by Mr. Roeding.

WASHINGTON.

Mr. S. O. Jayne has been in charge of the work in this State for
the past seven years, with headquarters at Spokane. He has been
engaged for the most part in advising settlers regarding irrigation,
although some experiments have been conducted at the Sunnyside sta-
tion to determine the duty of water, evaporation losses, etc. A care-
ful study has been made of the methods in vogue in districts where
all the available flow of streams is now diverted for irrigation pur-
poses with a view to bringing about a more economical use of -the
water and thus extending the irrigated area. The excessive use of
water in some of the most fertile valleys has caused thousands of
acres to become waterlogged, making drainage necessary. ~In other
sections the soil is extremely porous and requires large quantities of
water, and the problem there is how to prevent deep percolation be-
yond the roots of the plants. Through the efforts of this office
much improvement has already been made in irrigation practice.
Large areas of land in Washington are well adapted to fruit rais-

ee Se SS eee

1U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Buls. 229, 236, 287, 289; Cire. 108.

IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 39

ing, and expensive systems have been installed for supplying water
to this land which makes an economical use of water of prime
importance.

In eastern Washington a section of country is being settled and
farmed by dry-farming methods, and these new settlers are becoming
convinced that they must have a supplemental water supply to irri-
gate small areas as an insurance in seasons of extreme drought. Our
agent has investigated the cost of installing and operating small
pumping plants in this section. Mr. Jayne has assisted Mr. Byron
Hunter, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, in the preparation of a cir-
cular entitled “ Suggestions to Settlers on the Sandy Soils of the
Columbia River Valley.” ?

IDAHO.

Don H. Bark, located at Boise, is in charge of the investigations
in this State. The work is carried on under a cooperative arrange-
ment between the State experiment station, the State land board,
several large irrigation enterprises, and this office. About two years
ago a farm of 40 acres was established at Gooding, with John Krall,
jr., in direct charge. Excellent results have been obtained at this
station in determining the effect of different quantities of water on
alfalfa, grain, potatoes, and other field crops.

Large areas of new land are being brought under irrigation in
Idaho, and a great many farmers from humid sections wholly
ignorant of irrigation methods have settled on these new farms.
Our agents have done much through the local press, farmers’ insti-
tutes, by exhibits at county and State fairs, and by personal visits
to teach proper methods of preparing land and applying water.

An extensive investigation of the duty of water has been begun,
embracing a variety of soil conditions and including all the standard
crops. The investigations are carried on under field conditions, and
it is believed the results will show the actual amount of water neces-
sary for maximum yields under varying conditions and economical
use. The results so far obtained have been published in the biennial
report of the State engineer of Idaho.’

NEVADA.

Prof. Gordon H. True, of the University of Nevada, is in charge
of this field and is assisted by F. L. Peterson. The work is under a
cooperative arrangement between the State experiment station and
this office and consists chiefly of experiments to determine the evap-
oration from irrigated soils and investigations of duty of water on
grain and alfalfa.

1U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Cir. 60.
2Wighth Bien, Rpt. State Engin. Idaho, 8 (1909-10), p. 220.

AO REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

UTAH.

Prof..W. W. McLaughlin has charge of the work in this State, with
headquarters at Logan. The State cooperates with this office through
the experiment station, one-half of the expenses of the work being
paid from State funds. This being the oldest irrigated section of
the country, the work is naturally of a more technical and scientific
nature than in the newer sections. A study has been made of the
lateral and downward movement of the water in soil with different
amounts of water appled at different times and with different
methods of cultivation. In this connection studies have been made
to determine the proper length, depth, and distance apart of furrows
in order to produce maximum yields with minimum quantities of
water. The investigations have shown that light early irrigation
and heavy late irrigation tend to a light production of fodder or
straw and a heavy production of seed, while heavy early irrigation
and light late irrigation cause the reverse. The number of irriga-
tions during a season have been found to have a very important
bearing on the yield. In the irrigation of sugar beets it was found
that merely by a better handling of the same quantity of water the
sugar content was increased 2.1 per cent. Considerable work has
also been done in peach and apple orchards to determine the effect
of different quantities of water and different times of application on
the growth of the trees and the growth of the fruit. In peach
orchards it was found that the most rapid growth of the tree and the
stone is made in the fore part of the season, while that of the peach
is made in the last part of the season and liberal applications of
water in late summer resulted in large yields. Prof. McLaughlin
has recently prepared a Farmers’ Bulletin on the Irrigation of Grain.t

ARIZONA.

P. E. Fuller, located at Phoenix, has charge of the work in this
State and also has general charge of investigations of power for
irrigation throughout the West. His work in Arizona has consisted
chiefly of giving personal advice to irrigators, especially in the instal-
lation of pumping plants. Mr. Fuller has prepared a Farmers’ Bul-
letin on the Use of Windmills in Irrigation in the Semiarid West.?

NEW MEXICO.

F. L. Bixby has charge of this field in connection with work in the
agricultural college. A careful study is being made of irrigation
conditions throughout the Territory, and it has been found that the
methods in practice for the most part are very crude. The chief work

1U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 399. 2U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 394.

IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS. 41

of our agent is therefore of an educational nature, to induce better
and more economical methods of growing irrigated crops. Consid-
erable areas in New Mexico are irrigated with pumped water, and
data have been obtained regarding pumping plants which will be of
value to those who contemplate installing new plants. Measurements
have also been made on a number of canals to determine roughly the
amount of water being applied by present wasteful methods and data
have been collected showing the yields which have been obtained
under such conditions. Experiments with evaporation tanks to de-
termine losses of moisture from irrigated soil have been carried on at
the New Mexico station for the past three years.

COLORADO.

The work in this State of late years has been largely experimental.
A demonstration farm 40 acres in size is maintained at Eads under
the direct charge of W. H. Lauck. The work consists in part of
a comparison between dry farming and irrigation, the use of small
supplies of pumped water as a supplement to dry farming, and the
proper handling of the soil to prevent the damaging effects of high
winds.

Experimental tracts are also maintained at Rockyford and Canon
City, of which R. G. Hemphill is in charge. At Rockyford com-
parisons have been made with different methods of irrigating sugar
beets, such as the every and alternate row irrigation, rapid and slow
irrigation, and different number of irrigations. At Canon City the
work has consisted of comparisons in a 4-acre apple orchard of clean
cultivation and light irrigations versus intercropping and heavy irri-
gations. The results here seem to favor clean cultivation in bearing
orchards,

WYOMING.

In this State the work has been confined to two experimental
farms, one located at Cheyenne, under the direction of John H. Gor-
don, and the other at Newcastle, under the direction of R. E. Mahoney.
The Cheyenne farm consists of 70 acres and was the first of its kind
established by the office. The chief lines of work have been to demon-
strate the advantage of having a small supplemental water supply as
a supplement to dry farming and of utilizing the flow of streams dur-
ing the winter months by irrigation in connection with thorough cul-
tivation. Comparisons have been made of different types of wind-
mills, and experiments with various materials suitable for lining
small reservoirs have been made. The work at Newcastle is along
practically the same lines as that at Cheyenne. Two circulars *t have
been published giving the results obtained at these two stations.

1U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Cires. 92, 95.

42 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

MONTANA.

Experiments to determine the losses of water from soil by evapora-
tion have been carried on for the past three years in cooperation with
the State experiment station at Bozeman. L. F. Geiseker has charge
of this work.

NORTH DAKOTA.

Experiments similar to those described for Montgna have been
conducted in cooperation with the State experiment station at Willis-
ton, with E. G. Schollander in charge.

KANSAS.

The greater part of the irrigated land of Kansas is in the extreme
western portion of the State in the Arkansas Valley. J. W.-Long-
streth is our agent in this territory, with headquarters at Lakin. He
has investigated the present irrigation practice in the Arkansas Val-
ley and in other sections of the State where irrigation is practiced
and has made a special study of pumping plants, since fully one-half
the irrigation is done with pumped water. Experiments have been
conducted to determine the proper method of applying pumped
water to sandy soils in order to secure a wiiform distribution and
prevent excessive losses by deep percolation. Small applications
applied at frequent intervals seem to be the best method under such
conditions.

Some good results have been secured by winter irrigation with
ditch water and it is believed that, owing to the large flow in the
Arkansas River during the winter months, considerable areas can
be irrigated profitably in this way.

TEXAS.

W. L. Rockwell is in charge of the work in this State, with head-
quarters at San Antonio. Rapid development is being made in
irrigation and consequently large areas are being put under cultiva-
tion by farmers unfamiliar with irrigation practice. Our agent has
therefore devoted the greater part of his time to visiting the sec-
tions where irrigation is practiced and giving advice to new settlers.
In some of the older irrigated sections very crude and wasteful
methods are employed and he is endeavoring to bring about a reform
in these methods which will result in extending the irrigated area
and increasing the crop returns. There are a large number of pump-
ing plants in the State, and these are also being studied.

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 43

IRRIGATION OF RICE.

The investigation of irrigation problems in the rice districts of
the South has been under the charge of Prof. W. B. Gregory, of
Tulane University, New Orleans, for a number of years, who has
divided his time between this office and the university. Owing to
the increasing interest in rice growing and the many complex prob-
lems which have arisen, it has been found necessary to place another
agent in the rice district who could devote his entire time to the
work. C. G. Haskell has been, given charge of this work with tem-
porary headquarters at Stuttgart, Ark. The ravages of the boll
weevil have made the growing of cotton less profitable than formerly
and the farmers are turning to rice growing. This necessitates the
installation of pumping plants, the building of levees, etc., and the
cotton growers are usually entirely unfamiliar with such things.
Prof. Gregory has recently prepared a circular’ on the cost of install-
ing small pumping plants which is designed to meet the needs of
this class.

IRRIGATION IN HUMID SECTIONS.

Milo B. Williams is in charge of irrigation investigations in the
Eastern and Southern States, where irrigation is practiced as an
insurance in times of drought and for intensive farming of truck crops
and small fruits. In some parts of Florida during the winter
months the rainfall is frequently quite light and irrigation is prac-
ticed for the growing of truck and citrus crops. Considerable areas
are also irrigated in the artesian region of Alabama and Georgia
and to a limited extent in isolated sections in Maryland, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, New York, and a number of other States. The soil
and climatic conditions in the East are so entirely different from
those of the arid region that western methods of irrigation can not
as a rule be followed. The principal methods employed at present
are the overhead spray system and subirrigation from pipes, and our
agent is devoting the greater part of his time to a study of these
systems. It is highly desirable to find cheaper methods of applying
water to the soil than those now in vogue, and it is believed that this
can be accomplished when conditions are fully understood.

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS.

There has been no material change in the scope or general conduct.
of the work pertaining to drainage investigations during the year,
but the field has widened as public interest in agricultural drainage
has increased. Investigations and surveys were made in twenty

1U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Cire. 101,

44 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

different States and Territories during the year by engineers of the
office, some of the work being dene in cooperation with local interests
which contributed a part of the expense.

The chief of drainage investigations directs a regular staff of 25
office and field engineers and 2 draftsmen. The entire time of one
engineer is given to the work of tile drainage in various parts of the
humid region where special information and advice upon that subject
are needed, and five are stationed in the Western States to study the
problems which arise in attempts to drain irrigated lands and to
assist the owners who desire to reclaim tracts which have become
injured by seepage or by alkali. Other field engineers are employed
in examining and reporting upon the status of drainage in various
localities, such examinations being made upon special requests which
are filed from time to time with the office. They are also charged
with the duty of advising engineers, farmers, and others regarding
the best practice in drainage, of collecting practical and technical
data pertaining to methods of reclaiming land, of giving assistance
to land owners in the organization of drainage districts, and of sug-
gesting preliminary plans for reclaiming areas of farm lands or those
subject to periodical overflow, all of which may be made useful for
agriculture. The office engineers reply to inquiries received by mail
concerning perplexing drainage problems. They also examine plans
which are transmitted by mail or in person, and in many instances
suggest improvements or modifications which are of great value.
They review, check, and edit the reports prepared by the field engi-
neers upon the various projects which they have worked out, and dis-
seminate as far as practicable the information obtained by the entire
staff of engineers.

Some of the special problems encountered in farm drainage are
the rate of percolation of water through heavy, compact soils, such
as buckshot and river-bottom silts, the proper drainage and conser-
vation of moisture in peat and muck soils, the comparative value
and economy of large tile drains as compared with open ditches under
the various conditions of soil and of agricultural development, and
the best and cheapest methods of constructing small ditches for water-
courses and digging trenches for tile drains.

Problems connected with the drainage of irrigated land require
a careful study of the movement of the ground water in order to
develop practical and efficient methods of restoring injured lands to
their former value for cropping purposes. Thorough investigations
show that in some instances a single drain may intercept the under-
flow and prove efficient. In others it is found that several drains are
required to properly reclaim the injured fields. The accumulation
of alkali which results from seepage in many localities is a serious
menace but is removed by draining the land which shows injury of

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 45

that kind. The assistance given to farmers in the far West by the
office includes examinations and surveys of seeped lands made upon
the request of the owners, and sometimes the supervision of the con-
struction of the drains, as well as their design, in order that the
methods of draining such land may be demonstrated for the benefit
of localities where similar conditions prevail.

The technical data which the office endeavors to secure include
measurements of run-off from drained areas and representative water-
sheds, measurements of the discharge from artificial drainage chan-
nels, the efficiency of drains in different soils, methods of regulating
the moisture of peat and muck soils, a study of machinery which is
adapted to the construction of levees and ditches of different kinds,
and investigations of pumping plants for drainage purposes.

The assistance rendered in the inauguration of drainage works in-
cludes preliminary field examinations followed by oral or written
reports to the people who are concerned in each project; surveys, upon
request, of representative areas, and the preparation of working
plans which are presented in a report accompanied by maps and
other necessary drawings, together with estimates of cost; and con-
sultation with engineers and commissioners of drainage districts
regarding the effectiveness of drainage plans which are not prepared
by the office. Where surveys are made, district authorities or local
landowners sometimes pay a share of the cost. This enables the
office to extend assistance to a larger number of fields than it other-
wise would be able to do.

The work is being done under the immediate direction of C. G.
Elliott, chief of drainage investigations, and may be classified and
described under the following headings:

(1) Improvement of farm lands now under cultivation.

(2) Drainage of swamp lands.

(3) Reclamation of land subject to frequent overflows from
streams.

(4) Drainage of irrigated lands.

(5) Collection of general and technical data on drainage.

(6) Preliminary and reconnoissance work.

(7) Dissemination of information.

IMPROVEMENT OF FARM LANDS.

A survey was made of the Redden farms, comprising 740 acres, near
Redden, Del., by L. L. Hidinger. Plans were prepared for a system
of tile drains and open ditches for a part, including the improvement
of the Mifflin Ditch, which is the outlet for the drainage of the larger
part of the farm.

A survey was made, by J. R. Haswell, of the farm of William R.
Marrs, near Hebbardsville, Ky., which contains about 300 acres,

46 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

more than 260 of which are cultivated, and combines the very rolling
topography of the upland country with the wet draws of the flat
bottom lands. A complete system of tile drains for the lowland was
laid out, and also an experimental system for the hillsides, to test the
value of underdrains for preventing erosion by the surplus water
from the hills. The work of installing the drains will be started at
once by Mr. Marrs, and the farm will serve as an excellent example of
the efficiency of underdrainage for these purposes in the silt and clay
loam soils of that region. An examination was made, without an
instrumental survey, of Mrs. Adam Rankin’s farm of 400 acres near
Henderson, Ky. A report was prepared outlining the drainage
needed for those lands.

L. L. Hidinger made a survey of the farm of the Princess Anne
Academy, a school for colored people near Princess Anne, Md., used
as the eastern branch cf the Maryland Agricultural College. A plan
was prepared for a system of tile lines to drain about 106 acres, and
instruction was given to the principal and local manager in the prin-.
ciples and practice of farm drainage, that they might be taught to
the students. The engineer’s assistants were pupils of the academy.

A survey of the Cumberland farm, consisting of 2,500 acres, near
Portsmouth, Va., was made by George R. Boyd. The system of
ditches that had been constructed by the owners of the farm had
not given the desired efficiency, and plans were made for improving
the drainage by modifying the old system, and by the construction of
some new ditches and a low levee to intercept the water flowing
from adjacent higher land as well as to remove more promptly that
falling upon the farm. The owner at once purchased machinery and
began the construction work recommended.

A system of tile drains was arranged for about 50 acres of wet land
on the farm of John A. Bechtel, near Williamsburg, Va. Notwith-
standing the fact that this tract occupies a high elevation, careful
artificial drainage is required.

The Arkansas State Normal School acquired a farm of 80 acres
to encourage the teachers of the State to become familiar with the
principles of scientific farming. F. F. Shafer made a survey of the
farm and prepared plans in detail for a tile system to drain 25 acres
of the farm that are too wet for cultivation.

Old rice lands on the farm of J. F. Shoemaker, near Crowley, La.,
have been abandoned for rice growing, and rotation of crops is
needed to restore their fertility. To permit this change in cultiva-
tion, especially in the very close soil of such land, the drainage must
be carefully planned. A. M. Shaw made a survey of 210 acres of
these lands, and laid out farm ditches in such a manner that after
a few years the land can again be made suitable, at small expense, for
growing rice.

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 47
DRAINAGE OF SWAMP LANDS.

Along the coast of the South Atlantic States are considerable tracts
once devoted to the production of rice, but now abandoned because
this crop can no longer be raised profitably in competition with that
from lands more favorably situated. It would be of value to know
whether such lands can be economically drained and cultivated to
dry-land crops. Surveys and plans were made by George M. Warren
and D. L. Yarnell for draining 340 acres of such land on the Orton
plantation and the Garrell tract, near Wilmington, N. C. The con-
struction of levees, the excavation of ditches, and the installation of
pumping plants seem the most practicable method of reclamation.

Near Belvidere, N. C., is a tract of 3,500 acres, which the owners
have attempted to drain by ditches without success, owing largely to
lack of proper outlets. George R. Boyd made a survey of the tract
and reported the changes and additions that should be made to the
old ditch system.

A survey was made by J. V. Phillips of about 2,200 acres in Wash-
ington, Hyde, and Beaufort Counties, N. C., drained by the Pungo
River. The river channel has not sufficient capacity to remove the
water promptly. A new main outlet ditch was planned, following
the river channel closely, the location for the ditch was marked in
the field, and the size and approximate cost were determined.

The area drained by the Scuppernong River, including the water-
shed of Lake Phelps, in Washington and Tyrrell Counties, N. C.,
was surveyed by George R. Boyd. Plans were made for enlarging
the river channel and extending it to Lake Phelps; for the construc-
tion of new drainage ditches and the enlargement of some of those
previously constructed; and for the control of the lake to prevent
overflow. The construction of the work which has been recom-
mended will benefit 75,000 acres.

A watershed survey of the territory between Albemarle and Pam-
lico Sounds in Beaufort and Washington Counties, N. C., was made
by George R. Boyd, assisted by J. V. Phillips and F. G. Eason, the
John L. Roper Lumber Co. paying one-half the cost. The survey
established the natural watershed lines in this area, and connected
the surveys: in these counties and that of the Lake Mattamuskeet
project in Hyde County, previously made by this office. The ap-
proximate area is 158,000 acres, exclusive of that in the territory
covered by earlier projects. A new ditch was located along Broad
Creek, in the southwest part of the district, to furnish an outlet for
19,500 acres. The location was determined also for a main ditch to
drain 36,300 acres in the northwest part of the district and discharg-
ing into Conaby Creek near Plymouth.

D. L. Yarnell made a survey of a tract near Norfolk, Va., known
as Berkeley Swamp, which borders the Great Dismal Swamp. A

48 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

system of ditches was planned to drain about 2,400 acres of this
wet land.

Contracts have been let during the summer of 1910 for the con-
struction of the drainage improvements planned by this office in
1908 for reclaiming swamp lands in Bolivar County, Miss. §S. H.
McCrory assisted the engineer of the district in preparing specifica-
tions for the work.

The board of commissioners of the Tallahatchie drainage district,
in northwest Mississippi, requested this office to lend assistance in
perfecting the plans for draining that area of 1,800 square miles
by sending an engineer to act in a consulting capacity. Drainage
engineers of this office are especially acquainted with the conditions
of that district, having previously made surveys of parts of the ter-
ritory. A. E. Morgan examined the plans and the district in detail,
and thoroughly studied the methods that seemed feasible. His sug-
gestion to divert Cold Water River through a shorter route into the
Mississippi River has been adopted by the commissioners and
engineers.

RECLAMATION OF OVERFLOWED LANDS.

The flat bottom lands between the Black River and Cury Creek,
in Independence County, Ark., are subject to frequent overflow from
those streams. A survey was made of the lands, and plans were
prepared by W. J. McEKathron and W. W. Weir for protecting about
14,000 acres. The plans include the construction of levees to pre-
vent overflow from Black River; the diversion of Cury Creek by a
new channel from the foothills directly across the bottoms to the
river; and the excavation of a ditch to intercept the water that now
flows upon the low area from the higher land on the west.

S. H. McCrory and D. L. Yarnell conducted a survey of about 140
miles of the Marais des Cygnes River, west from the Missouri-Kansas
State line, to determine some method for preventing the injurious
flooding of the bottom lands. The report upon that project presents
plans for 22 levee districts, which will protect 33,365 acres of fertile
land if the recommended work, including that of clearing the river
channel and constructing one cut-off, is carried out.

A survey was made by W. W. Weir of lands subject to overflow
along the Little Caney River in Montgomery and Chautauqua
Counties, Kans. Owing to the hilly character of the upper water-
shed, the rate of run-off is large, and the tortuous and restricted chan-
nel of the river has so little capacity that serious floods are of fre-
quent occurrence. Plans were prepared for levees, a large relief
ditch, several cut-offs, and clearing the river channel, to benefit 8,435
acres,

A survey was made by L. L. Hidinger to determine what works
should be constructed to protect and drain the lands in Grant Town-

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 49

ship, about Lawrence, Kans., that are subject to overflow from the
Kansas River. <A levee was planned along the river, and drainage
ditches within the district, the construction of which will reclaim and
improve 7,500 acres of valuable land.

The Sellars ditch, near Henderson, Ky., is a cut-off 1 mile long on
Canoe Creek, that does not fulfill its purpose of preventing the flood-
ing of the bottom lands. A survey was made of this ditch by J. R.
Haswell, who prepared recommendations for constructing a diversion
dam in the creek at the head of the ditch, and for enlarging this chan-
nel so that it and the creek will provide a sufficient outlet for the
drainage basin which has an area of 13,750 acres.

Investigations were made and a preliminary report prepared by
C. G. Elliott, A. E. Morgan, 8. H. McCrory, and L. L. Hidinger
on the drainage of the fifth Louisiana levee district... The area com-
prises 1,562,000 acres in the northeast part of the State, of which
not more than 300,000 acres are cultivated, the balance being wood-
land. Very nearly the whole area suffers from lack of drainage,
owing to the flatness of the country and to the crooked and obstructed
character of the natural streams. The report outlines the necessary
work for providing the required main drainage systems, the lateral
drains, and the levees, and gives an approximate estimate of the
cost of this work, besides making recommendations concerning drain-
age organizations and suggesting methods of conducting a complete
survey of the district.

In Johnson County, Nebr., the bottom lands along the Nemaha
River have been overflowed so frequently in the past few years that
their cultivation has become quite hazardous, and about 2,500 acres
formerly cultivated have been abandoned. <A survey of the lands
was made by F. I’. Shafer, and a plan was prepared showing the
ditches and other improvements which would be necessary to protect
from overflow about 13,000 acres in the valley.

The overflowed lands along Wahoo Creek, in Saunders County,
Nebr., were surveyed for drainage purposes. A large ditch was
designed by W. J. McKathron to assist the creek in carrying away
the water from the upper part of the drainage basin and to pro-
vide a good main drain for the low. farm lands from which the
water does not flow readily into the creek. In the upper part of
the valley cut-offs are planned to shorten the creek channel and in-
crease its capacity. These works when constructed will benefit more
than 16,000 acres.

A report was prepared by A. D. Morehouse, based upon a pre-
liminary examination by L. L. Hidinger and data from local sur-
veyors, for improving the channel of Lower Creek, in Burke and
Caldwell Counties, N. C. The work recommended is the enlarge-

1U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Cire. 104.
91866°—11—-4

50 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ment of the creek channel, to prevent the floodirg of some 2,600
acres. The Lower Creek drainage commissioners have made plans
to undertake the work at once.

The Deep Fork of Canadian River, in Oklahoma, is typical of
many streams in that and neighboring States. The precipitous char-
acter of the watershed area causes a high rate of run-off, and the
crooked channel of the river has insufficient capacity for removing
the water as quickly as it gathers in the valley. The consequent
overflows can be prevented only at considerable expense. A survey
was made by F. F. Shafer and F. G. Eason to determine whether it
would be feasible to undertake the reclamation of the inundated
lands on this river in Lincoln and in Okmulgee Counties. In the
former county a straightened channel was located and its proper
size was determined; in the latter, eight levee districts were planned.
Estimates of cost were made for these improvements, which would
benefit 26,600 acres in Lincoln County and 11,740 acres in Okmulgee
County.

A survey was made of bottom lands along the Big Sioux River, in
Towa and South Dakota, by F. F. Shafer, to determine the best plan
for preventing the inundation of these lands during periods of floods
in the river. The construction of levees and of cut-offs to shorten
the river channel have been planned to protect 5,100 acres in Iowa
and 6,595 acres in South Dakota.

In accordance with a cooperative agreement between this office
and the State geological survey of Tennessee, an extended examina-
tion was made by A. E. Morgan and S. H. McCrory of the lands
overflowed by the North and Middle Forks of Forked Deer River
and Rutherford Fork of Obion River, in Gibson County, Tenn. <A
general plan for the drainage of these lands was made, with an out-
line for the survey that must precede the construction of the drainage
improvements.

L. L. Hidinger examined the plans made for the Ellis County
drainage district No, 1, near Waxahachie, Tex., and reported to the
officers of the district concerning the efficiency of the plans and the
improvements that might be made in them for reclaiming the lands
from the overflow of Chambers Creek.

W. J. McEathron consulted with the commissioners of a drainage
district formed to protect 70,000 acres of overflowed land in White
County, Ark., lying between the White and the Red Rivers. His
report gives advice concerning the conduct of the survey then in
progress and the planning of the drainage improvements to be made.

The assistance of this office was requested in perfecting the plans
for protecting from overflow the low bottom lands about Pattons-
burg, Mo. An examination of the district was made by L. L.
Hidinger, who reported a general plan for the work that would be
necessary.

ce
DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 5}

W. J. McEathron responded to the request of residents of the
Elkhorn Valley for advice in protecting their overflowed lands by
visiting the district and outlining a general drainage plan,

The engineer and commissioners of the Inlet Swamp drainage dis-
trict, in Lee County, Ill, requested assistance in revising the plans
for that district. The area of 30,000 acres was at one time a swamp,
but ditches have been constructed that have effected partial drainage.
W. J. McKathron examined the district and the plans, and recom-
mended changes to reduce the cost of the work necessary to complete
the reclamation of the land.

DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LANDS.

The investigations in Texas begun by L. L. Hidinger in March,
1909, were continued until the fall of that year. A survey was made
of the Ohio and Texas Sugar Co.’s plantation of 1,885 acres near
Brownsville, and a plan for the drainage was prepared. Tile drains
were planned for a badly seeped area of 18 acres; also for an experi-
mental tract of 30 acres, to determine the proper spacing of under-
drains in certain soils of the Brownsville region. A survey and a
plan for tile drainage were made for 105 acres damaged by seepage
and alkali on the Val Verde Irrigation Co.’s farm near Del Rio.
The owners of this property are desirous of undertaking at once
such works as are necessary to remove the salts and excess water
from the tract and to prevent injury to other areas. Many places
were visited in the Rio Grande and Pecos River Valleys, farm lands
being examined and suggestions given regarding the proper methods
of draining and of removing the salts when such are present in the
soil to an injurious degree. A report upon The Drainage Situation
in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Tex.,1 has been prepared for dis-
tribution.

Investigations in the Pecos River Valley in. New Mexico were be-
gun in April, 1910, by Sidney W. Cooper, to assist and instruct
owners in reclaiming their lands that are injured by seepage and
alkali. Examinations have been made of tracts near Dexter, Ros-
well, Hagerman, and Artesia.

In the Big Horn Valley, Wyo., investigations were begun by W. A.
Kelly, who has examined areas needing drainage in the vicinity of
Lovell, Cowley, Byron, and Burlington.

With headquarters at North Yakima, Wash., J. C. Carpenter has
begun investigations of irrigated lands injured by seepage and alkali
in the Yakima River Valley.

The work in Utah and Colorado has been continued throughout the
year by C. F. Brown, R. A. Hart, D. G. Miller, and H. R. Elliott. A

plane table survey of a considerable tract near Oasis and Hinckley,

1U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Cire. 103.

52 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Utah, was made to map the areas of land injured by seepage and
alkali in this district. Further assistance has been given in the con-
struction of extensions to the drains previously installed on the Geary
tract at Huntington, and the Washington field at St. George, Utah.
The extensions on the Geary tract have been completed, but those at
St. George have been delayed by unfavorable weather and by the
irrigation of adjacent higher lands. Many other examinations have
been made in this State, including a survey and the design of a drain-
age system for the farm of G. D. Williams, near Syracuse. The
drains on the Jensen tract, near Murray, have been installed under
the supervision of Mr. Hart.

In Colorado, examinations and surveys were made of various tracts
in the valleys of the Grand, Gunnison, and Uncompahgre Rivers, and
assistance was given in the installation of drains. A survey was
made of 3,600 acres near Parma, in the San Luis Valley, and plans
for the drainage of the tract were prepared. Plans were also pre-
pared for the Arnell tract of 3,000 acres in the same valley, and
assistance was given in the organization of the La Jara and Hooper
drainage districts.

C. G. Elhott visited the Yakima Indian Reservation, Wash., to
confer with the chief engineer of the Indian Bureau concerning the
plans for the drainage of the lands injured by seepage and alkali on
that reservation.

COLLECTION OF TECHNICAL DATA.

A series of experiments was made in Florida by H. A. Kipp and
F. F. Shafer to determine the maximum and the optimum moisture
contents of muck soils and the amount of water that should be re-
moved from saturated muck to bring it into good condition for crop
growth. From five tracts near Kissimmee, one tract near Miami, and
seven near Fort Lauderdale, a total of 121 samples were taken, both
of raw and of cultivated soils. Five weeks were required for testing
the samples. Iixperiments to determine the moisture content of
saturated muck soils of the wet prairie lands of southern Louisiana,
and the amount of water in the soils when they are in good condition
for cultivation, were made by C. W. Okey on tracts near Lockport
and Raceland. ‘These investigations furnish data of much value in
determining how thoroughly such soils should be drained, also in
estimating the storage capacity of the ground and its effect upon the
maximum rate of run-off to be used in planning drainage systems.

The investigations of run-off in southern Louisiana, begun in the
spring of 1909, were continued until the end of May, 1910, by A. M.
Shaw and C. W. Okey. Tests of pumping plants and some gagings
of flow in ditches were made; records were obtained of the periods

DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS. 53

during which the pumps were operated, with the quantities of water
removed, and the rise of the water table in the soil after storms was
observed as it was indicated by the elevation of the water in the
ditches. In connection with these investigations data were obtained
concerning the tropical storm of September, 1909, particularly the
height to which the water was raised along the Gulf coast, which
seems to be above any high-water records obtained during the last
100 years. The frequency and severity of storms that raise the water
level along the coast above the normal water level will affect mate-
rially the drainage of considerable areas in the southern part of this
and neighboring States.

The examinations of drained tidal marshes were continued by
George M. Warren. Reports have been prepared on lands of the
Arthur Colburn estate, of the St. Georges Marsh Co., and on the
Little St. Georges and St. Augustine marshes, in Newcastle County,
Del.; also on the lands of the Mauricetown Banking Co. and other
tidal marshes in Cumberland County, N. J.

A study of improved methods of excavation, as used in digging the
New York Barge Canal, was made by A. E. Morgan. The informa-
tion obtained related to the kinds and arrangements of the machin-
ery, the class of work to which each kind is adapted, the advantages
and limitations of the various types, and the cost of work done by
each. This information was obtained by consulting the designers
-and the operators of the machines, and by a thorough personal ex-
amination of the excavators in operation.

PRELIMINARY AND RECONNOISSANCE WORK.

Other than the work included in the projects already enumer-
ated, a large number of examinations of a preliminary or reconnois-
sance nature have been made. The purpose of these is to offer
helpful suggestions to people wishing assistance in undertaking
drainage improvements, or to obtain Sqinaienon concerning the
status of drainage in various localities. Areas covered by the more
important of such investigations are the following:

Swamp lands along the Cache River, in Illinois; Nahunta and
Turnbull swamps, in North Carolina; wet and overflowed lands
along various streams in Pasquotauk, Perquimans, Rockingham,
Tredell, Rowan, Robeson, Cabarrus, and Forsyth Counties, N. C.;
overflowed lands on Big Spring Creek, near Huntsville, Ala.; lands
overflowed by the Verdigris and Falls Rivers, Kans.; overflowed
lands on Black Bear Creek, Okla.; overflowed lands on the Red,
Sulphur, Brazos, Elm Fork, and Trinity Rivers, Tex.; examinations
of drainage needs in Bryan, Chatham, Clinch, Echols, Glynn,
Liberty, and McIntosh Counties, Ga.

54 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION.

Much. general information is disseminated by correspondence, and
the reports upon the various projects contain much that is of gen-_
eral as well as special application. Further information is given
by addresses and lectures at conventions to those interested in the
general subject of agricultural drainage and at meetings of land-
owners wishing to undertake the drainage of particular tracts of land.

Publications issued during the fiscal year 1910, relating to agri-
cultural drainage, are as follows: The Drainage of Irrigated Lands
in the San Joaquin Valley, Cal. (Office of Experiment Stations
Bulletin 217); Drainage of Irrigated Lands (Farmers’ Bulletin
371); Preliminary Report on the St. Francis Valley Drainage
Project in Northeastern Arkansas (Office of Experiment Stations
Circular 86); Organization, Work, and Publications of Drainage
Investigations (Office of Experiment Stations Circular 88); Recla-
mation of the Southern Louisiana Wet Prairie Lands (Office of
Experiment Stations Document 1315) ; and Preliminary Report upon
the Drainage of the Lands Overflowed by the North and Middle
Forks of the Forked Deer River and the Rutherford Fork of the
Obion River in Gibson County, Tenn. (issued in cooperation with
the State Geological Survey of Tennessee). :

PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

In the year 1910 the movement for the promotion of agricultural
education was world-wide. As will be seen from the detailed report
of the specialist in agricultural education of this office (pp. 315-886),
agricultural colleges and schools were established or other projects
in agricultural education were inaugurated in Africa, in Australia,
Canada, and several other countries in the British Empire, in China,
Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, and several countries in
South America.

In the United States the number of institutions listed by the office
as teaching agriculture increased from 545 in October, 1908, to 875
in May, 1910, a gain of 330, or more than 60 per cent, in 19 months.

The agricultural colleges again surpassed all previous records in
the number of students enrolled and in the number taking courses in
agriculture. There were 10 per cent more students in agriculture
than in 1909 and more than eight times as many students enrolled in
teachers’ courses inagriculture. Forty-six of the agricultural colleges
maintained teacher-training courses in agriculture. In more than
half of these institutions the teachers’ courses are four years in length,
and in 29 of them summer schools for teachers were held. The in-
come of these institutions was larger by three and one-half millions
than in 1909, and they added more than seven millions to their per-
manent endowment and equipment. Important agriculture and

PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 55

science buildings were completed in Alabama, Massachusetts, New
Mexico, North Dakota, and Indiana.

The number of secondary schools teaching agriculture (including
colleges offering secondary courses) was 630, and the number of nor-
mal schools and colleges conducting teacher-training courses in agri-
culture, 214. There were 58 agricultural schools and 28 public high
schools receiving State aid for agriculture, 432 unaided public and
private high schools and academies, 46 secondary schools for negroes,
and several colleges and schools on private foundations. Extension
work and short courses were successfully conducted by a number of
the high schools and also by normal schools. Thirty-six colleges and
universities in the United States now give entrance credit for high-
school agriculture.

As in former years, the most effective agricultural teaching in the
elementary schools has been done where the classroom instruction
has been combined with some form of competition, such as boys’ corn
clubs, potato clubs, and poultry clubs, and girls’ domestic-science
clubs and canning clubs. In the South several of the agricultural
colleges have cooperated with this department in employing school-
extension agents. The number of boys engaged in corn-growing con-
tests under the joint auspices of these colleges and this department
was this year (1910) more than 46,000.

The rapid progress in all phases of agricultural education has
naturally resulted in heavy demands upon the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. All bureaus of the department have felt this,
and particularly the Office of Experiment Stations, which has con-
tinued to act as the general agent of the department for the promotion
of agricultural education. The director, as the official representative
of the department in its relations with the Association of American
Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, has taken an active
part in all the plans of the department and the association for pro-
moting graduate, collegiate, secondary, and elementary courses in
agriculture and home economics. He has continued to act as bibliog-
rapher of the association and as chairman of its committee on instruc-
tion in agriculture, and has accepted the deanship of the fourth
session of the Graduate School of Agriculture.

The agricultural education service of the office has continued to be
under the immediate direction of Mr, D. J. Crosby, who has had the
assistance of Mr. I’. W. Howe as assistant in agricultural education
and of several clerical assistants. Gratifying progress was made in
the preparation of publications for the use of teachers and in the
study of some of the many problems arising in connection with the
rapidly developing movement for instruction in agriculture. The
rapidity of this development and the consequent heavier demands
upon the agricultural education service for publications and for
advice concerning teachers, courses of study, equipment, methods of

56 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

instruction, and, in general, the relation of their work to the practical
problems involved in agricultural production and the satisfactory
development of home and social life in rural communities, prevented
any great deviation from the policy of previous years. There has
been, as formerly, clearing-house work for these institutions, coopera-
tion with them and with associations representing their interests, and
expert services in connection with the inauguration of new agri-
cultural educational institutions, courses, and projects.

The specialist in agricultural education and his assistant have
attended many conferences and large educational gatherings and have
assisted school officers and teachers in many ways through corre-
spondence and personal advice. The agricultural education service
has also occasionally employed other experts of the office and experts
from other bureaus to give addresses and to render technical assist-
ance to agricultural schools, and would employ this very effective
method more freely if funds for travel were available. Cooperation
with other bureaus of the department has also taken form in the
preparation of educational bulletins and circulars. One circular
prepared in the Forest Service has been published, and a bulletin on
rural school consolidation, prepared by a special agent of the Bureau
of Statistics, has recently come from the press. Cooperation along
these and other similar lines might well be extended, with result-
ing great benefit to the colleges and schools that are endeavoring
to carry in an effective way to the people living upon the land the
results of investigation on the part of this department and the State
agricultural experiment stations.

FARMERS’ INSTITUTES AND EXTENSION WORK.

The work of the office of the farmers’ institute specialist during
the year was in the direction of securing information respecting the
condition and progress of farmers’ institutes and agricultural exten-
sion in this country and abroad, conducting correspondence, and in
preparing copy and editing for publication bulletins, circulars, and
reports upon farmers’ institute and agricultural extension work.

Farmers’ institutes were held in all of the States and Territories
excepting New Mexico, Nevada, Alaska, and Hawaii. The total
number of regular institutes was 5,651; these were made up of 3,539
one-day meetings, 1,940 two-day, and 172 three-day or more. The
whole number of days of institutes in 1910 was 7,935, an increase of
801 over 1909, and the number of sessions held was 16,586, or 1,051
more than the previous year. The attendance reported at all of the
regular sessions was 2,395,908, and the average attendance at each
session was 144. The appropriations from all sources amounted
to $432,374.25, or $86,707.76 more than in 1909. The agricultural
colleges and experiment stations furnished 480 lecturers from their
faculties and station staffs for institute service, representing the

FARMERS’ INSTITUTES AND EXTENSION WORK. by

agricultural colleges and experiment stations in 43 States. Thirty-
nine of the States and Territories report the days of service con-
tributed by their lecturers at 4,780, an increase of 21 lecturers over
the number furnished in 1909 and 1,399 more days of service.

In addition to carrying on the work of the regular institutes the
States have been maintaining a number of special meetings of insti-
tute character. Of the various forms of institute activity the movable
school of agriculture is perhaps most promising. Four hundred and
twenty-three sessions of these schools were held, attended by 65,977
persons. Special subject institutes, round-up meetings, picnics and
harvest-home meetings, field demonstrations, women’s institutes, in-
stitutes for young people, agricultural instruction trains, and other
forms of institute activity were reported with an aggregate attend-
ance of 537,336, making the total attendance of all kinds for the year
2,933,244, an increase of 74,365 over the year before.

Cooperation with the agricultural colleges in their extension work
has been continued. The reports received by the institute office show
that extension departments have been organized in these colleges in
32 States and Territories by 35 institutions, and that in 3 other
States departments have been partially organized. One hundred and
thirteen persons were employed during the year for their full time in
extension work in connection with the colleges and stations, and 189
other persons contributed part of their time. The appropriations
for carrying on the work amounted to over $400,000.

The farmers’ institute specialist has been acting also as secretary
of the American Association of Farmers’ Institute Workers. This
organization held its fifteenth annual meeting in Washington, D. C.,
last November. At this meeting there were representatives from 37
States, the District of Columbia, and three of the Provinces of
Canada. The sessions continued during two days. The principal
lines of discussion were in the direction of establishing institutes for
women separate from those for men, but in affiliation with the pres-
ent institute system, and also in considering the propriety of establish-
ing institutes for young people between the ages of 14 and 18 years.
The discussions brought out the fact that institutes for women were
being successfully conducted by a number of the States. The Prov-
ince of Ontario, however, was the most notable example of organiza-
tion of institutes of this character. Over 600 separate institute
societies for women are already in operation in the Province of
Ontario with an enrolled membership of over 16,000 persons. Five
thousand four hundred and eighty-three sessions of women’s institutes
were held last year in that Province, with an attendance of 140,388.

As an outcome of the discussion of the organization of institutes
for young people between the ages of 14 and 18 a resolution embody-
ing the sense of the association was adopted recommending the sev-
eral directors of farmers’ institutes to make the experiment within

58 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

the next year of holding some institutes for young people. This new
field of effort was recognized as belonging specially to the farmers’
institute organization, and as being in great need of immediate at-
tention. In aid of this movement the Office of Experiment Stations
has published a circular entitled “ Farmers’ Institutes for Young
People,” in which suggestions are offered for organizing and conduct-
ing this kind of extension work. The papers, discussions, and reports
of the standing committees of the association have been assembled
by the institute specialist and prepared for publication.

The use of agricultural instruction trains is growing each succeed-
ing year. Twenty-four of these trains were reported as having been
run during the year ended June 30, 1910, by 18 States with an at-
tendance of 189,645. An investigation now being made into this
new method of disseminating agricultural information shows that
the transportation companies have awakened to the possibilities for
increasing agricultural production by this means, and are exerting
themselves to bring about this increase as soon as practicable.

In response to inquiries sent out to over 3,000 local managers of
farmers’ institutes in 40 different States, information of most con-
vincing character has been received showing approval of the move-
ment for sending out movable schools of agriculture, and of the ap-
pointment of itinerant advisers and instructors to visit farmers and
give them advice respecting improved and more economical methods
in farm operations. Appreciation of the value of the itinerant ad-
viser was specially emphasized. Of the whole number replying to —
this query, 698 were in favor of the itinerant adviser, 99 were unde-
cided, and only 149 against the plan.

The institute specialist has cooperated with the American Associa-
tion of Farmers’ Institute Workers in the preparation of its pro-
grams, reporting its proceedings, and in preparing them for publica-
tion. He has also cooperated with the Association of American Agri-
cultural Colleges and Experiment Stations in collecting and tabulat-
ing information for the use of the committee of the association on
agricultural extension, and in conducting correspondence as secre-
tary of that committee. He also took part in the program of exer-
cises of the Graduate School of Agriculture at Ames, Iowa, and he
and his assistant have attended and addressed various other meetings
held in the interest of agricultural extension throughout the country.

The detailed report of the farmers’ institute specialist will be found
on pages 387-424 of this report.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the office (1) review the progress of agricultural
education and research throughout the world, and (2) report the
results of special investigations with reference to nutrition, irriga-
tion, drainage, and agricultural education, with which the office is

PUBLICATIONS. 59

charged. To keep pace with the rapid increase of scientific literature
relating to agriculture and to properly present the results of the
special investigations conducted by the office it was necessary to in-
crease to a marked extent the number and volume of publications
issued by the office during the past year.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, the department pub-
lished 86 documents, aggregating 4,824 pages, prepared by this office,
not including revised reprints, separates, and minor miscellaneous
publications. These documents include 20 numbers of Experiment
Station Record, 12 technical bulletins, a report of the Alaska experi-
ment stations, 2 reports of the office, 17 Farmers’ Bulletins (including
5 numbers of Experiment Station Work), 17 circulars, 12 monthly
lists of experiment station publications, 2 farmers’ institute lectures,
and 3 lists of publications of the office on irrigation, drainage, and
agricultural education. Two other numbers of Experiment Station
Record, 3 technical bulletins, 1 annual report of the office, 3 Farmers’
Bulletins, 1 article for the Yearbook of the Department, and several
miscellaneous documents containing about 1,050 pages were prepared
and submitted for publication before the close of the fiscal year.
Twelve separates of individual articles contained in larger reports,
aggregating 436 pages, were reprinted in editions of varying size to
supply requests for the articles. Several of the earher technical and
Farmers’ Bulletins prepared by the office were exhausted during the
year and were reprinted with additions and corrections.

In addition to the above, 2 reports and 5 bulletins of the Hawait
station and 2 reports and 3 bulletins of the Porto Rico station,
although printed locally by the stations, were edited in the office.

The most important increases in the publication work of the office
were in the case of Farmers’ Bulletins, 17 of the 45 bulletins of this
series printed by the department being contributed by the office, and
in Experiment Station Record, of which 2 volumes were issued dur-
ing the year instead of 1 as heretofore, each volume consisting of
6 monthly and 2 additional or abstract numbers, with the customary
author and subject indexes. This plan of publication of the Record
ras the advantage of securing more prompt, complete, and convenient
review of agricultural literature. The value of the Record as a great
repository of information pertaining to agriculture otherwise avail-
able only by an extended examination of the enormous mass of liter-
uture which has been published is being more generally and fully
realized. The 22 volumes thus far issued contain references to no
fewer than 78,698 articles, besides editorials, special articles, and
notes. The experiment station reports abstracted have alone num-
bered 914, the station bulletins and circulars 7,401, and the publi-
cations of this department 3,540. The vast store of agricultural
information which the Record contains is made available by carefully
prepared and very full indexes.

60 - REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The increase in Farmers’ Bulletins was due mainly to the fact that
the various lines of investigation in nutrition, irrigation, drainage,
and agricultural education earried on by the office have now reached
a stage justifying wider popular presentation in the form of Farmers’
Bulletins. In addition to Farmers’ Bulletins of this class, the office
continues its bimonthly review of progress in the more practical lines
of investigation at the experiment stations in the Experiment Station
Work series of Farmers’ Bulletins. This series now comprises 63
numbers, each containing from 6 to 15 short condensed summaries
of work done in one or more of the State experiment stations, and
aggregating over 500 articles on subjects of interest to practical
farmers. During recent years this series has increased in popu-
larity, and there is every evidence that its value is quite generally
appreciated by farmers.

The report of the Editor and Chief of the Division of Publications
for the past year shows that of the 4,034,000 copies of publica-
tions of this office issued by the department 3,600,000 were Farmers’
Bulletins.

The supervision of the work of preparing the publications of the
office, in case of all publications except the Experiment Station Record,
is one of the lines of work of Mr. W. H. Beal. The management of
the Record is in direct charge of Dr. E. W. Allen, Assistant Director.

INCOME.

The income of the office during the past fiscal year, derived wholly
from appropriations by Congress, was as follows:

For the general expenses of the office_________________ $74, 060. 00
For the Alaska experiment stations___________________ 28, 000. 00
For the Hawaii Experiment Station__________________ 28, 000. 00
Kor the Lorto Rico Experiment Staion. = 28, 000. 00
Kor therGuamehxperini ent staid Ones. eee 15, 000. 00

For investigations on agricultural schools and farmers’ :
INStibUbess a Pee Ee ne Pee i Se eae ee ee 10, 000. 00
HOnNnutribionwnveshiza tions == 10, 000. 00
Lore mheeesyrivolay shay esinkee nos — 75, 000. 00
Hor aArainagce AMVEShl Say ON see ee ee ee 81, 160. 00
Totals 2:0) A ee eae Aare la) dene ee eee 349, 220. 00

In addition to the above there was derived from the sale of agri-
eultural products at the insular experiment stations the following
amounts:

Alaskacex periment stations 3.4) 265 25 ove ewe A $741. 42
EL aya BES PETUMN CM tis Gel SLOT ee 33. 40
Porto Rico Pxperiment, Station= eee 1, 706. 56
(QquaaW Lb) eymbaaveone Wyrm aK ey a eee ee es 23. 41

FROG ae Se ack 2 CS 2 a a ee 2, 504. 79

WORK AND EXPENDITURES OF THE AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

By E. W. ALLEN and J. I. SCHULTE.
REVIEW OF THE YEAR.

One of the most noteworthy features of the year has been the move-
ment in the direction of a differentiation of experiment station work
proper from the various features of extension work. The latter
lines, including the issuing of popular bulletins, running of coopera-
tive demonstration tests, operation of special trains, maintenance of
a bureau of information, etc., which have largely developed with
and out of the experiment station work, have now reached large pro-
portions. It has been evident for several years that separate provi-
sion would need to be made for this enterprise, in order that the sta-
tion men might devote themselves primarily to the work of experi-
ment and investigation—i. e., the acquisition of knowledge and the
maintenance of the fund of information on which the college instruc-
tion in agriculture and the extension teaching are very largely based.
Material progress was made during the year in working out this
differentiation in function, and in many States funds have now been
provided which make this feasible.

The ruling of the office against the use of the Federal funds for
defraying the expense of any of these forms of extension work, which
went into effect with the beginning of the past fiscal year, has fur-
nished a strong argument to the States for providing funds and
facilities for it. In a number of States it has been organized under
a separate head and in others has been taken over by the college. It
has been difficult, however, for the stations, from the nature of their
relations to agricultural advancement, to entirely escape the growing
burden of extension teaching. In several of the States they are still
intrusted with such work as is done, and the demand for it, even in
the absence of any special funds, has required a closer scrutiny of all
expenditures, and in several instances disallowances have been made.
Under the present restrictions surrounding the Federal funds for the
stations and the imperative demands within the States, the lack of a
considerable State appropriation available for more general use has
become a very serious embarrassment to an experiment station. The
office has clearly differentiated the function of the experiment sta-
tions organized under the Federal acts, and during the past year has
insisted upon the restriction of the expenditures from the Federal

61

62 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

funds to those directly connected with the conduct of actual experi-
ments and investigations and the publishing of the results of these
inquiries.

This action has been indorsed by the Association of American
Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. At the last con-
vention of that association its committee on station organization and
policy pointed out that—

There never was a time when the stations needed to be more circumspect
and look more ciosely to their scientific reputation and even public apprecia-
tion than now. * * * ‘To maintain a high and reliable grade of work is a
principle incumbent upon all stations, not only for the general cause but for
their own safety as well.

Neither the demonstration work nor the police work, it was urged,
must be allowed to encroach upon the acquisition of knowledge, but
there must be a clear distinction between propaganda and investiga-
tion, between the discovery of principles and the dissemination of
their applications to practice.

The station administration must ever keep in mind that the reason for ex-
istence and the chief usefulness of the stations depend upon their keeping true
to the main purpose for which they were established—the scientific investiga-
tion of the problems relating to agriculture.

With a better understanding of the necessity for fundamental
studies in agriculture and the ultimate application of such investiga-
tions, the conditions surrounding such work have been improved and
the opportunities for it materially strengthened. It has not always
been realized that the principles underlying an agricultural problem
must first be studied before the problem itself can be solved, and
this has led to some public impatience with the methods of experi-
ment which have been followed. The problems of agriculture are
unusually intricate and involved, as they are affected by many con-
ditions which are variable and not readily controlled. It is very
easy, therefore, to draw unreliable conclusions or make unwarranted
generalizations from a few local tests and experiments which do not
disclose the factors which are in operation or the real nature and
cause of the phenomena observed. Exact and reliable information
for agricultural practice must rest on scientific investigations which
are fundamental, and develop facts which are definitely proven and
understood. There is much encouragement in the present attitude
toward such investigation. :

But in providing for this fundamental research the need of more
practical experiments for local conditions and the application or
adaptation of methods and crops to particular localities has not been
lost sight of. Special provision for such enterprises has increased,
special appropriations being made for particular lines of work and
for the maintenance of branch stations. In California the university

REVIEW OF THE YEAR. 63

and station came into possession of the new farm at Fresno, known
as the Kearney estate, which includes 5,400 acres, with fine buildings,
and is valued at about $1,000,000. This was the gift of Mr. M. T.
Kearney, and affords unusual facilities for experiments of interest to
the San Joaquin Valley. In the Imperial Valley of California a
substation was operated with a State appropriation of $6,000 for
the biennium. The climatic and other conditions are so different in
this valley from other parts of the State as to afford opportunity for
work of great usefulness.

In Idaho three branch stations have been provided for, their work
to be directed to the study and demonstration of local problems.
One of these has been located at Clagstone, in the cut-over district
of northern Idaho, where a tract of 200 acres was contributed by an
individual for the use of the substation. Another station for work
in irrigation was located at Gooding, in southern Idaho, and work
there successfully inaugurated. The third station, for dry farming,
was located at Idaho Falls. The substation at Caldwell, which has
been in operation for several years, is continued. Cooperative experi-
ments with the fruit, dairy, and grain farmers of southern Idaho are
being planned. The appointment of three field men for extension
work in horticulture and entomology, irrigation and general farm-
ing, and dairying has been authorized.

Minnesota has made generous provision for this popular effort.
The various divisions of the station are provided with funds for
field and demonstration work from the current expense appropria-
tions of the university, or by special appropriations for specific
cases. The division of dairying and animal husbandry, for instance,
has a fund of $2,500 a year for special investigations in dairying
and poultry lines, the division of entomology $5,000 for field work
in entomology, the veterinary division $2,000 for hog-cholera work,
the chemical division $1,000 for soil investigations, the agricul-
tural engineering division $2,000 for drainage investigation and
demonstration, the division of botany and plant pathology $4,000
for plant diseases and $1,000 for the eradication of noxious weeds,
and the agricultural division $2,000 for tobacco culture.

The engineering division of the Minnesota college and _ station
supervised the drainage of an 80-acre demonstration farm at Belle-
plaine, Minn., and installed a small tile drainage experiment on heavy
clay lands at Meadow Lands, Minn. Field work was also conducted
in some of the potato-growing districts, consisting of lectures, demon-
strations, etc., with the idea of getting the potato growers interested
in better seed selection and cultural methods. These demonstra-
tions were all well attended and proved of value. The outside corn-
breeding stations were continued, and proved to be important as trial
stations as well as for developing new varieties of corn adapted to

64 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

restricted localities. While no varieties were originated at these sta-
tions, the local varieties superior for each locality were discovered
and new ones were introduced where conditions seemed to justify it.

In addition to these funds a special appropriation of $50,000 for
the biennium was granted by the legislature for extension and demon-
stration work and a correspondence course in agriculture. This has
enabled the organization of a special extension division, which co-
operates with the different divisions of the station and in all kinds
of extension work. Among other duties laid down for this division
is the publication of home-education bulletins, which are to give in
plain and practical form the results of investigations of the State
experiment station and the substations of the university.

Twenty demonstration farms, scattered throughout the State, are
conducted by the extension division with the cooperation of the agri-
cultural and other divisions of the station. Each farm is surveyed by
soil experts, drainage maps are supplied where necessary by the engi-
neering force, and cropping systems and farm organization are sup-
pled by the division of agriculture and farm management. The
station furnishes the advice and the direction and the farm pays all
the bills. The results so far secured promise success for the moye-
ment. The university and station cooperated in exhibits and demon-
strations at the State fair. A special feature was the lectures illus-
trated by moving pictures.

In Montana the Fort Ellis Reservation of 640 acres was turned
over to the custody of the experiment station for experiments in dry
farming. At the substation in Fergus County $5,000 was invested
in improvements and buildings, and for the horticultural substation
in the Bitter Root Valley $2,000 was allowed for buildings.

Two additional county demonstration farms were organized in
Missouri during the year under the act of 1907, one at Clayton, in St.
Louis County, and the other near Lewiston, in Lewis County. The
chief lines of work undertaken were the testing of corn, wheat, and
oats, with some attention to fertilizer and soil fertility experiments.

In Nebraska progress was made in the equipment of the new sub-
stations located at Mitchell and Valentine. At Mitchell special at-
tention is to be given to work in irrigation and dry-land agriculture,
and experiments will be conducted in cooperation with the Bureau
of Plant Industry of this department. The land and a portion of
the improvements were furnished by the United States Reclamation
Service. The Valentine substation is to study the crops and agricul-
tural methods adapted to the sand-hill region of the State.

North Dakota has five substations, with a State appropriation of
$5,000 each, and 24 demonstration farms which are provided for in
a continuing appropriation. The work on the latter is largely rota-
tion experiments, with some trials of new crops. These farms have

REVIEW OF THE YEAR. 65

been very popular and helpful. They are supervised by two men who
are kept in the field continuously and visit them at frequent intervals.
Farmers’ institutes and picnics were held at several of them during
the summer.

Under an act passed in Ohio in the spring of 1910, the commis-
sioners of each county are required, upon petition of 200 or more
taxpayers, to submit to a vote a project for establishing a demon-
stration farm. If such a farm is decided upon, a tax not to exceed
one-fifth mill for any one year may be levied for its equipment and
maintenance. The experiment station at Wooster is to cooperate in
the selection of sites and the conducting of experiments.

The Rhode Island station has inaugurated a series of cooperative
experiments with farmers through the State, which are largely in
the nature of demonstrations. The station now has about 150 of
these cooperative experiments under way, the cooperators being
organized into an experimental union which holds an annual meet-
ing for the discussion of the results of the experiments.

Seven new substations authorized by the last Legislature of Texas
were located during the year as follows: At Pecos in Reeves County,
at Lubbock in Lubbock County, at Spur in Dickens County, at
Denton in Denton County, at Temple in Bell County, at Beaumont
in Jefferson County, and at Angleton in Brazoria County. The last
two named are to give special attention to rice problems, ‘The
localities in which the several stations are situated have contributed
liberally for their establishment, in some cases donating the land
and erecting the necessary buildings and improvements.

An experiment station was organized under the auspices of the
Association of Sugar and Sugar-Cane Producers of Porto Rico.
The association, formed in 1909, is financed by a tax of 25 cents on
each ton of sugar refined, or 24 cents for each ton of cane produced.
The agricultural committee of the association has for one of its
duties the establishment of model farms, experiment stations, and a
technical sugar school. J. T. Crawley, former director of the
Cuban station, has been selected as director of the station, and it is
planned to secure a plant pathologist and entomologist and a field
expert. D. W. May, special agent in charge of the Porto Rico Fed-
eral station, was appointed an honorary member of the agricultural
committee and is acting in an advisory capacity to the station.

The Washington station has an appropriation of $17,500 for ex-
tension work, and $2,500 for dry farming. With these appropria-
tions it conducts two branch stations and maintains a considerable
number of demonstration farms which are conducted on the farms
of private owners.

The Wisconsin station has 25 county and asylum farms (all State
or county institutions) under its management. These are made local

91866°—11——_5

66 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

centers for supplying farmers with seed grains, for demonstrations
of better management, etc. Meetings are held on the demonstration
farms during the season. The station also had 1,600 pedigreed-
barley centers the past year, where enough seed was sent to grow an
acre of the improved seed, for purposes of distributing it.

Provision has been made in Wyoming for dry-farming demon-
strations by an appropriation of $5,000, the adaptability of soil and
climate for the production of different classes of grains and grasses,
and for the growth of shade, ornamental, and fruit trees under
Wyoming conditions to receive special attention.

Seed-testing laboratories for testing seed for farmers have been
located at several of the experiment stations by the Department of
Agriculture, and are conducted in cooperation with the stations

CHANGES IN PERSONNEL.

The year was marked by important changes at several of the sta-
tions, in a number of which the welfare of the institution was tem-
porarily involved.

Prof. C. H. Fernald, for 24 years entomologist of the Massachusetts
station, and for many years previous connected with the Maine Agri-
cultural College, retired from active duties in the station and the
graduate school of the college, being succeeded by Dr. H. T. Fernald;
and at the Michigan college and station Dr. W. J. Beal retired after
40 years of continuous service as botanist, being succeeded by Dr.
E. A. Bessey, of the University of Louisiana.

Prof. Harry Snyder, for many years in charge of agricultural
chemistry at the Minnesota University and station, resigned during
the year to engage in commercial work.

Prof. W. L. Carlyle, formerly of the Colorado college and station,
was appointed director of the Idaho station, and entered upon his
duties January 1, 1910. Prof. C. P. Gillette, entomologist of the
Colorado station, was appointed director to succeed Prof. L. G.
Carpenter, resigned; and in New Hampshire Prof. J. C. Kendall, of
the Kansas college and station, was appointed director of the station
and entered upon his duties September 10. J. W. Fox succeeded
W. L. Hutchinson as director of the Mississippi station, and Prof.
H. G. Knight was appointed director of the Wyoming station, vice
J. D. Towar.

The necrology lst is an unusually long one. It includes two
notable figures in the history of agricultural education and research
in this country—Dr. Charles A. Goessmann, of Massachusetts, and
Dr. William H. Brewer, of Connecticut, who passed away soon after
the close of the year. Notices of these two men are given hereafter.
Col. W. M. Liggett, who retired from the position of dean and

DR. CHARLES A. GOESSMANN. 67

director of the Minnesota College of Agriculture and station in 1907,
died August 29, 1909; Prof. J. S. Newman, prominently connected
with the Alabama and South Carolina stations, having served as di-
rector of the latter station at two periods, died May11, 1910; and Prof,
John A. Craig, lately director of the Oklahoma station and formerly
connected with the departments of animal husbandry in Wisconsin,
Towa, and Texas, died August 9, 1910. Other deaths included Prof.
A. J. Bondurant, formerly agriculturist at the Alabama station and
professor of agriculture in the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, on
March 6, 1910; Prof. C. F. Wheeler, formerly assistant botanist of
the Michigan Agricultural College and Experiment Station, on
March 5, 1910; Prof. S. B. Green, for many years at the head of the
horticultural and forestry work of the Minnesota University and sta- -
tion, on July 11, 1910; and Dr. W. M. Munson, horticulturist of the
West Virginia University and station, on September 9, 1910.

DR. CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

Dr. Charles A. Goessmann, of Massachusetts, who died September
1, 1910, in his eighty-fourth year, had long been one of the most con-
spicuous figures in agricultural chemistry in this country. For
nearly 40 years he had been an active member of the faculty of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College, his service covering almost the
entire period since the college was established. One of the earliest
pioneers in agricultural investigation, his work had been not only a
contribution to knowledge but an inspiration to others and a potent
influence for the development of agricultural experimentation. It
exhibited unusual activity and breadth of knowledge, and was
characterized by a thoroughness and conservatism which gave great
reliability to his conclusions.

Almost immediately after going to the college Dr. Goessmann took
hold of the agricultural problems of the State, both practical and
scientific, and made them the subject of investigation. He was a
pioneer in every sense of the word, and he brought to his studies a
broad training in science, full confidence in its ability to reveal the
laws upon which agriculture depends, and the true scientific spirit,
which seeks only the truth.

In 1873 he was appointed chemist to the State board of agricul-
ture, and then began a series of reports and lectures which continued
almost to the time of his retirement. In the early seventies he made
extensive investigations of the beet as a source of sugar, and demon-
strated the feasibility of growing beets for sugar in certain sections
of the State and the practicability of developing it into a profitable
industry. His work upon the sugar beet was epoch making, and
furnished a starting point for the more recent studies and propa-

68 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ganda in that line. He also made an important study of sorghum
growing and the value of that crop for sugar. His conclusion that
the presence of a large amount of grape sugar in the juice rendered
the separation of the cane sugar impracticable on a commercial scale
was verified much later by extensive commercial experiments.

His investigation of the salt marshes of the State and plans for
their reclamation were embodied in a number of valuable papers.
He also made extensive studies of the chemistry of the corn plant,
the preservation of corn in the silo, the chemistry of fruits and the
relation of fertilizers to their culture, etc. His study of the ferti-
lizer industry, at that time in a most unsatisfactory condition, led to
securing the first State law for the inspecton of fertilizers, which
-became operative October 1, 1873. As State inspector he made
his first report under the new law that year, and he was in charge
of this inspection from that date to the time of his retirement
in 1907.

Dr. Goessmann early began the advocacy of an experiment station
at the college, illustrating by his studies the practical value of such
an institution to the agriculture of the State. A station was started
in 1878 with private contributions, and while studies were continued
with the proceeds of the fertilizer inspection, it was not until 1882
that the State made definite provision for a station. He was then
appointed director and remained at its head until it was merged
with the Hatch station of the college in 1895. Under his direction
the station became an efficient aid to the farmers and to the agricul-
ture of the State, and was from the first one of the leading institu-
tions of its kind in the country. Feeding experiments with dairy
cattle and pigs, and fertilizer experiments with a wide range of field
and garden crops were continued through long periods. In the
latter he made noteworthy studies of the action and value of different
forms of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen, and their special
effect on crops.

Dr. Goessmann was modest and without ostentation in all that he
did, and was content to let his work justify itself by its merits. He
sought no other reward; and his devotion to his study prevented his
turning aside into commercial channels, which would have yielded
greater pecuniary return.

The product of his activity is not measured in monetary terms,
for the value of a movement which looks to the development of an
industry on a more intelligent and secure basis is beyond such
measure. It is found rather in a changed popular attitude which
appropriates thousands for experimentation where hundreds were
hesitatingly given before, in an unconscious change of practice, the
real origin of which is rarely known, and in the lives and activities
of a band of students who received from him their first encourage-

PROF. WILLIAM H. BREWER. 69

ment and inspiration, their standards and conception of values, and
an outlook which has in large measure furnished the basis of their
success.

PROF. WILLIAM H. BREWER.

Prof. William Henry Brewer, for 40 years professor of agricul-
ture at the Sheffield Scientific School and long associated with the
Connecticut Experiment Station, died November 2, 1910.

Prof. Brewer was a pioneer in agricultural instruction, having
been connected with the early attempts to establish agricultural
teaching at the Oakwood Agricultural Institute and at Ovid College,
in New York State, in the early fifties. He became professor of
agriculture in the Sheffield Scientific School in 1864, and occupied
the position until 1904, when he retired as professor emeritus.

Dr. E. H. Jenkins, director of the Connecticut Experiment Sta-
tion, has said of him:

His sympathy with farm interests was always active. He was a professor
of agriculture not only in the Sheffield Scientific School but throughout the
State. His addresses at farm meetings through many years, which were pub-
lished in the reports of the State board of agriculture, did much to make its
early reports sought after everywhere as an encyclopedia of farming.

He labored with his associate and friend, Dr. S. W. Johnson, for
the establishment of an agricultural experiment station in Connecti-
cut, the first station to be organized in the United States. He was
a member of the board of control of the station from 1877 until his
death, and served for many years as secretary and treasurer.

He was an ardent advocate of the care of the forests of the country,
and was a member of a commission appointed from the National
Academy of Sciences to prepare a plan for their preservation and in-_
crease.

A scholarly man, with an unusual breadth of information and
interest in scientific matters, he represented agriculture, his teaching
subject, in its true scientific relations as well as in its practical as-
pects. He thus exemplified the trained scientist in agricultural
teaching, a conception by no means universal in his day. The high
standing which he long maintained among men of science carried
with it a recognition of the subject which he taught, and helped to
a better understanding of its importance.

He was 82 years of age at the time of his death, having been born
September 14, 1828.

NEW LINES OF WORK.
At the Kansas college and station a department for the investi-

gation of problems dealing with the handling and milling of grain
was established. An experimental baking plant is to be operated

70 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

which will have the twofold purpose of testing the bread-making
capacity of flours from different kinds of wheat and of conducting
experiments in the technology of baking. Later it is hoped to erect
an experimental mill for use in conducting studies on milling quali-
ties of wheats and of milling operations. The new department will
cooperate with the entomologist in studies of insects damaging stored
wheat and flour in transit, with the botanist in the control of plant
diseases which affect the quality of flour, and with the agronomist in
the distribution of improved seed wheat. Much interest is being
manifested in the new department, and the millers of the State are
actively cooperating in the work.

At the Nebraska University and station, L. W. Chase, of the de-
partment of agricultural engineering in the college of agriculture,
was added to the station council with the title of agricultural en-
gineer, and is conducting investigations in farm drainage and sani-
tation and the use of cement for farm purposes.

In Ohio the assembly authorized the establishment of the depart-
ment of dairy husbandry at the station and appropriated $8,000 for
its support. Among the lines of investigation which are contem-
plated are the production of dairy stock, including feeding and
breeding, utilization of food, the effect of special foods, notably those
deficient in phosphorus, the quality of the milk, the birth weight
and the vigor of the offspring, and the pathology of the dairy with
special reference to tuberculosis. The dairy herd, buildings and
equipment, and a portion of the station pastures are to be trans- '
ferred to the new department. It is expected that the pathological
work will be organized as a separate department. Special work in
the line of wool investigations under the direction of the department
of animal husbandry was recently authorized at this station.

By an act of the last legislature of North Carolina the duties of
the State Crop Pest Commission were transferred to the State board
of agriculture. A seed-inspection law was passed, the enforcement
of which is left to the State board. The board is further given the
authority to sell any of its test farms and to invest the net proceeds
in similar farms elsewhere.

In Washington a feeding-stuffs law was enacted by the last legis-
lature, the enforcement of which is to rest with the director of the
station. The expenses of the inspection are to be defrayed by the
sale of stamps and labels. A seed-inspection law was enacted in
Wisconsin, which placed the station in charge of the enforcement of
the act.

In Arizona the station entomologist serves as entomologist of the
newly established Territorial horticultural commission, which is
charged with carrying out the provisions of a rigid crop pest law
providing for inspection and quarantine.

INCREASE IN FUNDS AND EQUIPMENT. cL

A short course in horticulture was held at Davis, Cal., April 26 to
May 20, at which a special feature was a preparatory course for pros-
pective horticultural commissioners and inspectors under the new |
State law. The course was preceded by a three-day conference of
Pacific slope entomologists at Berkeley, for the consideration of the
special insect problems of the region. At this conference a perma-
nent organization was effected under the name of Pacific Slope Asso-
ciation of Economic Entomologists. Active membership is restricted
to official and professional entomologists of the Pacific slope. C. W.
Woodworth was elected president and W. B. Herms secretary-treas-
urer of this new association.

The enforcement of the new stallion inspection law in North Da-
kota was placed in charge of the North Dakota college and station,
and immediately under the head of the animal husbandry division.
Stallion registration laws are now in operation in 15 States. The
object of these laws is to exclude unsound or diseased animals from
service, and guard against fraud in the case of animals claimed to be
pure bred. An organization of officials charged with the administra-
tion of these laws, mainly college and station men, was formed in
the summer of 1910, with a view to securing unification of the State
laws.

At the second annual meeting of the Association of Feed Control
Officials of the United States, which is composed largely of experi-
ment station men, the importance of enacting and enforcing uniform
and just laws relating to the manufacture and sale of feeding stuffs
was discussed, and a draft for a uniform State feeding-stuffs law rec-
ommended by the executive committee was adopted. A list of defi-
nitions of terms used to describe by-products used as feeding stuffs
for live stock was also discussed and adopted.

Under an act signed by President Taft April 26, 1910, the manu-
facture, sale, or transportation in interstate commerce, the District
of Columbia, or the Territories, of adulterated or misbranded Paris
green, lead arsenate, and other insecticides and fungicides is prohib-
ited after January 1, 1911, at which time the act goes into effect.

An association of college and station workers interested in the
subject of farm management was formed during the course of the
graduate school at Ames, Iowa, and a society of milling and baking
technology has also been organized.

INCREASE IN FUNDS AND EQUIPMENT.

The revenues of the stations for the year aggregated nearly
$3,000,000. Of this amount $1,344,000 was received from the Federal
Government and the balance was contributed by the States and from
local sources. These local agencies are, therefore, more than
doubling the funds of the stations from Federal sources.

72 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A few cases remain in which the States make no specific appropria-
tion for the station, but in such cases the restrictions surrounding the
Federal funds make it very difficult for the stations to meet all the
varied demands upon them.

Among the new appropriations for the year the following may be
mentioned:

The Oregon college and station received among other appropria-
tions $20,000 for the purchase of additional land; $2,500 was made
available for dry-farm experiments, and $3,000 for irrigation experi-
ments, both in cooperation with this department; and $15,000 was
granted for the maintenance of the eastern Oregon substation.

In Wyoming $7,500 was provided by the legislature for experi-
mental work in dry farming. In Connecticut $4,000 was given for
maintenance of the Storrs station, and $8,500 for the purchase of an
additional farm.

The appropriations made by the General Assembly of Ohio to the
station for the ensuing year aggregated $166,295, an increase of
nearly $50,000 over the previous year. Some of the principal items
were $26,300 for administration, $16,475 for agronomy, $15,000 for -
animal husbandry, $10,900 for botany, $20,470 for cooperative ex-
periments, $5,000 for entomology, $10,000 for forestry, $10,500 for
soils, $3,700 for chemistry, $10,950 for horticulture, $4,000 for nutri-
tion, $17,000 for completing the nutrition building, $3,000 for the ex-
tension of the power house, and $4,000 for the purchase of land. In
addition to this there was an appropriation of $8,000 for the new
department of dairy husbandry.

In Texas a State appropriation of $1,000 annually for the cur-
rent biennium was made for tobacco investigations, in cooperation
with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this department at its tobacco
station at Nacogdoches.

Under an act passed by Congress the State of Colorade may pur-
chase 1,600 acres of public land in Larimer County for the use of the
college and station. In this way it is hoped to obtain considerable
tracts of land in reasonable proximity to the college, too broken and
rocky as a whole for agriculture, but containing parcels of from 1
to 4 acres, at various altitudes, which can be used to advantage for
experimental and demonstration purposes.

The Colorado Legislature also appropriated $50,000 for work in
agricultural extension, which will be largely spent in holding one-
week extension schools throughout the State. During the year 34
such schools were held and it is hoped to double this number during
the coming year.

The New York Legislature in making its appropriations for Cor-
nell University included an increase of $2,000 for extension work and
$90,000 for a poultry building.

INCREASE IN FUNDS AND EQUIPMENT. 73

The Kentucky Legislature appropriated $2,000 for the preparation
and distribution of hog-cholera serum by the station.

In Massachusetts an appropriation of $15,000 was made for the
purchase of a cranberry bog and for buildings and equipment. A
bog was purchased at a cost of $12,700, and a small building for use
in handling the crop and to provide quarters for office and laboratory
work is to be erected.

The research laboratory of the Connecticut State station was
destroyed by fire on January 1, 1910, the most serious item of loss
being the valuable chemical laboratory and the animals which had
been under experiment for five months. The more valuable records
were in a fireproof vault, which was uninjured. The legislature has
made an appropriation of $30,000 for a fireproof addition to the
station laboratories to replace this building. According to the plans
for the new structure, the basement contains a laboratory, rooms for
machinery, sampling, storage, and spraying apparatus, and a fire-
proof vault; the first floor, a large chemical laboratory with offices,
storerooms, and library, the forester’s office and workroom, rooms
for the botanical library and collections, the botanist’s offices and
laboratories, and a second fireproof vault; and the second floor, three
chemical laboratories with an office, library, and storerooms, and
rooms for the entomological collections, library, office, and labora-
tories. Outside of this building but connecting with it is to be a
two-story addition of glass and concrete, including an insectary and
greenhouse for the study of plant diseases. Among the new buildings
to be erected at the Connecticut college and station is a poultry plant
to cost about $5,000.

A brick annex to the botanical building at the Michigan station,
33 by 61 feet, with two stories and basement, costing about $15,000,
together with a greenhouse, 24 by 40 feet, was erected. The erection
of a tool shed and workroom and a laboratory building for spraying
materials was authorized at the Virginia truck station. A horse
barn, costing $5,000, was erected on the Wyoming University stock
farm.

Considerable progress was made at the Guam station in clearing
station land, laying out roads, and building fences. During the year
nearly the entire station area has been brought under cultivation,
and a small plantation of coffee comprising approximately 1 acre
of hill land was established for the purpose of demonstrating the
practicability of cultivating the relatively large areas of land of this
class which are now unused.

Funds were allotted from the Hawaii Territorial income tax to
erect a new office building for the station at Honolulu. This new
structure is to be provided with rooms for the library, storage space
for bulletins, and offices for five or six members of the staff. The

74 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

old office building is to be turned over to the joint use of the chemist
and bacteriologist, and the quarters now used by the chemist will be
used for storage purposes.

At the University of Missouri the new agricultural hall was dedi-
cated during the sixth annual farmers’ week, on December 28. The
Rhode Island station completed a hospital building for use in the
investigation of the diseases of poultry and methods for their control.

At the North Dakota college and station an excellent new veteri-
nary building was completed and provided with equipment. A new
chemistry building is being built to replace the one destroyed by
fire last year, a seed house at the Dickinson substation to cost $3,500,
and a residence at the Hettinger substation. The station sheep barns
have also been enlarged.

At the South Dakota station a very complete fruit-breeding house
was erected, to be used entirely in the work of originating hardy
fruits for western conditions. This is reported to be the largest
structure for conducting breeding studies to be found in the world.

The Ohio station has let contracts for the erection of a soil labora-
tory 23 by 30 feet in size, one and one-half stories high, and also for
a one and one-half story brick power house, 34 by 39 feet. A dwell-
ing near the main building was purchased for office purposes until
funds can be secured for additional office and laboratory structures.

At the Florida station $7,500 was allotted for the equipment of
the new station building.

At the Nevada station, one wing of a new greenhouse was erected
at a cost of $5,000, and a room for the station library added to one of
the buildings and equipped.

The new buildings erected during the year at the Colorado station
include a number of structures costing about $2,000, for use in the
station poultry experiments, and a model potato cellar costing about
$800. About one-third of the space in the new irrigaton engineer-
ing building, which was completed during the year, is provided for
the experiment station.

A new building for the departments of entomology and geology
at the Massachusetts college and station was completed and dedi-
cated soon after the close of the fiscal year. The appropriation for
this building was $80,000, to which has been added $15,000 for
equipment.

The Minnesota station erected and equipped during the year a new
vaccine building, at an approximate cost of $10,000. This building
was equipped especially for the manufacture of virus. The dena-
tured-alcohol plant provided for last year was erected and equipped
for experimental work on the production of alcohol and will be
ready for operation in 1911. The capacity of the plant is 50 proof
gallons of alcohol per day, and its cost was $6,000. Further, a

‘

INVESTIGATIONS UNDER THE ADAMS ACT. 75

thoroughly modern baking and testing laboratory was installed and
equipped with electric baking and drying ovens, sponge cases, experi-
mental flour mill, and other necessary equipment for investigations
in connection with wheat and flour chemistry and technology.

A new dairy building was completed at the New Hampshire
station, and the dairy stables were remodeled at an expense of about
$3,000.

At the Puyallup (Wash.) substation a new building with a small
greenhouse attached was erected, at a cost of about $4,500, appro-
priated by the State.

INVESTIGATIONS UNDER THE ADAMS ACT.

a
F

During the year work on 335 projects under this fund was con-
ducted at 50 stations. The same high standards are being insisted
upon as formerly, and the requirements of the act are becoming more
generally understood, so that the supervision of the fund gives less
difficulty. There is still a tendency, however, to place on this fund
too large a number of projects, and in several cases to include matters
which are rather trivial as subjects for an investigation fund.

In some cases the projects proposed continue to be of much too
broad and indefinite a character. They embrace the whole field of
research rather than any specific and definite phases of the subject;
they aim, not at the scientific solution of a project in agriculture,
but rather at the attempt to secure some practical method or result
of immediate application without regard to a thorough understand-
ing of the scientific basis for the method or the generalizations.

A recent example of a blanket proposal for studies covering a wide
range of subjects is a suggested project on indigenous species of
insects attacking agricultural crops. This proposition lacks both
the definiteness and the restriction in scope which should characterize
a subject for investigation; and as far as any control of the work is
concerned, it could be interpreted to cover the whole field of economic
entomology as applied to the particular locality. Obviously only
occasional observations could be made, for it would be wholly im-
practicable with the facilities at the command of any single experi-
ment station to investigate this subject as a whole in any systematic
or thorough manner.

A desire is frequently encountered among certain station workers
to outline so broad and general a project that they will be free from
limitations and can follow their inclination from year to year as to
the particular course of their investigations. But in the light of
experience it is evident that from the standpoint of the investigation
itself, as well as of the administration of the work, men should be
held to carefully considered subjects of reasonable scope, definite
scientific character, and directed along original lines.

76. REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

There is still a tendency at some stations to be satisfied with in-
conclusive and incomplete work. Projects are selected and outlined
with considerable definiteness, and then after a year or two’s work
interest in them appears to be lost or difficulties are encountered which
there is a lack of inclination to work out, and it is then proposed to
abandon the projects. It must be evident that such work is unproduc-
tive and unprofitable, and illustrates a tendency which should be dealt
with by administrative officers. Not all men who are useful station
workers are fitted to conduct research work. It should be evident
before a man is encouraged to outline a project that he has some
research ability which warrants assigning such activities to him.
It should be further evident that the investigation he outlines is a
practical project in the present stage of knowledge, and is one which
he is competent to attack. There must necessarily be many failures to
work out in complete and final form the projects which are entered
upon, but a disposition to work only on the fringe of a subject and to
abandon a project when real difficulties begin to be encountered or
when some other matter attracts the interest, will defeat the purpose
of serious investigation and should be discountenanced by adminis-
trative officers.

Taken as a whole, however, the Adams-fund projects present a
strong list of agricultural investigations, outlined in a thorough
manner, with a disposition to derive fundamental facts. The spirit
of the-men working under this research fund has improved from
year to year, and their attitude toward it has become in a large per-
centage of the cases that of the true seeker after truth. Already
many important results are coming out of these investigations, some
of which are ready for publication and others merely marking the
passage of a certain important stage. Nothing could be more help-
ful than a suitable organ for the publication of these investigations,
which would stimulate to higher effort and more clearly illustrate the
character of agricultural research, as well as give publicity to the

findings.
STATION ADMINISTRATON.

The question of adequate provision for the administration of the
experiment station is a highly important one. Administrative duties
are at present quite complex. They involve the intimate super-
vision of the internal affairs of the station—the work of the indi-
vidual men, the facilities for promoting their efficiency, their rela-
tions as a body, the publications of the station, and its financial
management; its relations to the institution of which it is a part,
to this office, through which general supervision of the Federal funds
is exercised, to the people of the State, and in a broader sense to agri-

STATION ADMINISTRATION. e's

culture as a science and an art. The station should present a strong
effective front, and should be developed and conducted on the basis
of carefully matured plans. With competent heads of departments
and a clear policy relating to the work and expenditures, a high de-
gree of efficiency can be maintained in individual departments. But
in many respects the station should exist as a unit, and not merely
as an aggregation of several independent departments. Without
plans and direction, the formulation of definite policy, and provision
for meeting the needs and requirements of the institution as a whole,
the conduct of the station will be haphazard and unbusinesslike, and
aside from a lack of the highest efficiency embarrassing difficulties
will be encountered with the finances and otherwise. All but two
of the stations (Nevada and North Dakota) are now presided over
by separate directors; in these two exceptions the president of the
university or college holds the position of director. In a consider-
able number of other cases the position of dean of the college of agri-
culture and director of the experiment station is combined in a single
officer, who frequently has other duties assigned to him, such as
charge of the domestic science department, general supervision of
the extension work, etc.

The growth of the stations and the complication of their activity
makes the need of effective direction increasingly imperative. That
this need is not always being fully met is evidenced by the inspec-
tion conducted by this office and by its various dealings with the
stations. This is a fault of the present system rather than of the
men working under it. These men are usually overburdened with
responsibilities. They are trying to cover too broad a field and to
administer too many different classes of undertakings, and the or-
ganization is not such as to relieve them sufficiently of responsibility
for details. As a result many important matters fail to receive the
attention or consideration which good administration demands, and
the actual touch with the work is often not close.

At many institutions the instruction work in agriculture, the new
extension features, and the inspection, demonstration, and investiga-
tion work of the experiment stations have developed so rapidly and
to such magnitude that the combination dean and director can, in
the nature of the case, give but little attention to any of them in
detail. The administrative work has outgrown the ability of a
single man to handle it, except in a most general and supervisory
manner; and to meet this no adequate provision has been made for
an associate or executive officer to represent the dean in looking after
the details of administration.

In the early history of the stations it was not uncommon for the
president of the college to act as director of the experiment station.

78 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

This plan was found generally unsatisfactory, for the reason that the
president had many other duties and interests, and was frequently
not particularly adapted by training or experience to the direction
of an experiment station. The history of the stations has shown that
plan to be ineffective, and it has been almost entirely superseded
by the appointment of separate administrative officers for the stations.

The combined duties of the deanship and the directorship have
reached a point in some of the larger institutions where the condition
is quite analogous to that prevailing when the directorship was in
the hands of the president of the college. While the combined dean
and director usually has special fitness for administering the station
work as a result of training and experience, the extent of the enter-
prises assigned to that dual officer at a number of the institutions is
at present considerably greater than was the administration of most
agricultural colleges 10 or 15 years ago. The station’s appro-
priation is frequently larger and its working force greater in num-
ber than was the case with the agricultural colleges at that time, and
the manifold activities and relations of the station make heavy calls
on the time of the administrative officer. The coming of the Adams
fund, with its special provision for research as distinguished from
other grades of activity, and the increased State appropriations for
the development of special lines of experimentation, branch stations,
etc., has complicated the station management and made intelligent
supervision essential to the highest effectiveness. Granting the
largest measure of academic freedom in experiment station work,
the activities of the different departments are promoted by a general
following up of their progress and their relations to other lines of
duty. The matter of providing suitable permanent records of the
work calls for attention and should receive more than it often does;
and the preparation of various reports calls for rather intimate
knowledge in regard to the progress in various lines. These and
many other things are in the function of the station director. Taken
as a whole, the proper administration of an experiment station is in
itself a large undertaking.

While the advantages of combining the collegiate, the experiment
station, and the extension work in agriculture under a single admin-
istrative head may be recognized by the office of dean, it seems clear
that the time has come in the larger institutions when provision
chould be made in the organization for an officer who will directly
perform the functions of station director and represent the dean in
the carrying out of details and the execution of general policy. Such
an executive officer would enable the dean to give his personal atten-
tion to the larger matters pertaining to the institution as a whole,
and the correlation and development of its work.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATIONS. 79

PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATIONS.

The publicity work of the experiment stations increases from year
to year. The growth of extension work has led to a large number
of popular bulletins and circulars which have been issued in the ex-
periment station series, although paid for out of special funds. In
accordance with the ruling that the Federal funds should be relieved
from all kinds of expenses incidental to extension work, special
attention has been given to the character of the publications assigned
to the Federal funds.

In the majority of cases care has been exercised by the stations to
charge to the Hatch fund only such publications as clearly report
the results of their work. In some cases insufficient -attention has
been given to this matter, with the result that publications clearly of
elementary and extension character were charged against the Hatch
fund, when there were State funds to which they might have been
assigned. Such a practice has necessitated a disallowance of the ex-
penditure for the particular publications involved. In other cases
the States have not yet made adequate provision for extension worl:
or for publications of that character, and many popular bulletins
have been printed from the Federal funds. This has led to no ques-
tion when the bulletin was based on the station’s work, and was in
effect a popular presentation of the results of such work, with such
explanatory matter as the necessities of the case seemed to make rea-
sonable; but the subject matter has not always been so worded as to
bring out the station’s connection with the discussion, and this has
led to much correspondence with the stations relative to their popular
publications, and in some cases to a final refusal to allow the charge
for the publication.

It is maintained that at the present stage the station bulletins
should present the experimental evidence on which their conclusions
and directions are based in such manner as to show clearly the sta-
tion’s contribution to the subject. The reader is entitled to this and
the station is entitled to credit for its work. Such a form of presen-
tation detracts in no way from the interest or value of a bulletin,
popular or technical. Unless this is done it is impossible even for
the well-informed reader to distinguish between what is new and
what are merely generalizations from experience and the common
fund of information. :

The stations have been strongly urged, therefore, to restrict their
charges against the Federal funds to such publications as report the
results and applications of their work, and in the popular accounts
of station work to clearly credit the station with the work which it
has done.

80 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

SOME NOTEWORTHY RESULTS OF STATION WORK.

The increase in the fund of knowledge and its application as a
result of the stations’ work grows rapidly from year to year. New
facts are brought out which help the investigator to a clearer under-
standing of his problems and bring him nearer to a solution; and a
vast amount of experimental evidence is accumulated to assist prac-
tical men in improving their methods and overcoming natural
difficulties.

No other business or profession has such an organized and agegres-
sive system working for its advancement in both theory and practice.
The outcome in every branch of agriculture is enormous, and it is
only possible to cite a few of the results to indicate the nature and
scope of the progress.

The development of new varieties and their distribution among the
farmers of the States continued during the year with much success.
A new variety of winter wheat developed at the Minnesota station,
known as Minnesota No. 529, and three varieties of oats, Minnesota
Nos. 261, 281, and 295, which outyielded the ordinary grains by 15 to
25 per cent, were distributed. Minnesota No. 169 wheat, No. 26 oats,
No. 153 corn, and No. 25 flax have become commercially known and
are now quite widely grown in Minnesota and the adjoining States.
It is estimated that the increased value of farm crops in Minnesota,
on account of the use of varieties of grain developed at the station,
has reached the sum of $6,500,000 annually.

The pedigreed strains of corn developed by the Ohio station are
thus far yielding 5 to 14 bushels per acre more than the original
varieties from which they were selected and bred. Pedigreed strains
of oats and wheat are yielding 3 to 6 bushels in advance of the original
stock, and improved strains of soy beans 24 to 6 bushels.

The North Dakota station has also achieved success in establish-
ing new varieties of field crops and distributing them throughout the
State. In corn-breeding work, the ear-to-row corn yields have been
very outstanding, ranging from 96 bushels per acre to 37.7 bushels
for the different ear rows. Golden Dent No. 950 seed corn has been
widely distributed through sales direct from the institution, through
the demonstration farms, and the school children’s contests. It has
proved very popular through the State and has added greatly to the
corn area. ‘

No. 316 blue-stem wheat was put out through the medium of the
demonstration farms the past year. It is the result of 17 years’ work.
The yield of this new wheat during the very dry season of 1910 was
274 bushels per acre on a field plat of over 5 acres in size. The winter
rye developed by the station is proving hardy and a better yielder
than the common varieties.

NOTEWORTHY RESULTS OF STATION WORK. 81

In one county of the State of Missouri corn yields have been in-
creased 164 bushels per acre and clover yields 1} tons per acre by the
application of results discovered by the station. Good soil manage-
ment on one of the experiment fields increased the clover yield from
one-half ton to 2 tons per acre and the net profit by $6. On the soil-
experiment fields in southwestern Missouri the station has shown
that corn may be increased from 20 to 45 bushels per acre and wheat
12 bushels per acre. In soil experiments carried on in northeastern
Missouri the yield of wheat was increased by 50 bushels per acre,
with a corresponding increase in the net profit.

The results of the timothy-breeding experiments at the New York
Cornell station are becoming apparent. Some very marked hay and
pasture strains have been developed.

What is probably the largest fruit-breeding station in the world
is well under way in Minnesota. The object is to secure hardiness
and resistance to several prevalent diseases, and the extensive and
systematie scheme which is followed promises valuable results. The
very large amount of material now growing furnishes opportunity
for extensive breeding studies.

The fruit-breeding work of the South Dakota station has resulted
in obtaining hybrid varieties from the Japan and De Soto plums and
the native sand cherry. Three promising crosses have also been se-
cured by the union of the native plum and the Chinese apricot. Two
new hybrids, of which the sand cherry is the female parent and the
De Soto plum the male parent, were sent out in the spring of 1910.

A monograph of the plums of North America has been completed
by the New York State station, based on its extensive and long-con-
tinued studies of varieties. This work is on a scale comparable with
the excellent monographs on apples and grapes, previously issued.

At the Arizona station it has been found that date ripening may
be hastened by spraying the immature fruit with a solution of acetic
acid, thus causing choice varieties to ripen in that region. In a study
of tuberization at the same station, greening the tubers prior to plant-
ing resulted in the formation of a larger and better crop. Checking
the growth of tops by any means had a similar effect.

The experiments on the effect of high pressures on preserving
fruits and fruit juices, which have been in progress at the West Vir-
ginia station for a number of years, have been completed, and it has
been found that high pressures, continuous or intermittent, and at
natural temperature or in connection with heat, destroy the organ-
isms responsible for the spoiling of canned fruits, ete.

Attempts to breed poultry for high egg production have resulted
im many disappointments. The cause of this, as the Maine station
has shown, lies not in the fact that high production is not trans-

-91866°—11——6

82 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

mitted, but rather in the wide differences in ability of individuals
to transmit that quality. This ability is found to be a family trait,
some families of high production having it and others not. High
egg production is shown to be inherited in pure lines, within families
having the ability to transmit it. This faculty is the keynote to
breeding, and has furnished a new method of selection for high per-
formance, which is working out satisfactorily.

The same has been discovered to be true with corn. Superiority
in respect to a quality is not necessarily accompanied by ability to
transmit that quality; this is a family trait and, like the high quality
itself, is transmitted within family lines—a very significant fact to
be reckoned with in all breeding for improvement.

The important question as to whether such crops as corn, oats, ete.,
profit by the ability of legumes to assimilate the free nitrogen of the
air, when grown in connection with them, has at length been answered
in the affirmative by the New Jersey station, in an ingenious series
of investigations. The manner in which the interchange of material
takes place is a subject for further study.

At the Cornell station it was found that the growth of a legume
with a nonlegume gave the latter a greater protein content than
when it was grown alone. The growth of alfalfa was found to in-
crease the nitrifying power of the soil. Both legumes and non-
legumes were shown to have a definite relation to the nitrogen con-
tent of the soil on which they were grown, the relation differing
with different crops. The absorption of nitrate nitrogen by wheat
plants grown in a rich soil was found not to be proportional to the
growth of the plants but to increase with a decrease in the soil
moisture content and consequently with a decrease in the crop. This
result is considered as a probable explanation of the high percentage
of gluten in wheat grown in semiarid regions. In studying the rela-
tion of lime to the growth of alfalfa it was observed that the protein
content of alfalfa grown on lime soil was markedly greater than that
grown on soil in need of lime. In these experiments the difference
amounted to 88 pounds of protein per ton of alfalfa hay.

The significance of sulphur as a plant food, not heretofore taken
account of, is indicated by studies made at the Wisconsin station
with a new method of analysis. By this, grain crops, for example,
are found to remove nearly as much sulphur from the soil as they
do of phosphoric acid, whereas the soil supply of sulphur is far less.

This fact must evidently be taken account of in plans for main-
taining fertility.

A new disease of cucumbers and muskmelons in the greenhouse
was worked out at the New York State station, and its cause deter-
mined. The fungus has since appeared upon tomatoes both in this
country and in Europe. In cooperation with the Vermont station

NOTEWORTHY RESULTS OF STATION WORK. 83

the pathogenicity of the organisms causing the soft rots of a number
of fruits and vegetables has been thoroughly worked out.

The cause of a new disease of alfalfa has been worked out at the
Colorado station, which was found to be due to bacteria. Only the
first crop is seriously affected, and this was found to be due to late
frosts causing a cracking of the stems, the bacteria finding entrance
through the injury.

The Maine station reports the presence of the blackleg of potatoes
in several portions of the United States. The disease is of bacterial
origin, and in Germany, where it was first noticed, it has proved
very troublesome at times.

The Ohio station has reported a number of important new diseases
of plants, among them a bacterial disease of cereals and grasses, in
which there seems to be a communism between two distinct organ-
isms. The same station has demonstrated the efficiency of spraying
with solutions of common salt for the destruction of poison ivy and
other weeds.

A new standard for feeding dairy cows has been worked out by
Prof. Haecker in Minnesota, which is more practical and economi-
cal for American conditions than the German standards. In this
study large numbers of animals have been used, under natural con-
ditions, and an immense mass of scientific data has been accumulated.

The Pennsylvania station, following up the results of experiments
in the respiration calorimeter, carried on in cooperation with the
Bureau of Animal Industry of this department, found that steers
made as good gains when fed in a dry, open lot sheltered on the north
and west sides as did a similar number of animals fed in a warm,
well-ventilated stable.

The Oklahoma station determined the fact that Kafir corn ranks
close to corn as a feed for cattle and hogs, and also as a raw material
for the manufacture of alcohol and glucose.

A preliminary report of experiments at the Ohio station showed
marked differences in the availability of organic and inorganic forms
of phosphorus when fed to pigs.

The method of making cheese from pasteurized milk with the use
of commercial acid for ripening the milk has been perfected at the
Wisconsin station. This eliminates the difficulty due to defects in
the milk, and reduces cheese making largely to a mechanical process
which can be controlled at the various stages and carried out by
definite rule. The cheese made in this way is mild in flavor, does not
require to be ripened at a low temperature, and keeps well on the
market.

The West Virginia station has constructed a device enabling the
handling of milk in the cooling process in such a way that con-

84 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

tamination through contact with the air in an open room is pre-
vented. The station has shown by experiments that the bacterial
content of the milk is very greatly increased by the usual methods
of artificial cooling in an open room, and its device avoids this.

In connection with the investigations of the bacillary white diar-
rhea in chickens, the Connecticut Storrs station in cooperation with
Yale University claims to have isolated the organism which causes
the disease, and thus definitely determined the cause of this trouble.
Suggestions are made for its avoidance.

Much success has been secured in the use of serum against hog
cholera, and in several States the stations are preparing the serum
under State appropriation. The Minnesota station reported no
failures when full doses of tested serum were given in herds not
already affected, and when herds already infected were treated the
results were as satisfactory as could be reasonably expected. Up to
March 1, 1910, 1,604 individuals in infected herds were vaccinated, of
which 69 died, while 70 out of 76 not vaccinated died. In sound
herds 982 were vaccinated with a full dose of tested serum, of which
12 died. All vaccinated hogs were tested by inoculation or exposure.
During the year data were also secured indicating that pigs from
immune sows are born with very high resistance to cholera. This
natural immunity is gradually lost, but is sufficient up to five weeks
of age to permit such pigs to be inoculated with very high virulent
blood with an unimportant percentage of loss.

The Indiana station reports the discovery that normal salt solution
which has been injected into the abdominal cavity of a hog affected
with cholera can be substituted for virulent blood in the preparation
of hyperimmune hogs. This has cheapened the treatment fully one-
third, and is held to be the most important discovery since the present
method of treating hog cholera was introduced. In these experi-
ments a normal salt solution was injected into the abdominal cavities
of a number of hogs used in the work. Two hours later these
hogs were bled and as soon as the animals had died the virulent
salt solution was removed. Eleven hyperimmunes were produced
with this normal salt solution and all of them yielded potent
serum.

The deterioration of cement under the action of alkali has been
studied at the Montana station. The action of alkali salts destroys
the binding material of the cement (calcium hydrate), and also
increases the volume of the mass, making it bulge and crack and
crumble. This is a matter of great importance in the alkali regions
in connection with the construction of irrigation works and farm
buildings, as well as other structures. Means for preventing the de-
terioration have been proposed.

PROGRESS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 85

PROGRESS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

Efforts are being put forth to provide national encouragement of
British agriculture and forestry, with an increase of the national
grant to agriculture by $1,000,000 with a view to more extensive de-
velopment of the resources of the country. Such projects as the
institution of schools of forestry, the purchase and preparation of
land for afforestation, the maintenance of experimental forests, in-
creased aid to scientific research in agriculture, experimental farms,
the encouragement of agricultural cooperation and better transporta-
tion facilities, systematic extension work, and the aiding in a general
way of amovement back to the farm are contemplated. An extensive
afforestation project has been receiving considerable discussion. It is
estimated that 9,000,000 acres are available for the purpose, and an
annual afforestation of 10,000 acres would afford employment to
18,000 men temporarily and 1,500 permanently and would eventually
yield a large revenue.

The new agricultural buildings for Cambridge University were
made ready for occupancy during the year. The cost, with equip-
ment, is estimated at about $87,500.

The agricultural and road development act passed by the British
Parliament provides for aiding and developing agriculture and
rural industries by promoting scientific research, instruction, and ex-
periments in the science, methods, and practice of agriculture. The
president of the board of agriculture and fisheries has appointed a
committee of 15 to advise the board on all scientific questions bearing
directly on the importance of agriculture, and especially as to meth-
ods to be adopted for promoting agricultural research in universities
and other scientific schools, aiding scientific research workers, and
insuring that new scientific discoveries are utilized for the benefit of
agriculture.

A society was organized under the presidency of the Duke of
Devonshire for the purpose of raising $25,000 for the purchase of
about 200 acres of land adjoining the present experimental fields at
Rothamsted, and erecting buildings for feeding experiments with
crops to be grown there.

The appropriations for Canadian agriculture authorized for the
ensuing year include items of $185,000 for the maintenance cf experi-
mental farms, including an increase of $45,000 for the establishment
of additional farms, $10,000 for the publications of the experimental
farms, $5,000 for five stations for the fumigation of nursery stock,
$100,000 for the development of the dairy and fruit industries, $82,000
for the establishment of cold-storage warehouses and the experiments
in cold storage for fruit, $52,000 for the development of the meat

86 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

industry, $250,000 for animal diseases, $50,000 for the seed-inspection
work, $20,000 for the enforcement of the meat and canned foods acts,
$9,000 for tobacco investigations, and $10,000 for the International
Institute of Agriculture. J. HW. Grisdale, of the Experimental Farm,
was appointed Dominion agriculturist, with supervision of operations
at all branch stations and at the Central Farm in both animal hus-
bandry and field crops. An experimental farm under the general
supervision of the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa is being
established on Prince Edward Island, a tract of 65 acres having been
selected close to Charlottetown on which experiments will be con-
ducted on cereals, fruits, vegetables, trees, shrubs, etc. J. A. Clark
was appointed superintendent. The Canadian Pacific Railway estab-
lished a demonstration farm at Strathmore, Canada.

Considerable activity was shown in the establishment of experiment
farms in Australia. In New South Wales the Nyngan Experimental
Farm was opened, together with a viticultural station near Raymond
Terrace, where work was begun on the growing of phylloxera-
resistant stocks. Ixperimental work was also inaugurated in various
parts of Kangaroo Island. An experiment farm of 600 acres was
established at Loxton, in South Australia, where work along dry-
farming lines is to be taken up. Steps were also taken toward the
establishment of a poultry experiment farm in South Australia, and
between Petersburg and Yunta experimental dry-farming work was
commenced on a 3,000-acre tract, attention being first given to fallow-
ing operations. An experiment farm was also established at Shannon,
on Eyre Peninsula.

The botanical department of agriculture in India has laid out a
farm and erected a building with a view to studying the decline of
the T'asar silk industry, and for the purpose of fostering the same.
Four stations, including one sericultural station, were established in
Indo China.

In Germany the Dairy Experiment Station and Institute at Klein-
hof-Tapiau was removed on April 1, 1910, to Kénigsberg, where it is
housed in recently erected buildings of the K6nigsberg Cooperative
Dairy Association. The Agricultural Experiment Station of the
Chamber of Agriculture of the District of Cassel was removed in
June from Marburg to Harleshausen, near Cassel. An institute for
animal physiology was established near Greifswald, on the small
Baltic Island of Riems, under the direction of Prof. N. Zuntz, of
Berlin. One of the principal lines of work to be taken up by this in-
stitution is bacteriological investigations for the control of foot-and-
mouth disease. This institute will be under the control of the Uni-
versity of Greifswald.

Steps were taken during the year for the organization of an asso-
ciation of agricultural experiment stations in Austria, and at a pre-

PROGRESS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 87

liminary meeting of representatives of the stations of that country it
was decided to form such an organization, and a committee on organ-
ization was appointed. An organ of the association has been
selected.

In France an experiment station for refrigeration was established
at Chateaurenard, the center of a large fruit-growing district, where
experiments are to be made with respect to the transportation of per-
ishable produce.

The Gembloux station in Belgium was reorganized and is now
composed of a state chemical institute, and the experimental and
informational services connected with the state agricultural institute,
which gives special attention to dairying, phytopathology, and ento-
mology. The administration of the station is to be by council com-
posed of the directors and chiefs of the different sections.

The Khedivial Agricultural Society of Egypt has acquired an ex-
periment farm of about 160 acres near Cairo, and effected an arrange-
ment with the state domains adminstration whereby a considerable
tract of land is set aside for the raising of cotton and wheat seed
of good quality. A committee was appointed to investigate the
diminished yield of cotton in proportion to the area sown.

A cottonseed farm was established in British East Africa during
the year.

In Portuguese East Africa, an experimental farm was established
at Huambo and one at Libollo in the Province of Angola.

The agricultural station established at Tuyen-Ouang, China, has
given special attention to the culture of manila hemp, and has also
become a center for silk culture. This station was established under
contract with the Government to continue during the three years
1908-1910.

In Spain, the establishment of an experiment station has been
ordered by the Government at Fonsagrada, in the Province of Lugo,
and an enological station was recently established at Jumulla in the
Province of Murcia. A model experiment farm for the purpose of
studying irrigation methods was opened at Seville, and a station for
vegetable pathology at Burjasot, near Valencia, as a part of the
school of practical agriculture located at that place.

The Venezuelan Government has ordered the establishment of a
section of plants and seeds under the agricultural division of the
ministry of commerce. This section is charged with the importation
of seeds and plants approved by the minister. The seeds and plants
are propagated and distributed to farmers with full cultural instrue-
tions, and a report is demanded from the parties taking advantage
of this arrangement. A tobacco experiment station was recently
established in Honduras.

88 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

In Peru a cotton experiment station was provided with which
later was associated a sericultural station.

A bureau of agricultural inspection was organized in Brazil with
the special duty of studying agricultural conditions and suggesting
opportunities for improvement. Among other duties this bureau is
charged with the introduction of new crops or the extension of those
already under culture and the inspection of experiment stations.
The country will be divided into 12 districts with an inspector in
charge of each. An expenditure of $3,000 was authorized for the
introduction of dry-farming methods. The establishment of experi-
ment stations for the cultivation and extraction of rubber was also
authorized. Subsidies were authorized for wheat growing, produc-
tion of beans, exportation of wine, rubber culture, sheep raising,
and wool production. The Brazilian National Museum was reor-
ganized, and provision was made for the study of fiber plants, insects
harmful and beneficial to agriculture, plant diseases, and other lines
of work of agricultural importance. The State of Para established
propagation and acclimatization gardens, and the botanical gardens
of Rio de Janeiro were ordered by Government decree to take up
experimental work as outlined by the minister of agriculture. <A de-
partment is to be maintained for the study of trees and other plants
grown for commercial purposes and especially of native fruits. The
commission to demonstrate rice culture was discontinued, and suc-
ceeded by a commission to experiment with wheat and its culture at
Moreira Cesar in Rio Grande do Sul. <A zootechnical station was
established at Porto Alegre in the same State, the work to be car-
ried on cooperatively with the central association for the promo-
tion of scientific interests in the State. In Sao Paulo a poultry
experiment station was located at Pindamonhangaba.

The Cuban agricultural budget for 1910 included an item of
$100,000 for cattle breeding, one of $30,000 for subsidies to experi-
mental farms, and one of $20,000 for the purchase of plants and seeds.

An agricultural lecturer was sent by the Mexican Government to
stimulate interest in better farming in the State of Sonora. The
Government also provided a bureau charged among other things with
matters pertaining to agricultural experiments and the dissemination
of agricultural information. A new station was established near
Oaxaca. The buildings are to cost about $225,000 in Mexican money.
Separate orchards of peaches, olives, oranges, and other fruits have
been set out, and a pipe line 1,000 meters long has been constructed
for irrigation purposes. A sugar mill has been set up and is ready
for experimental work. This is the third station established in the
country, the first having been established in San Luis Potosi in 1906.
The station is located 4 miles from Oaxaca and has 2,000 acres of

INSPECTION OF THE STATIONS. . 89

bottom and hill land at its disposal. Although the third station to
receive the Government grant, 1t was about the first to begin actual
experimental operations.

INSPECTION OF THE STATIONS.

In accordance with the usual practice of the office, a personal
inspection was made during the year of the work and expenditures
of every experiment station receiving Federal funds. In connection
with this inspection a large amount of first-hand information was
secured in regard to the progress of these institutions, and the oppor-
tunity was embraced for conference with the local station officers in
regard to the work and administration. This inspection was partic-
ipated in by four members of the office force, namely: The Director
(A. C. True), Assistant Director (E..W. Allen), W. H. Beal, and
Walter H. Evans.

The following reports upon the several stations are based on the
results of this inspection, together with the annual financial state-
ments of the stations rendered on the schedules prescribed by the
Secretary of Agriculture, and the printed and other reports received

from the station officers.
ALABAMA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute,
Auburn.

Department of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
J. EF. Duaear, M. S., Director.

The year’s work at the Alabama station was carried on without
many changes in the station staff and without any marked departures
from the lines and methods of investigation followed last year.
J. ©. C. Price was appointed assistant in horticulture and J. E.
Toomer assistant in chemistry. During the year the new agricul-
tural building, costing about $75,000, was occupied jointly by the
college and the station, and a new greenhouse was constructed at
a cost of about $1,500. The station had an interest in the State
horticultural fund amounting to $1,500, which was used for nursery
inspection in charge of the horticulturist. The department of animal
husbandry received $2,700 from State funds. The Live-Stock Sani-
tary Board has an annual appropriation of $4,000 for tick eradica-
tion, and the station veterinarian is connected with this work.

Progress is reported in the work on the various Adams-fund
projects which the station has under investigation. In agronomy
the plant-breeding work with cotton, corn, and oats was continued
as heretofore. Detailed records for individual plants were kept, and
numerous photographs were taken in connection with these investi-

90 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

gations. The oil content of a considerable number of samples of
seeds from the cotton-breeding plats was determined by the chemist.

In studying the insecticidal efficiency of hydrocyanic-acid gas and
carbon bisulphid, chief emphasis was laid during the past year on
the investigations with the bisulphid. This work was done in co-
eperation with the chemist and the botanist. The effects of the
gas on plant life and the influence of ght and other factors on
the resistance of plants treated with the gas were studied.

It was found that the insecticidal power of carbon bisulphid was
only a little over 60 per cent and that moisture in relation to its effi-
ciency was not so important as temperature. Both plants and insects
were observed to show differences in resistance. In evaporation and
diffusion tests with the gas it was found that it had penetrated verti-
cally to 10 feet in depth of shelled corn and cottonseed in 24 hours,
but horizontally only 3 feet in the corn. As the height of the con-
tainer increased, the evaporation of the gas was found to be slower.
The rice-weevil investigations included studies of life histories and
feeding habits, the effect of weevil injury on the germinating power
of corn, and of methods of handling and storing corn to reduce the
ravages of the insect. It was found that there is a safe margin of
heat between the destruction of the insect and injury to corn. It was
also observed that severely cold winter weather reduced the number
if insects.

In connection with the study of fertilizer requirements of the soil
for cotton by analysis of the cotton plants grown upon it, soil sam-
ples were collected from field experiments with the crop in different
parts of the State. Analyses were made of cotton plants at the four-
leaf stage with special reference to potash. The results secured indi-
cated that on some soils the fertilizers used increased the potash
content of the plant much more than on others. For a further study
of this project experiments with three types of soils placed in cyl-
inders 20 inches in diameter were begun.

In the study of the effect of different foods upon quality of pork,
cottonseed meal, tankage, soy beans, peanuts, corn, and other feeding
stuffs were fed, and the fats in the pork produced were studied chem-
ically. Fifty or sixty pigs were used in this work at Auburn, and for
the coming year arrangements have been made to carry on this work
in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry and to use from
300 to 400 pigs in the experiment. The work on the toxic effect of
cottonseed meal on hogs was expanded to include work with 2 horses
and 1 mule, which were fed on cottonseed meal and hulls, to which
afterwards hay was added. Considerable work was also done with
pigs, and the results were studied with reference to their relation to
the work of other investigators.

ALABAMA. 91

The project on the pathogenic and nonpathogenic flora of the
cow’s udder was continued, and the results of the work were in part
prepared for publication. In the peach-breeding work about 1,800
crosses were made and over 700 set fruits. Spraying work was con-
ducted in connection with the project and the results of lime-sulphur
were quite promising. The’study of certain physiological functions
of the cotton plant included considerable work along anatomical
lines.

Progress was also made in the different lines of work carried on
with the Hatch fund. The agronomist tested improved varieties of
corn and cotton and also made observations on the value of crimson
clover for Alabama conditions. The entomologist made studies of
miscellaneous insects and gave some attention to the method of fac-
ing the boll-weevil problem in Alabama when it presents itself.
The botanist studied the guayule rubber plant under a grant from
the Carnegie Institution and prepared a report on this work. The
botanical department was given space in the new greenhouse. The
horticulturist carried on experiments with tomatoes in the green-
house and the field, and also did field work with potatoes, cabbages,
etc., with especial reference to late-grown crops. The horticultural
department conducted the nursery inspection with State funds.

The chemist conducted laboratory and field experiments with basic
slag made by the open-hearth method. Studies on cane and water-
melon sirup were continued. Cylinder experiments with rye, tur-
nips, and other crops were made to determine the effect of decayed
nitrogenous matter on the availability of phosphoric acid. The
chemist also aided in the fertilizer inspection.

The veterinarian studied a form of paralysis in pigs occurring
especially in southern Alabama and appearing to be quite an im-
portant factor in the hog raising of that section. Studies on osteo-
porosis were continued and the results are approaching readiness for
publication.

The animal husbandman carried on experiments with beef cattle
in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry. The work in-
cluded the study of methods of maturing beef in winter with the
use of foods supplementary to pasturage and silage. In the western
part of the State 250 head were fed in this test in cooperation with
farmers who furnished the feed and had the profits of the sale. Co-
operative experiments with hogs were begun in March, 1910, at an
outside point to determine the best use of the field crops of the
region. Station feeding tests were made with hogs and sheep in the
same way as heretofore. In sheep feeding special stress was laid
on the use of cottonseed meal for ewes with reference to the produc-

92 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

tion of spring lambs. An account of this work was published in
bulletin form.

In addition to the cooperative work mentioned the station followed
similar work in the breeding of hardy oranges, and conducted local
fertilizer experiments in cooperation with farmers. Assistance was
also rendered by the station in farmers’ institute work and to teach-
ers of agriculture in the public schools. The more popular work
of the station during the year was published through the State
department of agriculture, and some of its more scientific work
through this department.

The following publications of the station were received during
the year: Bulletins 146, Facing the Boll-weevil Problem in Alabama;
147, Crimson Clover; 148, (1) Raising Lambs in Alabama—Mainte-
nance Rations for Ewes, (2) Feeding Cottonseed Meal to Pregnant
Ewes; 149, Test of Varieties of Cotton in 1909; and the Annual
Reports for 1908 and 1909.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Acts=2_—-~_—_ = $14, 200. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 12. 600. 00
Balance from United States appropriations for 190S-9__ —_1, 200. 00
Hace PRO CUGES Bees sed hee ee ee, SP AE 965. 60
MISCEllAMEO WS iiee oes ee a elee tp ee 763. 83

MIR egies eee hae ae Sg ee ee ie eth eee 29, 729. 43

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The experimental work of the Alabama station has apparently in-
creased as compared with former years. The new agricultural build-
ing and the new greenhouses give several departments of the institu-
tion much better quarters and will contribute materially to the
strengthening of the work. There is need of a more definite organ-
ization of the extension work and an arrangement for publications
along this line.

Canebrake Agricultural Experiment Station, Uniontown.
EF. D. Stevens, B. S., Director.

No material changes in the management or in the lines and meth-
ods of work took place at the Canebrake station during the year.

The principal problems under investigation included a comparison
of the agricultural and commercial value of nitrate of soda, the
effect of growing alfalfa upon soil fertility, the hay-yielding capacity
of the alfalfa crop, the fertilizing effect of bur and crimson clover,
cottonseed meal, acid phosphate, and native raw lime rock; the

ALABAMA. 93

effect of leguminous and nonleguminous crops on Houston clay soil,
and the use of fertilizers on black bottom and poor red land and in
connection with continuous cotton culture. In cotton variety tests
yields and values per acre were determined on Houston clay of
medium fertility and on upland soil of the Canebrake region. Con-
siderable attention was given to the residual effect of the various
methods of soil treatment.

The experiments in general showed that the use of nitrogenous
manures gave the best results on the soils of the canebrake, and that
nitrogen was suppled most economically by alfalfa residues. With
these results in view the station recommended rotations in which
alfalfa alternates with harrowed crops.

Bulletin 27, Agricultural Value of Nitrogenous Materials for Cot-
ton on the Houston Clays as Determined by Field Trials, Residual
Effect of Cover Crops, Alfalfa Yields, and Effect as a Means of
Restoring Fertility, was received by this office during the year.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

Site appropriation. ___-.___-238 26 eb) ______ lL _==____, $2, 500

The purpose of the Canebrake station is the solution of problems
connected with the agriculture of a particular region of the State,
and for this reason the institution takes up primarily questions which
have a direct and immediate bearing upon the existing farm practices
and conditions in the Canebrake region.

Tuskegee Agricultural Experiment Station, Tuskegce Institute.
Department of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.

G. W. Carver, M. Agr., Director.

The Tuskegee station devoted considerable time during the year
to the study of ornamental plants and possibilities of sweet-potato
culture, and the development of nature study and gardening for
rural schools. A bulletin was published on evergreens and decidu-
ous trees and shrubs, vines, ferns, and other pond, marsh, and bog
plants and other miscellaneous species found in Macon County,
Ala., and adapted to ornamental planting and landscape gardening
in general.

In connection with sweet-potato culture the station studied seed
selection, soil preparation, methods of culture and fertilization, har-
vesting and storing, and various insect enemies and plant diseases
attacking the crop. In feeding experiments sweet potatoes were fed
to horses, mules, and hogs. The station further gave particular
attention to the establishment and manner of conducting nature
study and school-garden work, and gave numerous suggestions with
reference to the location and preparation of land for school-garden

94 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

use, the plants to be grown, and to various other topics relative to
carrying out the entire plan of this work. Along agronomic lines
the efforts of the institution have been directed toward the increase
in the average yield per acre of the common farm crops by means
of better cultural processes and the more careful selection of seed.

The officers of the station took part in agricultural extension work
among the rural people which the station is intended to serve.

The following bulletins were received from the station during the
year: Bulletin 15, Increasing the Yield of Corn; 16, Some Orna-
mental Plants of Macon County, Ala.; and 17, Possibilities of the
Sweet Potato in Macon County, Ala.

The station is maintained by an annual State appropriation of
$1,500. Although its means are limited, the station is exerting a
good influence on the agricultural practices of the people it reaches.

ALASKA.

Alaska Agricultural Experiment Stations, Sitka, Kodiak, Rampart, and
Fairbanks.

Under the supervision of A. C. Trur, Director, Office of Experiment Stations,
United States Department of Agriculture.

C. C. GrorcEson, M. S., Special Agent in Charge, Sitka.

The only changes in the personnel of the Alaska stations during
the past fiscal year were the resignation of R. W. De Armond, of the
Sitka station, who was succeeded by A. J. Wilkus, a graduate of the
Minnesota Agricultural College, and the resignation of H. G. Zoell-
ner, who was for a short time connected with the Sitka station.

A few additions were made to the buildings of the Alaska stations,
the principal ones being a 100-ton silo and a horse and sheep barn at
the Kodiak station, a combined granary, shop, and implement shed
at Rampart, and a combined shop, tool house, and implement shed at
Fairbanks.

The plans outlined in former reports have been strictly adhered to.
The main lines of work of the Alaska stations are grain breeding for
the development of early maturing varieties at the Rampart station;
the breeding of horticultural plants, particularly berries and fruits
suited to the Alaska climate at Sitka; cattle and sheep breeding at
Kodiak; and the growing of general farm crops at Fairbanks, with
a view to demonstrating whether or not an average farmer can
make agriculture a success in Alaska.

At the Rampart station about 25 acres are now available for ex-
perimental purposes. The success previously reported in the grow-
ing of cereals at this station, which is located in the Yukon Valley at
65° 30’ N. latitude, has been repeated, and it seems to be demon-

ALASKA. 95

strated that hardy early maturing varieties of barley, oats, winter
wheat, and winter rye may be grown in the interior valleys of the
Territory. Systematic work on cereal breeding is being carried on
at the Rampart station, and a number of new varieties of barley and
oats have been produced by cross-fertilization, some of which from
their limited growth appear very promising. This work will be con-
tinued to provide varieties of the more important cereals that are
especially adapted to local conditions.

At the Fairbanks station 65 acres are under plow and 40 or 50
acres additional cleared for meadow. The principal lne of work
during the past year was the growing of oats for forage and grain
to determine whether hay and grain can be profitably grown in the
interior of Alaska. An experiment on potato growing on a com-
mercial scale was undertaken, and after providing seed for future
planting a crop of over 300 bushels was secured.

The stock-breeding work on Kodiak Island has been continued,
with the success reported in previous years. The Galloway herd
has increased until there are now about 70 head of pure-bred stock
in addition to a number of grades. A flock of sheep was added to the
live stock of the station during the past year, and seem to be well
adapted to the conditions.

The work at Sitka, which has consisted largely of horticultural
experiments, has been continued, and marked success has followed
the work on the hybridization of strawberries. The station now has
a considerable number of locally produced varieties which are
hybrids between a wild species and a cultivated sort, and some of
these varieties have proved hardy and prolific, with berries of good
size and quality. The station continues to test various fruits and
berries and is carrying on some work with ornamental plants.

During the past season experiments were conducted at Sitka,
Rampart, and Fairbanks in which comparisons were made of the
effect of sprouting potatoes prior to planting them. In almost every
instance a larger yield of better matured tubers was obtained as a
result of a three weeks’ exposure of the tubers to light before
planting. |

The Alaska stations have continued to carry on cooperative work
with farmers and gardeners throughout the Territory, and in this
way the adaptability of a number of varieties of field and garden
plants has been given wide test.

The only publication of the station for 1910 was the annual report.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

itiniked: States? appropmathlonssea==-—oeee see $28, 000. 00
Sales and tother fund sos eee te eee eee 1, 802. 80

96 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The work of the Alaska stations appears to be progressing very
favorably, when the conditions under which they labor are con-
sidered. The country is developing very slowly, but the settlers are
applying more and more to the station for assistance and direction
in their plantings.

ARIZONA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Arizona, Tucson.
Department of the University of Arizona.
R. H. Forses, M. S., Director.

The Arizona station continued in general in 1909-10 the lines of
work in progress the year before. On the station staff assistants were
appointed during the year to give special attention to dry-farming
problems and to alfalfa investigations, especially the breeding of
strains adapted to the Southwest. W. B. McCallum, assistant botan-
ist, severed his connection with the station at the close of the year
to go into commercial work. A. E. Vinson was granted a leave of
absence of seven months to go to Europe and continue his studies on
the action of enzyms in ripening fruits, and G. E. P. Smith was given
leave of absence to make a technical study of pumping devices. The
residence building at the Yuma date orchard was enlarged, and
laboratory facilities in the university main building at Tucson were
increased. ;

Several of the Adams-fund projects of the station made good
progress and some of them were completed during the year. The
work on the ripening of dates was practically finished and some of
the chemical results have already been published. The analytical
work in studying the nutritive value of cacti was also finished, and
a report on the chemical and botanical phases of the project will
soon appear. A report on the study of the underflow waters of the
Rillito Valley, published as Bulletin 64 of the station, presents data
regarding the velocity of the underflow, fluctuations of the water
table observed in wells, seepage measurements, tests of wells now
being pumped, etc., and shows that an adequate and economical
supply of water for irrigation can not be obtained by individual
pumping plants, but that cooperative pumping enterprises, involving
cheap fuel, efficient machinery, deep wells properly located, and
skilled supervision of labor, are required to make use of these waters
economically. In this connection a cooperative pumping project in
the Rillito Valley was designed in detail. This work has now been
extended to the Sulphur Springs Valley.

In the line of plant breeding, efforts were made to obtain leafy
strains of alfalfa especially adapted to Arizona conditions, and a
successful beginning in the development of special strains for the
Southwest was made,

ARIZONA. 97

The work conducted with the Hatch and other funds was practi-
cally the same as in the previous year. A new feature was introduced
in the study of about 50 different varieties of beans native to Ari-
zona and Mexico and their use as a basis for breeding experiments.
The sheep-breeding work has brought the station flock up to more
than 200 animals and in general has shown good results from crossing
the Tunis sheep on native range stock. The department of animal
husbandry further studied oleander poisoning of stock, and deter-
mined the quantity of leaves of this plant required to kill stock. The
experiments were carried on with horses, mules, cows, and sheep.

In connection with inspection work, the entomologist studied in-
sects and carried on cooperative spraying experiments. By means of
spraying, encouraged by the station in the apple-growing district of
eastern Arizona, the apple crop of the last season was saved.

The agronomist made soil-moisture studies, determining the hygro-
scopic coefficients and the specific gravity of soils sampled to a depth
of 8 feet. Experiments with cotton were carried on at Phoenix and
Yuma. The tests at Yuma included Egyptian varieties. Native
beans were tested under dry-farming and irrigation methods.

The botanist continued the range studies and the results obtained
are being prepared for publication. He also made studies of grasses
and forage plants with special reference to drought resistance, and
of forest trees, shrubs, and other plants adapted to different altitudes
within the Territory.

Work in the date orchard was continued in cooperation with the
Bureau of Plant Industry. Great differences were found to exist
in the fruit of the different varieties. The tendency in some sorts
of drying up of the fruit in ripening was observed and the pos-
sible relation of methods of irrigation to this matter will be studied.
At Tempe there are now about 12 acres in date orchard, and dates
are also grown experimentally at Yuma. Olive culture and oil manu-
facture were studied by the horticultural department and a bulletin
was issued on the subject. - It is concluded from this work that many
varieties of olives under Arizona conditions are well adapted to the
production of oil of very fine quality.

Cooperative work, as in former years, was limited to range inves-
tigations and date culture in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant
Industry. Dry-farming investigations in southwestern Arizona were
prosecuted largely by means of funds donated by the El Paso &
Southwestern Railroad. Extension work was confined to farmers’
institutes supported by ‘Territorial endowment and conducted
throughout the Territory.

The appropriations by the Territorial legislature for the biennium
beginning July 1, 1909, were given in the report for the previous
year.

91866°—11——7

98 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 59, Oleander Poisoning of Live Stock; 60, Timely
Hints to Farmers; 61, Relation of Weather to Crops and Varieties
Adapted to Arizona Conditions; and 62, Olive Culture and Oil Manu-
facture in the Arid Southwest.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act____________ __ 13, 000. 00
Territorial appropriation, balance from previous year__ 12, 735. 32

Southern Pacific and El Paso & Southwestern Rail- .
roads, including balance from previous year________ 1, 900. 71
MAM LOM CUS n= eek a ene See Ee ee DA eta:
1d DG eH ba Sa a le ed A UE oi AR oy AA Mil 44, 408. 58

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The work of the Arizona station is being actively prosecuted with
special reference to the needs of the Territory, and the operation of
the station is carried on under a systematic and careful supervision,

“ARKANSAS.
Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville.

Department of the University of Arkansas.
C. F. Apams, B..Agr., A. M., M. D., Director.

Considerable progress was made during the year in reorganizing
the station and putting its work on a better basis. A department of
plant pathology was established and J. L. Hewitt was promoted to
be its head. Veterinary science was separated from animal hus-
bandry and made a department by itself, with Wilfrid Lenton in
charge. A. K. Short, head of the department of animal husbandry,
resigned during the year to take charge of the secondary agricultural
school recently established in the second congressional district of the
State. Assistants were appointed in entomology, veterinary science,
and in agronomy, and the assistant in plant pathology resigned dur-
ing the year. After the close of the fiscal year, P. N. Flint, of the
Georgia station, was appointed animal husbandman, and assistants
were appointed in agricultural chemistry, plant pathology, ento-
mology, animal husbandry, and agriculture.

The department of agronomy was improved under its new manage-
ment, and the work was enlarged and the equipment improved in
the department of plant pathology. The need of suitable land for
permanent experimental work in agronomy, animal husbandry, and

ARKANSAS. 99

dairying was temporarily met by renting. Four agricultural schools
were provided for by the last State legislature, and the director of the
station has a controlling influence in the organization of these schools
as a member of their joint board.

The substations were maintained as in previous years, the State
providing $1,000 each annually for these institutions. The last legis-
lature appropriated in all $35,900 for the use of the college and
station for the biennium ending June 30, 1911. In addition, $10,000
was appropriated for tick eradication.

Satisfactory progress was made in'work on the Adams-fund proj-
ects outlined in previous reports. The hog-cholera investigations
were partially reported upon during the year. It was concluded that
pheumonia occurring with hog cholera is generally due to the action
of swine-plague bacteria, and is of frequent occurrence unassociated
with contagion. It is further stated that all the symptoms and post-
mortem lesions of hog cholera of natural origin may be produced by
artificially induced cultures of Bacillus cholerw suis, and that this
artificially induced disease is transferable by cohabitation and by
inoculation, but that it then appears in an attenuated form. In the
study of toxic principles of cottonseed meal a series of tests to de-
termine the best solvent for the extraction of the meal was made.
Further work on this project included a more thorough study of the
relative toxic effect of seed from different varieties grown under
varying conditions.

The facilities for investigation on the woolly aphis were improved
by the addition of an insectary and an experimental orchard. Special
attention was given during the past season to the individual life his-
tory of the insect and the immunity of apple trees to its ravages.
In studying the stages of development, two lines of descent were
carried through the season, and from March to October of 1910 14
generations were grown. A comparative study was made of this
insect and of similar forms infesting the wild haws. A test was
also in progress to determine the reported immunity to the attacks
of this pest on the roots of the Northern Spy, about an acre of
Northern Spy trees grown on their own roots being devoted to
throwing light on this important point. 5

In the cattle-tick investigations, the life history of the Texas-fever
germ has now been quite fully worked out, but certain phases of this
problem still await solution. In this connection the methods of
hyperimmunization and vaccination were studied. The work on
apple-twig blight was well advanced during the season.

In addition to the Adams-fund projects, a large amount of work
was carried on in the different departments of the station. The
work in agronomy included breeding of corn, wheat, oats, barley,

100 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

rice, and cotton; fertilizer, rotation, and culture tests with various
crops; and tile-drainage studies. Breeding work with nine standard
varieties of corn was carried on for the purpose of combining desir-
able features to meet Arkansas conditions. Observations were also
made on dates and rates of planting, cultivation in different ways,
the use of fertilizers, the vitality of seeds, and on the character of
plants produced by seed embodying various breeding factors. Fifty
varieties of cotton were tested with reference to yield, quality, and
length of fiber, early maturity with reference to boll-weevil resistance
and adaptability to different sections of the State. Cultural and
breeding work with cotton was also carried on. Several varieties
each were grown of wheat, barley, and oats for both fall and spring
planting to determine the most desirable foundation stock.

The work with rice included a test of 40 varieties, various culture
tests, breeding experiments, and a study of methods for the eradica-
tion of red rice and for the control of rice bight. Experiments were
also made with a large number of leguminous forage crops and with
different methods of crop rotation and soil treatment. The depart-
ment of entomology had charge of inspection of nursery stock. Co-
operative experiments in spraying for San José scale indicated that
kerosene emulsion may be successfully used to hold the pest in check
over summer until lime-sulphur wash can be used. Observations on
the occurrence and outbreaks of injurious insects in the State were
made, and special attention was given to the life history and methods
of control of the plum curculio and the peach-tree borer.

Tick eradication was successfully prosecuted during the year in
cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry. This work was
under the control of the station in the northwestern section of the
State and of a commission in the northeastern section. An assist-
ant of the station veterinarian was in charge of the field work. The
veterinarian assisted in the eradication of tuberculosis from two
local centers in the State, and made post-mortem demonstrations at
the State fair on tuberculous animals. Of 363 farms examined, 42
were found to own tuberculous cattle, and of 5,227 cattle tested 69
proved to be tuberculous.

The dairy department increased its facilities during the year by
renting an additional 65 acres of land and putting up some buildings.
Experiments with silage and soiling crops failed on account of an
unfavorable season. Work was continued on the factors controlling
moisture in butter, cream ripening versus butter ripening, methods of
testing cream, and cooperative herd testing. Experiments in feeding
cottonseed meal to brood sows were continued, and some tests were
made of the effect of wide and narrow rations on egg production.

ARKANSAS. 101

The horticulturist tested the effect of fertilizers and topping on
the yield of potatoes, of lme-sulphur wash and corrosive sublimate
on San José scale, made plantings of asparagus, and tests of top-
working apples, in addition to some lines of minor investigation. A
test of a variety of citranges made in cooperation with this depart-
ment proved that the variety under test was not hardy, although
Citrus trifoliata stock proved satisfactory.

The chemist made some study of acidity of soils and of feeding
stuffs sold in the State, as well as analyses of fertilizers, waters, and
limestone. The station chemist is also State chemist and examines
fertilizers under the State law.

Gratifying progress was made during the year in bringing the
college and station in closer touch with the farmers of the State,
through cooperation with agricultural and horticultural organiza-
tions and by means of various forms of extension work. Consider-
able cooperative work with farmers was undertaken with a view to
encouraging diversification of crops and increasing live stock. Other
cooperation included work with the Texas and Tennessee stations
upon the effect of climate upon seed and progeny, and with this
department and the Louisiana and South Carolina stations in an
acclimation test of rice. This work was in addition to the work men-
tioned under horticulture, live-stock inspection, and tick eradication.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 104, Farm Drainage; and 105, Studies on the
Bacteriology of Infectious Swine Diseases.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 18, 000. 00
Stgce sel POLO DMT CLOM Ss) 2552 Shed Pees Lily 6 a Sheet ed ey 20, 942. 31
Balance from previous year, State appropriation______ 24, 264. 50
1 PCE LSI A oe ST fa eae ll pe = ae SRR OY ea Co RR 31. 50
Farm products, including balance from previous year__ 20, 132. 10

ENO Caller = Seek Bee RS Se ee ere Cee 93, 370. 41.

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The Arkansas station, although with limited funds at its disposal,
made decided progress during the year in the reorganization and
development of its work and in the dissemination of its results
throughout the State. The improvement in organization and equip-
ment, if coupled with greater financial assistance by the State, would
place the institution in position to meet to better advantage the de-
mands made upon it by rapidly growing agricultural interests.

102 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

CALIFORNIA,

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, Berkeley.
KE. J. Wickson, A. M., Director.

During the year the station came into possession of the new farm at
Fresno, known as the Kearney tract, which includes 5,400 acres with
fine buildings, and is valued at about $1,000,000. Some experiments
were inaugurated there. The branch station at Tulare was discon-
tinued, temporarily at least, in January, 1910. Preliminary work,
for which a State appropriation of $6,000 was available for the
biennium, was actively carried on in different parts of Imperial Val-
ley. The studies at the laboratory at Whittier, near Los Angeles,
were continued as a regular part of the station’s activity, and con-
siderable field work was done in other sections of the State. On the
Davis farm a horse barn, sheep barn, horticultural building, veteri-
nary clinic, poultry plant, and an addition to the seed house were
built during the year. The forestry stations at Santa Monica and
Chico are conducted with a grant of $1,200 for each station, which
is inadequate for efficient nraintenance.

Satisfactory progress was made in the Adams-fund work in
general. The study of the relation of marly soils and of lime to
chlorosis of citrus fruits seems to have indicated that no relation ex-
ists between lime and chlorosis, but that the marl layer, through its
effect on water conditions, may influence the prevalence of chlorosis.
It was found in making excavations under the trees for the purpose
of getting the profile of the marl bed that the injury from chlorosis
was apparently greatest in the depressions. The project on the
toleration of alkali was about completed during the year. The work
embraced a study of tolerance by individual plants and by varieties,
and special attention was given during the past season to eucalyptus
trees.

In the study of soil bacteria under arid conditions the effects of
various salts of the soil in relation to bacteria were observed, and the
application of certain salts to overcome the toxic effect of alkal on
both bacteria and plants as a practical method of treatment was con-
sidered. The study of soil columns in connection with this work re-
vealed the fact that nitrifying bacteria are found down to a depth of
12 feet, while in humid soils they are mostly in the first 4 or 6 inches.

The project on environment in relation to gluten content of cereals
was transferred from Ceres and Tulare to Davis and Fresno. The
soil from Kansas gave no special result, indicating that the soil is
not a factor in determining the gluten content. Hardness and high
gluten content are apparently due to climatic influence. On the
same soil the gluten has been found to vary a good deal from year
to year, owing evidently to the time and quantity of rainfall. The

CALIFORNIA. 103

effect of holding down the winter temperature, reducing sunshine,
changing the time of planting, and the influence of similar other
agencies were also studied in this connection.

A lot of seedling walnuts from various parts of the State, studied
with reference to type, were budded with English walnuts to de-
termine the effect on the stock, and observations were made on crosses
of oak on walnut to ascertain whether the “ walnut oaks” found
growing wild in parts of the State are the result of a cross or must
be otherwise accounted for. This work was in progress at Berkeley
and near Los Angeles.

The work on Nicotiana hybrids was followed according to the
original plan. About 1,200 individuals representing different sorts,
types, and strains have now been produced in these experiments,
which have been conducted to some extent in cooperation with this
department. In the first generation close observations were made for
the purpose of adding to our knowledge of the law of hybrids and
if possible securing results of practical value in tobacco breeding.

The investigations on the control of the scales of the citrus trees
were largely confined to tent fumigation with cyanid. The leak-
age from common tents was determined and the dose for fumigating
for young black, red, and purple scales, allowing for leakage, was
worked out. New and simple methods and apparatus were devised
for scheduling trees in the field and thus determining the size of
tree and the tent room and material required for successful fumi-
gation. The effect of humidity, temperature, wind, and similar
factors on the efficiency or leakage was also taken into consideration.
The study of the life history and classification of the citrus scales
was carried on as a separate project, and breeding work was pursued
with a view to turning yellow scales into red and vice versa in the
successive generations by change of environment and other influences.

A thorough study was made of the life history of the Argentine
ant, its manner of spreading, and methods for its control. Good
restilts were secured from the use of bait treated with arsenical
poisons, and with cresol and kerosene in combating the insect. It
was observed that the Argentine ant spread slowly as the queens do
not mate in the air, but owing to the large number of queens it is
very prolific. The facts seem to indicate that the extermination
of the ant is a possibility, and work was begun to determine the
practicability of stamping it out in a given locality. As the re-
search features of this investigation have now passed, the work will
be discontinued as a research project. The study on the toxicity
of the various arsenical poisons used as insecticides was interrupted
by the appearance of the Argentine ant but will be taken up again.

The artificial immunization of cattle against tuberculosis was con-
tinued on the farm at Davis, and some of the results were reported

104 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

last year in the Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical
Association. Under California conditions the use ‘of bovovaccine
seemed to produce some immunity, but to fail in protecting calves
until 24 years old. It was also found that tuberculosis sometimes
spreads rapidly in cattle under strictly outdoor conditions. The
retesting of cattle within six weeks, even when Vallée’s method was
used, was unsatisfactory, as it was observed that some tubercular
cattle will not react to tuberculin on retesting even after three
months. Guinea-pig inoculations with the blood sediments of 20
tuberculous cattle failed to produce tuberculosis. Tubercle bacilli
experimentally thrown into the blood streams were rapidly removed
from the circulation, which is regarded as indicating that the capil-
laries of the lungs are more efficient in arresting bacilli than the
peripheral capillaries.

The cause of sterility of almond trees was further investigated,
numerous microscopical studies of the pollen of many varieties being
made in the laboratory and in the field. It was brought out by these
studies that the pollen of the better varieties of almonds, known as
the Hatch varieties, is almost uniformly physically imperfect, while
pollen of such varieties as Drake Seedling and Texas Prolific, as well
as that of certain nameless seedlings, was found regular in form,
plump and well rounded. These facts are believed to explain the
noted self-sterility of the Hatch varieties and the reputed value of
Drake Seedling and Texas Prolific as cross-pollenizers. These con-
clusions were largely confirmed by the results of field experiments.
The experimental plantings of almonds have been increased to 16
named varieties, planted in groups of five. These plantings, as well
as the laboratory, are located at Davis.

A number of different lines of work were prosecuted with funds
provided through the Hatch Act and State appropriations. Breed-
ing work with individual wheat plants for nitrogen and also for
yield were conducted, together with experiments on green manuring
with field peas in wheat culture. One object in view is to overcome
the apparent necessity of practicing bare fallow. At present the
station fields average 36 bushels, the land being fallowed every other
year. Variety and culture tests with various crops were also in-
progress at Davis, and some work on cotton was pursued in the
Imperial Valley.

The entomological department cooperated in the study on the phyl-
loxera and also gave attention to the control of the peach-tree borer,
thrips, and mosquitoes. One of the county entomologists, cooperat-
ing with the department, found that banding the trunks with
asphaltum is very effective in controlling the peach-tree borer.
Spraying heavily with lime gave good results in combating thrips.

CALIFORNIA. 105

In plant pathology, work was begun on the olive knot and the root
rot or toadstool disease on citrus, almond, peach, and old oaks.
Under a grant of $15,000 secured from the legislature of 1908-9 for
pathological work in the northern part of the State, attention was
given in a general way to pear, apricot, and peach diseases and
methods of their control.

The cooperative work of the station included the selection of Lima
beans with growers of this crop, investigations carried on by county
entomologists associated with the entomological department of the
station, and irrigation work in conjunction with this office, compris-
ing the effects of different amounts of water for alfalfa, and the
evaporation of water from tanks and from the soil. A demonstra-
tion train was sent out from April 4 to 16, traversing about 700 miles
of the Southern Pacific system. It was manned by experts from the
college and station staff and fitted up with illustrative material from
the different departments.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 202, Commercial Fertilizers; 203, Report of the
Plant Pathologist and Superintendent of Southern California Sta-
tions, July 1, 1906, to June 30, 1909; 204, The Dairy Cow’s Record
and the Stable; 205, Commercial Fertilizers; Circulars 40, Califor-
nia State Farmers’ Institute at the University Farm, Davis; 41, The
School of Agriculture on the University Farm, Davis, Cal.; 42, Pa-
cific Coast Entomological Conference and Special Short Course in
Horticulture; 43, The School of Agriculture on the University Farm,
Davis, Cal.; 44, Opportunities for Instruction in Dairy Industry at
the University Farm, Davis, Cal., 1909-10; 45, Announcement of
Farmers’ Short Courses for 1909 at the University Farm, Davis,
Cal.; 46, Suggestions for Garden Work in California Schools; 47,
Agriculture in the High Schools; 48, Butter Scoring Contest, 1909 ;
49, Insecticides; 50, Fumigation Scheduling; and 51, University
Farm School, Davis, Cal.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______-______ 13, 000. 00
Stabe a PO nOprid bl OMe ss Dene Ee ee ee 175, 480. 22
LOCO EE os 28 Ss 2 I epee EM tes Se a Se ae eS 17, 007. 40
1QeWeay jaye hire tee eet CS Se ee ee eee eee 41, 958. 35
Balance fhrome previous’ year 2- S25. ts). a ieee Le 5 4, 090. 98
IMASCellaAN COU S mata 3 oe ae Pee ee 20, 541. 15

TINO CE AS wee EE es oe a ee eee 294, O78. 10

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

106 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The California station has a great field, unusually diverse, and
offering remarkable opportunity for study and for the introduction
of scientific methods in working out the various problems of different
localities and industries of the State.

COLORADO.

Agricultural Experiment Station, Fort Collins.

Department of the State Agricultural College of Colorado.

C. P. GILLETTE, M. S., Director.

Several changes in the personnel and improvement in equipment
were made at this station during the year. Administrative diffi-
culties which had been arising for some time culminated in the re-
tirement of Director L. G. Carpenter at the close of the year and
the appointment of C. P. Gillette, the station entomologist, as his
successor. H. M. Cottrell and H. M. Bainer left the station to enter
other lines of work, and J. C. Summers and C. E. Vail were ap-
pointed to take up work under the station chemist. The new irriga-
tion engineering building was completed and about one-third of the
available space was designed for the use of the station. A number
of buildings to be used in poultry experiments and costing about
32,000 were erected, and a model potato cellar costing about $800
was constructed.

Work on most of the Adams-fund projects undertaken by the
station was continued during the year, and some of the results were
published. The project on the waters of the San Luis Valley devel-
oped into two important studies, 1. e., nitrogen fixation and nitrifi-
cation in alkali soils, and the arsenic content of soils where spraying
is practiced and the relation of alkal to the arsenical poisoning of
fruit trees. These now constitute separate projects. Attention was
centered on the excess of nitrates found in certain soils popularly
classed as black alkali, the bacteriologist of the station cooperating.
The effect of excessive amounts of nitrates in soils on the quality of
sugar beets was studied on a 12-acre tract of beet land in the Ar-
kansas Valley.

Bacteriological work under this fund was also done on a new
alfalfa disease, on a disease of raspberry known as yellows, and on
the hold-over blight in pear and apple trees. As stated in a bulletin
on the subject, the new alfalfa disease called stem blight, and known
in Colorado since 1904, is caused by a germ (Pseudomonas medi-
caginis) which apparently enters the plant through stems cracked
or split by freezing. A description of this disease was made and

COLORADO. 107

means of control were recommended. The study of the raspberry
yellows was made on material grown at Loveland, and while it is
thought that a remedy has been found the work is to be continued
another season.

The principal question under investigation with reference to the
hold-over blight in pear and apple trees is the resistance of these
germs to the severe winters of Colorado. Observations were begun
by the botanist on the black rot of the strawberry to determine
whether this is caused by winter injury or whether it is due to some
soil organism. The work has thus far been conducted in the green-
house but it is proposed also to make field culture experiments. The
investigations on plant lice were actively continued and satisfactory
progress was made.

In addition to the Adams-fund work numerous Hatch-fund pro-
jects were carried on. Considerable work was done on the correla-
tion of characters in wheat, oats, and barley, and alfalfa breeding
was conducted in a large alfalfa nursery at Rocky Ford, where many
distinct varieties of alfalfa are grown, and where a promising strain
has been developed. On the Plains region in eastern Colorado, ex-
periments were carried on in different localities with durum wheat,
corn, and forage crops. Special experiments with methods for
diminishing the effect of winds on the movement of soils were tried,
and studies of farm management to determine the feasible methods
of dry farming in this region were made. The work in agronomy
was largely maintained with State funds.

The entomological department carried on work with reference to
the codling moth, potato insects, and other insect pests. An orchard
of about 900 trees planted a few years ago principally for the pur-
pose of determining the injurious effects of crown gall and woolly
aphis upon the crown and roots of small trees, was used this year in
connection with spraying experiments for the destruction of plant
lice. The codling-moth work was essentially a comparison of arsen-
ate of lead and sulphate of arsenic for the destruction of this insect.
The injurious effects of these substances on the foliage was also ob-
served. Some cooperative work along this line was carried on with
orchardists throughout the State, and a few minor insect pests re-
ceived attention. In the study of potato insects special attention was
given to the Colorado potato beetle and the cucumber flea beetle.

The horticultural experiments were supported by the Hatch fund
and a State appropriation of $10,000 for the biennium, and much of
the work was done in different parts of the State. The principal
crops receiving attention were asparagus, raspberries, cauliflower,
cabbages and other vegetables, and apples. Experiments were con-

108 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ducted at the station and on the west slope with cover crops for
orchards as a means of adding humus to the soil. The work with
cabbages was largely confined to growing plants from seed of known
parentage for comparison, with the hope of developing a strain
specially suited to meet Colorado requirements. In connection with
bean-breeding experiments, several selected varieties were grown
in the greenhouse and cross-fertilized. The resulting hybrids are
compared in field-culture tests. A model potato cellar was installed
at the station for experiments in storage.

The animal-husbandry work was entirely supported by State
funds, and included feeding experiments in which different rations
for sheep, hogs, and steers were compared. In the sheep-feeding
experiments it was found that it is profitable to use alfalfa hay of
the best quality. In steer-feeding work molasses, cottonseed meal,
and beets made a cheap and satisfactory ration. As a rule, pur-
chased grain rations were not found profitable and it was necessary
to use home-grown feeds. The animals used in these experiments
were in some cases furnished by commission firms.

The poultry work of the station is supported with a State fund of
$5,000, including work at farmers’ institutes and poultry shows. Dur-
ing the year different types of colony houses suited to local conditions
were tried, and data on the profit of the poultry business in Colorado
were collected.

The irrigation work of the station included meteorological studies,
drainage survey of the State, observations on seepage and return
waters, and concrete for minor constructions. Most of the irriga-
tion projects have been in progress for a number of years, but the
data secured have not yet been published.

The station cooperated with farmers in the State in a number of
lines of work, especially investigations with reference to predaceous
insects and horticultural work of various kinds. With this depart-
ment cooperative work was carried on in horse breeding, field dairy
work, forestry work on the plains of Colorado, and the construction
of a piece of model road. Much of the orchard work upon the
western slope, as well as of the potato work, is in the nature of col-
lege and station extension efforts.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 146, Raising Hogs in Colorado; 147, Top-working
Fruit Trees; 148, Cement and Concrete Fence Posts; 149, Carrying
Range Steers Through the Winter—Sugar Beets for Fattening Steers;
151, Ration Experiments with Lambs, 1906-7, 1907-S—Self-feeders
for Hay; 152, Two Common Orchard Mites; 153, Agricultural Prod-
ucts Shipped into Colorado in 1909; 154, Alfalfa Studies; and 155,
The Fixation of Nitrogen in some Colorado Soils.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE |

Fic. 1.—NEW LABORATORY BUILDING AT THE CONNECTICUT STATE STATION.

Fic. 2.—MAIN BUILDING OF THE FLORIDA STATION.

CONNECTICUT. 109

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act____-----__--_~- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act____-_-__--___ 15, 000. 00
SEAL Ia PLO DE ab lOM oe as ee ae he 2 ee 52, 500. 00
Balance from previous year, State appropriation_______ 2, 475. 00
AMUSING TET See ees eee eee a eee eee ee 20, 108. 84

Mo falta rsete Sees Ae Da ee bl oe I oe 103, O78. 84

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The work of the Colorado station has considerably broadened in
recent years as the result of State appropriations, and more definite
effort is being made to meet the needs of the different parts of the
State. As the administrative difficulties encountered are being over-
come the institution is placed to better advantage with reference to
the extension of its influence in general and the progress of its in-
vestigational work in particular.

CONNECTICUT.

The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven.
HK. H. JENKINS, Ph. D., Director.

During the past year the Connecticut station suffered a serious loss
in the destruction of one of its laboratory buildings. The fireproof
addition to one of the laboratories (PI. I, fig. 1), as mentioned in last
year’s report, was under construction, and when the walls of this
addition were nearly completed the laboratory to which it was an
addition was destroyed by fire, January 10, 1910, but very little dam-
age was done to the new structure. The most serious items of loss
were the very valuable chemical library and animals which had been
under experiment for five months. The burned building has been
rebuilt at a cost of about $17,500 and made uniform with the new one,
and also fireproof in its construction. Asa result the station has now
a large, well-equipped, thoroughly fireproof structure for the safe
storage of its valuable collections.

The State appropriations for the biennial period, not including
the amount allowed for the laboratory building, were $2,000 for main-
tenance, $5,000 for food inspection, $6,000 for the department of
entomology, and $2,000 for the State forester’s office.

The investigations under the Adams fund, as in previous years,
included the project on vegetable proteids, which is in part supported
by a grant of $5,000 from the Carnegie Institution, and the work in
plant breeding. The work on the vegetable proteids was seriously

110 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

disturbed by the burning of the laboratory, but no important records
were lost and the work has progressed during the year. The prin-
cipal lines of study this year included the experimental feeding of
white rats to determine the relative food value of different vegetable
proteins. These animals were fed for long periods under conditions
heretofore considered impossible. Attention was further given to the
study of methods for determining the proportion of the products of
hydrolysis of proteins. The results of this work were written up in
three papers in the American Journal of Physiology.

During the year three other comprehensive and important publica-
tions were issued by this department.. A volume entitled “ The Vege-
table Proteins ” describes the more important characters of the vege-
table proteins, reviews the work in the entire field, and includes a
practically complete bibliography of the chemistry of these sub-
stances. The second publication is a contribution to the Handbuch
der biochemischen Arbeitsmethoden, and is entitled “ Darstellung der
Proteine der Pflanzenwelt.” This is a detailed description of the
methods for preparing the various vegetable proteins in the highest
state of purity. The third publication, Die pflanzlichen Proteine, is
a critical review of the literature of the vegetable proteins, bringing
the same into orderly arrangement and indicating the relative values
of the various published observations.

The plant-breeding work with corn and tobacco was continued,
and studies were made to determine the application of the laws of
heredity to these crops. Some work was also done in the improvement
of the potato by breeding. The tobacco plant was found exception-
ally well adapted to this line of investigation on account of its
abundant seed, which is set either by close or cross fertilization.

The greater part of the work of the station was carried on by
Hatch, State, and the Lockwood funds and fees, and in cooperation
with this department, especially with the Bureau of Plant Industry
and the Forest Service. In the forestry department a detailed
study of the management of second-growth hardwoods was made, and
over 250 sample plats in typical woodlands were selected by the de-
partment for the measurement of trees and of felled timber. The
results of this work are to form a basis for making yield tables
showing the production of different types of forest at different ages.
Permanent sample plats were established on the State forest land,
and measurements were periodically made to determine the results
of different methods of forest management. The effect of different
thinning and the best method of developing profitable growth of

hardwoods were studied in this connection. The department is -

also making an effort to find some hardwood species that will replace
the chestnut, which is being rapidly destroyed by disease. An experi-
mental thinning of a 30-year old plantation of white pine was also

ae

CONNECTICUT. 111

begun. Through the agency of the station a modification of the
fire laws has been secured.

In cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this depart-
ment, studies on tobacco are in progress near Hartford, in which
the effect of large amounts of phosphate in tobacco fertilizers and a
comparison of the method of harvesting broad-leaf tobacco by pick-
ing or priming by the usual method of harvesting the whole plant are
receiving attention. This work has demonstrated the desirability
of certain changes in tobacco fertilizers, and the value of steam
sterilization of tobacco beds which destroys fungus diseases and
makes weeding of the beds unnecessary.

The plant pathologist pursued numerous lines of work, including
investigations on peach yellows, sun scald of trees, blight of Lima
beans, potato blight, tobacco diseases, etc. The experiments on the
calico or mosaic disease of tobacco indicated the extremely infectious
nature of the malady and its being an enzymatic disturbance. An
experiment on a plat of 900 peach trees was made to determine the
relation of fertilizers to peach yellows. A large number of spraying
experiments were conducted to find the most efficient methods for
the control of plant diseases and the specific action of Bordeaux
mixture. Field work was carried on with cowpeas and alfalfa to
test the value of artificial inoculation. Some plant-breeding worl
was done, principally with hybrid varieties of corn and for disease
resistance in melons, cucumbers, etc. A report of tests of summer
sprays on apples and peaches, conducted by the botanist and the
entomologist, was issued during the year.

The entomologist gave much attention to gipsy-moth control, and
reported the practical extermination of this pest at Stonington and
the control of the infested area at Wallingford. Cooperative work
was carried on with the Bureau of Entomology of this department
on the foreign importation of gipsy-moth parasites. The last legis-
lature provided for a bee inspection and assigned the work to the
entomologist of the station.

The chemical department, in addition to its extensive inspection
work, carried on studies of the various ammoniates in fertilizers in
field and in pot cultures. The control work of the station, in addition
to the bee inspection mentioned above, includes nursery inspection,
the analysis of fertilizers, feeds, food products, and drugs, and the
testing of seeds.

The station took an active part in the various agricultural fairs
of the State, exhibiting its work in a large tent. The exhibits and
lectures attracted a great deal of attention. No other extension work
was undertaken by the station.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 164, Garden and Field Seeds Sold in Connecticut

112 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

in 1908-9; 165, The San José Scale and Methods of Controlling It;
Annual Report for 1907-8, part 12, Report of the Station Botanist,
1908; and Annual Report for 1909-10, parts 1, Fertilizers, 1909; 2,
Food and Drug Products, 1909; 3, Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 1909;
and 4, Ninth Report of the State Entomologist, 1909.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $7, 500. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_______________ 6, 500. 00
State; appropriation= a. 54 2. este ie be ee ee 18, 500. 00
G0 05 Ty 016 1 YR a Se ee a 8, 817.18
1 EAP i Sa a STR et a Pal NE a i a AS Rel 10, 300. 00
HATING DE OCU CESS ee tate = aR eee ae ee ree eee 160. 81
Miscellanecouswsvs Bo) Mie PUN iit ew eee ee ee 594. 42

MOtalei 2 a Se et RS OD tO DEAL

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

Lines of work at the Connecticut station of much interest to science
and of high value to practical agriculture are pursued steadily, and
are gaining for the institution the increased confidence and loyal sup-
port of the people of the State.

Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs.

Department of the Connecticut Agricultural College.
L. A. CrLinton, M. S., Director.

No new lines of work were taken up during the year at the Con-
necticut Storrs Station, and aside from satisfactory progress no
changes occurred in the different lines of investigation. The biennial
State appropriation for the use of the station amounts to $4,000. The
station staff remained practically the same as the year before.

The Adams-fund projects in hand were carried forward during
the year and a report on some of the work was made. A prelimi-
nary report on the bacillary white diarrhea of chicks was made in
Bulletin 60 of the station, which states that the specific causative
agent is the organism Bacillus pullorum. The disease was found to
have fairly uniform symptoms and post-mortem appearances. Chicks
were infected by subcutaneous injection with pure cultures of the
organism and the disease was also transmitted through infected food
supply. The original source of infection seemed to be the mother
hen, and a certain percentage of the chicks in infected places were
observed to have the disease when hatched. The disease seemed most
prevalent among artificially hatched and brooded chicks, but hen-
hatched chicks were not found to be immune.

CONNECTICUT. 13

The cheese investigations were continued, special attention being
given to troubles encountered in the manufacture of Roquefort cheese.
In a study of the specific action of salt on the organisms in Roque-
fort cheese it was found that it does not inhibit the growth of Peni-
cillium but does check the growth of Otdium lactis. The work of
breeding beans and melons for disease resistance was pursued as pre-
viously outlined. With beans certain color correlations in stems,
flowers, etc., have been established in this connection. The relation
of lactic-acid bacteria to cheese making and the bacteriology of incu-
bating eggs were given further attention, and the part played by
micro-organisms in silage fermentation was studied. Biological soil
studies were also taken up during the year.

Among the lines of work carried on with the Hatch and other funds
were farm management experiments, feeding experiments with cows
for milk production, feeding of high and low protein rations for
cows, ice-cream studies to determine the nature of the overrun, test-
ing cream for age, acidity, etc., as influencing the quality of ice cream,
supervising the testing of cows for advanced registry (at the ex-
pense of owners), studying the lime factor of soils, culture experi-
ments with corn, introduction of alfalfa, and determining the effi-
ciency of lime-sulphur spray on potatoes. The chicken-breeding ex-
periment for the production of a breed of hens having superior size
and vigor and which lay white eggs was continued, and an experi-
ment on the cost of feeding heifers in the college herd from birth to
2 years old was completed.

The cooperative work of the station is limited to the cheese in-
vestigations, which are carried on with the Dairy Division of the
Bureau of Animal Industry. The extension and demonstration work
is largely confined to orchard management and is done by the college,
station men as a rule giving little time to this feature.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 56, Control of Insects and of Plant Diseases; 57,
A Study of Some Connecticut Dairy Herds; 58, Camembert Cheese
Problems in the United States; 59, Bacterium lactis acidi and its
Sources; 60, Bacillary White Diarrhea of Young Chicks; 61, Apple
Growing in New England; 62, Apple Growing in New England; 63,

‘he Cost of Feeding Heifers; and the Annual Report for 1908-9.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as

follows:

United-States: appropriation, Hatch, Act=-5_=2 2-222 _ $7, 500. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_----__-__-____ 6, 500. 00
Siem DOLO DEE bON ==. Sen eS eee Le ee 1, 950. 00
BINT Se IIT SN TS ee ne TO1. S84
& BLO rai eS eR eis PS ee a iS ee eee 16, 651. 84

91866°—11——8

114 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules pre-
scribed by this department and has been approved.

The work of the Storrs station is steadily prosecuted along several
important lines, and the results secured are proving valuable to
agriculture in general as well as to the agricultural industries of

the State.
DELAWARE.

The Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, Newark.
Department of Delaware College.
H. Haywarp, M. S. Agr., Director.

No important changes in this station took place during the year.
The farm purchased by the State a few years ago is entirely under
the control of the station, practically all of it being employed either
for experimental purposes or for supplying feed for the work stock.
The State appropriated $10,000 for farm buildings, with which a
new barn was recently completed, a new silo erected, and the old
barn reconstructed.

Considerable progress was made on some of the projects supported
by the Adams fund. The work relating to the functions of tannin
in plants was practically completed. This investigation has brought
out the inhibitory effect of tannin on the germination and growth of
spores of many species of fungi. The results seem to indicate
further that the action of tannin is complicated by the presence of
enzyms in plants.

The horticultural department continued its work on the functions
of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in the growth of apple and
peach trees. Leaves were collected for analysis and measurements of
growth were made. It is believed that some differences, due to the
kind and amount of fertilizer applied, can be noticed with peaches,
while with apples no results have thus far become apparent. The
study of the effect of the different fertilizers on bud production of
peaches is to be taken up.

The veterinarian did no further work on glanders and concluded
his investigations on anthrax, the results of which are regarded as
showing the possibility of bringing about passive immunity through
inoculation with serum. It is claimed that an immunizing serum
producing immediate immunity from anthrax, which can be used in
controlling the disease in cases of outbreaks, and a single vaccine of
practical value and reducing the time in gaining immunity by one-
half, have been secured as a result of this work. A bulletin giving
the results in detail was prepared. Experiments on in-and-in breed-
ing with dairy cattle was begun by the station during the year, and a
study of the effect of variations in physical characters and chemical

DELAWARE. 115

composition of the corn kernel upon the vigor of the plant was
taken up.

Under the Hatch fund the plant pathologist tested seeds, studied
a Botrytis disease of roses, and began work on a bud study of peaches
affected with yellows. The efforts of the horticulturist included
numerous variety tests of orchard fruits and vegetables, fertilizer and
rotation experiments with potatoes and tomatoes, and tests of fer-
tilizers and cover crops in orchards.

In agronomy the work included variety tests of corn, wheat, oats,
cowpeas, soy beans, and other crops, and fertilizer studies with com-
mercial lime and stable manure in connection with four-year rotation
experiments with corn, wheat, oats, and grass. The value of different
forms of lime and phosphorus for crops and the stooling habits of
about 60 varieties of wheat were also studied. Decided differences
were found to exist among varieties of wheat in their response to fer-
tilization and in the quantity of phosphoric acid, potash, and lime
taken up. It was further observed that some difference is apparent in
the effect of the various forms of lime on the decomposition of organic
matter in the soil.

Further data in the continued study of crimson clover, with refer-
ence to its rate of gaining nitrogen, show that the crop may gain
nitrogen rapidly during the last month preceding its bloom, in some
cases, while in others it gains little. Crops yielding much nitrogen a
month before full bloom were found, as a rule, to gain fewer pounds
during the last month than crops poorer in nitrogen at this stage.
Approximately each additional pound of nitrogen at the earlier
period reduces the later gain by about one-half pound. It is stated
that a fall growth of crimson clover may furnish 50 to 100 pounds
of nitrogen per acre and be profitable even though the crop is winter-
killed, and that the first month’s growth in spring usually produces
about one-third of the final yield of nitrogen. It was determined
that when the crop was removed 35 to 40 per cent of the nitrogen is
left in stubble and roots.

The entomologist studied the life history of the apple-leaf miner
and the blackberry-leaf miner and gave some attention to methods of
their control. The most efficient method for the control of the apple-
leaf miner consisted in the destruction of the larvae or pup while
in the leaves on the ground by burning or smothering. This insect is
now generally controlled in infested orchards by plowing under all
infested leaves in the fall or early in the spring before the moths
emerge. Gathering and destroying the infested leaves, especially
those of the first brood of the blackberry-leaf miner, is considered the
most feasible method of combating the pest.

In work on the curculio it was found that three sprayings of arse-
nate of lead were equally as valuable as the same number of sprayings

116 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

with self-boiled lime-sulphur used with the arsenate. It was further
found that self-boiled lime-sulphur used without arsenate of lead
gave practically the same results as where the two substances were
applied together. The spraying with arsenate of lead alone pre-
vented a large amount of injury by the curculio. Spraying with self-
boiled lime-sulphur filled the wounds made by the curculio and thus
prevented the growth of spores in these wounds.

The veterinarian did some work in testing commercial toxins and
antitoxins, and began an investigation of autogenetic serums. Some
work was also done for the State board of agriculture on hog-cholera
serums. The animal husbandman reported that in in-and-in breed-
ing experiments with hogs thus far no evil effects have been noticed.

The station has no definite cooperative work with farmers or other
stations, but the station veterinarian is working in cooperation with
this department. No well-defined extension work is done, as funds
have not been provided for it, but occasionally members of the staff
deliver addresses at institutes or farmers’ gatherings. On Farmers’
Day, June 13, 1910, a large number of visitors inspected the station.

The following publications were received from this station dur-
ing the year: Bulletins 86, Crimson Clover—Its Rate of Gaining
Nitrogen; 87, Two Important Leaf Miners; and 88, Annual Report
of the Director for 1909.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United. States appropriation; Hatch) Act 2255 s2es0= 15 $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act-—____----____ 138, 000. 00
Harm pROCUCLS == == ae ee ee ee 608. 42

EDO tea PRES See ie Bae ey ol a a ae eh Ee 28, 608. 42

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The Delaware station is making good use of the funds at its dis-
posal in the conduct of experiments and investigations of substan-
tial character. Its relations with the instruction work of the college
are such as to allow its staff to devote their attention very largely to
the station activities.

FLORIDA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of Florida, Gainesville.
Department of the University of the State of Florida.

P..H: Routes, M._S.,. Director.

At the Florida station the year was marked by further improve-
ment in equipment and general progress in the lines of investigation
pursued. The new station building provided by the State at a cost.

FLORIDA. 7

of $47,500, including equipment, was practically completed (PI. I,
fig. 2). This 3-story brick building provides quarters for the sta-
tion staff and for the extension and farmers’ institute force. All of
the experimental work of the station is organized on a project basis,
each project being submitted to the director for approval before
being taken up. A number of changes, mainly in the minor positions
on the station staff, occurred during the year.

Progress was made on all Adams-fund projects. In the soil-
project work the pineapple investigations were practically brought
toa close. A bulletin published on the study reports that the amount
of sugar and acid in the juice of pineapples is not sufficiently affected
by the fertilizer used to influence the eating quality of the fruit.
The large fruits examined contained a greater percentage of sugar
and a slightly smaller percentage of acid than was found in the
small fruits, and the ratio of reducing sugars to sucrose was greater
in the large fruits than in the small ones. In addition to securing
these results a survey of the principal pineapple soils of the State,
including the analyses of soil samples from nearly all of the pine-
apple-growing sections, was made. Seventeen varieties of pineapples
were described and 12 varieties were analyzed.

The results of fertilizer experiments further showed that fine-
ground steamed bone and slag phosphate were the best sources of
phosphoric acid; cottonseed meal, dried blood, and castor pomace,
the best sources of nitrogen; and high-grade and low-grade potash,
the best sources of potash. The analyses of a large number of pine-
apple plants showed that they contained sufficient plant food to make
them valuable for fertilizing purposes. The nitrates in the soil
increased with an increase of nitrogenous fertilizers and were found
most abundant at the immediate surface, the amount below 1 foot in
depth being very small. Where the surface of the ground was not
protected, the nitrates were much less abundant than where plants
and decaying leaves covered the soil.

Similar work to that with pineapples was inaugurated with citrus
fruits at Lake Harris, where favorable soil and climatic conditions
prevail (figs. 1 and 2). Additional problems studied in these experi-
ments were the influence of organic fertilizers on the quality of
oranges, the proper time for the application of fertilizers, the effect
of lime on the quality of fruit and on the availability of phosphoric
acid applied as a fertilizer, and the effect of clean culture. Obser-
vations were also regularly made on air and soil temperatures and
on rainfall.

Studies of scaly bark, gummosis, and stem-end rot formed the
more prominent features of the work on the diseases of citrus trees
undertaken the past year. It was found that both scaly bark and
stem-end rot are due to fungus attacks. The investigation of the

118 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ii |

Fig. 1.—Tanks for Bee investigation at Florida station—section. The tanks are of heavy
galvanized iron, 5 feet 34 inches in diameter, with a maximum depth of 43 feet, painted
within and Sidnout. and a surface area of s55 acre.

GROUND L/NE-

inter eae

| ht aoe Oe

Fic. 2.—Tanks for soil investigation at Florida station—general plan.

FLORIDA. 119

scaly bark disease included field and laboratory operations and co-
operative experiments on 200 trees, and was about completed for the
final report, a preliminary report having been made a year ago.

The plant physiological investigations were carried on from the
standpoint of nutrition and malnutrition. The results of the nutri-
tion studies gave evidence of the toxicity of nitrate of soda to the
citrus tree when applied in maximum amounts, and of the counter-
action of this toxicity by the use of acid phosphate. The malnutrition
studies included the citrus diseases known as melanose, die-back, and
yellow spotting. About 2,500 microscopic slides of healthy and dis-
eased tissue were prepared and studied in part. Chlorosis of cassava
was also investigated by this laboratory. Results indicate the dis-
ease to be physiological, brought on by certain unfavorable soil con-
ditions, and that it may be prevented by planting upon a rich soil to
insure a more favorable growth.

Work on the white-fly project was continued. Spraying experi-
ments showed that the fly was most readily destroyed by the use of
weak solutions at an early stage in its life history. Experiments were
made on a large scale by spraying and applying fungi in orchards for
the purpose of determining to what extent the insect may be con-
trolled by the use of fungi which attack it. It was found that spring
and fall spraying is more effective than winter spraying, and that
the use of the fungi costs much less than the application of insecti-
cides. In the hottest weather, however, spraying with insecticides
was more effective. In the pupal stage the insect was apparently
immune to fungus attack. The use of laundry-soap solutions was
found effective against the fly. A second species of white fly was
distinguished and additional food plants of the insect were dis-
covered.

Work in plant breeding was begun as a new project. This new
work is carried on with the velvet bean and its allies and with corn.

The work carried on with the Hatch fund was largely along lines
of animal husbandry and agronomy. Feeding experiments were
made for beef and milk production. In feeding for beef, a ration
consisting of 8 pounds of corn, 10 pounds of cottonseed hulls, and 12
pounds of velvet beans in the pod gave an average daily gain of 2.92
pounds per head for a period of 84 days at a cost of 74 cents per
pound of gain. As compared with this result, a ration of 64 pounds
of cottonseed meal and 25 pounds of cottonseed hulls gave a daily
average gain of 1.85 pounds at a cost of 12 cents; one of 10.5 pounds
of corn, 3.75 pounds of cottonseed meal, and 13.5 pounds of crab-
grass hay, an average daily gain of 2.68 pounds at a cost of 9 cents;
and one of 6 pounds of corn, 5 pounds of cottonseed meal, 20 pounds
of sorghum silage, and 14 pounds of cottonseed hulls, an average
daily gain of 2.68 pounds at a cost of 10.6 cents per pound of gain.

120 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

In the experiments on milk production, milk produced on cotton-
seed meal as a protein feed costs 17 cents per gallon, and on coconut
meal 18 cents. With sorghum silage as a source of carbohydrates
the milk cost 19 cents per gallon, and with sweet potatoes 22 cents.
Two tests were made with cottonseed meal and velvet beans in the
pod. In the first test, when feeding velvet beans, the cost per gallon
of milk was 16.7 cents, and when feeding the cottonseed-meal ration
18 cents. In the second test the velvet-bean ration produced milk at
a cost of 17 cents per gallon, and the cottonseed meal ration at 20.5
cents per gallon.

In cattle-breeding experiments 5 native cows were bred to a Here-
ford bull, 5 to a Shorthorn, and 5 to a native Florida bull. Two
calves from each bull were kept until from 2 to 3 years old for com-
parison. The average birth weight of the calves from the different
bulls was as follows: Shorthorn, 56; Hereford, 47.9; and native, 48.6
pounds. At 1 year of age the calves from the Shorthorn bull aver-
aged 447.5; from the Hereford, 405 pounds; and from the native,
447.5,

The results obtained with Japanese cane have shown this plant to
be one of the best forage crops for the State. Yields of from 18 to
97 tons per acre were secured at a cost of approximately $15 per acre.

The station carried on cooperative work with citrus growers, espe-
cially in stem-end-rot investigations, and in treating the white fly
with fungus. In this work the station acted in an advisory capacity.
Extensive work was carried on in connection with the Bureau of
Plant Industry of this department, especially in testing new forage-
crop introductions.

Extensive plans were inaugurated by the university for carrying
on extension work, which was placed directly in charge of the direc-
tor of the station. The farmers’ institute work was made a part of
the extension work. The State appropriated $15,000 for extension
work during the biennium.

The publications received from the station during the year were
as follows: Bulletin 99, Milk Production; 100, Corn; 101, Pine-
apple Culture—VI, The Effect of Fertilizers upon the Quality of
the Fruit; 102, The Velvet Bean; and the Annual Report for 1909.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act___________-_- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 13, 000. 00
Tet ieee Sh Se a Be ee ee ee ee 85. 00
SEATS TUNG 9 [DTS © CLL Lis eae ee ee 1, 058. 79

otal <2) 220 we Shee Se ee eee 29, 148. 79

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

GEORGIA. 121

The Florida station is well managed and its work is energetically
and systematically prosecuted. Its business is entirely separate from
that of the agricultural college. The new equipment is gratifying
evidence that the work of the station is much appreciated.

GEORGIA.
Georgia Experiment Station, Yxrperiment.*
Department of Georgia State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
M. VY. Cavin, Director.

At the Georgia station no changes in the lines of work occurred
during the year. L. J. Herring, appointed animal pathologist and
veterinarian, entered upon his duties January 1, 1910. After the
close of the fiscal year, P. N. Flint, animal husbandman, left the
station to take up similar work at the Arkansas station, and H. P.
Lykes was appointed in his place.

Some progress was made in nearly all of the Adams-fund projects
undertaken by the station. The Texas-fever project was followed up
by the veterinarian during the season, but owing to a scarcity of
material little work was done on the problem of white scours in
calves. In connection with the study of Muscadine grapes 1,000 seed-
lings were planted and 200 crosses were made. Considerable work
was done by the horticulturist in cooperation with the bacteriologist
on Japanese plum wilt and tomato rot, and tests were made of the
use of sprays and fertilizers as a means of controlling them. Work
on the tomato rot was carried on during the winter in the green-
house, and a bacteriological study was made with a view to deter-
mining the causative agent of the disease.

The investigation of the influence of manures upon the bacterial
flora of the soil was continued, and work on the cotton red spider was
also carried forward. Experiments were made with reference to the
maintenance ration, and especially the protein requirements of calves.
For this work 23 calves were used, and in addition to the nutrition
study digestion experiments were conducted in which the chemist
cooperated. In the cotton-breeding work a number of hybrids were
planted and their character studied. Observations were made on a
large number of varieties of cotton with regard to their resistance
to anthracnose, and inoculation experiments were carried on, together
with laboratory work, on the effect of disease on the plant. The study
of nitrogenous compounds of the cotton plant has resulted in an ac-
cumulation of data about to be published. Investigations on the
potash and phosphoric-acid compounds were taken up during the
year.

1 Telegraph, freight, and express address, Griffin.

122 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Under the Hatch fund the horticulturist conducted variety tests
and fertilizer experiments with cabbage, with special reference to
securing fresh cabbage in winter. Experiments were also conducted
with watermelons, figs, sweet potatoes, celery, peaches, and pecans.
The effect of clean culture in orchards was compared with sod and
no cultivation, and an effort was made to determine the possible
influence of the reduction of vigor in apple trees on the prevalence of
blight. Spraying experiments were made with lime sulphur and
Bordeaux mixture on grapes and with different solutions on peaches.
Work was also done on the control of the twig girdler and on methods
of blanching celery.

In animal husbandry experiments were made with sorghum and
corn meal as a source of carbohydrates for dairy cattle, and Spanish
peanuts, soy beans, and skim milk were compared as supplements to
corn in pig feeding. The best returns were from feeding corn and
peanuts. Hog breeding was begun by crossing the razorback with
the Berkshire, with a view to grading up the stock.

The agronomist conducted the customary fertilizer and field tests
with corn and cotton, and continued the tests of varieties of cotton.
In addition fertilizer experiments were made with tankage, cottonseed
meal, nitrate of soda, and nitrate of ammonia as sources of nitrogen,
the largest yield being with sulphate of ammonia. Other experi-
ments in agronomy included a variety test of oats, a comparison of
sumac sorghum with Link hybrid, the growth of vetch and rye and
crimson clover as cover crops, and a comparison of 30 varieties of soy
beans tested in cooperation with this department.

The following publications were received from the station during
the year: Bulletins 84, pt. 1, Corn Culture; 85, Some Studies on
Colletotrichum gossypii; 86, Sorghum v. Corn Meal as a Source of
Carbohydrates for Dairy Cattle; 87, Spanish Peanuts, Soy Beans,
and Skim Milk as Feeds Supplementary to Corn; 88, Corn Culture;
and 89, Cotton Culture.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_____----—--__ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______---_—_- 13, 000. 00
State appropriation 2=- = 22 ee ss se eee 710.10
HarmMaproductss =e ee eee ee eee 5, 760. 51
Balance from previous year -—2) = 2 sees eee ee ee 1, 880. 17

PUNO Treats 2 ee en ag ee 36, 300. 78

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

At the Georgia station there was general improvement during the
year and lines of work of interest to the agriculture of the State were
followed.

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 123

GUAM.

Guam Agricultural Experiment Station.

Under the supervision of A. C. Trur, Director, Office of Experiment Stations,
United States Department of Agriculture.

Joun B. THompson, B. S., Special Agent in Charge.

The Guam station now owns the property on which it is located,
the sale having been completed during the past year. The land has
been cleared of its tropical growth, fenced, roads constructed, and
some necessary buildings erected. Of the 32 acres adapted to general
agriculture all but 5 or 6 are now under cultivation. A water supply
for the station has been secured by the digging of a well, the con-
struction of a reservoir, and the installation of an engine, pump,
and pipes.

The greater portion of the available land has been planted to
forage crops of various kinds, and comparisons are being made of
Kafir corn, Egyptian corn, broom corn, sorghum, milo maize, John-
son grass, Guinea grass, Paspalum dilatatum, peanuts, mung beans,
jack beans, cowpeas, soy beans, and velvet beans. Kafir corn has
produced large yields of green feed, and when cut the plants send
out new shoots, quickly producing a second crop. This rattooning
habit has been found to apply toa number of crops in Guam that are
ordinarily grown as annuals. The experiments with leguminous
plants are proving quite successful, so far as the growing of the
plants and the amount of forage produced are concerned. A variety
of bush Lima beans has been secured which produces a large amount
of forage and at the same time is more easily plowed under than
cowpeas or velvet beans.

Some attention is being given to corn culture and methods for
improving it, and the special agent has introduced a small hand mill
for grinding corn to take the place of the usual laborious method.
Experiments were conducted to determine practicable methods for
storing corn and other grains, and it was found that by kiln-drying
and sealing the grain in tanks it could be preserved against loss for
future use.

The introduction of fruits and vegetables will be made an impor-
tant part of the work of thestation. A number of varieties introduced
through the Hawaii Experiment Station have proved superior to
anything previously grown in Guam.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United HStatestappropriation=: 225% eee eee $15, 000. 00
Sales andy othersfunds=_ As 5S" es ee 23. 41

ANG) Bp Ie Se ae ee i a ee eee 15, 023. 41

124 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The work of this station has progressed exceedingly well, consid-
ering the limitations under which it has been carried on. Its sup-
plies to a large extent must be obtained from San Francisco, and the
special agent has had but one skilled assistant during the time when
much of the pioneer work was in progress. The people of Guam
appear interested in the work and are readily adopting new crops
and methods when their superiority is shown.

HAWATI.

Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, Honolulu.

Under the supervision of A. C. Trur, Director, Office of Experiment Stations,
United States Department of Agriculture.

HH. V. Witcox, Ph. D., Special Agent in Charge.

A new office and library building was erected during the past year
from funds supplied by the Territory of Hawai. This building gives
better library facilities than the old one, and in addition contains
offices for the special agent in charge, clerical force, entomologist, and
agronomist. The concrete building formerly used as office building
and chemical laboratory has been remodeled and is now wholly
occupied as laboratories for the chemist and horticulturist.

By an Executive order of March 25, 1910, the land on which the
principal buildings are situated was transferred from the Navy De-
partment to the Department of Agriculture, and the cultivated area
was extended by the clearing of about 10 acres at an elevation of
approximately 250 feet. Most of this new area has been planted to
tropical orchard crops of various kinds.

The principal lines of work are conducted with a view to diversify-
ing the agriculture of the Hawaiian Islands. The agronomist has
continued his work with cotton, experiments being carried on prin-
cipally with Sea Island and Caravonica types, which are planted as
perennials. The results thus far obtained have been so successful that
more than 500 acres were planted during the past year for the com-
mercial production of fiber. The experiments with this crop include
pruning, propagating, fertilizing, and cultivation. The work begun
some years ago with rice has been extended, the agronomist visiting
Japan for the purpose of studying the rice industry in that country,
and also for the introduction of varieties of Japanese rice. Some
of the types introduced have appeared adapted to Hawaiian culti-
vation, and the grain is better suited to the demands of the Japanese
population. The fertilizer experiments with rice, which have been
carried on in cooperation with the chemist, have demonstrated that
the fertilizers should be applied before planting and not with the
irrigation water during the growth of the plant, as is the usual prac-
tice. It has also been found that ammonium sulphate is a better

HAWAII. 125

source of nitrogen for rice in Hawaii than sodium nitrate. In addi-
tion to the crops mentioned above, some attention is given to corn
breeding and the value of leguminous plants when grown for cover
crops and for forage.

The station chemist has continued his pineapple investigations,
giving particular attention to the effect of manganese on the plant,
the process of ripening of the fruit, and the utilization of the by-
products from the canneries. It appears probable that where man-
ganese in considerable quantity is present in the soil the cultivation
of pineapples should be discontinued, but investigations are still in
progress to ascertain whether the application of fertilizers might
not overcome the injurious effect of the manganese. In connection
with these investigations it has been found that one of the most
serious drawbacks to pineapple cultivation is a lack of aeration 10
the soil, and this subject is being given especial attention.

The horticulturist has perfected methods for the propagation of
the mango and avocado, and is continuing his efforts in building up
collections of desirable varieties of tropical fruits.

The entomologist has given especial attention during the past year
to insects attacking sweet potatoes, and attempts are being made to
introduce parasites of the weevil that has proved so destructive to
the algaroba bean.

The station is carrying on cooperative experiments with a number
of crops in different parts of the island, and has begun the establish-
ment of demonstration farms, the funds for which are supplied by the
Territory.

The publications of the Hawaii station during the past year were
the Annual Report for 1909; Bulletins 19, Experiments in Tapping
Ceara Rubber Trees; 20, Shield Budding the Mango; 21, A Study of
the Composition of the Rice Plant; Press Bulletins 25, Carbon Bi-
sulphid for Killing Weeds; 26, The Algaroba in Hawaii; and 27,
The Use of Insecticides in Hawaii.

The revenues of the station for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910,
were as follows:

Wnited “Statessappropriablonm =) 2 ae $28, 000. 00
DEUICRSIE Fan (0 Ia neL VST keel GY.0 Kj 3 eR aa ge eS A pa Se 389. 29
Termitonal? appPEOpriael OMe sa ee Be eer ees ee ae T, 500. 00
DRIGhy AGA rt Ee ti en a Baw ae Byes gt ee Se es AE 393. 50

Ray ics We Rai EE eA SO BS ae Ee RO al Ss 36, 282. 79

The work of the Hawaii station for the diversification of agriculture
is making steady progress. The aid that it has given in studying
various problems has resulted in the establishment of cotton planting
as a commercial enterprise, as well as an extension of a number of
minor industries. The appreciation of the work is readily seen by
the increased interest and support given the station by the people of
the islands.

126 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu.
C. F. Eckart, M. 8., Director of Division of Agriculture and Chemistry.

The most important entomological work of the year was the con-
tinuation of the attempt to introduce and establish the parasitic fly
which destroys the grubs of the cane borer throughout the Moluccas,
New Guinea, and other regions infested with this pest. The parasite
was actually introduced, and its breeding freely in captivity in Ha-
wallan borers has given promise of its establishment. Work in the
introduction of the horn-fly parasite, Bathymetis, was also continued,
but this insect has been found difficult to rear in confinement. Re-
ports were prepared on certain sugar-cane pests, the Angoumois
grain moth, the corn leaf-hopper, and the cotton-boll Gelechia, and
studies made of the cane leaf-roller and various flies as spreaders of
disease, especially typhoid fever.

In the pathological work 22 distinct fungi were isolated from dis-
eased canes and grown in pure cultures. This work also included
similar studies of the diseases of pineapples, with which 9 distinct
fungi were found to be associated. Results of observations seem to
indicate that the fungus Thielaviopsis is responsible for all the more
serious diseases of pineapple plants, being apparently the direect
cause of the soft rot of the fruit, base rot of cuttings, and the decay
of many roots. It was demonstrated that even in its most resistant
forms this fungus is killed within a few hours by exposure to direct
rays of the sun. Attention was also given to diseases of leguminous
plants and to the cane disease known as iliau. It was found that iliau
is caused by a parasite fungus, a new and undescribed species of Mel-
anconium. <A study was also made of a serious cane disease prevail-
ing in the Fiji Islands. A considerable amount of inspection work
was also performed.

The forestry work of the station included experimental planting of
tree seeds on a small scale at Kailua, Maui. Arrangements have
been made to obtain seeds for this work from British East Africa,
Mauritius, the Philippines, West Indies, and the southern United
States.

The department of chemistry and sugar technology made a total
of 3,107 analyses during the year and published the results from re-
search investigations in six different bulletins. The different prob-
lems studied in this connection were the influence of the structure
of cane on mill work in sugar factories, the determination of sucrose
in molasses, the composition of bagasse with special reference to
sugar and moisture, sulphate scales in evaporators and their preven-
tion, biochemical processes in Hawaiian soils, and the inversion of
cane sugar under the influence of acids and neutral salts. <A series
of lysimeter experiments were started with two different types of soil

IDAHO. 1%

for the purpose of studying the action of different forms of lime on
nitrification and the effect of different fertilizing elements, alone and
in combination, on the nitrogen in the soil and that supplied in the
fertilizer application.

The usual control tests were made at a number of mills during the
grinding season and detailed reports were submitted to the parties
interested. During the year ending September 30, 1910, 48 compiled
statements of weekly mill reports were issued by the station.

The results secured at the plantation substations brought out the
distinct merits of Demerara seedling 1135. This cane gave remark-
ably good results at all the substations, at three of which it surpassed
in yields the best of 20 plats of the standard cane and Lahaina and
Yellow Caledonia grown for comparison. A number of plantation
substations were started or projected during the year. In an experi-
ment conducted for the purpose of securing suitable leguminous crops
for green manuring in the various districts of the islands, 110 vari-
eties were planted in the station fields during the year, and of these
26 gave promise of warranting their further trial on a larger scale.
The genera which appeared to furnish.the best varieties for this pur-
pose were Stizolobium, Dolichos, Canavallia, and Vigna.

The following publications of the station not noted in last year’s
report were received during the year: Division of agriculture and
chemistry, Bulletin 30, The Influence of the Structure of Cane on Mill
Work in Sugar Factories; division of pathology and physiology, Bul-
letin 6, Fungus Maladies of the Sugar Cane; division of entomology,
Bulletins 6, The Hawaiian Sugar Cane Moth (Preunetis flavistriata) ,
with An Account of some Allied Species and Natural Enemies; 7,
Army Worms and Cutworms on Sugar Cane in the Hawaiian Islands;
and 8, A Bibliography of Sugar-Cane Entomology.

This station receives no direct aid from the Federal appropriations.

W. J. Hartung was appointed an assistant chemist to succeed F. T.
Dillingham and F. Evans was appointed agriculturist to replace
K. G. Clarke. R. C. L. Perkins, director of the division of ento-
mology, returned from a year’s leave of absence in May. A plant
house, 17 by 25 feet, with screen sides and glass roof, was erected for
the isolation of plants in infection experiments by the division of

plant pathology.
IDAHO.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Idaho, Moscow.
Department of the University of Idaho.
W. L. CaRLyLz, M. S., Director.

As an outgrowth of the administrative difficulties which occurred
the year before, the Idaho station was under the direction of an
acting director during the first half of the year, Director W. L.

128 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Carlyle not entering upon his duties until January, 1910. Other-
wise there were no changes in the station staff during the year, but
with reference to the supervision of the substations some rearrange-
ment was made. There was no increase in the State appropriations
over previous years, and the building operations were limited to
the erection of a section of the greenhouse. The station engaged
in several new lines of work in addition to those already in progress.

Work on the Adams-fund project, including several new lines of
investigation, was actively pursued. In connection with the apple-
breeding project, which was enlarged in scope, over 5,000 pollinations
were made, of which about 50 per cent were successful. The mutual
affinities of varieties were taken into consideration for the purpose
of gaining a better understanding of the principles involved, and
incidentally of determining how varieties should be mixed in plant-
ing orchards to obtain best results in pollination and the setting of
fruit. About 80 apple hybrids were under observation.

The studies of the duty of water in irrigation which were trans-
ferred from Caldwell to Gooding were carried on in cooperation
with the irrigation investigations of this office. Different measured
amounts of water were used in the culture of oats, wheat, barley,
milo maize, sorghums, grasses, corn, and some other forage crops,
and soil-moisture studies were made and data collected on the pro-
portion of grain to straw and other parts, fruiting periods, and
ether phases of growth and production. The evaporation of water
from a free surface was studied by means of an evaporation tank,
and the determinations of soil moisture were made in a small labora-
tory fitted up for the purpose. Some of the results of: this work,
although as yet incomplete, indicate that in many instances far more
water is used in irrigating crops than is desirable for best results.

At Caldwell, the effect of different methods of cultivation on
evaporation in comparison with a free water surface was studied by
means of eight water-jacketed soil tanks. These tanks were irrigated
with as-much water as the soil would take up and then given different
treatment as to depth of cultivation for a period of eight weeks and
. the air temperature and the soil temperatures to different depths
were determined. The effect of subsoiling on the absorption and
retention of soil water was studied on an acre of alfalfa which was
subsoiled three years ago to a depth of 3 feet. No difference has as
yet been observed between the subsoiled land and the check plat.

In the work on the gluten content of wheat with reference to cause
of deterioration and methods of improvement, the effect of irrigation
and of row culture versus field culture was studied at Gooding, and
samples of wheat from different parts of the State were milled to
ascertain where wheat highest in gluten is produced. The samples
coming from the southern part of the State were found to be highest

IDAHO, 129

in gluten, and wheat rotated with potatoes, clover, and peas was
found richer in protein than wheat grown continuously with summer
fallow. Three strains of Turkey red wheat, two of them coming
from Kansas and Nebraska, were grown. The first year these strains
held up but the next year, which was very wet, they declined in
quality. Wheat from Minnesota was also grown and the effect of
cultivation tested. A record was kept of the moisture in the plats,
and nitrate and nitrite determinations are to be made. The project
includes a study of the milling qualities of wheat and the flour from
the milling tests was analyzed and baking tests were made. The
effect of adding sugar to the flour was studied, and also the effect of
the amount of sugar in the flour on the size of the loaf. Sugar im-
proved the baking quality of flour from wheat grown in the north-
ern part of the State, but it did not have this effect on flour from
wheat produced in the southern part. A study of the relation of
calcium and magnesium in the growth of wheat was also taken up.

In the new project on the keeping quality of butter as affected by
different factors in their relation to bacteria and other organisms
carried on jointly by the dairy and bacteriological departments,
about 10 experiments were made representing 350 pounds of butter
in 10 tubs, paraffined and placed in cold storage at from 10 to 14° F.
The factors studied are pasteurization, salting of butter, and the
ripening of cream to different degrees of acidity. At the end of
189 days of storage it was found that some of the butter was deteri-
orating, and that the bacteria had all disappeared and molds and
yeasts were the only organisms present. About 150 species of bac-
teria were isolated and identified. Chemical analyses of the samples
were made and the butter was sampled and scored by experts every
month.

Under the Hatch fund the agronomist conducted ear tests of corn
to obtain material for breeding, work with soy beans and also with
field beans to take the place of summer fallow, and tested varieties
of wheat, barley, and field peas. Soil samples were taken in the
plats and moisture tests were made. At Gooding, trials with seed-
ing alfalfa with different amounts of seed and cultural tests with a
number of forage plants: were conducted.

In animal husbandry, feeding experiments were made with hogs
to test the value of soy-bean meal brought from Manchuria and
Japan, and of tankage obtained as a by-product from the Portland
slaughterhouses. In steer-feeding experiments, wheat, barley, and
corn were compared, and while there was not much difference, corn
gave the best results, followed by wheat and then barley.

The horticulturist carried on variety tests with strawberries, com-
mercial experiments with muskmelons and tomatoes to determine
the best methods of marketing, and a culture experiment with onions.

91866°—11——_9

130 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Training and pruning experiments with orchard fruits were also in
progress.

The chemist made chemical and mechanical analyses of soils from
different parts of the State, selecting soils from localities where dif-
ferent types exist. A study was also carried on at Boise on the com-
‘position of fruit grown under irrigation. The results of several
years of study on the same varieties of fruit grown in northern
Idaho without irrgation are on hand. In this work attention was
given to the causes affecting the quality of fruit, particularly the
soil as it influences the ash and sugar content.

In dairying, observations were made on the shrinkage of butter in
pound lumps and in 90-pound cubes when kept in storage. The
station cold-storage plant can be held at about freezing with the
refrigerator system. The creamery is run the year round as a sepa-
rate establishment from the station.

Little cooperative work other than that already mentioned is fol-
lowed. The station officers took part quite extensively during the
year in work at farmers’ institutes and movabie schools. The ap-
pointment of three field men for extension work in horticulture and
entomology, irrigation and general farming, and dairying, respec-
tively, was authorized to relieve the staff from this class of work.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 66, Alfalfa; 67, Better Dairy Methods; and the
Annual Report for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act==—— == "= —= 2 = $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_______-___-___ 3, 000. 00
Farm products, including balance from previous year__ 4, 855. 17

7 a a eS 32, 355. 17

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The Idaho station is recovering from the effects of the disruption
of last year, and under the present régime is strengthening its organ-
ization, extending its lines of work, and improving its prospects in
general.

ILLINOIS.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, Urbana.
Department of the University of Illinois.
EUGENE DAVENPORT, M. Agr., Director.

Few changes were made in organization, personnel, or lines of
work during the year. The changes made on the station staff were
as follows: J. L. Edmonds succeeded R. C. Obrecht as associate in

ILLINOIS. ii

horse husbandry, and R. B. Howe and I. S. Brooks, assistants in
pomology ; C. H. Myers, assistant chemist; D. L. James, assistant in
dairy husbandry; and L. Hegnauer, assistant in crop production, re-
signed during the year. After the close of the fiscal year, H. P.
Rusk, formerly of the Indiana station, was made assistant in animal
husbandry. The only increase in the funds of the station in addi-
tion to the increase in the Adams fund was for soil investigation, and
this amount was used largely to extend the work of the soil survey.

Five of the station’s projects were maintained in part by the Adams
fund. Three of the projects deal with problems in breeding plants
and animals. The experiments on inbreeding of pigs and corn have
given evidence that long-continued inbreeding of corn is followed
by the appearance of strains that flourish comparatively well under
close breeding. The purpose of the work in inbreeding of pigs is
not to study the results of the investigation upon general averages
alone, but also to secure individuals which may not suffer under in-
breeding. A large amount of data has accumulated in the various
inbreeding investigations. Especial attention was given to the
proper methods of analyzing the data, and the likelihood of the ap-
pearance of false correlation in the study of the heredity problem
was established.

The transmission of characters in apples, sweet peas, strawberries,
and Rubus was also studied. Special attention was given to the
behavior of color transmission in sweet peas, and some significant
although not yet quite conclusive data bearing upon this point were
secured.

The chemical study of the composition of various spray materials
was continued, particularly Bordeaux and lime-sulphur mixtures
prepared in different ways, and of their effect on foliage under
various conditions. The results up to date show no evidence indi-
eating danger to orchard trees from the accumulation of copper
sulphate in the soil as a result of spraying. The trouble known as
yellowing of leaves did not appear to have any relation to weather
conditions and to the use of Bordeaux mixture. It was shown that
copper sulphate solutions cause yellowing when of sufficient strength.
These solutions, varying from 1:100 to 1:1,000, when absorbed by
trees through wounds invariably killed the leaves on the particular
part affected and caused them to turn brown. In one case absorption
of a solution 1: 25,000 was followed by yellowing of the leaves.

A large amount of analytical data has also accumulated in the
investigations on the digestion and utilization of feed in mainte-
nance,, growth, and fattening, carried on with steers, swine, and
sheep.

A large amount and variety of work was also performed under
the Hatch and other funds in addition to the Adams-fund projects.

132 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The comprehensive work of the station on the soil survey of the
State, soil fertility, and improvement of soils was continued and
extended, and a more certain knowledge of the comparative char-
acter of lands in different parts of the State, as based on the results
of this work, was gained. A comparison of drilling and broadcast-
ing oats, carried on for three years at two places and two years at
another showed a net gain in favor of drilling.

Feeding experiments were made with horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs.
In a comparison of methods of feeding short-fed steers, the use of
chopped hay mixed with the grain and fed through a self-feeder
gave more rapid gains and at slightly less cost per pound than when
the same feeds were fed separately twice per day. In studying
the relative efficiency of different rations for fattening horses for
marketing, a mixed grain ration of corn and oats when fed with
clover hay was more efficient than a single grain ration of corn, and
although more expensive than corn and clover hay the gains made
its use more economical. Clover hay fed with a mixed-grain ration
of corn and oats produced 58 per cent more gain than timothy hay.
A nutritive ratio of 1:10 was found too wide for best results, which
were secured with a nutritive ratio of 1:8.

Investigations were made on the viability of the bovine tubercu-
losis organism, and work on contagious abortion was continued.
A study of the composition of butter disclosed no difference in com-
position due to the season of the year or the locality of manufacture,
and the variation in composition of samples taken from the various
creameries was not greater than in the samples taken from any
single creamery. The pasteurization of the cream gathered from
farms was found, as a rule, to have improved the keeping quality of
the butter to some extent, and did not affect the body or texture of
the butter, but the curdling of cream as a result of the treatment
increased the loss of fat in buttermilk. Observations made on the
economy of the round dairy barn show that this type of structure
offers greater convenience in storing, handling, and distributing
feed, and gives much greater strength to the building with less lum-
ber. It is stated that material for rectangular barns costs from 34
to 50 per cent more than for round barns of the same capacity.

Along horticultural and botanical lines, studies were made of
molds or ear rots of corn, apple canker, and spotting of maple leaves,
and ‘considerable cooperative work was carried on with spraying,
drainage, and with fertilizers for fruits and vegetables. Experi-
ments were also made with melons, tomatoes, onions, and lettuce and
with fertilizers for carnations. It was shown that for the produc-
tion of early tomatoes on the particular field where the tests were
made a mixture of steamed bone, dried blood, and potassium sulphate
was superior to other fertilizers used and that the leaf spot of tomato

ILLINOIS. 133

ean be controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture. Attempts to
ward off early frosts by use of the smudge pot in the orchard pointed
out the greater difficulty of employing this method in open country
than in inclosed valleys and mountain pockets.

The demonstration work of the university and station continued to
increase during the year. Eleven additional demonstration farms
were secured, making the number of such farms now in operation
about 36. These farms contain about 20 acres and are used for the
demonstration of methods of farm management and permanent soil
improvement. Two additional tracts for horticultural purposes, one
a 20-acre orchard and the other a 76-acre farm near Olney, were
acquired. At a number of these points in the State individuals have
clubbed together and secured pieces of land which they have deeded
to the university for the purpose of soil or crop experiment fields.
In a number of instances the university assisted local enterprise in
planning and executing schemes for the maintenance of community
demonstration fields, generally in connection with a school.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 135, Bordeaux Mixture; 136, Methods of Seeding
Oats, Drilling and Broadcasting; 1387, A Study of Factors Influenc-
ing the Composition of Butter; 138, Pasteurization as a Factor in
Making Butter from Cream Skimmed on the Farm; 139, Composi-
tion of Market Butter; 140, Dairy Suggestions from European Con-
ditions as Seen in the British Isles, Holland, and Denmark; 141,
Relative Efficiency of Different Rations for Fleshing Horses for
Market; 142, Short Fed Steers: A Comparison of Methods of Feed-
ing; 148, Economy of the Round Dairy Barn; 144, Growing Toma-
toes for Early Market; Circulars 122 (rev.), Eight Years’ Soil In-
vestigation in Southern Illinois; 131, Handling of Cream and Mak-
ing of Butter on the Farm; 132, A Portable Panel Fence; 133,
Feeding the Pig; 134, Cow Index of Keep and Profit; 185, How to
Fix up the Yard: Some Kinds of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines, and
Where to Plant Them; 136, Directions for Making Spray Mixtures;
137, Results of Spraying Experiments, 1909; 138, The Small Home
Yard; 139, How to Grow Muskmelons; 140, The Live Stock Situa-
tion in Illinois; 141, Crop Rotation for Illinois Soils; 142, European
Practice and American Theory Concerning Soil Fertility; and 148,
Conservation of Energy, and its Relation to the Dairyman.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation; Hatch Act_-_____________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 13, 000. 00
SEG AD pPropriation! {2 est eee ee ee 1388, 000. 00
Er Hat PLO UCES LOSE seh bd SERRE eee ee eres ee AE 14, 546. $1
balance from previous, yeari ae Sees es ee ae ee 21), 393. 11

NOC esas ees ee eee eee ee eee 20g. oa

134 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The Illinois station is conducting a large amount of scientific and
practical work, organized on an extensive scale in many departments.
. The Federal funds are liberally supplemented with State funds, and
the work of the station now covers the State in a quite comprehensive
way.

INDIANA

Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana, Lafayette.
Department of Purdue University.
ARTHUR Goss, M. S., A. C., Director.

The year was one of great activity at this station in developing
the work on soil and crop improvement, dairying, poultry raising,
animal husbandry, hog cholera and other animal diseases, and horti-
culture, for which largely increased appropriations were made by
the last legislature. The terms of the law which makes these appro-
priations, aggregating $75,000 annually, are very broad, namely, “to
aid in acquiring and disseminating among the people of the State
useful and practical information on subjects relating to agriculture
and to promote investigations concerning the principles of agricul-
tural science,” and “ for the purpose of providing the necessary equip-
ment and paying the expenses of conducting experiments and investi-
gations and otherwise acquiring information and disseminating said
information by means of publications, lectures, and otherwise.”

The act provides that the investigations shall be carried out along
lines agreed upon by the director of the station and an advisory com-
mittee of five persons representing (1) the State Corn Growers’
Association, (2) the State Dairymen’s Association, (3) the State
Live Stock Association, (4) the State Horticultural Society, and (5)
the State Poultry Fanciers’ Association. The appropriation is con-
tinuous and provides for general maintenance of the station and for
extension work as well as for the special lines of investigation named.

The station acquired about 32 acres of additional land for horticul-
tural and poultry experiments, and considerable plantings of apples
and small fruits were made upon a portion of this area. A new
greenhouse for the use of the botanist and a seed and fertilizer house
for the agronomist were completed during the year. An area of
about 5 acres better suited for the work on hog cholera and other
animal diseases was acquired for the veterinarian. The management
of the dairy herd was transferred from the department of animal
husbandry to that of dairying.

INDIANA. 1 tis

Increased provision was made for extension work by the station.
The policy with reference to this work is to have in each main de-
partment of the station at least one man who ordinarily takes part
in the regular work of the department under the direction of its
head, but is subject to call from the head of the extension department
of the college for work under his direction when needed. In accord-
ance with this policy, several extension assistants were added to the
station staff during the year and others are to be appointed.

Additions to the station staff during the year were made as follows:
F. G. King, associate in animal husbandry; A. G. Philips, associate
in poultry work; W. R. Wright, assistant dairy bacteriologist; J. W.
Wellington, Morris W. Richards, and J. G. Boyle, assistants in horti-
culture; C. R. Orton and Mary A. Fitch, assistants in botany; Otis
Crane, extension work in poultry; D. O. Thompson, extension work
in animal husbandry; and Helen H. Henry, assistant in extension
work. Since the close of the year H. P. Rusk, assistant in animal
husbandry, resigned to accept a similar position in the Illinois station.

Little change was made during the year in the lines of work carried
on with the Adams fund. The work on rusts was continued, and
among other results it was found that there are two distinct species
of rust on the clovers, one with red clover and the other with white
clover as the principal host. In greenhouse work more than 300
collections of rust material were used and inoculations were attempted
on more than 500 host plants.

The work on the factors influencing condensed milk was completed
and standards for evaporated milk, sweetened condensed milk, and
condensed skim milk were worked out. It was pointed out that the
Federal standard of evaporated mill is too high and can be complied
with only under the most favorable conditions, and a new standard
for evaporated milk is recommended. The studies on moisture con-
tent of butter and conditions affecting it were partly completed, and
important work was also done during the year on the keeping quality
of butter made from raw and pasteurized cream. The results of
some of these experiments show that the percentage of olein in butter
fat is highest during the summer months and lowest during the win-
ter months, that the glycerids of the soluble and oleic acids, having
a low melting point, are capable of absorbing and retaining over
twice as much water as the fats of high melting point, that the period
of lactation and feed largely control the relative proportion of hard
and soft fats, and that the moisture-retaining property of butter is
largely governed by the percentage of soluble and oleic acids present.

A first report was issued on the hog-cholera investigations. This
work during the year was confined largely to the production of hog-
cholera serum and the improvement of the methods now employed
in its production. Experiments were begun for the purpose of

136 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

increasing the amount of serum obtainable by injecting a normal salt
solution into the abdominal cavities of a number of hogs used in the
work. The injections were made two hours before the cholera hogs
were bled, and as soon as the animals had died the virulent salt so-
lution was removed. Eleven hyperimmunes were produced with this
normal salt solution and all of them produced potent serum.

A large amount and variety of work was carried on during the
year with Hatch and State funds. In agronomy the experiments
with different systems of cropping and fertilization were continued,
and experiments were further conducted in crop breeding, testing
grain and forage crops, together with cultural methods, and in the
use of cover crops following small grain. In the crop-breeding work
most attention was given to the improvement of corn, wheat, and
oats. Barley, cowpeas, soy beans, alfalfa, and timothy received some
attention on a smaller scale. The results of continuous selection of
seed corn from sucker-bearing stalks indicate that this practice is not
injurious if the seed selections are made from otherwise vigorous
stalks. In studying the effect of the shape of the seed ear upon the
yield of corn the results of four years of continuous selection indi-
cated that a moderately rough, medium size, rather cylindrical ear of
Reid Yellow Dent, which was the variety under test, will give the
best results. As the ear of this variety is normally a rather cylin-
dricai type, a similar experiment was begun with Leaming corn,
which has a rather tapering type of ear.

The value of alfalfa, cowpeas, and soy beans for Indiana has been
demonstrated and the best cultural methods for these crops have
been determined. Good results were secured from the use of cover
crops after small grain. The green weight of the produce above
ground on September 29 was found to be 10.8 tons of cowpeas and
9.3 tons of soy beans per acre. The cooperative work in this depart-
ment in 1909 included 647 tests of 5 varieties of corn, 106 tests of 5
varieties of winter wheat, 53 tests of 3 varieties of oats, 81 tests of 4
varieties of soy beans, and 69 tests of 3 varieties of cowpeas.

In animal husbandry, records of feed and growth were kept on 12
stock farms. Feeding experiments, mainly with silage rations, were
made with cattle, sheep, and hogs. Studies were made of the in-
fluence of age of animals, on gains, of nitrogenous supplements in
cattle rations, short and long feeding periods, maintenance rations
for brood sows, forage crops for hogs, and maintenance of fall and
winter pigs. A report was made during the year on the use of dairy
by-products as supplements to corn for fattening hogs. In connec-
tion with the poultry work a 16-acre tract of land was purchased, a
poultry building, fencing and other necessary equipment erected, and
experimental work on the value of high and low protein rations for
laying hens was begun.

INDIANA, Ie

Investigations on eradication of weeds and on treatment of grain
smuts in elevators were continued. Of six different chemicals used,
common salt was found most convenient and effective for the eradica-
tion of Canada thistle. It is further found that, under certain con-
ditions, white top in timothy meadows may be controlled by the use
of chemical sprays, and that red sorrel and broad plantain are very
greatly affected by sodium arsenite as a spray. Tests were made at
the station and near Terre Haute of strains of the Stone tomato for
canning purposes. Methods of spraying for canteloup rust were
tested and a comparison was made of a single spray versus three
sprays of arsenate of lead.

The horticultural department made plantings of catalpa and locusts
for fence posts at the station and in different parts of the State.
With funds provided by the State, 16 acres of land were purchased
for this department, fenced, and partly set in fruit trees as an ex-
perimental orchard. An extensive experiment to test sod mulch as
compared with clean culture was laid out. The search for valuable
native seedling pecans has resulted in the finding of several more
valuable varieties. A large amount of demonstration work in orchard
improvement and management was carried on in different parts of
the State.

The cooperative work of the station in testing varieties, methods
of culture, and fertilizing is very extensive, over 1,000 farmers tak-
ing part in such work. The station gave particular attention during
the year to the study of unproductive soils and the methods of im-
proving them in about fifty different places in the State. Coopera-
tion was also carried on with this department in seed examination
and the study of grain insects. The extension work, which is now
organized on a separate basis, included district farmers’ short courses,
fair exhibits, agricultural meetings and exhibits, horticultural dem-
onstration meetings, and work in connection with an educational
train, rural school of agriculture, and young people’s contests. An
educational train was run in the interests of the dairy industry and
2,558 persons heard the lectures given in this connection.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 136, Winter Steer Feeding; 137, Dairy By-prod-
ucts as Supplements to Corn for Fattening Hogs; 138, The San José
Scale—Some Sprays for Its Control; 139, Results of Cooperative
Tests of Varieties of Corn, Wheat, Oats, Soy Beans, and Cowpeas,
1909; 140, Hog Cholera; Circulars 16, Agricultural Extension; 17,
The Farmers’ Orchard; 18, Agricultural Extension.—II, Corn Shows
and Selecting, Preparing, and Scoring Exhibits; 19, Agricultural
Extension.—III, Industrial Contests for Boys and Girls; 20, Agri-
cultural Extension.—IV, Milk Production, III, Economie and Sani-
tary Milk Production; 21, Agricultural Extension.—V, Spraying the

188 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Orchard; and 22, Agricultural Extension.—VI, The Loose Smut of
Oats and Stinking Smut of Wheat and Their Prevention; and the
Annual Report for 1909.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United, States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____--+-____ 13, 000. 00
Statenappropriationm £2 tec soe eet Neh ge a te st 5 75, 000. 00
Mio tan oe an ew en ee ee 22, 837. 21
MiscellanCouS== == — aes = ee ee 41, 938. 40
BalanGewrroml PLEVAOUS! Ved lee ee eee ee eee eee TAT Te a

ROCA ices os ee ee eee 179, 248. 38

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

With the liberal appropriations available, the Indiana station is
rapidly extending its work to cover effectively all phases of agricul-
ture in the State, and is thus winning the cordial support of Indiana
farmers.

IOWA.
Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames.

Department of Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

C. EF. Curtiss, M. S. A., Director.

The work of the Iowa station was extended during the year mainly
along lines previously pursued. ‘The extension work of the institu-
tion was enlarged as a separate department. The new agricultural
building, equipped, furnished, and occupied during the year, pro-
vides very complete and extensive equipment for instruction and
experimental work in the different branches of agriculture. The
station equipment in general was further improved by other impor-
tant additions.

Many changes occurred in the station staff during the year. I. G.
McBeth, of this department, who was appointed experimentalist in
soil bacteriology, resigned. after several months of service. J. H.
Gordon was appointed assistant dairy bacteriologist and S. C.
Guernsey assistant chemist. H.C. Pierce, poultryman, resigned to
accept a position with this department in connection with market
poultry investigations. J. H. Criswell accepted an appointment as
agronomist at the Winona College of Agriculture in Indiana, and
was succeeded in the farm crops department by H. D. Hughes, of
the Missouri station, and H. B. Potter, of the South Dakota station.
A. W. Dox, of the Connecticut Storrs station, was appointed station
chemist, and J. M. Evvard, formerly of the Missouri station, was
appointed experimentalist in animal husbandry.

IOWA. 139

In addition to the four Adams-fund projects already in progress
at the station, studies were begun during the year on a project with
reference to humus and its relations to the physiological activities of
the apple. In the apple-breeding project, several thousand seedlings
have been grown and crosses were attempted in the spring of 1910,
but on account of untoward weather conditions did not meet with
success. Progress was reported in the cattle breeding and feeding
projects, as well as in the study of the relation of humus to crop pro-
duction. The station has followed the policy of concentrating atten-
tion upon a few important lines of work under the Adams fund.

The activities of the station further included numerous lines of
work conducted with other funds. The work in animal husbandry
embraced experiments on the relative merits and profitableness of dif-
ferent methods of preparing corn for feeding hogs, and a bulletin
publishing the data points out that the most satisfactory results were
secured from feeding dry ear corn until the hogs weighed about 200
pounds. For hogs above 200 pounds soaked shelled corn gave the
most economical gains of all the forms in which corn was fed.
Experiments were also made to compare the value of corn, oil meal,
cottonseed meal, and gluten feed in work-horse rations, the points
receiving special attention being the health of the horses, degree of
spirit maintained, ability to endure hard work and hot weather, main-
tenance of weight and flesh, and the economy of the ration.

A feeding test with fattening lambs, in progress for three years,
was made for the purpose of comparing a ration of grain and hay
with rations containing succulent feed, comparing sugar beets, man-
gels, turnips, rutabagas, cabbage, and corn silage as sources of suc-
culence in this connection, and determining whether succulent feed
is essential to rapid gains, high condition, and quality of finish. In
collaboration with the department of chemistry, studies in progress
for five years were continued on the influence of feeding sugar beets
and mangels to breeding animals, with special reference to the forma-
tion of renal and urinary calculi.

A comparison of the value of stock foods foi swine, also made by
these departments cooperatively, showed that the foods in question
had no beneficial effect on the digestion and that they did not appre-
clably affect the gains secured when these preparations were fed
together with corn.

The dairy department conducted experiments on pasteurization
and use of starters in butter making, investigated the causes of
metallic flavors in butter and of losses in butter making, and gave
attention to the problem of shrinkage in butter and to the prepara-
tion of ice cream and similar foods.

The horticultural department, among other lines of work, carried
on experiments in spraying for fruit diseases, especially of grapes

140 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

and for blight of potatoes, made observations on the injury to apples
by lime-sulphur wash and Bordeaux mixture, experimented in top-
working apples, and tested varieties of potatoes, together with cul-
tural methods. Varieties of plums generally grown in Iowa were
studied, described, and classified; experiments in the cold storage of
Iowa-grown apples were,conducted, and the results of observations
as to the storing quality of different varieties were reported. Ex-
tensive plantings have been made of orchard fruits, mainly apples,
but also pears, plums, and grapes.

The entomological work of the year embraced investigations on
the oyster-shell scale and the apple leaf-hopper, and experiments in
spraying for the codling moth. In the study of the apple-leaf
hopper, special attention was given to its life history, classification,
destructiveness, distribution, feeding habits and food plants, control
measures, and natural enemies.

The station veterinarian completed and reported the results of
tests made during several years for the detection of tuberculosis in
cattle, and, in cooperation with the department of animal husbandry,
studied the influence of infected cattle on the hogs following them,
and the effect of feeding infected milk to swine. Observations were
also made and reported on tuberculous cattle held in quarantine.

The botanist of the station had charge of the enforcement of the
State pure-seed law, and in connection therewith made studies of the
weeds of the State, and the means of eradicating them. The results
of experiments on the eradication of weeds by means of chemicals
or herbicides were published, together with observations on the ger-
minability of seeds as affected by being kept in compost. Attention
was also given to experiments in cultural methods for destroying
quack grass. Work on fungus diseases of plants was also carried on,
and the results of observations on certain plant diseases prevalent in
1908 were published in bulletin form.

The publications of the station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 104, Some Plant Diseases of 1908; 105, Notes on
Eradication of Weeds, with Experiments Made in 1907 and 1908;
106, Preparation of Corn for Hogs; 107, Tuberculosis and its Detec-
tion; 108, Cold Storage for Iowa Apples; 109, The Value of Corn,
Oil Meal, Cottonseed Meal, and Gluten Feed in Work Horse Ra-
tions; 110, Roots and Corn Silage for Fattening Lambs; 111, The
Apple Leaf-hopper (with popular edition) ; 112, The Influence of
Feeding Sugar Beets and Mangels to Breeding Animals, with Special
Reference to the Formation of Renal and Urinary Calcul (with pop-
ular edition) ; 113, Influence of Condimental Stock Foods on the Di-
gestibility of a Corn Ration Fed to Swine (with popular edition) ;
and 114, Plum Varieties (with popular edition).

KANSAS. 141

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act _____-_________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____-________ 13, 000. 00
STURGME oyorejove late) <= ee Se ee ee 40, 000. 00
NGG ie ae ee ee 8S ee eee 15. 00
TREY gh CAV 0 yO (0 0 CS ak a aE eA a ep 10, 973. 76
Mi SCCLIANCOIN 2 2s eer ae eee eee ee ee 661. 20
Balance: from Sprevwious. years} pee ee ee eee 1, T47, 46

ol GY ell bee A" nes eee ee pi a ee ei ieee se et 81, 397. 42

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The Iowa station continues to do a large amount of work of great
practical benefit to the State. It is especially active in disseminating
the results of its work in popular ways.

KANSAS.
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan.

Department of Kansas State Agricultural College.

HH. H. Wesster, M. S., Director.

During the year a milling department was organized, with L. A.
Fitz, formerly of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this department,
incharge. A State department of forestry with headquarters at Man-
hattan was established, and C. A. Scott, formerly of the Iowa State
College, was placed in charge. A. M. Ten Eyck, formerly agrono-
mist of the station, entered upon his duties as superintendent of the
Fort Hays substation; and after the close of the fiscal year, W. M.
Jardine, of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this department, was
appointed agronomist to fill the vacancy. ©. W. Nash, formerly of
the Maryland station, was made assistant in agronomy, and Turner
R. H. Wright, assistant in animal nutrition. W. E. Davis, D. H.
Rose, R. W. Graff, and Miss Anna Monroe, were appointed assist-
ants in botany, A. R. Nystrom assistant in dairying, and J. W. Cal-
vin assistant in chemistry. L. M. Peairs, of the Maryland sta-
tion, succeeded T. H. Scheffer as assistant entomologist, the latter
resigning to accept a position in the Bureau of Biological Survey
in this department. W. E. King and R. H. Wilson, bacteriologist
and assistant bacteriologist, respectively, of the station, resigned to
enter commercial work. F. 8. Jacoby was appointed assistant in
poultry work, with D. E. Schreiner as foreman of the poultry plant.
A. G. Phillips, assistant in poultry husbandry, resigned to take charge
of the new poultry division of the Indiana Experiment Station.

142 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The operations of the station have been greatly extended with the
aid of the State appropriation of $30,000 for the biennium 1910-11.
The veterinary building was completed and to a large extent equipped
during the year. Dairy barns were remodeled and additions made
to the poultry plant. New silos were also built and the station herds
of live stock were enlarged.

A large amount of work was done during the year on a number of
important Adams-fund projects, largely, however, in contimuation
of well-established lines of investigation. Many of these projects
have now progressed to a point where they are yielding results of
great scientific value and are indicating important new lines of work.
The new projects to which attention was given during the year in-
clude investigations on the green bug and the influence of nutrition
on the form of growing animals, the latter, however, being a continua-
tion and extension of investigations pursued for a number of years
by President Waters at the Missouri station.

The investigations on the green bug dealt especially with the be-
havior of this insect under varying conditions of temperature and
moisture. <A similar line of investigation was followed with the Hes-
sian fly and plant lice injurious to wheat and corn. Ingenious pieces
of special apparatus have been devised for the prosecution of these
inquiries.

The investigations on cerebritis in horses were extended during the
year to include observations on cornstalk disease, but no decided
progress was reported. The bacteriological studies of hog cholera were
confined largely to inquiries as to the possibility of using a horse
serum vaccine. The supervision of the inoculation experiments was
turned over to the veterinary department, which gave a large share
ot its attention during the year to the preparation and distribution
of serum for the prevention of hog cholera according to the method
proposed by the Bureau of Animal Industry of this department.

The wheat-breeding investigations were continued as heretofore
on an extensive scale, the botanist cooperating with the chemist in
a study of the relation between hardness of wheat and protein con-
tent. In connection with this work it was ascertained by a thorough
investigation of two pure strains of wheat, the one hard, the other
soft, that a correct average or mean crushing point accurately ex-
pressing in grams the degree of hardness of the particular races
under investigation, was reached by taking the mean of the crush-
ing points of 350 kernels. The mean crushing points for the two
strains under investigation were 6,817 and 11,802 grams, respectively,
for a total of 2,700 kernels each. The accordance of the results in
these two cases indicates that the facts disclosed are probably gen-
eral. A machine was designed for use in connection with this work,
which, while accurate as to results, it is realized must be modified to

KANSAS. _ we 143

admit of greater rapidity of operation for practical commercial
purposes.

Studies were made during the year of the effect of various chemicals,
bran, and bran extract on the baking quality of wheat flour from
different sources, and of the relative digestibility of alfalfa stacked
green, stored as hay in sheds, and in the form of meal.

A large number of additional lines of work were carried on with
other funds. These included the preparation and distribution of
hog-cholera serum on an extensive scale; the fattening of cattle with
rations of cottonseed meal, corn, and alfalfa; comparative tests of
different types of hogs, and dry-lot feeding versus pasture for hogs; tests
of rations of tankage, shorts, and alfalfa for hogs; crossbreeding of
sheep; comparison of different kinds of roughage for sheep; incuba-
tion, mating, and feeding experiments with fowls; corn fodder as.
compared with silage for dairy cows; ozonization of stale cream; use
of artificial starters in butter making; investigations on the acidity of
fresh milk; a study of the kind and functions of bacteria in milk
and the associated action of such bacteria; opsonic action and germi-
cidal properties of milk; field observations on the Hessian fly, in-
cluding a study of methods of control; investigations on methods of
control of gophers and moles; extent of infestation and methods of
control of the San José scale; observations and cooperative experi-
ments on the control of the codling moth and curculio; experiments
on maintenance of soil fertility; rotations; culture of wheat and corn;
water requirements of different crops; chemical examination of typi-
eal Kansas soils; production and distribution of improved seed of
cereal crops; methods of curing alfalfa; observations on varieties,
hardiness, and methods of culture of fruits, vegetables, and forest
trees; and experiments in summer pruning and protection of orchards
from frost.

A preliminary report was made on the influence of depth of culti-
vation on soil bacteria and their activities. The results suggested
that plowing from 8 to 10 inches deep tends to increase the number
of soil bacteria in both sandy and silt soils, and also tends to increase
bacterial activity, as more ammonia is produced, and apparently de-
creases denitrification by the reduction of nitrates and the liberation
of free nitrogen. An increase in soil temperature increased bacterial
activity, and an excess of moisture reduced the number of bacteria
and was detrimental to bacterial activity. The maximum number of
bacteria was found within the fifth and sixth inches of the soil. It
was further observed that different species of bacteria were present
in the soil at different times and in predominating numbers, and that
bacterial life and activity seem to rise and fall with more or less
regularity and to a certain extent independent of moisture and

144 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

temperature, which is considered as possibly due to the presence of
bacterial by-products.

The investigations with reference to the corn-ear worm showed
that in Kansas this pest has three full broods and one partial brood.
The larve of the first three feed mainly upon the corn and the lat-
ter part of the third and all of the fourth brood feed upon various
weeds and alfalfa. The work on chinch bugs pointed out that this
pest winters extensively in the clump-forming grasses of the badly
infested parts of the State, and that most of the bugs can be destroyed
by running fire over these infested grasslands in such a way as to
burn the clumps down close to the ground. The bugs not destroyed
by the fire are thus exposed to the rigors of the winter.

The agronomist published the results of several years’ work with
the cowpea, in which the varieties Whippoorwill, Mount Olive,
New Era, and Gray Goose proved best for hay, Whippoorwill for
ensilage, and New Era as a catch crop after wheat. The best time
for planting the crop in central Kansas was found to be June 23
when grown for seed and about one week earlier than this when
grown for hay. When grown with corn for silage the combined crop
planted about June 1 gave the best results. A report was also made
on a test of varieties of oats and barley, the improvement of small
grains by selection and breeding, and the distribution of improved
seed grain. The four best producing varieties of oats were Red
Texas, Kherson, Sixty-day, and Burt; and Tennessee winter barley
yielded 153 bushels more grain per acre for 5 years than the best-
producing variety of spring barley. Spring wheat was inferior in
production to barley, oats, and emmer. Durum wheat yielded about
50 per cent more than the ordinary spring wheat. Winter wheat and
winter rye produced more bushels and more pounds of grain per acre
than any of the other grains.

At the Fort Hays substation an area of 1,820 acres was under culti-
vation during the year, 1,500 in native grass, 180 in timber, and 300
acres leased. The experimental work carried on there included
wheat breeding, tests of varieties and methods of culture, effect of ex-
change of seed and soil, production of improved seeds for distribu-
tion, and tests of varieties and methods of seeding oats, barley durum
wheat, and speltz for spring culture, and of rye, emmer, and barley
for winter culture. Tests were also made of various other field crops
and their culture, of trees for windbreaks and park improvement,
and of vegetables and bush and orchard fruits. The experiments in
dry-land farming carried on in cooperation with the Bureau of Piant
Industry of this department were continued during the year on the
same lines as in previous years.

The cooperative work of the station with farmers of the State was —
mainly confined to the eradication of insect pests. The station also

KANSAS. 145

cooperated with this department in plant-breeding work, but nothing
very extensive was entered upon during the year. A large amount of
extension work was undertaken in different parts of the State with
a view to getting the farmers to follow some definite method of
culture or some program in their feeding operations. In this work
the farmers record such data as can best be kept and report the same
to the extension department of the institution.

The extension department of the college was greatly enlarged dur-
ing the year with the increased funds available for this purpose, and
movable schools on different subjects were organized. KE. L. Holton,
of the Teachers’ College of Columbia University, was added to the
extension department during the year, for the purpose of introducing
industrial training into the public-school system of the State.

The publications received from this station during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 158, Analyses of Registered Feeding Stuffs; 159,
Analyses of Eggs; 160, Cowpeas; 161, The Influence of Depth of
Cultivation upon Soil Bacteria and Their Activities; 162, The Mar-
keting of Eggs; 163, Hog Cholera and Vaccination; 164, The Selec-
tion and Feeding of Laying Hens; 165, Report of State Forester
upon Forest Conditions in Central and Western Kansas; 166, Spring
Grains; 167, A Quantitative Method for the Determinations of
Hardness in Wheat; Circulars 2, Preparing Land for Winter Wheat;
3, Improved Seed Wheat; 4, Prairie-dog Situation; 5, Chinch Bug;
6, Variety Tests; 7, Corn-ear Worm; 8, Investigation of the Vitality
of Kansas Seed Corn; Feeding Stuffs Bulletins 1-9, Registered
Feeding Stuffs; and the Annual Report for 1908.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act________-______ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act____-__--__-_-_ 13, 000. 00
State appropriations, including those for substations___ 37, 400. 00
TPS aa ESE DN aS ae eee pe eee a ie 7, 499. 53
LOEWE ou PB MVROYS UDKCLTs(f See OPEREES SUSE a ee te 18 84) 05) BAe ors Eee ee G, 152-02
INDIR COMA TACOS 25 2 Pek Pat Oh ee res By od oy a pe ce hy 8 11, 258. 54

A UYG) e511 | ea A SE BSE ae age a ed 91, 310. 09

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The continued improvement in the organization of the Kansas
station, together with the assistance the State is now giving the insti-
tution, is resulting in a broader sphere of action and in a greater
efficiency in its various lines of endeavor.

91866°—11——10

146 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
KENTUCKY.
Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington.
Department of the State University.

M. A. ScoveEtt, M. S., Ph. D., Director.

During the year the agricultural college of the State University
was organized, with the director of the station as director of the col-
lege of agriculture. Few changes in personnel were made. T. R.
Bryant, formerly assistant in animal husbandry, has been placed in
charge of the extension department of the college. George Roberts,
formerly chemist in the fertilizer division and agronomist, was made
head of the division of agronomy of the station. B.D. Wilson was
appointed assistant chemist, fertilizer division, vice William Rodes,
resigned. D.J. Healy was appointed bacteriologist and microscopist
with the beginning of the fiscal year 1910-11.

A very complete laboratory was fitted out for the bacteriological
and microscopical work of the food and drug division of the station
and for other bacteriological work, especially that connected with the
study of milk fever under the Adams fund.

Progress was made in laying out for experimental purposes the
$7,000 addition to the station farm. With a State appropriation of
$2,000 the construction of a plant for the manufacture of hog-cholera
serum was begun.

Arrangements were made for cooperative work, especially in dairy-
ing, on a large stock farm near Lexington. In this way observations
and experiments can be made on a large number of selected animals
under favorable conditions.

In the Adams-fund projects, considerable progress was made dur-
ing the year in defining the differences in the root nodule organisms
on different species and groups of leguminous plants. In this con-
nection a study of the morphology and relationships of bacterial
organisms producing nodules on the roots of alfalfa, sweet clover,
red clover, white clover, soy beans, and cowpeas was made. The addi-
tional data secured seemed to give further proof that the organisra
of alfalfa is identical with that of sweet clover and is transferable
from either plant to the other but not to red clover, white clover,
soy bean, or cowpea; and that the organisms cf red clover, white
clover, and alsike clover are identical and can be transferred from any
one of these species to any one of the other two, but can not be trans-
ferred to cowpea or soy bean. The organisms of the soy bean and the
cowpea appear distinct. “The number of broods of the corn-ear worm
was established and the organism involved in a hitherto unidentified
bacterial disease of growing tobacco was determined. In the soils

KENTUCKY. 147

project, attention was given mainly to the development of reliable
methods for determining potash, accepted methods for this purpose
proving unreliable. The work on contagious abortion tended to
throw doubt on the identity of the organisms stated to be the cause
of this disease. The study of milk fever of cows was not taken up
during the year except in a preliminary way.

The work with Hatch and other funds included numerous lines
conducted at the station and in different parts of the State, fre-
quently in cooperation with farmers and other agencies. In
agronomy, experiments with forage crops were continued and special
attention was given to soy beans, of which the station has a number
of promising varieties for Kentucky. Work with corn included
breeding experiments, ear-to-row tests in different localities, yield
tests with seeds from different parts of the ear, and from graded and
ungraded seed, and tests of rates and methods of seeding. |

Breeding work was also carried on with wheat, timothy, and clover,
and culture tests were made with alfalfa and other leguminous crops.
As a result of selection and cross pollination of wheat, a variety quite
resistant to lodging, of good quality and yielding capacity has been
obtained. Fertilizer experiments on clover, tobacco, and wheat were
carried on principally in the western part and experiments with
forage plants in the mountain regions of the State. The work in
tobacco breeding is progressing favorably in the development of a
type with desirable leaf characters. A test was also made of the use
of ferrous sulphate for the destruction of weeds.

The chemical division gave special attention to the analysis of
forage plants to determine the influence of soil fertility on their
composition, of tobacco raised in different parts of the State, lime-
stones for agricultural purposes, and soil samples obtained from
different sections of Kentucky. In addition studies were made of
methods for determining carbon dioxid in soils and iron and alumi-
num in the ashes of plants and in phosphate rock. Attention was
also given to the removal of potassium from the soil by the tobacco
crop.

In animal husbandry, swine-feeding experiments were conducted
principally for the purpose of comparing the economy of feeding
hogs in dry lots and in pastures, and to compare the efficiency of
grasses and leguminous plants as pasture crops for swine. These
feeding experiments indicated that green rye, oats, barley, and wheat,
when the plants are young and tender, are from about 6 to 12 inches
high, and are as efficient as leguminous crops for supplementing corn
in economical pork production. By analyses it was shown that in
these very young grasses, dry matter contained about as large a per-
centage of protein as the dry matter of leguminous crops.

148 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Other lines of work at the station during the year included studies
of various insect pests and plant diseases, bacteriological examina-
tions of potable waters, investigations relative to contagious abortion
in mares and cows, and the preparation, distribution, and application
of hog-cholera serum. The inspection work done by the station,
which is large but separately provided for, now includes fertilizer,
feed, food and drug, nursery, and seed inspection. <A very satisfac-
tory seed-testing apparatus was devised and described in station
Bulletin No. 148, together with a report on the results of some experi-
ments upon the effect of light on the germination of grass seeds.
The entomologist made a study of the life history of Kentucky grape
insects, and sufficient material has been gathered for a rather complete
bulletin on this subject.

The station carried on cooperative experiments with farmers in
tobacco spraying, in testing fertilizers with clover, tobacco, and
wheat, in work with forage crops, in reclaiming unproductive land,
and in the control of hog cholera. Cooperative work with this
department was conducted with systems of rotation, tobacco breeding,
culture, selections, and crosses of oats and selections of winter and
spring barley, and with the use of sulphur in making up tobacco dips
in the treatment of sheep for scab. It was found that the addition of
sulphur did not increase the efficiency of the dip in destroying the
scab mite. Soil studies were carried on in cooperation with the State
Geological Survey.

The publications received from this station during the year were
as follows: Bulletins 144, Information Concerning Food and Drug
Inspection and Investigation; 145, Some Lessons from the Corn
Shows—Corn Pests; 147, Common Insecticides and Fungicides, with
Directions for the Treatment of Farm Pests; and the Annual Report
for 1908.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, FRa teh ACs 2S Sig ek $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____~__--____ 13, 000. 00
Statevappropriation 22 see) ke es 2a ee 15, 456. 77
Balance from previous year, State appropriation_____~_ 8, 181. 14
Fees, including balance from previous year_2—-----__-~ 41, 121. 94
Farm products, including balance from previous yvear__ 12, 082. 51
MiaSCel ane OU Ae Sete es Ne ees s Eh. aie Se) ese ENA: REL 423.17

PDS Op Geen se eg ee i ee a 105, 265. 538

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The work at the Kentucky station covers many lines of importance
to the agricultural industries of the State.

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 149

LOUISIANA.

No. 1. Sugar Experiment Station, Audubon Park, New Orleans.
No. 2. State Experiment Station, Baton Rouge.

No. 38. North Louisiana Experiment Station, Calhoun.

No. 4. Rice Experiment Station, Crowley.

Department of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical
College.

W. R. Dopson, A. B., B. S., Director, Baton Rouge.

The work at the Louisiana stations the past year was largely along
lines previously described and the changes in the station staff were
few in number. §. E. McClendon, assistant director of the State
station at Baton Rouge, took charge of the substation at Calhoun as
superintendent. The State appropriation for the biennium was
$10,000 annually, but in June, 1910, the amount was raised to $17,000
for each of the next two years.

Progress was reported in most of the Adams-fund projects. The
results of a long series of laboratory experiments with reference to
the nonsugars of sugar cane indicated ways and means by which a
decided improvement in the methods of clarification may be achieved.

A report was made on the bean anthracnose investigation in Bul-
letin 119 of the station. In connection with life-history studies of
the disease it was found that the fungus will not stand a high per-
centage of acid in the medium in which it is grown, thus differing
from any other anthracnoses. It was further found that it does not
stand high temperatures and is killed out during summer in Louisi-
ana. Certain soil organisms, especially Fusarium, were found to
act against the disease. Valuable data regarding the mode of infec-
tion of the different organisms causing the cotton-boll rots were
obtained, and the study of fig diseases was completed with the prepa-
ration of the results for publication. Owing to a very dry spring,
red rot, rind disease, pineapple disease, and root rot of sugar cane
were troublesome during the season, and considerable time was de-
voted to the study of their life history, their distribution, and the
methods of combating them. The progress made in the alfalfa dis-
ease project has pointed out that the cause of the so-called stem
girdle is insect injury, and that the infecting fungus is identical
with the one causing sore shin of cotton and damping off in certain
plants. The study of rice smuts was turned over to representatives
of this department.

The bacterial work on raw sugar and sugarhouse products brought
out the new and important fact that in the destruction of sugars by
microscopic. organisms,~an optically active body is formed, whose
presence in the sugar produces an error in analytical determinations

150 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

commonly practiced in the chemical laboratories. It is stated that
the presence of this body in sugars makes the ordinary Clerget
determinations of the sugars as unreliable as the single polarization
methods.

Work was continued on the hyperimmunization of sheep for the
purpose of producing a protective serum against anthrax. The
results, as a rule, have thus far been somewhat uncertain, and it was
found that the serum has a tendency to deteriorate rapidly.

The investigations on combustion in bagasse furnaces were con-
tinued during the year, and Bulletin 117 was published on this sub-
ject. Among the facts brought out in this investigation was that the
heat value of dry bagasse per pound, which averaged 8,375 British
thermal units in the tests made, varied but little and that the varia-
tion is apparently due to differences in ash content. Studies were
made of the amount of air supphed through stack dampers as related
to the amount of bagasse used for fuel, and an effort was put forth
to determine the theoretical considerations which should govern the
construction of bagasse furnaces, with special reference to the rela-
tion of consumption of bagasse to the amount of air supplied in the
furnaces.

Investigations supported by Hatch and other funds were carried
on by the different stations. At the State station at Baton Rouge
the work was largely along lines previously reported. With cotton
tests of varieties under boll-weevil conditions were made, and cul-
ture, fertilizer, and rotation experiments were conducted. Similar
work was done with corn and oats. The forage-crop work was con-
tinued and enlarged, and attention was given particularly to tests
with soy beans, cowpeas, peanuts, sweet potatoes, fodder beets, ruta-
bagas, and other forage crops. Pasturage and feeding experiments
were conducted with steers, pigs, and sheep, largely with reference
to the use of various forage crops, including Lespedeza hay, and
also with reference to the establishment of a satisfactory system of
farming by which green crops may be grown the year round and
protein supplied in cheaper feeds than cottonseed meal.

The work in horticulture included variety tests of garden crops,
the determination of shipping qualities in vegetables, and the intro-
duction and testing of new varieties. With tomatoes experiments
were carried on to determine the canning qualities of some of the
most productive sorts and their yielding capacity under different
conditions of culture and when planted at different times.

The work of the veterinary department was largely of an advisory
capacity in connection with the department of animal pathology
and in aiding to establish a hog-cholera serum plant. Attention
was also given to the execution of the plans for the eradication of
the cattle tick and the suppression of infectious diseases.

LOUISIANA. 151

The fertilizer and feeding-stuffs laboratory gave attention almost
exclusively to routine work, comprising miscellaneous analyses of
soils, fertilizers, feeding stuffs, waters, and other products. More
analyses than during any previous year in the history of the station
were made.

The experiments carried on by the sugar station at Audubon Park
covered fertilizer, culture, rotation, and planting tests, and the
study of factors influencing stubble cane, the effect of continuous
cane culture on the soil, methods of irrigation, and tests of varieties
and seedlings originating in Louisiana and in the Tropics, and also
of introduced varieties of sugar cane. The work of the sugarhouse
was primarily devoted to a study of methods of clarification as
mentioned above. In addition to these investigations forage crops,
fiber plants, semitropical fruits, vegetables, and other plants were
tested, and facilities were provided for testing cane harvesters and
agricultural implements. The annual demonstration of the Loui-
siana Sugar Planters’ Association was also held at the station, in
connection with which various kinds of agricultural implements,
such as cane loaders, cane cutters, and other machines and devices
of interest to the sugar planter, were on exhibition. This meeting
was the most largely attended of its kind.

At the North Louisiana Experiment Station at Calhoun practi-
cally all the experiments previously outlined were continued with
certain modifications. The work in general embraces rotation ex-
periments with cotton, corn, oats, and cowpeas, culture and variety
tests with cotton, testing soy beans, especially with reference to the
influence of time of planting on maturity of seed, testing miscel-
laneous forage and fiber crops, and studying the influence of fer-
tilizers on the quality of sirup from sugar cane. In addition, culture,
variety, and curing tests were made with peanuts, and the grazing
value of different crops devoted to the production of pork was com-
pared. A new line of work was begun in an effort to establish a
succession of grazing crops throughout the year for pork production.
Attention was also given to growing corn for silage.

The horticultural branch of this station has now over 600 trees of
seedling peaches under observation, besides seedling apples, pears,
plums, and grapes. Breeding work with beans, cantaloups, and
watermelons gave some good results and will be continued. Methods
of cultivating peach orchards and utilizing winter cover crops were
also under way. With potatoes, the question of home-grown versus
northern seed was studied, and an effort was made to work out means
by which northern Louisiana may grow potatoes to be used for seed
farther south. Studies were also made on the germination of tubers
from the second crop.

152 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

At the Rice Experiment Station at Crowley a building was con-
structed at a cost of $3,500 without the completion of the interior.
(Pl. II, fig. 1.) A 60-horsepower double-cylinder gasoline engine
was installed at a cost of about $2,500 for pumping water for irriga-
tion. The work during the past year consisted of fertilizer tests,
rotation experiments, and comparison of different methods of flood-
ing, soil preparation, and irrigation. Of the 60 acres at the disposal
of the station about one-half is used by the Bureau of Plant Industry
of this department in testing over 300 varieties of rice. In the rota-
tion experiments, peas, oats, spelt, clovers, Lespedeza, and rape were
tried to determine their value for rotative cropping with rice. In
June, 1910, the legislature made an appropriation of $7,500 per year
for the next two years for the maintenance of this station.

The station cooperated with this department in studies of varieties
of rice, rice insects, evaporation, and irrigation in rice growing, the
study of insects infesting sugar cane, and in testing plants contrib-
uted by the department. The station staff participated to some extent
in the organization of corn clubs and other local agricultural societies,
conducting farmers’ institutes, and giving special lectures to farmers.
The extension work is in charge of a separate oflicer, and is carried
on in cooperation with the State commissioner of agriculture and with
this department.

The following publications of the stations were received during
the year: Bulletins 115, The Principles and Practice of Feeding, In-
cluding our Available Stock Foods; 116, Preliminary Report on the
Anthracnose or Pod Spot Disease of Beans; 117, An Experimental
Study of Bagasse and Bagasse Furnaces; 118, Corn; 119, Bean An-
thracnose; Geological Survey Bulletin 8, Oil and Gas in Northwest-
ern Louisiana, with Special Reference to the Caddo Field; Fertilizer
Report 1908-9; Feed Stuffs Report, 1908-9; and the Annual Report
for 1909. ;

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act___-___-------- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_______--____- 13, 000. 00
Sbisiite: Slay oreo eve Oa ee Se ee ee 13, 737. 60
[ORAM Plo) orev nKOTMTNe Pe ee 600. 00
WeGS ie a2 SUE Poy ee ee ee ee 4, 500. 00
PEDERI TOT OULU Cs = ee ee ee te tee eee ee eee 2, 918. 87
Miscellameous Lies. supe Pile Yes See eee 882. 62

MMO PRN to aaa Re a ea ee eee 50, 639. 09

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The work of the Louisiana stations was systematically prosecuted
during the year along the lines well established and of particular
importance to the agricultural industries of the State.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910 PLATE Il.

Fic. 1.—LABORATORY AT THE LOUISIANA RICE STATION CROWLEY.

Fia. 2.—SHEEP FEEDING BARN AT THE MONTANA STATION.

eet ier. Sea ay oe ae A ae Paar “2. tel Wee
Tee i: ie | Saaee Ps nae Al cd Seip gilis aA ys ae ‘ cit fi

a poe we mai gee

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eee
were ‘ ee,

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REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 5S

MAINE.
Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono.
Department of the University of Maine.
C. D. Woops, Se. D., Director.

The Maine Experiment Station celebrated its twenty-fifth anni-
versary March 9, 1910, with appropriate exercises. Dr. G. E. Fel-
lows, president of the University of Maine, retired at the close of the
college year and was succeeded by Dr. Robert J. Aley, professor of
mathematics at the University of Indiana. The station came into
possession of the new farm at Monmouth, and experiments were
again taken up along certain lines of orchard management which
had been held in abeyance as a result of inadequate facilities. This
farm will also offer facilities for other lines of field work. Miss
EK. M. Patch, at her request, was made associate entomologist, with
Dr. O. A. Johannsen as the head of the department.

In addition to an appropriation of $4,500 for the printing of sta-
tion bulletins and reports, the institution receives $9,000 a year from
the State for all the inspection work, and has the fees from testing
creamery glassware.

The different lines of Adams-fund work of the station were con-
tinued, and good progress was made. In the work with poultry by
the department of biology the growth of the organs of reproduction
in connection with egg production was studied in its relation to the
growth of the chick. The histology of the oviduct was worked out
with the result that a much more complete and exact knowledge of
the anatomy and physiology of the egg tube was gained than has
ever existed. The questions of age and weakness in relation to prog-
eny and the transmission of dominant qualities under favorable phys-
iological conditions also received attention. An extensive experi-
ment was carried on in the reciprocal crossing of Barred Plymouth
Rocks with Cornish Indian Game for the purpose of combining into
one strain the desirable characteristics of the two breeds. Observa-
tions on the growth of hybrids as compared with pure races were
made by this department with corn and poultry.

In connection with its poultry-breeding work the station has shown
that egg production is inherited in pure lines or within families
showing the ability to transmit that quality. Biometric methods
applied to the study of the factors which influence the hatching of
eggs resulted in data indicating a small but still sensible correlation
between fertility and hatching quality of eggs. It is believed on
the basis of this result that if a hen under a given set of conditions
produces eggs high in fertility, the fertile eggs will also run high in
hatching quality, and vice versa. Other statistics collected in this

154 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

connection indicated no correlation whatever between winter egg pro-
duction and fertility of eggs during the hatching season, and also
showed that the higher the winter egg production the lower the per-
centage of fertile eggs hatched, and vice versa.

In corn-breeding work the isolation of the genotype in sweet and
dent corn was followed by testing out different heterozygote types
and rejecting the undesirable forms. Careful measurements of
growth of the corn plant were made and accurate and full data on
the growth of corn under Maine climatic conditions were collected
for publication.

The work of the entomological department during the year was
largely with plant lice, and especially with two closely allied species
of Macrosiphum, which are often very difficult to distinguish. The
only reliable basis of distinction of these two species, so far as known,
was determined by this department during the year. Many of the
food plants of the species were also determined. The life history of
the alder plant louse was studied with a view to finding out whether
the life cycle is completed without going onto the maple. Four rare
aphid genera, Sipha glycertw, Mindarus abietinus, Symdobius ob-
longus, and Mastopoda pteridis, were described during the year, and
work on the gall aphids of the elm was also published. The investi-
gations on the Chermes of Maine conifers were completed during the
past season. The systematic and morphological work on the fungus
gnats was also finished, and the extent of injury of certain species to
the potato in connection with the development of potata scab was
investigated. The maggots of diptera, including those of the house
fly and the birch leaf bucculatrix, were also under observation.

The department of plant pathology continued work on the apple-
disease project, giving attention particularly to the interrelation of
several diseases and taking up new lines of work, specially on fruit
spots and leaf spots of the apple. A new species of Endomyces
which was isolated from decaying fruit of the apple in Maine was
described and the results of inoculating apples with the fungus, its
cultural characters, and a comparison of the species with other spe-
cies of Endomyces and with species of other closely related genera
were reported.

In the continuation of the potato-scab work, scabby potatoes were
fed to different animals and the manure was applied to sterilized
soil to observe the possible transmission. On some of the horse
manure plats the potatoes were scabby, but on none of those where
cow manure was applied. The treatment of infected soils by grow-
ing different kinds of crops was under test. Considerable progress
was made in the study of the blackleg disease of the potato, especially
with reference to the life history of the organism and the methods

MAINE. . a

by which the disease is spread and by which it may be controlled.
The variation of fungi as a result of environment was observed inci-
dentally to the studies of blackleg, rots, and other potato diseases.

Among the experiments carried on with the Hatch fund may be
mentioned the work of rejuvenating an old and run-down orchard of
700 to 800 trees of Baldwins at Monmouth. Spraying work with
Bordeaux mixture and other sprays entered largely into this under-
taking, and good results were secured with lime and sulphur. Cul-
tural methods for use in orcharding were put under test and high
ridge, modified ridge, and flat culture for potatoes was begun. A
top-dressing experiment with fertilizers on grass was also in progress,
and a breeding experiment with oats was inaugurated at Monmouth.

Observations by the department of plant pathology made in the
white-pine area of the State indicated that the so-called white-pine
blight during the past season was not due to an active parasite, but
was only of a transient nature, resulting from adverse weather con-
ditions. This department during the year noted for the first time
the occurrence of a yellows disease of the fall dandelion.

At the request of this department a bulletin, published as one of its
Farmers’ Bulletins, was prepared, giving a complete account of the
methods of managing poultry in use at the station. Exact and de-
tailed records were made of all matters concerning the poultry plant,
including autopsies of all birds dying, etc. Plans for testing some
of the promising new sweet-corn strains developed by the station in
cooperation with the sweet-corn packers of the State were worked out.
The station performs no extension work.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletin 168, The Fertility and Hatching of Eggs; 169,
Two Epidemics of Potato Blight and Rot; 170, Apple Diseases
Caused by Coryneum foliicolum and Phoma mali; 171, The Pine-
leaf and Green-winged Chermes; 172, The Fungus Gnats of North
America; 173, Chermes of Maine Conifers; 174, Blackleg—A Bac-
terial Disease of the Irish Potato; 175, Finances, Meteorology, Index;
176, The Ligaments of the Oviduct of the Domestic Fowl; 177, Insect
Notes for 1909; and 178, An Endomyces from Apple.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_____-__________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 13, 000. 00
Statevap PrOp nati meta => Rae ee ee Ph 14, 500. 00
LEN 2YeC Sgt Sean ED Sy Sees Ne ee SR ne Oe ee a Aw 10, 500. 00
INDIRECT TCO Ee ays oe ee ee eee ee 2, 566. 55

Wot hs 2a a ele ee eee ee Me ee 55, 566. 55

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

156 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The Maine station has established many of its lines of investigation
on a high-grade research basis and is successfully pointing out the
application of the results to the needs of the farmer.

MARYLAND.
Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park.
Department of Maryland Agricultural College.

H. J. PATTERSON, B. S., Director.

The lines of work pursued by the Maryland station during the
year were essentially the same as those previously reported, and
favorable progress was made. The changes in the station staff in-
cluded the resignations of C. W. Nash, assistant agronomist, C. L.
Opperman, associate poultryman, and the appointments of T. R.
Stanton as assistant agronomist, C. O. Appleman to the position
authorized in plant chemistry and physiology, and R. H. Waite as
associate poultryman. G. E. Gage was promoted from associate
biologist to biologist. The additions to the equipment made during
the year included a new operating room and hospital for use in con-
nection with the poultry disease investigations, a laboratory for work
in plant physiology, two new greenhouses, and a cement-block mush-
room house. One of the new greenhouses is set aside for research
work in horticulture, while the other will be devoted to rose culture.

Considerable progress was made in a number of Adams-fund
projects and certain lines of research were well advanced toward
completion. In connection with the project on the rate of diffusion
in the soil of different forms of lime, the study of the amounts of
lime carried off in the drainage waters was continued and the labora-
tory work was checked with field experiments.

Considerable time was devoted to the problems relating to city
milk supplies, special attention being given to the precipitation of
the casein as a measure of differentiating the milk of different breeds
of cattle and as determining the degree of its digestibility for infants
and invalids. The study of the effect of leucocytes in milk combined
microscopical and chemical work, and some of the results obtained
were nearly ready for publication.

The poultry-disease investigations included the study of a tape-
worm disease and the determination of methods for its control, as
published in Bulletin 139 of the station, an investigation of the
bacteria and animal organisms in the intestinal contents and mucosa
of healthy chickens, ranging in age from those just hatched up to
fowls two years old, and observations on the effect of complete cecu-
nectomy upon the metabolism of the domestic fowl to determine the
part which the ceca performs and its relation to disease.

MARYLAND. 157

The entomological project on parasitic Hymenoptera was continued
during the year, and many facts with reference to the life history
of certain species were worked out.

Work on the projects in plant physiology consisted of investiga-
tions regarding the effect of chemicals injected into plants on their
physiology and structure, the effect of chemicals on weeds to deter-
mine methods for their destruction, and the relation of chemicals
to mutations in plants. The effect of chemical treatment of pollen
was also studied and observations were further made on the use of
fertilizers in relation to mutation and changes in cell structure in a
large number of varieties of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

The station also had in progress under the Hatch and other funds
a large number of other experiments. The work in the horticultural
department was divided among the workers, each one being placed
in entire charge of certain lines of work. Under this arrangement
C. P. Close worked extensively on nut trees, especially walnuts and
pecans, and worked out a successful method of bench grafting. In
addition, attention was given to peanut and mushroom culture, orch-
ard heating, apple breeding, fertilizers, and cover crops for apple
orchards, and experiments with the sweet cherry. In the orchard-
heating work, carried on in the spring of 1910, the temperature of
the orchards was raised 8 degrees over the adjoining regions. Breed-
ing work with geraniums and pears, culture tests with strawberries,
raspberries, tomatoes, and muskmelon, testing preserving fluids for
fruits, propagating apple and pear by cuttings, feeding plants with
copper solutions for disease resistance, the study of reciprocal in-
fluence of scion and stock, and experiments with peaches were in
charge of W. R. Ballard. T. H. White conducted experiments with
asparagus, cabbage, celery, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and onions, made
observations on the variation of plants due to excess of plant food in
various forms, made fertilizer tests with gooseberries and currants,
and devoted some time to the study of carnations, chrysanthemums,
sweet peas, roses, and violets.

In agronomy the work was grouped under three heads: Soil and
fertility tests, experiments with cereals, forage and green manuring
crops, and tobacco experiments. Tests were made of different forms
and sources of phosphoric acid and of various nitrogenous fertilizers,
different forms of lime were compared, and a study was made of the
use of green manure, deep plowing, and of farm manures for renovat-
ing soils and maintaining their fertility. The particular crops used
for green manures included cowpeas when followed by wheat and
corn, and crimson clover when followed by corn. In this connec-
tion some nonleguminous crops were grown for the purpose, and the
value of lime was tested when used for growing green manuring
crops. Breeding work, variety testing, and culture experiments were

158 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

conducted with corn, wheat, oats, barley, spelt, emmer, alfalfa, clover,
cowpeas, and sweet corn. Hairy vetch was grown to determine the
profitable production of seed. The tobacco work conducted in co-
operation with this department comprised tests of varieties, im-
provement of the crop by seed breeding and selection, fertilizer tests,
residual effects of fertilizers appled for tobacco on the yield and
value of other crops in the rotation and tests of other crops as a sub-
stitute for tobacco in the rotation followed.

The dairy work consisted of studying the effect of the system of
housing of cows on milk production and health, and studies of bovine
tuberculosis, the relation of services to abortion, milk substitutes in
calf feeding, and means for cheapening the cost of production of
dairy products. Cooperative work with farmers in testing cows was
also carried on. Work in animal husbandry was principally confined
to swine and the experiments in progress related to the cost of raising
pigs to the weaning age, the comparison of dry feed in hoppers with
the same feed as slop, the comparison of soft coal, wood charcoal, and
tonic mixture as a supplementary feed or corrective, and the deter-
mination of a balanced ration as indicated by the hog’s appetite.

Entomological work was largely carried on in cooperation with the
State horticultural department. Experiments were made for the con-
trol of the San José scale, the dipping of nursery trees and seedlings in
different insecticides for the control of insect pests was tested, and
observations on the agencies and means by whch San José scale is
distributed were made. Studies were made of the life history and of
the methods for controlling the codling moth, the peach-tree borer, the
corn-ear worm, and the plum curculio. Attention was also given to
the destruction of woolly aphis and green aphis, and to the relation of
the house fly to disease and the means for its suppression. This de-
partment devoted much time to the orchard and nursery inspection
provided by the State horticultural law. In this work over 700 nests
of the brown-tail moth were discovered in imported nursery plants
and were destroyed to prevent distribution.

The studies relating to plant diseases had reference to their distri-
bution and methods of control, particularly the use of Bordeaux
mixture and concentrated lime-sulphur as sprays. The effects of
treatment for the control of potato scab on germination and the
effects of seed of diseased plants on the product were also observed,
and a study was made of the diseases of roses in the greenhouse.

The botanist gave attention to the distribution of weeds and
grasses, the determination of the variation within the species of
some wild plants and whether the variations are hereditary, and to
the determination of the purity and vitality of seed.

In the pathological and chemical studies at the station considerable
attention was given to peach yellows, water core in apples, spraying

MASSACHUSETTS. 159

solutions for combating plant diseases, including peach yellows,
developing perfectly safe fungicides for fruits, methods of destroy-
ing weeds, and the selection and testing of seeds. It was discovered
that a 5 per cent solution of formalin used for disinfecting the seed
tester retarded germination. The results of work on the spraying
of weeds showed that when some sprays are soon washed off the
weeds will recover, while with strict poisons that was not the case,
The plasmolyzing sprays acted best in dry and warm weather. It
was further found that vapor from phenol-impregnated fertilizer
may be injurious to plants, while a similar fertilizer containing
naphthalin had no injurious effect.

The following publications of the station were received during
the year: Bulletins 133, Cabbage Experiments and Culture; 134,
The Brown-tail Moth—The House Fly—the Mosquito; 135, Butter
Making in Maryland; 136, Whipped Cream; 137, The Angoumois
Grain Moth; 138, The Poultry Industry in Maryland; 139, A Tape-
worm Disease of Fowls; 140, The San José Scale and the Osage Orange
Hedge; 141, Corn—Variety Tests—Seed Breeding, Selection, and
Testing; 142, The Codling Moth; 143, Plant Diseases and Spray
Calendar; and 144, Apple Culture.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____________ 138, 000. 00
Slate Map propriavion is et ete Sats re ee yee ree ae 11, 500. 00
VSUTETING 910 CO CULE CUS Wee ee Be ee hE pF set pe 8 8, 189. 46
BALAN CEE LCOMMmPreVviOUS Wyea Reso eer te Sea ae 116. 91

NO CenE SLU Seeeea EEE Sas ais eb ee eee Tee oo ere 47, 806. 37

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The Maryland station made steady progress during the year, but
with the growing interest in agriculture in the State the demands
upon the institution are increasing to such an extent that a broader
organization will be required to keep up the amount of experimental
work the station is doing.

MASSACHUSETTS.
Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst.
Department of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.
W. P. Brooks, Ph. D., Director.

At the Massachusetts station the new entomological building, pro-
viding increased facilities for experimental and research work, was
completed during the year. In addition to the appointment of B. N.

160 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Gates as apiarist, the station staff was increased by appointing assist-
ants in horticulture and in botany and plant pathology. C. H.
Fernald, for 24 years entomologist of the station, retired from the
position, and H. T. Fernald was appointed as his successor. Several
other changes in the minor positions also took place.

The State legislature made an appropriation of $15,000 for the
purchase of a cranberry bog, and a tract of 23 acres, including 12
acres of made bog, was purchased at East Wareham, and possession
was secured after the close of the fiscal year. The tract has ponds
on three sides and is provided with a pumping plant with sufficient
capacity to flood the bog in seven hours.

A demonstration farm was started at Sandwich by private benefi-
cence. <A local physician left about $25,000 and a small farm for
conducting experiments and demonstrations for the general benefit
of the people. The director and the pomologist of the station and
the director of extension work constitute an advisory committee to the
board of trustees of the fund.

Under the Adams fund the work with asparagus included a study
of the effects of fertilizers on rust and on the composition of the roots.
It was found that the increase of nitrogen in the fertilizer up to a
medium amount was accompanied by an increase in nitrogen in the
roots. A study of the carbohydrates and ash content of the roots
was also made. In cooperation with this department, work on rust
resistance by means of selection and crossing was carried on.

In the work on cranberry insects special attention was given to the
fireworm and the fruit worm, and the food plants, life history, ete.,
of a new species of Gelechia trialbamaculella, which attacks the cran-
berry, were studied. Efforts were made to determine the most vul-
nerable point in the life of the fruit-worm pupe, and the effects of
different methods of treatment were observed. A study was also
made of the pupe of the girdler and of methods for its destruction.
An experiment to determine the relation of bees to the fertilization of
cranberry blossoms seemed to show that bees were necessary in this
connection, and that bumblebees were more efficient than honeybees.
The study upon the principles underlying the use of fertilizers in
cranberry culture was continued, and for this purpose an artificial
cranberry bog, enabling the more thorough control of conditions in
experimental work than is ordinarily possible, was constructed on
the station grounds.

In the milk-secretion project, further attention was given to more
accurate methods for separating the different fatty acids as prelimi-
nary to the study of milk secretion. The results of a study on the
effect of molasses on the digestibility of hay indicated that molasses
causes a distinct depression in the digestibility of the other feeds

MASSACHUSETTS. 161

in the ration. In connection with this project the effect of lactic
acid in the ration was also considered.

The project on arsenicals and their injury was confined to the
preparation by the chemical department of practically pure Paris
green with the amounts and kinds of impurities actually known.
Arsenate of lime was also prepared practically pure, and similar
work on arsenate of lead was taken up. The digger wasp was studied
during the year mainly from the standpoint of its economic im-
portance.

The investigations on the relation of climate to the development of
crops in health and disease included the study of light, particularly
as related to greenhouse construction, the relation of moisture to
blight of lettuce and melons, and the relation of heat, light, and
inoisture to wilt. Attention was further given to the development
of methods for determining the amounts of heat and light required
in crop production, and to malnutrition and overnutrition in relation
to disease.

The study of Mendelism was continued with 18 varieties:of beans
variously crossed, in tracing principally the factor of color in the
flowers, the plant in general, and the seed coat, and of stringiness
in the pods. Similar studies were also made of the color in the leaf
and flower of nasturtium, and biometrical work was carried on with
peas. The effect of variation in the apple, as due to climatic influ-
ences, was studied, and in this connection it was found that variation
in form, as due to climate and most often to proximity to bodies of
water, was very marked.

Under the Hatch fund, the chemist studied the digestibility of
various samples of prize corn and found that no practical differences
existed. Determinations of the amount of dry matter in large leafy
varieties of corn and in smaller-leaved sorts indicated that the
amount of dry matter in the leaves and ears of both types is about
the same and that the larger varieties show an increased yield in
stalk and in the amount of water. The digestibility of alfalfa and
clover at different cuttings was studied, and feeding experiments
were made with dried-molasses beet pulp and ordinary beet pulp
in comparison with corn meal for cows. Work was continued on
the protein requirement for dairy cows, the quantities used in the
test ranging from 14 to 3 pounds of protein per day.

Cooperative experiments were carried on with this department and
with two tobacco growers in the State for the purpose of comparing
one of the new varieties of Habana with the ordinary varieties, and
of priming with the usual practice of cutting the stalks and hanging
them up for the leaves to cure. A study was also made of the degree
of maturity for priming. Among other lines of work conducted by

91866°—11——11

162 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

the agricultural department, feldspar was compared with potash
salts for grass and clover, and several series of fertilizer tests with
different families of crops were conducted in field experiments. In
addition to these experiments tests of muriate and sulphate of potash
for potatoes, raspberries, asparagus, and other crops were made.
The regular field experiments in progress for many years and the
pot culture work comparing the availability of different sources of
nitrogen were continued. Three cuttings were made of alfalfa grown
at the station. Cooperative work with alfalfa was carried on in
about 24 experiments distributed in different parts of the State.
As a result of the methods advocated by the station, the crop made an
excellent start in all localities.

The horticultural department studied the influence of stock and
scion on the apple with special reference to color, and carried on
pruning experiments with apples and other orckard fruits as well as
small fruits. In cooperation with the agricultural department, the
effect of high-grade and low-grade potash fertilizers on fruit trees
was studied at the station and elsewhere.

The department of vegetable physiology and pathology made
microscopic examination of samples of seed to determine the possible
contamination from plant diseases, work on the perfection of seed-
separating devices for cutting dodder out of alfalfa and for other
similar purposes, and studied plant diseases, including malnutrition,
together with methods for their prevention and control. In this con-
nection market-garden crops and a large number of ornamental
plants were given attention. Experiments relating to the chemical
treatment of soil were continued for the purpose of observing the
effect of formalin and other chemicals on the prevalence of potato
scab.

The entomologist studied methods of treatment for cabbage maggot
and methods of control of the Marguerite fly. Cooperative spraying
experiments were conducted to determine methods for the better
control of onion thrips, and the dates of hatching of the young of
the oyster-shell scale, scurfy scale, and pine-leaf scale were observed
to determine the best time for spraying. The control of wireworms
on corn was given attention, and a parasite of the asparagus beetle
was studied with reference to its life history.

The veterinarian gave some attention to bovine tuberculosis in
attempting to transmit the disease to calves by feeding them skim
milk, and to the transmission of Japanese farcy in horses by
inoculation.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 129, Bee Keeping in Massachusetts; 130, A Sum-
mary of Meteorological Observations; 131, Inspection of Commer-
cial Fertilizers; 132, Inspection of Commercial Feed Stuffs; Meteoro-

MICHIGAN. 163

logical Bulletins 246-257; Circular 17, An Act to Regulate the Sale
of Concentrated Commercial Feed Stuffs; and the Annual Report
for 1908, parts 1 and 2.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_________--_--_ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act____________- 13, 000. 00
Statemapproprliapone == a2] 6 2 2~ be ee eee 18, 500. 00
MTs TAS ee ee A es Se ae oe 544.17
TCS ere ara en ey ee er 5, 970. 00
AEN OLOCUGtS 2a s+ ee ee ee ee es Ao SA ee 3, 208. 73
Marseellsaneo uy Sst flew aes pas ye > eee eee 6, 387. 84
Balance frome previous eyeaTr-s2 22 see. te LO 5, 538. 50

OCR 2s 2 RA AEE REE TSAR TY SENS 63, 149. 24

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The field of activity of the Massachusetts station continues to
grow, and with it the demands upon the station are steadily in-
creasing. With the extension work organized on a broader basis,
the efficiency of the station in pursuing experimental and research
work will be materially enhanced.

MICHIGAN.

Experiment Station of Michigan State Agricultural College, Hast Lansing.

Department of Michigan State Agricultural College.
R. 8. SHAw, B. S. A., Director.

The year was marked by important improvements in equipment,
changes in organization, and additions to the staff of this station.
The new agricultural building was completed and furnishes excellent
office and laboratory facilities for several of the station departments.
(A greenhouse, 24 by +0 feet, and a brick annex to the botanical build-
ing, 33 by 61 feet, with two stories and basement, and costing about
$13,000, were constructed during the year.

Dr. W. J. Beal, long connected with the college and station as
botanist, was made professor emeritus and was succeeded in active
charge of the department by Dr. EK. A. Bessey, of the Louisiana
University. V. M. Shoesmith, of the Maryland station, was ap-
pointed head of the department of field crops. J. F. Baker was
appointed forester, W. A. Wentworth investigator in soil bacteri-
ology, and O. B. Winter assistant chemist. A. R. Potts was made
field agent in soil and crop extension work, and M. A. Yothers,
assistant entomologist, resigned.

The organization of the agricultural work in the college and station
now consists of the departments of animal husbandry, dairy hus-

164 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

bandry, poultry, soils, forestry, and farm mechanics. As at present
organized forestry and poultry are not full research departments.
This arrangement on the whole, however, secures a definite and effi- -
cient organization of the agricultural work. The larger administra-
tive and business affairs of the station are in charge of the director,
and the scientific work is under the immediate supervision of the
vice director, Dr. C. E. Marshall.

An additional section of land was devoted to the Chatham sub-
station, and the work there was enlarged during the year. Prelimi-
nary steps were taken to revive work at Grayling on the jack-pine
plains, where some experiments were made several years ago and
where settlers are now being induced to locate.

The Adams-fund work is confined to a comparatively small number
of projects, on which good progress was made. Two technical bulle-
tins were issued during the year as a result of the study upon the
bacteriological factors influencing the keeping quality of butter.
Investigations on hog cholera were also actively prosecuted. Some
of the results of this work, particularly those relating to the agglu-
tination reactions of hog cholera during the process of serum pro-
duction, have been published, and a second report on the same
subject is ready for the press. A study of the Grand Traverse, or
Lake Shore disease, was reported upon during the year. The infor-
mation secured showed that the trouble is dietary, and it is thought
possible that improved methods of feeding and caring for stock may
either prevent or cure this disease. The cooperative study of agents
rendering available the insoluble constituents of soil was enlarged,
especially on the chemical and bacteriological sides. The botanist
planned to take part actively in this investigation from the stand-
point of plant physiology. Pot experiments were begun during the
year on changes which go on in mixtures of peat and light sandy soil
from the jack-pine plains, under different systems of fertilizing and
management.

The chemical study of the organic nitrogenous compounds in peat
was reported upon during the year. It was found that there are no
nitrates in the different types of Michigan peat soils examined and
that practically all the nitrogen in the peats is of organic nature,
largely in the form of monamino acids, about one-fourth in the form
of amids, and the rest represented by diamino acids. It was further
found that through weathering the organic nitrogenous bodies in
brown peat change quite slowly, but that the amount of water-soluble
nitrogen is somewhat increased thereby.

Work was continued on fungus diseases of insects and on the rela-
tion of the respiratory system of insects to the action of contact
insecticides, but owing to the illness of the entomologist no very

MICHIGAN. 165

marked progress was made. Parasites of larch and tamarack insects
received special attention.

Among the lines of work conducted with other funds, the prepara-
tion and distribution of hog-cholera serum received special attention.
On account of the shortage of funds for this work the serum is now
being sold at 4 cents per cubic centimeter, to cover the cost of prepa-
ration and distribution.

Experiments were continued in breeding and feeding farm horses
of the Percheron and Clydesdale breeds, breeding up a grade dairy
herd, herd testing, trials of home-grown and supplementary feeds for
hogs and of succulent rations for sheep, and in determining the rela-
tive merits of farm poultry houses. Experiments were also carried
on in the rearing of calves on skim milk and supplementary feeds
and the production of baby beef. It was found that baby-beef pro-
duction by the skim-milk method was much cheaper and gave better
results than by the suckling methods. When marketed at an average
age of 18 months, calves raised on skim milk weighed 966 pounds,
while those that had suckled their dams weighed 995 pounds. The
skim-milk baby beef was produced for $5.23 per hundredweight, as
compared with $6.73 per hundredweight for the others.

In a feeding experiment with horses it was found that a ration
made up of shredded cornstalks, oat straw, and hay for roughage,
together with ear corn, oats, and a mixture of dried-beet pulp, bran,
and oil cake for concentrates, in addition to a few carrots daily, may
be profitably substituted for a ration of oats and timothy hay in win-
ter feeding.

Studies were made of the chemistry of lime-sulphur mixtures, on
soil temperatures, on the construction of silos, and on soil drainage.

Extensive breeding experiments with plants were carried on, in-
cluding breeding of wheat, oats, alfalfa for seed and forage, clover,
cowpeas, soy beans, and field beans. Tests of varieties of corn were
begun at the station and at different places in the State. Tests of
varieties of wheat were also made at the station, and an extensive
series of plats to study questions of soil fertility in connection with
a rotation of corn, wheat, and clover were laid out on a new area for
the purpose on the south farm of the college. Additional land was
also assigned to the forestry department, which already has extensive
plantations on this farm.

Experiments with fertilizers for potatoes were undertaken at the
station and in cooperation with farmers, and work was also con-
ducted with sprays for potatoes; fertilizers for apples, peaches, and
grapes; cover crops for orchards and vineyards; on cold storage of
apples; propagation of apples from suckers, from fruiting wood, and
from selected trees; propagation of peaches from pits from different

166 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS..

regions; strawberry breeding; and with resistant strains of peaches.
A study of faulty pickle fermentation was made during the year.

The station has been active in promoting the formation of live-
stock and other farmers’ organizations and getting in touch with
those already organized, in this way increasing its influence through-
out the State. It is planned to add assistants to the staff to relieve
the members in charge of research work from the growing and heavy
correspondence and extension work. Five classes of publications are
now issued—regular bulletins, special bulletins, technical bulletins,
circulars, and annual reports, all of which are printed by the State.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 254, Wintering Farm Horses; 255, Cement Silos
in Michigan; 256, Fertilizer Analyses; 257, Rearing Calves on Skim
Milk and Supplementary Feed; 258, Insects of Iield Crops; 259,
Bean Growing; Special Bulletins 49, Grape Spraying Experiments
in Michigan, 1907-8; 50, The Grand Traverse Disease or Lake Shore
Disease; Technical Bulletins 1, Keeping Qualities of Butter; 2, Keep-
ing Qualities of Butter; 3, Studies of Agglutination Reactions in
Hog Cholera during the Process of Serum Production; 4, Organic
Nitrogenous Compounds in Peat Soils; Circular 6, Hog-cholera
Serum; and the Annual Report for 1909.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation. Hatch Ach -- == $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act__________-__- 13, 000. 00
Statesappropriaitione 22a 2. et Se ee eee 6, 122. 07
I CGS ye Se ae ee a ee ew Se ee re ee 4, OSO. 00
MiIScellameCOUS = et ere ale ae ee ee 345. 22
TEXANS TART KAM jPNRENZiKO NOS SiS Cae ee et 1, 634. 32

Git Gee ee ee a ee ee eee 40, 181. 61

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

With an improvement in the equipment and an increase in available
funds, both the scientific and practical work of the Michigan station
has been greatly broadened and strengthened.

MINNESOTA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota,
University Farm, St. Paul.

Department of the University of Minnesota.
A. F. Woops, M. A., Director.

A number of changes took place in the station staff during the year.
Harry Snyder, of the division of agricultural chemistry and soils, re-
signed, and Ralph Hoagland, formerly of this department, was placed

MINNESOTA. 167

in charge. J. A. Hummel and A. D. Wilhoit, assistants in the same
division, resigned, and their places were filled by the appointment of
R. M. West and G. W. Walker. John Spencer was placed in charge
of the hog-cholera investigations, vice C. A. Pyle, resigned. E. C.
Higbie was appointed superintendent of the new substation, estab-
lished in connection with the agricultural school at Morris. William
Robertson, superintendent of the Crookston substation, died in Janu-
ary, and C. G. Selvig was appointed to fill the place.

After the close of the fiscal year, on July 11, occurred the death of
S. B. Green, connected with the institution since 1888 in the @apacity
of horticulturist and forester, and the work of the department was
temporarily placed in charge of Leroy Cady, and that of forestry in
charge of E.G. Cheyney. The work in animal husbandry and dairy-
ing, formerly under separate heads, was combined under T. L.
Haecker, and Andrew Boss was placed in charge of farm manage-
ment.

During the year a new vaccine building was erected and equipped
especially for the manufacture of virus, at a cost of approximately
$10,000. Considerable new equipment was added to the soils labora-
tory, and a denatured alcohol plant was provided at a cost of $6,000
and equipped for experimental investigations in the production of
alcohol, the capacity being 50 proof gallons of alcohol per day. A
thoroughly modern baking and testing laboratory for studies in con-
nection with wheat investigations was installed, with electric baking
and drying ovens, sponge cases, an experimental flour mill, and other
necessary equipment.

The old Indian school at Morris, in the Red River Valley, was
turned over to the State to be used for an agricultural school and
experiment farm. The State has appropriated for the current year
$5,000 for the school and $5,000 for the farm, which contains about
400 acres. The citizens have agreed to supplement this appropriation
up to $15,000.

The various departments of the station are provided with funds
for necessary field and demonstration work from the current expense
appropriations of the university or by special appropriations for
specific cases. The department of dairying and animal husbandry
has $2,500 a year for special field work in dairy extension and the
same in poultry extension. The department of entomology has a
special State fund of $5,000 for field work in its line. The veterinary
department has $2,000 for hog-cholera work, the chemical department
$1,000 for soil investigations, the agricultural engineering department
$2,000 for drainage investigation and demonstration, the department
of botany and plant pathology $400 for investigating plant diseases,
and $1,000 for the eradication of noxious weeds, and the department
of agriculture has $2,000 for tobacco culture. A special appropria-

168 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

tion of $50,000 for the biennium was granted by the last legislature
for extension and demonstration work and a correspondence course
in agriculture.

. Progress during the year in the investigations under the Adams Act
is reported. In the study of food requirements in milk and beef pro-
duction, a vast amount of data is being accumulated as to the use
made of the feed and its bearing on standards for feeding. During
the year 18 animals were slaughtered for complete analysis.

The work in the chemical department was interrupted by changes
during the year, but studies were made on the humus in the series
of rotation plats as compared with those cropped continuously with
grain, and investigations were made on the combination of mineral
matter with humus in its relation to cropping, the idea being to
determine the effect of the growing crop on the humus content and
on its content of mineral matter.

The entomologist continued his work on Bruchophaqus funebris,
and inaugurated and used a successful method for accomplishing the
fertilization of clover blossoms rendered immune to the attacks of
insects, by using bumblebees inclosed with the blossom in cages. It
is believed that this is the first time that clover has been fertilized in
this artificial way. The work on Empoasca mali and Macrosiphum
granaria is practically closed out, and the results secured in the study
of the cabbage maggot were prepared for publication.

The breeding project in horticulture was continued on the fruit-
breeding farm at Excelsior, an 80-acre tract about 25 miles from
the station. This farm is surrounded by lakes and js said to be one
of the best localities for orcharding in the State owing to the equi-
table temperature. The farm was purchased by the State, which
makes an annual maintenance appropriation of $2,000, and a special
appropriation for horticultural crops of $1,000. A large number of
strawberry seedlings were planted and selections made from them.
About 1,500 crosses of strawberries were made in the greenhouse and
the seeds planted. Several thousand plum and raspberry seedlings
are grown for comparison. Careful records are kept for the purpose
of securing data regarding inheritance of various morphological and
physical characters in the species and varieties under investigation.
As compared with its original outline, this project has broadened to
include a considerable number of fruits and has become very exten-
sive in scope.

In the investigation of stable ventilation during this year, evidence
was obtained for the first time that an animal is apparently injured
by close confinement in an excessively foul stall and atmosphere. In
one animal there appeared quite regularly during the confinement
periods, various abnormal constituents in the urine, the most impor-
tant of which were blood and albumin. Viscosity of the blood was

MINNESOTA. 169

increased and the opsonic index was lowered. Much attention was
given to the study of the effect of imperfect ventilation upon disease
resistance by investigating the phagocytic power of the leucocytes.
For the purpose of this project a urine harness was made together
with other equipment, and a stall fitted up in which the urine could
be collected.

The work on the rusts of cereals is conducted on a 24-acre field
where a large number of individuals and hybrids are grown from
which selections are made. An accurate system of causing a rust
epidemic was developed, and laboratory experiments were conducted
particularly with reference to spore germination. Various physio-
logical and other experiments with regard to rust questions were car-
ried on, and a bulletin prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of
Plant Industry was submitted for publication.

In addition to the Adams-fund projects, many lines of work sup-
ported by Hatch and other funds were in progress. The department
of botany and plant pathology continued its work on diseases of
plants, botanical features of weeds, and on weed seeds and seed mix-
tures. A large number of hybrids of cereals were tested for their
rust resistance. Some of the experiments on smuts of cereals were
completed and the results prepared for publication. Extensive ex-
periments were also conducted on aster bight, damping off of conif-
erous seedlings, potato diseases, particularly internal brown rot,
fruit rot of tomatoes, and an unknown cucumber disease. <A large
number of botanical determinations of weeds were made during the
year, and spraying experiments for the destruction of weeds were
conducted. About 800 tests for purity and germination of seeds
were made.

The chemical department conducted cooperative fertilizer experi-
ments on 15 farms*in the State, and made a survey of 22 demonstra-
tion farms and 4 substation farms as to soil type and inherent fer-
tility. Equipment was installed and preparation was made to begin
the study of the effect of time of cooking on the composition of cereal
breakfast foods. This department was also ready to undertake ex-
periments in the production of alcohol from the cheaper plants and
residues.

The entomologist worked on the life history of the clover-seed
chaleis and of the confused flour beetle. He also made observations
on the San José scale to determine whether it would withstand the
winters, on methods of combating grasshoppers in the field, and
on the efficiency of insecticides.

The principal investigations and experiments conducted by the
agriculturist during the year were along the lines of plant breeding,
crop rotation, cost of crop production, and quack-grass eradication.
Under the special appropriation for the eradication of weeds, a

170 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

40-acre farm was rented for a 5-year period to test and determine
methods for the eradication of quack grass. In connection with
this work spraying did not prove very effective. Crop improvement
and plant breeding were carried on with spring and winter wheats,
fall rye, oats, barley, flax, corn, sugar beets, mangels, alfalfa, clovers,
timothy, cowpeas, soy beans, and hemp. A series of about 15 corn-
‘ breeding stations was maintained in different localities of the State.

Under the direction of this department numerous experiments are
in progress on methods of developing varieties or strains of the
cereal crops. The development and distribution of new varieties
among the farmers of the State were continued during the year with
much success. A new variety of winter wheat, Minnesota No. 529,
and 3 varieties of oats, Minnesota Nos, 261, 281, and 295, which out-
yielded the ordinary grains by 15 to 25 per cent, were distributed.
Among the earlier varieties originated and sent out by the station
may be mentioned Minnesota No. 169 wheat, No. 26 oats, No. 13 corn,
and No. 25 flax, which have become known commercially and are now
quite widely grown in Minnesota and the adjoining States.

The agriculturist is also in charge of the farm-management work
on the demonstration. farms. The farmer who allows his farm to
be used for demonstration receives an outline of the plan of farming
from the station, and keeps reasonably complete business records. In
addition to these demonstration farms there are about 30 farms on
so-called statistical routes where the cost of production was given
specia! attention. The statistical work is pursued in cooperation
with the Bureau of Statistics of this department, which defrays part
of the expense. From these two sources considerable data with ref-
erence to farm management was accumulated.

A feature of the animal-husbandry work was a study of the feed
consumed by each cow in the dairy herd in relation to the milk, butter
fat, and solids-not-fat produced. A bulletin covering the record of
the dairy herd for a period of 10 years was prepared for publica-
tion. A record was also kept of the feed consumed and growth made
by the calves and heifers in the dairy herd, covering the period from
birth to the completion of the second year.

The veterinary department gave special attention to hog cholera
and swamp fever. The hog-cholera serum produced gave very prom-
ising results. The actual results up to March 1, 1910, were as fol-
lows: In infected herds 69 out of 1,604 vaccinated hogs died, and out
of 76 unvaccinated animals in infected herds 70 died. Of 982 sound
hogs treated with a full dose of tested serum 12 died. All vaccinated
hogs were tested by inoculation or exposure. The total amount of
seruin produced up to February 8, 1910, was 98,189 cubic centimeters,
or enough to protect 4,800 average hogs.

MINNESOTA. ETE

It was observed during the year that pigs from immune sows
appear to be born with very high resistance to cholera. This natural
immunity was found to disappear gradually, but was sufficient up to
at least 5 weeks of age to make it possible to inoculate such pigs
with very high virulent blood with an unimportant percentage of
loss. A new operating table with hoisting apparatus was devised
by this department, by means of which hyperimmunization and
serum production is much facilitated. Work was also done with
antituberculosis vaccine, and its actual working efficiency under ordi-
nary farm conditions was further studied. The swamp-fever work
was carried on in cooperation with the Minnesota State Live Stock
Sanitary Board and the Bureau of Animal Industry of this depart-
ment.

The station conducted cooperative work with farmers in experi-
ments to control hog cholera, in the spraying of plums and apples,
in combating grasshoppers, and in the study of special types of farm-
ing, such as potato growing, ensilage, feeding, and the cost of opera-
ting large farms in plant breeding with different farm crops. Coop-
eration was also conducted with the Bureau of Plant Industry in
the study of rust of cereals and of sorghum smut, as well as in mak-
ing a plant-disease survey of the State. At the request of the Bureau
of Entomology of this department the station acts as deputy in-
spector of all nursery stock imported into Minnesota. The station
also performs the State nursery inspection. Cooperative plant-
breeding work is carried on with the Bureau of Plant Industry, and
in this connection studies are made to provide a systematic nomen-
clature of varieties of barley.

A special State appropriation has made it possible to organize an
extension department which cooperates with all the other depart-
ments of the station in all kinds of extension work. This depart-
ment publishes a periodical for the farmer’s library for which mate-
rial is furnished for the various departments of the station and
which also furnishes material to the papers of the State and prepares
special articles for the general press and for agricultural journals.
Matters bearing on special subjects are treated in special extension
bulletins and circulars. Twenty demonstration farms scattered
throughout the State were conducted by this department in coopera-
tion with the station. Each farm was surveyed by soil experts,
drainage maps where necessary were supplied, and cropping systems
and farm organization were outlined. The station through the ex-
tension department furnishes only the advice and direction, and the
results so far secured seem to promise that the plan will be successful.

The following publications of this station were received during the
year: Bulletin 116, Report of the Northeast Experiment Farm at
Grand Rapids, Minn.; and the Annual Reports for 1908 and 1909.

449 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_____-_________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 12, 774. 58
Balance from United States appropriations for 190S8-09_ 225. 42
State. apprepriahion— == oe See ee Se eee 40, 185. 87
Harn. Progucis= 2 == oe Sea ee 6, 212. 19

Dotal=— AS ss 2 eo Sp eae Se eee 74, 398. 06

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The scientific work, together with its application to agriculturai
practice accomplished by the Minnesota station, is of the greatest
value to the State and to other sections of the northern Mississippi
Valley. The results of the work will unquestionably assure the con-
tinued support and appreciation of the people.

MISSISSIPPI.
Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural College.

Department of Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College.
J. W. Fox, M. S., Director.

During the year W. L. Hutchinson was succeeded as director by
J. W. Fox, assistant director of the Delta substation, and was ap-
pointed director of farmers’ institutes aud professor of animal hus-
bandry. J. A. McLean resigned as animal husbandman and was
succeeded by E. R. Lloyd, formerly director of farmers’ institutes.
A. Smith, who had been placed in charge of the Delta substation,
accepted a position as assistant in animal husbandry in the extension
division at Clemson College, South Carolina, and was succeeded by
R. L. Shields. W. R. Perkins, agronomist, resigned to accept a simi-
lar position at the South Carolina station. The poultry work was
placed in charge of W. F. Kirkpatrick, of the Rhode Island station.
Under a new State law, a single board of trustees was appointed for
several of the State institutions, including the Mississippi college
and station.

The Adams-fund project, involving studies on the breeding of
mules, was continued as originally outlined, and detailed records of
the progeny were kept. Data on the cost of feeding mules were col-
lected incidentally as the work was carried on. The animals were
kept in first-class condition, and the feed for them was grown on
the station farm.

In the cottonseed-meal project, pursued by the bacteriologist and
the dairyman, physical observations were made on cows, and their

1Telegraph address, Starkville; express and post-office address, Agricultural College;
freight address, A. and M. College Station.

MISSISSIPPI. 178

blood, urine, etc., were subjected to microscopical and bacteriological
examinations. Some influence with reference to the number of red
and white corpuscles of the blood was observed as a result ap-
parently of feeding the meal. It was also indicated that feeding
cottonseed meal affects breeding unfavorably. This work was ex-
tended to hogs, where it was found that the effects of feeding the
meal included a marked decrease in the red corpuscles of the blood,
and that the length of resistance to the injurious effect varied in
different animals.

In the cotton-anthracnose project studies were made of the physi-
ology and ecology of the disease, and in connection with the work
selection of varieties for disease resistance was followed.

The entomological department pursued work on its several proj-
ects, recorded the data secured, and prepared some of the material
for publication. Studies of scale insects were made in the insectary.
Special work was done on a number of species attacking pecan trees,
considerable time was devoted to the investigation of the peach-tree
borer, and some work was done on the bean-leaf beetle, but no atten-
tion was given this year to the sugar-cane beetle.

The different departments of the station also pursued various
lines of work under the Hatch fund. In animal husbandry experi-
ments with beef cattle were made to determine the cost of wintering,
and steers were fed cottonseed meal while on pasture. Pig-feeding
experiments were conducted to determine the relative merits of a
number of pasture and forage crops. Some of the results secured
showed that cottonseed meal can be fed to beef steers on grass with
profit and that grass is a much cheaper form of roughage than cot-
tonseed hulls for feeding with cottonseed meal. This department
has a large acreage at its disposal, but all the land is not actually re-
quired for experimental purposes.

Feeding tests were also made in dairy husbandry to compare wheat
bran with corn silage as a feed for dairy cows, and an experiment
was begun for the comparison of soiling, pasturing, and the use of
purchased feeds in dairy farming. In these tests 1 ton of silage was
about equal to 292 pounds of wheat bran. Data were also collected
on the cost of raising heifers on purchased feeds.

Work in agronomy was pursued along much the same lines as
heretofore. A large share of the land assigned to this department
was in use for rotation experiments. A change in its leadership
occurred during the year, as mentioned above, and the work is now
in charge of the director of the station.

The entomologist made observations on pine-nursery insects, saw-
flies, chinch bugs, and other pests. The results of observations on
‘the spread of the boll weevil obtained in cooperation with this de-

174 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

partment were prepared for publication. In addition to the experi-
mental work, from 5 to 6 weeks were devoted to nursery inspection.

The horticultural department of the station carried on variety tests
with strawberries, peaches, plums, apples, pecans, grapes, ornamentals,
and other horticultural crops, and made spraying tests for the con-
trol of curculio, brown rot, and other insect pests and plant diseases.
Special attention was given to the strength of solution adapted to
local conditions.

The poultry department concerned itself principally with growing
good fowls under ordinary conditions and breeding them for fancy
points. Trap nests were kept for several breeds, and some tests to
determine loss in dressing poultry were made. Bulletins of a popu-
lar nature on turkey raising and on the general management of
poultry were prepared. No very definite experimental work was
attempted.

The botanist conducted some nursery work in forestry and on
shrubbery, with a view to determining the requirements of nursery
work in forestry in Mississippi. No experimental work for the
station was done.

The veterinary department reported some work with hog-cholera
serum, for which the legislature made a special appropriation to the
Live Stock Sanitary Board.

The publications of the station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 121, Experiments in Feeding Beef Steers; 122,
Report of the Work at the Holly Springs Station for 1908; 123,
Inspection and Analyses of Commercial Feeding Stuffs on Sale in
the State; 124, Pecan Culture; 125, Inspection and Analyses of Com-
mercial Feeding Stuffs on Sale in the State; 126, Inspection and
Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers on Sale in the State; 127, In-
spection and Analyses of Cotton-seed Meal on Sale in Mississippi;
129, Sugar Cane for Sirup Making; 130, Peanuts; 131, Snap Beans;
132, Soils of Mississippi; 133, Inspection and Analyses of Com-
mercial Feeding Stuffs on Sale in the State; 134, Broom Corn; 135,
Cotton, 1909; 136, Feeding Beef Steers on Cotton-seed Meal, on
Pasture; Circulars 20-26, Inspection and Analyses of Commercial
Fertilizers on Sale in the State; and 30 and 31, Inspection and
Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers on Sale on the State.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act____--_--______ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____________ 13, 000. 00
State appropriation for substations__________________ 16, 425. 00
Reese oe Ses See ee ee ee ee 90. 00
Narm! products 202.23 eS Aer a eee 28, 799. 57
Miscellaneous} 24s oe se Pe hs eee et 3, 517. 26

Potala 2: 0S Sake NE le ee ee eee eee 76, 891, 83

MISSOURI. 175

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The year was one of many changes in personnel at the Mississippi
station, but otherwise the conditions remained much the same as de-
seribed in last year’s report. It is hoped that the changes in the staff
may result in strengthening the work of several departments and of
the station as a whole.

MISSOURI.
Missouri Agricultural College Experiment Station, Columbia.

Department of the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts of the University
of Missouri.

F. B. MumForp, B. S., Director.

The new agricultural building of the University of Missouri,
which was dedicated December 28, 1909, contains the administrative
offices of the dean and director, together with the station library, and
further affords quarters for the departments of agronomy, animal
husbandry, farm management, rural education, and the instructional
work in agricultural chemistry. The offices of the State board of
agriculture, the drug and food commission, the State veterinarian,
and the State highway engineer are also located in this building.
The construction of a veterinary hospital and hog-cholera serum
laboratory was begun with State funds. A heating plant was built
and the furnishing of the agricultural building was completed.

A project system was begun during the year which enables the
director to keep more closely in touch with the various lines of work
in progress than has heretofore been the case. The State appropria-
tions for the biennium ending December 31, 1910, were enumerated in
the last report, with the exceptions that appropriations of $7,500 for
outlying experiments, $10,000 for the animal husbandry department,
$5,200 for the department of horticulture and botany, $15,000 for
the experiment station, and $1,000 for the agricultural library were
not mentioned.

The Adams-fund work of the station was continued, with addi-
tional equipment and an increase in the number of assistants. The
results of the completion of certain phases of Adams-fund projects
were reported during the year. The study of the influence of
maturity on the yield of constituents of timothy, begun in 1908, was
completed.

The results of the study of the dormant period in trees showed
conclusively that the great majority of species indigenous to tem-
perate climates do not have a firmly fixed winter resting period from

176 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

which they can not be awakened. The species most difficult to rorce
were Carya aquatica, C. porcina, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus ameri-
canu, F’. excelsior, F. ornus, Juglans regia, Liriodendron tulipifera,
Quercus alba, Q. coccinea, and Q. oliveformis. In connection with
the investigations on the properties of milk it was ascertained that
the cause of wide variation in milk production by dairy cows is the
difference in the quantity of food they are able to consume and use
above that required for maintenance. The work on the nutrition of
steers was practically completed, and substantial progress was also
made in the studies on the influence of age on the breeding powers of
animals, the nutrition of heifers, nutrition of apple trees, and on hog
cholera.

In addition to the Adams-fund investigations, numerous lines of
work were carried on by the different departments of the station.
The animal-husbandry department continued its pasture experiments
with steers which have been going on for 15 years, studied winter
rations for cattle, including the use of silage for fattening cattle, the
influence of age and condition of cattle on economic efficiency, eco-
nomic pork production and farm management, forage rations for
hogs, and maintenance requirements for brood sows. The results of
the study of specific effects of rations on the development of swine
called attention to the importance of the ash constituents generally,
and to phosphorus in particular, in the rations of growing animals.

In the horticultural department experiments were made in the
home canning of fruits and vegetables, breeding asparagus, straw-
berries, tomatoes and other fruits and vegetables, methods of frost
protection, comparison of apple stocks and scions, forcing vegetables,
and methods of spraying. Peach trees pruned according to the
methods advocated by the station were made to produce 2 addi-
tional crops in 8 years. Last year the Jonathan apple orchard
on the horticultural grounds returned over $300 per acre, while un-
sprayed Jonathan orchards in the neighborhood had almost no mar-
ketable fruit. As a demonstration experiment, the college last year
sprayed 1 acre of Jonathan apples in a commercial apple orchard
near Columbia and this sprayed acre produced more marketable
apples than the remaining 139 acres which were not sprayed. In
connection with the asparagus work it is reported that one-eighth acre
of asparagus on the horticultural grounds has given an average return
of $80 annually for the past 5 years.

Forestry, which has heretofore been combined with horticulture
as one department, was made a separate department during the year.
Experiments with extensive plantings of catalpa and locust, especially
in the Ozark region, are in progress.

The work in agronomy included rotation experiments in progress
for 21 years, corn breeding with respect to vield, and composition

MISSOURI. 177

tests of varieties in breeding of wheat and oats, experiments with
winter oats, barley, cowpeas, soy beans, alfalfa, and other forage
plants, tests of methods of seeding, and studies in soil fertility. In
1 county of the State corn yields have been increased 164 bushels per
acre and clover yields 13 tons on each acre by the application of results
discovered by the station. Good soil management on one of the
experiment fields increased the clover yield from one-half ton to 2
tons per acre, and the net profit by $6. On the soil experiment fields
in southwest Missouri the station has shown that corn may-be in-
creased from 20 to 45 bushels per acre. In the same locality the wheat
yield has been increased 12 bushels per acre. In soil experiments car-
ried on in northeast Missouri the yield of wheat was increased by 15
bushels per acre, with a corresponding increase in the net profit.

Experiments were made on the effect of high and low rations on
butter-fat production, and experiments were begun on the trans-
mission of tuberculosis from cattle to pigs. The college inocu-
lated 40,000 hogs during the past year, 85 per cent of which were
saved from hog cholera.

Fertilizer inspection and miscellaneous analyses were made by
the chemical department.

The cooperative experiments of the station in 1910 were quite ex-
tensive. In 105 counties of the State 366 persons cooperated with
the central station at Columbia in experiments to determine the
best methods of farming. In carrying forward this work 3,000 dif-
ferent packages of seed were used and more than 20,000 pounds of
fertilizer. Former students of the college of agriculture and farm-
ers of the State have organized the Missouri Experiment Associa-
tion, which has for its fundamental purpose cooperative investiga-
tions with the college and station. The results secured have already
demonstrated that alfalfa can be grown successfully in every county
of the State, and that the best varieties of corn from Missouri are
Boone County White, Reid Yellow Dent, Johnson County White,
and St. Charles White. The horticultural investigations have in-
dicated the best fertilizers for orchard, bush fruits, and vegetables.
Cooperators in dairying have, under the direction of the college and
station, increased their profits, in some cases more than 20 per cent.
Field experiments on typical soils of the State in cooperation with
the soil survey were continued and extended, and are now conducted
on fields in 96 of the 114 counties of the State. The soil survey was
continued, partly in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils of this
department.

Two additional county demonstration farms were organized dur-
ing the year under the act of 1907, one at Clayton, St. Louis County,
and the other near Lewiston in Lewis County, with E. L. Newton
as superintendent. The chief lines of work undertaken at these

91866°—11

Db
ral

178 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

demonstration farms were the testing of corn, wheat, and oats with
some attention to fertilizer and soil-fertility experiments.

An extension department was organized by the university which
will also have charge of extension work of the college of agriculture.
R. H. Emberson was appointed professor of rural education and
has charge of the extension work for rural schools. During the
year 5 men from the college of agriculture in 11 days’ time gave in-
struction on agricultural topics to 28,000 people. This was accom-
plished by means of special trains furnished by 3 different rail-
roads interested in the State. Instructors from the college and
station also taught agriculture to 2,300 persons at special night
schools in St. Louis and Kansas City. During the past year in the
114 counties of the State 460 addresses were made to 100,000 farmers
in attendance.

A series of research bulletins to serve as a medium for the publica-
tion of the results of the more technical results of the station was
begun during the year. Decided progress was made in the general
publication work of the station.

The publications received from this station during the year were
as follows: Bulletins 81, Specific Effects of Rations on the Develop-
ment of Swine; 83, Soil Experiments on the Upland Loam of South-
east Missouri; 84, Soil Experiments on the Prairie Silt Loam of
Southwest Missouri; 85, Inspection of Commercial Fertilizers; 86,
Soil Experiments on the Rolling Limestone Upland of Southwest
Missouri; Circulars of Information 31, Hardiness of Peach Buds,
Blossoms, and Young Fruits as Influenced by the Care of the Orch-
ard; 32, Missouri Apple Growing; 33, Hotbeds and Cold Frames—
Their Preparation and Management; 34, Instructions for Spraying;
35, Protecting Orchards Against Frosts and Freezes; 36, Cooperative
Experiments of the Department of Agronomy; 37, Variations in
Cream Tests; and 38, The Principles of Maintaining Soil Fertility.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 13, 000. 00
J EEX eYS) et tener pede te eerie Aare AY WE oe a hott, Se el 10, 580. 20
Marnisproductsie se steers 2 tS cee ee Se ee 5, 052. 30
MiScellameo Us set lee ed eh a sp gee aie 14.15

9 BEC) ECE bch pel ns Sate Ser ae, sabbath ner nent al Sense ie 43, 646. 65

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The Missouri station is carrying on a large amount of carefully
organized and well-managed work of fundamental importance to the
agriculture of the State. With liberal State aid it is widely dis-
seminating the practical results of this work.

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 179

MONTANA.
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman.

Department of the Montana College of Agriculture and Mechanie Arts.
F. B. LINFIELD, B. S. A., Director.

The Montana station continued to make steady progress during the
year in its work and in the improvement of its equipment. The new
sheep barn (PI. I, fig. 2) and the new steer-feeding barn, for which
the State appropriated $10,000, were nearly completed during the
year. The State appropriations for the year 1910-11 are as follows:
Maintenance, $12,000; dry-farm experiments, $9,000; Fergus County
substation, $2,000; horticultural substation, $1,250; and the donations
for dry-farm work—Northern Pacific Railway, $7,500; Chicago,
Milwaukee & Puget Sound Railway, $4,000; and the city of Helena,
$1,500. These appropriations did not include the grants of $10,000
for buildings at the home station, $5,000 for buildings and improve-
ments at the Fergus County substation, and $3,000 for buildings
and equipment at the horticultural station made for the biennium
1909-1911.

The work at 2 permanent substations, 9 temporary dry-farming
stations, and 3 horticultural substations is under the supervision of
the director. During the year the governor of the State turned the
Fort Ellis reserve of 640 acres over to the experiment station. This
is a dry-farm tract with 300 acres plowed and the rest in pasture.
About $1,000 was invested in improvements on the place. This
reserve is located near Bozeman, and the station has begun experi-
mental work upon it.

Good progress was made in nearly all of the Adams-fund projects
upon which the station is at work. The cement investigations have
already been completed. The chemical change in the breaking down
of cement when acted on by alkali has been determined and a bulletin
on the results is in preparation. It was found that by the action of
sodium sulphate the calcium hydrate or the binding material of
cement was changed to calcium sulphate, which increased the volume
of the substance and caused crumbling. The sodium hydrate set
again, but was not as strong. As a remedy it is recommended that
the cement be made less absorbent and more resistant to water, and
for this purpose a 1 per cent soap solution was used, which gave an
insoluble calcium stearate and palmate. The strength of natural
cement was increased by using solutions of aluminum sulphate or
soap solution in place of tap water in mixing up the cement.

The recent work on the incubation project was with reference to
temperature, and additional equipment was provided for the more
complete control and measurement of the conditions surrounding the
eggs. Especial attention was given to the influence of temperature
on the respiration of the chick and the development of carbon dioxid.

180 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Studies on the life histories of sugar-beet insects were continued,
and the army cutworm and other species of cutworms were included
in the list. It was observed that the root louse could be kept out by
keeping the land free from weeds in the early spring. A paper was
published on the oyster-shell scale, but studies on the life history of
this insect as well as on the parasites attacking it are continued.

In connection with the investigations on arsenic poisoning of fruit
trees, the disease known as collar rot was studied. The effect of
arsenic was observed by its application to clean, healthy roots of
fruit trees, and the results indicated that under some conditions
arsenic corroded the bark. Apparently arsenic spraying results in
injury wherever the bark of the tree has been opened, while on older
uninjured bark there is but little effect. The orchard-disease work
was mainly upon apple canker, which is a Montana disease, black
heart, and the collar rot in connection with the arsenic investigation.

The results in the soil-moisture project, as well as those in nitrate
work, are ready for publication, although further work along these
lines will be conducted. It appears that where the moisture content
is good the nitrate formation is relatively high. In these studies it
has been shown that the great benefit from summer fallow is due to
the nitrates accumulated in the moist soil during the fallow season,
which gives a rapid growth the following year, so that the crop
usually has advanced beyond the stage of lability to serious injury
before the dry period of the year arrives. The moisture studies were
carried on under dry-farming conditions at the substation at Forsyth
and on the Fort Ellis farm 3 miles east of the station. Moisture de-
terminatons are made every 10 days throughout the cropping season
to a depth of 5 feet, and at the beginning and end of each season to
a depth of 12 feet on plats handled under different rotations. The
nitrate determinations are made on samples taken to a depth of 3 feet
on the same plats every 20 days.

In the seepage projects 7 different soil types‘are under observation.
These soils are placed in tanks and the movement of water through
them is studied. In addition to this laboratory work the seepage on
canals running through the different types of soil is studied during
the growing season. It has been found that the governing factor in
seepage is the nature of the soil, and that each particular soil type
must be dealt with separately.

In the wool project a start was made with 20 pure-bred Ram-
bouillet ewes. The variations in the wool were observed to be very
wide. Tests were made of samples from different parts of the fleece
to find the most representative part. In microscopical and histolog-
ical studies of wool the diameter, crimple, luster, etc., are determined.

The various departments of the station also report progress during
the year in the various lines of work conducted with the Hatch fund.

MONTANA. 181

In the entomological department during the past season grasshop-
pers received considerable attention. Control methods by means of
spraying and improvement in the spraying solutions used were
worked out. The head of this department also worked on the spotted
fever and its propagation, under a State appropriation as State ento-
mologist and in cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology of this
department.

The agronomy department has an area of 42 acres in experimental
work. ‘The variety tests conducted included 40 varieties of oats, 32
of spring wheat, 12 of peas, 40 of barley, and 28 of grasses, clovers,
and crop mixtures. Rates of seeding ranging from 4 to 4 bushels per
acre were tested with wheat, oats, barley, and peas, and a study was
made of the best time of seeding by commencing as early as the
ground is in condition in the spring and continuing for 9 weeks with
these same crops. A comparison of size in plats was made by grow-
ing grain planted under identical conditions on plats ranging from
0.01 to 0.25 acre in area. Rotation tests were made on 66 plats, and
various mixtures of wheat, oats, barley, and peas were planted in du-
plicate, one set being cut for hay and the other for grain.

This department cooperates with the Bureau of Plant Industry of
this department in dry-farming work and with this office in testing
the efficiency of various mulches. In addition the department has
charge of the work at the permanent dry-farming station at Mocca-
sin, in Fergus County, and of twelve 40-acre tracts on which work of
demonstration grade is in progress. These demonstration farms are
held under 5-year leases, and the work is supported by the State and
two of its important railroad lines.

In animal husbandry, experiments were made on the effects of dif-
ferent amounts of various grains fed with clover on the gain of steers.
In pig feeding the effect of varying amounts of dry matter on the
gain was studied, and the results were found less satisfactory with the
more bulky feeds. A comparison of clover silage with clover hay as
a feed for dairy cows was made during the past winter. Inbreeding
work with hogs carried to the fifth generation indicated a loss in
strength and fecundity.

The horticultural work was in charge of the new horticulturist who
entered upon his duties at the beginning of the year. This depart-
ment has about 5 acres of orchard at Bozeman and a substation of 20
acres in the Bitter Root Valley. The variety tests in progress were
continued, and work was done on pruning tomatoes, cantaloup,
squash, and watermelons to hasten maturity, on methods of irriga-
tion of potatoes, etc. Tests were also in progress with varieties of
apples and methods of culture and soil improvement.

182 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The new veterinarian of the station took up work on contagious
abortion.

The cooperative work of the station, as has already been mentioned,
was largely confined to experiments carried on by different bureaus of
this department and to dry-farming studies in different parts of the
State. About 10 of the station officers gave from one to three weeks
to farmers’ institute work and to lectures on agriculture and related
sciences at from one to four high schools in the State. Similar as-
sistance was also given at the school of horticulture in Ravalli County
and in connection with a demonstration train. The agronomy de-
partment gave considerable time to the work connected with the dry-
farming congress which met at Billings.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 77, Fruit Tree Planting in Montana; 78, Steer
Feeding; Circulars 1, Home Cheesemaking; 2, The Pear and Apple
Blight in Montana; 3, Dry Farming Practice in Montana; and 4, The
Army Cutworm.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_-__---~_____- $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act~--_--------_~_ 13, 000. 00
Stateyap proprigicl om Sees ee eee ee ee 32, 990. 48
Nivea Sees 2 See SS ee ee ee ee (, O1A26
IMATM = producis# 22 2 3s- ees 2 wee ce TE ae 6, 384. 34

ETO Ue SS Sh = ee eS Oe ee a ee ee 74, 386. OS

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The Montana station is in a prosperous condition, and its course
is marked by steady progress. The material equipment of the sta-
tion is fairly complete, and an effort is made to use these facilities
for the assistance of agriculture throughout the State, and particu-
larly in certain sections where special problems present themselves.
The attitude toward the station of the State, the railroads, the cham-
bers of commerce, and the population in general is most encouraging
and gratifying.

NEBRASKA.

Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Department of the University of Nebraska.

EK. A. BurNeEtTT, B. S., Director.

Steady progress was made during the year at the Nebraska station
in the development of well-established lines of work. A few changes
were made in the organization and the personnel of the station.

NEBRASKA. 183

L. W. Chase, of the department of agricultural engineering in the
college of agriculture, was added to the station council as agricul-
tural engineer, largely for the purpose of conducting experiments in
farm drainage and sanitation and the use of cement for farm pur-
poses. G. H. Coons, adjunct professor of agricultural botany, was
appointed assistant in agricultural botany in the station, and toward
the close of the year W. L. French, adjunct professor in dairy hus-
bandry, was appointed assistant in dairy husbandry in the station.

Two new substations authorized by acts of the last legislature were
located, one near Mitchell, in Scotts Bluff County, and the other near
Valentine, in the sand hills region. For the station located at
Mitchell, which is to give special attention to irrigation and dry-land
work in agriculture, the State appropriated $5,000 for the biennium
ending April 11, and about $2,000 of this sum was expended for
permanent improvements. This station is conducted in cooperation
with the Bureau of Plant Industry upon land furnished by the United
States Reclamation Service. This department expends $4,000 annu-
ally in connection with this work, and the Reclamation Service
expended $5,000 in the erection of buildings. Fritz Knorr, of the
Bureau of Plant Industry, was appointed superintendent.

The Valentine substation, for which the State appropriated
$15,000 for the biennium, is to investigate the crops and agricultural
methods adapted to the sand hills region of the State. Of the
total appropriation about $9,000 was used for improvements, includ-
ing a dwelling and a barn, both constructed from concrete blocks.
James Cowan was appointed superintendent of this substation. At
the central station at Lincoln a steer-feeding plant to house 60
steers for experimental feeding purposes is in process of erection.
The barn will be built. of hollow brick, rough cast with cement, and
will cost with equipment about $10,000. The station at Lincoln ex-
pended during the year about $17,500 of State funds, including
$5,500 appropriated for special purposes.

No new Adams-fund work was undertaken during the year, but the
projects in hand were continued and certain phases of the investiga-
tions were completed. The work on the relation between leaf area
and the use of water in corn was actively prosecuted and extended
to include isolation of high-leaf and low-leaf strains of corn, trans-
piration at different periods and under different conditions of humid-
ity of the air and soil, and evaporation from the soil under natural
conditions. The results of these investigations indicated that the
water required by the growing plant is proportional to the relative
leaf area rather than to the relative dry weight. The loss of water
by the plant was found to be correlated with the loss of water from
a free surface, the plant apparently not exercising control in this
case. The transpiration studies, together with field tests, indicated

184 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

that narrow-leaf types selected from Hogue Yellow Dent were more
drought resistant than broad-leaf types. The strains with a high-
leaf area yielded 48.6 bushels per acre, while those with a low-leaf
area produced 52.1 bushels.

A report of progress was made on the investigation of the soils of
the transition region, or the loess area of the State. In this con-
nection changes in the composition of the loess soils of Nebraska
caused by cultivation were studied, and it was concluded that with
their chemical composition as a basis these soils are very fertile and
are likely to maintain their productive capacity for a long time if they
are kept in good physical condition, and are well supplied with
nitrogen and organic matter.

Investigations relating to hyperimmunization and the possible use
of a horse serum for hog cholera were continued during the year,
and some observations were also made on the transmission of swamp
fever by means of flies. The immunization of pigs in utero was
studied in connection with hog-cholera work.

Considerable work was done on winter injury of fruit trees, and
many pieces of apparatus were devised for these investigations. A
large amount of data were also secured in the continuation of studies
on heredity in plants. The plant-disease projects receiving atten-
tion during the year were a new Fusarium dry rot of potatoes,
internal brown spotting cf potatoes, and potato scab.

Work on the effect of close-breeding in maize and on thickness of
stand on cereal plants was continued along the same line as hereto-
fore. During this season, corn inbred the previous year decreased in
yield by about 50 per cent as compared with the same corn either
naturally fertilized or artificially crossed. This result may not have
been due to inbreeding alone and several years of work are required
before positive results will be obtained. In studying the effect of
thickness of stand on cereal plants it was shown that when thick
planting is practiced a certain percentage of plants are crowded out
and fail to produce seed. Plants from strong, vigorous seed were
more likely to survive, and plants from the small, shrunken seed more
likely to be crowded out. With corn a higher yield was obtained
under thick than under thin planting.

The investigations on the effect of feed on the strength of bones in
pigs were continued with new combinations of feeds. Work was
also begun on the study of the relation of type or conformation to
gaining capacity in steers.

In addition to Adams-fund projects, extensive experiments were
carried on, as In previous years, with field crops, more particularly
in acclimatization and improvement in wheat, a special object being
to increase the yield and extend the area of winter wheat in the State,
improvement of varieties and methods of culture of corn, acclimatiza-

NEBRASKA. 185

tion and improvement of oats, and adaptation of winter barley to
Nebraska. The effect of crop rotation and continuous cropping on
Nebraska soils was studied at the central station and at the North
Platte substation. The best variety of corn for the silo in central
and eastern Nebraska is also under investigation. Work was con-
tinued on the duty of water from the natural precipitation in crop
production, the effect of fertilizers on Nebraska soils, the effect of
soil inoculation for alfalfa, the value of sweet clover as a green
manure, and the cost of producing crops in Nebraska.

Some experiments were also carried on in seed germination, on the
influence of soil types on the root and form development of seedlings,
the effect of spacing in plantations on the quality and quantity of
growth of certain Nebraska trees, the effect of cutting back hardy
catalpas at different ages as compared with seedling grewth not cut
back, and on methods of sowing seeds of various species of trees.
Tests of varieties of potatoes and of the relative value of seeds from
different regions were continued, demonstrating the superiority of
seed grown locally under a straw mulch. Cooperative spraying
demonstrations were continued with results showing the profitableness
of the spraying of orchard fruits.

Experiments were carried on demonstrating the value of alfalfa im
rations for fattening cattle. The dairy department continued records
of the dairy herd begun 14 years ago and of calves from birth to ma-
turity, compared beets and silage for cows, and dry feed versus pas-
ture, studied the relation of conformation to performance in dairy
animals in cooperation with five other stations, the time of maximum
production in the lactation pericd, the effect of sires on daughters in
breeding experiments, and the feeding of skim milk to calves.

The life history of a number of insect pests, including seed wheat
Eleodes, the parasites of the white-marked tussock moth, melon aphis,
squash borer, cucumber beetle, squash bug, pine-tip moth, corn-ear
worm, potato-stalk borer, and strawberry-leaf roller, were studied
during the year as well as methods for preventing their depredations.
In all of the entomological work special attention was given to insect
parasitism.

Work at the North Platte substation, as in previous years, included
tests of varieties of cereals and forage plants adapted to dry-land
conditions, crop rotations, studies of methods of conserving soil
moisture, tests with forest trees, orchard fruits and ornamental plants,
experiments in wintering cattle on different kinds of roughage, tests
of grain for hogs, and the use of alfalfa for hay.

The station cooperated with this department in a number of lines
of work, including breeding and selection of improved varieties of
wheat, testing the milling and baking qualities of wheat, the main-
tenance of a seed laboratory, and testing of crops and methods of

186 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

culture suited to dry-land farming at North Platte. Cooperation
with farmers is carried on extensively in a number of lines, including
orchard-spraying demonstrations, tests of varieties of corn and small
grains, experiments with fertilizers for grain, farm management, and
forest plantings. Some of the station men assisted during the year
in farmers’ institutes held in different parts of the State.

The publications received from this station during the year were
as follows: Bulletins 110, Report of the Nebraska Seed Laboratory ;
111, Changes in the Composition of the Loess Soils of Nebraska
Caused by Cultivation; 112, Experiments with Corn; 113, Oats;
114, Storing Moisture in the Soil; Circular 1, Cooperative Experi-
ments in Forest Planting; and Annual Report for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act___-__-_--_____ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_______________ 13, 000. 00

State appropriation, central station, amount used esti-
MMLC G te = ae a Soe Sa ee eee es 17, 500. 00

State appropriation, amount used for North Platte
SUDStOTLOM Sse eS ee Et eee 2 oe eee 24, 994. 93
Harn pLOGUCt Sas Se aes Se eee eee See eee 28, 511. 73
iBalanceitromtpreviouspy cars-=2 == ee ee 2, 345. 75
TO tellers eee ee Ee Ea Sa eee 101, 352. 41

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The work of the Nebraska station was broadened and strengthened
during the year, and the institution extended its operations and its
influence throughout the State by means of cooperative experiments
and by the establishment of substations made possible by liberal
State aid.

NEVADA.

Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, Reno.
Department of Nevada State University.

J. EK. Stusss, D. D., LL. D., Director.

Few changes occurred on the staff of the Nevada station, the prin-
cipal ones being the transfer of S. C. Dinsmore, the former station
chemist, to the food and drugs inspection work, and the appointment
of Dr. C. A. Jacobson as research chemist for the station early in the
year. The farm for dry-farming experiments, for which the State
made a maintenance appropriation, was purchased and donated by
Elko County at a cost of about $2,000. Possession was secured in
June, and the work of clearing off the sagebrush and of breaking the
land was begun. The conditions on this ‘farm are favorable for dry
farming, which has been practiced very little in that section. It is

NEVADA. 187

typical of large tracts of land in the valley in which it is located.
The new food and drugs act, with its supervision and enforcement in
the hands of the station, went into effect January 1, 1910. A special
building for the station library was erected during the year at a cost
of about $1,200, an animal house was built for the use of the depart-
ment of biology, and one wing of a new greenhouse was erected at a
cost of approximately $5,000.

P. B. Kennedy, the station botanist, continued to act as chairman
of the board of control of the Lincoln County experiment farm. A
report on the operations of this farm for the biennial period ended
December -31, 1910, is in course of preparation.

In the Adams-fund work on the genus Trifolium, with special ref-
erence to the economic value of native species, seeds of 47 species were
secured and cultivated with many others for comparison. All but
one of the 47 species were native, and some of them from the sage-
brush land are very dry and tough, and the hairy ones are very
drought resistant. The species were worked out as they were found
in different localities, and the life habits and their method of propa-
gation were studied. Trifolium majus, a native species ordinarily
collected in California, attains a very dense growth, with spreading
stem 2 to 3 feet high, and bears an abundance of seed. 7: variegatum
is of low but dense growth and 7. wormskjoldii has been found to be
an exceedingly vigorous plant, growing thick masses and spreading
readily by underground stems. The value of the different species
for forage purposes as well as for ornamental planting was studied.

In following up the alfalfa-breeding project, it was found that
when the plants grew too closely they failed to produce seed. The ~
research chemist studied the relation of nitrogen to the organic
constituents of the alfalfa plant and isolated certain of these con-
stituents. Two distinct nitrogenous substances were isolated, which
will be studied in relation to different stages of growth and the stage
at which the largest amount is present. In connection with the
poisonous-plant investigations, work was started on the water hem-

_lock and special attention was given to the chemical constituents of
different parts of the plant with a view to determining and isolating
the active principle.

The meterological and climatological studies on Mount Rose were
largely confined to the conservation of snow. Snow was measured
with a specially devised sampler under various conditions of slope,
compass position, and protection by timber; its density when it first
falls, the increase in density, ete. It was found that the character
of the forest exerts considerable influence in this connection, and a
study of the best conditions for snow conservation was begun. ‘The
temperature of snow at different depths was measured, as was also
the evaporation of snow due to high winds.

188 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Some work was done on the entomological projects, especially on
the parasitic and predaceous enemies of the codling moth. Work
was also continued on the study of anemia in horses, the pathologi-
cal anatomy being worked out. Inoculation experiments carried
on in this connection gave varying results, and hence the infectious
character was not established beyond question.

Under the Hatch fund, progress was made in various lines of work.
The station herbarium now numbers 11,190 specimens, and is used
largely in advising ranchmen about the native plants. Experiments
in smuding to prevent frost injury indicate that fruit can be suc-
cessfully grown even in the low-lying valleys where conditions are
very adverse to the production of a crop. A number of ornamental
shrubs grown in the arboretum have been found well suited to the
climatic conditions of the State.

The chemist did considerable miscellaneous analytical work on
soils, water, feeds, etc. A report was made on digestion experi-
ments conducted on the range, and it was found quite feasible to
determine approximately the feeding value of the various plants
under range conditions. Soils from Las Vegas containing 15 per
cent of gypsum were examined, and pot experiments were made
which indicated the unproductiveness of the soil to be due to the
gypsum it contained. In agriculture and animal husbandry sheep
breeding for early lambs was carried on, oats and peas were grown
for pig fattening, and some work was done in the methods of irri-
gating and cultivating alfalfa, including the selection of varieties
for drought resistance and for pasturing. Variety tests were made
of sugar beets, Kafir corn, winter wheat, and similar crops; and
evaporation studies were made in tanks in which the soil was culti-
vated to depths of 2, 4, and 6 inches. The effect of time of applica-
tion of irrigation water on oats and wheat and the number of applica-
tions before and after heading were studied in relation to softness of
the grain. Breeding work with potatoes was followed, and the study
of the effect of proper cultivation and of irrigation was included.
Tests were made of various plants grown for forage and for pastur-
age, and a dairy herd of 8 cows was secured for the purpose of study-
ing the cost of butter-fat production with different feeds.

The entomologist studied the alfalfa cutworm and tested the use
of irrigation water run down the furrows at night when the worms
are out as a means of their control. Means of stamping out the
Mediterranean flour moth were tested in a local flour mill, an uniden-
tified parasite of the insect was studied, and the investigation on the
European elm scale was followed up.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 68, Equine Anemia; 69, A Report on Irrigation
Laws and Litigation in Nevada; 70 Food and Drug Inspection; 71,

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE III.

Fic. 1.—New Dairy BUILDING, NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE AND STATION.

Fia. 2.—SHEEP BARN AT THE NEW HAMPSHIRE STATION.

NEW HAMPSHIRE. — 189

Digestion Experiments on the Range; Circulars 1, Glanders; 2, Ice
Cream; 3, Flavoring Extracts and Soda Fountain Sirups; 4, Coloring
Matter in Food Products; 5, Inspection of Nursery Stock; 6, Spray-
ing Trees for the Elm Scale; 7, Labeling of Food Products Artificially
Colored; and the Report of Lincoln County Experiment Farm,
1907-8.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 13, 000. 00
PEEANeD EO CUCL S) = pes 255d eae Bis eee Eee ok, ei Eh ees 2,945. 23
RETSGeT AN GUS sass a ae eee a te Thao.
Balance trom, Previous) year. =— = = a ee 610. 68

IMG) FW pee SEED Ese Ts be SO Wa ERr aE ge ree cet ee ees ee ee 31, 563. 24

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The interest in the work of the Nevada station is increasing in
proportion to the growth of agriculture within the State. The sta-
tion has a good field and is at work on problems important to the
development of agriculture in its region.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.
New Hampshire College Agricultural Experiment Station, Durham.
Department of New Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
J. C. KENDALL, B. 8., Director.

Several important changes occurred at the New Hampshire station
during the year. The resignation of the directorship by E. D. San-
derson took effect January 1, 1910, when the president of the college
assumed the duties of the office pending the appointment of a new
director. E. D. Sanderson retained the position of station ento-
mologist until the close of the year, when he was succeeded by W. C.
O’Kane. <A number of changes also took place in the corps of station
assistants. After the close of the fiscal year J. C. Kendall from the
Kansas station was appointed director, entering upon his duties in
September, 1910. ‘

During the year the dairy stables were remodeled at a cost of
$3,000, and a new sheep barn for use in the sheep feeding and
breeding experiments and a new dairy building were constructed.
(Pl. IIL)

Progress in all the Adams-fund investigations was reported. The
sheep-breeding work, pursued to discover the inheritance of charac-
ters as based on Mendel’s law, reached the F, generation, and

190 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

preparations for breeding the F, generation were made. Hampshire,
Southdown, Shropshire, Dorset Horn, Leicester, and Rambouillet
sheep are used in this work, and an elaborate series of measurements
and records taken. It is claimed that already the manner of inher-
itance of many characters can be distinguished and the result from
such crosses predicted. A study was made of the different crosses
with regard to their adaptability to the production of early lambs.
Coincidently the inheritance of the characters of twin bearing
and multinipples was taken up for investigation. Another line of
observation taken up during the year in connection with this project
was the determination of postnatal variation in the growth of sheep
and in the growth of large bones of the extremities. Dr. C. B. Daven-
port, of the Station of Experimental Evolution, Carnegie Institution,
is a collaborator in this research in sheep breeding.

Results obtained this season in the fruit-bud formation project
showed that the rate of wood growth in plats cultivated every other
year was approximately double that of plats not cultivated, and in
plats cultivated every year the rate of wood growth was double
that of plats cultivated every other year. No marked differences
appeared in rate of wood growth between unfertilized cultivated
plats and fertilized cultivated plats. Together with cultivation, the
presence of certain fertilizers, often in excess of normal amounts,
seemed to stimulate the formation of fruit buds. Plant-breeding
work was continued with squashes, watermelons, and carnations, and
studies of correlations in the strawberry were again pursued. In
the experiments with carnations pure types were sought, and valu-
able and useful variations were looked for. During the past season
pure color types were isolated and crosses made between them for
the purpose of determining Mendelian proportions. One valuable
new crimson carnation was discovered in connection with this work,
and its propagation was begun. The correlation studies on the
strawberry included the records on the fruit and foliage of 931 seed-
ling plants. Measurements of the leaves were made in order to
determine whether correlations exist between the size of leaves and
the size of fruits, and the total amount of foliage and the total
amount of fruit. :

Considerable advance was reported in working out the life history
of the fruit-spot diseases of apples. The effects of temperature and
moisture upon the fruit-spot of apples in storage were studied, and
observations were made on the leaf spots, three species of Sphzeropsis
being studied. Inoculation and spraying experiments were made to
determine the time that leaf-spot infection takes place, and the results
indicated that there is but little spread of the disease after June 10,
but that on water sprouts and other tender growths infection may

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 191

occur throughout July. It was further found that a large-spored
species of Sphxropsis was much more vigorous in producing leaf-spot
and was also more common on cankers than a small-spored species
under investigation.

The study of the physiological disease known as the point rot of
the tomato was entered upon as a new project. Experiments on
heavy and hght watering of tomato plants in relation to the occur-
rence of this disease showed that poorly watered plants were a little
more susceptible to the disease than others, but not sufficiently so to
indicate that drought is the cause of the malady. Apparently an
excess of horse manure in the soil may favor the disease.

In the department of entomology, the project on the relation of
temperature to the transformations and mortality of insects was prac-
tically concluded and the work was discontinued. Considerable
progress was made on the better understanding of the factors of tem-
perature and moisture on insect life. In connection with the apple-
maggot project, attempts were made to determine the length of time
that the larve remain in dropped apples before pupating, this fact
having an important bearing on the control of the pest. Poisoning
the adult flies with sweetened arsenicals before egg laying gave some
valuable results.

The results secured in the project on the availability of potash in
strong clay soils were published in part in Bulletin 142 of the station.
The indications are that for the heavy clay soils of the State, as shown
by the water-soluble potash present, the amount of potash in the crop,
and the amount of soil water required to produce the crop, potash
fertilizers are not essential for the production of good crops of clover
and grasses. This same line of work was extended to some of the
lighter soils, and experiments were also begun to determine the effect
of tillage on soil potash.

With Hatch funds the department of agronomy carried on variety
and fertilizer tests with corn, and experiments with alfalfa, together
with meadow and pasture improvement work. This was the fourth
season the improvement of Minnesota No. 13 corn was continued, and
the results so far indicate that early maturity can be induced, the
yield increased, and dent corn kept from assuming the characteristics
of the flint type by isolating it from flint varieties. In the fertilizer
experiment on grass land begun in 1907, the average yield this season
without fertilizer was 1.896 tons of hay per acre, while tne heaviest
yield, 3.41 tons, was secured with 400 pounds of nitrate of soda, and
the lowest yield, 1.62 tons, with 600 tons of land plaster per acre. An
alfalfa plat seeded in July, 1909, yielded this year in 3 cuttings a
total of 3.45 tons of hay per acre. On another plat different rates of
liming and seed inoculation were tested. An alfalfa nursery for

192 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

testing seed from different sources as well as individual plants was
started this year. In a pasture improvement experiment begun in
1909, various treatments such as harrowing, reseeding, fertilizing,
liming, plowing, and sheep pasturing were tried.

The horticulturist continued variety tests of plums, apples, and
lettuce. The work with apples included the renovation of an orchard
formerly in sod by bringing the land into good tilth. Fertilizer tests
with lettuce were made in the greenhouse and the value of Romaine
and head lettuce for greenhouse culture was compared. The prepa-
ration of a monograph on varieties of lettuce was continued; and the
influence of different top-dressings in growing carnations on raised
benches in greenhouses with reference to the keeping quality of the
flowers were studied.

In animal husbandry, the results of feeding experiments with sheep
showed that the use of clover hay produced greater and cheaper gains
than the hay mixture ordinarily fed in the State; that turnips fed °
with grain and hay appreciably reduced the cost of mutton produc-
tion; and that silage was not as valuable as turnips as a feed for sheep.

The entomologist demonstrated the possibility of controlling the
black fly in the White Mountains by treating streams where these
fiies breed with a suitable soluble oil which kills the larvee without
injury to the trout in the stream. Studies were also made of leaf
hoppers, blister mites, and other insects.

The station carries on cooperative experiments with farmers in the
hay-land improvement work, and with this department in testing 25
strains of soy beans with reference to period of maturity, yielding
capacity, habits of growth, and general adaptability. The study of
the nutritive ratio of corn and soy-bean silage mixed in the proportion
of 2:1, as compared with pure corn and pure bean silage, was also
pursued cooperatively. Part of the station work on soil potash is
in a measure cooperative with farmers. The station made examina-~
tions of 238 samples of grass and grain seed and analyses of 135 sam-
ples of feeds and 140 samples of fertilizers for the State board of
agriculture.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 141, A Study of Farm Buttermaking in New
Hampshire; 142, The Availability of the Soil Potash in Clay and
Clay Loam Soils; 148, The Codling Moth and How to Control It by
Spraying; 144, Some Apple Diseases; 145, Variety Tests of Oats,
Barley, Wheat, and Rye; 146, Analyses of Fertilizers; 147, Analyses
of Feeding Stuffs; Circular 7, Some Essentials in Farm Butter-
making; Scientific Contributions 3, The Oblique Banded Leaf
Roller—A New Insectary; 4, The Relation of Temperature to the
Growth of Insects; and the Annual Report, 1907-8.

NEW JERSEY. 193

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $14, 250. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____________ 18, 000. 00
Balance from United States appropriations for 1908—9_ 750. OO
MiSCeliamCOus: 52 2222 2 2.5! 21 3S ae een ee 3, 873. 37

AR pte PA Sy ck eek co Pe ied ys eas a pigs ae 31, 873. 37

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

A special need of this station is the opportunity to place its work
before the people of the State through demonstration and cooperative
experiments and other extension enterprises. The amount which can
be done in this direction with the Federal funds is quite restricted,
and a small appropriation is needed for the purpose.

NEW JERSEY.
New Jersey State Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick.
At Rutgers College.
E. B. VoorHees, D. Sc., Director.
New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station, New Brunswick.
Department of Rutgers College.

E. B. Vooruers, D. Sc., Director.

No changes were made during the year in the important lines of
work and in the station staff. The provision of new equipment was
limited to the construction of a laboratory, costing with furnishings
about $1,000, and designed for the use of the biologist in the work
on oysters. For entomological investigations, including the mosquito
work, the State allows from $20,000 to $25,000 annually.

As heretofore, the Adams-fund investigations were confined to
studies in chemistry and bacteriology of soils and to plant breeding.
Under the soils project the associative growth of leguminous and non-
leguminous plants was studied, and a preliminary paper on the sub-
ject was published. The efficiency of commercial cultures of Pseu-
domonas radicicola for inoculating purposes was studied, the results,
as recorded in Bulletin 227 of the station, showing that on soils prop-
erly drained and properly supplied with moisture, lime, phosphates,
and potash the commercial cultures under test were capable of
increasing the yields of such leguminous crops as had not been pre-
viously grown on the land.

The bacterial factor of barnyard manure was studied to ascertain
in how far the beneficial effects from it are due to its action as an
inoculating material and how far to the plant food it supplies.

91866°—11——-13

194 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Experiments were also conducted with green manures, and with fer-
rous sulphate and gypsum, as to their influence on the bacterial flcra
of the soil.

An attempt is being made to develop a bacteriological method for
determining the availability of nitrogen in organic nitrogenous fer-
tilizers. Crops are grown in pots fertilized with different nitrogenous
fertilizers, and the amount of nitrogen taken up is determined (P1. IV,
fig. 1). In the check tests in the laboratory definite quantities of
nitrogenous fertilizers are inoculated with pure cultures of bacteria
or soil infusion and the ammonia distilled off in a few days. The
results are very promising. The specific effect of nitrogenous, phos-
phatic, and potash fertilizers, as evidenced by the kind of weeds
which flourished where they were applied, was also studied. Lab-
oratory study on Azotobacter was continued, three new species of
nitrogen-fixing organisms having been isolated.

In the plant-breeding project attention was primarily directed
toward studying the principles of inheritance in beans, sweet corn,
eggplants, peppers, squashes, and tomatoes. As a foundation for the
study of inheritance in breeding tomatoes a thorough study was made
of the skins of the various types of tomatoes, and the results were
published in Bulletin 228. About 120 reciprocal crosses of the dif-
ferent types of tomatoes have been made, and in the leading types the
first generation crosses were studied in detail with reference to
cotyledons and the first and the normal leaf. Attention was also
given to heredity in size and type of fruit, cell structure of fruit,
leaf, and stem, and to other characters. A large amount of similar
work was carried on with peppers. Breeding work with sweet corn
was carried on with the object of increasing depth of kernel. In
conjunction with this project the study of the effect of environmental
factors such as heat, light, moisture, ete., on variation in plants was
also taken up. In this work, in order to eliminate the factor of indi-
viduality, plants as closely related as possible were used. In some
cases plants were sprouted from the leaves, and those from the same
leaf were separated to receive different treatment.

Under the Hatch fund the horticulturist studied the effect of cover
crops in a dwarf apple orchard, and continued the work with grapes
at Vineland and with peaches at High Bridge. Green-manuring
work in these orchards and greenhouse experiments with carnations
on the influence of the mechanical condition of the soil to determine
whether a substitution of commercial fertilizers may be made for a
part of the manure used were carried on in cooperation with the soil
bacteriologist. Some fertilizer work with roses was also conducted
in the greenhouse.

The station alfalfa field of 10 acres seeded last year produced 60
tons of hay in 34 cuttings. There has been a great growth of interest

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE IV.

Stag: mit Tal a
3 oi zon

Fic. 1.—EXPERIMENTS ON THE ACCUMULATION AND UTILIZATION OF ATMOSPHERIC
NITROGEN, NEW JERSEY STATIONS.

a b

FiG. 2.—FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH HocGs, NORTH DAKOTA STATION. (@) CorRN FED
CARCASS, AND (0) BARLEY FED CARCASS OF LITTER MATES.

i j

aie et Malad

a 3S Tach a
Ae 4s

NEW JERSEY. 195

in this crop within the State, and this fact is regarded as mainly due
to the station work with it.

The work of the biologist was confined to the subject of oyster cul-
ture, and related in particular to a study of the influence of meteor-
ological factors on spawning and spatting, and the effect of * float-
ing” oysters in water of less saline content than that in which they
were grown. It was ascertained that though oysters spawned
abundantly at different times during the summer, only the spawn
ejected in June effected a set of spat or seed, and that this was less
abundant than normally on account of the cold weather of May and
early June.

The expenses of the investigation of “ floating ” were borne in part
by the Oystermen’s Association and in part by the State Bureau of
Shell Fisheries.

The entomological work of the station covered investigations on
insects injurious to strawberries and sweet potatoes in New Jersey,
on root maggots and on insecticides not yet tested out, such as sul-
phate of nicotin, arsenate of iron, dry arsenate of lead, lime-sulphur,
and oils in combination and the like. Results published in Bulletin
225 with reference to insects injurious to strawberries show that the
injury of these insects may be limited by certain practices with a
minimum resort to insecticide applications, while the results in Bul-
letin 229 show that it was possible to avoid practically all insect
injury to sweet potatoes by proper early practice with little resort
to insecticides.

The entomological department of the station cooperates with the
State entomologist in the inspection of imported nursery stock. Co-
operative work is also carried on with farmers in the comparative
testing of insecticides under different conditions and in studying the
effect of farm practice on the development of insects and chiefly of
the underground species.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 220, Concentrated Feeding Stuffs; 221, Investi-
gations Relative to the use of Nitrogenous Materials, 1898-1907;
992, Analyses of Paris Green and Lead Arsenate; 223, Analyses and
Valuations of Commercial Fertilizers—Analyses of Fertilizer Sup-
plies, Home Mixtures, and Special Compounds; 224, Analyses and
Valuations of Commercial Fertilizers and Ground Bone—The Cost
of Available Nitrogen; 225, Insects Injurious to Strawberries; 226,
Peach Yellows and Little Peach; 227, Tests of Commercial Cultures
for Soil Inoculation ; 229, Insects Injurious to Sweet Potatoes in New
Jersey; 230, Concentrated Feeding Stuffs; and the Annual Report
for 1908.

196 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

State Station: State appropriation (fiscal year ended

Oc aE w1Oy LO Tous BOF tei kone arp ted) $39, 000

College Station :
United States appropriation, Hatch Act____~________ 15, 000
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____________ 13, 000
Poway: east rewys ngld ey red gly yyy (4 2 posi ihe 8. 67, 000

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The work of the New Jersey stations is going forward in an or-
derly and systematic way, and is accomplishing a great deal for the
agriculture of the State.

NEW MEXICO.
Agricultural Experiment Station of New Mexico, Agricultural College.
Department of New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
LUTHER Foster, M. 8S. A., Director.

Unlike the previous year, the changes on the staff of the New
Mexico station were comparatively few and were confined to the
minor positions.

The Adams-fund work of the year in horticulture consisted of the
continuation of the plant-breeding experiments with Mexican chil-
hes, investigations on the grape crown gall, life-history studies of
the codling moth under New Mexican conditions, and experiments
to ascertain why potato tubers failed to develop properly in parts
of the Territory. In connection with the breeding work on chillies,
11 strains were grown in plat tests for comparison, and work on the
potato project was pursued in the field and in the greenhouse.

In the work on sugars in cactus fruits, special attention was given
to the relation of development of sugars to ripening of the fruit, the
use of the mucilage contained in the plant for paper sizing, and the
coloring matter of the fruit with reference to its commercial use.
Work was also done on the production of alcohol from tunas, the
results of which were published in Bulletin 72 of the station.

In connection with the project on the relations of soil, water, and
crop in respect to irrigation, different amounts of water were applied
to different crops, and soil moisture, temperature, and evaporation
were measured and recorded. This work was supplemented by trans-
piration experiments carried on in tanks. This year corn was grown
in the rotation, and the crops produced with irrigations of 1 and 2
inches at frequent intervals did not grow so well as those receiving
3 and 4 inch irrigations at more remote intervals. The results of the

NEW MEXICO. 197

year brought out the necessity of establishing a standard for com-
parison of moisture other than the dry-basis percentage. The in-
vestigation of the differences in performance and the sources and
reasons for energy loss in different types of pumps for irrigation
purposes was brought to a close, and the results were prepared for
publication.

With Hatch funds, the horticulturist, in cooperation with this
department, recorded phenological data on peaches and grapes,
studied sun scald as related to methods of pruning, whitewashing,
and other treatments, and tested spring and fall or winter pruning of
grapes. A 2-acre apple orchard of 48 varieties has been started on
land with 4 to 5 feet of sandy soil and a good subsoil, for the purpose of
studying the effect of woolly aphis on trees grown on this soil where
the roots are relatively long. A test was made of apple grafts on
pear stock. The resistance of peach buds to frost was observed, and
the use of smudge pots to prevent frost injury was tried. The peach
was apparently more susceptible to frost injury when it had dropped
the petals and the fruit was about the size of a pea. Data were also
collected on the cost of production, yield, and returns in peach cul-
ture. With onions, culture and variety tests were continued, and
the results published in a bulletin indicate that good onion seed can
be grown in that section. Observations were also made on sweet
potatoes, celery, and cabbage.

The work in agronomy included variety and culture tests, breeding
experiments, and fertilizer trials with wheat, barley, rye, oats, corn,
sorghum, alfalfa, clover, and miscellaneous forage crops. Rotation
experiments were continued, and tests were made with plows for
working adobe soils and with haying machinery. Fall seeding of
spring wheat did not seem to affect the maturing of the crop, and in
general there was no decided difference due to time of seeding from
October 15 to February 15. A test of 17 varieties resulted in yields
ranging from 29 to 674 bushels per acre. A short-staple and a long-
staple Upland variety of cotton under test fruited very heavily, and
although late in opening indicated good yields. Giant and Dwarf
broom corn produced good brush and Texas-Seeded Ribbon cane
made a fair growth. In the fertilizer work, attention was given to
the use of excessively heavy fertilizer applications to study the effects
of commercial and natural manures on the growth of crops and the
production of alkali. Red clover made a good growth, but was not
as satisfactory as alfalfa.

The chemist completed the study of the wax from the candelilla
plant, and determined its relation to beeswax, carnauba, and other
waxes. Time was further devoted to the study of a method for the
separation of iron, alumina, and phosphoric acid in inorganic plant
constituents, and to the compilation of water analyses made from

198 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

different counties of the Territory during the past 10 years. In
cooperation with the Reclamation Service the changes in irrigation
water taken from the Pecos River at Carlsbad during the irrigating
season were determined, and in cooperation with the State engineer
waters of different localities were examined.

In animal husbandry, feeding experiments were conducted with 10
dairy cows in which grass pasturage alone was compared with grass
supplemented with corn meal and bran. <A feeding experiment with
25 yearling range steers was continued, the results showing that the
cheapest gain resulted from feeding alfalfa alone, and that light
grain feeding during the last 30 days of the feeding period was more
profitable than feeding grain the entire period. The results of a
pig-feeding experiment indicated that alfalfa pasture alone is not a
satisfactory means of fattening growing pigs, and that the largest
returns per acre for alfalfa pasture were secured in connection with
a half-grain ration or with feeding skimmed milk. It was further
found that 8 pounds of skimmed milk was practically equivalent to
1 pound of wheat as a supplement to alfalfa pasture. With poultry,
incubator experiments were made to study the variation of moisture
conditions in high altitudes, the means by which the moisture might
be increased in the machine, and the cause of mortality of chicks in
the shell.

A dry farm is conducted at Tucumcari with a territorial appro-
priation of $5,000 a year for two years. Several small buildings were
put up and the land is under cultivation. This farm is under a differ-
ent board of management and has but little, if any, connection with
the station.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 70, Sweet Potato Culture; 71, The Small Irriga-
tion Pumping Plant; 72, Denatured Alcohol from Tunas and other
Sources; 73, Tests of Pumping Plants in New Mexico, 1908-9; 74.
Onion Tests, 1905-1909; and 75, Apple Culture under Irrigation.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act__~_—-=--___=__ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act____-----_____ 18, 000. 00
Rarm "products! Sf 4eteerre rt Sa eee eae Ses eee eee 2, 208. 19
WG@S jae hn he dhe 2 ae) cal ba) 2 Bs eee Be 1, 496. 07

Total £87 5 2h BAIS eS A ee Aree. eS 31, 704. 26

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The work of the New Mexico station includes the study of numer-
ous problems which present themselves in different sections and

NEW YORK. 199

which vary with the conditions. The interest in the station grows
with the efficiency with which these questions are solved and the
adaptability of the solutions to actual practice.

NEW YORK.
New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.

W. H. Jorpan, D. Sc., Director.

At the last session the legislature appropriated about $122,000
for the maintenance of the station. No marked changes in funds,
buildings, staff, or equipment occurred during the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1910.

Work on both of the Adams-fund projects noted in the last report
was continued along the prescribed lines. The study of the func-
tion and importance of phytin in animal nutrition was conducted
under the project relating to the metabolism and physiological effect
of certain ash compounds fed to animals. Goats were used for these
experiments. In connection with this study calcium, potassium,
and magnesium compounds of phytin were made for use in the
investigation. Several series of results have already been obtained
with these salts when fed to goats. Satisfactory progress was also
made in the bacteriological and chemical studies of cheese ripening
which were conducted cooperatively between the departments of
bacteriology and chemistry. This investigation included a study
of casein and paracasein, as well as bacteriological studies on the
changes of milk. The effect of bacteria on the products of para-
casein was also investigated.

The greater portion of the station’s work was maintained by State
funds. The chemical department continued work on milk and cheese,
principally on sour milk, koumiss, the ash constituents of cheese,
etc.; tested methods of determining potash in fertilizers; investigated
the acidity of gluten feeds, and made a chemical study of lime and
sulphur preparations, and of fermentation changes of citrates in
milk. A method was worked out for preparing a lime-sulphur
mixture, utilizing sulphur and lime with the least waste of material
and with the production of a solution having a maximum content
of calcium pentasulphid.

The entomological department conducted studies of apple and pear
tree hoppers, cabbage maggots, tree crickets, ermine moths, and
maple-gall mites, together with tests of control methods. Spraying
with kerosene emulsion early in May, followed in about two weeks
with a second application, was found an efficient method of con-
trolling the pear psylla. Tobacco preparations combined with some
standard fungicide were found quite efficient against the psylla

200 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

and also protected against diseases. The pink aphis required
stronger solutions than the pear psylla. Contact insecticides had
little effect on the eggs of the aphis, while rather strong lime-sulphur
mixture destroyed the eggs of the psylla. Life-history studies of
several insects were made and work on a monograph of the maple-
gall mites, the Eriophyide, progressed.

The bacteriological department cooperated with the chemical de-
partment on the cheese project, studied the various factors entering
into the production of sanitary milk, and investigated various bac-
terial diseases of plants. Laboratory and field studies were made on
the soft-rot organisms to determine their pathogenicity, on seed-
borne bacterial diseases, etc. In the study of sanitary milk produc-
tion, the factors controlling the production of clean milk when using
the milking machine were differentiated, and the best form of milk-
ing pail for use in hand milking was determined by a careful series
of tests.

In the department of botany the 10-year potato spraying ex-
periment was continued, this being the ninth year. Studies were
made of currant diseases and cane blight of bush fruits, cabbage
diseases, various obscure diseases of crops where no specific organism
is present, ete. Progress was made in the study of grape diseases in
the Chautauqua district and other important grape-producing regions
of the State. In addition to the disease work, investigations were
made with reference to varieties, methods of culture, and grape
insects. Considerable work was carried on in seed testing and spray-
ing tests for the eradication of dandelions in lawns.

The department of horticulture carried on a large amount of
variety testing, plant breeding, and cooperative experimentation. In
studying the relative value of Doucin, Paradise, and Standard stocks
for varieties of apples, it was found that the Standard stocks are
best adapted to New York conditions. Comparisons were made of
various fertilizers for orchards, and experiments were carried on
with reference to management of vineyards, including work in prun-
ing, cultivation, fertilizers, cover crops, etc. A monograph by the
department on the plums of New York was about completed.

Among a number of miscellaneous investigations may be cited
studies on the cost of production of goat’s milk and its value for in-
valids and others. The station also does a large amount of inspection
work, including analyses of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, agricultural
lime, insecticides and fungicides, and also tested the glassware used
in factories and milk-receiving stations where the Babcock test is
employed.

The dairy expert, among other lines of endeavor, worked in co-
operation with the bacteriological department on the problem of
producing sanitary milk, and also continued the test of the station

NEW YORK. 201

herd. In trials conducted with the milking machine it was found
that the quality of milk depends primarily upon care in use of the
machine. Immersion of the milking parts of the machine in a 10
per cent solution of common salt between milkings was found more
efficacious than steaming. The germ content was found to be deter-
mined largely by the efficiency of the air filters. In a bulletin pub-
lished during the year the profits secured from the best and poorest
individuals of the station herd aré pointed out and the necessity of
retaining only the best cows for the highest profits is discussed.

The cooperative work of the station includes a study of nitrogen-
assimilating organisms in cooperation with the Central Experimental
Farm and MacDonald College of Canada and with the Bureau of
Plant Industry of this department, potato-spraying experiments and
potato-fertilizer tests in cooperation with farmers, experiments on
the control of currant diseases, cooperation with fruit growers in the
use of homemade concentrated lime-sulphur solutions, and coopera-
tion with the Bureau of Entomology of this department in the con-
trol of the Hessian fly.

The extension work of the station consisted mainly in two weeks’
work each by heads of departments and six assistants at farmers’
institutes.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 316, Inspection of Feeding Stuffs (with popular
edition) ; 317, Milking Machines: Effect of Method of Handling on
the Germ Content of Milk (with popular edition) ; 318, Report of
Analyses of Samples of Fertilizers Collected by the Commissioner
of Agriculture During 1909; 319, A Chemical Study of the Lime-
sulphur Wash (with popular edition); 320, Concentrated Lime-
sulphur Mixtures (with popular edition) ; 321, Director’s Report,
1909 ; 322, The Individual Animal as the Unit in Profitable Dairying
(with popular edition); Technical Bulletins 10, The Volumetric
Method for the Determination of Casein in Milk; 11, The Bacterial
Soft Rots of Certain Vegetables; and 12, Crown Rot, Arsenical
Poisoning, and Winter Injury.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_____-___-__-__ $1, 500. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____-_-_____- 1, 800. 00
SCALG RD DEO DG ALLON, {cae tae a fa ee ee 98, 248. 85
Balance. from _previousmyeares ess 2 as § oe eee 3, O85. 98

To haliss teria, 17 o buezi ret Fogle he Bh hee Petey 104, 129. 83

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

202 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The New York Experiment Station enjoys a condition of pros-
perity, has all its work well planned, and exhibits a condition of
harmony and cooperation among the workers on its staff which mean
much in promoting its efficiency.

Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, /thaca.

Department of New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University.

L. H. Battry, M. S., LL D., Director.

At the Cornell station the year was marked by development in
equipment and progress in experimental work. During the year
the new greenhouses (PI. V, fig. 1) and the new barns (PI. V, fig. 2)
were completed and are now in use. The barns are for station use
so far as experiments in poultry and feeding are concerned. The
legislature at its last session made provision for the erection of
a general classroom, laboratory, and auditorium building to cost
$113,000; a poultry building to cost $90,000; and a home economics
building to cost $154,000. In addition a central heating plant, to
cost about $50,000, is to be supplied when these buildings have pro-
vressed far enough to require it. The completion of these structures,
in addition to greatly relieving the crowded condition of the college
of agriculture, will furnish more space for the work of the experi-
ment station. Three industrial fellowships were established during
the year, making now a total of four for the investigation of plant
diseases. H. J. Webber served as acting dean and director while
L. H. Bailey was on leave of absence. The changes on the station
staff were few and were confined to minor positions.

The Adams Act investigations were continued on the projects in
hand. The breeding investigations, including the study of the laws
of inheritance and hybrids, were continued with the same plants, and
experiments with the radish were added. Results in connection with
the study of the influence of chemical injections in producing muta-
tions or variations in a pure line of wild silene were brought together
for publication. The inheritance of certain characters was studied
in a considerable number of plants, and a preliminary report on the
results of some experiments is soon to appear. In variation studies
special attention was given to the extent and use of bud variation,
these investigations being conducted particularly with potatoes and
oxeye daisies. A study of the cumulative action of selection with
pure lines of wheat and oats was continued in cooperation with this
department. Work of similar nature was also done to some extent
with cowpeas and garden beans.

A number of interesting facts was brought out by the various in-
vestigations on soils and soil fertility conducted with the Adams

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910 PLATE V.

‘
wy
x
a
=

=

Fic. 1.—-NEW GREENHOUSE LABORATORIES, NEW YORK CORNELL COLLEGE AND STATION.

Fla. 2.—NeEw Dairy BARNS, NEW YORK CORNELL COLLEGE AND STATION.

NEW YORK. 203

fund. The growth of a legume with a nonlegume gave the latter
a greater protein content than when it was grown alone. The growth
of alfalfa was found to increase the nitrifying power of the soil for
at least certain periods in the growth of the crop. Both legumes and
nonlegumes were shown to have a definite relation to the nitrate
content of the soil on which they grow, the relation differing with
different crops. The station advances the hypothesis that certain
nonlegumes stimulate nitrification during their period of most active
growth, and later have a depressing effect on the process of nitrate
formation. Theabsorption of nitrate nitrogen by wheat plants grown
in a rich soil was found not to be proportional to the growth of the
plants, but to increase with a decrease in the soil moisture content
and consequently with a decrease in the crop. This result is consid-
ered as a probable explanation of the high percentage of gluten in
wheat grown in semiarid regious.

In studying the relation of lime to the growth of alfalfa, it was
observed that the protein content of alfalfa grown on limed soil is
markedly greater than when the plants are grown on soil in need
of lime. In these experiments the difference amounted to 88 pounds
of protein per ton of alfalfa hay. Investigations involving the ap-
plication of fertilizers at different stages of growth of corn and oats
have demonstrated that, under certain conditions and for certain
crops, the application of fertilizers after the crops are growing effects
a substantial economy.

The entomological work under the Adams Act was confined mainly
to a study of the species of Isosoma on grasses and cereals. This
work consisted of rearing the insects and studying the different spe-
cies with reference to their taxonomy. The study of the life histories
of the red bugs of the apple and of the plum leaf miner was begun as
a new project.

The station also carried on numerous lines of work with Hatch
and State funds. The timothy-breeding experiments under way for
several years have resulted in a number of new forms which repro-
duce their characters true to type. The best of these were tested in
the field and grown in isolated plats to secure pure seed for distribu-
tion. Corn-breeding experiments were carried on in four different
sections of the State for the purpose of obtaining high-yielding and
early-ripening strains of dent corn. The oat and wheat breeding
experiments carried on in cooperation with this department for sev-
eral years were continued.

The experimental soil work consisted of an examination of the
chemical composition and of certain physical properties of the more
important types of soil in the State, a comparison of the practice of
fertilizing for hay crops with that of fertilizing for the grain crops
in a rotation of timothy three years followed by corn and oats each

204 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

one year, and the study of the causes of the formation of soil granules
and the conditions involved in these processes. A bulletin on the
effect of fertilizers applied to timothy on the corn crop following it
was published during the year.

The results of steam sterilization of soils showed that steaming at
two atmospheres’ pressure for two or four hours reduced the nitrates
to nitrites and ammonia, and that the ammonia was mostly derived
from organic nitrogen. Ammonification and nitrification were prac-
tically nonexistent during the three months following steaming.

The department of farm practice inaugurated a new series of ex-
periments to test the relative efficiency of different ways of manuring
land and different ways of plowing. The department of farm man-
agement and field crops studied pasture management and made com-
parative tests of races of flint and dent corn in different sections of —
the State. The results indicated that on hill lands flint varieties
are superior to the dent varieties. The agricultural survey work
conducted by this department has brought together information of
fundamental nature bearing on questions of farm management.

The department of plant physiology conducted investigations on
the action of nutrient solutions of different composition upon plant
growth, the relation of plants to single nutrients or to preponderance
of a particular nutrient, the antidotal effect or antagonistic action of
different mineral constituents of the soil solution, nitrogen fixation
by fungi, stimulation and toxicity, respiration and fermentation, and
the physiological relations of bacteria.

The department of plant pathology continued its studies of the
diseases of grapes, beans, ginseng, apples, nursery stock, and the like,
including special tests of lime-sulphur as a fungicide. New lines of
work on the following subjects were started and were conducted un-
der industrial fellowships provided from private sources: The uses
of sulphur and its compounds as fungicides; the heart rots of forest,
shade, and fruit trees; the effect of cement dust on the setting of
fruit, injury. to foliage, ete.; the diseases and insect pests of fruit
and fruit trees; and the diseases of potatoes. Plant lice were found
to be the chief agents in spreading fire blight of pears, apples,
quinces, ete. The destruction of all sources of infection by cleaning
out all cankers and removing all diseased bark and disinfecting the
-cuts with a corrosive sublimate solution of 1:1,000 is recommended.
A bulletin on peach-leaf curl advises early spraying with Bordeaux
mixture or lime-sulphur solution before the buds are far advanced.

The department of horticulture was engaged in monographing the
varieties of peonies, sweet peas, and gladioli, and published a bulletin
on the classification of the peony. A special study of the specialized
truck regions of the State was begun during the year.

NEW YORK. 205

The department of entomology conducted special studies of the
snow-white linden-moth, the Mallophaga infesting domestic fowls,
the cabbage aphis, and the larch case bearer, apple maggot, and other
insects. Extensive experiments were also made on the treatment of
onion thrips and the use of lime-sulphur washes for scale insects.

The work of the dairy department consisted of studies of moisture
in butter, of the factors affecting the efficiency of cream separators,
and of the factors affecting the accuracy of the Babcock test, and
experiments in manufacturing Camembert cheese. Tests of 34 herds
of cows were made and a bulletin giving the results of the second
year’s work is in course of preparation.

The experimental work of the department of animal husbandry
had reference mainly to the relation of food standards to milk pro-
duction. The results of experiments carried on indicaté that mangels
raised at a cost of $4 per ton and judiciously used to replace one-half
of the grain ordinarily fed are profitable for milk production. <A
comparison of different substitutes for skim milk in raising calves
showed that skim milk was the best substitute for whole milk and
also that good calves can be raised without skim milk or milk of any
kind after the first 30 days. Dried skim-milk powder proved the
best substitute for skim milk at an economical cost.

The department of poultry husbandry compared the results of free
range versus bare yard and close confinement on laying and breeding
stock and the accumulative effect of natural versus artificial incu-
bation on the health and productivity of fowls, and studied the im-
portance of constitutional vigor in selecting fowls, the relation of
inheritance to the function of egg production, age as a factor in
breeding, the feeding of color pigments in nutrition experiments,
seven methods of feeding chickens to broiler age, and crossbreeding
White Leghorns and Barred Rocks in comparison with pure breeds.

The department of agricultural chemistry made considerable prog-
ress in the study of the lime requirements of soils.

The extension work conducted by the college of agriculture in-
cluded a large number of cooperative experiments with farmers on
the use of fertilizers for certain crops, corn and potato selection tests,
comparative cost of producing dry matter in root and silage crops,
etc. One feature of the extension work is the agricultural survey,
carried on by counties, and the soil survey of the State, conducted in
cooperation with the Bureau of Soils of this department. The soil
survey as at present organized is able to cover only about one county
a year. Wherever experiments are conducted field meetings are ar-
ranged on the experimental plats for the purpose of field demonstra-
tions. Several farm trains were run during the year. For the fiscal
year 1910-11 the State appropriated $12,000 for extension work,
which is an increase of $2,000 over the year before.

2906 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The publications received from the station during the year were
as follows: Bulletins 268, The Substitution of Roots for Concen-
trated Foods in Rations for Milk Production; 269, Substitutes for
Skim Milk in Raising Calves; 270, Fancy Cheeses for the Farm and
Factory; 271, The Incomes of 178 New York Farmers; 272, Fire
Blight of Pears, Apples, Quinces, etc.; 273, The Effect of Fertilizers
Applied to Timothy on the Corn Crop Following It; 274, Building
Poultry Houses; 275, Effect of Steam Sterilization on the Water
Soluble Matter in Soils; and 276, Peach-leaf Curl.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation. Hatch Act__________________ $13, 500
Wnited States appLropriacioneeA Gains ACt= ee eee ene 11, 700
A AKO 21 Wa OS gs a ge ws a glee te eae 25, 200

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the Federal funds
has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed by
this department and has been approved.

The State appropriated $200,000 for the maintenance of the college
of agriculture for the fiscal year 1910-11, an increase of $25,000 over
the appropriation of the previous year. The station continues to
increase and strengthen its work in a variety of lines important to
the agriculture of the State. The policy pursued of differentiating
college extension and experimentation work in the organization is
giving good results and is working out to the satisfaction of all the
departments concerned.

NORTH CAROLINA.

North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, West Raleigh.
Department of North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
C. B. WiLitaMs, M. S., Director.

A number of changes occurred in the staff of the North Carolina
station during the year. J. Michels, dairy husbandman, who re-
signed to engage in commercial work, was succeeded by J. C. McNutt.
J. D. Cecil was appointed animal pathologist of the station. Some
changes also took place in the corps of assistants, but these did not
take effect until after the close of the fiscal year. In accordance with
a law passed in March, 1909, the printing of the station publications
was done at the expense of the State. The improvements made dur-
ing the year included the installation of a system of water works, the
erection of a tool and implement shed, and the construction of a num-
ber of smaller buildings for different purposes.

The Adams-fund work in plant pathology included the investiga-
tion of a new apple disease caused by an undetermined fungus. ‘The

NORTH CAROLINA. 207

study of lettuce diseases was continued and the results prepared for
publication. A method of treatment based on the laboratory investi-
gations was worked out. In connection with the studies in nitrifica-
tion, samples of the different soil types existing in the State were se-
cured and the nitrifying and ammonifying efficiency was determined.
It appears from the data accumulated that the associative action of
other bacteria with the nitrifying organisms is an important factor.
The chemical work done on this project showed that the results ob-
tained when working with soils are not the same as those secured
with solutions. Work was also pursued in the improvement of
methods for comparing the nitrifying efficiency of soils and making
colorimetric and qualitative tests for nitrates.

The study of the relation of geology and chemistry of soils to fer-
tility was continued actively, and the chemist, cooperating with the
department of agronomy, analyzed about 200 samples of soil in con-
nection with this work. Considerable work was also done on the
investigation of the cause of the development of suckers on corn and
its influence on the yield.

The horticulturist continued to study the cause of “ double flower ”
and sterility in blackberries and dewberries. Results secured in
studying the Muscadine grapes and published in Bulletin 209 of the
station have brought out the fact that these grapes are generally self-
sterile and that male vines must be planted in the vineyards to insure
satisfactory fruiting. The study of the transmission of characters in
hybrids of the Rotundifolia grapes was taken up in continuation of
the work with this species.

In entomology, special attention was given to the investigation on
the pickle worm and work was taken up on the life history of the
corn billbug and allied species. The investigation on the toxicity of
cottonseed meal, in which the chemist, animal husbandman, and vet-
erinarian cooperated, was actively carried forward. Among other re-
sults secured, it was found that meal from certain kinds of sea-island
cotton seed is as toxic as the meal from upland seed.

Numerous lines of station work, some of them having been taken
up during the year, were supported by Hatch funds. The work in
agronomy included variety, culture, and rotation tests with a number
of cereal and forage crops, selective breeding experiments with cot-
ton and wheat, a study of the dropping of squares of different varie-
ties of cotton under different seasonal and soil conditions, and a com-
parison of various cover-crop combinations. Canada field peas and
Burt oats, and hairy vetch and wheat gave excellent results as green
forage crop combinations for hogs. It was also found that velvet
beans mature in the Piedmont section of the State and that they pro-
duce a very satisfactory growth of vines. The results of fertilizer
tests indicated that all fertilizer treatment hastened the maturity of
cotton and corn on a poor type of Cecil sandy loam soil, and further,

208 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

that this type of soil is not in need of potash when growing cereals
or cotton.

Feeding experiments with poultry showed the value of abundant
range, the necessity of a sufficient amount of ash and protein in the
ration, and the economy of feeding skim milk to laying hens during
the summer.

The horticulturist found that the dropping of immature figs is
due to the fact that many of the trees are seedlings of the Smyrna
fig, which must be fertilized from other types in order to bring fruit
to maturity.

Feeding experiments conducted by the department of animal
husbandry showed that cottonseed meal when fed not to exceed 2
pounds per day per animal and when properly combined with other
feeds can be used for feeding horses and mules, and that beef cattle
can be fed quantities ranging from 6 to 7 pounds per day, on an
average, and for a period of 100 to 120 days without injurious results.
It was also demonstrated that corn silage and corn stover can be used
as substitutes for cottonseed hulls. In pig-feeding experiments it
was demonstrated by the use of digester tankage that feeds rich in
ash and protein are necessary to develop bone and muscle in hogs.

The entomologist, among other lines of work, tested a proprietary
preparation of sulphur and arsenate of lead as a spray against the
plum curculio, and demonstrated the effectiveness of using a solu-
tion of 1 pound of arsenate of lead in 10 gallons of water in com-
bating the elm-leaf beetle.

The work of the station in dairy husbandry consisted largely in
feeding experiments with different rations, including a feeding test
with calves, in which cottonseed meal was used with different
amounts of bran and oats with silage and hay. Practical methods of
manufacturing cottage and Neufchatel cheeses of uniform grade
and quality and on a small scale were worked out.

The publications received from this station during the year were
as follows: Bulletins 200, Feeding Fermented Cottonseed Meal
to Hogs; 201, Scuppernong and other Muscadine Grapes—Origin
and Importance; 202, Manufacture and Marketing of Cottage Cheese,
Skim-milk Buttermilk, and Ice Cream; 203, Corn Weevils and other
Grain Insects; 204, Some Factors Involved in Successful Corn
Growing; and 205, Insect Enemies of Cantaloups, Cucumbers, and
Related Plants.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act__-__-__________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____-________ 13, 000. 00
State’ appropriationi 2 J... 20 tid ee eee oa 1, 400. 00
WSarnks PROGUGERY. 4 PS ee Be ois Deere eee 4, 879. 56

Total = 8 oe ae ee ee ee ee 34, 279. 56

NORTH CAROLINA. 209

_ A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The work of the North Carolina station in general is proceeding
regularly and in accordance with definite plans. Although condi-
tions limit the range of the station work, increased interest in its
operations is manifested throughout the State.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the North Carolina State Department
of Agriculture, Ralcigh.

B. W. Kivcorg, M. S8., Director.

The principal lines of work followed at this station during the
year included soil investigations to determine the fertilizer or plant
food requirements of different crops on the different types of soil
occurring in the State, and experiments with crops, including cotton,
corn, and other cereals, peanuts, cowpeas, soy beans, and tobacco, to
determine which of these are best adapted to the various soils and
what methods of cultivation and general crop management are most
efficient. The work was conducted on the five test farms or substa-
tions in Iredell, Buncombe, Edgecombe, Pender, and Transylvania
Counties, representing different types of soil, and on a large number
of similar areas or individual farms over the State where different
kinds of soil are found to be typically developed. Analyses of the
soils on which the work was done were made and some of the results
of the work were published during the year.

Work was in progress on the testing of varieties of the leading
crops for the different parts of the State, and the improvement of
these varieties by breeding and selection was also given attention.
Experiments with potatoes, cabbage, celery, and apples were carried
on in the mountain section of the State, and with strawberries, lettuce,
pecans, and peaches in the eastern or coastal plain section. Feeding
experiments were made with beef cattle to determine the profitable-
ness of beef production when fed on the crops generally grown on the
farms of the State.

A large amount of demonstration work in addition to the farmers’
institute work and embracing spraying, pruning, and other orchard
practices, selection of seed, methods of cultivation, fertilization, and
other phases of production for different crops was conducted, and
cooperative work with this department on the Scuppernong grape
was carried on at the Pender test farm. Cooperative work with
tobacco was also in progress.

The work of the station is supported from the finances of the State
department of agriculture, which amounted to $164,000 for this year

91866°—11——14

210 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

and of which from $60,000 to $80,000 was used in experimental work
and for carrying the results to the farmers.

Bulletins presenting the results of the work of the station were
issued during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, on the following
subjects: Reports on Fertilizers and Fertilizer Inspection; Variety
and Culture Tests with Wheat, Oats, and Rye; Pecans; Annual
Report of Farmers’ Institutes; Stock Feeds; Tenth Annual Report
on Food Adulteration; Oil Bulletin; Variety and Distance Tests
with Corn and Cotton; Fertilizer Analyses (2 bulletins) ; The Home
Canning of Fruits and Vegetables; The Culture of the Cowpea; Some
Common Birds on the Farm; Insect Enemies of Tobacco; Winter
and Spring Work in Selecting Seed Corn; and July and August
Work in Selecting Seed Corn.

NORTH DAKOTA.
North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural College.
Department of North Dakota Agricultural College.
J. H. Worst, LL. D., Director.

The lines of investigation and the personnel of the North Dakota
station remained practically without change during the year. Much
of the work, however, was interrupted and hampered by the burning
of the chemical laboratory December 24, 1909, which resulted in con-
siderable loss of data and material collected for work as well as appa-
ratus and equipment. The total loss was estimated at $63,000, in-
cluding $35,000 worth of apparatus. To replace this laboratory a
large and spacious fireproof building for the chemical department is
under construction. The new veterinary building was completed.
furnishing the veterinary department with an entirely new plant and
equipment with exceptionally good arrangements. The building is
constructed to form essentially three separate but connected struc-
tures, containing laboratories and classrooms in one part, a stable in
another, and a dissecting room in a third section. An operating
room and a killing room are also provided.

Progress was made in the Adams-fund investigations of the sta-
tion, although the destruction of the chemical laboratory retarded
some of the work. In the milling project studies were made of the
milling and flour and bread producing quality of wheats grown on
different soils, of different varieties of wheat, of frosted wheats, bin-
burned wheats, and all wheats ripened in the stack as compared with
shock-thrashed grain. Studies were also made of the content in the
flour of gluten, ash, and organic phosphates in relation to the loaf
volume. The acid phosphate content was found to vary considerably
in wheats grown on different soils and in different seasons, and also

NORTH DAKOTA. 211

in different varieties. The legislature contributed $3,000 for the
laboratory work of this line of vestigation.

In studying the nutrition of the wheat plant in its relation to soil
conditions, special attention was given to humus, the development of
efficient methods, the relation of conditions of soil to its formation
and character, and the availability of the plant food in humus.

The swamp-fever investigation made good progress. It was found
that cases in horses otherwise appearing to be entirely healthy may
be infectious for a long time without showing clinical evidence
except a periodical rise in temperature. The results have further
shown that the disease is transmissible by subcutaneous and intra-
venous injection and the ingestion of blood coming from affected
horses, and that the etiologic factor is an ultramicroscopic or filterable
virus. The popular conception of swamp fever as being essentially
an anemia was shown to be erroneous. No efficient therapeutic agent
has thus far been found.

The work on disease-resistant flax now carried on in cooperation
with farmers has shown that the varieties selected are not only
strongly resistant to diseases but that they are also especially good
yielders even upon new lands. The results of investigations on the
relation of bacteria and fungi in‘soil to cropping ‘methods are con-
sidered as showing that the early deterioration of the wheat crop on
new lands is not necessarily due to the chemical depletion of the soil,
but to the introduction of special parasitic fungi which bring about
soil sickness in the same sense that flax soils become sick. Attention
was also given to the methods of the distribution of these diseases
and the means of their eradication or prevention. It is pointed out
that some of these wheat diseases attacked quack grass, and that this
seems to explain the strong influence that a quack-grass soil has in
preventing the growth of wheat upon the same area. Observations
on sterilized soil from the rotation plats showed that the bacteria
content soon came back to the original but that the disease fungi
returned less rapidly. Work was also taken up during the year on
the changes taking place in flax during the process of ripening, and
in connection with the retting of flax fiber and on the products of dis-
tillation from flax straw.

Under the Hatch Act the agriculturist gave considerable attention
to plant breeding and seed distribution, dry-land cooperative trials,
and animal husbandry work. The work in plant breeding was
greatly enlarged, particularly in breeding corn, alfalfa, and winter
grains. The yields of corn in ear-to-row tests ranged from 96 to
37.7 bushels per acre. Golden Dent No. 950 seed corn was widely
distributed by various means, though largely through sales direct
from the institution.

21 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

No. 316 blue-stem wheat was largely disseminated through the
demonstration farms. This wheat is the result of 17 years’ work,
and is the first blue-stem seed distributed by the station. The yield
in this very dry year was 274 bushels per acre on 5 acres, while the
average wheat production for the entire State is estimated at only
54 bushels per acre. No. 959 winter rye proved hardy to a con-
siderably greater degree than the common rye sown in the country,
and also gave better yields. The cross of winter wheat and winter
rye made by the station two years ago continued to prove fertile and
vigorous, and to promise to be a good yielder. The improved seed
grains are tested on the demonstration farms and the five substations
located in 29 of the 48 counties of the State and are largely dis-
tributed from these points.

The studies of crop rotation, soil exhaustion, and fertility main-
tenance were extended and largely revised during the year. This
work is planned to determine positively the requirements for the
maintenance of the soil of the Red River Valley. The moisture
studies were continued on the rotation plats and were extended to
the demonstration farms and also carried out in the dry-land
farming work at the five substations.

The work in ariimal husbandry included feeding experiments with
hogs, in which different feeds were compared. (PI. IV, fig. 2.) It
was found that corn produced a much larger proportion of fat than
barley and in consequence made a poorer grade of pork. It required
18 per cent more of barley than of corn to produce a given gain in
weight. Another test showed that ground rejected wheat produced
good gains when fed to swine with shorts. In comparison with corn
it required 8.9 per cent more rejected wheat than corn to produce the
same gains, but the quality of pork produced was better than that
produced on corn. Observations were made on the cost of milk
production with the various rotations available in the State. In
breeding work with poultry the use of a good sire for three genera-
tions on mongrel stock brought the flock up to a high grade. A
comparison of cold and warm housing and ventilation for chickens
gave the best results from the cool housing. The fowls produced
more eggs and showed greater vigor than where the temperature
remained above freezing. The effect of exposing eggs to low tem-
perature before incubation as affecting their fertility was studied,
and it was found that eggs chilled up to three hours hatched well.
The enforcement of the stallion inspection law is incumbent directly
upon the head of the department of animal husbandry. An exami-
nation was made of 2,522 stallions, of which 2,346 were granted
licenses.

The work of the horticulturist was seriously interfered with by
the drought and the prevalence of grasshoppers, The year’s work

NORTH DAKOTA. 213

with vegetables was almost a failure, but the results with reference
to drought resistance of different forest trees was of interest. It
appeared that the trees having a long taproot like the black walnut
and those with a vigorous rooting habit like the willow were best
able to withstand the dry weather. In diminishing order of drought
resistance the species ranked as follows: Jack pine, bull pine, Rus-
sian wild olive, black walnut, white willow, green ash, white ash,
hackberry, cottonwood, elm, box elder, soft maple, and white birch.

The veterinarian, in addition to his Adams-fund work, conducted
the State Serum Institute and cooperated with the State Live Stock
Sanitary Board.

The chemist conducted an inspection of paints, oils, and varnishes
under a State law, and issued a bulletin on the composition of ready-
mixed paints as secured in the market. A special donation of $1,500
for tests of the serviceability of paints and oils and various mixtures

yas made by paint manufacturers. The chemical department also
conducts inspections of foods and drugs, beverages, fertilizers, and
feeding stuffs, and analyzes illuminating oils for the State oil inspec-
tion, special State appropriations being made for this service.

The botanist continued his observations on weed destruction by
means of various spraying solutions. The State enacted a pure-seed
law, and furnished funds for its execution and a well-equipped
laboratory for seed investigation.

Cooperative work is carried on with this department in irrigation
at the Williston substation, with reference to the amounts of water
applied per acre, times of application, behavior of small grain,
alfalfa, sugar beets, and market products under irrigation in that
climate, and upon two of the types of soils which that farm repre-
_sents. Dry land and irrigated farming on the same crop are here
compared. During this dry season the yields without irrigation
were only worth harvesting for forage. Other dry-land cooperative
trials were conducted at Edgeley and at Langdon. The work on
hardy alfalfa at the Dickinson substation was given considerable
attention. It has been possible to make alfalfa survive under the
severe winter conditions as well as under dry-land farming methods.
Experiments on alfalfa were also in progress at the Williston, Lang-
don, and Edgeley substations. Work at the new substation at Het-
tinger was carried forward during the year, and this station is now
ready to begin experimental work.

The average yields secured on the 24 demonstration farms during
the adverse season of 1910 were much greater than the average yields
for the entire State. The station also did work in connection with a
breeding circuit in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry
and with college-extension and farmers’ institute work.

214 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The following publications have been received from this station
during the year: Bulletins 84, Fattening Hogs; 85, Glanders; 86,
Some Ready-mixed Paints; 87, Seed Disinfection and Crop Produc-
tion—Methods and Types of Machinery Needed; Special Food Bulle-
tins 11-23; and Paint Bulletins 1-8, Report on Service Condition of
Paints.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 13, 000. 00
State fappropriahion( Jose tet wae Bde eet dE 16, 281. 45
MiscellameOuse= soe se ee hae See ee ee Leet 5, 468. 31
Balance tromepreviousy yeaa ee ee ee eee 11, 286. 10

MG Galles tot wes see bey ae ee peed eh Bed ae papery 61, 035. 86

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The North Dakota station has in progress a large amount of valu-
able experimental work, but with the pressure for extension work of
various kinds the experimental work is likely to suffer unless special
provision is made for it. The demonstration work of the station is
conducted on an extensive scale, and, together with the special train-
ing and institute work, a very marked influence on the agriculture of
the State is being exerted.

OHIO.
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster.

C. E. THorne, M. S. A., Director.

The last general assembly appropriated $166,295 for the support
of the station, including, among other items, the following amounts
for the different station departments: Administration $26,300,
agronomy $16,475, animal husbandry $15,000, botany $10,900, chem-
istry $3,700, cooperative experiments $20,470, dairy husbandry $8,000,
entomology $5,000, forestry $10,000, horticulture $10,950, nutrition
$4,000, and soils $10,500. In addition to the allotments for the differ-
ent departments there was an appropriation of $17,000 for the com-
pletion of the nutrition building, for which $5,000 was allowed by the
previous assembly, $3,000 for an extension of the power house, and
$4,000 for the purchase of additional land. These appropriations
provide for extension work along several lines, including the estab-
lishment of a new department, that of dairy husbandry.

An act was passed April 13, 1910, providing for the establishment
of county experiment farms. This law is wholly optional in char-
acter, merely providing a way by which the counties may inaugurate

OHIO. B15

local demonstrations of the station results and by which local prob-
lems and conditions may be better studied by the station.

The Adams fund work was carried on along the original lines and
no new projects were taken up. The results secured in the study
of certain projects were published during the year in bulletin form.
The project on the increase and fixation of desirable properties in
plants included work with 130 strains of alfalfa propagated from
seed from as many different plants, 245 strains of red clover, 100
strains of corn, 569 strains of oats, 125 strains of soy beans, and 1,560
strains of wheat. Pedigreed strains of corn have been developed
which are thus far yielding 5 to 14 bushels per acre more than the
original varieties; pedigreed strains of oats and wheat are yielding 3
to 6 bushels more than the original stock; and soy beans 25 to 6
bushels more. In the work with corn it was found that seed ears of
less than normal length tend to reduce the yield, and that the con-
tinuous use of ears having 1 to 14 inches of bare cob at the tip
decreases the yield of shelled corn per acre. The use of merely
crease-dented ears appears somewhat superior in yield to very rough- °
dented ears, and the weight of ear, other conditions being equal, is
apparently a partial guide in the selection of productive seed. The
cylindrical shape of the ear proved less important than the other
characters mentioned.

The project of the role of lime and phosphorus in the maintenance
of soil fertility is carried on by the director in cooperation with the
departments of chemistry and agronomy. In connection with the
rotation plats a very large number of analyses of the crops grown
were made and from the results thus far obtained with wheat there
appeared to be a direct relation between the composition of the wheat
and the treatment of the soil. This work is bringing out the differ-
ences in composition between soils of the limestone and sandstone
areas of the State, and appears to point out that the lack or abun-
dance of phosphorus in the soil influences the composition of the
crops produced.

The work on the roles of phosphorus and other mineral elements
in animal nutrition has thus far been confined to phosphorus com-
pounds, including the value of the various compounds in foods, the
separation of the various groups of phosphorus compounds in food-
stuffs, and the effects of conditions of growth on the mineral nutri-
ents in blue grass. In Bulletin 207 of the station it is shown that
the specific or characteristic effects of foods are influenced in impor-
tant ways by the ratio of the inorganic acids to the inorganic bases
which they contain. In Bulletin 213, published jointly with the
Missouri Experiment Station, a comparison of balanced rations
shows that the muscular growth produced was generally in accord
with the content of the foods in organic phosphorus compounds.

216 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Bulletin 215, also published during the year, describes new and im-
proved methods for distinguishing between organic phosphorus,
which contributes to the growth of all the tissues of the body, and
inorganic phosphorus, which contributes only to the growth of the
bones. The results of these studies showed that glycero-phosphates
are more useful than the other organic and inorganic compounds
found in foods, and it is pointed out that as the content of farm
foods of phosphorus in this condition is very small, it may be a
profitable practice under certain conditions to add glycero-phos-
phates to the food much as we use common salt.

Each department of the station had in progress a large number of
investigations supported by Hatch and other funds. The botanist
studied a bacterial disease of raspberries and blackberries, a disease
of peaches, Fusarium diseases of potatoes, a Fusarium wilt of cab-
bage, and also gave considerable attention to diseases of the cereals.
Spraying experiments were conducted to test various fungicides in
comparison with lime sulphur. The bacterial blight of oats is re-
ported upon in Bulletin 210 of the station. The study of diseases
of forest and shade trees was taken up in cooperation with the For-
estry Department. About 425 samples of seeds were tested during
the year for purity, and germination tests were made of about 200
samples. Weed-spraying experiments were carried on, and _ salt
solutions, 3 pounds to 1 gallon of water, were found effective for
destroying poison ivy, horsenettle, elder, ete., while iron sulphate
proved excellent for destroying the oxeye daisy. The plant-breeding
work of the department consists mainly of hybridizing wheat, oats,
and tobacco. Several hybrids of wheat and oats were tested at the
station and on the outlying farms. Several hundred tobacco hybrids
were under test at Germantown, and this part of the work is carried
on to some extent in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry.

In entomology studies were made of the wheat jointworm, bark
beetles, webworms, white grubs, insects affecting stored grain, etc.,
and spraying experiments were made for the control of apple pests.
Most of the spraying work is» conducted cooperatively, and it is
planned to continue this plan for five or six years before making
definite recommendations. The work of the department of agronomy
consisted of testing old and new varieties, methods, rates and times
of seeding, and the improvement of varieties by selection and breed-
ing of alfalfa, clover, corn, cowpeas, special forage crops, meadow
grasses, oats, soy beans, and wheat. Some 25 different sources of
alfalfa seed were studied, together with 35 varieties of corn, 25 of
which are pedigreed strains developed by the station, 4 varieties of
field peas, 10 species of grasses, 60 varieties of oats, and 51 of soy
beans, 34 of which are superior pure-line selections,

OHIO. 217

Milling and baking tests of the station’s different varieties and
selections of wheat were taken up, and interesting variations have
already been brought out by the results of this work. A study of
two systems of farming, one with and the other without live stock
was inaugurated, and the effect of deep and shallow plowing and
subsoiling was studied at the station and at the various State test
farms. This department also carried on a large amount of coopera-
tive work with each of the important crops in several counties of
the State.

In animal husbandry, feeding and breeding experiments were in
progress with horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs. The sheep work was
largely conducted in the southeastern portion of the State and in-
eluded comprehensive studies on wool production, lamb feeding, ete.
The studies in wool production are prosecuted from the standpoints
of both the wool producer and the textile worker. The study of
various proportions of grain and roughage in the ration for beef
production and in the use of various kinds of roughage for mutton
production was taken up.

Experiments in pasture improvement were undertaken at the sta-
tion and at the Southeastern Test Farm, where work with poultry
was also begun on a limited scale. In the hog-feeding experiments,
the influence of individual animals, dry-lot feeding, different ra-
tions, corn with and without supplements, such as soy beans, rape,
grass, etc., were studied. The work of this department will here-
after include the production of meat and wool and the feeding of
horses, while the new department of dairy husbandry will take over
the management of the dairy cattle.

The horticultural department made observations on self-fertility
of fruits, the value of smudges for frost protection, the use of fer-
tilizers for grapes, and on mulching with apples. In the work of
establishing a system of orcharding for the hilly regions of the
southern part of the State, it was found that the so-called sod-
mulched trees were of decidedly better growth than those grown on
soil without the mulch or where the land was cultivated. The mulch’
plats contained more nitrates and more moisture than the other plats.
Irrigation and cultivation experiments with strawberries and toma-
toes were begun in the open and the improved work with tomatoes,
lettuce, cucumbers, and other vegetables showed good results. This
department with the department of entomology worked in coopera-
tion with orchardists in various sections of the State, with the result
that the possibility of bringing back many abandoned orchards into
very profitable production has been convincingly demonstrated.

The forestry work of the station is now practically a separate
department. Its work consists very largely of experiments in mixed
plantings of coniferous and deciduous trees, observations on rate of

918 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

growth, cooperative planting in the State, and nursery work. At
Wooster, the nursery of this department contains about 225,000
seedling trees, including 10,000 ornamental trees to be tested under
various conditions in different parts of the State. Work was carried
on in the reconstruction of three native wood lots at the station farm,
and several wood lots are also being reafforested at the Southeastern
test farm. From the nature of the work, the greater part of the
operations of this department are carried on away from the station.
Its cooperative work consists of work with farmers and with State
and municipal institutions. Out of 208 farmers applying for help
in forestry work, 73 applied for aid in managing wood lots, being
double the number for the previous year. Forestry work on the co-
operative plan was conducted at seven State and municipal institu-
tions and at one private institution.

The cooperative work of the station was quite extensive and was
in charge of the cooperation department, which is well supported by
State funds. This work consisted very largely of studies of methods
in farm management, and four assistants were appointed and as-
signed to different parts of the State for the purpose of overseeing
definite problems. These assistants visit their respective regions and
supervise the experimental work. Cooperative field experiments
were conducted with corn, alfalfa, grasses, soy beans, potatoes, and
other crops, and a few fertilizer experiments were started. The
State has made provision for putting a third station exhibit on the
road during the fair season, and the State railroad commission has
arranged with the railroads for a uniform rating for the shipment of
these exhibits to the various county fairs applying for them.

In the farm-management work about 80 dairymen and 100 poultry-
men cooperated with the station, and on a small number of farms all
the enterprises entering into their operation were studied in coopera-
tion with this department. In addition to this work, statistics of
crop production were collected and arrangements were made with
the Bureau of the Census for a tabulation by townships of Ohio’s
corn crop, in order to compare these data with the statistics col-
lected annually by the township assessors.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 203, Studies in Diseases of Cereals and Grasses;
204, Forest Conditions in Ohio; 205, Twenty-eighth Annual Report,
1909; 206, The Maintenance of Fertility: Field Experiments with
Fertilizers and Manures on Tobacco, Corn, Wheat, and Clover in
the Miami Valley; 207, The Balance Between Inorganic Acids and
Bases in .Animal Nutrition; 208, Protection of Fruit Trees from
Rodents; 209, Rations for Fattening Swine; 210, The Blade Blight of
Oats—A Bacterial Disease; 211, Third Annual Report on Forest
Conditions in Ohio; 212, Corn Judging: Studies of Prominent Ear

OKLAHOMA. 219

Characters in Their Relation to Yield; 213, Specific Effects of Ra-
tions on the Development of Swine; Circulars 96, Essentials of Suc-
cessful Field Experimentation; 97, The Work of the Department of
Cooperative Experiments; 99, Cooperative Dairy Work; and 100,
The Centers of Agricultural Production in Ohio.

The income of the station for the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act________-----__ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act____--_--____~- 18, 000. 00
MEAe EAD ORO MELON = 8 ee ee Ee ee ee 166, 295. 00
EM ROCUChS)—- oe Sa ie ee 14, 775. 62
MU SGeM ATI COTS = = ee ee er Se es 3, 183. 63
Balance: from previousvyean=—-=--——— = ee 93, 327. 35

A N07) eee Bt oe te a ee ee 305, 581. 60

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

_ The general condition of the Ohio station is very satisfactory and
the State funds for maintenance are increasing. Much of its new
equipment, both present and prospective, is for the betterment of its
organization and for the increase of its influence throughout the
State.

OKLAHOMA.

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater.
Department of Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College.
J. A. Witson, B. Agr., Director.

The year at the Oklahoma station was marked by a number of
changes in personnel and a general reorganization of the station
staff. Administrative difficulties culminated in the spring in Director
J. A. Craig’s retirement. In consequence of this L. A. Moorhouse,
agronomist, W. L. Burlison, assistant agronomist, W. O. Morris, hor-
ticulturist and botanist, W. R. Wright, assistant bacteriologist, and
several members of the clerical force resigned. The station was thus
deprived of a majority of its leading workers and placed under the
necessity of recruiting and reorganizing its force from the director
down. Time was required for this; the conditions were not such as
to readily attract qualified men to the vacancies, and some of the
positions were filled by men with little experience in advanced lines
of work, so that the work of the station was placed in temporary
uncertainty.

Such a recurrence of unsettled conditions as the Oklahoma station
has been peculiarly subject to interferes with the continuity and
efficiency of its investigations in a degree which the governing boards
seem not to appreciate. Three of the leaders and originators of its

920 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Adams-fund projects were lost to the station before their investiga-
tions were brought to any conclusion. Their records remain; but
as far as the important qualities which the individual contributes to
an investigation a new beginning is necessary. Time will be re-
quired to fully overcome the results of these changes and to restore
confidence in this station as a place where conditions conducive to
effective experiment and investigation may be found.

After the close of the year James A. Wilson, formerly superin-
tendent of one of the district agricultural schools of the State, was
appointed director; N. O. Booth, horticulturist and botanist; and
A. H. Wright, assistant agronomist and temporarily in charge of
that department.

The construction of the sheep barn begun last year was completed
(Pl. VI, fig. 2), and a greenhouse, to be used by the station for work
in horticulture, was built during the year. Improvements were also
made in the department of chemistry.

The station receives no direct appropriation from the State, but
by law is placed in charge of certain lines of work from which it
derives some revenue from the dairy commission, the nursery inspec-
tion, and the pure-feed and fertilizer funds.

Progress was made in the Adams-fund work of the station during
the year. For the purpose of studying the fruit buds, apple trees
12 to 14 years old were selected and placed under observation, and
some preliminary studies were made in the laboratory. Considerable
work on the factors affecting the setting of fruit on the tomato was
carried on in the greenhouse. The effects of planting in dry versus
moist earth and of the age and moist condition of pollen were also
studied.

The veterinarian, in connection with the project on artificial
impregnation, studied the vitality of the sperm cell under normal and
abnormal conditions. In the cottonseed-meal work it was found that
in the animal fed on this substance the effect on breeding had been
marked. The study of drought resistance in corn and breeding of
resistant strains was continued. Mammoth White, derived from
Boone County White, a large plant and good yielder, but not very
drought resistant, was crossed with Squaw, an early variety. The
studies at the station and in the field include observations on the
plants in general and their leaf structure, root development, size of
ear and cob, the conditions of the soil, the best time to apply pollen,
etc. It has been found that it requires two or three years to fix the
cross.

The work in the sheep-breeding project, carried on with Dorsets,
Shropshires, and Merino sheep, was confined the past year largely
to raising pure-bred lambs and securing wool samples for study.
Progress was also made in the investigation of a fungus disease of

—

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE VI.

Fic. 1.—NeEw Dairy BARN AT THE OKLAHOMA STATION.

Fic. 2.—NEW SHEEP BARN AT THE OKLAHOMA STATION.

OKLAHOMA. pip |

San José scale, and the facts gathered from field experiments seem
to indicate that this disease will be a valuable factor in the control of
the insect.

The various lines of work undertaken by the station with the
Hatch fund were continued during the year. The department of
agronomy harvested the eighteenth crop in the experiment with
winter wheat grown continuously with and without manure. The
records for the past 11 years show an average yield of 14 bushels
per acre without manure and of 24 bushels with manure. Corn,
cotton, and Kafir corn have been grown in the same way for 8 years.
Rotation experiments covering 3, 5, and 6 year periods were con-
tinued, and a fertility test with alfalfa, using lime, nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid, and potash in different amounts, was carried on. Variety
tests were made with wheat, cotton, oats, corn, Kafir corn, and other
crops of importance to the region. Breeding experiments were con-
ducted with corn, cotton, Kafir corn, ete. Individual plants of cot-
ton were ginned for the purpose of making fiber tests. Experiments
were also conducted on methods of cultivation and depth of plowing
for corn. The selection of Bermuda grass was continued in a grass
garden maintained for the purpose.

The department of chemistry made analyses of alfalfa plants in
connection with fertility tests and studied the inorganic constituents
of the grain, stalks, root, and whole plant in connection with the
corn and sorghum projects under the Adams fund. Digestion experi-
ments were conducted with sheep fed on prairie grass, Bermuda grass,
and alfalfa.

Considerable work was done by the department of entomology on
spraying to control the melon aphis. Studies were also made on
the garden webworm, the locust borer, the twig girdler, and on para-
sites of the green bug. In connection with this work practical
methods have been suggested for controlling the plum aphis, the
twig girdler, and the melon aphis.

The planting experiments in forestry were continued by the depart-
ments of horticulture and botany. <A bulletin reporting the results
of this work points out the possibilities of tree planting when the
proper methods are employed. Variety tests of orchard and small
fruits were made on a small scale, together with tests of varieties and
methods of cultivation of tomatoes.

The veterinary department made a somewhat extensive bacterio-
logical study of flavor of milk and cream with special reference to
the grading of these products. Work was also begun on the produc-
tion and distribution of serum for hog cholera. The station makes
a charge of 1 cent per cubic centimeter for serum. The distribution
of blackleg vaccine was continued with other than the Federal funds.

The animal husbandman conducted experiments with hogs in which
half and full rations of corn were fed in the house in connection with

222 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

pasturage. This work, now carried on in the new hog house, includes
the study of various combinations of alfalfa meal, alfalfa hay, and
tankage added to corn. Green alfalfa and corn in varying rations
was compared with green rape in similar combinations of corn.

The work in dairy husbandry consisted of a study of the produc-
tion of dairy cows under present dairy conditions in Oklahoma and
the testing and calibrating of glassware used by commercial dairies
and factories of dairy products.

Cooperative work is carried on with the farmers of the State in
the control of the chinch bug and San José scale by means of infee-
tion. Cooperative work with the district agricultural schools at
Warner, Tishomingo, Broken Arrow, Lawton, and Helena includes
variety tests and a study of plant-food requirements. In cooperation
with this department the station is studying the effect of different
climatic conditions upon the composition of red Kafir corn, black
Kafir corn, and milo maize upon the diseases attacking the sorghum
plant and upon the permanency of the beardless characteristic in
breeding barley. The station cfficers performed some extension work
in connection with farmers’ institutes, meetings of agricultural and
live-stock organizations, and agricultural demonstration trains.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 84, Variety Test of Peaches; 85, Bermuda Grass;
86, Tree Culture; 87, Corn Culture; 88, The Southern Plum Aphis;
and the Annual Report for 1909. The income of the station during
the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____.1________ 13, 000. 00
Miscellaneous#22- Baise. eteieyy ie ery ya is Deve gy 3, 991. 22

ATS) 1 a i wl i lt A te als nce Scene ol, 9910 22

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

It is hoped that more stable conditions may prevail at this station
and that under the new organization the various lines of work hav-
ing an important bearing on the agriculture of the State will be
followed as originally outlined.

OREGON.
Oregon Experiment Station, Corvallis.
Department of Oregon State Agricultural College.
JAMES WITHYCOMBE, M. Agr., Director.

The staff of the Oregon station remained practically the same as
the year before, but since the close of the fiscal year the following
changes have taken place: EK. F. Pernot, bacteriologist, who resigned
to enter commercial work, was succeeded by E. G. Peterson; F. L.

OREGON. 225

Griffin was appointed research assistant in plant pathology; and
H. F. Wilson and VY. I. Safro research assistants in entomology;
R. W. Rees succeeded C. C. Vincent as research assistant in horti-
culture, and C. C. Lamb was placed in charge of the station poultry
plant. H. J. Umberger was appointed superintendent of the dry-
farm substation at Moro.

The State, which has thus far given no direct assistance to the
station, appropriates $7,500 annually for the maintenance of the
Eastern Oregon Experiment Station at Union, $3,000 annually, in
cooperation with this department, for the substation at Hermiston.
and $2,500 annually, also in cooperation with this department, for the
maintenance of the dry-farm station at Moro. During the year the
main part of the agricultural building was completed, at a cost of
$55,000. The agronomy wing of this structure was completed some
time ago, at a cost of about $35,000, and it is contemplated to con-
struct the horticultural wing during the coming year in order to
complete the building as originally planned.

Progress was made on the different Adams-fund projects upon
which the station is at work. The project on the pollination of the
apple was continued and the work extended to cover both the apple
and the pear. In studying the affinities existing between varieties,
it was found that the pollen of particular varieties used on the pistils
of certain other sorts has an immediate detrimental effect on the
fruit, size being the character first affected. Tests were also made of
the sterility of varieties and of reciprocal crosses. Laboratory studies
were made on the development of the fruit bud, together with obser-
vations on the blossom, the female element, the embryo, the effect of
pollen on tissues immediately surrounding the seeds, the fruit and its
development, the vascular system of the fruit, ete.

In the study of gummosis in the cherry, work was continued on
the isolation and verification of the organism causing the disease,
and apparently good progress in this direction was achieved. Ob-
servations on the susceptibility of varieties, the effect of stock, and
other factors were also made and methods of control were tested.
The life-history studies of the fungus causing apple-tree anthracnose
were continued and it is believed that in another season’s work the
project may be brought to a close.

Work on the irrigation project in the Rogue River Valley, which
is conducted on four different soil types and under other varying
conditions, made satisfactory progress. Investigations were con-
ducted on the downward course of the water used in irrigating
orchards, and on the influence of different amounts of water applied
with different frequency on the temperature of the soil and the gen-
eral condition of the tree, including vigor, disease resistance, bud and
wood growth, fruit production and quality, cell structure of leaf,
fruit and wood, and other factors of a like nature.

224 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The study of lime-sulphur, its use and effect, was carried on in co-
operation with the chemist. A chemical study of the substance was
made and the results published in the Journal of Industrial and En-
gineering Chemistry for June, 1910. Among other results, the
influence of hot weather on the injurious effect of the spray was
shown. In connection with the work on soil leaching, the effects of

various fertilizers were studied. It was found that the soils under |

investigation were more largely affected by gypsum than by lime,
and that the effect consisted of the release of potash. Absorption
tests and studies of the waters of the principal rivers of the State
were carried on in the laboratory.

Studies on the drying of hops showed that drying at low tempera-
tures is necessary to insure high quality. Good results were secured
by drying at 120° F. Investigations bearing on the time of picking
and on the translocation of constituents in the plant were also in
progress. Chemical studies of the different parts of the hop plant
were made with a view to determining its plant-food requirements.
The resin content of the choice Oregon hop was found to be equal to
that of the continental hop of Europe. Methods for determining
resins in commercial samples were perfected and a basis for grading
samples was thus obtained.

In the project on incubation, studies were made on carbon dioxid
in incubators and under the hen, and attention was also given in
connection with this project to a study of the cause of mortality of
incubator chicks and its prevention.

In addition to the Adams-fund projects, a number of other subjects
supported by the Hatch fund received attention. In cooperation
with the chemist, the horticulturist studied the effect of irrigation
under a variety of conditions on the composition of the apple. The
horticulturist further tested cover crops and their influence in or-
chards, and worked with varieties of vegetables, small fruits, and
orchard fruits. Orchard-culture experiments were carried on, and
among the different cover crops tested Vicia sativa or V. villosa,
with either winter oats or rye, proved most successful in western
Oregon, while V. villosa proved to be the only leguminous crop suit-
able to withstand the winters at the eastern Oregon station and in
the Grand Ronde Valley. Some horticultural work was also done
at Union and Umatilla under State appropriations.

The chemist pursued work on spraying materials, including arsen-
icals and their injury. It was found that calcium arsenate can be
substituted for lead arsenate with generally good results. Pepper-
mint was grown on beaver-dam soils to test its oil-yielding capacity
under the particular conditions. The chemist also had charge of the
tertilizer-control work.

The department of agronomy made soil-moisture determinations in
connection with irrigation work; conducted experiments to determine

PENNSYLVANIA. 925

the effect of manure, inoculation, and different forms and amounts
of lime on alfalfa; tested varieties of wheat, barley, field peas, and
corn; and pursued breeding work with kale and kohl-rabi.

The animal husbandman conducted a series of feeding experiments
with pigs; the entomologist gave attention to work on the brown
aphis; and the dairyman followed some work along practical lines.

The station did considerable cooperative work among the farmers
and dairymen of the State in the introduction of cereals and forage
plants. Grain was supplied to farmers in new agricultural sections,
and selected seed of kale was distributed largely among dairymen.
Cooperative work in orchard management was followed for the pur-
pose of demonstrating methods of culture and testing varieties
adapted to the foothill regions of the western part of the State.

The publications received from this station during the year were
as follows: Bulletins 103, An Investigation of the Mortality of Incu-
bator Chicks; 104, Pollination of the Apple; 105, Culture of Small
Fruits; 106, Spraying for Peach Fruit Spot; 107, Commercial Fer-
tilizers and Insecticides; 108, Insecticides and Fungicides; Circulars
5, Thousand-headed Kale; 6, Alfalfa in Western Oregon; and 8,
Pamphlet for Distribution on the Farming Demonstration Train.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hateh Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____________- 138, 000. 00
Stern UrO Diet OlMlses seat. oe eee rae eS Fer 16, 100. 00
Ren LOUUC ESS sere eee ae ne Sees ee eee 3, 246. 47
MISCENAMEOUIS Se earE Bas 11h es pA Th ead tah WE AL Bae 3, 508. 08

DRO ER A Fase ae a a Fp dei ile eee vealed oat 50, 854. 55

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The Oregon station has great opportunities, and the interest in its
activities is keen. With its work further systematized and differen-
tiated from the instruction and extension work, both as to funds and
working force, the position of the station would be materially
strengthened. State appropriation is greatly needed to enable it to
meet the present requirements of agriculture in the State.

PENNSYLVANTA.

The Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station, State
College.
T. KF. Hunt, D. Agr., D. Se., Director.

During the year T. I. Mairs, head of the department of animal
husbandry, was placed in charge of the department of agricultural
education in the college and W. A. Cochel was appointed to succeed

91866°—11——15

226 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

him. A few other changes in the minor positions on the station staff
also occurred during the year. Since the close of the fiscal year T. F.
Hunt, the director, has begun a vacation of nine months abroad and
Alva Agee has served as acting director during his absence. The
revenues of the station were practically as outlined in last year’s
report.

The Adams-fund work, as in the previous year, was confined to
three different projects. The horticultural study of the causes influ-
encing the yield and quality of apples was continued in 12 orchards,
containing 91 acres and located in different parts of the State, and in
the new orchard of 29 acres on one of the college farms. The differ-
ent factors studied in this work included soil, location, tillage, mulch-
ing, fertilizers, cover crops, and others which may control and lmit
quantity and quality. The results thus far secured indicate, among
other things, that in the use of fertilizers nitrogen is usually the
limiting factor. The fertilizers used have not shown any consistent
ability to improve color or size of fruit.

In agronomy, work on the long-time fertilizer and rotation experi-
ment and on the chemical, physical, and biological variations in the
soil as brought about by this treatment was continued. The crop
raised was the twenty-ninth grown on the plats, and striking differ-
ences were apparent. <A study of the different forms of lime indi-
cated that finely pulverized limestone is as prompt and effective as
caustic lime in correcting soil acidity and promoting the growth of
clover. This investigation was extended to permanent pasture. Tak-
ing advantage of these long-time fertilizer plats, this department is
cooperating with the station in studying the soil solution, the changes
in the form and amount of nitrogen, and the relation of the fertilizer
used to the soil and the composition of the crop.

The other line of investigation under this fund is conducted by the
Institute of Animal Nutrition (described on p. 228).

Considerable work, supported by Hatch and other funds, was also
in progress. Experiments were conducted relative to soil treatment
as affecting the success of alfalfa, corn, wheat, oats, barley, and clover
and timothy. This work includes tests of deep and shallow plowing,
time of plowing, use of lime and fertilizers, methods of cultivation,
and variety tests of oats, potatoes, wheat and corn, corn and timothy,
breeding, seed testing, and other lines of similar activities.

The experiments on tobacco, as previously, were carried on in co-
operation with this department in Lancaster County under a State
appropriation of $2,500.

The animal husbandry department continued the feeding experi-
ment in which bulky and concentrated rations were compared and
found that under Pennsylvania conditions the bulky ration was the
more profitable. A continuation of shelter experiments showed that

PENNSYLVANIA. rid

steers fed in an open shed on succulent rations, including silage, made
more rapid and cheaper gains and attained a higher finish than simi-
lar cattle fed in the same way in the basement of a barn. These
results confirm the experiments made by Armsby, which indicated
that a warm temperature is not necessary for fattening animals.
Poultry-feeding experiments were conducted in which rations con-
taining various amounts of crude fiber, ranging from 2 to 8 per
cent, were fed to laying hens. The results indicated that an excessive
amount of crude fiber reduced the egg yield and injuriously affected
the health of fowls.

The dairyman continued feeding tests based on results of respira-
tion calorimeter experiments with roughage and concentrates to
determine the relative economy of the bulky and the concentrated
rations. Observations were also begun to learn the relative sources
and degrees of contamination of market milk from the time it is
drawn from the cow until it is delivered to the consumer. The test
of the milking machine was continued, this being the third year of
the work.

The botanist made further progress in the study of clover diseases,
giving special attention to anthracnose and to the nature of apple
canker, which appears to be caused by a fungus associated with the
oviposition of the snowy tree cricket. A form of root gall of the
apple, possibly of fungus or bacterial origin, was also studied. Pre-
liminary work was done to determine the possible cause and control
of winter blight of greenhouse tomatoes.

The attention of the horticultural department during the year was
largely confined to cabbage, tomatoes, and asparagus. Marked va-
riation was found to exist in the same varieties of cabbage and toma-
toes from different sources of seed, and special irregularity was noted
in some of the most important varieties. The results indicated the
need of improved methods of seed production. With asparagus,
rust resistance received much attention through selection and breed-
ing. Work with strawberries was carried on to study the adapta-
bility of varieties to limestone soils and to test methods of culture
with and without irrigation. The experiments with the vegetable
crops included various cultural and fertilizer tests.

The forestry work consisted of experiments in timber preservation,
tree planting, methods of collecting and handling forest-tree seeds,
growth measurements, pure and mixed planting, nursery handling,
etc. The forest nurseries now contain over 2,500 tree seedlings.
Many acre plats were planted to determine their suitability for grow-
ing seedlings of the different species in that region. Cooperation
was carried on with the Forest Service in two of its projects, and the
department also worked with private owners in the State in making
forest plantations and in the management of forest areas.

228 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The chemist collected data on the limestone soils of the State; on
hair, hoof, and leather refuse as sources of nitrogen in mixed ferti-
lizers; and on other problems of a similar nature.

Members of the station staff gave lectures in connection with six
special trains sent out by two of the leading railways of the State.
They also attended various agricultural meetings at the college and
elsewhere.

The publications received from this station during the year were
as follows: Bulletins 92, Concentrated Lime-sulphur: Its Proper-
ties, Preparation, and Use; 98, A Study of Pennsylvania Butter;
94, Variety Tests of Wheat; 95, Pig Feeding Experiments; 96, Cab-
bage Strain Test; 97, Milling and Baking Test; 98, Potato Variety
Test; 99, Lime-sulphur Solution; and 100, Orchard Fertilization.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____________ 18, 000. 00
State ap pLopr ia tlom: ets soe os eS Pee Si ee eT ow Fee 5, 000. 00
FOB Sy oe 2 Saeed ey Los oe ind giles Pa eed ie 12, 616. 00
Harm e WTO GU CUS 2 seks NA 2 ee ee en 13, 288. 05
Balancepir Om SpE va US a yCei lessee ee eee ee ee 4, 871. 68

Mofelias yee. si bah wees es pk dee kad 2 Sic 63; 1. fo

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved. |

The Pennsylvania station has secured the hearty sympathy of the
progressive men of the State, and the result is increased State appro-
priations coupled with an increased demand for service.

The Pennsylvania State College Institute of Animal Nutrition, State College.
H. P. Armssy, Ph. D., LL. D., Director.

The investigations of the institute were conducted in cooperation
with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this department, and also
with the Pennsylvania Experiment Station, a portion of the Adams
fund being assigned to this work. There was no material increase
in buildings or equipment, and the staff remained the same in num-
ber as during the previous year. F. W. Christensen returned to
duty from a year’s leave of absence, taking the place of R. A. Lich-
tenthaeler, and J. W. Calvin was succeeded by H. Cloukey, and
R. C. Jones by H. A. Dodge. Since the close of the fiscal year
IF. W. Christensen has taken up work in animal nutrition at the
New Mexico station.

The principal investigations of the institute during the year con-
sisted of a comparison.of the energy value of corn meal with that
of hominy feed manufactured from the same lot of corn. Inci-

PORTO RICO. 229

dentally also determinations of the energy values of the mixed hay
used as the basis of the rations were made. Two animals were used
for the investigation, which included 5 periods of 3 weeks each
for each animal, or 10 in all, during each of which the metabolism
of the animals was investigated by means of the respiration calorim-
eter, the methods of experimentation being substantially the same
as in previously published work with a few minor changes.

During the year Bulletin 128 of the Bureau of Animal Industry,
giving a full discussion of the experiments on the influence of type
and age on the utilization of energy by cattle, outlined in last year’s
report, was completed and the results of investigations by J. A. Fries
upon the methods of bomb calorimetry were published as Bulletin
124 of the same bureau.

PORTO RICO.
Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, I/ayaguez.

Under the supervision of A. C, Trur, Director, Office of Experiment Stations,
United States Department of Agriculture.

D. W. May, M. Agr., Special Agent in Charge.

The new office and laboratory building, which was begun in 1909,
was completed and the equipment installed during the past year.
This building has proved well adapted to the comfort and con-
venience of the staff.

The work of the station has been along the same lines as pre-
viously reported. In the chemical department a considerable amount
of analytical work has been carried on, and in addition investigations
have been made on soils and plant nutrition. One of the problems
taken up was the formation of calcareous hardpan, which was found
to be present in a number of localities, causing considerable loss in
connection with various plantings. A large amount of work has
been carried out on the causes and means for correction of chlorosis
of pineapples in certain districts of the island. This trouble seems
to be connected with the lime content of the soil, and in connection
with this investigation a study has been begun on the lime require-
ments of various plants. The work on the sick soils due to the super-
abundance of bacteria has been continued, and field experiments on
disinfection are in progress.

The entomologist has continued his studies on insect pests of citrus
trees, and prepared a bulletin describing the principal insects and
suggesting means for their control. An investigation has been begun
on the insects attacking coffee, particular attention being paid to
the injury caused by ants. Through the station considerable interest
has been aroused in beekeeping, and a large number of broods have
been disposed of to go to coffee plantations.

930 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The plant pathologist is studying the diseases of a number of
economic plants, among them coffee, cacao, pineapples, citrus fruits,
and bananas. Experiments on soil disinfection for the prevention
of the Fusarium disease on pineapples were so successful that treat-
ment on a field scale was made during the past year. Spraying
experiments with Bordeaux mixture for the control of citrus scab in
Porto Rico have been carried on, but the results indicate that under
present conditions the disease can not be controlled in this manner.
A study was begun on the fungi causing root injuries to sugar cane,
and a number of species have been identified.

The work with coffee has been continued and extended, experi-
ments being made on the renovation of old plantations and the estab-
lishment of new ones. A number of foreign coffees have been intro-
duced and some of them are now of a bearing age. In addition to
the introduction of new varieties, methods of transplanting, fertiliza-
tion, and cultivation are being considered.

Piantings have been made of a large number of tropical economic
plants, including vanilla, rubber-yielding plants, cacao, etc., and
some investigations looking to the reforestation of portions of the
island have been begun. The horticulturist is carrying on a special
study on the reasons for the rapid deterioration of vegetables when
grown from northern seed, a large number of varieties being experi-
mented with.

The work in improving the live stock of the island is progressing
favorably, and the station has introduced six more horses during the
year. The woolless sheep introduced from Barbados have proved
well adapted to their surroundings, but there is need of some im-
prevement in their meat-yielding qualities. The experiments with
pigs and poultry have been quite successful and the surplus is in
great demand by planters and breeders.

The publications of the station for 1910 consisted of the Annual
Report; Bulletin 9, Sugar Cane in Porto Rico; Circulars 11, Soil
Disinfection in Agriculture; and 12, On the “ Sick” Soils of Porto
Rico.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

Uniteds States appropriation = se === seen aa eee ee $28, 000. 00
Sales-and “other funGS 2. = 2 Se ee eee 5, $14. 93
POta ae Se es he ie oe See ses ee ee 38, S14. 938

The relation of the station and its work to the people of Porto
Rico is growing closer with each succeeding year. This is evidenced
by the increasing number of visitors seeking information, the growth
of the correspondence, and the numerous requests for assistance that
involve a personal visit of some member of the station staff.

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. oat

RHODE ISLAND.
Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingston.
Department of Rhode Island College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts.
H. J. WHEELER, Ph. D., Director.

At the Rhode Island station the changes on the staff during the
year were limited to the appointment of an assistant each in the
departments of agronomy and biology. ‘The station equipment was
improved by the construction of a cool cellar for the storage of
vegetables, and of a hospital building for use in the investigation
of poultry diseases. The State made no appropriation for the
station.

Satisfactory progress was made in the different Adams-fund
projects. In conducting the work on the causes of losses of broiler
chicks it was found that much of the ill effect of feeding cottonseed
meal can be overcome by feeding with it generous amounts of bone
ash and of calcium carbonate. Experiments designed to show the
reason for this fact and for the differences in the efficiency of certain
other high protein foods were continued.

In the study of the influence of previous crops ou the growth of
subsequent plants, the effect of 16 different crops on the growth of
onions was observed, with a view to finding an explanation for the
behavior in each case. Attempts were made to check the plat work
with pot cultures in which the various fertilizer constituents were
changed. Continued investigations on the blackhead> disease of
turkeys still further confirmed the view that it is caused by a cocci-
dium rather than by an ameeba, as previously supposed. It was
found that many different kinds of wild and domestic birds are
apparently subject to an attack of the same or a very similar
organism.

The results of determining phosphorus deficiency of soils by ana-
lyzing the turnips grown upon them seem to show that the percentage
ef phosphorus in the dry matter is a fair indication of the amount
of phosphorus in the soil. In studying the influence of sodium salts
en the more important organic constituents of plants it was ob-
served that where sodium salts were substituted for potassium salts
potatoes gave greater yields the following year than those grown
with an abundance of potassium available to the plants. The effect
of potassium on the translocation and deposition of starch was also
studied in connection with this project.

Research into the laws governing the breeding of pigeons was con-
tinued cooperatively with L. J. Cole, of Yale University. Results
secured on the inheritance of color, color patterns, feathering and
webbing of feet, and of other characters were arranged for publica-
tion. Under this project studies were begun on the inheritance of

Zao REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

egg production, and observations were continued on the pheasant
and bantam hybrid produced in connection with this work. A new
project in the form of studies of the lime and magnesia requirements
of plants was begun during the year, the work the past season in-
cluding experiments with lime, limestone, magnesian lime, and other
calcium and magnesium compounds.

A large amount of experimental work, especially with field crops,
was conducted by the station with the Hatch fund. This work
included rotation experiments, liming soils, and observations on the
residual effect, and tests with corn, cover crops, alfalfa, clover, and
grasses. The station’s practice of liming for clover and of fertilizing
grass land has been quite generally adopted throughout the State.
The station results with alfalfa have encouraged a number of farm-
ers in the State to take up the growing of this crop. In addition to
culture tests, studies were made on the adaptability of different
strains of alfalfa to local conditions‘and their resistance to disease.

Further results in the rotation studies with rye, clover, and pota-
toes with the use of commercial fertilizers, including lime, indicate
that for the improvement of neglected soil, as well as for general
soil management, this method may be followed with success. The
general improvement of the soil was found to have far less beneficial
effect upon the rye crop than upon potatoes and clover. Results
of experiments in weed destruction showed that iron sulphate may be
used to control the daisy in hay fields, mustard in cereal fields, and
dandelions on lawns, but that charlock is not readily controlled by
the use of this substance. The most satisfactory results were obtained
from the use of a 20 per cent solution, applying about. 100 to 150
pounds of iron sulphate per acre, and by spraying only on bright
days, when the prospects for continued pleasant weather were good.

The chemical department of the station studied the gain and loss
of nitrogen in soils due to the growth of legumes, some of the less
available sources of nitrogen in fertilizers, the effect of floats used in
connection with stable manure, and the wet method of making avail-
able the nitrogen in leather, wool waste, and similar substances.

Studies were made of ropy milk or cream and its causes, and in
laboratory experiments carried on in this connection it was found
possible to produce ropiness in good milk or cream at will by inocu-
lating the same with small amounts of pure cultures of a micro-
organism regarded as probably closely related to Bacillus lactis vis-
cosus of Adametz. This organism was also isolated in pure culture
from the white specks in butter made from the ropy cream.

The number of farmers of the State cooperating with the station
has been increased to nearly 150, being an increase of 50 during the
year. Other cooperative work in addition to the pigeon-breeding
experiments consisted of testing in the field newly propagated swamp

SOUTH CAROLINA, 233

blueberry plants, and testing the method of hill spacing as compared
with the usual method of planting corn. Both lines of work were
conducted in conjunction with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this
department. The station does practically no extension work, which
is in the hands of the college.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 133, Weeds—Their Eradication and Control; 134,
Abstracts of Feeding Experiments—Analyses of Commercial Feed-
ing Stuffs; 135, Further Results in a Rotation of Potatoes, Rye, and
Clover; 186, Ropy Milk in Rhode Island; 137, Analyses of Commer-
cial Fertilizers; 138, Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers; 139,
Studies of the Needs of Rhode Island Soils; and the Annual Report
for 1909.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act ______=_______ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 18, 000. 00
Vira Teva CAC DS eh Sate 2s Seales ee rs a 2. 00
Mise eile me Ou sie Saket. Tells fy nbry see evi k dias Sug Fe By 1, 782. 94
Balance from previous year_______ SE Ee ose ee pa 5, 888. 82

Maye BEES ee ODS BEY ees a eV ee et eon ee eer tee ae 35, 668. 76

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The Rhode Island station, although in need of funds, continued to
develop its work during the year and to secure results of great value
to the State and far beyond its borders.

SOUTH CAROLINA.
South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson College.
Department of Clemson Agricultural College.
J. N. Harper, B. S., M. Agr., Director.

The South Carolina station pursued its work actively during the
year and made progress in various lines of study. The college and
the station were conducted under an arrangement entered into about
a year ago which places the control of the college very fully in the
hands of the president and the station and substation in charge of
the director. The personnel of the station remained practically as
it was the year before.

The Adams-fund work of the station was pursued with encourag-
ing success. In the investigation of the strongyloid parasites, the
entomologist, in cooperation with the veterinarian, secured material
for study from herds of cattle and sheep in different parts of the
State, and the work done was with reference to the time of infesta-

234 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

tion, the feasibility of vaccination, and the manner in which the
parasites find their way into the animal. As in the previous year,
attention was mainly given to the hookworm and stomach-worm dis-
ease in calves and lambs. It was found that upland and lowland
show a great difference in the prevalence of these parasites, and that
calves pastured on upland may be kept free from the disease. During
the last two years calves kept on a clean upiand pasture remained in
good health. Sheep kept for 12 months on a pasture that was heavily
infested two years before developed no symptoms of the disease.
The entomologist also continued the study of the temperature rela-
tions of insects, giving special consideration to the factors affecting
hibernation, in order to determine whether parasites may be arti-
ficially hibernated on injurious insects. Studies of the squash bug
showed that temperature did not affect hibernation, but in case of
another species the opposite was found true. The various species
studied were found to be differently affected by temperature con-
ditions.

The cottonseed-meal project was continued, feeding cows relatively
large quantities of the meal for a long period. Some individuals
were very much more quickly affected and succumbed more rapidly
than others. Feeding from 6 to 8 pounds of the meal daily to dairy
cattle for an extended period resulted in lessened production, udder
troubles, and abortion, and in some cases. in unthrifty condition.
Progress was also made in the study of the poisonous effect of cotton-
seed meal on hogs, which was carried on cooperatively by the veteri-
narian and the chemist. Apparatus was devised for conveniently
securing large quantities of chemical extracts of cottonseed meal, and
these were fed to hogs in relatively large amounts. Attention was
specially given to different forms of phosphoric acid, and apparently
the effects varied with the different forms of the acid used.

A large amount of hand pollination was performed in studying the
effect of pollen on barren stalks of corn, and the investigation of the
relation between soil and the quality of the cotton staple was carried
on in cooperation with cotton growers and expert graders of lint.
Although the prevalence of anthracnose interfered with the work
the past season, the data collected indicate that the soil had an in-
fluence on the length of fiber and that the rainfall also was an
important factor. A preliminary report on the cotton-anthracnose
project was made last year, and the work was continued actively by
the plant pathologist. Inoculations were made on 30 varieties which
proved susceptible, and the question of how the disease finds its way
into the boll was studied. The work with Rotundifolia grapes in-
volved a large amount of hand pollination, considerable data were
collected, and, incidental with the work, some study was made on
methods and time of pruning.

———

SOUTH CAROLINA, 235

Work under the Hatch fund was pursued during the year by the
different departments of the station. The entomological department
carried on field work on the cotton rootworm in the western part of
the State and on a new wireworm in the southern part, where the soil
especially needs humus to prevent the injury. [Experiments were
made with rye, grown as a trap crop, to keep the insect from attack-
ing the rice fields. The plum curculio was also studied, and during
the winter experiments and observations were made in the green-
house. The experimental field work previously carried on under
the State inspection and quarantine appropriations was placed in
charge of an assistant field entomologist, a position created for the
purpose and supported with State funds. Cooperative work on the
root louse and wireworm affecting corn and cotton is in progress with
this department.

In plant pathology the causes of sweet-potato rots were investi-
gated, and six different fungi not thriving at ordinary room temper-
atures were isolated. In a storehouse under temperature control the
ordinary fungi could be kept out when the temperature ranged from
50 to 60° F., but a special fungus then appeared. ‘The need of shift-
ing the location of storage pits from time to time was demonstrated.
Slips from diseased potatoes were planted for the purpose of study-
ing black rot. Work on a plant-disease survey in the State was car-
ried on in cooperation with this department.

In horticulture the effect of frost on peaches grown in different
elevations and exposures was studied, varieties of apples, Japanese
persimmons, pears, grapes, and bush fruits were tested, and breeding
work with different fruits was followed. Work was also pursued to
develop a variety of asparagus immune to rust, and attention was
given to fall and winter vegetables with reference to dates of plant-
ing and their resistance to low temperatures.

The chemist conducted pot experiments with oats to determine
the availability of different forms of nitrogen used as fertilizer.
Soil analyses were made in connection with experiments with cover
crops on different types of soil in cooperation with this department.
An experiment was also in progress to determine the cause of failure
to grow cowpeas in a certain locality. Studies were made of basic
slag with reference to availability of phosphoric acid, and a number
of insecticides were studied analytically.

In agronomy, fertilizer, rotation, and breeding experiments with
cotton were continued, and observations were made to determine the
relative value of nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and cotton-
seed meal as sources of nitrogen for cotton, corn, oats, and wheat.
Various forage crops and cereals were tested, and a study was made
of the best plants for winter cover crops in a rotation of corn and

2°36 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

cotton. Different grasses were compared as to their value for ter-
races, with the result that Texas blue grass proved most satisfactory.
In cooperation with this department, varieties of soy beans were
tested, and bur clover, crimson clover, and alfalfa were grown. The
experiments with alfalfa show that northern seed is best, that much
lime is needed, and that inoculation does not seem to have very much
effect. Inoculation also had little effect with cowpeas, but its
influence was quite marked with soy beans and crimson clover.

The animal husbandman and veterinarian tested home-grown crops
with a view to reducing the cost of carbohydrates for dairy herds.
Horse-breeding experiments were continued, this study being mainly
one of cross-breeding, using the German coach and standard-bred
horses as types. In cooperation with this department, work was done
with hog-cholera serum to determine how long its potency is retained,
the quantities to be used at different ages, and the effect of different
preservatives on the substance.

At the coast substation, experiments were made with apples, pears,
peaches, plums, grapes, blackberries, asparagus, onions, cabbages, and
other vegetable crops, and special attention was given to figs. Eight
acres were devoted to fertilizer experiments and 1 acre to testing
grasses and forage crops. Rotation experiments with sweet potatoes
as the main crop in the rotation were also in progress. The drainage
system put in on the station grounds about a year ago is working
satisfactorily.

The following publications of the station were received during the
year: Bulletins 147, Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers; 148, Ex-
periments with Hybrid Cottons; 149, Fall and Winter Cabbages;
150, Farm Management for Controlling Field Crop Insects; and the
Annual Reports for 1907, 1908, and 1909.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act____-----__-_- 13, 000. 00
Farm products, including balance from previous year_ 8, 609. 53

Dota. oes NS Soe EE MES Ea D age ae eee 36, 609. 53

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

In general, the work of the South Carolina station was actively
prosecuted, and much interest was manifested in its operations.

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 237
SOUTH DAKOTA.
South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Brookings.
South Dakota State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

J. W. WILSON, M. S. A., Director.

Satisfactory progress was made by the South Dakota station
during the year. The changes in the station staff were confined to
resignations and appointments of assistants. The new dairy barn
for which the State appropriated $10,000 was completed, and the
new plant-breeding house was occupied by the horticultural de-
partment.

Work on the different Adams-fund projects was continued, and
along certain lines considerable progress was made. The work on
improving hardy wild fruits by breeding was carried forward on
the basis that to secure hardiness it is necessary to have at least one
of the parents hardy, and that a hardy fruit can not be developed
by selection from tender varieties. The sand cherry was found to
mate well with native and Japanese plums, and varieties combining
the vigor and quality of the Japanese plum with the earliness and
hardiness of the sand cherry have been secured. The two most
promising new varieties were named Opata and Sapa.

The union of the native plum and the Chinese apricot has also
given good results, and the three best varieties promising as profit-
able market fruits were named Hanska, Inkpa, and Kaga. Two new
hybrids, Sansota and Cheresota, of which the sand cherry is the
female parent and the De Sota plum the male parent, were sent out
in the spring of 1910. The fruits of these sorts approximate the
De Sota in flavor and size and the sand cherry in color. The hybrids
of the purple-leafed plum of Persia with the sand cherry have turned
out to be valuable ornamentals, following the sand cherry in stature
of plant and glossiness of leaf and the Persian sire in the rich purple-
red color of foliage. An extensive field experiment with apple-graft
hybrids promises good results. The hybrids are made by taking
two buds, halving each, and grafting them into a stock. Where
only one grows a combination of the characters of the two seems to
take place. During the winter and spring hybridizing work with
raspberries from many parts of the world was continued on an ex-
tensive scale, and much seed for planting the next season was secured.
The hybrid variety Sunbeam, previously reported as sent out from
the station, is winning much favor over a wide area of the Northwest
and is the hardiest raspberry so far produced.

Rotation and fertilizer trials were continued in the study of soil
fertility. The series of rotations contain each a leguminous crop,

938 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

such as red clover, sweet clover, or peas, and in some tests the crop
is plowed under while in others it is removed. The soils of the
various plats were sampled and analyzed. Work on the histological
and bacterial features of lumpy jaw was continued with improve-
ments in the technique. Culture characters of the pus were studied
and a record of cases was kept. The study on the digestion coefficient
of South Dakota grain and forage plants, including brome grass hay,
alfalfa hay, corn stover, lowland and upland prairie hay, bran, and
Sixty-day and Swedish Select oats, when fed to horses, was practi-
cally completed during the year. Some preliminary work was done
on the effect of alkali waters in dairying.

With Hatch funds the chemist continued his work on the breeding
of sugar beets in cooperation with this department. This work has
so far resulted in more than 40 different strains of selected beets, as
many more cross-bred varieties, and a number of single individuals
selected on account of unusual excellence. The aim of this line of
investigation is to establish purely American types of sugar beets
adapted in every way to the climatic conditions prevailing in the
sugar-beet zone, and to overcome the necessity of using imported
sugar-beet seed, much of which now results in beets varying widely
in sugar content within the same strain or variety.

The botanist worked on the sexual stages of rusts, especially the
acidium cup forms. Of the many species studied, so far only three
have proved favorable for the study of the sexual fusions. Fungus
diseases of the potato were also given attention, and spraying experi-
ments in this connection were carried on in cooperation with the
State entomologist. Observations were also made on fungi-attacking
insects, especially the house fly. The distribution of noxious weeds,
in particular the Canada thistle and quack grass, was studied to-
gether with methods for their eradication. In cooperation with the
veterinarian, the botanist took up an investigation of an animal
disease thought to be due possibly to ergot.

The new alfalfas brought over by the horticulturist from Siberia
and other Asiatic countries were propagated in a limited way, and a
small surplus was raised of seven very hardy varieties and sent out to
station specialists and to other parties. The alfalfa work within the
State, including the alfalfa trials in progress at the substation, was
turned over to the agronomist.

The dairy department studied the acidity of creamery butter in its
relation to quality, and found little or no uniform relation existing
between the quality and the acidity of fresh butter. An acid test was
found to be a valuable criterion in determining the extent and
rapidity of deterioration in butter. A demonstration of cheap
methods of keeping ice on the farm for use in creamery and dairy

ee

SOUTH DAKOTA. 239

work was made. Different methods of storage were tried and the
percentage of ice lost was determined.

The agronomist continued the work in breeding corn for high
protein and high fat content, comparing the profitableness of pro-
ducing corn, oats, and clover with and without live stock on the farm,
and testing durum wheats, scab-resistant potatoes, and over 6,000
alfalfa plants. Selections of clovers and alfalfa plants were made
on the basis of foliage and seed production. Progress reports on the
work with corn and barley were made in bulletin form during the
year. The substations are operated under the department of agron-
omy of the station.

The department of animal husbandry made a further study of
feeding lambs on different grain rations while on rape pasture, breed-
ing western-bred ewes to pure-bred rams, and feeding steers of differ-
ent ages on the same kind of grain ration to determine the relation of
age to gain. The experiment in lamb feeding was closed out during
the year and the results reported. Ten lambs receiving alfalfa hay
gained 79 pounds more in 44 days than the same number of lambs
receiving upland prairie hay, when each lot consumed the same
quantity of grain. The results with 369 lambs showed that alfalfa
hay with a grain mixture and a little linseed meal was markedly
superior to any other grain or forage ration. Lambs fed a grain
ration of South Dakota oats while on rape pasture made a larger
gain than lambs fed a grain ration of corn or of barley while on the
same kind of pasture. At this station loss attending the feeding of
lambs on rape has not been greater than it has under ordinary feed-
ing operations.

No other cooperative work than that already mentioned was done
by the station, and a very limited amount of extension work is per-
formed by the members of the station staff.

‘The publications received from this station during the year were
as follows: Bulletins 118, Progress in Variety Tests of Barley; 114,
Digestion Coefficients of Grains and Fodders for South Dakota
Experiments with Sheep; 115, Report of Work for 1907 and 1908 at
Highmore Substation; 116, Acidity of Creamery Butter and its Rela-
tion to Quality; 117, Sugar Beets in South Dakota; 118, Corn; 119,
Fattening Lambs; and the Annual Report for 1909.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act__..__________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 13, 000. 00
Stater appropriation =e ne nee een re eee 10, 000. 00
and Vendowment, 220) . SU A SPA Pe A 1, 898. 74
Mar HprOdiGis! 52) sla oiors Ate dete oe Eis ee a 8 3, O15: 35

Balance; trom previous yeas sos. =s 2 ee aly ajay ey AL

240 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The South Dakota station and its work are, in general, in good
condition, and creditable progress was made in its important lines
of investigation, although the funds at the disposal of the institution
are limited and the demands upon the station are increasing.

TENNESSEE.
Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, Knovville.
Department of the University of Tennessee.

H. A. Morean, B. S. A., Director.

A feature of the year’s work at the Tennessee station was the
progress made in organizing and developing the work of the two
substations maintained by State appropriations, the progress made
at the West Tennessee substation at Jackson being especially note-
worthy. (PI. VII.) At the central station there was little change
during the year in organization or lines of work.

Progress was made in the work on several Adams-fund projects,
particularly those relating to disease-resistant clover and alfalfa and
to humus formation. The valuable resistant strains of clover and
alfalfa, originated at the station, were tested in different parts of
the State. Of disease-resistant clover, 38 acres were grown with a
view to seed production as well as to testing its value. It is pro-
posed to extend these investigations to a thorough study of the
physiology of resistance, not only in the case of clover and alfalfa,
but also with apple and pear blight and so-called tomato wilt.
Studies on the life history of the fungus causing the anthracnose of
clover were continued. The studies on humus formation were con-
tinued with four typical soils, and observations were made in this
connection on the drainage water collected under several different
conditions of depth of soil and manurial treatment. Pot experiments
were also included, and the whole was supplemented by chemical
investigations in the laboratory. In connection with this work,
methods of determining humus were worked out and reported upon.*

In the project on soil biology, soy beans were grown and bacterio-
logical decomposition in humus in soils under controlled bacterio-
logical conditions was studied. Investigations of the conditions
affecting the life history of the cattle tick were continued. The study
of the effect of temperature conditions upon the cattle tick was
greatly aided by the use of a special refrigerating plant built for this
and similar purposes. The investigations on the peach-tree borer

1 Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem., 2 (1910), No. 6, p. 269.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE VII.

Fic. 1.—ADMINISTRATION BUILDING OF THE WEST TENNESSEE SUBSTATION AT JACKSON.
SEED HOUSE IN THE DISTANCE.

Fic. 2.—BARNS AND SILOS OF THE WEST TENNESSEE SUBSTATION AT JACKSON.

TENNESSEE. 941

were carried forward in the field, and tests of several remedial meas-
ures were made in the young experimental orchard of the station.

Among the work done with Hatch and other funds, especial promi-
nence was given to studies of the maximum capacity of soils and
crops to produce feed. Breeding experiments were conducted with
the common cereal crops for the purpose of increasing production,
hardiness, and earliness. Similar work was also pursued with tall
oat grass and soy beans. The cotton-breeding experiments in coop-
eration with this department have been carried on at the West Ten-
nessee substation at Jackson since the spring of 1909. Some of the
selections made in connection with these experiments were cultivated
on the station farm, and considerable seed of the Trice variety was
produced for distribution among growers. The opportunities offered
at the West Tennessee substation for field experiments are considered
superior to those under the control of the station elsewhere in the
State. The soils are typical of the region and are practically un-
modified by previous manuring, and le well for experimental pur-
poses. Variety trials of various farm crops as well as fertilizer and
liming experiments were made. A series of crop rotations was
begun and rates, dates, and methods of seeding for several crops were
tested.

The meteorologist made a study cf the relation of climate to crops,
especially the relation between rainfall and corn production. The
data collected and the observations made having reference to frost,
the growing season, the mean annual rainfall and its monthly distri-
bution, and similar factors, were published in bulletin form during
the year.

The horticulturist conducted some experiments in orchard pruning
and spraying, giving special attention to the peach crop. The results
of some of this work showed that Bordeaux mixture is of no value
as a remedy for peach scab, and is less valuable than self-boiled lime-
sulphur as a remedy for peach rot. Arsenate of lead added to the
earlier applications of either Bordeaux mixture or self-boiled lime-
sulphur reduced the amount of wormy fruit. In an orchard heating
test it was found that fires raised the temperature from 4° to 6°
and saved the crop.

The veterinarian demonstrated the efficiency of hog-cholera serum
in several herds.

The station cooperated with the State department of agriculture
in seed testing, for the purpose of excluding serious weeds from cer-
tain cultivated crops in Tennessee under a recently enacted seed law.
Spraying demonstrations were given in orchards in various parts of
the State during the year, and farmers’ institutes were attended by
members of the station staff. Assistance was also given by the
Station staff at short courses in agriculture conducted by the State

91866°—11——16

949 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

department of agriculture, and at a 10-day course held by the uni-
versity at the West Tennessee substation.

The publications of the station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 87, The Relation of the Weather Service to the
Farmers of Tennessee; and 88, Insuring the Peach Crop.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 13, 000. 00
Harm products.4 S2c se bukser ee 8, 101. 81

Mo tales 55) 3 es ie a SE ee ee 36, 101. 81

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The distinctive element of progress by this station during the year
was the extension of its work to different sections of the State. It
is doing substantial work for the agriculture of the State, which is
meeting with wide appreciation.

TEXAS.
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station.

Department of the State Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.
H. H. Harrineton, LL. D., Director.

Among the changes occurring at the Texas station during the year
were the transfer of the station headquarters to the newly completed
station administration building, the resignation of W. C. Welborn
as vice director and agriculturist, and the promotion of H. L. Mc-
Knight from assistant agriculturist to agriculturist of the station.
KE. J. Kyle, O. M. Ball, and E. Schoel were relieved of station work.
The new station building is practically fireproof and affords greatly
improved offices and laboratory room. A State appropriation of
$1,000 annually for the current biennium became available for
tobacco investigations in cooperation with this department at its
tobacco station at Nacogdoches. The allotment for station printing
in the budget was $2,000.

The location of seven new substations authorized by the last legis-
lature was decided upon by the locating board, consisting of the gov-
ernor, lieutenant governor, and State commissioner of agriculture, as
foliows: At Pecos in Reeves County, at Lubbock in Lubbock County,
at Spur in Dickens County, at Denton in Denton County, at Temple
in Bell County, at Beaumont in Jefferson County, and at Angleton
in Brazoria County. Of these the two last named are to give special
attention to rice problems. The localities at which the several sta-

TEXAS. 243

tions are to be situated have contributed liberally for their establish-
ment, in some instances donating the land and erecting the necessary
buildings and improvements.

Under the Adams fund the horticulturist continued the plant-
breeding work on the blackberry and dewberry. A large lot of seed-
lings, including about 100 hybrids, have about reached bearing age
and large numbers of other seedlings and hybrids are ready to be
transplanted to the open ground.

Work on the soil project was actively pursued, special attention
being given to the three essential plant-food elements and to humus
and soil acidity, and part of the results were published. In Bulletin
125, a preliminary report on this work, the chemical composition of
certain types of soil occurring in a number of the counties of the
State is recorded. Results presented in Bulletin 126 of the station,
as determined in about 200 pot experiments, indicate, among other
things, a close relation between the yields of corn and the quantity
of phosphoric acid in the soil, and also show that the phosphoric
acid removed by the crop in percentages of the active phosphoric acid
decreases with the quantity of active phosphoric acid in the soil. In
connection with this project, pot experiments were carried on in
which the amounts of water percolating through different types of
soil and the losses of plant food and fertilizers as shown by the drain-
age water were determined.

Asa result of changes in the department of entomology, the project
on the control of plum curculio on peach trees was discontinued and
the work on the southern grain louse was completed for publication.
A study of the physiological effect of powdered lead arsenate on
beetles of the order Rhyncophora and with special reference to the
cottonboll weevil was begun. The veterinarian continued investi-
gations of swamp fever, giving special attention to methods of infec-
tion and means of control. Attempts were made to cause the disease
by transmission of blood, urine, and bowel contents. The plant
pathologist started on a line of work in the laboratory and in the
field to determine whether inoculation with pure cultures of Pseu-
domonas radicicola increases the number of nodules on the roots
when grown in four distinct soil types occurring in large areas in the
State, and whether the effect of inoculation varies according to these
soil types and to what it may be due.

In addition to the Adams-fund investigations, the following im-
portant lines of work were carried on with the Hatch fund. The
department of agronomy laid out in plats a 52-acre field and con-
ducted experiments including tests of 30 varieties of cotton and 19
varieties of corn, fertilizer experiments with cotton and corn, ear-to-
row breeding experiments with corn in which prize ears were com-
pared with ordinary corn from the same counties, experiments with

244 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

regard to the width of rows and depths of plowing for cotton, studies
of alfalfa to overcome difficulties in starting the crop in that region,
rotation experiments in which corn, cotton, cowpeas, peanuts, oats,
and soy beans are used in different combinations, methods of treating
cotton seed for weevil control under the direction of the entomologist,
a comparison of drilling and broadcasting cowpeas and sorghum,
and fertilizer tests with leguminous crops.

The entomologist carried on field experiments on the control of
the cotton-boll weevil, giving special attention to the use of arsenical
poisons. The chemist prepared for publication the results of work
on irrigation water, alkali soils, and the use of cottonseed meal as a
human food. He also made studies of pecan oil and of wax. More
than 600 samples of fertilizers and 1,000 samples of feed were ex-
amined in the chemical laboratories during the year.

In animal husbandry, feeding experiments were made with grade
Shropshire lambs and yearlings, in which cottonseed meal and hulls,
molasses, corn, and Kafir corn were compared. A ration of molasses,
cottonseed meal, and hulls gave the best results with the lowest cost,
while corn or Kafir corn with cottonseed meal and hulls was the most
expensive. Feeding experiments were also carried on with hogs.
In these experiments a pound of cottonseed meal per pig per day
was fed for 60 days without injury to any of the animals.

The veterinarian made studies of remedies for Texas fever, and
continued the hog-cholera serum work with funds from the State.

Cooperative fertilizer experiments were carried on with farmers
of the State. Station officers were not engaged in extension work of
any kind.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 109, Alfalfa; 121, Report of Progress at the
Troupe Substation, Smith County, Tex.; 122, The Effect of Sali
Water on Rice; 123, Commercial Fertilizers and Poisonous Insecti-
cides in 1908-9; 124, The Pecan Case Bearer; 125, The Chemical
Composition of Some Texas Soils; and 128, Cottonseed Meal as
Human Food.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch act__-_-____-__-___ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams act______________ 13, 000. 00
MISCEMAMEOUS:. Se PL feet ore ee ae ere ee eee ee $18. 90
Balances from pLeviousmyieals= se eee 956. 82

NOt ees OER a tes ee) iy ee hg ee pa Pes ea G3 wat (7

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The Texas station, as a result of better equipment and improved
organization, has been enabled to place its work on a more active and

UTAH. 245

systematic basis. The establishment of substations throughout the
State will make added demands on the college station for thorough-
going work and for experts of experience in all departments of the

station.
UTAH.

Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan.
Department of the Agricultural College of Utah.
BE. D. Batt, Ph. D., Director.

The Utah station carried on its work during the year practically
without interruption by changes on the station staff. Some rear-
rangement was made in the personnel in order to facilitate meeting
existing demands. The position of horticulturist remained vacant
during the year, and experimental work in this branch was largely
in abeyance. Since the close of the year, however, L. D. Batchelor
has been appointed station horticulturist, and the horticultural work
will again be taken up during the coming year. The work during
1909-10, in so far as State aid is concerned, was carried on under the
biennial appropriation noted in the report of last year.

Work on the Adams-fund projects was actively pursued as a rule,
and general progress was made. The entomological department gave
special attention to the study of the life history and distribution of
the alfalfa-leaf weevil and to methods for its control. Experiments
demonstrated that its injury may largely be prevented by different
cultural methods, the use of live stock in pasturing off the fields at
certain seasons, and by certain mechanical contrivances for capturing
the insects. A report upon the work up to the end of this fiscal year
was prepared. |

The investigation of the effect of arsenical sprays upon the life
of fruit trees was continued in the laboratory and in the field. The
results so far secured show that the corroding of the crowns of apple
trees so commonly encountered is not due to the effect of arsenicals,
as the ordinary spraying compounds in concentrated strengths have
produced no injurious effect upon the bark of healthy trees. Even
though in contact for the entire growing season, trees on which 160
times the ordinary amount of spraying compounds was placed did not
show any injury at the end of the second year. The investigations
on sugar-beet pests were with special reference to the cause of leaf
curl.

The chemical department continued the study of the formation
and movement of nitrates in irrigated soils, the agronomist cooper-
ating in the growing of crops in connection with this project. A
bulletin on this work was published during the year. The project
was somewhat increased in scope by the addition of a series of

246 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

rotations and the cooperation of a bacteriologist detailed from the
Bureau of Plant Industry. In the experiment so far carried on it
was found that the nitric nitrogen tends to accumulate in the lower
foot sections during winter and spring. On alfalfa land the concen-
tration was found to be low, and cultivation seemed to increase the
amount of nitric nitrogen, but this effect did not seem permanent.

The requirements of nitric nitrogen in the soil differed greatly with
different plants. There was a steady decrease in the concentration
of the nitric nitrogen content of potato and corn land from period to
period, while that on alfalfa and fallow land remained nearly con-
stant. On oat land the nitric nitrogen disappeared rapidly during
the last few weeks of plant growth. On the gladin project a study
of methods was made, and milling and baking experiments were
conducted with other funds.

The poultry department conducted the incubation and_ poultry-
breeding work as outlined. Special stress was laid on the incubation
project. A large incubator with several tiers of egg cases was con-
structed and fitted up with electric devices, thermometers, etc., for
measuring carbon dioxid, moisture, and temperature. With this
new incubator it is hoped to overcome most of the difficulties expe-
rienced in the operation of the ordinary machines. Experiments
have indicated the machine to be superior for experimental work to
anything yet tested. In the pedigree breeding work the number of
hens increased and the work was extended to the third year of the
chicken’s life. Careful records were kept of every factor entering
into egg production and the vitality of stock. Results have shown
the value of selection in developing a laying strain of fowls, a
marked correlation having been found in every case between high-
laying mothers and their progeny. No special features were brought
out in the study of the cause of the extensive losses of chicks during
the first few weeks after hatching.

In addition to the Adams-fund work, a number of lines of investi-
gation were carried on with Hatch and State funds. The depart-
ment of chemistry studied the effect of dry farming on nitrogen
formation in soils, and prepared the results for publication. In
connection with irrigation investigations on peaches, the dry matter
and relative proportions of flesh, skin, and stone were determined,
and special work was done on milling and baking tests and on soil
nitrate problems. The chemist also cooperated with the department
of agronomy in studying the effect of formalin on the vitality of
seed grain,

In the department of agronomy experiments were conducted for
the improvement of alfalfa hay by making selections with reference
to hay qualities from seven strains obtained from this department
and by crossing and growing individual plants. Studies were also

UTAH. 247

made of the seed qualities of different strains of alfalfa on an acre
at Benson, where conditions for seed growing are favorable. Ex-
periments with potatoes related to size of tuber for planting, deep
versus shallow culture, furrowing and flat culture, water require-
ments, number of applications in irrigation, shallow irrigation, and
breeding by selection. With beans variety, culture, and irriga-
tion experiments were carried on. An exchange of potatoes for seed
was made between irrigated and dry farms in cooperation with the
Bureau of Plant Industry. In the sugar-beet breeding work strict
methods of pedigree breeding were employed.and the total hereditary
power of each original mother ascertained. The seed produced last
year showed a gain of over 14 per cent in the sugar content as com-
pared with the imported seed of the same original strain. This
work has been in progress for eight years and was originally con-
ducted in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry. In con-
nection with sugar-beet work the amounts of water and times and
methods of irrigation were also studied.

From the work on formalin in its relation to the vitality of seed
grain, it was found that the treatment was effective in preventing the
loose and covered smut of oats, the covered smut of barley, and the
bunt of wheat. A solution as dilute as 1 pound of formalin to 60 gal-
lons of water reduced to some extent the vitality of the seeds of
wheat, oats, and barley. Oats proved more resistant to the influence
than wheat and barley. It was concluded that the seed may safely
oe treated for 1 hour in a solution of 1 pound to 50 gallons of water,

The work in animal husbandry was limited largely to a feeding
test with 225 lambs, which were fed different amounts of different
grains in connection with alfalfa hay from December 8 to February
19. It was found that one-half the ordinary grain ration with alfalfa
gave good and economical results. The station has four Percheron
mares which are used in field work. The cost of their keeping and
of their work was recorded.

Irrigation work was pursued with State funds in cooperation with
this office, and especial attention was given to the water requirements
of peaches and apples. Some work along this line was also done
with sugar beets and potatoes. The results of the first two years’
experiments with peaches have shown conclusively that the character
and amount of fruit produced can be very materially modified by the
time of application of a given amount of water. It was further dem-
onstrated that an excessive amount of water, instead of producing the
heaviest fruit yields, resulted in such an excessive wood growth that
the fruit was small and poorly colored and flavored. A bulletin
published during the year treats of cultivation, shading, quantity of
water applied, surface and subirrigation, soil fertility, and soil tex-
ture as factors influencing evaporation and transpiration.

248 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The drainage work of the station, also in cooperation with this office,
was carried on as formerly outlined. It has resulted in the reclama-
tion of large tracts of land in different parts of the State and in the
formation of a number of drainage districts. In two instances where
the original drainage systems proved to be failures further investi-
gation solved the difficulties and later drains reclaimed the land in
question. The results of this work are in preparation for publication.

Arid farming experiments were continued, and the remarkably dry
and hot season gave opportunity for the more critical testing of vari-
eties and of methods than anything previously experienced. On most
of the dry-farm areas of the State less than 1 inch of rain fell during
the entire grain-growing period, and yet fair yields were obtained
where the best methods were employed. This work is principally
carried on at the substations maintained by the station at Nephi,
Monticello, and St. George.

The veterinary department continued its studies on bighead of
sheep in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry. The
department also studies outbreaks of diseases of anthrax in the State.

Ornithological studies were confined to the food habits of the
mourning dove and other birds and the preparation of the observa-
tions for publication.

Considerable extension work was done by the college, and the sta-
tion contributed to this movement. Ten movable schools of one
week’s duration were held during the year and more than double that
number of farmers’ institutes. One demonstration train, taking up
the special topics of potato growing and orchard heating, was run
over the Oregon Short Line within the State.

The following publications were received from this station during
the fiscal year: Bulletins 105, Trrigation Investigations: Factors In-
fluencing Evaporation and Transpiration; 106, A Study of the Pro-
duction and Movement of Nitric Nitrogen in an Irrigated Soil; 107,
Improvement of Utah Horses; and 108, The Effect of Formalin on
the Vitality of Seed Grain.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_____________= $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 13, 000. 00
Statevap propria tlonysSe4 hoes. pecs ee eee 18, 554. 94
HANSA ONO CU CLS Bee = Se are ee eee ee en 3, 667. 81
Balancer trom spre yaiOusy iy Cans ee see eee seer pean nen 471. 40

Rota = temas! See ue Rey) Pes ee dee ee aD 45, 694. 15

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedule prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

VERMONT. 249

The work of the Utah station has been considerably broadened by
the aid of State appropriations, and in some of its departments is

quite actively pursued.
VERMONT.

Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington.

Department of University of Vermont and State Agricultural College.
J. a. Hrens, Se. D:, Director.

The affairs of the Vermont station, as in the previous year, were
marked by numerous changes in the station staff. No changes were
made in the equipment and endowment of this station during the
year.

Work on some of the Adams-fund projects undertaken by the sta-
tion was pursued actively, while other investigations of this class,
owing to numerous changes in the staff during the last two years,
were held in abeyance. In studying the forcing of plants with car-
bon dioxid, special attention was given to radishes and lettuce. Ex-
periments on the relation of size of seed to the future plant were con-
tinued in the field with a number of horticultural crops, and records
were kept of the resulting plants with regard to flowering, fruiting
habits, quality and quantity of product, and similar points. The
project on the breeding of carnations was practically completed and
the results made ready for publication. The study of disease re-
sistance of potatoes was continued in cooperation with this depart-
ment. The results secured in studying anesthesia of dormant plants
were published and the project was closed. The results thus far
secured in the investigation on the general principles involved in the
production of double-flowering plants were also prepared to be pub-
lished.

The data collected in connection with the work on the damping off
of coniferous seedlings, together with the work done by Prof. L. R.
Jones on the potato-disease project, were prepared for publication.
The project on the micro-organisms of maple sap and sirup was con-
tinued and last year’s results were published. A relatively large
amount of work was done on the storage of sugars and other car-
bohydrates in the maple. Different parts of the tree were analyzed
for the determination of sucrose, moisture, sugar, starch, hemicellu-
loses, and ash. A large amount of data and definite results were se-
cured in this study.

Experiments on the nutritive value of milk were conducted with
pigs of different breeds, being fed milk containing different
amounts of fat. Experiments with milk homogenized with corn oil
were under way. Apparently there is a difference in fat consistency

250 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

which has an important effect on the nutritive value of the milk.
A large amount of chemical work was done, including analyses of
blood, internal organs, skeletons, and meat. Marked chemical differ-
ences in the fat of the animals fed in different ways was observed.
The strength of the bones was also tested. The project on the effect
of feeding different amounts of digestible protein to cows for a long
period was conducted on the same plan as heretofore.

Under the Hatch-fund work was pursued in horticulture on apples,
including tests of varieties, a study of grafts from productive and
nonproductive trees of different varieties, scion selection, and other
problems of a like nature. Field experiments were made in the
crossing of cucumbers, including a study of unit characters. Experi-
ments were also made with strawberries, including breeding by se-
lection and in growing plants in pots and transplanting them to the
field so as to give fruit the first season after transplanting.

The chemist published results obtained in studies on the avail-
ability of organic nitrogen, continued work in cooperation with the
Rhode Island and Connecticut stations on a method for showing the
availability of nitrogen in commercial fertilizers, and gave atten-
tion to the control work of the station in the same way as heretofore.

The dairyman completed experiments in making ice cream and
published a bulletin setting forth the results. Experiments on the
manufacture of cottage cheese were also made.

The work in forestry, which was in charge of the State forester,
included the material enlargement of the forest-tree nursery, the
publication of a bulletin on forest fires, the preparation of one on
methods of cutting, and the making of experimental plantings.

In addition to the cooperative work already mentioned, the station
completed its work, carried on with the New York station at Geneva,
on the bacterial soft rots of certain vegetables, the results being pub-
lished at some length in Bulletin 147 of the station. With this
department the station cooperates in the Morgan horse-breeding
enterprise at Middlebury and in the study of Phytophthora and dis-
ease resistance in potatoes. Some of the station officials made ad-
dresses during the year at farmers’ institutes and other agricultural
gatherings, but no definite policy of extension work was pursued.

The following publications were received from the station during
the year: Bulletins 142, Plant Diseases—Potato Spraying; 143, Com-
mercial Fertilizers—The Service of a Fertilizer Control—Soil Phy-
siography; 144, Feeding Stuffs Inspection—Concerning Commercial
Feeding Stuffs; 145, Vermont Shrubs and Woody Vines; 146, The
Grass and Clover-seed Trade in Vermont in 1907-1909; 147, The
Bacterial Soft Rots of Certain Vegetables; 148, A Bacterial Soft Rot
of Muskmelon, Caused by Bacillus melonis n. sp.; 149, A Practical
Method of Killing Witch Grass; 150, The Role of Anesthetics and

WASHINGTON. 251

Other Agents in Plant Forcing; 151, “Buddy Sap;” Circular 3,
Concerning Work Which the Station Can and Can Not Undertake
for Residents of the State; and the Annual Report for 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act_____-__-____ 18, 000. 00
State: ApPProvriavlOnees ease oa Se ee eee 4, 441. 07
HIG GSP tens sae conten We eg eB oe oe fete tard D8 a re eee ed Ey} et 3, 145. 09
DEST EANTS TV aT) FEO GS oe a a 6, 187. 138

IVA RR Seed bt PRA a tee BO ORS PE ame eae 41, 773. 29

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

Although numerous changes in its staff interfered with the work
of the Vermont station, many of its lines of work were prosecuted
actively and the endeavor of the station to serve the public princi-
pally through the scientific investigation of matter pertaining to the
agriculture of the State was steadfastly maintained.

WASHINGTON.
Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Pullman.
Department of the State College of Washington.

R. W. THATCHER, B. S., M. A., Director.

The changes on the staff of the Washington station during the
year, which were otherwise largely confined to the secondary posi-
tions, included the resignation of G. Severance as agronomist and
the appointment of L. Hegnauer as his successor and the granting
of indefinite leave of absence to C. W. Lawrence, the cerealist, and
the appointment of A. Carlyle to take charge of the cereal work.

At the western Washington Experiment Station at Puyallup a new
building with a small greenhouse attached was erected by the State
at a cost of $4,500. The State appropriation for this station is about
$30,000 for the biennium. The work included studies of diseases of
the blackberry and the raspberry, breeding experiments with these
fruits to improve their quality and their resistance to crown gall and
anthracnose, tests with forage crops adapted to furnishing succulent
dairy feed for cattle, tests with vegetable crops and small fruits, and
poultry management. In working on the crown gall of the black-
berry a bacterial organism, which appears to be the causative agent,
was isolated.

The Adams-fund work on the improvement of the yield and the
chemical composition of cereals was continued with selected hybrid

252 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

grains. Wheats collected for this work from different localities.
typical as to soil and climate, were studied in detail with reference
to their milling and baking qualities. Different factors, including
chemical reagents and the high and low nitrogen content of wheat in
their relation to the baking qualities, were studied, and an investiga-
tion of the variation in quality of individual wheat kernels in the
head was made.

The study of the function of sulphur as a plant food was taken up
during the year. Peas and wheat were grown in pot tests on differ-
ent types of soil and supphed with sulphur in different forms to
determine the influence upon growth and chemical composition.
Work on the soil-moisture project was carried on with wheat grown
in pots on different types of soil, and several important relationships
of soil moisture on the production of the dry matter in the plant were
studied. The field work on this project included investigations on
the conservation of water as affected by different soil treatments and
on the factors influencing the loss of moisture by evaporation.

The study of starch production by the potato, which was interfered
with by frost injury to the material secured the year before, was again
taken up actively, further material being collected and _ selections
made. A good cellar was provided during the year where the tubers
can be safely kept.

Attention was further given to the tomato-blight project—a study
of a new disease, the study of soil toxicity resulting from the growth
of coniferous trees, including its influence on root respiration, the
effect of nutrition on the development, maturity, and prolificacy of
swine, the investigations on Mendelism in blackberry hybrids, the
effect of parasitism on the host insect, and to some extent to hema-
globinemia in cattle. The work on the destruction of spermophiles
by means of a disease was concluded. The disease, while effective in
killing infected squirrels, failed to spread satisfactorily.

The Hatch fund was used for the support of a number of other
lines of work in addition to those enumerated. The plant pathologist
studied different varieties, and in particular the station’s selections
with reference to their susceptibility to wheat smut, and also gave
attention to a bacterial disease of tomatoes.

The assistant zoologist worked on the life history of the Columbian
ground squirrel with a view to finding methods for its extermination,
and gave special attention to the peculiar hibernating habits of this
animal and their relation to food and moisture. This line of work
for the coming year is to be conducted as an Adams-fund project.

Feeding experiments were carried on with horses to determine the
feeding value of timothy, wheat, and alfalfa hays used with oats and
barley. In a feeding test with cows, alfalfa meal proved cheaper

WASHINGTON. Aa

and gave slightly better results than the use of molasses and barley
meal. Some work was also done on steer feeding.

The Department of Agriculture continued the rotation and tillage
experiments, which are followed under a permanent plan, together
with improvement work on cereals and forage plants. ‘The principles
of breeding were studied and considerable data on the subject were
collected. Five-year variety tests with corn in cooperation with this
department were completed during the year and the results prepared
for publication. Cooperative work with this department was also
followed in variety and culture tests with field peas. Attention was
further given to growing soy beans and field beans in place of sum-
mer fallowing land. It is estimated that the hybrid wheats, origi-
nated and distributed by the station for the past four years, resulted
the past season in an increase of 1,500,000 bushels in the production
of wheat.

The horticultural department pursued work on orchard tillage and
cover crops, vegetable-seed production, and ornamental plants, and
gave attention to the introduction and adaptation of a great number
of fruits and to the effect of different systems of pruning on the color
of orchard fruits. The veterinary department gave special attention
to a study of anemia in horses, of which an outbreak occurred in the
State.

The farmers’ institute and extension work during the year covered
a wider range than was ever before attempted. O. M. Olson, deputy
superintendent of farmers’ institutes, resigned, and the vacancy was
filled by the appointment of R. C. Ashby as assistant superintendent
of farmers’ institutes, who entered upon his work in May, 1910. A
new feature was introduced by the establishment of demonstration
farms under the supervision of H. W. Sparks, appointed supervisor
of demonstration farms, beginning July 1, 1909. Ten such farms
were in operation during the year 1910. The several railroad com-
panies operating lines within the State showed a very active interest
in, and gave assistance to, the extension work of the college and
station.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 89, The Hybrid Wheats; 93, A Preliminary
Report on Some Experiments in Clearing Logged-off Land with a
Stump Burner—A Promising Method for Destroying Stumps and
Logs; 95, Chou Moellier or Marrow Cabbage; 96, Hatching and
Rearing Turkeys by Artificial Methods; 97, Anthracnose of the
Blackberry and Raspberry; Popular Bulletins 17, A Single Spray
for the Codling Moth; 18, Growing Blackberries and Raspberries in
Washington; 19, The Use of Fertilizer Lime; 20, Summary of Ex-
permiment Station Work; 21, Experiment Station’s Hybrid Wheats;
22, Tillage in its Relation to Soil Moisture; 23, Trees in Washington;

254 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

24, The Pruning of Apple Trees; 25, Gooseberries for the Home
Garden or Commercial Orchard; 26, Currants for the Home Garden
or Commercial Plantation; 27, Spraying Calendar for 1910; 28, The
Sulphur-lime Wash; Bulletin 1 (special series), An Experiment in
Clearing Logged-off Land by the Aid of a Donkey Engine in 1908;
and the Annual Reports for 1906, 1907, and 1908.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 138, 000. 00
State, appropriatio mites 5022 fees a 26, S896. 00
Warm PTrOoducts,.— => = see ee 13, 224. 87

EPO fallapsee beer aerts se eed Sate, Peres Petes ee ee 68, 120. 87

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The Washington station is in good condition and efficiently
managed. An earnest effort is being made to meet the needs of, and
through its extension department to carry its resuits to, the farmers.
Funds for printing popular bulletins would be of material assistance
in this connection.

VIRGINIA.

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg.

Department of Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic
Institute,

S. W. FietcHer, Ph. D., Director.

There were few changes in organization, personnel, or lines of
work at the Virginia station during the year. The departments of
animal husbandry and veterinary science were consolidated under
the charge of N. S. Mayo, who came to the institution at the begin-
ning of the year. W. A. P. Moncure, in charge of the investigation
of horticultural by-products, resigned about the close of the fiscal
year. The station was given a larger share in the management of the
work of various substation and cooperative enterprises in the State.
With the $5,000 appropriated annually for substations in tobacco
districts, six substations have been established under the management
of an agricultural board on which the station has representation,
By agreement with the State board of agriculture, the institution
supervises experimental work at Staunton and Saxe. The last legis-
lature appropriated to the station $5,000 for the year 1911 for the
establishment of district experiment stations, and steps were taken to
this end.

Substantial progress was made in several of the Adams-fund
projects pursued by the station, while others received little or no

VIRGINIA. 955

attention. A large amount of work was done on the fixation of
phosphoric acid by soils, and the investigations on this subject
were extended to include cylinder experiments with four typical
soils of the State. The object of the work is to determine the con-
ditions under which fixation and the consequent unavailability for
plant growth take place. Some of the studies on soil bacteria con-
ducted during the year included the infection of root hairs by means
of Bacillus radicicola and some of the involution forms, the fixation
of nitrogen by means of Pseudomonas radicicola without the pres-
ence of a leguminous plant, and the experiments on denitrification
which were brought to a close.

Investigations on curative treatment of tuberculosis in cattle were
continued, and the work was supplemented by an investigation on
the transmission of tuberculosis to hogs when they are fed on skim
milk from diseased animals and under other conditions. This work
is conducted in cooperation with this department. A considerable
amount of work was also done on the behavior of grazing lands under
various methods of treatment. This was also carried on in coopera-
tion with this department and with several farmers. Some very
striking results were obtained with reference to the effect of light and
heavy grazing upon the amount and character of the vegetation. In
this connection attention was also given to breeding better strains of
pasture grasses and especially of blue grass.

The endeavors to produce from pure-bred and cross-bred seedlings
a group of commercial apples blooming so late that the danger of
frost injury is reduced were continued during the year, and progress
was made. Many of the seedlings secured are now ready for top-
working upon dwarf stocks. Incidental to this problem the effect of
temperature upon the blooming of fruit was investigated, and basal
data showing the value of different temperatures were secured by
bringing fruit buds to bloom under temperature control in incubators.
The fermentation studies showing the possibility of controlling fer-
mentation by means of selected yeasts were completed, and the final
results were prepared for publication.

Some important studies of variations in bud formation were made
and reported upon during the year, and observations on the influence
of meteorological conditions on bud development were continued.
The investigations on relation of parasitic fungi and bacteria to
their host plants were along the line of enzym formation and action
in relation to plant diseases, such as cabbage black rot, bitter rot of
apples, and tomato Fusarium.

In addition to the Adams-fund investigations, the different depart-
ments of the station conducted experiments along a number of other
lines. The chemist had in progress a series of laboratory, pot, and

956 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

field experiments to determine the fertilizer requirements for the
principal soil types of the State. The investigation of the nutritive
value of various Virginia grasses and forage plants was continued,
together with a study of the lime resources of the State and the
comparative value of ground limestone and burnt lime for liming
land.

The horticulturist continued the studies of inheritance in garden
vegetables with particular reference to Mendel’s law. The work
with tomatoes was completed and reported upon in Bulletin No. 177
of the station, and various cruciferous vegetables were placed under
observation. The influence of soil environment on fruit bud forma-
tion was studied with dwarf fruit trees grown in pots and in cylin-
ders sunken into the ground. Preliminary to this work a very
thorough study was made of the history of fruit-bud formation in
all the common orchard fruits, the period covered being from July 1
to the blooming period of the following year. Other work included
varietal studies of orchard fruits, fertilizer experiments with apples,
a test of the commercial culture of dwarf apples, and an experiment
in the culture of basket willows carried on in cooperation with this
department.

The department of agronomy continued the improvement work of
varieties of corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes most commonly grown in
Virginia, and made a study of the acclimatization of corn. The
effort to increase the sugar content of sweet corn to make it more
valuable for canning gave encouraging results. The tobacco work
included plat experiments with fertilizers, crop rotation, demon-
stration plats, and tobacco breeding to produce the best and most
productive strains of seed for the locality. Other work of this de-
partment included plat tests of various grasses, forage crops, fer-
tilizers, and crop-rotation experiments.

The animal husbandry department completed an experiment on
the most economical use of silage in steer feeding, and continued to
test various substitutes for milk in feeding calves. A study was also
made of the methods and results of beef production in the State.
The dairy department completed observations on the production of
sanitary milk, the results being published in Bulletin No. 185 of the
station. In addition, the efficiency of farm separators, the milk sup-
ply of cities, and the study of ice-cream fillers received attention.

The department of plant pathology, working in cooperation with
this department, made a preliminary survey of the prevalence of
diseases of economic plants in the State, and made special investiga-
tions of an undescribed disease of tomatoes, black rot, and club-foot
of cabbage, and spinach diseases. The experiments on cabbage were
conducted in cooperation with growers and those with spinach in
cooperation with the Virginia Truck Station.

—— a ae

VIRGINIA. 257

\

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 182, Silo Construction; 183, Work at the Tobacco
Stations; 184, Impurities of Grass and Clover Seed Sold in Virginia;
185, Clean and Sanitary Milk; 187, Lime for Virginia Farms; 188,
The Use of Lime-sulphur Preparations in the Summer Spraying of
Virginia Apple Orchards; and Circular 7, rev., Fighting the Insect
Pests and Diseases of Orchard, Field, and Garden Crops.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, 000.00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 13, 000. 00

State appropriation, including balance from previous
BY GT es as NS ee a OS 8, 000. 40
ATTEN GRITS Val CCT Sorts Oe hie es ee Se 5. 00
Farm products _________ Some Soop ew Pens oS AEE 2, 706. 75
Miscellaneous, including balance from previous year__ 519. 63
SROES 42 >be Bane peda Be eR See eens Foes 39, 231. 78

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The Virginia station conducted successfully a large amount of
well-organized, scientific investigation in agriculture, and endeavored
to make the results of this work practically applicable to the varied
agricultural conditions of the State. A permanent State appropria-
tion for the general use of the station is essential if the demands for
extension work are to be properly met.

Virginia Truck Experiment Station, Norfolk.

Cooperating with the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and the United
States Department of Agriculture.

T. C. Jounson, B. S. Agr., M. A., Director.

At the Virginia Truck Station a spray laboratory and tool house
and a cottage residence were added to the station buildings during the
year. C. S. Heller, assistant horticulturist, resigned, and P. T. Cole
was appointed to take his place. F. A. Johnston of this department
was assigned to work with this station, and L. L. Corbett was
appointed assistant in truck crops.

The principal investigations and experiments carried on during
the year included a study of the influence of certain commercial
fertilizers on truck soils and truck crops, truck-crop rotations, plant
breeding, control of truck diseases, control of truck-crop insects, and
the irrigation of truck crops. The station worked out methods of
controlling insects affecting certain crops in the seed bed.

Cooperative work in spraying was carried on with farmers in the
immediate vicinity. Other lines of cooperative work included investi-

91866°—11—_17

258 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

gations in vegetable pathology, plant breeding, and entomological
work in cooperation with this department, and work on spinach dis-
eases in cooperation with the Virginia station.

The director of the station assisted the State department of agricul-
ture in various farmers’ institutes in the trucking section of the
State.

The publications of the station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins: 1, The Control of Malnutrition Diseases; 2, Some
Insects Injurious to Cabbage, Cucumbers, and Related Crops; and
3, Some Seed-potato Questions in 1909.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

Staterappropriation’ —== See Se es See es ee ee $5, 000
State board of agriculture and immigration_______________ 5, 000
WYO} 3) Mee Nat 3 ge ah nee ie el EE ee a Aa 8 10, 000

The practical and cooperative work of the Virginia Truck Station
can not fail to be of great value to the locality and the particular
branch of agricultural industry which it is intended to serve.

WEST VIRGINIA.
West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown.
Department of West Virginia University.

J. H. Stewart, M. A., Director.

During the year W. M. Munson, horticulturist of the station,
resigned his position on account of illness, which was followed later
by his death. C. M. Gifford was elected assistant plant pathologist.
Important additions to the equipment of the station dairy and the
station laboratories and especially for soil and bacteriological work
were made. The State provided $6,000 for orchard inspection and
spraying demonstrations, and $4,000 for truck-crop investigations
during the year.

In general the Adams-fund projects were continued as originally
outlined, but work on the horticultural project, owing to the illness
of the horticulturist, was confined to the planting of two apple
nurseries and the supervision of the apple and peach orchards
secured for this investigation. The studies on the effect of high
pressures on fruits and fruit juices were about completed, and work
was begun on an investigation of the artificial fixation of atmos-
pheric nitrogen by means of electrical discharges.

In connection with the project on the production of sanitary milk,
it was found that the bacterial content of the milk is very greatly
increased by the usual method of artificial cooling in an open room.

WEST VIRGINIA. 259

A cooling apparatus was devised by means of which it is possible
to produce cooled milk with no appreciable increase in its bacterial
content. Studies were also pursued regarding the bacterial flora of
milk in the udder and the means of controlling it.

Progress was made in the study of the cucumber mildew and of
apple-leaf diseases. Twelve distinct species of fungi were isolated
from apple leaves and their life histories were worked out. The
study of the stages not fully established in the life history of the
woolly aphis of the apple was continued, and a report of progress
on the investigation of snout beetles injuring nuts was made in the
form of a bulletin. The list of these nut-attacking beetles studied
was as follows: Balaninus proboscideus, B. rectus, B. cary, B.
obtusus, B. quercus, B. nasicus, B. orthorhynchus, B. baculi, B. con-
fusor, B. pardalus, Conotrachelus juglandis, C. affinis, C. naso, and
C. posticatus. Some data were collected in connection with the
studies of the short-tailed shrew. e

Work on the project regarding the mortality of brooder chicks
included studies of the influence of age of fowls, temperature of
brooder, aeration, moisture, heavy feeding, length of laying period,
and other similar factors on the vigor of the egg sperm. A project
involving the study of acidity in soils, largely with reference to the
factors tending to produce soil acidity and those which either in-
crease or decrease the acid condition of the soil, was submitted and
approved.

The activities of the station supported by Hatch and other funds
were also pursued on a project basis. Fertilizer requirements of the
soil on the station farm were studied, and the effect upon the physi-
cal properties and chemical composition of the soil of long-con-
tinued applications of different manurial substances, including lime,
stable manure, sodium nitrate and acid phosphate, was noted. Ob-
servations were further made on the relative yields of the standard
farm crops when fertilized in the various ways. As a result of the
work on acid soils the application of lime and the culture of clover
and cowpeas have greatly increased throughout the State. Other
results confirm the station’s position that the use of the commercial
acid phosphates is not responsible for acid soils in West Virginia.

The department of agriculture conducted tests of types of poul-
try houses as affecting health and productivity of laying hens, and
studied the effect of artificial methods of rearing poultry on the
vigor and productivity of the flock. This test has been in progress
without interruption for 10 years. This department also carried on
feeding experiments with fowls, continued the plat work begun in
1900, and carried forward the improvement of the old farm, which
has now been brought up to a condition enabling it to furnish all
the forage required by the station.

260 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The horticultural department gave attention to disease-resistant
stocks for the Grimes Golden apple for the purpose of overcoming
the short-lived character of this variety and to the determination
of methods and practices which will enable the continuous growing
of peaches with profit upon the same land. A series of experiments
was carried on in cooperation with growers on the use of fertilizers
for orchards, potatoes, and tomatoes, and a study was made of the
most profitable means of disposing of the poorer grades of apples.
Observations were made on the effect of soluble oil sprays on the
growth of young apple trees and on the use of lime of different
purities in the preparation of spray mixtures. Demonstrations were
conducted in a number of counties of the State in cooperation with
farmers and orchardists for the purpose of stimulating the practice
of spraying fruit trees.

The entomologist continued comparative tests of eastern and west-
ern methods for controlling the codling moth, and made a prelimi-
nary report on the work. Thus far the results show that the so-called
high-pressure western method of combating the codling moth is not
superior to the method in general use in the East. A study was also
made of a serious attack of walking sticks on peach orchards and data
were collected on a brood of periodical cicada due this season. At-
tenticn was further given to wasp epidemics and the natural enemies
of these insects.

The work of the station supported by State funds comprised the
official enforcement and administration of the State laws concerning
commercial fertilizers, studies on the effectiveness of Bordeaux-ar-
senate mixtures in controlling diseases of the potato, experiments in
the growing of edible mushrooms in worked-out coal mines, investi-
gations concerning the tomato-canning industry in the State, includ-
ing extensive variety tests, fertilizer experiments on young and bear-,
ing orchards, and tests of Jersey, Ayrshire, and Kerry cattle and
their crosses with regard to their adaptability as dairy animals under
West Virginia conditions. A record was kept of the milk production
of these different dairy breeds, together with the percentage of fat
and the weight of the animals,

Among other miscellaneous lines of work followed by the station
may be mentioned the inspection of grain and grass seed, bacterio-
logical analysis of waters, fertilizer and insecticide control work, and
the improvement of the incubator. The inspection of orchards and
the devising and enforcement of means for the control and destruc-
tion of orchard pests were continued with increasing beneficial effects
apon the horticultural industry of the State, and was supported by
a special State appropriation for the purpose. Cooperative work
with farmers consisted chiefly in the continuation of efforts to deter-
mine the best method of exterminating internal parasites of sheep,

WISCONSIN. 261

in tests of herds for tuberculosis, and in the use of hog-cholera serum.
Members of the station staff also took part in farmers’ institute work
and attended other similar gatherings.

The following publications were received from this station during
the year: Bulletins 119, The Grape-cane Gall Maker and the Grape-
cane Girdler; 120, @abbace Worms, and Suggestions for Destroying
Them; 121, ole Enemies, and How to Fight Them; 122, The
arincics Home Garden; 123, Diseases of Garden Crops and Their
Control; 124, Some Factors Influencing the Vigor of Incubator
Chickens; 125, Commercial Fertilizers; 126, Three Snout Beetles that
Attack Apples; 127, Spraying for the Codling Moth; and 128, Snout
Beetles that Injure Nuts.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as
follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 13, 000. 00
State wo prOpridtlOM a. SA See ere eee 10, 000. 00
PICO S Fareed EEE See a ee een at ee ete 2 a? 13, 506. 84
BEING ePTOCUC LS 6. Heer eS keen Pe ee ee ee Ee eee 6, 500. 89
Miscellariedus So. 24 oe ele a ee es 77. 38

4 Uo) er LR Bees OF eee ie ee de ee a ae Ee 58, O85. 11

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The West Virginia station is carrying on a number of lines of im-
portant work and is receiving the encouragement and support of the
State in strengthening and broadening its influence.

WISCONSIN.

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Department of the University of Wisconsin.

H. L. Russet1t, Ph. D., Director.

The past year at the Wisconsin station was marked by an active
prosecution of the different lines of research and investigation in
hand. Changes in the personnel of the station staff were few.
Among them may be mentioned the promotion of J. G. Moore, who
was placed in charge of the organization of the work in horticulture,
the appointment of C. E. Lee as assistant in dairying, and of F. B.
Hadley in charge of the veterinary-science work of the station. In
addition, several other resignations and appointments in the corps of
assistants took place.

A number of improvements and additions to the resources of the
college and station were made during the year. Additional facilities

262 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

were provided for the dairy department by the construction of a two-
story and basement building (Pl. VIII, fig. 1) to afford additional
laboratory space. The new equipment for the poultry department
includes a general-utility building, breeding pens, portable colony
houses, and a breeding house of modern design and construction (PI.
VII, fig. 2). The agricultural buildings were connected to a new
central heating station, and the old heating plant was turned over to
the dairy department to furnish increased facilities for its different
lines of work. Quarters for the newly organized departments of
experimental breeding and veterinary science were assigned in the
new stock pavilion, which was erected during the preceding year, and
laboratory facilities for these departments are in process of construc-
tion. The interior of the soils building was remodeled, and it was
decided to construct entirely new quarters for the horticultural de-
partment, which occupied space in the soils building. In order to
prevent interference with the work of the horticultural department,
four greenhouses connected with a one-story and basement brick
structure were erected. In addition to these a small pathological
laboratory was constructed for the department of plant pathology.
Miscellaneous farm buildings, erected at the university and Hill
farms, included a two-story litter shed and sheds for housing wagons,
implements, and machinery. A concrete silo (Pl. IX, fig. 2) was
built on the Hill farm with a new type of mold devised by the agri-
cultural engineering department.

The legislature of 1909 passed an act permitting the establishment
of two permanent branch experiment stations, and steps were taken
toward the establishment of one of these stations on an 80-acre tract
of land adjacent to the town of Spooner, in Washington County.
The work to be attempted there will be largely soil improvement.
For this same purpose a demonstration substation was started at
Ellis Junction, in Marinette County. The reclamation of marsh
lands on the university farm, undertaken this year, will add greatly
to the land resources of the institution.

Work on all the Adams-fund projects of the station was actively
pursued. The study of the mineral requirements of growing animals,
conducted cooperatively by the agricultural-chemistry and animal-
husbandry departments, was continued principally along the line of
the influence of the lime supply on the development of the skeleton of
the progeny. It appeared that the skeleton development of the
young as to lime content, as well as size, is maintained in the pigs
regardless of the character of the lime supply present in the food.
The lime was fed in these experiments in the form of ground lime-
stone or calcium carbonate, as floats or calcium phosphate, and in
ground alfalfa. The floats proved superior to the ground limestone,
which did not serve so well in making bone or in retaining the phos-

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE VIII.

Fic. 1.—DAiRY LABORATORY BUILDING, WISCONSIN COLLEGE AND STATION.

Fic. 2.—BUILDINGS OF THE NEW POULTRY PLANT, WISCONSIN COLLEGE AND STATION.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE IX.

FIG. 2.—CONCRETE SILO AT THE WISCONSIN COLLEGE
AND STATION.

The station is giving advice and other assistance to
farmers to encourage cooperative silo building of
this type.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PlATE DG

Fic. 1.—Cow FED WHOLLY ON CorN PRODUCTS, SHOWING GOOD CONDITION AND
THRIFTINESS.

FiG. 2.—CALF FROM COW FED ON CORN PRODUCTS, ACTIVE AND VIGOROUS AT BIRTH.

EFFECT OF EXCLUSIVE FEEDING OF WHEAT PRODUCTS AND OF
CORN PRODUCTS, WISCONSIN STATION.

=A te ‘¢ oa i

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLaTe Xl.

Fic. 1.—Cow FED WHOLLY ON WHEAT PRODUCTS, SHOWING GENERAL UNTHRIFTY
APPEARANCE.

Fic. 2.—CALF FROM COW FED ON WHEAT PRODUCTS, TOO WEAK TO STAND AT
BIRTH.

EFFECT OF EXCLUSIVE FEEDING OF WHEAT PRODUCTS AND OF
CORN PRODUCTS WISCONSIN STATION.

: _ :
files 5 si
eee |

saa

_

WISCONSIN. 263

phate fed in grains or clovers. The experiment will be conducted
through several generations to confirm these results.

In the comparison of nutrients from single-plant sources and from
different plants on the development of cattle, it was observed that
while the rate of growth was not greatly dissimilar, the physical
conditions of the different groups varied widely. The animals in
this experiment were reared on a ration balanced in accordance with
the regularly accepted standards, but derived from single-plant
sources—wheat, oats, corn, and a mixture of the three. The lots fed
corn and its products continued thrifty and gave large, strong
progeny (Pl. X); while those fed on the products of wheat alone
showed low vitality, low milk production, and weak, under-sized
calves (Pl. XI). The oat lot gave results more nearly like the corn
lot, while those fed equal parts of corn, wheat, and oats resembled
more nearly the wheat-fed animals. It was further found that
a mature corn-fed animal can not be changed to a wheat ration
without resulting shortly in death, while a wheat-fed animal can
pass to a corn ration with improvement. The study of the
role of acid in cheese production showed that by the use of
commercial acid time may be saved without diminishing the
quality of the cheese. To overcome defects in the milk, how-
ever, pasteurization was resorted to, and the combination of
pasteurization and the use of commercial acid was found to bring
the milk into uniform condition as to bacterial content and acidity.
The absolutely uniform process gave greater reliability and uni-
formity of product and eliminated to a certain extent the skill of
the maker. After this method was established a test for a long
period on a factory scale was inaugurated. It was further shown
that the cheese made by this process may be cured at the temperature
of the ordinary uncooled curing room. Curing at a medium or
warm temperature gave better results than curing in the cold.

Investigations continued by the dairy department on the purifica-
tion of creamery and cheese factory sewage led to the conclusion
that such sewage can be thoroughly reduced if the material can be
held for a sufficient period of time in a closed septic tank. The
decomposition processes in the tank do not completely purify the
sewage, but render it sufficiently soluble for ready purification when
turned intermittently onto sand or soil.

The work on the loss of phosphorus on heavily manured soils, as is
especially found in tobacco, asparagus, and cabbage culture, was
continued. Marked losses in the leaching of soluble phosphates were
observed, showing that the excess of phosphorus did not accumulate
in the soils under test. The results of studies on the forms of
phosphorus in the soil showed that nearly one-half of the soil phos-
phorus is bound up with organic matter in such a way as to render

264 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

it insoluble. Methods were devised for the differentiation of the
soluble from insoluble phosphorus.

A number of different lines of work were also carried on with
Hatch and miscellaneous funds. The influence of sulphur on wool
production was studied cooperatively by the departments of agricul-
tural chemistry and animal husbandry. The object of this work isto
determine whether or not a casual relation exists between the form
and amount of sulphur supplied in the feed and its relation to the
growth of wool. Incidentally, results showed that our farm feeds
contain greater quantities of sulphur than has been supposed, and it
is suggested that the low results which have been previously reported
are due to faulty analytical methods. On the basis of existing
analyses, it was considered that a 100-bushel corn crop would remove
only about one-fourth of a pound per acre, whereas the analytical
methods devised in this work showed that the actual loss is about
8 pounds.

The veterinary department of the station was forced to give con-
siderable attention to an anthrax outbreak occurring on the uni-
versity farm. In this connection the susceptibility of swine to this
disease was’ observed, and it was found that the general opinion that
hogs do not acquire anthrax unless fed on anthrax-infected carcasses
is erroneous, as the death of the hogs in the cases under observation
must have come from soil infection. The lesions upon post-mortem
examination were found far from typical, and without a micro-
scopical examination would not have been regarded as anthrax from
a clinical point of view. In experiments with young pigs the disease
was not produced by infection through feeding, even where laceration
of the mucous membrane of the mouth was produced, nor by
cutaneous inoculation, but with subcutaneous injection young pigs
succumbed.

The chemist continued his studies on the relation of “metabolic ”
water produced in tissues to the growth of plants and animals. It
was shown that the action of this “metabolic” water plays an im-
portant part in the germination of seeds. Observations made upon
various insects, such as clothes’ moths and grain weevils, which sub-
sist entirely upon air-dried material containing less than 10 per cent
of water, indicate the presence of over 50 per cent of water in their
tissues. Ag t

The improvement work on existing varieties of fall rye, spring
and winter wheat, carried on by the agronomy department, has re-
sulted in a marked improvement in yield and uniformity. Last
year the pedigreed barleys were disseminated through the Wisconsin
Experiment Association. The new varieties of wheat and rye on
the station farm show a marked increase in yielding capacity over
ordinary sorts. The yield of pedigreed oats No. 4 on the station

WISCONSIN. 265

farm was 76 bushels per acre. Much of this work is carried on at
the substations in the northern part of the State.

The horticultural department gave special attention to the study
of seedling apples, the introduction of new varieties of apples, rhu-
barb forcing, tomato breeding, tobacco breeding,and culture experi-
ments and fruit trials. A successful method was developed for secur-
ing suitable roots for forcing rhubarb. In the tomato-breeding work
strains resistant to the mosaic disease have been obtained, and efforts
are now centered on the improvement of the type of fruit formed.
The tobacco-breeding work is now centered on the further improve-
ment of the type of seed by hybridization. The tobacco cultural
work bore generally on the use of cover crops, the application of
commercial fertilizers as compared with barnyard manure, and the
use of tobacco as a tilled crop in rotation. The fruit trials were con-
ducted cooperatively near Bayfield, a region favored by virtue of its
location, climatic conditions, and soil. The object of these trials is
to determine the varieties of apples, cherries, plums, and other fruits
adapted to the locality.

In the organization of the work of the new plant pathology de-
partment attention was given to making a plant-disease survey of the
State, and, incidentally, observations were made on the tip burn of
the leaves in potatoes, scab, fire blight, and sun scald of apples, and
pathological conditions due to physiological as well as parasitic
causes in relation to cabbage, tobacco, peas, and ginseng, and other
special crops grown continuously on the same land.

The entomological survey of the State showed that the San José
scale had established itself at a considerable number of places in
certain parts of the State.

Investigations in agricultural economics included historical and
geographical studies with reference to the region of production of
crops and kinds of live stock in each census period from 1840 to 1900,
the study of farm tenures for the purpose of bringing together the
results of experience on the best methods of renting farm lands, and
making farm surveys to bring together the results of experience in
farm management. The rural economist also maintained an advisory
relation with the United States Census Office.

The cooperative work of the Wisconsin station included cheese
work, the study of cranberry insects, the study of the history and
geography of agriculture and farm-accounting investigations with
this department, and work on the removal of stumps from cut-over
lands in cooperation with this department and the Minnesota experi-
ment station, making a State soil survey in collaboration with this
department and with the State geological and natural history sur-
vey, and the preparation of a new Wisconsin dairy map in coopera-
tion with the State dairy and food commission,

°66 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The inspection and control work of the station mcluded nursery
inspection, feeding stuffs, and fertilizer control, seed inspection, and
the licensing of stallions.

The agricultural extension service of the college comprises tests of
dairy cows, tuberculosis post-mortem demonstrations, butter and
cheese scoring exhibitions, distribution of pure starters, dissemina-
tion of pure-bred seed grains, grain-growing contests, State and
county farm demonstrations, potato-spraying demonstrations, or-
chard spraying work, planting of public grounds, tobacco seed distri-
bution, drainage service, cooperative fertilizer tests, manure conser-
vation tests, clover-hulling demonstrations, and exhibits at the State
fair. The substations at Ashland, Iron River, and Superior, in the
northern part of the State, also gave considerable attention to demon-
stration work in addition to other work along experimental lines.

The publications of the station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 177, Potato Culture in Northern Wisconsin; 178,
The Field Pea in Wisconsin’; 179, The Eradication of Farm Weeds
with Iron Sulphate; 180, Fertilizers for Wisconsin Farms; 181, The
Propagation of Pure Starters for Butter and Cheese Making; 182,
The Wisconsin Butter and Cheese Scoring Exhibitions; 183, Growing
Clover for Seed and Forage in Northern Wisconsin; 184, Practical
Swine Management ; 185, Sanitary Cow Stalls; 186, Suggestions for the
Improvement of Wisconsin Horses; 187, The University Dairy Herd,
1908-9; 188, Wisconsin Horse Breeding Statistics; 189, Community
Breeders’ Associations for Dairy Cattle Improvement; 190, Common
Insect Pests of Fruits in Wisconsin; 191, A Decade of Official Tests
of Dairy Cows, 1899-1909; 192, The Dairy Calf at Meal Time; 193,
Report of the Director, 1909; 194, Licensed Commercial Feeding
Stuffs, 1909; 195, New and Improved Tests of Dairy Products—The
Preparation of Buttermilk Curd; Research Bulletins 1, The Role
of Inorganic Phosphorus in the Nutrition of Animals; 2, Factors In-
fluencing the Phosphate Content of Soils; 3, The Efficiency, Economy,
and Physiological Effect of Machine Milking; 4, Some Conditions
Which Influence the Germination and Fertility of Pollen; 5, The
Réle of the Ash Constituents of Wheat -Bran in the Metabolism of
Herbivora; 6, Studies on the Bacterial and Leucocyte Content of
Milk; 7, Factors Controlling the Moisture Content of Cheese Curds;
8, Nuclein Synthesis in the Animal Body; 9, The Nature of the Acid-
soluble Phosphorus Compounds of Some Important Feeding Mate-
rials; Circulars of Information 1, The Wisconsin Feeding Stuff Law ;
2, The Propagation of Pure Culture Starters for Butter and Cheese
Making; 3, Directions for Spraying Potatoes; 4, The Wisconsin Seed
Inspection Law; 5, The Hollow Concrete Fence Post; 6, Synopsis of
Wisconsin Drainage Laws, with Forms and General Suggestions;
7, The Agricultural Extension Service; 8, Corn Judging; 9, The Wis-

WYOMING. 267

consin Dairy Cow Competition; 10, Operating the Casein Test at
Cheese Factories; 11, Concentrated Feeding Stuffs and Fertilizers
Licensed for Sale in Wisconsin, 1910; 12, Spraying the Home Or-
chard; 18, The Care of New-born Foals; 14, The Determination of
Salt in Butter at the Creamery; 15, Analyses of Licensed Commer-
cial Fertilizers, 1910; 16, The Culture and Storage of Root Crops;
and the Annual Report, 1908-9.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as follows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act_______________ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 13, 000. 00
SATE LAD PLO PLLaibLOmy eae fee Se epies bees Spire See eee ee 18, 500. 00
Le a a ape ee Seen eee: Peer ere e ea ee meee ae ee 9, 296. 84

AN 0 ori) ESSE AGI LEY ie sen eS to ee a el 55, 796. 84

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved:

The Wisconsin station continues to pursue actively a high grade of
research work along different lines, and to carry on a propaganda
for the adoption of improved methods of practice as based on the
results of the station experiments. The scope of its work is widening
and the sphere of its influence includes all sections of the State and
all phases of Wisconsin agriculture.

WYOMING.

Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, Laramie.

Department of the University of Wyoming.
H. G. Knicut, A. M., Director.

The principal change occurring on the Wyoming station staff was
the resignation at the close of the year of Director J. D. Towar, who
was succeeded by H. G. Knight, the station chemist. L. B. MeWethy,
the agronomist, retired from the station March 1, and his place was
filled by T. S. Parsons. C. J. Oviatt was appointed assistant in the
wool investigations. During the year a new barn, costing about
$5,000, was erected on the stock farm. A grain barn was completed
and fitted up for cleaning, handling, and storing seed grains.

Work on the Adams-fund projects approved for the station was
continued. In the wool investigations considerable attention was
given to the development of proper methods for studying coefficients
of variability, the breaking strain, elasticity, and other points regard-
ing a scientific study of wool fiber. The study of environment on
the character of wool was carried on with two flocks of sheep, one
being kept in Ohio and the other in Wyoming, The feeding and

268 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

breeding problems connected with this work were also further in-
vestigated.

The work carried on in connection with the alkali investigations
had for its purpose the study of the movement of alkali salts in terms
of ionic changes, and an investigation of the effects of alkali upon
seeds, with special reference to the laws governing the absorption of
alkali by seeds. The investigation of woody aster, one of the poison-
ous plants affecting sheep, consisted in a study of the locations in the
State where this plant is most common and in securing data as to
the nature and extent of the losses. These field observations were
preliminary to a study of the symptoms, physiological action, patho-
logical lesions, and the toxic principles.

Under the Hatch fund the agronomist tested a number of selected
and introduced varieties of plants with reference to their adaptability
to the high-altitude conditions of the Laramie Valley. Alfalfa seed
from different parts of the world was tested with a view of obtaining
some improved individual plants adapted to the local conditions.
Barley, oats, and wheat were grown from new and imported seeds,
and selections in some cases were made from individual plants.
Kherson and 60-day oats were found to be early maturing varieties
and promising for high-altitude conditions. Among the varieties of
winter wheat tested were Kharkov, Turkey Red, and Defiance.
Among different varieties of spring wheat, some of them of Austra-
lian origin, a variety known as John Brown gave the most promising
results. This variety yielded over 40 bushels to the acre and showed
a much higher percentage of gluten and gave a much higher volume
of loaf than Turkey Red.

Attention was also given to the culture of field peas as a forage
crop in the Laramie Vallev, and a bulletin, including results with
garden peas, was published on these tests during the year. Other
experiments by the agronomist included potato growing from selected
seed ; culture tests with root crops, with special reference to the value
of fall and spring plowing, and the water requirements of the crops;
fertilizer tests with barley; trials with sweet clover, brome grass, tall
meadow-oat grass, meadow fescue, Italian rye grass, perennial rye
grass, and orchard grass; culture experiments with alfalfa; and
trials of crops under dry-farming methods.

The animal husbandman conducted feeding tests with lambs and
cattle for the purpose of comparing the value of Wyoming grains
with corn and of native hay and alfalfa in lamb production. Some
breeding work was done with Polled Herefords and with sheep.

The work of the irrigation engineer included irrigation experi-
ments on root and grain crops to determine the quantities of water
necessary to secure maximum yields. In cooperation with the de-
partment of chemistry, measurements of the water-table fluctuations

WYOMING. 269

in tile-lined wells, the amount of water with which the alkalied tract
was flooded, and the quantity passing the underground tile drains
were made.

The chemical department continued its forage-plant investigation,
together with the study of the effect of soil constituents upon the
composition of plants.

The botanist assisted the department of chemistry in the collection
and determination of the native forage plants for analysis, and also
aided in the field work upon poisonous plants, principally the woody
aster, which is studied as an Adams-fund project. Observations were
made on woody and herbaceous ornamentals, and some experiments
in tree and fruit growing were undertaken on the experiment farm.

The principal station work of the veterinarian consisted of prac-
tical work in caring for and treating the station stock.

Several of the station officers gave some of their time to farmers’
institute work during the year. This work is maintained by a
biennial State appropriation,

The publications of the station received during the year were as
follows: Bulletins 81, Lamb Feeding for 1908-9; 82, Soil Nitrogen;
83, Barley; 84, Field Peas; and the Annual Report for 1909.

The income of the station during the past fiscal year was as fol-
lows:

United States appropriation, Hatch Act__-_--_-_______ $15, 000. 00
United States appropriation, Adams Act______________ 13, 000. 00
HitrMmnAmeDLOGUCTS 20 = 2 Sasa ee oe ee Tere 5, 541. 79
Balance from previous year, farm products___________ 1, O77. 46

MO geyEee a aa ete OR eee eB 2 2 ot ee 34, 619. 25

A report of the receipts and expenditures for the United States
funds has been rendered in accordance with the schedules prescribed
by this department and has been approved.

The change in directors of the station has resulted in a thorough
reorganization of the work and a strengthening of it in a number of
directions. It has been more sharply differentiated from other
activities, and the station administration as a whole put upon a much
more efficient basis.

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STATISTICS OF LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 1910.

By Miss M. T. SPETHMANN.

The following statistical statements relate to the institutions estab-
lished under the acts of Congress of July 2, 1862, and August 30,
1890, most of which maintain courses of instruction in agriculture,
and to the agricultural experiment stations, which, with few excep-
tions, are organized under the act of Congress of March 2, 1887,
and are conducted as departments of the institutions receiving the
benefits of the land-grant act of 1862. These statistics have been
compiled in part from the annual reports of the presidents of these
institutions made on the schedules prescribed by the Commissioner
of Education. Tables showing the annual disbursements on account
of the acts of Congress of March 2, 1887, August 30, 1890, March 16,
1906, and March 4, 1907, prepared from figures furnished by the
Departments of the Treasury and the Interior, are also included.
Owing to the complex organization of many of the institutions, it is
impracticable to give exactly comparable statistics in all cases, and
in some instances the data furnished are incomplete.

SUMMARY OF STATISTICS OF LAND-GRANT COLLEGES.

Educational institutions receiving the benefits of the acts of Con-
gress of July 2, 1862, August 30, 1890, and March 4, 1907, are now in
operation in all the States and Territories except Alaska. The total
number of these institutions is 67, of which 65 maintain courses of
instruction in agriculture. The aggregate value of the permanent
funds and equipment of the land-grant colleges and universities in
1910 is estimated to be as follows: Land-grant fund of 1862,
$13,361,616.86; other land-grant funds, $3,012,781.84; other en-
dowment funds, $17,161,657.25; land’ grant of 1862 still unsold,
$9,185,818.22 ; farms and grounds owned by the institutions, $15,838,-
518.42; buildings, $42,578,301.92; apparatus, $4,368,706.21; machin-
ery, $2,693,847.43; libraries $4,378,389.04; live stock, $602,644.57;
miscellaneous equipment, $4,330,706.83; total, $117,512,988.59. The
income of these institutions in 1910, exclusive of the funds re-
ceived from the United States for agricultural experiment stations
($1,271,200), was as follows: Interest on land-grant funds of 1862,

271

272 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

$812,462.28; interest on other land-grant funds, $143,044.29; United
States appropriation under acts of 1890 and 1907, $2,000,000; inter-
est on endowment or regular appropriation, $357,788.45 ; State appro-
priation for current expenses, $7,178,109.19; State appropriation for
increase of plant, $3,504,873.22; income from endowment, other than
Federal or State grants, $759,806.77; tuition and incidental fees,
$2,176,637.80; private benefactions, $1,791,864.72; miscellaneous,

2,847,995.11; total, $21,572,581.83. The value of the additions to the
permanent endowment and equipment of these institutions in 1910 is
estimated as follows: Permanent endowment, $2,290,541.49; build-
ings, $2,973,471.63; libraries, $319,853.67; apparatus, $396,878.58;
machinery, $261,634.93; live stock, $134,959.30; miscellaneous, $753,-
493.13; total, $7,130,832.73.

The number of persons in the faculties of the colleges of agricul-
ture and mechanic arts for white persons was as follows: For pre-
paratory classes, including secondary schools of agriculture, 448; for
collegiate and special classes in agriculture, 822; in mechanic arts,
880; and in all other instruction, 1,190; total, counting none twice,
for interior instruction, 3,057. There were also 98 instructors in
agricultural-extension departments, 1,239 experiment-station officers,
and 2,920 persons in the faculties of other colleges or departments,
making a grand total, counting none twice, of 6,409 persons engaged
in instruction and research in the land-grant institutions.

The number of persons in the faculties of the colleges of agricul-
ture and mechanic arts for colored persons was as follows: For pre-
paratory classes, 124; for collegiate and special classes, 207; total,
counting none twice, 290. In the other departments the faculties
aggregated 122, making a grand total of 412 persons in the faculties
of the institutions for colored persons.

The students in 1910 in the colleges for white persons were as fol-
lows: (1) By classes—preparatory, 6,921; collegiate, 26,411; post-
graduate, 615; one to two year and winter courses, 9,100; summer
courses, 2,518; total, counting none twice, in interior courses, 45,140.
There were also enrolled in correspondence courses 30,075; in exten-
sion schools of five days or longer, not including farmers’ institutes,
21,004; in all other departments of the institutions, 32,505; total num-
ber of students, counting none twice, receiving instruction from these
institutions, 128,140. (2) By courses: Four-year—agriculture, in-
cluding 168 in teachers’ courses, 3,060; horticulture, 214; forestry,
340; veterinary science, 178; household economy, 1,617; engineering,
17,534. Shorter than four years—agriculture, 9,715; horticulture,
385; forestry, 156; dairying, 777; total, counting none twice, 10,733 ;
veterinary science, 478; household economy, 1,695; teachers’ courses
in agriculture, 1,456 (one to three year, 192; summer schools of agri-
culture, 1,264) ; mechanic arts, 1,286; military tactics, 21,261.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 273

The students in colleges and schools for colored persons were as
follows: (1) By classes—preparatory, 4,589; collegiate, 1,382; short
or special, 787; other departments, 633; total,7,110. (2) By courses—
agriculture, 1,331; teachers’ courses in agriculture, 241 (one to four
year, 151; summer schools, 90); industrial courses for boys, 2,523;
industrial courses for girls, 4,836; military tactics, 2,025.

The graduates in 1910 in the institutions for white persons were as
follows: Agriculture, 707; mechanic arts, 2,045; all other courses,
4,055; total, 6,807. The total number since the organization of these
institutions is 87,328. The graduates in the institutions for colored
persons were 435, and the total number since the organization of
these institutions is 7,062. The total number of volumes in the
libraries was 2,443,903, and the total number of pamphlets 636,667.
The total number of acres of land granted to the States under the
act of 1862 was 10,570,842, of which 979,467 are still unsold.

SUMMARY OF STATISTICS OF THE STATIONS.

Agricultural experiment stations are now in operation under the
acts of Congress of March 2, 1887, and March 16, 1906, in all the
States and Territories, and under special appropriation acts in
Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Guam.

In Alabama, Connecticut, Hawaii, Louisiana, Missouri, New Jer-
sey, New York, North Carolina, and Virginia separate stations are
maintained wholly or in part by State funds. A number of substa-
tions are also maintained in different States. Excluding the substa-
tions, the total number of stations in the United States is 62. Of
these, 55 receive appropriations provided for by acts of Congress.

The total income of the stations maintained under the acts of 1887
and 1906 during 1910 was $3,537,700.25, of which $1,344,000 (Hatch
fund, $720,000; Adams fund, $624,000) was received from the Na-
tional Government, the remainder, $2,193,700.25, coming from the
following sources: State governments, $1,320,370.06; individuals and
communities, $16,468.61; fees for analyses of fertilizers, $175,137.96 ;
sales of farm products, $277,502.82; miscellaneous, $404,220.80. In
addition to this the Office of Experiment Stations had an ap-
propriation of $349,220 for the past fiscal year, including $28,000
each for the Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico Experiment Stations,
$15,000 for the Guam Experiment Station, $10,000 for nutrition
investigations, $75,000 for irrigation investigations, $81,160 for drain-
age investigations, and $10,000 for farmers’ institutes and agricul-
tural schools. The value of the additions to the equipment of the
stations in 1910 is estimated as follows: Buildings, $331,974.25;
libraries, $79,117.14; apparatus, $47,505.12; farm implements,

91866°—11——18

974 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

$62,950.11; live stock, $35,124.59; miscellaneous, $382,079.32; total,
$938,750.53. }

The stations employ 1,403 persons in the work of administration
and inquiry. The number of officers engaged in the different lines
of work is as follows: Directors, 56; assistant and vice directors, 23;
special agents in charge, 4; chemists, 268; agriculturists, 43; agron-
omists, 160; horticulturists, 130; floriculturists, 6; pomologists, 6;
viticulturists, 4; foresters, 19; plant breeders, 14; botanists, 76; plant
physiologists, 5; plant pathologists, 47; mycologists, 3; bacteriolo-
gists, 48; animal husbandmen, 98; dairymen, 81; veterinarians, 51;
animal pathologists, 7; poultrymen, 25; zoologists, 8; entomologists,
107; meteorologists, 11; biologists, 8; physicists, 11; geologist, 1; irri-
gation engineers, 16; agricultural engineers and farm mechanics, 12;
extension workers and farmers’ institute directors, 24; in charge of
substations, 54; farm and garden foremen, 30; secretaries and treas-
urers, 31; and librarians, 19. There are also 40 persons classified
under the head “ Miscellaneous,” including gardeners, laboratory
and field assistants, herdsmen, editors, etc. Five hundred and fifty-
two station officers do more or less teaching in the colleges with
which the stations are connected. During the year the stations pub-
lished 583 annual reports, bulletins, and circulars, which were sup-
plied to over 952,000 addresses on the regular mailing lists. A larger
number of stations than formerly supplemented their regular publi-
cations with more or less frequent issues of press bulletins and other
special publications, and most of the stations report a large and con-
stantly increasing correspondence with farmers on a wide variety of
topics.

275

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

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['eIN4[NoLISV Uy WOONAISUI Jo SasINoo UTe,UTeUE ‘(y) YStIejse UB YILA PeyxIVUL osoy} ydeoxe “4sST] SIT} UL SUOTINWsSUt ey) Jo ITV]

‘ponurjuoj—fipnjs fo sasunoo way) pun ‘zost ‘¢ yng fo jon qun1b-pun) ay) sapun paysyqnisa suoyniiysuT— |, ATAV

277

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS,

“(sid ¢) otsnuz
‘(sf Z) SuTj1IMad 44 ‘Sutdsexxo0q ‘(-s14
€) SurqyTusuyy ‘SurMeip “qoour ‘reururel3
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Jauruins ‘(19}yUTM ‘Syaea\ Z) “138 {("SIA g) “IS

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‘Aiyuedieo ‘Zutuyid ‘i3e “Meip ‘qoour
Ul Sasinod Buruyesy Tenueur ‘(*s1A Z) ssou
“isnq “(‘sif ¢) Supystimjeoy a ‘Sul yyTOIS
-yovlq ‘Surjulid ‘sutyeursseip ‘oisnut ‘Sut
-yooo ‘Arjuedieo ‘ise ‘(*s1d F JO g) [PUIION

*(syooa OT
aera) “138 “(SyaeM OT-8) Zututu “yorid
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“198 UT Sasmod *dsai100
‘yoom (Slommiey ‘(syaaM 9 ‘JourUINS)
siaqove}, Joy “ise ‘(dojuTM “14 T[) ‘JueUT
Arrep ‘(qova syaoM OT ‘SUIIE} J0JUTM Z) SUT
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Z) ‘10S o1seumop ‘(*s1A Z) “188 ‘("sIAd Z) “doig
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sulting ‘gq *y [ttc -***souly

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Ge Tayae EVANS) ee AMY |/P2 os ee ~aqgoAuye'T

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[einy[Nosy pues
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*adal[OD [eolmeyo
WW «pue jeingjno
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-JUQ a7e4g vURTSMOT |----- “°° * BUreISINOT

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[eljsnpuy pue yeur
“ION ANONjUay IL

“-r*"qsJaalay a7eIg |-----* *->* £¥onqUey

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‘SHV o1ueyooyy
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asdoq[OD -89BIG ~BVMOT |---*-- 7-7 o* 72° °BMOT

**AyJsIATUQ anping |***~* "37" ****euUBypUy

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REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

*sesinood Joys pus A10jeIedelg 1SeSInoo ve1s0q

“quOpIselg
*(a}Jen peisiepun) ApNys JO sasinood o}BIsaT[0D

278

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-9ureyy Jo AqstaAtuy |--"""" °°" -*OU1eyy

“MO1}BO00'T

“MONININSU jo oureN | *A10}{II0J, 10 0381g

[ony [NoI3e UT WoOTZONIYSUI JO SesINod UTE} UTM ‘(~) YSII9]SV UB YIM PexIEUL esoy} ydeoxe ‘4SI] SIT UT SUOTINITMSUI 944 JO ITV]

‘ponurju0j—fipnjs fo sasinoo say) pun ‘Zost ‘¢ fyng fo jon quvsb-puny ay) 4apun paysygnjsa suoynjysut—' [ ATAV

279

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

*(qowa “si Z) ‘94S ystuedg-"[suq pue
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“tos ‘ulop ‘snpuy ‘‘yoeur “138 ‘snpuUy ‘dag

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REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

280

*Jooyos
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281

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

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REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

282

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283

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284 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 2.—General statistics of land-

Faculty.
Date of| Date of College of agriculture and mechanic arts.
estab- | estab-
lish- lish-
State or Territory. mene nee: Interior instruction.
stitu- |cultural
Bons Cana Collegiate and special classes.
Prepara-
tory Total.2
classes. ! Agri- | Mechanic All
culture. arts. others.
1 65
2 32
3 21
4 63
Sy Coloradoee. J. as sack ae eee ee 50
Gs) (Connectieutess t=. ane ee 24
| Delawaresas-2. Sessa cca oe 20
8: |) Rlorida: Sobre 2= eee et aaa Bee 20
94! Georpia: Sp ee ap o ae seee ocles oe 45
LOE Eta wall so see mene seme: fe 13
TB WE) Vl a EN coy See cee Sn Se ar 34
12h) Tlinoist4-= shot anes eee Lee 146
134| Indianass= eer se te gece esac | 156
145) TOW ats. heen coc. Geel ee 116
Loe Kansass 42 03sb4 one oe meee | 130
163| Kentucky iS fie See Ss | 24
ee MO GIsianal ce stat see ceo oe 38
LSE a Mairie Soy vemetee aye ete. ee et Se 11
10) |Manyvland) Seessaon he ee csae | 28
20 | Massachusetts (Amherst)... .- 41
21 | Massachusetts (Boston)........ H 9
Zea Chi Pam aca cecceemwaccmeee 104
23 | Minnesota...... 101
ZAM EMISGISSID DLs a= Soo- et escce~ << 53
25 | Missouri (Columbia)........... 53
2omeMontapats» 5. 2. se- cee eeoe 45
AameNebragka: <_<... 3. 5-asceceece 72
CRON CV AUG io 208). a ee os aes ae 31
29:| New Hampshire..............- 35
30a "New Jersey. ..- 025... 2------.- 57
31.4 New Mexico.................-- 39
Oot BNO W SOR Kees a eee cence = 172
335 NorthiCarolina 222.22 .2.022.22: 14 45
4a} NortheDakota a. 5 esse see sceee 9 62
SOR PONIO WE wane neem cree eee 25 151
33 kigh@ma sso a eee ae 16 62
Sil OLegOutae eae. soe ae one 14 89
38)) Pennsylvania... 5..:--+222-5-4 48 158
SOR Ponto micoees ase eee acne oe 1903 | 1904 8 Tlssctee =| eee 15
49 | Rhode Island 1888 1890 20 5 8 14 27
41 | South Carolina 1889 1893 2 10 14 22 48
42 |} South Dakota. . 1881 1884 23 15 5 31 56
43 | Tennessee 1794 1869 8 12 14 21 49
gL op<: 1) — ae ee en 1871 1S7iioe se coe 11 14 27 52
Apa UGA ase sae em os sae meee ee 1888 1889 13 6 1 37 57
AG" Vermont 2-342.) Se 2k See) 1865 ASS 5 in| eee m= 9 AZ |e cccss sees 26
Ave) \Warpiniayy ss 4o-8 seaeeceeee see. 1872 ISi2 oS cree 10 14 40 64
48) Washineton 2.222262. csceee see 1892 1892 22 7 10 77 82
496 Wiest Virginia. 2. S525. ee. 2 1867 1867 12 4 LO oan 26
SOU TWASCOMSING | Pic a5. sscee eee oe 1848 T8660 seme eee 6B CY fal SSE eee 130
SLT Way Olin oa he eee eerarte ace 1887 189th ee 6 4 Se ae 10
Total-- 5: fei eee SS gee- =| eeeaee 448 822 880 1,190 3,057
|

1 Including schools of agriculture of high-school grade under the control of the institution.
2 Total, counting none twice.
3 Including substations.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

grant colleges for white students, 1910.

285

Faculty—Continued. Library.
College of agricul-
ture and me-
chanic arts.
Other
colleges Number foe
Agricul- or | Total.? of Sie
tural | Experi- | depart- volumes. | Pa0ts
exten- ment | ments I .
sion de- | station
partment] officers.’
workers.
1 Me EAR CSOE 65 23,974 3, 000
i ee eee 16 hl er 42 15, 000 14, 000
2 20 39 82 15, 000 5, 000
1 55 292 412 | 248,000 61, 000
1 7A a ae 67 40, 000 38, 000
1 (Oe aseerene 30] 11,580 1, 000
3 10 2 27 17, 850 9, 200
2 14 2 36 5,500 1,000
5 5 | ssciatetmceiais 58 363000!) semen e ee
Ses Se a el Pee 13 6, 000 8, 000
ae eae ae 19 Le 59 22;006-| 22 22225 <<
4 63 562 673 | 157,836 20, 865
7 0) | sa ckees 2 192 DA SOOM Eee a reowe
14 C1 (ll Seas 157 31, 000 35, 000
8 15 om eae 150 36, 434 800
eee 28 53 86 19,695 11, 500
2 23 20 59 29300025 ck wes
1 21 66 90 41,383 11, 000
1 DOM [Ee oe 38 10, 000 4,100
ay 3 1 ly ereegeeR 62 32600) lea seee aan
ae Moen S aria anes 201 21.0 86, 554 1,090
5 Ae Ee 120 31, 824 6, 708
10 38 193 294: |» 145;000)\)2 2255-55 -
2 4 il ES ABEE 62 11,525 9,113
1 42 125 183 | 100,689 20, 000
See ee 1 ears es 51 9, 800 6, 000
~ i eenoeeee 35 189 276 90. 500 10, 000
Cd sceuses 14 9 40 17, 823 11,000
AS Sesccono 16-ses sere 35 26,141 8, 500
Bae SESE oe 7p a ai 63 61, 560 5, 000
See eee 1 Oe ees 39 13, 147 5, 000
ESacmae =< s 43 505 625 | 383,696 57, 000
1 1 eee 46 7,221 2. 600
2 Bit eee 74 22, 360 1, 000
Bb | se- 63 217 95, 837 4, 000
1 13 Bee 63 14, 120 30, 000
sisi aa B42 2a am: 103 8,973 11, 000
2 BS ta he Sets 158 40, 000 30, 000
Danse ease 14 29 3, 400 1.300
3 Le ps aimed 43 17,971 3, 000
4 1 vt De eit 58 15, 030 9, 000
2 7 See ees 56 11.760 10, 000
ee cise cee 22 94 161 29, 658 20, 708
ete aes 7p ees 75 21 200 aoe seeee ae
1 7740) EASE 58 18, 220 20, 038
Sets ae 16 63 105 80,511 34,145
scan ces S 46) |2-2--=<= 71 12,000 31, 000
4 O74N Bane 103 23,131 5, 000
1 15 49 91 40, 964 3, 400
1 70 329 459 | 151,580 45, 600
ee ee 13 33 43 28, 000 12, 000
98 1,239 | 2,920) 6,409 |2,443,903 | 636,667

Number | Number Rate of
of acres of acres eS interest
allotted | ofland | 9 $°'* | on land-
to State .| grant | x grant
under still $e ds, | fund of
act of 1862.| unsold. | 8TOU2 1862.
Per cen.
325 8
5453.2 5 Boks
160 8
1,599 6
1,818 6
675 5
227 6
520 6
987 7
905/535 .2ees
2ZADr |. 252 eee
715 5
272 5
1,175 6,7,8
752 | 5,53,6,7
299 6
724 4,5
473 5
186 5,6
418 5
td lee eee ae
235, 673 50, 722 684 |. Uf
AVAL by pe Borner, 1,557 3,4,5
PALE ES UN Wines eine 2,000 6
277,016 47, 607 678 5
90, 000 122,350 SSO ane eee
90, 000 3, 203 330 43,6
90, 000 2,000 95 4
450;000) |oossses5=> 345 6
ZLOSOOON Pease air 145 5
an ae sseene bac ueeaee ARGH he ee
GSO O20 alte icine 1.094 5
ZAOKO00! | Rertemer se 685 6
130, 000 36, 398 G40) RS aes oe
6300001 eee ee 439 6
250,000 | 250,000 1/3000) || 42 See ecb
90, 000 4,200 237 6
780\000)| 462-5202 400 6
BG SEC ae Ce SASaDeon ae 276) |\. 3... Be. 2...
1207 000))|22r/se oe - 178 3
L805 000) )|38 - =~ 2 1,296 6
100, 000 155, 682 5OOd 8. soe
300; 000) | 0-2 4s -2-- 272 6
180;,000 }.4 5.8%. < 2,416 6,7
200, 000 22,992 2A Ree
150:-000) |. er = <,- 175 6
300; 000) |-8- 5-5 < 408 6
90, 000 80, 062 466 bees ose:
150000) |B... SPs. 2. 130 6
240, 000 244 770 4
90,000 | 90,000 IU ee ee ie
10, 570, 842 979, 467 S0506 sz een eeeeee

4 Most of the cellegiate agricultural work is done in the College of Science, Letters, and Arts.
5 Included in collegiate classes.

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

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¢ oa i) a *aany4yno

a -]138 UT SASInod
: AS CUOLION F

“OL6L Ur ‘sqyuapnys paioj09 sof sabaj)00 yuv1b-pun) 7D

‘sasunoo fq ‘syuapnig—'9 ATAV J,

292

COND wWHe

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 7.—Value of permanent funds and

Oth Oth Land t pee an
5 er er and gran grounds
State or Territory. Pa Ht land-grant | endowment | of 1862 still | owned by
=a funds. funds. unsold. the
institution.
Alabama (Auburn)...-....-- $253,000: 005) 22.2. <- 2-2 -- SSLRONO! ORF Se see see -5 =. $9, 000. 00
Alabama (Normal) ese... |eee sees 20,000. 00
AYTizOMa.......--------------|-------------- 31,290. 00
Arkansas (Fayetteville). ... 130, 600. 00 25, 000. 00
Arkansas (Pine Bluff)......|--.----------- 60,000. 00
Califomigesss.. cos. ccc 734, 638. 29 21, 674, 698. 48
Colorado.....-- et eee 142, 230. 88 225,000. 00
Connecticut 135, 000. 00 27,500. 00
Delaware (Newark).....---- , 000. 00 45,000. 00
Delaware! (Dover)s---- eee lose eee eee 7,000. 00
Florida (Gainesville).....-- 153.800. 00 150, 000. 00
Plorida (lallahassee) = <= --- -|---seseee 10, 000. 00
Georgia (Athens)...-.-.----- 242, 202. 07 445,000. 00
Georgia (Savannah).......-|--.---.------- 6, 776. 25
wall eee eect eect pee eee 100, 000. 00
Tahoe eee eeet ne sees 87, 208. 47 B89 SAS 21s oo. meee 726, 050. 00 61, 150. 00
WNinGisSs seek cee eee es (SVE BiIRSR 9 bee eee ead Geers Sate eaae Neon ce meats 5 he 410,000. 00
IMGiand-oceseaese eee eee 340, 000. 00 i
TOMA Aae sac ee eee ees 686,777. 97 , 797.
KEATISAS Sh aa eect eee 500, 210. 42 390.
Kentucky (Lexington). .-..- 144, 075. 00 ‘
Kentucky (Frankfort)... -.- 20, 925. 00 , 100.
Louisiana (Baton Rouge)... 182, 313. 03 é
Louisiana (New Orleans)...|-...---------- L
Maineesteerases ees eee se TASTSOOKOON 2. eee 100 OOO O08 Peer eee 11,000. 00
iIMeryland)(CollegePark)esea |) dil; 435605 ieee eae eeteretnts | elt tere sees | ee eel 18,000. 00
IN Bteyacepovel (Verna Nina) Eos oop ocmeeed bebe conecoces| besspsceseemea|peesceaca5= e563 4,000. 00
Massachusetts (Amherst)...} 219,000.00 |...........-.- 142s 0008001) 2ee ee asec 49,100. 00
Massachusetts (Boston)... - - (2) aa Bosceroa aca’ isteya batal ey: Lene ee ere 2,724,200. 00
(Michie anmens soe eee eee 986; 38834995 -Seecacae saee|eeeeeee-s-e se 76, 000. 00 74, 400. 00
Minnesotascsacosecee secs os 571, 000. 00 877,799. 00 SOVOOONO0R E22 cscccease es 1,833. 958. 33
Mississippi (Agricultural 98,575.00 141, 212.55 D50NO08|= sees essacsee 80, 000. 00
College).
Mississippi (Alcorn) .....--- 113,575.00 965296512 It Se aon oes e| thee tote ae 10,500. 00
Missouri (Columbia) 6 ....-. 349, 881.19 222,000. 00 684, 958. 23 60,000.00 | 523,550.00
IMissouril(@efersom Clby) 2-5 |paeceaceee ee ae sae seems aes | ele ae tate ee rate 7,600. 00
INKO REE sp oadseneaceodaon 7 308, 911.76 (By Or nese eB eee 175, 392. 58 63, 000. 00.
INebraskarsssesccenae.scece 491, 988. 46 VSO; 2831685 ose- ceases 50, 000. 00 550, 000. 00
INGVAG ae sels t5 eer ee osceces 101, 700. 00 AS S415. G4" See oe eens seas 20,000. 00 78,197. 69
New Hampshire.....-.----- 805000500) Seseeee esse 870000! 009)|222eeeeeseee ee 31,000. 00
ING WRIELSCY ss oceeeeme =a oe TAG 00000) | Seae esp see ete GEE EDCIL | EBBte ce oaoeses 165, 000. 00
INe@wi Mexico s nenccoce secon |scccnomns seme 21650200. |b cence coee as ac|sisetiene seesees 37,475. 00
ING WiYOnkis 5 2s ee see ose G88 ONG i12p| Feeeseae eels 75 998569793) ||- cceeseeees 247,055. 35
pe (West Ral- 19534000::00)}|5- 2S cscccceec|boeceeseeeees a |conamaceemaccte 70.310. 80
eigh).
NorthiCarolinal (Greensboro) |S==-eeaee see alee eee nas tae Pees sl ap oem ee aes 27.000. 00
North: Dakotasces-cosese- PATE (US 5d ketal Beene eeecno Sacedenaumone 454, 962. 00 48,000.09
OMO Sess ees pe osee 524, 176.58 125, 463. 56 DAF AIS 034 eee ae 1,540, 000. 00
Okiahoman(Still water) o-oo |=. 22 eee s eee eee eee | ser erereceree , 900, 000. 00 50, 000. 00
Oklahoma @uangston)) sees | basse eee elec ele eee satel atte alate etal eater) eee ee eral 16, 000. 00
Orevonee ee eee 1965519)00) ee ee eae ce sers| ene 55,000. 00 356, 000. 00
Pennsylvania. -asscec—- == ADTs 200200) | ean aera eee 87520900) |- 5-52.52 5525542 52, 800. 00
ROnLOM RICO! eee te eee ae tanieoe eee CLI AS Deke oodecal caste ce ce oa | sae cee = 32,783. 40
Rinodelislandseee so-so 50;000i00) (ons see c2scs Saeco eee ee |Lesme eee estes 14, 855. 00
South Carolina (Clemson 95, 90000) [ee ace ce ciee acres SS, Os9sO0Nl: Seca ses cc secs 58, 105. 67
College).
Bouth ' Carolina (Orange- 95; 900: 00") 22 23.5: ceseansalosssexcescc 2a) -osc0 -seeeh et 40,000. 00
urg).
South Dakotatee-sco- cece = TOVOSG S82" akan ocsccscecleccomerecieeine 1, 600, 000. 00 65,000. 00
OTM CSSCQ te eee | He Sec nate nre 400, 000. 00 5,000. 00 200000) Zance cesses ace 285, 475.00
Texas (College Station)... ... 20900000 || Fea Aa eee SR Re Sal Soy ose sec ae 120, 800. 00
Gnereey( CEE EO Wa A)e Gossce | |aqan ua ons: ag asisBpardeesdubed| Heocnobsosecbolenechdcduetcibe 17, 500. 00
ital ee See iaa seasons 14308070 ie deseo neces a] se eteeee ee eere 45,984. 94 25, 200. 00
Wiermonltetecesmeee sees sence 13555001000) 25ers 576; 396s00i|-eesessesoosee 76,000. 00
Virginia (Blacksburg)...... $445 319. 00 22 8 es oa s|L eee ce ealesonc seme enene 61, 200. 00
Virginia (Hampton)......-. V27156)00))]ssees— spac see| toner sees 2, 273, 822. 93 77,500. 00
Washineton® es -oemec- cee 168, 463. 00 SAS NC TOAOOMIE Ee eeeee cece = 1, 601, 240. 00 110, 900. 00
West Nice a (Morgan- 115 OA ios = aero te 1 GOOs 008 o asec seen 250,000. 00
town). .
\WiCSEN Al fare! (bia) se |-Saseke -seoccs|b -Ssececaches|>nosos: sueosce|pceceonacncees 15, 600. 00
Wisconsin= 42222 3 2sene- cone 303, 558. 61 232, 596. 50 90, 006. 15 940.00 | 1,526,010. 25
AWiyOmMinee merase naan see 23,194,028 ae 2 SS ela ee ee 900, 000. 00 105, 000. 00
Totals -Seosccceec et ee 13,361, 616. 86 | 3,012,781. 84 |17.161, 657.25 | 9,185, 818.22 |15, 838,518. 42

1 Including machinery.
2Including farm buildings.
3 Including real estate.
4Including apparatus.
6 Included under Massachusetts Agricultural College.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 293

equipment of land-grant colleges, 1910.

Buildings. Apparatus. | Machinery. Library. Live stock. |Miscellaneous. Total.
$352, 878. 66 $34, 202. 87 $39, 040. 00 $101, 216. 98 $3;\000500) |eo eee oes oes $823, 338. 51 1
80, 000. 00 1:25;,000:.00} |... tas Satan es 900. 00 800:'00.:|s2. cose 22 cece: 126, 700. 00 4
204, 659. 63 41,094. 71 21, 823. 99 30, 042. 00 1535455, 00 ul cae aeteteeiants 340, 955. 33 3
350, 000. 00 75, 000. 00 85, 000. 00 40, 000. 00 5, 000. 00 $2, 000. 00 712,000. 00 4
28, 000. 00 600. 00 16, 000. 00 SOOO 00M E aac ne 700. 00 107,300.00 | 5
MPT SBI SOS = cca ee ee | MRM SE en ccp acne at ce llet: Heese cose [sen - ene 1, 284,468.51 | 6
263, 251.00 78, 500. 00 21, 516. 60 40, 000. 00 1,000. 00 25, 000. 00 921,498.48 | 7
261, 150. 00 12, 000. 00 7,000. 00 21,000. 00 11, 000. 00 40, 000. 00 575,650.00 | 8
135, 0002 00 65, 000. 00 20,000. 00 27, 500. 00 5, 500. 00 1, 800. 00 382,800.00 | 9
26, 000. 00 1,000. 00 800. 00 300. 00 OOO: O05. acc cece 36, 400.00 | 10
180, 000. 00 30, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 10, 000. 00 4,000. 00 2,000. 00 599,800.00 | 11
35, 000. 00 8, 200. 00 3,050. 00 2, 500. 00 3, 250. 00 4, 800. 00 66, 800.00 | 12
494, 200. 00 31, 266. 90 1,635. 12 52, 500. 00 3, 945. 68 24, 234. 10 1, 294, 983. 87 | 13
49,452.77 250. 00 2,034. 55 551. 06 S85:00)| bac one sae 59,949.63 | 14
17, 184. 00 30, 589. 00 3, 383. 00 LS ST ONOON Sees are eee 4, 169. 00 168, 704.00 | 15
405, 730. 00 39, 060. 73 24, 361. 92 34, 362. 74 5, 664. 40 23, 234. 64 1,796, 394.11 | 16
1, 893, 500. 00 378, 025. 65 58, 514. 06 328, 003. 02 27, 204. 00 383, 033. 00 4,125, 411.26 | 17
B05 5000/00"). .cccice ee enh 4 260, 000. 00 53, 000. 00 10, 000. 00 30, 000. 00 1,838, 000.00 | 18
1, 542, 600. 50 436, 495. 00 60, 000. 00 108, 618. 00 4, 500. 00 139, 000. 00 3, 125, 788. 67 | 19
701, 518. 00 54, 024. 00 57, 141. 00 60, 617. 00 33, 652. 00 183, 491. 00 1, 862, 950. 92 | 20
541, 000. 00 49, 288. 00 18, 051. 00 34;:267.'00! ||Ne-fatecee.- 33, 398. 00 1,045,079. 00 | 21
75,000. 00 500. 00 2, 300. 00 750. 00 1, 221.25 6, 000. 00 131, 796. 25 | 22
520,245. 19 32, 369. 56 27, 274. 58 38, 077. 47 400. 00 32,107.79 1,119, 827.62 | 23
48, 160. 82 3, 642. 10 3, 880. 30 4,075. 00 1, 365. 00 5, 400. 00 116, 523. 22 | 24
440, 606. Dia He ccs tcsn Se 4104, 674. 52 41, 257. 25 6,411. 55 24, 544. 97 846,794. 66 | 25
200, 000. 00 47, 000. 00 12,000. 00 8,000. 00 ZZ 000.00))| = <seetiees ace 404, 943. 60 | 26
20, 000. 00 1,000. 00 2,600. 00 600. 00 2, 300. 00 200. 00 30,700.00 | 27
401, 950. 60 72, 123. 46 4, 650. 00 55, 600. 00 17, 848. 00 64, 558. 14 1,026, 830. 20 | 28
BAST BUOSUO Hcieetct ic tates 4393, 530. 00 $825315:'90' |S ee Boat een Adee oe 5, 800, 409. 90 | 29
851, 375. 00 90, 000. 00 70, 000. 00 62, SL7238i|) 7335042.'00) |) aes ss ote 2, 243, 672. 87 | 30
2, 562, 272. 52 363, 266. 00 113, 366. 00 450, 000.00 | 39,806.00 400, 807. 00 7, 262, 274. 85 | 31
500, 245. 00 38, 758. 42 136, 748. 46 28, 474. 41 37, 660. 00 73, 304. 07 1,135,227.91 | 32
220,000. 00 10, 000. 00 6, 000. 00 3, 500. 00 ARGOO% O00! |E scan. tlre nee 464, 471.12 | 33
1, 220, 040. 00 192,195. 00 45, 767. 00 169, 961. 00 27, 000. 00 2,516. 00 3,497, 868.42 | 34
110, 000. 00 600. 00 5, 000. 00 3, 000. 00 300. 00 500. 00 126, 400.00 | 35
290, 000. 00 60, 000. 00 17, 500. 00 20, 000. 00 7,930.00 22,000. 00 964, 734. 34 | 36
948, 500. 00 90, 000. 00 35, 000. 00 167,500.00 | 30,000.00 235, 000. 00 2,778, 272.14 | 37
406, 210. 44 49, 931. 26 18, 485. 86 32) 220. 28 10, 487. 89 101,041. 46 561, 640. 22 | 38
351, 000. 00 41,000. 00 10,000. 00 28) 000. 00 5,000. 00 92° 500. 00 1,488, 500.00 | 39
590, 000. 00 AS (O00 00)|Men neh see tees. 60,000.00 |........--.. 90,000.00 | 1,746,593. 81 | 40
107, 900. 00 26, 000. 00 42,000. 00 37, 395. 80 DHOTO LOO a iopacac eines 277, 967. 56 | 41
APOE SOE TO Urerotare as ctaniebick [Bee bowen ace (A405 4:16:\00))|P2e see Sect: 91, 254, 096. 71 15, 048, 624. 89 | 42
* 324, 674. 37 29, 662. 00 102, 500. 00 8, 000. 00 5, 857. 05 44, 965. 13 710, 969.35 | 43
79, 510. 00 2,861.00 17, 151. 00 2, 865. 17 3, 593. 00 11, 520. 61 144, 500.78 | 44
402, 970. 00 45, 000. 00 24, 000. 00 25, 000. 00 13, 000. 00 65, 000. 00 1,998,005.18 | 45
1, 598, 000. 00 350, 000. 00 100, 000. 00 300, 000. 00 L5\OO0s00H | ano es em anise 4, 827,053.37 | 46
341, 000. 00 153, 935. 00 10, 000. 00 24, 572. 00 J 875: 00. saceeeees 22 22 1, 591, 382.00 | 47
106, 500. 00 4, 500. 00 10, 500. 00 2, 300. 00 2,000. 00 6, 000. 00 147, 800.00 | 48
508,250. 00.| 1 146,410.93 |2.:-2222.--22- 20, 000. 00 (oP U 800, Oi | See ee ee aie 1, 288, 379.93 | 49
1,374,419.00 | 1 150, 000. 00 Bs Ek ee oe 70, 000. 00 1a O13! 00) |b ces cases 2,174, 132.00 | 50
64, 857.14 4, 536. 27 1,697. 24 3, 341. 80 7, 500. 67 7,988. 89 122,705.41 | 51
NSOAG1G: 57 <lateoretotoisiarsteroetasa oes eee eee oe 27, 140. 01 4,020. 00 82,701.79 368, 333.37 | 52
ERLE 1 UEC | a ee 297, 829. 00 23,910. 70 LOOT OO! Pa tesccts sare 1,131, 475. 87 | 53
92, 500. 00 11, 500. 00 7,150.00 | ° 139. 45 3, 880. 00 2,500. 00 253, 569.45 | 54
300, 000. 00 25,000. 00 19, 000. 00 36, 000. 00 10, 000. 00 3, 750. 00 2,128, 836. 82 | 55

301, 537. 83 82, 673. 50 73, 551. 26 23, 102. 00 6, 556. 00 26, 435. 00 1, 206, 330. 59 | 56
778, 000. 00 43,055. 45 77, 756. 55 15,756.00 | 21,100.00 68, 000. 00 1,333, 468.00 | 57

152, 500. 00 3,000. 00 5, 000. 00 2, 250. 00 3, 850. 00 1, 200. 00 185, 300. 00 | 58
333, 000. 00 36, 000. 00 25, 212. 87 15, 800.00 | 13,635. 00 36, 309. 20 674, 222.71 | 59
940, 000. 00 55, 000. 00 30, 000. 00 120,766.00 | 10,000. 00 200, 000. 00 2,143, 662.00 | 60
JS SCLC Ul eee aCe ers heron soaciaers 1900100 | Ses pare r= =r 9 125, 000. 00 1,021, 312.00 | 61
CCAS (eee ceeogesa ber acoscosedgs 11,000.00 | 19,858.00 | 1° 176,000. 00 3,470, 336.93 | 62
1,006, 563.00 | 1131,435.13 |.......-...--- 67,213.22 | 15,000.00 37, 332. 86 3, 486, 922. 21 | 63
606, 000. 00 25, 100. 00 52, 350. 00 65, 027. 00 5, 085. 00 10, 400. 00 1,130, 666.17 | 64
117, 600. 00 5, 000. 00 15, 450. 00 5, 000. 00 1,908. 00 1, 200. 00 161,758.00. | 65
2, 536, 218.78 413,054. 27 24,571. 55 352,988.40 | 28,414. 58 177, 967. 47 5, 686, 326. 56 | 66
289, 000. 00 95, 000. 00 38, 000. 00 54, 000. 00 7,300. 00 15, 000. 00 1, 526, 494. 02 | 67

42,578, 301.92 | 4,368,706. 21 | 2,693, 847.43 | 4,378,389.04 | 602,644.57 | 4,330,706. 83 | 117,512, 988. 59

©
So
~~

6 Including the School of Mines at Rolla.

7 Including other land-grant funds.

8 Included in land-grant fund of 1862.

9 Including apparatus, machinery, and live stock.
10 Including apparatus and machinery

294

OCONMOwh we

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 8.—-Revenue of land-grant col

State or Territory.

Alabama (Auburn)....-----
Alabama (Normal)..-....---
Arkansas (Fayetteville) - -

Arkansas (Pine Bluff)
California 7--4-- ~~~
WoloradO: 2s s2ss2-- = <= = oa
Connecticut... 25-0 ->-=-- -
Delaware (Newark)....-----
Delaware (Dover).-..-------
Florida (Gainesville)
Florida (Tallahassee )
Georgia (Athemns)........---
Georgia (Savannah)
Ha Walltens-= 1 eee ees

Koes Ce ay
Kentucky (Frankfort). -.---
Louisiana (Baton Rouge)...
Louisiana (New Orleans) -.
Maines 2aasa-- seek acca ee =
Maryland (College Park)..
Maryland (Princess Anne). 3
Massachusetts (Amherst). -

Massachusetts (Boston)... - -

Michigan ja. ssc 2-2

Minnesota: oaeseess---==-—=-

Mississippi (Agricultural
College).

Mississippi (Alcorn) -.--.----

Missouri (Columbia)... ..-.--

Missouri (Jefferson City)... -
Montanatas-ca- sees eamee a a

New Hampshire. ......-...-.
New Jersey
New Mexico.......-.-------

North Carolina (West Ra-
leigh).

North Carolina (Greens-
boro).

INorthsD akoteer ccc ccin<jyeicer

Ohio

Oklahoma (Stillwater)... .-.-

Cklahoma (Langston)... ..-

Oregon...-- foe esac sees

POTLOURICON seen ee ==
Rhodewsland=e es -ee=ss se
South Carolina (Clemson
College).
South Carolina (Orange-
burg).
SouthsDakotae 25-s2e-cer ---
Tennessee: . 2-2 ce eias tee
Texas (College Station)--.--
Texas (Prairie View)
ROCA eh Or a t- seeeeecarion=
Vermont
Virginia (Blacksburg)
Virginia (Hampton)......--
Washington. soos s25---
West Virginia (Morgan-
town).
West Virginia (Institute) - -
Wisconsin ss j-cee noc tees
Wy OMINPeeeeeeeeee ence ae

Federal aid. State aid.
- Interest on 5
Interest on | Interest on pPPrOE ee endowment App ee
land grant other land 1890 and or regular prowess
of 1862. grants. 1907. cee expenses.
$203280:00! | 3.568 Fe. nt $22, 118. 82 $36, 000. 00 $38, 700. 00
SPR etn for soe ceoneed 17, 881.18 4,000. 00) |5.25¢4252een46
1500300!) | Sse e ace se 40:'000:00) |) 33. Scene 35, 500. 00
35900: 00) |e seeeece. 2s 295,090. GL ees eae 99, 000. 00
Bete eae sc 3-2 Ze eee 10; 909:/C9! | Bey eves ers Te 11, 600. 00
38, 558. 79 $8,145. 29 40, 000. 00 39, 486. 00 738, 356. 89
TEOG6: ST eaters = as 40: 000: 008 | S55. 22. 83, 324. 73
6750500) ee anyone oso: ‘40 ..000:'00) | Sa-aee-2e 5 =e 25, 000. 00
45980005) teas =... 325000: 00) eae Ae cee 5,000. 00
8;,000..00.|c: 33 28... 222 | Se eee
205 000.\005 | Ges: ee = = ae 20,000. 00
202000; 000 |e eee mee eee 5, 000. 00
26,666: 66; 52 bo See 54,999. 98
13, 333. 34 8,000: 00) |2s.neasaeeeese
AN’ 000300) ||... «2-2se-e- -e 7, 500. 00
AQ; 000! 00:55 2e- Ste-=-2 39, 750. 00
AQ|000:'00) |ss-S2s-88 eck 525, 000. 00
A0;,000:(00! |: ab eee 2 Se 189,101. 77
‘i 40 5000-00) vs -7s5e~ = se 242, 500. 00
é 40000;/00) Rez Bae eee ae 175, 000. 00
85644550) || ees ee eee 34, 200. 00 67,980.15
1252550) hope tee = 5, 800. 00 8, 000. 00
9,115. 69 5, 440. 00 22,148. 65 51, 500. CO
Ae tae Ses oe A A sme on oe 17,851.35 10, 000. 00
5 OT5500) 95 Jags see ~- = se 40, 000. 00 4133, 000. 00
DS TOTALS | See he ee ae 32, 000. 00 16, 000. 00
5 PRY ER oy REE es 2 oe 8, 000. 00 2 DOR eee
i 300\00" Ri ese ee 26, 666. 67 83, 875. 00
5*300568) Pace ese sock 13; 338-03 |) #29)'000: 00) |52 seeeeeeee =
filet ee. Le eee es AD“ O00N00s 2242252 Ae 145, 000. 00
P2AS345500) VN? SEReSe .SoE 40, 000. 00 37, 614. 00 454, 223. 10
5,914. 50 8, 472.75 20, 288:-46: as theeeds seek 134, 490. 03
6, 814. 50 BS OCU 9 Vill SA: eee OS rs 8, 000. 00
17, 494. 08 12, 320. 00 37,500.00 | 32,997.90 | ©3819, 953.07
UF So ak 0 Se saga ne Ae oe 27500. 00)" |e Bae (8)
PRZSR2SQI07 Ne SSRs tee oe AD <O00L00' Se sake tee 8, 958. 25
28, 000. 00 14, 000. 00 AN 00000"|22 2852 SNe. sce 271, 236. 00
4, 580. 20 3, 949. 23 ADXO00:'00) [ME Foes 282 2k 65, 600. 00
ASSOOHOO) | MF ters << AD OOOK00 | ces acm ets 12, 890. 00
DASOO 00) | SNS So. Sa: BY YNOO00) he Soee BO 29, 625. 58
ee Suan Betre 2,990. 52 40 QOOROGR | sean. See sete 18, 609. 36
OASAIS: 80) lee nate teme 2 eae 40000500) |Se-Bee 5 - te 230, 544. 73
W2500:00) | 2: Sees eee: = 26800; /00) 4s ast tee ses A 70, 000. 00
eel Ne at MSO meee || ee Se ee 134200500) | See ee 10, 000. 00
HSNH20576) [Pe Sooo sees oe 40000! 001/52 See eee 55, 910. 70
31, 450. 59 7,044. 72 AQ .000:'00) 4% Set Sees 22 451, 471. 81
SON6905 00) Se sae olan 36: 00000) Re sas-e- =a 45 95, 845. 73
ee Te) ea SAEs eit eS See A OOO 00 Ne ess oc ee 42, 500. 00
ue an Wl |e be ees AN SO00100 eee ee 65, 000. 00
PAR(OSY AKU yA ens aes Ss 40, 000. 00 5, 383. 00 216, 845. 00
heat. See SN Capers ee 404000: OOM: Seat eo aa 67, 655. 92
2 DOOLOON Bs Sseece sie: 40000500) ec eesc ee cee 25, 000. 00
S054: 00: PE AEE Ses 2 be 20, 000. 00 161,994.23; |e: see ee
BUST2009) EE Seer yae oe a ZO O00 00%)|\Seser see eee 4,934. 44
QONTUS 12 NWSE essen ere AQ 000/00) Meseeeee-s-r se 45, 800. 00
23, 960. 00 250. 00 40000100) |. 2428 22---24- 38, 545. 92
12180500) |Heteee sass se 30, 000. 00 87, 650. 00
eh Soe eae 10, 000. 00 32, 000. 00
7, 493. 64 40,000. 00 |._. 70, 600. 00
4, 065. 00 40,000.00 |... 16, 000. 00
20, 658. 72 26, 666. 67 60, 000. 00
10,329. 36 13, 333. 33 1,819. 87
11, 000. 00 AQs 00000 Wi BER eae 267, 268. 00
6, «85. 00 325000: 00 |: seecee- =. 24 131, 600. 00
ea oe SAS saa ae 80008001) 84S te be 28, 750. 00
11,777. 56 11, 657. 43 AQ OOO!00! Prec accencee ae 896, 585. 00
a ee eee 6,175. 81 AN; 0008007 | ete sece tee 31, 508. 16
812, 462. 28 143, 044. 29 | 2,000, 000. 00 357, 788. 45 | 7,178, 109. 19

1 Lease of lands.
2 Including $7,600 for farmers’ institutes.
8 For farmers’ institutes.

4 Tacluding new dormitory.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

leges for year ended June 30, 1910.

299

State aid. Fees and all other sources. United States
Income from appropria-
padonanent otal tions for ex-
Appropria- other than sae otal. periment
fons for Federal or Tanne Private bene-| Miscella- stations (acts
increase of | State grants. | foes factions. neous. of 1887 and
plant. . 1906).
CNN D5(0, Del ea NOE irre SET OLGYIGS ee cic co.cctare oe $5,531.17 | $189, 649. 64 $28, 000. 00
eee Sob mrs. all ates patesee see te 7120.0 eee 2, 437. 08 2A; GOS 92Bh| = a2 cc ate esate
11, 500. 00 Sy CLA LT ae le el 19, 456. 66 111, 149. 31 28, 000. 00
13, 000. 00 11, 496. 00 $525. 00 20, 801. 82 177, 813. 73 28, 000. 00
3: 22S ese Reese case ous OUN Mos erse scene |aacmmesasae 23; 0595 00" |. os Se ee eee
270, 478. 79 148, 846. 59 117, 323.99 | 1, 239, 944. 00 88, 413. O1 | 2,729, 553. 35 28, 000. 00
HORS YCACRIM B Bers eee oa eae i UTA a rl GE ieee. ee 13, 788. 68 201, 452. 66 28, 000. 00
9, 101. 56 6, 060. 00 3; 688)\00) ac. e. etea es 73, 754. 45 164, 304. 01 14, 000. 00
Ra Saari) Sines ase: acayelvis(oyeievae Ns 7a7 dip 10, 01M He =e san gm 8, 083. 49 51, 338. 49 28, 000. 00
ee eae se ates Ces COU [orc Soemau scree 5, 488. 00 13, ABSnO0K ee Cee a eee
CVIGCLUSU Uo] ees eae 1, 687. 50 11, 893. 07 159, 350. 57 28, 000. 00
eee ate oe Reee aicte ceteroe [pen Sewer Salcee 10, 620. 92 35; 620792 ee Le ae
BZ DOONOO) |Se- = scee-~e See 657. 00 8, 148. 45 109}926523,|sacteecee sees
nowstnecaestgd | Skeateeegdce ae GOED SOSS Ser Es Nat CMe eerie Coemrepo man cec 21338704 )|Sockcoeep ee aee
OOO ROU | Pee so2 ae Sak cle ae ee ae See sty | S4ONOON I Be Sos tae 9211940: 00)| G2 eee eee
UU UUM tetera meme ss 338. 25 4, 098. 07 154, 598. 36 28, 000. 00
2d; OOOKOO A 2. Series seine 203, 161. 44 119, 716.18 | 1, 443, 792. 06 28, 000. 00
BBS HOO Verh ice: Boxe eee eee 61, 572. 50 13, 855. 92 482, 447. 81 28, 000. 00
161, 618. 70 4. 20 58, 244. 65 3, 665. 02 542, 345. 55 28, 000. 00
0; O00 008 ees me rece 15, 970. 00 44,718. 94 364, 476. 05 28, 000. 00
acccog eas ROees| Saas See eee 5, 531. 67 58, 067. 44 174, 423. 76 28, 000. 00
Gr SOO200W ss 2hhers «are aaa 78. 81 |--- 7, 367. 72 205209: Oa! || eaabecieee seine
25 1GOOI00 i acento. lair 7, 818. 75 |... 19, 219. 79 140, 842. 88 28, 000. 00
FEU e352 Base Son ease HEME Seceanl G6 Se acean ome 843. 07 20, Aaa AD ees ee ae
sna Abe eee 4, 000. 00 40, 224. 50 19, 782. 16 242, 921. 66 28, 000. 00
BQN OBOE OO) He Cio yoaet-| nt 29, 079. 64 8, 240. 00 131, 116. 82 28, 000. 00
Reese tiate = alll ete, - ect 1, 450. 00 1, 012. 00 10;462:'00))|24 Stes a
TOSSGO45 24 "| Oe oes ee AOS OO! | See eto aceite 110, 197. 63 337, 556. 86 28, 000. 00
Res ton = (Cee aes oa Se 341, 195. 54 137,307. 51 19, 828. 78 545, OTSA eee eee
SG VG PEE Se eee eee 23,047.60 500. 00 66,613.42 | 387,821.20 28, 000. 00
GU SOT 90 oe re ote 164, 438. 00 70, 090. 00 27,296.00 | 1, 429, 424.00 28, 000. 00
sen ON MINOR LE | oscreye rae here raicpe 9,568. 00 250. 00 183, 598. 35 411, 082. 09 28, 000. 00
Janse ste BSCNOU I Sey eettae sese ss Sees ees ol EP ee earn sealers 16, 243. 58 HO O47, OON te as cee oe a
20, 099. 23 300. 00 39; POOS00R |: 5- -aeere race 110, 190. 62 589, 804. 90 28, 000. 00
eee Nene a tet ance tome rer Se a < Sika) arora ee epeeronsew aise lene seca es 200000) 22 oscee =
GONOOON O08 he eros Dara tl Meee eae aces 6,646. 29 149, 539. 96 28, 000. 00
Sar UUs DUS |e ketenes 62, 638. 00 1, 000. 00 52, 729. 09 554, 903. 00 28, 000. 00
Eerste sae bale GlOG4. 00M sae ee eee 16, 000. 00 17, 648. 24 153, 841. 67 28, 000. 00
19, 540. 13 T1, 493. 93 9, G165850 |b res Pence 30,196.08 | 124,536.99 28, 000. 00
Seeier se a oats es 32,870. 19 19, 751. 76 38, 172.13 6,084.20 | 172.303. 86 28, 000. 00
J oesOs Jeb Scots) Menace oer Benes Hf SG 95r00), eee 2 ase" ee 15, 020. 98 78, 315. 86 28, 000. 00
51, 142. 86 406, 117. 72 339, 769. 49 228, 544. 37 313, 244.28 | 1,643, 792. 25 25, 200. 00
TS AO00S 00H Soo ksn cas aeeoe 135 872.50) | so8 ooo Eee oe 68, 342. 05 204, 514. 55 28, 000. 00
SOUR ODL | Seige nae suse cas 5AQUS 2) So acas toto aoas 10, 286. 57 BS Ou OOs | Kee bas meaeas
BoC Se Sree Sees Spee se eee OF ASL OO; |e. somone nee 10, 555. 04 170, 176. 50 28, 000. 00
225, 000, 00 16, 267. 47 90, 201. 75 650. 00 70, 337. 88 932) 4240 22) i sete ee
DONOOUROU! | Pae eee mea em toc ae Me cells ase sectors ate 3,933.58 223, 069. 31 28, 000. 00
er eae ane eee fo ot pf SS aC ee Etc lore oe 2| eeticiols mame ictal stal] Cee eee eine AG SOON00N |S 2arre ames
POROUS 00) Reeser 55s Sor 17, 826. 46 6, 905. 93 351, 847. 54 28, 009. 00
2, 880. 00 2,500. 00 94, 266. 00 221,944. 00 610, 809. 00 28, 000. 00
Bet eee etka SEK ais oes fe Sig chal tae eee eyed | AoiNeiteiats orarciene 5, 477. 47 IG GREE Wes tases 3 eel
GpLOUROOL |e eee 2, 820. 35 31,398. 09 109, 468. 44 28, 000. 00
Screen betes 3,512.36 2, 470. 00 75, 116. 04 268, 846. 63 28, 000. 00
195300300) 2 28a stacere O49U 00) a cots: aan se 31,037.21 | SL 848 2a eee s eae tee
Gy es era oi emcee ees Sp Lb So scsecoee oo. 3,963.74 | 146,599.36 28, 000. 00
Sreite reais cts oe 1,956.53 45, 235. 32 2,215.92 19,567.85 171, 731. 54 28, 000. 00
Sots aero, ABER BOe Tube (a o0e~ sar aaccic SO OOM kt smc e ce See 130. 365. 00 28, 009. 00
Bs (0000s 2255 7a a eae 62.000;00) |i j2: foes oe 4;,000:.00))) >) 108'°750::00' ||: #e2 see eee!
2S, MOON OO! tae = Ss =\3<, ee p40. O08 sensaesec eso. 3,770.80 | 157,310.94 28, 000. 00
Se ara/= ote" 27,856. 00 50, 818. 00 30, 400. 00 24,562. 00 197, 381. 00 28, 000. 00
Sete etes [s/w 54\|\<112 Spots a 2 2AS OO seceas ao s2e.ccl + 45;918).80 255, 462. 19 28, 000. 00
5, Ae eS 86, 808. 59 2 AGA OSS on as. 3. 55a 240,228.87 | 354,984.05 |...-..-----1--
ee Ot ba oe [oo ~ Se eae nae 175: Os || Ste, x19 5-2 ole 45,011.71 | 381, 454. 71 28, 000. 00
SU COUR OO! |e 32 eeu ae aes 23,598. 64 85. 00 21,004. 01 | 244,772.65 28, 000. 00
So ae Oe eksieg wore RPS). || oe Se ee 8,647.65 45 MAS. GO) Nk 2.4. « <cmicismible=
275,019. 27 | 4,610. 89 212, 529. 14 17,881.87 | 194.793.37 | 1,664, 854.53 28, 000. 00
26, 139.77 | 18.30 BR GORs SON ete = asa 6,651.89 112, 492. 43 28, 000. 00
3, 504, 873. 22 | 759, 806.77 | 2, 176,637.80 | 1, 791,864.72 | 2,847,995. 11 21, 572,581.83 | 1,271,200. 00

5 The available residue of the biennial appropriation for 1909 and 1910.

6 Biennial appropriation for 1909 and 1910 included in last year’s report.

7Including income from other land grants,

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

296

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POST £681 Z68T T68T O68T

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*£10}1II,[, 10 9481g

299

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

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000 ‘SF 000‘0F | 000°SE | 0000 | 000s | 000'F% | 000'Sz | 000‘%Z | 000‘IZ | 000‘0z
000 ‘¢F 000‘0F | 000°SE | 000‘0E | 000‘SZ | 000'FZ | 000'sz | 000'%% | 000‘IZ | 000 ‘0z
000 ‘ct 000‘0F | 000‘¢e | 000‘0E | 000‘E% | 000'FZ | OO0‘Ez | 000‘ | 000‘IZ | 000‘0z
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000 ‘¢F 000‘0F | 000'SE | 000‘0E | 000‘¢% | 000‘FZ | 000‘e% | 000'c% | 000‘Iz | 000‘0z
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000 “61 000 ‘8T. 000 ‘21 000 “9T 000 ‘ST

UISUOOST A
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“75 ""BUTTOIBD YINOg

300

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

STATISTICS OF THE AGRICULTURAL

TABLE 11.—Gener

; Date of origi- | Date of organ-

Station. Location. Director. nal organi- | ization under

zation. Hatch Act.
Alabama (College)... Auburn...........- J. Duggar, M.S... 5.2.2 sea. Feb. —,1883 | Feb. 24,1888
Alabama (Cane- | Uniontown. . ... HD. Stevens, B.S..-------45- Jan. 1,1886 | Apr. 1,1888
brake). |
Neves oe ee Oe Tuskegee Institute.| G. W. Carver, M.S. Agr....... Feb 0151897. |58455-ee
ATIZ ON AS eae Micson=ssesees-- RE Blorbes#MniS's -.- sess ase | a aeccte ae eee —— —, 1889
iArkansasepe sess 22 Fayetteville C. Pre ans, Bucher: clr Mine |i: se, cece eee Mar. 7,1889
Galiformia see ees Berkeley.......- H) Sd.Waickson’ A Mice <---aeee —— —,1873 | Mar. —, 1888
Colorado: =... 4. e Fort Collins i G-Carpenter, MoS: 3. 2. oses|as-.- oe ee Feb. —, 1888
Connecticut (State).| New Haven BH. HM. Jenkins; Ph.D) 3. = asec Oct. 1,1875 | May 18, 1887
Connecticut (Storrs)| Storrs.........-- 1. AS Clintons M.S se 2a26 =eiee| esas eee May 18,1887
Melaware: = J.-25-ece leNewark: 5432 == Harry: Hayward, M.S: Agri: 3-2. >-----s52-- Feb. 21,1888
Hionidass--co eee Gainesville... __. iP. Roissy Me S sans o- ee aoe] ec ro eee — —, 1888
|
| |
Georgian 2s sere Experiment-:s.24-c| Mi. Vi. Calvin. sep acme eee Feb. 18,1888 | July 1, 1889
dahosee 2 yee ee Moscow ...---.--- W). Ios Carlyle, MoaSi as. cceeeet son oases Feb. 26,1892
Nilinois. ese es Urbanass eee Eugene Davenport, M. Agr., |..........----- Mar. 21,1888
LL. D.

Inidianasoae cece | Lafayette......- Arthur GossseMieiS:, sAny © eescsl tacts ice Jan. 1,1888
OWA Axa scree scice Ames ixc7e5528 Com sCartiss; MoS: Sissel veccaeits cena Feb. 17,1888
Kansas’. ssecee scene Manhattan........- E. H. Webster, B. Agr., M.S..|............0-- Feb. 8, 1888

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS, 301

EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ai statistics, 1910.

Num-
ber on
staff.1

19

13

20

18

12

19

63

50

37

55

Num-
ber of
teach-
ers on
staff.

bo

13

11

13

33

Num- | Publications
ber of | during fiscal
per- year 1910.

sons on
staff
who
assist
in
Num-
farm- Pages.
ers’ in- | er.
sti-
tutes
13 10 229
1 1 16
24 4 77
4 8 336
6 6 109
19 13 308
17 19 490
4 3 424
5 6 682
5 4 90
1 5 175
balere sty 6 96
{ose see Seaeneee
24 25 710
14 23 | 1,022
SeGRASeE 19 480
21 17 337

mail-

ing list.

17,500

2,000
1,900

8,776

25, 000

15, 000

18, 870

9, 000

9, 000

8, 000
15, 000

1, 100

5, 348

43,000

35,007

14, 800

19,000

Principal lines of work.

Field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; soil
improvement; feeding experiments; entomology; dis-
eases of plants and animals; analyses of fertilizers.

Soil improvement; field experiments; plant breeding;
diseases of plants.

Field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; dis-
eases of plants; animal industry; poultry investiga-
tions; dairying.

Botany; field experiments; improvement of ranges; hor-
ticulture, including date-palm culture; sheep-breeding
experiments; plant breeding; irrigation; dry farming.

Chemistry; soil physics; field experiments; horticulture;
plant breeding; diseases of plants; animal husbandry
and pathology; feeding and breeding experiments;
entomology; nursery inspection; dairying; poultry ex-
periments.

Chemistry; soils; bacteriology; fertilizer control; field
experiments; horticulture, viticnlture, and zymology;
botany; meteorology; animal husbandry; entomology;
dairying; poultry culture; drainage and irrigation;
silviculture; reclamation of alkali lands; animal and
plant pathology; nutrition investigations.

Chemistry; meteorolgy; field experiments; horticulture;
forestry; plant breeding; diseases of plants; animal
husbandry; poultry investigations; veterinary investi-
gations; entomology; bacteriology; irrigation.

Chemistry; analysis and inspection of fertilizers, foods,
drugs, and feeding stuffs; inspection of Babcock-test
apparatus and _ nurseries; diseases of plants; plant
selection and breeding; seed testing; forestry; field
experiments; entomology; investigation of vegetable
proteids.

Dairy and soil bacteriology; field experiments; horticul-
ture; feeding and breeding experiments; poultry ex~
periments and diseases; dairying, including soft-cheese
manufacture; embryology.

Chemistry; field experiments; horticulture; diseases of
plants and animals; animal husbandry.

Chemistry; soils; field experiments; horticulture; plant
physiclogy; diseases of plants; feeding experiments;
entomology.

Chemistry; field experiments; bacteriology; horticul-
ture; plant breeding; plant and animal diseases; ento-
mology; feeding experiments; dairying.

Chemistry; physics; bacteriology; botany; field experi-
ments; horticulture; plant breeding and diseases; en-
tomology; animal husbandry; irrigation; dairying;
dry farming; wheat investigations.

Soil chemistry; soil physics; bacteriology; pot and field
experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; animal
husbandry; diseases of plants and animals; dairying.

Chemistry; soils; field experiments; feeding experiments;
horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants and
animals; entomology; dairying; feeding stuff and fer-
tilizer control; agricultural extension work.

Chemistry; botany: soils; field experiments; horticul-
ture; plant breeding; forestry; diseases of plants; ani-
mal husbandry; poultry investigations; entomology;
dairying; rural engineering; good-roads investigations.

Soils; inspection of feeding stuffs and fertilizer control;
horticulture; plant breeding; forestry; field experi-
ments; feeding and digesting experiments; milling and
baking tests; correlation of characteristics of wheat;
poultry experiments; diseases of animals; hog-cholera
serum; entomology; dairying; extermination of prairie
dogs and gophers; irrigation.

‘Including substations.

d0Z

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 11.—General sta

Station. Location.
Kentucky.<..:-.---< Lexington.........
Louisiana (Sugar)..| New Orleans.......
Louisiana (State)...| Baton Rouge.......
Louisiana (North)..| Calhoun............
Louisiana (Rice). ..} Crowley............
Mainezsscnidesashes Qronoseteeessassass
Maryland. ........-. College Park.......
Massachusetts... ..- AAMHErStssseis cia cis
Michigan........... East Lansing. .....
Minnesota.......... St. Anthony Park,

St. Paul.
Mississippi. .-.....- Agricultural Col-
lege.

Missouri (College)...] Columbia..........

Missouri (Fruit)....| Mountain Grove. ..

Montana: see-seeee IBOZEMIAN = <r-jo5-(e
Nebraska s-. Ss sss Wincolneyees= sees
INevadalatmse-cecee Reno» aj0.08 sayeht-niee
New Hampshire....| Durham...........

New Jersey (State)
New Jersey (Col-
lege).

1 Including substations.

Director.

M. A. Scovell, M.S., Ph. D....

RR ISSS DAW. S: Atecinctcemicewice
‘At aWWiOOGS Ms 2Ave nye \sc\clereiarererels

W. L. Hutchinson, M.S......
KB) Mumiord, Mc S.-2:.-..-

Paulibwansies. cac.oemece ccc
F. B. Linfield, B.S. A........

J. E

. Stubbs, M. A., D. D.,
LL. D.

Date of origi-
nal organi-
zation.

Date of organ-
ization under
Hatch Act.

Sept. —,1885 | Apr. —, 1888

Sept. —, 1885 |

Apr. —,1886 || —— —,1888
May —, 1887 ees 1, 1908
Mar. —,1885 | Oct. 1,1887
— —~,1888 | Mar. 9,1888
2 —, 1882 | Mar. 2,1888
A dissetseciecee Feb. 26,1888
Mar. 7,1885 | —— —,1888
atone sence cc Jan. 27,1888
a ew see eee Jan. —,1888
Feb: 51,1900); 2. 3-23.22 eee
Suace Semeprosene July 1,1893

Dec. —, 1887
Aug. 4,1887
“Apr. 26,1888"

2 In 1882 the State organized a station here and maintained it until June 18, 1895, when it was combined

with the Hatch station at the same place.

tistics, 1910—Continued.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 308

Num-
ber on
staff.1

13

28

35

17

12

Num-
ber of

13

25

30

21

11

Publications
during fiscal
year 1910.

Num-

ber. Pages
6 278

8 639

25 648

9 314

9 565

17 425

4 224

17 432

18 585

8 134

6 320

5 334

6 156

7 322

6 495

mail-

.| ing list.

13, 500

13,000

18. 200

27, 000

17, 600

55, 000

17, 500

14, 500

\ 9, 523

Principal lines of work.

Chemistry; soils; bacteriology; inspection of fertilizers,
foods, feeding stuffs, seeds, orchards, and nurseries;
field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; ani-
mal husbandry; diseases of plants and animals; ento-
mology; id eta dairying.

Chemistry; bacteriology; soils; field experiments; hor-
ticulture; sugar making; drainage; irrigation.

Botany; bacteriology; soils; inspection of fertilizers, feed-
ing stuffs, and Paris green; field experiments; horti-
culture; animal husbandry; diseases of animals; ento-
mology.

Chernistry; soils; fertilizers; field experiments; horticul-
ture; feeding experiments; stock raising; poultry exper-
iments; dairying.

Rice experiments.

Chemistry; botany; analysis and inspection of foods,
fertilizers, concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, and
agricultural seeds; calibration of creamery glassware;
horticulture; plant pathology; biology; poultry breed-
ing; plant breeding: entomology.

Chemistry; fertilizers; field experiments; horticulture;
plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; feed-
ing experiments; animal breeding; poultry raising;
entomology; dairying.

Chemistry; meteorology; analysis and inspection of fer-
tilizers and concentrated commerical feeding stuffs;
inspection of creamery glassware and nurseries; pot,
cylinder, and field experiments; horticulture; plant
breeding; diseases of plants and animals; digestion
and feeding experiments; entomology; dairying; ef-
fect of electricity on plant growth.

Chemistry; analysis and control of fertilizers; bacteri-
ology; field experiments; horticulture; forestry;
plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; feed-
ing and breeding experiments; poultry culture; en-
tomology; stable hygiene.

Chemistry; soils; fertilizers; field experiments; horticul-
ture; forestry; diseases of plants and animals; plant
and animal breeding; animal nutrition; entomology;
dairying; farm management; ventilation; farm sta-
tistics.

Fertilizers; field experiments; horticulture; biology;
plant breeding; animal husbandry; diseases of ani-
mals; poultry culture; entomology; dairying; agri-
cultural engineering.

Chemistry; soil survey; botany; field experiments; hor-
ticulture; diseases of plants and animals; feeding ex-
periments; animal and plant breeding; entomology;
dairying.

Horticulture; vegetable pathology; entomology; in-
spection of orchards and nurseries.

Chemistry; meteorology; botany; field experiments;
dry farming; horticulture; feeding and breeding ex-
periments; poultry experiments; veterinary science;
entomology; dairying; irrigation and drainage.

Chemistry; botany; meteorology; soils; field experi-
ments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants
and animals; forestry; feeding and breeding experi-
ments; entomology; dairying; irrigation.

Chemistry; meteorology; botany; soils; field experi-
ments; horticulture; plant breeding; forestry; animal
feeding and breeding; plant diseases; veterinary sci-
ence and bacteriology; zoology; entomology; irriga-
tion.

Chemistry; botany; field experiments; horticulture;
plant breeding; breeding experiments; entomology;
dairying.

Chemistry; oyster culture; botany; analyses of ferti-
lizers, foods, commerical feeding stuffs, and insecti-
cides; pot, cylinder, and field experiments; horticul-
ture; plant breeding; forestry; diseases of plants and
animals; animal husbandry; poultry experiments; en-
tomology; soil chemistry and bacteriology; soil surveys;
irrigation.

1a

304

Station.

New Mexico........

New York (State). .

New York (Cornell).

North Carolina (Col-
lege).

North
(State).

Carolina

North Dakota......

Pennsylvania.......

Rhode Island.......

South Carelina.....

South Dakota. ....-.

Tennessee.........-

Location.

Agricultural Col-

lege.

Geneya: 2-6 -h ese

Tthacas 2. ssen-5-2
West Raleigh. .....

Raleigh Mes Sit

Agricultural Col-

lege.

Wooster. = .22.2-:2-

Stillwater..........

Convallistesseee oe

State College.......

Kampstones ss. = 4-2

Clemson College... .
Brookings’: 2-22. -

Knoxvilles:2 22235.

1TInecluding substations.

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 11.—(General sta

Director.

Date of origi-
nal organi-
zation.

Date of organ-
ization under
Hatch Act.

JeHe Worst; Lis. D...52. 22.4

Luther-FosterjMe:S. As. 2 sss< |e Set aes Dec.

W H. Jordan, D. Se., LL. D..

H.J. Webber, Ph. D.2.......

GOB? WilliamsjM:.'S-5.2.25.--

TWA \Oraipab. SiAes-esensess

James Withycombe, M. Agr .-.

T. F. Hunt, D. Agr., D. Sc....

Hey: Wheeler, Ph. D-25 2.5...

| J. N. Harper, B. S., M. Agr...

Je WeaWalsOny Mio jeu aces

H. A. Morgan, B.S. A.......

He SEE arrinetone sce. ae ae

1D 5) DE eel ly len ga DBR eeciseadae

OE RELL Cap set faces tei

Mar. —,1882

= = 1879) Apr

Mar. 12,1877 | Mar.

July 1,1907

Mar. —,1890

Apr. 25,1882 | Apr. 2,1888

Dec. 25,1890

July —,1888

June 30, 1887

July 30,1888

Jan.

—, 1888

Mar. 13, 1887

Aug. 4,1887

Jan. 25,1888

—, 1890

. 28, 1888

£ Acting director.

tistics, 1910—Continued.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 3805

Num-
ber on
staff.!

Num-
ber of
teach-
ers on
staff.

15

21

13

au

Num-
ber of
per-
sons on
staff
who
assist in
farm-
ers’ in-
sti-
tutes.

11

14

11

13

11

Principal lines of work.

Chemistry; botany; soils; field experiments; dry farm-
ing; horticulture; cactus and guayule plant investiga-
tions; feeding experiments; entomology; dairying; ir-

Chemistry; bacteriology; meteorology; fertilizers; analy-
sis and control of fertilizers; inspection of feeding
stuffs, Paris green, and creamery glassware; field ex-
periments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of
plants; feeding experiments; poultry experiments; en-
tomology; dairying; irrigation.

Chemistry; soils; field experiments; farm management:
horticulture, plant breeding; plant physiology; dis-
eases of plants; feeding and breeding experiments;
poultry husbandry; entomology; dairying.

Chemistry; soils; fieldexperiments; horticulture; nitrifi-
cation experiments; diseases of plants and animals;
animal husbandry; poultry experiments; dairying;
tests of farm machinery.

Chemistry; soils; field experiments; horticulture; dis-
eases of animals; feeding experiments; entomology;
fertilizer experiments and analyses; inspection of foods
and stock feeds; cooperative demonstration work with
farmers; farmers’ institutes. ;

Chemistry; soils; botany; field experiments; plant breed-
ing; horticulture; forestry; diseases of plants and ani-
mals; analysis of foods and spraying materials; inspec-
tion and analysis of paints, drugs, proprietary prod-
ucts, and feeding stuffs; feeding and breeding experi-
ments; poultry experiments; milling and chemical
tests of wheat; drainage; farm engineering.

Chemistry; soils; field experiments; botany; horticul-
ture; plant breeding; forestry; diseases of plants; feed-
ing experiments; entomology; nutrition; farm man-

Chemistry; field experiments; horticulture; forestry;
botany; bacteriology; animal husbandry; dairying;
veterinary science; entomology.

Chemistry; bacteriology; soils; fertilizers; field crops;
horticulture; plant breeding and selection; diseases of
plants; feeding experiments; poultry experiments;
entomology; dairying; irrigation.

Chemistry; meteorology; fertilizers; horticulture; for-
estry; plant diseases; field experiments; feeding experi-
ments; dairying; poultry experiments.

Chemistry; meteorology; soils; analysis and inspection of
fertilizers and feeding stuffs; field and pot experi-
ments; horticulture; poultry and pigeon breeding;
poultry husbandry.

Chemistry; soils; botany; field experiments; horticulture;
plant breeding; diseases of plants; feeding and breeding
experiments; veterinary science; entomology; dairying.

Chemistry; botany; horticulture; field experiments;
plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; animal
husbandry; dairying.

Chemistry; soil investigations; inspection of fertilizers;
field experiments; horticulture; plant breeding; seeds;
weeds; diseases of plants and animals; feeding experi-
ments; entomology; dairying; apiculture.

Chemistry; examination and comparison of commercial
feeding stuffs and fertilizers; soils; field experiments;
horticulture; plant breeding; feeding experiments; dis-
eases of plants and animals and selection; entomology.

Chemistry of soils; field experiments; horticulture; dis-
eases of plants and animals; breeding and feeding ex-
periments; poultry experiments; entomology; irriga-
tion and drainage; arid farming.

Publications
during fiscal
1910.

Sates Num-
ber of
names

oak
Num- mail-
ber. Pages. ing list.
5 212 | 3,200
rigation.
14] 688 | 46,000
11 364 | 25,475
4 207 | 18, 000
12 $28 | 32,000
34 | 1,036 | 19,500
21 811 | 45,000
agement.

5 150 | 18,868
8 114 | 11,000
10 485 | 42,000
9| 353 | 11,000
8 93 | 14,500
8 200 | 22,000
4 73 | 12,602
6 202 | 27,000
4 156 9, 500
14 780 | 14, 450

91866°—11——20

Chenistry; botany; bacteriology; analysis and control of
fertilizers and feeding stuffs; inspection of creamery
glassware; state nursery for forest-tree seedlings; horti-
culture; diseases of plants; feeding and breeding ex-
periments; dairying.

‘

306 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 11.—Generai sta

Date of origi- | Date of organ-

Station. Location. Director. nal organi- | ization under
zation. Hatch Act.
Virginias 22. <--e- 2 Blacksburg.....--- S-weelevcher WehviD)semee eal aeeeceae saecaee Oct. 16,1888 |
Dov te, fase | Norfolk......------ T.C. Johnson, B.S., Agr., A-M.| Feb. —,1907 |..........-----
Washington.......- Pullmanes.5-2-2--- RWethstCcher,3.5., Mol cc.) sacnec sone ceaee — —,1891
West Virginia...... Morgantown......- JE Stewart, WMA. S-<cciccilecicaios ae iteictenele — —,1887
Wisconsin.......... Madison: 5. 23...::: He dye Russells pees scscee — —,1883 | —— —,1887
Wyoming.......... Waramie.s.2sscss= Je DS TOWAL IM. Bi fac. tee conc sl taeccsceisaceees Mar. 1,1891
LT en Bee aeiodel BEE Bn Sne GecadSeobod Be oscacdcdc cd SeNOASAsS caceocsrea Pocbencnendnaes Soadmocdasnesss

STATISTICS OF

tistics, 1910—Continued.

THE

Num- | Publications
ber of | during fiscal
per- year 1910.
Num- | sons on
ber of | staff
teach- | who
ers = assist
staff. in
farm- ae Pages.
ers’ in- :
sti-
tutes.
Us 4 7 298
A Sah ape: 1 3 56
12 8 25 411
1 5 5 152
55 10 42| 983
6 7 4 112
552 510

583 |20,216 (952,901

mail-

ing list.

23, 000

6, 500

15, 200

9, 351

20, 000

4, 500

COLLEGES AND STATIONS. 307

Principal lines of work.

Chemistry; biology; field experiments; horticulture;
plant breeding; soil bacteriology; mycology; breeding
and feeding experiments; diseases of animals; dairying.

Field experiments; plant breeding; plant diseases; en-
tomology.

apeerans & botany; bacteriology; soils; field experi-
ments; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants;
feeding and breeding experiments; veterinary science;
entomology; irrigation; dry farming; clearing logged-
off lands.

Chemistry; effect of pressure in the preservation of fruits,
vegetables, and milk; artificial fixation of atmospheric
nitrogen; analysis and control of fertilizers; soils; field
experiments; horticulture; diseases of plants and ani-
mals; inspection of orchards and nurseries; feeding
and breeding experiments; poultry experiments; ento-
mology; dairying.

Chemistry; bacteriology; soils; field experiments; agron-
omy; tobacco and cranberry culture; horticulture;
plant breeding; plant pathology; breeding and feeding
experiments; poultry experiments; veterinary science,
entomology; dairying; irrigation and drainage; agri-
cultural engineering; agricultural economics; home
economics; extension.

Chemistry; mycology; botany; meteorology; soils; range
improvement; fertilizers; field experiments; plant se-
lection; poisonous plant investigations; food analysis;
breeding and feeding experiments; wool investigation;
veterinary science; irrigation; effects of alkali on struc-
tural and other material.

1 Including substations.

308

WOON H Om OMe

Federal
Station.
Hatch Adams
fund. fund.
Alabama (College) ........- $15,000.00 | $13,000. 00
Ajabama(@anebrake)) ==: 22) 5525 csc oso|eeee eee
Alabama (Muskegee) 722 as2| sss asec ee | see eee
ATIZONSG) Re ee Oo IN eee 15,000.00 | 18,000. 00
AT CANSaSee- dee eee eee ee 15, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
Galifornias estes ees 15,000.00 | 13,000.00
Goloradoeseesee- = =~ ete 15,000.00 | 13,000.00
Connecticut (State)........ 7,500. 00 6,500. 00
Connecticut (Storrs)......--| 7,500.00 6, 500. 00
15,000.00 | 13,000.00
15,000.00 | 13,000. 00
15,000.00 | 13,000.00
15,000.00 | 13,000. 00
15,000.00 | 13,000.00
15,000.00 | 13,000. 00
15,000.00 | 13,000.00
15,000.00 | 13,000.00
Keentuchkays. a ereneee eer ree 15,000.00 | 13,000.00
ABM bts) taeda lt Dae 15,000.00 | 13,000. 00
WaT Creer See eee ae ee 15,000.00 | 13,000. 00
Marylandeneeccs se cemoc nes 15,000.00 | 13,000.00
Massachusetts..........---- 15,000.00 | 13,000.00
Michigan pene meee ate enuee 15,000.00 | 13,000. 00
Minnesota........... 15,000.00 | 13,000.00
Mississippi. ....... 15,000.00 | 13,000. 00
Missouri poor) 15,000.00 | 13,000.00
Massorrri (HTB) scene el eae oe cote cet lanaeeee es oe
Montanaeeee ee ere 15,000.00 | 13,000.00
IN(E DEAS Kae eee ie ant on oe 15, 000. 00 by
INCU EGA eee Sue e see 15, 000. 00
New Hampshire.........-- 15, 000. 00

New Jersey (State)
New Jersey (Gollege)

New Mexico...
New York (St

RS) pe baehe mee

New York (Cornell).......-.

North Carolina (College) ---
North Carolina (State)

North Dakota

QOregon:~..---
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island

Vireinia (Noriolis) ie ee-e nce
Washinetoneesecessen sees
WiestsVarpiniae: seees ses oee
WWASCOMSINE = = oon ee acne eeee

1 Including all balances.

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 12.—Revenue and ad

State.

20,942. 31

4 6, 122.

32, 990. 48

Farm
products.

1,772.55
19,810.98
41,958. 35

10, 973. 76
7,152. 02
11,361.75
2,918. 87

3,208. 73

vic:
uals an
commu- Fees.
nities.
“$8900 | peee aoe
enmenseees $31.50
Sess 17,007. 40
"8,817.18 | 10,300.00 | 160.81.
i ee eae 85.00.
(Reh ic. soo aa ete
Baeeeoecas 15. 00
ene 7,499. 53
1 Se Aaa 41, 581.28
Bee A Anoae 4500. 00
aatedee sae 10, 500. 00
“544.17 | 5,970.00
1S eee 4, 080. 00
a5) os ee 90. 00°
Loe ae e 710,580. 20
(70112 26) | Peo

15; 000.00'| °13, 000.00 | 16798145 Ios. fee eee
15,000.00 | 13,000.00 | 166,295.00 |..........|.-.-.-------
15000/00"l~13(000;00)'| <2 2 he s/he ele se ia | rr
1500080011018" 0005 00H |i 165100100! |! sanne asm |nmaunekueees
15,000.00 | 13,000.00
15,0000) |) 13;0007 00): 322225). 9112300" |--ae ee | e
15,000.00 | 13,000.00
15,000.00 | 13,000.00
15,000.00 | 13,000.00
15,000.00 | 13,000. 00
15,000.00 | 13,000. 00
15,000.00 | 13,000.00
15,000.00 | 13,000.00
15,000.00 | 13,000.00 |1126,896.00 |.......-..|.--..--...--

15,000.00 | 13,000. 00

15,000.00] 13,000.00 18,500.00 |:.........| 9,296.84 I:---.....28-
154000005 eel 33000800) sau euae eer nae ee kaki | ete eeeeenana 5,541.79
720, 000. 00 | 624,000. 00 |1,320,370.06 |16, 468.61 | 175,137.96 | 277,502.82

2 Biennial appropriation for 1909-1911 reported last year.

3 Incivding farm implements.
4 Including substations.

5 Highmore farm purchased by State for use of station.

6 For substations.

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

ditions to equipment, 1910,

Additions to equipment.

309

Miscella- | Total.

Live
stock.

$465. 00
465. 00

635. 98

4,930. 95
4,045. 00
2,095. 28

1,670. 00
338. 60
2,545. 00
322. 00
1, 231. 65
285. 00
100. 00
8. 00
1,619. 66
3, 000. 00

neous : *
‘ Build- + Appa- | Farm im-
| ings. Library. ratus. | plements.
$763. 83 |$29, 729.43 | $1,155.00 $500. 00 |$1, 550. 00 $200. 00
5 eee ee 2, 500. 00 98. 62 DADO iesaee cee = 286. 00
ap aaseeeee DOOR OO) aa ae merece PAG 010 ol i See 119. 00
14, 547.03 | 44,408.58 |........... 108. 43 204. 95 412.54
24,585. 62 | 93,370. 41 1,055. 68 59. 10 621.04 1,111. 03
31, 632. 13 294,078.10 | 72,747.27 | 1,472.90 | 3,966.33 6, 738. 63
22, 578. 84 |103, 078.84 | 3,864. 42 173. 67 | 3, 464. 56 836. 41
594. 42 52, SVP ae oe Sees 622. 06 9. 45 99. 22
701. 84 | 16,651. 84 210. 09 173. 49 102. 28 48. 35
jd eR ae 28, 608. 42 | 10,000. 00 296. 11 915. 07 330. 18
31.16 | 29,174.95 | 40,877.00 417.81 | 9,178. 68 131. 56
1,830.17 | 36,300. 78 912. 20 188. 58 231.05 814. 04
257.10 | 32,355.17 861. 48 ASN s| ) S40TERGs|2 So see =.
21,393.11 |201, 939.92 | 4,500. 00 200. 10 861.20 | 2,317..53
53, 411.17 |179, 248. 38 | 17,597. 92 732. 30 574. 29 20. 41
PAOSKGO: Sls 397. 421). 9 1,079:.52").- 22.8 1, 672. 54 503. 05
11,258. 54 | 91,310.09 | 1,772.53 83. 59 995.01 | 1,856. 94
8, 865. 73 |105, 265. 53 777. 81 698. 63 | 1,704.87 | 1,478. 85
1,482. 62 | 46,901.49 | 8,407.91 605. 30 | 1,381.79 | 2,217. 67
2,566. 55 | 55, 566. 55 346. 34 74. 66 588. 86 541. 27
116. 91 | 47,806.37 | 1,655. 66 539. 41 223. 05 431. 60
11,926. 34 | 63,149. 24 403. 23 242.35 | 2,034. 29 26. 70
1,979.54 | 40,181.61 | 12,000. 00 578.01 | 2,972. 73 883. 66
one eee 74, 398. 06 2,300. 00 2,509. 56 | 2,290. 40 1, 569. 24
43,577.26 | 76,891. 83 800. 00 250. 00 ZE0SO0N |. Bae ates
3,212: 21 | 46,844.71 | 4,433.28 |......-...- 927. 07 382. 35
i ee aha = ne 74, 386.08 | 19,415.10 336.12 | 1,079. 32 2,412. 89
30,857. 48 |101, 352. 41 | 23,000.00 |.....-..-..-- 1, 592. 00 800. 00
618.01 | 31,563. 24 1, 329. 10 10. 28 (od al ee te
3,873.37 | 31,873.37 | 1,583.80 642. 72 465. 31 48. 40
a ee SOHO0G! OOM) 7-2 2-..22 22 55. 60 316. 64 998. 84
Ps eae 28, 000. 00 519.59 | 1,887.20 749.15 757. 16
Sa SUS . 31,704.26 | 1,940.53 | 1,326.80 772. 91 410.75
31085298 1104, 129-'83 |... --<)-5- 1,136.14 223530 789. 33
Se toe sk 25.200) 00 ve eee 199. 56 SSOAOM| see eee tae
Sea 34, 279. 56 800. 00 180. 79 111.59 806. 88
Ae ee oe 70,000.00 | 3,600. 00 200. 00 250. 00 400. 00
16,754. 41 | 61,035. 86 |128, 831.84 | 2,090.19 | 5,840.84} 1,832.10
96,510.98 /305,581.60 | 4,850. 86 855.13 | 3,206. 70 753. 89
3,991. 22 | 31,99]. 22 732. 79 64. 24 324. 31 305. 66
33008208 50,854.55 22.2 ------- 69. 81 179. 28 162.10
4,871.68 | 63,775. 73 751. 55 472. 07 605. 64 524. 45
7,666.76 | 35,668.76 | 2,613.38 745. 30 124.17 372. 88
3,209.01 | 36,609. 53 642. 45 265. 21 163. 81 717. 22
3,449.95 | 44, 465.30 | 11,000. 00 250.00 | 1,002. 00 920. 00
oe eee 46,101. 81 | 26, 806. 62 504. 71 | 1,242.51 | 2,789. 23
956. 82 | 61,775. 72 | 35,651.16 383.17 | 1,333. 35 302. 85
471.40 | 45,694.15 137. 67 135. 26 989. 67 467.94
en ates se 41,773.29 455.05 393. 34 B81. 044) eee ve.
3,520.03 | 39,231.78 205. 00 407. 50 339. 50 245. 80
Sen Os: = | 10,000.00 | 1,500. 00 200. 00 100. 00 260. 00
ee 68120-8748) -2 5 Soe 237. 87 701. 20 312. 50
77.38 | 58,085.11 | 1,206.99 | 1,056. 49 | 2,612. 92 153. 99
Laer scale 55,796. 84 | 14,619. 77 872. 62 | 2,055. 27 1,536. 74
1,077. 46 | 34,619.25 | 8,000.00 100. 00 800. 00 600. 00
404,220.80 3,537,700.25 |331, 974.25 | 79,117.14 \47,505.12 | 62,950.11 |35, 124. 59

7 Less deficit of $3,556.38, June 30, 1909.
8 Less deficit of $2,422.41, June 30, 1909.

Miscella-
neous.!

418.77

15. 00

382, 079. 32

Total.

$4, 320. 00
872. 12
144. 00

1,031. 92
5, 460. 71
99, 822. 37
9, 466. 18
1,157. 48
598. 71
13, 871. 99
51, 912. 63
2,525. 17
1,404. 15
8,916. 60
166, 890. O1
6, 906. 87
12,183. 80
6,002. 06
14, 378. 71
12,986. 35
4,248. 49

23" 547. 82
12’ 500. 00

938, 750. 53

COIS Uh. CON

§ State appropriation for bienniim ended December 1, 1910, reported last year.
10 Including $24,994.93 of the biennial appropriation for the North Platte Substation, and $17,500 as esti-
mated amount of State appropriation spent for experimental purposes at Lincoln station.
ll One-half of State appropriation for biennium ending March 31, 1911.

310

COAONOOPWNHrR

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 15.—E.vpenditures from United States appropriation of Mar. 2, 1887,

|
Classified expenditures.
|
Amount Post
Stations. of appro- ae are ght| Heat, | Chemi-
priation. Galarinsall ialeabont Publica- Faia Sail light, eal
tions. station-|express and SUA
ae Press.) water. | plies
vy.
|
|
Alabama. sce tees: $15, 000. 00) $7, 503. 73) $1, 293. 23) $1,274.96) $338.16] $189.57} $604.03) $309. 88
ATI ZONA = = Ree Eee See 15,000.00) 7,845.95} 3,072.42 133.27; 593.93] 277.28 201.07 98. 44
ATKANSAS Sac toes ee 15,000.00) 6,947.55} 1,715.41 483.50; 290.93} 621.82 649.73 34. 84
Calitormiat 2 sai cee =. 15,000.00) 7,676.26) 4,013.98 252.09) 625.13) 120.44 160.88} 323.87
Colorado, se ..-| 15,000.00} 7,749.26 DISS) Aeh2t.98| 548200) C702 cepa nee 77.14
Connecticut (State)... i DOOAOO | T HOOROO| Zo ae es o.|. 0. 2 Sees ah ee ee ee
Connecticut (Storrs) -. 7,500.00! 5,943.99 OGRA S22 See 59. 86 f6a5) 111. 37 84. 54,
Delaware: ss 3 s- =e 15,000.00} 6,165.87} 3,902.15 307.82) 221.45) 119.08] 191.73] 198.33
HWloridas se se. se shee 15,000.00) 7,347.96) 2,278.39) 1,124.53] 508.26 89.98 53.41 5.77
GGOLflass=. Ss one 15,000.00) 7,458.37) 3,152.38 610.56) 264.20) 121.90 22ASB2| Pe wee =
(daho-S2ak a5. Ase ee 15,000.00) 8,018.98) 3,623.19 33.15} 172.61} 82.39) 673.88] 66.15
Winoisk ss: 22a eee 15,000.00) 8,481.09} 3,034.62) 1,325.55) 585.61 72.19 168.15) 391.25
dGoXOk ToT: een ee Oe 15, 000.00) 6, 866. 64 756.08) 3,648.58} 349.32 19. 92 482.40} 524.24)
TOWasas=s cc Suan cee ee 15,000.00) 6,920.00) 1,770.81) 1,464.67) 415.94 91.60 49.36] 209.52
IKeansag: ce ees sen eae 15,000.00) 8,011.34) 2,453.76 5:82! 704/42)" 234: O4|C snes foe 325. 40|
Kentucky. --ee-eneees 15,000.00) 9,045.00) 2,657.32 792.62} 352.85) 136.14) 234.06] 14.58
OWISIanNaeee ween anes 15, 000. 00) 18, 697. 85 336. 80 304. 70 24. 0C 5.77 16. 59 1.50
RWNteS oda Saas Sas 15,000.00) 6,532.51}; 1,282.21 169.17} 447.32} 402.17 256. 12 38.15
Marylanders cee onc. 15, 000. 00} 10, 947.28} 1,127.05 773.05} 184.84| 264.68} 137.76] 27.84
Massachusetts......... 15, 000. 00) 13, 184. 81 264. 74 AQ 75|. (95 12h 2 (5438) Soae eee
Michiganes. css ssc n 15,000.00} 7,473.17} 2,907.62 213.31| 256.77) 214.22 62.43} 610.78
Minnesota...........-- 15,000.00) 8, 849.87).......... 76. 50 Seale eee 2, 331. 98 44.92
MISSISSID Plas ae eee 15,000.00) 7,281.35) 3,312.54 409.80} 364.62! 202.11 294. 97 68. 48
MisSOum sas op ee eee 15, 000.00} 6,488.66] 3,930.65].........- 130.83] 77.20) 32.28] 65.26
Montamama sens. seo 15,000.00} 8,063.35] 2,575.50 369.48] 756.38} 196.71 534. 46] 152.52
Nebraska 3 15, 000.00) 9, 467. 57 262.38] 2,367.22) 691.30 56.4018 .e22 2 74. 76
Nevadats = a-8 aa. 15, 000.00} 7,221.45) 3,638.75] 1,348.61) 230.97] 304.63 129. 00 32.32
New Hampshire.......) 15,000.00) 6,969.81) 1,719.35} 1,838.04) 468.31] 192.68) 1,085.45 22. 08)
New Jersey...........-} 15,000.00} 7,133.33] 1,371.67) 1,226.92) 576.32) 77.84] 392.34) 324.15
New Mexico...........| 15,000.00] 7,568.28) 2,465.91 776.24) 261.95] 257.28) 118.98) 97.10)
New York (State)... .- 1, 500. 00 756. 68 ZQ4OT| 2s Shee bo AG 5 Aas oe ced eee 14. 25)
New York (Cornell)...| 13,500.00} 7,598.64) 1,471.92} 1,642.89) 666.71 67244).-bee eee 225559
North Carolina... ..... 15,000.00} 9,499.26) 2,851.98).........- 308.29) 176.65 O4S aeee ss
North: Dakota.--. 2-2... 15,000. 00) 9,353.93) 4,315.83 563. 63 23d92 ale =" aI eee ee cee
ONIOEEA ee aecuices os 15, 000. 00} 13, 857.50).-......-- 260:,00|* LOOM Saat Eee ee ee
Oklahoma ..--| 15,000.00) 9,981.28} 1,672.11 747.66) 471.92} 142.43 157.89} 291.85
Oregontere taco ecces 15,000.00) 10,123.16, 2,064.91 1'30::90|, 2O8K72\) "235. 72ers 31.75
Pennsylvania........./ 15,000.00} 6,031.28) 3,589.66} 1,300.78) 848.32} 189.21|)......... 6.35
Rihodessiand=22. 2227) | 15,000.00) 8,384.97) 1,973.35 149.70} 279.14] 117.89] 421.43] 133.84
South Carolina........ | 15,000.00) 8,375.00) 2,139.57) 1,031.51] 142.70] 197.57 53.32} 145.22
South Dakota. .......- 15,000.00) 7,205.25) 2,452.78} 2,054.55) 249.96) 96.93)..-._.... 455. 08
PenNeSSEO: ~ esac aes a | 15,000.00} 8,314.99) 2,691.69 539.04) 383.71} 112.42) 313.13] 229.84
ROXAS sees ch cease | 15,000.00} 6,641.39) 1,879.91) 1,596.78] 677.98} 252.87 37.93] 17.84
Wither ee sane fe | 15,000. 00 8,519.88] 3,134.87 124.61) 165.10 4.85 52. 80 47.65
Wermonte-- peer aeeee. 15, 000.00} 8,126.18) 2,637.44 203.65] 811.32 76. 09 528. 7. 214.01
Wireinia eee ree ncoten 15,000.00] 6,882.39} 1,961.89) 1,778.56} 578.85} 280.44/........- 17.76
Washington.....-....- 15,000.00) 6,537.73) 2,423.16) 1,421.55} 831.83) 216.33 572.90) 178.63
West Virginia......... 15, 000. 00) 11, 365. 89 S13/90) 26 ee ee 260. 86] 234. 37 133.00) 266.14
WaISCONSING =) =a aa | 15,000.00} 6,570.00) 2,175.00)........-.. RP BHP 2 DOS. 2 ae 725. 05
Wry oming igo Ss. 2S. 15,000.00) 8,070.00) 1,672.54 376.52) 268.21; 316.74 592.52) 285.36
Mopals tee sesc oes 720, 000. 00/402, 556. 68 102, 814. 41) 37, 030. 22/17,856.36 7, 127. 74/12, 159. 49/7, 510. 02
}

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

‘

311

for the agricultural experiment stations for the year ended June 30, 1910.

Classified expenditures.

sundry
sup-
plies.

$457. 97
537. 69

19, 056. 01

Fertili-| Feeding
zers. | stuffs.
SOTO 1) aaceaseee
132.09) $85.85
1:37 :
128.75
473. 06 ).
117.77 4
105. 64 i7.
uh cae 553. 83
13.91 30. 77
PB aSsaee 46. 20
See sacs 996. 24
68.66) 597.58
ere oS 169. 96
358. 22) 1,096. 60
esos 524. 61
348. 61 406. 48
ABO E | wislmnemiees
aaa ok 2,297. 90
28.10) 608.32
ee 2,076. 14
ees 415. 10
142. 62 148. 53
56.75) 123.00
387. 40 166. 17
oar a 240. 00
247. 95) 1, 130.72
eS ascar 2.00
BOHR ase 545. 17
Lie 35. 29
Seen cere 385. 14
VE SHE 509. 96
131.00} 372.27
195.65) 748.39
446.32} 831.30
See eea< 133. 10
261.29) 830.65
13.93) 495.07
40.00) 634.78
173. 27 15.75
USniltles~ cece se
See Seis 299. 17
pispecene 744. 05
nas 2, 921. 22
Sear 1, 499. 11
4, 892. 64/26, 435. =|

Tools, .

imple- Porn Scien- Travel- on Build-

Li- |ments,| onq tifie Live ing Aae ings

brary. | and fix. | 2PPa- stock ex- e = and

aes tures. | Tatus PeNSES. | henses lan
$556. 14) $145. 98] $19. 80] $184.72] $165.00} $54. 46) $15.00) $579. 70)
102. 54} 223.33) 378. 82 55.64; 306.00} 498.99)......- 456. 69
23.53] 585.74) 13.25) 37.58 12.50} 261.86) 15.00) 371.76
200.10) 218.49) 74.31 TSE20I A ted peeoUs coll, LosOO|f oes. ce
294.16} 62.75) 476.80) 35.00).....-..-- 156.40|c 22/1 -:4 600. 59
arta cele s 163. 10] 109.76] 481.00} 1,169. 49|........|....---| 535.64
eae Ae 565. 57/1,001.80} 152. 66 71.00} 192.22) 15.00 69. 45
583.78} 38.00} 201.55) 100.00)........- 150.76} 15.00) 297.88
SEO 7 69" OTP ese IE Se ces 27. 50 12.35) 89.13) 101.22
616.94} 535.82) 806.60] 445.97] 616.68] 417.73) 115.25) 336.34
120;/85|) 106.81) | 28.25/25 2- <2 6507 00|Saeceme T5100 |e acon
AAS |e lrerrens 117.00} 123.75 43°00) Apu00s 68) aeons) sete
570.94] 397.21] 179.10) 200.77|.....---- 594.00} 15:00)... ....
Seeisccyee 314.99) 138.00} 89. 48 135.00} 173.18|.....-.] 158.15
48.91} 601.63} 102.80)-..----.- 286.45) 477.17) 15.00} 242.41
Dee Aer = 258.85} 70.00} 16.38] 1,236.08) 79.13) 15.00)-......-
322. 43} 201.65) 215.84) 246.15) 129.75) 165.10) 15.00] 113.85
See eae 82.35! 265.40] 156.42! 690.84) 363.45! 15.00)]-......-
See 2c | a sete ose asieeree 65.10; 250.00) 169.15, 55.00) 741.58
496. 71 TAT T5 20a 705) 5 68297 )2-- a5s- p= 269.71) 15.00) 726.24
1,788.00} 109.00] 348.50) 394.28) 250.00) 239.07) 15.00) 390.14
a tenenee 194524) 2. oc ealos-s-s== 336.00) 275.70, 380.00} 356.97
138599) 2-5 o-7- DB TELLS| ee Whe tO) orere res a pAb ee, ae 219. 41
ESSERE RZ VERY PRY Gar: | eae eta ese 330;.50)) 15:00) 55... -
ame apie CAS 50 a ee eee serene sce ate SET LOMOU ene sane
PE eee | Seen reall wcremtiate| sate sreneaa| lacie cats cae 17.33) 15.00) 750.00
36. 43] 186.21) 40.60} 60. 48 40.34) 199.62} 15.00) 229.89
35. 90 Yaa) ee ms eRe eee 27.00} 19.10) 15.00 2.25
147.44) 117.65) 246.39) 21.37 650.00) 171.40) 15.00] 698.63
581.76| 447.01) 34.18} 23.06) 403.25) 454.53) 15.00] 384.29
93.51) 285.26] (213276) --=--=- 121.00) 109.25) 15.00} 414.48
65.13] 66.32} 161.25] 387.55] 1,122.09)........ 15.00} 267. 43
264.42) 491.95) 158. 68 5.00) 100.00) 82.08} 15.00)....----
296.81} 295.85] 970.04) 12.22) 338.60) 455.07} 15.00] 451.11
49.30} 279.87] 226. 75)..------ 1,248.50} 202.15) 24.50) 62.49
393.34) 44.53) 232.96] 290.86] 140.00) 346.37) 15.00) 347.84
348. 57 65.82} 18.37| 144.75] 285.00) 604.57} 41.50} 205.03
229.80) 171.00) 338.40} 126.19)......--- 1,049.12) 85..00).-.-2. 0.
CUD ees rt) tei ds) eee 428.00} 15.00 15.70
209.17) 364.59} 51.00} 625.08)........- 259.93) 15.00) 698.74
10.00) 313.81] 23.50} 94.65} 384.90) 303.33) 15.00} 351.85)
|

9, 792. 89) 10,881.88] 10,243.72|6, 208. 73|12, 613. 74 12,456.99) 1,393.64| 14,510.52

Wil

175. 87} 11

1,475.18) 3
3

4, 458. 74

12

36
7

a

312

OCOD Cre CON

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT

STATION

s.

TABLE 14.—Haxpenditures from United States appropriation of March 16, 1906,

Station.

Colorado
Connecticut (State). - -
Connecticut (Storrs)...
Delaware
Florida

Missouri

New Hampshire
New Jersey.......-.--
New Mexico..........
New York (State)... ..
New York (Cornell)...
North Carolina. .......
North Dakota.........
Ohiose er ses sseeces =

Oreron ee snes ESSaeene
Pennsylvania.........
Rhode Island.........
South Carolina........
South Dakota.........

Classified expenditures.

Amount
of appro-

peas. Salaries.

ee sI0
SsReeaees

for)
D>
hs

sSSSSSsSSSSSSSSsSSSSSSSSSSSSe5

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSESSSS

SSSSSSSSSSSS55S555

63.55 | 324.02 | 152. 56

/67, 913. 56 |2,135.16 |5,011.09 |4,886.63

Chem-
ical
sup-

plies.

$118. 77
190. 57

295,982.42

19,297.10

STATISTICS OF THE COLLEGES AND STATIONS.

3138

for the agricultural experiment stations for the year ended June 30, 1910.

Ferti- | Feeding
lizers. | stufts.
$84.27 | $366.20
poids = 3 431.76
60.15 8.81
88.16 .50
31.75 19.00
114. 30 5.00
Owes |ls- 2-062
ht Soaeee 1,135.72
Sardar 745. 52
Bers aaaie 6 175.10
La Ame 1, 208. 12
aeeaae 5 355. 92
eeretiaiaicss 29. 65
abteisisi< 24.19
pe See 1, 829. 65
Oe ON Se eee
3.93 | 276.60
pe ae 1,284. 41
ay eee 1,009. 45
96. 82 |2,290. 12
ae Seis = 497.49
ep =e = 106. 53
tafavetarars 42.40
147.48 | 766.55
160.00 | 240.00
ke fis = 42.06
547.11 549. 62
14.25 | 795.68
poke ee 500. 30
30} 757.55
BOTAQE Waccic cos
148.82 | 617.59
245.52 | 991.96
18.40 | 345.20
108.05 | 298.20
psec zets = 239. 86
eee 2,781.14
35.93 | 823.97
REE 1,940. 65
Sapa teicts 1,596. 50
ae Se! 2,024.71
2,858.64 '27,063.68

Classified expenditures.

Contin-
gent
ex-
penses.

Travel-
ing ex-
penses.

- ete Furni- | Scientifi
a imple- | Furni- | Scientific :
ae ments, |tureand| appa- Sia
and ma-| fixtures.| ratus.
chinery.
$14.90 | $90.27 | $103.65 |$1,156.31 | $252.00
5.89 T82:98 |eeoee ease TAM OMEE <2 12s
28. 80 174. 00 27. 00 621. 04 235. 98
1.20 76. 00 158. 60 OOS. 69a! 2 Stes...
56. 08 2.70 6L..20) || 21EGS95i 2... 2)...
85.98 24. 67 3. 85 LOZSZ80b . SoCs)
67.79 | 516.17 40.00 872.77 | 223.46
91.56 33.30 14. 04 SQ5v SIME Sc Sea
180. DB oes sich =| HWE cetaics= = 231305 |) 216.77
55.00 | 216.64 | 357.50 | 1,089.04 |.........
Sess $25) ye 403- 50) | eae 50. 00
2008.) Wa sdouleee seals 273.90 |1,036.50
Ss tee 88508 lboe eh. 5 = ATS QBWE Sc acears
43.75 | 342.66 | 352.16 276.08 |1, 262. 09
ip fetal Ie fe lea 1,315.48
5.33 38.78 57.00 | 1,346.24 8.95
AOD 32) |. co caer. 85. 63 42.89 5.00
345.18 93.20 47.80 UOGN6ON|E ccc aec.ce
G45" ya acme 328. 50 SODNO2HIS. ce
16.09 86.12 18. 88 724.28 | 349.99
eee eet 57.79 | 209.00 | 1,245. 63 51.00
65.82 | 397.47 145. 83 355. 08 |1, 832.34
. Se eee 198. 05 113. 72 467.32 | 420.50
32. 80 91.25 49. 65 (275) a re
Leen. £8: 393. 89 |........-| 1,436.82 | 268.40
OE ZS ls eS a Seee 92.50 CSTE Ac?) eee See ees
130. 28 7.00 73.13 362.78 40. 00
99.20 | 517.31 152. 50 SOSNB AEs <- tee ss
62.22 | 943.02 60. 16 ORSON SE. ose
GS ol eee os 317.35 Bose ZN eee wekcs
119.50 | 324.03 | 239.50 111.50 | 227.95
s Slot Sey 299. 51 78.00 | 1,572.64 | 480.00
66745) ||) <e)-c eee Rs eS - 1,144. 32 193. 00
Be Sets 120. 45 81. 46 263. 83 |2, 951.08
10. 96 6:80) |SaE eS Soe V7QU28 ES ce ee
224. 54 63. 00 31. 87 SOORSOM Ss <2 coe as
78. 65 34. 43 38. 00 101.11 31. 60
Tey PADIS oa ge ee 158. 81 82. 78
Seeds, oe 78.02 43.50 578. 93 150. 00
240. 29 1.10: |) 828: 85 | Lp237551 20. 00
86. 36 7.00 83.65 | 1,321.13 | 247.00
Task AS 188. 07 92.45 761. 83 66.51
Lee Se 44, 20 20. 50 590.18 | 182.00
52.95 DSBs Nae ee, ae 87.21 | 923.02
8.07 | 141.50 15.70 575.01 | 100.00
Fe 555k SReeee a Secor aoe 2,031. 83
Sete ee Oe ee eee 4.25 281.00 | 146.13
4.48 29.38 | 103.94 | 1,034.01 | 296.00
(2,571.13 6, 259. 43 |4,429. 82 |32,974. 31 |12,350.05 |11,033.99
|

52. 91

Build-

F Bal-

ee, ances.
$577.02 | $400.00 | 1
723 tesa eee ee 2
PY Pa ERE re 3
644.'50))| = aes | 4
500.00 [1,117.29 | 5
‘TOO Eee eRe 6
2b 52|>. aaa pend
644,21. |. 2. eee 8
649.96) |... eee 9
G19: 79s eae ae 10
24, 29 |1,275.71 | 11
CRY eae Sell,
636760) |Eoosaceee 13
Rae cat seiacre ac 14
LO7E8Su lz. eee 15
16
25;90)\|beeetosee 17
eRe eeee | eee 18
641. 295 Sees sees 19
45; 00)\|=2=e2eee 20
Sd Saraansis | Geeeeee oe 21
117.95 2.01 | 22
G4b20 70 Ete cceeee 23
EBay Ieee ered |S 2 24
as atsiestale| Gee 25
odjen ce one icoeseeee 26
587.52 |1,109.36 | 27
640::82).\5 S2ese5- 28
129. 45 441.22 | 29
DiOcS8vice a eeRe 30
Jae ases LE pcteos te 31
10732 \5eete sees
28,59%|(o eee 3 33
Seen eee Meese 34
640364) 2 eee 35
650.00 | 360.95 | 36
275500) Cee 37
189.308 |e eee se 38
13.35 eeeeeee 39
121.67 | 100.00 | 40
(43390 41
1 AGO s\ oceme Ne 42
200305),|o= seeeeee 43
BOO ROO bere cherie 44
10721 es eee 45
Gankide 40.00 | 46
O14 Gileyeeeee 47
48
Baeeaaes| Somos esea- 49
uA Mf fee te 50.

[11,638.19 4,846.54

314 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

TABLE 15.—Disbursements from the United States Treasury to the States and
Territories for agricultural experiment stations under the acts of Congress
approved Mar. 2, 1887, and Mar. 16, 1906.

Hatch Act. Adams Act.
State or Territory.
1888-1909 1910 1906-1909 1910

AJQDaM a: . 5-2 ce ue aeons seen ese eee ee $329, 999. 34 $14, 200. 00 $29, 019. 89 $12, 600. 00
A TIZON ASA ec bee aia ce oe ee see 294, 803.15 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
Arkansasi os ni d0h. We scpsosensegaee Se ee 328, 163. 12 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
Califomiana.¢ Shab ogc 55s Sohn ee eee 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 31,926. 84 13, 000. 00
Coloradases 558-0) oes teeta eee 329, 963. 24 15, 000. 00 31, 756. 22 13, 000. 00
Connecticut: - 525... 42..25- 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
Dakota Territory........- 565,200: 00 0.5... S 345s 22 eee. ee
Delawares cet. eee oe sass 329, 382. 87 15, 000. 00 29, 050. 12 13, 000. 00
Wloridascs 2.) he aks asia ee eee ee 329, 966. 11 15, 000. 00 31,996.19 13, 000. 00
Georgiars=- 21 sro). bis bhate Ree eee 329, 981. 55 15, 000. 00 32,000. 00 13, 000. 00
TA anor soe oF Be en [ 5 Sonera oe 255, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 29,117.93 13, 000. 00
TMinois 653558 25 Pe. ao ee Ss 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 31, 864. 38 13, 000. 00
Andianare. pee pe ae ee eee ee eee eae 329,901.19 15, 000. 00 27,000. 00 13, 000. 00
TOW ae ae ee ee ae ee ee 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
ARONSAS 2 eee eee oe ek bee Oe Eee aee ee 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
On hue key -- 5 eee eee epee ee ween 329, 996. 57 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
TOUS an asa oN ee oe Ee ee eee 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 32,000. 00 13, 000. 00
Maine =sdeeeeen Genes bk ee eee ae eee cee 329, 999. 62 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13,000. 00
Maryland sss nese te ae eee eee ee eee 329, 967. 40 15, 000. 00 31, 763.99 13, 000. 00
Massnehusenis-ee-tee- ores ce aoraeen ease oes 329, 617. 70 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
Michigans ao. 68-6 SS ot bes teok oes 329, 676. 10 15, 000. 00 28, 341. 60 13, 000. 00
IMinnesolateaes =~st2.-n<p~ce ee eaeoe seer 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 31, 573.17 12,774. 58
IMISSISST PDPLoat ene. nos once eite boaters cee 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
Missouri. cits. sot a scceekeedenese see eee 325, 097. 24 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
Moni anaes See cas see Sas ee ee eee 240, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 29, 417. 04 13, 000. 00
Nebraska fo: oes nee ea en ee 329, 932. 16 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
iINeivad aeeee caso a. nash Cease oe ee 329, 939. 32 15, 000. 00 31, 772. 94 13, 000. 00
New Hampshire 330, 000. 00. 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
ING WJ eISCY 2 2sne see ac eed see aoe 329, 961. 97 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
New Mexico-. Ae 294, 998. 90 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
TINIE Wa Y/O Kose teat es ot pic ci SEE aa ete 329, 860. 54 15, 000. 00 31, 880. 85 13, 000. 00
North Carolina 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
North Dakota 287, 330. 62 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
OHIO AS ee. 5 I Rk EE 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 30, 514. 02 13, 000. 00
ORT Orta aie yo Soe Soke eee 269, 270. 80 15, 000. 00 26, 685. 69 13, 000. 00
OreconS 523-5 fee pose. ee ee 316, 631. 82 15, 000. 00 | 27, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
Penvisylvania tote: <2. .sc-cccs sees eS. 2:2 329, 967. 43 15, 000. 00 31,995. 41 13, 000. 00
Riiodeyislandi ay 208:-!- 5. See ee Ale 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 29, 464. 20 13, 000. 00
SouthiCarolinals. 223.5. 2-5- sesso ee eee ace 329, 542.15 15, 000. 00 30, 560. 12 13, 000. 00
SoutheDakopaess 5305352225 oe eee ee 273, 250. 00 15, 000. 00 27,000. 00 13, 000. 00
Mennesseer s+ ta Le e=. APS.Es ee at | 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
OXAS 22h PAS pee Bee 0st oes Tee eel 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 29,876. 91 13, 000. 00
NOibalns ee ees ee eo oe ee ee Bh 295, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 31,821.94 13, 000. 00
Mermomb: 5 se). feet 8 tee SE 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
Waren a 2 se ee eee Se ee aes | 329, 992. 57 15, 000. 00 31,951.95 13, 000. 00
Wish oon sae eee ae ae eee ae ee 269, 726. 75 15, 000. 00 28, 080. 11 13, 000. 00
WiestiViirsinia. 35. 402. coc sat game eee cae 329, 968. 71 15, 000. 00 29, 859. 12 13, 000. 00
WHSconsine sah Bye: fo eae ee 330, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
SW Vay GUD ie ae ect ts cos See EE Eee 315, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 13, 000. 00
otal: <2 EY A - 3 os since east een eke wee 15, 368, 138. 94 719, 200. 00 1, 485, 290. 63 623, 374. 58

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 1910.

By Dick J. CRrossBy,
Specialist in Agricultural Education.

SUMMARY FOR THE YEAR.

Even the most cursory review of educational progress in 1910 is
sufficient to demonstrate the world-wide extent of the movement for
the promotion of agricultural education. It is unnecessary to do
more than mention the countries and provinces that are becoming
active in this movement—in Africa, Australia, China, Canada, Great
Britain, India, and South America—some of which have long been
identified with it and some of which, like those in Africa and China,
are just beginning to take active part.

In the United States every agricultural department, bureau, and
association—National and State—has been affected by the movement,
and nearly every educational association has been compelled to take
cognizance of it. The United States Department of Agriculture has
found it impossible to supply the publications needed by the colleges
and schools that are teaching agriculture or to meet satisfactorily
the other demands they have made upon it for lectures, advice, and
other assistance. And the Office of Experiment Stations, though it
has added to the facilities of its agricultural-education service, has
been unable to keep pace with the demands of the movement. To
mention only one publication prepared in the office, a Farmers’ Bulle-
tin on Boys’ and Girls’ Agricultural Clubs, first issued in February,
1910, had gone through an edition of 110,000 copies by the end of
June,

The agricultural colleges have nearly all had larger appropria-
tions than formerly, and many of them have added to their buildings
and other equipment, as well as to their teaching force, but in spite
of this they find their facilities inadequate. Particularly is this true
of their extension work and their teacher-training courses. Several
colleges on private foundations have added courses in agriculture
and others are preparing to do so as soon as they can get teachers.
The same is true of the State normal schools.

The number of secondary schools teaching agriculture has in-
creased rapidly, and the quality of agricultural teaching has im-
proved. Particularly is this true in schools receiving State aid for

315

316 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

agriculture, where wise supervision has secured good teachers and
suitable laboratory equipment and other illustrative material. A
report to the National Education Association showed that 36 colleges
and universities now accept a half unit or a unit of agriculture
toward entrance requirements. This is as it should be, for while
agriculture is taught in the secondary schools primarily for the boy
who is not going to college, there is no reason why the colleges
should hesitate or refuse to give credit for a subject now so widely
taught, if it be well taught.

The details from which this brief summary has been made will be
found in the following pages.

EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The educational work of the department continues to grow, and
the demands made upon it for speakers, literature, and advice relat-
ing to school work in agriculture have been larger than ever before.
As heretofore, the Office of Experiment Stations has represented the
department in its relations with educational institutions, but the
other bureaus and divisions have also done more than in former
years to extend the general development of facilities for instruction
in agriculture.

The work of the Weather Bureau school of instruction is described
as follows in the report of the chief of that bureau:

The work of instructing probationary appointees has continued along the lines
pursued during the previous year, except that more attention has been given to
map making, especially the making of stencil or milliograph maps.

By the time they have finished their course of preliminary instruction at the
central office the student observers have a fair idea of the method of handling
official correspondence, and a number of them are quite proficient in sending
and receiving telegraphic messages. Upon arriving at stations they are already
qualified to make maps, take observations, prepare meteorological forms, and
perform the various other station duties.

Thirty-six men received instruction during the past year, and all but eight
had been given station assignments at its close.

The work of the Bureau of Animal Industry with reference to
veterinary instruction in the United States was described in my last
report. Referring to that matter in his 1910 report the chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry says:

As stated in my last report, the courses of instruction in the various veteri-
nary colleges in the United States were investigated by two committees, and
certain recommendations as to requirements for admission to the civil-service
examination for veterinary positions in the bureau were approved by the Secre-
tary of Agriculture and the United States Civil Service Commission, to take
effect September 1, 1909. Most of the colleges have been disposed to meet the
requirements of the regulations in order that their graduates may be eligible
to the bureau service, and there has already been considerable improvement in

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 317
the courses and facilities at these colleges. The result is that not only is it

possible for the bureau to obtain men better educated and qualified for its
veterinary work, but the standard of veterinary education ia the United States

is being -elevated.

The Bureau of Plant Industry has continued both lines of educa-
tional work described in my last report. These are referred to in
the 1910 report of the chief of that bureau as follows:

School gardens.—The distribution of special collections of seeds for school-
garden purposes has been continued on a very much larger scale during the
past year than during any previous period. It has been possible to supplement
the distribution by an additional collection of economie seeds, including the
cereals, several important forage crops, fiber plants, and peanuts. The great
demand for material for illustrating economic geography led to the assembling
of this collection, which contains the 18 economic plants of greatest commercial
value in sufficient quantity to enable teachers to plant demonstration areas
illustrating the habit of growth of the crop, as well as to afford seed for
laboratory study.

In addition to the seed distribution, plans for a number of school grounds
offering instruction in agriculture have been provided. It is believed that this
work will accomplish much toward the development of a taste for beautifying
home grounds as well as public places, a taste which has too long remained
undeveloped in our American people. The educational value of a well-planned
school ground is not less than that of the instruction in the schoolroom, for it
teaches not only the pupils themselves, but every passer-by.

Boys’ clubs.—As previously stated, an increasing interest has been awakened ~
in the boys’ demonstration work carried on in cooperation with the publie
schools. The number of boys directly enrolled, as already referred to, now
exceeds 46,000. In the fall cf 1909 four winners of State prizes in the South
receiyed from private sources. as a part of their reward, a free trip to Wash-
ington, D. C., where they were presented with diplomas by the Secretary of
Agriculture as a reward of merit for their good work. This has resulted in a
similar prize of a trip to Washington being offered in every Southern State,
and great interest has been aroused in these friendly contests in the production
of corn. It is also noteworthy that in many places where the farmer can not
be reached primarily the department has been able to reach him by enlisting
his boy in the boys’ corn clubs. It has been found that one year’s experience
of the boy in the corn clubs has almost universally resulted in enlisting the
father as a demonstrator in better farming the next year, and this is true even
where the father had declined to cooperate before his son was enrolled in the
boys’ contest and had proved the value of the improved methods.

The forester reports as follows concerning the educational work
of the Forest Service:

Cooperation with schools and teachers was continued. Of 287 normal schools
in the United States, 144 now include in their curriculum some teaching relating
to forestry or tree study. By an arrangement entered into during the year,
this cooperation is now conducted by the Forest Service jointly with and under
the general supervision of the Ottice of Experiment Stations of the Department
of Agriculture, since all work of the department related to agricultural education |
in the public schools is centered in that office. The Office of Experiment Stations |
is responsible for the general policy and methods of the work, while the Forest
Service is responsible for the accuracy and sufficiency of the material from the!
standpoint of forestry.

318 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Members of the staff of the Office of Public Roads gave 523 lec-
tures, addresses, and papers in 28 States and the District of Columbia.
With reference to the instruction in highway engineering given by
the office, the director reports as follows:

The plan of appointing graduates of the leading engineering institutions to
the position of civil engineer student in this office has been continued through-
out the fiscal year along the lines previously followed. An examination was
held March 9-10, 1910, under the auspices of the Civil Service Commission, and
an eligible register established from which seven engineer students were ap-
pointed during the fiscal year 1910.

As evidence of the demand for competent highway engineers throughout the
country, and the extent to which the engineers of this office are being utilized
to meet this demand, it may be stated that during the past fiscal year eight
engineers have resigned from the service to take up road work in various parts
of the country.

The Secretary of Agriculture in his annual report for 1910 states
that the publication work of the department exceeded that of any
previous year, comprising 1,982 different bulletins, circulars, and re-
ports, of which 25,160,469 copies were printed for distribution to
farmers in every section of the United States. This was an increase
of 463 per cent in the number of publications issued and 41 per cent
in the number of copies distributed. Continuing he says:

The demand for these bulletins from educational institutions is increasing
and is far in excess of the department’s ability to supply. On account of the
elementary character of the bulletins they are considered suitable for text-
books in schools of all grades, and such use of the information acquired by the
department should be encouraged. The inevitable result would be a tendency
to increase interest in agriculture in the minds of the young, which would influ-
ence them to remain on the farm. With the present appropriation, however,
it is not possible to fully comply with requests received from this source.

The librarian of the department attended an important conference
of the American Library Association at Mackinac Island, June 30
to July 7, 1910, at which two sessions of the Agricultural Libraries
Round Table represented the first attempt to bring together libra-
rians of agricultural libraries and those interested in agricultural
literature for the discussion of their special problems. The librarian
reports the following topics considered by the round table: (1)
Agricultural libraries; (2) traveling libraries for farmers; (8) agri-
cultural collections in public libraries; (4) agricultural literature in
the reference library; (5) instruction of students in the use of agri-
cultural and scientific literature; (6) relation of the experiment sta-
tion library to the college library; (7) guides to recent agricultural
literature; (8) classification of agricultural literature; (9) indexing
agricultural literature; and (10) agricultural periodicals, their selec-
tion and preservation. The sessions were well attended, and the
papers and discussions were interesting and helpful. At the close of

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 819

the meeting it was voted that the officers of the American Library
Association be communicated with in regard to forming a permanent
agricultural libraries section.

EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

While the work of the Office of Experiment Stations in relation to
agricultural colleges and schools was continued under the same gen-
eral plan as in former years, the employment of an assistant in agri-
cultural education throughout the year made it possible to complete
several standing projects and undertake some new work. In this way
gratifying progress was made in the preparation of publications for
the use of teachers and in the study of some of the many problems
arising in connection with the rapidly developing movement for in-
struction in agriculture. The astounding rapidity of this develop-
ment was shown in a summary published in May, 1910, which showed
that during the nineteen months preceding the number of institu-
tions in the United States giving instruction in agriculture had in-
creased from 545 to 875, or more than 60 per cent.

This increase in the facilities for agricultural education occurred
largely among the secondary institutions—the agricultural high
schools and the public and private high schools and academies, of
which there were 630 with students in agriculture, not including nor-
mal schools and other institutions conducting teacher-training courses
in agriculture, of which there were 214. Thirty of these latter were
agricultural colleges for white students.

Such developments among the institutions that look to the agricul-
tural education service of this office for publications and for advice
concerning teachers, courses of study, equipment, methods of instruc-
tion, and in general the relation of their work to the practical prob-
lems involved in agricultural production and the satisfactory develop-
ment of home and social life in rural communities have naturally re-
sulted in very heavy demands upon this service, so that while a much
larger volume of work has been done in the past year, it has not dif-
fered in kind very materially from that of former years.

There has been, as formerly, clearing-house work for these institu-
tions, cooperation with them and with associations representing their
interests, and expert services in connection with the inauguration of
new agricultural educational institutions, courses, and projects. In
this work the specialist in agricultural education has been aided by
F. W. Howe, assistant in agricultural education; Miss M. T. Speth-
mann, in charge of statistics and the review of foreign literature on
agricultural education, and Miss M. A. Agnew, in charge of the card
directory of teachers and investigators in agriculture and of the or-
ganization lists of agricultural colleges and experiment stations.

320 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
RELATION TO AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS.

In addition to the regular editorial work of the agricultural educa-
tion service in connection with the department of agricultural educa-
tion in the Experiment Station Record, which involved the review
of more than 3,000 American and foreign publications and the
preparation of the annual organization lists, statistics. review of
progress in agricultural education, and lists of education publications
and institutions, the service has published special bulletins and
circulars concerning secondary agricultural education, boys’ and
girls’ agricultural clubs, forestry in nature study, normal-school in-
struction in agriculture, and testing seed corn in school, and has
submitted for publication manuscripts dealing with a secondary
course in animal production, school exercises in plant production,
and school lessons on corn. One of the most helpful circulars issued
was that giving a classified list of the free publications of the depart-
ment which are suitable for the use of teachers of agriculture, home
economics, botany, chemistry, and other sciences.

Studies of American and foreign schools in which agriculture
is taught have been continued. The educational exhibit of this
office which was prepared for the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition
at. Seattle has been sent to Argentina for exhibition at the Inter-
national Agricultural Exposition at Buenos Aires. The card index
relating to the American schools now contains over 6,000 cards.
The card directory of American teachers and investigators in agri-
culture has undergone its annual revision and now contains about
2,100 names. In connection with the directory, a list of applicants
for positions and a list of vacancies in institutions are kept closely
up to date. The directory and these lists facilitate greatly the large
correspondence of the office regarding the personnel of the institu-
tions concerned.

Educational work in cooperation with the Association of American
Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations has been continued.
The director of this office has continued to act as bibliographer of the
association, as chairman of its committees on instruction in agri-
culture and on the history of agricultural education, and was dean
of the Graduate School of Agriculture, the fourth session of which
was held at Ames, Iowa, during July, 1910. The specialist in agri-
cultural education, as secretary of the association committee, has
recently submitted for publication a secondary course in animal
production, which was prepared for the committee by Prof. H. R.
Smith, of the University of Nebraska.

The specialist in agricultural education and his assistant have
attended many conferences and large educational gatherings and have
assisted school officers and teachers in many ways through corre-

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. oor

spondence and personal advice. The office has also occasionally sent
out other members of its staff and specialists from other bureaus
to address educational gatherings and to assist agricultural schools
along their lines of specialization, and would employ this very
effective method more freely if funds for travel were available.
Cooperation with other bureaus of the department has also taken
form in the preparation of educational bulletins and circulars. One
circular prepared in the Forest Service has been published, and a
bulletin on rural school consolidation, prepared by a special agent
of the Bureau of Statistics, has recently come from the press.
Cooperation along these and other similar lines might well be ex-
tended with resulting great benefit to the colleges and schools that
are endeavoring to carry in an effective way to the people living
upon the land the results of investigation on the part of this depart-
ment and the State agricultural experiment stations.

RELATION TO FOREIGN INSTITUTIONS.

AFRICA.

Considerable progress was made in the introduction of agricultural
schools and special features of agricultural instruction in several of
the countries of Africa. In British West Africa an agricultural
school and farm was established at Abuko. This institution is sub-
sidized by the Government and managed by the Roman Catholic
mission. The buildings, which include a dwelling for those in charge
of the school and a school building with boys’ dormitory attached,
have been completed, and some experiments with cacao, coffee, kola
nuts, and other products have been started. The pupils spend two
hours a day in the classroom and the remainder of the time in the
experimental garden and on the farm under the direction of the
instructors.

In Egypt the director general of the Department of Agriculture
and Technical Education has planned, built, and equipped eight trade
agricultural and horticultural schools, each adapted to the special
needs of its locality. School buildings in other localities are in
process of construction. Most of the expenses have been met by
voluntary contribution by the people in the Provinces. The applica-
tions for admission to the five schools completed in 1908 exceeded
2,000.

A farm school for girls has been established under the direction of
Frau Helene v. Falkenhausen, at Brakwater farm, near Windhuk, in
German southwest Africa. The purpose of the school is to give edu-
cated young girls the necessary training for colonial life in house and
farm management with supplementary instruction in animal hus-
bandry and poultry culture.

91866°—11——21

322 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

In Sierra Leone the late S. B. Thomas bequeathed the sum of $291,600
(£60,000) for the endowment of an agricultural college at Mabang.
The Government of Sierra Leone will cooperate in the management
of the college, the director of agriculture occupying a professorial
chair and the Government supplying three scholarships of $243 each
per annum for three years.

ARGENTINA.

The year 1909 was the first full year of the working of the new
program of agricultural education started in 1908, and it is stated
that the success of the enterprise has been marked. The existing
schools are not sufficient to meet the demands of many young men
who wish to study agriculture. The work of the different schools is
localized to a considerable extent, e. g., Tucuman has its sugar school
and Mendoza its wine-making school.

A new higher normal school has been established at Buenos Aires,
with a three-year course for graduates of other normal schools or
those who have completed similar studies. There is also a decree
establishing rural normal schools in seven of the rural Provinces.

AUSTRALIA.

In New South Wales arrangements have been completed for the
dairy instructors of the Department of Agriculture to give practical
lessons in the testing of milk and cream to farmers’ children attend-
ing the public schools in several different centers of the coastal region.
At the conclusion of the course the pupils will be expected to take an
examination to determine whether they have thoroughly mastered
the principles of milk testing.

A number of dairy schools for factory managers have been held in
different parts of the Province, the first at the Berry butter factory,
the second at Lismore, and the third at Tamworth. At these schools
there were daily lectures covering the manufacture of butter from a
scientific standpoint, cream grading, cream and milk testing, the
value of bacteriological tests to the manufacturer, etc.

In Queensland there is no agricultural instruction directly con-
nected with the education department, but the Government provides
a small grant for the encouragement of agriculture, horticulture, and
kindred subjects in the State schools, while experts from the State
college and farms periodically visit the schools in which elementary
agriculture is taught and give instruction to teachers and pupils. In
this and other ways a large number of teachers have secured a prac-
tical knowledge of milk and cream testing, and the subject is now reg-
ularly included in the program of instruction in several of the dairy
districts.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 323

The Government of South Australia has recently purchased 1,600
acres of land for the purpose of encouraging and demonstrating the
best methods in dairy farming. A Government dairy expert will be
placed in charge of the farm, and a dairy herd consisting of Jerseys,
Shorthorns, Red Polls, Ayrshires, and Guernseys will be used for
demonstration and instruction purposes. It is expected that stu-
dents will be received and given instruction in all phases of dairy
husbandry.

Victoria reports an interesting experiment in the reformatory treat-
ment of boys from the neglected children’s department by giving
them a course in viticulture and general agriculture in the buildings
and on the farms of the Viticultural College at Rutherglen. The
boys are received at the age of 14 and held until they are 18. They
are thoroughly trained in general farm work, dairying, and viticul-
ture, as well as along general educational lines.

In one district of Victoria (Kast Gippsland) agriculture is now
taught as the science course in 55 of the public schools, about 50 of
these undertaking the work for the first time in 1909, and in most
cases the work was considered very successful. The agricultural
instruction is illustrated fully by a series of experiments in which the
children’s powers of observation and reasoning are carefully and_
systematically cultivated.

The University of Melbourne has inaugurated a course in agri-
culture, with W. A. Osborne, formerly professor of physiology, as
dean of the faculty of agriculture.

BELGIUM.

An enactment signed by the King of Belgium November 9, 1909,
establishes a special department of horticulture in that country.
The councilors in whose hands the work of organizing the department
has been placed are Messrs. E. de Meyer, E. Henriouille, and L.
Joosens. This is believed to be the first definite department devoted
exclusively to the interests of horticulture ever organized.

According to a recent report the number of clubs for farmers’
wives in Belgium, which were first organized in 1906, increased from
36 in 1908 to 65 in 1909, and the attendance from 3,931 to 6,162.

BRAZIL.

A bureau of agricultural inspection has been organized in Brazil,
which ‘s to make a special study of agricultural conditions in that
country, with a view to suggesting opportunities for improvement.
It will have charge of the work of collecting and disseminating
useful information among the farmers, promoting the introduction

324 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

of new crops or the extension of those already under culture, com-
piling statistics in agriculture and animal husbandry, making crop
estimates, and inspecting the agricultural schools and experiment
stations. For the purpose of carrying out its work the country
will be divided into 12 districts, with an inspector in charge of each.

BRITISH ISLANDS.

In accordance with the recommendations of the special committee
appointed by the president of the Board of Agriculture and Fish-
eries (Progress in Agricultural Education, 1909, p. 258), the rela-
tions between the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and the Board
of Education with reference to the promotion of agricultural educa-
tion in England and Wales have been defined by a “ memorandum
of arrangements” between these departments. According to the
terms of this memorandum, the purpose of which is to prevent over-
lapping or duplication of work in agricultural education, the Board
of Agriculture and Fisheries will hereafter distribute all grants to
institutions giving instruction to students in advanced courses in
agriculture and to institutions restricted to one special phase of the
subject, such as forestry, dairying, cider making, the main purpose
of which is to prepare competent instructors in that phase of agri-
cultural work, and the Board of Education will distribute all grants
in aid of other forms of agricultural education. In the case of farm
schools having farms and experiment stations in connection with
them, the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries will render the nec-
essary Government supervision and aid for the farms and stations,
and the Board of Education that for the educational work of these
schools. To aid in correlating the work of the two boards an inter-
departmental committee has been provided for, to consist of respon-
sible officers of the boards, who will consider all questions in which
the two boards are mutually interested.

The conditions relating to agricultural research in England have
been greatly improved by the law known as the “ development and
road improvement funds act ” of 1909. This act empowers the Treas-
ury, upon recommendation of the commissioners appointed under it,
to “make advances to a Government department, or through a Gov-
ernment department to a public authority, university, college, school,
or institution, or an association of persons or company not trading
for profit,” for the following purposes, among others: “Aiding and
developing agriculture and rural industries by promoting scientific re-
search, instruction, and experiments in the science, methods, and prac-
tice of agriculture.” Every application for an advance other than
from a Government department is to be sent “ by the Treasury to the
Government department concerned, to be by them referred, together

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. g2D

with their report thereon, to the development commissioners.” To
enable the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries to deal effectively with
applications coming under its jurisdiction, an advisory committee on
agricultural science has been appointed, which will submit reports on
application to the board.

According to a report issued in 1910 the grants awarded by the
Board of Agriculture and Fisheries for agricultural instruction in
England and Wales amounted in 1908-9 to $58,320 and in 1909-10 to
$59,778. There were also special grants for experimentation and
research amounting in 1908-9 to $4,423 and in 1909-10 to $2,916.
Grants for experimentation have been given for a number of years,
but not until 1908-9 was there any grant to an institution for research
work—a grant of $972 to the University of Cambridge for cereal-
breeding investigations.

It is announced that a well-known firm of shipping agents in Lon-
don has established Craig Wood Lodge colonial training farm at
Horsted Keynes, Sussex County, England, for the purpose of test-
ing the capacity and fitness of young men wishing to go to the
colonies. The farm comprises 20 acres and is said to be well equipped
with live stock, poultry, fruit, kitchen garden, etc. At present there
are accommodations for 15 pupils. The instruction is entirely prac-
tical, covering the elements of mixed and dairy farming. The course
extends over two months, and if at the end of that time the pupil is
found adapted to colonial farming the firm undertakes to place him
with a reliable farmer in Canada or Australia.

The new building of the school of agriculture at Cambridge Uni-
versity was formally opened April 26, 1910, by the Duke of Devon-
shire. The building is an imposing three-story structure in addition
to the basement and attic, and contains three lecture rooms, two large
elementary laboratories for chemistry and botany, smaller rooms for
private research, and a library and offices. The cost of the building
was about $100,000. It was designed to accommodate 100 students,
but is already barely adequate for the needs of the work.

According to the ninth annual general report of the Department
of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, there was an
increase in the number of itinerant instructors in agriculture, horti-
culture, beekeeping, poultry keeping, butter making, rural domestic
economy, and other subjects, and an increased attendance at the
winter agricultural classes, the schools of rural domestic economy,
and the summer courses for teachers held in July and August at
various institutions.

BRITISH WEST INDIES.

Arrangements have been made in Antigua and St. Kitts for coop-
eration between the public grammar schools and the botanical and

326 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

agricultural experiment stations for the education of a limited num-
ber of boys who in the last year or two years of their grammar-school
work may spend a large part of their time at the stations. This work
at the stations is regarded in the nature of a scholarship. As the boy
progresses in his work he may be placed in charge of some section
and may be paid a small amount, although it is definitely understood
that this payment is not to be regarded as wages. All this time,
however, he is definitely connected with the grammar school and is
carrying on a part of his work there. It is expected that this will
prepare young men to take up responsible work as overseers of
estates.

According to the report of the instruction in school gardens in
Jamaica, interest in this form of agricultural instruction is rapidly
extending. In 1909-10 about 24,000 children were taught something
about agriculture through the means of these gardens.

Toward the close of 1909 the buildings formerly used for an indus-
trial school at Hope, Jamaica, were remodeled and a farm school was
established in them. Provision was made for 25 resident students
and suitable shelter was provided for sheep, pigs, and other farm
animals and poultry.

The board of education in Granada pays special bonuses to teach-
ers for instruction in practical agriculture and for instruction in
sanitation and hygiene. The efficiency of the instruction in these
subjects is determined by examination of students conducted by the
board.

In Trinidad practical agriculture is now taught in nearly all boys’
schools and coeducational schools. Omitting 9 schools for girls, 3
kindergarten schools, and 9 others whose teachers being women nat-
urally attract a preponderance of girls, of the remaining 219 schools,
910 give instruction in agriculture. The instruction consists of school
garden work and nature study, and in several schools simple experi-
ments in plant culture, composting, nursery work, and seed germina-
tion. Agriculture is a compulsory subject in the annual examination
of teachers. Thirty teachers in elementary schools received instruc-
tion in agriculture during the year.

CANADA.

A royal commission on industrial training and technical educa-
tion for the Dominion of Canada has been appointed, with Dr. James
W. Robertson, formerly principal of Macdonald College, as its chair-
man. This commission is engaged in a study of agricultural and
other industrial, as well as educational, conditions in foreign coun-
tries, with a view of obtaining information that will be of value in
developing agricultural education and in conserving Canada’s na-
tional resources.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 327

The University of Alberta, at Strathcona, has accepted plans for
a building 230 feet long by 70 feet wide, with wings on the north
and south ends 110 by 30 feet. It is not expected that the building
will be completed inside of three years, and the cost is estimated
~ at approximately $500,000.

At the last meeting of the university senate the report of the execu-
tive committee regarding the organization of the agricultural college
recommended the establishment of the following departments:
Animal husbandry, agronomy, dairying, agricultural engineering,
bacteriology, and veterinary science. In addition the departments
of chemistry, biology, and geology will be common to the faculties
of both arts and agriculture. It was decided to proceed with the
organization of the agricultural faculty along the three following
lines: (1) By the completion of the establishment of the agricultural
faculty within the university at the earliest possible date; (2) by
the establishment of a system of permanent secondary schools in
connection with demonstration farms in those sections of the Province
not coming within the immediate scope of the college itself; and (3)
by the development of a department of extension teaching. The
university work will not be confined to teaching, but will include re-
search work in connection with the various agricultural problems
of the Province.

In Saskatchewan last year about 160 agricultural meetings were
held under the auspices of the agricultural department, and it is
expected that this number will be greatly increased the coming year.

The Manitoba Agricultural College has established a department
of household science to be under the direction of Miss A. B. Juniper,
_ formerly dean of the school of household science in Macdonald
College.

In Ontario the work of the agricultural teachers, who are also
scientific advisers to farmers in the vicinity of the public high schools
in which they teach, was so successful that three more such teachers
have been appointed.

A school of forestry has been established in connection with the
University of Laval at Montreal. The course is open to college stu-
dents having a bachelor’s degree, and extends over two vears.

CHINA.

An agricultural school has been started by the Government officials -
at Mukden, Manchuria. The school has 300 acres of land and an
annual appropriation of $150,000 for maintenance. KE. C. Parker
and W. H. Tomhave, of the University of Minnesota, were engaged
to inaugurate the agricultural work.

The German-Chinese High School at Tsingtau at the beginning of
February, 1910, had 102 students in its various agricultural and for-

828 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

estry courses. This school is maintained jointly by the German and
Chinese Governments, the latter having appropriated $9,250 for
equipment and a like amount annually for 10 years for maintenance.
There are both Chinese and European instructors.

COLOMBIA.

By official decree, five additional normal schools have been estab-
lished. The curriculum prescribed for these normal schools includes,
among other subjects, the principles of agriculture.

FINLAND.

Training schools in agricultural cooperation have been organized
in Finland. Six such schools were recently held for the purpose of
giving instruction to the members of the smaller cooperative societies
relating to cooperative law, consumers’ societies, cooperative dairies,
credit banks, and cooperative purchasing societies.

FRANCE.

Partly as a result of the influence of a special report to the French
minister of agriculture by Prof. Henry, of the National School of
Horticulture at Versailles, on special instruction for farmers’ daugh-
ters, quite a number of French departments are now maintaining
traveling domestic-science schools. In December, 1909, there were
10 such schools. The principal subjects taught include hygiene, do-
mestic economy, child study, morals, agricultural dairying, animal
hygiene, poultry culture, beekeeping, and farm and home accounts.

Encouragement is also being given in some of the departments for
elementary agriculture and domestic science in the schools. In three
departments in 1909-10 cash prizes of $96.50 were offered to the
teachers who gave their pupils the best instruction in domestic science.

An agricultural institute has been established in connection with
the University of Toulouse.

GERMANY.

Several of the German States are giving considerable attention to
cooperation among farmers, itinerant instruction in agriculture, and
instruction in gardening for women. The German Imperial Union
of Agricultural Cooperatives conducts an agricultural cooperative
school at Darmstadt each winter, the course including a general sur-
vey of the present status of cooperation in Germany, the cooperative
sale of dairy cattle and milk, information resulting from cooperative
inspection, cause and effect of lessons to be derived from the last
financial crisis, and agricultural cooperation in the German colonies.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 329

The German Agricultural Society conducts every three years a
course for itinerant agricultural instructors. The course held March
31 to April 6, 1910, at Eisenach, was attended by 350 instructors. At
each session a special subject is considered. The 1910 session took up
the subject of rural economy in its various branches, such as farm
management, the present status of rural economics, rural continuation
schools, and agricultural instruction in the army.

The minister of agriculture has decided to encourage women to take
up gardening as a profession and has arranged that the horticultural
institutes at Geisenheim, Proskau, and Dahlem shall admit women
not only to the courses of instruction, which they have done hereto-
fore, but also to the final examinations. Somewhat along similar lines
the horticultural institute at Geutlingen has established courses in
fruit utilization for girls. A dairy school for women has been estab-
lished at Strausland.

Another phase of instruction in fruit utilization is that given in
canning and preserving by the institutes of gardeners and orchardists
at Dahlem, Geisenheim, Proskau, Oranienberg, and Oberzwehren.
The instruction in these institutes goes into such matters as the manu-
facture of canned goods and preserves, fruit juices, wines, jellies,
kraut, marmalades, jams, and pickles, and also the essential facts in
connection with the selection and cultivation of vegetables and fruits
for manufacturing into these products. Other matters which are
considered are the causes of spoilage and their remedies, the princi-
ples of buying and storing raw materials, and the storing, packing,
transportation, and sale of the products.

INDIA.

The Tropical Agriculturist and Magazine of the Ceylon Agricul-
tural Society for October, 1909, announces the completion and dedi-
cation of the agricultural college at Coimbatore, which was authorized
by the Government of India in 1905. A farm of 450 acres has been
under cultivation during the past two years, and 20 students were
admitted in June of this year. The course of training extends
through three years and includes theoretical and practical instruction
in general agriculture, entomology, agricultural engineering, vet-
erinary science, and kindred subjects, with special provision for
research investigations. The present staff consists of an expert agri-
culturist, a botanist, and an agricultural chemist, and eventually will
include an entomologist and mycologist.

The new agricultural college at Lyallpur, Punjab, was opened Sep-
tember 1, 1910, with a class of 16 students, which were all that could
be accommodated at the time. There were 574 applications for ad-
mission,

330 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,
JAPAN.

Higher schools of agriculture and horticulture were opened in Sep-
tember, 1909, at Chiba and Kagoshima. These schools offer three-
year theoretical and practical courses which articulate with the
courses in the lower schools, i. e., the middle school of five years which
is preceded by the primary school of six years.

MEXICO.

There has been notable progress recently in the development of

agricultural interests in the Department of the Promotion of Public
Works. What was formerly the division of agriculture has been
organized into a bureau of agriculture in charge of a director general
of agriculture. The bureau consists of five divisions: (1) Agricul-
tural education, agricultural experiments, plant diseases, and animal
industry; (2) agricultural propagation; (8) rural economics and
agricultural statistics; (4) forestry, and (5) biological investigations.
Each division is in charge of a chief. As in the United States, the
Federal departments in Mexico can regulate educational affairs only
in Federal territory. There is a Federal law requiring that elemen-
tary agriculture be taught in all of the primary schools of Federal
districts and territories in accordance with regulations promulgated
by the department of public instruction. Secondary agricultural
instruction will be given in the local agricultural schools in connec-
tion with experiment stations, which are or will be established in the
States and Territories and will be under the direction of the Depart-
ment of the Promotion of Public Works. Higher agricultural
instruction is given in the National School of Agriculture and Veteri-
nary Science. The secretary of the promotion of public works is
authorized to give subsidies to public and private institutions giving
instruction in agriculture, and the curricula of such institutions are
subject to the approval of the secretary. The plans of the new
bureau of agriculture include short courses in agriculture at the
National School of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, and also at
the experiment stations and at other agricultural centers. Traveling
instructors will be employed.
' A Federal school of forestry was opened in June, 1909, at a point
about 15 miles west of the City of Mexico, and a private school of
agriculture was established near Villa de Tanhuato de Guerrero by
Senora Serrano, who contributed about $120,000 (Mexican) for the
erection of a building for the purpose.

ROUMANIA.

In order to encourage agricultural instruction in Roumania the
Department of Public Instruction has decided to reduce the military

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 331

service of former pupils of elementary agricultural schools to one
year. This advantage will also be given to young men who can pass
an examination equivalent to one year’s work in agriculture in these
schools.

WEST INDIES.

An estimate was included in the Cuban budget for 1910-11 of
$112,200 for the maintenance of the six agricultural schools author-
ized for the several Provinces by an act passed July 12, 1909.

Under a law recently signed by President Caceres, a general board
of agriculture and immigration was established in Santo Domingo.
This board will have supervision of all schools of agriculture, both
public and private. An agricultural laboratory and an experiment
station are contemplated, and the more general dissemination of
agricultural literature is to be taken up.

EDUCATIONAL WORK OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRI-
CULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The twenty-third annual convention of the association was held
at Portland, Oreg., August 18-20, 1909. The report of the executive
committee called attention to the importance of more general sup-
port of the Graduate School of Agriculture. In reply to an inquiry
as to whether the pension of a professor partly engaged in research
work would be based on his whole salary or only on the part which
he receives for teaching, President Pritchett, of the Carnegie Foun-
dation, stated to the committee that in his judgment—
the trustees of the foundation would never make any discrimination in such
eases so long as the professor concerned did a certain amount of teaching.

In his report as bibliographer, A. C. True, of this office, discussed
the station library and its use. He pointed out the need in many
cases of more systematic attention to the library and bibliographical
work, and urged that the station should have, if possible, the services
of some person trained in library and bibliographical matters who
may give his time and energy quite fully to the special requirements
of the station along these lines. In addition to the collection, safe-
guarding, filing, and general care of the documents and publications
bearing on the work of the stations—
the station investigations may be greatly aided and promoted by having some
person who can assist in looking up references, in making excerpts, and in
making and taking care of indexes and doing bibliographical work of a miscel-
laneous character. * * * To cover this work the stations do not need a
librarian simply, in the ordinary acceptation of the term, but rather what may
be called a bibliographical aid, some one who has some scientific knowledge
and who is properly trained so as to give efficient aid in bibliographical
matters to the station staff.

332 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The committee on graduate study reported progress in the organi-
zation of the next Graduate School of Agriculture, which was
held at Iowa State College at Ames, with A. C. True of this office as
dean. A plea was made for more general subscription for the sup-
port of the school.

The report of the committee on instruction in agriculture, pre-
sented by A. C. True, briefly referred to a proposed outline of courses
in animal husbandry and dairying. Dr. True also presented a brief
report for the committee on history of agricultural education, embody-
ing certain data regarding the early development of agricultural edu-
cation in Illinois, Michigan, New York, and South Carolina.

The following resolution, originating in the college section, was
adopted by the association:

That it is the sense of this association that the national laws which constitute
the charter of the land-grant colleges distinctly prescribe work of collegiate
grade in agriculture and the mechanic arts, including engineering in all its
branches, and the science related to the industries, irrespective of whether the
colleges are established separately or as parts of universities.

An. interesting discussion of the important subject of agricultural
education in secondary schools was opened by Dr. True, in a paper in
which he reviewed the present status of the subject, classified the in-
stitutions giving secondary instruction in agriculture, and suggested
ways in which such instruction could be developed in harmony with
the present educational systems of the country. He summed up his
views of what he considered perhaps ideal conditions as follows:

Agriculture, including horticulture and forestry, should be a regular part of
public secondary education; second, the unity of our educational system should
be maintained, but there should be sufficient elasticity of curriculum to meet
the various needs of our people; third, the standard of the curriculum of
secondary schools haying agricultural courses should conform in a general way
to those adopted for the general school system of the State; fourth, the stand-
ard agricultural courses, whether in the ordinary high schools or in special
schools, should not be narrowly vocational, but should aim to fit the pupils for
life as progressive, broad-minded, and intelligent men and women, citizens and
home makers, as well as farmers and horticulturists.

Some disapproval of separate and distinct agricultural high schools
was expressed in the general discussion which followed, but there
seemed to be quite general agreement that in any case the agricultural
instruction should be carefully coordinated with the existing educa-
tional systems. L. H. Bailey, of New York, thought that in the dis-
cussion of this subject a clear distinction should be made between
what is strictly secondary instruction and what is merely special
training. The importance of separate agricultural high schools as
finishing or vocational schools, and as a means of training teachers
of agriculture for the elementary schools, was also brought out in
the course of the discussion. The general views expressed in Dr.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. ee

True’s paper were indorsed by formal vote of the convention, and the
advance publication of the paper was requested.*

An address was delivered by L. H. Bailey, of New York, on The
Better Preparation of Men for College and Station Work. The sub-
ject was discussed from the fourfold standpoint of the necessity of
(1) developing a spirit of scientific inquiry, (2) letting one’s work
propagate itself, (3) developing an incentive of self-help in one’s
constituency, and (4) insisting on a certain kind of preparation in the
college. The necessity for a broad educational foundation was em-
phasized with special force, and too early or narrow specialization
was strongly deprecated. The need of greater facilities than are now
available for the broad and thorough postgraduate training of
specialists was pointed out. The attitude of the investigator or in-
structor toward his work was considered “ just as important as the
work itself,” and it was urged that no person can be considered pre-
pared for college or station work who does not possess the scientific
spirit. “We may well rest content that our work will propagate
itself if the work is well done and enthusiastically presented.” The
best work for State or National constituency is that which inspires
that constituency to help itself.

Prof. Bailey thought that only maturer and more experienced
men should be put in full charge of very responsible work and that
more time should be given to the training of persons for such work.
The equivalent of a good high-school training, a regular four-year
college course, and a thorough postgraduate training, leading first
to a master’s degree and ultimately to a doctor’s degree, was con-
sidered necessary. “In order that a postgraduate degree may mean
something, it is important not only that the postgraduate work itself
is good, but that only those persons be allowed to candidacy who
give evidence of being intelligently able to pursue the work with
satisfaction.”

The report of the committee on extension work, presented by K. L.
Butterfield, of Massachusetts, advocated the formation of a new
section of the association on extension work, a Federal appropriation
to the States and to the United States Department of Agriculture
for extension work, the franking privilege for extension publica-
tions, and the organization of separate extension departments by
the land-grant colleges. At a later session of the convention the
recommendation with reference to amendment of the constitution
to provide for a section on extension work was taken up, and after
discussion was adopted by formal vote. This amendment provides
for “a section on extension work composed of directors or super-
intendents of extension departments in the institutions in this

1U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Cire. 91.

334 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

association, or the representatives of such departments duly and
specifically accredited to this section.” The other recommendations
of the committee were approved.

The report of the committee on station organization and policy
was confined to a consideration of methods of dissemination of the
results of station investigations and dealt with the questions of im-
proving present means of publication and of securing a common
medium of publishing the results of station research work. In the
opinion of the committee, “every legitimate effort should be made
to aid the agricultural press in presenting the station work to the
people at large in a popular form. To this end, abstracts of bulle-
tins should be furnished to the press and also illustrative material
by way of cuts, charts, etc.” The committee also advocated greater
attention to the organization of cooperative and demonstration work
and recommended that short normal courses be held at the colleges
or independent stations prior to the beginning of the farmers’ insti-
tute season.

The report expressed the opinion that the bulletins should be con-
fined to the results of research and a general description of the work,
should bear the date of publication, and should be paged continu-
ously throughout a given volume, each volume to have a table of con-
tents, title-page, and complete index, so printed that they can be easily
removed and placed in proper position without cutting to single
pages. Electrotyping was advocated, to permit of reprints.

All publications dealing with inspection work of whatever kind should be pub-
lished under a series known as official inspections. * * * The annual re-
port, if merely embracing the financial statements and a brief summary of the
work of the year, should be issued as a bulletin. If it is of large size and is
made a repository of matter of permanent value, it should have its own table of
contents, title-page, and index.

The committee strongly advocated the establishment of a journal
of agricultural research and outlined in considerable detail a plan
for the management and maintenance of such an organ. This plan
was indorsed by the association and the matter was placed in charge
of the executive committee, with authority to act.

A report of the committee on affiliation of agricultural organiza-
tions was presented by H. J. Waters, chairman. The report favored
affiliation and indorsed the resolution of the Society for the Promo-
tion of Agricultural Science, inviting the affiliation of several agri-
cultural organizations and outlining a basis for such affiliation. The
proposed plan insures the full autonomy of the separate societies, but
provides for a representative council, affiliated meetings just preced-
ing those of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations, and an annual report by the council.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 335

In the section on college work and administration the following
topics were discussed: (1) The distinctive work of the land-grant
colleges—their function, scope, and organization; (2) Entrance
requirements and standards for land-grant colleges; (3) Function
of land-grant colleges; and (4) How can the agricultural colleges
best serve the farmers in solving rural problems?

The first topic was presented in a paper by A. B. Storms. He
believed that the independently established colleges were more dis-
tinctly typical of the norm contemplated in the original Morrill law
than those established in connection with State universities, and that
there are good pedagogic and administrative reasons for maintain-
ing them as separate institutions. In reference to organization he
favored a strong organic unity of all the college departments as
against a degree of independence that encourages “ department
provincialism.” The ability of men, especially of the heads of
coordinate departments, to work and fit with other men without fric-
tion was emphasized as a necessary requisite in the working com-
promise that must always be made between technical and administra-
tive efficiency. The speaker deprecated the zeal for large enrollments
at the expense of entrance requirements sufficiently advanced to insure
thorough college work, and he believed that the land-grant colleges
could not consistently do less than to insist upon four years of
approved high-school work as a condition of entrance,

The discussion of this paper was led by E. A. Bryan and Howard
Edwards. The former emphasized the fact that the entire group of
separate land-grant colleges and land-grant departments of State uni-
versities together constitute the basis of a national system of educa-
tion. He believed this solidarity of interests should be fostered
among the institutions represented in the association and cautioned
against a too narrow conception of the scope of education contem-
plated in the land-grant acts. For example, the teaching of agricul-
ture in all productive lines is much further advanced than is the
teaching of methods for distributing and marketing farm products in
an economic way.

President Edwards’s contribution to this discussion was mainly
directed to the formulation of an answer to the question which had
been asked him by the president of the Carnegie Foundation: What
is the definite function of the separate agricultural colleges? He
called attention to the more restrictive language of the act of 1890 as
compared with that of 1862, and proposed a resolution designed to
express the understanding of the association on the subject of the
question (see p. 332).

President Butterfield raised a question concerning the proper place
for college-extension work and its director in the functions of the

336 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

college. President Storms held that the head of each main depart-
ment of the college should have general oversight of the instructional,
research, and extension work of his department, each of these phases
being more particularly in the hands of an assistant, and that the
general director of the extension department should cooperate with
the other department heads and their subordinate assistants in charge
of extension work.

The entrance requirements and standards for land-grant colleges
was presented in a paper by J. L. Snyder. He believed that entrance
requirements were purely a local problem, dependent in each State
upon the advancement of the secondary schools within reach of the
people; but that graduation requirements should be practically uni-
form in all the colleges and in keeping with traditional understand-
ings in regard to the worth of academic degrees. The speaker par-
ticularly deprecated the tendency to alter land-grant college entrance
requirements in order to meet the conditions of pension benefits on
the Carnegie Foundation.

As the public educational system develops in each State standards for col-
lege entrance will advance. They should be sufficiently high to serve as a
stimulus to secondary schools, but not so far advanced as to create a gap
between the public-school system and institutions of higher learning.

W. E. Stone heartily indorsed the main features of this paper and
emphasized further the view that the high schools of a State have an
independent duty toward their constituencies as finishing schools for
those who do not go on to college. He believed that “ the colleges
should adjust their requirements to what is proper for the high
schools to do.”

President MacLean emphasized the necessity of frequent readjust-
ment between the school, whether secondary or collegiate, and its
constituency. The uniformity which has become almost standard
throughout the country must be tempered with a variable content in
the curriculum which is specially adapted to local conditions.

Under the third topic, H. J. Waters discussed the Function of
Land-grant Colleges in Promoting Collegiate and Graduate Instruc-
tion in Agriculture Outside of the Course of the Graduate School.
In a rapid survey of the development of college work in recent years
he pointed out the fact that the pressure of attendance and of outside
calls for information had seriously hindered the development of
superior teaching and further research.

We have been giving the world the benefit of the discoveries of science for
the past fifteen or twenty years; * * * but to do this alone or even chiefly
is fatal to progress. The farmer will soon catch up with the college teacher,
and then all opportunity for leadership is lost.

The speaker held that upon the experiment station devolves the
duty of “ making an exact science of agriculture.” Higher standards

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 337

of teaching will now be required, as well as better equipment for
research. He believed that the resources of the experiment station
should be utilized in developing graduate work and gave illustra-
tions of how this had been done in his own college. The paper closed
with the suggestion that the Department of Agriculture demand
graduate preparation for its employees, in order effectively to en-
courage graduate study in the colleges.

In discussing this paper L. H. Bailey emphasized the thought that
careful discrimination must be used in determining what men should
be permitted to take graduate work, so as to eliminate those who have
a history of failure or inefficiency. He would allow no station
workers employed on Hatch or Adams funds to have any stated part
in undergraduate instruction, but would use their abilities in gradu-
ate teaching germane to the lines of their own research work.

The second division of this topic, The Function of the Land-Grant
College in Promoting Agricultural Education in Secondary Schools,
was presented by E. A. Burnett. He maintained that the college
can not escape the responsibility of directing the lines along which
progress is made. Of the two methods so far proposed for meeting,
the recognized demand for secondary industrial work, namely, the
addition of agricultural courses in ordinary high schools and the
establishment of distinctive agricultural high schools serving an
area of several counties the first method, as so far illustrated in cer-
tain Nebraska high schools, he did not consider at all adequate to the
requirements. The agricultural high school he believed likely to
be deficient on the cultural side, unless it duplicates much of the lit-
erary work of the ordinary high school. To avoid this undesirable
duplication, he favored the institution of strong secondary agricul-
tural courses and equipment in connection with existing high schools
favorably situated for serving a large country constituency. Where
such courses are located in connection with agricultural colleges the
speaker believed they should take over a considerable part of the
technical agricultural work of secondary grade, thus permitting
the strengthening of the purely collegiate work in agriculture; but
he did not regard such schools as the proper type for isolated agri-
cultural high schools. He believed that the distributed establish-
ment of secondary agricultural schools would ultimately strengthen
the support given to the colleges.

In discussing this paper, Dean Davenport contended that there is
no need for the establishment of distinctive agricultural schools for
secondary work. He described the public-school men as ready and
anxious to introduce agricultural courses in order to hold the boys
who are deserting the ordinary high schools for work which appeals
more strongly to their interests. He illustrated his remarks by sev-
eral successful examples in his own State, and. cited the case of Min-

91866°—11

22

338 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

nesota, with 65 high schools applying for the privilege of introducing
an agricultural course with State aid when the law permitted only
10, as another emphatic illustration of the trend of public-school
sentiment. The task now is to put vocational agriculture “ within

valking or riding distance” of every boy on the farm, and he be-
lieved the high schools are ready for this expansion.

E. J. Wickson presented the fourth topic of the program, on the
relation of the agricultural colleges to the solution of rural problems.
It was contended that “the truth which our agriculture now most
urgently needs is not to be gained by extending investigation in the
physical sciences nor in the application of the results to agricultural
practice, though both are desirable.” Research is now needed in
rural economics and sociology. Prof. Wickson urged, therefore, that
the agricultural colleges should broaden their research and instrue-
tion in such subjects as economics and social science, and that in
universities with agricultural courses these subjects should be treated
from an agricultural point of view.

Discussing this subject, J. H. Worst emphasized the importance
of teaching the “ hereditary farmer ” ways of utilizing the develop-
ments of modern science for equipping the rural home with domestic
and sanitary conveniences; and A. B. Cordley held that the best
assistance that can be given the farmer is a local demonstration of
the commercial success of a scientific system of farming adapted to
his own conditions. Such a system must be so devised as not only
to be profitable to the individual farmer, but also to conserve and
increase the fertility of the soil. It can not be regarded as success-
ful if it fails in either of these respects.

WORK OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION.

The Boston meeting of the National Education Association, July
2-8, 1910, included, as have several of the earlier conventions of the
association, many papers and discussions relating to agricultural ed-
ucation. J. Y. Joyner, in his annual presidential address on Some
Dominant Tendencies in American Education, called attention to the
fact that “ any educational system to be vital and useful in a demoe-
racy must have its roots in the life and needs of all the people, and
must be shaped in accordance with the demands of the present and
the ideals for the future.” He called attention to the fact that re-
cently it has occurred to those responsible for school policy that the
public schools of the various grades were fast becoming merely pre-
paratory schools, each for the next school above it in rank, and that
httle attention was being given to the type of work which would “ fit
the common man to meet and solve the common, everyday problem of
his life, and to lift his life to a higher plane of efficiency, service, and
happiness.” He characterized the passage of the land-grant acts and

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 339

the establishment of colleges in accordance with them as “ the democ-
ratization of the courses of study in colleges and universities,” and be-
heved that it was inevitable that a demand for a similar democratiza-
tion of the work in the public schools should be brought about by the
teaching of vocational subjects in these schools. He pointed out that
every man needs and should be provided two sorts of education, one
to fit him to work and the other to fit him to live, and that the two
sorts should be combined in the same system of schools. He expressed
the opinion that it would be “a fatal blunder to permit in our system
of American education the establishment and maintenance of entirely
separate systems of vocational or trades schools.”

H. L. Russell, dean of the college of agriculture of the University
of Wisconsin, gave an illustrated address on The Value of Demon-
strative Methods in the Agricultural Education of the Rural Popu-
lation, in which he described the short courses held at the University
of Wisconsin, the extension courses conducted at county agricultural
schools and elsewhere, and the demonstration work conducted
throughout the State on county demonstration farms and elsewhere.

The former president of Harvard University, Dr. C. W. Eliot, gave
a notable address on The Value During Education of the Life-Career
Motive. This motive he believed should be present even in the ele-
mentary schools, and particularly should it be apparent in schools
attended by boys from 16 to 20 years of age. He called attention to
the difficulty of sustaining the interest of all the pupils in a single
course of study, especially the old classical or college preparatory
course; developed the fact that in the rural districts and in small
towns where there are only one or two important industries a large
percentage of the pupils adopt the vocation of their parents, a voca-
tion which is usually agricultural or industrial, and argued from this
that certainly in such communities, if not in others, the elements of
the arts applicable in ordinary households “ and in various trades or
callings ought to be carefully taught in all schools, public, endowed,
or private, such as drawing and designing, domestic science and art,
and home economics, carpentry, and joinery, and in rural communi-
ties, agriculture.” The importance of providing various forms of
training which children between the ages of 12 and 16 will see the
future use of was emphasized.

The department of rural and agricultural education held two inde-
pendent section meetings and one joint session with the departments
of secondary education and science instruction. At the first session
the problems of field laboratory work for courses in agriculture and
horticulture were considered. R. L. Watts, of Pennsylvania, dis-
cussed Field Laboratory Work Accompanying College Courses in
Horticulture, and described the various types of such work as (1)
resident work, including craft work, such as sowing seeds, trans-

340 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

planting, grafting, budding, etc., observation work in the college
orchards, gardens, nurseries, greenhouses, etc., and vocational work,
in which the student is told to make a vegetable garden, a flower
garden, or a nursery, and (2) nonresident work, including farm
experience, which in some places is made a requirement for gradua-
tion, inspection trips, one of which extended from Pennsylvania
State College to Philadelphia, several points in New Jersey, Kennett
Square and West Grove, Pa., Baltimore, Washington, and Norfolk,
and survey work, in which the students undertake different horticul-
tural surveys and are furnished written instructions and information
blanks to be used in making the surveys.

A short paper on an Experience in Field Work in a Well-estab-
lished School of Agriculture was read by K. C. Davis, in which the
field laboratory work as conducted at the Dunn County Agricultural
School was classified and briefly described. This included work
with soils, plants, animals, buildings, machinery, and other farm
equipment.

Laboratory and Field Work in the Agricultural High School was
the subject of a paper by B. H. Crocheron, who called attention to the
difficulty of organizing work of this kind owing to the lack of any
very definite precedents, and then described in some detail what might
be called the community work of the agricultural high school of
Baltimore County. This included work with school-teachers, farmers,
farmers’ wives, and young people not in school.

The second session of the department was devoted to papers on
agriculture in the public-school system. G. F. Warren discussed The
Place of Agriculture in the Public High Schools, and in an intro-
ductory way showed the economic value of education as indicated by
an investigation made in several townships in New York concerning
the labor income of all the farmers. In this investigation what-
ever might be called income from other sources, such as interest on
investinents and income from hired labor, was eliminated in the com-
pilation, which was intended to show merely the income of the farmer
from his own labor. The result of the investigation was shown in the
following tables:

Labor income of 573 farmers in New York.

Number Average
of farmers. , labor
‘| income.
Attended district: school Onlys as scene - ae Se oe aoe Seca s eee Oe bos anette ctoecttee 398 $318
Attended high school or equivalent.......--.-..----------+--------+------------- 165 622

Attended 'college orsuniversity23. Besa: SA ee 10 847

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 341

Labor income of 573 farmers in New York, arranged in capital groups.

‘ Average
eve fe labor in-
come of foam =

: ; armers
Capital. ee with more

than dis-

trict-school | ,—:

; trict-school

education. education?
sOOMandiunderiss 8s. SSE eR eee Bye eh ARR Sek eae $187 $286
> PACU TCT 1 pea el a SP a a gt ee Ee OE) aes are me gle Ar A 241 275
ES oe ie Fa a oie ak aire al PRN Nain A ls a a ah a Se ied een xe A 398 466
395 709
618 796
525 1,091
1,054 1,272

Dr. Warren recognized two ways of providing secondary instruc-
tion in agriculture, one through separate agricultural high schools
and the other through the introduction of agriculture into the presert
high schools. He believed that a few special agricultural high
schools might be desirable, but thought it would be unfortunate to
segregate students in that way. He preferred the introduction of
agricultural courses into existing schools, to be studied to some extent
at least by all students. He argued that agriculture would be a
valuable cultural subject to the boy who was to become a preacher, |
or doctor, or teacher, and a vocational subject to the boy who would
become a farmer.

As to who should teach agriculture, Dr. Warren was strongly in
favor of a special teacher of the subject. He recognized the fact that
many of the principles of agriculture could be taught by the teachers
of botany, physics, chemistry, and other sciences, but showed that
even if all of the science teachers were to teach the relations of their
subjects to agriculture the result would not be agricultural instruc-
tion. To illustrate this he asked:

How would the teaching of a crop rotation proceed if there were no special
teacher of agriculture? Crops are rotated to control weeds, to control insects,
to control fungi, to keep up the humus supply, to secure the benefits of growing
grasses and legumes on each field, for convenience in working, and for control
of toxic substances. Possibly the botany teacher might mention weeds, fungi,
legumes, and grasses in this connection, and might even discuss toxic sub-
stances; the teacher of zoology might mention crop rotation as a means of
controlling insects; but to have these points mentioned at various times and
in a disconnected way would not teach the importance of crop rotation.

D. J. Crosby read a paper on The Place of the Agricultural High
School in the System of Public Education. He pointed out two
essentials in a system of universal public education, namely, (1) a
standard graded course of instruction leading from the kindergarten
through the university to the learned, technical, and business profes-
sions, and (2) adequate provision for those who can not pursue the
whole course or who for any reason whatever have got out of the

342 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

direct line of the standard course. It is mainly to fulfill this second
function that special agricultural schools have been established. The
influence of such schools and their place in a system of public educa-
tion were summarized as follows:

(1) To stimulate the general introduction of agriculture into the ordinary
high schools and in a general way to set the pace for and give permanence to
secondary education in agriculture.

(2) To aid in the preparation of teachers for the rural schools. This is
accomplished in a definite way in Wisconsin by connecting teachers’ training
schools with the county schools of agriculture.

(3) To serve as vocational connecting schools between the public elementary
schools and the agricultural colleges. In order to do this effectively, the stand-
ard courses of study for these schools should conform in a general way to that
of the ordinary public high schools of the State. These courses should include
instruction in English, history, mathematics, chemistry, and botany, such as is
generally given in good high schools.

(4) To serve as schools to which boys who have chosen to become farmers
may elect to go for more thorough and effective preparation for their life work
than the ordinary public high schools can give.

(5) To relieve the agricultural colleges of much of the secondary and short-
course work they are now compelled to do, to the detriment in many cases of
their regular collegiate work and that of research in agriculture.

(6) To serve the farming communities more intimately and sympathetically
than the agricultural colleges can do and more effectively than the public high
schools can do. This they can accomplish (a@) by conducting short courses for
adult farmers at points remote from the agricultural colleges; (b) by exten-
sion teaching in different parts of their respective districts; (c) by rendering
the farmers expert assistance and advice; (d) by conducting demonstration
experiments on their own farms and on those of leading farmers in their dis-
tricts; and (e) by conferring with teachers in near-by public schools and
assisting them in planning and conducting agricultural work.

(7) To be most effective, these special agricultural schools should be so
limited in number that they will serve relatively large districts—10 or 15
counties, depending upon the density of the rural population, the value of farm
lands, and other local conditions. Experience thus far has shown that the
county is too small a unit for the proper equipment and maintenance of such
schools and too small to supply a sufficient number of students. These schools
should be large enough and have funds enough to maintain a relatively large
faculty and an adequate modern equipment, so that their students will not only
have offered to them a standard course of high-school grade, but will also have
opportunity to specialize to some extent along different agricultural lines.

(8S) The courses in agriculture in the different schools may well be varied
according to the predominant agricultural industries in different regions, and
there should also be short practical courses for those who can not complete the
standard course.

(9) Agricultural high schools, whether connected with colleges or main-
tained separately, should be kept strictly secondary in grade and there should
be no pretense of giving collegiate instruction in such schools.

An address on How the Schools and the United States Department
of Agriculture can Cooperate was given by W. M. Hays, Assistant
Secretary of Agriculture. Prof. Hays sketched briefly the recent de-

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 343

velopments in rural education, including the movement for the aban-
donment of numerous small district schools and the establishment of
centralized schools, and then described in a few words the work of the
different bureaus and offices of this department, particularly with ref-
erence to the publications they are issuing which are used or may be
used in the public schools in connection with the teaching of agricul-
ture and home economics. He also emphasized the need of coopera-
tion between the State agricultural and mechanical colleges and the
State normal schools in preparing teachers for country life education.

There were numerous other papers in which some incidental refer-
ence was made to instruction in agriculture. At the joint session of
the departments of agriculture, secondary education, and science a
number of papers were given dealing with the practical aspects of
science in secondary education, with special reference to the introduc-
tion of materials from agriculture, household arts, and technical in-
dustries. W.R. Hart, of Massachusetts, read a paper giving the ped-
agogical viewpoint in which he brought out particularly the splendid
opportunities for correlation between the various science subjects and
agriculture. The scientific viewpoint was discussed by W. J. V.
Osterhaut, physics by William Orr, chemistry by J. S. Mills, zoology
by C. A. Mathewson, and physiology and hygiene by Louis Murbach.

At this session a report of the committee on encouraging college
entrance credit in high-school agriculture was given by A. B. Graham.
This report showed that the difficulties to be encountered in giving
college entrance credit for high-school agriculture are the determina-
tion of what should constitute a unit or half unit, and the quality of
the teaching of agriculture. The report contained the statement that
“ Few, if any, colleges or universities have been found that are willing
to give any credit on the science of agriculture if such agriculture as
taught is only some application of general science.” The unit and
half-unit definitions adopted by the committee were as follows:

One-half unit—One half year given to the study of soils and plants and their
relation to each other. There shall be sufficient experimental work to accom-
pany the subjects discussed.

One unit.—One full year given to the study of soils, plants, insects, and farm
animals. There shall be sufficient experimental and demonstration work to be
equivalent to one full year of laboratory work.

The committee had made an investigation of the institutions with
reference to their attitude on the matter of giving credit for high-
school agriculture, and gave a list of 36 colleges now giving such
credit. These included 7 State universities which do not have col-
leges of agriculture, 5 State universities having colleges of agricul-
ture, 5 separate agricultural and mechanical colleges, and 19 other
colleges and universities. The lists given by the committee also con-
tained the names of 23 colleges giving no credit, including, however,

344 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

11 that seem to be willing to give credit, 8 colleges preparing to give
credit, and 27 colleges that would give credit if asked to do so or that
are willing to give credit for work properly done. This report is
given in full in the proceedings of the National Education Associa-
tion and will be of very great value to those interested in the progress
of agricultural education.

The department of normal schools gave incidental consideration
to the subject of agriculture in a session devoted to papers on the
special preparation of teachers for the rural schools, the training of
teachers for industrial and vocational work, and a report on agri-
cultural work in normal schools.

A report on The United States Government Materials that are
Usable in Secondary Education was given by W. N. Clifford at one
of the meetings of the department of science instruction. This re-
port was devoted mainly to a discussion of the publications of this
department suitable for use in secondary schools in connection with
science instruction and instruction in agriculture.

Several of the societies meeting with the National Education
Association held sessions devoted wholly or partly to the discussion
of problems in agricultural education. The National Committee
on Agricultural Education held one such session at which the problem
of national aid for industrial education was discussed. A confer-
ence of teachers of agriculture was held for the purpose of discuss-
ing some of the problems of these teachers and the advisability of
forming a national association of teachers of agriculture.

The American Home Economics Association held two important
sessions devoted to the discussion of the Presentation of Subject
- Matter in Household Science and Art to Elementary Pupils, and
Methods of Teaching Household Science and Art in Secondary
Schools. Teachers of these subjects were present from all parts
of the country to take part in these discussions. One of the principal
addresses at the last general session of the National Education Asso-
ciation was also on this subject. Mrs. W. N. Hutt spoke on the
Education of Women for Home Making.

THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE.

The prospectus of the Graduate School of Agriculture, issued just
before the close of the year, announced that the fourth session of
the school would be held at the Iowa State College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts, Ames, Iowa, July 4-29, under the auspices of
the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment
Stations. Some notion of the character and extent of this enter-
prise can be had from the following excerpts from the prospectus:

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 345
PURPOSE OF THE SCHOOL.

The purpose of the Graduate School of Agriculture is to give advanced
instruction in the science of agriculture, with special reference to the methods
of investigating agricultural problems and teaching agricultural subjects.

EQUIPMENT OF COLLEGE DEPARTMENTS.
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT.

The agricultural engineering department occupies the ground and first floors
in agricultural engineering hall and practically all of agricultural engineering
annex. The latter is a fireproof building erected at a cost of about $70,000
expressly for the purpose for which it is used.

The farm machinery laboratories contain a large and quite complete assort-
ment of samples of modern implements, farm machines, and farm motors. This
laboratory has many special instruments such as traction, transmission, and
absorption dynamometers, indicators, and testing machines.

The tool room, besides the miscellaneous tools and instruments of the depart-
ment, contains a sufficient number of surveying instruments to equip 14 parties
for field engineering.

Well-equipped forge and carpenter shops are provided as well as convenient
drawing rooms, classrooms, and offices.

AGRONOMY DEPARTMENT.

Soils—Seven new laboratories with modern equipment are devoted exclu-
sively to the work in soils. The soil bacteriology laboratories are of unusual -
interest. Ample greenhouses and 25 acres in experimental plats afford special
advantages for the seminar work in soils. Seven distinct soil types are found
on the college farm and two soil series.

Farm crops.—Several hundred field plats, devoted to breeding and experi-
mental work in farm crops, will be available for the graduate school students.
Many of these plats will be of special value to those who are interested in
plant breeding. The large and well-equipped laboratories which are used
for instruction in farm crops are modern in every way and should offer many
helpful suggestions to those who are in charge of the installation of labora-
tories for the use of students in crop production.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY DEPARTMENT.

The herds and flocks consist of excellent representatives of 31 distinct breeds,
thus giving equipment for live-stock work not excelled by any other institution.

The horse equipment consists of eight breeds: Imported and home-bred Shires,
Clydesdales, Percherons, Belgians, Hackneys, and French Coach; also Standard
Bred and American Saddle Horses.

More than 200 head of cattle, forming complete herds of the leading beef,
dual purpose, and dairy breeds are maintained; as well as a large number of
pure and crossbred show steers and feeding cattle.

In the flocks of sheep of over 200 head will be found the best representatives
of nine different breeds.

In hogs, represented by the best American and British varieties, the breeding
herds have been especially well selected.

346 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

On the poultry farm will be found 1,000 birds consisting of the leading
American, Asiatic, Mediterranean, and English breeds.

To further strengthen the live-stock equipment preparations have been made
for the use of some of the best imported animals of the several breeds.

BOTANY DEPARTMENT.

The botanical department occupies the top floor of the central building. The
special laboratories devoted to morphology, mycology, and economic botany are
well equipped with microscopes, and various accessories, as well as special ap-
paratus such as sterilizers, and equipment for culture work to carry on work in
special lines of botany. Each student is provided with an individual laboratory
table, microscope, and reagents. There is also a complete line of preserved ma-
terial, a large collection of mounted microscopic slides, a large collection of
fungi, and a general herbarium of 70,000 specimens, containing the more im-
portant weeds and poisonous plants of the United States as well as a very rep-
resentative collection of economic grasses.

DAIRY DEPARTMENT.

The dairy department is fully equipped to give excellent demonstration work
in its creamery, testing laboratory, farm dairy room, and ice-cream laboratory.

ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT.

For the work in rural economics tke college library affords ample opportunity
for reference work in connection with the lectures given.

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

The department of horticulture and forestry has commodious quarters in the
new hall of agriculture, also a separate laboratory building and about 10,000
square feet of glass. On the campus, which covers about 90 acres, is found an
interesting collection of native and exotic trees and shrubs. The field area of
the department amounts to about 90 acres more, which includes various
orchards and other fruit plantations, the nurseries, fruiticetum, vegetable gar-
den, and Upper Mississippi Valley plant introduction garden. This garden in-
cludes specimens of various species of the apple, crab apple, and pear; also a
few walnuts, apricots, persimmons, elms, poplars, hydrangeas, hawthorn, roses,
and some other species of minor importance.

In apple breeding a study of heredity is being made, which includes investi-
gations as to what characters in the apple are unit characters and which of
them are Mendelian. The station orchards and nurseries now include practically
all the hardiest valuable cultivated varieties of the apple known to American
horticulture, together with the leading amateur and commercial sorts which can
be fruited in Iowa; also representatives of the native and many exotic species
with many of their hybrids. They contain over 10,000 apple seedlings, most
of which are of known parentage and some are of the second generation with
known parentage, a rare occurrence among apples.

One entire orchard exhibits an interesting experiment in top-working less
hardy commercial varieties of superior fruit upon selected hardy stocks.

Fine opportunities are afforded for the study of ornamentals. The campus
contains over 100 species of trees and most of the shrubs which are hardy are
found in the fruiticetum or on the campus,

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 347
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION.

Only persons who have completed a college course and taken a bachelor’s
degree will be admitted to the privileges of the school, except that admission
may be granted to nongraduates who are recommended by the faculties of the
college with which they are associated as persons properly qualified to profit
by advanced instruction in agriculture.

CoURSES OF StTupy.

Instruction will be given in eight main lines—plant physiology and pathology,
agronomy, horticulture, animal husbandry, poultry, dairying, rural engineering,
and rural economics and sociology.

The Saturday morning periods and Wednesday and Friday evenings will be
devoted to conferences on topics of general interest relating to agricultural
education. There will also be social assemblies and visits to prominent agri-
cultural establishments.

A Graduate School of Home Economics under the auspices of a committee
of the American Home Economics Association will also be held in Ames during
July, 1910.

CONFERENCES.
'

Since extension departments are now being widely organized in the agricul-
tural colleges, it is proposed to devote considerable time at this session of
the graduate school to a discussion of the functions and organization of such
departments, their relation to the experiment stations and teaching departments,
ete. It is believed that this will be of general interest to all members of the
school, and therefore two evenings of the second and third weeks of the session
and one Saturday forenoon will be devoted to the problems of extension work.

Leaders in this movement from different parts of the country will be invited
to open the discussions.

General topics, such as agriculture in secondary schools, agricultural jour-
nalism, and conservation of our national resources will be presented at evening
and Saturday conferences. Excursions to typical Iowa farms will be ar-
ranged for.

FACULTY.

Alfred Charles True, Ph. D., Se. D., Dean.
William H. Pew, B. S. A., Registrar.

INSTRUCTORS IN PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY,

Plant phyisology.—H. von Tschermak, Ph. D., professor of plant breeding
in the Royal Imperial Agricultural College, Austria; D. T. Macdougal, Ph. D.,
director of the department of botanical research, Carnegie Institution; H. J.
Webber, M. A., Ph. D., expert in plant breeding, Cornell University; C. E.
Bessey, Ph. D., LL. D., head dean and head division of botany, University of
Nebraska.

Plant pathology.—E. F. Smith, Ph. D., pathologist in charge of laboratory of
plant pathology, United States Bureau of Plant Industry; L. H. Pammel,
B. Agr., M. S., Ph. D., professor of botany, Iowa State College; F. L. Stevens,
Ph. D., professor of botany and vegetable pathology, North Carolina College of
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

348 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

INSTRUCTORS IN AGRONOMY.

Soil bacteriology.—J. G. Lipman, Ph. D., associate professor of agriculture,
New Jersey College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

Soils.—W. H. Stevenson, A. B., B. 8. A., professor of soils, lowa State College;
S. L, Jodidi, Ph. D., experimentalist in soils, lowa Experiment Station.

Soil and crop improvement.—C. G. Hopkins, Ph. D., chief division of agronomy,
University of Illinois; L. H. Smith, Ph. D., assistant professor of plant breeding,
University of Illinois.

Experimental methods with crops.—C. V. Piper, M. S., agrostologist in charge
of forage crop investigations, United States Bureau of Plant Industry.

INSTRUCTORS IN HORTICULTURE.

Pomology.—vU. P. Hedrick, M. S., horticulturist, New York Agricultural Ex-
periment Station; J. C. Whitten, Ph. D., professor of horticulture, University of
Missouri; 8. A. Beach, B. S. A., M. S., vice dean, division of agriculture, and
professor of horticulture, Iowa State College.

Storage and marketing—W. A. Taylor, B. S., pomologist in charge of field
investigations, United States Bureau of Plant Industry; G. H. Powell, M. S.
Agr., pomologist in charge of field investigations, United States Bureau of
Plant Industry.

Landscape architecture—J. 8S. Pray, A. B., professor of landscape architec-
ture, Harvard University.

INSTRUCTORS IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.

Principles of breeding.—W. E. Castle, Ph. D., professor of zoology, Harvard
University; J. C. Ewart, M. D., professor of natural history, University of
Edinburgh, Scotland.

History of breeds.—E. W. Morse, B. A. S., associate editor of zootechny, Ex-
periment Station Record, United States Office of Experiment Stations.

Principles of nutrition —H. P. Armsby, Ph. D., LL. D., director of Institute
of Animal Nutrition, Pennsylvania State College.

Beef cattle-—C. F. Curtiss, M. S. A., Se., D., dean, division of agriculture,
Iowa State College; W. J. Kennedy, B. 8. A., professor of animal husbandry,
Towa State College; H. J. Waters, B. 8S. A., president of Kansas State Agricul-
tural College.

Dairy cattle—C. H. Eckles, B. Agr., M. S., professor of dairy husbandry,
University of Missouri.

Horses.—C. W. Gay, D. V. M., B. S: A., professor of animal husbandry,
University of Pennsylvania.

Swine.—G. E. Day, B. 8S. A., professor of animal husbandry, Ontario Agri-
cultural College.

Sheep.—J. A. Craig, B. 8S. A., director, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment
Station.

INSTRUCTORS IN POULTRY HUSBANDRY.

Biology.—Raymond Year], Ph. D.. biologist, Maine Agricultural Experiment
Station.

Feeding and management.—J. E. Rice, B. S. Agr., professor of poultry hus-
bandry, Cornell University; James Dryden, professor of poultry husbandry,
Oregon Agricultural College.

Diseases.—P. B. Hadley, Ph. D., biologist, Rhode Island Agricultural Experi-
ment Station; G. B. Morse, M. D., Ph. D., assistant in pathology and bacteri-
ology, Pathological Laboratory, United States Bureau of Animal Industry.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 349

INSTRUCTORS IN DAIRYING.

Bacteriology.—C. E. Marshall, Ph. D., professor of bacteriology and hygiene,
Michigan Agricultural College.

Cheese making.—J. L. Sammis, Ph. D., assistant professor of dairy husbandry.
University of Wisconsin.

Butter and milk (factors influencing keeping qualities).—L. A. Rogers, B. 8.,
and S. H. Ayers, B. S., Dairy Division, United States Bureau of Animal
Industry.

Condensed milk.—O. F. Hunziker, M. 8S. A., professor of dairy husbandry,
Purdue University.

Creamery management and ice cream.—M. Mortensen, B. 8. A., professor of
dairying, Iowa State College.

Organization of dairy schools ——E. H. Farrington, M. 8., professor of dairy
husbandry, University of Wisconsin.

INSTRUCTORS IN RURAL ENGINEERING,

Agricultural mechanics.—J. B. Davidson, B. 8., M. E., professor of agricul-
tural engineering, Iowa State College.

Farm buildings.—F. H. King, former professor of agricultural physics, Uni-
versity of Wisconsin.

Drainage.—C. G. Elliott, chief, drainage investigations, United States Office
of Experiment Stations.

Trrigation—L. G. Carpenter, M. S., professor of civil and irrigation engi-
neering, State Agricultural College of Colorado; S. Fortier, Sc. D., chief, irriga-
tion investigations, United States Office of Experiment Stations.

INSTRUCTORS IN RURAL ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY.

Sociology.—K. L. Butterfield, M. A., president Massachusetts Agricultura]
College and professor of rural sociology.

Economics.—H. C. Taylor, Ph. D., in charge of department of agricultural
economics, University of Wisconsin; B. H. Hibbard, B. Agr., Ph. D., professor of
economics and political science, Iowa State College.
| Farm management.—W. J. Spillman, M. S., agriculturist, United States
Bureau of Plant Industry.

THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES.

In 1910 agricultural colleges receiving Federal funds were in
operation in all the States and Territories except Alaska. Including
the separate institutions for negroes in the South, there were 67 such
institutions. In addition to these there were 4 forest schools offer-
ing collegiate or graduate work, in connection with Colorado Col-
lege, Yale University, Harvard University, and the University of
Michigan, and 24 privately endowed colleges offering regular courses
in agriculture. It was also announced that the trustees of Syracuse
University had decided to establish a college of agriculture and
forestry, that the College of Idaho, at Caldwell, was to enlarge its
faculty and extend its courses so as to include work in theoretical
agriculture, and that Columbia University had received $15,000 for
agricultural education. The last institution conducted a course of
popular lectures on agriculture during the winter. In most cases

350 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

the agricultural work of the privately endowed colleges was popular
in nature or of secondary grade, so it might more properly be in-
cluded under the discussion of secondary schools.

Under a new State law in Mississippi a single board of trustees
has been appointed for the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical
College, the Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College (for
negroes), the University of Mississippi, and the Industrial Institute
and College (for women). This board took charge July 1, 1910.

The Legislature of Oregon has passed a law under which a board
of five members, to be known as the board of higher curricula, is
to be appointed by the governor. The duties of this board are to
prevent duplication of studies or departments in the agricultural
college and the State University. The board is empowered to deter-
mine and define the courses of study to be offered by each institution
and the departments to be conducted, and after investigation and
20 days’ notice may direct the elimination of any duplicating courses
or departments.

By a recent act of the Utah Legislature the number of trustees for
the agricultural college has been increased from 7 to 9.

The agricultural colleges surpassed all previous records in the
number of students enrolled and in the number studying agriculture.
There were 52,250 students enrolled in the interior courses of these
institutions, 30,075 in correspondence courses, 21,004 in extension
schools, and 32,505 in all other departments—a total, counting none
twice, of 135,250 students. Of agricultural students there were
17,375, which is 10 per cent more than there were in 1909; and of
students in teachers’ courses in agriculture 1,865, more than eight
times as many as in 1909. The income of the land-grant institutions
was larger by three and one-half millions than in 1909, and they
added more than seven millions to their permanent endowment and

equipment.
HISTORICAL.

On April 14, 1910, the State of Vermont, at Montpelier, celebrated in a
dignified manner, yet with the simplicity well suited to the man and the
oceasion, the hundredth anniversary of the birth of Justin Smith Morrill,
whose death occurred on December 28, 1898. The audience included many of
State-wide and national fame who came to do honor to the memory of this
statesman. .

This succinct statement is taken from a memorial volume contain-
ing the addresses delivered on the occasion of the centennary exer-
cises in honor of the author of the land-grant act of 1862 and the
second Morrill Act of 1890. The principal eulogy was delivered by
President Matthew H. Buckham, of the University of Vermont, who
dwelt especially on Senator Morrill’s work in connection with the
founding and endowment of the land-grant colleges, characterizing

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 351

this as the last and greatest of his public measures. There were also
addresses by Gov. George H. Prouty, Senator William P. Dilling-
ham, Col. William M. Hatch, Col. Curtis S. Emery, and Hon. Horace
W. Bailey. These addresses are given in full in the memorial vol-
ume, together with brief tributes from President Taft, Senators.
Cullom, Gallinger, Aldrich, Lodge, and Frye, ex-Senators Edmunds
and Chandler, Rear Admiral Clark, and Strafford Grange.

The twenty-fifth anniversary of the establishment of the Oregon
Agricultural College was celebrated at the college June 10-18, 1910.

Idaho University plans to hold an annual recognition day, the
purpose of which will be to give official recognition to men who have
been prominent in the development of the State and the promotion
of its interests. It is expected that the list will include many who
have promoted the development of irrigation, live stock, fruit grow-
ing, and other agricultural enterprises, and also many prominent in
educational circles. The ceremony will take place each year as a
part of the commencement exercises.

A farmers’ hall of fame has been established in the college of
agriculture of the University of Illinois “ to record the services and
commemorate the lives of the great leaders of the State in the de-
velopment of agriculture from a pioneer art to a civilized science,
on which the prosperity of all classes will ultimately depend.” ‘The
selection of names rests with a commission, which thus far has
chosen four men: Cyrus Hall McCormick, inventor of the reaper;
James N. Brown, first president of the State board of agriculture;
Isaac Funk, a successful and influential pioneer farmer; and Prof.
Jonathan B. Turner, an early advocate of the land-grant plan for
the support of industrial education. Exercises were held December
15, 1909, installing the name of Mr. McCormick in the hall of fame.
The ceremonies included the unveiling of a portrait and addresses by
Gov. Deneen, President Grout, of the commission, Dean Davenport,
and others.

Dr. J. K. Patterson, for many years president of the Kentucky
Agricultural and Mechanical College (now the State University),
retired from active service and was succeeded January 1, 1911, by
Judge Henry S. Barker, chief justice of the State court of appeals.

APPROPRIATIONS.

There is a growing tendency on the part of State legislatures to
provide fixed tax levies for the support of institutions of learning.
This method has obvious advantages in that it enables those in charge
of the institutions to plan far in advance, with reasonable assurance
that the funds necessary to fulfill their plans will be available. In
California the legislature has increased the rate of taxation for the
support of the university from 2 to 3 cents on each $100 of assessed

352 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

valuation. This provides an income for the current year of about
$550,000. Appropriations were also made aggregating $130,000 for
additional buildings and equipment at the university farm at Davis,
and $88,500 for its maintenance during the ensuing biennium; $20,000
for farmers’ institutes ; $15,000 for viticultural investigations ; $12,000
for cereal investigations; and about $40,000 for the equipment and
maintenance of the Southern California Pathological Laboratory at
Whittier.

In Connecticut the total State appropriations for the agricultural
college during the biennium aggregated $112,101. Of this, $50,000
was for current expenses, $4,000 for the station, $18,000 for four new
cottages, $12,500 for a dining hall, $10,000 for the improvement of
the road from the college to the railroad station, $8,500 for the pur-
chase of an additional farm, $5,000 for the equipment of the horti-
cultural hall, and the remainder for miscellaneous improvements.

Georgia State College of Agriculture has an appropriation of
$125,000 for maintenance during the biennium. Of this sum, $10,000
is for extension teaching, which, with funds available from other
sources, will supply about $14,000 a year for this purpose.

In Massachusetts the legislature of 1910 appropriated $142,000 for
maintenance and $115,625 for additions to equipment and other spe-
cial purposes for 1911. This is an increase in income of $37,500, of
which $30,000 is for general instruction and maintenance and $7,500
for short courses.

The appropriations by the Minnesota Legislature for the college
and school of agriculture included $50,000 for a girls’ dormitory,
$30,000 for dairy structures and equipment, $10,000 for a poultry
department, $43,400 for minor studies and equipment, $82,000 for
maintenance and buildings at the Crookston School of Agriculture,
$11,500 for the Crookston substation, $14,000 for the Grand Rapids
substation, and $50,000 for extension work in agriculture during the
ensuing biennium.

The Legislature of New York in 1910 gave the college of agricul-
ture an increase of $25,000 for maintenance and of $2,000 for exten-
sion work, together with $113,000 for a classroom and auditorium
building, $90,000 for a poultry building, and $154,000 for a home-
economics building. A significant feature of the legislation is the
practical acceptance by the legislature of a systematic plan of
development for the college as outlined by the board of trustees.
This plan looks toward the growth of the institution during the next
10 years, and if carried out will necessitate the expenditure of
nearly $2,000,000 for buildings and equipment.

In North Carolina the legislature gave the Agricultural and
Mechanical College, at Raleigh, an annual appropriation of $70,000
for maintenance and $18,000 annually for the ensuing biennium for

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XII.

Fic. 1.—MILLBANK AGRICULTURAL HALL, TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE.

Fic. 2.—LABORATORY FOR ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY, MASSACHUSETTS COLLEGE.

ge alias te

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XIII.

FiG. 1.—HADLEY HALL, THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING AT THE NEW MExiIco COLLEGE.

Fic. 2.—WILSON HALL, THE NEW MExico AGRICULTURAL BUILDING.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XIV.

Fic. 2.—Y. M. C. A. BUILDING, NEW MExIco COLLEGE.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910.

PLATE XV.

Fic. 1.—CERES HALL, THE WOMEN’S BUILDING, NORTH DAKOTA COLLEGE.

gee

PISS 3S

Sarapenneensa fy

FiG. 2.—VETERINARY LABORATORY, NORTH DAKOTA COLLEGE.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 353

permanent improvements and equipment. The Agricultural and
Mechanical College for the Colored Race, at Greensboro, was granted
an annual appropriation of $10,000, together with $4,350 annually
for the ensuing biennium for repairs, improvements, and sewerage.

The last Legislature of Oregon appropriated for the ensuing bien-
nium a total of $210,000 for the agricultural college. Of this
$60,000 is for additional equipment, $35,000 for a central heating
plant, $55,000 for an agricultural building, $35,000 for a drill hall,
$5,000 for greenhouses, and $20,000 for the purchase of additional
land. The annual appropriation for maintenance was also increased
to $80,000.

BUILDINGS.

New buildings have been completed and appropriately dedicated
by a number of the agricultural colleges. At Tuskegee Institute a
new agricultural building, Millbank Hall (PI XII, fig. 1), has been
completed. This is a gift from Mrs. Elizabeth M. Anderson, of
New York City, and was dedicated February 23, 1910.

The departments of zoology and entomology at the Massachusetts
Agricultural College now occupy a new $80,000 fireproof laboratory
building (PI. XII, fig. 2).

The New Mexico college has recently erected quite a number of
new buildings, among them an administration building, which, to-
gether with a group of farmers who visited the college on “ demon-
stration day,” is shown in Plate XIII, figure 1, an agricultural build-
ing known as Wilson Hall (Pl. XIII, fig. 2), a boys’ dormitory
(PI. XV, fig. 1), and a Y. M. C. A. building (PI. XIV, fig. 2)

At the North Dakota college two new buildings have been com-
pleted, a home-economics building known as Ceres Hall (Pl. XV,
fig. 1), and a veterinary building (Pl. XV, fig. 2). The latter is so
constructed as to form essentially three separate structures, the dis-
secting room and the hospital being connected with the main portion
by inelosing corridors. The interiors are very largely of metal and
concrete, and the dissecting room is so arranged as to admit light
from all directions. A special feature is the killing room, which is
equipped with all the appliances of a modern slaughterhouse.

The Indiana college has completed a farm-mechanics building, a
brick structure, stone trimmed, 70 by 130 feet. It contains two
laboratories each 57 feet square, one of which will be used for heavy
machinery and the other for light machinery. There are also two
large classrooms, a drafting room, offices, a cement laboratory, tool
and supply rooms, and miscellaneous laboratories.

A new agricultural building for the Oregon college and a build-
ing for civil and irrigation engineering at the Colorado college are
in process of construction.

91866 °—11——23

354 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
WORK OF THE COLLEGES.

Progress was made in the more complete and thorough organiza-
tion of the universities and colleges into colleges and departments.
The agricultural work of the University of Arkansas was reorgan-
ized into ten departments, as follows: Entomology, horticulture,
dairy husbandry, veterinary science, agricultural education, agricul-
tural chemistry, agronomy, plant pathology, animal husbandry, and
farmers’ institutes. The Agricultural College of Utah was organ-
ized into schools of agriculture, domestic science, commerce, and
mechanic arts.

Increased entrance requirements went into effect in Kansas, where
8 units of high-school work are now required and the subfreshman
work has been organized into a distinct department with added indus-
trial work, including agriculture and shopwork for boys and domes-
tic science and art for girls; in Massachusetts, where 14 Carnegie
units are now required; in Porto Rico, where the entrance require-
ment was raised from the sixth to the eighth grade; and in Rhode
Island, where 13 Carnegie units are required in 1910 and 14 will be
required in 1911. Rhode Island has abolished preparatory courses
and West Virginia has abolished one year of its preparatory course.

At the New Mexico. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts
the college courses in all subjects were raised one full year, thereby
bringing them up to the standard college requirements. Four-year
industrial courses of high-school grade in agriculture, mechanic arts,
domestic science, and business methods were also introduced, these
articulating with similar college courses,

The reorganization of college courses has taken place in a number
of institutions. In Colorado the college year was changed from the
three-term to the two-semester plan. The first two years in all agri-
cultural courses were made alike, also the first two years in all engi-
neering courses. Ten hours of electives were made available in the
junior year and 20 hours in the senior year in all four-year college
courses. In Kansas the collegiate courses of study have been en-
tirely recast and more closely articulated with the public-school
system of the State. Elective courses in the junior and senior years
have been introduced and the opportunity given for a broader range
of selections. The student now enters upon the special course which
he will pursue at the beginning of the freshman year instead of at
the beginning of the sophomore year.

A veterinary college, offering a four-year collegiate course, was
established at the Michigan Agricultural College, with Dr. R. P.
Lyman as dean. Departments of home economics were established
in connection with the State universities in West Virginia and Wis-
consin. Among other new courses introduced were industrial jour-

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. oDD

nalism, milling industry, forestry and highway engineering in Kan-
sas, farm drainage in Maryland (Princess Anne Academy), rural
engineering in Mississippi, a four-year general science course in New
Jersey, and landscape gardening in Pennsylvania. In Washington
a four-year collegiate course in forestry was added and the two-year
forestry course was reduced to one year of purely technical work.

At a conference .of forest schools held in Washington, D. C., De-
cember 30-31, 1909, a committee consisting of H. 8. Graves, B. E.
Fernow, Filibert Roth, R. T. Fisher, and Gifford Pinchot reported
to the conference a plan for establishing a minimum standard cur-
riculum in forestry and looking toward the permanent organization
of a forest conference. This report was adopted and the committee
continued, with power to call a meeting of such a conference and to
formulate a constitution for the proposed association, and, in con-
sultation with the Forest Service and other employers of foresters,
to prepare a standard of forest education.

The agricultural colleges have frequently been criticized for not
sending more of their graduates back to the farms. These criticisms
have come from those who do not take into consideration the fact that
many of these graduates who take up work in the agricultural col-
leges and experiment stations are exerting a wider influence for the
advancement of agriculture than they could as farmers. However
that may be, it seems from recent investigation of the matter on the
part of a few of the colleges that a very large percentage of the
graduates of the larger, better equipped agricultural colleges actually
return almost immediately to the farms. As an indication of this, 30
of the 38 graduates of the animal-husbandry course in Iowa State
College will engage in farming, 4 will teach in agricultural colleges,
and 1 will go into agricultural journalism. Only 3 of these graduates
were looking for positions at commencement time and these wanted
to become farm managers. Out of 189 recent graduates of the same
institution who are engaged in agriculture, 132 are farmers. Accord-
ing to a recent compilation as to the pursuits followed by the alumni
of the Illinois College of Agriculture during the past ten years, 115
of the total 184 graduates are engaged in farming, 40 are connected
with the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, 7 are with the
United States Department of Agriculture, and another is an agri-
cultural editor, making about 90 per cent connected with the agri-
cultural industry.

COURSES FOR TEACHERS.

At least 46 of the agricultural colleges maintained teacher-training
courses in agriculture, and these courses varied from summer courses
of a few weeks to regular four-year courses with additional graduate
work. Four-year courses for teachers are offered by 22 colleges, in-

356 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

cluding colleges for whites in Idaho, illinois, Indiana, Louisiana,
Maine, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Da-
kota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, West
Virginia, and Wisconsin, and schools for negroes in Alabama, Mary-
land, Missouri, South Carolina, and Texas. Three-year courses were
offered by the Arkansas, Florida, and North Dakota agricultural
colleges, and by the schools for negroes in Georgia, Louisiana, and
Virginia. The agricultural colleges for whites in Idaho, Minnesota,
Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, and Texas, and for negroes
in Florida, Mississippi, and Oklahoma give two-year courses, and
the colleges for whites in Maine, Michigan, Nebraska, North Caro-
lina, and West Virginia, and for negroes in North Carolina offer one-
year courses for teachers of agriculture. The Alabama Agricultural
College offers 15 electives intended especially for teachers.

' ‘Twenty-nine of the colleges provide summer schools of agriculture
for teachers,’ five (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Missouri, Pennsyl-
vania, and Utah) cooperate with other agencies, and seven (Florida,
both white and negro schools, Kansas, Massachusetts, Oklahoma,
Pennsylvania, and South Dakota) conduct correspondence courses
for teachers. Two courses in agricultural education were conducted
during the summer quarter of the University of Chicago.

Quite a number of the agricultural colleges established departments
of agricultural education or appointed professors of agricultural
education. In Alabama L. N. Duncan was transferred from the
assistant professorship of agriculture to the professorship of agri-
cultural school work.

In California a division of agricultural education was organized,
in which Leroy Anderson, professor of dairying and superintendent
of the university farm schools, was given direct charge of secondary
instruction in agriculture, and E. B. Babcock was appointed assistant
professor of agricultural education to aid in the secondary instruc-
tion and have direct charge of elementary instruction in agriculture,
the introduction of garden work, and the organization of agricultural
clubs. Four new courses are offered for regular and special students
in the university on teaching agriculture in high schools, teaching
agriculture and nature study in the elementary schools, gardening
for prospective teachers, and a special course for students who are
preparing to teach the sciences and desire to obtain some preparation
in horticulture and agriculture.

Delaware college gave some attention to preparing teachers for the
teaching of agricultural subjects in the schools of the State.

1Summer schools for teachers are held at the colleges in California, Connecticut,
Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Mis-
souri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina (both white and negro schools), North
Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah,
Vermont, Virginia (colored), Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin,

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 857

As a result of the marked success of its correspondence course for
teachers, instituted last year, the University of Florida has extended
these courses to farmers and their families and others who may be
interested. The new courses ran from November 1 to June 1, 1910.
The subjects covered included elementary agriculture, soils, tillage,
drainage and irrigation, manures and fertilizers, field crops, types
and breeds of live stock, dairy husbandry, animal breeding, feeds and
feeding, and citrus fruits and citrus culture. There is no age limit
or entrance examination in these courses, and the only expense
incurred is for postage and the textbook. There were about 500
students in the correspondence courses, including 200 in the teachers’
courses.

An assistant in charge of school extension was appointed in the
Georgia State College of Agriculture. Extension schools for teachers
were held at several points in the State in cooperation with the county
school commissioners. The staff of the extension department took
charge of these institutions and organized work along lines which
would enable the teachers to acquire the information necessary to
introduce instruction in agriculture into the common schools.

E. L. Holton, a graduate student at Teachers’ College, Columbia
University, was appointed professor of industrial education for the
extension department to have charge of the introduction of agricul-
ture, shopwork, and home economics into the public-school system of
the State and supervise the corn contests, boys’ corn clubs, and the
new correspondence courses.

The Legislature of Michigan authorized the Michigan Agricultural
College to grant three-year State teachers’ certificates to such of its
graduates as have completed the regular four-year course in agricul-
ture, together with a course in pedagogics covering at least one-half
year of special instruction in that subject. The college has announced
a one-year professional course for agricultural teachers, open to gradu-
ates of State normal schools in the life-certificate courses and to other
graduates of reputable colleges who have had two or more years of
experience in teaching. The new course requires the election of at
least 75 units of the technical subjects offered in the regular four-year
agricultural course. Candidates may thereafter, if they desire, secure
the regular bachelor’s degree in agriculture by completing the remain-
ing subjects in the agricultural course. It is expected that this teach-
ers’ course will attract the attendance of a considerable number of
students who need only technical information to become good teachers
of agriculture. The legislature also empowered the governor to ap-
point a commission of not less than five nor more than seven members
to make a careful study of the conditions of elementary, industrial,
and agricultural education in the State and to present a report set-
ting forth these conditions and making recommendations for a plan

358 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

of elementary, industrial, and agricultural training in the public
schools.

In Missouri R. H. Emberson was appointed professor of rural
education to act as the representative of the college of agriculture in
such matters, serving as superintendent of extension work for the
rural schools, in cooperation with the State superintendent, the State
normal schools, and the various county superintendents. Through
this agency the college is endeavoring to suggest textbooks, bulletins,
circulars, apparatus, and reports which will serve to acquaint each
school with progress throughout the State. It plans to have this
kind of extension work explained in all the teachers’ institutes, with
a view to having it begun soon in at least six or eight schools in each
county.

The department of industrial pedagogy, authorized by the board
of regents of the Oregon Agricultural College in January, 1908, but
held in abeyance through lack of funds, was given concrete form in
August, 1909, when E. D. Ressler, for seven years president of the
Oregon State Normal School, was appointed professor in charge.
The first semester was devoted to instruction in the county institutes
and to the general promotion of industrial education in the State.
Classes were organized in the second semester in the pedagogy of
elementary agriculture, domestic science and art, and the mechanic
arts. A summer school of seven weeks for the benefit of public
school teachers who desire opportunity to fit themselves to teach the
industrial subjects was inaugurated June 20, 1910.

A department of agricultural education was established at Penn-
sylvania State College to assist in the work of introducing agricul-
ture into the public schools and to take charge of the correspondence
courses in the college. In this connection a beginning has been made
in outlining reading courses and correspondence courses for teachers.
T. I. Mairs, who has had charge of the correspondence courses for
several years, is at the head of the new department.

COLLEGE EXTENSION AND SHORT COURSES.

Agricultural extension teaching is undoubtedly one of the most
rapidly developing features of college work. In 1905 there were 4
departments of agricultural extension in colleges; in 1910 the num-
ber had reached 27. The appropriations for this work are becoming
more and more liberal, though still inadequate. In Iowa the amount
given was $32,000; in Kansas, $26,000; in Minnesota, $25,000; in New
York, $50,000; in Ohio, $20,000 (increased to $50,000 for 1911) ; and
in Wisconsin, $30,000, with $20,000 more for farmers’ institutes.

Extension work has included a great variety of enterprises. There
have been movable schools; work with public school teachers, as indi-

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 359

cated on an earlier page; educational trains, trolley cars, and boats;
farmers’ institutes; boys’ and girls’ agricultural clubs and other work
with school children; correspondence courses; and numerous features
of demonstration work, such as road making, silo construction,
orchard spraying, milk testing, butter making, and field experiments.
A more extended account of this work is given in the report of the
farmers’ institute specialist, beginning on page 387.

Short courses in great variety were held. Several of the colleges
maintained short-course departments and had special funds for this
work. Louisiana held its first short course, beginning January 22,
and enrolled 5 students.

More than 2,000 negro farmers and their families attended the
annual farmers’ conference at Tuskegee Institute in January. In
connection with the conference a meeting of agricultural workers
in the various negro colleges and schools was held for the purpose
of forming a permanent association of such workers to consider
methods of instruction in agriculture and related topics. The pro-
gram consisted of papers and addresses on the management of
school farms, organization of departments of agriculture in negro
schools, experimental work on school farms, agricultural extension
work, how to encourage students to take agricultural courses, and
the training of teachers of agriculture.

The first winter conference to be offered by the Florida Agricul-
tural and Mechanical College for Negroes was held at Tallahassee
in January, with a large attendance.

The Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society established
12 scholarships for sons and daughters of Jewish farmers. These
scholarships are open to successful contestants in the writing of short
essays in English of not more than 500 words, and provide free
tuition in the short winter courses of any State agricultural college,
together with all other expenses except railroad fare.

The Wabash Railroad offered to each of the 18 counties in Mis-
souri through which its lines run a scholarship of $50 in the short
winter courses at the Missouri College of Agriculture. The college
of agriculture also cooperated with the Frisco lines in holding night
schools of agriculture in St. Louis and Kansas City. The attend-
ance at St. Louis was over 1,800, and that at Kansas City over 600.
Including these two night schools and three special trains, the faculty
of the college of agriculture addressed over. 40,000 persons during
one month.

In California successful short courses were held at the agricultural
school and farm at Davis,

Short courses in cotton grading were held in Georgia and
Oklahoma.

860 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Last year the Riverside (Cal.) Young Men’s Christian Association
tried the experiment of offering a course of lectures for citrus grow-
ers, and it was so successful that this year the illustrated lectures will
include every phase of the subject, from preparing the young trees
for planting to harvesting the crop.

A round-table conference devoted to the special work and prob-
lems of agricultural libraries was held at the meeting of the Ameri-
can Library Association at Mackinac Island, Mich., June 30 to July
6, 1910 (see p. 318).

THE COLLEGES AT THE INTERNATIONAL LIVE-STOCK EXPOSITION.

The tenth exhibition of live stock, held in Chicago, November 27
to December 4, amply illustrated how materially the show has raised
the standards of breeding, feeding, and judging during the past
decade. Judged by the number and quality of the animals exhibited,
the sales of pure-bred stock, and the large attendance at the meeting
of the Breeders’ Association, held during the week, popular interest
in pure-bred stock has never been so great. The entries numbered
3,908, filling all the available space, and in most classes the quality
of stock was superior to that of previous years. The prizes offered
aggregated $75,000. Nearly all sections of this country were repre-
sented, together with numerous exhibits from Canada and other
foreign countries, and including for*the first time an exhibitor and
prize winner from Argentina. The appearance of the stock in the
arena was much improved by the novel expedient of dying the
arena sawdust green, thereby improving the light and simulating out-
door conditions.

The agricultural colleges and experiment stations fully maintained
their position of leadership at the exposition, figuring largely in the
prize winnings and in the list of judges. Their entries were espe-
cially strong in the fat-stock classes, and in the single bullock show
they made a surprising record by winning all the championships.
There was the usual large attendance of their students and teachers,
16 institutions being represented, and the Missouri University alone
sending 395 men.

In the student-judging contest 7 colleges were represented, Iowa
winning with a score of 4,940 out of a possible 5,000, followed by
Ontario, Ohio, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, and Texas. The Iowa
team won first on cattle and hogs, that of Missouri on horses, and that
of Ohio on sheep. A comparison of the scores with those of previous
years showed that 5 men exceeded the highest previous individual
record, and 6 of the 7 teams the highest previous team record.

The largest number of breed entries was in the Shorthorn classes,
where there were 295 entries of Shorthorns in the breeding and 48 in

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 861

the fat classes. There was a special class for milking Shorthorns,
50 per cent being allowed for beef and 50 for milk production. In
the Shorthorn steers the Kansas college took first prize on calves
and fifth on 2-year-olds, and Iowa stood second on calves. In the
yearling class Minnesota took the first prize, Ohio the fourth. In
the Shorthorn Association special, Kansas stood first and Iowa sec-
ond in the senior calves class, and Missouri won two prizes in the
junior calves.

The Angus breed ranked next to the Shorthorn in the number of
entries and captured the single-steer championship, the reserve cham-
pionship, the champion herd, and the champion group, the get of one
sire, and also won 7 out of the 10 prizes offered in the dressed-carcass
contest. The Galloway types exhibited indicated that much improve-
ment has been made in their quality as a beef breed since their first
introduction to this country, and 2 prizes in the slaughter test went
to this breed. The Polled Durham entries showed an increase to 52,
and the Red Polls were also represented in greater numbers than
ever before.

In the fat-stock classes there were a large number of exceptionally
good steers. The Kansas college won the grand championship with
a pure-bred 2-year-old Angus steer, King Ellsworth, bred in Illinois
and exhibited last year at the show, when he weighed 1,400 pounds.
He was purchased a year ago by the college and fed a ration of corn,
bran, oil meal, and alfalfa hay, increasing his weight to 1,750 pounds.
The reserve champion was also owned by the Kansas college. In
the Angus-steer contest Kansas won first on 2-year-olds, with Min-
nesota second, Ohio third, Nebraska fourth, and Purdue fifth, and
also first and fifth on yearlings, with Nebraska second, Iowa third,
and Minnesota fourth. On calves Minnesota was first, Nebraska sec-
ond, and Kansas third, the last named also taking the breed cham-
pionship and that for a pen of three. The colleges also took a large
number of prizes in the Galloway-steer classes, and in the Polled
Durhams Iowa won first in yearlings, calves, and herd, and second
in 2-year-olds.

The grades and crosses were judged from butchers’ standards by
the championship judge, Wiliam Heap, of Manchester, England.
The standing of the colleges in these classes was also noteworthy.
On 2-year-olds Iowa won second and fourth, Missouri third; senior
yearlings, Nebraska first; junior yearlings, Iowa first and third, Ohio
fifth; senior calves, Missouri first, Purdue fifth; junior calves, Iowa
third and fourth; pen of three, Iowa second and third, Missouri
fourth; pen of three, get of one sire, Kansas first, Iowa second.

The value of the car-lot exhibit was much increased by the feeding
data which were available. The Shorthorns won the championship
in both the fat and feeding cattle classes, and for the first time the

362 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

champion load, these being yearlings weighing 1,190 pounds and
selling for $15 per hundredweight. This lot was wintered on a ration
of corn on the cob with some bran, a little oil cake, and roughage
consisting of clover, alfalfa, and timothy. They were carried through
the summer in a 20-acre feed lot, with oil cake as a supplementary
feed. Cottonseed meal was tried at one time, but as it was not rel-
ished a return to oil cake was made. Six weeks before the show
brown sugar was fed, each steer being allowed 1 pound daily, and
four weeks prior to shipping they were given a daily ration of oats.
The prize car lot of 15 short-fed yearlings were Angus, which made
a gain of 5,025 pounds at a cost of $9.59 per hundredweight. The
feed consumed in addition to pasture was stated to have been 360
bushels old corn, 450 bushels new corn, 75 bushels crushed oats, 1 ton
oil meal, and 6 tons clover hay. The premium car lot of 2-year-olds
were Herefords, which gained 4,900 pounds at a cost of $9.30 per
hundredweight. In addition to pasture they consumed 3,785 pounds
snapped corn, 4,599 pounds corn-and-cob meal, 2,095 pounds linseed
meal, and 3,335 pounds alfalfa hay. The prize winners in the car-
lot feeding cattle were mostly from Colorado.

In the cattle slaughter test 7 out of 10 prizes went to the Angus
breed, 2 to the Galloway, and 1 to the Red Polled. The first prize in
the class for animals 1 year old and under 2 was won by the Univer-
sity of Nebraska on a grade Angus with a live weight of 1,390 pounds,
dressing 65.8 per cent and selling for 14.25 cents per pound. The
first and second prizes for animals 2 years old and under 3 were also
won by the University of Nebraska, and other prizes in this contest
were won by the Iowa college and the Ohio State University.

The display in the fat classes of sheep was of high character and
showed a growing interest in mutton sheep in the corn belt. Many
prizes were won by the Wisconsin, Wyoming, and Ohio Universities.
In the dressed-carcass contest all the prizes were won by the Wis-
consin University except the second prize, which went to the Iowa
college. The Southdown was the only breed represented in this test.
The first-prize yearling dressed 63.48 per cent of the live weight and
sold for 10.25 cents per pound. The first-prize lamb dressed 60.64 per
cent live weight and sold for 51 cents per pound. A notable feature
of this contest was the uniformity in rating on foot and on the block,
the lambs that won first and second in the carcass test having won
first and second in the open classes for Southdown lambs. The
Wyoming University showed a novelty in a Highland-Cotswold cross.
This was cut for inspection, as were the best five sheep in both year-
ling and lamb classes. The forequarter proved to be too heavy and
the percentage of fat to lean far too excessive. The pea-fed lot of
yearlings submitted by the Wisconsin University won first, as in the
past two years.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 363

After an interval of several years the breeding classes for swine
were reestablished this year. Prizes were obtained by the Iowa
college and the Ohio State and Purdue Universities. In the dressed-
swine contest the prize went to a Poland China, which dressed 87.42
per cent, the Iowa college winning third on a Duroc Jersey that
dressed 86.27 per cent. The Ohio State University had the only
exhibit of fat, large Yorkshires, and showed three barrows of the
curly coated Lincolnshire breed—the first brought to this country.
Two of these were slaughtered and dressed 77.8 and 77.11 per cent,
respectively. The Iowa Station showed a number of pens of swine
that had been used in experimental work which illustrated the effect
of feeding different rations.

In the special classes for college and station stock, Kansas won
first on 2-year-olds, followed by Iowa, Missouri, and Ohio; and also
first on yearlings, with Nebraska second, Iowa third, and Minnesota
fourth. On calves Missouri won first and third, with Kansas second,
and Iowa fourth; and the championship for a single animal and a
pen of five went to Kansas.

One very important influence of the International has been in
connection with the agricultural colleges, especially of the central
West. These institutions have been conspicuous in the show ring and
on the list of judges. Their success in training and supplying expert
judges and in feeding animals for exhibition has revealed their prac-
tical character and the practical value of their courses.

The International has been a common meeting ground for practical
stockmen and the alleged theorists of the agricultural colleges. It
has been a potent agency in popularizing the colleges and winning
the respect and confidence of practical men. At first practical breed-
ers and feeders were skeptical, and held that the professors of agri-
culiure could theorize but were unable to put their theories into prac-
tice. It was time for the professor of agriculture to show what he
could do, and he has “made good.” He has gone into the open
market, bought, bred, fed, and fitted for the show animals that have
not only won prizes but championships and grand championships
year after year. A leading stock paper, in speaking of the last
show, says:

The agricultural college is fairly dominant in the meat-making sections. They
practice what they preach. * * * Facing the achievements of the past few
years in the International arena, no critic raises a note against the practical
ability of the college force in the breeding and feeding of meat-making animals.
This fact alone is worth all the International has cost, as it establishes on
impregnable foundations an agricultural education as expounded at the land-
grant colleges.

That the educational value of the International is appreciated by
the colleges is attested by the attendance of both teachers and students

364 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

in large numbers. This year delegations of students were sent from
at least 16 colleges, Missouri leading the list with 395 men.

The exhibition of live stock, not only at the International but at
State shows, has been in the nature of a necessity during a certain
stage in the evolution of the agricultural college. But the time has
come when it is a debatable question in some of the colleges whether
they should not withdraw from prize contests and confine their
exhibits, if made at all, to animals shown for educational ends solely,
eliminating entirely the competitive feature.

This is a question for each college to decide for itself. In some
States it may not be necessary longer to demonstrate the importance
of the college to the agricultural community, but in many places such
evidence of the practical character of the institution is helpful in
winning the cooperation of the farmers, and the exhibits themselves
have an educational value. In all cases, however, the spirit of com-
mercialism and shrewd competition should be absent, and the plain
effort should be to educate the people by furnishing illustrations of
the application of scientific principles to the practical affairs of
breeding and feeding.

THE COLLEGES AT THE FOURTH NATIONAL DAIRY SHOW.

The Fourth National Dairy Show was held October 14-24, 1909,
at the Auditorium in Milwaukee, Wis. The show was opened by
President Taft and Gov. Davidson, of Wisconsin, the former setting
the machinery in motion by telegraph, and the latter serving as pre-
siding officer on the opening night. The attendance was exception-
ally good throughout, this being attributed in part to the marked
local interest in the show, the daily press devoting much attention to
the enterprise.

In the way of educational exhibits the show was particularly strong.
One of the most noticeable features was a working dairy of 16 grade
cows, shown by the Dairy Division of this department. Complete
records were posted each day as to the cost of food and net profits
for the different animals, as a demonstration of the value of keeping
records; and there were comparative trials of different methods of
feeding. The Dairy Division also showed photographs of modern
dairy equipment, barn plans, and other illustrative material relating
especially to the care of milk on the farm and in the home. The
University of Wisconsin, the Pennsylvania State College, and the
Minnesota Dairy and Food Department also had educational dis-
plays. The agricultural colleges and this department contributed
numerous speakers to the various conventions held in connection with
the show, and in the stock-judging contest. Director Hayward, of
the Delaware station, served as judge in the Ayrshire class.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 365

The fourth annual conference of the Official Dairy Instructors’
Association was attended by about 40 members, representing all
parts of the country. The committee on dairy score cards reported
that the card adopted by the association at its last meeting is now
in actual use in 128 cities, and that 110 others have the card under
consideration. Reports were also given by the standing committees
on official testing of dairy cows, relations to the National Dairy Show,
courses of instruction, experimental work in milk production and
dairy manufactures, standards for dairy products, official methods
of testing dairy products, extension work, judging dairy cattle, and
cow-test associations.

The intercollegiate students’ judging contest of dairy cattle was
under the supervision of B. H. Rawl, chief of the dairy division of
this department, and was participated in by teams from seven institu-
tions. The $300 sweepstakes trophy and the trophy for highest indi-
vidual score were won by students from the University of Nebraska,
followed in order by the teams from Cornell, the universities of Mis-
souri and Minnesota, the Iowa and Pennsylvania colleges, and the
Ohio State University. The breed trophies were awarded to the
Ohio State University team for Ayrshires, to that of Missouri for
Dutch Belted cattle, to Minnesota for Guernseys, to Nebraska for
Holsteins, and to Cornell for Jerseys.

THE SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

At the close of the fiscal year 1910 there were over 630 secondary
schools teaching agriculture. These included 58 agricultural schools
and 28 public high schools receiving State aid for agriculture, 432
unaided public and private high schools and academies, 46 secondary
schools for negroes, several colleges and schools on private founda-
tions, and correspondence schools, but not the normal schools. Agri-
cultural schools were started in connection with a number of the
agricultural colleges, State aid for agriculture in public high schools
was inaugurated or increased in several instances, and extension
work and short courses were successfully conducted by a number of
the high schools.

That agriculture is coming to be recognized as a subject worthy of
eredit in college and university entrance requirements is indicated in
the committee report of the National Education Association, to which
reference is made on page 348. The strange thing about this report
is that so few of the agricultural colleges, relatively, give entrance -
credit for high-school agriculture.

866 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
RECENT PROGRESS BY STATES.
ARKANSAS.

The four district agricultural schools provided for by the Arkan-
sas Legislature were located as follows: First district, Jonesboro;
second district, Russellville; third district, Magnolia; and fourth dis-
trict, Monticello. The Russellville school will open in the fall of
1910, with A. K. Short, formerly animal husbandman of the Arkan-
sas College and station, in charge as principal.

CALIFORNIA.

The department of agricultural education in the State University
has published a circular giving the results of a survey of the present
status of agricultural instruction in certain public high schools of
the State, and containing also the courses offered in the State Poly-
technic School, at San Luis Obispo, and the University Farm School,
at Davis, and a suggested four-year course in agriculture adapted to
correlation with the first two years of the usual high-school course
and to specialized study in the last two years.

A number of substantial buildings have been erected at the uni-
versity farm school at Davis. Among the more important of these
are the dairy building and the judging pavilion erected in 1907, the
$30,000 dormitory (Pl. XVI, fig. 1), and the $20,000 dairy barn (PI.
XVI, fig. 2), erected in 1908, the $9,000 veterinary building erected
in 1909, and the $23,000 horticultural building (Pl. XVII, fig. 1),
the $7,500 horse barn (Pl. XVII, fig. 2), and the $5,500 sheep barn
erected in 1910.

COLORADO.

The Colorado Agricultural College established a school of agri-
culture with a course extending over three years of six months each.

IDAHO.

The board of regents authorized the establishment of a school of
practical agriculture with a course of study to extend over three
years, and with six months’ instruction each year, beginning about
October 1. E. J. Iddings, assistant in animal husbandry in the
Colorado college, was appointed principal of the school.

ILLINOIS,

New courses in agriculture extending over two and one-half years
have been introduced into the academy which serves as a preparatory
school to the University of Illinois. In these the first year is given

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XVI.

Fic. 1.—DORMITORY, CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL, DAVIS.

Fic. 2.—DAIRY BARN, CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL, DAVIS.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XVII.

Fic. 1.—HorTICULTURAL BUILDING, CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL, DAVIS.

Fic. 2.—HoRSE BARN, CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL, DAVIS.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 367

to a study of field crops and soils, the second to animal husbandry,
and the remaining half year to orchard and garden crops. It is
planned to make the entire course a demonstration of the feasibility
of teaching secondary agriculture in the public schools. It is also
expected that these courses will afford a satisfactory means of in-
structing public-school teachers, who may cover the entire work in
one year while also pursuing some studies in the college of agricul-
ture. Half-semester courses in cooking, sewing, and the care and
planning of the home are also being offered in the academy in con-
nection with the department of household science of the university.

IOWA,

The public high school at Coin, Iowa, offers four years of agri-
culture as an elective. Similar opportunities for election are offered
to students who prefer Latin, household science, manual training,
or commercial subjects to agriculture. Agriculture is taught by the
superintendent, J. W. Tavenner, who has arranged the nature-study
work in the grades so as to make a good preparation for agriculture
in the high school.

The course in agriculture is well planned and is briefly outlined

below.
First YEAR.

Farm crops.—Corn, seed corn, oats, wheat, potatoes, sweet potatoes, sorghum,
sugar beets.

Legumes.—Alfalfa, red clover, white clover, alsike clover, mammoth clover,
cowpeas, soy beans, and vetch.

Grasses.—Kentucky blue grass, timothy, redtop, and orchard grass.

Silos.—Historical, form and construction, cost, selection and culture of silage
crops, filling the silo, composition and feeding value of silage.

Weeds.—lIdentification of the neighborhood weeds by means of seeds, stems,
and leaves. Habits of growth and methods of eradication. State ways in
which weeds are an injury to the farmer. Name not less than five of the
worst weeds, and state why. Classify weeds as to habits of growth. Also as
to annuals, biennials, and perennials.

Collect seeds from all weeds, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and flowers in the
neighborhood. Put them into envelopes or bottles and label each with date,
name of plant, where found, and name of collector.

Problems on yield, on amount of the three principal food elements needed
to replace that taken by different crops, on fencing fields of different sizes,
on number of bushels of corn in different size cribs or bins, etc.

Soil formation.—Mechanical agencies, the chemical action of air and water,
plants and animals as soil formers and improvers, soil materials, light and
heavy soils, physical characteristics of soils, moisture relations of soils, heat
relation of soils, soil temperature affected by color and drainage, chemical
characteristics of soils.

Experiments in the laboratory and on plats to determine the water-holding
powers of different soils, experiments to demonstrate the capillary movements
of water in soils under different conditions, experiments to show the different

368 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

methods of conserving soil moisture, experiments to determine whether com-
pact soils will hold more water than loose soils, experiments to determine how
organic matter in the soil affects its water-holding power.

SEcoND YEAR.

Horticulture.—The plant; propagation of plants—by means of seeds, by
cuttings, by layering, by grafting, by budding, by bulbs, rootstalks, stolons,
and corms.

Pruning of common fruit, shade, and ornamental trees of different ages;
grafting of apple, peach, pear, ete.; budding peach seedlings. Note how
fruits fertilize. The proper way to plant a tree and its subsequent care.
Identification of neighborhood trees and shrubs. The most troublesome insect
and fungus enemies of fruit and ornamental trees and their destruction by
spraying and otherwise. Special work in making and the application of spray-
ing mixtures.

The fruit garden, the vegetable garden, the school garden.

Study of roots, stems, and leaves. The preparation and use of hotbeds,
coldframes, and pits.

Fruit growing.—The apple, peach, pear, strawberry, raspberry, blackberry,
currant, and gooseberry. Define the terms seedlings, stock, scion, standards,
dwarfs, free-stone, etc.

Soil fertility—Improvement by drainage, tillage, manures, fertilizers, lime,
humus, green manuring, legumes, and rotation of crops.

Root tubercles and inoculation, sources of nitrogen, sources of phosphorus,
sources of potassium, practical methods of maintaining fertility.

Testing soils for acid conditions, pot experiments in growth of plants by
adding the different elements of plant food, also the same on field plats.

Comparisons made of crops grown on fields of different degrees of fertility,
also comparative yields of the neighborhood.

Problems based upon the amount of plant food taken out of the soil each
year by the different crops given. These problems should also show when to
grow shallow or deep rooted crops.

THIRD YEAR.

Animal husbandry.—Cattle—beef breeds, dual-purpose breeds, and dairy
breeds.

Milk.—Composition and characteristics, bacteria, how milk becomes impure
and methods of prevention, use of the Babcock test, cream separators—care
and management, management and delivery of cream, butter making, cheese
making, renovated or process butter and how to distinguish same from genuine
butter.

Testing of individual cows.—Study feeding practices of the neighborhood.
Different cuts of meats—their location in the carcass and value for food.

Horses.—Breeds valuable for speed, draft horses, carriage and coach breeds,
ponies, mules.

Sheep.—Short-wooled breeds, middle-wooled breeds, long-wooled breeds.

Swine.—Large breeds, middle breeds, small breeds.

Poultry.—General-purpose breeds, meat or table breeds, egg breeds, orna-
mental breeds, turkeys, ducks, and geese, guinea fowl, squab raising.

Breeds and characteristics of farm animals to be carried through the year.
Identification of breeds, judging market types of live stock, studies of local live-

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 369

stock interests, the elements of animal nutrition—protein, carbohydrates, min-
erals. ete.
Feeding standards and balanced rations.
The common ailments of farm animals—symptoms and methods of prevention
or treatment.
FourtTH YEAR.

The farm home, buildings, and surroundings.—Location of buildings, plan
of house, cost and construction, modern conveniences. Barns and outbuildings,
location, plans, cost and construction, sanitary drainage and sewerage, disin-
fection, sources and supply of pure water. The lawn, walks, and drives.
Selection and planting flowers, shrubs, and trees. Cultural suggestions.

Equipment of houses and barns with heat, light, motor power, water pres-
sure, ventilating and cleaning devices, and other machinery.

Farm mechanics.—Cement construction. Walks, basement, stable floors, and
driveways, steps, tanks, small bridges, sewer pipe, drain tile, and reenforcement.
Silo construction. Tools and leveling for drives. Location of tile and sewer
drains. Construction.

Farm machinery.—A study of the elements of mechanics and of machine de-
signs entering into the construction of all machinery, followed by a special
study of motors, including gasoline and steam engines, steam boilers, power
transmission, windmills, water wheels, pumps, hydraulic rams, farm machinery
for tillage, seeding, harvesting, ete.

Roads.—Macadam, sand-clay, burnt-clay. Methods and cost of construction,
management, and care. Road drags.

Beekeeping.—Location, what race to choose, what hive to adopt, management
in swarming, how to avoid stings, prevention of swarming, how to obtain sur-
plus honey and wax, wintering, risk and loss through disease and enemies,
beneficial effects in pollenization.

Forestry.—Fforestry and farm designing. The need of forest planting, a
planting plan, trees and methods recommended. Special features about the
farmstead. The life of a tree, the life of a forest, enemies of the forest.

Recitations on the history, production, and marketing of cereal crops, potatoes,
field beans, forage, and miscellaneous crops.

Recitations on elementary farm accounting, selection and purchase of farms,
cost and relative profit of various farm operations and systems of farming.

MAINE.

Under a recent act of the Maine Legislature, which provides that
any incorporated academy in the State maintaining a course in man-
ual training, domestic science, or agriculture approved by the State
superintendent of schools, shall be entitled to receive annually from
the State a sum equal to the amount expended for such instruction
up to $250 for each course, an agricultural high-school course has been
adopted in Leavitt Institute at Turner Center, Me. The course ex-
tends through four years and includes the ordinary academic sub-
jects in addition to a full line of agricultural instruction of sec-
ondary grade. <A rather unusual feature of the course as reported is
the application of chemistry “ to agriculture, the study of soils, plant
life, and fertilizers ” in the first year.

91866°—11——24

370 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

MARYLAND.

The Legislature of Maryland passed a new high-school law provid-
ing State aid for agriculture, home economics, manual training, and
business courses in two classes of high schools. In high schools of the
first class, with at least 80 high-school pupils and a four-year course
of study, the State will give $400 toward the salary of each of two
special teachers, and in high schools of the second class, with at least
35 high-school pupils and a three-year course of study, $400 toward
the salary of one special teacher. .

The Agricultural High School of Baltimore County, at Sparks
Station (P. O. Philopolis), Md., was opened in the fall of 1909 and
has had a successful year. B. H. Crocheron, a graduate of Cornell
University, is principal and teacher of agriculture. The school has
7 acres of land and a new granite building, containing five class-
rooms, two of which can be converted into an auditorium which will
seat 300 persons. The basement contains three laboratories and a
farm-machinery room. The building has heating, lighting, and
water systems.

The school is a consolidated one, comprising what was formerly
four schools, and is entirely supported by county funds and local
contributions. The pupils come by train, by private conveyance, or
in school wagons, of which there were three the first year. There
were 50 pupils in the high school the first year and considerably more
in the grades. The course of study includes all of the usual high-
school subjects except the foreign languages, which are replaced by
agriculture, home economics, and manual training.

The work of the school during the year was rather remarkable in
the attention given to the instruction of farmers and their wives. A
description of this feature of the work is given on page 374.

MICHIGAN.

Under the stimulus afforded by the department of agricultural
education at the Michigan Agricultural College the number of pub-
lic high schools maintaining departments of agriculture is increasing
as rapidly as qualified teachers can be provided for the work. The
teachers of agriculture in these schools have organized the Society
for the Promotion of Agricultural Education in the Public Schools.

MONTANA.

The Billings Polytechnic Institute was opened at Billings, Mont.,
the first week in October, 1909, occupying temporary quarters pend-
ing the completion of seven buildings which are in process of con-

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 371

struction. The institute is a secondary school, offering courses re-
lated to the industries of the region, among which is a four-year
course in agriculture. The officers of the corporation include John
D. Losecamp, as president, and Lewis T. Eaton, as educational
director.

NEW MEXICO.

The New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts has
established four-year industrial courses of high-school grade in agri-
culture, mechanic arts, home economics, and business methods, each
of which articulates with a similar college course. Each course con-
tains six units of technical work and ten units of regular high-school
work.

NEW YORK.

A recent New York law authorizes any local school board to estab-
lish in connection with a city or village high school or a “ union free
school” a department or a school of agriculture, mechanic arts, and
home making, and directs the State commissioner of education to
apportion from the State school moneys to each of these schools or
departments the sum of $500 if one special teacher is employed and
$200 additional for each additional special teacher. The State educa-
tion department is charged with the administration of this law and
has appointed F. W. Howe, formerly in this office, as supervisor of
agricultural education.

The same law authorizes the State schools of agriculture at St.
Lawrence University, at Alfred University, and at Morrisville to
give courses for the training of teachers in agriculture, mechanic
arts, and home making, and gives them the same apportionment of
State funds that is given to public high schools. Graduates from
approved teachers’ courses in these State schools of agriculture may
receive licenses to teach agriculture, mechanic arts, and home making
in the public schools of the State, subject to such rules and regula-
tions as the commissioner of education may prescribe.

The first year at the New York State School of Agriculture at
Alfred University was a successful one, with 75 students in at-
tendance. A novel feature of the course of study at this school is the
arrangement of its three-year course of study (six months each year)
under three heads, viz, for boys, for boys and girls, and for girls.
The work under the first and third headings is almost evenly bal-
anced in time units, and among the technical studies common to
groups one and two are general agriculture, general and agricultural
botany, farm law and accounts, rural sociology, butter, cheese,
poultry, plant diseases, general and landscape gardening, and insect
pests. Besides English, arithmetic, history, and hygiene, careful

372 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

attention is also given to physical culture, music, parliamentary prac-
tice, and social life.

At Morrisville the courthouse and other county buildings, which
were turned over to the school when the county seat was transferred
elsewhere, have been repaired and put in readiness for the opening
of the school in October, 1910. These afford ample provisions for
the present for classrooms and an auditorium, domestic science work,
dairy laboratory, mechanical shops, and principal’s residence. Green-
houses will be erected near the shops. F. G. Helyar, for four years
head of the agricultural department of the Moody School for Boys
at Mount Hermon, Mass., has been elected principal of the school.

The Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, at Lima, N. Y., established de-
partments of agriculture and domestic economy in the fall of 1909.
This institution is one of the oldest college preparatory schools in
western New York, having been established in 1829 and opened in
May, 1832. During all of this time it has confined its work almost
entirely to classical and Latin scientific courses; but more recently
it established an engineering preparatory course, a course in com-
merce, and a seminary course, and now it is developing courses of
instruction more closely related to the lives and interests of the
people in its vicinity. The agricultural equipment includes 80 acres
of land, about 60 of which is available for gardening, fruit grow-
ing, and general agriculture, a small herd of dairy cows, work horses,
and poultry. F. E. Robertson, a 1909 graduate of Cornell University,
was appointed professor of agriculture.

TEXAS.

Under the stimulus afforded by the new law authorizing the State
board of education to duplicate expenditures ($500 to $2,000) made
by the trustees of any public school for the establishing, equipping,
and maintaining of departments of instruction in agriculture, in-
cluding manual training and domestic economy, many schools are mak-
ing laboratory and other provisions for the effective teaching of
agriculture. As an example of what is being done, an illustration is
shown (Pl. XVIII, fig. 1) of the new $125,000 high-school building
at Texarkana, Tex., which is supplied with laboratories and other
equipment for teaching agriculture, manual training, and domestic
science. Agriculture is required in the seventh grade and is elective
in the first and fourth years of the high school.

VERMONT.

Just at the close of the fiscal year announcement was made that a
secondary school of agriculture for Vermont boys is to be opened in

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XVIII.

FiG. 1.—AGRICULTURE TAUGHT IN NEW $125,000 HIGH-SCHOOL BUILDING, TEXARKANA,
EX.

Fic. 2.—ONE OF THE REVIEW CLASSES AT THE GEORGIA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL
MAKING Purity TEST OF CRIMSON CLOVER SEED.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 3S

September, 1910, in connection with Lyndon Institute, Lyndonville,
Vt. A two-year course in scientific and practical agriculture will be
given, designed to prepare young men for successful farming under
Vermont conditions. The course will extend over nine months of
each year and will be open to residents of the State eligible for
admission to any approved high school.

A unique feature of the school is the provision of two methods by
which students may pay their expenses, a cash-payment system and a
work-payment system. Boys who choose the latter method will be
required to stay at the school throughout the year and will be
allowed a maximum of $25 a month, with board and lodging, during
vacation time and 15 cents an hour for work during the school year.

The establishment of the school has been made possible through a
gift of Theodore N. Vail, president of the American Telegraph &
Telephone Co., who has associated with him as an advisory committee
the following persons: Ex-Goy. Fletcher D. Proctor; President John
M. Thomas, of Middlebury College; President W. D. Gibbs, of the
New Hampshire College; Dean J. L. Hills, of the University of Ver-
mont; State Superintendent of Education Mason S. Stone; and John
W. Titcomb, of Lyndonville, Vt. The director of the school will be
Arthur W. Merrill, a graduate of the New Hampshire College, and
for several years teacher of agriculture at the Baron de Hirsch
School.

VIRGINIA.

The State appropriation for agriculture, home economics, and
manual training in at least one school in each congressional district
has been increased from $20,000 to $25,000, and additional funds will
subsequently be available for extension and demonstration work.

An organization known as “ The Virginia Association of Agricul-
tural Schools ” was effected at Richmond, November 24, 1909, of those
interested in the development of agriculture in these schools. Di-
rector S. W. Fletcher, of the Virginia station, is secretary-treasurer
of the association. Each principal, agricultural teacher, or director
in the 10 State agricultural high schools is an ex-officio vice president
of the association, and these with the elective officers constitute the
executive committee.

WISCONSIN.

The La Crosse County School of Agriculture and Domestic Econ-
omy at Onalaska, Wis., opened to students October 11, 1909, with an
enrollment of 71 boys and 61 girls. A new two-story brick building,
with a high basement and connected greenhouse, has been erected on
the 17-acre farm which this school will utilize for instruction and
demonstration purposes. The two-year course is similar to that in
the other county agricultural high schools, except that: it includes

374 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

military drill for men. A. A. Johnson is principal of the school,
Miss Lucile W. Reynolds teacher of domestic economy, and P. L.
Johnsrud teacher of agricultural engineering and manual training.
A short course for farmers was held in the winter.

HIGH SCHOOL EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE.

The agricultural schools of secondary grade and the public high
schools having departments of agriculture in charge of trained teach-
ers of agriculture are finding many opportunities to serve their peo-
ple in other ways than through the students in regular attendance at
the schools. This work is usually done in cooperation with the State
colleges of agriculture, the State agricultural experiment stations, or
the United States Department of Agriculture, which have been liberal
in supplying lecturers and illustrative material for short winter
courses, farmers’ institutes, corn congresses, local demonstrations, and
various judging contests and other popular types of instruction in
agriculture.

THE BALTIMORE COUNTY PLAN.

The Agricultural School of Baltimore County, Md., has in the
single year of its existence developed some outside work for each class
of people in the community. Before the opening of the school and
before the building was completed, the principal elect and teacher of
agriculture, a stranger to the State, was in the county getting ac-
quainted with the people, making card indexes of them, and attend-
ing their agricultural meetings and teachers’ institutes. In this way
he acquired a fund of information concerning the people and their
needs which has since served as a guide in the work of the school.
Cooperation between the people and the school was the keynote of his
creed and the first public meeting for the dedication of the new school
building was a partial consummation of his plans. The success of
this meeting, for which the men’s agricultural club and the women’s
home interest club were made responsible, was the means by which
the active interest of all the people was aroused and their attitude at
this first meeting indicated that they could be depended upon to do
their share toward making the school a success.

The first extension work undertaken was a series of monthly meet-
ings for rural teachers who were being urged by the county superin-
tendent to teach agriculture, but did not feel competent to undertake
the work. They were invited to the agricultural school for an all-
day session one Saturday each month. Several meetings of this sort
were held, the morning hours being spent in lessons on general school
methods and administration, while the afternoon was devoted to.
lessons in agriculture, illustrated by a laboratory exercise which each
teacher was required to perform. Such exercises were chosen as could

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 375

be performed in the country schools with apparatus which the
teachers themselves could make or assemble. At about the same time
the principal began contributing lessons in elementary agriculture to
a local educational publication which was sent free by the school au-
thorities to every teacher in the county. In these ways some help was
extended to the teachers, but it needs to be stated here that the meet-
ings at the school were not sufficiently successful to warrant their
being continued throughout the year, owing mainly to the poor trans-
portation facilities, which made it almost impossible for teachers re-
siding at a distance from the school to attend the meetings in stormy
weather, or when the roads were bad.

For the adult farmers a course of 10 evening lectures was given,
one lecture each week. The general subjects of these lectures were
soils and fertilizers, and each lecture was illustrated by laboratory
demonstrations and experiments. Outlines for each lecture were fur-
nished to those in attendance who were requested to keep them and
bring them to the next meeting. The lectures were understood to be
serious affairs requiring close attention and some outside study and
reading. They were intended for men, but quite a number of women
asked and secured permission to attend. The first lecture was at-
tended by about 60 persons, the second by 90, and so on, with an aver-
age of 125 persons for each lecture during the entire course.

At the close of this series of lectures a corn congress was held
with morning, afternoon, and evening sessions for two days,
Speakers were secured from the United States Department of Agri-
culture and from the Maryland Agricultural College and Experi-
ment Station. All of the addresses were to be directly on corn grow-
ing and cooking, for the women, too, were to have addresses and
demonstrations. It proved to be a very popular affair. Over 180
exhibitors sent in 10-ear exhibits of corn, and nearly 1,000 persons
attended the sessions. Twenty rural schools held preliminary corn
shows and sent their best exhibits to the corn congress. There were
simultaneous meetings in different parts of the same building for
men, women, and children. Meals were served at a lunch counter by
the ladies of the women’s club and the proceeds were given to the
school. At the close of the last session the prize exhibits of corn
were sold at auction to the highest bidder and in this way good seed
corn was distributed throughout the neighborhood.

For the farmers’ wives a series of monthly meetings was held on
Saturday afternoons. Invitations were sent out to about 300 women
living within driving distance of the school. The three school wagons
were run over the regular routes to bring those who cared to attend
the meetings. The sessions opened with a short general lecture by
some prominent speaker and then, after a selection of music, the
women divided into four groups, which remained the same through-

376 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

out the year. One group took a short course of instruction in domes-
tic science, each member of the class working with the individual
equipment placed at her disposal, which was the same equipment
used by the students in the high school. Another group took car-
pentry work in the manual training room and was taught to use the
plane, hammer, and other ordinary carpenters’ tools in making
shelves, towel rollers, and other common articles about the house and
yard. The third group, known as the class in home crafts, was taught
chair caning, rug weaving, Indian basketry, stenciling, etc., and the
fourth took up a study of modern literature under the direction of
the principal of the school. 'The meetings had an average attendance
of 85 throughout the year and were successful.

A literary society was organized for the young people in the
neighborhood who were not in school. The society met once in two
weeks, had a membership of about 100 persons, and engaged in
spelling bees, debates, and other literary exercises which enlivened
the long winter evenings.

During the summer the high-school boys were required to conduet
experiments at their homes under the direction of the principal, who
kept in close touch with the work by visiting the students several
times during the summer vacation. The experiments were scat-
tered over a territory 25 miles long by 5 miles broad, and thus at-
tracted much attention among the neighbors, and were of value as a
demonstration of new methods of farm practice. The experiments
were largely selected by the students under the suggestion of the prin-
cipal and consisted of variety tests of corn from seed furnished by
the school, tests of herds of dairy cows, including the keeping of
milk records and the making of frequent Babcock tests of the butter-
fat content, alfalfa growing, variety tests of cowpeas, variety tests
of popcorn, and other similar experiments of simple nature which
were attractive to the students and served to arouse interest in agri-
cultural problems.

The school also tested seeds and milk for farmers. During the
spring months many samples of clover seed were submitted for a
determination of purity and vitality, and throughout the year milk
and cream were tested. Many of the farmers of the neighborhood are
engaged in dairying and seli their milk by the butter-fat test. These
were glad to have an occasional authoritative test from a disinterested
source to compare with tests made by the buyer.

The principal writes that the extension work of the school did not
prove unusually difficult, nor did it disclose obstacles which would
make it prohibitive for any school. On the other hand, it made many
things easier for a new school just getting established in a rural
community in that it secured the good will and hearty support of all
its rural patrons.

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. aie
THE STOCKTON PLAN.

One of the most comprehensive schemes for a high-school depart-
ment of agriculture, including extension work, is that devised by
Superintendent James A. Barr, of the Stockton (Cal.) schools.
Stockton is a city of about 25,000 population, with 16 teachers and 450
pupils in its high school. The school is “rural” only in the sense
that it is in the center of a rich agricultural region, from which it
draws many of its pupils and for which it furnishes nearly all the
teachers.

The Stockton plan, which was definitely adopted by the school
board in 1910 and goes into operation in the fall, includes (1)
two-year and four-year courses in agriculture and home economics
closely related to the practical affairs of the farm and home; (2)
work directly related to the agricultural problems of San Joaquin
County, such, for example, as problems relating to peat lands, irriga-
tion, alfalfa, grape growing, dairying, and local insect pests; (3)
courses appropriate for girls along the line of household arts, dealing
with the domestic, household, and health questions of the home, and
including instruction in cooking, the chemistry of foods, invalid cook-
ery, sewing, home nursing, house furnishing, sanitation, care of chil-
dren, and home management; (4) short courses for farmers and those
interested in agriculture who can not take a full course, to be given
in a cooperative way by the school and the State college of agricul-
ture; (5) the preparation of teachers to the end that both the graded
and rural schools throughout the district may be provided with
teachers having a knowledge of and a sympathy for farm life;
(6) the publication and distribution of leaflets bearing on the agri-
cultural problems of the district; and (7) the cooperation of the
State college of agriculture, the United States Department of Agri-
culture, and the agricultural department of the high school in hold-
ing county and district institutes of teachers, farmers, and students
jointly to consider educational and agricultural problems.

The high-school department of agriculture is to be in charge of an
expert director, who will be called upon to teach not to exceed one-
third of his time, the rest of the time to be devoted to a study of the
agricultural problems at first hand throughout the farm area tribu-
tary to Stockton. The director in charge will be the connecting link
between the problem of the individual farmer on the one hand and
the research work of the United States Department of Agriculture
and of the college of agriculture at Berkeley on the other. The
director will take up any agricultural problem with any of the
farmers at any time, go to their farms, and help in finding a solu-
tion. By this means the farmers will be reached directly and made
to feel that the agricultural high-school course is their course and

378 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

that the director and teachers are willing and able both to educate
their boys and girls for profitable farm life and to cope with the
economic problems troublesome or burdensome to them. By this
field work not only will the farmers be helped with their farm prob-
lems but the high-school work will be brought in touch with the real
agricultural problems of San Joaquin County.

It is expected that the director will have charge of the work in
nature study, elementary agriculture, and school gardening in the
elementary schools of Stockton and will probably prepare a course
of study in agriculture for the rural schools of the district tributary
to Stockton.

A portion of the 10-acre high-school site will be utilized for experi-
mental purposes, and it is expected that these experiments will be sup-
plemented by others in various parts of the county to be conducted
according to suggestions offered by the State experiment station, the
United States Department of Agriculture, and the director of the
agricultural work in the school. In this work it is planned to foster
the introduction of new crops, to devise methods of increasing yields,
eradicate insect pests, encourage better farm practice, study methods
of packing and shipping grapes, and engage in other similar lines
of agricultural work.

Arrangements will also be made with farmers in different parts
of the county to permit the high-school students to make field studies
on different types of soils with various agricultural and horticultural
crops.

If such a plan is carried out a type of school work will be developed
which will be of immense value to the agricultural interests of San
Joaquin Valley and will be influential in rapidly extending and
developing the usefulness of high schools throughout the country to
their agricultural constituency.

AGRICULTURE IN NORMAL SCHOOLS.

The latest available figures in 1910 indicated that among the 214
colleges and schools at that time conducting teacher-training courses
in agriculture, there were 156 State and county normal schools and
28 negro schools. The latter are usually combined normal and indus-
trial schools. The State normal schools are employing competent
teachers of agriculture as rapidly as they can be found, and these
teachers are doing much to bring about a better understanding of
rural life problems by the teachers sent out from the normal schools.

Short winter courses for farmers were among the features of popu-
Jar work undertaken by the normal schools. Such courses were given
in several of the Illinois schools. At De Kalb a short course was held
during the week of December 6. Courses were offered in elementary
agriculture, judging corn, horses, and dairy cows, testing milk, rope

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 379

splicing, spelling farm words, and domestic science, and special lec-
tures were given by Dean Davenport of the college of agriculture,
President John -W. Cook and C. W. Whitten, of the normal school,
Frank H. Hall, of Aurora, Ill., and others. There were 75 students
in attendance, ranging in age from 11 to 68 years. The State normal
school at Cape Girardeau, Mo., conducted a 6-weeks’ course in agricul-
ture for the benefit of those in the agricultural district surrounding
this school who could not attend regular school work, but desired
some training in the business of farming.

In accordance with an act passed by the last legislature requiring
the teaching of agriculture in the three State normal schools in Texas
and making appropriations for. this purpose, the Sam Houston Nor-
mal Institute, at Huntsville, has employed a special teacher of agri-
culture and erected a new building which will provide an agricultural
laboratory and other facilities for teaching agriculture.

For two years the agricultural department of the University of
Tennessee has offered free scholarships in the Sumner School of the
South, held at Knoxville, to several teachers in each county of the
State who take the courses in elementary agriculture and horticul-
ture, introduce this work in their own schools, and assist in getting it
into the other schools of their county. These scholarships are worth
$10 each, and appointments to them are made by the various county
superintendents. They admit appointees not only to the courses in
agriculture and horticulture (four hours per day) but also to any of
200 or more other classes for which the teachers have time.

This year (summer, 1910) for the first time a course for teachers
on the principles of agriculture is to be included in the instruction
offered by the Biological Laboratory of the Brooklyn Institute of
Arts and Sciences, at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, during the
session beginning July 6. The course will be under the direction of
Prof. H. H. Laughlin, of the Missouri State Normal School, at
Kirksviile, and will continue six weeks.

In Massachusetts cooperative efforts to promote better teaching in
rural districts are being made by the agricultural college and the
North Adams State Normal School, where three training schools are
maintained, a city school with all the grades, a mill-village school
with two rooms and eight grades, and a rural school with two rooms
and six grades. Particular emphasis is laid upon the methods of
conducting school and home gardens in connection with these train-
ing schools. ;

The Maryland State Board of Education, in accordance with an
act of the general assembly in 1908, has selected a farm of 178 acres
near Bowie, on the Pennsylvania Railroad between Washington and
Baltimore, as a site for a new State normal school for negroes. In-
struction is to be given in mechanic arts, trades, agriculture, and

880 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

domestic science, as well as the common school branches. George
H. C. Williams, principal of the Montgomery County Agricultural
School at Sandy Spring, has been appointed principal of the new
normal school.

Dr. B. M. Davis, professor of agriculture in Miami University,
Oxford, Ohio, is contributing a valuable series of articles on ele-
mentary and secondary agricultural education in America to the
Elementary School Teacher. In these articles the author deals not
only with elementary and secondary schools teaching agriculture,
but also with other agencies engaged in promoting elementary and
secondary agricultural education. Among the agencies that have
already been considered are the United States Department of Agri-
culture, the United States Bureau of Education, State departments
of education, State legislation, agricultural colleges, and State normal
schools. It is understood that after the series of articles has been
completed the various papers will be assembled and published in
book form.

AGRICULTURE IN THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT ATHENS, GA.

The State of Georgia requires agriculture to be taught in its com-
mon schools, and since the State normal school is concerned in the
preparation of teachers for these schools it has for 11 years offered
courses in agriculture. While these courses are of necessity some-
what limited and are as yet in a stage of development, they have
become of sufficient importance to require the employment of a
director of agriculture and one assistant. D. B. Jewell, director of
agriculture, has furnished the statements and figures necessary for
this description of the work. He writes that the interest thus far
shown in the agricultural work and the results obtained offer great
encouragement for the continuance and extension of the instruction
in agriculture. That this interest is not merely ephemeral is shown
by the fact that fully one-third of the 60 seniors in school who were
not required to take the subject remained in the class.

Several graduates of the school are doing successful work in agri-
culture in the rural schools. One graduate is in charge of the boys’
corn-club work of the State, and seven others are teachers in the dis-
trict agricultural schools of Georgia. The demand in Georgia for
teachers of agriculture is greater than the school can supply, and the
department of agriculture is hoping to send out each year some good
teachers especially prepared for this work.

Every student who completes one of the prescribed courses in the
school is required to take some work in agriculture. For example,
the class known as “ Review C,” which is a half-year class beginning
work in September and January, has two periods a week from an

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XIX.

Fic. 1.—JUNIOR NORMAL PuPiLS RECORDING PLAT NOTES.

Fic. 2.—SECTION OF SENIOR CLASS JUDGING CorRN, GEORGIA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.

4
7
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PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 881

elementary textbook supplemented by outside reading and obser-
vation. “ Review B ” class, which has a year’s work in the common
school subjects, has also textbook work in agriculture with a larger
amount of outside reading and observation work than the other
class. The work of this class in studying seeds is shown in Plate
XVIII, figure 2.

In the regular three-year course of the school the first-year students
have a year’s work in botany (ecology). The next year when they are
in the middle class their science work consists of experimental garden
work with fertilizers and varieties of vegetables and other plants,
together with classroom experiments and exercises. The work of one
section of this class is shown in Plate XIX, figure 1, where the
students are taking notes on the progress of their experiments. The
plats in this garden are arranged in groups of 6, each plate being 5
by 10 feet. In the first group salad turnips and onions were planted;
in the second, wheat; in the third, oats; in the fourth, one-half to
vetch and oats, and one-half to crimson clover and oats. One extra
plat was planted to Canadian peas and crimson clover, and’ another
to lettuce and radishes. The sixth group was a fertilizer experiment
with the same plants on all of the plats but a different fertilizer on
each as follows: Plat 1, no fertilizer; plat 2, cottonseed meal and
muriate of potash; plat 3, cottonseed meal and acid phosphate; plat
4, muriate of potash and acid phosphate; plat 5, a complete fertilizer;
and plat 6, barnyard manure. This work is started at the opening of
the school in the fall and extends into the winter. The school has
about an acre of ground, which has been inclosed for the use of
students in this experimental garden work.

The classroom exercises in elementary agriculture are largely taken
from Farmers’ Bulletin 408, School Exercises in Plant Production.
The students collect the necessary material and perform the lab-
oratory experiments. Where experiments with plants are called for
the planting of the seed is done in the laboratory, and the pots are
then taken to the students’ rooms to allow the plants to develop.
When results are obtained the plants are brought to the instructor,
the work described, and the student given credit.

In the gardening course the students work by groups and are re-
quired to keep full notes and records of work done in their own
group and in other groups. They are also given instruction in plan-
ning gardens, computing cost of production, mixing fertilizers, bud-
ding, grafting, spraying, and in all the common phases of farm work
which they are likely to come in contact with in the rural districts.

The work of the “ Diploma C” or senior class is divided into two
parts. The first part consists of a study of the rural-life problem as
it affects the Nation generally and the State of Georgia particularly.
The subject is. approached by an investigation of present conditions,

382 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

their causes, and remedies. A close watch is kept for current articles
on the subject. A study is made of the report of the Country Life
Commission. Means of arousing local interest, the formation of
school organizations, and the application of what has been taught to
the average one-room country school are given especial consideration.

The second part of the senior work consists of a detailed study of a
few important crops, such as cotton, corn (Pl. XIX, fig. 2), and the
other cereals. In the work on corn Farmers’ Bulletins are used, par-
ticularly Farmers’ Bulletin 409, School Lessons on Corn. Instruc-
tion is also given regarding live stock and truck farming. All
subject matter is taught and all experiments are performed with the
idea of adapting the work to rural school conditions where interest
is apt to be lagging and apparatus lacking.

In the practice school the seniors are required to oversee the work
of the children and become familiar with the methods of conducting
it. The school has, in addition to the land used for instructional
purposes, a small dairy and truck farm of about 20 acres. This sup-
plies products for the college dining hall and affords the students
opportunities for observation and study. This small farm produced
in 1910 more than $4,000 worth of milk, vegetables, and other farm
products.

The idea pervading the whole course is to arouse an interest in
agriculture, an appreciation of the needs of the country, a perception
of the possibilities in the country, an inclination to be of real service
to the country, and a desire to live in the country.

THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.

The work of the normal schools in preparing teachers of agricul-

ture and the extension of this privilege to some of the agricultural
’ schools are having a good effect upon the movement for the introduc-
tion of agriculture into the elementary schools. But as in former
years the most effective work in elementary agriculture has been
accomplished where the school work in this subject has been combined
with some form of competitive endeavor—boys’ corn clubs (Pl. XX,
fig. 1), girls’ domestic science clubs, and the like.

The colleges of agriculture continue to take a helpful part—often a
leading, directing part—in promoting rural education, by preparing
and giving wide circulation to extension circulars and conducting
various forms of contests. In the South several of the agricultural
colleges have cooperated with this department in employing school-
extension agents. The number of boys engaged in corn-growing con-
tests under the joint auspices of these colleges and this department
was this year (1910) more than 46,000.

In the college of agriculture of the University of California a sec-
tion of elementary agriculture has been organized in connection with

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XX.

Fic. 1.—SHEEP JUDGING AT FARM Boys’ ENCAMPMENT, CLARINDA, IOWA.

Fi@. 2.—CHILDREN STARTING HOME FROM MODEL RURAL SCHOOL, KIRKSVILLE, Mo.

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PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 383.

the department of agricultural education, and from it several help-
ful and very suggestive publications have come.

In Massachusetts a committee of five appointed by the conference
on agricultural science at the Massachusetts Agricultural College in
1908 has prepared and the agricultural college has published a course
in elementary agriculture which consists of a series of practical exer-
cises, for each of which appropriate materials and directions are sug-
gested. There are 54 of these exercises, covering such topics as types
of soil and subsoil, plant roots and root nodules, effect of humus and
lime in clay soil, determination of the percentage of water and air in
soils, testing soil solutions for acidity or alkalinity, soil temperatures,
capillarity and evaporation, soil drainage, transpiration in plants,
study of various seeds, corn germination, variations in plant growth,
improvement by selection, home gardening, grafting, pruning, and
budding, plant enemies and diseases, preparation of Bordeaux mix-
ture, milk testing, and milk bacteria.

The summer encampment scheme described in my last report has
assumed several new forms. In Oklahoma and Illinois it is an-
nounced that in the fall of 1910 agricultural encampment schools for
boys ‘will be held at the State fairs. In Iowa, P. J. Horchem, of
Dubuque, has held one successful vacation farm school for city boys
and is planning to extend his efforts along this line to other places.
In Kansas the “ call of the wild ” is answered by the organization of
Rural Life Boy Scouts.

Accompanying all the sentiment and agitation for the improvement
of instruction in the rural schools there is a growing belief that the
physical condition of these schools should be improved in many ways.
Indeed, many educators believe that some measure of physical im-
provement must precede effective reorganization of the instruction.
And so, several of the State departments of education and some of
the colleges and normal schools are studying the problems of physical
improvement for these schools. The department of public instruction
in Illinois has published a pamphlet entitled “ The One-Room Coun-
try Schools in Illinois,” which contains many excellent suggestions
for improving the buildings and equipment of these schools—the
lighting, seating, heating, and ventilation.

A MODEL RURAL SCHOOL.

The State normal school at Kirksville, Mo., has given much atten-
tion to rural education, and of late has been developing a model rural
school building (Pl. XX, fig. 2). This is described as follows in a
recent bulletin of the school:

The model rural school exemplifies the simplest and yet the most complete,
practical, and economical architecture ever devised anywhere for rural or
village schools, and the most effective facilities for instruction used in schools
of corresponding grade anywhere. The children are transported from their

384 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

farm homes several miles away in a covered wagon. This model rural school
solves many of the problems of country life. That is what it is for.

In solving the one-room school problem and the one-teacher school problem,
we have solved the problem of the consolidated rural school and village school,
“since the equipments described in this circular are easily adaptable to build-
ings of several rooms.

This model rural school has three principal floors: The basement, the first
floor, and the attic.

DESCRIPTION OF BASEMENT PLAN.

The basement is rectangular (fig. 8). It is 28 by 36 feet outside measure-
ment—S feet from floor to ceiling. The floor is of concrete, underlaid with
porous tile and cinders. The tile leads into a sewer.

ENTRANCE

BASEMENT

|

COLD AIR DU
WATER TANK

HLINOS

NORTH

WIRE
“PARTITION \
i GYMNASIUM [2%X23

BASEMENT .PLAN

Fic. 3.—Basement plan of model rural school.

The walls are of concrete, protected from undue moisture by an outside tile,
a foot from the walls and averaging 3 to 7 feet beneath the surface of the
ground, sloping rapidly into the main sewer. The ditch above the tile is filled
with cinders.

The outside entrance to the basement is of concrete, with an outside drain
through the lower step into the sewer. The steps of the outside entrance to the
basement and all other steps are of uniform height and tread, about T-inch
riser and 11-inch tread.

The basement has eight compartments: 1, Furnace room, containing furnace
inclosed by galvanized iron; also double cold-air duct with electric fan; also
gas water heater; 2, coal bin, 6 by 8 feet; 3, bulb or plant room, 3 by 8 feet,
for fall, winter, and spring storage; 4, dark room, 4 by 8 feet, for children’s

PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 885

experiments in photography; 5, laundry room, 5 by 21 feet, with tubs, drain,
and drying apparatus; 6, gymnasium, 13 by 28 feet; 7, tank room, containing a
400-gallon pneumatic pressure tank, storage battery for electricity, hand pump
for emergencies, water gauge, sewer pipes, floor drain, etc.; 8, engine room,
containing gasoline engine, water pump, electrical generator, switchboard,
water tank for cooling gasoline engine, weight for gas pressure, gas mixer,
batteries, pipes, wires, etc.

The pumps lift water from a well into pressure tank through pipes below
frost line. Gasoline is admitted through pipes beneath frost line from two
40-gallon tanks underground, 30 feet from building. Rooms are wired for
electricity and plumbed for gas.

The basement in all parts is thoroughly ventilated.

DESCRIPTION OF FIRST-FLOOR PLAN.

Figure 4 shows pretty clearly the schoolroom, toilet rooms, hallways, and
stairway connections.

SIDE PORCH

LANTERN GROUND GLASS
CABINET WINDOW

28" 248"

SCHOOL ROOM
22" x27h"

28°x48"

The schoolroom is 22 by 27 feet in the clear. The children face the east.
Mild light in abundance enters the room from the north, which is on the left
side of the children; ground-glass window at rear admits sunlight for sanitation.

The schoolroom has adjustable seats and desks, telephone, and teacher’s desk.
A stereopticon is hung in wall at rear; screen at the front. An alcove or closet
is on the east side for books, teacher’s wraps, ete.

The school has a small organ, ample bookcases, shelves, and apparatus. Pure
air enters above children’s heads and passes out at floor into ventilating stack
through fireplace.

In figure 4 observe the toilet rooms. Each one has all ordinary toilet fix-
tures—lavatories, washbowl with hot and cold water, pressure tank for hot
water and for heat, shower bath with hot and cold water, ventilating apparatus,

91866°—11——25

28"x 468"

25-x36' Hin 28"x 40"

Fic. 4.—First-floor plan of model rural school.

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

386 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

looking-glass, towel rack, soap box, .and other accessories. Each toilet room is
reached by a circuitous passageway, furnishing room for ehildren’s wraps and
ovyershoes. Scheme for perfect privacy in toilet rooms. All toilet-room walls
contain air chambers to deaden sound. The toilet rooms are clean, decent, and
beautiful.

The main entrance to schoolroom is through a porch. There is a small porch
on west side especially for girls. All rooms are wired for electricity and
plumbed for gas. The walls are adorned with pictures.

DESCRIPTION OF ATTIC PLAN,

Every rural schoolhouse has an attic, but this seems to be the only one whose
attic was ever discovered. This attic is 35 by 15 feet, inside measurement, all
in one room, as shown by floor plans in figure 5; distance from floor to ceiling,
74 feet in middle part.

WEST

GASOLINE

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ATTIC PLAN
Fic. 5.—Attic plan of model rural school.

The attic is abundantly lighted through gable lights and roof lights. It
contains modern manual-training benches for use of 8 or 10 children at one
time. It has a gas range and other apparatus for experimental cooking. It is
furnished with both gas light and electric light.

It has a washbowl with hot and cold water, looking-glass, towels, ete. It has
a large sink, such as a good kitchen usually contains. It has a drinking foun-
tain, but no drinking cup, either common or uncommon. It has cupboards,
boxes, and receptacles for various experiments in home economics.

It has a disinfecting apparatus and a portable chemistry-agriculture labora-
tory, and numerous other equipments. Its utilities will grow in number and
improve in quality. It is properly heated and ventilated.

It has a disappearing bed, which slides out under the lower roof, except when
in use. The bed is used by the young man who acts as janitor.

This attic is from all points of view sanitary.

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1910.

By JoHN HAMILTON,
Farmers’ Institute Specialist, Office of Experiment Stations.

Progress in farmers’ institute work during the year has been gen-
eral. The number of institute sessions has been greatly increased, a
much larger attendance is reported, and more liberal appropriations
were made than in any preceding year. Institutes were held in all
of the States and Territories excepting New Mexico, Nevada, Alaska,
and Hawaii. The districts, however, in which no institutes were held
do not contain a very large population, the total given by the census
of 1910 being 665,441; of this number about one-half (327,301) are in
New Mexico.

INSTITUTES HELD.

The total number of regular institutes held was 5,651. These were
made up of 3,539 one-day meetings, 1,940 two-day, and 172 three or
more days, an increase over the previous year of 494 one-day insti-
tutes, 118 two-day, and 26 of three days. The whole number of days
of institutes in 1910 was 7,935, an increase of 801 over 1909.

SESSIONS.

The number of sessions was 16,586, or 1,051 more than in 1909.
Since the session is the proper unit for estimating institute progress,
the large increase in 1910 over the previous year is unmistakable evi-
dence of the rapid development of the work.

ATTENDANCE.

The attendance reported at all of the regular institutes was
2,395,908, as against 2,240,925 in 1909, an increase of 154,983. The
average attendance per session was 144, or 2 less than the average
for the previous year.

APPROPRIATIONS.

The appropriations from all sources in 1910 were $482,374.25, or
$86,707.76 more than in 1909. The appropriations from the State
legislatures directly for institute purposes was $372,430.48 and the
amount received from other sources was $59,943.77. The amount

387

888 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

expended for institute purposes did not equal the appropriations
made by $17,027.96. Failure to expend the full amount appropriated
was, however, confined for the most part to six States.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND EXPERIMENT STATION AID.

The agricultural colleges and experiment stations have continued
to aid the institutes by detailing members of their faculties and sta-
tion staffs for lecture service. Four hundred and eighty of these lec-
turers, representing the agricultural colleges and experiment stations
in 43 States, were engaged in institute work last year. Thirty-nine
of the States and Territories reported the days of service contributed
by their lecturers at 4,780. The previous year the same number of
States reported 459 college and station men engaged in this work,
and of these 34 reported the days contributed at 3,381. There is,
therefore, an increase of 21 men in 1910 over the previous year and
of 1,399 days of service. It will thus be seen that there has been a
considerably larger contribution of both men and time to institute
work in the past year by the colleges and stations than during the
year before.

SPECIAL INSTITUTES.

In addition to carrying on the work of the regular institutes the
States have been maintaining a number of special meetings of insti-
tute character. Some of these special forms of institute activity have
become so well established and attended as to be entitled to recogni-
tion as distinct features, to be reported separately. Accordingly, a
new form of report blank has been prepared for the coming year in
which space has been provided for data giving information respect-
ing these distinct lines of work.

Among the various forms of institute activity that have developed
none are more promising than the movable schools of agriculture.
Schools of this character were reported by eight States. Four hun-
dred and twenty-three sessions were held, attended by 65,977 persons.
Two special-subject institutes were reported by one State, with an
attendance of 1,600. Five hundred and seventeen independent insti-
tutes were reported by 16 States, with an attendance of 157,523, and
twenty round-up meetings were conducted by 17 States, composed of
144 sessions, and attended by 438,056 persons. Fifty-six picnics and
harvest-home meetings were reported, with an attendance of 30,241.
One State held a meeting in connection with its normal school, at-
tended by 147 teachers. Sixty-nine field demonstrations were con-
‘ducted, with an attendance of 22,875. Twenty-nine railroad instruc-
tion trains were run by 19 States, with an attendance of 189,645.
Four hundred and forty-four institutes for women were held in 15
States. The attendance is reported by only one State, which gives

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. . 389

the number at 4,850. One hundred and sixty sessions of institutes for
young people were held, with an attendance of 21,422. The directors
of two States reported that 50,000 school children were visited and
addressed by their institute directors during the year and a number
of others report similar service, but do not give the schools visited
or the number of children in attendance. It is, however, safe from
the data furnished, to assume that at least 100,000 school children
were visited by institute men during the year, and given some instruc-
tion in either agriculture or domestic science. |

The aggregate attendance at all of the special institutes as reported
was 537,336, making the total attendance at institutes of all kinds
for the year 2,933,244, an increase of 74,365 over the year before.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXTENSION WORK.

The development of agricultural extension by the land-grant col-
leges has been one of the most remarkable features of their work
during the year. The report of the standing committee on extension
work of the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment
Stations shows that extension departments have been organized in
32 States and Territories by 35 institutions, and that in 3 other States
departments have been partially organized. One hundred and thir-
teen persons were employed for their full time in extension work in
connection with the colleges and stations and 189 persons contributed
part of their time. Appropriations from all sources for carrying on
the work during the year amounted to something over four hundred
thousand dollars. The standing committee renewed its recommenda-
tions of the previous year for national appropriation for extension
work. This recommendation was afterwards indorsed by the
association.

The new section of the association on extension work held its first
session at the Washington meeting. The program provided for the
discussion of agricultural extension as to its present status, extension
schools, training extension teachers, and agricultural extension as
related to rural schools. The section on experiment station work
also devoted the greater part of an afternoon to the consideration of
the relation of the experiment stations to extension work, and the
college section met with the extension men in a joint session for the
discussion of extension methods. Interest on the part of the associa-
tion in this new feature in education was very pronounced.

In recognition of the importance of extension work as a feature in
agricultural education, the committee of the Graduate School of
Agriculture a year ago provided in its curriculum for the meeting
at Ames, Iowa, a period for the presentation of papers relating to
rural sociology and agricultural extension. The interest excited
among the students by these papers was quite remarkable, and

390 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

resulted in a request that they be published for the information of
teachers and others responsible for education by extension methods.
The department accordingly has issued these papers as a bulletin of
the Office of Experiment Stations.

THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF FARMERS’ INSTITUTE
WORKERS.

The annual meeting of the Farmers’ Institute Workers of the
United States and Canada was held in Washington, D. C., last No-
vember. At this meeting there were representatives from 37 States,
the District of Columbia, and 3 of the Provinces of Canada. The
discussions were classified along the lines of institutes for women
separate from those for men, but affiliated with the present institute
system as auxiliaries, and institutes for young people between the
ages of 14 and 18.

The discussions relative to women’s institutes were confined prin-
cipally to papers presented by representative women who had experi-
ence in institute work in various parts of the country. It was shown
that institutes for women were being conducted successfully by a
number of the States. The Province of Ontario was, however, the
most striking example quoted of the organization of women upon a
considerable scale. There are now in this Province over 600 separate
institute societies for women with ar enrolled membership of over
16,000 persons. Five thousand four hundred and eighty-three ses-
sions of women’s institutes were held last year in that Province with
an attendance of 140,388.

A resolution was adopted by the association recommending that
greater consideration be given by institute directors to subjects relat-
ing to home life, either through the organization of special meetings
for women or in the regular institutes.

An entire session was set aside by the association for the discussion
of institutes for young people between the ages of 14 and 18. It was
shown that out of every 500 young people in the country districts of
the United States only one ever enters an agricultural college, and
that out of every 100 rural and urban children only 5 enter the
high school, and only 6 ever get beyond the elementary schools. In
order to provide for young people between the ages of 14 and 18, out
of school, institutes similar to those for adults were advised, in which
vocational training would be predominant. A resolution embodying
the sense of the association in this matter was adopted recommend-
ing the several directors of farmers’ institutes to make the experi-
ment within the next year of holding some institutes for young
people between the ages of 14 and 18, and to report their success or

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 391

failure to the institute specialist. This new field of effort was recog-
nized as belonging specially to the farmers’ institute organization and
as being one that is in great need of immediate attention.

The association also gave consideration to the condition of the
negro farmers of the South and directed that at the next annual
meeting a report be made regarding their progress in farmers’ insti-
tute work and their general agricultural advancement.

The employment of experts by the year to visit farmers and give
personal instruction respecting the best methods in the management
of their crops, also to conduct demonstrations, organize farm clubs,
and perform such other similar itinerant service as may be necessary
was recommended to the directors to be put into immediate operation.
The association also submitted to the dean of the Graduate School of
Agriculture the question of providing in future courses in that school
for instruction in institute and other forms of extension work.

INSTITUTES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.

Now that institutes for adults have demonstrated their value and
have become well established in all of the States, attention is being
directed to the needs of a class of people in the country districts be-
tween the ages of 14 and 18 who have left school and are without
opportunities for properly fitting themselves for taking charge of
farming operations. The public schools in some States are teaching
nature topics in their bearing upon country life, but this is to children
between 10 and 14 years of age, and by rural school teachers not pre-
pared to instruct in the vocational side of farming except in a quite
limited way. Young persons, therefore, in the country reach the
age of 14 without very much training in farming and household
economy except through the purely practical operations which they
perform in the ordinary routine of farm life.

The institute is proposing to organize these youths after they have
left school into associations or institutes under the direction of the
institute officials and provide instruction of vocational character of
a grade adapted to their age and experience with such other educa-
tional exercises as are important to their development. These insti-
tutes differ from boys’ and girls’ clubs as organized by the public
schools, in that they are officered by adults and the instruction is by
experts in agriculture and household economy and art.

In aid of this movement, the Office of Experiment Stations has
published a circular entitled ‘“ Farmers’ Institutes for Young
People,” in which suggestions are offered for organizing and conduct-
ing this kind of extension work.

392 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

INSTITUTES FOR WOMEN.

In making the country home a special department in institute
organization and effort, through the organizing in rural districts of
societies composed altogether of women, the paramount importance
of woman’s work as the home builder is recognized by the State, and
systematic effort made to aid her from the public treasury, equal to
that now given to workers in the field.

That this work is coming into appreciation is shown by the fact
that 16 States held 444 institutes for women last year, or 299 more
than were held during the previous year. Before, however, they will
increase with the rapidity that their importance demands it will be
necessary for the State directors to send out organizers to call meet-
ings for women and organize them into clubs as auxiliaries to the
farmers’ institutes of the county and State. If this were done their
number would increase many hundredfold within a year. As soon as
the State directors come to see and appreciate the importance of this
phase of their work such organizers will be employed and women’s
institutes established equal in number at least with those now in
operation for men.

A method of organizing women’s associations that seems to have
worked well has been put in operation in Oklahoma. There the
county farmers’ institute is chartered by the State upon application
of not less than 15 farmers resident in the county and is continued
upon the payment of an annual membership fee of not less than
50 cents per member.

A county woman’s auxiliary of the farmers’ institute may also be
organized in each county. ‘These auxiliaries are empowered to organ-
ize separately from the farmers’ institutes and work under separate
programs. ‘To be entitled, however, to recognition by the State they
must charge and collect an annual membership fee of not less than
25 cents per member and must make report to the county institute
showing their membership and giving the name of each member.
No name can be listed unless the person shall have paid a membership
fee of at least 25 cents for the year. The statement must show also
the total amount of the membership fees collected in the county and
give an itemized list of the expenses of the auxiliary for the year,
accompanied by receipted vouchers showing payment in full of all
expenses so itemized.

Upon compliance with these provisions the report of the auxiliary
is made a part of the report of the farmers’ institute of the county,
and the auxiliary is entitled to its pro rata share of the county funds
appropriated for the support of the institute work.

Branches of this county woman’s aixiliary may be formed and
become a part of the county association. The State organizer or

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 393

superintendent of the women’s auxiliaries visits the associations in
the various counties at the expense of the State institute department,
organizes new county associations and local clubs, and keeps in corre~
spondence with these auxiliaries during the year.

FAIR ASSOCIATIONS.

A recent investigation by the institute specialist into the condition
of the county fair associations shows that there are over 1,200 of
these societies in the United States with a registered membership
of approximately 250,000. Their gross receipts for the year 1909
amounted to about $6,500,000 and their expenditures for premiums
to about $2,500,000. These societies are incorporated under the laws
of their respective States and so have continuous existence and in
many cases have an assured income for their support. That they
have not been utilized by agricultural educators in the past as they
should is quite evident to those who have studied their capabilities,

A strong, local organization is needed in every county to form a
center to which rural people in the country can look for information
and assistance in carrying on their work. The agricultural colleges
also, now that they are undertaking extension work in agriculture,
need an organized body of men in each county to act as their agents
in disseminating information and for attending to local matters that
require the presence of some one on the ground familiar with local
conditions. The State departments of agriculture, likewise, are
interested in having a representative in each county as a corre-
spondent to gather information and to report periodically the condi-
tion of the crops, the state of the markets, the presence of contagious
diseases among animals, of injurious insect pests, or fungus diseases
among plants. In these and many other directions a fair association
can be useful to the community in which it is located and to the
country at large. The agricultural colleges are already using these
societies for making known their work and for disseminating infor-
mation useful to farming people. Forty-eight colleges and stations
exhibited at 101 county and State fairs in 1908, and every one reports
that it was greatly to their advantage.

Most of these societies need redirecting—to be given a new and
enlarged view of their position and responsibility. A start has been
made in this by the institute office through correspondence and by
collecting information respecting the workings of the fair associa-~
tions throughout the country for the benefit of those who are engaged
in the management of these societies.

The field of opportunity that this opens up in the way of dissemi.
nating agricultural information is very large. The energy and ad-
vantage that these societies possess have hitherto been largely

394 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

unutilized by institutions and agencies outside of the bounds of the
counties in which the fairs are held. This should no longer continue,
but systematic effort for their improvement and utilization should be
begun.

AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TRAINS.

The popularity of the instruction train 1s growing each succeeding
year. Twenty-nine of these trains were reported as having been
run during the year ended June 30, 1910, by 18 States, with an at-
tendance of 189,645. These trains are equipped with material for
illustrating the points that are presented by the lecturers and are run
at the expense of the railroad companies. Numerous other trains of
similar character were run during the year, but not being under the
direct management of the institute authorities they were not included
in their reports.

An investigation now being made into the extent of this new
method of disseminating agricultural information shows that the
transportation companies are awake to the possibility of increasing
agricultural production by this means and are exerting themselves
to bring about this increase as soon as practicable. Everywhere
there is not only the most cordial cooperation of the companies with
the colleges and other agricultural agencies in this propaganda, but
they are urging forward the movement as rapidly as the means at
their command will permit. A number of the great transportation
lines have employed agricultural experts by the year to look after
the development of agriculture throughout their territory and have
established demonstration farms to show what can be done under
skillful direction in increasing production in some of the more back-
ward sections. The movement promises to be one of the most im-
portant in aid of agriculture that has yet been inaugurated.

REPORTS OF LOCAL MANAGERS.

The extent to which State directors of institutes seek advice from
their local managers in the several counties and are guided by the in-
formation thus obtained is not definitely known. That there should
be the most friendly and harmonious action between the State direc-
tors and the local managers in the management of the institutes is
clear if the work is to be thoroughly developed and be most effective.
In order to do this there must be on the part of both complete knowl-
edge of local conditions. In a few States general and district con-
ferences of the local managers are called each year at which the local
situation in the various districts is discussed and the work for the
future planned with a view to aiding the communities with informa-
tion adapted to their needs.

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 395

In order to prepare for these conferences and to keep before the
State directors the needs of the localities and the changes that are
continually occurring, a system of reporting every month or quarter
by the local manager should be inaugurated, giving information as to
the effect of previous institutes in bringing about changes in farm
practice, the number of new agricultural organizations formed, the
names and addresses of leading farmers and others interested in agri-
culture, the value of farm lands as indicated by sales actually made,
the system of cropping pursued, the condition of the public roads, the
character of the rural schools, the directions along which information
is most desired, suggestions for the improvement of the institute work,
and the names of local people who could be depended upon for the
intelligent discussion of various topics that the institute might pre-
sent, together with other information that would enable the State
director to know thoroughly the situation in every rural district in
his State.

An investigation was recently made by the institute specialist
through the local managers in the several States with a view to secur-
ing at first hand exact information respecting the farmers’ institute
work along several distinct lines. Inquiries were sent out to 3,309
local managers in 40 different States, and replies, more or less com-
plete, were received from 998 of these managers representing all of
the States addressed.

The following are the queries to which answers were solicited :

(1) What, in your opinion, is the best system of local organization for
farmers’ institutes?

(2) What more economical methods for conducting the institutes can be
adopted ?

(3) How can the supply of capable instructors be increased ?

(4) What can be done to improve the methods of instruction ?

(5) Are the farmers in your locality ready to organize separate institutes for
women? :

(6) Are the farmers in your locality ready to organize separate institutes for
young people between the ages of 14 and 18?

(7) Are the farmers in your community ready for advanced instruction in
agriculture by means of movable schools of agriculture?

(8) What is your opinion as to the wisdom of employing at least one travel-
ing expert in your county to visit farmers and give advice respecting the
improvement of their operations?

(9) Do the farmers generally take the bulletins from your experiment station
and the National Department of Agriculture? If so, do they practice their
teachings?

(10) What improvement of the institute work do you suggest for your com-
munity and your State?

In reply to query No. 1, as to the best system of local organization,
95 indicated the grange; 187 advised county and township institute
organization; 109 were in favor of farmers’ associations and clubs;
and 132 were satisfied with the present form of organization.

396 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

With respect to query No. 2, as to more economical methods, 73
replied that the present system was satisfactory; 68 wished more
money appropriated instead of less; and 106 were in favor of the
employment of more local speakers.

To query No. 3, relative to increasing the supply of institute in-
structors, 77 replied, pay higher salaries; and 295 advised the use of
more local speakers.

To query No. 4, as to improving the methods of instruction, 182
suggested the use of more illustrative material and demonstrations,
and 97 suggested the employment of lecturers with more practical
experience.

To query No. 5, as to whether the people of their communities were
ready to establish institutes specially for women, 271 answered yes:
85 were undecided; and 549 that they were not.

To query No. 6, respecting institutes for young people, 213 answered
yes; 111 were undecided; and 580 that they were not.

To query No. 7, 511 replied in favor of movable schools; 175 were
undecided; and 233 were against.

To query No. 8, 698 were in favor of the itinerant adviser and
instructor; 99 were undecided; and 149 against.

To query No. 9, 475 replied that the farmers generally take the
bulletins from the State experiment station and the National Depart-
ment of Agriculture; 168 were not able to express an opinion; and —
297 answered no. As to practicing the teaching of these bulletins, 429
replied that they did; 498 were uninformed; and 117 answered no.

These replies, coming from all sections of the country, indicate
pretty accurately the sentiment of farming people respecting the
points submitted for their opinion. The movable school and the
itinerant adviser are approved by a large majority, while the women’s
institute and an institute for young people are as yet too undeveloped
to be judged by their actual work. Where they have been fairly tried
they are approved.

In Illinois, out of 37 replies, 14 were in favor of women’s insti-
tutes; 11 were undecided; and 13 were against them. In Indiana 15
were in favor of women’s institutes; 2 were undecided; and 10 an-
swered no. In Nebraska 43 were in favor of women’s institutes; 1
was undecided; and 35 were against them.

The young people’s institutes have not yet been developed in any
State to test their character; consequently the replies were not based
upon experience actually had, but were mere opinions unsupported
by any facts as to their working that the reporter had observed.

Some kind of local organization was generally agreed by the corre-
spondents to be a necessity for the proper working of the institute
system. Teachers with practical experience were everywhere de-
manded, and a larger number of these were regarded as necessary for

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 397

maintaining the efficiency, as well as for economy of service. In the
method of teaching, illustrations and demonstrations showing the
truth of the theories advanced were generally recommended.

The reports as a whole show that the institute teacher who is to
interest and benefit farmers in the time to come must be able to show
the practical applications of science to agricultural operations.

ECONOMY IN INSTITUTE EXPENDITURE.

While the conditions in the various States are such as to prevent
anything like uniformity in the cost of the institutes, yet there
seems to be too wide a range between the cost in some States over that
in others doing presumably as efficient work. An examination of
the cost per session for the year ended June 30, 1910, shows a vari-
ation of 367 per cent between the lowest and highest, and from
64 cents per individual present at these sessions to 62 cents per
individual. .

Sixteen States expended an average of $40.43 for each institute
session. These States represent a total expenditure of $183,175.06,
and held 4,529 sessions.

Twelve States expended on an average $26.22 per session, represent-
ing a total expenditure of $112,883.38, and 4,304 sessions held.

Eighteen States expended an average of $15.38 per session, repre-
senting 7,753 sessions held and a total expenditure of $119,287.85.

One State expended on an average $4.30 per session; another $8.45;
and another $8.59.

If the entire institute system of the country could be run upon the
amount per session, $15.38, expended by 18 States, there could be
added without increased cost to the country 10,029 sessions of insti-
tutes to the present number of 16,586, or over 60 per cent.

These facts show that there is manifestly need for careful study
on the part of many institute directors of the practice in other States
with a view to the more economic use of their institute appropria-
tions and the better utilization of their institute force.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE SERVICE.

The weakest point in the farmers’ institute at present is in its
failure to see that its teaching on the platform is put into practice.
Valuable information is given at an institute meeting. At its close
the whole matter is dropped for a year, possibly never to be again
referred to. There is failure to “ follow up ” by personal effort what
has been recommended and to make sure that the teaching of the
institute is not lost and that the money of the State expended at that
meeting has not been wasted.

898 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Giving instruction is only a part of the duty of the institute.
Getting information into the practice of the people is the main pur-
pose for which the farmers’ institute is organized. After the infor-
mation has been given the chief work of the institute begins. If the
teaching has been the growing of fruit, then in all communities
where this has been advised some one should be located to see that
at least a few of those who were instructed take up the work and
carry it on according to the method proposed. If, as at present,
this is left to individual initiative, it may or it may not be done and
often, even if undertaken, may fail for lack of proper and timely
expert attention and advice. More time and more money should be
spent after the lecture in getting it applied than in its preparation
and delivery. The discovery of the principle of the telephone was a
great matter, and yet getting it into general use was fully as im-
portant and a far more expensive affair. Until it was in use it was
unfruitful. The same is true of every great discovery and truth.
It is valueless until put into use.

Special attention, therefore, should be given in the future by insti-
tute directors to getting the facts that are presented before institute
audiences incorporated into the practice of the community. For this,
special agents of the institute department should be detailed to see
that in some way, either by one or more farmers in the community
or independently by the institute department, the thing that is pro-
posed is actually undertaken.

If the “follow up” principle is adopted by institute directors,
there will be a curtailing of the number of subjects taught and a
greatly increased amount of practice in demonstration of the teach-
ing. This will be in accord with the general desire as expressed by
the local managers of farmers’ institutes in their reports respecting
the improvement of the institute service.

WORK OF THE OFFICE.

The work of the office of the institute specialist during the year has
been in the direction of securing information respecting the condition
and progress of farmers’ institutes and agricultural education exten-
sion in this country and abroad and in preparing copy and editing
for publication bulletins, circulars, and reports upon farmers’ insti-
tutes and agricultural extension work. The office has cooperated
with the American Association of Farmers’ Institute Workers in the
preparation of its programs, reporting its proceedings, and in pre-
paring them for publication. It has also cooperated with the Asso-
ciation of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations
in collecting and tabulating information for the use of the committee
of the Association on Agricultural Extension and in conducting cor-
respondence as secretary of that committee.

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 399

During the year a circular entitled “ Farmers’ Institutes for Young
People” was prepared by the institute specialist and his assistant;
the list of institute directors and lecturers was revised; a bulletin
entitled “College Extension in Agriculture” was compiled and
edited; an illustrated lecture upon wheat culture was published
and another upon country homes has been prepared and is ready for
the printer. A circular on Progress in Agricultural Education Ex~
tension was prepared and published and also the Annual Report on
Farmers’ Institutes in the United States. A course of lectures on
the preparation of vegetable foods for use by movable schools of
agriculture is in course of preparation, as is also a similar course in
economic entomology. There are, likewise, a number of farmers?
institute lectures illustrated by lantern slides being prepared similar
to those already published. A very complete index, for use in the
classification and registration of lantern-slide illustrations, was com.
pleted by the assistant institute specialist, who has also made card
reference records of articles in foreign publications referring to
farmers’ institutes and agricultural extension work.

An investigation was conducted into the condition of county agri-
cultural fair associations in the United States; another to secure ex~
pressions of opinion by the local managers of farmers’ institutes
concerning the condition of farmers’ institutes in the various coun-
ties; and another into the status of college extension work in agri-
culture as conducted by the agricultural colleges and experiment sta-~
tions in the several States. A further investigation has been made
into the service rendered by railroad instruction trains during the
year with a view to suggesting improvements in that service.

The institute specialist took part in the program of exercises of the
Graduate School of Agriculture at Ames, Iowa, and he and his
assistant have assisted in various other meetings held in the interest
of agricultural extension throughout the country.

There has been in addition the usual correspondence with institute
and extension workers and others making request for information,
the filling of applications for illustrated lectures and agricultural
literature, besides conducting the more general correspondence.

STATE REPORTS.

Numerous items of interest in the report of the State directors are
incapable of tabulation or are peculiar to a particular State, and at
the same time are important to a complete record and understanding
of the progress of the institute work as it develops each year. In
order that the great body of institute workers may be familiar with
_ this progress, the principal points are incorporated in the following
accounts under the respective names of the States and Territories:

400 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ALABAMA,

Institute director.—C. A. Cary, professor of veterinary science, Auburn.

The Alabama Polytechnic Institute appropriated all the money ex-
pended for farmers’ institutes in the State, which amounted to $600,
besides giving the services of the director and 12 members of the col-
lege and station staff, which is equivalent to about $600 additional.
No local speakers were used, but two lecturers were usually sent to
each institute, which were all one-day meetings. There were, in all,
71 sessions, with a total attendance of 3,555. At each institute the
preparation for the coming of the boll weevil, tick eradication, and
live stock were discussed. The places, dates, and programs of the
institutes are arranged for by the director, who endeavors to maintain
an order of rotation. In addition to the institutes held by the Poly-
technic Institute, the State department of agriculture conducted a
series of meetings under an act of 1907 making an appropriation of
$4,000 for institute purposes. The expenditure of this sum is wholly
in the hands of the commissioner of agriculture. |

ALASKA.

Institute director.—C, C. Georgeson, special agent in charge of agricultural
experiment station, Sitka,

No report was received from the agent in charge.

ARIZONA.

Institute director.—R. W. Clothier, professor of agriculture, Tucson.

With the more liberal appropriation from the State treasury over
twice as many sessions of regular institutes were held this year as last.
Besides 75 sessions of regular institutes, with an attendance of
3,647, the institute organization also held short courses at a number
of high schools. A four-weeks’ course was held in the high school
of Thatcher and a two-weeks’ course at the high schools of
Mesa and at Tempe and at two high schools in the Salt River
Valley. A two-weeks’ series of strong institutes held in the same
valley has placed the institute work there on a firm foundation.
The cooperation of the Mormon Church was again secured, and the
work proved to be more popular than ever before. It should be
noted that the evening sessions of the short courses at the high
schools were attended almost entirely by farmers. The total attend-
ance at all the day sessions of the short courses held at the high
schools was 4,500 and the total attendance at the night sessions 1,100,
which, together with the 3,647 in attendance at the regular institutes,
makes a grand total of 9,247 for all forms of work done under the
institute organization. There was expended for all the above pur-
poses the sum of $989.93.

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 401

ARKANSAS,

Institute director.—George A. Cole, superintendent of farmers’ institutes,
Fayetteville.

Over one-half the biennial appropriation of $8,000 for institutes
was expended during the year. This $4,500, however, included the
salary and expenses of the director, who has divided the State into
four parts and endeavors to expend one-fourth the appropriation in
each part. The experiment station furnished 6 lecturers and the
agricultural college 5 more, the total of 11 speakers contributing 400
days’ services to the institute work. The number of sessions of
regular institutes held was 90 and the attendance 32,000, while in
addition there were 10 independent institutes held at fairs and
picnics, with 15,000 in attendance. and a pure-seed train, which
attracted 1,000 more.

CALIFORNIA.

Institute director.—W. T. Clarke, professor of horticulture, Berkeley.

Institutes were held during the year in 32 out of the 58 counties in
the State and consisted of 297 sessions, with an attendance of 29,108.
In addition, a round-up institute, consisting of six sessions, had an
attendance of 3,600, and a special basket picnic institute held at the
university farm at Davis had an attendance of 2,400, and an agri-
cultural and horticultural demonstration train, furnished by the
Southern Pacific Co., consisting of 9 cars, was run for 68 days, cover-
ing 5,674 miles, during which it made 223 stops and attracted 73,663
visitors. That this demonstration train has accomplished good re-
sults is already apparent by the increased interest in scientific work
along agricultural lines and by the increase in the number of inquiries
received. The young people of the State are being interested in the
planting and care of trees and shrubs through definite assistance and
work with the schools, and nature study and school-gardening work
is also receiving increased attention. The institute director reports:

We have placed in the season past strong emphasis on the special-purpose
institutes and we find that these special-purpose institutes are of very con-
siderable value, inasmuch as they permit a complete thrashing out of the subject
that happens to be under discussion. Our people have got now so that they
object to the hit-or-miss institutes and demand the institute that confines itself
to one, or, at the most, two topics.

There was expended for all forms of the above work the entire
State appropriation of $10,000 for the year. Ten lecturers from the
agricultural college and experiment station devoted a total of 134
days’ service to this work. Fifteen State lecturers were also em-
ployed, and 183 local speakers made addresses.

91866°—11——26

402 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

COLORADO.

Institute director.--C. H. Hinman, director of farmers’ institutes, Fort
Collins.

Boys’ and girls’ agricultural clubs have just been inaugurated as a
part of the institute work, and 96 sessions were held, with an attend-
ance of 3,740. The regular institutes consisted of 165 sessions, at
which 30,560 were in attendance. A railroad potato special institute
train traveled 1,700 miles, making 31 stops, and was visited by 4,850
persons. In addition, there was held one five-day housekeepers’ short
course, with an enrollment of 215, and one six-day farmers’ short
course, with an enrollment of 115. No local speakers addressed the
institutes. The annual appropriation of $5,000 for this work was
practically all expended.

CONNECTICUT.

Institute director.—I. C. Fanton, secretary State board of agriculture, West-
port.

With no special appropriation for institute work, the several State
agricultural associations collectively succeeded in holding institutes
in every county in the State, consisting of a total of 82 sessions. The
secretary of the State board of agriculture reports:

We have what we call the advisory board of institute work consisting of the
secretaries of the different agricultural associations of the State with a secre-
tary of the board of agriculture as chairman. This board meets and arranges
the meetings so that dates and speakers will not conflict. An appropriation
was made to each association to use as it sees fit, but no appropriation specially
for institutes was made. In my opinion, we need less talk and more demonstra-
tion work. I would like to see a demonstration farm in every county in the
State.

DELAWARE.

Institute director.—Wesley Webb, secretary of the board of agriculture,
Dover.

Of the 83 sessions of regular institutes with a total attendance of
10,680, it should be noted that 39 sessions with an attendance of 4,850
were women’s institutes. Thus, the women’s institutes in this State
were practically equal in number and in attendance to those for men
and were reported as successful. The State made an appropriation
of $600 for institute work, but the State board of agriculture has
supplemented this fund by an appropriation from its own funds to
the amount of $577.50, thus bringing the total expense for institute
work up to $1,177.50. Three lecturers from the experiment station
contributed 18 days’ service, the remainder of the work being done by
15 State speakers and 9 local.

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 403

FLORIDA.

Institute director—P. H. Rolfs, director of the agricultural experiment
station, Gainesville.

Marked improvement has been produced during the past two years
in regard to better farming, and a large share in this result has been
attributed to the farmers’ institute, which held this year 122 sessions,
at which the attendance was 9,021, at a cost of but $4,384.03 to the
State. One State lecturer was employed continually, and between 30
and 40 local speakers addressed the meetings, while the agricultural
college and the experiment station contributed the services of 11 per-
sons, who gave in all 386 addresses. About 20 boys’ sessions were
held with an attendance above the average for the other sessions.
The dates, places, and programs for the institutes are determined
jointly with the local people. Corn and the preparation of the soil
were discussed at each institute. The varied lines of agriculture and
the sparseness of the population make institute work difficult.

GEORGIA.
Institute director.—A. M. Soule, president State college of agriculture, Athens.

Itinerant or movable schools of agriculture have just been inau-
gurated, as well as boys and girls’ farm-life clubs. Of the former,
14 were held during the year, consisting of 100 sessions, and had an
attendance of approximately 9,000. Twenty-four sessions for boys
were held in the regular institutes, and the attendance was 9,207, of
which 3,000 were enrolled in club work. Ninety-four cooperative
institutes, with an attendance of 13,837, 10 sessions of round-up
institutes, with 500 in attendance, as well as 63 teachers’ institutes,
with an attendance of 6,665, were held besides the regular institutes,
which amounted to 64 sessions, with an attendance of 12,000. The
sum of $2,500 was expended for institute work, exclusive of salaries,
which, if added, would bring the total cost up to $7,500. About 60
local speakers addressed the meetings, and 15 lecturers from the
college of agriculture contributed a total of 120 days’ service. The
local authorities are consulted in regard to dates, places, and pro-
grams of the meetings.

HAWAII.

Institute director.—William Weinrich, secretary and treasurer farmers’
institutes, Honolulu.

No report received.

IDAHO.

Institute director.—W. L. Carlyle, director agricultural experiment station,
Moscow.

With an appropriation of $2,000 and the services of 9 members of
the agricultural college and experiment station, 149 sessions of regu-

404 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

lar farmers’ institutes were held, with 11,500 in attendance. In addi-
tion to the above, there were 17 special institutes, consisting of edu-
cational programs at fairs, farm unions, agricultural conventions,
etc., the attendance at which was not recorded. These are regarded
as giving the best hold on the agricultural public and not only reach
a large audience but a higher class of instruction is given. Six in-
stitutes for women were also held during the year. Post-card invita-
tions have been found to be the most satisfactory method of adver-
tising the meetings, which were more numerous and attracted a larger
attendance than during any previous year.

ILLINOIS.

Institute director.—H. A. McKeene, secretary of the farmers’ institute, Spring-
field.

The State of Illinois makes two separate appropriations for insti-
tute work, one for the purpose of holding county farmers’ institute
meetings in each county, and one for office expenses, administration,
etc., and for holding the annual State meeting. These two appro-
priations combined amount to $21,650. Again, many county boards
of supervisors appropriate funds for assisting the work in their
counties, and this added $4,965 to the regular State appropriation for
institute work. Besides the above, many merchants, interested farm-
ers, and others contributed to the county institutes, so that there was
actually spent, in addition to the other funds mentioned, $17,853.23
which came from these private sources, making the total actual cost
of the farmers’ institute work for Illinois this year $44,468.23.
Every county in the State held at least one institute. The total num-
ber of sessions of regular institutes was 792, and the attendance
931,732. The agricultural college and experiment station furnished
36 lecturers, with a combined total of 369 days of service. Thirty
State lecturers were employed, and many local persons addressed the
meetings. There were also 8 sessions of round-up institutes, with
8,000 in attendance. Besides the above, there were also held boys’
camp schools and picnics, and special seed and soil trains were run,
but no record was kept of the attendance at these. No special
women’s institutes were held, but nearly every meeting was planned
for the benefit of women as well as men, and almost always there were
women on the program. The dates, places, and programs are ar-
ranged for by the superintendent and county institute officers at the
district conference held in April and June each year. Every county
in the State has an institute organization and the one-day meeting
has been adopted by most of them. Fifty thousand copies of the an-
nual report of the farmers’ institute are now published.

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 405

INDIANA.

Institute director.—W. C. Latta, professor of Agriculture, Lafayette.

Each county in the State has an institute organization, and $100
from the county funds is available for institute work in each county,
provided a like sum is raised by membership dues. There was thus
contributed from the county treasuries about $3,120, and from private
sources, such as membership dues, donations, etc., about $7,665, which,
together with the State appropriation of $10,000 annually, made the
total amount expended for farmers’ institutes this year about $20,785.
Farmers’ institutes were held in every county in the State, and the
total number of sessions of regular institutes was 1,218, and the
attendance 203,910. The college of agriculture and the experiment
station contributed the services of 16 lecturers, with an aggregate
of 81 days, and 42 State speakers were employed, while about 50
local persons made addresses. No record was kept of the number
and attendance at special institutes, the railroad specials, or picnics,
as these are not under the farmers’ institute auspices in this State.
Several women’s sessions and 20 sessions for young people were held
and the interest reported as good.

IOWA.

Institute director.—J. C. Simpson, secretary board of agriculture, Des Moines.

At a cost of $14,764.25 the State board of agriculture in coopera-
tion with the extension department of the college of agriculture held
564 sessions of regular farmers’ institutes at which 117,550 persons
were in attendance. They were distributed in 81 of the 99 counties
in the State. Some institutes for women and some sessions for boys
were held, but no record was made. The extension department of
the college of agriculture furnished the lecturers for all the institutes.

KANSAS.

Institute director.—J. H. Miller, superintendent farmers’ institute work and
agricultural extension, Manhattan.

The farmers’ institute work is carried on as a part of the agricul-
tural education extension work of the college of agriculture, and this
year included, besides 782 sessions of regular institutes held in 100 of
the 105 counties of the State, with an attendance of 10,044, a number
of domestic-science movable schools, at which 3872 were reported,
many schoolhouse campaigns with 5,672 in attendance, numerous
civic-improvement meetings with 21,670 listeners, and agricultural
trains that attracted 9,887 people. All the above forms of institute
work cost $25,366.66. Seven persons were employed regularly on the
staff and 31 State lecturers part of the time, while 16 members of the

406 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

experiment-station staff devoted a total of 103 days to the work, and
more than 1,600 local persons addressed the meetings.

KENTUCKY.
Institute director.—M. C. Rankin, commissioner of agriculture, Frankfort.

Better farming, increased yield, and live stock were discussed at
each institute, at least one of which was held in every county and con-
sisted in the aggregate of about 476 sessions with an attendance of
18,467. Besides these meetings there were 8 sessions of a State insti-
tute with an average of 250 at each session. Ten State lecturers were
employed, a number of local speakers used, and 5 lecturers from the
staff of the experiment station contributed considerable time to the
work, which was carried on at a cost of $9,016.97.

LOUISIANA.

Institute director.—Charles Schuler, commissioner of agriculture, Baton
Rouge; W. R. Dodson, director of the agricultural experiment station, Baton
Rouge.

While no farmers’ institutes were carried on under the State depart-
ment of agriculture, and no regularly organized farmers’ institute
work recognized as such was conducted by the college of agriculture
or the experiment station, nevertheless there was considerable work
done by the director of the experiment station and the members of
the agricultural college and experiment-station staffs that should
properly be classed as institute work. Five members of the college
of agriculture and the experiment station devoted in all a total of
148 days in which addresses or demonstrations were given to 148
miscellaneous farmers’ meetings, at which an aggregate attendance of
20,530 were reported. The services of two women were secured to
give addresses on domestic science and school improvement.

MAINE.

Institute director—A. W. Gilman, commissioner of agriculture, Augusta.

More demonstration work is being introduced into the institutes
than heretofore. The places at which institutes will be held are de-
termined by a local agent, and the date and program of the meeting
are arranged by the commissioner of agriculture. The law requires
two institutes to be held in each county. Two thousand three hun-
dred dollars was expended in holding 107 sessions of regular insti-
tutes, with an attendance of 14,831, and four independent institutes
at which 327 attended. Six members of the college of agriculture
spent a total of 10 days in institute work, while the State employed
12 speakers and 25 local.

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 407

MARYLAND.

Institute directer.—R. S. Hill, director farmers’ institutes, Upper Marlboro.

A large part of the institute work was done with a car owned by
the institute and equipped for giving instruction of an institute
nature, although in many instances the actual lectures and instruc-
tion were given at some distance from the car. There were also a
train and a boat special. Four women’s institutes were held. In all
there were 175 sessions, with a total of 9,151 people in attendance.
The total cost was $6,000. Sixteen State speakers were employed,
and 17 local persons addressed the meetings. The college of agricul-
ture and experiment station contributed the services of 4 persons for
an aggregate of 26 days.

MASSACHUSETTS.

Institute director.—J. L. Ellsworth, secretary State board of agriculture,
Boston.

Institutes were held in every county, aggregating 192 sessions,
with a total attendance of 26,304, besides the demonstration meeting,
at which there were 1,100 people. The college of agriculture and the
experiment station provided 17 lectures and 12 local speakers ad-
dressed the meetings. The total cost was $2,130.37.

MICHIGAN.

Institute director—L. R. Taft, superintendent farmers’ institutes, East
Lansing.

Twelve thousand five hundred copies of the annual report of
farmers’ institutes are published and distributed to the members of
the county institute societies. All but five counties held institutes
last year, aggregating 1,136 sessions, and attended by 149,602 people.
Besides the regular institutes there were 10 sessions of round-up
institutes with 4,290 in attendance, and special institute trains were
run for 16 days, making 98 stops and attracting 11,039 people. The
total cost of the institute work for the year was $8,500. The college
of agriculture furnished 10 lecturers for an aggregate of 50 days and
the experiment station 3 lecturers for a total of 15 days. Thirty
State speakers were employed and 300 local speakers addressed the
meetings.

MINNESOTA.

Institute director.—A. D. Wilson, superintendent of farmers’ institutes, St.
Anthony Park.

A new feature introduced this year was a good-seed exhibit at
most institutes. Business men of different towns donated from $50
to $100 for premiums. Special emphasis was laid on good-seed corn.
Between 30 and 40 towns have already promised to furnish premiums

408 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

for next year. As the farmers’ institute work is a part of the agri-
cultural education extension division of the agricultural college, all
kinds of special meetings have been classed as extension work,
farmers’ institutes being now confined to the holding of regular
institute meetings. There were 639 sessions of these regular insti-
tutes held during the year, at which 100,723 persons were in at-
tendance. Thirty-seven women’s institutes were held during June
in connection with the regular institutes. Four lecturers from the
college of agriculture and experiment station contributed a total of
20 days to the institute work, and 22 State lecturers were employed.
The total expenditure for this phase of extension work was $21,641.
Fifty thousand copies of the annual report of the institutes are pub-
lished and a copy given to every family represented at each in-
stitute.
MISSISSIPPI.

Institute director.—W. L. Hutchinson, director farmers’ institutes, Agricul-
tural College.

With an expenditure of $5,000, not including the salary of the
director, they were able to hold 243 sessions of regular institutes,
with an attendance of 31,199 people, 16 independent institutes, with
3,000 in attendance, and 9 sessions of a round-up institute at which
there were 1,000 persons, besides introducing new work by the hold-
ing of a number of short courses with agricultural high schools,
dairy short courses, and the sending of a trained man to show
farmers how to terrace hill land and drain bottom land. In other
words, this trained man was in reality an itinerant instructor, em-
ployed and sent out by and under the direction of the institute
organization to give certain advice to the farmers on their farms.
There is already a great demand for expert assistance of this char-
acter, and it has proved to be the best plan of disseminating agri-
cultural information to the farmer most in need of assistance.

MISSOURI. -

Institute director.—T. C. Wilson, secretary State board of agriculture,
Golumbia.

During the year there were held 194 sessions of regular institutes,
with an attendance of about 14,550, and 12 sessions of round-up insti-
tutes, with 1,000 in attendance, while three special trains and a num-
ber of chautauquas, picnics, reunions, harvest home meetings, increased
the attendance by about 35,000. Women’s institutes were held in con-
nection with 20 of the regular institutes. The college of agriculture
supplied 10 lecturers for a total of 190 days, and the experiment sta-
tion sent 10 lecturers for a total of 80 days, while 18 State lecturers
were employed, no local speakers being used. The total cost of the
institutes, including salary and expenses of the director, was $6,143.41.

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 409

MONTANA.

- Institute director.—F. S. Cooley, director farmers’ institutes, Bozeman.

At least one farmers’ institute was held in every county in the State,
Among new features for Montana institutes this year were a mov-
able school, 2 special trains, 3 school lectures, and 4 boys and girls’
corn-growing contests. The special train attracted 7,292 people,
and the 2 special institutes had a total attendance of 1,600. There
were 148 sessions of regular institutes, with an attendance of 17,870.
The total cost of all these institutes was $8,000, which includes the
salary and expenses of the director. Several State speakers were em<
ployed, a number of local speakers made addresses, and 13 lecturers
from the college and station contributed a total of 85 days’ service. |

NEBRASKA,
Institute director.—Val Keyser, superintendent of institutes, Lincoln.

Sixteen different State societies met at the university farm the
third week in January and held their annual meeting under the
caption of organized agriculture. About 1,800 people attended this
meeting, which was practically a round-up institute. Of the regular
institutes there were 578 sessions, with an attendance of 104,519. At
9 of these boys’ sessions were held with good success, and 27 boys’
and girls’ special institutes were also held, with 6,995 in attendance,
There was increased interest in women’s work, and the attendance
at the women’s sessions was often greater than those for men. There
were also 6 short courses or movable schools, with a total registra
tion of 1,200, not including 785 boys and girls for whom special
classes were organized. The total cost of the institutes was $16,776.25,
of which amount $10,000 was State appropriation. Sixteen college
and station lecturers devoted a total of 93 days to the work. The
State lecturers numbered 31.

NEVADA.

Institute director.—J. E. Stubbs, president Nevada State College, Reno.
No institutes were held.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Institute director.—N. J. Bachelder, secretary State board of agriculture,
Concord.

During the year 18 days were devoted to farmers’ institutes, which
consisted of 36 sessions, with an attendance of 3,000. The cost to
the State was $1,200. The college of agriculture contributed 1 lec-
turer to each meeting, and 18 local speakers addressed the institutes,
while 10 State speakers were employed.

410 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

NEW JERSEY.

Institute director—Franklin Dye, secretary State board of agriculture,
Trenton.

Including the regular institutes, the annual meeting, and also
farmers’ week, there were held during the year 116 sessions, with a
total of 11,000 in attendance. In addition, there were railroad specials
on three roads, covering in all 6 days, and meeting 2,000 people. The
agricultural college supplied 6 lecturers for a total of 35 days, while
4 State lecturers and 3 local speakers were used. In all, $2,976.49 was
expended in the work.

NEW MEXICO.

Institute director.—Luther Foster, dean of agriculture, Agricultural College.
No farmers’ institutes were held during the year.

NEW YORK.
Institute director.—R. A. Pearson, commissioner of agriculture, Albany.

New York State appropriated for institutes for the year $31,000,
and $27,500 was expended, which, however, does not include the sal-
ary and expenses of the director. There were held during the year
1,170 sessions of regular institutes, with an attendance of 149,450.
In addition, there were held 156 periods in public schools, at which a
total of 22,697 were present, this school work being a feature of the
institutes in this State. There were also 8 institutes in cooperation
with State agricultural organizations, in which the attendance
amounted to 23,750. One woman speaker accompanied each institute
force, and special women’s sessions were held at several institutes.
One normal institute and 28 summer institutes were held. The
institute also cooperated with the college of agriculture and the
railroads in running 3 farm trains. A new feature of the institute
work this year was the introduction of field demonstrations. One
man was employed in this work, who installed 100 fields of alfalfa.
The college of-agriculture furnished 15 lecturers for a total of 50
days, the experiment station 10 lecturers for 120 days, and the State
employed about 35 lecturers.

NORTH CAROLINA.
Institute director.—T. B. Parker, director of farmers’ institutes, Raleigh.

Thirty-five thousand copies of the annual report of the institute
work are published and distributed to the regular mailing list. The
State appropriation of $7,500 for the year was all expended in hold-
ing 469 sessions of regular institutes, at which 40,604 people were in
attendance; 14 independent institutes, with a total attendance of
2,250; 9 sessions of round-up institutes, with 1,800 present; and 73

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 411

women’s institutes, the attendance at which is not reported. The
college of agriculture furnished 4 lecturers for a total of 59 days, the
experiment station 2 for a total of 44 days, and the institute employed
10 lecturers for a total of 374 days.

NORTH DAKOTA.

Institute director.—T. A. Hoverstad, superintendent of farmers’ institutes,
Fargo.

Grain growing, forage crops, cultivation, and grasses were sub-
jects discussed at each meeting. A copy of the institute annual is
given to each family attending the first session, 15,000 copies being
published. The State appropriated for institute work $6,000, but the
institute actually cost $10,417.81, the difference being made up by
some funds left over from previous years. There were 243 sessions
of regular institutes, with an attendance of 31,606; 4 independent in-
stitutes, with 12,075 in attendance; and better-farming special trains
consisting of 6 cars with illustrative and demonstrative material,
which attracted 19,200 people. The college of agriculture and the
experiment station contributed the services of 8 lecturers for a total
of 15 days at the regular institutes and 14 lecturers for a total of 281
days at the special-train institute. Only three State speakers were
employed.

OHIO.

Institute director.—A. P. Sandles, secretary State board of agriculture, Co-
lumbus.

Twenty thousand two hundred and fifty dollars of the State ap-
propriation of $22,000 for institutes was expended, but. this does not
include the salary and expenses of the director. The State employed
36 lecturers and made use of 1,800 local speakers, while the experi-
ment station furnished 20 lecturers for an aggregate of 195 days. The
number of sessions of regular institutes was 1,620 and the attendance
421,040, while in addition there were 51 independent institutes, with
12,705 in attendance, 5 sessions of round-up institutes with 500 people,
and a number of orchard schools, corn schools, and dairy, fruit, and
corn trains, the attendance at which is not recorded.

OKLAHOMA.

Institute director.—J. S. Murray, superintendent of farmers’ institutes,
Guthrie.

Twenty thousand copies of the annual institute report are printed
and distributed at the institutes. Boys’ and girls’ work and women’s
auxiliaries were introduced this year as new work. There was ap-
propriated by the State as a whole $5,000 for institute work, and by
the counties $15,200 additional, making $20,200 for institute work

412 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

of all kinds. The State department, however, expended $6,500,
which was $1,500 more than was appropriated, and hence if every
county expended all its appropriation the total expenditure for insti-
tute work during the year from all sources would amount to $21,700.
Seven hundred and forty sessions of regular institutes with an attend-
ance of 80,000 are reported, besides 204 independent institutes with
60,000 in attendance, and 6 sessions of round-up institutes with 2,400
in attendance. In addition institute picnics were held at the demon-
stration farms in 67 counties with an estimated attendance of 21,775.
‘About 40 counties have women’s organization auxiliary institutes.
Boys’ sessions were held in 30 institutes. No State lecturers were
employed, the college of agriculture and the experiment station fur-
nishing all the speakers and paying the salaries. Seventy-six local
people addressed the meetings. Five members of the agricultural
college spent a total of 150 days in institute work, and three from
the experiment station about 90 days.

OREGON.

Institute director—J. Withycombe, director agricultural experiment station,
Corvallis.

Swine husbandry and horticulture were the principal topics dis-
cussed at all institutes. The institute is also assisting at fairs by
judging live stock and farm products, and lecturing upon the strong
and weak points of the exhibit. This has proved to be effective educa-
tional work. Demonstration work also has been made a feature of
practically all institutes. The State appropriation of $2,500 enabled
the holding of 64 sessions of regular institutes with an attendance
of 11,250. Two demonstration trains were run, consisting of 7
ears filled with demonstration material. The trains made 36 stops
and met 1,635 people. Four State lecturers were employed besides
80 local speakers. The college of agriculture sent 1 lecturer for 10
days, and the experiment station 9 lecturers for a total of 170 days
of institute work.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Institute director—A. L. Martin, deputy secretary of agriculture, Harrisburg.

Twelve movable schools, lasting from 4 to 8 days each, were held
and interested the people, especially in the more advanced communi-
ties, along special lines of agriculture, such as dairying, horticulture,
and poultry industry. The total attendance at these schools was
16,697. The demonstration method of instruction has been a promi-
nent phase in these schools. In all the regular institutes the subjects
of dairying, horticulture, poultry, and home sanitation were dis-
cussed. One thousand and sixty-one sessions, with an attendance of
161,696, were reported, besides 17 independent institutes, with an

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 413

attendance of 16,679; 11 sessions of round-up institutes, with 2,000
in attendance, and numerous special institutes and cooperative meet-
ings, picnics, railroad specials, ete., with a reported combined attend-
ance of 31,520. There were 150 women’s sessions in connection with
‘the regular institutes, or one in nearly every two-day institute held.
The institute work cost $20,000, which, however, does not include the
salary and expenses of the director. There were 69 lecturers em-
ployed, and 282 local speakers addressed the meetings. The agri-
cultural college and experiment station contributed 10 lecturers for a
total of 70 days.
PORTO RICO.

Institute director.—D. W. May, special agent in charge of the agricultural
experiment station, Mayaguez.

Seven lecturers from the experiment station and 1 from the
agricultural college contributed a total of 45 days to institute work;
9 sessions of regular institutes, with an attendance of 420, and 3 in-
dependent institutes, with an attendance of 1,500, were held, at a total
cost of $200.

RHODE ISLAND.

Institute director.—J. J. Dunn, secretary State board of agriculture, Provi-
dence,

There were held during the year 22 sessions of regular institutes,
with an attendance of 2,910, and 4 sessions of a round-up institute,
with 1,200 in attendance, at a total cost of $266.60. There were em-
ployed 16 State lecturers and 10 local speakers. Six members of the
agricultural college and experiment station donated a total of 7 days
to the work. In connection with the institutes on fruit growing
there were demonstrations in spraying for the San José scale and
other injurious insects.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Institute director.—D. N. Barrow, professor of agriculture, Clemson College.

No special State appropriation was made for institutes, but the
college of agriculture carried on the work at a cost of $1,141.68. Nine
State lecturers were employed. Four members of the college faculty,
and 4 members of the experiment station staff devoted 50 days to the
work, which consisted of 265 sessions of regular institutes, with 9,000
in attendance, and 60 independent institutes, with an attendance of
5,000. At two points the institute lasted a week, and regular class
work was given.

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Institute director.—A. E. Chamberlain, superintendent of institutes, Brookings.

Soil moisture and corn and crop rotation were subjects discussed
at every regular institute, of which there were 368 sessions, with an

414 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

attendance of 48,500. There were also about 25 independent. insti-
tutes, attended by 3,000 people. One women’s institute was held,
but lady speakers on the regular force addressed 63 institutes. Three
large meetings for boys and girls were held. The total expense of the
institutes was $10,183.79. The State employed 15 lecturers and the
college of agriculture and the experiment station contributed 3
lecturers for a total of about 20 days.

TENNESSEE.

Institute director.—John Thompson, commissioner of agriculture, Nashville.

With the exception of 19 local speakers the institute work was done
solely by the 8 members of the experiment station staff, who devoted
a total of 43 days to the work. Four short courses or movable schools
were held in different places, lasting from 5 to 10 days, with 2
sessions each day, and with a total registration of 413. Forty-six
sessions of regular institutes were held, with an attendance of 8,910,
and 24 sessions of round-up institutes, with 5,500 in attendance. In
addition an agricultural train was run, which was attended by 1,095
persons. The total expense for the year was $3,753.67, although the
State appropriated $5,000 for the work.

TEXAS.

Institute director.—J. W. Neill, director of farmers’ institutes, Austin.

This report covers the first institute work done in the State under
a definite appropriation, $5,000 having been given for the work this
year. Diversified and intensified farming was discussed at all insti-
tutes. About 10 State lecturers were employed, and the college of
agriculture and experiment station furnished 6 lecturers for a total of
69 days. About 240 sessions of regular institutes were held with an
attendance of 3,238. There were also two sessions of round-up insti-
tutes, but no record was kept of the attendance, nor was any record
kept of the railroad special demonstration train statistics.

UTAH.

Institute director.—L. A. Merrill, director agricultural extension, Logan.

Ten thousand copies of the annual report of the institute work is
published each year and distributed to the experiment station mailing
list. The cost of the institutes was $6,442.35, which was $611.95 more
than the State appropriated, the difference being made up by the fees
received from farmers’ schools. There were five State lecturers em-
ployed part of the time, but the bulk of the institute work was done
by the college of agriculture and the experiment station, the former
furnishing 4 lecturers for a total of 240 days, and the latter 10 lec-
turers for a total of 540 days. There were 240 sessions of regular

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 415

institutes with 29,573 persons in attendance. A special potato train
was run with an attendance of 2,161. Fourteen women’s institutes
were also held, consisting of 63 sessions.

VERMONT.

Institute director.—O. L. Martin, commissioner of agriculture, Plainfield.

Agricultural education in the public schools was a subject discussed
at every institute, and the employing of institute lecturers from with-
out the State was a new feature of the work in Vermont. Nine State
lecturers were employed, and two members of the agricultural college
and experiment station devoted an aggregate of 15 days to the work,
The cost of the institutes was $1,200, and 65 sessions of regular insti-
tutes were held with 5,190 in attendance, and 6 independent institutes
with 1,000 people. There were also 13 sessions of round-up insti-
tutes which had 300 in attendance, and a railroad special attended
by 5,900 people.

VIRGINIA.
Institute director.—J. J. Owen, director of institutes, Richmond.

Under an act of the legislature approved March 17, 1910, a board
to be known as the United Agricultural Board was established, com-
posed of the governor, the State superintendent of public instruction
representing the State board of education, the commissioner of
agriculture and two members of the State board of agriculture to
be selected by that board, the president of the Virginia College of
Agriculture and Polytechnic Institute, the director of the Virginia
Agricultural Experiment Station, and one member of the board of
visitors of these institutions to be selected by the said board, the
supervisor of the district experiment stations, the general director
of demonstration work of the United States Department of Agri-
culture, and the Virginia director of demonstration work of the
United States Department of Agriculture.

Under this act the United Agricultural Board is required to assign
to the Virginia College of Agriculture and Polytechnic Institute
the adult demonstration work and movable schools and other like
agencies when established; to the Virginia Agricultural Experiment
Station the establishment and direction of the local or district ex-
periment stations; to the State board of education the experiment
and demonstration work in connection with the public schools of
the State; and to the commissioner and the State board of agriculture
the direction and management of the farmers’ institutes to be held
in different sections of the State.

In carrying the bill into effect the State board of education is
directed to appropriate and set apart out of the common-school fund
the sum of $5,000 annually to supplement money allotted by the

416 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

United States Department of Agriculture and the general education
board. The sum of $5,000 shall be paid annually to the commis-
sioner of agriculture, the sum of $5,000 annually to the Virginia
College of Agriculture and Polytechnic Institute, and the sum of
$5,000 annually to the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.
The money allotted to the commissioner of agriculture shall be
used for farmers’ institutes, the money allotted to the Virginia
College of Agriculture and Polytechnic Institute shall be used for
adult demonstration work, movable schools, etc., and the money.
allotted to the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station shall be
used for experiment work at the local or district experiment. sta-
tions, established or to be established, and for no other purpose, and
the money appropriated by the State board of education shall be
used for experiments and demonstrations in connection with the
schools of the State. During the past year $4,000 was expended
for institute work. Two hundred and thirty-six one-day institutes
were reported as having been held with a total attendance of 22,000
persons.
WASHINGTON.

Institute director.—R. C. Ashby, superintendent of institutes, Pullman.

Three demonstration trains were run, which made in all 28 stops
and were attended by 9,345 people. These trains consisted of from
7 to 9 coaches carrying complete equipment, consisting of live stock;
field, orchard, and tillage machinery; pruning tools; spraying ma-
chines; dairying outfits; milking machine; farm electric-light plant;
cement demonstration equipment; horticultural, entomological, grain,
forage-crop, and grass exhibits.” The train was furnished by the
railroad company, the machinery was loaned by the manufacturers,
and the exhibits and speakers were furnished by the agricultural
college. Of regular institutes there were 177 sessions, with an attend-
ance of 14,083; 6 independent institutes, with 1,200 in attendance;
and 7 sessions of grange meetings, with 545 people. The total cost
for the institute work was $6,900. Fifteen State lecturers were em-
ployed, and two or three and sometimes more local speakers made
addresses at each meeting. The college of agriculture furnished 5
lecturers for a total of 68 days, and the experiment station 9 lecturers
for a total of 61 days.

WEST VIRGINIA.

Institute director—Charles McIntire, superintendent farmers’ institutes,
Charleston.

All the institute work during the year was carried on by 21 State

speakers. There were 307 sessions of regular institutes, at which
27,398 persons attended, and one agricultural train, which added

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES. 417

1,828 more to the total number of people reached by the institutes.
The entire cost to the State was $6,630.

WISCONSIN.

Institute director.—George McKerrow, director farmers’ institutes, Madison.

The institute published 50,000 copies of its 320-page annual farm-
ers’ institute bulletin, and 10,000 copies of a 96-page cook book, and
distributed them to the institutes and cooking schools.

The law requires that one copy of the annual shall be placed in each
school district library, and this alone consumed about 8,000 copies.
These annual farmers’ institute bulletins are the most popular pub-
lications along agricultural lines published by the State, and the
demand for them exceeds the supply. Bovine tuberculosis, alfalfa,
roads, and soil fertility were subjects discussed at each institute.
There were altogether 660 sessions of regular institutes, with an
attendance of 100,519; 9 sessions of round-up institutes, with about
7,130 persons in attendance; and 41 cooking schools. Thirty State
lecturers and about 20 local speakers were employed. The agricul-
tural college and experiment station furnished 5 lecturers for a total
of 6 days. The total cost of the institutes was $20,000, which includes
the salary and expenses of the director and the printing and distribu-
ting of the annual bulletin and the cook book.

WYOMING.

Institute director.—H. G. Knight, director agricultural experiment station,
Laramie.

The institutes for the year cost the State $1,737.54, which enabled
the holding of 98 sessions of regular institutes, with an attendance
of 4,108, and 19 sessions of a railroad special, with 3,700 in attendance.
The agricultural college and experiment station furnished 12 lecturers
for a total of 257 days, and 15 additional State lecturers were
employed.

91866°—11 27

418

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

STATISTICS OF FARMERS’ INSTITUTES, 1910.

Number of institutes held and the approximate attendance during the year
ended June 30, 1910.

State or Territory.

California J
Colorado tao s needs eee
Connecticut-321--b. 3-- te sas-4
Delawares: 225. .scd-ce se eres

entueksyene 50-22 a= e eee oe
IGOUISiaN a= =e eee

Maryland sa. (saen == ene ee
a Massachusetise-22-.s8os2 sos.
Michi pan 22 = oc cesar oc
MMINNESOLA S245 fo s-2- aS
IMASSISSIPPI- a asses ee
IMISSOUTICR etka Soe ce oe nee

Nevadala-s25 2-22 i SU oe
New Hampshire
New Jerseys... 2 cnsscnes.
New Mexico!

Olin 3a. t resem ee See

Orevonizsas5ose0 teas se ese Saas
Pennsylvania. co acess
WOMOvRICOM esate asst ate aoe
Rb odeusland ses. seeneeee ee
South) Carolinas. 5----e-ces.
South Dakotass.--soe so csse cc
PLENVESSEC =. eee Meee see ee

WARSI ae jena de ese alee
Washinatonsen ees. soe enees
WiestiVirginigg = "sss. Aas

Number

of
one-day

institutes.

Number
of
two-day

institutes.

Number
of three
or more
day in-
stitutes.

bob
number
Total. i

sessions.

Total at-
tendance at
all sessions.

17,870
104,519

149, 450
40, 604
31, 606

421,040
80, 000
11, 250

161, 696

420
2,910
9,000

48,500
8,910
3, 238
29,573
5,190
22,000
14,083
27,398
100, 519
4,108

1 No institutes held.

172 | 5,651 | 16, 586

2,395, 908

Average
per
session.

2 No report.

ee

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES.

Financial statistics of the farmers’

institutes for the year
1910,

State or Territory.

DOSUUID i See ace Se Eee Cores

WAPURISIATI A eee eB nyo cu Rees 8) Sowa nota einee
UT i od epee 5 Bee SES ISG eee
ICMAT! a5 oaceaea Sete n swe cei RE ce
on ee AE aOR o/s che oo
Michi
Minnesota = Ue Ee ESS oe Beene ae seo Sea

VST eS es ae ee See

ING MHS — Se aniase:: aot SiabheaceaeeBede ks ene

Qiiahoma. I
Ln a Ae See ee ee
RASRLOMERICO ee ise a ease tee ae

Wyoming..... See ae ae ae re ely Sao

Funds appropriated.

College and

Cost. :

419

ended June 30,

Appropria-
tion for the

Cost per | season 1911.
State. other tarde Total cost. eaeciant
Siee hiss SORES $600. 00 $600. 00 $8. 45 $600. 00
SI Z5ONOOW SSE ee 989. 93 13. 19 | 1, 386. 00
AS DOO OOH EE oO. cas cece 4, 500. 00 50. 00 3) 500. 00
LOSGOO ORE. . tes 2n5 + 10, 000. 00 33. 67 10, 000. 00
fa(0, 0,0) (0,009 eek eee 4, 894. 03 29. 66 ()
Vue eek ew cmes Oey 1, 302. 50 15. 69 3 600. 00
Tp OOOAO0 ieee a eh 4, 384. 03 35. 94 10, 615. 07
OOO OO! Hone seers oe 7, 500. 00 117.17 42, 500. 00
2, 000. 00 500. 00 2,500. 00 16. 77 42,000. 00
26,615.00 | 17,853.23 | 44, 468. 23 56.15 |} 26,615.00
13, 120. 00 7,665.00 | 20,785. 00 17. 06 10, 000. 00
5,754.11 | 9,220.43 | 14,764, 25 26. 18 7, 500. 00
25, 000. 00 366. 66 | 25, 366. 66 32. 45 27, 500. 00
VC OF OUGEOT |x eames e 9, 016. 97 18.95 ()
Nene OOONOO) Peete ane 2, 000. 00 13. 51 2, 000. 00
PaaOON OO! |Les Sees oe 42,300. 00 21. 49 3, 000. 00
I, (6500000) | ase ee ree 6, 000. 00 34. 28 6, 000. 00
4 000),00) 2 42-2 ees: 2,130. 37 12. 38 4, 000. 00
8, 500. 00 1,260.00 | 49,760. 00 8. 59 9, 700. 00
18,000.00} 3,705.99 | 21,641. 25 33.86 | 18, 000. 00
5, 000. 00 2, 000. 00 7, 000. 00 28. 80 7, 000. 00
OCR bl eee ae ae 6, 143. 41 31. 66 3, 856. 59
SS 000800) ee as eee 8, 000. 00 54. 00 8, 000. 00
10,000.00} 6,776.26 | 16,776.26 29. 02 8, 000. 00
1, 200. 00 400. 00 1, 600. 00 44. 44 1, 200. 00
ONG 49) | eee eees eae 3, 176. 49. 27. 38 (2)
SLEOOONOO Pee te se 27, 500. 00 23. 50 25, 000. 00
Me SOOROOW em eroe Matai. ae 7, 500. 00 15. 99 (2)
6,000.00 | 4,417.81 | 10,417.81 42. 87 6, 000. 00
22 OOON ODN IEL= ee et 21, 250. 00 13. 11 22, 000. 00
20, 200. 00 1,500.00 | 21,700. 00 29. 32 20, 200. 00
PROUOS OOH tee ep keke 2, 500. 00 39. 06 2, 500. 00
Pe BOON OOM emis ce see 420, 000. 00 18. 85 22, 500. 00
BS AE eee 1, 000. 00 200. 00 22. 22 (2)
Eos clatter cts 266. 60 12.11 (2)
1,141.68 | 41,141.68 4.30 (@)
, 000. 187.22 | 10,183. 79 27.67 | 10, 000. 00
OOK | Eee Peete 3, 753. 67 81. 60 5, 000. 00
NOOR Seen soe 4,123. 47 17.17 5, 000. 00
4 611.95 | 6, 442. 35 26. 84 4, 169. 60
EU US Ue ee aber auc 1, 500. 00 23. 07 ()
KO00%00) | seeeeerperee 4,000. 00 (2) (2)
OQ Eek eve Herre ate 6, 900. 00 38. 98 7, 300. 00
OS0300) aaa es ae 6, 630. 00 21. 59 6, 000. 00
OOO OON Re eeeeecne. 20, 000. 00 30. 30 20, 000. 06
1, 000. 00 737. 54 1, 737. 54 7.73 (2)
372, 430. 48 | 59,943.77 | 415, 346. 29 25.04 | 329, 242. 26

1 No institutes held.

2 No report.

3 State board of agriculture supplements this amount.
¢ The salaries paid by institution not included.

‘420

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Number of lecturers employed by the State directors of farmers’ institutes,
the number of days of institutes held, and the copies of reports of proceed-
ings published for the year ended June 30, 1910.

State or Territory.

Reports of proceedings.

|

Published.

Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana

Maryland

Nevada 2

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico 2

New York

Ohio

Oregon

Porto Rico

Rhode Island

paetaaeg Number of |
of agricul- ea. | Total
Total tural col- IBRD? number of
number of | lege and anes days of
lecturers | experiment a eal institutes
on the station onile einai held
State force. staffs ee nat during the
engaged in Dati aa year.
institute taff |
work. ELELERD
|
|
17 5 (@) } 241
9 5 148 148
20 6 10 55
30 4 26 | 111
(@) 17 (@) 137
50 13 65 482
20 4 20 | 306
23 11 96 | 139
22 20 270 | 135
17 13 85 88
25 16 93 281
AS Fa Ee es 4) ee eens |S mene ree
16 1 18 18
12 6 35
70 25 | 170 |
47 6 | 103
12 8 | 15
31 20 | 195
15 8 | 240
14 10 | 180
75 10 | 70 | 386
Poiic soe eee 8 45 | 9
19 6 | 7 17
9 8 30 133
17 3 20 182
10 8 43 24
5 6 69 160
17 14 780 53
8 2 | 15 37
11 () } () 236
16 14 | 129 86
Cre [eines ee ae ease eS 148
24 5 6 267
14 12 | 257 31
1, 052 480 4,780 7, 935

1 No report.

2 No institutes held.

VCS caja asec ee 25, 000
INO-... ook oS eee
MOS 2 < cece 6, 000
No.: 332.8408 | eee
NO: c22 50. Gee ee eee
WieS. sees eeee 12, 500
MOS Kooea see 50, 000
eS... se ccaeeee 10, 000
INO. «522.02 OS Poe
es. 2. eee 8, 000
V8.5 cose 3, 000
WeSacc25 5 eee 1, 500

Record pub- |........
lished.

NO wos s65-58e8 eee
MOSS sca. -ceeee 2, 000
NO jc oneecee sees
INO: :. 2/5... Se eee
WES. cincmnceee 5, 000
NO}... sc oae os a eee
NES: Ne .coee 10, 000
YeSost oes oee 10, 000
NOSs pee ee (@)

NO: . 30 6260055 eee
NO... «cic 2 aces See
W@S' .cs¢ aeons 50, 000
No: 22:3-4322--|=
nese aceeeeee 328, 000

421

THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES.

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REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

424

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THE RESULTS OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN BELGIUM.

Translated and summarized by J. M. SrepMan, Assistant Farmers’ Institute
Specialist, Office of Experiment Stations.

INTRODUCTION.

Special interest is now felt throughout the United States in agri-
cultural extension. State and national legislators, the managers of
the great transportation companies, the officers of boards of trade,
residents in towns and cities, as well as educators and educational
institutions, particularly the agricultural colleges and experiment
stations, and State and national departments of agriculture, all
have suddenly come to realize the immediate and paramount im-
portance of the practice of a better agriculture by the great body of
farming people in the United States. Just now attention is turned
as never before toward the discovery of effective and economic
methods for accomplishing this end.

That which has come upon this country with such suddenness was
felt by older nations years ago and efforts were then begun to pro-
vide for the future food requirements of their growing populations
before these populations would have overtaken production and their
people be face to face with insufficient means for self-support. In
endeavoring to solve the problems that land impoverishment had
brought upon them various experiments were tried by different
countries with varying degrees of success.

An examination of the present condition of agriculture in European
countries, compared with that when attention to better farming first
began, shows that there has been great advance and that the limit
of production has not yet been reached. The results that have been
accomplished in one of the smallest countries of Europe—Belgium—
and the methods that were employed in effecting her remarkable
advance have been set forth in detail in a recent publication * by the
minister of agriculture of that country giving the methods em-
ployed in each Province, and the rise in price of agricultural lands,
and increase in their productive power during the last 25 years.

This report is of special interest just now because extension work
has been carried on in Belgium long enough and thoroughly enough

1L’Agriculture Belge de 1885 4 1910. Monographies publiées 4 l’oceasion du XXV
anniversaire de l’institution du service des agronomes de l'état. Louvain, Imprimerie
Fernand Giele, rue de la Station 15, 1910.

425

426 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

to show how it affects agricultural conditions and benefits agricul-
tural people. A translation and an abstract of this report has been
made by the assistant farmers’ institute specialist of the Office of
Experiment Stations, and is herewith presented in the belief that the
experiment in Belgium is well worth consideration by all who are
interested in the extension movement in the United States.

The area of Belgium is only 11,373 square miles, about equal to
that of the States of Vermont and Delaware combined, and with a
population in 1900 of 6,693,548, equal to that of the six New England
States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, and Connecticut. Of the entire area, there was in 1895
under cultivation 4,288,349 acres; in woodland, 1,288,092 acres; uncul-
tivated, 470,396 acres; the remainder was in cities, roads, marsh
land, rivers, etc.

About one-fifth of the people are engaged in agriculture. Their
holdings are mostly small, varying from about 1 acre to 100 and
over. In 1895 the number of holdings of less than 2! acres each
was 544,041; there were 190,833 ranging from 24 to 12 acres; there
were 50,065 from 25 acres to 50 acres; 12,951 holdings from 50 acres
to 125; and 3,584 holdings of 125 acres and over. The agriculture of
the country was in a much-neglected condition prior to 1885, at which
time a method of improvement was adopted that has produced remark-
able results. Under this system the average for wheat in Belgium has
been raised from 24.54 bushels per acre in 1885 to 38.55 bushels in
1910, an increase of 14.01 bushels; the average for rye was increased
from 23.86 bushels in 1885 to 36.69 bushels in 1910, an increase of
12.73 bushels per acre; oats from 49.75 to 81.48 bushels, an increase
of 31.69 bushels; barley (winter) from 38.25 to 57.57, an incréase of
19.32 bushels. The number of horned cattle increased from 1,382,815
in 1880 to 1,817,687 in 1907; hogs, from 646,375 to 1,379,462.

The price of farm lands in the same period rose from $105 per
acre in the Province of Anvers to $162; in Brabant, from $160 to
$225 for sandy land, and for sandy clay from $280 to $340 per acre;
in West Flanders the increase was from $243 to $405; in East Flan-
ders there was a rise of from 40 to 50 per cent; in Limburg, an in-
crease of $120 to $150 per acre; in Luxemburg, from $120 in 1885 to
$162 in 1910 for arable land, and from $189 to $202 for prairie land.
In this same period the home surroundings of the farmers were also
greatly improved, the quality of the live stock was much bettered, and
a great industry has arisen in market-garden products and in flori-
culture. A summary showing the degree of progress of each Prov-
ince is given in the table appended to this report.

The remarkable improvement in the agriculture of this country is
attributable, as has been intimated, to the measures adopted in 1885,
whereby the Office of Extension Supervisors was created by the

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN BELGIUM. 427

Crown, and the oversight of agriculture in the various Provinces was
placed under the control of these supervisors. Their specific duties
and methods of operation are explained in the discussion that follows,
and are suggestive of methods that might be put into operation in
improving agriculture in the United States.

EXTENSION SUPERVISORS.

The office of extension supervisors was created by royal edict the
26th of September, 1885. The supervisors have for their principal
mission the popularization in a practical manner of the knowledge
and processes of agricultural science. They put themselves in direct
contact with the cultivators and give them gratuitously the counsel
desired. They perform the functions of nomadic (peripatetic or
itinerant) agricultural lecturers in their territory and organize an-
nual conferences in at least five districts throughout each section, in
order to hold a complete course on some one or other branch of the
science or the practice of agriculture applicable to the region. The
supervisors are further charged with organizing demonstration or
experiment fields in order to give practical instruction to the farmers.

The fields of operation of the extension supervisors were distrib-
uted according to agricultural regions, the entire country being
divided into six such divisions, three of them being covered by two
supervisors each and the other three having one supervisor each.

The chief extension supervisors were appointed by royal edict the
26th of September, 1885, and after installation by the minister of
agriculture they entered upon their duties on the 15th of October,
1885.

Under the direction of M. Carluyvels, inspector general of agricul-
ture, and M. Proost, director general of the rural office, the new
service was not long in attaining the highest results.

In 1894, experience having demonstrated that it would be advisable
to make the fields of operation of the extension supervisors corre-
spond to the administrative division of the country, a ministerial
decree was issued providing that each of the governmental Provinces
should be served by an official agriculturist with one or more deputies,
the deputy agriculturists to be specially charged with serving, under
the direction and responsibility of the provincial agriculturist, a
group of agricultural assemblies (civil divisions). The deputy as-
sistant agriculturists fulfill, then, the same functions as the provin-
cial agriculturists. In 1897 the administration decided to place them
on an equality with the provincial agriculturists as regards their title
and their relation with the central administration and with the
public.

The royal edict of the 25th of October, 1897, countersigned by the
minister of agriculture, provides that the corps of extension super-

428 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

visors comprise 20 agriculturists. The distribution of the fields of
operation of the service according to the administrative divisions is
preserved.

A royal edict of the 24th of December, 1898, coordinates all of these
edicts and modifies the arrangement in effect at that time concerning
the services of the agriculturists. This edict fixes the salaries of the
supervisors and provides that in order to be nominated to the office
one must have the diploma of agricultural engineer. Exception to
this rule may be made with those who have conspicuously proven
their knowledge of agriculture and successfully passed an examina-
tion before a special jury.

There are now 34 extension supervisors in Belgium, besides numer-
ous assistants.

The edict of the 24th of December, 1898, defines the purpose of the
supervisors as follows:

(1) To popularize the information and operations of agricul-
tural science, especially by means of oral consultations, conferences,
demonstration, or experiment fields, etc. They are to place them-
selves in direct relation with the cultivators and give them, free of
charge, the counsel they desire. They are to fulfill the functions of
a technical adviser and agricultural lecturer.

(2) To inform the cultivators of the advantages which they are
able to procure through associations, to furnish precise data regard-
ing such organizations and the functions of the different agricul-
tural groups.

(3) To enlighten the central administration regarding the work of
the official agricultural societies or auxiliaries and their financial
encouragement due to the subsidies which they receive and also
regarding the honorary distinctions which are to be granted.

(4) To organize and to direct the agricultural courses for adults,
courses in horticulture, arboriculture, vegetable gardening, ete.

The organic edict provides for one or more temporary assistants
to each supervisor, their duties being to give the agricultural courses
and to organize the demonstrations established at the expense of
the State. Besides organizing agricultural associations and giving
regular complete courses of instruction on a particular subject, the
extension supervisors give numerous isolated conferences and talks
on subjects of general interest. In 1886 these agents gave a total
of 400 agricultural conferences.

The minister of agriculture issued a decree dated 28th of Septem-
ber, 1885, requiring at Government expense the organization of
experiment fields under the direction of the supervisors. These
practical tests or experiments and scientific demonstrations must
include the composition and fertility of the soil, the adaptation or
acclimatization of desirable plants, and the employment of improved

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN BELGIUM. 429

machinery. The experiments likewise include, according to the
region, tests of garden vegetables, horticulture, forestry, apiculture,
the care of poultry and of milk, the raising, feeding, and fattening
of live stock, ete.

The number of experiment fields under the control of the super-
visors is considerable. In the beginning they were utilized to test
fertilizers and new varieties of plants and were largely demonstra-
tive in character. The use of these experiment fields is to-day
largely extended, and for the past 10 years they have been used
more for the acquisition of new knowledge than for the populariza-
tion of known facts. Since 1903 uniform and systematic experi-
ments have been organized for each region of the country in order
to obtain practical information regarding the fertilizers needed and
the influence of thorough cultivation. Experiments on the feeding
of dairy cows and the fattening of cattle and hogs have likewise been
systematically organized since 1901. When occasion has arisen ex-
periments have also been carried on regarding the diseases of plants.
Forecasting the weather has also been conducted for several years
by this organization. .

The supervisors assist and encourage by giving advice and counsel
in the organization of agricultural societies, but do not take part in
their creation. In their administrative relation the supervisors are
called upon to give advice on all questions relating to agriculture in
their territory—agricultural statistics, organization and control of
agricultural extension instruction, orders of merit, subsidies to agri-
cultural societies, etc.

The following account of the agriculture of Belgium from 1885 to
1910 has been compiled from information furnished by the extension
supervisors, and published by the committee of organization, of
whom Baron H. della Faille d’Huysse is president, under approval by
the Honorable Baron de Morean, minister of agriculture, industries,
and public works.

PROVINCE OF ANTWERP.

When the extension supervisors were established, in 1885, the agri-
cultural conditions throughout the Province of Antwerp were very
unsatisfactory. Farming people, as a class, were doing well to meet
expenses, and were consequently moving to the larger towns and cities
in quest of a living which would at least not leave them in debt at
the end of the year. The young people, especially, had been for
some time migrating to the cities in alarming proportions, but now
the farmers themselves were following whenever possible.

The great progress in agricultural practice, realized largely
through the efforts of these extension supervisors, has now completely
modified this state of things. The farmers of Antwerp possess to-day

430 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

the scientific knowledge necessary to a rational understanding of suc-
cessful agricultural exploitation and are applying to their industry
the numerous benefits secured. Agriculture has again become re-
munerative, and the sons of farmers are remaining on the farms and
becoming proprietors themselves. Thus emigration to the cities has
become very rare in the last few years.

This improvement in rural conditions has reflected to increase the
value of land. In 1895 arable land sold for $105 per acre, now it is
$162 per acre. Prairie land was $146, now it is $243. Heath land
was sold with difficulty in 1885 at from $4 to $16 per acre, while
now this same land, uncultivated, sells at from $16 to $56, and it is
not rare to see it sold for $64 per acre.

In 1885 the average production per acre for two districts in Ant-
werp was: Wheat, 22.27 and 25.23 bushels; rye, 21.47 and 25.44
bushels; oats, 44.53 and 47.5 bushels; potatoes, 193 and 222.6 bushels.
To-day these two districts produce, respectively, wheat, 29.68 and
32.5 bushels; rye, 30 and 33.4 bushels; oats, 65.2 and 68.26 bushels;
potatoes, 296.9 and 291.5 bushels. In the space of 25 years the money
value of the annual products of these four crops has increased
$559,200 for the first district and $1,850,000 for the second. When
all farm products, such as live stock, truck vegetables, fruits, etc.,
are considered, the increase is even vastly more apparent, since great
advances have recently been made along these lines of production.

The extension supervisors have contributed much to the general
rise and increased vigor in agricultural production. By their nu-
merous conferences and personal consultations, and also by the
demonstration fields organized by them in every community, they
have enlisted the cultivators in the path of progress.

At the time of the establishment of extension supervisors in 1885,
chemical fertilizers were practically unknown to the cultivators, the
only commercial fertilizer being guano from Peru, which was subject
to adulteration and but little used. A very few men were experi-
menting with nitrate of soda, but as this was applied alone and with-
out the use of potash and phosphate, and consequently injured the
soil, it was with great difficulty that they were finally convinced of
the beneficial results secured by the use of chemical fertilizers when
rationally employed. However, the supervisors accomplished a
change of attitude in a remarkably short time by their conferences on
fertilizing the soil, personal consultations, and numerous demonstra-
tions and experiments in the fields. To-day chemical fertilizers are
used in large quantities, but they are mixed by the planters them-
selves to suit their particular needs.

A great change has taken place in regard to the employment of
farm implements. While in 1885 the farmers seldom had other im-.
plements than the simplest plows and harrows and churns run by a

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN BELGIUM. 431

dog mill, to-day they have centrifugal cream separators, Danish
and Victoria churns, thrashing machines run by horsepower, and
more perfect winnowing machines. On a great many farms one now
finds the most modern plows, harrows, subsoilers, and the like ; potato
diggers, cutters and choppers of all kinds, and, in spite of the small
fields, mowers and binders are making their appearance, and also
hay turners and rakes drawn by horsepower, and on the larger farms
seed drills and fertilizer distributers. Occasionally one now sees
gasoline motors used to run the various farm machines.

Considerable progress has been made in the improvement of horses
found on the farms, both for labor and breeding purposes, and still
greater improvement in regard to milk and beef cattle and in the
general sanitary conditions about the premises. In all cases the
-alue of stock has increased accordingly.

Wonderful progress, amounting to a complete revolution in the
dairy industry, has taken place during the past 25 years. In 1885
practically the only apparatus for dairy work on the farms were the
old-fashioned churns. To-day we scarcely find a farm without a
centrifugal cream separator, refrigerators, modern churns and other
machines for the proper care and handling of milk and for the mak-
ing of butter and cheese, and the larger farms now have their own
ice machines. The cooperative and other creameries are now all
modernized and the dairy industry is the most perfect obtainable and
has had a great influence in elevating agriculture as a whole.

A great improvement in the construction, arrangement, furnish-
ing, sanitation, and comforts of the houses has also been noted during
the past 25 years. The farmers as a elass live now in what would
have been called luxury then. The same is also true regarding both
food and raiment.

Since their organization the extension supervisors have given in
the Province of Antwerp 1,975 conferences. In the beginning they
dealt with the treatment of manure, the composition and -rational
use of chemicai fertilizers, and the fertilization of prairie land. At
this time the cultivators possessed absolutely no knowledge regard-
ing the active elements of fertilizers or their action on the soil or
plants and they were openly opposed to their use. They were also
loath to attend the conferences, and in the beginning several had to
be held in the same locality and on the same subject in order to
obtain a small audience. The cultivators were mistrustful, but for-
tunately this was gradually overcome and their confidence gained
when they saw the results obtained by putting the principles enun-
ciated in the conferences into practice in the demonstration fields.
Thenceforth the conferences were attended by greatly increasing
numbers of interested listeners. After the use of chemical fertilizers

~ became generally adopted, the conferences took up the subjects of

432 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

better seed, the manufacture and improvement of butter, the estab-
lishment of cooperative dairies, the feeding and raising of stock,
the creation of pastures, the improvement of stables, and the estab-
lishment of agricultural societies, ete. Of 2,000 written requests
for information received by the supervisors, practically all came
from large cultivators or proprietors of estates, the small farmer not
availing himself of this method. The supervisors were able to reach
a great many small farmers and render them assistance by visiting
the markets and talking with them regarding their products dis-
played for sale. In some regions the farmers even now do not invite
the supervisors to visit their farms, while in other regions they do
so quite generally and write for them to come and look over their
premises and make suggestions.

The experiment and demonstration fields in the Province of
Antwerp number 750 and have been, together with the conferences,
the principal factors for agricultural progress.

In order to prepare the cultivators for a better understanding of
the conferences, to create a desire for information and improvement,
to hasten the dissemination of scientific agricultural information, the
Government organized, under the direction of the supervisors, courses
in general agriculture for adults, consisting of from 15 to 30 sessions
each. The instruction is given during the winter, usually in the
evening, by agricultural engineers or other agriculturists holding the
proper certificate of proficiency. The lessons are illustrated as far
as possible by lantern slides, simple chemical operations, ete. Since
1889 there have been held in the Province of Antwerp 504. such
courses, consisting of a total of 6,587 sessions, with an average attend-
ance of 50.

During the past 10 years there have also been held in the Province
of Antwerp 66 courses designed especially for the daughters and
wives of cultivators, which comprised 273 sessions, with an average
attendance of from 70 to 80; also 185 courses in horticulture, consist-
ing of 1,860 sessions, with 30 to 50 people in attendance at each ses-
sion; 101 courses in truck gardening, consisting of 969 sessions, with
from 20 to 40 in attendance; 15 courses in floriculture, with 110 ses-
sions; 147 courses in apiculture, comprising 601 sessions, with an
average of 40 in attendance; 56 courses in aviculture, with 203 ses-
sions; and special course in agriculture for soldiers, consisting of 47
courses of 30 sessions each.

Many different kinds of associations of farmers have been estab-
lished throughout the Province, such as cooperative dairy associa-
tions, associations for the insurance of the lives of horses and cattle,
associations for the benefit of sugar-beet producers, associations for
mutual relief, associations of credit, and associations for purchasing.
The creation of the first associations was difficult, but from the

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN BELGIUM. 433

moment they were well established the farmers saw their advantages
and quickly established others.

Pure expositions of agricultural products have now been largely
superseded by contests for prizes, not only for live stock and farm
crops, but also for hygienic and well-kept stables, and it is hoped
soon to extend this to include the entire farm. The extension super-
visors assist in the holding of these contests and in the judging by
scale of the points (score card). The Government gives certain
subsidies to encourage the improvement of stables. Live stock en-
tered for these contests must be confined to registered pedigreed
stock. Expositions are also given of illustrative and demonstrative
materials to be used in the teaching of agricultural subjects. The
extension supervisors also assist in gathering agricultural statistics
and in making an agricultural census.

PROVINCE OF BRABANT.

Since 1885 the value of farm land in the Province of Brabant has
increased in the sandy regions from $160 to $225 per acre, and in the
sandy-clay regions from $280 to $340 per acre. This increase in the
value of farm land is justified because the farmers now know how to
increase production greatly over former years by the proper use of
fertilizer, improved seed, and more productive varieties, and at the
same time to lessen the cost of production by the more general use of
more and improved machinery and implements, thus greatly increas-
ing the money-earning power of the land.

Truck gardening has made great strides, especially in the sandy
soils in the cantons of Louvain, Aerschot, and Haecht and in the
neighborhood of Brussels. f

Vast quantities of commercial fertilizer are now used, whereas a
few years ago their importance was not dreamed of.

Economic conditions have brought about a change in regard to the
use of machinery and implements on the farms. As a result of the
exodus of rural people in increasing numbers each year, cultivators
were forced to resort more and more to the use of machines and im-
plements to take the place of manual labor. The smaller cultivators,
who can not afford to own their own machines, have frequently
clubbed together and purchased them for common use, and others
have resorted to the credit associations and institutions. Hence to-
day one finds on the farms all the modern and improved machines,
implements, and tools that can be of service in farm operations, many
of which are made in foreign countries.

The number of horses, beef and dairy cattle has increased not only
in numbers, but more especially in value, the latter being at least 25
per cent greater than it was 25 years ago. An enormous amount of

91866°—11——28

434 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

commercial concentrated foodstuffs is now used in the feeding of live
stock, especially beef and dairy cattle, whereas 25 years ago practi-
cally none was utilized. This has enabled the handling of more live
stock and at the same time reduced the cost.

The supervisors have been the cause of the creation of a large num-
ber of cooperative dairies, all of which are prosperous, and they cre-
ated in 1899 a dairy school for young men at Betecom, which was
afterwards moved to Oplinter and which has exerted a great influence
in building up the dairy industry in the Province of Brabant and
also in neighboring Provinces.

eenlcan has anes the greatest development in the cantons of
Aerschot, Haecht, and Wolverthem, where it constitutes the prin-
cipal industry of the smaller farm products. A school of avicul-
ture has now been established in Londerzell.

Whereas 25 years ago most cultivators had a mortgage on their
farms, to-day these have been largely removed or greatly reduced.
Their houses likewise have been improved in every possible respect,
and their food has undergone a marked change. Wheat bread has
now taken the place of the former rye bread, and where in former
years meat was eaten rarely oftener than once a week, it now consti-
tutes a daily diet. Rural people also dress better than formerly, but
are unfortunately abandoning their characteristic peasant costume
and adopting that of the townfolk.

Since 1885 farming has become more and more intensive, and
oats, flax, and beets have acquired considerable importance, while in
the northern part of the Province of Brabant the cultivation of early
potatoes, peas, and asparagus has become very lucrative. In the
environs of Brussels the production of “ wiltloof” is a great indus.
try. So also are strawberries, and about Hoeylaert the forcing of
grapes under glass is a notable occupation.

The courses in general agriculture and in special agricultural sub-
jects, agricultural conferences, the distribution of agricultural litera-
ture, the organization of agricultural libraries, and the instruction
in agriculture in the primary schools have all played their part in
the improvement of agriculture, but the most important means con-
tributing to this fortunate change are the personal, oral consulta-
tions and visits to the individual farmers by the extension supervisors
and the demonstrations carried on by them in numerous fields
throughout the Province.

PROVINCE OF WEST FLANDERS.

As in other Provinces of Belgium, the value of farm land in West
Flanders has greatly increased during the past 25 years. In 1885 it
was not over $243 per acre, while in 1910 it was from $365 to $405.
The production of all farm products has likewise increased from 30

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN BELGIUM. 435

to 50 per cent above what they were 25 years ago. This increase in
production arises principally from the improvement of farms, due
to more intensive culture, better fertilization, seed selection, and the
more general use of improved machinery. The total money value
of farm crops in the year 1885 was $30,130,400, while in 1908 it was
$43,425,000, an increase of $13,294,400.

Fruit orchards have shghtly decreased in area while vegetable
gardening has greatly increased, especially in the vicinity of large
villages and cities and in the neighborhood of canning factories. By
reason of its proximity to England, and the easy and rapid means of
communication, vegetable gardening and arboriculture have attained
considerable importance in a large part of the Province.

In 1885 practically no chemical fertilizers were used, while to-day
great quantities are purchased. In 1907 there was used in this
Province 144,219 tons of chemical fertilizer.

The character of live stock on farms has greatly improved, and
their number and individual values have also considerably increased.
The increase in money value of live stock since 1885 is given at
$12,742,400. The feeding of live stock has also undergone a change
during this period, resulting in a more rational system with the use
of concentrated commercial food to increase production and lessen
its cost. Vast quantities of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs
are now purchased especially for dairy and beef cattle, 220,678 tons
having been consumed in 1907.

The dairy interests have developed and improved in every respect.
More dairy cattle are being kept, they are of a better class than
formerly, they are fed more intensively and rationally, are housed
under better sanitary condition, and the milk is likewise properly
cared for. The manufacture of butter is now done by the use of the
latest improved machinery, and under perfectly clean and sanitary
conditions. The 131,031 dairy cows in the Province in 1907 averaged
242 pounds of butter per year each. The first cooperative dairy in
the Province was established in 1889, while to-day there are 25, and
they are being added to each year, sometimes by the conversion of
other dairies into cooperative ones.

The raising of poultry has become an important industry in certain
sections of the Province. By selection and more rational feeding, a
more profitable and a better class of fowls is now general. The
number of fowls in the Province has almost doubled during the last
quarter of a century.

As a result of the general dissemination of modern, scientific agri-
cultural knowledge, farmers are abandoning their old methods of
procedure and adopting rational, scientific methods, with the result
that they are making much more money than formerly and are rapidly
getting out of debt and accumulating a surplus, while at the same

436 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

time they are living better in every respect and more of their children
are receiving an education.

Since 1885 the extension supervisors in West Flanders have held
2,406 conferences, mostly upon the proper use of commercial fertil-
izer, the selection of proper seed and plants, the feeding of live stock
and more hygienic stables, and the advantages of various associa-
tions for the purpose of mutual help in purchasing and selling, and
for the insurance of horses and cattle, and the fostering of special
agricultural industries.

As cultivators become more impressed with the benefits to be
derived from a technical knowledge of some agricultural subject,
they resort more freely to the means of obtaining their information
by writing to the supervisors for the definite information desired,
and 5,565 such written requests have thus far been compled with.

Considerable influence has been obtained by the supervisors visiting
the principal markets and conversing with and advising the farmers,
and frequently visiting their farms in order to give more accurate
assistance.

The number of experiment and demonstration fields established in
the Province of West Flanders since 1885 at the expense of the Gov-
ernment is 800. These fields are distributed in various localities
where the people are more anxious to learn and take a greater interest
in improving their conditions, and the farm of some prominent and
influential cultivator is selected. They have demonstrated to the
farmer the importance of the proper use of manure and commercial
fertilizers, of improved implements, better tillage, more intensive cul-
ture, the advantages of seed selection, the use of improved or better
varieties of field and garden plants, fruit trees, and small fruits, and
the rational and intensive feeding of cattle.

Since 1888 there have been given in this Province 816 courses for
adult cultivators, comprising 9,012 sessions, with a total attendance
of 272,500 persons. These courses have resulted in a marked im-
provement in the general understanding of scientific agriculture, but,
of course, do not take the place of the professional agricultural
schools, which alone are able to give an extended course. Courses
designed especially for farmers’ wives have been given since 1901
and with excellent results, 129 having thus far been held, consisting
of 645 sessions with 45,000 in attendance.

There have also been given 316 courses in horticulture, consisting of
9.414 sessions, with a total attendance of 96,560; 136 courses in
vegetable gardening, consisting of 950 sessions, with 33,250 in attend-
ance; 75 courses in aviculture, consisting of 375 sessions, at which
14,500 were present; 252 courses in apiculture, comprising 1,008 ses-
sions, were held since 1890, with 22,176 in attendance; and more re-
cently 19 courses in floriculture, composed of 116 sessions, with 4,640
in attendance,

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN BELGIUM. 437

As the great mass of rural children attend school during the pri-
mary grades only, and as some early insight into the great field of
agricultural knowledge would tend to create a better interest in after
life in the courses and conferences for adult farmers, an effort is
being made to introduce some of the phases of this work into the
primary schools; not by the use of textbooks, but wholly by object
lessons, and thus develop the power of observation.

As the mass of the farmers’ daughters obtain no instruction what-
ever in school regarding domestic science and economy, there has
recently been established movable schools for giving instruction in
these important matters.

Agricultural associations are of recent date, but they have been
created through the activities of the supervisors in increasing num-
bers until to-day there are in the Province of West Flanders the
following:

196 unions of special agricultural activities.

11 societies of apiculture.

42 societies of general agriculture.

34 societies for credit (Raiffeisen).

63 syndicates for raising cattle.

120 syndicates for raising horses.

45 syndicates for raising rabbits.

24 associations for the insurance of the lives of cattle.

26 associations for the insurance of the lives of horses.

130 associations for the insurance of the lives of goats.

14 associations for the insurance of the lives of hogs.

9 farmers’ clubs.

A total of 714 associations.

PROVINCE OF EAST FLANDERS.

Twenty-five years ago the farmers of the Province of East Flan-
ders were in a deplorable and critical condition, but now, thanks to
the work of the extension supervisors more than to any other one
thing, they are a happy and prosperous body. Their arable farm
Jand has increased in value 40 to 50 per cent, and they are now pro-
ducing at a less cost more crops to the hectare. The following table
will serve to illustrate the changed condition as regards the average
production per acre:

Increase in crop production in East Fianders, 1880-1907.

Wheat. | Rye. | Oats. he fas Sugar | Forage | Potatoes.

Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Bushels.
TSAO RS Sos. = teh eras cee eee ok 27. 40 29. 29 61.10 41.04] . 26,181 36, 987 219. 25
Uy Se, ee eee ee ee 38. 86 42.00 85. 80 53. 00 28, 413 55, 639 286. 55
inorensp ys soe fad lees is 3 11. 46 12.71 24.70 11. 96 2, 232 18, 652 67.30

438 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

With some rare exceptions, all farm products have increased in the
same proportion. These results have been attained by reason of the
diffusion of the principles of agriculture among the mass of farmers.

Truck gardening has made greater progress in this Province than
other forms of agricultural production. Orchard fruits have also
undergone an increase and a change to better varieties.

The use of commercial fertilizers was most difficult to establish,
especially among the small farmers, who constitute the bulk of the
rural people. They were skeptical and mistrustful and did not ap-
prove of the innovation in their practice; but when they repeatedly
saw the results due to their use in the experiment and demonstration
fields, they gradually availed themselves of its advantage. The use
of improved machines and implements has also been generally
adopted. With the exception of sheep, which have diminished on
account of more intensive methods of farming, the live stock of the
Province has increased, especially the cows and hogs, not only in
quantity, but also in quality and in price. With this increase and
improvement in live stock, the use of concentrated commercial foods
has also greatly increased.

In 1883 the first steam dairy or creamery in the Province was
founded, and in 1890 the first farmers’ cooperative creamery was
established. Since then cooperative dairies have rapidly increased
im number until now there are 82, besides numerous private creamer-
ies. In certain regions it is still difficult to get farmers to enter into
cooperative associations, and butter is still made individually at the
farms, but always by the use of improved utensils.

The poultry industry has made notable progress in every respect
and is highly remunerative.

With the vast improvement in all farm operations and products
has likewise come a great change for the better in the construction of
farm buildings for stock as regards durability, convenience, and sani-
tary conditions. When new houses are to be built they are now con-
stituted of better material, on a more commodious scale than formerly,
and are more conveniently arranged and hygienic. The financial
condition of the cultivator is also generally improved, as is shown by
the increased savings deposits in their banks. Likewise his daily
food has undergone an improvement similar to that observed in the
other Provinces. Rural people are dressing better than formerly,
and especially in certain regions are beginning to crave luxuries.
Their children are being more generally and better educated, and
the adults themselves are now anxious to learn through conferences,
lecture courses, experiment and demonstration fields, and the lke.

The extension supervisors have held since 1885 about 2,500 confer-
ences, not including approximately 1,800 short lessons, and 9,500
written consultations have been furnished. Oral consultations are

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN BELGIUM. 439

eagerly sought by the farmers on market days, the supervisor having
previously announced in the agricultural press his intention of being
at a certain market on a given day. In the Province of East Flan-
ders the farmers are thus able to consult with the supervisors each
week in the villages near their homes, besides having the privilege of
attending near-by conferences, of which each supervisor holds nine
each month. About 1,500 experiment and demonstration fields have
been organized, with the most beneficial results. There have also
been organized 600 courses in agriculture for adults, consisting of
about 7,000 sessions. Like the conferences these courses in the begin-
ning were attended by a large number of people out of pure curiosity.
When this was satisfied, the attendance decreased until an interested
audience was secured, but of late the interest has increased to such an
extent that the attendance is too large to handle with the best results.
About a dozen courses designed especially for women on the farm
have been given. Courses are also held in horticulture, in market
gardening, in floriculture, and occasionally in apiculture, aviculture,
and farriery.

Extension supervisors have had charge of some courses in agri-
culture in some of the schools in the Province, and since the minis-
terial decree of the 19th of April, 1899, making a special financial
grant to those schools attaining a certain standard in agricultural
instruction, the board of inspectors has included a supervisor who
also acts in an advisory capacity.

About two-thirds of the numerous agricultural societies, associa-
tions, clubs, and syndicates of all kinds have been organized as a
result of the efforts of the supervisors, and these organizations are
prosperous and doing a great work. Syndicates for the improvement
of live stock, of which there are 150 in the Province of East Flanders,
are subsidized by the Government. Competitive exhibits of various
agricultural products, live stock, machines, etc., have been held, and
awards have also been granted for improvements in farms as a
whole, and in pastures, orchards, and stables as a stimulus to further
effort.

PROVINCE OF HAINAUT.

During the past 25 years the products of the farm have increased
as a rule about 30 per cent. This increase is partly due to the divi-
sion of some of the larger farms into a number of small ones, and to
more intensive cultivation.

Commercial fertilizers were first used in this Province some 45
years ago by the sugar-beet manufacturers, but the general farmers
did not make use of them, largely on account of ignorance of their
value, their liability to adulteration, and the hostility of certain land
proprietors who introduced into their leases clauses prohibiting their

440 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

employment. The establishment of agricultural laboratories in 1872,
the organization of professional agricultural conferences, and the
agricultural press gradually paved the way for the general utiliza-
tion of commercial fertilizers, which was vigorously expounded by
the extension supervisors as soon as they were established, and re-
sulted in a short time in their universal application.

The most noteworthy and striking change that has occurred in the
agricultural industry of the Province during the last quarter of a
century has been along the line of the more general use of machinery
and implements of all conceivable kinds that take the place of manual
labor. The improvement in these has been considerable, but their
increased use, which is now practicaily universal, is in marked con-
trast to their general absence 25 years ago.

Horses and cattle have of late years greatly increased in quantity,
quality, and price. The raising of horses forms a prominent export
industry, and their improvement within the past few years has fully
offset the increased market value now obtainable. The greatest im-
provement in the number and quality of cattle has been in the dairy
breeds, but even here the uniformity of the stock as a whole through-
out the Province is not as pronounced as in the case of horses. The
sheep industry has diminished for the same reason that it has done
<o in other Provinces, while hogs have slightly increased, and poultry
considerably so.

The increase in the price of labor, coincident with the import duty
on chicory imposed by France, which is the principal market for this
product, has lessened the market value and caused a considerable
decline in this important industry.

Not enough capital is being invested to insure the best and most
intensive cultivation, although matters have improved during the
past quarter of a century.

While the farmers are now living better in every respect than
formerly, nevertheless there is much room for improvement, and
especially in regard to the care and education of the children, who
should be kept in school until older and not taken out and made to
work on the farm at such an immature age. Rarely, indeed, does one
hear of a farmer’s son finishing his studies in a technical agricul-
tural school. Of the 40,000 farmers in the Province of Hainaut, only
8,000, or 20 per cent, take an agricultural journal. Hence, in order
to interest the masses in obtaining an understanding of modern agri-
cultural practice, it is necessary to hold conferences and courses, to
advertise these well, and to send personal invitations by mail; but
even then one finds the neglectful and uneducated or indifferent
farmer rarely attends, although he is the very one it is desired to
reach. It is absolutely necessary to choose the proper day for the

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN BELGIUM. 441

meeting, as outside attractions, such as ball games, and especially
cock fights, absolutely prevent the acquisition of an audience.

About 4,000 courses and conferences for adults have been held
during the past 25 years in this Province, and 15,000 personal letters
of instruction have been written by the supervisors. The personal
visits and consultations which the supervisors make to farmers and
their fields or buildings are usually the result of invitations which
follow previous conversations or correspondence with the cultivators,
and they are for (1) to permit the supervisors to judge of the local
conditions of the soil, live stock, material, and crops, in order to give
intelligent directions; and (2) to put the supervisors in a position to
be better judges of the requirements of agricultural instruction of
which they have the direction. Certain farmers among the more
intelligent class do not hesitate to invite the supervisors to their
farms, but it often happens that the supervisors ought to make the
proposal themselves, especially when it is wise to make a verification
or authentication.

About 320 demonstration and experiment fields have been estab-
lished in the Province during the past 25 years.

PROVINCE OF LIEGE.

While the number of horses in the Province of Liege has decreased
4,408 head during the past 25 years, the number of cows has increased
50,782, and hogs 75,480 head. This great increase in the number of
cows and hogs and the decrease in number of horses was occasioned
by the depreciation in the value of cereals, which in certain years
amounted to 50 per cent of what it was in 1885, thus resulting in
the conversion of cereal lands into pasture. But while the price of
cereals has decreased, the amount raised on a given area has greatly
increased, as has likewise potatoes. Sugar beets have decreased in
the number of pounds produced per acre, but they have been greatly
improved in the percentage of sugar they produce, it having been
increased from 12 per cent to 154 and 164 per cent.

The census of 1880 showed that 6,820 acres were devoted to fruit,
while to-day 16,638 are in orchards, and the value of this land has
greatly increased. |

The great progress in agriculture realized during the past 25 years
is seen, not only by an increase in production per hectare and by an
increase in the number of cows and hogs, but also by the more general
use of improved machines, which have immensely reduced the cost
of production and rendered manual labor less necessary and laborious.

Twenty demonstration and experiment fields are established each
year in the Province, and about 6,000 conferences have been held
during the past 25 years. Written replies for information have

442 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

increased as the supervisors increase the number of conferences and
courses and become better known throughout the Province, the
markets having furnished a fertile field for thus getting into direct
touch with the small cultivators. Courses in agronomy consisting
of from 8 to 10 sessions are organized each year in about 25 communi-
ties, and relate to the soil, fertilizer, seed selection, feeding, and im-
provement of stock and sanitation. They are taken by farmers from
20 to 35 years of age. More complete courses are given at Liers,
Aywaille, and Liege. Other courses are given in horticulture and
truck gardening, and special courses for farmers’ wives have been
held dealing with such questions as the feeding of the family, the
eare of children, and other subjects of special interest to the farmer’s
home.

Movable schools have been held lasting four months dealing with
domestic economy and the manufacture of cheese. Numerous societies
founded in the Province also flourish, such as societies for the in-
surance of the lives of stock, of agricultural credit, of cooperative
dairies, cooperative associations for the purchase of farm ma-
chinery, etc.

PROVINCE OF LIMBURG.

As in the other Provinces, the value of all agricultural lands has
greatly increased since 1885, and is now worth from $120 to $150 per
acre more than it was then. Likewise the total production of wheat,
rye, oats, and potatoes has greatly increased during the same period.
In round numbers the money value of this increase is $1,800,000.

While the total production of sugar beets has fallen off slightly
during this period, the kind of beets formerly grown, yielding only
10 per cent sugar, are now grown only for forage, while the modern
sugar beets yield 16 per cent sugar.

Likewise great improvement has been realized in truck-garden
vegetables and in fruit, better varieties now having supplanted the
former, and the use of commercial fertilizer is now general and highly
profitable, thanks to the work of the extension supervisors and agri-
cultural engineers. In the Province of Limbourg the use of commer-
cial fertilizer is a repetition of the same story that has been told
regarding the other Provinces.

Horses, cows, and hogs have greatly increased in number during
the past 12 years, and horses and hogs have been much improved in
quality during the same time.

Dairying has also improved in the past 4 years, as is shown by
the fact that in 1891 there were only 2 cooperative dairies in the
Province, while in 1892 there were 42, and in 1907 a total of 155.

The savings-bank deposits by farmers have nearly trebled during
the past 12 years.

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN BELGIUM. 443

From 1890 to 1910 the extension supervisors have held 1,214 con-
ferences and given 2,248 written consultations, those of a general
interest being also published in the provincial agricultural journal.
Personal visits to individual farmers amount to four or five per
month for each supervisor, and each one likewise holds 100 days’
personal conferences at the markets each year, which method appears
to be the most popular and preferable way of personally reaching the
average farmer.

Since 1890 there have been organized 408 demonstration and ex-
periment fields, not counting numerous smaller experiments not of
an official character yet organized according to the advice of the
supervisors. The demonstration and experiment fields are regarded
as the best professors of agriculture. They teach not only the farm-
ers, but also teach the supervisors, and it is here that the extension
supervisors keep themselves in direct contact with practical work,
make their own observations, and draw their own conclusions from
actual experience.

The extension supervisors have held 358 courses for adults since
1890, consisting of 4,564 sessions, with an average attendance of 56.
Likewise, 9 courses, consisting of 75 sessions, have been held for
farmers’ wives, the average attendance being 65. Courses in orchard
fruits have been given in 92 places, comprising a total of 1,134 ses-
sions, with an average attendance of 40. The course in vegetable gar-
dening organized in 1895 have numbered 44, comprising 404 sessions,
with 37 as an average attendance. Other courses for adults include
110 on apiculture, composed of 509 sessions; 5 courses in floriculture ;
40 courses in aviculture, consisting of 153 sessions; courses on the
conformation of the horse and cow and the care of live stock.

PROVINCE OF LUXEMBURG.

Twenty-five years ago the agricultural land throughout this Prov-
Ince was, as a whole, in a most unproductive condition, scarcely pro-
ducing enough to pay expenses, and in many places not producing
enough to pay for the labor of clearing it, and hence vast areas
remained uncultivated as waste land and not even as pasture. The
mass of farming people were, likewise, in a deplorable condition
and barely able to exist. To-day this whole condition of things is
so changed and improved as to amount to a complete revolution.
This changed condition has all been brought about in the last 25
years by the farmers themselves as a result of having taken advan-
tage of the instructions and followed the scientific principles of agri-
cultural practice promulgated by the extension supervisors, especially
in regard to the use of commercial fertilizer, seed selection, improved
varieties of plants and live stock, more rational feeding, and im-
proved machinery. The vast area of former uncultivated waste

444 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

lands is now cultivated or converted into pastures at a profit, and
is producing excellent crops, and the other lands are producing more
and better crops accordingly.

During the past 25 years the extension supervisors have held 3,250
conferences and written 3,500 letters in reply to requests for personal
assistance, besides the numerous personal oral consultations given
the farmers at their homes, but more especially at the markets and
fairs. They have also organized throughout the farming region
about 1,000 demonstration and experiment fields, which have had a
wonderful influence by proving to the farmer the benefits to be
derived from following the improved methods advocated in the con-
ferences. These demonstration fields are regarded as the most
important single factor in the rapid improvement of agriculture
throughout the Province, because the farmers are slow to put into
practice the information given them by the supervisors until its
practicability has been demonstrated to them and the beneficial
results seen to be actually realized. Courses for adult farmers date
from 1888. Since then 675 have been held, consisting of 4,000 ses-
sions attended by a total of 200,000 people. Courses on domestic
economy and hygiene for farmers’ wives have also been given, the
115 courses consisting of 450 sessions and enrolling 27,000 women
and girls. One hundred and sixty-six courses in orchard fruits, com-
prising 1,660 sessions, were given from 1905 to 1910 to 58,100 per-
sons, and during the same number of years there were also held 163
courses in vegetable gardening, composed of 1,466 sessions with 70,000
persons enrolled. Besides the above, there were held 462 miscel-
laneous courses, composed of 1,385 sessions, treating of the most
important needs of the different localities.

Since 1896 agriculture has been taught in the public schools, and
the supervisors have therefore visited 750 such schools in company
with the district inspectors.

In 1902 the schools of dairying (milk and cheese) were converted
into movable schools of economic agriculture, and since then 24
sessions lasting from 3 to 4 months have been held.

Numerous farmers’ societies and associations have been organized
embracing all the different agricultural activities.

PROVINCE OF NAMUR.

As in the other Provinces of Belgium, agriculture has made great
progress during the past 25 years, and is now highly remunerative
and the farming people prosperous, well fed, clothed, and sheltered.
The changes that have occurred and the reasons for them are the
same as those referred to in other Provinces. While the production
per hectare of field crops has greatly increased and at the same time
their cost of production has greatly lessened, it is a noteworthy fact
that pasturage has increased in a larger proportion, so that while

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN BELGIUM. 445

more grain is produced than formerly there is really less land de-
voted to its cultivation, the difference having been converted into
pasture land. This changed condition is due to a decrease in the
value of grain and the constant increase in the cost of farm labor,
together with an increased demand and remuneration from cattle
and their products—meat, milk, butter, and cheese. Hence agricul-
ture in this Province is rapidly changing from the production of
grain to the production of cattle, and it is likely soon to become a
live-stock and dairy country. Even now this is the principal .gri-
cultural industry in the greater part of the Province. <A stationary ,
market for live stock and their products and an increasing market
for grain may, however, equalize the two industries in a short time.

The extension supervisors have held 1,600 conferences since 1885
and have written 3,000 personal letters of advice, besides having
given numerous personal consultations, these latter being regarded
of special importance, since the farmers read very little and write
less, but talk freely when the supervisor is with them at their indi-
vidual farms.

But, great as the results derived from personal consultation are,
the experiment and demonstration fields are regarded as paramount,
since they have paved the way for the influence the supervisors now
have over the farmers in personal, written, or public conferences,
courses, and other meetings. Until the establishment of demonstra-
tion fields farmers were defiant to all ideas of progress. But the
practical demonstrations established on the soils of their. own com-
munity have changed their attitude and proven to them the value
of applying scientific agricultural knowledge in their occupation.
The supervisors have thus far established 400 such fields at the
expense of the Government, besides an equal number at private ex-
pense. Enormous progress is attributed to the 580 courses for adult
farmers. These comprised 7,200 sessions and reached 22,500 culti-
vators. There have also been held 75 courses of 600 sessions for
farmers’ wives; 320 courses in orchard fruit, consisting of 2,400
sessions and having an enrollment of 16,000 people; 181 courses in
vegetable gardening, comprising 1,400 sessions with 8,500 listeners,
besides numerous other less extensive courses.

The supervisors aid the primary schools in their agricultural work
by suggestions and personal visits, but the movable schools of agri-
culture are considered as accomplishing the greatest good and are
held in the highest esteem by the farmers themselves. There have
been established since 1891 65 such schools. and their results are
very marked,

The Province of Namur is also supplied with numerous associa-
tions, syndicates, societies, and clubs, covering all forms of agricul-
iural activities, including cooperative purchasing, buying, and credit
associations.

446

REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The extension supervisors are called into consultation to assist in
every conceivable agricultural activity and organization and take

part in the congresses, both national and international.

They also

assist in the gathering of all kinds of agricultural statistics, compile
monographs, make detailed reports to the Government, and, in
short, keep in touch with the entire field of agriculture in the
Province, with a view to help the farmers on the one hand and to
keep the Government posted in regard to agricultural matters on the

other.
Increase in value of farm lands in Belgium, 1880-1910.
Value of farm lands per acre.
Provinces.
Kind 1880 1885 1910 Increase.
Antwerp sve -aaostence 22a ee eae Ee Arables22ssicesg4-2|- eee ace $105 $162 $57
1D Yr Aa Se eo eh ole LS Eee te ee ae PTApie mas tcc ees ol oenecose ee 146 243 97
MD oy pa ts a ee ee Ei sy ee Heathi i as21 9. oe 4-16 16-64 12-48
ESPADA Ga eee ae ree ee ee ER eae ace Bandys-2o) cheese s|ce nee eaaas 160 225 65
DOR see Sy ak | arial SE Baek a rs Sand yiclayse-4 jo lan sek ee 280 340 60
Wiestrblanderses. 2-5 no ae oe eee nee IB OSU saa aee oe a rccin ea oe 243 405 162
IOP RINE Gini eee one a et seen ees EE Amable ss ae. astiaast scacee| tease tee | ae (4)
Wbimbunree sa ssa oaese eee oo aes seeeee Weriouliural syne ies Sosa e eae eee Ceneereeae 120-150
Muxembure) Ao 30 t eee se ect eee cee Arabless cease eee $120. |h2s4 2 162 42
DOS ectice nse tae cane ance amener IPYAINIG ecw ao oee ESO) Eee ees 202 13
1 40 to 50 per cent.
Increase in agricultural production in Belgium, 1880-1910.
Average production per acre. 'Demon-. Num-
lstration, ber of
f andetllextent Increased
Province and crop. ani A value of
peri-| sion | sam cro
1880 1885 1907 1910 Increase. mental| super- Jee
fields. | visors
Antwerp:
Wheat. .-... bushels: (egoesbes oe. 7h) pee see ag 09 7. ee | 750 2
UVC coke. see ce OF nc a[sese- seek Bae il eee 31.7 §.,20! |r hosel tte etre .
Oatsdaaiu ce. aot a Jeers: 3. eer ree 66.73 TI Nhe Seals ae 12] ¢ $2, 409, 200
Potatoes. .....- Ch petal eee ZO 3) tao 294, 2 B6S4%, |e eel ae
Brabant:
Wiheatsenen one G0nsc-leedacces Os Soa Sees 40. 06 14.73 (?) 4
Riyeis sce e dows tMitee ake POS Loses y- 40.12 19; Adale\ oe ee
Oatsiaee eee GOL e A Goeoeeee Borat eer see 89.06 BUA i al bed eel eee 4, 200, 000
Barley (winter), |
Ibushels##. se oces cele =e SIS Eeecncs 60. 64 29S AO alas Se ses yee eee
West Flanders:
Wheat... =... bushels =e) ase-e se 20s 2A) tale SOW ree eet 12.72
RVORs skeet do: aes SLAP aa OSNE aye oe 11.97 |
Barley (winter),
bushels: ® 26. see tse eee 41°36) |) 572.66). =6222 16.30
Oster: soe. buses By lets aieretare e a | on ie Sint tere . = |
Beanspese ses eee lberqcade 8. 5 3959.- |epiene oe
Potatoes....... Ee Baez 242.39 | 327.91 |........ 85.52 | 13, 294, 400
RAIMIpS 3.) POUNGS sect eno | 19 408 a aoiod: yey meee 6,346
Tobacco. .....- Ope s[ovceeeee DASA 2 aOd i eoe eee PPP A Nees A | Peden He
Chicory........ GOweash dite: 238995 7\) 30 e851 ene MEGS ee eee eee
Sugar beetse-2-00= ea. |eaosee 30,729 | 32,866 |.....-..- oI SY (i leer sete
Forage beets. ..do....|.------- ! 48,508 | 54,488 |.....--- 5 OBO Sere ole eee
East Flanders:
Wheat...... bushels? |) 27-4) |2-(232 2! 38.86;'|2=- - 2228 11.46 | 1,500 4) | {cee
IRVO2a eo. fae dots ae|t 29:29) Presence A2200) | haere 1 A lag Re bee te Sime
Oatsigs. Sree e doseselt Gels s- ees 85.8) seo 2407 (| neat. I eee
Barley (winter), |
bushelss» ees! ALES 1 G88 BIN00]| bare ane TOY! sc.c2lsae Spee sone eee
Potatoes ... bushels. .| 219.25 |........ PASSE ERR e= VSS Usl ESeeGoos| hopceoss Hodecos2tose
Sugar beets. pounds...) 26,181 |......-.. DS ALSa |S eeee £85 7b) Pee ee Bere ns Si 55
Forage beets. ..do....| 36,987 |.....--- 1 55 (639 ease oe we 188652) |S e e Se cles see al eee eee
Haingat assets esses See se ee ee ee Pee eeeer| PRemer rar 30 % average. 320 4: se 5s eee

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN BELGIUM.

447

Increase in agricultural production in Belgium, 1880-—1910—Continued.

Average production per acre.
Province and crop.

1880 1885 1907 1910 Increase.
bushels..| 20.08 |........ J OB (oe: 18.92
ae oS (0 Co Ste | aah) Ue) Vel ea A es eT i (em a 14.89
RO eee do. 86:53 Wesesase al BB2l9) Weer oa. 46.37
vree evarere do. 166.66) Ecc tonal Pe0osOst cee oe 37.02

beets,
etarmtersteiie ose BOF 400 ba cee< =|) 40; OGziliz. caceee 10, 253
Sugar beets. pounds. .| 29,494 |........ 23; 976 iliss<aanm- 1 —5, 518
Limburg:
Wrheat..--.- bushels..| 20.04 ]........ BOroau|aeinaes ee 16. 29
do. LOUTGi eck eee SUNG Sea ass 10. 93
44°00! | Rec caee ASOT dere. oo. 27.05
MRGAGE |e sees 2 PATS ee oe 29. 93
28 O02N tees. = 73. Py 2 —3,510
1886 to 1895.
25.99 16. 56
21.55 |... 11.65
47.06 23.14
bUSHeIS ewes een: 39. 43 19. 57
Forage beets,

poumdsie se joa. 2 BOVOTL 125323

/Demon-
stration

and
experi-
mental
fields.

Num-
ber of
exten-
sion
super-
visors.

Increased.

value of

farm crops.

siniaba sfavelcime

1 This reduction is balanced by the increase from 12 per cent to 164 per cent in sugar content.
2 This reduction is balanced by the increase from 10 per cent to 16 per cent in sugar content.

During the past quarter of a century the average production per
acre for the following cereals has increased, for the whole of Bel-

gium, as follows:

1880-1885 | 1907-1910

Bushels.

24. 54

Bushels.
38. 55
36. 69
81. 48
ov 57

Increase.

Bushels.
14. 01
12. 73
31. 69
19. 32

In West Flanders practically no commercial fertilizers and no concentrated commercial foodstuffs were
used in 1885, while in 1907 there were used 144,219 tons of commercial fertilizers and 220,678 tons of commercial
foodstufis. During the same period the value of live stock in West Flanders increased $12,742,400.

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Mess hs ~ ‘e =f i
y) Os ee. Sn he

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NUTRITION INVESTI-
GATIONS OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

By C. F. LANGworruy, Ph. D.,
Expert in Charge of Nutrition Investigations.

INTRODUCTION.

In recent years the experimental study of various problems con-
nected with food and nutrition of man and domestic animals has been
actively followed in the United States. Some of the work has been
of a very practical nature and some has been highly technical.
Though usually not considered together, the studies of the food of
man and of animals have much in common, for, of course, the physio-
logical laws which underlie the nutrition of the animal body are
essentially the same for all warm-blooded animals. Then, too, many
experimental methods are common to both classes of investigation,
at least as regards the principles on which they are based, though it
is needless to say that the details and the manner of using the meth-
ods are varied. A considerable part of this inquiry into problems con-
cerned with the nutritive value of agricultural products and the laws
of nutrition has been carried on in connection with the work of the
agricultural experiment stations. In the earlier years of the experi-
ment-station movement in this country investigations which had to do
with food in a broad sense were quite largely confined to work with
domestic animals. However, early in their history many of the ex-
periment stations studied the nutritive value of grains and other foods
used by man as well as various problems connected with the storage,
handling, and transportation of food products and related questions,
and after a time a number of them included studies of the food of
man in their regular work.

EARLY NUTRITION WORK IN THE UNITED STATES.

There had been, indeed, a considerable amount of study of the food
of man—and of domestic animals also—before the experiment sta-
tions were established. An interesting investigation on the subject
of human nutrition, namely, a study of the digestibility of some
common food materials, was prosecuted by J. R. Young, in Phila-
delphia, as early as 1803, and perhaps almost continuously since that

91866°—11——29 449

450 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

time valuable information on food and nutrition has been accumu-
lated by physicians, by State boards of health, and by specialists in
physiology, hygiene, and dietetics. The United States Government,
through its various branches, has contributed much of value to the
science of nutrition. The War Department and the Navy Depart-
ment, in their efforts to secure the most satisfactory diet for the
soldiers and sailors, have collected a great deal of information and
conducted many investigations which have to do with the subject of
dietetics, while the importance of their investigations dealing with the
hygiene of the subject can hardly be overestimated. In connection
with the United States census a large amount of data regarding
foods has been secured, the major portion of which has to do with
production and distribution, though many analyses have been re-
ported in census publications, as well as special studies of foods,
food industries, and related topics. Of very noteworthy importance
are the studies of analytical methods, of the chemical composition of
foods, and of food adulteration conducted in the Bureau of Chem-
istry of the Department of Agriculture, the studies carried on in con-
nection with the work of the Dairy Division, the Division of Bio-
logical Chemistry, and the Meat-Inspection Service of the Bureau
of Animal Industry, as well as other bureaus of that department.
Though important contributions to the subject of nutrition were
made in all this work, yet it was not undertaken for the specific
purpose of extending this branch of research.

ORIGIN OF THE NUTRITION WORK OF THE UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

A complete historical review of investigations on food and nutri-
tion of man in the United States would necessarily include an account
of the above inquiries and others not referred to here. The purpose
of the present article, however, is to give a brief résumé of the sys-
tematic inquiry into the food and nutrition of man carried on under
the auspices of the Office of Experiment Stations of the Department
of Agriculture, and to indicate the progress and results of that
enterprise.

This inquiry had its inception in a study of the chemical composi-
tion of food fishes and invertebrates undertaken by Prof. W. O.
Atwater in 1877, and continued until 1882, in the chemical labora-
tory of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., at the instance of
Prof. S. F. Baird, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and
United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. In connection
with this work similar investigations of other animal and some vege-
table products were undertaken a little later—1884—on behalf of
the United States National Museum. About the same time—1886—
the first extended inquiry into the statistics of food consumption in

DEVELOPMENT OF NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. 451

the United States was undertaken by Hon. Carroll D. Wright as
chief of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, and the
chemical results were computed and reported by Prof. Atwater.
In 1890 the Connecticut (Storrs) Experiment Station, under the
direction of Prof. Atwater, in cooperation with Hon. Carroll D.
Wright as United States Commissioner of Labor, began a series of
dietary studies, which continued for several years. Except for the
inquiries under the auspices of the Massachusetts Labor Bureau, the
United States Department of Labor, and the Connecticut (Storrs)
Experiment Station, the larger share of the expenses of this work
was borne by private individuals. The results of these inquiries
gradually attracted attention. The bearing of such research upon
household, agricultural, and national economics became evident, and
as early as 1890 steps were taken to secure an appropriation from
Congress to enlarge its scope and usefulness, but nothing definite was
accomplished there until 1894. In that year the experiment stations
were authorized by Congress to cooperate with the Secretary of Agri-
culture in studying the food and nutrition of man and were called
upon to report to him the results of such investigations as they might
carry out. At the same time Congress provided a special appro-
priation to enable the Secretary of Agriculture to prosecute inquiries.
in this direction. The sums provided by Congress for nutrition inves-
tigations for the Department of Agriculture have ranged from
$10,000 to $20,000 per annum, the larger sum having been appro-
priated for the cooperative work which was carried on in a number
of different States, as well as for that carried on by the Department
of Agriculture in its own laboratories.

As originally planned, cooperation with agricultural colleges and
other educational institutions, experiment stations, public institu-
tions, and philanthropic associations in different localities was a dis-
tinguishing characteristic of the enterprise. This plan awakened
interest in many different localities, and as the contributing institu-
tions in many cases supplied a proportion of the funds required for
the work, as well as the time of investigators, the use of laboratories,
etc., the scope of the work was greatly extended. Following this
plan, cooperative investigations in nutrition were carried on by the
Office of Experiment Stations in 22 States and Territories.

The following brief summary, arranged alphabetically by States,
shows the localities in which the investigations have been prosecuted
and the names of the cooperating institutions:

Alabama—Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.

California—University of California and California Agricultural
Experiment Station.

Connecticut—Wesleyan University, Storrs Experiment Station,
and Connecticut Bible Normal College.

452 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

District of Columbia.—Carnegie Institution of Washington:

Georgia.—University of Georgia.

Hawati—Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station.

Illinois —Hull House, Chicago; Lewis Institute, Chicago; Uni-
versity of Ilinois,.and University of Chicago.

Indiana.—Purdue University.

Maine —University of Maine and Maine Agricultural Experiment
Station.

Maryland.—Baltimore Board of Charities and several public insti-
tutions in Baltimore.

Massachusetts —Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston;
School of Housekeeping, Boston; Wellesley College, Wellesley;
Harvard University, Cambridge; and Bible Normal College, Spring-
field.

Minnesota—University of Minnesota and Minnesota Agricultural
Experiment Station.

Missouri—University of Missouri.

New Jersey—New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station.

New Mexico—New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station.

New York.—Cornell University, Ithaca; Association for the Im-
provement of the Condition of the Poor, New York; New York Chris-
tian Alliance, New York; and Columbia University, New York.

North Dakota—North Dakota Agricultural College.

Ohio.—Lake Erie College.

Pennsylvania.—Philanthropic institutions, Philadelphia; Drexel
Institute, Philadelphia; and Pennsylvania College for Women,
Pittsburg.

Tennessee.—University of Tennessee.

Vermont.—Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station.

Virginia—Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute and Uni-
versity of Virginia, Charlottesville.

In addition to the valuable work accomplished, the cooperative
work served another important purpose in that it had a great deal to
do with awakening an interest in nutrition and in the establishment
on a permanent basis of nutrition investigations in agricultural and
other colleges and universities, experiment stations, and institutions
of different types. After a time circumstances made it necessary to
omit the cooperative feature and to center the Department of Agri-
culture investigations in Washington.

In its earlier years the nutrition enterprise was greatly furthered
by the financial aid and other assistance rendered by the cooperating
institutions, by grants made for cooperative work by several of the
State legislatures, and by the aid of public-spirited individuals.

DEVELOPMENT OF NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. 453

ORGANIZATION OF THE NUTRITION INQUIRY.

When the nutrition investigations of the Department of Agricul-
ture were authorized their general supervision was assigned by the
Secretary of Agriculture to the Office of Experiment Stations, the
immediate direction of the enterprise being intrusted to Prof. W. O.
Atwater, who was designated “ Chief of Nutrition Investigations.”

For many years Prof. Atwater, in connection with his work as
professor of chemistry at Wesleyan University, devoted much of his
time to investigations relating to the nutrition of man, introducing
into the United States the German methods of studying nutrition
problems. The first nutrition investigations undertaken in an agri-
cultural experiment station in this country were conducted at the
Connecticut (Storrs) Agricultural Experiment Station, of which he
was the first director. He was also the first director of the Office of
Experiment Stations, and after his services in this capacity had
terminated the Department of Agriculture was very fortunate in
securing his cooperation as special agent in charge of its nutrition
investigations. The very great development of this enterprise, as
evidenced by the number and extent of the investigations carried on;
the public interest which was aroused; the demand for information
from private individuals, physicians, and teachers; and the practical
application of the results already obtained in numerous instances
where rational and economical feeding was a necessity, are indica-
tions that he established the investigations on a sound and rational
basis.

Prof. Atwater’s death occurred in 1907 after a long-continued illness.
Until ill-health prevented he had continued his supervision of the
nutrition investigations and was responsible for the plans and general
direction of the work. A large amount of experimental work was
also carried on under Prof. Atwater’s immediate supervision in his
laboratory in the chemical department of Wesleyan University, the
Connecticut (Storrs) Experiment Station being a generous con-
tributor to the enterprise. As time progressed and the correspond-
ence and other business arrangements connected with the nutrition
investigations developed, it became evident that the enterprise as a
whole should be centered in Washington, and at the beginning of
the fiscal year 1906-7 supervision of the details of the nutrition in-
vestigations and other administrative work was transferred to the
Office of Experiment Stations in Washington.

In the later years in which the Department of Agriculture nutri-
tion investigations were conducted in Prof. Atwater’s laboratory at
Wesleyan University, the Carnegie Institution cooperated in the
enterprise to a large extent. When it was finally decided in 1906 to

454 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

discontinue the work at Middletown and to transfer it to Washing-
ton, the respiration calorimeter and other apparatus which were the
property of the department was shipped to Washington for installa-
tion in the new department building which was being constructed.
Coincident with this change in plans the Carnegie Institution of Wash-
ington made very generous grants for the establishment of a per-
manent nutrition enterprise of its own for which a_ splendidly
equipped laboratory was built in Boston, Mass., and the direction
of this institute assigned to Prof. F. G. Benedict, who had been as-
sociated with Prof. Atwater in Middletown.

On the completion of the new building of the Department of
Agriculture adequate quarters were assigned to its nutrition enter-
prise and the respiration calorimeter and accessory apparatus were
installed. The rebuilding of the apparatus gave an opportunity to
introduce many improvements in construction and accessory appa-
satus, which make for ease and convenience of operation as well as
for accuracy.

As at present organized, the nutrition investigation, like all of the
work of the Office of Experiment Stations, is under the general super-
vision of the Director of the office, Dr. A. C. True. The immediate
supervision of the enterprise is assigned to the writer as expert in
nutrition, and associated with him are R. D. Milner, assistant in
nutrition, and a laboratory staff. Provision is also made for the
editorial and administrative work which the enterprise involves.

SCOPE OF THE NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS.

Briefly stated, the purpose of the nutrition investigations is the
study of various aspects of the problem of the value as food of agri-
cultural products, both animal and vegetable. Problems which are
of especial interest because of their relation to the general work of
the department are given preference, and the work involves coopera-
tion with other bureaus of the Department of Agriculture whenever
such a plan seems desirable.

The nutrition investigations have now been continued for some 20
years, and during this time have included researches in various
branches of the subject, attention having been paid particularly to
studies of the kinds and amounts of food consumed by individuals,
families, institutions, ete.; experiments on the digestibility of food
materials; and researches into the fundamental laws of nutrition, in-
cluding, particularly, investigations with the bomb calorimeter and
the respiration calorimeter. In addition to these, collateral questions
of a wide variety have also received much attention. A brief state-
ment of the general lines along which the inquiries have been con-
ducted follows:

DEVELOPMENT OF NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. 455

In the earlier years of the nutrition investigations many analyses
of American food materials were made, as the data regarding the
chemical composition of such food materials were comparatively
limited. Information along this line has, however, accumulated very
rapidly as a result of studies carried on by different investigators,
and data are now so abundant that studies of proximate composi-
tion of food materials no longer constitute one of the lines of work
followed in the cooperative nutrition investigations of the office.
Dietary studies—that is, studies of the kinds and amount of food
purchased, eaten, and wasted—were early recognized as of great
importance, and a large number have been made in private families,
schools, colleges, public institutions, and elsewhere, under a variety
of conditions and in widely separated regions.

No matter what its composition, food is of no use to the body unless
it is digested, and it is natural that experiments should have been
undertaken with a variety of food materials to learn how thoroughly
they were assimilated by the body and to ascertain the effect of
various methods of preparation and combination upon thoroughness
of digestion. Furthermore, it is supposable that the occupation in
which the subject is engaged, whether active or sedentary, may have
an influence upon the work of the digestive tract, and this question
has also been studied. Many questions regarding the thoroughness
of assimilation may be investigated with the aid of ferments under
conditions which approximate those in the body, and a large number
of such artificial digestion experiments have been carried on, particu-
larly in studying the ease and rapidity of digestion, a question which
is very different from thoroughness of digestion, though the two are
often confused in popular discussions of the subject.

Variations in the excretion of nitrogen have long been regarded
as indications of changes taking place in the body, and it has been a
general custom of physiologists to study the balance of income and
outgo of nitrogen. Such studies have formed a part of the nutrition
investigations of the department. Much more useful as a means of
studying the food requirements of the body and other questions are
determinations of the balance of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, as
well as nitrogen, and determinations of the balance of income and
outgo of energy. Such studies necessitate special apparatus, and the
respiration calorimeter already referred to has proved itself admir-
ably adapted to this purpose, and it seems fair to say that it is so far
the most perfect instrument of its type. The respiration calorimeter
is of such a size that a man may remain in comparative comfort in the
respiration chamber for a number of hours or days, and the measure-
ments of income and outgo of matter and energy may be made with
great accuracy. The determination of energy values of food and

456 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

excretory products necessitates some means for measuring the heat
of combustion of these materials, and in connection with the nutri-
tion investigations a bomb calorimeter has been perfected which
has proved very satisfactory.

Numerous studies have been undertaken of the changes brought
about and losses sustained when foods of different sorts are cooked in
different ways, the principal food materials included in this work
being bread, vegetables, and meat. Canning and preserving fruits and
vegetables may be regarded as special applications of cooking proc-
esses, and much experimental work has been done along these lines
with a view to the elaboration of satisfactory household methods. In
general, it may be said that in connection with the different lines of
work mentioned it has been necessary to devise and perfect experi-
mental methods, as at the time the investigations were first under-
taken the amount of work which had been done in the United States
and elsewhere along such lines was not very considerable.

The same period which has witnessed the development of the nutri-
tion enterprise has seen a great interest aroused in the teaching of
home economics in schools and colleges, and nutrition is one of the
main divisions included in this subject. As the nutrition investiga-
tions have supplied a great deal of data necessary to teachers of
home economics, and as the office was already closely identified with
other educational enterprises, it was almost inevitable that the peda-
gogics of nutrition should receive attention and become an increas-
ingly important part of the nutrition enterprise.

The preparation of reports of investigations and popular summa-
ries has also constituted an important feature of the work. Some
60 technical bulletins and over 50 Farmers’ Bulletins and other popu-
lar summaries have been issued. These are described more at length
in the following section. Information is also supplied by corre-
spondence, a feature which has grown to large dimensions, and, so
far as circumstances permit, by means of lectures and conferences.

An idea of the character of the nutrition work at the present time
may be gathered from an account of what was done during the last
fiscal year and of the plans formulated for work during the next
fiscal year, which will be found on pages 32-37 of this report.

Very recently the respiration calorimeter has been adapted to the
study of problems of vegetable physiology, and in cooperation with
the Bureau of Chemistry interesting studies are being made of the
respiratory exchange and energy output of ripening fruit (bananas).

This kind of work opens up a new and very promising field of use-
fulness for the apparatus and methods.

DEVELOPMENT OF NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. 457

TECHNICAL REPORTS, POPULAR BULLETINS, AND OTHER NUTRI-
TION PUBLICATIONS.

The nutrition publications of different sorts which are issued by the
department as occasion offers are the principal means by which the
information secured through the nutrition investigations and the
systematic compilation of data carried on as a part of the work
are made available to the public. They have included technical
bulletins, series of colored charts, summaries for annual reports of
the department and the Office of Experiment Stations, Farmers’
Bulletins, separates or reprints, circulars, summaries made for the
Experiment Station Record of technical articles on nutrition which
have appeared in the United States and other countries, and popular
summaries of nutrition investigations carried on at the agricultural
experiment stations for the series of Farmers’ Bulletins entitled
“ Experiment Station Work.”

It is the policy of the department to distribute all its publications
free as long as the supply lasts, and after that to refer applicants to
the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, who
is authorized by law to sell all Government publications at a nominal
price. The Experiment Station Record, a periodical which is pub-
lished in two annual volumes of eight numbers each, is distributed to
a very carefully selected list, and a considerable list of paid subscrib-
ers is maintained by the Superintendent of Documents, Government
Printing Office.

Outside the United States there is no general distribution of bulle-
tins free of charge, and both technical and popular bulletins and the
Experiment Station Record are sold by the official above mentioned
for sums designed merely to cover cost of publication and postage.

The 60 or more technical bulletins issued since the nutrition in-
vestigations were organized report data on such subjects as the com-
position of food materials, studies of experimental methods, results
of digestion experiments, special studies of the metabolism of nitro-
yen and other elements, experiments with the respiration calorimeter,
studies of the changes and losses brought about in different food
materials by cooking processes, and similar topics.

Two series of colored charts have been issued, each of which was
designed to show in graphic form the composition of common food
materials and to give some generalizations regarding the functions
of food and the theories of nutrition. Like technical bulletins, these
colored charts are published in limited editions, but can be pur-
chased of the Superintendent of Documents.

Summaries of nutrition investigations are published both in the
annual report of the Secretary of Agriculture, particularly with

458 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

reference to the fiscal year covered by the report, and in the annual
report of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations. The
annual report of the Office of Experiment Stations regularly con-
tains a summary of information regarding the nutrition investiga-
tions and not unfrequently a special article on some nutrition topic.
Articles on nutrition topics have frequently appeared in the Year-
book published by the Department of Agriculture, and like other
such articles are commonly reprinted as separates for special distri-
bution.

The pamphlets entitled ‘“ Farmers’ Bulletins,” issued at frequent
intervals by the Department of Agriculture, constitute a useful and
very popular series of publications, designed to present in concise
yet popular form the results of the department investigations as
well as summaries of general data on agricultural topics. Up to the
close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, 416 Farmers’ Bulletins
had been issued. Of this number the nutrition investigations have
contributed some 25, which have dealt with such subjects as the
Principles of Nutrition and Nutritive Value of Food; Meat—Com-
position and Cooking; Bread and Bread Making; Eggs and Their
Uses as Food; Use of Fruit as Food; Use of Milk as Food; Food
Value of Corn and Corn Products; Cereal Breakfast Foods; Canned
Fruit, Preserves, and Jellies—Household Methods of Preparation;
Preparation of Vegetables for the Table; Economical Use of Meat in
the Home; Modern Conveniences for the Farm Home; and Care of
Food in the Home. Many of the summaries which have appeared in
the series of Farmers’ Bulletins entitled “* Experiment Station Work ”
also treat of nutrition topics.

Farmers’ Bulletins on nutrition have had a wide distribution, not
only among housekeepers in rural regions and in towns, but also
among pupils and teachers in schools and colleges, by whom they have
been used as general sources of information and to supplement text-
books. Some of the earher Farmers’ Bulletins are no longer available
for distribution, having in most cases been replaced by later sum-
maries. Late statistics show that of the 21 which are now available a
total of 7,072,000 copies have been distributed. The largest number in
the case of any single one of these nutrition bulletins has been 1,200,-
000. Since these publications are distributed almost entirely on
request, the figures quoted give a good idea of their popularity.

Occasionally summaries of work or compilations of data are pub-
lished in the form of circulars, particularly when it is thought that
the material will soon be in need of revision, or perhaps more gen-
erally when the article in question is more brief than the average
Farmers’ Bulletin. Circulars are distributed in practically the same
way as Farmers’ Bulletins. <A circular issued in connection with the

DEVELOPMENT OF NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. 459

nutrition investigations which has had wide distribution is entitled
“ The Functions and Uses of Food,” and contains some of the general
principles of nutrition briefly stated and concise directions for mak-
ing dietary studies and digestion experiments.

The technical articles abstracted in the Experiment Station Record
are grouped under a dozen or so general subdivisions. Abstracts of
nutrition literature appear in the section on Food and Human Nutri-
tion, though other sections, such as Agricultural Chemistry, ‘Animal
Production, Dairy Farming, and Agricultural Education, contain not
infrequently material also of interest in this connection.

That the field covered by the Experiment Station Record is a wide
one is shown by the fact that a total of 7,048 abstracts was included
in the two volumes for the fiscal year 1909-10. Of these, nutrition
abstracts constituted 642. The total number of pages in these two
volumes was 1,413. Of these, nutrition matters constituted 123

pages.
RESULTS OF THE NUTRITION WORK, AND CONCLUSION.

Attention has been directed in the foregoing pages to the origin
and scope of the nutrition investigations of the Office of Experiment
Stations, and some of the problems which have been especially
studied in carrying out the work have been pointed out, together
with the methods of making available to the people the results
obtained.

As regards their origin, all foods, both animal and vegetable, are
agricultural products. In the past the farmer was very commonly
the distributor of his products and the foods passed directly from
the farm to the consumer. At the present day this is much less com-
mon, and most of the foodstuffs become articles of commerce before
they reach the housewife, and in many cases are manufactured prod-
ucts, as they must pass through the mill, the dairy, the packing house,
or other manufacturing institution before they are ready for use.

Briefly stated, the chief object of the nutrition investigations is
to secure the better utilization of these varied food products, and it
seems fair to say that much has already been accomplished along this
line. The housewife in the farm home or in the town has at her
disposal a large amount of data regarding the composition, digesti-
bility, and nutritive value of foods and their relative economy as
sources of nutrients and energy, which will help her to prepare for
her family a diet which is rational and suited to their physical needs.
At the same time the investigations have demonstrated the impor-
tance of having the daily fare palatable, well cooked, and attractive,
and have shown how such requirements may be met without undue
cost. The manufacturer and the distributor of food products are

460 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

likewise helped by the dissemination of knowledge concerning food
materials and their preparation, for such knowledge means a greater
development of the important commercial enterprises in which they
are interested. The farmer, the cattle raiser, the dairyman, the
market gardener, and all who are direct producers of food supplies
are benefited, as a knowledge of the important facts regarding the
comparative value of different foods can not fail to bring about im-
proved standards of living, and hence a greater demand for the food-
stuffs which they alone can supply.

And, finally, quite largely as a result of the nutrition enterprise,
the investigator has at his disposal well-defined methods of study
which have been carefully tested, while the student and teacher find
ready for their use a large amount of material, both popular and
technical, which has been accumulated and made accessible by a care-
fully considered system of publication and distribution.

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT.
By A. P. STOVER.
CONDITIONS LEADING UP TO THE PASSAGE OF THE CAREY ACT.

The history of irrigation development in the arid States is divided
into three natural epochs. The first covers the period of early de-
velopment during which individual and corporate effort accomplished
the successful reclamation of the most easily developed bottom lands
along the streams. Reclamation during this period was accomplished
in practically every instance by the owners of the land, the ownership
of the land and of the water being vested in the same individuals.
Because of this ideal condition of ownership and control, as well as
the fact that only the simplest and cheapest form of ditch construc-
tion was employed, practically every enterprise undertaken proved
a sound financial success. Great profits accrued from this union of
cheap water and cheap land. The successful development which took
place during this first epoch was the lure that led naturally to the
unsuccessful, not to say disastrous, attempts at development consti-
tuting the second epoch.

Promoters and investors realized the great profits being reaped
from the small irrigated ranches and farms along the river bottoms,
but were wholly unfamiliar with the primal causes of these successes.
Naturally they came quickly to the conclusion that if such develop-
ment was so handsome an investment on so small a scale without the
employment of any semblance of business methods, large canal sys-
tems, built to supply large areas of vacant Government land, would
most certainly be a very profitable investment. What could be more
simple than to have settlers take up the fertile lands under some of
the existing Government land laws and then secure from the canal
company the necessary water for irrigation at a price for a water
right and for maintenance that would yield a handsome profit on the
company’s investment. Settlers were land hungry and would take
up the land rapidly. Water was the prime essential to its develop-
ment and the settlers would be forced to take water from the canal at
almost any price the company might name. Such an investment
surely was one of promise, because it seemed so fully safeguarded on
all sides. As a result, the second epoch, extending from the early

461

462 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

eighties to 1893, the year of financial panic, was an era of corporate
canal building.

During this period practically every Western State witnessed costly
and extensive canal construction. A few enterprises here and there
were in the hands of men who realized that the control of the land
was as essential as the control of the water and that without such
complete control no safe investment was possible. These men con-
fined their operations to the irrigation of lands in private ownership,
and, when equally as cautious along other lines, were in the main
very successful. The majority, however, regarded lack of formal
control over the lands to be irrigated as of no serious consequence,
as desert land was valueless without water, and it was not believed
that anyone would take up this land without taking water also. So
strong and convincing were the arguments presented in favor of
every phase of the undertaking that the largest projects were easily
financed and surveys and construction made possible.

On most projects construction had barely commenced and on some
surveys hardly had been well started before the potential value of
the lands to be irrigated was fully realized and the rush to secure
desirable tracts began. Some few persons applied for land in good
faith, but the majority used their rights purely for speculation. The
latter realized that the lands, which they could secure for practically
nothing, would become very valuable property when the canal sys-
tems ,were completed and water made available, and that their par-
tially perfected rights could then be relinquished to bona fide settlers
at a handsome figure. In short, the land speculator and Jand grabber
were abroad in the land. To the canal company all were “real”
settlers, and the future seemed promising indeed. All went well until
the canal was completed and water ready for delivery. Then, and
not until then, could the speculator be distinguished from the actual
settler. To the consternation of the canal company, the speculators -
constituted a large majority, and for the first time it was realized
that a condition had been allowed to develop which spelled ruin for
the enterprise. The speculator, with no idea of purchasing either
water or a water right, “held down his claim,” awaiting the day
when some real settler would pay the price he asked for his relin-
quishment. With so heavy an investment in canals and structures
and only a comparatively small part of the area under the system
yielding revenue, pressure was brought to bear on the companies to
force payment of interest and’ installments on the bonded indebted-
ness. The inevitable crisis was reached in the year 1893, and the
second epoch of irrigation development in the West came to a close.

Investors, with this forcible demonstration of the dangers arising
out of separate control of land and water deeply impressed upon
their minds, began to seek means to prevent this condition of affairs.

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT. 463

The theory of irrigation investment was sound, but the speculator
had to be eliminated where Government land subject to entry was in-
volved in the scheme of reclamation.

It was absolutely essential, in order to insure future irrigation in-
vestments, that there be provided some means of vesting the control
of the land in the company building the canal system. To change
existing laws or boldly enact new laws was out of the question, and it
was necessary to secure national legislation by more subtle methods.

Whether or not the need for such legislation was felt more keenly
in Wyoming than in other States is not known, but it remained for a
number of investors of that State to start the movement that resulted
in the passage by Congress in 1894 of the “ Carey Act,” named for
its introducer, Senator Joseph M. Carey, of Wyoming. This act not
only marked the beginning of State and Federal aid in irrigation
development, but with its subsequent amendments it has had a more
far-reaching effect in producing material development in the arid
West than has any other single act of national legislation bearing
upon the question of public lands or irrigation.

The third epoch of irrigation development, therefore, covers the
period from the passage of the Carey Act in 1894 to the present time—
a period marked by the beneficial effect of national and State aid in
eliminating speculative abuses and in reestablishing the principle
developed in the first epoch, that joint ownership and control of water
and land are absolutely essential to economic irrigation development.

THE CAREY ACT AND ITS AMENDMENTS.

The modest manner in which this important piece of legislation
was secured presents a strong contrast to the far-reaching develop-
ment it eventually made possible. This act, which has made possible
the successful reclamation and settlement of millions of acres of
desert land, was passed by Congress August 18, 1894, as section 4 of
“An act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Goy-
ernment for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895, and for other
purposes ” (28 Stat., 372422), and was in fact merely a rider on a
general appropriation bill. This was the case not only with the
original act, but three of its important amendments were passed in
the same indirect manner.

The text of the act is as follows:

Section 4. That to aid the public-land States in the reclamation of the desert
lands therein, and the settlement, cultivation, and sale thereof in small tracts
to actual settlers, the Secretary of the Interior, with the approval of the Presi-
dent, be, and hereby is, authorized and empowered, upon proper application of
the State, to contract and agree from time to time with each of the States in

which there may be situated desert lands as defined by the act entitled ‘‘An
act to provide for the sale of desert land in certain States and Territories,”

464 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

approved March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, and the act amenda-
tory thereof, approved March third, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, binding
the United States to donate, grant, and patent to the State, free of cost for
_ survey or price, such desert lands, not exceeding one million acres in each
State, as the State may cause to be irrigated, reclaimed, occupied, and not less
than twenty acres of each one hundred and sixty-acre tract cultivated by actual
settlers, within ten years next after the passage of this act, as thoroughly as is
required of citizens who may enter under the said desert-land law. Before the
application of any State is allowed or any contract or agreement is executed
or any segregation of any of the land from the public domain is ordered by the
Secretary of the Interior, the State shall file a map of the said land proposed
to be irrigated, which shall exhibit a plan showing the mode of the contemplated
irrigation, and which plan shall be sufficient to thoroughly irrigate and reclaim
said land and prepare it to raise ordinary agricultural crops and shall also show
the source of the water to be used for irrigation and reclamation, and the Secre-
tary of the Interior may make necessary regulations for the reservation of the
lands applied for by the States to date from the date of the filing of the map
and plan of irrigation; but such reservation shall be of no force whatever if
such map and plan of irrigation shall not be approved. That any State con-
tracting under this section is hereby authorized to make all necessary contracts
to cause the said lands to be reclaimed and to induce their settlement and culti-
vation in accordance with and subject to the provisions of this section; but the
State shall not be authorized to lease any of said lands or to use or dispose
of the same in any way whatever, except to secure their reclamation, cultiva-
tion, and settlement. As fast as any State may furnish satisfactory proof, ac-
cording to such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary
of the Interior, that any of said lands are irrigated, reclaimed, and occupied by
actual settlers, patents shall be issued to the State or its assigns for said lands
so reclaimed and settled: Provided, That said States shall not sell or dispose
of more than one hundred and sixty acres of said lands to any one person, and
any surplus of money derived by any State from the sale of said lands in excess
of the cost of their reclamation shall be held as a trust fund for and be applied
to the reclamation of other desert lands in such State. That to enable the
Secretary of the Interior to examine any of the lands that may be selected
under the provisions of this section there is hereby appropriated, out of any
money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, one thousand dollars.

The original act, although of great importance in opening the way
for irrigation development, was deficient in many respects, and failed
to form the substantial working basis for which its advocates hoped.
Acceptance of the terms of the act required special legislation on the
part of the States accepting the grant, there being no specific provi-
sions that should be followed in the original act defining the pro-
cedure. Many of the States committed serious and costly errors in
framing their legislation and adopting rules and regulations to con-
trol subsequent operations. One of the first deficiencies discovered
in the act was the fact that, although the State was “ authorized to
make all necessary contracts to cause the lands to be reclaimed and
to induce settlement and cultivation,” it was in no way protected in
- the assumption of this responsibility, nor was it in a position to pro-
tect the contractor whose funds were used in the construction of the
canal system, for patent to the land under the terms of the act would

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT. 465

not be issued until actual operation and partial cultivation had
taken place. This was a serious weakness, for, as a business propo-
sition, it was poor policy to make a heavy investment that was utterly
dependent for its safety upon the success or failure, willful or other-
wise, of the prospective settler, especially when the period during
which the act was in operation was limited to 10 years from the date
of its passage.

Wyoming, Montana, and Colorado were the only States to accept
the terms of the original act. Wyoming, because of the familiarity
of its public men with the conditions leading up to the passage of
the act, was in a position to enact a fairly good law, although it
could not eliminate the objectionable features just mentioned. Mon-
tana, in its law passed March 18, 1895, seemed in a measure to misin-
terpret the meaning of the act, for provision was made for the State
to undertake the reclamation and settlement of feasible projects. A
commission of five, appointed by the governor, was to select the
lands, appropriate the water, and pay for construction from funds
received from the sales of land. Fortunately, nothing was attempted,
owing to the smallness of the appropriation—$1,000—for carrying
out the provisions of the act, and no serious harm was done. To
remove these obstacles to the practical working of the law, Congress,
in the act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the
Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1897, and for other
purposes, approved June 11, 1896 (29 Stat. 415-434), inserted under
the head of appropriation for “surveying public lands,” the follow-
ing provision:

That under any law heretofore or hereafter enacted by any State providing for
the reclamation of arid lands, in pursuance and acceptance of the terms of the
grant made in section four of an act entitled “An act making appropriations for
the sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thir-
tieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-five,” approved August eighteenth, eighteen
hundred and ninety-four. a lien or liens is hereby authorized to be created by
the State to which such lands are granted and by no other authority whatever,
and when created shall be valid on and against the separate legal subdivisions
of land reclaimed, for the actual cost and necessary expenses of reclamation and
reasonable interest thereon from the date of reclamation until disposed of to
actual settlers; and when an ample supply of water is actually furnished in a
substantial ditch or canal, or by artesian wells or reservoirs, to reclaim a par-
ticular tract or tracts of such lands, then patents shall issue for the same to
such State without regard to settlement or cultivation: Provided, That in no
event, in no contingency, and under no circumstances shall the United States
be in any manner directly or indirectly liable for any amount of any such lien
or liability, in whole or in part.

Notwithstanding the benefit of this amendment in insuring the
State and the contractor against possible loss through inability to
secure title, there still remained a serious defect in the law, which pre-
vented the fullest use being made of it. This defect was the time limit

91866°—11——30

466 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

of 10 years within which reclamation had to be accomplished, the act
itself expiring by limitation 10 years from the date of its passage.
This limitation really left only eight years in which the several States
might avail themselves of the provisions of the act—a period altogether
too short for consummating the development of projects of any mag-
nitude. The result was that during this period only small projects that
could be completed within the time limit prescribed were undertaken.
Enough development was begun, however, to demonstrate the intrin-
sic value of the act, and steps were taken to overcome this defect,
resulting in the passage of another amendment by Congress, modi-
fying the time limitation in the original act. This important amend-
ment also was a rider on a general appropriation bill, appearing as
section 3 of the act, entitled “An act making appropriations for
sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1902, and for other purposes,” approved March 8, 1901 (31
Stat., 1133-1188), which provides as follows:

Section 8. That section 4 of the act of August eighteenth, eighteen hundred
and ninety-four, entitled “An act making appropriations for sundry civil
expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen
hundred and ninety-five, and for other purposes,” is hereby amended so that
the ten years’ period within which any State shall cause the lands applied for
under said act to be irrigated and reclaimed, as provided in said section, as
amended by the act of June 11, 1896, shall begin to run from the date of approval
by the Secretary of the Interior of the State’s application for the segregation
of such lands; and if the State fails within said ten years to cause the whole
or any part of the lands so segregated, to be so irrigated and reclaimed, the
Secretary of the Interior may, in his discretion, continue said segregation for a
period of not exceeding five years, or may, in his discretion, restore such lands
to the public domain.

The effect of this provision in making the ten-year period run from
the date of approval of the segregation of the land and, in deserving
cases, allowing the Secretary of the Interior the discretion of extend-
ing this period to 15 years, was to make the operation of the law con-
tinuous, and thereby encourage extensive development, which there-
tofore for sound business reasons, could not be undertaken,

It was therefore not until 1901, seven years after its original enact-
ment, that the Carey Act assumed its rightful place of affording a
complete and definite plan for the development of irrigration projects
by the States, and providing adequate time for the completion of
larger projects and complete security for all parties concerned. Since
1901 the provisions of the act have been extended by separate enact-
ments as follows:

By the acts of March 1, 1907 (34 Stat., 1056), and of February 24,
1909 (35 Stat., 644), the provisions of the foregoing acts were ex-
tended to the desert lands within the former Ute Indian Reservation
in Colorado.

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT. 467

By an act of May 25, 1908 (35 Stat., 577), an additional 1,000,000
acres within Idaho was made available for segregation.

By an act of May 27, 1908 (35 Stat., 347), an additional 1,000,000
acres of arid lands within each of the States of Idaho and Wyoming
were made available for segregation.

By act of February 18, 1909 (Public, No. 244), the provisions of
the foregoing acts were extended to the Territories of New Mexico
and Arizona.

The only other amendment made to the act itself and to its two
principal amendments was the enactment of March 15, 1910 (36 Stat.,
237), which authorizes the Secretary of the Interior, upon application
of a beneficiary State or Territory, “to withdraw temporarily from
settlement or entry areas embracing lands for which the State or
Territory proposes to make application * * * pending the in-
vestigation and survey preliminary to the filing of maps and plats
and application for the segregation;” it being provided “that if
the State or Territory shall not present its application for segrega-
tion and maps and plats within one year after such temporary with-
drawal the lands so withdrawn shall be restored to entry as though
such withdrawal had not been made.”

OPERATION OF THE CAREY ACT.

The Department of the Interior, to properly administer the pro-
visions of the Carey Act in the several States and Territories, has
prescribed rules and regulations which interpret the act and its
amendments and which govern the procedure of the State in its work
of supervising reclamation. These regulations define the attitude
of the Secretary of the Interior in deciding upon questions relative
to the salient features of the act, prescribe details of procedure and
requirements pertaining to the filing of maps, plats, field notes, and
other data required to be submitted in applying for withdrawals,
segregations, and final patents, and provide regulation forms for the
submission of all data and information.

Each State and Territory accepting the terms of the grant has
enacted special legislation of its own, which in most cases has been
modified from time to time as exigencies arose. These State laws
uniformly provide for the creating of a land board whose duties
in most of the States involve the care of all State lands in addition
to lands granted under the Carey Act. Each of these boards, the
name varying in the different States, has developed a system of rules
and regulations of its own, by which it is guided in the administra-
tion of the State law. It defines the relation of the State or Terri-
tory to the contractor, who carries out the work of actual construction,
and to the settler, who enters reclaimed land.

468 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

THE CAREY ACT STATES.

The States and Territories that have accepted the terms of the
Carey Act, in the order of the date of acceptance, are: Wyoming,
Morttana, Idaho, Colorado, Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, and New
Mexico. Wyoming and Idaho have accomplished most of the de-
velopment that has taken place, their combined segregated area
up to date exceeding 4,000,000 acres. The principles of law and
practice that have developed in these States, coincident with and as
an integral part of this vast work of reclamation, form the basis
for a most interesting and elaborate study. The changes which
the original laws of these States have undergone since their first
enactment are almost as great as the changes wrought in the virgin
desert by the reclamation made possible under the act.

Three of the States mentioned, after having found that their first
laws were wholly inadequate to cope with the situation presented,
have repealed their original enactment and adopted new laws founded
on the principles developed in other States. Failures and errors
as well as successes have marked the devious development of Carey
Act legislation and administration in each of these pioneer States.
The progress of developing legislation and rules of administration
has kept pace with reclamation, however, until now a thorough
working code of laws and definite and comprehensive rules and regu-
lations exist in most of the States, the effects of which, in their rela-
tion to development taking place, are in a way far more important
than the Carey Act itself. The Federal act, it is true, made possible
the extensive development of desert land, but to the States fell the
onerous burden of initiating, prosecuting, and completing these de-
velopments. The laws and ruling under which this has been accom-
plished are, therefore, worthy of presentation.

Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, and Colorado were the first States to
accept the terms of the Carey Act, each of them enacting special leg-
islation accepting the grant in 1895. Oregon enacted its first legisla-
tion in 1901, Nevada in 1909, Arizona in 1909, and New Mexico in
1909.

As the existing laws of most of the States have been patterned
after the original enactments of Idaho and Wyoming, which were
nearly identical, it will be sufficient to present the salient features of
the laws of those two States as illustrating the principles involved in
most of the other State laws. Where unusual features have been
enacted, these will be pointed out in the discussion of the different
State laws:

IDAHO.

Idaho, the State making the greatest progress, accepted the terms
of the Carey Act in 1895, at the first session of its legislature after
the passage of the Carey Act, passing at that time a carefully drawn

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT. 469

law similar to that of Wyoming, passed just previously. Although
ineffective in producing any considerable development, it did much
toward laying the foundation for the immense development that came
later. The Carey Act was new and untried, and lacked the effective-
ness which its later amendments provided. After Congress passed
its first amendment, June 11, 1896, authorizing the creation by the
State of liens against the land for development to secure the cost of
irrigation construction, Idaho, in 1899, passed a new law in which
most of the features of the 1895 law were incorporated. Neither of
these laws, however, resulted in any considerable development, as
only three successful projects were initiated prior to 1900. The
reason for this condition is not known exactly, although circum-
stances seem to indicate that capital would not invest in extensive
undertaking because of the time limit prescribed in the national act,
the Carey Act expiring by limitation in 1904. The removal of this
objectionable feature by congressional action March 3, 1901, together
with the phenomenal success attending the development of the Twin
Falls Land & Water Co.’s project on the Snake River, initiated
in 1902, just subsequent to the passage of the second amendment,
served to give Carey Act reclamation in Idaho an impetus that has
resulted in development that is unprecedented in magnitude and
effect. Since 1901 Idaho has exhausted not only the original million
acres granted to the State, but also has exhausted a second million,
granted in 1908, and segregations at the present time cover the greater
part of the third million acres, also granted in 1908. There has been
actually expended in reclamation work alone nearly $18,000,000, and
the completion of the projects outlined will require the expenditure
of between $90,000,000 and $100,000,000.

The control of this vast work of development, in so far as the State
is concerned, is vested in the State board of land commissioners,
which is authorized to make such rules and regulations as may be
necessary to carry out the purposes of the national and State acts.
The works are constructed under the supervision of the State and
may be undertaken by any individual, association, or company. The
procedure in the carrying out of a project is about as follows:

The contracting party files a request with the State board of land
commissioners, asking for the withdrawal from the public domain of
the lands to be reclaimed. This request, in addition to stating the
lands desired to be withdrawn, must be accompanied by a proposal to
construct the necessary reclamation works, stating the source of
water supply, the location and dimensions of the proposed works, the
estimated cost of construction, and the price and terms at which the
contracting party will sell perpetual water rights to settlers. The
. request must be accompanied by a certificate of the State engineer to
the effect that application for permit to appropriate water has been

470 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

filed in his office. The State engineer is required also to report upon
the feasibility of the project as a whole. A certified check of not less
than $250 nor more than $2,500 is required, to be held as a guarantee
that the contracting party will duly execute a contract with the State
in case the approval of the Secretary of the Interior is secured and
the lands segregated.

Tf the proposed project is reported favorably by the State engineer,
the board then applies for the segregation. This being granted, the
State and the contractor enter into a contract which contains complete
plans and specifications regarding the construction and supervision of
works, and specifies the price, terms, and conditions under which
water rights, and eventually the canal system, will be turned over to
the settlers. The contractor gives a bond equal in an amount to 5 per
cent of the estimated cost of construction for the faithful performance
of his part of the contract.

The requirement that the contracting party submit maps, plans, and
estimates with his request for withdrawal in theory has been an oner-
ous one, as it necessitates the expenditure of considerable money and
time by the investor before the lands are made secure from speculative
entry by withdrawal. Judicious action by the board in not adhering
strictly to the letter of the law and requiring only that general feasi-
bility be shown prior to the execution of the contract, has done much,
however, to help the investor proceed under this unbusinesslike pro-
vision. The act of Congress of March 15, 1910, providing for tem-
porary withdrawal for one year pending surveys and investigations,
when incorporated into the State’s law, will remove this objection.
The Idaho law, as do also the laws of many of the other States at the
present time, contains another provision that might be improved so as
to ease the burden of the investor. This provision limits the awarding
by the board of any contracts requiring a greater length of time than
five years for construction of works. This period is too short for
large projects, especially in this day, when unavoidable delays in
large construction, due to labor and other troubles, are so frequent.
The investor, under this law and under the terms of the contract be-
tween him and the State, acts simply as a construction company that
builds the irrigation system under the State’s supervision. Although
the State evades all responsibility to settlers for failure of contrac-
tors to live up to their contracts and refuses by statute to obligate
itself to pay for any work or construction under any contract, at the
same time it exercises the closest inspection of all work and requires
absolute honest endeavor on the part of the promoter in the construc-
tion and settlement of any project, thereby fostering not only the
interest of the settler individually but the interests of the State as a
whole. It also guards the interests of the investor, requiring equally

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT. 471

honest endeavor on the part of the settler in requiring him to live up
to the provisions of his contract not only with the State but with the
company as well.

As soon as the lands under a project have been segregated and work
inaugurated by the contractor under proper financial arrangements,
the board is required to give notice by publication that the land is
open for settlement, stating the price at which it is to be sold to settlers
by the State, and the contract price at which settlers can purchase
water rights or shares in such work. Every citizen of the United
States is entitled to file upon land to the extent of 160 acres, regardless
of whether or not he has exhausted his rights under the general land
laws. The settler before making his application to the State board
must enter into contract with the canal company for a perpetual water
right for the entire acreage upon which he intends to file, and must
file with his application to the State a certified copy of this contract.
If the application is allowed, he is given a certificate of location which
serves in lieu of title until final proof is made and patent received
from the State. The land is sold to the settler by the State at the uni-
form price of 50 cents per acre, one-half payable at the time of entry,
the other half being paid when final proof is made. A proportional
part of the total cost of the canal system, plus the company’s profit
on its investment, is made a lien against each legal subdivision of the
project. The settler in his contract for a water right agrees to pay
for the water right in installments covering a period of 10 to 20 years,
and the unpaid installments are a lien against the land. Within six
months after water is ready for delivery the settler must establish his
residence on the land. At least one-sixteenth of his claim must be
cultivated within one year and one-eighth within two years. Within
three years he must make final proof of having complied with these
conditions, and complete payment of the purchase price of the land
to the State. Upon the completion of his contract with the State he
receives patent to his land, and upon completion of his payment to
the canal company he receives a certificate of water right which con-
stitutes him a shareholder in the project, his interest being one share
for each acre of land owned by him. The water rights attach to the
land and become appurtenant to it as soon as title passes from the
United States to the State.

The amount of water to which the land is entitled has in most cases
been fixed by the State board at 1 cubic foot per second for each 80
acres, measurement to be made at the point of diversion from the
main canal system. Delivery is to be made at such times and in such
quantities as the condition of the crops and the weather may deter-
mine. Control in the operation of the system is turned over to the
settler when 35 per cent of the total lien on project lands has been

472 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

satisfied, and the ownership of the entire system passes ultimately to
the settler, thereby vesting the ownership and control of the water
and canals in the owner of the land.

Development under the Carey Act in Idaho has far outstripped
that in other States. With conditions ideal for large undertakings,
a thorough working code, and a liberal and wise-acting land board,
the investment of large amounts of capital has been attracted and
strides in irrigation development, heretofore unknown in the United
States, have been made. Plate X XI shows two views of structures
of one of the largest projects in the State. Projects completed, in
process of construction, or financed at the present time contemplate
the reclamation of over 2,000,000 acres and for reckamation alone
involve an expenditure of more than $75,000,000, to say nothing of
the expenditure made and to be made in kindred lines of development,
such as railroads, telephone and telegraph lines, and municipal im-
provements. The marvelous thing is that all this has been accom-
plished since 1903—a period of little more than eight years—and
accomplished, too, with practically no trouble, discord, or litigation
involving either the Government, the State, the investor, or the
settler.

The following summary and table present figures on Carey Act
operations in Idaho from their imeception to the present:

SUM MARY.
Total area granted to the States, acres_________~_ 222. ('3000;'000
Potalbareaofiwegregations, acrests!: =) -sieeuy ae 2, 630, 833
Area of reclaimed Jand sold to settlers, acres________ 713, 894
Areaopen to: enbry,; AcCreso= 2 552222 2 ae ee ee 270, 184
Money already expended in construction__—--_--_____ $17, 562, 018
Estimated cost of reclaiming lands now segregated___ $75, 667, 540
Amount received by State from land sales___________ $284, 481
Average cost of reclamation per acre_________-___-____ $28
Highest price charged for water rights, per acre_____~- $100
Lowest price charged for water rights, per acre______ $20

Number of projects now being developed____-_-_--__~- 42

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XXI.

Fic. 1.—CONCRETE RETAINING WALL, NORTH SIDE OF TWIN FALLS CANAL.

FiGg. 2.—WASTE GATES, NORTH SIDE OF TWIN FALLS CANAL, MILNER DAM IN THE
BACKGROUND.

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT.

473

Carey Act projects in Idaho, including segregations made and the applications
for segregations pending.

Name of company.

American Falls Canal

Power Co........

Big Lost River Irriga-
mica Goes £6 et ce
Blaine County Irriga-
tion Co
Boise City Project....
Birch Creek IJrriga-
BOD: CO\ss.72 9-325
eo Irrigation

Blbciioot North Side

Irrigation Co
Canyon Canal Co.....
Boise Irrigation Pro-

1: Uh Se er
Grasmere Irrigation

EGG. P3835 SF 3e5
Grandview FExten-

sion Irrigation Co...
Hegsted & Madsen
PeOleCt sat. ..0 - 25k:
Houston Ditch Co....
High Line Pumping

Idaho Irrigation Cosa
Idagon Irrigation Co..
Kings Hill Irrigation
& Power Co
Kings Hill Fxtension
Trrigation Co
Keating, Tom., Pro-
fvetes Se eee see
Lemhi Irrigation Co.
Little Lost River
pan & Irrigation

Lower Pahsimeroi....
Marysville Canal «&
Improvement Co.
(Ltd.)
Owsley Carey Land
«& Irrigation Co.....
Owyhee Land & Inri-
gation Co..........

Owyhee Irrigation Co.

Pahsimeroi Project. -
Portneuf-Marsh Val-
ley Irrigation Co... .
Pratt Irrigation Co...
Snake River Irriga-
WOM COLs. = soe ae
TS Bs Lids, Wi. Co
(pumping)
Twin Falls Land &
Water Co... ...5,.22
T. F. North Side L.
= fue Co. (pump-
.. f. Land & Water
Co. (Bruneau)... <.
. F. North. Side
Land & Water Co..
E. — Oakley L.& W.
oT: Oe Salmon River
L. & W; Co

Tabor Irrigation Co...
Thousand Springs
Ease & Irrigation
West End. F. irri-
gation Co

Cost of | Length of canal.
Total cost ZA
Acreage Acreage Acreage of project A mou nt water
in project sold open to etic expended rights
oes i entry. miatad to date. per Main, |Lateral.
: acre.
Miles.| Miles.
57, 306. 13} 46,191.42) 11,114.71) $350,000) $911,375.00) $40.00) 86.93) 54.85
78, 241. 56) 60,845. 37) 17,396.19) 3,500,000) 1,600,000.00) 40.00) 95 100
14,720 10, 760 3, 906 300, 000 140,000.00) 40.00) 412 35
OAC Oa ere ees eS See as 20, 000, 000 11,640. 00) 2100.00) 89.36) 153
22,000 S4 0005, basen eeece 500, 000 20,000. 00)........ 8 3
HAT Yigg S| eo RE 1, 330, 000 30,000.00; 60.00) 48 32
SOTGES76|t akaesech | saccioceiae= 950, 000 5,000: 00)......-. 35 15
5, 800 SY SOOT tT hessate Ss! 300, 090 700, 000. 00, 30. OO 32 60
2625000) | Alt tse FS ek. 26 6 QO0KO00 | wast Bsr. 25. 40.00, 40 200
AE SOO Yilke Pew eee td sae aes 1, 250,000 10,000.00) 55.00) 56 30
14200 tae | pe bale epg 75,000 15,000.00 65.00) 16 2
Bary ceeses..clteegs 4 GOOOD| se 2:1 . 2s2h dus Lora |e ie ae
1, 884 , 900 1,884 50, 000 25,000.00, 25. 00 12 12
BOOM | = eee ge ee ote 120, 000 ECONO oesee. 9 15
MSOO Sy elt 32) ek 2b 4, 300 60, 000 8,000.00; 40. 00 TT AS ae pase
128,360 | 77,720 | 50,640 | 4,000,000} 3,000,000. 00 35-50. 00! 100 300
8914042). 225. chee seme gs: 590, 000 T4000100)- 2): G22 —2 20 40
12,000 10,000 2,000 600, 000 600,000.00) 65.00) 30 15
9,455 9,000 455 650, 000 300,000.00) 65.00) 15 30
NG DOO y” Weetseeee oelor sas. ee 150, 000 6,000.00) 30. 00 Og hee odeee
ri ud) A |e ake Iw ad DOKO00 cece ser 50.00) 25 (4)
65200041 steeds. easel ete SA. 400, 000 6,500. 00}... ..... (4) (4)
MOU en | ae ra meerts lise ceive tier 200000 | eo Sarre eater ONO lO meee sere
6,574.50} 5,980. 89 593.61) 190,000 184,565.80; 20.00 8.50) 26
BIOL, |se4- ss sogeseed So 2: 150, 000 5;(000200}, ¢ 35.00), LO. jenco. ee
2075234082 se. reas |'s yest 1,000, 000 16,000.00) 55.00) 40 160
3, 295 1,080 2,216 80, 000 60,000.00) 45. 00 6 4
S3Q0QO (peices lelacte eats xs 942-540 lon. tscte erty aae 40.00), 20 70
12,000 11,000 1,000 275, 000 160,000.00) 35.00) 26 15
4,674.02} 2,994.07; 1,679.95 125, 000 42,000.00) 40. GO 15 79
6, 000 1,145.25} 4,854 350, 000 90,000.00, 50. 00 8 40
i ly fatosas she] ee See | (ei Sa Co) 000900 0,0) Peete nee = Bele Tea em HR tn to | ya
244, 000 192, 000 41, 000 1,500,000) 3,512,937.78) 25.00) 111.50, 590
CIES. 0 Sees os Se See 600, 000, 4,000..00)....-... 31 36
SSOKOOO Ft |S asepisese le eee laren L7E OOD 000 ere: a coer rere ew ow pees 140 (4)
239.934. 36/148, 235. 72) 71,698.64) 4,500,000, 3,500,000. 00.30, 35,45} 100 625
45,000 28,000 7,392 1,750, 000 335,000.00 65.00} 30 90
127,707. 29] 74,642. 22) 25,000 2,500,000, 2,275,000.00) 40.00) 11 235
IROL) | BeeeBOSSes GSeeeenere 1, 600, 000 -20,000. 00)......-.- 30 50
21, ‘(aia 2 Rye sacl Aesiaenbs | 300, 000 LOKOUCSO0 | e401 00) eas c ace llseecre ae
Gro7d” | \Eee cae eetlonceescees 20, 000 5,000.00) 30.50 6.50) 15
46, 000 23, 000 23,000 500, 000 175,000.00) 40.00) 10 6
|2, 630, 833. 43. 713, 894. 94/270, 184. 10)75, 667, 540) 17,562,018. 58).......- 1, 363. 79)3, 128. 85

1 Fourth Annual Report State ead Department, 1910.
2 From author’s data.

3 Private entry

4Surveys not yet completed.

474 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

WYOMING.

Wyoming, the first State to enact Carey Act legislation, passed its
law of acceptance in 1895. Details of procedure in the matter of car-
rying out construction and settlement in this State and in Idaho are
almost identical. The requirement that the State engineer not only
approve the company’s application for permit to appropriate water,
but that he act as a technical judge upon the feasibility of all projects,
more than anything else has served to make Carey Act development
in Wyoming and Idaho stable and practically free of failures. No
project is approved unless there is an ample supply of water assured,
and as the system is in reality built for and its cost borne by the set-
tler only permanent and enduring construction is permitted. Con-
trol of the works is turned over to the settlers when 70 to 90 per cent
of the land is sold, and the system is thereafter operated and main-
tained through an organization of the settlers as stockholders.

The State sells the land for 50 cents per acre, one-half payable
at the time of entry and the balance when final proof is made, the
purchaser being required to contract with the company for his water
right before he is allowed to enter his land.

Practically all of the larger irrigation development in Wyoming
has been brought about by operations under the Carey Act, as this
act affords the only means of safe investment of large amounts of
capital in irrigation enterprises. The original grant of 1,000,000
acres has been segregated by the State under various projects, and
the grant of the second 1,000,000 acres is nearly half gone, the segre-
gations made and apphed for covering at the present time an area
of approximately 1,400,000 acres. The rate of development in Wyo-
ming has been much more uniform than in Idaho. In the latter
State the greatest development has occurred since 1906, 42 of its 46
projects having been initiated since that year. Thirty-six segrega-
tion lists had been approved in Wyoming up to and including the
year 1906; 18 segregations were approved in the next two years, and
26 segregations have been received and approved during the last two
years, giving a far more regular development to Wyoming’s recla-
mation than to that of Idaho.

The following summary and table present figures on Carey-Act
operations in Wyoming from their beginning to the present:

SUMMARY.

Motalvareaseranted. tO Stites- === =e acres__ 2, 000, 000
Total; area of segrervations22=2— = === do___-_ 1,390, 065
Area of reclaimed land sold to settlers______-_ qdot=22 130, 000
Estimated cost of reclaiming lands now segregated___ $19, 707, 127
Received by State as proceeds from land sales_______~ $39, 333
Average cost of reclamation, per acre___------------_- $15
Highest price charged for water right, per acre______ $65
Lowest price charged for water right, per acre______~_ $10

Number of projects now being developed_____-___----- 63

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT.

475

Carey Act projects in the State of Wyoming, including segregations already
made, applications for segregations now pending, and temporary withdrawals.

No. of list.

1,3
22, 25
11, 12, 18) 19

64,78

. Maximum
Estimated =
Canal. Acreage. cost of Late of
system. Aes be
acre,
Bench =seceen ste { 28,729.13 | $200,000. 00 $50. 00
i 2 37 5 5

Sidon... 1.7, [Big Hor Development Co .....)735° 903, 39 | "500,000. 00 30. 00

Sage Creek Canal. . | 784. 43 4, 000. 00 40. 00

DOH SCOUlR ee semaine os ae ee te eee eee ee eee ee 160. 00 SOOONOOR aa. seen tee

131a)01 Clk eee ee ES eee eae eee ee eee 6, 120. 00 8, 000. 00 30. 00

OLY rere es eee ee en ee ere ee eee a Sey ies Cee eee 24, 562. 55 200, 000. 00 50. 00

VORNGEL, WIbZSIMa I ONS on Sete cs sw in Soe teh oes 160. 00 1000500) A. ceeeeees

Masher! sas. soc cece Saat ee rec ac eck ee ae mone dee 320. 00 2, 500. 00 10. 00

FTRNO VOD eg eee cine eee cree pace one piecre wot eraniaise 10, 682. 53 25, 000. 00 50. 00

Cody & Salsbury (south of river)...................- DEO eda| arcane a acter sme « seterte

irybormiGoy Canals eee saa. teenie ees eee 16, 295. 44 300; OOOK 00) ao. cazyars inte pase

North Platte Canal & Colonization Co............... 4, 602. 23 70, 000. 00 30. 00

mnench’ Creaks rare. =o saaaes ceases siycioa nawciacnmict 18, 869. 29 (2) 92 2 alee

jovelliirrieation Cots: ss dccccc saad cede ess oaae 7,920. 51 100, 000. 00 25. 00
Platte Valley Canal (not constructed; land to be re-

Dine ishe dass soe osc nace sea ee nace coset seeet 18,171. 27 50, 000. 00 30. 00
Big Horn County Irrigation Co., additional... ...... 4, 624. 42 50, 000. 00 50. 00
Wheatlandiindustrial'Coswe >. so ceer ke ee ee 8, 087. 02 46, 500. 00 45. 00
panera Ditch Coo sande amoas sae Seo cor ate ae ae 7,920. 39 98, 493. 00 50. 00
La Prele Reservoir & Ditch Co.............:....:... 15, 077. 34 154, 000. 00 50. 00
E:deniirniration @ Wandi@on e868 jon et 56, 322. 74 100, 000. 00 30. 00
Medicme' WiheeliCanal Cost. ea ee et 22, 522. 64 200, 000. 00 30. 00
moden.Canal=< 605. = eens. Ea Sess tbe as SRR 39, 335. 40 400, 000. 00 30. 00
North Platte and Encampment (to be relinquished).| 30,387.32 |? 1,000,000. 00 |............
Leb a of: x6 ee Se ne Ree Pee eS het nS See Seen 38, 604. 58 400, 000. 00 40. 00
PAIN TEROCK.. A peers Soe eee eee co ae ee a Soe ot 42, 600. 34 600, 000. 00 50. 00
ar erele kd ditionale sea. saccs woe cae aoe cee 4,784.66 | 4 300,000. 00 50. 00
Wheatland *additionalse.s1 S552) tree ee eee 3, 076. 21 500. 00 45. 00
1g Puachoothyrel Del eee ee an ae Slee ae NE Ren 6, 295. 01 80, 000. 00 50. 00
PRTC IROCKIE ae eee ee aa oo tent ee ae eS 10, 562. 02 100, 000. 00 50. 00
Big torniCoumnty Canale oo co. < oetioaece mec 130,20 3 es eee caer | 2s eee ae
PrliCanaleanee a tyre Sec ee eee CER eee ee 2,724. 49 30, 000. 00 30. CO
Reynolds or Hemingway Reservoir................- 320. 00 10 600. 00 30. 00
ParPrelosadditional:= 2... --ce. <2- 2 iS LOONOON cette Eee AA ae
Green River Land & Irrigation Co.................. 75, 295.92 | 1,800,000. 00 35. 00
famies Wualketa st 3-2 58 feet 2 sake. Seri 14, 543. 65 300, 000. 00 35. 00
ensleep «Bonanza Canal... 2-2. .-b-- 02 -see cceke 16, 544.18 218,750 00 40. 00
Wihextlandandusinal Con. Ai ete ee 3 a 21,991. 72 97, 140. 00 43. 00
eee Dannldet 2. cosh po suec ere see octet n ae 15, 544. 18 245, 000. 00 50. 00
Hawks Springs project... 2-..s seco see nd te 12, 437. 56 136, 530. 00 50. 00
Carbon County Land & Irrigation Co............... 7, 300. 00 150, 000. 00 30. 00
Uintai County Irrigation! Coles 2ms5.-t eee een eee ae 26, 080. 00 120, 000. 00 35. 00
Mast orks lrneatiom COssues sceemee eee eet ones 4,901. 50 15, 000. 00 30. 00
iBertramuDitehers 35-2 <a eo ae eene cpeenn Seen 588. 33 5, 000. 00 30. 00
Shell Canal (Wyoming Land & Irrigation Co.).....- 4, 526. 12 100, 000. 00 50. 00
Highland Canal (Fremont Lake Irrigation Co.)...... 5, 199. 28 30, 000. 00 25. 00
Snow Ditch No. 2 and Reservoir..............--..-- 1,397. 92 13, 000. 00 30. 00
High Line Ditch (North Platte Valley Irrigation Co.).| 11,176. 61 90, 000. 00 50. 00
Irvine Canal (North Platte Valley Irrigation Co.)....| 4,320. 00 51, 000. 00 50. 00
Glendo Canal (North Platte Valley Irrigation Co.) ..| 6, 826. 62 50, 000. 00 50. 00
Sierra Madre Canal & Reservoir Co................-- 25, 644. 70 651, 116. 00 50. 00
North Laramie! Canal! Cot ahs 55k oo ae nc eeee oe 4, 133. 03 22, 000. 00 30. 00
Sixty-seven Reservoir: bees se ees eo ee oe 2, 160. 00 10, 000. 00 30. 00
Uinta Development Com Me eS 16, 849. 35 245, 000. 00 30. 00
Rock Creek Conservation Co..............--.------- 11, 695. 75 563, 388. 00 45. 00
iBiguBend Reservoir Coe 2-2. ae cack woke ee eee 25, 870. 94 742, 629. 00 50. 00
Wyoming Central Irrigation Co...............------ 333, 000. 00 | 7,000, 000. 00 38.75
Kirby Canal (Thermopolis Investment «& Trrigation .

COS) Rasen PE ee ences ce sono teea sea teeae 2, 383. 55 21, 106. 50 35. 00
JohnsonsrnizationiCosace aie sss sues eee = so ebeesine 13, 770. 94 300, 000. 00 65. 00
French Creek Irrigation Development Co... .. poem 5, 288. 72 40, 000. 00 50. 00
Freniont Wake Irrigation Co./--2. 2... 2.2.2 leek 3, 596. 92 (®) (8)
Riverside Irrigation Co. (Tremont Canal).........-.. 8, 993. 98 198, 875. 00 30. 00
VIVErsigeMTripaion COs ses ten ee eueee Sedo dee 6, 065. 99 (CE Re ere 9

LO tele aee eae se A noe Ren Se soa cee chee oces 1,390,065.00 |19, 707,127.00 |..........-.

1 Biennial Report, 1909-10, Commissioner of Public Lands, State of Wyoming.

2 Unknown.

3 Nocontract; entire system.
4 Entire system.

6 Temporary withdrawal.

6 Cost not ascertained.

476 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
MONTANA.

The terms of the Carey Act were first accepted by Montana by act
of March 18, 1895. The intent of this early act was very different
from the first acts passed by Wyoming and Idaho in the same year in
that it embraced the idea of reclamation and settlement of lands by
the State itself. A commission of five residents of the State, ap-
pointed by the governor, was empowered to select lands, appropriate
water, and pay the necessary expenses incurred with warrants drawn
on the State. Subsequent expenses of reclamation and colonization
were then to have been met by the proceeds from sales of land under
the projects that were constructed. Fortunately, the original appro-
priation carried by the act, $1,000, was wholly inadequate to initiate
such vast operations and nothing was accomplished. At the next
session of the legislature, in 1897, the first law was repealed and a
much more elaborate one enacted. Power was vested in a newly
created body known as the “State arid land grant commission,” and
many of the objectionable features of the 1895 law were remedied.
The theory of reclamation by the State was retained, however, and
all expenses were to be met by State warrants based upon future land
sales under projects. Again a precarious situation was prevented by
the appropriation being so small that the commission could not ac-
complish any considerable results toward actual development. On
March 8, 1905, the legislature repealed the 1897 law, abolished the
State arid land grant commission and permanently abandoned the
idea of reclamation by State. A law was enacted at that time
which embodied the main features of the laws of Wyoming and
Idaho. This law, with some minor modifications, is in effect at the
present time.

The administration of the present law is vested in the “ Carey
Land Act Board” composed of the State engineer, secretary of state,
and State examiner, none of whom receives additional compensation
for such service. The State engineer holds the most responsible posi-
tion, as no action of the board is binding without his ratification. In
addition to his duties as a member of the board, he is required to
pass upon all projects and exercise general supervision over all con-
struction.

The importance and magnitude of Carey Act development having
reached a stage where the duties of administration are more than the
several members can cope with successfully, in addition to their regu-
lar duties, it was recommended by the board and the State engineer
in their last biennial report (1909-10) that a new board be created,
whose entire time could be devoted to Carey Act work, and that the
State engineer should be relieved of active membership on the board
and should act merely in a clerical capacity as secretary. This would

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT. ATT

enable him to devote more time to field investigations and relieve
him of the responsibility of acting as a board member upon his own
recommendations as State engineer upon the various matters con-
nected with Carey Act operations.

The laws, rules, and regulations of Montana are very similar to
those of Wyoming and Idaho in matters of administration relative
to making segregations, operations of construction companies, and
procedure of the settler in securing possession of lands and water
rights under projects. Montana’s water laws are not so effective as
those of Wyoming and Idaho, where certificates of permits to appro-
priate water are required before segregations are applied for by the
State. It is therefore provided that the statement of “ water avail-
able” shall be substantiated by the presentation of the data from
which the amount of “ water available” was determined. The State
is not obligated to pay for work of subcontractors, or responsible to
settlers for failures that may occur in spite of careful supervision
exercised. The price at which the land is sold to entrymen is placed
at 50 cents to $1 per acre, the full amount payable at time of entry.
When the number of water rights sold and paid for reach a specified
percentage of the total water rights under a project (not to exceed
90 per cent in any case) the control and operation of the project is
turned over to the settlers. This percentage is variable and is fixed
by the board in each case at the time of entering the contract with
the company.

Special features of the Montana law are as follows: By paying all
costs and fees any person wishing to reclaim land under the Carey
Act may, by applying to the board, have the State engineer make a
reconnoissance or preliminary survey of the project proposed to be
developed. In this way preliminary official approval may be had of
any project without the expense of a private survey and investiga-
tions which must afterwards be gone over by the State engineer.

Cooperative reclamation projects initiated and constructed by the
settlers themselves are specifically authorized by law. Such organi-
zations shall be incorporated as “ cooperative irrigation associations,”
and each member shall subscribe to one share of stock for each 40
acres of land to be filed upon by him. It is the duty of the State
engineer to investigate the project proposed, and if found feasible
to prepare the necessary maps for securing the segregation and sub-
sequently to prepare the necessary plans and specifications and exer-
cise general supervision over their execution. No charge for this
work is made other than a filing fee of 25 cents for each acre reserved.
Procedure in the matter of settlement, cultivation, and securing of
title is the same as for other types of projects.

To expedite settlement on any project the board is authorized to
lease or otherwise permit reclaimed lands to be improved, occupied,

478 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

and cultivated for limited periods. Such temporary occupancy, how-
ever, does not prevent any other person entering such lands as pre-
scribed by law.

Builders of projects are given the right to so construct or enlarge
irrigation works as to permit the water to be used for power pur-
poses, and are granted the right to use any surplus water for develop-
ing power, the income from which belongs to the builder for all time.

The “ office and clerical expenses ” of the board are made a charge
against all projects, being apportioned at the end of each year among
the various districts and projects receiving benefit.

Development in Montana under the Carey Act has been confined
almost wholly to the period since the passage of the 1905 law. Prior
to that time the efforts of the old arid land grant commission, mis-
directed as they were, resulted in deplorable failure, and it would have
been better had such operations never been undertaken. Only three
of the thirteen successful projects initiated in the past six years are
in stages of actual development. The remaining ten are in prelim-
inary stages, and as yet no construction werk has been begun on them.
Tt is a noticeable fact that seven of the thirteen projects are to rely
upon storage reservoirs to insure an adequate water supply.

The following summary and table present figures on Carey Act
operations in Montana from their beginning to the present:

SUMMARY.

otal area -sranted sto Stale = == es eee a acres__ 1, 000, 000
Total-areaot. Secrerabionsse. oa. Sa eee don s=— 411, 326
Area of reclaimed land sold to settlers____-____~_ dows. 45, 000
‘Totaliarea of reclaimed lang=2 == eee dozs42 70, 000
Number of projects being developed___________________ 13

Carey Act projects in Montana, including segregations and applications for
segregations now pending.

List Nos. Company promoting projects. Ser ees
Acres.

Liand..7 || Billings: band! & Irrigation Co: (approved) -....2--.-0=-- << ssss--2--e- s=+ -5 sere ee 15, 378. 11
Qand*, 3il/Glass-Lindsay wand (Co: (approved) =* 22: Gos. -ptaec- oe ota aa ee Se 19, 098. 51
Sand Jd),\uGlass-bindsay wand! Co.(unapproved))i eras aeons ccc ne ceee era eae 13, 549. 32
5and 6] Great Falls Land & Irrigation Co. (approved)..............-.-----.------------- 36, 536. 42
§ |. Conrad vand:& Water Con(approved)-\..2.ssss-seeeee=-- oe = See ee ee 70, 133. 56
12'and' 14;| Conrad Wand'é& Water'Co. (unapproved) s2-- Se eet - 22 oo se a eee. 5 32, 764. 71
10 | Teton Co-Operative Reservoir Co. (unapproved).-.-..........------------------ 134, 987. 42
13) 2 TE Blacksand HH. Ray (unapproved) 2 2o-eee aes. teens - 2 eee eee BC 20, 308. 87
15 | Withee, Cargill, and Edgerton et al. (unapproved)..--.-........-.....-.--------- 5, 142. 30
16)||RAARCarnochan' et al; (unapp=sved) = 22225 7. Sa seee aes tg eee see ata eee 22, 285. 96
18 | Red Rock Reservoir & Irrigation Co. (unapproved)..........---------------- She 7, 885. 52
21+|;MaeGinnis, Hilgeret al: (imapproved). 22. -d22scese-4e-5 2 ae - oe ee essa 13, 611. 20
22) | ERs Audion) et al.1(1na p PLOVeG)) se meea-ceeeea ee eeee eee see onset altar 19, 644. 97
Totaliacreage =<. o2cas.-0s-e=see SSE Nc Re cks Soe PT Oe Secs ae faa Se 411, 326. 87

——$

1 Biennial Report, 1909-1910, Carey Act Land Board, State of Montana.

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT. 479
OREGON.

Acceptance of the terms of the Carey Act by Oregon was author-
ized by act of February 28, 1901. A loosely drawn, poorly admin-
istered law served to give Oregon a bad start with its Carey Act
development. A “State land board,” consisting of the governor,
secretary of state, and State treasurer, was charged with the adminis-
tration of the law. There was no State engineering department nor
State engineer at that time; neither was there any officer charged
with the control of the water supply of the State, so that technical
advice in matters of engineering and water supply, so absolutely
essential in the administration of the Carey Act, was not available,
even had the board desired the benefit of it. The board assumed
more the attitude of an irresponsible agent than anything else, acting
simply as an intermediary for the transaction of business between
the promoter and the Department of the Interior. The policy of the
board was to approve all projects presented to it, without thorough
investigation, in order to get them before the Department of the
Interior for inspection, the assumption being that it was the province
of the department and not of the board to pass upon the feasibility
of plans, supervise construction, and in short attend to all details.
This was at a time when the requirements of the department were
much less exacting than at present, and consequently many projects
were contracted in Oregon that never should have been undertaken,
and a number of projects that would have been successful had proper
control been exercised from the beginning were allowed to get into
straits from which they have been rescued with difficulty.

The office of State engineer was created in 1905. A ruling by the
Department of the Interior about the same time, construing that
part of the original act requiring that an ample supply of water
be actually furnished, provided that before segregations should be
made or patents issue to any State there should be submitted by
the State engineer a statement, under oath, that the water supply
and completed works were adequate for the lands reclaimed. This
combination of circumstances, aided by the appointment of a man
as State engineer who believed that the State in acting as agent for
the future settler should be—as the law intended—a responsible
agent, resulted in a most desirable change of policy on the part of
the State land board. For the first time the public, the settler, and
the company received equal consideration in all matters concerning
land reclamation. No longer were the construction companies per-
mitted to arrange matters looking to their own interests only. Each
case received close scrutiny, and every effort was put forth to see
that the intent of both the National and State acts were fully car-

480 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

ried out. Errors of the past required attention, and remedial meas-
ures were undertaken. Faulty contracts were canceled whenever
possible and modified contracts substituted in cases where it was
evident that construction already undertaken would prove a loss
to the investor who had been permitted to initiate his project with-
out sufficient investigation.

Under these changed conditions the inadequacy of the State law
became more noticeable than ever. Lack of sufficient authority con-
ferred by law, absence of an effective water code on the statute books,
and no appropriation to cover necessary expenses handicapped the
operations of the board. Efforts were put forth, therefore, to secure
more adequate legislation and a working appropriation. This re-
sulted in the passage of a modern water code and also a new Carey
Act law, the old law of 1901 being repealed. The new law, passed
February 24, 1909, embraces the desirable features of the Idaho and
Wyoming laws. The selection, management, and disposal of all
lands and the control of all reclamation was vested in the desert-land
board, which consists of the governor, secretary of state, State treas-
urer, attorney general, and State engineer. The governor and State
engineer are chairman and secretary, respectively. Administration,
regulation, and control of settlement and reclamation are much the
same as provided in Wyoming and Idaho. Peculiar conditions, how-
ever, required the introduction of some new features which are
interesting,

The old law provided for no appropriation for the State land
board, neither did it require the settler to pay anything for the land
upon which he settled, although the Carey Act specifically authorizes
the States to “sell” these lands. As the construction company also
was not required to make any payments to the State, there was no
-revenue with which to meet the expenses of the board. This condition
was remedied in the new law by requiring the company to pay to the
desert-land board $1 for each acre for which a water right has been
sold. This payment is to be made from the first installment of lien
receivec by the company from the settler. These payments are cred-
ited to the “reclamation fund,” to be used in defraying expenses
authorized by the board.

Under the new law the lien price is fixed by the board in the final
contract as the actual cost of construction plus 75 to 100 per cent
profit. The final contract is not executed until after the preparation
by the company of complete plans and specifications of the entire
project. The preliminary investigations are surveys being carried
out under a temporary contract with the State that is subsequently
replaced by the final contract.

A unique feature is the provision authorizing the board to secure
the withdrawal of land on its own behalf and to let contracts to the

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XXIl.

Fic. 1.—MAIN CANAL HEADWORKS, DESCHUTES IRRIGATION AND POWER COMPANY,
DESCHUTES, OREG.

Fia. 2.—MAIN CANAL FLUME OF DESCHUTES IRRIGATION AND POWER COMPANY IN
PROCESS OF ENLARGEMENT.

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT, 481

lowest responsible bidder for the reclamation and colonization of
those lands when withdrawn. No projects have been initiated in
this manner as yet, and the value of this feature therefore is not
known. It is sound in thecry, however, and if properly administered
might prove an advance in Carey Act legislation that could be
adopted with profit by other States.

Under the old law title to the irrigation system remained perpetu-
ally with the company, the settler paying the company a fixed sum
each year for the maintenance and delivery of the water. This fea-
ture of separate ownership of land and water was eliminated with
the passage of the new law, and now it is required that within 10
years from the date of the contract—time specified in each contract—
the control and management of the system shall be turned over to
the purchasers of water rights, the contractor retaining an interest
proportional to the amount of water unsold. To insure to the settler
the transfer of the system in good condition and repair, the con-
tractor is required to make a deposit, usually $1 per acre, when the
settler makes application for his entry, this deposit to be returned
by the board at time of transfer if the system is in good condition.
The title received by the settler from the State, when the full lien is
satisfied and final proof made, is in the form of a quitclaim deed, con-
veying only such title as the State may have in the lands conveyed.

About 20 different projects were initiated soon after the passage
of the old law in 1901. Only 2 of these have been carried to
successful completion. Nearly all of the remaining 18 failed out-
right because of the conditions already referred to. A few of the
original undertakings have been reorganized and are making head-
way, but the stigma of ineffectual State management remains upon
most of the earlier projects. For a period of five years prior to the
adoption of the new law in 1909 no new projects were initiated. This
was due in large measure to the attitude of the board in withholding
approval of projects in cases where there were uncertainties as to
water supply, there being at that time no adequate water legislation
to make possible the determination of the amount of unappropriated
water in the various streams of the State. With the concurrent pas-
sage of the new Carey Act law and the new water code in 1909, the
final obstacles to normal and healthy development were removed,
and in the past two years reclamation under the terms of the Carey
Act has been greatly stimulated. Plate XXII shows structures on
the largest Carey Act project in the State.

91866°—11——31

482 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The following summary and table present figures on Carey-Act
operations in Oregon from their inception to the present time:

SUMMARY.
Total area crantedtooS tates ae eee acres__ 1, 000, 000
Total area of segregations contracted for, applied for,

and. withdrawn, temporarily as 2. eee acres__ 593, 124
Total of segregations contracted for _____________ dol = 295.550
Total for which applications are pending before General

Wan dk! Oni ce veer ee” Mi Seeker ee se Eee acres__ 87,178
Total temporarily withdrawn from entry____--__ dol 22) > 20" 566
Minimum lien authorized in any project_-_____________ $10
Maximum lien authorized in any project______________ $60
Number of projects now being developed______________ 16

Carey Act projects in Oregon, including segrations made and

applied for and
lands temporarily withdrawn from entry.

i me Lien Annual
List Company promoting project. State of development. gated lee rene mainte-
No. alta fixed by | nance

anc aP- | board. | per acre.
plied for.
el chesPonuand COnseeaseeeeee a= ae Deprecated? 2 os aees snc 8, 793 $10. 00 $1.50
3 | Brownell Desert Reclamation As- | Deeded.....-..-...---...-.- 240) |S 2215502 See
sociation (cooperative).
4 Deschutes Reclamation & Irriga- | Segregated and partly deeded 1, 280 4.00 -50
tion Co.

6-19 | Deschutes Irrigation & Power Co..--|...-. (0 Ca ae Mies ees a hae 140,714 | Wane ei \ 1.00
20 |..... old: EUS > APB | Segregated .........2..:---- 74,198 1 3 69.00 |fe------=-
tile) Deschutes and Coss-e--e 2222 glee: of Gost hae Sat EE ee 31, 082 36. 00 -50
13 | Columbia Southern Irrigation Co...| Segregated and partly re- 27004: \ 50525555) eee eee ee

claimed.

15 | Portland Irrigation Co.............- Segrevated -<-as-c- 222 -- = acne 12,037 35. 00 .50

24 | Jordan Valley Irrigation Co.......-- Segregation appl STASTON SLL ELLE Ss Rasen

25 | Harper Valley Irrigation Co.....--- wedOseas 15, 132

27 | Eastern Oregon Irrigation Co....--- PALAU | aes

29 | Deschutes [rrigation & Power Co...- 125470) |=.

28 | Powder Valley Irrigation Co......-. 44,075 |...

290) C.-C Cotmrell, trustees se. se—e- nee = 9,120

31 | Warner Lake Irrigation Co 150, 000

32 | Oregon, Washington & Idaho Fi- 7,401

nance Co.
Total's teptse pss. ote | Se = J es 2 oe See. 8 SOS SID4 Ih. SCE. Jae

1 Report Desert Land Board, 1909-10, State of Oregon.

COLORADO.

2 Waste land.

3 Trrigable land.

Colorado accepted the terms of the Carey Act in 1895, in the same

year as Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho.

This original enactment

of 1895, like the early laws of other States, was ineffectual in pro-
moting development, and but little was accomplished. The original
law remained on the statute books for 12 years and was then super-
seded by the amendatory act of April 9, 1907, which is now in
effect. Under the terms of this act rapid development is taking
place. The general provisions of the law are practically the same

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT. 483

as those of Wyoming and Idaho, but it is not as carefully framed
nor as exhaustive as the laws of those States, and no doubt will
require future modifications and additions to make it an effective
working code.

In the 14 years subsequent to the passage of the original act
in 1895 there were only six projects initiated, and of these only two
received the approval of the Department of the Interior. Develop-
ment under the Carey Act in Colorado has therefore been confined
almost entirely to the last two years. At the present time there
are six approved projects in various stages of development, under
which the work of reclamation and settlement is being successfully
carried on. In addition to these there are 14 projects in the initial
stage, awaiting the approval of their segregations by the Depart-
ment of the Interior.

The following summary and table present figures on Carey-Act
operations in Colorado from the beginning to the present time:

SUMMARY.

Total area granted to State, not including Ute Indian

IECSEEVALLOM:. Sera teers ees Ce reese ee oie acres__ 1, 000, 000
Total area segregated, contracted, and applied for_do___~ 1, 121, 940
Area of reclaimed land sold to settlers__________ do==== 34, 000
Number of projects now being developed_______________ 20

Carey Act projects in Colorado, including segregations made and applied for.

F 4 - J Cost of
ee Company promoting project. State of development. ced ecg cree Bitte
Acres. Acres.
1 | Routt County Development Co...| Segregated and partly sold.. 39, 000 7,000 $45
6 | Colorado Land & Water Co.......]..--.- GO alate os ata ooeeneeiiees 16, 000 6, 000 45
7 | Two Buttes Irrigation & Reser- |..-... GOSSSe eee eee etree 22,000 20, 000 35
voir Co.
LO; PRaltes Canali Cosss - 235.55. 9e ess aes GO: 32 ere, ofa seess. es 16, 000 1,000 45
Ii) Valley. Investment Co. .---.:..-- SeRrePated ia -ecma casas seese ss 2A OOO 2 a =. e) ys 2-||b a tectetae
15 | Great Northern Irrigation « |..... GOs... Soe Seep es Ss 185000)-|5- 2235 Sc calee = eee
Power Co.
8 | Pawnee Irrigated Land Co....... Segregation applied for... .-- 6,500
9 | South Palisades Fruit, Land «& |...-. GOR aaascae oes eee ee 13,000
Water Co.
12 | Williams High Line Canal Co ee NO Mate, ot fe Sere ars tars ere 30, 000
16 | White River Project... - : : Eis 285,000 |.
18 | San Miguel Canal Co... 75, 000

19 | Browns Park Water Co 25,000 |.
22 | Huerfano Valley Co... 40,000 |.
23 | N. Montgomery... 26,000 |.
25 | Colt project....-- 40,000 |.
26 | Stark Hagadorn.....-..... 28,000 |.
27 | Happy Home Reservoir Co 44,000 |.
28 | Blue Mountain Irrigation C ..do. ee 177,320 |.
30 | White River project.....-.-. --d0-7 So 196, 000

31: | oskWie Hughes "232285 652.255. : 1,120 |-

1,121, 940

484 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
NEVADA.

The law under which the Carey Act operations are conducted in
Nevada at present was passed March 23, 1909. This law requires the
State land register to examine all lists and proposals and “ ascertain
if they comply with the regulations of the Department of the In-
terior and rules of the State land office.” If so, they are submitted
to the State engineer, who is required to report on the feasibility of
the project as a whole, the adequacy of the proposed water supply,
the “reasonableness” of the proposed cost of construction, and the
character of the land to be reclaimed. If such report can not be made
from the data presented by the investor, the State engineer is author-
ized to make the necessary investigations in the field. Upon receiv-
ing a favorable report from the State engineer the State land register
is required to request the selection on behalf of the State of the lands
applied for. It is the policy of the State engineer, under the pro-
visions of the act of Congress of March 15, 1910, permitting tempo-
rary withdrawals for one year pending surveys and investigations,
to recommend all applications for withdrawal where a cursory ex-
amination reveals the probability of there being a sufficient water sup-
ply available. Before recommending segregation at the end of the
period of temporary withdrawal, however, the State engineer re-
quires that under his direction the applicant shall make such neces-
sary surveys and investigations as are necessary for the making of
definite recommendations. The law is most meager in essential de-
tails, and provides only in a general way for the administration of the
provisions of the national act. The entire responsibility of preserv-
ing the welfare of the public, the settler, and the investor is placed
upon the State engineer alone, and is a burden too great for one man,
especially when such burden is in addition to the regular duties of
his office. In this essential at least the Nevada law needs early modi-
fication. Other States have found that carefully drawn legislation
and effective administration are important factors in promoting
Carey Act development and insuring its success. Nevada should
profit by this experience and pass the legislation needed to insure
steady and permanent development of its desert lands.

The value of the Carey Act in promoting the development of desert
lands has not yet been fully realized by Nevada. No active recla-
mation or settlement has as yet taken place, and such projects as have
been initiated are only in their preliminary stages. The first lists
submitted for approval by the State were all rejected by the Depart-
ment of the Interior on the ground that the segregations applied for,
consisting of only 160 to 360 acres, were too small to bring them
within the intent of the act, it being held that the entry of such

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT. 485

small tracts came properly under either the Homestead Act or the
Desert-land Act.

The first application for segregation in Nevada—List No. 9, that
was approved—was approved by the Department of the Interior May
28, 1910. Since that time much activity has been displayed. One
other segregation has been secured and construction work commenced.
The remaining projects are in their preliminary stages.

An interesting problem has arisen in connection with the applica-
tion for five projects to be irrigated from artesian sources. ‘These
projects were reported favorably by the State engineer, and the State
land register applied for their segregation. The General Land Office
held all these for rejection, the specific reason for such action being
as follows:

The object of the Carey Act is not to interfere with the existing laws of the
United States affecting the disposal of land to individuals.

The obvious intent of the Carey Act was to segregate to the States large
tracts of desert lands which could not, because of the magnitude of the under-
taking, be successfully irrigated by individual effort. Nor would it seem to be
good administrative policy to allow the Carey Act to encroach upon the province
of the Homestead and Desert-land acts.

The Government would thus lose the payment required by the latter act, and
the entryman would not be required to make the expenditure and cultivation
required by the Desert-land Act.

Nowhere does it appear from the record that the reclamation of these tracts
could not be effected through desert-land or homestead entry.

The State engineer submits a plan showing the wells in the vicinity; from
this it appears that flowing wells are struck at a mean depth of about 200 feet;
the best well is at a depth of 325 feet.

Upon the face of the record, it would seem that the water was within the
reach of the ordinary farmer and that the land could be reclaimed much more
expeditiously under the Homestead or Desert-land acts.

In practicai effect, reclamation without recourse to the Carey Act would be
more profitable, both to the Government and to the ultimate purchasers; the
Government would secure the payment of $1.25 an acre, while the purchaser
would be spared the promoter’s profit.

The State took an appeal from this decision of the General Land
Office, and final action is still pending.

The following summary and table presents figures on Carey-Act
operations in Nevada from their beginning to the present time:

SUMMARY,

Motalearea oramued tO State =. ee ee acres__ 1. 000, 000
Total segregations, contracted, applied for, and tempo-
eT lilivgy Wy ble) wilt ee ee ee ee aerese= b1%38;215

Number of projects awaiting development_____________ ils?

486 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Carey Act projects in Nevada, including segregations made, applied for, and
projects for which land has been temporarily withdrawn.

ee Company promoting project. Stage of development. eee Source of water supply.
Acres.
9 | Pacific Reclamation Co.........- Segregated... 225-232-022 10,246 | Natural streams.
10 | Las Vegas Irrigated Fruit Lands | Held for rejection by Gen- | 8,857 | Artesian wells.
Co. eral Land Office. Now on
approval.
11 | Las Vegas Farming Lands Co...}...-. COs See ee eee 7,523 Do.
12)|\Charles|S< Wilkes 2050 - oe eee Seepe 0: ee Sere Sr ee ie AOL Do.
13 | Las Vegas Irrigated Lands Co... -.--. Ao Stee eS 6,800 — Do.
14 | Amargosa Land & Irrigation Co.| Segregated...........----... 17,705 Arteee wells and sur-
| ace flow.
15-16 | Vegas Valley Land Co.........- Held for rejection by Gen- 6,717 | Artesian wells.
| eral Land Office. Now on
approval.
17 | Pahrump Valley Land & Water | Temporary withdrawal... .. | 13, 440 Do.
Go.
18 | E. C. McClellan & W. T. Smith.|...-.. dos Ba: 5 ee eee bp | 27,978 | Natural stream,
19 | Ellison Ranching Co......-- Be ee 0 (ores Sha ee Reels | 50,184 | Do.
20'/ De Watt, Ga Durner:-6.) 2. 225222 Recommended for tempo-| 6,280 | Do.
rary withdrawal. |
21 | Loveland Land & Development |..... Cones eee se ess | 10,175 Do.
Co., and Humboldt-Lovelock |
Irrigation, Light & Power Co. |
(Inc.).
22, \ Western Development Co. -.--.- =|-2-<=.2=2232-s<><- Seo ee nee | 4,956 Do.
Dotals 232° wa ba yaaesoos ae | i Sae oo ae ee | 173,215

1 Biennial Report of State Engineer, 1909-10, State of Nevada.

THE VALUE OF THE CAREY ACT.

Most of the national land laws, designed as they were originally
to promote the development of land in the humid and semihumid
sections of the United States, were of little value in encouraging de-
velopment in the Western States where arid conditions existed. The
entryman in the Mississippi Valley, by his unaided efforts, could
develop his land and cause it to produce abundant crops. The effort
of the entryman in the arid region to make a living and carry out
the intent of the law governing his entry was bound to be a failure,
however, unless he was fortunate enough to secure a tract of land
along some stream where water for irrigation was easily made avail-
able, for without water the land was absolutely unproductive, and
an area ten times that permitted under the land laws would not pro-
vide even a bare existence. The natural result of this condition was
that the easily developed land lying in narrow strips along the natu-
ral streams was taken up under the homestead and other laws, and
when this land was all occupied further settlement ceased. The ex-
isting land laws proved entirely unfitted for conditions in the arid
region, and therefore the next step was the passage of the desert
land act in 1877 (19 Stat., 377), which permitted the acquiring of
not to exceed 640 acres of land by actually irrigating it and paying
the Government $1.25 per acre. This law was amended in 1891. (26
Stat., 1095.) Under the amended law the maximum area that can
be acquired by one person is 320 acres; it is required that $1 per acre

IRRIGATION UNDER THE CAREY ACT. 487

be spent during each of the first three years in reclaiming the land,
and that $1.25 per acre be paid the Government, 25 cents being due
at time of filing and the other $1 at the time of final proof, which
may be any time between the end of the third and the fifth years.
These laws served to bring about the development of the remaining
land along streams that could be reclaimed easily, and there their
usefulness ended. Their provisions, when put to the test, availed
nothing in the way of developing the broad expanse of fertile land
lying back from streams, and resulted in little more than extensive
“wild catting” and disastrous land and water speculations. The
passage of the Carey Act and its amendments marked the real be-
ginning of substantial settlement and reclamation of the vacant Goy-
ernment lands of the West, and the vital principles controlling sound
and progressive arid-land development were for the first time incor-
porated in national land legislation.

The most important feature of the act is its recognition of neces-
sity of common control and ownership of land and water. This
through wise legislation and administration on the part of the
States, eliminates all forms of land speculation and the evils arising
therefrom, and makes the owners of the land the ultimate owners of
the canal system.

Another feature which indirectly has worked much good is the
requirement that there be an adequate water supply for the lands to
be reclaimed. This feature was not enforced as it should have been
in the early years of Carey Act operations, owing to the lack of
definite data regarding water supply. Some complications arose
from this condition of affairs, but these are being remedied. The
States that had adequate water codes, notably Wyoming and Idaho,
experienced no such difficulty, and these States, it will be noticed,
have made the greatest advances. The later enforcing of this pro-
vision regarding water supply has had the effect, as in Oregon, of
securing enlightened water legislation, which has not only stimulated
Carey Act development, but has vastly benefited the State as a whole
in numerous other ways.

State supervision in the matter of securing segregations, prosecu-
tion of construction, and in the settlement and cultivation of the land
not only favors the investor and the settler, but promotes the public
interest as well. Under proper administration none but successful
projects can be undertaken. This secures the investor, whose money
is expended in the construction of the project. He knows what it
will cost to build the system and also what he will receive for water
rights when the system is completed, and he knows that the State
will require the settler to make all of his payments promptly and in
full. The settler secures land cheap, and purchases his water right
at moderate rates on long-time contracts. His water supply is

488 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

assured and he becomes eventually a part owner of the irrigation
system. The public interest is promoted by the development of vast
areas of unproductive land that add greatly to the wealth and pros-
perity of the State as a whole.

The Carey Act has proven a most powerful factor in the upbuild-
ing of the West despite the fact that the original act of 1894 was in-
adequately drawn and required subsequent amendments to make it
effective and that as a result early State legislation was likewise de-
fective. It has been directly responsible for the initiation of 167 irri-
gation projects. These projects are in various stages of development,
some of them have only temporary withdrawals of lands, many are
only barely begun, while some are completed and others are nearly
completed. Under these projects land actually reclaimed has been
entered by settlers to the extent of practically 1,000,000 acres. The
following table shows the development in the West under the pro-
visions of the Carey Act:

Development accomplished in the West under the provisions of the Carey Act.

|
Additional Area
No Area Area segre-
Stat of | granted by | gated and | area ter | entered by,
SUSE proj-| United |segregations ahd cle isp
ects.| States. | pending. | Wier ee
from entry.| developed.
Acres. Acres Acres Acres.
TCE SS a oe CREO Ener Ara aad apeanors Sacer 42 3, 000, 000 2,650, Goatees == sai 713,890
Wihyommine says 5 2 55a2 dese oe Se tease saat 63 | 2,000,000 | 1,380,402 9, 663 130, 004
ROTEL OW rae heen soe ecotciatec ais seienes wees mee 16 | 1,000,000 382, 528 210, 596 54, 000
Wrong 3325. 22822. 00 ' 2 eee eee 13 1,000, 000 AN S264|baae- 2a eo 45,000
OlOTAC Os See Ss Seed crepe te eee oe eetiss clr 20: | 2:1,.000;000 | 1,121,940 |.----=.-2 = - 34,000
ING a aes Rg eet See eee eee sk eee 13 1,090, 000 60, 252 LiL) 963%|5S-peemeeee
INOW, MOxICOS so eet car neos epee ernie osc use era ee 1,000, 000 16; 000) $425.22. 35. oe | Sees
ROLAN sR ea tos soe eee oe pee eae 167 | 10,000,000 6,003, 281 333, 222 976, 894

1 Exclusive of Ute Indian Reservation.

This is a most striking demonstration of the value of the Carey Act

as a factor in promoting the upbuilding of the West. That its value
will continue to become more and more manifest goes without say-
ing, for with the gradual improvement in State legislation and State
administration in those States where development is only beginning,
results similar to those already accomplished in Idaho and Wyoming
will inevitably follow.

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS OF DRAINING IRRIGATED
. LANDS.

By C. G. Exxriottr, Chief of Drainage Investigations,
INTRODUCTION.

The necessity of draining irrigated lands in the arid sections has
become apparent to those who have been intimately associated with
their reclamation and subsequent management. The subject has a
peculiar significance to the owners of lands which have succumbed to
the inroads of seepage, as excessive moisture is usually called, many
acres of which have been abandoned by the owners and are no longer
classed as productive property. The fact that large areas of excel-
lent farming and high-priced fruit land have been ruined or seriously
injured in each of the States where irrigation is practiced furnishes a
sufficient reason for making a careful examination of the methods
which have been developed through the efforts of engineers and
experts of this office for preventing the extension of such injury in
localities where evidences of it appear and of restoring such lands to
a productive condition. (Pl. XXIII, fig. 1.) One of the serious and
distressing features associated with seeped irrigated land is that a
highly productive and prosperous ranch may often be found adjoin-
ing another which has been seriously injured or wholly ruined by
seepage, both having been reclaimed at the same cost and which were
originally equal in productive value. The oft-repeated statement
that the condition of the latter is due to careless or unskillful man-
agement on the part of the owner is not usually sustained by the
facts in the case. The seepage of land is more often due to natural
_conditions which exist beneath the surface, the effect of which can
not be anticipated, than to any indications which are visible at the
time the land is first watered. Hence the keen disappointment which
the owner feels when seepage and, in some cases, alkali attacks por-
tions of his ranch, and it is not surprising that he casts about for
some remedy or possibly abandons the field to salt-grass pasture,
alkali bog, or, in the later stages of saturation, to the tule swamp.
The hardship which such conditions work upon the less fortunate
owner is easy to see, and suggests the thought that there is a certain
community of interest among owners of irrigated farms which should

489

490 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

not be disregarded when it is found necessary to undertake drainage
operations.

A clear account of methods of draining which are applicable to
such cases really involves a description of the surface and particularly
the physical features of irrigated tracts in widely separated localities
where special methods of draining have been employed, not omitting
the difficulties which present themselves when such reclamation is
attempted.

To those who are accustomed to draining lands in the humid sec-
tions the arid soils present some striking differences in structure and
in the manner in which they become wet, as well as in the effect which
continued saturation produces on vegetation. Arid soils are usually
a mass somewhat uniform in character and without subsoil, as we
understand the term in humid sections. With the exception of the
adobe class they contain but little clay, but are made up of disinte-
grated rocks, or in some localities of voleanic ash, sometimes inter-
spersed with gravel, which changes their density and physical condi-
tion. They are not laminated or stratified, as are those in the rainfall
regions, so we often find them fairly uniform in structure and fer-
tile to considerable depths. The presence of hardpan interspersed
at irregular intervals in some localities breaks up this homogeneous
character, and, where found, is an important modifying factor in both
irrigating and draining. While these are the general characteristics
which distinguish them from soils in the rainfall belt, there are any
number of differences peculiar to arid soils which give nearly as
great a variety of conditions as we find in the humid areas.

CAUSES WHICH PRODUCE SEEPAGE.

The cause of seeped or oversaturated land is the waste from irri-
gation and leakage from canals and laterals. The skillful irrigator
may insist that if no more water is applied than is needed for grow-
ing and maturing the crops, and that if the canals are so constructed
that no substantial amount of water escapes into the earth, no land
will become too wet for farming purposes. It is true that in many
instances irrigators have been unduly prodigal in the use of water,
particularly when the land is first subdued and watered. The art of
economical irrigation is usually learned only when scarcity of water
compels its less lavish use. In any event, under methods that we may
expect will prevail, some waste of water will occur under the best of
management, making draining in many places essential to profitable
iarming. For these reasons an account of drainage conditions in dif-
ferent localities and the methods of treating them, together with the
results which have followed various drainage operations, will be of
interest to the holders of irrigated farm lands.

METHODS OF DRAINING IRRIGATED LANDS. 491

Tt should be observed as a general truth that water which produces
permanent saturation rises from the bottom of the saturated portion
toward the surface. Waste from irrigation first passes downward
until a hard stratum of earth is reached. This may be only a few
feet, in which case the additions which accrue from the irrigation
of a few years will bring the permanent ground water level to within
2 or 3 feet of the surface, at which time injury to farm crops will
ensue. The distance to a horizon of hard-material may be much
greater and the intervening ground may permit free percolation, in
which case a much longer time will be required to fill the soil, be-
cause of the larger reservoir capacity and the relief afforded by
underdrainage. It is not the downward movement of water alone
which occasions boggy or wet areas, but the lateral movement of
ground water down a slope until a flat tract or surface depression
checks the flow and causes an accumulation of water, which is made
known by its appearance, not, however, until the lower parts of the
soil have been filled. Such depressions or level areas receive the
accumulated waste water proceeding from adjoining lands, which
occupy a higher level. It will be seen that the saturated condition
of the land which shows injury is not due to the water which is
applied directly to irrigate it, but to the surplus which percolates
from the higher lands, sometimes through considerable distances,
until it reaches the lower flat or depression.

Drainage has been carried on in the West to such an extent that
certain methods are now practiced with reasonable assurance of suc-
cess. Reference to some of these will indicate the variety of pro-
cedure which is now followed, as well as the constructive difficulties
which attend this class of improvements. The development along
this line which has taken place during the last five years is most
encouraging to holders of seeped land.

METHODS OF DRAINING IN THE BEAR RIVER VALLEY, UTAH.

The Bear River Valley in Boxelder County, Utah, is well irri-
gated and fertile and is occupied by careful farmers who grow sugar
beets for the large factory located at Garland, as well as grains and
alfalfa, all of which are profitable crops. The soil is a dark loam
with a subsoil containing more clay than is usually found in the arid
sections. Since 1906 the rise of soil water in many of the fields has
been preceded by the appearance of alkali on the surface, which has
killed vegetation. So serious did this condition become that some
farmers were considering the abandonment of their lands. The suc-
cessful drainage of a 40-acre field under the direction of this depart-
ment showed the practicability of preventing the extension of the
evil and of restoring the lands to productivity by draining. The

492 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

stable condition of the soil, so strikingly and favorably different from
the larger part of seeped irrigated soils, makes the process compara-
tively simple. It is, in fact, an ideal locality for using drain tile,
because a firm bed upon which to place them can be secured, and the
earth is sufliciently dense to prevent troublesome washing of the
soil into the drains when the fields are irrigated.

It is found here as elsewhere that the location and the depth of
drains are two essentials which must be observed in draining. As
previously mentioned, alkali and seepage appear upon levels at the
foot of slopes or where natural percolation is checked by a reef in the
soil. A survey of the subsoil by means of borings is more essential
as a preliminary to the construction of drains than is a surface survey.
The ground water coming from the lower depths, and being under a
pressure or head which tends to force it to the surface, similar to the
conditions which produce artesian wells, presents a condition which
requires the drains to be placed where the water enters the land, as
nearly as possible, thus cutting off the source of the saturation. The
ditches for that reason must be deep, 5 feet or more being found
necessary for the most effective work. A few lines of tile drains, if
properly located and constructed, will frequently effectually dry a
large field, whereas, if improperly located and laid at a shallow depth,
any number of lines will produce little benefit. Since the time when
the practicability of draining the lands in this valley was shown, a
drain-tile factory has been established about 5 miles from Tremonton,
where a fairly good clay for this purpose is found. This factory is
operated by the Acme Clay Co., which is made up of enterprising
farmers, such a factory being found necessary because of the lack of
drain tile within a convenient shipping distance. The factory (PI.
XXIII, fig. 2) consists of a steam tile mill, one kiln, and some drying
sheds. Clay is taken direct from the bank in cars which are drawn
up an incline to a dumping platform, where the clay is shoveled by
hand labor into the mill which molds the tiles. The freshly molded
tiles are dried in the sheds which adjoin the mill and are then placed
in the kiln and burned. The ware which is produced is red in color
and hard, the latter quality being essential to a permanent drain in
alkaline water-logged soils.

Hand labor is being displaced by steam trenching machines (PI.
XXIV, fig. 1), which work admirably in those soils. They excavate
the trench to the full depth required at one passage, delivering the
earth on one side convenient for back filling. A grading device per-
mits the operator to control the machine and make the bottom of the
ditch conform to the grade which has been previously established by
a survey, without which precaution the construction of drains should
not be attempted. These lands are more easily drained than are
those in many other localities, and, furthermore, the salts which

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XXIII.

Fic. 1.—EFFECT OF SEEPAGE AND ALKALI UPON A BEARING ORCHARD IN THE YAKIMA
VALLEY, WASH.

Fic. 2.—COUNTRY DRAIN-TILE FACTORY IN THE BEAR RIVER VALLEY, UTAH

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XXIV.

Fi@. 1.—TRENCHING FOR TILE DRAINS BY STEAM Power, Box ELDER COUNTY, UTAH.

Fia. 2.—DIFFICULTIES OF CONSTRUCTING DRAINS BY HAND LABOR, MONTROSE, COLO.

METHODS OF DRAINING IRRIGATED LANDS. 493

destroy the crop as seepage appears are largeiy sodium chlorid, or
common salt, and disappear quite quickly without special treatment
after the fields have been drained. The successful introduction of
drainage. in Boxelder County has relieved the farmers of a menace
which threatened the prosperity of the entire region. Since drain
tile can be manufactured in the locality and trenching can be done by
steam power, the serious obstacle which stood between the farmers
and permanent prosperity has been removed.

PROGRESS AND DIFFICULTIES IN WESTERN COLORADO.

The difficulties to be met in draining lands in the Uncompahgre
and Grand River Valleys in western Colorado are quite different and
more serious. The land is of a shale formation, which when wet
becomes exceedingly soft, sometimes to a depth of 10 or 15 feet. The
cultivated areas are frequently bordered on one or more sides by lands
in which the shale is partially disintegrated and which convey the
water from the higher irrigated land, or possibly from irrigating
ditches, into the “soil blanket,” where it fills up the land so com-
pletely as to make a permanent bog. As a preliminary to draining
such land soundings or borings are made to locate the position of
the shale through which the water reaches the bog. Not infrequently
it is entirely impracticable to place a drain through the wet part of |
the field because of its extremely soft and unstable condition. At
least a part of the water must be intercepted and prevented from
entering the field before complete drainage can be effected. This is
accomplished by placing a drain on the edge of the wet tract in such
a way as to penetrate the shale which delivers the water. When
such a drain is constructed small streams of water which pour
through the crevices of the shale, usually quite strongly impregnated
with alkali, will be encountered. Where shale is found it furnishes a
firm bed for the drain. Where, however, it is not found within the
limits of the depth at which the drain is placed, it is frequently neces-
sary to use a board or prepared frame in the bottom of the trench
upon which to lay the pipes, and in addition to this to use gravel to
prevent the wet material, which has almost the consistency of water,
from entering and filling the drains. After the border drain has
operated for a time, by diverting the water from the field, another
drain may be laid through the lowest and wettest part of the field,
the latter being usually necessary to take care of the surplus water,
which is later applied in irrigating. In many instances the inter-
cepting drain will effectually dry the land, but the lower soil having
been completely filled with water by the process before described,
some permanent drains must be provided to take the waste which
will accrue from subsequent irrigation.

A94 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. .

The difficulties of construction are often serious and perplexing
(Pl. XXIV, fig. 2). The sides of the trench must often be sheathed
closely to prevent the earth from caving and filling the trench before
the tiles or wooden boxes, which are also used, can be placed in po-
sition. ‘

COLLECTING PITS AND SAND TRAPS.

Sometimes it is not practicable to place the tile deep enough to
collect the water which presses up from below, in which case pits
are excavated 4 feet or more deep directly beneath the drain and
are filled with gravel before the tiles are laid (fig. 6). These collect
the water which rises and passes off through the drain and are
found to be a valuable supplement to the ordinary tile or box drain.

Where a steam-trenching machine is used some device for sustain-
ing the unstable earth until the tile can be laid must be employed
(Pl. XXYV, fig. 1). An outfit of broad-faced wheels, or in some
cases a caterpillar type of truck, must be used to sustain the ma-

iki i mi i fl 7 ‘a nl ! iis Nai mM vil ant i ii Gre
list il ee a a hi i ev ni ae
ee ase

sith ah st A HAT wal S
1

i mu

A}

be eoreces = a
le = eee
>} : Dee VG, 7K A]

N EU oA yyy . 2. ANE
ee slat ee oe

peg

(=
Profile Section End Section

Fic. 6.—Collecting pits in connection with tile drains as used in Montrose County, Colo,

chine as it passes over the soft ground. It has also been found
necessary in some localities to attach shields to the excavating wheel
and a shield for the shoe to hold the trench open until the tile can be
placed in position. This improvement is used at Montrose, Colo.,
and at Roswell, N. Mex. It is needless to say that draining under
such difficulties is at best expensive, yet when we remember that
one or two well-located and constructed drains will often dry an
entire field of considerable size, the cost per acre is quite reasonable.

Sand traps or silt wells are a necessary adjunct to nearly all lines
of tile drains, and should be placed at junctions with other lines and
at convenient points along each drain. Their office is to cause the
sand which is carried by the drain to deposit itself in the well, from
which it can be removed when necessary. They are box wells, 3 by 3
feet in section, extending from a point 2 feet below the drains to the
surface of the ground. The drains discharge into the well, dropping
the sand which was held in suspension, the water passing out through
the drain on the opposite side.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XXV.

Fic. 1.—STEAM TRENCHING MACHINE EQUIPPED FOR SOFT LAND, ROSWELL, N. MEx.

Fic. 2.—DITCHING WITH A STEAM LAND DREDGE, MOXEE VALLEY, WASH.

METHODS OF DRAINING IRRIGATED LANDS. 495

SPECIAL RELIEF WELLS AND DISCHARGE DRAINS.

Reference has been made to the utility of “relief wells,” as they
are commonly called, for reaching and removing water which lies
deeper than it is practicable to construct drains. This system is
employed with most gratifying effectiveness where a gravelly soil
disappears beneath a blanket of loam. The gravel permits a rela-
tively free flow of waste water into the loam soil lying upon a lower
level, where it remains to fill up the soil and produce a boggy condi-
tion. Relief-well drainage consists in sinking wells of greater or
less diameter into the water-bearing gravel, which is found on the

or ge Boe

*/ Foot vertical difference betweeh
these contours

of depron, OTM me DHF aCE

PROFILE OF DRAIN ‘A-A”

Fic. 7.—Plan and profile showing relief drainage wells as used in Otero County, Colo.

outer edge of the loam area at points where the gravel ceases or
dips under the blanket of loam. Large tile drains are then laid at
a convenient depth to connect the wells with a watercourse or large
ditch. This plan of drainage has been used by Mr. Albert R.
Beymer on the lands of the American Sugar Beet Co., in Otero
County, Colo., with remarkable success wherever gravel can be
located. The method was first recommended in 1902 by the writer,
and has been found successful in other localities wherever the condi-
tions are favorable. Figure 7 represents the conditions under which

496 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

the plan operates successfully. The wells are usually not less than
9 feet deep and 3 by 4 feet in section, commonly curbed by plank, and
the outlet drains are laid about 4 feet deep, in the manner shown in
the figure. Three or four wells with their respective outlets will
sometimes drain 100 acres in localities where any number of tile
drains laid through the wet land in the ordinary way would prove
ineffective.
STEAM LAND DREDGES.

The methods so far described are those which pertain to drying
the field. Covered drains are always preferable except where the
volume of water becomes so great that they can not be used on account
of the cost. Open ditches must then be constructed where outlets
for large areas are required. The construction of such ditches
through land which has become seeped and soft is often attended with
considerable difficulty, as well as is their maintenance after construc-
tion. The steam land dredge is employed, as other means for exca-
vating the ditches have been found impracticable where the ground
has become saturated to a considerable depth. The difficulty of
excavating such ditches emphasizes the wisdom of constructing the
necessary drains as soon as the need of them appears. <A drag-line
bucket dredge which moves ahead of the excavated ditch is well
adapted to the work. (PI XXYV, fig.2.) The platform upon which
the machine is mounted is moved on rollers or on skids ahead of the
ditch as it is excavated. Ditches about 8 feet deep, and located so
that all drains within the area to be restored can be discharged into
them, are a necessary part of the reclamation of any large area of
seeped lands. (Pl. X XVI.)

MAINTENANCE.

Constant attention will be required to maintain open ditches in
proper condition. They are subject to obstruction by the accumula-
tion of Russian thistles and other weeds which the wind carries into
them, and to filling by soil which is washed from the adjoining lands
by waste water, when the fields are irrigated. Covered drains must
also receive attention in soils which do not become compact and firm
over the drain, for the reason that whenever the land is irrigated
water will quickly find its way into the drain, carrying with it an
amount of soil which will soon fill and obstruct it. This inconvenience
and risk disappears as the earth with which the trench is filled be-
comes compacted, which condition is hastened if special care is taken
in packing the earth at the time the trench is filled. Attention to the
many details of construction and maintenance which can not be
enumerated here are required in draining irrigated fields.

PLATE XXVI.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910.

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VWIXVA SHL NI 39034¥q WV3SLS V HLIM 30VIJ HOLIG JDVNIVYGQ Y—

} “Sls

METHODS OF DRAINING IRRIGATED LANDS. 497

CEMENT DRAIN TILE.

No little discussion has arisen concerning the utility of cement tile
for draining seeped lands, especially those which are strongly charged
with alkali. The scarcity of well-burned clay tile, as well as of good
clay for manufacturing them, in regions where they are most needed,
makes it desirable to use cement if it is possible to do so. The experi-
ments made in 1909 by R. A. Hart, drainage engineer of this office,
published in the Transactions of the American Society of Engineers,*
indicate that the presence of salts such as are found in soils hastens
the setting of the cement and increases its tensile strength on a
30-day test. Exposure for 28 days in solutions of different kinds of
alkal appears to point to the fact that the sulphates attack and
destroy the solidity of the sample, while the chlorids and carbonates
do not. The evidence furnished by tiles which have been in opera-
tion is conflicting, some having remained intact for 10 years and
still manifest no sign of disintegration, while others apparently as
well made have failed within a year. Those who have experience
in the use of this material maintain that if tiles are molded from a
mixture of one part good cement and three parts of the aggregate
used in a wet state, they will resist injury by alkali. The varieties
of alkaline salts which are found in seeped lands is so great, and their
possible combinations are so numerous, that the use of cement tile
for draining such lands is attended with considerable risk. Ex-
perience so far suggests that the pipes should be made dense and
practically nonabsorptive if they are to be safely used in water which
contains a considerable amount of alkaline salts from the soil. Even
clay tiles which are soft or poorly burned should be discarded on the
score of probable disintegration if they absorb water freely. What
are known as “seconds” at sewer-pipe factories are excellent for
draining and are quite commonly employed where tiles of large size
are needed.

WOODEN BOX DRAINS.

The subject of material which is used for drains should not be
passed without reference to wooden boxes, which, of necessity, are
employed in many localities because more lasting material can not
be obtained at a reasonable cost. They serve an excellent purpose
while they last and have been exceedingly useful in experimental
drainage where the doubtful results of the experiment did not seem
to warrant the use of more expensive material. They are made in
rectangular form, with or without bottoms, according to the ground
in which they are to be used. If the bed upon which they are to be
Jaid is hard clay or gravel, no bottoms are needed unless the fall of

1Trans. Amer. Soc. Civ. Engin., vol. 67, p. 587.
32

91866°—11

498 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

tne drains is considerable. Generally it is necessary to provide bot-
toms to prevent them from becoming choked with sand or mud. The
boards forming the bottoms are separated from the sides by pieces
of one-half inch lath, which makes an opening for the entrance of
water on each side of the box. All other parts of the box are made
tight. So soft is the ground in many cases that it becomes necessary
to surround the box with gravel to prevent the entrance of mud
through the openings in the boxes, small though they may be. The
boxes are made in lengths convenient for use, and vary from 8 feet to
16 feet. Their use should not be discouraged except where the more
lasting drain tiles can be obtained at reasonable cost. Lumber is
not durable except where it is constantly saturated. This condition
exists where some drains are used, but not in others, so that it is wise
to secure hard-burned drain tile for this work wherever it is pos-
sible to do so. The larger sizes only are required in this kind of
work, which fact adds largely to the cost of the drain if the tiles are
shipped from a distance, and often induces the drainer to use pipes
that are too small.

COOPERATIVE DRAINAGE.

The successful drainage of the field and ranch has developed the
necessity of more extended work to secure outlets which are adequate
to receive the water from the several farms. Irrigated land has few,
if any, watercourses, so that drainage water must be delivered
through artificial ditches, usually to the same stream from which the
water was originally diverted. The construction of such outlet
drains requires the cooperation of the owners of land which is to be
benefited. This is secured under the provisions of the State drainage
laws, which permit owners of land to form a corporate district and
distribute the cost of the work among the several owners in propor-
tion to the benefit each will receive. The assessments so apportioned ©
are collected as taxes and the proceeds applied to pay for the cost of
such work as has been agreed upon. Each landowner within the
district then has a right to use the outlets and participate in all of
the benefits which will accrue from the work.

It is quite often the case that little or no field drainage can be
successfully done until outlets have been made. Districts of this
character containing 10,000 acres or more have been inaugurated in
the States of Washington, Utah, and Colorado, but none has as yet
been completed. This feature of drainage, which has but recently
been forced upon the people in certain sections, is new and brings
up some troublesome questions concerning the location of such drains
as will prove of common utility, and also concerning the equitable

METHODS OF DRAINING IRRIGATED LANDS. 499

assessment of their cost upon the several tracts of land for which
they provide drainage.

There are at least 800,000 acres of irrigated land which now require
draining in order to make them profitably productive, the larger part.
of which will require the construction of outlet drains in which more
or less cooperation of property owners will be required. After the
land which is drained has become fairly free from alkali, with which
it is often highly charged, the water flowing from the main drains
becomes highly valuable for irrigating. Such water then becomes
an asset, since it may be used to irrigate lands occupying a lower
level. These questions have not yet been adjusted satisfactorily in
connection with drainage projects. In fact, they are only broached
when the necessity for public drainage districts requires their con-
sideration. It is quite certain that drainage districts must soon be
as much a feature of irrigated farming as they now are of agriculture
in the humid sections.

BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF DRAINING ON ALKALI LAND.

One of the effects of over saturation in many localities is the accu-
mulation of harmful salts, commonly called alkali, in the soil. Their
appearance, which is manifested by the failure of crops, is frequently
the first intimation the farmer has that his land has become too wet.
Effective drainage removes the cause of the accumulation, yet spe-
cial treatment is frequently required to remove the excess of alkali
sufficiently for growing crops. Copious irrigation, followed by
thorough and deep cultivation and the growing of alkali-resistant
crops for a season or two, quite commonly restores the land to its
former productive condition. Some fields, however, are so fully
charged with salts, due to seepage and to neglect in the use of pre-
ventive measures, that a longer treatment by various methods of
flooding, in connection with the relief that is furnished by drainage,
is required. Complete drainage, however, is the first essential in
such reclamation, but should be followed by liberal irrigation until
the alkali has been removed sufficiently to permit the soil to grow a
crop, after which the quantity of water may be adjusted to the actual
needs of the crops which are to be grown. No fact has been more
thoroughly developed or forcibly emphasized by drainage experi-
‘ments and ordinary field practice than the value of timely attention
to this subject as a preventive of seeped and boggy fields.

PUMPING DRAINAGE WATER FROM SUMPS INTO IRRIGATION
DITCHES.

This method of disposing of drainage water has been found prac-
ticable in the Fresno district of California. That great irrigated
plain is not traversed by streams which can be conveniently utilized

500 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

as drainage outlets. The plan of discharging tile drains into sumps
about 10 feet deep, located at a convenient supply lateral or canal,
and establishing a small pumping plant at each to lift the water
into irrigating canals was proposed by the writer in 1903, and is
described in circulars Nos. 50 and 57, and further in Part IX of
Bulletin 158 of this office. This method was put in operation experi-
mentally in 1906 and 1907, under the supervision of irrigation inves-
tigations of this office, in which the owners of the land upon which
the plants were located and the State of California cooperated. The
results of this investigation and experiment are set forth in Office of
Experiment Stations Bulletin 217. The plan, briefly stated, is to
discharge the water from a system of tile drains into a sump or well
9 feet or more deep. A vertical centrifugal pump is placed at the
bottom, the shaft extending to the surface, where it is operated by an
electric motor connected to the pulley by a belt, a power line through
that section making the use of electrical power possible and practi-
cable. The water which is pumped is not sufficiently charged with
alkali to unfit it for irrigation, especially when diluted with the water
supply of the canal into which it is pumped. As a result of this
investigation and trial of the plan originally proposed, which was
successful, the method is now used on two fruit ranches where drain-
age systems and a pumping plant have been installed entirely at the
owner’s expense, and the land is being effectually reclaimed from the
evils of both seepage and alkali. Since this land is 20 miles distant
from a gravity outlet, the ability to accomplish drainage in this
manner makes it possible for individuals to drain their lands without
being dependent upon the organization of a large cooperative outlet
scheme, which, however, ought to be worked out whenever it is
possible to do so.

It may have occurred to the reader that there are some striking
characteristics in the development of drainage methods for irrigated
land when compared with ordinary practice in the humid sections.
The ineffectiveness of drains which are laid 3 or 4 feet deep has been
repeatedly demonstrated. The many failures in the West of methods
which are commonly practiced and are successful in the Kast at one
time gave abundant support to the belief often expressed by those
who made the attempt that such land could not be drained. Costly
experience has fairly well established the fact that 6 feet is about the |
minimum depth at which drains should be placed under the condi-
tions which usually prevail in irrigated fields. Instances might be
mentioned where a series of shallow drains which failed to accomplish
the expected result have been replaced by drains 6 and 7 feet deep
with satisfactory results. Two reasons for this increased depth may
be given. First, if the drains are not deep they will not intercept the
underflow, and therefore will have no effect in diminishing the vol-

METHODS OF DRAINING IRRIGATED LANDS. 501

ume of water which causes saturation; and, second, the capillarity of
the soil is such that if the free water of the soil is not kept low, mois-
ture containing alkali will be brought to the surface and the salt
deposited when the moisture disappears as vapor. Again, the plan
of using a few well-located and deep drains to intercept the under-
flow before it reaches the land which requires drainage is not com-
monly employed in regions of plenteous rainfall for the reason that
in the latter case drainage consists in removing the surplus water
which falls directly upon the field, while in the former it is the re-
moval of the surplus underflow which percolates from an adjoining
tract of land.

The method of draining by relief wells, which has been described
quite fully and its value emphasized, is but the adaptation of what
is known as the Elkington system to the drainage of irrigated lands.
The method of tapping underground springs, which cause seeped and
boggy lands, by means of wells, was originated by Joseph Elkington,
of Warwickshire, England, in 1765, and was introduced in Sweden
by George Stephens in 1806, with most excellent results. In 1795
Parliament voted Elkington £1,000 in appreciation of his services in
discovering and developing a method of draining which had proven
of great value to the Kingdom. In profiting by this discovery, which
is so applicable to the betterment of our saturated irrigated lands,
it is only fitting that we give Elkington due credit.

The developments of the last few years have forced upon our atten-
tion the necessity of draining and at the same time have increased
our confidence in the practicability of reclaiming seeped lands and
of restoring them to their former productiveness. It is quite clear
to the careful observer that the application of the various methods
which have been described will soon be extensively practiced in many
sections of the irrigated West.

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THE GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AND ITS
WORK FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1910.

By Joun B. THompson, Special Agent in Charge.
THE STATION.

The tract of land upon which the experiment station was estab-
lished in the year 1909 has been purchased during the year just ended.
The tract is located on the principal road of the island between Piti,
the landing from the Harbor of Apra, and Agana, the capital and
largest city. The selection is a desirable one, for a more public loca-
tion could not have been obtained upon which to conduct work which
must necessarily be largely of a demonstrational nature. The land is
evenly divided into level-lying and hill land, giving scope for experi-
mentation on soil types that represent a large portion of the soil of
the island. A survey of the tract has just been completed which shows
its area to be almost 32 acres. Its elevation ranges from 5 to 6 feet
at the lowest to about 150 feet at the highest point. The soil has for
the greater part a light surface layer deficient in organic matter and
a heavy clay retentive subsoil. (Pl. X XVII.)

IMPROVEMENTS.

At the beginning of the year about 9 acres had been cleared of
brush and plowed, while other land still remained in a wild state, the
low-lying flat land being sodded to a number of native grasses, dotted
here and there with clumps of guava (Psidium guajava) and other
species, while the hill land was in most part covered with an impene-
trable thicket of limoncito (7riphasia trifoliata) and other jungle
brush. The work of clearing and plowing this land was a difficult
task which occupied most of the time during the period of heavy
rains when little could be done to advance other farm operations.
About 15 acres, comprising most of the tillable land not previously
cleared, was brought under the plow before the end of the wet season
and seeding time arrived.

Traffic for four months of wet weather reduced the roads, which
were earth trails, to an almost impassable condition; and in order to
prevent the necessity of driving over plowed fields and growing crops
the construction of better roads was deemed a necessity. Accordingly,
during the dry season the construction of nearly 3,500 linear feet of

503

504 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

road from cascajo, a sort of limestone gravel and the common road
material of the island, was completed. A cascajo hill on the station
grounds has furnished an abundant supply of this material close at
hand, facilitating the work greatly. The roads have been built only
10 feet wide, but are good, permanent, and adequate to the needs of
the station.

Along the east line of the station grounds, stretching from the
north line to the hill, a distance of about 900 feet, lies a strip of very
low land, forming a basin in which water collects and is retained.
This covers an area of about 2 acres in extent, all of which during
periods of heavy rainfall has been entirely submerged for many
weeks. During the year this swamp has been reclaimed by a system
of drains. The ground is quite flat and receives the surface flow
from an extensive watershed, so that even now during heavy rains it
is under water; but as the rains subside this is carried away quickly
through the drains, leaving crops which are now growing upon the
land undamaged.

Lumber has been received from the United States for the erection
of an office building which is now nearing completion. The building
measures 20 feet in width and 40 feet in length, and has a veranda
extending along the front and on both ends. It will have two office
rooms, a library room, a room for laboratory and records, a dark
room for photographic work, and a toilet. This much-needed im-
provement will insure greater protection to equipment, allow a more
thorough system of records, and will render possible the enlargement
of the library, which has not been feasible under the coconut roof of
the old building rented as a temporary stopping place.

A bodega or storehouse is also planned which will have ample ca-
pacity for housing all the implements and farm tools. This building
will be 18 feet wide and 45 feet long, and is to be constructed from
native lumber. The logs have been purchased and are waiting at
the naval station sawmill for sawing.

An irrigation and water-supply plant was secured from the United
States. Water will be pumped from a well at the base of the hill into
a reservoir constructed on the hill at an elevation of about 85 feet,
from which it will be conducted to all parts of the land below through
a system of 2-inch pipe. The reservoir, the excavation for which
has been completed, will have a capacity of about 25,000 gallons.
Water will be lifted to the reservoir by a centrifugal pump operated
by a 12-horsepower kerosene engine. The engine will be placed in
the implement building now under way, to furnish power for oper-
ating rice hullers, feed milis, or other machinery that may be found
necessary in the future.

PLATE XXVII.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910

“SSHSVNOS

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SHL 430 SMGIA

“SQNNOUYS) IWLNAWIYSdXyg OL JONVYLNA—'S “DI

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XXVIII.

Fic. 1.—PIGEON PEA.

Fic. 3.—NURSERY, SHOWING PLANTS IN BAMBOO Pots.

CROPS GROWN AT THE GUAM EXPERIMENT STATION.

THE GUAM STATION AND ITS WORK. 505

FORAGE CROPS.

Looking forward to the introduction of live stock from the United
States, special prominence has been given to the work of testing the
adaptability of crops used for stock feeding. (Pl. XXVIII.) Among
those that have been successfully grown, the sorghums have proved
specially valuable as soiling crops, and easily surpass all others that
have been under observation for this purpose. Kafir corn has produced
a crop amounting to 7$ tons of green feed per acre on rather poor
soil. The time required to produce the first crop was about three
months when planted during the dry season, and two succeeding rat-
toon crops, which yielded about the same amount, were cut at inter-
vals of about six weeks. Broom corn and sweet sorghum show about
the same results in the production of green fodder. Both Kafir corn
and Egyptian corn have yielded good crops of grain.

Guinea grass (Panicum maximum), secured from the Hawaii Agri-
cultural Experiment Station at the close of the last year, was planted
on poorly drained soil, and consequently made little headway during
the wet season. Later all roots were taken up and subdivided in
order to extend the area, and planted on soil which proved to be
lacking in fertility. Just one good crop, yielding over 12 tons per
acre, has been cut from this plat. Growth, however, on a small area
indicates that on soils adapted to its growth, this grass will prove a
valuable forage crop. When grown under favorable conditions it
furnishes an abundance of succulent and nutritious feed which is
‘relished by all classes of live stock.

Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), also obtained during the
previous fiscal year, has grown quite satisfactorily throughout the
entire year. Roots for the initial planting were obtained from Mr.
Joaquin Diaz, of Piti, who introduced it from the island of Saipan.
The same tendency to retain occupation of the soil and to spread to
other land that makes it a serious pest in the Southern States is
observed in its behavior in Guam. It has been thought best to dis-
courage the distribution of this otherwise valuable species on account
of its dangerous habits, and requests made by planters for roots
for planting have been refused.

Seeds of large water grass (Paspalum dilatatum) were obtained
from the Office of Forage Crop Investigations, Bureau of Plant
Industry, at the beginning of the year, and this grass has grown
throughout both the wet and dry seasons with excellent results. Its
adaptability to withstand extreme conditions of drought and rainfall
adds much to its value as a pasture grass for Guam. It thrives well
on poorly drained soil during long periods of heavy rainfall, where
Guinea grass would be killed out or at least produce but little feed.
It also does well without irrigation during the dry season when

506 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

pasturage from wild grasses is scarce. This grass is one of the most
important developments of the forage investigations for the year,
and when the time comes for the introduction of improved breeds of
live stock an area devoted to it is planned to provide pasture.

Among other forage plants that have been under observation
during the year, Para grass (Panicum molle) has been introduced
quite recently, and its adaptability to conditions is not yet deter-
mined. Alfalfa has grown well during the dry season, but its suc-
cess during the approaching long season of heavy rains is doubtful.
Cowpeas and velvet beans have grown well.

The system of cattle management followed by the Chamorro
farmer does not require the production of feed from cultivated crops.
Wild grasses are depended upon, though during the dry season pas-
ture becomes very poor. In the vicinity of towns, carabao and cattle
are kept tethered to stake, and when pasture is scarce the fleshy
stalk of the banana or the leaves of the breadfruit (Artocarpus
communis) or other trees are cut and thrown to them. The adoption
of the method of planting some of the forage plants that have proved
successful and of easy cultivation would result in an improvement of
the class of cattle; but it is difficult to impress on the people the
necessity of doing work to supply feed for this class of stock. The
horses are not as hardy as are the native cattle, and consequently
they will not live with the same lack of care. There is a demand for
a plant that will produce good fodder for these animals, and many
requests for seed have been received at the station. There are a num-
ber of fields of Kafir corn being grown by the Chamorro farmers in
the vicinity of the station. Most of this Kafir corn is thriving and
the owners seem well satisfied with the results. It is believed that
interest will continue to spread and in time the production of culti-
vated fodder crops will be a common practice among owners of live
stock.

VEGETABLE EXPERIMENTS.

A large number of varieties of vegetable seeds have been received
from the United States and tested out in our trial grounds during
the past year. Though the average native of Guam is fond of garden
products, he gives too little attention to the work of producing them.
An ordinary garden consists of a few plants, including probably a
few peppers, one or two tomato plants, a few eggplants, and a few
plants of one of various species of pole beans. These are planted
near the house upon unfenced ground, where they are ever in danger
of being broken or trampled out by stock. The station is making
an effort to obtain better varieties than are now grown to determine
the best methods and time for planting under conditions in Guam
and to encourage the people to plant more extensively and to adopt
more careful and more thorough methods of cultivation.

THE GUAM STATION AND ITS WORK. 507

Among those vegetables that have been grown successfully are
beans, eggplants, radishes, okra, peppers, lettuce, cucumbers, musk-
melons, and watermelons. Beets grew quickly and had attained a
dimension of almost 2 inches in diameter when a lepidopterous larva
appeared upon the leaves in such numbers as to completely riddle
them before their presence was noted. It is evident, however, from
the behavior of this small plat of beets that they can be successfully
grown on the island. Cabbage failed to mature heads, but it is
believed that upon more suitable soil and with modified methods of
cultivation better success might be had. Improved varieties of the
tomato have not been successful. The plant has usually grown vigor-
ously, but fruit fails to set. The quality of the few fruits obtained
was a great improvement over that of the very small seedy native
variety, but the extreme lght yield makes their production, based
upon such returns, impracticable.

The work of introducing and testing the adaptability of new
varieties will be continued, and whenever varieties are found to
possess qualities making them specially valuable an effort will be
made to introduce them into general cultivation. Already some
interest has been shown in this work and many requests have been
received for seed of varieties grown at the station. Requests have
been specially numerous for seed of American varieties of eggplants
and watermelons, most of which are decided improvements over the
native varieties commonly cultivated on the island.

GRAIN-STORING EXPERIMENTS.

In Guam two conditions exist which prevent the storing of grains
in quantity for any considerable length of time. One of these is the
presence of the grain weevil, which attacks in large numbers and
completely ruins certain grains in a few days’ time; the other is the
humid atmosphere, which keeps the grain damp and causes it to
decay. Corn is usually kept in earthenware jars, called tinajas,
which have a capacity of 5 or 6 gallons. During the wet season the
corn is poured out of these about twice a week onto mats made from
the leaves of the screw pine (Pandanus tectorius) and allowed to
remain in the sun until the weevils are driven away by the heat and
the grain has had a chance to dry. During a wet day there may be
several showers interspersed with sunshine, and the necessity of car-
rying the corn to shelter and scattering it out again at every shower
renders the process most laborious. To provide a method of storing
grain permanently, and to eliminate all unnecessary handling, a
closed tank made of galvanized sheet iron, which is hermetically
sealed by the use of a heavy nonvolatile or slowly-volatile oil, has
been devised. The arrangement is simple. The tank is built air

508 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

tight with the exception of a single opening at the top, into which
grain may be poured or through which it may be removed. The
station tanks (see fig. 8) have been constructed with the openings
at the top quite circular and about 6 inches in diameter. Around
the opening two concentric circular collars have been soldered to the
top of the tank, the inner one (77) having a width of about 1% inches,
and the outer (Z’) having a width of about 14 inches. The diameter
of the inner collar is about 6 inches, while that of the outer one is

Cross Secvior on Litre A-B.

Fic. 8.—Grain-storage tank, Guam Experiment Station.

approximately 8 inches, thus forming a receptacle for holding the oil.
When it is desired to close the tank, a cap (C), with the flange (/),
made to fit closely over the inner collar is placed in position and the
receptacle filled with coconut oil. The greater width of the inner
collar prevents all possibility of oil entering the tank. All that is
necessary in preparing corn for storing is to place it in the sun during
a hot, dry day until a well-dried condition of the grain is secured,
when it may be placed in the tank. Tanks thus sealed are proof

THE GUAM STATION AND ITS WORK. 509

against the entrance of moisture-laden air and, if properly con-
structed, against weevils, which can not live in them. Corn placed in
one of these tanks on December 16 was apparently in as good condi-
tion at the close of the fiscal year, after more than six months’ storage,
as it was when first stored.

HEDGE-PLANT STUDIES.

One of the most serious drawbacks to agriculture in Guam is the
fact that cattle are allowed to run at large or are carelessly tied and
commonly find their way into cultivated fields. The loss occasioned
by the depredations of loose animals is a great discouragement to
planters. Galvanized barbed wire is selling on the island at $90
United States currency per ton, and under the climatic conditions of
high atmospheric humidity, with the moisture of the air carrying a
considerable amount of salt, the tendency is toward rapid deteriora-
tion of the wire. The high price and short hfe of wire practically
prohibit the average farmer from using this style of fence. The
cheapness and permanency of a good hedge fence should recommend
it at least to all farmers who are tilling their own land. Hedge
fences are sometimes grown by the native farmer of Guam, but these
are ususally of tangantangan (Leucena glauca) or tubatuba (Jatro-
pha curcas), both spineless, soft-wooded, brittle plants that are of
little or no value for fencing. Several plants have been under obser-
vation at the station during the year, the most promising being the
common camachile (Pithecolobium dulce), of which a fence over 700
feet in length has been started. This species is a hardy, deep-rooted,
spine-bearing tree, which when cut back has a tendency to spread,
and by proper pruning it is believed that it can be made both service-
able and ornamental.

PLANT INTRODUCTIONS.

Among the plants introduced during the year are the following:
Five varieties of bananas, Marogogype hybrid and Amburayan cof-
fees, sisal, Ceara rubber and cacao from Manila, five varieties of
sweet potatoes, two of taro, roselle, papaya, and mammea apple from
Hawaii, papaya from Java, sweet potato from China, and Eureka
lemon, Mediterranean sweet orange, Triumph pomelo, and white
Adriatie and California black figs from the United States. Besides
a large number of shade trees and ornamental shrubs not mentioned
above, a large quantity of camphor seed was obtained from Japan,
but failed to grow.

510 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

IMPLEMENTS.

Eight five-tooth cultivators were brought in from the United
States and sold to planters, and the fact that all these were sold within
four days after their arrival indicates an interest in more modern
methods of cultivating the soil. (Pl. X XIX.)

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF THE ISLAND OF GUAM.

The imports and exports for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910,
were as follows:

Imports and exports of the island of Guam, 1910.

IMPORTS.1
Articles. Quantity. Value.
Ham and bacon: Kilograms.| Dollars.
del piles See eee ancedce tee caro od desea sacs aap erases Hee GE obRe cas saenpeSoSBEErc 51 14.94
1 Ros eee pen een, Sieet dale age Wane erent et Seeere tae: Hae LEM Sa codon she 45 9. 98
WnitedsStates- ocesete teas mock oe - eee on re tea ice) sad se eee = eee ae Hae 52.6 13. 70
Potala ssa t. eaes oe dae ee Beh = ee ere ee -- Seer eae Seebeck eae 148.6 38. 62
Lard: UnitedStatess!x-:\- ls. citsaoe bo cade tate eee cee eas - See beet cere 155 42.75
Extractofmeat> PhilippineSse..-o secs ce-e eae sees se cee ee eee ae nee stains 15 1.10
Sausages Philippines: =e. aes. - estas sds tee es ne de ee atte ee eee eee ee 245 130. 40
Beef, mutton, and pork:
(WmMiIteadiStatess se ancc wise Ace insie cia see Sminciseieie Bee sce missin aie miele staielasslatetetepeterierets 11,151 2, 454. 25
Saipams sy sessse- eaeces eee. oe aee ee eee tees eer: <b = seer eee’ aie 577 132. 66
dS [eee wae ea 8 ae At A ge ge OEE Bet eencnas saaatas ae 144 22. 80
JEW Ou eoac S see arenes qann. he Rose HoRmeasoccrens suse GaSe Been ads so acocrsure 2,073.3 _ 506. 87
No tallges a3 fed ecb dc eecye Meas Se Ce ee RS Rt eclectic oes ere 13, 945.3 3,116. 58
ilk: ae
WMibeds States es sc ocr n eect ele sis wie See ata ie aa ote tel arteneinerei ns eae 1,009 227. 54
VaDAaleee: | See See Ey oe ce bee ee ene = ee ee eee eh aoe eee eal rite 640 197. 87
Motale ate fs ee eee ae oe ce ee eee eee nae news Seer edetae pees 1,649 425. 41
Butter and substitutes:
Hopes oot ee aed dnc eee eee eee eee ee eee es eee 50 17.50
WUnited:S tatesiet xis. eek sae = eB es Hee oe a es Meee re P eee eee ne eee reese 42 | 50. 90
A No) 22) Pe en a oP A een Se esos Sect SAME SMe SOAS cat caCoDaoteE a 55> 92 68. 40
Cheese, all kinds:
WIGNER eats sa4 466 ae Sea Go Bes apes era Snos a neon eacummposdacprdecston canes 12 11.95
United Statess ssc ss cce = oo sia ee ee ene ae a Sees eee eo aoe 78. 7 39. 68
SE o ra Aa Aeeaarntnh Gee Sahar Sean OSA MEE Se MoE PRE So 9 OSES SES reac 23 7. 26
Ug DYCY >) Ie I, I ge I neo Fey 1 en ae SBE SOS SON SCEE Ot Fo eS Sae rat ee iH EET) 58. 89
Salmon, dried, and smoked: x
HEE lige ee eae hae bar aoenGoneerne rEEnbdE Soo aor. Sdaoumacor soccoosoNegess 925 119. 06
United! States i... wesac ok eee Seis ee tees re eterno tee Serie 1, 762 224. 60
Ufo) 2) Oe Oe ie ae PES oe See actin OPON TOC OO SRE OR Oben aL OIOUL TS 2, 687 343. 66
Salmon, salted: : i
WmiteadtS tates ee eee ee eee eae ect eee area ee ina meee stetaiae ae iin tate a eet 20, 936. 5 2, 540. 92
1a Krhy fc 1h t Se ee en RE BE eo eames abalone Saas neeeonoUnonSadenar 8, 730 487. 98
EY OF 0 We dimete hebt tobe eh cased abe aeaone Hocus so6caponsoacToomsgacbere. 1 REP 2,127 178. 70
Oba cae re, Soe See no ee I Senate let eleralat wate totels ecletetesinicie mia 31, 793. 5 3, 207. 60
Fish, preserved:
Shilo iE ea adoeeaes 2. PASE a Asean Sead sbonbeos joCouse sop scneosaDr Doe se 124. 6 13. 23
United Statesso. <5. Laas ee eee cio cttta cates eee ole ae atte ernie os tetera 341.6 95, 38
JPAsW hy oy Nhe Gee ye be cenerice snes nse ee dbuue 2= sea anouaoconcsos enna renmeaacence 30 20. 86
tpt ese eEee EE aceesAqcn ian cadbebs Foe meck: oIag se! Moreaan ade soo ae mashed Mi ottai th 2,033. 96
12Gh l ee eea en Sars Me sa agccan tebe dn nee a acdsee spo baeaonte conoacdscoanasoss 12 5. 20
Totals see See et ee eres oar eee P| Boe Se ee qarguaaaes Ce | 7,885.9 2, 168. 63
Vierotablessiresh-sUmited StALGss essa semen ee tes ieee Se eae eee eee a eee 102 4.80

1 This list does not take into consideration the provisions received by the department of supplies and
accounts of the naval station for Government use.

An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. PLATE XXIX.

FiG. 2.—CARABAO AND DISK HARROW, GUAM STATION.

THE GUAM STATION AND ITS WORK.

Imports and exports of the island of Guam, 1910—Continued.

IMPORTS—Continued.

511

Articles. Quantity. Value
Vegetables, preserved: Kilograms.} Dollars.

RURTILedS Gabe Some pace od actone ois teccinccriaw ech sec stsesccscecece 4, 462.7 614. 54

DAIL» <= ao See ete aie ote ct aoe ee are am Se ae ee ee Pewee ne eee he «cee ence 3,999. 5 335. 67

Philippines. -.<--.. 2.0. 02-22-2222 one e nnnn e nere eee e ee e een e eee eeeeee 196 56. 30

ETA Nie Seen ea a Ne Ste tetas alate folie cistrtny ciaia aialevela' a= a 'iainiciea= c's osm vie tiwiaimie 2 sis 261 48. 96

SHINE WaGae Sai nado SoSCL ES QUEGat BQUt ODE CIC nde LD COSE EDS OREBE EEE ES OSS SEeer 339 36. 61
UNG Ss sea caer pe Sd acc Scns DUE SE CODED CSD CREO NESE SEs eae ic See 9, 258. 2 1,092. 08

Onions
ORCS Cae Gebers ee eres rains elercinienic cw sie Sewiciniswicin's © © ot cek's saree d's c's maais 1,141 52.99
GPE ee = GAS: NOGOE De Se DOB OANC One DS OOO OCC COC he CORSO aD AC a oO Ser rence teee 1,410.5 86. 57
BERS el eR tec ro arclelatee alee ies (cine laianinier- cate emt etre ianh won cc sbesiadactbesmelee 2,551.5 139. 56
Potatoes:

(UPEL PRR EALCSEESEees Bee tarts ase ein ole le cies cabs = craeleclcteleisiels Selatan Soe seseeea sae 963. 8 44.15

(OTP. - ..osSe che yese spb 0 soe seed sob bun Geode Sn Jeb Sosoc JG Sg Se DSB eE ocr RadEoeeEs 1,398 38. 89
TA 6 QaSose~ Pods Ss Sa ee ee COR BREE COCO Ee ae aS e ee ee are eae 2,361.8 83. 04

Fruit, preserved:

United BOS ees o erence eroie chic oo size siecsisiays cre She oma a ce Stneyeletaveroreee eee 1,699. 7 314. 34

EP EOr EE meee ae eels else i= = winininl aia Snicie © oia.a/a wsjsleieelncinds ciwietise = Selaeeeer 468 93. 12

SURE A TI eee eee Paine a aicin. > <isicicin aici ole.winie o's =t~ sinjuinre vinieicja ss Swiniss ee cis sacelnaees 26 8. 50
BERRA yee ae ae ese et cre ce rare eva aa’ c 0a ia’s’aia/S ara nia's Siajene ercreteea eye arniaiay sis] aye ne ee Poee 2,193. 7 415. 96

Pickle:

United SURteS eae eee wise Gets & bet saleeecicinies wacisainely a Seema. ne se eacm eee cates 436 109. 65

Dea eee etee cee oor ce ces - ois SSE comer cae cbots sa ceobociocneeesce oe 92 13. 20

ELMAR erate ee See eee bolt aw sicloinaine oe whe seccwecene see onceaseaue maccees 30 10. 50
ED OPE ee eae cee ec acie eao ocjs Sines wc aiajae aie oe eee sie ome clas Seas Se sete <= 558 133. 35

Olive oil:

HUMID PIMOS en == Sah. ee Rea s ss eas see tacavceeeereeekeeeearscccse i 19 22. 96

United States 33.3 19.10
OE AIpa RSE ee see ot ott ee eyes cnitanbee = ouikce se ou betanes cick wmaaense do 5483 42. 06

pi Nae
met oa de BME OOO CO ORE EES DS. Spon SOC RAD ED EOsne DRE CE OR Sere EES oes 6,717.5 471.10

United SEHLESE sae one a cea cre arene annie oe ele a ehie aan ee sacs ade cicero 34, 087.5 2,261. 38

EDR WEL a eete rst Sie Oech ee cee ae eee Mea Se cuidate ioe Renee nace escleajemeeree 234 25. 60
MOG E Sassi aed ears are ees ae ela O orararatattatoin sae mate Se MERE REECE OS Suess wees 41,039 2,758. 08

Wheat and grain, other than rice:

IMTICC ORS UALES 0 aces cleato genes cisjerelsiaecek tee ae sietic ci seer meet eios shee ccarenese 739.5 39. 22

Sea Aes See Coan eraser one Hom Ee nedas ovr cme BEeode i ounee paado a acroreeeddaac 283 7. 00

UEP. scobbessoaera dsconud detec doancoenbonscdcpedecerogusscednoanscauedee 250 8. 30
MOtH Nee sc tiaeeie - om ac tea on ie Se cbce ace te suse tas Sac saeh aces aocedeensees 1, 272.5 54. 52

Rice

FER WAM eee es cries eieciat= = cares eine tei erate GIS el ates Eee Ole stew Sirse a aeae Eck 350 18. 30

SHNeritle 91-8 See see eck coos conseee te aes p ce bod aore sreusouscHeseaossa+e 6, 000 232. 60

WINCEGS LRT eS te ei eee is os ois Soran Hote eee ne cioine at cece ka sacs enon meee 540 26. 50

PPAULIP PUES s Soe ee an see ee See Scien crete al ciclo as Seen em clade, acnicere meets 22,727 1, 456. 25

eID AT See ar eee met eo Sus eee tie celia tcitine cole ection trae erst cetoetiaeaem 315,540 12, 064. 75
I tech tet oh aerate oe teen Nara oaie atahe ofan i es oe aelanlo mate Aa aisles 2 345, 157 13, 798. 40

Chocolate:

Napa cia os eRe coe sole pis sinciats odes dale aeiaee ae a cies mae. aweicn etter 5 8. 50

United STALCS cae Ses etek Sree mien wie ae rere aisha we elma eiale eos nite eeissieieisic oi pices a etal 718 193. 71
PROTSS ree Se ay, Dace ea aes s ene pee cocci’ 2 cisiotea ene ee See a eaineee 723 202. 21

Coffee:

TIAL Ces GLOSS =: eee meons era Toyai ele ey haere mente elalcioe = erste eee ena: sens (ob chai me ete 50.5 26. 05
UWL eo oe eee Sateen cect late enh a etaaials Wramiaie Bicone terete Slee Slows nelveme:s 45 13. 25
DOU NS see seo St eos eae ee oC wae crart HI IES ac wich ci oboe oe ee em eee em nite 95.5 39. 30

Tea

VC ee yar re eed Ac GAR Re eS Rape Sehr nine San eA P ES EO M EOF Cet nic EaC Hei 138 65. 26

aero BS oh ac a ae SS oe ra Ste cee ee el ee ne Ancram ete ee aes 37 28. 00

Je oN epee SP ae Rines oat et ge rls RE NE eae te eS ce ee ee 18 17.00
OER yt Bo ie ec ee Pe ee chant hana. ipwce miehe De iw etala. ame ate eee tase wet) 193 110. 26

512 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

Imports and exports of the island of Guam, 1910—Continued.
IMPORTS—Continued.

Articles. Quantity. Value.
Sugar, refined: Kilograms.| Dollars.
VW alte so Cre ona ace gees ci iciarciaje Heyaiciaiwic aecteiial = mie cease tists sieteclace sise tinea sci cree 2,377 227. 62
United States....... Sigs nb Soc bhh cc obtoocararReaceote scar aconopasaaa=seser 10, 856. 5 1,195. 25
ODIs! Sao es eashie seinen dagscbeobceore ce sappseedaobonsousbecb ses esene se , 26: 456. 41
RO Gall ee oe ere ae ea ee eee ree ROR En EAR ERED NTES OBEY 15, 496.5 1,879. 28
Roraldim ports oloodApLOduciss<jsen sees ee ae oe ae oe ee eames omen co ral ae ete 30,354. 94
Miscellaneous tm ports OthermunanlOOUs=sseae men see eee eee meee eee ee ene noe mee nena 64, 291. 33
Grand dopalohim ports oe sees eea = nescence see eee <=c seeeee esa teoe salsa ace nese 94, 646. 27
EXPORTS.
Quantity. Value.
Tons. Dollars.
Capraishippedsto Uapans ct cto. occa eer mae neces oaciavne 2 sae e eee eee 5344 33,610. 11
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