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Third Annaal Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game ANG IP OIRGS Albany, N. U., January, 20, 1398. Hon. James M. E. O’Grady, Speaker of the Assembly, Albany, N. U.: Sir:—We have the honor to submit herewith, as required by law, the official Report of this Board for the year ending September 30, 1397. We are, Sir, : Very traly yours, Barnet H. Davis, President. Wittiam R. Weed, Chas. H. Babcock, Edward Thompson, Hendrick 5. Holden, Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests. 3 State of New York. Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests. Barnet H. Davis, President, P ; ; 2 : = ealmyra, Neo: Hendrick S. Holden, Commissioner, ‘ , =) syracuse, N.Y. William R. Weed, oC ; f ‘ : eleOtsdampa Naas Charles H. Babcock, es 5 : : : meINOCHEeStel= Nee Edward Thompson, ce 2 : : 3 Pe NOLO OLt-p lem le nNE We Charles A. Taylor, Assistant Secretary, : : Albany, Neve Standing Committees. Executive, . ; : . : : . Messrs. Holden, Babcock, Davis. Forest Preserve and State Lands, . : . Messrs. Weed, Holden, Davis. Hatcheries, Fish Culture and Game, . . Messrs. Babcock, Thompson, Davis. Shellfish, Licenses and Permits, . : . Messrs. Thompson, Holden, Davis. Legislation, . : : ; : 2 . Messrs. Davis, Weed, Babcock. State Fish Catltarist. A. Nelson Cheney, ; : ; : ; ; pe Glensm Halls Neve Saperintendent of Hatcheries. James Annin, Jr., . : : ‘ c . Caledonia, N. Y. Saperintendent of Forests. William F. Fox, . : ‘ : 2 : : : a Allbamyan Neways Chief Game Protector and Forester. IJ. WWorletorarely. 5 : : : 5 eA lipamyny Nis aY- William Wolf, Clerk, : : ‘ / 5 : ; , ANrllonvonz, Ie We Assistant Chief Game Protectors and Foresters. John E. Leavitt, . : : : ; E : ; . Johnstown, N. Y. Mannister C. Worts, 5 : 3 : se Osweso; Ne Ye A. J. Mulligan, Audit and Pay Clerk, . : ; Bee bamyamNem Ge A. B. Strough, Special Agent, . ; ee banyan Nie M. C. Finley, Special Agent, . : : ; . Palmyra, N. Y. J. J. Fourqurean, Stenographer,. . : F ; : Pee Albany Nisnive 5 bert ate rae Oo eee Tans beset eee Table of Contents. PAGE PREFACE, ; : : : : : : ; : : : : i ; 13 REPORT OF COMMISSIONERS, . ; : : : F : : : , ; 15 FINANCIAL STATEMENT, : : : 19 FOREST PRESERVE ACCOUNT, 2 : : ; : : . : 59 MISCELLANEOUS ACCOUNTS, . ‘ . E 4 : ; 59 ACCOUNT OF FIREWARDENS, . ! ; ; : 5 : : 5 4 62 FINES AND PENALTIES ACCOUNT, . ; : : : : . : "18 ACCOUNT OF TRESPASS ON STATE LANDS, . : é : F ; : go RENTALS FROM STATE LANDs, : : 4 93 Account oF NET FisH LICENSES, : : : 4 : : ; : 94 RENTALS OF SHELLFISH LANDS, . ‘ : : ; Ber asa 123 MIscELLANEOUS RECEIPTS, . : ‘ : , : Bite say a 124 REPORT OF CHIEF GAME PROTECTOR, . ; : i ; F 125 REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF HATCHERIES, : ; : : 6 126 REPORT OF SHELLFISH COMMISSIONER, : : : 137 REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF FORESTS, . : : : : : a. 138 THE STATE RESERVATION UPON AND ALONG THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER, . 143 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, . : 145 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH, . : : : : 3 : : 147 A Synopsis OF THE HIsTORY OF FISH CULTURE, . : ‘ : ; IgI By A. Nelson Cheney. WINGED ENEMIES OF FISH, . : : 5 : . : : : : : 199 By J. Annin, Jr. Tue FISHERIES OF LAKE ONTARIO IN 1897, . ‘ j 5 : : 205 By John N. Cobo. FISHWAYS, THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND USE, . , 3 : : : : 222 By A. Nelson Cheney. 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS. A NaturaLt HatcHEery FOR TROUT, ; : 2 : z f : P By A. Nelson Cheney. FIsH REPRESENTED IN COLORED PLATES, 3 . F F : 5 6 By A. Nelson Cheney. OysTER BED [LEASES AND FRANCHISES, . é : : ‘ ; : 4 THE WoOOoD-DUCK, . By Wilmot Townsend. THE WILSON’S SNIPE, : : : : By George Bird Grinnell, Ph.D. REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT CF FORESTS, REPORT OF FOREST FIREs, LUMBER MANUFACTURED IN 1897, CONSUMPTION OF PULPWOOD IN 1897, . “ MANUFACTURE OF SHINGLES AND LATH IN 1897, ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF LOGS AND PULPWOOD, A Forest PRODUCT, : : : 2 : : By Wilham F. Fox. ForESsTRY TRACTS, . F ; : : : : : ; 4 ‘ By Witham F. Fox. Wuy Our FoRESTS SHOULD BE PRESERVED AND PROTECTED, FORESTRY, ForEsT MANAGEMENT, . Forest FIReEs, TREE PLANTING, . F : NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL FOREST RESERVOIRS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, By George W: Rafter, C. £. THE SraTeE’s TITLE TO LANDS IN THE FOREST PRESERVE, 239 249 256 261 268 276 284 292 29)5 209 308 324 [| Pains 24 Wdattery SMM OSOeADaly “GVW MOOI Woes eaei5 ist oie Milistcatrons. WHERE THE GAFFER CoMEs IN, . : , : ; : _ Facing Cisco, rRoM HEMLocK Lake, ‘“SWEETS TO THE SWEET,” THE RIGHT KIND OF A Cook, WuiTE Bass, . : : : : BR Ais ; : ; 5 : : & CONSTANTIA HaTCHERY, . CONSTANTIA HATCHERY. JARS FOR HatTCHING PIKE-PERCH, . ; ; : & TAKING EGGs FROM PIKE-PERCH AT CONSTANTIA, AN UNEXPECTED OPPORTUNITY, ; : : : : : 5 - “s AN IDEAL Trout Poot, ; : : ; ; : j : ; ‘ oS Brack Bass EXERCISING, Fatt FisH, OR SILVER CHUB, s ? ; ; f f ; : 5 es COMMON WHITEFISH, FEMALE, FROM HEMLOCK LAKE, . : : : P as GENESIS OF ANGLING, CALEDONIA HATCHERY, INTERIOR, CALEDONIA HATCHERY, LOOKING DowN-STREAM, . : 3 5 : , ss PosITION OF HANDs IN STRIPPING A SMALL TROUT, CALEDONIA HATCHERY, SHOWING STOCK PONDs, . : ; ; : : es “Not ALL OF FISHING 1O FIsH,” GREAT BLUE HERON, THE FicuT is On, KINGFISHER, . ; ; : : : : : 3 : 3 CALEDONIA HATCHERY, FROM BELOW, LOOKING UP-STREAM, . A PIKE AT ITs BEst, The Way, THE Bowman, Up-STREAM VIEW OF ROGERS FISHWAY IN SUSQUEHANNA RIVER, AT BING- HAMTON, Down-STREAM VIEW OF ROGERS FISHWAY IN SUSQUEHANNA RIVER, AT BINGHAMTON, ; P 5 : j ORIGINAL McDonaLp FisHWAY WITH WATER SHUT OFF, IN GREAT FALLS OF THE POTOMAC, : : F i j : : 9 PAGE 2 8 13 15 15 126 130 132 138 144 146 146 rgo IgI 192 Ot 222 IO LISh OF ILLUSDRATIONS: PLAN OF CONSTRUCTION, ROGERS FISHWayY, . f } : j : , SECTIONAL ELEVATION AND Cross SECTION IMPROVED CaIL SysSTEM FISHWay, FRoM ORIGINAL STUDY FOR FISHWAY ON RIVER VIENNE, FRANCE, BY Mar- SHALL MCDONALD. PLAN AND SIDE ELEVATION, SECTION OF STANDARD McDonaup FisHway, SHOWING MANNER OF PLACING IRON BUCKETs, ROOMS ON THE First FLoor, THE END OF THE LEAPERS, Pian or Natura HatcHERY wiTtH Cross SECTION, AND SERIES OF TROUT Ponps, : : i : ; ; Virw or NaturaL HatcHery Across Lower TRouT POND SHOWN IN PLAN, REFLECTIONS ON TROUT WATER, . é : , 3 RED THROAT, BLACK SPOTTED OR ROCKY MOUNTAIN TROUT, One Way, STEELHEAD, OR SALMON TROUT. GOLDEN SHINER, OR BREAM, ALEWIFE, OR BRANCH HERRING, . ; : j : i : ; CoMMON WHITEFISH, MALE, FROM CANANDAIGUA LAKE, “Nor ALv’s Fish THAT COMETH TO NET,” . . , F : : ‘ Woop-puck, MALE, FINE PLACE FOR Woopcock, i ; : Woop-DUCK, FEMALE, . : : : : ‘ : : STANCH, : : : : : ; 4 3 WILSON’S, OR ENGLISH SNIPE, : : : E ; A Famity oF WILSON’s SNIPE, : : : ‘ ; SNIPE Boe, FLAP-JACKS WITH MAPLE Syrup, . : : : 3 : P ; a Tappinc A Harp MAPLE, : : : 5 : : Peaenee s A THE WILLis SAP Spout, : : 3 y Phe Meetan : : : : A TypicAL SuGAR BusH. (SECOND GROWTH TIMBER.), A Sucar SNow, ; ‘ : , : ; : ! : ; YHE WILLIAMS EVAPORATOR AND ARCH, UNLOADING SAP AT THE SUGAR HOUSE, THE GRANITE STATE EVAPORATOR AND ARCH, é : GRASSE RIVER SUGAR BUSH, Mou.Lps FOR MAPLE SUGAR, ’ Facing (33 cas (73 (33 (73 PAGE 228 228 rs) ) w 234 239 240 242 244 246 248 256 258 258 261 262 264 267 308 308 SOY 310 32 SS 3t4 310 B16 318 Si OR WO LU SipeAas ONS: II PAGE “Wake RoBIN” SuGAR Busu, 5 i ; 6 : ; : c . Lacing 318 SECTIONAL VIEW OF STEEL ARCH; GRANITE STATE EVAPORATOR, . ; 319 THE OLD-FASHIONED \WAY OF BOILING SaP, . . 5 . : ; se 320 INTERIOR OF EVAPORATOR HOUSE, ‘ : . ‘ : : : ; 321 MopERN EVAPORATOR AT WORK, . : ‘ C : 3 : - ; “e 322 THE First RUN OF Sap, : 5 5 : : ‘ ; ‘ ; 323 PARTRIDGE FOR SUPPER, F : : é : ; : : ‘ 324 SAWING Down TREES, . : : é : : : ; ; a6 324 A SILENT COMPANION, . : ; : : ; : : s : 327 LoG HAULING IN THE ADIRONDACKS, . : : : : c : : “s 328 AFTER WoRKING Hours. THE Bunk Room, ‘ : : es 334 PILING LOGS ON A SKIDWAY, . : : 5 : : : # 340 THE Noon Hour aT Camp, . : 6 ; : : : : & 348 VENISON FOR THE CAMP, é : : : : ‘ : : 354 MEAL TIME IN A LUMBER Camp, . 2 9 : : ; : ue 356 CRoSS-CUTTING THE TREE INTO Locs, . : : : : : 5 ; Ba HOO AN ADIRONDACK LOGGING CREW, . 4 : : ‘ : : : : i 364 MEASURING AND MARKING LoGs, . : < c 5 ; ; an : 370 Map oF THE STATE OF NEW YorRK, SHOWING CATCHMENT BASINS OF THE SEVERAL RIVERS OF THE STATE, : ; : : ; : 6 is Bye Inpian River Dam. UPPER SIDE. : : : : : , : i 378 TUNNELS AND BUTTRESSES. LOWER SIDE, . : é : : : 6 e 384 InpIAN Lake, FROM FARRINGTON’S, : 0 3 : : : ie 392 An ADIRONDACK CHEF, . ; é : : : é 6 Z , : 399 SLuicE Way FoR LoGs, ‘ : , : P y d j : : es 402 InpiAN RivER Dam. LOWER SIDE, : : : : ; c : : i 424 An EVENING SHOT, . : : : : ; : . : : : 429 Tue Frrst TRACKING SNOow, . : ; : 5 : ; : . : 438 WHERE THE DEER COME TO FEED, : : “ : : ; : ; A4I SEE END ee | Ses : 6 : ‘ : c . : : . 455 —©Se— THE PRINTING OF THIS ENTIRE BOOK, INCLUDING THE COLORED AND ARTOTYPE (LLUSTRATIONS, HALF= JONES AND TEXT, WAS EXECUTED ‘BY ey _ WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., ART PRINTING WORKS, a NEW YORK AND ALBANY. PREFACE. HE Third Annual Report of the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission is of the same general character as the two reports which have preceded it, and doubtless there we <- will be the same demand for it as __was created by the appearance of Lem mepoKts fot, they years | LSO5 and 1896, The number of copies of each report is limited by law, and an- nually the applicants exceed by 7 several thousand the number of copies provided for distribution. So far as it is possible to do so, copies of the report are placed with public libraries, commissions, schools, etc., that it may be more accessible to the general public than when it is distributed to individual appli- cants only. Apparently no public document has ever met with greater favor from the people than the eS ie annual reports of this Commission; i | and, im consequence of the very as ae complimentary notices it has received from the press at home and abroad, requests for the volume have been sent to us from nearly every civilized country on the globe, in addition to the great number which have come from our own people and the people of every State in the Union. Flattering as this is to the Commission, it is with regret that many applicants have been denied in the past, as undoubtedly they will have to be denied in the future, because of the limit to the annual edition. It is the aim of the Commis- sioners to make these reports not only accurate statistically, but educational as well, 13 14 PREFACE. and therefore the correct figures of birds and fishes in colors have been continued, and special articles have been written concerning some of them by those who are acknowl- edged authorities in their particular field. The work of the Commission is largely devoted to the propagation of what are commonly called commercial fishes, although all fish cultivated are food fishes. But, there is no special appropriation made by the State to gather statistics relating to the commercial fisheries, nor is such an appro- priation necessary, for the Federal Commission has a staff of field agents carefully gathering such statistics in all the States, and they are always available through the courtesy of the United States Fish Commission. In previous reports we have given the figures of the shad catch in the Hudson as collected by our own agents, and the statistics of the commercial fisheries in interior State waters, and now present Mr. John N. Cobb’s paper in regard to so much of the Lake Ontario fisheries as relate to countries bordering on the lake. While the report and appendices have been in press, section 249 of the Fisheries, Game and Forest Law has been repealed, as we urged most vigorously in our preliminary report to the Legislature. Especial pains have been taken in this report, as in previous ones, to publish correct statistics as to the annual product of the Adirondack forests, such information being necessary in determining the forest policy of the State. In connection with this matter the Commission desires to acknowledge the courteous co-operation of the various business firms and individuals engaged in the manufacture of lumber and woodpulp, who, without an exception, furnished from their books the figures for the amount of timber consumed during the past year.. The important relation of these statistics to forestry matters in our State must be apparent to every reader. Great care was also taken in securing a detailed report of each forest fire. ~The firewardens evinced a commendable readiness in forwarding their statements; but there seemed to be a general tendency on their part to exaggerate both the acreage and the damage, an excusable error due to a zealous interest in their work rather than carelessness. The Commission desires to acknowledge with thanks the valuable and interesting contribution from Mr. George W. Rafter, C. E., a recognized authority on the subject of forest reservoirs and their relation to our industrial interests. A valuable and timely article on the protection of shade trees from destructive insects was prepared for this report by Professor Ephraim P. Felt, the State Ento- mologist; but it is held over for publication in our next report in order to better prepare the illustrations which are to accompany it. Our thanks are due to the Century Publishing Company for cut of snipe family, by Beard, and we desire to acknowledge the courtesy of the United States Fish Com- mission and of the railroads of the State for continued favors. THE COMMISSIONERS. ( enbsouyey ‘SdOSANHD SNDDOY } — ‘SG ral SURE — ve POT, of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests. To the Honorable, the Legislatare of the State of New Work: N accordance with sec- tion 8 of chapter 395 — Oipihe weawSiorersOs, we have the honor to sub- mit herewith a report of the official operations of this department for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1897. The following rules and regulations, which were adopted by the Commission May 29, 1895, have been observed in the transaction of the business of the department during the year: 1. Regular meetings of the Board shall be held on the second Tuesday of January, April, July and October, at the office of the Commission, in THE RIGHT KIND OF A COOK, Albany, and at such other times and places as the same may be called. 2. Special meetings of the Board may be called at any time by the President, or, in case of his disability, by the Executive Committee, or upon the written request of any three Commissioners. Written notice of all special meetings must be given at least twenty-four hours previous thereto. 3. A majority of the Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and all questions shall be determined by a majority of those present, a quorum voting. 15 16 : REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF 4. The presiding officer and all other members present shall vote upon all questions unless excused by the Board. 5. The presiding officer shall determine all questions of order; and, in case of an appeal, a majority present may overrule his decision. 6. The President shall preside at all meetings when present. In the absence of the President, the Board shall elect one of their number to preside. 7. The order of business of the Board shall be: (1) Roll-call. (2) Reading and correction of minutes of last meeting. (3) Report of Shellfish Commissioner. (4) Report of State Fish Culturist. (5) Report of Engineer (Superintendent of Forests). (6) Report of Chief Protector. (7) Secretary's report. (8) Report of Auditing and Pay Clerk. ( Reports of Special Committees. ) ) g) Reports of Standing Committees. ) ) Miscellaneous and unfinished business. 8. The following standing committees of three each, of which the President shall be one, shall be appointed by the President: Committee on Forest Preserve and State Lands. Committee on Hatcheries, Fish Culture and Game. Committee on Licenses, Permits and Shellfishery. Executive Committee. Committee on Legislation. g. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Forest Preserve and State Lands to consider and report upon all matters of land purchases and business incidental thereto, including the examination of offers which may be submitted, questions of land value, the extent and nature of timber-thieving and measures which should be adopted to suppress it; also to consider and suggest plans for the better organization of the Firewarden system, and other matter arising out of the business connected with the forest and State lands in the care and custody of the Commission. 10. It shall be the duty of the Committee on Hatcheries, Fish Culture and Game to have charge of all matters pertaining to the hatching, culture and distribution of fish; repairs and improvements to hatcheries; also, to look after the business and interests of the Commission in reference to the protection and preservation of fish and game. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 17 II. The Committee on Licenses, Permits and Shellfish shall formulate and submit the rules for licensing net-fishing, as provided by law, and also for granting permits; and shall from time to time examine all licenses and permits granted, and ascertain whether the terms and conditions of the same have been abused or violated. They shall also have general charge of matters pertaining to the shellfish department not specially delegated to the Shellfish Commissioner by law. 12. The Executive Committee shall examine ane audit all accounts, bills and pay- rolls and endorse the same with their approval, when passed; and no bills or accounts shall be paid until so approved; examine and check all books and accounts; examine and check all regular and special reports of employes as often as once in each month and report the result of such examination to the Commission at its first meeting there- after. They shall also have a general supervision of the business of the Commission and care and control of its interests when the Board is not in session. 13. The Committee on Legislation shall look after the necessary legislation of the Commission; shall examine and consider all proposed amendments or changes in the fish, game and forestry laws or new laws affecting these interests, and shall submit to this Board their opinion upon matters which, in their judgment, require legislative action. 14. The foregoing rules may be altered or amended by vote of a majority of the Commission, upon ten days’ notice being given, which notice may be in open meeting and entered on the minutes or by serving written notice. Commissicner Lyman, having been appointed by the Governor to the office of State Commissioner of Excise, was succeeded on this Commission by Hendrick S. Holden, of Syracuse, April 8, 1896. Mr. Holden was appointed to fill the vacancies in the several standing committees caused by the retirement of Mr. Lyman. STANDING COMMITTEES. Forest Preserve and State Lands.—William R. Weed, Hendrick S. Holden, Barnet H. Davis. Executive.—Hendrick S. Holden, Charles H. Babcock, Barnet H. Davis. Hatcheries, Fish Culture and Game.—Charles H. Babcock, Edward Thompson, Barnet H. Davis. Legislation.— Barnet H. Davis, William R. Weed, Charles H. Babcock. Chapter 169, Laws of 1896, passed March 31, 1896, to amend chapter 395 of the Laws of 1895, under which this Commission was appointed, provided, among other things, for the compensation and expense of the Commissioners; for the designation of one of the Board to act as Secretary thereof; for the lease of an office in the city 2 18 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF of New York or Brooklyn for the transaction of business connected with the leasing of lands under water, as provided by law; and for the appointment of an assistant secretary. Under the act referred to, an office was opened May 1, 1896, at No. 1 Madison avenue, New York City, for the shellfish department of the State, and Charles A. Taylor was appointed assistant secretary of the Commission. The following is a summary of the financial transactions of the Commission for the fiscal year: FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Financial Statement For the Fiscal Wear Ending September 30, 1397. GENERAL MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT. RECEIPTS. Balance October 1, 1896, . : : Appropriation, Chap. ¢48, Laws of 1896: For maintenance of hatcheries and hatching stations, collection and distribution of fish and fish fry, Salaries and expenses of Fish and Game Protectors and Forresters, Salaries and expenses of Commissioners and Officials, Clerical) Force, : j 3 Maintenance of Shellfish Department, Stationery, printing and office expenses, DISBURSEMENTS. For maintenance of hatcheries and hatching stations, and collection and distribution of fish and fish fry, aeeSchedules and Fish and Game Protectors and Forresters, . a B18 Official salaries and expenses, ‘ . : 66 Ca ae Clerical Force, . F : , 5 i & 661) Shellfish Department, : ; : : x i Rope Office Expenses, : ; : ‘ ag 18 Balance September 30, 1897, $25,377 54,0c0 35,650 24,000 6,000 6,750 S31 O° $53,394 GUSQOS) 23,608 6,083 3,625 4,012 7° oo oo oOo oOo [eXe) 0o 19 155,527 70 $132,720 00 22,807 70 $155,527 70 20 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Sclcdaltc masa SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1897. Adirondack Hatchery, 4.2230 ar Beaverkill as 1,253 89 Caledonia IE ADR OO Cold Spring es ST TOME Fulton Chain a 6,306 50 Pleasant Valley ‘“ ; BETS Bs Sacandaga «6 ; : : 2,940 04 James Annin, Jr., Superintendent, salary, : 2,500 00 Ce a travelling expenses, 431 78 Clayton Hatching Station, . 1,969 63 Catskill ie TAX © Chautauqua 830 55 Constantia f : 965 03 Canandaigua oy : : : 797 98 Collecting whitefish eggs, Lake Michigan, : : : 1,014 50 Removing fish from canal near Montezuma, and placing in Seneca River, : : : : : ; : : ‘i 61 00 Transportation of fish car on foreign roads, . 5 137 28 Expenses of Superintendent’s office at Caledonia, . 1,071 10 Insurance on Hatcheries, . : : ; : : : 72 00 $53,394 64 HATCHERY ACCOUNTS. Adirondack Hatchery : 1896. Oct isa Cs Crittendenusal Comme livers $3 14 A. W. Marks, labor, Mal 13 Milo Otis, i : : ; 45 00 M. A. Roberts, labor and expenses, . Ig 00 W. D. Oviatt, it A 22 94 John G. Roberts, exp., R.R. fare, board, salary, . HO BA | Sa $239 11 Nov. Walton Stark & Co., hardware and whip, : ; $9 10 American Net & Twine Co., netting and leads, ; 73 06 William Ames, lal Orme ; : : 43 75 Ames Boas, Oancd seme : ‘ : ; 1©® ©© M. A. Roberts, labor and expenses, . : : 63 go Justin Farmington, ag 4 5 : 34 O04 Joseph Otis, team hire and labor, : : 7 gO Forward, $181 85 $239 11 1896. Nov. Dec. 1897. Jan. Feb. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. John G. Roberts, Joseph Otis, Jr., A. W. Marks, W. D. Oviatt, Milo Otis, eeca Ca Crittend encom E. M. Weston, Upper Saranac Association, Milo Otis, Joseph Otis, Jr., M. A. Roberts, William Ames, W. D. Oviatt, A. W. Marks, John G. Roberts, John E. Robinson, M. Martin, Alexander Micksanbag, OR Dual William Cross, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., IL, S, SES & COs, Milo Otis, Joseph Otis, Jr., William Ames, A. W. Marks, O. S. Lawrence, A. R. Fuller, John G. Roberts, Walton Starks & Co., M. A. Roberts, Upper Saranac Association, A. W. Marks, M. A. Roberts, Milo Otis, John G. Roberts, A. W. Marks, Brought forward, postage, salary and expenses, labor, labor and expenses, labor, liver, board, labor and expenses, . postage, labor and stationery, labor and expenses, . postage, expenses, salary, board, labor, use of boat, 3 oe ce liver, i meat, sundries, etc . labor and expenses, . hay and oats, . supplies, livery, labor, expenses, postage, R.R. fare, salary, etc., . : : tubing, stove pipes, stove, etc,. labor and expenses, . hardware, lumber, etc., labor, oe R.R. fares, postage, salary, etc. July account (original voucher with July abstract), 58 Forward, go $239 11 629 78 530 12 483 26 334 51 $2,216 78 bo iS) 1897. Mch. April May June July Aug. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Milo Otis, A. W. Marks, M. A. Roberts, John G. Roberts, Eugene Keet, Walton Starks & Co., ence Con Crititendenkcai Cow A. W. Marks, M. A. Roberts, Milo Otis, John G. Roberts, Upper Saranac Association, Milo Otis, M. A. Roberts, A. W. Marks, F, &. C. Crittenden & Co., J. G. Marks, Joseph Otis, Jr., IL. A. Hood, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., A. W. Marks, Joseph Otis, M. A. Roberts, Milo Otis, John G. Roberts, Sheelers Sons, Armor & Co., A. W. Marks, Joseph Otis, M. A. Roberts, Milo Otis, John G. Roberts, James Field & Co., Milo Otis, M. A. Roberts, John G. Roberts, Upper Saranac Association, Armor & Co., Brought forward, freight, exp., postage, salary, etc. harness, . : paint, hardware, etc., liver, labor, oe ve exp., postage, sundries, salary, sand and blacksmithing, . labor and expenses, . ce oe e oe liver, : salary and expenses, team work, doctoring horse, liver, . j : labor and expenses, . oe ve ce ee oe salary, freight and expenses, wire screen, liver, labor, : labor and expenses, . labor, oC . . . . expenses, freight and salary, American flag, labor, GG expenses, freight, salary, etc., hardware, lumber, etc., liver, $49 51 53 gl 00 30 20 40 85 60 95 [exe) go 25 55 50 50 35 oOo 63 20 50 oOo 39 15 50 04 50° 57 96 15 50 06 oo 50 go 96 $2,216 78 244 90 292 60 291 68 364 65 301 03 306 07 $4,017 71 1897. Sept. 1896. Nov. Dec. 1897. Jan. Feb. Mch. April May Milo Otis, M. A. Roberts, John G. Roberts, FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. labor, (13 freight, salary, etc., Total Adirondack, Beaverkill Hatchery : M. R. Dodge, Charles Laraway, H. E. Annin, H. W. Hawes, M. R. Dodge, E. A. Dodge, Charles Laraway, H. E. Annin, James Fitzgerald, M. R. Dodge, George Darrow, Willis Twist, E. A. Dodge, Charles Laraway, H. E. Annin, Stoddard Hammond, Charles Laraway, H. E..Annin, James Fitzgerald, Herbert C. Dodge, Charles B. Laraway, Charles B. Laraway, James Fitzgerald, Charles B. Laraway, Charles B. Laraway, (<9 (73 livery and cartage, . wages, wages and other expenses, board, livery, work, salary, : salary and expenses, coal, WOR, : : board, self and Twist, extra day work, ce ce salary, salary and expenses, brook trout eggs, wages, salary, etc., coal and cartage, sawdust and cartage, labor and expenses, 28 days’ labor, $1.50 per day, . coal and cartage, labor, postage, . labor, $54 58 g2 $19 46 $0 45 Brought forward, 25 go 65 00 50 73 12 50 50 00 7O 79 oo oo 50 25 oOo 73 00 5° 52 Io 40 00 5 50 5° 5° Forward, 23 $4,017 71 205 80 $4,223 51 83 23 150 82 431 27 132 02 ID Fo 42 00 65 55 46 00 $1,010 39 24 1897. June July Aug. Sept. 1896. REPORT M. R. Dodge, Willis ‘Twist, Av Greens Charles B. Laraway, Charles B. Laraway, ce be 3 a5 Total Beaverkill, Caledonia Hatchery : Frank Redband, George Stewart, John A. Upton, William Johnson, Sylvester Selleck, George H. Lawson, Eipeken Cotcheter Alphonse Baldeck, William Curphey, Wilham Ball, Grant Christie, James Brown, William Carruthers, Neil Cooper, James Melbourne, James Cook, Joseph Bartlett, John Murray, John Wood, George Henderson, Alfred Kime, Patrick Carroll, William McNaughton, Clarence McNaughton, Garrett McNaughton, Frank Langman, George Redband, James Gill, George Johnson, William Champ, Jamie C. Annin, R. Pullybank, Jr., OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Brought forward, livery, ; ; ; Pxx laboruues : ; ; : 8 cartage, . : ; : 5 labor and expenses, 58 30 days’ labor, $1.75 per day, . 3 I (33 ce (15 31 oe ce (13 salary and expenses, $132 labor and expenses, : 5 57 6 66 74 (i5 (9 52 labor, : : ; 49 ie 6 . 0 : 0 57 labor and expenses, . 44 lab oruenes ; : 5 : 39 s 5 : ; : : 18 carpenter, labor and expenses, . 25 cs (<5 3 lt 6 labor and expenses, . 40 " ff 0 6 : 23 ‘s ss with team, . 43 oe oe = I 5 oe oe II oe “eo 13 “ce 66 13 66 14 oe ‘ 1O 6c 66 6 ce 66 3 carpenter, : ‘ 40 * O. . : : 39 He 0 0 0 6 37 mason labor, 12 oe (73 25 ce 5 31 mason, Os : II carting, . ; : é 3 carting, . 42 Forward, $1,016 00 25) eX) 75 $1,010 83 52 54 54 $1,254 39 00 50 25) 25 39 1896. Oct. Noy. Gould & Nowlen, W. J. Williams, Robert J. Aull, Thomas Gallagher, Buftale Hardwood Lumber Co. C. Dorflinger & Sons, John C. Pullybank, American Net & Twine Co., Wells Fargo & Co., F. & C. Crittenden & Co., Frank Redband, George Stewart, John A. Upton, William Johnson, Sylvester Selleck, George H. Lawson, H. R. Cotchefer, Alphonse Baldeck, William Curphey, William Ball, Grant Christie, James Brown, William Carruthers, Cornelius Cooper, James Melbourne, Joseph Bartlett, John Murray, John Wood, George Henderson, Alfred Kime, Patrick Carroll, William McNaughton, Clarence McNaughton, Garrett McNaughton, George Redband, James Gill, George Johnson, William Champ, Jamie C. Annin, A. Pullybank, Jr., W. J. Willams, Robert Aull, Buftalo Hardwood Lumber Co. John C. Pullybank, FISHERIES, GAME AND! FORESTS: Brought forward, $1,016 plumbing, : ‘ . ; 126 lumber, . a 6 . : WHS labor and expenses (inspection at Buffalo), . . ‘ 0 4 brooms, . : : ‘ : 5 lumber, . : : : : 141 specimen jars, 6 : : II Cartage, . : 0 . . I twine, . : F : 3 2 SxpRESSame : : : 17 fish food, ; ; : : BB salary and expenses, 2 SAG) labor and expenses, . : ‘ 55 “ S 6 : : 66 laborer : ; ; : 54 ue : . . . : 51 ge 6 : : . : 58 labor and expenses, . : , 53 labor manne é : : 40 ee ; 5 0 : i 40 labor and expenses, . ‘ : 45 8 ‘ ° , : 62 laboreer : : : 3 46 of 6 : ; : : 34 team labor, . ; ‘ 78 Lalor me : : ; ; 40 66 40 of 22 ce 36 : 34 ss ; : 4 : : 40 ee : ; : : é 32 a : . 0 : : 54 “ 6 : 4 : : 16 ss : : 3 : : 16 : ¢ . ; 57 mason, . : : : 5 68 lal Or er , é : : 59 mason, . 3 : : ; 52 carting cans, etc., . : : 5 team labor, . 3 : : gI lumber, . : ; ‘ : 21 carpenter, : : : : 43 cypress lumber, 5 : : 60 team labor and cartage, . : 32 25 $1,472 26 Forward, $1,664 $1,472 26 1896. REPORT W. F. Lawson, A. P. Campbell, Wilson & Moore, Patrick Freeman, Frederick Wiedner, Robert Morris, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., C. Klinck, Wells Fargo & Co., American Express Co., Howard Laidlaw, Charles Simpson, Alexander Mullin, James Day, McCabe Bros., Salter Bros., John Booman, McCabe Bros., W. D. Marks, Frank Redband, foreman, George Stewart, William Johnson, Sylvester Selleck, George H. Lawson, Fieken Cotchelter Alphonse Baldeck, William Curphey, Grant Christie, James Melbourne, Joseph Bartlett, Alfred Kime, William McNaughton, William Champ, Robert J. Aull, Howard Laidlaw, Chas. Simpson, James Day, Alexander Mullin, Jr., Robert McArthur, Jamie C, Annin, W. F. Lawson, John C. Pullybank, R. Pullybank, Jr., OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Brought forward, $1,664 cartage, fish, etc., turpentine, oil, etc., sheep shears, oak timber, ce labor, fish food, oe 5 express, 6c labor, fish food, tulip bulbs, white lead, etc., stone, labor, salary and expenses, oe 6e salary and sand, carting, . ce ce 3 Forward, 5 Ii oOo 0O $1,472 26 2,101 31 $3,573 57 1896. _ Dee: 1897. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. George Stewart, William Nichols, Richard Reid, George McKay, C. Klinck, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., Walker & Matteson, Gould & Nowlen, Chamberlain Rubber Store, C. Dorflinger, Frost & Co., A. H. Collins, W. F. Williams, A. Beekman, Wells Fargo & Co., American Express Co., Whitmore, Rauber & Vicimus, Frank Redband, foreman, George Stewart, John A. Upton, William Johnson, Sylvester Selleck, George H. Lawson, H. R. Cotchefer, Alphonse Baldeck, William Curphey, William McNaughton, Jamie C. Annin, C. Klinck, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., McCabe Bros., Scheeler’s Sons, Andrew Guthrie, John C. Pullybank, Robert J. Aull, W. F. Samson, Wet Saebrxpressn Cor W. J. Williams, Grant Christie, Wells Fargo & Co., American Express Co., Richard Pullybank, Jr., A. P. Campbell, Brought forward, shop work, (73 73 use of derrick, fish food, fish food, hardware, tubing, hatching jars, . trees for State grounds, printing tags, . lumber, . (73 express, . ce cement and labor, salary and expenses, labor and expenses, carting, . fish food, ce (a9 wire cloth, cedar posts, carting, . carpenter, Cutlenyame GxpLesssae lumber, . labor and expenses, express, . ce carting, . OiletGee Forward, $3,573 57 2,788 26 $758 89 $7,120 72 28 1897. Feb. Mar. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Frank Redband, foreman, George Stewart, John A. Upton, William Johnson, Sylvester Selleck, George H. Lawson, Hi R. Cotchefer, Alphonse Baldeck, William McNaughton, Grant Christie, Robert J. Aull, William Ball, Jamie C. Annin, J. C. Pullybank, R. Pullybank, Jr., C. Klinck, He ce, © GrittendenksaCos, Walker & Matteson, Thomas Gallagher, William B. Morse & Sons, W. J. Williams, (Um Se xpressnCor Frank Redband, foreman, George Stewart, John A. Upton, William Johnson, Sylvester Selleck, George H. Lawson, een Gotcheters William Ball, Robert J. Aull, Randall R. Brown, Alexander Mullin, Jr., Grant Christie, McCabe Bros., Crkimek F. & C. Crittenden & Co., Jamie C. Annin, W. F. Lawson, Richard Pullybank, Jr., William B. Morse & Sons, Kroner & Lape, W. J. Williams, Richard Reid, Brought forward, salary and expenses, : DOO labor and expenses, : 55 carting, . : 4 ts 6 : ; . ; I s ‘ : : . 5 fish food, ; : : : 32 ee 0 : : 4 Be hardware, ‘ 219 brooms, . j : : i 5 lumber, . : gi ae ; 5 ; : 3 199 ExpKeESSame : : : j 15 salary and expenses, : . $104 labor and expenses, : : 60 iS ce Fs 5 = 4I ts “ : : 6 53 fish food, ; : , : 10 MY : : : Bit es : : : : 26 carting, ; : : : 12 “ 4 ; : é : 4 o : 0 . . : 4 lumber, . : 17 se : ; : : : Ter SS 0 : : : : 42 iron and labor, ; 5 ; 6 37 $7,120 42 TAG” AT Forward, $802 $8,377 93 1897. Mar. April FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. American Express Co., U. S. Express Co., Walker & Matteson, Richard T. Ford, S. A. Lattimore, Scheeler’s Sons, Frank Redband, foreman, George Stewart, John A. Upton, William Johnson, Sylvester Selleck, George H. Lawson, H. R. Cotchefer, William Ball, Robert J. Aull, Randall R. Brown, M. G. Craft, Charles Boehm, Grant Christie, Jamie C. Annin, W. F. Lawson, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., C. Klinck, American Express Co., U. S. Express Co., Philip Becker & Co., J. E. Harvey, J. M. Matteson & Co., Sheeler’s Sons, W. H. Garbutt, Frank Redband, foreman, George Stewart, John A. Upton, William Johnson, Sylvester Selleck, George H. Lawson, H. R. Cotchefer, M. G. Craft, Addison Kingsbury, Grant Christie, R. J. Aull, William McNaughton, William Ball, Brought forward, express, . 66 . hardware, repairing heating, chemical examination, wire cloth, salary and expenses, labor and expenses, carting, . (6 fish food, 66 express, 66 glass, 2 ” repairing fish cans, . hardware, wire cloth, 1Ge, labor and expenses, Forward, 99 45 0O0 29 $8,377 93 936 17 794 97 $593 39 $10,109 07 30 1897. May June REPORT W. W. Roberts, Wilson & Moore, Sheeler’s Sons, C. Klinck, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., McCabe Bros., Jamie C. Annin, W. T. Lawson, John C. Pullybank, A. P. Campbell, J. E. Harvey, Wells Fargo & Co., U. S. Express Co., Frank Redband, foreman, George Stewart, John A. Upton, William Johnson, Sylvester Selleck, George H. Lawson, H. R. Cotchefer, N. G. Craft, Addison Kingsbury, Charles Boehm, Peter P. Campbell, Mary Cooper, William Masten, Alexander Amond, W. D. Marks, Alexander Mullin, Jr., James Day, Jamie C. Annin, W. F. Lawson, John Pullybank, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., A. Klinck, 18, 18l Syovkio, J. M. Matteson & Co., James Field Co., A. K. Fowler, lipemetanveys U.S. Express Co., Scheeler’s Sons, OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Brought forward, $593 39 labor, trees and planting, . : 15 60 lead and oil, . : } I7 00 wire cloth, 3 : : : 4 62 fish food, : ; 36 50 re : é . é 29 90 os ; ; ; ‘ 5 18 carting, . : ; : : I5 25 (geri ; II 00 oe p : O W5 sundries, ‘ : : 6 84 repairing fish cans, . ‘ 6 85 express, . . . 0 ; 42 38 : : : ; F 16 35 salary and expenses, : : $97 50 labor and expenses, ; : 56 55 os ; 8 00 : 54 25 - 56 55 : ‘ 62 00 3 oe 23 25 ; . se us eS § 40 30 ‘ ' 26 10 se . 22 75 team and labor, 5 5 , 60 go labor and expenses, . 5 : 222 a rs 23 85 : IO 25 ; 3° 95 : s 21 80 a a 22 40 carting, . : : 13 00 See : x Be ss é . ; : : 18 25 fish food, : j 30 76 af 0 0 : 5 46 00 paper rooms in St. house, ; g 00 hardware, ‘ : : : 70 go American flag, : F 9 96 wall paper, etc., : : 5 13 30 repairing cans, : : é 2ETO express, . 0 5 : : 16 95 wire cloth, . 3 6 : DR ia) Forward, $10,109 07 807 61 or A) $11,862 47 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 1897. July Frank Redband, George Stewart, George H. Lawson, John A. Upton, William Johnson, Sylvester Selleck, H. R. Cotchefer, M. G. Craft, Addison Kingsbury, Charles Boehm, Peter P. Campbell, Cornelius Cooper, Wm. Masten, Alexander Amond, W. D. Marks, R. A. Menzie, William McNaughton, Grant Christie, Jamie C. Annin, John C. Pullybank, R. Pullybank, Jr., W. F. Lawson, John F. Ward, A. P. Campbell, W. J. Williams, Delancey A. Cameron, Wit Ssrbxpness: Coz, C. Klinck, F. & C, Crittenden & Co., McCabe Bros., Frank Redband, foreman, George Stewart, George Lawson, John A. Upton, William Johnson, Sylvester Selleck, H. R. Cotchefer, M. G. Craft, Addison Kingsbury, Charles Boehm, Peter P. Campbell, Cornelius Cooper, William Masten, salary and expenses, labor and expenses, labor with team, labor, 6c labor and expenses, . expenses, carting and labor, carting, (a Ce ce florist, sundries, lumber, 66 express, fish food, oe oe salary and expenses, labor, GG labor and expenses, ce GG a6 with team, Forward, Forward, $108 61 60 719 52 52 52 49 39 36 38 33 83 25 OO 80 $11,862 47 1,120 61 $719 $12,983 08 Sept. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Alexander Amond, W. P. Babcock, Charles Christie, William McNaughton, FE. A. Smith, Jamie C. Annin, R. Pullybank, Jr., John C. Pullybank, pa elarvey. iRences Crm CrittendentsaiCor C. Klinck, Union Car Co., DeLancey A. Cameron, Wes: Express) Cox, Charles A. Taylor, Frank Redband, foreman, George Stewart, George H. Lawson, John A. Upton, William Johnson, Sylvester Selleck, ieee Cotcheter Mes Gay Cratt Addison Kingsbury, Charles Boehm, Peter P. Campbell, Cornelius Cooper, William Masten, Alexander Amond, Grant Christie, W. D. Marks, W. Palmer Babcock, Jamie C. Annin, W. F. Lawson, R. Pullybank, Jr., R. Pullybank, Sr., F. & €. Crittenden & Co., C. Klinck, McCabe Bros., J. E. Harvey, W. A. Holden, American Express Co., (WSs Express: Cos, Total Caledonia, Brought forward, labor and expenses, . 6c labor and expenses, . painting, carting fish and cans, carting, 66 agent repairing cans, fish food, ee repairs for car, lumber, EXPress,) travelling expenses, . salary and expenses, labor, ce labor and expenses, . ce ‘ labor and expenses, ee “cs labor, carting, oe ee ce fish food, ce ce repairing cans, coal, express, . ee $719 34 26 25 26 9 $98 $12,983 08 1,079 37. 1 OZ $15,223 69 1896. Oct. Nov. Cold Spring Hatchery: M. Apbrams, jen @elotten: Estey Wire Works Co., Hugh Campbell, A. P. Dodge, William Stoyle, Mrs. J. H. Lockwood, Elwood Abrams, E. A. Cooper, James Wheeler, Silas D. Wood, O. V. Rogers, John T. Mahan, Peter Gorman, F. Van Ausdall, James Otis, C. E. Walters; lpn Cwliotienr Richard Reid, E. L. Hogan, Selah D. Tillotson, E. B. Dusenbury, Jr., M. Abrams, William R. Bingham, iBepAes Cooper, F. Van Ausdall, Peter Gorman, John T. Mahan, O. V. Rogers, C. H. Walters, i Celio ttcnmacentuluas expe, W. H. Stoyle, AePaEDodizes Crane Company, M. Abrams, ea Camikotten: kj. A. Cooper, O. V. Rogers, F. Van Ausdall, Peter Gorman, John T. Mahan, fish food, express on fish food, egg trays, FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. transportation fish cans, sundries, G6 . . . building new ponds, sundries, travel and labor, cartage, . labor on new ponds, looking for horse, salary and expenses, cartage, . one-horse wagon, transferring cans fish, use one horse, food for horse, fish food, preserving fish food, travel and labor, labor, feeding fish, . labor, (a5 oe salary and expenses, freight, sundries, hardware, plumbing, fish food, freight and expenses, travel and labor, labor, ce 3 oe Forward, iS) N tN Ol On tn 35 $677 04 615 79 $415 $1,292 83 Feb. Mch. RERORT ION DEEN COMMISSION RSOE William McNaughton, C. H. Walters, M. Abrams, ea Camlottent Read © Nien; James T. Demilt, John Lindsay, Wm. McNaughton, W. Milton Wood, W. H. Stoyle, A. P. Dodge, PACE COODE, O. V. Rogers, John T. Mahan, F. Van Ausdall, Peter Gorman, C. H. Walters, F. Nichols, M. Abrams, pa Calottens E. B. Dusenbury, Jr., William T. Lockwood, Aen Coope;nr Peter Gorman, O. V. Rogers, F. Van Ausdall, John T. Mahan, C. H. Walters, M. Abrams, FCrmottenr FE. 1. O'Neill, The Long Islander, A. P. Dodge, Richard T. Ford, William R. Bingham, BE. A. Cooper, Peter Gorman, TOAWENogers: F. Van Ausdall, John T. Mahan, C. H. Walters, Brought forward, labor, salary and expenses, fish food, express on food, coal for hatchery, grain for horse, treating horse, carpenter, lumber for barn, sundries, sundries for barn, travel and labor, labor, oe . . labor, feeding fish, labor, salary and expenses, plumbing, fish food, freight on food, supplies for horse, sundries, travel and labor, labor, 66 salary and expenses, fish food, express and freight, coal, : shipping tags, . hardware, heating hatchery, filling ice house, travel with fish, labor, oe salary and expenses, $1,292 83 = 9 539 44 985 71 606 it 49 00 49 00 g6 05 947 67 Forward, $4,371 76 1897. April June M. Abrams, lea Camlocten J. W. Matteson, E. D. Dusenbury, Jr., Wm. R. Bingham, Peter Gorman, KE. A. Cooper, John T. Mahan, F. Van Ausdall, O. V. Rogers, Fred. Gardiner, C. H. Walters, L. M. Abrams, jen Caliottens Eel © Neill James T. Demilt, William T. Lockwood, Fred. E. Gardiner, Peter Gorman, Hy. A. Cooper, John T. Mahan, F. Van Ausdall, O. V. Rogers, €. H. Walters; M. Abrams, En Camliottent Alexander Gardiner, A. P. Dodge, W. M. Wood, John J. Demarest, Peter Gorman, EAS Cooper; O. V. Rogers, John T. Mahan, Shepard Keene, F. Van Ausdall, Richard Cronin, Daniel Gardiner, Joseph McMenomen, James Wheeler, A. H. Mahan, C. H. Walters, FISHERIES, GAME AND fish food, freight, fish cans, hay for horse, covering ice, travel and labor, labor, 66 salary and expenses, fish food, freight on food, coal, grain for horse, sundries, labor, labor and travel, 66 5 66 ce labor, oe salary and expenses, fish food, freight and express, new ponds, sundries, new ponds, fixtures for engine, travel and labor, labor, cartage, . labor, salary and expenses, FORESTS. Brought forward, $77 21 28 107 7O 35 50 79 95 2) AI 34 72 Forward, 35 $4,371 76 667 18 716 38 75° 32 $6,505 64 30 1897. July Aug. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF M. Abrams, pa Caliottenk George Thompson, W. M. Spurge, H. W. Conn, Wm. Pepper & Bro., Crane Co., George G. Conklin, John J. Demarest, W. H. Stoyle, F. Nichols, Arthur Mahan, James Wheeler, Richard Cronin, Daniel G. Gardiner, Joseph McMenomen, E. Bum, BH. A. €ooper, Peter Gorman, John T. Mahan, O. V. Rogers, F. Van Ausdall, C. H. Walters, M. Abrams, en Caelottens C. B. Dusenbury, Jr., James T. Demilt, A. P. Dodge, Wm. O’Hara, Alexander S. Gardiner, William T. Lockwood, W. W. Wood, S. D. Tillotson, Bingham & Brush, Peter Morton, Frederick Mortenson, Daniel J. Gardiner, Richard Cronin, Peter Gorman, E. A. Cooper, J. T. Mahan, F. Van Ausdall, O. V. Rogers, C. H. Walters, Brought forward, fish food, freight, shad fishing, board and lodging, . lobster work, . plumbing, garden hose, lobster work, sundries, lobster hatching, labor, carting, labor, ce oe labor and travel, oe ce oe salary and expenses, fish food, freight, supplies for horse, 6 “6 sundries, new flume in pond, . ve 66 sundries, : new flume, etc., in pond, . supplies for horse, supplies for lobster hatchery, supplies, lobster eggs, lobster eggs, labor, ce 6“ $103 30° 95 82 oOo 02 00 56 86 25 70 41 75 50 75 50 0O Forward, $6,505 64 833 91 733 65 $8,073 20 1897. Sept. FISHERIES, GAME AND M. Abrams, jp Calotten: W. W. Wood, William Bingham, ' William O'Hara, 1896. Oct. Nov. Adolphus Ford, F. T. O'Neill, E. A. Cooner, Richard Cronin, James Wheeler, John T. Mahan, Peter Gorman, F. Van Ausdall, O. V. Rogers, C. Hi. Walters, FORESTS. Brought forward, fish food, freight, lumber, ponds, cement, ponds, post for ponds, lobster eggs, tar for troughs, labor and travel, labor, carting, labor, 6s salary and expenses, Total Cold Spring, Fulton Chain Hatchery : Dodge & Snyder, Charles Seymour, W. H. Burke, F. C. Marks, William Huser, Phillip Christy, Jack Rivitt, E. L. Marks, American Net and Twine Co., George A. Clark, Whitmore, Rauber & Viscinus, J. B. Thompson, Nicholas Ginther, George Dies & Son, J. H. Harvey, Charles Lyman, Phillip Christy, Lazare White, Adam Tunis, John Rivitt, William Huser, paints and oils, 5 days’ labor, 30 days’ labor, labor, labor with team, labor, salary, cordage, ; ; ; hercules powder, caps and fuse, s barrels cement, dynamite, ; freight and express, . lumber, etc., hardware, labor, labor with team, labor, ce 6c (75 Forward, $r10 43 18 80 I1g 80 12 75 20 00 IO 7 49 69 24 JY LO 0O 37 $8,073 20 706. 51 $38,779 71 $246 75 $246 75 38 1896. Nov. Dec. 1897. Jan. Feb. REPORD Theodore Lablank, F. C. Marks, William H. Burke, H. B. Kendall, E. L. Marks. Herc Ca CrittendentcaiCor E. Dorflinger, Charles Miller & Son, Nicholas Ginther, Adam Tunis, Lazare White, William Huser, William Ball, F. C. Marks, H. B. Kendall, William H. Burke, E. L. Marks, George Deis & Son, W. 5S. Decamp, N. Ginther, FE. & €. Crittenden & Co., Charles C. Kellogg, Walker and Matteson, William Ball, W. W. Hough, Mrs. Frederick Hess, Phillip Christy, PAS Harveys D. A. Fraule, William H. Burke, H. B. Kendall, naa Marks; E. L. Marks, Charles Miller & Son, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., Sabine Harvey, Walker & Wilkinson, Scheeler & Sons, Adam Fennis, OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Brought forward, labor and expenses, salary and expenses, fish food, hatching jars, . iron fuel pipes, freight and express, . labor, ce ce labor and expenses, labor, ee 66 salary and expenses, lumber and planing, wood, timber, : express and freight, fish food, oe express, . ; gate valves and tinware, . carpenter, oil, board, labor with team, hardware, stove wood, labor and expenses, labor, co salary and expenses, iron pipe, fish food, stove, tinware, . wire screens, cartage, Forward, O3 $246 75 133 29 529 68 687 o1 $2,216 73 1897. Feb. Mch. April May June FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. N. Ginther, ies Pa Kendall W. H. Burke, F. C. Marks, H. E. Annin, Charles Miller & Son, F. C. Marks, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., Nicholas Ginther, _ F. C. Marks, Harry Kendall, W. Hi. Burke, H. E. Annin, J. A. Harvey, J. M. Matteson & Co., George Deis & Son, Parson & Co., F. & C. Crittenden & Co., Adam Fennis, Nicholas Ginther, Dodge & Snyder, Harry P. Kendall, F. C. Marks, M. H. Burke, H. E. Annin, Scheeler & Sons, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., Nicholas Ginther, F. C. Marks. We Hy Burke; H. B. Kendall, H. E. Annin, George Deis & Son, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., Sabine Harvey, ce Jeannette E. Harvey, N. Ginther, William Ball, Adam Fennis, L. White, Brought forward, $99 75 express and cartage, E 12 Bat llores, 5 : ; 46 50 ee : : : 58 go #f 5 6 ; : . 47 50 labor and expenses, . 122 26 hardware, : : ‘ : 67 60 July acct. voucher with July abst., 58 go fish food, : : ; ‘ $7 o1 expenses and cartage, .. : 5 45 labor, . : : : BR 2O ae : : ; ; 42 00 labor and expenses, . ; : 53 46 salary and expenses, : 96 55 paint brushes, etc., . : pO 25 fish cans, : : : Ig 00 lumber, . F : : ; 18 14 Oars, varnish, etc., . ; ; A 18 fish food, : : 7 64 board, . ; : ; : 3 00 cartage and express, : 0 20 68 oil, etc., : : : 3 85 lealoor, 6 : : 6 : 46 50 ee : : é : 0 60 31 ss : ; é : 6 61 55 salary, etc., 118 10 wire cloth, : : $12 00 fish food, . : : B 2O cartage, . : ‘ : 26 00 lal oranee : : : ; 57 00 labor and expenses, . ; : 64 95 Ieloyer, : : : 45 50 salary and expenses, : 93 00 lumber, . : : : S232 fish food, : : : 8 o1 plumbing, ; : ; ; 24 31 nails, etc., Mer ees ; ‘ 12 65 wheelbarrows, etc., . ; ; IO 40 carting, . : : ; 26 67 carpenter, : : 50 49 labor, ; ; : P ; 18 00 ee : 5 0 : ; 17 00 DDO GYR 514 95 257 67 369 75 301 84 Forward, $3,660 94 40 1897. June July Aug. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Brought forward, A. B. Main, labor, Harry Kendall, cs : : F. C. Marks, labor and expenses, William Burke, ae ue H. E. Annin, salary and expenses, Hence Ca Crittendenné Cor George Deis & Son, Charles Kellogg Sons Co., Charles Miller & Son, J. D. Wells Son & Co., Sabone Harvey, Nicholas Ginther, Charles Wood, William Ball, L. White, Adam Fennis, F. C. Marks, William Burke, Harry Kendall, Jal, 18. Annin, S. H. Budlong & Son, Scheeler & Sons, Frank Riley, Allendorf & Porter, Dodge & Snyder, J. D. Matteson & Co., Sabine & Harvey, Charles Miller & Son, Charles Kellogg Sons Co., John Sprague, Janette E. Harvey, E. F. Abbott, George Deis & Son, Armor & Co., Alvin Brawley, William Ball, Adam Tennis, L. White, H.@. Marks; William Burke, H. B. Kendall, H. E. Annin, fish food, lumber, ef . plumbing, : sheets and piliow cases, tin, nails, etc., ; cartage, etc., carpenter, ce labor and expenses, . (a5 be - labor, hatchery, etc., labor, “c salary and expenses, fish food, wire cloth, florist, furniture, paints and oils, tinware and exp., hardware, iron pipe, etc., lumber, . mason work, nails, paint, etc., salt and grass seed, . lumber, . liver, extra carpenter, expenses carpenter, labor, etc., extra labor, labor, hatchery, a oc salary and expenses, 58 90 54 25 125 19 Forward, $3,660 94 478 85 845 70 854 86 $5,840 35 1897. Sept. 1896. Oct. Nov. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Dodge & Snyder, George Deis & Son, Adam Jennis, IL. White, N. Ginther, (73 H. B. Kendall, William H. Burke, F. C. Marks, H. E. Annin, lealdeuetcs lumber, etc., labor, ce July acct., exp., labor and freight, 15 August 66 6“ 66 labor, oe “6 salary and expenses, Total Fulton Chain, Pleasant Valley Hatchery : Brownell & Co., R. R. Flynn, Grant Christie, William Ball, R. Buckley, W. D. Oviatt, A. Beekman, Kirkham & Platt, Scheeler & Sons, Frederick C. Hunniston, Herbert Hunniston, O. S. Johnson, Gaylon Johson, Henry Garvey, Ambrose Booth, Simon W. Dillon, Frederick J. Dillon, R. Cotchefer, Frederick C. Hunniston, Herbert Hunniston, O. S. Johnson, F. & €. Crittenden & Co., ce ce Gould & Knowlten, R. R. Flynn & Co., R. Cotchefer, hardware and supplies, salt, ‘ labor and expenses, . “e 66 general work, labor, lumber, 66 wire cloth, labor at hatchery, 6s 6G labor, 66 66 ce labor with team, carpenter, expenses and services, labor at hatchery, ce oe general work, . fish food, 66 P plumbing, salt, : expenses and services, Brought forward, $ro 55 48 48 19 54 58 58 g6 WD 73 oo 00 97 08 25 go go 60 Forward, 4! $5,840 35 466 15 $6,306 50 $755 26 279 42 $1,034 68 1896. 1897. Jan. Feb. Mch. Apmil REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Brownell & Co., Frost & Co., T. Purdy, M. Bowes & Co., Frederick C. Hunniston, Herbert Hunniston, RoR lynnisa Cor, Grant Christie, Kirkham & Platt, O. S. Johnson, R. Cotchefer, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., ce a3 Herbert Hunniston, R. Cotchefer, M. Brewster & Co., 6c F. C. Hunniston, (<3 F. & C. Cnttenden & Co., R. Cotchefer, R. R. Flynn & Co., M. Bowes & Co., Frederick C. Hunniston, Herbert Hunniston, W. D. Oviatt, S. W. Dixon, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., R. Cotchefer, Gould & Knowlten, Scheeler & Sons, A. Beekman, Robert J. Aull, O. S. Johnson, Grant Christie, J. M. Mattison, Grant Christie, Frederick C. Hunniston, Herbert Hunniston, W. D. Oviatt, hardware, etc., shrubbery, sign painting, . coal for hatchery, labor at hatchery, & « salt, labor and expenses, repairing and lumber, labor, miscellaneous, expenses and services, fish food, 66 labor, : expenses and services, coal, “e labor, ce B fish food, expenses and services, salt, etc., coal, labor, ce ec cartage, . fish food, expenses and services, plumbing, wire cloth, lumber, . : labor and expenses, . labor, ce fish cans, labor and expenses, labor at hatchery, ce “ee labor, Brought forward, $9 $64 Forward, $207 30 50 oOo oo 25 25 25 49 74 (exe) 3D $1,034 68 267 13 IBY Q2 202 16 570 85 $2,232 04 1897. April May June July 1896. Oct. Nov. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Haida Ce Crittenden & (Cox, R. Cotchefer, W. D. Oviatt, R. R. Flynn & Co., Frederick C. Hunniston, Herbert Hunniston, S. W. Dixen, Grant Christie, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., R. Cotchefer, R. R. Flynn & Co., O. S. Johnson, Herbert Hunniston, Frederick C. Hunniston, F, & C. Crittenden & Co., R. Cotchefer, Charles Fry, R. R. Flynn & Co., Brownell & Co., Frederick C. Hunniston, Herbert Hunniston, O. S. Johnson, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., Kirkham & Platt, R. Cotchefer, Brought forward, fish food, expenses and services, labor at hatchery, merchandise, . labor at hatchery, cc oe labor and cartage, labor and expenses, fish food, expenses and services, salt, labor, 6c ‘ fish food, expenses and services, night watchman, salt, hardware, labor, oe (73 fish food, lumber, etc., expenses and services, Total Pleasant Valley, Sacandaga Hatchery : Burnham & Lowery, John F. Boyce, Edson Osgood, George H. Fister, E. F. Boehm, grain and supplies, . boat supplies, . labor as guide, labor and expenses, salary and expenses, American Net and Twine Co., seines, etc., F. & C. Crittenden & Co., 6“ oe James McCormick, Lewis Wilbur, liver, ce board, labor, 25 210 Forward, 43 $2,232 04 360 20 319 98 320 13 346 00 $3,578 35 $174 86 $174 86 44 1896. Nov. Dec. 1897. Feb. Mch. April May June July REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Addison McIntyre, Edson Osgood, Arthur Boehm, E. F. Boehm, John F. Boyce, M. Flynn, Frederick Boehm, Edson Osgood, George H. Fister, E. F. Boehm, F. & C. Cnttenden & Co., 6é 66 George H. Fister, E. F. Boehm, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., George H. Fister, E. F. Boehm, George H. Fister, E. F. Boehm, John F. Boyce, George H. Fister, E. F. Boehm, Hences Ci Crittend enréaiCo- George H. Fister, E. F. Boehm, F. & C. Crittenden & Co., Arthur Boehm, George H. Fister, E. F. Boehm, Ostrander & Coffin, John F. Boyce, Albert Danforth, Louis Wilbur, Arthur Boehm, Addison McIntyre, George H. Fister, E. F. Boehm, Brought forward, labor, ce team and labor, salary and expenses, repairs, board and labor, labor and team, labor, oe salary and expenses, liver, be labor, salary and expenses, liver, labor, salary and expenses, labor, salary and expenses, repairs, labor, salary and expenses, liver, labor, salary and expenses, liver, team labor, labor, salary and expenses, supplies, blacksmith work, labor, oe ce salary and expenses, $52 66 107 47 Forward, $174 292 180 167 139 160 1$7 271 86 63 89 51 23 80 85 44 72 85 $2,038 78 1897. Aug. Sept. 1897. Sept. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. E. & ©. Crittenden & Co., oe (73 Byron Page, Burnham 5. Lowery, George H. Fister, E. F. Boehm, Charles Kellogg Sons Co., Equitable Gas & Electric Co., J. M. Masterson, American Net & Twine Co., Ostrander & Coffin, Burnham & Lavery, Asa Bird, John F. Bryce, Henry B. Stock, William Ball, George H. Fister, E. F. Boehm, Charles Miller & Son, Total Sacandaga, Brought forward, liver, 66 horse, oats, labor, salary and expenses, lumber, . tar, tin work, gill net, . cedar corks, hardware, supplies, lumber, . blacksmith work, labor, oe oe salary and expenses, iron pipe, etc.. James Annin, Jr., Superintendent of Hatcheries: One year’s salary as Superintendent, Traveling expenses, Total, $4 59 25 oOo 17 oo 45 50 45 $2,038 78 429 96 471 30 $2,940 04 $2.931 78 Expenses incurred hatching whitefish, wall-eyed pike, ciscoes and Oswego bass at Clayton, N. Y.: 1896. Oct. Nov. M. B. Hill, Frederick Hami!ton, M. C. Butts, Jc. M. Crumb, Charles Classen, M. B. Hill, William A. Hill, Norman B. Hill, Melvin Stage, W. D. Marks, Stony Island, Ed. Fraser, Strough & Brooks, labor and expenses, . fish food, oe oe oe salary, labor and expenses, labor, labor, cartage, etc., . cartage, ice, labor and expenses, labor, seining, turpentine, nails, etc., Forward, $77 3 20 36 $85 52 $268 $85 52 46 1896. Nov. Dec. 1897. Feb. Mar. April REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Maher & Fitzgerald, American Net and Twine Co., J. G. Miller, M. B. Hill Norman Hill, Byron Mount, Augustus King, J. G. Miller, George C. Putnam, James H. Hanes, John Failing, Orr Stratton, Schuyler Collins, William Graves, Edward Frasier, Me Resta Norman B. Hill, Werke ital’ Lester Nugent, William M. Johnson, J. H. Hungerford, Maher & Fitzgerald, Strough & Brooks, Louis Canell, ME, 18}, Jebilll, Norman B. Hill, M. B. Hill, Norman B. Hill, Maher & Fitzgerald, J. M. Hungerford, Wo Ce Wahibkese, M. B. Hill, Norman B. Hill, J. G. Miller, John A. Upton, Sylvester Selleck, John F. Colon, We Io Calls, John Ball, Brought forward, coal and delivery, ropes, lead, etc., labor and expenses, labor and expenses, & « sailboat, . 14 gill nets, livery, : : . use of boat, board of men, sailboat, 3 trips, : : labor, 3 gallons whitefish eggs, ciscoe eggs, salary and expenses, labor, board of men, etc., . whitefish eggs, ciscoe eggs, 25 feet hose, coal, basswood timber, 2 trips to hatchery, . salary, labor, labor, oe coal, hardware, cartage, etc., labor, oe ; r trips with fish, expenses with car, oe trips with fish, ce 1G 16 00 6 00 g 00 Forward, $85 52 328 29 344 50 LIQ 27 124 00 147 68 267 71 $1,476 97 1897. May Norman B. Hill, J. M. Hungerford, M. B. Hill, Norman B. Hill, June M. B. Hill, W. D. Hill, Norman B. Hill, John Colon, Grant Christie, July M. B. Hill, Vio IDE JEHNE IN, 183, JEGill, Grant Cristie, John A. Upton, Louis Canell, Jeet Colon’ W. W. Stage, Eli Butts, Aug. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Brought forward, labor, $38 25 tinsmith, 7 50 labor, : $57 so a . : : ¢ 5 15 00 labor, $75 00 catching bass, . ‘ S 26 : : ; : 8 25 carting fish, 6 co messenger with fish, 40 75 labor, $77 50 ue : 0 . 5 : ir AG ss . . : B Ae labor and expenses, ; : 71 99 es ot é 6 ‘ By Si delivering telegram and labor, . 3 00 carting, . ‘ : I2 00 ice and carting, : : II 00 liver, 6 30 Total Clayton, $1,476 4) 15) 1? § 138 25 236 16 _ $1,969 63 Expenses incurred collecting eggs and hatching shad at Catskill hatching station: 1896. June W. D. Oviatt, labor and expenses, $94 33 John A. Upton, * : 67 92 J. Mason, a 42 30 William Ball, se BD ae O. V. Rogers, g 58 77 A. i. Cooper, « ‘ Ox 72 E. Hallenbeck, a ce 44 00 A. Hart, sf Gs : 44 00 Capt. John J. Pindar, fishing seine with crew, Ig 00 W. Kortz, bedding, etc., . 5 : 17 64 Day & Holt, hardware, etc., 22 WZ Vernon E. Ford, groceries, Dey ByN ease elants board of men, : : : 29 00 E. Lampman & Son, lumber, . ; 69 10 Catskill & Hudson Steam Ferry Co., transportation, : 6 10 — $817 11 July W. D. Oviatt, labor and expenses, $60 08 J. Mason, a6 GG 34 21 Forward, $04 29 $817 11 48 1896. July REPORT. OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF E. H. Hallenbeck, IN, Jel, Jalenct, John J. Pindar, Vernon E. Ford, Catskill & Hudson Steam Ferry Co., transportation, Catskill Water Works, Total Catskill, Brought forward, labor, “ce fishing seine with crew, groceries, water rent, $94 29 37 00 32 00 160 00 17 00 5 12 75 00 Expenses incurred collecting eggs and hatching mascalonge at hatching station: 1896. Oct. 1897. May June Randall R. Brown, C. C. Wildman & Co., Grant E. Winchester, Norton Bros., B. Look & Son, Randall R. Brown, William Ball, Grant E. Winchester, E. Monroe Arnold, Jack Wilcox, Wayn Brown, Elmer Brown, James Seymour, R. D. Brown, C. C. Wildman & Co., Randall R. Brown, John A. Upton, Wayne Brown, E. Monroe Arnold, Elmer Brown, Grant E. Winchester, A, J. Pickard, Jotham Bemus, C. Frank Hall, labor and expenses, lumber, . labor, hardware, shingles, labor and expenses, hardwaze, for spiles, lumber, labor and expenses, board of carpenter, . rent of hatchery, labor and expenses, Total Chautauqua, $19 50 28 31 I2 00 $817 11 420 99 $1,238 ro Chautauqua $68 65 425 24 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 49 Expenses incurred gathering eggs and hatching pike at Constantia hatching station : 1897. May June M. B. Hill, foreman, Jonathan Mason, Arthur Brown, George Scriba, Ca hapless: Dannie C. King, James Andrews, George Lord, Charles Penoyer, Charles Hollady, William Dobson, Daniel Sweet, Charles Whipple, Benjamin Phillips, Henry Marcellus, Edward Miles, Julian P. Carter, Charles Marcellus, Earl Thurston, Leonard Gardiner, William Youngs, eee ork John W. Carter, American Net and Twine Co., Sanford Woodward, D. K. Winn, ES: Beede; A. L. Southwell & Son, M. B. Hill, Jonathan Mason, John A. Upton, J. G. Miller, Earl Thurston, D> Kang; Charles Marcellus, Charles Penoyer, Grant Christie, Nelson Van Antwerp, J. D. Black, George F. Scriba, labor and expenses, (75 “é lifting nets, 66 66 labor and expenses, lifting nets, 66 & and teams, watchman, hatchery assistant, lifting nets and team, 6é oe ese flat nets, etc., . cartman, tinsmith, hardware, rent of hatchery, labor and expenses, 66 be night watchman, loading car, labor and expenses, GG 5 hardware, labor and ice, . 49 6 17 14 $634 33 Forward, $276 $634 33 Expenses incurred collecting and hatching whitefish at 1896. a Dec 1897. Jan. Santord Woodward, A. 1. Southwell & Son, A. A. Beardsley, Jonathan Mason, Nelson Van Antwerp, Charles Whipple, Frank McCann, Sanford Woodward, Bird Johnson, Charles Martin, H. W. Mason, Earl Thurston, ‘Total Constantia, R. R. Brown, Wayne Brown, W. D. Marks, William Geiger, W. D. Oviatt, G. E. Winchester, Mrs. C. Beeman, R. R. Brown, Wayne Brown, W. D. Marks, W. D. Oviatt, G. E. Winchester, William H. Fox, James Field Co., Mrs. C. Beeman, REPORT OF DHE COMMISSIONERS (OF Brought forward, $276 carting ice and cans, lumber, net fixtures, etc., NWA SehyIces: 5 (75 labor and expenses, board of fishermen, . labor and expenses, rent of boat, oars and locks, board of five men, Total Canandaigua, ) RO 10 62 Canandaigua lake : $65 95 81 79 74 50 98 00 oo 7° 3634 33 314 7° $415 56 382 42 $797 98 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 51 Expenses incurred collecting whitefish and salmon trout eggs on Lake Michigan: 1896. Noy. Jonathan Mason, labor and expenses, : . $35 95 John A. Upton, a «e ; Bn FO S. M. Rose, of ee 27 00 = $94 65 Dec. Jonathan Mason, labor and expenses, ; $87 15 Thomas Rudeck, use of tug, 5 : ; % 25 Albert Fairchild, G6 : ; : TO 25 Wiliam H. Chambers, board of men, : 45 19 John A. Upton, labor and expenses, : : 87 24 G. C. Geiken, use of tug, : 50 00 Joseph Plant, labor and expenses, ; 63 67 Ole Olson, labor, notary fees, . : 16 25 SS 368 oo 1897. Jan. Jonathan Mason, labor and expenses, : B60 27 S: M. Rose; a ut : : 106 76 a u¢ se : eg: 66 50 Frank Sherman, ‘ ie : : 2m se 4 es : 30 65 William H. Chambers, board of men, i ; 13 50 Ole Olson, taking spawn, : : 2) Dis Thomas Rudeck, use of tug, : : ; 25 Albert Fairchild, ef : : 3 2S Joseph Plant, labor and expenses, 18 66 Cole H. Campbell, oc : 95 15 John A. Upton, ee « ; : : IO7 41 Andrew Smith, board of man, : : 6 45 “551 85 Total Lake Michigan, : : , PI,0O14 50 Expenses incurred removing fish from Erie canal near Montezuma and placing same in Seneca river. : 1896. Dec. F. Helmer, labor, 5 days, at $2.00 per day, $ro oo William Prosser, Sai gs eS ss 14 00 Dell Helmer, ee % as is 14 00 William Prosser, Jr., Sei ee) és 2 00 Jacob Frantz, use of seine, etc., . : 3 00 M. B. Rude, labor, 5 days, at $1.50 per day, 7, 50 John A. Rockfeller, Bp 8 Tin ea, . 4 00 J. M. Bennett, “3 ‘“ horse and wagon, 6 50 $61 oo 52 Transportation of fish car of foreign roads: 1896. Nov. 6. Delaware & Hudson R.R. Co., transportation of car ‘“« Adirondack” from Bellows Falls, Vt., to Newbury, N. H., and return, 1897. May 31. Pennsylvania R.R. Co., transportation of fish car ‘‘ Adiron- Expenses of Superintendent’s office at Caledonia, N. Y.: 1896. Oct. Nov. 1897. Jan. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF dack” from Jersey City to Havre De Grace and return, J. M. Skinner, stenographer, F. W. Blakeslee, clerical work, J. M. Skinner, stenographer, F. W. Blakeslee, clerical work, Postage and box rent, . Telegraph and telephone account, Freight and express, Notary fees, Cleaning office, J. M. Skinner, stenographer, F. W. Blakeslee, clerical work, Postage account, . Telegraph account, Freight and express, Notary fees, : : Stationery and supplies, ; : Sherman F. Denton, mounting fish, J. M. Skinner, stenographer, F. W. Blakeslee, clerical work, Postage account, Telegraph and telephone, Freight and express, Notary fees, : 5 Stationery and office supplies, A. K. Fowler, alcohol, Eight yards cheese cloth at 5c., Lamp chimneys, . $37 68 99 60 $137 28 $39 50 62 66 126 63 40 16 QO 37 Forward, $319 16 1897. Feb. Mch April June FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. J. M. Skinner, stenographer, F. W. Blakeslee, office work, Postage account, Telegraph and telephone, Express, Notary fees, Sherman F. Denton, Young fis. Gorton & McCabe, table, A. H. Collins, printing, Stationery and office supplies, Messenger to Rochester and return, ** Railroad Guide,” 1 year, J. M. Skinner, stenographer, F. W. Blakeslee, clerical work, H. L. Carpenter, photo. work, A. H. Collins, printing, Postage account, Telegraph and telephone Notary fees, Stationery, J. M. Skinner, stenographer, F. W. Blakeslee, clerical work, Postage account, Telegraph and telephone, Notary fees, Stationery, Net Bote Reape A. H. Collins, printing, S. F. Denton, mounting specimens, J. M. Skinrer, stenographer, F. W. Blakeslee, clerical work, A. H. Collins, printing, Postage account, Telegraph account, Express account, Stationery, . J. M. Skinner, stenographer, F. W. Blakeslee, clerical work, Postage account, Forward, Forward, $32 00 SY 52 ES 5S) A DD 35 00 IS) ial Sar TS) See Way Tel w on $32 00 33 He I2 00 $ 77 50 6) $319 16 144 52 74 68 I2t 25 77 00 $736 61 54 1897. June July Sept. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Telegraph and telephone, Express and freight, Stationery and office supplies, Shakes and rollers, J. M. Skinner, stenographer, F. W. Blakeslee, clerical work, Postage account, : Telegraph and telephone account, Freight and express, Stationery, . 0 A. H. Collins, printing, J. M. Skinner, stenographer, F. W. Blakeslee, clerical work, Wm. Crater, attorney McKay case, 3 ay rs Lame XP ENSESs Postage account, é Telegraph and telephone account, J. M. Skinner, stenographer, F. W. Blakeslee, clerical work, Postage account, : Telegraph and telephone, A. H. Collins, cards, Stationery and office supplies, Brought forward, Total expenses, Superintendent’s office, Insurance on hatcheries : 1896. Sept. Milton Carter, insurance on hatcheries, Total Hatcheries Account, $77 50 $736 2 — 1aTeS 78 78 OO) 63 $1,071 $72 61 99 03 77 Io oOo $53,394 64 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 55 Schedate “B.” SUMMARY OF SALARIES AND EXPENSES PAID FISH, GAME AND OYSTER PRO- TECTORS FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1897. SALARIES. EXPENSES. TOTAL, J. W. Pond, Chief Protector, é . $2,000 00 $913 gt n D280 03) OL William Wolf, Clerk to Chief Pibtecton : 1,300 00 13 00 IEE OO John E. Leavitt, Assistant Chief, . é ; 1,200 00 645 09 1,845 09 M. C. Worts, ay : ; 1,200 00 See LOR2 22 M. C. Finley, Special Agent, 4 : 1,000 00 DAR DR PAAR 2B Edgar Hicks, Oyster Protector, . : : 1,000 00 673 78 1,673 78 Sebastian Hesbach, “ ; 350 00 em ia 461 14 Selah T. Clock, ee : 995 89 279 32 Rye Qi John Ferguson, Assistant Oyster Brereeron ; 567 50 276 59 844 09 John L. Ackley, IBKOteCtOK mam = : : 458 33 450 00 908 33 Fietcher S. Beede, & : , : 500 00 469 00 969 00 Edw. I. Brooks, a : 6 500 00 450 00 959 00 George Carver, ef : : : : 500 00 450 06 950 06 Thomas H. Donnelly, “ 5 : : : 499 92 450 36 950 28 Lester S. Emmons, s : 6 : 500 00 449 95 949 95 Ira Elmendorf, fe ‘ ‘ : : 262 14 237 40 499 54 Eugene Hathway, “s 5 3 : 428 08 318 56 746 64 Spencer Hawn, “ 5 : é 500 00 444 81 944 81 ‘James Holmes, a : : 500 00 A417 93 917 93 Carlos Hutchins, ts j , : 500 00 450 00 950 00 EK. A. Hazen, us : : 500 00 390 12 890 12 Robert S. Jones, i : ; : : 193 OL 166 11 359 12 Willett Kidd, oe : ; 500 00 458 77 “Oe 77) A. B. Klock, ed : : 145 89 100 82 246 71 J. H. Lamphere, ‘ ; : ; 500 00 450 00 950 00 J. W. Littlejohn, « : : : ; 500 00 464 45 964 45 J. D. Lawrence, es : : : : 423 31 397 10 820 41 BE. J. Lobdell, a . : : 500 00 450 00 950 00 B. H. McCollum, & : : ATO) Ley 441 39 920 56 Joseph Northup, s : ‘ ; 500 00 454 18 954 18 F. M. Potter, “ ‘ : : 5 500 00 354 20 854 20 D. N. Pomeroy, e : : ; : 411 96 388 02 799 98 WemlunelNeeds ‘ : : ‘ : 500 0O 450 00 950 00 R. M. Rush, ie . ; : : 500 00 429 15 929 15 Bernard Salisbury, oe : : ; ; 500 00 442 87 942 87 Nicholas Shaul, i : : : ; 395 85 412 50 808 35 George B. Smith, is : F F 5 500 00 450 00 950 00 Alvin Winslow, € 5 ; ‘ ; 499 98 Bom: 897 12 Albert Warren, uf : : : ‘ 447 48 400 66 848 14 Forward, $23,258 51 $15,993 83 $39,252 34 56 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Brought forward, $23,258 51 ISL, ILy Went, Protector, . A. A. Wyckoff, is William Cookingham, F. M. Potter, : ee O. S. Potter, Gs James F. Shedden, sf James H. O’Bnen, « Moses E. Sawyer, Stanton J. Tefft, Uriah Satterlee, St Total, Schedule ey: OFFICIAL SALARIES AND EXPENSES. Barnet H. Davis, President, William R. Weed, Commissioner, Charles H. Babcock, ss Edward Thompson, “ Hendrick S. Holden, = A. N. Cheney, State Fish Culturist, William F. Fox, Engineer, Total, $18,863 Scehedate “Dd.” SALARIES. EXPENSES. TOTAL. $15,993 83 $39,252 34 354 11 294 89 649 00 354 16 312 02 666 18 104 15 Bom 143 36 41 74 18 61 60 35 13 89 6 20 20 09 402 71 361 30 764 O1 5 37 8 50 13 87 44 72 44 72 WE DR 126 47 283 70 7¢ 72 ¢ 72 $24,691 87 $17,213 45 $41,905 32 SALARIES. EXPENSES. TOTAL. $3,000 00 $800 00 $3,800 00 2,500 00 800 00 3,300 00 2,708 34 866 66 3,575 00 2,708 34 866 66 BEWTE OO 2,708 34 866 66 3,575 00 3,900 00 544 91 3544 91 2,238 38 89 79 2,328 17 40 $4,834 68 $23,698 08 SALARIES AND EXPENSES.—CLERICAL FORCE. Charles A. Taylor, Assistant Secretary, A. J. Mulligan, Auditor, A. B. Strough, Special Agent, J. J. Fourqurean, Stenographer, Total, . $2,000 00 1,600 00 1,283 34 I,200 00 $6,083 34 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Schedule “BE.” EXPENDITURES ON ACCOUNT OF SHELLFISH OFFICE. Edward Thompson, rent and office expenses, F. B. Mitchell, salary and expenses, Charles Wyeth, salary and expenses, Edgar Hicks, expenses of naphtha launch, Gas Engine and Power Co., launch fixtures, Brandow Printing Co., printing, . «. Weed Parsons Printing Co., printing, C. A. Taylor, postage, a blank books, H. Adams, lumber for signals, “Staten Islander,” advertising, “The Sentinel,” ae F ; ; “The Staten Island Gazette,” advertising, C. E. Griffith, insurance, Hyde & Co., maps, Total, Schedule ok OFFICE EXPENSES. Stationery and printing: Weed Parsons Printing Co., Brandow Printing Co., Hudson Valley Paper Co., S. G. Speir, ; H. W. Riggs, R. B. Hough, AGE Clappyr . Albany News Company, D. S. Walton & Co., W. H. Sample, W. K. Sanders, Telephone and telegraph: Western Union Telegraph Co., Postal Cable Telegraph Co., Hudson River Telephone Co., . $1,027 1,050 764 214 182 117 66 oo 95 42 80 67 U5 oOo oOo 44 oOo oOo [exe) oOo oOo Forward, D0 $3,625 69 $1,755 30 601 75 $2,357 05 538 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Postage and express : American Express Co., National Express Co., Postage account, Miscelianeous expenses : George H. West, special agent, salary 2 months, me a expenses, Smith Premier Co., typewriter, Albany Hardware Co., sundries, A. L. Curtis, file cases, A. M. Michaels, net tags, . Lang Stamp Works, rubber stamps, . F. H. Woods, P. O. Box rent, J. B. Lyon, binding, J. M. McDonough, books, J. J. Jones, stamps, George H. Rison, anOLoeraph work: ‘The Argos Co., subscription, “Garden and Forest,” subscription, . “ Forest and Stream,” Ke : : Sampson Murdock & Co., (two directories) Houghton, Mifflin & Co., books, J. C. McClosky, books, Banks Bros., ce Great Bear Spring Co., water, K. E. McCollum, photo. work, William F. Fox, mounting deer heads, Nightingale & Johnson, electric lamps, J. J. Fourqurean, notary certificate, Office and Library Co., file cases, Total office expenses, . Brought forward, $394 105 618 $200 Bi 60 14 bo © wow No N AF FAIA DO WwW + H 1 ©) 20 oOo 50 00 49 oo 00 50 35 95 Bi 00 60 =O 75 50 $2,357 05 IytUy IO 538 18 $4,012 93 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 59 Forest Preserve Account. FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1897. Balance October 1, 1896, ; : : . $5,739 99 = | SI) OO) DISBURSEMENTS. William F. Fox, Engineer, balance salary, : : $41 66 - 2 travelling expenses, : : 858 56 George H. West, Special Agent, travelling expenses, : : ‘ RIS §2 se is salary, . ; : : : : 770 00 A. B. Strough, travelling expenses, : : ; 336 2 F. R. Smith, Custodian Lake George Islands, salary, : : : 187 08 Blue Mountain Lake Steamboat Co., use of steamer, . 5 45 00 Gy eynolds, map; . : ; i : : 10 00 Charles A. Taylor, travelling expenses, . : : : : : 46 41 Reuben Lawrence, taxes, John Brown homestead, . ; z KB 17 Eugene Thew, shingles, i ic ; 5 ; : 33 00 — $2,869 68 Balance September 30, 1897, . : : ; é : : 2,870 31 $5,739 99 Miscellaneous Accoants. ACQUIRING LAND AND WATER RIGHTS AT CALEDONIA HATCHERY. Appropriation, chapter 86, Laws of 1896, : : . 5,000 00 ~~ $5,000 00 1897. DISBURSEMENTS. ie Jan. 9 R.L. Seldon & Son., for survey, computation, description and map of the ce Mill Be and eee Caledonia, N. Y., . $20 00 SS ee $20 (exe) Balance September 30, 1897, . : ; : ; : ; : : : 4,980 00 $5,000 00 CLAIMS ARISING UNDER FORMER COMMISSIONS. Balance October 1, 1896, : ; ; ; 5 MOR 10 i aneaeeneeine $2,198 17 1896. DISBURSEMENTS. Dec. 10 J. W. Chrispell, President of Alder Lake Club, for fish fry, $350 00 1897. Feb. 13 I. B. Lyon, printing, : : : ; 185 00 Mch. 26 5S. C. Armstrong, travelling expenses, : : 200 00 June 8 E.G. Whitaker, legal services, : 5 5 4 ; 200 00 July 8 Cantwell & Contwell, legal services, a ; : : 500 00 es ce Balance September 30, 1897, . , : 5 : : ‘ ; : : 758 17 $2,193 17 60 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF COMPLETION AND EQUIPMENT OF PONDS AT PLEASANT VALLEY HATCHERY. Balance, October 1, 18096, 5 NEA Og 1896. DISBURSEMENTS. Oct. 12 Gould & Nowlen, for pipe valves, wire netting, packing and labor on hatchery, A ‘ 3 § 5 EBA FO Balance September 30, 18g7, . EXTERMINATION OF BILLFISH IN BLACK LAKE. Balance October 1, 1896, : : : : 5 BAAR Be 1896. DISBURSEMENTS. Nov. 19 George Monk, _ services netting, . s : : $20 00 ee 1g Frederick Apple, es ; 5 : ; ; 20 00 1897. June 8 George Monk, is : ; , 4 00 cc 8 Frederick Apple, a ; : A : : 4 00 Aug. 6 George Monk, ee ; d 25 00 ae 6 Frederick Apple, os : ; { ; 25 00 Balance September 30, 1897, - EXTERMINATION OF BILLFISH IN CHAUTAUQUA LAKE. Balance October 1, 1896, : : : $759 31 Appropriation, chapter 790, Laws of 18y7 : : : ; 500 00 1896. DISBURSEMENTS. Oct. R. R. Brown, labor and expenses, $131 97 James L. Brown, rent of steamboat, 32 50 George W. Browne, boat and labor, 66 50 E. Monroe Arnold, labor, 14 00 Grant E. Winchester, expense and labor, 65 10 E. P. Young, coal and oil, 13 OF W. D. Marks, labor and expenses, Rom W. M. Dick, a ray 9 Noy. George W. Brown, services finding stolen trap net, $6 00 Forward, $154 93 $154 70 23 $154 93 $245 52 $98 00 147 52 $245 52 $1,259 31 $557 82 6 00 $563 82 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 1896. July R.R. Brown, labor and expenses, . Grant E. Winchester, es es E. Monroe Arnold, oe 6 Wayne Brown, a “eo L. Boss, use of steam yacht, . Aug. R. R. Brown, labor and expenses, . Grant E. Winchester, & 6 E. M. Arnold, board and labor, James G. Smith. bbl. coal tar, Wayne Brown, labor, : L. Boos, use of steam yacht, . Brought forward, $51 40 40 65 oOo [oxe) [oxe) [oye) Sept. American Net and Twine Co.,2 pound nets and connections, Balance September 30, 1897, . Sr. LAWRENCE RESERVATION. Appropriation, chapter 273, Laws of 1897, for the purpose of acquir- ing lands in ‘The State Reservation on the Saint Lawrence River” and improving and maintaining said lands, DISBURSEMENTS. “ Republican and Journal,” advertising for lands, Standard Publishing Co., = oe Broackway Publishing Co., a“ Thousand Island Publishing Co., a eC Ca sutton. & us George F. Darrow, a: &“ C. B. Wood, cs ge Oswego Palladium, us “ Ogdensburgh News,” Oswego Publishing Co., cS Fay & Sons, BS i A. B. Strough, expenses examining lands offered for sale, . A N Cheney 66 (73 6 (3 6“ 6c ade . ) 5 Balance September 30, 1897, . . $30,000 83 (oXo) 50 50 oo oo 0O [eXe) 0O Ooo foXe) 0O i Ag oo 48 00 03 40 03 58 61 $563 82 Asst (Os 165 83 150 52 Siena S2 127 49 $1,259 31 $30,000 00 $660 77 29,339 23 $30,000 00 62 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Account of Firewardens for Posting Fire Notices and Tighting Forest Fires. Balance October 1, 1896, : : Cash in hands of William R. Weed, Chairman, Appropriation, chapter 790, Laws of 1897, DISBURSEMENTS. 1897. ; May Herbert Gifford, services, Mayfield, Fulton Co., Nicholas Kent, “ 6 GG Melvin Warner, “ “ * Ralph Bradley, cs Schroon, Essex Co., CC. Wy Vinitneys “ “ &< Robert Warrington, “ “ “ ; Edward McDowell, ty Halfmoon, Saratoga Co., Loat Tenant, «“ Edinburg, « D. Fountain, “ ‘ &“ Frederick Cloutier, « “ « Henry Michael, “ ts « Frank Simpson, “ ‘“ &é Leander Simpson, “ “ és Lewis M. Stockwell, “ 6 “ Clarence Carey, «“ “ ( H. Bunister, “ « « George Mosher, John Labounty, “ “ “ Judson Rhodes, “ « «i John McCarthy, “ «“ ce Cicero McGraw, “ “ ‘6 David Olmstead, “ Henry Simpson, “ 5s Newton Tenant, “ 6 George Tenant, “ “ “ Mike Dillon, “ «“ &4 George Stockwell, “ ‘“ re Lewis Tenant, “ a «é John Tenant, “ “ ‘ Hiram Loveless, “ 5 “ A. Rogers, “ “ ‘“ William Hopkins, “ “i &“ Orman Hopkins, “i “ Ed. Tenant, “ “ “ Forward, $267 28 2,000 Lal H DNOAwWCONH ON FKH NH HH NK HfL OK fv PH ]ONH OF HW FP COW $154 79 50 [oXe) 0O 0O $2,296 29 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 1897. Brought forward, $154 May Sylvester Loveless, services, Edinburg, Saratoga Co., . 10 Alfred Mosher, “ & “ : 8 Willie Wells, “ ‘“ : 8 Wian Edmonds, Gs “4 ‘“ B James H. Tenant, as ‘“ “ ; B Henry P. Morris, st “ “ 4 George Walker, «“ «“ « 8 George Robinson, we “ : 5 Henry Sendamorl, ee «“ «“ ; 5 C. F. Thomas, ie Clifton, St. Lawrence Co., 38 M. W. Dean, “ Clare, ‘ 8 George W. Dukelow, a Horseshoe, 6“ 58 Lawrence Carroll, ie Dresden, Washington Co., 4 Douglas Morehouse, Johnsburg, Warren Co., . 6 E. Spaulding, «“ &“ és 6 y ae “ 2 George Morehouse, George W. Parker, s¢ Highland, Sullivan Co., James Boyd, E. B. Wilson, ‘“ « “ Robert Greig, “ ‘ “ George Crandall, at « ‘“ Charles E. Stanton, és «« &é E.-V. Myers, “ «“ « W. H. Parker, ‘ ‘ &“ John P. Hulse, &“ “ és Webster Lobarr, 66 “ & M. B. Eaton, ‘“ ‘i & Robert Cootes, ‘“ “ ‘i Leon Parker, Charles W. Wilson, 6b “ ‘“ Stephen Warmouth, ‘“ ‘ ‘“ Jo Ce Inne. “ ‘“ « A. D. Wilmarth, ‘6 “ «“ James Morgan, ‘ Robert Crandall, ‘“ ‘“ é A. T. Sargent, ib ‘“ , F..K. Sargent, ‘“ “ ‘6 William Horton, ‘“ “ “ Truman Leavenworth, 6 ce George Lasalle, i Emmet Seeley, 185 oa Co TSS, «“ “ « Taam eyites «“ «“ «é James A. Hulse, &“ “ « Isaac Sargent, a] aS PRRR OR RPRR ADR NYS KHFRAKR DAAHRRHOARR A RA Forward, $452 63 64 1897. May REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Garfield Leavenworth, Charles W. Hulse, Frank Ort, A. W. Rundle, D. E. Crandall, W. H. Parker, Frank Gloss, M. O. Sargent, Atwell Bradley, @] Bs Pages Edwin Avery, S. M. Dailey, Herman S. Dailey, James Boyd, Jr., W. H. Wilson, Sherman Leavenworth, Nathan Daley, John T. Onderdonk, Mohlan I. Clark, Richard D. Wait, JEeD a idreds A. S. Myers, H. H. Kimball, George L. Sauer, Ferdinand Wehle, Christopher Rupp, Jpeaey Viner: Louis Faber, Frederick Theis, C. B. Farley, W. H. Lewis, Emil Keyler, A. lo Jeter; Jacob Zeires, William Brunning, Adam Sauer, Charles Laburt, J. W. Bassett, Paul Hartman, John Binning, William Miller, John Hipe, Ate Camis es W. J. McNeeley, Felix Henle, Brought forward, $452 services, Highland, Sullivan Co., . 4 ol i] | i) anPP FP DNF ANNAN W NH AWAIT O OWAAF QAf OF OO Wn On fF fF FH OO CO foXe) foXo) foXo) 00 00 fofo) (eXo) oo (ofo) (ole) (ofo) fofo) (ofo) (oXo) fofo) (efe) fofo) fofo) oo foXo) (ofo) (ole) (ofo) (oxo) 80 (oXo) fofo) fofo) (oXo) 80 40 60 00 fofo) 80 foXo) (eXo) (ole) 60 30 00 fofo) foley fofe) oo (ofe) 30 May John Henle, William H. Kirchfer, Adam Hipe, Jacob Henle, Jacob Kinne, George Merkensuoger, Howard Kessler, Peter Warmuth, William R. Kessler, Deitrich Voight, Peter Theiss, George Townsend, Charles Hipe, Joseph Cochrane, Chris. Moohn, Henry Messance, August Geison, Rudolph Aplanalp, Frank Cochrane, Charles Krank, Conrad Stroubel, James Lendridge, Charles Strouble, Michael Finnerty, F. A. Bossert, Conrad Bertsch, Charles Theis, George L. Decker, Asa Ogden, H. E. Brooks, W. A. Case, Leonard Ketchum, John Sulgar, Thomas L. Brooks, Henry E. Decker, E. R. Case, W. L. Warden, Emmet Decker, Benjamin J. Barber, W. W Case, John Decker, @ A. ‘Case; Eugene Decker, JE Be Ease: Thomas L. Decker, FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. services, Cochecton, Brought forward, $696 30 Sullivan Co., 4 ff 3 00 5 bO®Q NW dN Ff oO ° Nv ° ° b Be NN [e} [o} H (e) ° YF CODN Amu AW fw bv W B W (e) ° Hom FP AW DA A e} ° WwW Pw WwW e} ° oe 4 00 Forward, $888 oo 66 1897. May REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Brought forward, $888 Charles Warden, services, Oakland Valley, Sullivan Co., 4 Levi Gordon, cs 6 6“ 5 Benjamin F. Decker, 4 & 69 I Edgar Decker, Gs & 6s 9 William Lane, 6 e¢ es I Lewis Boyd, gt a 9 Charles Dinser, 6G Lumberland, BG 2 William H. Knight, 2 William McBride, 3s a oe 2 A. F. McDonough, te & ‘6 6 Jacob Partz, ss a és 6 Ira Edwards, es ee uw 2 Peter Canfield, us se 4 Calvin Knight, us s of 2 S. W. Edwards, Ge 36 ub 2 Jesse Knight, ee : cf 2 Charles Hawkins, ol me oe 2 J. J. Knight, ee BY ee 2 W. J. Knight, sf Hs J. Buckingham, 6s ee oe N. Parsett, es ie ss J. G. Parsett, Gs H. M. Edwards, 6 Joseph Carr, J. D. Knight, ss $f ay W. F. Saywell, Gt ‘ of W. R. Saywell, a Louis Webber, «6 us % Otto Webber, ot oe William Webber, George W. Snyder, John Webber, af MY Leonel Picken, ae ve 6 Irving Cavert, eS et Abram Canfield, 36 cs gs M. P. Smith, es S. R. Gillispies es iG ee George W. Wilson, Davis McBride, Ge ci és eee Smaithy U3 Gh ss August Kalin, és us ¢ William Ruddick, ug o fe H. O. Hoyt, ef eS Timothy Downey, ie re Daniel Sullivan, ub si nb Nw NN WN to no + 44 hb = ONS WO NS Sete as) Gyes os Forward, $1,048 IS) oS) BS) 1897. May George McDonough, Philip Gerhardt, FP. D. Efulse; Theodore Webber, John Gerry, Jacob Whitney, Sherman Depuw, Eli Miller, Ezra P. Hillson, John R. Maben, Norman Rickert, F. A. Brimer, Charles Brimer? Adolph Umkey, Patrick Johnson, Gilbert Brice, James F. Brown, C. W. Williams, George Rider, FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Brought forward, $1,048.00 services, Lumberland, Sullivan Co., . 6 Jesse Van Valkenburgh, “<~ William Lafferty, ‘Alonzo W inne, James Somerville, Cyrus Bramer, Julius Hammond, Ormond Grant, Oscar Culueck, Peter Winne, Romain Vand, Clarence Angle, John E. Rowe, fi. Avery, Ephriam Rowe, W. H. Rowe, Frederick Hammond, William Bramer, Matthew Johnson, Herbert Hammond, Alfred Peck, Thomas Burns, E. C. Rowe, Edward Dutcher, George Myers, Thomas Summerville, Vernon Rider, Fremont, ve te Shandaken, Ulster Co., ce oe ce e oOo 52 oO oOo oOo 0O 2 00 bo 4 NHN WOAAAN bv Dn DWN iS} NNN DFP NFP HK DOL Forward, $1,323 oo oo oOo oo oOo 0Oo 6 May Samuel Gunlick, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Unich Gunlick, Jr., Samuel Fiero, Lewis Fiero, Hiram Miller, Jr., Alexander Evans, J. D. Cornerright, John Miller, Robert Blythe, Philip Miller, John Hallenbeck, Henry S. Lane, Joseph Rider, Jesse Ellsworth, I. L. McGrath, George Parker, Edward Platt, Sidney Dutcher, Allan Dutcher, George A. Dutcher, Marvin E. Hubbell, Ferris Joslin, Orison Dutcher, Clarence Haynes, Myron C. Davis, . Anthony W. Woolheater, Lewis O. Smith, James H. Parker, James W. Dutcher, Charles Brimer, Burrett McKillip, Edward Duffy, Addison C. Haynes, Daniel Moben, William C. Mabin, Joseph Datti, Jr., Charles Mabin, Frederick Andrews, Everett Woolheater, John Barnum, George W. Dutcher, Frederick Parker, Nelson Murray, Willie Woolheater, (13 services, Shandaken, Brought forward, $1,323 Ulster Co., RON SO Nie = OO OO OO IND eNO NOUN NS NS INS ENS tse t= TIN) J NS JENS =f NO JE NSN TNS END TG) TIEN J NS = @) NN tee =f er ND OO FTES GTN Forward, $1,485 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 1897. Brought forward, $1.485 52 May Arthur Murray, services, Shandaken, Ulster Co.,_ . 2 00 George Murray, ig ff “ 2 00 Charles L. Dutcher, ae 60 46 4 00 Willis Robinson, ce a gs 8 00 Hector Rosa, ab 6 a IO 00 William Brockman, Gt & & 2 00 Eben Chase, oe ee 66 2 00 Benson Dutcher, Gk & “ 2 00 C. H. Burnham, GG ce ee 2 00 Warren Johnson, ss as a 2 00 Edwin Cole, 66 66 oe 2 00 Loren Bray, ee 5 ob 2 00 Asa Joslin, of ws a6 2 OO Edward Dutcher, a oe ae 8 00 N. Rickert, de 66 ue 8 00 Millard H. Davis, ef “6 66 2 00 Augustus Jones, es se 4 00 George Bramer, ¢: a a 6 00 Jacob Dupuy, a v6 i 4 00 Frank Decker, us a Be 6 00 George Warden, ‘s es gs 2 00 Orrin Green ($14), 68 ub st 6 00 William V. N. Brice, & “6 oe 2 00 L. T. Churchville, es af oy 4 00 Claude Bishop, as fs i 2 00 Benjamin Churchville, se i 06 4 00 A. D. Gulich, ue 46 bs 4 00 John Coddington ($14), « w es 6 00 William P. Markell, gs Ge os 2 00 George Van Bumble, it 6 00 Dap Aemleanes Oe G6 GG 6 00 Bert Feney, ee $8 “ 2 00 Hubert Swartout, a a oe 2 00 Peter Holsinger, «6 a ue 4 00 Reuben E. Rosman, es ob ue 4 00 John B. Rider, a st Gs 4 00 E. J. Mead, & UG 3 3 00 Zenis Dunham, 3 ‘ a 4 00 George Garrison, « es e 3, 00 John E. Ford, ‘fs <6 st 8 00 Charles H. Lott, i os we 3 00 Caleb Gossoo, i eg 6 4 00 Charles E. Ford, ae Ut as 8 00 E. D. Fisher, a ass a 4 00 Emery Hammell, s ae i : 4 00 Forward, $1,666 52 7O 1897. May Lewis J. Bennett, Barrett Eighmey, Garrett C. Gosso, David Larkin, William S. Larkin, Thomas Lavey, Frederick Roberts, Philip M. Roberts, William Short, George Short, John J. Larkins, Freeman Trowbridge, John R. Evans, Frank Gerry, William Clancey, Merritt Temple, John A. Lord, Frank D. Lord, William D. Lord, Charles Dwyer, REPORT OF tHE services, Shandaken, A. J. Mulligan, expenses, : Edward Hallenbeck, labor, Phoenicia, B. H. Davis, Robert Davis, Isaac Schemerhorn, services, Schroon, “ ce a Caldwell, Warren Co., William H. Schemerhorn, 66 6 : Johnsburg, o H. R. Richards, William Mellington, Henry Rist, F. C. Richards, James Barney, Edgar Moxham, Truman Bills, J. A. Balcomb, James May, George Galusha, Dallas Hart, W. E. Norton, George Deuell, Frederick Ballon, Eugene Doolittle, Edward Ackerman, Byron Doolittle, Dyer Ackerman, Norton E. Gow, “ec ve ce oe Brought Ulster . Essex oe ce COMMISSIONERS OF forward, $1,666 Co., NOOINHNMAAMWOAAAAAWA AAG oH OF Com Ne boy f iS) ns NNHNnNHW On ff Be FP bv fF N NSN DO 2 52 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Yo 00 00 00 40 20 20 00 00 00 00 00 20 00 Forward, $1,902 52 1897. May Peter Barnett, I. C. Braisted, Arthur Bradley, Frank Ackerman, Joel Archer, George Lesprance, H. R. Harrington, Thomas Lonergan, Joseph Leavitt, John Miller, A. Yuknaritz, Michael Keralles, Melville Barton, H. G. Esterthorpe, William Newton, George H. Hooper, George L. Neeton, Charles Jordan, Henry Hawtorn, Arthur Lane, William Foot, Mont. Decker, F. Leavitt, George Newton, Thomas E. Gow, Joseph Barnett, Manley Bennett, Phelps Bassett, Ambrose Pease, i Nee ee COOps Charles Loop, Samuel Chambers, Robert Chambers, West Chambers, Dennis Chambers, John Chambers, W. H. Mea, Sid. Loop, Robert Bell, George Evans, William Crandall, William H. Dongan, Edward Stanton, George Mickle, L. L. Stebbins, FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. services, Hague, Warren Co., ce ce Brought forward, $1,902 ce I I NIN EN Ooms mee nb NY WN Nb wy N fF NY fH NY WN N Forward, $2,009 12 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF 1897. Brought forward, $2,009 52 May George Russell, services, Hague, Warren’ Co: mae : 2 00 A. Vernon, a 6: ve : : 2 00 F. Odell, ct Gi “ : : 2 00 R. H. Wilson, a Minerva, Essex Co., : ; 28 00 W. H. Lawton, & Hope, a : : 16 00 W. J. Rist, as Johnsburg, Warren Co., : : 8 00 W. Zabrisk1, ee Hague, Gs : : 2 00 William R. Weed, Chairman, cash on hand, N. Y. State Bank, AMlOENOE, INlo Mogg 5 : : : ; : 142 50 a $2,212 02 Balance Septemper 30, 1897, 84 27 $2,296 29 1896. Oct. Nov. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. IS Fines and Penalties Accoant for Fiscal Gear Ending I. 6. [2. 22. 4. Balance in State Bank, Albany, September 30, 1897. RECEIPTS. People vs. James Herronshow, William Chester, A. E. Stevens, Rose & McVey, F. Nottell, Peter Snyder, Alexander Webber, Andrew Bell, M. Giours, . : W. & F. Pottenbrugh, Black et al., S. Leprino, William Pruner, Williams & Sargent, W. C. Nellis, L. Kelly, B. Ashley, W. Bullock, . F. Jenks, ele) Re Knoxe E. Daningburg, Penny & Smith, V. Deitrich, Deford et al,, H. Zrum, O. and A. Niles, George Wickham, R. Irving, R. Cross, Gernan Jones, August Sietz, W. Denton, . A. Click, Paddocks et al., George Perry, People vs. John Wendall, 66 66 ce Hazen & Leonard, James Grant, Me Mialzer; Forward, . $5,394 22 8 50 No) $6,294 99 $6,294 99 ~I °) People vs. “ People vs. “e REPORT OF J. Goetzman, D. N. Abrams, Benjamin Cleghorn, H. J. Walker, peace strohie Hiram Rouse, Williams et al., Clinton Martin, Cae Bailey. H. 1). Bristol, B. F. Shanley, P. Phillips, Edward Snyder, Taintor, R. Cudderback, A. Carlin, F. Wallace, . H. & D. N. Buffet, 12, Isla, B. Belmont, . Adams, Waring et al., Davis & Farner, F. Miller, I. H. Davis, A. Misner, G. Rien, O. Daniels, Marshman et al., . E. Meade, George Best, Robert Knight, L. Doolittle, Hi. Metz, J. Hermance, Roach & Fellows, F. N. Rutand, Frank Julien, William Shelp et al., Loren & Miller, William Pettitt, W. D. Powell et al., Ray Hubbell, ANsOs COMMISSIONERS OF Brought forward, Forward, $40 go $6,294 99 ATOS oO sal Sy) ° on $7,602 80 1897. Feb. April 14. 18. 14. 17. People vs. People vs. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Brought forward, B. Gaines et al., F. Ingraham, George Noyes, Seth Gould, . Norris & Richmond, James Decker et al., Lount Latin et al., James Eaton, A. W. Thayer, Josh. Cummings, . Charles Siebert, Edward Morrison, P. Peabody, Townsend et al., ; : Jennings, Houghton & Clark, M. Sargent, . H. Truesdell, Sidney Masten, Jacob Sticklemeyer, Harry Floyd, George Wickes, Sheppard et al., Wesley Backus, Deland & Brainard, Wesley Decker, Peter Daney, Clarence Walden, Van Wart et al., Raymond et al., August Zinck, E. Caldine, . E. Deiterich, Stevens et al., Irwin et al., Wilcox, Warner, Atwood, Halstead, Twichell, Spencer, Palmatier, Phillip Sawyer, Forward, $290 109 75 $7,602 89 571 58 346 05 441 00 $8,961 52 76 1897. April June 20. TT. 24. 25. People vs. ce People vs. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Bisnette, Bull, Ehrenfreed, . Judson Avery, Samuel Andres, W. Smith et al., William Delair, W. H. Horndorf, . Michael Breen, Michael Cummings, J. J. Youmans, William Halsinger, William Van Derwenter, William Dean, Ostrander & Green, Rice Hall et al., George Cutler, W. R. Downer, Edward Sanford, . Marstin et al., Flynn & Olney, Cavanaugh & Nash, Bradford & Sanford, John Barker, John Roach et al., Edward Maher, C. B. Chapple, Frederick Norts et al., . B. J. Garlock et al., Lake Ontario Fish Co., Frederick Martin et al., Jacob Rouleston, . Frank Burns, George Woodbury, Burton Bense, William Earl, L.. Palmer, J. N. Brooks, George Skinner, Wagner et al., Henry Cram, J. Mustafeldt, J. Gutner, Brought forward, Forward, oo $8,961 52 390 85 T,11Q 75 $10,472 12 1897. June July 22. People vs. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. C. C. Dingman, William Squires, J. B. Austin, George Beardsley, Floyd Parker, Henry Leider, E. & J. Kress, Briggs et al., J. G. Taylor, Constant Jambiel, Herman Kitler, Thomas Larkin, Charles Embrose, . pebaekiraziers Setter et al., L. S. Wood, W. H. Millis, 184 12, Semende, P. Prims, pees Camas John Short, . Porter Skinner, William Payment, William J. Hess et al., . ele Cam Nitlesme teal: McCabe, Williams, Beebe, . : Roswell & Moore, Joseph Eldridge, . Frank Fuller, Charles Corbett, \Weekien Coonketals Arthur Rogers, elem ainas Frederick Larson et al., Benjamin Goeway, Ernest Ellis, Bruce Dart, - Wright & Springer, M. A. Brewster, B. A. Petrie, Hatmaker & Bauer, Brought forward, $154 85 8 55 Forward, 77 $10,472 12 985 63 372 80 $11,830 55 78 1897. ANDI Be 5 Ba 7 Sept. 1896. Oct. 6. iS) People vs. 6c “ee People vs. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Peter Beershaw, Frederick Keever, Peter Forkell, John Walford, James Moore, Staley et al., Jay Ayres, A. Beershaw, John S. Dater, John Tanner, Frederick Brown, . Boice, . Brandes et al., O’ Hara, F. Beede, Guthrie, Vosburg, Pitcher, iRlaceletalere George Cardiff, John Winchell, Andrew Todd, George Blevins, O. L. Beede, Roy Beardsley, C. Define, George Codner, William Hennings, H. Schoonmaker, . D. Trembley et al., L. Martin, George Fink, Jay Van Buren, A. Moore, C. Little et al., Total Receipts, . Brought forward, P15 35 5 00 5 00 5 00 9. ye 7k RO 1g 80 7 65 12 00 7 00 IO 00 100 00 25 08 ar] O© Q 92 20 00 8 00 13 Qe I5 00 $50 00 23 50 10 00 38 00 50 00 20 00 Ig 00 85 00 g 00 26 03 50 00 18 47 DBO) IO 0O 100 00 Ig go Alvin Winslow, Simon Marshall, F. S. Beede, DISBURSEMENTS. moiety, ce oe Forward, 00 82 oOo 82 $11,830 55 406 43 1896. Octo: INoVvaNn Os 9. De mes FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Simon Marshall, Edgar Hicks, Ira Elmendorf, William Cookingham, Jeet leeavatts H. W. Schuman, Charles Van Stenberg, E. J. Brooks, pais leamphere: Simon Marshall, Sebastian Hesback, James Holmes, Paaleleobdell E. Hathway, J. E. Leavitt, L. S. Emmons, F. M. Potter, eelaeAciklevs E. J. Lobdell, George Cook, John Desmond, Robert Thompson, A. B. Strough, W. J. Sanders, Robert ‘Thompson, lees Weanatts Beal) copdell; G. S. Sackett, Ira Elmendorf, BaeAwilazenr William Cookingham, Simon Marshall, William Cookingham, Joseph Enger, William Cookingham, J. W. Lisk, We EE Reed; A. Warren, pew cance. John Hunkins, J. E. Leavitt, H. S. McArthur, W. H. Flack, L. S. Emmons, moiety, ee oe 66 legal costs, ce attorney costs, legal costs, expenses, legal costs, legal costs, moiety, be oe legal expenses, 66 ce Brought forward, Forward, 57 ao 79 $323 50 80 1896. Nov. 13. Wecwums: REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Albert Warren, James Wright, J. E. Leavitt, Simon Marshall, W. E. Roberts, Simon Marshall, Michael McQuinn, Joseph Canipi, Jr., E. J. Brooks, Wenleemineeds K. J. Lobdell, L. S. Emmons, Eee Sse eedes Michael McQuinn, Robert ‘Taylor, Morgan Van Buren, B. Saulsbury, Edward Coons, Michael McQuinn, Frank Shedrick, J. W. Littlejohn, Joseph Sterling, E. I. Brooks, Hi. W. West, Frank Brown, L. V. Thayer, Simon Marshall, New York State Bank, J. L. H. Boyington, Edgar Hicks, J. D. Lawrence, Nelson Mantle, Simon Marshall, D. N. Pomeroy, George Cook, Bes |pelvopdelle Albert Warren, B. H. McCollum, Homer Hall, W. H. Coon, Edwin Young, W. H. Coon, EO Vepleiske: J. Hekeavitt, Brought forward, $210 legal expenses, 2 66 23 moiety, ie) aS , 2 legal costs, ig moiety, 7 * 7 ce 36 aS I “ 22 « 19 II ol 24 ‘“ b 7 justice fees, 3 special detective, 57 moiety, ® justice, 5 e 3 expenses, 2 moiety, 40 re 4 ce hs 3 costs of court, I attorney, 25 judgment, ; II expenses and services, 64 S. Black, protested check, : 101 moiety, $10 “f 2 i ¢ : 4 constable fees, 9 justice, 5 moiety, . 4 costs of court, 5 moiety, 28 66 36 oe : 14 constable, 6 attorney, 10 justice, I attorney, ie) moiety, 22 (T3 5 Forward, $313 50 827 23 $1,140 73 1896. Dec. 8. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Joseph Canip), Jr., J. D. Lawrence, William Harris, Edgar Hicks, y- W.. Lisk, B. Saulsbury, S. H. Seymour, George Carver, A. O. Fish, E. J. Brooks, Eugene Hathway, James Wright, Willett Kidd, eae ond: W. L. Sullivan, A. G. Patterson, Joseph Canipi, Jr., J. A. Conklin, E. W. Herman, W. E. Newton, Hy. A. Hazen, Robert Eddy, A. W. Fetterly, Albert Warren, E. I. Brooks, Willett Kidd, To Vivo Ibis, Bernard Saulsbury, Eugene Hathway, James Holmes, E. H. Tamsen, A. B. Strough, H. C. Severance, L. 5. Emmons, O. S. Potter, ase eedes Henry French, B. Saulsbury, James Holmes, Simon Marshall, L. S. Emmons, Charles Waldron, William Cookingham, 81 Brought forward, $175 96 b1,140 73 moiety, . : : ; TID BO a j 5 : : : © 2a : 75 " 22 50 r 22 50 ve . 12 45 justice fees, . ; : 3 to 60 constable fees, 5 43 65 justice fees, . ; 10 00 moiety, . 3 ; : DE te a é . : 2 athe Ig 30 attorney, : : . c 55 00 moiety, . ; - 5 00 se : 0 : : d ne 15 is ; : : d 8 70 attorney, 7 0 s . IO 40 a : : : : 36 00 expenses, : : : 73 00 SS 663 28 attorney, ‘ ; : S77 73 moiety, . 5 ; : 8 go i : 0 c ; 0 13 35 services, . : a . 7 40 justice, . ; é 5 5 00 moiety, . : : : 12 50 ce 3 67 s 35 © i 25 09 Ht 16 50 ‘ 9 92 cS (2 98 Shenitimees mame ; it 4B witness fees, . : ; : 18 83 justicentees.. : Z 5 10 moiety, 45 ne ; : . : : 12 00 6 F Soreeaat . 24 00 costs, . . : : . L270 moiety, . : a OB i . : . 0 ru YO ss : 0 9 : ‘ tél 2 costs, 6 5 : : : 7 50 tf . : . . eee, moiety, . : : : 4 00 Forward, $416 67 $1,804 o1 82 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF E. J. Lobdell, William B. Broker, A. W. Fetterly, C. C. Vincent, Willett Kidd, James Fox, William Cookingham, Joseph Raush, E. R. Brown, John H. Clagston, J. D. Lawrence, ce attorney fees, . justice, witness fees, moiety, justice fees, moiety, oa . attorney fees, moiety, 6c 1897. Brought forward, $416 67 $1,804 o1 Jan. 5. D. Kesselbrack, moiety, . : : : : 5 00 A. G. Patterson, attorney, ; : 30 22 Tice & Vicary, attorneys, : 40 06 Percy Landsdowne, attorney, 5 5 ; A IO 00 George F. Rose, justice, . : 3 : : 2 80 Hoag & Hammond, attorneys, 80 00 F. S. Whipple, attorney, j 5 00 E. J. Lobdell, moiety, . : 12 16 John K. Ward, justice, . 4 70 —S= 606 95 Feb. 4. Joseph Canipi, Jr., moiety, . : $12 50 Simon Marshall, SC ; ; : Bf 133 J. D. Lawrence, ie : : : : . 31 40 C. Van Steenburg, sf : Sas Michael McQueen, es , ; ; ‘ a fe E. I. Brooks, os 5 : : 54 87 Simon Marshall, ot ; : : 5 2G Mason & Kellogg, attorney fees, . : : 6 00 H. R. Follett, justice, 87 William Norwood, constable, 00 Jeni Bixby, attorney fees, . 5 00 Edward Oakley, moiety, 87 52 50 00 48 00 80 00 20 00 L. S. Emmons, y 15 E. J. Lobdell, es 3 87 E. J. Lobdell, witness costs, . 84 D. N. Pomeroy, we 94 F. J. Davis, attorney costs, 00 William Cookingham, JE Wemlaucker W. H. Hull, G. W. Smith, D2 We Muller: B. H. McCollum, moiety, attorney costs, justice costs, attorney costs, oe moiety, 45 1897. March 9. April 7. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Charles Knox, Albert Warren, J. H. Brandow, E. I. Brooks, F. O. Conant, E. J. Lobdell, J. J. Spencer, M. W. Carnahan, Henry French, H. A. Carnahan, O. E. Beede, William F. Bailey, A. R. Gibbs, Charles T. Seegar, Bea Weeklove; Borden D. Smith, Carlos Hutchins, J. W. Pond, W. H. Burmet, William Cookingham, eelealieker, Albert Warren, William H. Gardner, M. H. Aylesworth, Edward Vanderwenter, fi A Widener; W. €. Hull, E. A. Hazen, O. 8. Goucher, C. E, Ernest, Taylor & Nichols, Strong & Daly, George D. Flagler, A. W. Payne, James Toole, S. H. Blythe, William Thompson, B. W. Hoye, Sammis & Biercke, E. A. Hazen, Willett Kidd, E. A. Hazen, HSL Wait, J. W. Pond, Brought forward, moiety, 66 r justice costs, moiety, 66 = witness costs, attorney costs, constable costs, “ce justice costs, constable costs, juctice costs, attorney costs, constable costs, justice costs, attorney costs, moiety, 66 6. ee attorney fees, constable fees, sheriff fees, court costs, justice costs, attorney costs, justice costs, court costs, 6e - constable fees, attorney costs, (13 constable costs, justice costs, ce 13 constable costs, justice costs, attorney costs, court costs, moiety, ce ce court costs, Forward, oo 83 $3,054 67 326 06 $3,380 73 84 1897. April May 7: REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF W. H. Worts, D. N. Pomeroy, Carlos Hutchins, Dudley & Childs, G. W. Hurlbut, T. C. Wilson, Carlos Hutchins, William H. Burnett, J. W. Lisk, D. N. Pomeroy, M. D. Lavergne, Thomas J. Comstock, Royal E. Taylor, L. S. Emmons, Edgar Hicks, Willett Kidd, Frank Cummings, James E. Herbert, E. C. Smith, James E. Herbert, Smith & Thomas, T. H. Donnelly, E. I. Brooks, Eee Dea Cole; William Cookingham, L. S. Emmons, Charles Vogelsang, Joseph F. Fox, Spencer Hawn, Sammis & Bierck, F. M. Potter, E. A. Hazen, J. D. Lawrence, E. J. Lobdell, J. E. Leavitt, J. F. Shedden, Joseph Northup, E. A. Hazen, E. B. Mitchell, J. L. Tucker, R. R. McLane, J. W. Webb, B. W. Hoye, John H. Booth, Brought forward, justice costs, moiety, (75 attorney fees, . 66 justice fees, witness costs, . moiety, ; expense Sloop Jessie, moiety, attorney fees, . constable fees, 75 costs, attorney costs, moiety, sz ‘4 mounting fish, moiety, expenses, moiety, justice fees, use of launch, attorney fees, . moiety, costs, attorney fees, . 3 justice fees, attorney fees, . justice fees, attorney fees, . Forward, $395 $3,380 73 563 83 $3,944 56 1897. May June 6. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. CwileEScerer K. A. Hazen, Lockwood & Hill, L. S. Emmons, D. N. Pomeroy, Dudley & Child, Willett Kidd, L. S. Emmons, T. H. Donnelly, Sammis & Bierck, H M. M. Compson, J. L. Ackley, Henry French, L. S. Emmons, ee Aer ltazene Henry Lake, ae Viewankers Smith Soule, He Es smiths J. P. Weaver, Isaac Hess, J. W. Titcomb, Cy Fullington, J. L. Ackley, George B. Smith, L. S. Emmons, N. Shaul, Joseph Northup, J. L. Ackley, S. C. Beeman, H. Brown, 13}, WU, IBETANeLHE, W. H. Burnett, E. C. Smith, John R. Odell, Charles Mc Master, T. H. Donnelly, H. W. Sherman, Jeane Eller bent, E. H. Woodruff, Edward S. Coons, Brought forward, constable fees, court costs, é. C6 moiety, attorney, court costs, moiety, 66 attorney, moiety, 66 attorney, moiety, (5 ce court costs, moiety, constable, justice, attorney, court costs, constable, GG . use of launch, . services, . moiety, constable, attorney, services and expenses, ee ce justice, expenses, attorney, moiety, ae . constable, court costs, justice fees, Forward, $395 33 28 85 $3,944 56 998 26 $4,942 82 86 1897. June July 7: 6. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF George W. Maxon, D. N. Pomeroy, J. E. Leavitt, E. J. Lobdell, E. J. Brooks, E. E. Thomas, Henry French, J. W. Littlejohn, C. S. Gifford, eswebeedes Joseph Northup, E. I. Brooks, ACC momen, T. H. Donnelly, J. L. Ackley, J. F. Shedden, J. E. Leavitt, Clement Miller, Ward Compson, M. M. Compson, B. B. Reade, Louis Deuchler, Egbert Palmer, John A. Strong, Norman Pomeroy, James J. Redman, Anson Harder, ' Charles Latham, A. K. Botsford, E. I. Brooks, William Cookingham, Ackerly & Miles, L. S. Emmons, D. N. Pomeroy, George Bush, Jee eeavatt. E. J. Lobdell, W. L. Reed, B. H. McCollum, James Holmes, B.S. Beede; T. H. Donnelly, j- Weelisk, E. J. Brooks, justice fees, court costs, moiety, court costs. moiety, constable, (3 moiety, constable, attorney, ce justice, (73 attorney, justice, constable, oe attorney, court costs, attorney, moiety, “6 attorneys, moiety, Brought forward, $4,942 82 1,180 08 Forward, $6,122 go FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Albert Warren, Calta saeckette Frank Lowe, Edgar Hicks, L. S. Emmons, George H. Smith, E. C. Smith, Henry Lake, James E. Herbert, Isaac Hess, Frank Lowe, W. C. Hills, F. L. French, John A. Adams, eel iem Saker Willett Kidd, ipa Gaekelems D. S. Chamberlain, E. B. Miller, B. H. McCollum, A. B. Strough, A. C. Smith, E. I. Brooks, Howard Widener, Taylor & Nichols, James Holmes, Frederick H. Baker, C. F. Giles, Frederick Kuntzsch, Albert Warren, Wee leeieceds J. L. Ackley, jie Wamphere; William Everson, Charles Van Steenberg, William R. Pitts, Milton Carter, Carlton Miner, C. S. Mereness, Landsford Wallace, Brought forward, moiety, 73 oe ce oe “ce court costs, . constable costs, ee 3 court costs, justice costs, constable costs, justice costs, attorney costs, witness costs, . constable costs, justice costs, ce moiety, expenses, ce “e attorney costs, 73 “ce justice costs, attorney costs, molety, oe ce sheriff costs, attorney costs, constable costs, attorney costs, justice costs, Forward, $267 719 $122 87 $6,122 go $6,946 17 88 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF 1897. Brought forward, $122 77 $6,946 17 UC ON ele cletons justice costs, . ; : 3 40 Myron Wicks, constable costs, : : 9 50 F. C. Trumbell, attorney costs, : : : IO 0c L. 5. Emmons, moiety, . ; ; 6 82 epee Weavatt; i ; : 6 62 Simon Marshall, “ ; i ‘ 7 50 J. E. Leavitt, i : 12 SO B. Saulsbury, Aq J. D. Lawrence, oe j ; : : ; 5 00 J. S. Whipple, attorney costs, : 79 00 James E. Herbert, constable costs, : : 4 30 Charles I). Gardiner, justice costs, . 1g 4/S Henry French, moiety, . : : ; 16 go ©. L.Smith, attorney costs, : 25 00 MEIC a aeenny, cS : : : ; 10 00 Philip Keck, a : ; 200 00 \ViewleamiNeeds moiety, . : : ; 2 95 ae Aen letazernr ee : ; : : ; TQ BO R. M. Rush, ce tip R© Edward Thompson, court costs, . 40 50 E. C. Smith, attorney costs, : ; : 10 0O W. H. Ronerdink, justice costs, . - : A, Bes Udele Bartlett, attorney costs, : : ‘ 42 83 Charles R. Coville, a : : : 126 29 Dudley & Childs, a : 75 00 C. L. Smith, 10) WE Miles Kennedy, moiety, . ; : : 5 00 A. J. Mulligan, expenses, 2O5 ary ae 887 55 Sept. 6. James Holmes, moiety, . : 3 $35 75 J. F. Shedden, ce : ; 3 2 Ov Simon Marshall, : ; 5 60 Jp Atckleys & : ; 4 95 Thomas Carmody, attorney costs, : : : IO OO James Holmes, ie ; D132 T. H. Donnelly, ge ¥ 4 : 12 54 Carlos Hutchins, es : : 50 00 Alvin Winslow, ae : : : : 5 00 Ey, ©.¢Smuth} fs : : ny WS John H. Booth, gs , . ; 5 IO 00 JE slater, constable costs, 50 B. W. Loring, justice costs, 30 JjeaWesbond: sheriff costs, 19 aeAcm Spencer justice costs, 55 John L. Ackley, moiety, 95 BISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 89 1897. Brought forward, $212 67 $7,833 72 De Diu OM Ohne Ha lyeavaltts moiety, 10 62 George H. Reed, justice fees, 5 20 George H. Bunce, : IO 00 Isaac Hess, constable fees, 8 00 James E. Herbert, os 8 20 Simon Marshall, moiety, 10 62 Frederick L. Clock, justice fees, nO, 03 Frederick H. Baker, attorney fees, . IO 00 Smith & Castleman, 66 IO 00 ee Gansmoths justice fees, 8 05 John Park, constable, 7 00 en Camlbittles attorney, IO 00 John N. Kumso, constable, g 20 Daniel L. Barman, attorney, IO OO Sammis & Bierck, attorneys, 400 00 30. Carlton Miner, constable, i Re Frederick L. Clock, justice, 3 00 L. S. Emmons, moiety, 16 75 Joseph Northup, Gi Ig 00 Ids S} JxeaGls, oe 34 50 T. H. Donnelly, fe IO 00 Alvin Winslow, as 42 50 Robert 5. Jones, a 4 50 B. H, McCollum, os 50 00 D. N. Pomeroy, es : 13 Oi Root, Orton & Baldwin, attorneys, 20 00 peleemlanickers attorney, IO 00 Rich & Aiken, attorneys, S 73 Frank Lowe, moiety, IO 00 Max L. Bevins, attorney, IO 00 L. S. Emmons, moiety, 9 23 J. F. Shedden, ut 3 82 George H. Lamy, sheriff, IO 00 Charles Vogelsang, moiety, 5 00 Albert Warren, “ 50 00 John E. Leavitt, of wn 47 1,082 98 Total Disbursements, . F ; : : . $8,916 70 Balance September 30, 1897, in State National Bank, Albany, N. Y., 3,872 68 gO 1896. Oct DecemzG: 30. Bie 1897. 2505. Do 18. INQQ, Do 12 Die Mch. 3. 4. 18. DB, Ayal Be 6. TQ 30. May 4. 5. Dif 3I- une: 4. Q. 24. July 12. LNT. fe Sept. mm. Il. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Trespass on State ands. To balance in State Bank, People vs. P. Monihan, 66 73 A. DeGolver, RECEIPTS. Townsend & Stedman, . W. A. Elliott, Frank Houghton, Danforth & Page, J. M. Peters, W. Briggs, L. Gifford, R. Cleveland, T. Quilhan, . J. C. Shulenberg, . Freegrace White, . Sutton et al., E. Darling, . D. G. Helms, Van Allen, Merrill, Otis et al., Merrill, Isaac Hayes et al., J. R. Willard, James Rogers, Stephen Baum, John Hoar, . Frederick Kirch, Charles Ormsby, A. Sperl, George Carlin, Leonard Lane, Morgan Lumber Co. Joseph Harvey, Scott Patterson, Sweet et al., . Matthew Armer, D. G. Helms, J. E. Leavitt, witness fe Total Receipts, es returned, $238 300 125 $3,283 77 Feb. Mch. April 20. 22. 07 Fe 26. 22. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. J. W. Littlejohn, A. Hutchins, Cyrus Drury, James P. Brownell, E. W. Lindsley, Sewell Braley, R. Kelsey, A. Hutchins, T. E. Hancock, 6c John E. Leavitt, Charles A. Taylor, Carlos Hutchins, Cyrus Drury, C. N. Woodworth, lie lbeavatt. J. D. Lawrence, H. C. Williard, S. J. Palmer, J. E. Leavitt, S. J. Palmer, Carlos Hutchins, ip Heeleeavitt, C. N. Woodworth, E. J. Lobdell, 6 16 John E. Leavitt, Nicholas Shaul, E. Fischer, John E. Leavitt, Cyrus Drury, JEWePonds Carlos Hutchins, E. J. Lobdell, B. D. Smith, George W. Smith, ee CoaWiares Edward Kennedy, J. E. Leavitt, J. W. Littlejohn, J. A. Booth, J. W. Littlejohn, W. E. Boshey, DISBURSEMENTS. surveying, legal fees, 6 moiety, costs of court, . moiety, surveying, 66 expenses, moiety, witness expenses, surveying, moiety, surveying, moiety, “é surveying, moiety, services, . expenses, surveying, expenses, moieties, 6c attorney, ce justice, constable, moiety, (73 justice fees, " expenses, ce 142 43} 25) Forward, $1,453 55 91 g2 1897. April 22 May 3. 12. 20. 24. une: fo 20. 206. July 15. ANOS, BD SE Ac 20. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF C. W. Miller, J. W. Littlejohn, CaO mBarclett E. J. Lobdell, Gade Chillis: S. J. Palmer, C. D. Gibson, Almanzo Hutchins, Vernon Bruce, Loren Kelley, O. B. Lappell, Edward Butler, E. J. Lobdell, J. E. Leavitt, FE. J. Lobdell, H. L. Wait, E. M. Merrill, Carlos Hutchins, John E. Leavitt, CuO Bartletire John E. Leavitt, EK. J. Lobdell, C. N. Woodworth, Cyrus Drury, E. M. Merrill, E. J. Lobdell, Carlos Hutchins, N. Shaul, James Green, S. J. Palmer, Carlos Hutchins, William Ballard, N. Shaul, J. W. Littlejohn, E. J. Lobdell, James Green, J. R. Van Ness, Carlos Hutchins, Services, . moiety, ce 6e surveying, ec “se oe oe services, . ce oe expenses, moiety, “é (<5 surveying, legal expenses, oe moiety, ee Ge surveying, (73 “6 moiety, oe surveying, ce moiety, 6é 66 attorney, moiety, Total Disbursements, . Balance State Bank, Albany, N. Y., Sept. 30, 1897, Brought forward, $1,453 25 55 50 25 (ofe) foXe) (oXo) 50 foXo) 50 50 oo (ojo) (ofo) 36 25 (eX) 52 (ofe) (oXo) oo rojo) oo (eXo) oo foXo) 17 (eXo) (oXe) (oXo) 50 12 5°, oo 25 fete) oo O2 25 (exe) $2,452 14 831 03 $3,283 77 1896. Oct. 8. 2B Nov. tro 1897. June 29 July 3 6. 8. 29. ENDS, Wf 2Or See Be 1896. Oct; 8 Nov. 12 Decwers 1897. July 8 Aug. 13 Sept. 9 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Rentals from State PYands. Florence E. Ranger, Henry Bradley, J. B. Henderson, . Albert Judson, E. & B. Manierre, Ann H. Manierre, William P. Mason, Jerome Lapham, . Cyl Karbys A. G. Gerster, W. D. Mann, J. B. Henderson, . Spee Scotts W. R. Wait, Delavan Bloodgood, Florence E. Ranger, Thomas P. Wicks, Cecil Gabbitt, Total Receipts, . James A. Roberts, Comptroller, Total Disbursements, . DISBURSEMENTS. oOo oo 0O oOo oo 0O oo 00 oo oOo 00 oo oo 0O oOo 0O0 oOo 0O oOo 0Oo oo oO oo 0Oo 93 $1,370 00 $1,370 00 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF = oOo ‘pIeMIO divd HHA ‘QxV'T Bplou~g ‘den eb) ‘JO1UOT, ISOM ‘SqpAresI ‘01901 9 ” * “QOIUOT, 189 AAV. YWHLVM LHN HO ANIM HONHCISHA “UOJIIMOIG ‘WUIPIISO “MM 191xX9q ‘AaIOWW “H WRITE ‘uostaeq “H uyof ‘puepyyeo x Inyiiy ‘meys uyof ‘uosuyof piaeq ‘sdiytyd Wer . “‘POOM ") q ‘Jaslua(] UOULIS “POOM “a ‘Ia4sOy sopreyd > poom uyof ‘Aorowiog Jodse f ‘Aorowog uyof ‘ppe’T uos[aN - ‘uoyey IeosO ‘sIopuey] uoley * ape yg Weqry ‘uosyoiqd “WW “a ‘UoVa X WITTY TEYS AMepedy ‘raavys Ae[ ‘poo JenWes HAUSNHOIT “26QT ‘of Jaquajdae Guipug seap joj awee Jjof sjdiavay fo pue QstJ 12N 0} panss] S2suariqq Jo ajopagos 95 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. I oo fod “ple MIO J ‘aye’] Bploud ‘pieM1OJ JYSNOIG divd HHu4 UALVM “UO IOMOIG ) ‘JOIUOJ, 389 LAN JO GNIM HONHCISHA ‘SouLF] W9qoy . ‘SouLH] wall al ‘IOP AM 3S91O “IOY[V AA 01991 é * Toye M uyol ‘Toye AA soure [ * ‘uojnog Jopuexsly * Bulpisis sapreya ‘sourH *[ Wen ‘SoUIF] sopreyD ‘ppey awosf ‘soyond, “S$ “H ‘deuxjog piojues ‘uostaeq “g ‘[ ‘UOSIAR(, “YO * TP49S “HH “f ‘T1949 S10" TPUIS “Cl UeRAT ‘uuA'] “J a81005) ‘SUOUUY “TT ‘SUOWIWIY WOUIN+) : a * Taxypag “J 1espq : : ‘SPELT “(C YOMopely : : * ‘ospnf uyof “MEYS WOq VY HASNAOIT TOES) tsi siNCGLONEAL uO), (GI ATOVGLGDS LOK REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF 96 oo I oo I 00 gbh¢ divd HHA “DIPMIO NT ‘axe Bploud ‘pIBMIOF WYSNOIg UHL VM LAN HO GNIM ‘oqprAres1 ” ‘UOIOMOIG ” Le) ‘JOIUO J ISO AA. HONACISHA ‘ppey “[{ swoso [ 2 PPE ORG ‘uosysny “H Wei ‘ppe'T “d esy “UOIP[EM WITT * ‘Kura uyof ° ‘auh’yT W Tar : ‘jUdDUI A YIe[D “UOS[OYOIN YURI QED “Del ‘slopue’y 4Jsouly ‘slopuey YURI yy *‘slopuey “y uosuy ‘uoIssUIATT “FH “OD ‘aspn{ uospn{ “MeYS sopleyy “MeYS OZUdIO'T . ‘uud'T >| eT T[OMOID sopreyD ‘T[OMOID URWWOdI ‘OSIM UYOl ‘AauyY AA 991095) “I9ISIPVOJN UOULIS ‘slopuey ouesny ‘SOUIF{ WOqIN HAUSNHOMVT “CHNNILNOD— SHSNHOIT HO AINGAHHOS 97 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 00 g6¢ 00 I OOM oo I oo I 00 I oo I oO I OOM OO 00 I oO I 00 I 00 I 00 I 00 I 00 I 00 I 00 I 00 I 00 1 00 I 00 I 00 1 00 I 00 I oo EL ¢ divd AHA ‘pIeM1O i . ‘oye eproud ‘preMsoj WYSnoIg UHL MA bb} bb) ‘UO WIMIIG ‘JOIUOJ ISI AA ‘QIJUID, 019919) *OIDOID ‘eljue}suo) ‘oypAresi_) Conf d TasmVOW “f wneg Uoppeys ‘slopue’y UOSIIe Py 0 . ‘STopue'y “d ‘ppe'yT sory9 ‘PPET YURAT ‘uoyojeg StMa'T ‘surydoyy Aruazy ‘Ko ua PIeApy ‘OOPS, YURI “POO M S2TID) Wed diryd Teg yur ‘sored “[ “a ‘SOMO UIT, ‘Ayjagq Aoupoy “LayeYS WLI AA ‘Aad *S 051094) ‘p1oT “qf uyof “eueuoy, sow f ‘Aquyer) UMP ‘smoipuy diy ‘ LHN HO GNIM HONACISHA HASNT SIAB(T WIRITITAA ‘Poo snionT ‘PPRT “a "O ‘daNNILNO)D—SHSNAOIT HO €2TNGHHOS THE COMMISSIONERS OF OH REPORT 98 oo ifr | ‘premio oo § us ° : ” : ” oo § : : ‘IOAIY CIVBLIN | * » “UO}SIMOT 00 I 5 .» ‘uodespug 00 I 9 %» * “019919 00 I - - “elueysuod oo I %0 » : »” 00 I oA , ” OO 4 ” | » | “UOJIOMOIG oo I : : 9 | o ” 00 I _ » ‘O1991.) oo I ” ” ” oi . as ‘QOIUO TJ ISO AA 00 I 99 » ” oo I ” ’ Pp) oo I eae : 2 ” | ” 2) “i ms Ee “eljueysuod oo I ” ? ») oo I ” ” yy) OSH E 5 5 ‘Oye'T Bpleue | ° : ‘dei, 1 » “Q1]U9) O199IZQ eenk | ; : «9 OF : * ‘uospnyy 00 I | 0 : = » OZ * “TEISY@D oe. Ti rate ‘uospny{ 00 I Wes * J9ARY uospnyT ‘ayAy 5 “UMOJUBULI9£) oo I ” 4 : ” ” Ot : ‘Qye’] eploug | ° 2 “lem i ‘UO}IO MOI co gb6¢ ‘pre M1OF YYSNoIg | | divd Waa WHLVM LAN JO GNI | HONACISHA ‘pkog *H{ sowe[ ‘oyIng, [PCY ‘okaq] uoste py ‘uos[I A Usydaqs ‘UUIM “SI 'G ‘Sulpieqd “S oneioy ‘ppe'] ‘vy 381005) ‘UO}SBUIAIT “YH “yyttug sopteyD, ‘SeUOUT, [VIUBC - ‘meyS yuely ‘aysyPVOW “[ “1 * ‘Sury pore * ‘smorpuy soure [ ‘diamjuy ue A UOSs|aN - ‘uoysuyo[ respy ‘Seed uewiopy ‘Seye_ Preyory ‘IeOLA OP UYoL ‘uos 2y Yoqua|[EH WEILL ‘ : ‘QUIUOD) UOS|AN * “ulTO yseury “af oq TIAL Wey, : . ‘Q0I91 ‘gsnovihs ‘ssuruuof “WN Ou ” » » ‘sMOTpOd “We wWng 00 I 09 ‘fouapysnod ‘uomnog “AY “WY 00 I ; » ” : “elueysuod ‘uosqod WRIT[IM Oe i : ” » : * “QOIUO TT 3S9 AA ‘yqIWg UO JUTTD ley : 9 ” 10d98 pug * UO SUITIG PPMP CORE ” ” ‘JOIUOW 1S9\ ‘pio’y sojzeyo CORT : ; ” » i * ‘DIo'T 981095) Coa : ” ” » Aye] yy Soure [ 00 I : : * “oye'T Bploug~ ‘deay 1 ‘euejsuod ‘equa a81005 oo 1f1¢ ‘premsoy yysnorg divd HaHa WAL VA IAN 1O GNIXM HONACISHA HASNAHOVT e LON TENO OS odo NCO lat a O) tal MCE SS: REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF IOO 00 I 00 I 00 gat *pI@ M10 J ” : ; ‘aye'] eplsud j ‘yaad iosuidde jy : : * ‘TAATYT UOSpn yy ‘OMEIUO IL] 9) ‘aye'[ Vploud ‘OLIRJUGQ) 94e’T[ ” ‘oye'T eplou~ “IOATXT UOSpN }{ ‘ayxe'T eploud ‘yoorg sosuidde 9 : ‘OYe'T Vploud ‘pleMIOF JYSNOIG ‘de 1 ys 1 “ay Ay ‘Q00SI9 ‘dem 1 Es 1 ‘de1j 1 ‘ayAy S1 ” dlvd Huy VHLVM LAN AO GNIM ‘JOIUO PT ISOM “UOJ IaMOIG ‘JOIUO TN ISI A\ ‘AayTe A juRseayg TEISIeO “uOSIO9PUd FT “JOIUO J 1S9A\ ‘O1991D ‘joqief{ Wosiapuep{ 9 * Qodaye’y “MOAT, ‘guvnbg jeued “UOJII MOG ‘Aare A yueseoy ‘u0}IOMOIG ” ‘JOIUO J, 3S9 AA ‘oq[LAres1) “eljueysuod ‘JOIUO J 1S9 AA “UO}IO MOIG, ‘ToS UTTPYOS “TT “wanyiE sy porue(y ‘uosuyo [ uasqnoy “1f ‘uojsey Ta ‘Sinquepely i1aqie ‘IOIOVIY, PILMP A soya sopreyo : ‘Q0I9lgi “OD ‘ENT “O SUIO * ‘Sse sopleyd ‘ssolg, usqnoy * ‘relfopyseg inyWwy 0 ko TW ‘aun, 931095) ‘AouaaMs soure [ BaUP UI @re Eis “IOUUINS “dD *q > ‘uassey “SS ‘wn[ dq [[eysie ‘sdyyd 1d ‘Aysny I1opooy J, ‘uosuyof{ ueumiy, * Tayeg “Mf ‘wMdo}S “C'S * “TOTTI MA UAT AONHCISHA HHSNHOMT ‘daNNILNOD—'SHSNAOIT HO a€TNddHos IO! FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 00 1124 | *preMI0 oo + ‘OlleJUQ_) d¥xe"] ns 1 ‘TTepuay oo I ‘OAT UOSpn}y ‘ay Ay cI ‘Aueq iy 3Sey 00 I ‘yoorn rissurdde ” ‘gisdaayysnodg 00 I ‘OY Oye] ” ‘oreyng 00 I ‘OUeJUC oye] qs 1 SCUOSTINN 00 I “IQATY UOSPN}YT ‘ayAy oz ‘UMOJUPUIOL) YION oo I ‘yoorg, rosuidde 3 I : ; ‘AaTTe A JuRses[g 00 I ‘oleJUQ ey4r'T TS ¢ | : “UOSTIMA 00 I ‘JaANY UOspNyy " ‘oyAy € ‘UMO]URULIA+) 00 I ‘IY Oe] ‘uoasInjs Oz ‘opeyng 00 I 7 ” ‘AaTJVA JURSeI|q 00 I s ” ‘gisdaoyysnog 00 I ‘yoorg sosuidde {rs 1 ‘AaT[eA Weses[d 00 I 0 5 ye * 00 I Ai 9 a 00 I ‘I9ArY UOSpnyy ‘ayAy G1 * ‘UMO]URULII4) YIION 993 ON : “IIOAIOSOY 10 IAL] ‘Jou ‘SINqMIN 00 I > » ‘os yayUr'y] oo I H ” ‘uospny 00 I ‘TOA, UOSpn ‘ay AJ oz ‘Aueqry 00 I ‘yaaa, resuidde jy “rs 1 ‘gisdaayysnog 00 I ‘IOALXL OILJ-U9,, SHEN i ‘sule[q JoA0d oo I : ‘QyeVT eploudg » ‘UOJIOMOIG oo $ ‘JOATY, VILBLIN ‘dey 1 ‘sl[eq ereseiN oo I ‘IOAN uospn yy qs + ‘sa0yod 00 ogrg | ‘premio; JySno1g ; divd 444 YALV A LAN 40 GNI4 HONACISAYA ‘uoSIe’yT 2 I1o}SVINOW ‘ueyeino Fy Soule [ qweyoroy “AL ‘srk “gq uyol[ ‘word uyof ‘JoyJayS JonWes - ‘UOS}IBE MA “S'S “af “vost Ayour, “TOTPEJOYION °S ‘sIoAT “gq uyo[ Yolping septeyD ‘suUeAW “AA uyol “1f ‘uoiseW WA euyoT uyof ‘apAug wieaydy * yosumicy 381004) *SIQUOISSIUIUIOZ) 1938 ‘yadoig 1a[Sudy 4soq “T Arey yqnoouursy uyo [ * Sqie[g sou [ * plovayY “J, 93.1095) ‘TOISITVOW “Wl “Oumeasy “A °D) ‘UOULIIN Sopeyd ie ise SNHOIT GaONIINOD— SHSNHOIT AO HINGAHOS OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF REPORT 102 oo LEz¢ | ‘premiog oo I : 5 ‘QUIOS Z . i a OY : ” : 9 OF ; ; ‘UOojaTISeO) ‘TIYOSpOHF] MOULIN 00 I ‘IOALY UOspnyT | ° > pe Of ‘uospn y{ ‘OBY L, WIM WO u ; 59 : : %) - ‘Iso}Og UOJUW oo ‘OU Oye] Es 1 : : ‘opeyng ‘IOYLAS WeYTIM cox ° » : on KG : : * ‘Kueqry ‘Aysdoyoye yy, sopreyo cee ” » 0% THEISIED ‘simo'T “gq qooe[ 00 I = . RSS oe pes : coueg “ ‘N OO" yD 9 OL : : uesoAdAnys ‘yoryedzq1yq 931005) CO7Rr »» » 9 “TOALL, ‘ysSuq ousrR[D oo 1 ‘IQAIXT UOSpNET | ° ‘ayAy 8 “JOT[AIOTE \\. ‘ysinquaajg Ue A UWIRTII A, OK) ‘OI Oye] “auras I ‘elosuy ‘yum yoog ‘qd “d Oona : ” mS FOAL], ‘Kayfoxy 99e1O Oot ” 9) 0% ‘uospn ‘weH ‘py sowe[ OX ; ; * “PAT uospn yy ‘ayAJ Oz ‘Q10WeEg MON ‘yuoig “yf 1030 q 00 I ‘IOATY OIIJ-Uay, | * a eel ‘QovUIN | IOAO(] ‘eo “Vv “A Coe 5 ” » 2 * “elosuy ; * UNIeEI “S “gq OO ‘OI OYL'T i - ‘opeyng ‘gaenbs ydeso[ oor 0 Vrs 1 “WoL “if QySty 081005 er ” ‘uoasinjs I ‘aza01gq JULOg ‘uos 2 s0jARy, 00 I ‘oneyUuQ Oye’y A D * “HOSTEM, ‘JIU M Wd oe ‘yoo19 JoSurdde jy qs 1 ‘oisdaayysnog ‘smeriA, ‘q ydoso[ oo I . : as OT 5 is : ‘We Ey 1A0"T ‘00 I e : - i ‘wopurig “HE “AA o964 : ‘IOATY WOSspn FT ‘ayy St TLYSIeO ‘ySmquoepery Asso A oo T1z¢ | ‘premio; yYysno1g divd qa WALVM LHN AO GNIM HONACISHA AHASNHOTT STAIONIINOO SS SAUSNAOLL 1O) ALAGHHOS 103 GAME AND FORESTS: FISHERIES, 00 Loz | ‘premio0g oo I ‘IOATY, UOSpN}y ‘gyAy © ‘Sulpuey yoepoyos Qo 1 ‘UY eT ‘Es 1 7 + Saprang oo I 0 ° Sy || ° : arpA1o7e AA oo I ‘IOATY UOSpn yy ‘QUIS Z ‘UO}aTISe.) oo I ‘OlIeJUG) 9Ae'T is 1 ‘UMOJSSUNO X oo I ; 5 Es ° “ham x ‘SUBAT 00 Zz ‘QU oye] iin ae ‘oyeyng © oor ” » =f ‘TIEISI2D 00 I ‘OAT UOSpNyT ‘gyAz G1 2 SHOMNIT, 00 z = “Sq OYe 7 ‘den z ‘ejosuy 00 I > : 0 reas a a é a eee ” ‘QUIOS I ‘KOX], Ce. ” 9 8T OAT, 00 I Bi PO”, 3 00 I ‘IQATXYT UOSpn}y ‘ayy S * ‘uospn yy 00 Zz ‘OlleJUQ Iyer] Ts z ‘UMO}SSUNO J 00 I : 21 ‘uoasimys I ‘oyegng oo I Fr 5 ‘SUBAT oo I 96 a 3 00 1 : » , ‘Aqio oo I ; ” 9 ‘SUBAY choy *2 ‘OU OL] ps € * ‘oregng 00 I ‘IOALY UOSpn yy ‘ay Aj Oo ‘UMOJURULIOT) YIION 00 I : ‘OLY OT my ‘oreyng 00 I ‘OAT UOSspny | ° : Is z : ‘ ° “uesaaAnjs oo L€zg | “premio; yYySnoIg dIVd AHL WH LV AL LHN 40 GNM SONH CISA ‘sie “Hf ‘Iepuexajy “[ ‘Od ‘AQYOI{ SPUIOY T, ‘simeT “gq “[ > Binqtisajs ue A “VW Tosoa1n ov yy sowie [ ‘Ssog WRITITM ‘ssurmmung “A “[ Susy uyof : * ‘Unley Sd ‘ullysne Toy, uMG - ‘uvuIMOog sour [ : ‘youd'] sopreya ‘ysneds[nes 2 suo0d s * ood Arua zy ‘AQ[MOg “TT Yury ‘Appn} “Vv Sewoyy, * Tosanoryy soure [ Syaaar “ap Of ‘seg “Mf > Bury soure [ ‘UIDMINeIT, SopIeyD “af TOT, WIA, ‘URIGoM YY WEILL ‘SULyTeD ULATY HAHSNHAOTT ACEO WSO EOS VS EUSINGEL NCA BIO) GCALOVGTENSL Ys) REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF 104 “pI MIO 00 Z ¢ 2 ‘OLIeJUQ) 9AR'T is z ‘umoj]SsuNO A ‘jouse uyof 00 I » ; % ‘ysnquaal*) ‘JalUeIS “VW 00 I A ‘auras I ‘KOI, ‘umoig uaqndyy 00 I : 5 * oy z QI ‘suewt£307) 4soq snijauiod 00 I i * ‘Sues I ‘AOL, ‘SUdADIS WRIT oo I a Sox Am ‘ysnquoal*) ‘uojojddy weit oo I ' “JOATY, uOSpn yf ‘Ques I yuesaaknys * UOS}IOg Ty “A oo I e ss ‘den 1 ‘SUPA ‘Sury sow [ Cond ‘Oy Oye] Ts 3 [ ‘oreyng ‘uaug.O “H uyol 00 I 5 >: 7.0 an ‘suoyyy ‘uvuuolg ‘qf SPWOU], oo I 9 ‘peys I ‘saljiodneg ‘UOSUI}G WITT] 00 I ; ‘Quias 1 ‘suvutho0d ‘ssSlgq “yy snisnsny 00 I 5 ‘gyA} 02 “JOT[AIOe AA. : > ‘Quuaqy uyo[ 00 I 59 “is x ‘SUvAY YON ‘IaAoyood ‘[ WRIT oO I +5 5 Sh ‘salqiesnes * ‘SNIP “D'S oO I a ‘ayAJ 02 ‘dues 489 AA. TH °H uyof oO I a ‘QUIOS I JaITAIOye Jeon Youspely 00 I : . ‘ay Ay ‘oyepuviry ‘Suny ‘[ stm] 00 I a ‘deos 1 ‘AOL, * ‘surysy “JW qoor[ POH ‘loary wospny ‘oy Ay ‘Aueqry ‘OIPPIa “UA 00 Zz ‘OleJUQ) dYV'T Vis z “UOSTIM “UOSTLM WITT Beit : %» qs 1 Sie 00 I ‘QU OxeT] ‘yA I “MOLA 94P'T ‘uoAiy, Arowy oo I 99 ‘aryorsxod ‘youd’] ‘gq sowe[ oo I ‘IQATY UOSpn yy ‘QuIas I uesaadnys ‘ueyooys Ayjoury, co Loz | ‘premioy yysnoig divd HHA UAH LV MA LAN JO GNI AONHaISHa AHSNHOMT ‘CHNNILNOD— SHSNHOIT AO HTIOGAHOS 105 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. | 00 ozf¢ | ‘pIVMIO VT oo 1 | - qs 1 “‘QTYIVSXOD ‘ysnedsines sopiryd 00 I | 35 mo ‘suoyyVy ' 9Qsoy "WW ueyeN 00 1 ‘ayy Oz ‘Aueqiy ‘Aaineg Sv[OyoIN Ou | " ‘QuIas I “puv]s— udeir : : ‘ ‘uosulqo™y “vy uyof OO | 7s “‘peys z ‘UMOJUBUIIOL) YON : : ‘1a[[N J. 19389] oo ” OES» ‘Surpuey yOepoyos “YOIMyINOS “HY eos | 9 qs 8 * ‘dwie9 3s9,\4 ‘ysneqiaAQ ‘Ss oO I | a ‘Vip z : 3 ‘ssuluuof “F_ sowie [ ey ” ae “GONRIS TIPS] ‘Toyoa(T “WT ees ” » Lb 2 PE ‘Qgaqsuyo,y prey[iM Com 95 ‘ayy V ‘5 ‘Soqsuyoy “GW 931004) Gu » » I ‘uoja[ysed ‘QoqsuyoO,, WIT Cu » » © ‘QTYOVSXOD ‘uoo7T ura “Wf Ee ” ee “JOIAIOIE A\ P= UO) Wal NL Com %» * “ouies I Weg ‘108015 1010q 00 I ‘I9ATY UOSPNET "gy kT z ‘Aueqly ‘gT]IAUODoO WW uyof Oe : : ” ‘uoasinjs 1 ‘pjosuy ‘uosue py] SIMo'y 00 Zz > “ejatey Grier ; 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” oy} > Sq oye] 9 ‘IOATY UOSpN]T ‘pieMIOF JY SNOIg Ne Nie Nie NN ‘uoa8.m4s N N ‘uoe31n4s ” ‘umojsiadoo,) ‘sarjtasnes * ‘uospn fT ‘UMOJUPULIO4) ” * UMOJURUTIOL) YIION ‘JOIANY ‘os yur] ”? + “ojegug “UPISIED ‘os yay ; “JOIAIOVE MA : ' ‘opeyng » “yappun¢y ? “ILYICSXOD ‘ysnquooir) UHL M LHN AO ANIM “Ca ANIINOD— SHSNHOIT HO HTNGAHOS ‘uojueg “@ “Tl * “IOPOW VIMO “IW ‘Treysied “[ T ‘uosivnbie sy “ye ‘‘sdyiyd 'S *S ‘preqqiy, wing ‘JOOX, “yf Sapzeyo jouing sowie [ ‘uasn(y Ue A SayeyD ‘UNOF]T J19q19 FY] ‘ILOOT, YOMIPIA ‘rapAug UOs|IA\ WMO WM ‘IO[PIJOyIoY, Sopweyy ‘uoTo “A UYyol * Soo, uyo[ : * ‘ooq uyo [ * “solg ouluod) ; ‘Tour “WL UMOIG, “Hf WIRE] : ‘AMIS, priuo0) : ‘uun({ “WW ‘suissrpey f Wer TEXO) Vai * Taysery ye o8.1005) HHSNAODT REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Ilo oOo oOo oo oo oo oo oo oOo 00 oo oo oo oo oOo oOo oo oo oo oo oo 0O oOo 00 00 oo oo oo I J Levg ‘pIeMIOF ” bP) ‘gye’'T 089810 ” ”? . . . . ‘OY e> ia 9 ‘aye'T 089810 ‘pIVMIOF JYSNOIG ‘uoasinjs I \JlIp z ‘QUIOS I —Qup z ; g ‘QUIS Z ‘oules I daivd HHH VHLYM LAN AO ANIM ‘umo}siadoo) ” *19}S9OIO AA JSC * ‘oyeyng ‘ejosuy ‘SUBAT ‘UMOJUPULII4) ‘sulpuey yoepoyos : : * “usple : 0 ‘sudyyy “JOI[AIOI® AA ” ‘pjoysutds ise ‘umoysiadoo, HONHCISHA SyabpMe N 93.1094) ' TRH % eH ‘P29 2B PIP : ‘pivs0g YURI ‘Aa[WIOIG 2 pur][OH ‘uemaoW ‘[ H “1f ‘Woo *H WRIT * Touy well ‘SUOUIULIS “VW ‘yoo'] yuRly noyjyeOQ uyof : ‘gajseaq ydosof ‘quoqyujey “YT Ueounqd * GapAug 29 ys ‘YWIOMST] A WeNIS SONU M “A ‘roAvyT, “[ “MA ‘AeMYIOIG “VW “MM ‘roAeUL “MD ‘9sn0 F] YOMepel yy ‘1ad00D ‘d “N “A “Poo.M 29 POoM ‘sIaATA 2Q 90I9IG ‘ysueg yeruoso [ ‘suiydoY “Wf YOMepoly ‘da ONILNOD—'SHSNAHOIT JO AINGAHOS Mea i FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 0Oo oo oo oo oOo oOo 0Oo 00 oo 00 0O oo oo oo 0o 0O 0o oo 0o 0O oo 0O oo oOo oOo oo 0O ‘PIVMIO VT ‘IY Ie] ‘IOALY UOSpn | 4 ” hee : > ‘OI Oye] : : 5 s ‘aye'T odas1Q : + ‘Uy oyeT ; 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ATNGHHOS REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF 114 0o 0o oOo oo 00 oo oo oo 0O 0O 0O 0Oo oo 0Oo oo 0o oOo oo oo oOo oo oo 00 oo 0Oo oo 00 I ] zead ‘DIPMIOT . ” ‘IQALY UOSpn yy 9 ‘IDATY VIVMPLO(T * QU oye] 29 ‘QxBT 089810 ” ‘UY oye] 99 9 ‘IQA UOspn yy 99 ‘xe’ OFas1Q 29 * “QI oye’'y ‘ayxeVT 030810 JOA uOspnyy ‘ ‘preM10j JYUSNOI_ ‘SULLIOY ‘peys ty) ‘QuIas gti ‘dexy 99 V8 ‘V[Is ‘QUIOS ys = * “YOALL, ‘sorjad nes ‘QAOIL) uolu a “O[[TASUMOG * ‘oreyng * Supjunq ? * “‘oreyng ‘umojsiodood, ” ‘pjeysuuds yseq * “ppanqd ‘ssulds [ouly * Gorey) ” * ‘uapyeyl 29 ” ‘umojsiodoo0, * Sapyunq > ‘oyeyng “MOLA O4e'T “OTTEAISA AA ‘saiqia3nes ‘re[JopyseD *M\ sIno’] ‘uOsUIa}S pIAR(y ‘ddeuy “y sepreyo ‘TINA “MM sowe [ ‘raulAyapeys 291005) * ‘Kemyoe[ oouere[a Graq[la}{ 231005) ‘oyourjsuuo0g 13s0y . 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Balance in State Bank, Albany, Receipts for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, an as per ire! going schedule, DISBURSEMENTS. 1897. April 9. James A Roberts, Comptroller, uneaero: “ oS Oct. 1. Balance in State Bank, Albany, SCHEDULE OF FISH NET LICENSES ISSUED DURING THE YEAR SEPTEMBER 30, 1897. RECAPITULATION. Number issued for Lake Erie, K« a6 “ Lake Ontario oe OG “ Oneida Lake, “ i “ Otsego Lake, G6 ue “ Hudson River, “ ee “ Delaware River, os Ms ‘“« Wappinger Creek, 6 iG “ Wallkill Creek, i ae “ Niagara River, G6 a “ Ten Mile River, “ ge ‘““ Cayuga Lake, ef fs “© Newburgh Water Reservoir, Total number of licenses issued, Total receipts for same, $138 00 744 00 $350 00 350 00 182 00 $882 00 $882 00 ENDING : ; | 1896. Oct. 6 iB 19. 29. Nov. 2. 17. 22 1897. Vai ae 2s OD, tg 10. 1896. Oct & Dect aro 1897. Jfanteenns April 2 Feb. 29 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Rentats of Shettfish Lands. W. J. Ackerly, C. J. Scofield, George W. Sanbeg, Mattinnecock Oyster Co., G. W. Robinson, A. J. Joline, Elizabeth Wright, W. W. Manee, Beebe Bros., E. V. Mermill, James Fischer, David Becker, N. Y. & L. I. Oyster Co., W. J. Tillotson, N. Y. & L. I. Oyster Co., W. J. Tillotson, C. H. Walters, Daniel Van Name, NEE Cale Oyster Co;, E. P. Doyle, former Secretary, on account of rentals col- lected by him, Total receipts, James A. Roberts, Comptroller, (73 (5 Total Disbursements, . RECEIPTS. rental, $8 10 assignment, 50 rental, i 2B : 99 87 79 75 7 2 75 assignment, 50 oe 50 rental, 30 00 assignment, 50 66 50 rental, 4 30 assignment, 50 rental, 74 44 oh 120 OO s : 20 08 franchise, 260 00 rental, 5 00 : 593 25 TEGO DISBURSEMENTS. $107 97 MO 593 25 234 49 25 08 260 00 123 $1,353 84 $1,353 81 124 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 1896. Nov. 27. 1897. Jan. Be [feby 1896. IDEs @ 1897. Janse July 19 . Miscetlanzous Receipts. Received from E. P. Doyle, former Secrectary, on account of Pleasant Valley construction and equip- ment as per chapter 358, Laws of 1894, Received from Commissioner C. H. Babcock, on account of sale of whitefish from Canandaigua Lake, Received from James Annin, Jr., Superintendent of $2,772 40 Hatcheries, on account of rebate from Express © Company, Total receipts, DISBURSEMENTS. James A. Roberts, Comptroller, oe (13 oe ce Total disbursements, . $2,826 45 Report of the Chief Game Protector. To the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests: GENTLEMEN :—The work of the Protectors and Foresters during the year has been, for the most part, satisfactory. The number of prosecutions brought for violations of the laws for the protection of fish, game and forests, compares favorably . with that of any previous year, and the percentage-of convictions is equally favorable. While the reports of the Protectors show that there is, in many of-the districts, a growing sentiment in favor of the enforcement of the game laws, and that in some of them violations are extremely rare, there are also localities in which the sentiment of the people is so strong in opposition to the laws that violators are far too frequently acquitted by the jury or discharged by the justice under suspended sentence. - The following figures, which have been compiled by the Chief Protector, show the number and_ kind of. illegal devices seized and destroyed by the Protectors for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1897: \ KIND No. KIND No. OF NET. OF NETS. OF NET. OF NETS.” Fyke, . : ‘ ; : 6c ScIDEs ar : : ; 3 35 Anza : ; 193 Pound nets, . : : Sale 2 5K6) (Gilg : : Si Kar 303 Spears, . : ag ; 34 SCUEIE 6 2 1 ¢ i F . 40 Eel weirs,- . pape eer : 13 Set lines, . 5 : ; 610 iekoeasore Total, : : : ois The total value of the illegal devices destroyed was $19,634. During the year there were successfully prosecuted 316 cases for violation of the Fisheries, Game and Forest Law, resulting ina recovery by the people of $10, 728.78. Twenty- seven persons were convicted and sentenced to the penitentiary or county jail, while many others were convicted and sentence suspended. There were also many cases in which the evidence clearly showed a violation, but the sympathy of the jury for the defendant resulted in acquittal or disagreement. The figures given above show excellent work on the part of the Provteettons and | is sufficient answer to the criticism of uninformed persons to the effect that the Protectors are incompetent and inefficient and, therefore, the laws for the protection of fish, game and forests are everywhere violated with impunity. Pea. LOND: Chief Protector. 28 3 Report of the Saperintendent of Hatchertes. CALEDONIA, N. Y., October 1, 1897. To the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests: GENTLEMEN :—I take great pleasure in submitting my annual report for the year ending September 30, 1897, for the reason that the output of fish for the year exceeds by over twenty-two millions the output for any previous year. Over two years ago your Commission decided that as far as possible fingerlings and yearlings were the most desirable size of fish to plant. Since that time your Commission has been striving to get our different hatcheries in shape for turning out this size or age of fish, and this fall five out of seven of our trout hatcheries are now meeting these requirements, whereas two years ago only two of the hatcheries could rear trout to this age. This required the expenditure of considerable money, but the results accomplished will prove the wisdom of your conclusions. During the year 667,325 fingerlings and yearlings of brook, brown, rainbow and lake trout have been planted, in addition to the millions of fry, and next year, it is believed, a much larger number will be distributed. In referring to fingerlings it may not be out of place to explain the term a little by giving the age and length. At about four to five months old we commence calling the young trout fingerlings and continue to designate them as such until they are from eleven to twelve months old, when we call them yearlings up to eighteen months old, when they are classed as eighteen months or two-year-old fish. The average length of a brook, brown or rainbow trout four months old is about two inches. At eight or nine months old they will average three inches, and at one year old five inches. These figures are exceeded at some hatching stations in the State. Lake trout grow faster than the other species, and at twelve months old will average six inches long. Fish at the same age are not always the same size. Sometimes the larger ones are capable of swallowing the smaller ones of the same hatch. I am constantly in receipt of gratifying reports from different parts of the State in regard to the success of some particular plant of fry, fingerlings or yearlings. One protective association writes that the plant of fingerlings made a year ago was the only plant of fish this association ever made where practical results have been seen, 126 ‘RAUHHOLVH VILNVLISNOD sencnean ove RIN TETRIS TEA, vas vce pat pain Nay wy REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 127 and they have been planting fry for years. The next season after planting these fingerlings (which were rainbow trout), specimens from ten to eleven inches long were caught. Other reports have been received from plants of pike-perch fry made in waters that never contained them before, and in six months specimens five and six inches long were captured in minnow nets. The large yearly increase in the number of applications for fry shows the increased interest our citizens are taking in the work of stocking the streams of the State. During the past year over one thousand applications for fish were received. Of this number 871 were filled at the number considered proper by your Hatchery Committee. Several were rejected on account of the waters named in the application not being considered proper for stocking; other applications were found to be for private waters. Great care has been taken to prevent the planting of State fish in private waters. A copy of the law is always sent to each applicant for fish. - At the Adirondack Hatchery, located at Saranac Inn station, Franklin county, many improvements have been made during the year. One of the good results of work done was the rearing and planting of 12,000 fingerlings of brook and lake trout. This is the first output of fish larger than fry stages ever made from this hatchery. Brook, brown and lake trout, and frost fish are propagated at this hatchery. It is possible to bring cold water enough to this place so that from one to two hundred thousand fingerlings and yearlings can be successfully raised each year in addition to the many thousands of fry that will be distributed. At the Fulton Chain Hatchery, located at Old Forge, Herkimer county, a very large amount of satisfactory work has been done, consisting of the finishing of a large nursery or series of rearing ponds which are located on a spring brook tributary to the Old Forge pond about one-half mile from the hatchery proper. This site was obtained from the Old Forge Syndicate Company for a term of years, with the privilege of purchasing the same. Notwithstanding that some of these ponds were not built until late in the season, 15,500 fingerlings were turned out into the adjacent streams and lakes. There still remain at this hatchery about 25,000 fingerlings that will be retained until older before planting. This is the first year that this hatchery has been able to turn out fingerlings; next year’s production should be much larger. Brook, brown and lake trout, and frost fish are propagated at this hatchery. The interior of the hatchery has been entirely changed and remodeled, which greatly increases the hatching capacity. If aided by the property owners and citizens, it is among the possibilities of this hatchery to restore the Brown’s Tract waters to their condition thirty years ago. 128 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF The Sacandaga Hatchery is located in the town of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton county. It is impossible to raise fingerlings or yearlings at this hatchery as the’ water supply is so very uncertain during the summer months. In this respect the location of the plant was most unfortunate, but the section of country accessible from this hatchery abounds in numerous lakes and ponds, some of them the very finest for trout in all the Adirondacks, and as the Forest Preserve Board has recently purchased tracts of land and waters in the Adirondacks, I think it greatly influenced the Hatchery Committee in giving me instructions to put this hatchery in good shape. This has been accomplished during the past summer and the capacity so enlarged that next spring’s plant of the different trout alone will amount to more than a million; in fact, the plant will be more than double that-of any previous year. Brook, brown and lake trout, and frost fish are propagated at this hatchery. People sometimes ask why frost fish are propagated as long as there is no chance for the people legally to catch them, as they can only be taken with nets. The principal reason for their propagation is the fact that they are the principal food of the lake trout in all of the Adirondack waters, and it is very seldom that you find a lake containing lake trout without its also containing frost fish. The Beaver Kill Hatchery is located in the town of Rockland, Sullivan county. On account of the lack of water during the summer months, little can be expected from this hatchery more than to hatch and turn out a few hundred thousand fry annually. Sullivan and the two adjoining counties of Ulster and Delaware probably contain as many natural trout brooks as any three counties of the State. From the condition of the country nearly .all of these brooks are more or less subject to spring freshets, and for this important reason, fingerlings and yearlings are the most desirable age of fish to plant in this section.. Without a doubt the three counties’ named entertain’ as many or more fishermen during the spring and summer ‘than any other portion of the State. If the hatchery remains where now located, better water must be obtained. It can be done by collecting waters from several springs located on the mountains a mile or less away, and piping it to the hatchery. About 800,000. brook trout eggs from wild fish were collected near this hatchery during the past year, but on account of the limited water -supply it was considered unwise to lay down for hatching more than a small portion of them at this hatchery, and the bulk of the eggs were sent to the Fulton Chain and the Caledonia Hatcheries. During the summer’only one man was employed to look after the property. The “Pleasant Valley Hatchery, located near ‘Bath, Steuben county, already ranks second in the State in the number of fingerlings and yearling trout distributed; FISHERIES, GAME AND! FORESTS. 129 109,350 have been distributed from this hatchery during the past year, and the nursery ponds were only built during the year. Brook, brown, rainbow and lake trout are propagated at this hatchery. One of the principal attractions in the fish line for visitors at this hatchery is a pond containing rainbow trout weighing from five to twelve pounds each. Without doubt it is the finest show of this variety in the eastern States. | Fish are’not the only attraction. About a year ago the Commission directed the foreman of the hatchery, Mr. Cotchefer, to see what he could doin the way of breeding the Mongolian or ring-necked pheasant. The experiment proved very satisfactory ; about forty pheasants were raised during the past summer. The coops were at once enlarged so as to accommodate them during the winter. Next season the Commission can commence turning loose quite a large number of surplus pheasants, so that the hatchery will soon be stocking the forests as well as the streams of the southern and central part of the State. With this fine show of fish, game birds and beautiful grounds, it is not to be wondered at that crowds of visitors almost daily inspect the plant, and that the Commission take great pride in what their labors have developed. The Cold Spring Hatchery, located at Cold Spring, Suffolk county, N. Y., hatches and turns out a larger number of fish each year than any other hatchery in the State. This is due to the salt water branch of the work which consists of tom cods, smelt and lobsters. The hatch of these three exceeded by several millions the best record of any previous year. Nineteen thousand six hundred and fifty fingerlings and yearlings were distributed during the year, and in addition, more than a million of trout at the fry stage. Brook, brown and rainbow trout, Atlantic and steelhead salmon, tom cods, smelt and lobsters are all propagated at this hatchery. During the summer considerable necessary work, such as building new stock or breeding ponds, grading and general improvement of the grounds, was done. The Caledonia Hatchery, located in the town of Caledonia, Livingston county, is the oldest and largest in the State, and I consider it to-day the best in the country. A greater variety of fresh-water fish are hatched and distributed than from any of the other State hatcheries, and the facilities for rearing all kinds of trout to finger- lings and yearlings exceeds all the other State hatcheries combined, as the output will show. Five hundred and nineteen thousand one hundred and eighty fingerlings and yearlings were distributed during the past year. Brook, brown, rainbow, red throat and lake trout, steelhead salmon, whitefish and pike-perch, are all propagated at this hatchery. 9 130 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF To give an idea of the extent of the distribution made from Caledonia, I would say, that between thirty-five and thirty-six hundred cans of young fish were sent out during the past year. The fish car belonging to the Commission (which is used in the transportation of large consignments), when loaded to its full working capacity will accommodate about 110 cans. This shows that over thirty carloads of fish were sent out from the hatchery. During the year very extensive and substantial repairs have been made on the ponds and grounds. With the exception of the new nursery ponds recently put in, all of the ponds are now of stone laid in cement. The Clayton Hatchery is located about three miles from Clayton Village, Jefferson county. | : The State owns the hatching apparatus only. For about three months this summer, after the bass fry had been shipped, the hatchery was closed. Operations will commence again in October, collecting lake trout, whitefish and ciscoes. Large- mouth black-bass fry (often improperly called Oswego bass), are collected in the marshes along French creek within sight of the hatchery, by the hatchery employes. They are very small when caught, but gain in size so fast that they must be shipped almost immediately. Thirty-nine thousand of these young bass were distributed during the season. They were planted only in waters already containing large-mouth bass, and in no case were they granted to waters that on!y contained the small-mouth black bass. Five thousand five hundred fingerlings, brown and lake trout were distributed during the year, but the cost of rearing them did not warrant continuing the work. The fish ordinarily propagated at this hatchery are whitefish, ciscoes and pike-perch. The Constantia Hatchery, more commonly called the Pike-perch Hatchery, is located at Constantia, Oswego county. At this place a creek empties into Oneida Lake, and for more than fifty years the stream has been noted for the great numbers of pike-perch that enter it every spring to spawn. This is where all the pike-perch eggs hatched by your Commission are taken. The original hatchery was a small affair, and only about half the eggs it was possible to collect each spring could be cared for and hatched. The site on which it was located did not belong to the State, and every year there was a heavy rental to meet. Thirty-two million eight hundred and five thousand pike-perch fry were hatched and distributed during the season from this hatchery. During the last session of the Legislature an appropriation of $6,000 was made with which to purchase necessary lands and erect a fish hatchery for the purpose of the artificial propagation and distribution of food or commercial fishes, the site to be selected by the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission. JARS FOR HATCHING PIKE-PERCH. CONSTANTIA HATCHERY. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. MB St The appropriation came just in time, as last July an unusual heavy rain raised the creek to such an extent that all.dams, bridges and some of the mills located on the stream were carried away, the State hatchery building going with the rest. The flood left the old site almost worthless. During September your Commission decided on a site at Constantia for the new hatchery, the location being but a short distance from the old one, and on account of the building of black bass breeding ponds which you contemplate in connection with the new hatchery, I consider the new location much better than the former one. The necessary land for the hatchery and ponds was kindly donated to the State by Mr. Romayne C. Robinson, of Parish, Oswego county. The deed conveys about seven acres of land, the water right and privilege of erecting a dam, and the right to flow five or six acres more. The work of building the dam and hatchery was commenced at once, and every- thing will be ready for the next spawning season of the pike-perch in April. I am of the opinion that at least a part of our whitefish and ciscoe eggs can also be hatched at this new hatchery, which will be very convenient for plants intended for Lake Ontario. The estimated cost of the new dam and hatchery ready for business is about $4,000. This will leave $2,000 for the construction of the breeding ponds. The Shad Hatchery is located at Catskill on the Hudson. Owing to the extremely high water and very cool weather during the spawning season the results this year were not satisfactory, as they fell below the hatch of last year. Cold, rainy weather, of course, makes considerable difference in the temperature of the river water. Shad are very susceptible to change of temperature; a falling temperature retards their ’ spawning. I would suggest that some way be provided by law, so that, if deemed necessary, your Commission could instruct me to fish for shad for propagating purposes after the legal season for catching the shad had closed. I might mention that shad can not be caught in any kind of a net and returned to the water, expecting them to live; every one of them will die. The old fishermen say they die from fright. The present law gives your Commission a right to take fish for propagating purposes, but it would seem as if some provision should be made for the lawful dis- position of the shad so caught. It seems a needless waste to turn them back into the river, to die before they sink out of sight. During the past season 2,068,000 fry were hatched and deposited in the river from your Catskill Hatchery. About 7,000,000 more fry were kindly donated to the State by the United States Fish Commission, and the fish car Adirondack made three trips to the United States Commission’s shad hatcheries on the Susquehanna and 132 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Delaware rivers. In this way the plant made in the Hudson river this season equalled the plant of last year. All of the mascalonge hatching is done at Chautauqua lake in boxes with double- wire screen top and bottom, sunk in about four feet of water. The season’s work was highly satisfactory, in both the number hatched and the quality of the fry planted. The output of the mascalonge fry for the year was 3,075,000, which beats any previous record by nearly a million. The Commission has been very careful about granting applications for mascalonge fry for planting in inland waters, as they make a most wonderful growth and reach an enormous size. They can be well named the fresh-water shark. If planted in many of the small inland lakes the result would be that the perch, pickerel and bass fishing in these waters would be greatly damaged. Applications for mascalonge fry for proper waters, such as the St. Lawrence and Niagara rivers or Lake Ontario, have been granted as far as possible. In this connection mention should be made of the garpike or billfish extermi- nation that has been carried on at different times during the past two seasons at Chautauqua lake, two special appropriations, one of $1,000 and the other of $500, being made by the Legislature to carry on the work. It has been impossible to make a yearly report before, as the first season’s work was not completed at the end of a fiscal year. The appropriations were made at the request of the Farmers’ and Citizens’ Game and Fish Protective Association of Chautauqua county, the members of the association being of the opinion that the billfish were destroying large numbers of game fish in the lake, such as young bass and mascalonge. ‘This I found was true, to some extent, as I opened several of the billfish and made an examination of their stomachs, and in two cases found young black bass. Before the work was commenced, advice as to the right time of the year and where to find thousands of the billfish was freely offered, but as no one had ever made a business of fishing in any manner for this worthless fish, it was decided that the first year we would commence netting in September, and the next season carry it on from the close of the mascalonge hatching season in May into the month of July so as to cover all the time during which, I had been informed, these fish could be seen in great numbers. Seines, pound and trap nets were used in the work, as the game fish that would necessarily be caught could be returned to the lake without injury if caught with the above. nets. The pound nets did by far the best work, and the second season were used exclusively. To cover as much territory as possible a small steam yacht was. chartered to carry the nets every two to four days to new fishing grounds. In this way all portions of the lake were carefully fished. iIVaSNOD) LY 1 OrTI-AMIcd WOM SHNDH ONIMNVL - oe nes AGO RE ey FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 133 The second season’s work was carried on during the summer of 1897, and lasted longer than that of the previous year. More nets were also in use, but the result was not as satisfactory as to number of billfish captured, but again it was highly satis- factory, as the following figures will show that we had already reduced the number of billfish in the lake and that they were not as numerous as reported. There still remains an unexpended balance of $127.49, which, with careful management, should be sufficient to reduce the stock of billfish in Chautauqua lake so that it will be unnecessary for further appropriations. During the whole two seasons’ work no game fish were killed. The billfish caught would weigh from three-quarters of a pound to twelve pounds each. Billfish caught and killed during the year 1896, : : : ; 2,606 Billfish caught and killed during the year 1897, . : : : : 1,316 Miotaly A : : . ‘ : : : ‘ 3,922 Whitefish.—Early in the fiscal year it was found that in Canandaigua lake there were quantities of the Labrador whitefish, which is one of the very best for the table, and that their spawning beds were all located where pound nets could be readily set to catch them as they went on the beds to spawn. Pound nets are one of the few nets used that do not kill or injure the fish, but as these nets had never been set there before, and as no one could tell just the day the whitefish commenced spawning in Canandaigua lake, the first year’s attempt was an experiment, and the result was awaited with considerable anxiety. The nets were put in the last of October so as to be on time. The setting of a pound net is no small job, as soundings have first to be carefully made as to depth and condition of the bottom, for some of the stakes used in setting the nets are from fifteen to twenty-four feet long. They have to be driven from boats when there is no wind. The netting or webbing alone to some of the single nets weighs from seven to eight hundred pounds, and it must be set securely to withstand the winds and oftentimes ice, as the nets are never taken up until the fishing is finished for the season. It was a pleasure to receive a telegram from the men in charge of the nets saying that they had caught nearly 500 whitefish the night before, but that the fish were not ready to spawn. That catch settled the question as to whether our nets were in the proper places. The whitefish spawn at night, going on the beds after dark and returning to the deep water before daylight. By going to the nets every morning and handling a few of the fish an expert can tell about how long it will be before the fish are ready to spawn. If, in his opinion, it will be some days, then he raises the shore end of the net (which is called the leader) at the point where it goes into the 134 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF heart. By doing this the net will not fish. This was done several times until about the middle of November, and on the 19th the first ripe fish was secured and eggs taken. The last eggs were taken on the 19th of December, their spawning season lasting exactly a month; but the bulk of the eggs were taken within ten days. We secured about 13,000,000 eggs; 11,000,000 of them were hatched at Caledonia; 5,000,000 of the fry so hatched were returned into the lake. By continuing liberal plants each year, Canandaigua lake can be made to produce whitefish eggs enough so that your Commission can restock Lake Ontario with this desirable fish. But in the first place the fish in Canandaigua lake must be thoroughly protected by law. The best authorities of the country predict that at the rate the whitefish are being exterminated ten years will see them a great rarity in the markets. Already the large fishing concerns of the Great Lakes are going to Lake Superior and the smaller lakes west and northwest of Lake Superior in Manitoba for their stock of fish, a great majority of which are frozen and not put on the market for from three to six months after being caught. Following is a summary of the output of fish. Also attached is a list showing the value of State property at the different hatcheries. All of this property is kept fully insured. In conclusion I wish to call attention to the liberal and continuous -courtesies extended to the Commission by the railroads of the State in hauling free the State fish car, and transporting free the messengers in charge of fish, fish eggs and returning the empty fish cans. Yours respectfully, Ifo ZAUNDNTONG, $385 Superintendent of Hatcheries. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 135 Distribation of Fish for Gear Ending September 30, 1897. SPECIES. Brook trout, Brook trout, Brook trout, Brown trout, Brown trout, Brown trout, Brown trout, Rainbow trout, Rainbow trout, Rainbow trout, Lake trout, Lake trout, Lake trout, Land-locked salmon, Land-locked salmon, Steel-head salmon, Steel-head salmon, Swiss lake trout, Swiss lake trout, Scotch sea trout, Shrimp, Red-throat trout, Atlantic salmon, Whitefish, Smelt, Ciscoes, Frostfish, Tom cods, AGE. Fry, Fingerlings, Yearlings and older, Total, Fry, Fingerlings, Yearlings, Adult, Total, Fry, : : Fingerlings and yearlings, Adult and 18 months old, Total, Fry, Fingerlings, Yearlings, Total, Fingerlings, Yearlings, Total, Two months, Fingerlings, etc., Total, Fingerlings, Yearlings, mMotals Yearlings, LeIAR, Two years, Fry, Fry, Fry, 5 INKY, Binys Fry, AMOUNT PLANTED. 3,729,000 118,500 : 31,902 893,000 88,150 10,400 251 2,445,000 364,050 4,933 708 20,000 3 80,000 . 21,660,000 . 45,000,000 . 14,500,000 . 10,600,000 - 44,675,000 3,879,402 991,801 144,800 2,813,983 2,054 14,503 4,200 Forward, 136,535,711 7:859,743 136 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. SPECIES. AGE. AMOUNT PLANTED. Brought forward, 136,535,711 7,850,743 Shad, Fry, ! : : : F : . 10,118,000 Wall-eyed pike, eave : : : : : - 49,405,000 Mascalonge, Fry, : 2 ; : ; : . 3,075,000 Lobsters, IDA, : ; ; ; : ; . 6,896,420 Black bass (Oswego), Fry, ; : ; : : 39,000 Bullheads, Fry, ‘ : : : : ; ‘ 2,700 White perch, Adult, ; F ‘ 3 : : é 120 al 206,071,951 Grand total, . Dieenicen TOTAL DISTRIBUTION OF TROUT OF ALL KINDS. Fry, : : 4 : . : 3 ; 7,167,000 Fingerlings (6 to 8 and ro months old), . : : 616,500 Yearlings, : : : 0 . : ; ; 5 : 5 51,394 7,834,894 Vatae of Property at the Various Hatcheries. Adirondack Hatchery, . : » Q,0208 55 Beaver Kill Hatchery, . : ¢ ; 5 ALOOH D2 Caledonia Hatchery, ‘ : : : , ; » BEHSEO ZO Catskill Shad Hatchery, . : : ‘ : : : 611 58 Chautauqua Hatchery, . : ; , ‘ 993 34 Clayton Hatchery, : : ; ; : : : 395 20 Cold Spring Hatchery, . ‘ : . ! ; 6 HALT |S BS Constantia Hatchery, . : : : : 5 . 100 00 Fulton Chain Hatchery, : : : ; > BOn@ SS Pleasant Valley Hatchery, . : : A onits 230.6 Oley Sacandaga Hatchery, . i , : ONS 2/7 © Office Superintendent of Hatcheries, 5 : : 5 ; 3 ro 75 $91,316 95 report of the Shettfish Commissioner. To the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests: GENTLEMEN:—I have the honor of transmitting the following preliminary report of the Shellfish Department of the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission, of which I have charge. During the past year there have been eighty-two applications for oyster lots, covering 672 acres, all of which have been executed and filed. Sixty- three leases of oyster lots have been made, and sixty-eight oyster lots of different sizes and shapes have been located and surveyed, being situated principally in Jamaica and Sheepshead bays. I regret to say that no applications have been made for lands under water in Long Island sound, owing to the fact that our oyster men do not consider a fifteen-year lease sufficient to warrant them in taking up these grounds where it requires large capital to operate and carry on the business. I sincerely trust that your honorable body will see fit to recommend that the Legislature enact a law to permit this Commission to grant perpetual franchises for this vast territory, the same as the oyster men of Connecticut have. It is safe to estimate that there are 200,000 acres of uncultivated oyster land in Long Island sound, State of New York, and it would seem to me that liberal inducements should be offered to our citizens, in order to increase the supply of this great article of food. To those who are not observant of this great industry it is hard to explain that while in the shoal waters of big bays a fifteen-year lease is very good, yet in the deep water of Long Island sound, where it requires large capital and large steamers to operate the grounds, together with the uncertainty of producing a crop, and where the natural enemy of the oyster abounds, we find that oyster men will not risk their capital on a fifteen- year lease; and it is for this reason that we earnestly recommend the granting of perpetual franchises in Long Island sound and Prince’s and Raritan bays. The State Engineer has done a great deal toward forwarding the work of this office, and his kindly attention has been appreciated. Many new signals have been located and built, and old ones repaired. The work of the hydrographic survey, under the super- vision of Mr. Charles Wyeth, C. E., has proceeded satisfactorily. Later, in a final report, I will give more in detail the work of this department. All of which is respectfully submitted, EDWARD THOMPSON, Shellfish Commtsstoner. 137 Report of the Sapertntendent of Porests. AREA OF iio OR Sake kule Sip nivale ALBANY, N. Y., December 31, 1897. To the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests: GENTLEMEN :—I have the honor to submit the following report, showing the location and acreage of the lands constituting the Forest Preserve at the present time. The delay in publication has enabled me to make the changes necessary to bring it down to September 30, 1897. This schedule of lots and parcels is based on the records of the Comptroller’s office, with the exception of one tract, containing 7,500 acres, which does not appear on the Comptroller’s land list, but which is included in the schedule appended here. This tract—S. E. 4%, Township 24, Franklin county— was formerly borne on the land list, but the State’s title having been canceled in 1891 by the Comptroller, it was stricken from the list as recorded in that office. In the meantime the Court of Appeals rendered a decision that the title is still vested in the State, in view of which I have retained it in our schedule of lands and on our Adirondack map, have colored it red to indicate that it still forms part of the Forest Preserve. This schedule does not include any of the lands recently purchased by the Forest Preserve Board which, at the time of going to press, amounts to over 250,000 acres. The various tracts and parcels composing this large and valuable addition to the preserve will appear in the next publication of the land list. From the following schedule it appears that, exclusive of the area acquired by the purchase made by the Forest Preserve Board, the State Preserve contains at the present time 908,904 acres. Of this area the Adirondack Preserve contains 852,392 acres, and the Catskill Preserve 56,512 acres. These figures include the 39,564 acres acquired by the tax sale of 1895. The acreage of the preserve, as contained in each county, is as follows: 138 HY { UNEXPECTED OPPORTUNITY. N A LA REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 139 ADIRONDACK PRESERVE. COUNTIES. ACRES. Clinton, F : : : ‘ : : i : : 17,863 Essex, , ; é : : : é 5 ; ; : 197,124 Fulton, j : F : 3 : ; : 5 ; 18,899 Franklin, . : : ; : : ; : : : ; 80,498 Hamilton, . : : : : : : : : : : 291,844 Herkimer, . : é ee ee ; i : : : 5 88,681 Lewis, : ; : : ; : : : : 4,377 Oneida, ; i ; 4 ; : ; : 5,237 St. Lawrence, : : : ; ; 30,612 Saratoga, . : : : ; ‘ : : 9,110 Warren, ? : : : : : : é : 72,868 Washington, ; F ; ; A Total, . ; : : 818,354 CATSKILL PRESERVE. Delaware, . : : ; : E : : ; ; 11,146 Greene, ; : ; ; : : 796 Sullivan, ; ; : : : : : : : ; : 609 Ulster, ; ; : : ; : ; ; : ; 38,435 Total, . : : : : : F : 50,986 Gdditional ands dcquired at the Tax Sale of 1895. ADIRONDACK PRESERVE. COUNTIES. 3 ACRES, Clinton, : : : : BO Essex, : : : : : ‘ : : : 4,018 Franklin, . ; : : ; 4,071 Fulton, A 3 : ; : : : ; : E 2,620 Hamilton, . : : : : ; : : : 2,726 Herkimer, . : E ‘ ; : 5 85 Lewis, . : : : : : : : io 170 Oneida, : ; : : : : : 2 : : 3 120 St. Lawrence, : ; : ; : ; : 2 : : Doitisis Saratoga, . ; : ‘ : : j : 5 : 2 2,298 Warren, 6 : : : : é C é : : 12, ROZ Tota « : . : : 2 ne 34,038 140 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF CATSKILL PRESERVE. COUNTIES. ACRES. Delaware, . , : : : ; 5 : : ; 5 2,982 Greene, : ; 3 . : : 5 : : : : 564 Sullivan, : : : ; ; F : : : : : 688 Ulster, “5 1,292 Total, . . . : 0 . : ; 5,526 RECAPITULATION. Adirondack Preserve, . : é : : : é 818,354 Catskill Preserve, : : . : : : . 50,986 Adirondack Preserve, tax sale of 1895, : : : : 34,038 Catskill Preserve, tax sale of 1895, 5 : : ; : : 5,526 sotallaae : : : ; : aah 908,904 The lands acquired through the tax sale of 1895 are stated separately because there may yet be some redemptions which will diminish the acreage embraced in this particular amount. The time for redemption from the sale of 1895 has expired, except in the case of the few lots on which there may be an occupancy. Such occupancy may consist not only of a house or barn, but also in the use of the land for agricultural purposes. While the time for redemption for wild or forest land is limited to one year, lands on which there is an occupancy may be redeemed at any time within three years from the date of sale. The title to the lands in the 1895 list will, therefore, not become absolute until December, 1898. It is expected, however, that but few redemptions will be made from this list of 1895, as the lots are nearly all wild or forest land. For the information of those, other than your Board, who may chance to read this report, it should be stated that there is an important difference between the Forest Preserve and the Adirondack Park. The former embraces all the lands owned by the State in the Adirondack and Catskill counties; the latter, only such State lands as are situated within the boundary fixed by law, and which is indicated on the Adirondack map by the blue line. The State lands in the counties of Clinton, Fulton, Lewis, Oneida, Saratoga and Warren are in the Forest Preserve, but none of them are situated within the lines of the Adirondack Park. While there are 852,392 acres in the Adirondack Preserve, 155,504 acres of this amount lie outside of the Adirondack Park, and some of it a long way from the park. Prior to the purchases made by the Forest Preserve Board, under the recent appro- priation of $1,000,000, that part of the Forest Preserve which is contained in the Adirondack: Park contained 696,888 acres. This area has been increased by the recent purchases referred to until the Adirondack Park contains to-day 946,888 acres. ‘In addition to this amount there are the outside lands in the Adirondack Preserve, FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. I4I 155,504 acres, and the Catskill Preserve, 56,512 acres, making in all a combined acreage in the Forest Preserve, Adirondacks and Catskills of over 1,100,000 acres. The preparation of this land list and computation cf areas has consumed con- siderable time and involved no small amount of technical work. It is the foundation on which the entire landed and forestry work of the Depart- ment is based. The State lands on our Adirondack map, as shown in colored areas, could not be correctly indicated except by the use of this land list. It is the only guide that our foresters have in patrolling the forest and protecting the preserve. I would respectfully suggest that this land list be printed as a separate or second volume of the annual report. As the work contains no reading matter or little of interest to the general public, I would respectfully suggest that the edition be limited to such number only as may be necessary for the use of the officials and foresters, with some additional copies for the Comptroller’s office, and to supply the demand made by people who own adjacent lands. The business connected with the care and maintenance of the State forests has been carried on during the past year with nothing of an unusual character to mark the continuance of the work. Owing to the restrictions of the new State Constitution no effort has been made to accomplish anything in the line of forestry proper, the management of the public woodlands being confined to the routine of police duty and forest preservation. There has been no timber cutting or trespassing other than the petty thefts which are liable to continue on the outlying lands as long as the widely scattered lots outside the park lines are held by the State. There are many of these isolated lots situated at long distances from the main forest, which can not be entirely guarded by the small number of foresters in our employ, their attention being almost wholly occupied in looking after the tracts situated in the main forest. Some of these small outlying lots have cost the State more money for taxes and protection than they would bring if sold to the highest bidder. There have been no depredations worth mentioning in the main forest, and these will soon cease entirely when the land purchases now being made or further con- templated shall have consolidated and extended the State holdings in one vast contiguous tract. The suppression of timber stealing and spoliation of the public woodlands is due to the zealous work of the foresters, and the Commission takes pleasure in acknowledging here their activity and efficiency. Forest fires still occur in the woodlands of the Adirondack and Catskill counties and other parts of the State, but there have been none of any consequence in the State forests during the past year. The total area of private woodlands burned over is small as compared with former years. This is due largely to the wet weather which prevailed at the time when most of these fires occur. 142 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. In the litigation of titles to lands in the Forest Preserve, the Commission has been successful in every case. In one important suit, The people v. Benton Turner, the defendant appealed his case to the United States Supreme Court at Washington; where a decision was rendered in favor of the State. This opinion confirmed the con- stitutionality of chapter 448, Laws of 1885, which provides that all conveyances by the Comptroller of lands sold at tax sales, after being recorded two years in the county clerk’s office, and all outstanding certificates of a tax sale that are in force two years after the time for redemption expires, shall, six months after the passage of this act, be conclusive evidence that the sale and all proceedings prior thereto were regular, and shall be conclusive evidence thereof after two years from the date of recording such conveyances or four years from the date of such certificate. The enactment of this law and the affirmation of its constitutionality by the United States Supreme Court perfects the title to the Forest Preserves and relieves the State from further litigation arising out of alleged irregularities in the assessments or tax sales through which the public obtained these lands. The case was ably argued by Attorney-General Hancock on the part of the State. The important issues involved render the successful termination of this twelve-years’ lawsuit a matter of congratu- lation to all who have the forestry interests of the State at heart. Another suit, which was brought by a land company to obtain possession of Lower Saranac lake and the adjacent lands, was tried before Judge Coxe in the United States District Court, at Utica. This case was tried in March, 1896, the Commission being represented by Deputy Attorney-General Hasbrouck. The decision in this suit, which was not rendered until October, 1897, was also in favor of the State, and secures the undisturbed possession of a magnificent piece of property, with all its wealth of forests, lakes, islands and unsurpassed scenery. Counsel has been retained and proceedings begun by this department before the State Comptroller, under the provisions of chapter 392, Laws of 1897, for the purpose of setting aside the Comptroller's cancellations of the tax sales of 1877, 1881 and 1885 upon Township 20, Franklin county, and 6,280 acres in the southeast quarter of Township 23, Franklin county, and upon Lots 27, 28, 41, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95 and 98 in the north one-half of Arthurboro Patent, Hamilton county. In estimating the cost of maintaining a forest department it might be well to note the succes: with which it has contested for years every attempt to wrest land from the State through the action of the courts and prevented the loss of forest tracts worth many hundred thousand dollars. WILLIAM F. FOX, Superintendent of Forests. The State Reservation Upon and dlong the St. Lawrence River. HAPTER 802 of Laws of 1896 provided for the establishment of a State § reservation upon and along the St. Lawrence river in the State of New York, to be under the control and management of the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission, the Board having power to make and enforce ordinances, by-laws, rules and regulations for the management of the property of the State within the borders of said reservation. At the time of the passage of the act the State had no property whatsoever in lands in or on the St. Lawrence, but an appropriation of $30,000 was made that the Commission might acquire for the State, islands in the river, or parcels of the main- land along the river, to create such a park as was contemplated by the provisions of the act. Contemporaneously with the passage of chapter 802, the government of the Dominion of Canada set aside about twenty-five islands on the Canadian side of the St. Lawrence for a public park of international character with the general under- standing that the State of New York would co-operate in establishing a park or reservation to be open for health or pleasure purposes to people living on both sides of the river. The boundaries of the park reservation include all of the St. Lawrence river and the islands that are in the State of New York, making over one hundred miles of stream, extending from Lake Ontario to a point below Massena. The Dominion of Canada has never parted with the title to the islands belonging to the Crown, and an act of Parliament was all that was required to create the Canadian portion of the park, and this was promptly passed, and some of the most beautiful islands in the Canadian portion of the river are now devoted to park purposes. As New York had to acquire title to any and all islands or lands that might be selected for the park, the members of the Commission made a visit to the river soon after the appropriation became available, and thoroughly inspected the islands and lands which had been offered for sale. When it was known that the State desired to become a purchaser of river property, owners or agents filed with the Commission descriptions of about fifty pieces of property, island and mainland, which they desired to sell under the provisions of the act. Each piece of property from Lake Ontario to Massena was carefully examined. The object of creating a public park on the St. Lawrence was that it might be used by the people for picnics, excursions, camping, health and recreation generally, 143 144 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. and it is most commendable, and was absolutely necessary, if the people generally were to enjoy this great playground, for the islands and mainland are private property from which the public is excluded. The Commissioners, in making selections of property to be purchased for the park, had several things to consider: the location of the various parcels and their availability from the towns and villages on the shores; the price; the means of com- munication; their location in connection with the fishing grounds; and, finally, their adaptability as harbors of refuge to those who trust themselves on this great river, which, like all large bodies of water, is subject to storms that threaten the small craft so much used by excursionist and camper. For this reason the Commissioners have sought to acquire islands or mainland having a natural harbor and landing shore for small boats, and also for landing passengers from the small steam yachts so much employed on this waterway. After several visits to the river to examine and re-examine the different properties offered for sale, the Commission has purchased Mary’s island at the foot of West- minster park, near Alexandria bay, for $5,000; and seventy acres of the foot of Grindstone island near Eel bay, and widely known as Canoe Point, for $4,206. Options have also been obtained on several properties, and the entire appropriation will be expended in making the most desirable purchases possible before the close of the present sessio.1 of the Legislature. It will be necessary to ask for an appropria- tion for the purpose of clearing up the land purchased, and to be purchased, to reduce to the minimum dangers from fire; for building landing docks for river craft, and shelters for the people who visit the park in case of storms. In selecting property for the park the Commissioners have tried to consult the convenience not only of the people who live in the towns along the river, but also the people in the State at large who may desire to visit the park by means of the organized lines of travel. At the same time it has been the object of the Board to secure desirable property from a commercial point of view, well wooded, and of suitable size, with proper and convenient water approaches. As the Dominion of Canada has taken and is taking an active interest in creating the park, to which she contributes a greater number of islands than this State can hope to contribute, for the reasons already stated, and as the islands and mainlands will be open to the people generally from both sides of the river, it will be most desirable that the fish, game and forest laws applying to the river should be uniform, and to this end, we would recommend that laws be enacted for the St. Lawrence river such as Canada will also be willing to enact for the government of the waters and lands within the confines of the park. Saggestions and Recommendations. N our report of last year we recommended that power be granted to this Commis- sion, by legislative enactment, to close waters for a term of years not to exceed five, when in the judgment of the Commissioners such action is necessary to establish or re-establish fish in such waters. This power is given to Fisheries Commissioners in other States and it is most desirable that this Commission should have similar powers, the waters to be closed by posting notices on the banks of the streams or lakes which are to be stocked or restocked, and by notices in the local newspapers stating the period for which the waters are closed to all fishing. The tendency is to fish a stream as soon as it is stocked, and in the case of newly-planted waters, the fish should be allowed to grow to maturity and spawn at least once before fishing is per- mitted, if the fish are to be permanently established in the waters. At present the Commission must go to the Legislature and urge that the machinery of that body Le set in motion to close a stream a few miles in length when the same result may be attained by a few posted notices signed by the Commission, provided that the Legislature grants that power to this Board. The Fish and Game Laws now in force, article XV, throws around the waters of the St. Lawrence river certain safeguards not enjoyed by other portions of the State, and these safeguards, properly enforced, will do much to keep up the supply of fish food in that stream. We would recommend that certain provisions of article XV be applied to all the waters of the State, viz.: Sections 319 and 320 giving right of search without warrant; section 315 making the limit of length for black bass ten inches; section 316 iimiting the number of black bass to be taken by one person in one day to twelve. Black bass is the common game fish of the people of the State, and as it cannot be hatched artificially like trout, pike-perch and shad, it requires unusual restrictions about it, if the fish is to be preserved. Already complaint comes to the Commission of its scarcity in some waters, and applications are sent in for millions of black bass which cannot be filled. To prevent its ultimate extermination, laws must be enacted to preserve the stock now in the waters or stock fish must be purchased from waters outside of the State. Prudence suggests that we make every possible effort to pre- serve the fish we have and to that end we earnestly urge that black bass be included among the fish mentioned in section 109, and that the open season for fishing for black bass close on the 31st of October of each year. Black bass differ from other food fish more than in their breeding habit, which does not permit of artificial propa- a 10 146 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. gation, for they area fish that partly hibernate as cold weather approaches, and fot this purpose resort in large numbers to shoals in deep water or clefts in sunken rocks, and from such places, after November Ist, great numbers of large black bass are taken and marketed. They afford no sport, and if allowed to remain in the water the following spring would do much to keep up the supply of that species. Last year we vigorously urged that section 249 be repealed, as it permits the sale of game the year around, and while that law remains unrepealed it is a hopeless task to protect the game of the State from destruction. We again urge that this section be stricken from the Game Law, that all of our game animals and birds may not suffer from its blighting influence. We have found it almost impossible to obtain a con- viction for killing our own game birds at any time of the year with this section in force, and the law is, as we have already pointed out, unjust to sister States that have non-export laws. Theoretically, the law may be all that its sponsors claim for it, but. in practice it is slowly but surely working the greatest injury to our native game. BLACK BASS EXERCISING. [enbssuyoy “siaviind snows } GNHOD YSATIS 4° HSl4a 11V4 Distribation of Fish. Schedale of Waters Stocked for Uear Ending September 30, 1897. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF 148 ee, a o000'ST * “oj9 ‘esepuoug 000'Sz * ‘goypiure Fy Oo0o‘O! ‘QUd9I4) 00001 ‘ssoyo inc Ooo‘or : ‘URATTINS 00001 y “UT URI 00001 6 : “eSOL], o000'S : 000% * enbneyneyo 000'Sz “uoqIUIe FY 000g : : “eplouCd o00o1 : ‘osueuay) 000‘g : ‘ssayoyn(] Ooo‘Or ‘UOSIPR JN 000‘0z > 94ST) oo00'S1 ‘UOJUTTD ooofol “104ST 000‘ : : Quhe iy o000'S1 *19}SIYOISI MA 0000z ‘Quad1y ooofo! ‘Soe 000‘Or * “enbneyneyd 000‘z : * “Taeassua yy ooo‘or “SIMO'] 000s : ‘suaon() INQOWY ALNQO9 ‘IaWIO FT ~pue i008 ‘proyodg § “eVOlLLy ‘weyindg ‘IQAO({ puv elUsWYy * “JUISIOAS NY ° : ° ‘QU0[P IN ‘ATV A YIVMON ”? “ATTA ‘gye'T suo’, § ‘umoysaqry A, pue pI0F v ) -1eEE MON ‘purlyiny § : : * “Use _yOUrT ‘SIOUIODT UOJWILD ‘rajAny 9d * ‘uvipuy Sq ‘SBUBIeS “19]SOYIOX . : “uoIn}{ ‘OT[IAJUPSeT “193Un FY ‘AyeVY ‘rund pue joiguiog ‘Qyoonyseyos 0 6 : - puri ‘Aeq 10}3SshQ, “ja ‘yooig plop 3 g ‘Oye val, “999 “Ye21D T[PISIED “Ojo ‘YOOIG UPUIIOYS : : ‘ynuysoyD ‘SOYeT UIMT, ‘QYeV]T OSAMO ‘yoolg snwog yourlg 4seiy ‘yooId SNWOG YOURIG ISOA\ ‘sIOJBM IOYyjO puv oyeT oyjonbe yy bb) “Yee PNW ‘wIvat}G SIaUIOD UOJUILD “ojo “Ary eso1uysnory, “939 ‘yoold ueIpuy BIg ‘soriejnqiy pue yoo1g oni, Se IPIst2i2a : ; : ‘YOOIg MOPROT ‘OAL XUOIG SioJeVMpeo}yy : “yo “yooIQ, oBYyoys ‘suIvaS IayJO PUB YIID WUT : : ‘yooig sepsnocy ‘yoory yrydnq ‘TOATY SIyo}eSIMsC youLsg “prj . “YOOIG 9A0D eNO |SO@) ia GILLI ‘SWRIqY “MW ‘Suluuey “AH . : . jake ‘uleg AGE Oa] : ; : “aWOd “DL ‘uos 2 sordy “[ “MM "qysuMyey “VD “YAR[) A CARTE ‘MOTIN Joqy ‘aysne qo uyof . “og 2 Sunojx y “M. * “qniD Ysty Use[youry . . . ‘SYOIEL +5) - ‘qnja usawsy10ds ra1Any oq ; : ‘juowe’y “MD ‘pursejoW “A “AM ‘sopoyy *( BulAly FADS UMS mins) snguny “MM “aA ‘yoormd “M “Cd *MOIX) “SM : ' “surrey "HR sewoyy “ye 19 18eM HA ‘sou H{ “A “AA ‘sSuno x *[ WerITM NMOL GHMOOLS WHLVM INVOIIddyY HO HWYN ‘AYA LNOOUML WOOUAd AO NOILNAIALSIG 149 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 00'S “UO}TUIe FY ‘JuBSeo[q I{e'T ‘yooig [ILI ‘Q1AJUTI UOSIPPy Oo0O*O! moconeuit@) ; N19 J “ojo ‘yoorgq pjoury ‘sTTOa “S uyol 00'S ‘weujng \seyq yucs “Oyo “OAT U0JOID “UIIUIS “AA “IN o00'S ‘Qasouar) ‘eq Ua ‘yao1g suids : ; TEU AIe Sea 000'S1 ‘ou9d9I4) ATEN OL UN THES Cee "ues “A YURI 000‘0z ‘QIeMEOC ‘UMOJ9[PPITAL ‘yooig Aq * 9109 ‘_@ “a 000%0z > “xassy ‘uOSpn FT YON * ‘puog punoy “UOSIRD “MA “| 0900'S - ‘snsneieiyed " “URaI© | “ojo yaorg YNouAR A ‘qn[O s,uevusyiods uvala 00002 ‘osuvusy) ae i | “ya “JooID $oze4y “USSY “O1d OWI 2Y YS Jo[suvsoua+y o000'Sz ‘UOJUITD “e1loWlduUe(] | ‘oye T AvsneayeyD rsddQ : * FOAMS “of ‘0008 ‘ssoyojnq, | ‘eluouny pur uojsulyse A\ | “oj9 ‘yoorg pjeyyyNos ‘qopseg “Y Weil 000‘ZI UO} TUE YY ‘UeSeo[q yr] *‘yoorg Alreya “ulOgSO [IIA 000° ‘UO}SSUTATT “eluopealea ‘yaa sNsuyO “IOXTEM “HM 000‘0f “‘uojpIWe FY] ‘JURSCI| I IY] ‘aye'T] esepuvors ‘Aasow “q ‘[ 000‘ 55 ‘AaB A years ‘yooIg ssouyie 99 i m1 000'€ * ‘snsneieye9 “eOURUILT ES ‘yJaoIQ) UNA UOIMON ‘qn[D pox 2 uN voueUIR[eS Oo0ofor ‘OSIMSCO “pue[Yyoryy “ojo ‘yoorg Suds “Te Jo JoNNS ‘q “W 000'S ‘UO}SSUIAL'T “eluo payed) ‘yoolg suinsnc{ TJOMxeIAL “[ “AA Oo00‘O! “UIP UPI : S SEBD) CANUTES' ‘puog 19NO ‘Aqioq “A ‘IW 00001 ‘uoJuT[D | * ‘nIag pue YOoID yoryg “19 ‘yoord siswyed ‘UOS 2 SPUIF={t “HM o00‘or ‘ule | : ‘UlpyUeIT * ‘yooig uod'T : * Suedig sapreyo 000Or “UIP[UPeI “UIP URI YT ‘yoorg ulejunoy, 0789 ; : > “Tayo a] J UI0.0 [ oo0o‘or ‘oSIMsQ ‘puerlyory > “oj9 ‘yooIg yno1y, “Te Jo 1001 “WA oo00for “UdIIB A\ ‘nse yy “Sa ‘yooig ssosinq ‘UBMOFT “V “HI oo00‘Sé UO} [IW FY ‘VT uripuy DART VN OTT : jaed “OW 000‘Or “UIPURL “ATIOA® AA “939 IIA StIday 4S : ‘Keq ‘[ urmieq INQOWY ALNQOO NAO, GAMIOLS HLM LUNVOIIdd¥ HO HINVN OLSEN NCS ANSLEL AINMONIG COXON GIO) NOLAN REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF 150 ooo‘or 000°8 000‘ o00'Sz 000‘Sz oooSt OOO‘Or ooofor o00'S oo00‘St ooo0'S1 000‘z ooo'Si 000'Sz 000‘ 000° ¢ 0009 000‘9 ooosSt OOOO! ooo'St ooo‘o! oooforL Ooo‘O! ‘QIVMPTO(T ‘osuvusyD pue eSojzeres § ‘snsneiryyed ‘QOUSIMET “4S “UOTIUNR FY ‘QTV MPO] ‘QIVMETIC ‘eiquinjod ( pure ssayoincy § ‘IB YOYOS ‘UMO}9[PPIIN. \seq YON ‘Dyo “YOIMIO N ‘NN “eurAuIs “UTP URAT “Ia}Soy) ‘UIq[epeoig l pue souapraolg § ‘pjaysue t) pure Aaye a opwy § ‘IOULI UOISSULATT “U0VIOYIV “eyoUly *19}S9YOIYD) ‘Iosayajor) : > euGio ff, ? ‘ uowlyjag ‘UqjIue FT pue ppeyyooig “Ul[yURIT ‘UIRIOUY pur Sule, _ ould “PION Pure P]PY2|PPHN re) ‘uayepueys “939 SUOYIA\ “BSOJVILS ‘uayepuerys ‘oTPLAPUOMYOIY, SJOIMIE AA ‘Suleodys STOLE A ‘IOALY II -Ua LT, O} Solieynqizy, + eee MOTOH WRC 2 Syie7f WOOT Lb) ‘SUIBOI}S SNOLIP A “ULLAI]S DOWLIMOTIILM ‘puog ynoiy, Sig ‘oye Aouiy MA ED JAO[D XO SIG a ose ‘SUIB91]S SHOLIL A ‘QyeT] possey ‘yooig juesea|q ‘yooig owospue py * ‘yoorg young ‘SUIVOI]S SNOLIL A ‘yoorg sndosy ‘weatjS MOT[OF{ JapAus ‘SUIPOI]S SNOTIV A : TWHeTqsnd JaeID TEIS1qqOD “Oya ‘yao1g epueAeMe A, GHMAOOLS WALV AM * pioyueg Aruoyy ‘uD “VO ‘UIA “S IOUT “O*D [PIO 29AVT uooyT ‘STL “a “f ‘mowulojoyyieg uyo{ SAN OSELE [ene Haas ‘usIsuy “O “A YIWs ueWIMsN uospn[ ‘yoyued eq ly “) WY 1Ip][ezieMyos “AW : ‘ugoIn) PIU VW * ‘saaT ‘SW ‘puog “M ‘[ ‘soumjoFy aulolo[ ‘uosuyof “5 “4 ‘Jaa[nd A. H : HIOdOO@ ens ‘uosduis *[ “y ‘uoqye A sou [ ay oes auer) FY YS eVsoyeres " “Une “dM "*xod “Va “YWS *S PIT ‘daONIINOON— AYA LOOUL AOOAA AO NOILNAIALSIAG I51 HOR SS: AND GAME JPUSIEUE RIOTS), LNOQOWY S ( : “UdIIP AA ‘UOSIPR JI bp) “UO}/TUIe FY “QOIUO TN “uoqUl[D “UdTIB AA ‘QIEMELO(T 29. bp) ‘UOSIPe Jl / pur vpioug § » ‘089810 “URATIINS oy} >) ‘osurusyD ‘oLeyoyos ‘osurusy) ‘OSOMSCO) : ‘Snsneie}yed “UlPyUeL ‘osurusya “eplou() AINOOD : * “ysmaqsuyo [ ‘uouege’] pue uo yy ‘JUBSPI[T IV] “puepeoy Ad “AzeuD IS2A\ ‘Iosoyy) “{mqxoy ‘UOSIPR J ‘UOSIPVJ pur visnsny { ‘JOIMJIVET pur y 1 ppeyeIpprl ‘o8asi©O 4§ ‘Katte a Aqeyo DUETS ‘YOIMION *“N pue eusAws { ‘YDIMION pue M 2 wnowdlg ‘eyesieyg § “YOIMION YIION ‘O[[[ASIOUIOD pure voqyIry “‘Quinqioys | § ‘ourreye gq r ” ‘Teqruury ‘Aaujo A J ; 2 “QILYSYIO X ‘QUOTL IN ) -Iey ‘oras1O ‘ewoo1g § : ; * “QUO § ‘osuvusyD pur vies? ‘IOALY OSuvusyD NMOWL : ‘SpuOg 9SOUIVIS yourlg 3SoM ‘QYVT uoseyy ‘oye7] AoMory * ‘yooig Suids *Faary AzeyD ow] ‘SUIVII]S SNOLIL A ‘yooig urejyunoy; doy, punoy : ‘SUIB9.1JS SNOLIE A ‘yooig surSoq ‘SUIvaT]S SNOLIY A. ‘Yoo UPISLOTT “TOALY T]DoAvag ‘yOOIG YOIMION YIION ‘yoold) eye MeEseuRry ° r ‘Snqty, ” ‘SUIPOIIS SNOTIV A. ‘SOUL, OPT **YooId o1esiO ‘spuog suds GHMIIOLS WALV A “dW ‘UUPLY “MM ‘SULIPA sepreyO ‘SuIyJod Uelesy : : ; * ‘yoruNIOga yy sou [ * QysTes “AA AA * ‘uosulqoy “H WeTILAA + Toyog ‘q yur ‘qu[d YSly PYM AA “STOMA “€ “Hl ‘Areyaloas “Wassny “SM ‘saiseoq “vy ydeso[ ‘jaumuesy ydaso [ ‘AouULy, “WV SIMO'T TWepursy “T “a ‘TPUONWIN YHepety . . ‘Se ‘We “[ ‘UOTBIDOSSY OUIe) PUL YSIy ouUINGIOYS 5 se 9 AlTSIY MA “f ‘qn[) uns) pue poy ueasjaq : * TueuIYysnd “\\ 381005) . . ‘SuIppexy) “A “a ‘umyAsy TeIpoysns o1e1S sWOY? LNVOIIdd VY HO ANVYN PUAN LOO, SOOKE EO) INOWIWASURIUSIL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF 152 ooo'S tr Oooo! ooo'Str OoOofO! “000fOT Ooofo! oOoo‘or o000'Sz o000'S ooo0'Si 000s oooforl OOO‘Or 00001 OoofOr 000s ‘ 0008 ¢ 000‘ ‘ 000g ooo'St 000‘0z Ooofor l . “Uo} LW FT ‘oBuvIC) “vIquaAlo) ‘enbneyney) * “eB oly, § sparpsoy q puv vsory, § “194S] () ‘UOTIWIL FT § “avjassuay ) puv uoysuiyse ny J “URATTING “Surmod Ay “edoyeieg ‘ude Ay ‘UBAT]ING “esepuoud ee) ‘osuvusy) ‘UOSIDL J ‘vsepuoud “ssoyoun(d ‘uaqnays *19]S9YIISO AA ALNOOD : : ‘oye’] Suo’y, + SAOIr) SUIWUOOTY § G4oduse1n pure } ) yorssAel[y ‘UOISSUIAI'T : : “yooig Arroyo “pIOJUON pure oilysyiog j § ‘proyyory, pure : r dO I eT ‘prlojyse py : : ; * “OAllO : » Syeq suoT § Syoonyseyos " pue ospuquey } ; : : ‘Pye 3 “‘playsIoyIea AA * NRodlOf, PUB UOITLAA ‘snpos pur vipeoay 0 o0[0.M ‘uoinyZy § : ‘ » “JUISIDADN ‘sappex) pue t tL yrprey “ype ‘suiqeyy $ : : f ‘TOYO * ‘Kiqyuaao0d — ‘couvqa']T pue uojey ‘qtve “pIOJFUILIS 7 ‘BOOAY : p * “Simquooi4 NMOL “D]0 : * ‘oye'T pool Sigh : “ojo ‘yoorg Ainqsies ‘SUIvOI}S SNOLIG A. a o Go 4 k 7 ojo “yoorg Ars0yO Jog OSIM Youvlg “oY : “310 ‘YyI0IDQ OSIME, TWerysng o ‘oye'y roddny, opwy : ‘yooig younyd ssuryy ‘Inesuoyy yourig *A\ . * ‘yaaIg vpueArTuo Ty, be) : : ‘SUIvaI]S SNOLIT A. ‘SUILOI]S JNOPUOY, : 5 ‘SUIPOI]S SNOLIL | : * “9j0 SJadID STTPSIO ‘SyOoig, Sux, pur orpA A : : ‘yOoig SJomod ‘yooIQ, NUID}INg ”? ‘SUIEOIJS SNOLIE A * “19 ‘yooIg uny CAMIOLS WALVM { : - Guein(y “J paeaoy ‘preog “WY “f CV as) ZAlonse El PO) “LAL ‘yonyieys *f[ * OSpapla ‘O “A . nal “W ‘pivuoa'T aT of ‘oUpIaM “H “OD : : ‘SODIW “VW 991094) ‘royred “AA “[ ‘UOSIO[]I], PIVMO FT ‘uvsye “A “a : * “qourT “WH 4d ‘IQAIVD), 9810045) ‘spjouAoyy “gq 931004) TIAN, SCY 7 “TWHI9L “AA “a ‘1OyIV_ “V “AA . ‘ss8ug a “1 ‘uosiua(y “d “H : : ‘ “Ue FT pirapy ‘TorlIeg spner[d * “gsnoyouy Ad “M JO HNVWN CaONIINOO AU LAOUL AOOMA TO! 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TMH Hd ‘rakes uyo[ que yf ‘ayeq “MA Jodsea * KAryysnog “AA “[ ‘\jouusg “qf “7 * ‘Kojdeys “vy “MM ‘sjatuvq] “W 981004) IPPH “W septeyD ‘onog “Ww " SIOH “A uyof ‘PlOFAL “T sopzey ‘souo{ “(| Yollopory ' “‘cemy yf * ‘“TOUSSIIW *S “IOMSSOPT “A SopreyD ‘ospod “Wa ‘ABIININ “WOH ‘TMIOW °S Anyeog “UOWION “FT Jonures * ‘Aosecy Wer * “youorq Aras zy qANIINO) SS Ada LaOul, TOONd ZO NOLLMAIa SIG THE COMMISSIONERS OF NEP ORO 0008 “eploud 000‘8 » ooo'St 5 00001 “UBATT[NS 00'S + “Tavyassuay, ooo‘or 2 99 00'S ‘SIMO’ 0008 ‘os9S1() 000‘OI “QTV MPO(T 000s “esepuoud 00S i ‘uosioyjo [ 000s | ‘ssoyoun] 00'S 1 “e1quinyor) 000‘g | “‘Suru10f \\ | 000‘ | ‘opuvusyy 000‘8 * “ssayoin(d 000‘g ‘gsurIC 000‘OT “eplaugd Oooo! “URALTINS O0O0‘OI “erquun|od 000‘ ‘purytog 00001 ‘WoysulYyse A, 000'0z leg 5 000‘01 | ‘URATT]NS o00%e | Que Ay LINQOWY ALNAOD ‘IoyeMoS Plug “pur[yooYy * ‘ulplag ° * “ULIN J, 189 AA Joyeuysiyy “WOO qaSOX ‘AINGXOY. ‘o1s91g) pure Av[D ‘eulpes * “THO AN “eIusWIVY Nos § ‘9[epsitH pur l YORIDARTD “Juoysy) J} “exe [ § ‘yoIMION pur ? yjnowdyg ‘erpesieyg § / ¢ , “OTBSSB AA [jeMurIo* pure ysinqMaN ¢ ‘uopule) “YUISIOAD N “WeloUy ‘Jo[AR J, ‘g[ Asay purpioquin | ‘UOOOT][RD pur seMPIA(] “erAUeg ISP ‘IOATXT P][IPeuUy, YouRrg 4S9A\\ “OJ “IOALY [[Dptoavog ; ‘yoo1g Ysinquapie yy 9 on ‘yoorg, 9]903S “Jd “YOISOOFT apy ‘STAAL TesNG pur ozy Ay ‘SUIROIJS SNOLIL A. “ojo ‘syocig Jueseo[q * ‘SuIvdI]S MO][OF{ Toxo “yao, PW ‘SUIBII]S SNOLIP A “ojo ‘syoorg Moye ‘yoory ovmodurenbs ‘SUIBOIIS SNOLIL A “ojo “eyyeMeseur) ” ‘SUIBdI}S SNOLY \ “jo “IDA PEI ‘SUIBOI]S SNOLIE \ ‘POY OF Soueynqu , 4 *‘SUIPOI]S SNOLI A TE S280 ‘dnesuoyy “Oj}9 ‘YooID uoosteD . . ‘yoorg Suids vikwyeg iseqy ‘SIARC] JoreSIV I, : - ‘uospraeq Aref ‘Suey MA “WIPIQOW “H “AN “19199.S “Gq “W ‘rojAe J, “Y Sopreyo ‘IOUSOP ST YOMpos ‘uoue A, “[ ; : ‘ATJOST “AA 98.1094) ‘ ‘goneg ‘Ss uyo[ “ulppooIg UBA “MO 3 fo > ONO) Juapiseig “YNIpPOO A, “VY “YL - Souney Ziq f - : : - ‘Kanuny, soury ‘paaA\ “JW 281005) "Gsod “H wea ‘ysny “Wa * “uyTWIG "gq soure [ “YORIq[assi yy PIAe(] ‘UMOIG *Q UOIOY , “UOSUDADIS “(T “MA ‘soured pleMpy **Q0UdIMET “FL WILT AL ‘4004 “T Alaay NMOL GHMOOLS AHLVM INVOIMIddyY HO ANVN “Ga ONIINODN— AYA LOOXL AOOAL AO NOILNALTALSIAG 155 GAME AND FORESTS. 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SPECIES. Brook trout, Brook trout, Brook trout, Brown trout, Brown trout, Brown trout, Brown trout, Rainbow trout, Rainbow trout, Rainbow trout, Lake trout, Lake trout, Lake trout, Land-locked salmon, Land-locked salmon, Steel-head trout, Steel-head trout, Swiss lake trout, Swiss lake trout, Scotch sea trout, Shrimps, Red-throat trout, Atlantic salmon, Whitefish, Smelt, Ciscoes, Frost-fish, Tom cods, AGE. Fry, Fingerlings, Yearlings and older, Total, Fry, Fingerlings, Yearlings, Adult, Total, Iie, : ° : Fingerlings and yearlings, Adult and 18 months old, Total, Fry, Fingerlings, Yearlings, Total, Fingerlings, Yearlings, Total, Two months, Fingerlings, etc., Total, Fingerlings, Yearlings, Total, Yearlings, Two years, Fry, Fry, Fry, Fry, Fry, Fry, AMOUNT PLANTED. 3;729,000 118,500 3 I 3902 3,879,402 893,000 88,150 10,400 251 991,801 100,000 43,580 1,220 144,800 2,445,000 364,050 4,933 2,813,983 25054 14,503 4,200 80,000 . 21,660,000 . 45,000,000 . 14,500,000 . 10,600,000 - 44,675,000 Forward, 136,535,711 7,850,743 190 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. SPECIES. AGE. Shad, Fry, Pike-perch, Fry, Mascalonge, Fry, Lobsters, Black bass (large mouth), Fry, Bullheads, Fry, White perch, Adult, AMOUNT PLANTED. Brought forward, 136,535,711 ; 3 . 10,118,000 9 419); 459 5) 3,075,000 6,896,420 39,000 2,700 120 Grand total, . 7,850,743 206,071,951 213,922,694 { IYO SIWeOsIaad NID SNNODAYO) | SDV 12 Ol eres aly WEES eH NOK @® PE Synopsis of the History of Fish Cattare. COMPLETE history of pisciculture in all its details is, I believe, yet to be written. Much concerning it can be gathered by searching here and there, but no one has seen fit to gather all these fragments together in a continuous story of what has come to be an important factor in furnishing food for the people of a good portion of the world. An encyclopedia will say that pisciculture was practiced by the ancient Egyptians and that it was in use by the Chinese, and that is all. How it was practiced in Egypt or what use was made of it in China in the dim past is of little moment now, for in all probability the people of those countries at that time knew nothing of fish culture as practiced to-day. The people of this century are given to demanding facts based upon figures, when history is offered to them; and, leaving speculation out of the question, I will recite briefly some of the beginnings of pisciculture. It has been claimed that a French monk, Dom Pinchon, in the Abbey of Reome discovered the process of hatching fish eggs in 1420, but it is believed by those best informed that he sim- ply collected and trans- planted eggs that had been naturally impreg- nated. Mhe real father of fish culture, who first fecundated fish eggs artificially, was Stephen Ludwig Jacobi, a Ger- man, born April 28, 1709, at Hohenhausen, in the Province of GENESIS OF ANGLING. Varenholz. In1741 he took eggs and milt from trout by hand and fertilized them artificially, and that was the genesis of modern pisciculture. For hatching trout ova, Jacobi used wooden troughs, the bottom covered with gravel, to represent the natural spawning IQL 192 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF beds of the fish, a process abandoned by most fish breeders, but in vogue to-day at one of the largest hatching stations of the United States Fish Commission. Jacobi did not make his discovery known until 1763 when his methods were published in a Hanoverian Magazine. The next year his discovery was endorsed by German naturalists; his memoir was published in Paris in 1770; he was recognized by George III. of England, in 1771, who granted him a life pension for his discovery; his memoir was translated into English in London in 1788, and there can be no doubt regarding the title that has been given him as the first to discover and carry into practical usefulness the art of fish culture. John Shaw was the first to artificially fecundate the eggs of salmon in Great Britain, in the year 1837, and Dr. Theodatus Garlick was the father of fish culture in America. Garlick read of the experiments of Gehin and Remy in France, in 1842, which were simply modeled after Jacobi’s methods, and in 1853 he impregnated the eggs of trout and hatched them in January, 1854. Public fish culture in the United States did not follow until 1856, when the General Court of Massachusetts appointed three Commissioners “to ascertain such facts respecting the artificial propagation of fish as may tend to show the practicability and expediency of introducing the same into the Commonwealth under the protection of law.” The same year, Mr. V. P. Vrasski, a Russian fish culturist, discovered the method of dry impregnation, a method which nearly doubled the impregnation of eggs taken artificially. Before this time the eggs and milt of trout had been taken in a vessel of water with the idea of adhering as nearly as possible to natural processes. Down to 1854, all fish-cultural experiments had been conducted with eggs of the Salmon family, chiefly trout, Salmo fario in Europe, and Salvelinus fontinalis in America. Vrasski attempted to propagate the eel artificially, as well as the trout, in the year 1854. In 1857, the eggs of the whitefish from Lake Ontario, Coregonus clupetformis, were impregnated, and an attempt was made the same year to propagate the pike-perch, Stzzostedion vitreum. Both experiments were made by Carl Miller, of New York, and Henry Brown, of New Haven, Conn. All the salmon family experimented with up to this date were fall spawning fishes, which fishes spawn on a falling temperature, but the pike-perch is a spring spawner and spawns on a rising temperature. Consequently the pike-perch was the first of the spring spawning fishes attempted to be hatched by artificial means, but it could not have been very successful as will be shown later in this article. The first attempt to introduce salmon into Australia was made in 1862, by Mr. H. R. Francis, of England. The eggs sent from England to Tasmania were a failure; not so those sent in 1864 and afterward. The first attempt to breed salmon in America was made in 1864. The eggs were obtained in Europe and hatched in a NMOIALNI -AYHHOLVH VINOGUIVS ) MOSSNATAVH dO FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 193 studio in New York City by Mr. James B. Johnson. In 1865, the first successful attempt to hatch codfish eggs was made in Norway, and two years later the Seth Green shad hatching box was invented; and thus the list of fishes with different breeding seasons and with eggs of a different character hatched artificially continued to grow. The trout (except some species in Western United States that are spring spawners) and salmon are fall spawning fishes, with heavy non-adhesive eggs; the codfish a winter spawning sea fish with floating eggs, and the shad a spring spawning fish with semi-bouyant, non-adhesive eggs. As the eggs of these fishes required each a different treatment to hatch them successfully, great progress was made in the science of fish culture in a few years. Chapter 285 of the Laws of New York for 1868, is entitled: ““An act to appoint ” Commissioners of Fisheries, for the State of New York.’’ This was passed April 22, and the first Fish Commission in this State was created. Under this act ex-Governor Horatio Seymour, Seth Green and Robert B. Roosevelt were appointed Commissioners and the first report made by this Commission was issued in March, 1869. In the light of what has been accomplished in this State to increase the supply of food fishes by the Fish Commissioners and their successors the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commissioners since the date of the first report, it is of interest to read that few shad were taken in the Hudson River when the Fish Commission first examined the river, and that the retail price of the few rarely fell below seventy-five cents each. On one portion of the river “the fishermen did not average four fish a day and on another portion the seines were not taking over one shad to a haul.” The Commissioners estimated the shad crop in the Hudson River to be worth $7,000 in 1869. In 1895 the shad taken in the Hudson River weighed over 4,000,000 pounds and at ten cents each for buck shad and twenty cents for roe shad the catch was worth $184,897.60—nearly four times as much as the entire annual expenses of the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission for fish propagation and distribution. In 1870, the Deutscher Fischerei Verein was established, an organization which has had a powerful influence in piscicultural matters in Europe. Different States in the United States and other countries in Europe than those mentioned had not been idle during the years already mentioned. Italy, Bohemia, Austria, Switzerland, Finland, Belgium, Holland, Russia and Canada had been making progress in fish culture and had established fish breeding establishments, and the States of Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maine, California, New Jersey, Rhode Island and Alabama had organized Fish Commissions and constructed fish hatching stations that were hatching fish and planting them in the public waters of the respective States. In 1870, an organization was formed (the 13 194 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF original call was sent out in 1869) that was destined to give a great impetus to fish breeding in the United States. This was the American Fish Cultural Association, now called the American Fisheries Society. This organization was _ practically founded by Livinston Stone, author of the standard work, ‘‘ Domesticated Trout,” and a pioneer fish culturist, as he erected a trout hatchery in 1866, near Charlestown, New Hampshire. Mr. Stone signed the call for the first meeting of a few fish breeders, and was the first secretary and drew up the constitution practically as it remains to this day, and at the outset he was in effect the Association. The Fish Cultural Association was the godfather of the United States Fish Commission, for one of its first official acts was to send a committee to Washington to urge the creation of a National Fish Commission, which was provided for by joint resolution of Congress on February 9, 1871, and the Commission organized the following year, The same year shad were hatched, transported across the Continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific and established in the waters of the western coast. Shad from this planting have become so numerous on the Pacific Coast that they have been sold at a less price than on the Atlantic sea board, and they have spread along the coast until it is expected that they will ultimately reach the Sea of Japan. In 1872, Mr. Stone went to California to inaugurate the propagation of Pacific salmon, a work which has grown to gigantic proportions. At one station during the season of 1896, 25,852,880 eggs of the Pacific salmon were taken. Striped bass, Roccus lineatus, were artificially propagated in 1873, and sea bass, Centropristes striatus, in 1874. White fish were sent to New Zealand from the United States in 1876, the experiment being successful, so far as the arrival of the eggs in good condition is concerned. In 1877, experiments were successfully conducted for retarding the development of fish eggs by cold; herring were propagated artificially; German carp were introduced into the United States; California salmon were introduced into Europe, and the plunging bucket for hatching shad was invented. For the next few years reports of the capture of planted fish were received from many waters; haddock, Melanogrammus eglefinus, and Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus, were successfully propagated, and the establishment of fish commissions in the various States of the Union continued until nearly every State was at work increasing its food supply by cultivating fishes. The operation of hatching fish ova differs with different species of fish (after the eggs are impregnated) depending upon the character of the eggs. The fertilization of the eggs is always the same with all species. The fishes cultivated artificially in Europe are the so-called game fishes or hook and line fishes chiefly. In America not only are the hook and line fishes propagated but a large number of commercial fishes also. 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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF 220 OSESER| gl ghs6 aEgtord) LLp ize Logi | Erg‘hz SO CET dian ROMS LOe rer Ns tier aeons caer pa [e107 purely | L I oS9 Odpoo GK OOOO TO GH6GCOn|IloOowmo ood olloaooc oo coo dlloooD DOO OOOO AGO D DOOD OD oD CODD OD OOOO DD OO GOODS don o006 sou sreads 006‘1¢ Z9Q‘Qz gitg 0309 ooS¢ 649‘9 soz gegse MODG 060K D KO DOG HnOoo SCHOO oDD Gaon oG OD uo0asIny4sS SOUT] 39S 12s‘zg z6Q‘LP S605 000 o|loonD GOOD OOlla goo ODO Ollogoo ao oo aniloo So OOo ofo oso aa oD oO Ollon0d Do Osos OP HH OO GO BD OD [eI], zov Sgofor CDCOKD DOO D|lO OOO DO OOO Ooo OD OOD OILo GUO OOOO OlocCoOGoDD allo ooo ood ao olll Oo ODO Cb Ondo DO OKO DOO OO OGD OO [e120 41g gS9 gg90‘gI CUGHOddO|lo DOM OOO OOGIIG AAG G6 oo|lb a0 00 OODoOO|log oO 00 COllon 0b Domo dD O|loC Oooo DOOD oO oro one ODO om OOD nO GOOG yoled 101g 6ELStz 0.000 005O-0))0-0-0 0 io coo Ollo.c6 0 moo Ollo-400 boa oo olfomma cobnllacoocaootol|loocC Oop ooo OO Fb n0ooo ODDO oD DODO sseq org : Soul] pueTT HO’IVA sannoa HO'IVA SaNnnod SO’IVA Sannoa aO’IVA sannoa SHIOHdS GNV SOLVAVddV IVLOL VUVOVIN SNVHIUO SOUNOW I = ‘aqaanTONojD— ‘L631 NI OIYVLINO ANVT AO SHIMAHSIA AHL AO A'TAIA AHL SAIONdS UNV SNLVAVddv ‘SHILNNOO Ad “ONIMOHS ATEIVL FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 22a A review of the past and present condition of the fisheries of Lake Ontario does -not furnish many encouraging signs. The United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries has made five statistical canvasses of the fisheries of the Great Lakes since its creation and these furnish abundant material for comparison purposes. The following table shows the catch of certain species in Lake Ontario for the years 1880, 1885, 1890, 1893 and 1897: COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING (IN POUNDS) THE YIELD OF THE FISHERIES OF LAKE ONTARIO IN 1880, 1885, 1890, 1893 AND 1897. SPECIES 1880 1885 1890 1893 1897 Herring, (including longjaws) ..| 611,219 403,585 598,978 164,998 46,222 S EUG EI COM sy siy cere eh sree tices wae es 5455283 386,974 541,752 56,863 101,635 ‘TRIROIBNG feet eaten ais ea ae sare cera 569,700 20,510 41,010 6,204 2,349 Wjntefisipieeets neetae parlance als: 1,064,000 90,711 148,771 45,380 181,968 @thensHishtere serra sees : 849,800 | 1,496,686 | 2,115,937 586,140 586,722 MIRO Galleneay A scprne ee ceed? sa 3,640,000 | 2,398,466 | 3,446,448 859,585 920,896 Motalavaltien. 2.48 ts eee $159,700 | $95,869 | $124,786 $29,260 | $34,295 There has been a great decrease in the more valuable varieties, and, up to 18go, a great increase in the cheaper grades. This latter increase, however, has not been maintained since 1890, the catch dropping off very materially. Part of this great decrease in the fisheries can be explained by the stringent laws governing the commercial fishermen, but the main cause is the scarcity of fish. This latter view is borne out by the almost practically unanimous testimony of the fishermen themselves. A gratifying increase is shown in the catch of whitefish in 1897 over that for 1890 and 1893. The fishermen ascribe this increase to the numerous plants of fry which have been made in the lake. TFishways, their Constraction and Use. HE first printed report made by any Fish Commission in the United States was made to the Governor and Council of the Com- monwealth of Massachusetts, and was dated Decem- ber 1, 1865, and signed by Theodore Lyman and Alfred A. Reed as Commissioners. The report was made under a “resolve of May 3, 1865, concerning the obstructions to the passage of fish in the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers.” The Commissioners were directed to report upon certain specified subjects: “No. 5. To ascertain the extent and degree of the discoloration of the water of said rivers, below said dams, caused by the discharge of dyestuffs and other noxious matter therein from manufactories. “No. 6. And the effect of such matter upon the water and the fish inhabiting the same. “No. 7. And further to make inquiries and ascertain the best mode of constructing fishways over THE BOWMAN. said dams. [SNom Ses ltheiexpense of tnessaime: “No. 9. And such further facts touching fishways and their usefulness in aiding the passage of fish over obstructions as said Commissioners may deem useful or expedient.” The Commissioners were apparently in doubt about the legal status of fishways and applied to John A. Loring for an opinion, who said: “By the law of this Commonwealth, all persons who may build dams on streams annually frequented by fish, do so under an obligation to keep open sufficient sluices and fishways for the passage of fish at proper seasons. And a company whose charter makes no provision for such fishways in dams which they build, is under this obligation as much as if such charter in terms required fishways to be built.” The report itself with plan of a fishway is very comprehensive and shows clearly the need of fishways to maintain a supply of certain of our food fishes, and it is referred to here simply to show that the Commissioners at that time realized the importance of constructing passes over river obstructions to enable food fishes to id 222 ‘SSOUD AMT GALVOIGNI SV ‘AVMHSIA OL AONVALNGA ‘NOLNVHONID LV WATE VNNVHANOSAS NI AVMHSII SUADOU TO MAIA WVaILS-dn PGYOHMV HON ORSNAA TWH IOMINAM - = . *, hee. Ne REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 223 reach their natural spawning grounds from which they had been cut off by the erection of dams for power purposes. Long before the State of New York had a Fisheries Commission to make a report to the Legislature, the law-making body had enacted, viz: in 1801, “that no dam should be erected on streams flowing into Lakes Ontario, Erie or Champlain, to prevent salmon from following their usual course up said streams, and when dams were erected they should be provided with fishways to enable fish to pass over the obstructions.” In the first report “of the Fisheries Commission of the State of New York the subject of fishways is treated seriously, and the Commissioners say, “If any State erects an impassable dam across the stream between their spawning beds and their winter resorts, they (the fish) will disappear utterly.” This refers to salmon chiefly. The New York Commissioners were also in doubt about the legal status of fishways in dams because of an adverse decision by the Courts of Pennsylvania construing a statute in that State requiring dam owners to erect fish passes in their dams. The Fish Commissioners of Massachusetts made a case against the owners of a dam across the Connecticut river and it was carried through the State Courts and to the United States Supreme Court and the following is an extract from the decision of that Court: Rivers, though not navigable even for boats or rafts, and even smaller streams of water, may be and often are regarded as public mghts, subject to legislative control, as the means for creating power for operating mills and machinery or as a source for furnishing a valuable supply of fish suitable for food and sustenance. Such water-power is everywhere regarded as a public right, and fisheries of the kind, even in waters not navigable, are also so far public rights that the Legislature of the State may ordain and establish regulations to prevent obstructions to. the passage of fish, and to promote the usual and uninterrupted enjoyment of the right by the riparian owners. ; Proprietors of the kind, if they own both banks of the. water-course and the whole soil over which the water of the stream flows, may erect dams extending from bank to bank, to create power to operate mills and machinery, subject to certain limitations and conditions, and may also claim the exclusive right of fishery within their territorial limits, subject to such regula- tions as the Legislature may, from time to time, ordain and establish. Persons owning the whole of the soil constituting the bed and banks of the stream, are entitled to the whole use and profits of the water opposite their land, whether the water is used as power to operate mills and machinery or as a fishery, subject to the implied condition that they shall so use their own right as not to injure the concomitant right of another riparian owner, and to such regulations as the Legislature of the State shall prescribe. Evidently the right of fishery, as well as the right to use the water of a stream for mill purposes, is the subject of private ownership, and when held by good title, the one as much as the other is a vested right, and both alike are entitled to public protection, and are subject, in a certain sense, to legislative regulation and control. Difficulties, in every case, attend the proper adjustment of such rights, as the complete enjoyment of the one may interfere with the corre- sponding enjoyment of the other, but the presumption is, in construing any regulation upon the 224 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF subject, that the framers of the regulation did not intend to allow either party to disregard the rule that he should use his own property as not to injure the property of the owner of the other right. Ownership of the banks and bed of the stream, as before remarked, gives to the proprietor the exclusive right of fishery opposite his land, as well as the right to use the water to create power to operate mills, but neither the one nor the other nght, nor both combined, confer any right to erect obstructions in the river to prevent the free passage of fish up and down the river at their accustomed seasons, as such obstructions would impair and ultimately destroy all such rights owned by other proprietors both above and below the obstruction on the same stream. Fish rights below a dam, constructed without passageways for the fish, are liable to be injured by such a structure as well as those owned above the dam, as the migatory fish, if they cannot ascend to the headwaters of the stream at their accustomed seasons, will soon cease to frequent the stream at all, or in greatly diminished numbers. In 1892, chapter 488 of the Laws of that year, the State of New York passed a fishway law which was amended by chapter 974 of the Laws of 1895 and added to by chapter 408 of the Laws of 1898, and now reads as follows in the Fisheries, Game and Forest Law: INR IMIUCILIS, 2X FISHWAYS. Section 260, Commissioners to be notified of construction of dam. 261. Authority of commissioners to direct fishways. 262. Owner to comply with direction of commissioners. 263. Commissioners to recover for construction and penalty. Section 260. Commissioners to be notified of construction of dam.—No dam shall be con- structed by the state or any person upon any stream more than six miles in length inhabited by fish protected by this act, until the person about to construct, or the officers having charge of the construction of the same shall give written notice to the commissioners of such intention, together with a statement of the name, length and location of said stream, and the size and general description of such dam, and the purposes for which it is to be erected, together with a diagram thereof. Section 261. Authority of commissioners to direct fishways.—The commissioners are author- ized in such cases to direct the construction of suitable fishways by an entry on their minutes and service of a copy of such order on the person constructing or officers having charge of the construction of such dam, and the person so constructing shall at his own expense, or the officers having charge of the construction shall, out of the funds appropriated for the construction of such dam comply with such directions, subject, on application on notice as on a motion, to the right of the supreme court to affirm, reverse, modify or alter such directions. Section 262. Owners to comply with directions of commissioners.—Such fishways shall be properly maintained by the owner or persons in possession of such dam, and shall be subject to examination and inspection on behalf of the commissioners, who may direct such repairs and alterations as they may deem necessary, subject to the order of the supreme court, as in case of construction. Section 263. Commissioners to recover for construction and penalty—tIn case of failure, refusal or neglect on the part of any person to comply with the directions of the commissioners as to building and repairing fishways, the commissioners may cause such fishways to be con- structed or repaired, and the expense thereof may be recovered by the commissioners in an ‘NOISSINWOO LSANOA GNY AWVS ‘SAINAHSIA AHL AO NOILOANIG AHL AAAGNA GaALONALSNOD ‘NOLNVHONIGA LV ‘AHAIA VNNVHANOSAS NI AVMHSIAN SUADOU AO MAIA WVAULS-NMOG aN Catena } Saag Meet FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 225 action against the owner or person in possession, or both, in the name of the peopie, and shall, in addition to the personal liability of such owner or person in possession be a lien upon the premises upon which such dam is situated. The person refusing or neglecting to comply with such directions of the commissioners as to construction or repairs shall also be lable to a penalty of ten dollars for each day during which they neglect to obey such directions, which penalty may be recovered in like manner in the same or a separate action. : Section 264. No person or persons, association, corporation or company shall build, place or maintain any rack, screen, weir or other obstruction across any of the creeks, streams or rivers of the state inhabited by fish protected by law that will prevent the passage of fish from one point to another point in said waters except as provided in section one hundred and forty- three of the fisheries, same and forest law. Whoever shall violate or attempt to violate the pro- visions of this section by placing, maintaining or causing to be placed or maintained any rack, screen, weir or other obstruction to prevent the passage of fish as aforesaid shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor and in addition thereto shall be liable to a penalty of fifty dollars for each rack, screen, weir or other obstruction built or maintained in violation of this section. The exception referred to as provided in Section 143, is a provision for maintaining eel weirs in certain waters. In addition to what is known as the Fishway Law, quoted in full above, chapter 498 of the Laws of 1895, provides for the construction of fishways in private dams in the counties of Saint Lawrence and Franklin. In consequence of the fishway laws quoted and referred to, now in force in this State, the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission is often appealed to for information in regard to a form of approved fishway and for other information in regard to such fish passes, and this article is written to describe, with accompanying illustrations, the forms of some of the best working fishways. The fishway, fish pass or fish ladder is more than a hundred years old in its salient features, and as its various names imply, is to enable fish of different species to pass over natural and artificial obstructions in a stream to reach spawning grounds, better pasturage or escape from foul waters. More than fifteen years ago the United States Fish Commission gave as a remedy for the decrease in the food fish supply this formula: First. Enactment of such legislation as will control excessive fishing, and prohibit destructive methods. Second. Compensating for the insufficient natural supply by artificial pro- pagation and planting. TZy/zrd. Extending the area of breeding and feeding by overcoming natural obstructions by means of fishways. The first and second propositions have been adopted and practiced most vigorously, while the third, equally important in many respects, has been adopted only spas- modically. There will be no attempt here to enumerate all the different forms of fish passes, most of them patented, and several of them differing but little in design, that have been or now are in use in the United States, but the Brackett, the Pike, the Foster, the Atkins, the Swazey, the Brewer, the McDonald, Cail’s improved, and the Rogers, are the better known. 15 226 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF The object sought in each is to retard the flow of water on an enclosed incline ) plane, chiefly, with “buckets,” steps or falls, creating “pools” of water flowing with moderate velocity through which the fish may swim easily from bottom to top over the obstruction in which the fishway is erected. In building a fishway it must be constructed with sufficient strength to resist floods and ice in the breaking up of the stream in spring, and in some instances protected against damage by log drives. Properly constructed a fishway adds strength to a dam, instead of weakening it as is sometimes supposed. In locating a fishway the entrance must be so placed that fish can find it easily, and this is best done by making the entrance at the base of the dam as is shown in the illustrations; and the flow of water must be of sufficient volume to attract fish to it and enable them upon entering, to swim through it and at the same time there must be no unnecessary waste of water. Asa rule, however, fishways are only used by fish when the stream is in moderate flood and water is wasting over the dam in which the fishway is constructed. By entrance to the fishway I mean the down-stream end of it, for I seriously doubt if young or adult fish resort to a fishway in descending a stream unless they chance upon it because of the current which it may create. An enclosed fishway should be constructed to admit light from top and sides, for some species of fish are extremely timid and hesitate to enter a dark fishway. This is particularly true of shad and, in fact, I do not know of shad passing through a fishway in any considerable numbers except in one instance, and even that is disputed; but the proof seems to me sufficient to establish the fact that shad have passed through fishways in Lackawaxen dam, in the Delaware river. This is a folding dam and is raised only at certain seasons and stages of water, and upon visiting the dam to examine the fish- ways I found a divided opinion concerning their efficiency, some contending that the shad passed up-river before the dam was raised, and others that the shad did not pass after the dam was erected until the fishways were constructed. Seventy-five miles further up-stream, I found, upon questioning disinterested wit- nesses, that shad did not run to that point after the construction of the dam, as they did formerly, until the fishways were built, when the shad run was resumed as in the years before the dam was erected.* * Since the above was written I have met Mr. J. R. Peck, Tax Agent of the Delaware and Hudson Company, who told me that he had seen a solid mass of shad in the Lackawaxen fishways on the Pennsylvania side of the river during the shad run, the shad passing through as rapidly as the crowding of a great number of fish at the entrance of the fishway would permit. Further, I desire to put on record that Mr. Peck informed me that the shad did not use the fishway on the New York side of the river, but all passed up over the dam on the Pennsylvania side, and his statement was based on personal observation. ‘OVNOLOd AHL JO STIVA LVAD NI ‘WoO LAHS UALVM HLIM AYMHSIE GIVNOGIW TVYNIDINO ’ FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 22h The interior of an enclosed fishway should be large enough for a man to pass through for inspection and repairs or cleaning, and be constructed as simply as possible and at the same time permit it to perform its office, that fish may pass through with- out encountering complicated details of construction to confuse them and which serve chiefly to catch drift that clogs the ‘““buckets” and “stops,” and renders the fishway useless for the purpose for which it was built. The slope of a fishway must also be considered carefully in its relation to the height of the dam. The earlier fishways were built with a rise of but one foot in from ten to sixteen, and one dam twenty-nine feet high had an inclined fishway 450 feet long, and it was calculated that a fish in passing through it would have to travel 1,500 feet in following the devious channel caused by the arms or buckets projecting from either side of the interior of the pass to retard the flow of water. This, however, must have been an improvement upon a natural fishway that I once examined. An application had been made to this Com- mission for permission to build a dam on a large stream in the State and the Commis- sioners referred the application to me for an examination and report. The manager informed me that no fishway would be required as the dam itself would contain a number of natural fish passes. These I found to be gates at the base of the dam and on a level with the river bottom, to let off the water when it reached a certain height in the pond, and I asked what the pressure would be to the square inch. ‘‘ What has the water pressure to do with it?” ‘Everything; as it will determine whether or not you will have to build a fishway over the dam.” That was something which had not been thought of, and as the water pressure would be over nine pounds to the square inch with the water level with the crest of the dam, and it was not proposed to open the gates until the water was about two feet above it, there is now a very substantial fishway over the dam. The rise in Cail’s improved fishway is one foot in four without reference to the height of the dam in which it is built; but it is different in construction from any other shown in the illustrations. The rise of the slope in the McDonald fishway is There were originally four fishways in this dam built jointly by the State of Pennsylvania and the State of New York, and when they needed to be repaired, the Pennsylvania Fish Commission notified the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission and the matter was referred to me for an examination of these fishways and a report. The examination proved to my own satisfaction that the shad would naturally follow the Pennsylvania shore rather than the New York shore, and furthermore that two fishways, on the Pennsylvania side, were sufficient to pass the shad above the dam and New York received little, if any, benefit from shad going above the dam, and my report embodied these opinions with the recommendation that any available money for fishways should be spent in erecting them where they would more certainly benefit the people of New York State. My report, adopted by this Commission, was a disappointment to my friend, the late Mr. Ford, who was then President of the Pennsylvania Commission; but I am glad to be able to record Mr. Peck’s statement, even at this late day, showing that the report was well grounded, and the opinions therein, now confirmed by facts not obtainable at the time of the examination, justifies the action of this Commission. AVNER Gs 228 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF based upon its width, and for small fishways of this kind the inventor, the late Colonel Marshall McDonald, formerly Commissioner of Fisheries of the United States, furnished this table: Width, . : PL ehess slope, . : LOO tmInEE: a ; ; Bethe ney sf ; : aT of Bh oe 6 3 ay aa os ee F : of) I a 4, eS : : 2 gO KD eh : . Bd of 5> Me : ; Nana ORy ma a : ‘ a AL Sa a. The original McDonald fishway was entirely different in principle from any of the others named, and in its modified form uses iron buckets as shown in the illustration of a section of a twenty-four-inch fishway. The Rogers fishway may be constructed in several different ways, but the one shown in the half-tones of the Binghamton fishway, of which there is also a plan of construction on another page, is perhaps the best form for ordinary dams, as the entrance is at the base of the dam and the incline leads down stream to a pool inside the enclosed structure, and then turns up stream, over and a little at one side of the lower passage, and the fish find exit over and above the dam. The slope in this form of fishway is arranged to meet the necessary requirement in the case of each particular dam under consideration. The power of fishes to surmount obstructions in a stream such as falls or dams, is very limited except in the case of members of the salmon family. The salmon (sa/ar, its specific name, from sa/zo, to leap) is a born jumper, and with a deep pool to start from at the base of a waterfall, will, when ascending a river to spawn, jump over obstacles that seem impassable for any fish. Dr. Landmark, Inspector of Fisheries of Norway, conducted some experiments for the Norwegian Government to test the power of the salmon in this respect, and when extracts from his report were translated and printed in English, they gave rise to considerable dis- cussion on the subject in this country. Dr. Landmark wrote me as follows in 1894: Concerning the height that salmon can jump under favorable circumstances, there is one place in Norway with indisputable evidence that there salmon have sometimes made a perfectly clear jump of sixteen feet perpendicular height. * * * No doubt a jump of the said height is quite unusual; but, having myself examined the spot where the occurrence has taken place, and having heard the evidence of persons who have themselves witnessed it, I cannot doubt the fact. Since Landmark’s experiments, Dr. Robert T. Morris, of New York city has seen salmon in the act of jumping over falls on rivers in Labrador that were from twelve to eighteen feet high and has photographed the fish, a half dozen of the pictures being before me, in the air as they made the leap and has measured the falls at the point where the jump was made. “NMOHS LON ONINAHAOO ACIS ANY dOL ‘AVMHSIHN SUADOA NOILONALSNOOD AO NVId NOLLWAR1:3 aaqis awni4 [as DY bX x Xx BONVULNA| | Nw Fi oe ue % QW35H @)l- aivid b+-— cof. -eerer es So erat a | Sa Se [| ee er el | l FONVYING a SS Ss SSS SS SS HONI S3NO O41 134353 OMI 3719S Wed Xx abe Ax]| Wva4LS NMOG ONINOOT = JONVYLNS HONOSHL NOILD3S “SSYW-NOLSOG-SYHA90U-H-M. *A-N+ NOLWYVHONIG-1LV “WVd-WOLLOG:HOO0e8- FHL: YY OS *AWMHSISA*> SHADOY-AHL?4O-ONIMVUG-TIVLIG Wx aml Y) H - @G BY AVMHSI4 uaddnhy YD) va : eats : ie rs 2 ¢ ‘: i t eee Ata ix j ‘ Sing a f eine zur) * re ‘2g ) i ¥e7), ‘4 wy he agi ooh ; Din 9 } : : ¥ oe y : , ah tes Lye ae dears Wa Soe Math Tht aout i , he *"NOISSINWOO HSI4 SHULVLS GALINON Ad aqadAouddd vy “AVMHSIA WALSAS IlVO GHAOUdIWI NOILOGS SSOUO GNV NOILVAUTA TVYNOILOES ‘a-vV NOILOAS D> G'a Yi ) Ny a) ) ) 1 e a) 5 - ET jana] UaLvM\ ANIGYO oo ey ss Es [S23] NOILVAA13 IWNOILOSS FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 229 Our native trout will also make its way over obstructions that seem little less than marvelous and swim up and over a dam in a sheet of water that falls vertically if the sheet of falling water is thick enough, but if the fins pierce the water and encounter only the air the fish falls to the bottom only to try the ascent again. Neither salmon nor trout can make a high jump vertically and at the same time laterally, and so a dam with apron projecting down stream is a bar to the ascent of these leaping fish and fishways must be built in them if the fish are to get above them. A very slight vertical waterfall will stop black bass or the so-called pickerel, properly, the pike, although both fish will fight their way up in a torrent of rushing water that appears to be swift and strong enough to the observer to drive everything of fish kind far down stream and away from its fierce boiling pools. Fish quickly avail themselves of the benefit to be derived from a fishway. At Mechanicsville, on the Hudson, when a fishway was built a little water was allowed to run through it to test it and a salmon came into it before the workmen got out. On shutting the outlet of the same fishway, to clean it later, over sixty black bass and a number of pike-perch were found inside of it and water enough remained in the buckets to preserve the fish so they were not lost. When I went to Binghamton with the builder of the fishway to locate it, men and boys lined the dam at low water and were catching small black bass which gathered just below the apron and could get no further. It was estimated that as high as 800 bass had been taken in one day from the dam and the fishing went on day after day without ceasing, and few of the bass I measured were more than eight or nine inches long; if they came within the “ec legal limit of eight inches they went on the “string.” The building of a fishway stops such destruction, for, even if the fish do not use the pass, there can be no fishing legally within fifty rods of a fishway, as witness Sections 117 and 118 of the Fisheries, Game and Forest Law: Section 117. Signuboards near fishways.—The commissioners of fisheries, game and forest are required to maintain, fifty rods from any fishway erected by the state, and on both sides of the stream, signboards containing substantially the following notice: “ Fifty rods to the fishway; all persons are by law prohibited from fishing in this stream between this point and the fishway.” The provisions of this section shall apply to public waters only. Section 118. Fishing near fishways prohibited—F ishing or attempting to take fish by any device whatever, within fifty rods of such fishway, erected by the state, and any interference with the signboards there maintained by the commissioners of fisheries, game and forest, is for- bidden. Whoever shall violate or attempt to violate the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor and in addition thereto shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars for each viclation and ten dollars for each fish so taken, killed or possessed. But the fish do use the fishway, for when I went to Binghamton with a Division Engineer of the State to accept the fishway, and the head gate was closed, black bass 230 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF were found inside, caught as they were passing through by the act of shutting off the © water, and the swarming of the fish at the foot of the dam was a thing of the past. In a book recently published in London, the author, Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., under the heading ‘‘ The creation of new fisheries,” says: The rivers Avonmore and Arrow form a junction in County Sligo, composing the Balli- sodare river, which is interrupted by falls utterly impracticable for salmon. The proprietor constructed a series of ladders or fish passes over these falls. * * * After the ladders were built spawning salmon were put in above Collooney (falls) with the result that twelve years later 9,750 salmon, valued at about £3,000, were taken in the fishing weir at Ballisodare. The original cost of the ladders was about £1,000 which, it will be admitted, was a moderate outlay to secure such a large income, besides the value of the sporting advantages created. The illustration of the Irish fish ladder referred to shows it to have been built of masonry, open at the top, with arms projecting inwards from alternate sides until near the exit at the crest of the dam where the arms extend entirely across the inside of the pass forming bulkheads with square openings on alternate sides near the floor, after the manner of the openings in the improved Cail. system, shown in the accompanying illustration. An annual income of $15,000 from building a fishway at the cost of $5,000 is a fair investment, to say nothing of the sport which it produced. As to the material of which fishways should be constructed, masonry is, of course, the best, if it were not for the cost; and I doubt not that in the end it would be cheaper than wood. The illustrations of the study of a fishway for the Vienne river, France, and of the Great Falls fishway in the Potomac, are introduced here to show the stability and permanence of such structures when built of masonry, or masonry and iron—as are all the European fishways. Our fishways are, almost without exception, built of wood, the Binghamton fishway being a fair example. The crib in that structure is filled with stone to anchor it; the timbers are bolted to the bottom and the planking is three-inch oak, well spiked to the timbers. The ice head is covered with a solid sheet of three-eight-inch iron bent to conform to the incline and securely bolted. A field of ice coming down stream would run up on the ice head, at proper stage of water, project beyond the apex and break of its own weight. The whole structure seems massive and durable; and it is, until the wood rots or bolts rust, and then, if not promptly repaired, general decay sets in and destruction follows. For this reason it is probably cheaper in the end to construct a fishway, the exterior anyway, of masonry at the outset, except in small streams not visited by severe and powerful freshets and heavy ice, in which case a straight chute with vertical sides, and arms cleated to the bottom from alternate sides, which can be completed for a comparatively small sum, will serve the purpose to pass trout over a dam with ‘NOLLVAGIG AGIS GNV NVId ‘CIVNOGOIW TIVHSUVW Ad ‘AONVUA “ANNAIA UPA NO AVMHSIA WOU AGNLS IVNIOIAO WOW 1 wee) a ‘SLEMONA NOUI ONIOVId AO MANNVW ONIMOHS ‘AVMHSIA GIVNOGOW GUVANVLS wo NOILOES yun & J? 20104 Ya ae Thabeg FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 231 apron, for it is always the apron projecting down stream from the crest of a dam, that stops the jumping fish. At Mechanicville, on the Hudson, the year before the fishway was built, the salmon, from plants made in the upper waters, by the Fish Commission of this State, of fry hatched from eggs furnished by the United States Fish Commis- sion, gathered in considerable numbers below the dam (without an actual count, I think there were 150 adult fish in a pool at one time), which they could not pass. The water was shallow at the base of the dam and the fish could not get a fair start for a leap, but leap they did, repeatedly, several being in the air at the same time, until some killed and others injured themselves by striking on the apron thinly covered with water. Already I have told how quickly the fish availed themselves of the fishway when it was built; and later in that season when the water was low and there was quite a gathering of salmon at the mouth of a cool stream coming into the main river a short distance below the dam, there came a heavy rain which raised the river and filled the fishway, and, in six hours after there was not a salmon to be seen in the river below the dam, as all had passed on up-stream through the fish pass provided for them. As to the cost of fishways, there can be no hard and fast rule, as conditions vary with different obstructions and each dam and fall should be considered by itself and estimates made upon existing difficulties that are to be overcome. ‘Then, too, the time of building a fishway must be considered. When the water is low, in mid-summer, and the builder is reasonably sure of escaping freshets that may carry away his half- finished work, the cost is less if the work is done by contract, then when the work is undertaken in the autumn at atime when floods may be expected, even if they do not come. The Binghamton fishway, of which there are two illustrations in this paper, cost $2,000 and was built in the autumn at a time when the contractor did not wish to undertake it as he had good reason to expect high water before he could complete it. As it proved, the high water did not come until the work had progressed beyond the danger point and he made money, as his contract price was based upon possible injuries to a partly finished structure which he would have to replace at his own expense. Rough figures of the cost of Rogers fishways in dams of given height may be given as follows: 5 to 7 feet high, . P ; : : ; 4 . $1,200 to $1,800 8 ef : : : ‘ : : s : Tr OOO MER OOO 10 = : Gop eno : 5 2 6 c 2,00 ON 21500 12 iY : ; 0 ° : : 6 . 2GOOQ "KB OOO 14 we : : 6 9 é : 9 : 3,000 BoSO@ 16 ss 0 : ; ; : : : 5 BROOME FOOO 232 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF These I imagine to be cutside figures subject to considerable modification when existing conditions are actually known and the time of building the fishways can be selected by the builder. The improved Cail fishway is one that has not been used in this State and I know little about it except that it has been approved by the Commissioner of Fisheries of the United States, which is all-sufficient to warrant its adoption where a fishway is needed. It has one very marked feature in its favor, and that is cost of construction. Upon this point I have received an informal letter from the United States Fisheries Commission as follows: The Cail fishway, as modified by Mr. Von Bayer, our engineer, is believed to be a most effective form of fish pass, but we have not had an opportunity of practically constructing any of them; consequently, any information we may give you on this. subject will be purely speculative. The construction of a fishway always depends upon the character of the dam in which it is to be constructed. For example, in a well-built crib dam where there are only a few stones to.be removed, etc., Mr. Von Bayer thinks $300 would cover the cost of a wooden fishway in a dam ten feet high. In favorable conditions the cost would increase in proportion to the height, that is, twenty feet high would cost $400 to £500. Certainly this form of fishway costs much less than any that I have mentioned, and if upon actual trial it proves to do the work for which it is intended, as well as any other style of fishway, the cost of construction will be greatly in its favor. The illustration of sectional elevation and cross section will show how the fishway is con- structed, except as hereafter explained. It will be seen that instead of arms or buckets the flow of water is moderated by a series of bulkheads, The floor of the compart- ments formed by the bulkheads should be laid slightly inclined and the bulkheads are placed obliquely across the fishway. Each bulkhead has an aperture in alternate ends and they increase progressively from the lower to the upper ones.* No regulating device or head gate is required at the intake and light is admitted to the fishway from the top. The hydraulic head between two successive compart- ments must be so chosen as to obtain a current velocity through the aperture of not to exceed ten feet per second. Fish may pass through the aperture or jump the bulkheads as is shown in the drawing of sectional elevation. * Since the illustration of the improved Cail fishway was engraved, for this report, it having been made from plans furnished through the courtesy of Hon. George M. Bowers, United States Fish Commissioner, Mr. Von Bayer, the Engineer and Architect of the Commission, writes me as follows: “Referring to the plans of an Improved Cail Fishway lately sent you, you are advised that the aperture in the uppermost cross bulkhead of the fishway marked on the sectional elevation under the word ‘‘ Crest” 15’’x 15’ should be 18x18”. This letter was received too late to make the change in the illustration as the impressions for the entire edition of this report had been printed. A. N. C. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 233 The building of fishways has never in this country received the attention that the subject deserves and the cost of construction of such means for fish to find proper spawning grounds, better pasturage and purer water and to spread staple food for the people over a greater area, is a good investment because of the benefit which will surely be derived from it. European fishways have been constructed chiefly for the passage of salmon, and, in fact, the early fishways in this country were designed almost entirely for this fish, until the belief prevails that fish passes are necessary only for anadromous fish. This idea is entirely wrong, for where fishways have been con- structed in this State nearly all our fresh-water food fishes—black bass, pickerel, pike- perch, bullheads, rock bass, yellow perch, suckers, etc., have availed themselves of such means to find new spawning grounds or more food, so that fishways are often necessary for our common fish that never go to salt water. Ga Nee Gls NVE State Fash Culturist. ROOMS ON THE FIRST FLOOR. d Naitoral tilatehery, jou.t coat HIS paper is written to describe a hatchery in which trout eggs are hatched by natural processes, although the fish are under re- straint, and the term natural hatchery is used in contradistinction to artificial hatchery in which trout eggs taken from the fish by hand are hatched on _ trays in troughs of running water and constantly watched by hatchery attendants. In a natural hatchery the trout are not handled by men during the spawning season; and the eggs, after they are deposited naturally, and the fry after they are hatched, are unmolested as much as though the fish were wild fish spawning in wild waters, until such time as the fry are removed from the hatchery to the rearing ponds to be fed and grown to fingerlings or larger fish. In State work, where every year there is a greater demand for trout fry and fingerlings than the State can supply, every egg that can be obtained is utilized and every pos- THE END OF THE LEAPERS. sible effort is made to obtain eggs outside of those furnished by fish in the stock ponds at the various hatcheries. Wild waters are drawn upon, and a few private waters, controlled by individuals or associations, furnish trout eggs to the State with the understanding that a certain per cent. of the fry shall be returned to their waters, while the State has the balance for general distri- bution. Under these circumstances a natural hatchery would not serve the purposes of this Commission, for it is not pretended that in a natural hatchery economy is practiced in the number of eggs obtained from the fish or the number of fry hatched from the eggs. By law the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission is forbidden to plant fry or fish reared at the expense of the State in waters closed to public fishing, and owners of private preserves, if they wish to add to their stock of fish, must buy them or rear them. To erect a hatchery on the plan of a State hatchery, even though it be on a much smaller scale, is expensive, and to spawn fish artificially, and care for the eggs and fry 234 ‘SSGNOd LAOUL AO SAIWAS GNV ‘NOILOAS SSOWO HLIM AYNHHOLVH TVANLVN HO NVId =f 2) G/if 2/ Mi i / ill nN) | Hii auf \ yarn frag porenteanreeetiemete a ——— mye me ii. Tag jl i Ny en ti iy iy | y 2 ; ily oe 5 G7, | Hl aly, wy LiL Uj ee kee reread REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 235 for a period of several months requires constant labor, and labor means an outlay of money. Only experienced men can do the work well, and in the best equipped and best managed hatcheries, unforeseen accidents may arise and disease may appear, and often it is cheaper to buy trout than to rear them. A hatchery that runs itself, with no artificial spawning, no egg picking, no pipes to repair or replace, no heat to maintain to warm the men employed, no troughs to tar and no trays to renew; in short, a hatchery with no men or troughs or pipes or heat in it is quite a different matter, and one that may be considered when the other is out of the question. During the past year I have received inquiries from more than a dozen different sources, two from fishing clubs in Canada, upon the subject of inexpensive fish hatcheries that may be maintained at moderate cost, and I have selected one of two natural fish hatcheries belonging to fishing clubs on Long Island to be illustrated and described to answer the inquiries, and doubtless other clubs or owners of private fish preserves may see in such a natural hatchery the means of keeping up the fishing in or re-stocking their waters. Trout are cannibals, and when confined in circumscribed waters, lacking an abundance of food, eat the ova of one another from the spawning beds and the fry of all indiscriminately to a greater or less extent. Most of such casualties are obviated in a natural hatchery. The hatchery here described and illustrated was designed and constructed by Commissioner Edward Thompson, the Shellfish Commissioner of this State, and I know of but two more like it, both constructed under his direction; and it is as simple in its operations as A, B, C, for you have only to lift a screen at the proper time and the trout and the water do the rest. The ponds shown in the plan in a series were dug in a depression between two ridges and are fed from springs on either side and from an artesian well at the head of the smaller or upper pond. The ponds shown are all used for rearing trout and outlet into a still larger pond, the margin only of which is shown, and in this larger pond the fishing is done by the club members and their guests. The upper pond is used for fry when taken from the hatchery and in this they are fed until they grow to fingerlings and are moved down into the adjoining pond, and as yearlings they go into the next or third pond, or into both according to size, for some grow faster than others and they are sorted to keep the trout of same size in one pond. The fourth and fifth ponds are for two year old fish and they furnish the breeders, as no trout older than two years are now used as breeding fish. These facts concerning the management of the fish in the ponds are mentioned more to explain why there are five ponds.in the illustration than with the expectancy that any one desiring to rear trout in a similar hatchery will follow the exact policy of the club owning the ponds. It is true that ponds will have to be 236 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF provided in which to rear fry to yearlings, at least, before they are planted in waters to be fished, if the best results are to be obtained from this system of hatching fish, for the young fish must be of sufficient size to be reasonably sure that the greater portion of them will escape the maws of their larger brethren in the water they are to stock. The hatchery shown in the illustration is 400 feet long and eight feet wide, and a cross section will be found in the upper right hand corner of the plate. At the base of the ridge are a number of springs, which feed two of the ponds, and the hatchery is constructed over them and consists only of a frame of joists, 2x5 and 2x 7, top and sides boarded over, with doors at intervals in the incline of the roof nearest to the ponds. There is a division in the hatchery about midway of its length making one-half of the hatchery a little higher than the other, made necessary by the conformation of the shore. From the bottom of the hatchery to the slope of the roof is about six feet, and two feet of this, or a little more, is beneath the level of the ground. From the midway division, the water as it comes from the springs under- neath is directed to flow in opposite directions by the grade at the bottom, and finds its way through sluices with screened gates, into the fourth and fifth ponds. About thirty feet of either end of the hatchery is divided from the balance by upright planks forming a dam, which also holds the gravel in place, with an inch or two of fall and the bottom covered with clean sand, and all that remains is covered with white gravel, well screened, and in size from a pea to a pigeon’s egg and ten inches deep; over the gravel the water is six to eight inches in depth, flowing in a gentle current toward the ends. Explicit directions are not given as to kind and sizes of lumber used in the construction of this particular hatchery, as it is expected that any one building a similar hatchery may have to be governed by different conditions from those found on Long Island, but that portion of the structure which comes in contact with the water should of choice be built of pine lumber and tarred with gas tar, or so much of it as is under ground or is washed by the water. Untarred pine may serve if the water is allowed to thoroughly soak the wood before any hatching is done, but tarred wood underground or in the water is preserved for a longer time than untarred, and it is safer for fry. An experiment with new helmlock planks in such a hatchery killed a large number of fry before they could be removed. The outlets of water at either end of the hatchery form natural spawning races between it and the breeding ponds and in it the movements of the fish may be governed by sliding, screened gates. In the autumn, when the trout, moved by the spawning instinct, crowd into the races, the screens are lifted and they are allowed to make their way into the hatchery and on to the prepared gravel beds. After the trout ,have spawned, they are driven out of the hatchery through the races back to the NWId NI NMOHS GNOd LOOWL WAMOT SSOMOV AYHHOLVH TVANLVYN HO MUIA - ry ats Lae FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 237 ponds and the screens are closed leaving the naturally impregnated eggs to work out their own salvation in the clean gravel. After the fry are hatched and the umbilical sac with which they are born is absorbed and they are ready to feed, they are induced to leave the gravel beds and find their way in the gentle current down on to the sand, by lifting the doors in the roof and admitting the light from the ends. Once on the sand, the dam formed by the upright planks prevents their return to the gravel; and, whenever it is deemed necessary, they may be moved with net and bucket to a rearing pond outside to be fed until such time as they may be grown to a size suitable for planting in fishing waters or reserved for breeding purposes. In the hatchery that is illustrated, it is estimated that about 300 breeding fish are admitted to the house each year, although the ponds from which they come contain thousands of trout. Those that are denied the convenience of the hatchery spawn in the ponds, and the eggs and fry must submit to risks and perils which abound in such places; but I have been surprised to find that so many fry as I have seen in the ponds in spring and summer have survived the attentions of their parents and relatives. Nothing is said here about the cost of such a hatchery as is described, as the cost will vary in different localities, depending upon nearness to lumber supply, and price of labor, but with the general plan given in the plate, it will not be difficult to make an estimate of the probable cost when the location is selected. Such a hatchery could be adapted to other water supply than one coming in springs from the bottom, but usually springs are to be found by searching the shores of trout waters, and such a supply of water, with its even flow and temperature, is to be preferred to one coming from a stream liable to floods, discoloration and impurities. About the only care such a hatchery requires is to rake over and scrub the gravel of the beds after the fry is removed, and this is done by forking it up at the sides while the water runs through it; for, while the gravel remains white and clean as long as the doors remain closed and it is dark inside, the sunlight causes green ‘‘mold” (desmids, representing a family of minute 4/¢@) to form on the gravel, which should be brushed off with a broom and dead eggs washed out at the same time. Such a hatchery will require but little of one man’s attention for the most part, and the returns from it abundantly repay the outlay for construction. There is no way to count fry in such a hatchery until they are netted out to be placed in an outside rearing pond, but last spring I estimated that the hatchery in the illustration contained 60,000 or 70,000 strong, healthy fry, and it was believed that not many more than 300 trout were admitted to spawn in it last fall. The club desires to rear only a certain number of trout each year, to turn into the fishing pond something more than the number annually caught; but in a preserve, for instance in the Adirondacks, it would probably be desired that all the trout should be allowed to spawn under cover and so the hatchery would have 238 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF EISHE RIES, GAME AND hORE Sims: to be constructed to admit all that came to it at breeding time, and therefore the size of a hatchery to be erected would have to be based upon the number of trout likely to visit it. The hatchery that is 400 feet long will accommodate 500 or 600 breeding trout at one time (as a matter of fact Mr. Thompson tells me that one year he thinks not less than 1,000 spawning trout were admitted to the house, and they were mixed two and three year old fish, and with this number the gravel beds did not appear to be unduly crowded), and they should produce 125,000 to 175,000 fry if trout of all ages from wild waters are admitted, a sufficient number if the survivors are planted to keep up the stock in any preserve that I know of in this State, when the waters are fished only as preserved waters are ordinarily fished. 2X ING GleUS NIG, State Fish Culturist. REFLECTIONS ON TROUT WATER. (WNeQ|IEM SSIMAW OWIVS } | Be LAOYL NIVLNNOW AVOON 4° GALLOdS YOVIE IWOYHL Gay =f Fish Represented in Colored Plates. Red Throat Troat. O describe the black spotted trout of the Rocky Mountains is very like an ex- plorer entering a labyrinth with many windings and turnings, which, if followed, will lead the explorer, if he is an ordinary explorer, to but one conclusion—that he 1s lost, ‘“hook, bob and sinker.” The black spotted trout comes in series. There is the red throat trout (also called cut-throat trout, but that is not a pretty name) Salmo mykiss, without a single frill; the Columbia River trout, Salmo mykiss clarkit,;, the Yellow- stone trout, Salmo mykiss lewist; the Salmo mykiss gibstz, without a common name, as yet; the Lake Tahoe trout, Salmo mykiss henshaw' ; the Utah Lake trout, Salmo mykiss virginalis ; the Rio Grande trout, Salmo mykiss spilurus ; the Colorado River trout, Salmo mykiss pleuriticus; the Waha Lake trout, Salmo mykiss stomias, the Yellow finned trout, Salmo mykiss macdonaldai ,; and that is as far as the ichthyologists have got with mykiss up to this time, unless I have inad- vertently skipped some. But I have mentioned a sufficient number of ONE WAY. varieties to show that the black spotted trot is a bewildering fish, taken together or in sections. My first acquaintance with one of these fishes, and I really do not know which one, for at the time I did not know there was so many of him, was made many years ago in Utah and Wyoming before they became States, and I then thought the fish I caught in Bear River and elsewhere was a very excellent fish on the hook and on the table, and altogether a well disposed and respectable black spotted trout. Since I have learned of the aliases under which the fish is known in different parts of the West, I have had my doubts. 239 240 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF The common names I have given will show how widely the mykiss is distributed in the waters of the West. As Jordan and Evermann say of it, “A very widely distributed species, found in all clear streams of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, from Kamchatka and Alaska to Chihuahua and Northern California, and often entering the sea. It is exceedingly variable, being subject to many local changes, and its extreme forms show a degree of variation rarely met within the limits of a single species.” The excellent authorities I have quoted write of the black spotted, steelhead and rainbow, as the ‘““American trout,’ and it would appear that they were the original pilgrims to our shores and waters, antedating the other and more noted pilgrims whose descendants now wage war against the earlier comers because of their game and toothsome qualities. They say: “It seems not improbable that the American trout originated in Asia, extended its range southward to the upper Columbia, thence to the Yellowstone and Missouri; from the Missouri southward to the Platte and the Arkansas, thence from the Platte to the Rio Grande and the Colorado, and from the Colorado across the Sierra Nevada to Kern River, thence southward and coastwise, the sea-running forms passing from stream to stream as far north as Fraser River where the variety Kamloops would mark one extreme of the series, and re-entering as a distinct species the waters long occupied by typical szykzss.” All of which goes to prove that the American trout is a hustler and well named, and it does not make a bit of difference to the average angler whether his genealogy fits the branches of the family tree which the scientists have made for him or not; he is a good fish, a handsome fish and a game fish, even admitting that his pedigree is a little clouded. There may be an objection to an American trout being called mykiss because itis a vernacular name of the species in Kamchatka, but it must be remembered that the United States is not all of America, however much we may think so. The typical black spotted trout, Salmo mykiss, has “body moderately elongate, compressed. Mouth moderate, the maxillary not reaching far beyond the eye. Vomerine teeth as usual, set in an irregular zigzag series; teeth on the hyoid normally present, but often obsolete, especially in old examples. Dorsal fin rather low; caudal fin slightly forked (more so in young individuals than in the adult, as in all trout). Back and caudal peduncle profusely covered with rounded black spots of varying size; dorsal, caudal and adipose fin covered with small spots about as large as the nostril; a few spots on the head; belly rarely spotted; inner edges of the mandibles below with a deep red blotch. * * The red blotches on the lower jaw between the dentary. bones on the membrane joining them is usually constant and characteristic.”” Some varieties certainly have no red mark under the jaw, and this is admitted by Gilbert and Evermann in their investigation of the Columbia River Basin, ( UOSPUCUDIY IHANGYIVD OW Ve } PMO rae NVOWARII. S =! OSG SE Sas FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 241 for they say: ‘‘ Thus the specimens from Wood River, Idaho, * cs * have usually no red dash under the jaw. Some specimens show traces of the latter, and in such cases it is usually faint and irregular.” It will be observed that the trout figured in the colored plate has but a dash of faint red under the jaw. The drawing was made from a fish reared at the Caledonia hatching station of this Commission, and I examined a number of individuals before selecting the one from which Mr. Denton made this drawing, and none had the red splash more pronounced than is represented. Commissioner Babcock, who has caught the fish in Snake River, tells me that in examples from that stream the splash is a deep blood red, and the fish is probably the variety known specifically as S. mykiss lewzsz, in which the red throat mark is always present. Some varieties grow to great size, twenty to thirty pounds, but the ordinary maximum is about five or six pounds. In the West they spawn from May to the middle of July, and their eggs are heavy and non-adhesive like the native Eastern trout, and the same size, one-sixth of an inch in diameter. They are more prolific than the common brook trout, averaging from 1,000 to 6,000 eggs, which hatch in forty-five days, with a water temperature from fifty-two to sixty degrees. At Caledonia station in this State (the only place, I believe, where the black spotted trout has been reared in the East) this fish begins to spawn before the middle of March and continues for two months. The impregnation of eggs is from ninety to ninety-five per cent., but just before the hatching period a large number of the eggs burst and the embryos are lost. There is loss, too, between the hatching and feeding times, and the fry do not feed as readily as the common brook trout; so that altogether Mr. Annin, the Superintendent of Hatcheries, estimates the total loss between impregnation of the eggs and feeding of the fry as about forty per cent. After the fry begin to feed, they are not more difficult to rear than the fontinalis. The Steethead. This fish, called salmon trout on the Pacific Coast, is the only trout we have that is entitled to the prefix salmon, although the lake trout, xamaycush, has been called salmon trout so long that it is most difficult for even the lawmakers to dispense with the name salmon and recognize a trout which never goes tc salt water and is found only in deep, clear, cold-water lakes as a plain lake trout. The steelhead has been introduced into the waters of New York since the red throat trout, to which with the rainbow it seems to be related more or less closely. In the State ponds it is some- times a problem to separate the steelhead from the red throat or rainbow, by looking at them as they are dipped out in a net, for at certain seasons there is a strong family resemblance. 16 242 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Of this fish, Capt. William E. Dougherty, United States Army, in charge of the United States hatching station at Hoopa Valley, California, wrote me in May, 1896: I am not able to give you an authentic instance in which it can be shown that the steelhead has spawned and reared young in fresh water without going to the ocean first. But it must be remembered that very little scientific inquiry has been made into the habits of the steelhead, or indeed of the salmon on this coast. I have some steelheads in our ponds here, now three years old. We examined them about two weeks ago and found roe in the female and milt in the male, but so microscopic as to be almost rudimentary. It is quite possible that these fish may spawn next year. It has been alleged that the rainbow trout is a fresh water modification of the steelhead. Recent investigation, however, supplies evidence that the two fish are different, and this has been confirmed somewhat by an experience here. It is alleged that the Kamloops trout of Wash- ington is an off-shoot of the steelhead. The Kamloops trout is land-locked and never gets to the ocean; and so if it is a steelhead, it goes to show that the steelhead will spawn without going to sea. But, again, it must be said that as little is known of the Kamloops as of the steel- head proper. My own opinion is that, if the steelhead will adapt himself to a fresh water habitat, it will spawn and rear young in it without going back to salt water. It should be borne in mind that the natural range of the steelhead in the ocean on this coast is in water that never has any ice in it, and they do not enter the streams in the spring in any considerable numbers until the temperature of the water begins to rise. Since Capt. Dougherty’s letter was written, United States Fish Commissioner Bowers has informed me that the steelhead has matured in the ponds of the hatching station at East Orland, Maine, and eggs have been taken. These fish were reared in fresh water ponds at the station. Steelhead eggs bear transportation remarkably well, which has not always been the case with the red throat trout. Some steelhead eggs were sent from Capt. Dougherty’s station in California to Mr. S. Jaffé, the well known fish culturist in Osnabrtick, Germany, who wrote me that out of 10,000 eggs, there was a loss of only 720 in transit and hatching, and the fry were vigorous and promised well. The Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission, through the courtesy of the United States Fish Commission, obtained a quantity of steelhead fingerlings and some were planted in a Long Island stream and some in a Northern New York lake. Those that were planted on Long Island, when rather more than a year old, rose to the fly of the trout fisherman and made a most gallant fight, but at this time it is too early to tell what the outcome ofthe plantings will be. That they area game fish there is not the least doubt, as has been demonstrated at the rearing ponds. The steelhead enters the Columbia river in the fall (this I say on the authority of the United States Fish Commission, although it is contrary to what Capt. Dougherty’s letter would lead one to suppose from his own experience with the fish) and spawns the following spring from February to May. The eggs are larger than the red throat eggs, being one-fifth of an inch in diameter, and average from 3,000 to 5,000 eggs per OMiINE Ror Bink AM: GO RDEN (ABRAMIS CRYSOLEUCAS, Mitchil1.} FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 243 fish and hatch in from forty-two to fifty days with water at fifty degrees. The character of the egg is like the red throat and fontinalis, heavy and non-adhesive. A scientific description of the steelhead is not necessary at this time, but I give the coloring from Jordan and Evermann: Color, olive green above; sides, silvery; head, back, upper fins and tail, more or less densely covered with black spots; belly usually unspotted; males with colors heightened, the back greenish; both sexes in spring with a broad flesh colored lateral band, deep, rosy red on the opercles, this often retained throughout the year; fins not red; no red on the membrane of the lower jaw. In the Kamloops, or lake form of the steelhead, the lateral band is a bright rose pink. Jordan and Evermann say, as a sort of summary of the mykiss, steelhead and rainbow: It is not unlikely that, when the waters of the Northern hemisphere are fully explored, it will be found that all the black spotted trout of America, Europe and Asia are forms of one species, for which the oldest name is Sa/mo ¢rutfa, Linnatus. Salmo trutta is the sea trout or salmon trout of Europe, and I was instrumental in bringing the first of them to this country, and the State of New York has planted some under the name of Scotch sea trout, and I hope it has not made trouble for future ichthyologists. Golden Shiner, or Bream. Really that title should be reversed, for the fish is a bream, and is called golden shiner, by which name it is better known than as bream or roach which is still another common name for it. The introduction of this fish in a colored plate is a tribute to the fisherman, for it is a bait fish pure and simple and not a food fish in this State, although it grows under favorable circumstances to twelve inches in length. The golden shiner is the most expensive fish that I have ever bought, living or dead, for on an occasion I have paid as high as 25 cents per ounce for it, and got two shiners for one dollar. That particular season gold shiners were scarce and were caught with hook and line to be used as bait in trolling for lake trout. They are very delicate, the scales coming off very easily when the fish is handled, and in the spring they are apt to be scarce during high water when lake trout trolling is best and they command a good price, so that the fishermen usually sew them to the hooks on which they are impaled. Their bright color makes them a shining mark in clear water, and they can be seen a long distance by the fish which they lure to the angler’s gaff. In the summer they are used as bait for black bass, but are not considered as good as 244 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF other of the Cyprznid@ used for bass bait. Scientifically they are described: ‘“‘ Body moderately elongate, strongly compressed. Head short * * the profile somewhat con- cave. Mouth small, oblique, the upper lip on line with upper part of pupil, the maxillary not reaching front of eye. Color clear, greenish above; sides silvery, with bright golden reflections; fins yellowish, the tips of the lower fins sometimes slightly orange in spring males.” The fish is a spring spawner, like all the carps, and is found in weedy streams and ponds. White Bass. This fish, also called white lake bass, is an excellent pan fish as the flesh is very like that of the black bass and similarly well flavored. It is a deep or still-water fish, rarely ascending small streams. It is a game fish for one of its size, growing to a maximum of fifteen inches. It is found in the lakes of Western and Central New York and has been introduced into the waters of some of the Eastern States as an addition to the supply of food fishes. This fish is sometimes confounded with the yellow bass of the same genus but of a different species, and may be distinguished by the: fact that the two dorsal fins are entirely separated, the two dorsals of the yellow bass being connected with a low membrane. ‘““Body rather deep and compressed, the depth more than one third the length; back considerably arched; mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, the lower jaw little projecting; eye large, nearly as long as snout; maxillary reaching middle of pupil * * head scaled to between nostril; * * color silvery, tinged with golden below; sides with narrow dusky lines, about five above lateral line, one along it, and a variable number below it, then sometimes more or less interrupted or transposed. Not found in salt water; generally abundant in Great Lakes.” Fatt Fish or Silver Chab. This is the largest of the Cyprinide or carps, of which we have about 1,000 species in the old world and the new, and is known also as wind fish, cousin-trout and corporal. When Dr. Theodatus Garlick, the father of fish culture in America, made known the fact that he had hatched trout artificially in 1854, a claimant appeared to wrest from him the honor of being the first in this country to hatch fish by artificial means. This was Rev. John Bachman, who claimed to have hatched fish in 1804. Curiously enough Mr. Bachman claimed, in a paper read before the State Agricultural Society of South Carolina, in 1855, a year after Garlick hatched the eggs of trout in Ohio, that his first experiment in 1804 was in hatching the eggs of the corporal, and NCE Wit = om SinvNN Cla lieixeke ih Gr { POMOLO BUS PSEUDOHARENGUS |] FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 245 the parent fish had been dead several hours when he took the eggs which he subsequently hatched. He claimed next to have hatched the eggs of yellow perch after drying them for ten days. It was the printed details of these experiments which caused the late Spencer F. Baird to write to Dr. Garlick as follows: I had never attached so much importance to the statements of Dr. Bachman as Mr. Milner did, and I am quite satisfied that there were serious errors in Dr. Bachman’s statements; so great, indeed, that whatever may have been the actual tacts, they could not have been as given by him. In any event, anything Dr. Bachman may have done cannot affect your position as the first person to actually propagate fish in the United States by artificial methods. The fall fish is called cousin trout in New England in allusion to its troutlike habits. Many is the time that one of these fish has risen to my flies when fishing a trout stream, missing over and over, until from its rising short repeatedly, which appears to be characteristic of the fish, I have discovered that it was a chub and not a trout. It grows to four or five pounds in weight and affords fair sport with fine tackle. One authority says it is esteemed as food, but Thoreau said “The chub is a soft fish and tastes like brown paper, salted.” A lady of my acquaintance, when I visited her husband for fishing in a cold New England lake, always requested that the fall fish be saved for her, and I confess that when taken from that cold, clear water and cooked, the fall fish was not to be compared to brown paper, salted; for, except that the flesh is rather sweet, it is equal to some other fishes that I know are esteemed as food. There is another and smaller chub belonging to the same genus called horned dace or creek chub, which has a conspicuous dark spot at the base and front of the dorsal fin by which it can always be separated from the fall fish. Small fall fish, with their glittering silver scales, make an excellent bait for other fish Under the drawing of the fall fish, I have used the specific name Semmotzlus bullaris (Jordan and Gilbert), and not S. corporalis which is a later classification by Jordan and Evermann. For this I think I have sufficient warrant without an extended explanation of why I did it, as the explanation will be made elsewhere and by another pen than mine. Alewife or Branch Herring. This fish illustrates the fondness of our people for applying several common names to one of our fishes when it is found in different waters, as it is known, in addition to the two names given above, as gaspereau, wall-eyed herring, big-eyed herring, ellwife and sawbelly. It is abundant along the Atlantic Coast, entering the streams to spawn, and also found in the interior lakes of this State, where it is known scientifically as variety /acustris. The name sawbelly is given to it in Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence, and, I think, also in Cayuga Lake, where it swarms and where great 246 “ REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF multitudes die every year in early summer. From the best information obtainable the fish die from a change in the temperature of the water. Coming from the deep cold water at the bottom into the warm surface water, heated by the summer’s sun, they make a spasmodic movement, turn over and die in such quantities that the surface of the water is covered with them, and it is sometimes a problem to get rid of their decayed and decaying bodies. In Cayuga Lake they are found in very deep water, but when drawn to the surface, succumb with a motion of their bodies which fishermen call a “fit.” They furnish an abundance of food for certain fishes, and are an excellent bait, but are not regarded as food for mankind when taken in the interior lakes. In color it is “bluish above; sides silvery; indistinct dark stripes along the row of scales; a blackish spot behind opercle.” Common Whitefish. Of nine species of whitefish in this country the common whitefish or Great Lakes whitefish is the best known and most highly valued as a food fish. It is one of the most delicate of table fishes, as it feeds on minute organisms, and a form of this fish found in Otsego Lake, and there called Otsego bass, is as highly prized as any food fish which swims in our waters. In fact, there has always been a halo about the “Otsego bass” as a superior food for ‘Gods and honest fisher folk” that time and distance will not dispel. If, however, there is a more delicate and delicious fish than the whitefish from Hemlock and Canandaigua Lakes, where this Commission propagate the species, I think an epicure would give good money of the Republic to know where the fish is to be found. Fresh from the water, the flesh of the fish is white, firm, rich and with a delicate flavor all its own. But, to be at its best, the fish must be eaten near the place where it is taken when the water is cold. When the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission began to propagate whitefish at Canandaigua, and -later at Hemlock Lake, it was believed that the fish was Richardson’s whitefish, Coregonus labradoricus, and it was referred to in papers and correspondence of the Commission as the Labrador whitefish, but a more careful examination of specimens by Dr. Bean led him to believe there was some mystery about the classification of the whitefishes and he made a study of the whole question and published the result of his conclusions in “ Science,” which is here reproduced: IDENTITY OF COMMON AND LABRADOR WHITEFISH. The common whitefish of the Great Lakes was first very imperfectly described by Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill, in Zhe American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review, for March, 1818. The description, in fact, is so unsatisfactory that his contemporaries and later ichthyologists for more than fifty years supposed it to refer to the cisco, or lake herring, Avgyrosomus artedi. (|[!YOMW SIWHOSISdNID SANODAYOD } AMY 1 VOOIVENV NYO) BOSS ay EISISHIEN NOWAIOS FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 247 A good account of the whitefish was published by Richardson, in 1836, under Le Sueur’s name of Coregonus albus, a name published only a few weeks later than that of Mitchill; but, like Mitchill’s, unaccompanied by a sufficient description. In 1836 Richardson established a new species of Coregonus upon a dried specimen which he received from Musquaw River, that falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near the Mingan Islands, giving it the name Salmo (Coregonus) labradoricus. This has been retained in the literature as a distinct species up to the present time,.although its close relationship to the com- mon whitefish has sometimes been observed without recorded comment. Systematic ichthyologists have found it difficult to show clearly the differences between the common whitefish and the Labrador whitefish, as may be seen by referring to the monographs upon the whitefishes by Jordan and Gilbert, Bean and Evermann and Smith. They have been forced to rely, finally, upon a single character, the presence of several rows of teeth on the tongue to distinguish the two forms, and this was supposed to be constant and infallible. The writer has recently had occasion, while studying the fishes of the State of New York, to examine numerous specimens of the common whitefish from the Great Lakes and interior lakes of New York and of the so-called Labrador whitefish from lakes of New York and New Hamp- shire and from rivers in New Brunswick and Labrador. As a result of these investigations he is forced to the conclusion that Richardson’s species, Coregonus labradoricus, is identical with the common whitefish, Coregonus clupeiformis, there being no characters by which the two can be distinguished. Every individual of the common whitefish, young and old, was found to have teeth on the tongue and to possess the other characters by which Richardson’s species has hitherto been separated. This conclusion has an important bearing upon fish-cultural operations by the States and the United States, as it will tend to simplify the work of artificial propagation and, perhaps, extend its scope. WASHINGTON, D. C. : TARLETON H. BEAN. The drawings of the whitefish were held up until after a considerable corre- spondence with Dr. Bean, and on the publication of his conclusions it was decided to drop the name Labrador in connection with whitefish from this and future reports of the Commission. » In explanation of the apparent difference between the two whitefishes represented in the colored figures the fish from Hemlock Lake and used as a model by the artist was a female weighing eleven and one-quarter pounds, and the Canandaigua fish was a male of about three and one- half pounds. Hemlock Lake was stocked with whitefish from fry hatched at Caledonia station and planted by the State, and there can be no better illustration of the value of the work of a State Fish Commission than the results obtained in this instance. The first plant was made December 20, 1870, and: the next in 1871, and from these two plantings the present fine stock of fish in the lake has resulted. The eggs of the whitefish hatched at Caledonia were procured from Detroit. It is doubtful if any water to-day furnishes so many large whitefish for the number taken as Hemlock Lake. Specimens weighing over twelve pounds have been caught; and, when the men are 248 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. netting the lake to obtain eggs, a large proportion of the fish weigh from six to ten pounds each. The work of hatching whitefish from eggs obtained in the interior waters of the State is now in its infancy, with every prospect of growing to far larger proportions then when the State was dependent upon the Great Lakes for whitefish ova. Conditions, over which man has no control, are always arising, which prevent pike-perch from running into the streams where they may be taken for spawning purposes, and smelt running in from the sea to fresh water streams for the same purpose, and shad, too, fail on occasions to come up the river past the nets which almost fence in the river and fence out the migratory fish, but the whitefish promise to furnish an abundant supply of eggs annually to keep up the supply of this fish in State waters and possibly to supply new waters with this choice food fish. Whitefish spawn in November and December, and average 35,000 eggs per fish. The eggs are semi-bouyant, non-adhesive and one-eighth of an inch in diameter. In water that is thirty-four degrees, they hatch in 150 days. The whitefish is not taken with hook and line and so I do not add a description of it, as the colored drawings will serve the purpose of printed words. 2X, IN QU TINIENG State Fish Culturist. NOT ALL'S FISH THAT COMETH TO NET.” Oyster Bed Leases and Pranchises. ITHOUT attempting to go into the merits of past legislation in regard to franchises and leases of oyster beds under the jurisdiction of the State it may be stated briefly that chapter 584 of the Laws of 1887 provided for perpetual franchises for shellfish cultivation and that chapter 321 of the Laws of 1893 repealed the franchise law and provided for leases of oyster beds for a term of fifteen years. While this report was in course of preparation another law was passed, chapter 458, Laws of 1898, which provides for perpetual franchises for shellfish cultivation in Long Island Sound in Suffolk county. In consequence of this legislation oyster beds in the State waters are now held by franchise and by lease and a complete alphabetical list of both is given herewith, as shown by the books of the Shellfish Department, October 1, 1898. Laws now in force relating to shellfish cultivation may be found in article 8, sections 180 to 199 of the Fisheries, Game and Forest Laws. Leases. ACRES. ACRES. Abrams, W. H., R Boegel, Frederick, . 9.2 Abrams, Elmer E.., . 6. Bailey, Margaret E., 6.4 Abrams, John, 6.6 Carman, George L., Boe Abrams, Major G., 73. Carman, Estella, 4.2 Ackerly, W. S., 16.2 Carman, Nicholas D., BoP Beebe Brothers, 60. Carman, George A., 13.8 Boehmcke, Henry, . 19.4 Carman, Nathaniel, Be Behncke, H. W., 2.6 Carman, Albert M., Pe Behncke, Mary, 5.8 Cole, Dexter K.., 220. Borwegan, Henry, . 4.4 Decker, David, 8.6 Bogart, John H.., 4.2 De Waters, Philip, 18.2 Biggs, Edward, 6 Davis, Nathaniel E.., 3.2 Biggs, Jr., John, ee Davis, James V., 6 Biggs, C. Josephine, 1.6 Daviselusae. 3. Biggs, Richard, 11.9 Davis, W. C., Tete Biggs, George, 2.4 Dass) ice Vies 11.8 Butecke, H. M., DP Davis,.Alice A., 12.6 Baldwin, Charles V., 6.5 Dickens, James, 4.8 Baldwin, William C., 5-4 Dickens, Annie, ~ ee Bush, Peter, Hoe Dickens, William H.., 28 Burmester, Henry, . 6.2 Drange, Rudolph, . 2.4 249 Denton, Walter C., Denton, Charles E., Davenport, John, . Davenport, Annie, . Denice, John R., Depuy, Austin, Enniss, Josephine C., Enniss, Martha W., Enniss, J. C., Eberhardt, George, Eldert, Samuel, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Eckert, Charles, and A. M. Morrison, Honda Wen seme Ford, John T., Fehnemann, Henry, Fortmeyer, William, Flaherty, Joseph, Geffken, Albert, Geffken, Josephine, Gunnion, Samuel, . Grimm, John, Godfrey, Joseph R., Gustafsen Gottfrid, Houghwont, W. H., Hayward, Joseph W., Hodgson, W. F. Howarth, James, Harris, Joseph, Hansen, John, Huffmire, Daniel F., Huffmire, Lawrence L., Islalle, Wo Slog o Jones, David, Johnson, Nettie, Johnson, Lydia A., Johnson, Dower J., Johnson, Iva, Johnson, Richard, . Johnson, George H., Johnson, Mary, Johnson, John J., Johnson, Jane, Johnson, Charles L.., Johnson, William C., Johnson, Adeline, . Joline, A.S., . Krier, Henry, Klee, Ludwig, Kopf, Claus, . Kind, Robert, Lackert, Gerhart, . Lundy, Rosa C., Lundy, Walter, j Lundy, Athenaise, . Lundy, Frederick, . Lundy, John, Lundy, Jerome, McCrodden, James H., . McCrodden, Clara, McCrodden, Charles, McCreddon, Joseph, McCreddon, Isaphine, McCreddon, Charles, McCreddon, Robert, McCreddon, Albert, McCreddon, Jr., Joseph, McNamara, Stephen N., Miller, Peter, . Miller, Margaret, Miller, Philip, Moller, Ferdinand, . Morrison, W. I., Morrison, Edward, Morrison, James H., Morrison, W. H., Morrison, Benjamin B., . Morrison, Martin, . Morrison, John A., Morrison, Henry, . Matinicock Oyster Co., . Matthews, William, Matthews, Isaac J., Matthews, Jr., John J., . Moore, Christopher, Moore, Alfred, Newbury, George, Nelson, Charles, Northport Oyster Co., Oelrichs, William, . Oelrichs, Arnie, Pelletier, Napoleon, Powell, James T., . Powell, George H., Peers, Carl, Peterson, Alexander, Price, Albert, John and David, Quigley, John, Rowland, Katie A., Rowland, Daniel, Rowland, Edwin L.., Redfern, John, Ryder, Benjamin, Ryder, Grace L., Ryder, James J., Raynor, William, . : Robinson, G. W., and others, . Schmeelk, John H., Schmeelk, William M., Schmeelk, Henry L., Schmeelk, Harry W., Schmeelk, Hattie A., Schmeelk, Jennie L., Schmeelk, George, . Schmeelk, Harry N., Schmeelk, Fannie A., Schmeelk, Jr., Harry W., Schmeelk, Peter N., Schmeelk, Herman M., Shafer, Nikolaus, Sofield, Julia, Sofield, Charles, Stillwell, Charles, Stillwell, Jr., Charles, Seaman, Erastus W.., Seaman, Charles H.., FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Schriefer, G. Andrew, Schlatenberg, Henry, Schumacher, John -H., Schumacher Henry, Skidmore, John R., Skidmore, Isaac H., Sanbeg, George W., Thorn, Samuel, Tillotson, W. J., Tillotson, Margaret, Tromer, W. S., Van Name, Frederick, Van Name & J. I. Housman, . Von Twistern, Heinrich, Van Ahnen, William, Van Ahnen, Annie, Van Ahnen, A. H., Van Ahnen, Herman, Vreeland, John H., Vreeland, Cornelius, Vreeland, Johanna, Vooris, Charles L., Vaught, John W., Wight, John F., Whittaker, L. I., Whittaker, John, Warner, William J., Warner, William, White, Victor, iWanterbergomliy ear. Wofield, John R.., Total, 252 Ackerly, Mary M., Ackerly, H. Davis, Ackerly, N. S., Ackerly, Andrew, NCkKerly Sen WerOvan: Abrams, H. B., Androvette, George T., Androvette, A. W., Androvette, John E., Androvette, Winant S., Androvette, W. & J. M., Androvette, Abram M., Androvette, John, Androvette, John O., Bowlby, F. H., Bartow, O. & M. G., Bayard, Annie, Bennett, W. J., Bedell, Mrs. E. A., Bedell, Israel, Bedell, Adeline, Bedell, Charles, Bell, Alexander, Brush, Egbert, Bryant, Ebenezer, . Brown, F. W., Brown, W. A., Bradish, George, Bishop, Roscoe, Bishop, George and Tosh, Bishop, Eben. and Josiah, Burbank, Jr., S. D., Burbank, Daniel, Burbank, J. H., Butler, Daniel, Butler, N. L., Butler & Drake, Bush, John P., Bush, William, Bumstead, Jacob, Boerum, F. T., Buchanan, William, Cannon & Decker, Cannon, Alfred, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Franchises. ACRES. 308.9 Cannon, Andrew; . oP Call, Charles W., 220. Call, George E., iGfas Chick, A., 216.8 Conant, F. K.., “ols Cooley, William, 42.7 Cortes, Frederick S., 2.4 Colon & Crocheron, 138} Colon Debs B22 Colon, Thomas, 18.7 Colon, Sarah E., 9.2 Cole, Edward, 30.3 Cole, J. W., Bolt Cole, Dexter K., 65. Cornell, C. W., Rio Crocheron, George W., a4] Darling, Jeremiah, . 250 Darling, A. M., 30.1 Davis, Lewis S., 51.7 Davis, Frederick, 7.8 Davis, Henry, BoB Decker, Howard, 83.1 Decker, David L., . 118.2 Decker, C. V. N., 193.6 Decker, Oscar L., 4.3 Decker, Elmer, 3.2 Decker, David D., . 17.3 Decker, Sherman, 38.7 Decker, Daniel, Bait Decker, David, Be Decker, Charles, 18,2 Decker & Burbank, 117.9 Depuy, Croel, 29.8 Depew, R.., 1.85 Depew, Austin, 36.7 De Hart, Mathias, . 9-9 De Hart, Theodore, and eamel 6. De Hart, Henry, 60.1 De Hart, Smith W., 18. De Hart & Housman, Dols De Waters, Philip, Dols Delfyette, J. H., 21.9 Drake, C. M., 8 Dickerson, Jacob M., Du Bois, Alfred, Du Bois, R. C., Dissosway, Cornelius, Davis, Elbert M., inltie, Co CG (dsaestet eee of David Joline), Ellsworth, Philip, Ellsworth, J., & J. W., Edwards, Jacob, Everson & Forrester, Englehecht, Mrs. J. W. C Felch, W. H., Fisher, James, Forrester & Hoag, . Forrester, George E., Forrester & La Forge, Fowler, T. W., Fowler, C., Frost, Samuel, Frazer, Alexander, . Frazer, John, Furman, W. H., Gaynor, William J., Green, Clarence S., Grant, William, Halsey, Stephen L., Hallock, G. W., Hallock, A. E., Hall, Elnathan, Hall & Grant, Hall, A., Halle, Eugene B., Halle, William W., Henman, John H., Henry, Frankhn, Housman, Jacob I., Housman & Van Name, Housman, Nicholas P., Housman, Mary E., Houghwont, W. H., Hopping, Samuel L., Hoag, John S., Holbert, Thomas W., Jacklin, George, Jacklin, Nelson, Jackson, Charles, FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Jennings, Gould J., Jones, Walter, Jones Sons, C. C., Jones, George, Jones & Burbank, Jobes, Thomas L.., Johnson, Dower J., Johnson, David, Johnston B., Journeay, J. W., Journeay, Henderson, Joline, W., olineyeAGe Ss. Joline, D., Jioliness De Aee Joline, Frank, JiolinetsethyCe Jolie, S. CG Ge 1D, A Joline, Heirs B., Joline Brothers, Joline, I. W., Kaiser, Joseph B., Kane, Edward, Kingsland, Westley, Knight, J. L., Latourette, Sr., Paul, Latourette, Abram, Landin, Dawson, Landin, Robert, La Forge, John E., La Forge, W. W., La Forge, N., ‘ La Forge, Richard, La Forge, Israel, La Forge & Latourette, . La Forge, Henrietta, La Forge, Nicholas, Lewis, H. H.., Mewiss je Ee, Lewis, J. B., : Manee, Abralans and ‘ifilikem, Manee, Elias P., Manee, W. N., Manee, Wilbur N.., Manee, J. J., Manee, Sr., William, 254 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Manee, George A., Manee, Abram, Martineau, Abram, Martin, Abel, Marshall, George, . Marshall, John, Marshall, James M., Marshall, Henry 5S., Merritt, John E., Merritt, Daniel, Merserole, Robert C., Miercerncaunylemios Mercereau, Augustus, Mercereau, J. J., Merrell, Azel F., Merrell, John I., Merrell, M- i, Merrell, Thomas S., Merrell & Post, : Merrell & Son, William, Merrell, G. W. H., Merrell, Thomas J., Merrell, John E., Merrell Brothers, Merrell, John D., McDonald, Peter, . Miller, Peter, Miller, Eliza A., Miles, Rowland, Monsell, Hiram, ‘ Miortons wll. Ce Welt. Morse & Krone, Moore, Alfred, Noe, James E., — Noe & Son, David O., Newbury, George, Northport Oyster Co., Paws, js Ms, Rabe, Jl 18, Palmer, Alfred, ‘ : Palmer, Chas. E., C. F. & Clarence E., Pernell, George, Pedersen, Nils, Platt, Elias S., Post, Garrett, IPOS taeew Viena ACRES. Post Bros., . 6 5 6 OSG Post, William, : 6 5 0 6A Post, John H., : ; : SEZIO Poillon, J, -S:; : : ‘ : 5 Polworth & Ellsworth, 5 RAR SA Price, Crowell, ; : ; ‘ 7.9 Price & Merrell, . ‘ ; 4 4.6 Price, Joseph, : : F E 6.9 Price, Benjamin C., F ; 3 3-4 Price, David, : : : ; 8.3 Price, Elmer, : : ; a | BO. PICS, Cy 1h. : 6 : é BB Price, John H., 3 : 3 : Bur reat, IN5 If : : : F 6.1 Primrose, James, ; ; . 106.1 Randall, Charles P., 5 ; 5 WOA. Reed, Isaac J., ; : : ; 4.8 Reddy, E. J., ; : : Me alte Risley, William, . 3 . 0 | @Or2 Rowe, W. H., : 6 ; OES Rowley, E. N., and Scudder Smith, Fae IRO®; 1B, Wes ; j ; : Dols IR@E, leo IPs : 0 : 0 2h Scudder & Knight, Wi Bat Scudder, David E., ; ; 5 QO; Scott, Daniel, : : 5 ANG) SchenckwsPaehie : : 5 BBall Sharrot, A. W., : ; : : 52.4 Silk, Thomas, 3 : : ge Tote) Simonson, Dayid, . : 8.7 Simonson, J. and B. K., : ; 1.4 Simonson, Cornelius, : ; : ile Simonson, B. K., . : tens 1.8 Simonson, O. D., . : : : 3-4 Simonson, Jacob, . : : : 4.5 Sleight, John W., . : : : 52 Sleight, John S:, . : : cement Sleight, John M., . ; : ema Sovaatts (Co Vivo, Biel Ga Isl, : 4.4 Sleight & Manee, . : 5 se LONG Skidmore, Floyd, . d : ees Oe Skidmore, David, . Seine : 1.8 Smith, Daniel S., 173.6 SinithenGaelee : 3 : ; iS Smalth Colas) 107.8 Smith, W. G., 109.5 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Smith, G. A., Smith, James Clinch, Syooutdol, JSls Ios , Smith, Edmund N., Smith, W. W., Shot VE, Smarths GAC Smith & Wilson, Southard, William, . Southard, J. A., sofield, A. C., Sprague, Albert, Sprague, S. B., Sprague & Mercereau, Sprague, J. M. & Edward, Sprague, F. T., : Sprague, Charles B., Sprague, J. W. J. and J. H., Stevens, W. N., : Steinsieck, C. H. G., Steinmire & Fisher, Storer, Thomas, Storer & Kingsland, Thompson, S. M., . Thompson, John, Thompson, Westley, Thompson, George F., Titus, Irving, Tormey, Lawrence, Tomlinson, J. R., Townsend, W. E., . Totten, Alvin A., ‘vale, Ne des . ¢ 6 6 Tyler, Emma J., and Albert Darling (as trustees), ASAE, No Wlos 'c ; Wyle Io We fo. Mss Tyler, Benjamin and Edward, Tyler, Charles, Tyler, Benjamin, Tyler, Mary A., Underhill, Kirk, Van Name, Henry, Van Name, M. & P. M., Van Name Brothers, Van Name, David, Van Name, Catherine, Wamlnoma, ID). Ing Valentine, Charles, Valentine, Stephen, Via Vianten Can lee Van Wyck, J. M., . VaneRelt he Van Pelt, William, Van Wagener, H. S., Vandervort & Swain, Velson, Daniel, Verity Brothers, Vreeland, J. H., Mreclanda Gib Vroom, Joseph, Walters, Samuel A., Walters & Wright, . Wagner, Frederick, Weir, W. W..,. Weaver, J. A., White, James, Winant, J. C., Winant, J. B. C., Wicks, F. A., Wioodha|pnss, Wooden New Wood & Co., David, Wood, Edmund, Woods te sten. Wood, A. J., Woglan, A. W., Wright, John, Wright & Sons, G. P., Ziegler, Mrs. Charles, Total, The Wood-dack (42x sporsa/. By WILMOT TOWNSEND. Male. i HE wood-duck is nineteen inches in length and two feet four inches in extent; bill red, margined with black; a spot of black lies between the nostrils, reaching nearly to the tip, which is also of the same color, and furnished with a large hooked nail; irides orange red ; front, crown and pendent crest rich glossy bronze green ending in violet, elegantly marked with a line of pure white running from the upper mandible over the eye, and with another band of white proceeding from behind the eye, both mingling their long pendent plumes with the green and violet ones, producing a rich effect; cheeks and sides of the upper neck violet; chin, throat and collar round the neck pure white, curving up in the form of a crescent nearly to the posterior part of the eye; the white collar is bounded below with black; breast dark violet brown, marked on the fore part with minute triangular spots of white, increasing in size until they spread into the white of the belly; each side of the breast is bounded by a large crescent of white, and that again by a broader one of deep black; sides under wings thickly and beautifully marked with fine undulating parallel lines of black, on a ground of yellowish drab; the flanks are ornamented with broad alternate semi-circular bands of black and white; sides of the vent rich light violet; tail coverts long, of a hair-like texture at the sides, over which they descend, and of a deep black glossed with green; back dusky bronze, reflecting green; scapulars black; tail tapering, dark glossy green above, below dusky; primaries dusky, silvery hoary without, tipped with violet blue; secondaries greenish blue, tipped with white; wing coverts violet blue, tipped with black; vent dusky; legs and feet yellowish red, claws strong and hooked.” Female. “The female has the head slightly crested, crown dark purple, behind the eye a bar of white; chin and throat for two inches also white; head and neck dark drab; breast dusky brown, marked with large triangular spots of white; back dark glossy bronze brown, with gold and greenish reflections Speculum of the wings nearly the same as in the male, but the fine pencilling of the sides, and the long hair-like tail coverts, are wanting; the tail is also shorter.” 256 WOOD DUE MAE. WANS SIPONS A) OWeailmson. | i 4 rust ais : ‘ , 4 ay py J ; Ri i i i ; ih vis i malas ‘ ‘ : { ‘e ' i ? ( . i wen ‘ REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 257 Among the many beautiful water-fowl we have with us, the male wood-duck in the full glow of his autumn plumage is the most brilliant. Sharp contrast of superb tints, and a wonderful blending of rich, warm colors combine to produce in the plumage of the male the most gorgeous effects. Taxidermy gives us the graceful carriage and coloring, but there is lacking that indescribable sheen, or more properly bloom, that we find in life, blending its warmth and greatly enhancing the splendor of this bird’s appearance. ’ The female is a “‘ dainty little beauty,” to my thinking. Though lacking the gorgeous habiliments of her consort, she wears a most fasci- nating garb of modest duns, yellows, greys, whites and browns; is so shapely, and carries herself, withal, in so graceful a manner, as to steal right into the affec- tions of those who have had opportunity of familiar acquaintanceship with the little wood-sprite. These birds are mated for life and if undisturbed will return year after year to the same site for nest building in the hollow of some favorite old tree, or it may be a cosy angle in the fork of a limb that overhangs the water. The nest is a primitive affair as to its exterior, but a downy coverlet protects the “eggs within, “from eight to a dozen in number.” About the middle of May with us, the young brood is carried down to the still water, where they speedily accustom themselves to their surroundings, disappearing as if by magic on the slightest alarm; they scuttle under the drooping fronds of the ferns that border many of our inland creeks and runs, or, if it be a swamp where they have hatched, the tussocks of lush grass and weeds will instantly receive them out of sight. Save as an occasional visitant I have never found this bird on salt meadows. They love the silence and beauty of wooded streams, and the tangle of vine canopies that spread over still, swamp waters. When approaching the nest, one must needs be cautious if a glimpse of the male be desired. Should he happen on the water when you arrive it is more than likely an incautious rustle will betray you, and immediately you hear a startling rush as he springs in flight through the nodding alders. But, if above in the branches of his family tree and you are adept in still hunting, you may catch him unawares. He dearly loves to perch on a dead limb in a full blaze of sunshine, to preen. Fortunate you are if your careful approach be rewarded by a sight of this fairy creature at his toilet. j Only once have I had this opportunity. The nest was in a huge chestnut that hung over a pool in the midst of a tangled swamp. I had stolen up unobserved, and though I knew where to look, and felt positive the bird I sought was there, still it was 17 258 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF many minutes b-fore I could locate him in spite of the fact that he stood boldly out on a dead limb in the full glare of the sunshine. After I saw him, of course I could not lose him again, but though his plumage glistened and shone so fairly, he was in such close harmony with surroundings that a casual observer might pass and repass the tree without once seeing him, had the bird chosen to remain motionless. Nature’s ways are wonderful, and it is marvellous how even the most elaborately clad of her wild creatures will blend with their surroundings, often escaping discovery by this means. If the bird discover you from his high perch as you approach you will have to look sharp to see him, for he vanishes like a glimpse of something intangible, unreal, and your ear must be sharp to catch even the faint treble of his whistling wings. FINE PLACE FOR WOODCOCK. The wood-duck is a shy, silent bird, altogether unlike many of our water-fowl whose loquacity often betrays their whereabouts. Often the sportsman, while pushing his canoe along some favorite stream, carefully whipping the pools as he advances, is suddenly startled as a trio of wood-duck whish-sh up from the water just ahead as the canoe with the silence of thought, almost, rounds a bend. These sylvan sanctuaries are chosen retreats of these “bright-eyed woodfolk” and here one must go to find them with certainty. Here they rear their little ones and a charming sight it is to see the family cruising along the edge of such a stream, halting here and there to glean some especially dainty morsel that offers itself. Life with the wood-duck is not always one long, bright dream, however. The habit of basking in the sun indulged in by both male and female often gets them into trouble. In their paddling about the shallows during the early spring freshets they Chr EMABE. WOODDU Swainson. | SONNE AN | Alx FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 259 will mount every half-submerged tree or branch, every water-soaked log that comes in the way, stand erect, flip their wings and preen for an instant (they are always fussing with their plumage) before swimming on. These half-submerged limbs and logs make , what the muskrat trappers call “likely places,” and many a bright little wood-duck has come to grief in the trap so carefully placed thereon. That “Ishmael of the woods,” the mink, also takes toll of them, while huge pike and pickerel are lurking below ready to engulf their fledglings with sudden swirl and splash among the lily pads. Watching a happy family of these birds is a delightful way to pass the time. The tender concern shown by the female in the welfare of her young, the scraps of conver- sation carried on with her consort in soft, liquid tones to which he replies with a quiet peet! peet! are in keeping with the wood-life they lead. Like the rustle of the soft leaves and tendrils of the spring, they do not break the charm of their surroundings; on the contrary, they add a witchery that is in perfect accord. The rapid growth of feathers makes a heavy drain on the strength of the youngsters ; we find them therefore possessed of voracious appetites, always on the go after food, as an immense amount is absolutely necessary to sustainthem. The supply is unlimited and varied, from bugs and beetles, to buds and berries, and those innumerable little nothings which defy your closest scrutiny. Autumn adds the acorns, mast and other dainties to their list. In perpetual motion the fuzzy little bodies wriggle and dart hither and yon, in one long, restless seeking and eating. Presently you will see one of the little puffs of down draw its head between its shoulders, give a gulp or two, and float motionless on the water as though that last morsel had been too much for it. With the glass you may see the sharp little eyes, like ink spots in the yellow fluff that covers its head. Should a luckless insect happen along just then, it will surprise you to see how quickly that ‘“ducklet” will rouse and put after it. After some weeks of hearty feeding they have gained in size and strength, they take longer trips with their parents, and are finally piloted down to the marsh where the stream enters the lake. Should you come upon the family at this time in the open water, the old birds will take wing, while the youngsters, with prodigious flapping of wings and spattering of feet, make all speed for the shelter of the marsh. They make for cover in different directions and the calm water is streaked with as many wakes as there are individuals in the family. Too fat and adolescent to fly they flap along, and hence the name they bear at this time of life is “ flappers.” They breed throughout the States, though the New England and Middle States are perhaps more favored localities. Migrant with us they leave soon after the first frost pinches the woods, to return early in spring during March and April and again take up their ideal life in familiar haunts. 260 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. The wood-duck is inclined to be solitary, holding aloof from others of its kind. I have never seen them in company with other wild fowl, except in the rice beds, where one would occasionally spring with the feeding black-ducks (Azas obscura). The flocks are small; rarely have I seen over seven or eight in company, three to five being the usual number. As the country becomes cleared the ponds and streams are deserted by the wood-duck, though I have known of an instance of their remaining in a certain locality while streets were being cut through a favored bit of swampy woodland, that had sheltered their nesting site for many years. I have observed a curious habit of flight in these birds. Years ago there was a little company of some half-dozen individuals who sojourned in a swamp some three miles away from a small pond of open water some half acre in extent, in which they were in the daily habit of disporting themselves. Regularly they took the same course back and forth, flying low across the open, swinging past the same corner of a patch of woods on the way, up over a stiff hill covered with second growth and into the swamp beyond. Many times I met them at various intervals on their course, but never did they vary fifty yards either way, nor fly at a greater height than, say, twenty yards above the ground. Contrary winds would hustle them at times, but with remarkable pertinacity they kept their original line of flight. As a game-bird for the table the wood-duck does not hold a high place. While its flesh is palatable it lacks the wild tang of that of the teal. In the autumn I have found the birds fairly numerous in various of our fresh-water marshes on the borders of lakes and would occasionally bag one or two, while hunting black-duck in such localities. They do not decoy, so far as my own observation goes, and in this I, am confirmed by others. In fact, I can hardly conceive of making a special hunt for them. Where one knows the haunt of a few on some secluded stream, he might be reasonably sure of having a shot. In the Blooming Grove Park preserve, Pike Co., Pa., is a small lake much frequented by these birds; the members often secure a few by pushing a boat into the reeds and firing at passing birds. The flight of the wood-duck is strong and steady, like that of the teal, though not nearly so swift. They spring as does the black-duck, like a shot into the air from , the reeds where they feed, affording a pretty chance for a snap shot. As above it may be said they do not rank high as a game-bird for the table. As an object of pursuit for the sportsman they are not numerous enough in any one locality to warrant special effort for their capture, although they are likely to be ‘ taken ‘‘e7 passant’ wherever our fresh-water fowl are found in autumn. These birds breed readily in captivity and are easily reared and tamed. BAY RIDGE, N. Y. The Wilson’s Snipe. By GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL, Pu.D. LTHOUGH almost the smallest of our A game birds the snipe is one of the most highly prized. It is also, on account of its very wide distribution, perhaps better known to sportsmen than any other bird which they pursue. Breeding as it does on the very borders of the Arctic circle, and extending its flights during the southern migration to the northern countries of South America, it occurs at one time or another of the year throughout the length and breadth of our land. The time was when good snipe shooting some time during the spring or fall could be had wherever favorable feeding STANCH. grounds existed, but as this bird has been almost wholly overlooked by the game laws, and is shot at all times and seasons wherever found, the snipe to-day—except in certain favored localities—is becoming one of the rarest of our birds. Notwithstanding its wide distribution and the fact that it is known to almost all sportsmen, the snipe has few local names. From its resemblance to the European species, with which, up to the time of Wilson, it was regarded as identical, it is almost universally known as “English,” or “Jack” snipe. Mr. Gurdon Trumbull, in his most excellent and interesting work entitled: “‘ Names and Portraits of Birds which interest Gunners,” tells us that at different points in New Jersey and Maryland it is called “bog snipe” and “marsh snipe,” obviously to distinguish it from the shore-inhabiting beach birds, which are also commonly called snipe. In an article contributed to the Century Magazine, in 1883, I wrote: ‘Few of our birds are so poor in local names as this one, for it is almost everywhere known either as the ‘English’ or the ‘Jack’ snipe. Along the New England coast, however, it has an appellation which is rather curious. As the bird arrives about the same time as the shad, and is found on the meadows along the rivers where the nets are hauled, the fishermen when drawing their seines at night often start it from its moist resting place and hear its sharp cry as it flies away through the darkness. They do not know the cause of the sound and from 261 262 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF the association they have dubbed its author ‘the shad spirit.” Mr. Trumbull calls attention to Nuttall’s statement that in Massachussetts it is known as “the alewife bird, from its arrival with the shoals of that fish,” and that in like manner, and for ‘the same cause, on the Delaware it is called ‘shad bird,’ while in the south- eastern parts of Illinois, according to Mr. Ridgeway, the common term for it is “gutter snipe.” The English snipe makes its appearance in New York about the middle of April, seldom much earlier, and often a little later, if the weather is cold and the season backward. The first warm rain which tempts the earth worms out of the ground is pretty sure to bring with it a flight of snipe. And if the gunner knows any good ground where a few birds still stop on their migration, he will be likely to visit it after such a rain. Yet at this time the birds are usually in poor condition from their long flight from the south, and as they are preparing to breed they should not be shot. If this shooting in the spring were absolutely abolished, many more snipe would breed in New York and the Middle States than do so at present, and when the shooting sea- son opens in the fall these local and home bred birds would by just so much increase the opportunities of the local gunner. In other words, where, by his spring shooting, he has an opportunity to kill two birds, if he would wait until the autumn he would have a chance to kill six. The snipe has been found breeding as far south as Maryland, and there are quite a number of records of nests that have been found in Pennsylvania, New York and New England. But owing to the persistent manner in which they are shot in the spring, most of the snipe pass beyond the United States to breed, and lay their eggs in the lonely marshes of Canada. It is this season of the year, when the days grow warm at mid-day, and the hylas in the swamp are still noisy in the evening, when violets are in bloom and the blood root blossoms show white on the borders of the wet meadows, that the drumming of the snipe may be heard. This is a part of his love making, which is quite similar in method to that of the woodcock. In the early morning, or at evening, or, when the weather is dull and cloudy, at any time of the day, the snipe may be seen to rise in wide spirals high above the earth, often almost disappearing from sight, and then to dart down from on high with stiffened wings, uttering a twittering humming call, which has been said to be caused in part by the stiff wing feathers against the air in the rapid descent, but is no doubt.vocal. When he has almost reached the earth he checks his fall and then drops into the grass, or perhaps he may alight on a fence, a tree twig or an old stump, where he stands for a moment as if to be admired, and then drops into the grass. There his mate is awaiting him, and about her he struts with head thrown back, trailing wings and expanded tail, eager to win her admiration. 0 4 sa ae COs eguccy I WVALESIOIN SE Ole im NGS ino Nie te. | GALLINAGO MEDIA, Wilsoni.} { { FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 263 This performance of the snipe, though less familiar to us than many forms of love- making by the birds, is of course analagous to the drumming of the ruffed grouse, and the dancing of the prairie chicken, and is still more similar to the love songs of certain small birds found on the prairie, sky larks and finches, which, as they have no lofty perches from which they can sing, fly high into the air, and, descending slowly on balanced wings, utter their song until they reach the ground. The rapid fall of the snipe somewhat resembles the downward dart of the night hawk. The nest is a primitive affair; just a little hollow in the ground, lined with a few blades of grass, in which the four eggs lie with their points all together. They are of a dull clay color, dotted and splashed with large and small spots of a blackish brown. The young leave the nest as soon as they are hatched, and run about after the mother, as do young woodcock or young grouse—in other words, they are what the naturalists call precocious (Precoces). About the first of September the full-grown family turn their bills southward and jog along, at first by easy stages, toward their winter home in the south. Usually, most of them have passed on by the latter part of November, and if any remain at this time, they are sure to be big, fat, heavy and delicious. I have killed them in December, when it was quite cold and there was a thick skim of ice over all the ponds, but usually the first sharp frost, by hardening the mud, closes up their feeding grounds and forces them further along. Yet that it is not the cold, but the lack of food, which obliges them to leave us, is shown by the fact that in many places along the flanks of the Rocky Mountains and on the high plateau of the Laramie plains, where in winter the mercury often falls to —30 or —40 degrees Fahrenheit, a few snipe are regularly found during the winter about certain warm spring holes which never freeze. That if a bird has plenty of food it does not mind a great degree of cold is still further emphasized by the fact that in this same region many ducks winter in all the warm pools and eddies which do not freeze. Snipe are notorious for the uncertainty of their appearance and for the apparently causeless way in which they vanish again. No doubt the two factors which influence them in these respects are the weather and the food supply. If they come into a meadow which looks like a good feeding ground, and after having tested it find it barren, they promptly move on to some other ground. The snipe is a voracious bird like the woodcock, and the character of its food is such that it must be necessary for it to eat at very frequent intervals. Its food consists very largely of earth worms and insects found among the grass on the wet meadows, which it frequents. Like its cousin, the woodcock, it procures the chief portion of its sustenance by ‘‘boring,” that is to say, by probing the soft mud with its swollen tipped, sensitive bill, by which it probably feels any motion in the soil, and thus detects the presence of its food. The nerves in the bill of the woodcock and snipe have been studied to some extent and 264 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF one may imagine that the heads of these two species would prove interesting subjects to the anatomist. Snipe in confinement have been known to eat bread and milk and cornmeal. Although the snipe’s erratic ways of coming and going are proverbial, it is yet not an easy matter to drive him away from a given place when he does not wish to go. He is an obstinate little fellow, and when he has found a feeding ground that suits him, chasing him about over it is not likely to make him leave. It is a common experience to have a snipe get up wild before one and rise high in the air, as if intending to go a great distance, and then, after flying in wide circles high above the FRUM DRAWING BY JAMES C. BEARD. A FAMILY OF WILSON’S SNIPE. meadow to see it at length return and pitch down almost in the very spot from which it rose. It is not likely to do this unless the gunner stands perfectly still until it has alighted, and after its return a little time should be given it to begin to feed again, or else it may rise once more and take its permanent departure. I recall an occasion when I saw this attachment to locality exemplified at some well known snipe grounds in Indiana, where, by good fortune, I found birds in great numbers. These grounds were not very extensive, but the great number of snipe made the shooting puzzling. We worked the marshes over two or three times until all the birds had gone, and then my companion and I separated to explore the neighborhood in the two directions in , FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 265 which the birds had chiefly disappeared. I proceeded through a piece of dry wood- land, thinking that perhaps beyond it there might be another marsh. To my aston- ishment, soon after I had entered the woods, snipe began to rise about me in all directions. There must have been hundreds there. My companion crossed a high cultivated hill to see if beyond that there was a slough. When he reached the top of the hill, where there was a dry, potato lot, snipe rose from every furrow that he passed, and whirling about, went back to the marsh we had just been shooting on. So it seems that, simple though he is thought to be, the snipe is wise enough, when he is much harried on a favorite feeding ground, to go away to some place where he would never be looked for, and there await the departure of the disturber of his peace. In these days when snipe are scarce and hard to find, a good dog is sometimes very useful in saving much laborious walking to the gunner, and in retrieving most of the birds that he may kill. Moreover, there is no more beautiful place to see dogs work than the open meadows where snipe are usually found. On the other hand, they often wholly decline to lie toa dog, getting up wild before him, and so much further from the gun than they otherwise would; or if they are very numerous, they puzzle and confound the dogs by their numbers and the fact that they have passed over the ground in all directions. On the whole, a dog is less useful in snipe shooting than in the pursuit of any other bird. Yet there are times when the snipe are fat and lazy and lie well, when a dog is very much needed. Then they will let you pass within a few feet of them without rising, and it is impossible to see them unless they move. The subject of protective coloring is familiar to the sportsman, for we all know how hard it is to see a quail or a grouse crouched in grass or weeds before the dog’s nose, a night hawk sitting on the rock, or a deer in the woods or lying ona bare, rocky hillside, unless it moves. Few birds offer better examples of protective coloring than the snipe; its blacks, browns, chestnuts and buffs harmonizing wonderfully well with the yellow grass among which it lives, and the shadows and openings beneath the grass. So true is this that even when looked at directly the snipe is not likely to be seen on the ground except by chance. I once saw one of these birds feeding along the edge of a little slough on the bare black mud where his color and his motion caught my eye at once. A moment later the snipe saw me, and walked quickly to the side of a small tuft of grass, where it squatted close beside the grass stems, against which it could hardly be detected. I took my eye from it two or three times, and on looking at it again was obliged really to search for it before I could make out the bird’s outline. Of course as my eye became more familiar with the spot and with the situation of the bird I found it more and more easily each time. This protective coloring makes it often difficult to see a dead snipe lying on the ground, unless it has been closely marked down, or has fallen on its back so that the 266 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF white belly shows; and so a good retriever is a real help in snipe shooting, for he will find many birds that would otherwise be lost. Most men, unless they are in constant practice, grow careless about marking down their birds, a matter which at first requires keen attention and close observation. If these are applied intelligently for a time, the marking of the birds becomes at length more or less automatic and is not a matter that one need think much about. As I said in the article above referred to, “without con- siderable practice it is not easy to mark down a dead bird so accurately that you can walk direct to it. This becomes especially difficult when several of the birds rise together, or nearly so, and you shoot first one and then another, and then perhaps try to mark down the remainder of the whisp. You have a general idea of the direction in which the first one fell, and are sure that the second dropped close by a certain little bunch of grass; but when, after having strained your eyes after the living and marked them down, you turn your attention to the dead, you are likely to find yourself some- what perplexed. You see now that there are a dozen little bunches of grass near where the second bird fell, any one of which may be that by which you marked him; and as for the first, you feel very hopeless about being able to go within twenty yards of whereit dropped. So you may lose half an hour of valuable time in searching for the dead. Practice in marking and a quick eye will after a while enable you to retrieve your own birds successfully. As a matter of fact, there is always something —a bunch of grass, a bit of drift stuff, a flower, a leaf, or a weed stalk—near your bird which is unlike anything else close to it; and you must see this object, whatever it is, and remember it, in the instant’s glance that you have.” During the winter the southern States offer good snipe shooting. Many of the marshes lying along the bays and sounds which extend from North Carolina to Florida are favorite feeding grounds for these birds, and here they can usually be found in numbers. Perhaps the marshes of North Carolina, along Currituck Sound, are the most northern points where snipe winter in considerable numbers, and even here they are not altogether permanent winter residents, for they oscillate back and forth with the weather, appearing on the marshes when it is warm, and moving south again if a cold snap or freeze comes, only to reappear as the marshes grow soft once more. On such marshes it is possible still to have fairly good snipe shooting now and then, though even there the birds are not nearly so plentiful as they were a few years ago; and here the northern gunner who has gone south for the duck shooting, tramps for snipe on the lay days which a wise legislature has provided by a statute for the enforcement of which it furnishes neither men or money. . There is no prettier sport than snipe shooting, when the birds lie well, and none more tantalizing than when they act as they often do, giving you at rare intervals a long shot and then disappearing no one knows where. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 207 Most gunners who have fairly considered the subject will agree, I think, that if we are to continue to have any snipe shooting, the season in all the States should. close January first. In the northern States this would mean that snipe shooting, like that of other game birds, should be confined to the autumn months, and that when they arrive in spring and are already mated the birds should not be disturbed, but allowed to continue their journey unmolested, or to breed with us. The faith in the necessity of putting an end to spring shooting, if we are to continue to have any snipe or wild fowl, is growing slowly, and will before long become general, and until this further limit is set on the use of the gun, ducks and snipe will continue to diminish in numbers. Perhaps nine-tenths of the shooting done to-day is at inanimate targets, and unless some earnest steps are taken to preserve our game birds, those who care only for field shooting may have to put away their guns for all time. SNIPE BOG, Report of the Sapertntendent of Porests. To the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests: GENTLEMEN :—I have the honor to submit herewith my annual report on the forests of New York, both public and private, so far as they are related to forestry matters of a general character—the increasing area of the public preserve, the annual product of the woodlands that are not controlled by the State, the damages from forest fires during the past year, the suppression of timber thieving, and other subjects connected with the work of the Forestry Department. The total area of the State of New York, land and water, is 32,129,920 acres. The assessed acreage, not including Kings, Queens, and New York counties, is 28,118,284 acres. The total area of woodlands is estimated, approximately, at 7,065,000 acres. Of the latter amount, the Great Forest of Northern New York includes 3,588,803 acres of contiguous woods, as computed from the assessment rolls of the forest towns, in which the acreage of each lot is stated, together with a description of its character, whether forest, waste, denuded, or burned. The four. Catskill counties, Ulster, Greene, Delaware and Sullivan, contain large forests whose area is estimated at 1,565,000 acres. The combined woodlands of the State cover. about twenty per cent. of the entire territory, and include not only the great forests of the Adirondacks and Catskills, but the smaller woodland tracts and groves scattered throughout the farming counties. The percentage is less than that of Germany, but more than that of France. With the exception of the Adirondack forest it is difficult to arrive at any accurate figures for the wooded areas. There has been no State census since 1875; and the census then taken of our woodlands contained so many errors that it cannot be accepted as reliable. The United States census of 1890 offers little or no information on the subject. If the actual forest area of this State is to be determined it will have to be done through work and methods inaugurated by this department. The area of the Forest of Northern New York has been accurately ascertained and classified through statistics prepared in this office, from which it appears that there are 3,588,803 acres in that territory. 268 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 269 The Adirondack Park which is situated within the Great Forest, contains 3,004,855 acres, the area within the blue line as shown on the last edition of the Adirondack Map. The lands within the boundaries of this tract have been carefully classified, with the following result: ACRES. Primitive forest, . : ‘ : ; ; : 5 Up OPFOR Lumbered forest, . c : ; : 6 : BEL O2 72055 Denuded lands, . j : ; Se ars 3 3 3 61,009 Waste lands, : : é : ‘ ; F ; . : 22,424 Burned areas, : : : : 5 : : : : 5 18,220 Water surfaces, . : 3 E : ‘ 6 : ‘ 59,111 Wild meadows, . 5 2 : : ; 6 0 : : 724 Improved land, . : : : 6 : : 75,819 3,004,855 By the term Primitive Forest is meant the lands on which there have been no lumbering operations, and on which all the spruce, hemlock, balsam, and hardwoods are still standing. Much of the white pine was removed from the Adirondack region over forty years ago. But at that time no spruce was cut, and so the term primitive or “virgin” forest means to-day the tracts on which all the spruce is still standing together with the other species. There are several townships, however, on which the white pine still remains, and on which no lumberman ever swung an axe. These tracts reveal a primeval forest in all its wonderful characteristics, and present the same appearance that they did before the white man ever traversed their lonely wilds. The term Lumbered Land, as used in the preceding table of areas, includes the tracts from which the spruce, and, perhaps, some other conifers, have been ‘removed, but on which the other species still remain, forming, for the most part, a hardwood forest whose dense shade and tangled undergrowth enables it to exercise, unimpaired, all its protective functions. The proportion of spruce is generally so small that its removal makes little change in the appearance of the forest or decrease in the mass of foliage. After three or four years, when the tops and limbs left by the lumbermen have been crushed to the ground by successive snowfalls and rotted there, and the underbrush has concealed the stumps, persons unacquainted with the composition of these forests would not notice any trace of the log chopper’s work. Seated in a boat on some Adirondack lake and viewing the densely wooded slopes that rise on every side like some grand amphitheatre, one can determine the lumbered portions only by the absence of the spruce tops which no longer appear at intervals above the foliage of the broad leaved trees. There are places, however, where the spruce and hemlock grow in clumps, and where their removal is very apt to be followed by a clearing. 270 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF In the item of lumbered lands is included, also, some tracts which were cut over several years ago, before the pulpwood industry with its cutting of small spruces became such a prominent feature in forest operations. On such lands there remains to-day a considerable amount of merchantable spruce, both sawing timber and pulp- wood, resulting from the growth of the smaller trees which were left by the lumbermen when they operated there years ago, but not enough to warrant their classification with the lands of the first class. The term Waste Lands, taken from the Comptroller's printed instructions to assessors, includes lands that are not denuded, but which are covered with a scanty, scrubby growth of trees that prevent their classification in the second item. It may seem strange that there are 75,819 acres of Improved Land within the boundary of the Adirondack Park. But there is a population of 15,832 people living there, not including summer residents or the transient occupants of the logging camps. Within the Park are situated the villages of Indian Lake, Sageville, Wells, Old Forge, Long Lake, Saranac Lake, Tupper Lake, Lake Placid and several small hamlets. The highways running through the Park, in Franklin, Hamilton and Essex counties are bordered with mountain farms that in the aggregate include many thousand acres of cleared land and pasturage. The total area of the Forest Preserve, or lands owned by the State, is, at present, 1,215,821 acres, of which the Adirondack Preserve contains 1,159,309 acres, and the Catskill Preserve, 56,512 acres. There seems to be a general misunderstanding as to the proper use of the terms Forest Preserve and Adirondack Park. ‘The terms are not synonymous, but represent areas widely different in size, location and ownership. Many of our forestry friends forget that the Forest Preserve, as defined by law, includes only the lands owned by the State in sixteen specified counties, including the four Catskill counties, while the Adirondack Park includes all the dand, both public and private, within certain Adiron- dack towns—an area three times that of the Forest Preserve; and, that there are many small, scattered tracts in the Adirondack Preserve which are situated outside of, and a long way distant from, the Adirondack Park. I have noticed repeatedly, that persons in writing about Adirondack matters speak of the State as buying land in the Forest Preserve, meaning the Adirondack Park, and forgetting that the State already owns the Forest Preserve; and, that such ownership, and that only, makes the land a part of the Preserve. A remarkable instance of this misuse of the term Forest Preserve occurred in the amendment to the forestry clause of the new State Constitution, submitted to the people in 1896, an error which would have rendered that section of the amendment inoperative even if the people had voted affirmatively., FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Za The portion of the Forest Preserve, which, for convenience, is designated as the Adirondack Preserve, contains, as already shown, 1,159,309 acres. The Adirondack Park contains within its boundaries 3,004,855 acres, of which the State owns 1,003,805 acres, leaving 155,504 acres of the Adirondack Preserve which are situated outside the “blue line,’ or Park boundary, as shown on the map issued by this Department. It will be seen from these figures that the State has acquired about one-third of the land within the Adirondack Park. About one-third is still owned by the lumber- men and woodpulp manufacturers; the remaining third is owned mostly by clubs or | individuals, who hold the land as private preserves. A list of these clubs and private preserves, with the acreage of each, may be found in the annual report of the Forest Commission for 1893. The total area of the private preserves at that time was 941,036 acres. Since then the State has bought some of these private lands, while, on the other hand, new clubs have been organized and new preserves established. At present, the land in the Adirondack Park is owned as follows :— ACRES. State lands, : : ; ; : ‘ : E a 2 1,003,805, Lumber and pulp companies, : : : 3 : 5 1,061,050 Private preserves, : : : ? : : : : 940,000 3,004,855 The portion of the Forest Preserve situated in the counties of Delaware, Greene, Sullivan and Ulster, contains 56,512 acres. These lands are designated as the Catskill Preserve to distinguish them from the State holdings in Northern New York. Nearly three-fourths of this acreage is in Ulster county, on the Slide Mountain Range of the Lower Catskills, and in the towns of Denning, Hardenberg, and Shandaken. In addition to the 56,512 acres of State land in the Catskill Preserve, there are several thousand acres of wild or forest land belonging to Ulster county which were acquired at county tax sales. These county lands are situated in the immediate vicinity of the State lots, and in some places are interspersed with them. By the provisions of chapter 259, Laws of 1897, the county of Ulster was authorized and empowered to turn these lands over to the State upon the payment of such taxes as might be due on them, including the taxes for which they were sold. Under this arrangement the Catskill Preserve has been largely increased. But this accession is not included in the 56,512 acres, as the transfer has not been completed, and hence the acreage of these county lands is not definitely known at present. Under the terms of the Act referred to, the Commission was authorized to select from the Ulster county lands such lots as might form a desirable addition to the Forest 272 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Preserve. Acting under your instructions I accordingly held a conference with the county authorities, after which I selected such lands as were advantageously located for forestry purposes and the establishment of the proposed Catskill Park. But, owing to delay in adjusting the amounts due from the State, combined with complications arising from doubtful titles the list of lots to be transferred has not been completed. ) Reference has been made here to the “blue line” which appears on the Adirondack Map issued by this Department. Contrary to the general understanding, this line does not represent the actual, or legal, boundary of the Adirondack Park; it is a proposed boundary only, and is so stated in the legend on the map. The present law relating to the Park defines its territory by specifying certain towns. This is well enough as to the interior; but some of the towns along the border are only partly covered with forests, the remainder being cleared and under cultivation. As a result the Adirondack Park contains over 400,000 acres of farming land. To remedy this error a line has been traced which conforms substantially to the outer border of the forest, and this line, which is shown in blue on our map, is respectfully submitted as the proper boundary of the Park. The law should be amended by the adoption of this “blue line.’ Owing to the large amount of farming land now included in the Park, the Forest Preserve Board has confined its purchases to territory within the blue line, a policy which does not conflict with the law governing purchases, because this line is wholly within the area of the Park as defined by Act of Legislature. In establishing this proposed boundary no survey is necessary, for it follows the well known lines of various tracts and patents, and, in some places of towns and counties. It is not claimed that the “blue line” includes the entire forest; to include it all would be injudicious and impracticable. Along the forest border are spurs of wood- land that project into the farming districts, making an irregular boundary that could not be followed as a suitable Park line, and which would not coincide with the surveyed lines of any tracts, patents or lots. While no attempt has been made to lay out a Park with a symmetrical outline or geometrical figure, it is obvious that the boundary should be constructed with prolonged tangents and as few irregularities as possible. On the eastern side of the Park the line conforms to the outer edge of the forest so far as practicable, on account of the important interests dependent on the protection of the Hudson watershed and feeders of the Erie and Champlain canals. The zigzag line along the Schroon River Valley is due to the irregular line of the Road Patent which was used for several miles as the boundary of the Park, a careful examination of the ground showing that this line with its wooded ridges was preferable to that of the river itself with its farms and meadow lands. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 273 But along the northern, western, and southern boundary it was deemed advisable to leave a fringe of forest land outside the line to supply the wants of the resident population who must have some place from which to obtain their supply of building material, fencing and fuel, none of which can be obtained from the State forest, owing to the restrictions in the forestry clause of the new constitution. This matter of fuel has become a troublesome question in some localities along the eastern border of the Park, where the State ownership extends to the extreme edge of the forest. In a previous report to the Legislature this Department urged the propriety of establishing a forestry experiment station on some part of the Forest Preserve. The suggestion then made has proved fruitful, the State having purchased a tract of land recently for that purpose. The management of this forest tract has been entrusted to Cornell University by Act of Legislature; and by the same law the University is ‘authorized and empowered to create and establish” the ‘““New York State College of Forestry,” for the maintenance of which an appropriation is also made. The original plan, as suggested by this Department, for undertaking something in the line of conservative forest management, contemplated some experimental work with a view to ascertaining what permanent revenue a tract of primitive forest would yield when the amount of the annual cutting was not allowed to exceed that of the annual growth. The matured trees, having been marked, were to be sold to the highest bidder, who, in removing them, would be subject to such restrictions in road building, felling of timber, and protection of young trees, as an intelligent system of forestry would require. Part of the revenue thus obtained could be set aside for forest improvement and increasing the productivity of the tract; the balance could be turned over to the State. Such an experiment could have been carried on from the start without asking the State for any money, the extent of the operations being governed by the revenues previously received. Starting with a tract of primeval forest already grown, such an experiment would have involved no expenditures by the State; it would have been economical and instructive, and, it is hoped that in time some such work can yet be undertaken. But the forestry clause of the new State Constitution prohibits anything of the kind on the part of the State; and so the plan was necessarily entrusted to a second party, to whom the land was deeded in trust. The State, accordingly, bought a tract of 30,000 acres of forest land, situated in townships 23 and 26, Franklin county, which, under the provisions of the law (see Appendix), is placed under the management of the State College of Forestry of Cornell University. The plan of operations contemplated by the College officials is far more extensive than the simple experiment proposed by this Department, but it is hoped and confidently expected that the undertaking will prove successful. 18 274. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF As we are prohibited by law from attempting anything like forestry or forest improvement, the work of the Department has been confined as usual to duties of a police character, the suppression of timber thieves and prevention of fires. So far as I can learn from the reports of the foresters and my own observations there has been no timber cut on State lands during the year 1897, other than some petty trespassing. In no place have the axemen of the lumber companies crossed the lines and cut timber on State lots. The few depredations that occurred were committed by residents who wanted some building material or fuel. During the year there were thirty-eight cases of timber cutting on State land, each of which was duly prosecuted. The judgments rendered in these cases amounted, in all, to $2,825.99. The amount seems small as compared with the wholesale cutting on State land that prevailed when the Forestry Department was first organized, and for which, in repeated instances, individuals and companies were made to pay $5,000 or more in settlement of damages. But such depredations are no longer possible; the cutting could not progress far before it would be stopped. If it were undertaken on disputed territory, the State would promptly procure an injunction restraining any such operations until the title could be decided. Under the provisions of the foresty law the firewardens of the various towns are required to report annually the fires in their respective districts, together with a state- ment of the number of acres burned over, the amount of damage, and the cause of the fire. These reports having been collated and tabulated, it appears that there were ninety-eight fires during the year; that the aggregate area burned over was 26,:87 acres; and that the total amount of damages was $26,941. Of the burned area, 2,105 belong to the State. Much of the burned territory reported by the firewardens consisted of land on which there was only a scant growth of trees and no merchantable timber; a large portion also consisted of wild or waste lands, partly covered with dwarfed trees or bushes. Some of the tracts were mere barrens that were burned over for the second or third time, the ferns and brush having been fired intentionally by berry pickers to increase the yield of fruit. Hence, the total damages are not as great as the acreage would indicate. Although much of the burned area consisted of lands that were worthless before the fire ran over them, these burnings are a greater evil than any measure of damages would indicate, because they prevent any future growth of timber. It will be almost impossible to reforest these areas that have been fired repeatedly, for the heat destroys the soil itself, consuming the vegetable mold and leaving nothing but barren sand or rock. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 275 There were several small fires reported which are not included in this tabulation, because the scorched areas and the damages were insignificant. These fires were observed at the start, and were promptly extinguished before the flames had time to spread. Most of the firewardens are active, efficient men, and good fire fighters; but some of them are worthless and should be discharged. I am confident that the number and areas of the fires could be reduced materially if there were only a better organization of the force of firewardens. There are 281 town firewardens, each of whom is a law unto himself. They are apt to feel independent of rules and regulations, for they receive no salary, and are paid only for the actual time that they are fighting fire. Their efficiency would be greatly increased, and the damage from fire decreased, if some competent man were appointed to supervise their work, and devote his entire time to the proper enforcement of the various paragraphs in the forestry law relating to the prevention of fire. In the following tabulation it will be seen that few of the firewardens report the cause of the fire, although the law requires them to do so, and their attention has been repeatedly called to their failure in this respect. In some cases they may have been unable to ascertain the cause; but, more often, they knew the reason, and refrained from stating it to avoid trouble with their neighbors. If there was a chief firewarden, as just suggested, he would visit the scene of each fire, find out the cause, and prose- cute the guilty party whose careless or wilful act caused the mischief. 276 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Report of Forest Fires From October ist, 1896, to December 31st, 1897. CLINTON COUNTY. TOWN Beep ACI ACRES DAMAGE CAUSE OF FIRE Black Brook October 13 4.00 $100 00 Unknown Black Brook June 26 300 I00 00 Unknown Black Brook October 15 25 20 00 Unknown Dannemora October g 50 100 00 Fallow fire Dannemora October @ 300 400 00 Incendiary | Essex Country. Elizabethtown May 8 30 $81 00 Brush fire Lewis June 28 207 ick aint erate tk eee Fallow fire Lewis September 9 50 300 00 Lumber shanty Lewis October 26 25 25 00 Hunters Moriah May 9 200 OO Unknown Chesterfield October 29 400 300 00 Unknown Minerva October 24 20 I5 00 Unknown Wilmington October 5 400 500 00 Unknown Altamont May rae) 15 $150 00 | Unknown Altamont October I 25 125 00 Unknown Altamont October 19 | 12 40 00 Unknown Altamont October 27 | 150 100 00 Unknown Franklin May 9 | 36 || 25 00 | Unknown Malone June 17 | TOT emf ey Coe were | Fallow fire Malone October I 350 1,000 00 Unknown Malone October 2 800 2,000 00 Unknown Malone October 4 75 TOO 00 Fallow fire Malone October to 500 1,500 00 Fallow fire Malone October 11 300 800 00 Unknown Malone Octcber I 200 1,000 00 Unknown Moira September 30 500 800 00 Unknown Moira October I 150 600 00 Unknown Moira October I 40 100 00 Locomotive FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. FRANKLIN County.—Continued. 277 TOWN DATE ACRES DAMAGE CAUSE OF FIRE Moira Octobenmeas 10 $20 00 Locomotive Bellmont October 20 700 700 00 Unknown Brandon October 10 200 35 00 Hunters Brandon October 10 100 20 00 Fallow fire Brandon October 12 150 100 00 Unknown Dickinson October 11 250 10 00 Fallow fire Dickinson October 18 600 750 00 Hunters FuLtTon County. Caroga May 7 150 $400 00 Unknown Caroga May 9 150 200 00 Unknown Johnstown April 24 100 200 00 Unknown Johnstown April 25 40 OO) Children Stratford May 8 100 100 00 Unknown HaMILTON County. Wells October 23 | 200 | Rese Carelessness of smoker HERKIMER COUNTY. - Salisbury October 20 1,500 | $300 00 Children Russia October 27 Ds | 30 00 Unknown Lewis County. Croghan Octoberaens ZOOwy een Wye tannery: Unknown Greig May 20 Awa namieits eno Aare Unknown Greig June 28 25 $25 00 Unknown Greig July 9 50 50 00 Unknown Diana October 11 TA Ogeah iene) en ea g's Unknown Watson May 18 150 100 00 Fallow fire 278 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF St. LAWRENCE County. TOWN DATE ACRES DAMAGE CAUSE OF FIRE Clare October 21 600 $800 00 Incendiary Pitcairn October 150 : 300 00 Unknown SARATOGA COUNTY. Edinburgh | October 26 100 $100 00 Unknown Hadley | October 21 400 800 00 =| Unknown | Hadley | October 24 | 200 300 co ~§36|_ = Unknown WARREN County. Caldwell October 21 | 150 $350 00 | ~—«éBurning shanty Johnsburgh October 24 | 300 | I50 00 Hunters Luzerne October 16 RP eR RS He ales ea Hunters Luzerne October 19 350 200 00 Hunters Warrensburgh May 8 TOO ei) onl anaes Unknown Warrensburgh October 18 350 200 00 Unknown WASHINGTON COUNTY. Fort Ann April 2 30 $75 00 Children Fort Ann October 24 150 150 00 Hunters Fort Ann October 24 75 200 00 Hunters Fort Ann October 24 30 100 00 Hunters Whitehall October 20 1,500 1,500 00 Unknown DELAWARE COUNTY. Colchester October 20 150 $100 oo Unknown Hancock May 9 100 150 00 Incendiary Hancock October 12 300 300 00 Unknown Hancock October 15 350 400 00 Unknown Hancock October 17 400 600 00 Unknown Hancock October 24 200 300 00 Unknown Hancock October 26 250 300 00 Unknown — ss FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 279 GREENE COUNTY. TOWN DATE ACRES DAMAGE | CAUSE OF FIRE Cairo October 26 60 $200 00 Unknown Catskill October 28 150 100 00 Incendiary SULLIVAN CouNTY. Benthel April 2 | 200 $50 00 | Incendiary Fallsburgh October 21 71 25 00 | Incendiary Forestburgh November 1 DOOM | = 00 say edie | Unknown Forestburgh October 27 TEL) ois UN Ot ee ieee Stee | Unknown Forestburgh October 31 75 130 00 ~©3©—s Unknown Freemont April 14 50 20 00 Locomotive Freemont April 24 150 75 00 Unknown Highland March 30 goo goo 00 Incendiary Highland ~ October 28 500 500 00 Unknown Lumberland April 29 | 300 1,000 00 Unknown Lumberland May 9 | TC Ou a ally ha Mite vanyare Unknown Lumberland October 17 | 150 150 00 Unknown Lumberland October 2 | IES c, loteaa ate eae a Unknown Rockland October 18 | 200 200 00 Hunters Rockland October 18 | 300 300 00 Fallow fire Rockland October 20 | 100 50 00 Fallow fire Rockland October 22 | 700 700 00 Unknown Thompson October 28 | 75 75 00 Berry pickers : ULSTER COUNTY. Denning October 21 3,000 $200 00 | Unknown Shawangunk October 25 1,500 750 00 Hunters Wawarsing May 20) | 60 100 00 Unknown Wawarsing May 31 60 200 00 Unknown Wawarsing June 27 15 50 09 Incendiary Wawarsing October 17 400 300 00 ~=©60|_~Unknown 280 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF SUMMARY. COUNTIES NUMBER | ACRES DAMAGE Clinton, . a 5 1,075 $720 00 Wssex) 3 : ‘ : : : | 8 1,145 1,296 oo Franklin, : : : : ° -| 22 5,167 VOIH CO Fulton, . ; : j ; : : a 5 540 975 00 Hamilton, ZOO er ik were Herkimer, 2 W525) 339 00 Lewis, 6 615 175 00 St. Lawrence, . 2 750° 1,100 00 Saratoga, 3 700 1,200 ©0O Warren, . : : | 6 1,325 g00 00 Washington, 5 1,785 2,025 00 Delaware, i 1,750 2,150 00 Greene, 2 210 300 00 Sullivan, 18 45465 4,165 00 Ulster, 6 5,060 1,600 00 RECAPITULATION. Number of fires, 6 98 Number of acres of land burned, 26,187 Damage by fire, $26,941 The origin of the fire was reported in forty cases only. These causes are summarized as follows: From Burning fallows, Hunters and fishermen, Incendiaries, . : Railroad locomotives Children at play, Burning buildings, Berry pickers, . Careless smoker, In the remaining cases the cause was reported by the firewardens as unknown. This failure to state the origin of the fire was due partly to inefficiency in ascertaining it, and partly to reluctance in furnishing the information when the cause was known. Nearly all the fires were on the outskirts of the forest; and for this reason it may be safely assumed from previous experience and personal observation, that, of the sixty ‘ cases reported as ‘cause unknown,” three-fourths of them originated in brush fires started by farmers, in violation of the law, and from which the flames escaped into the woods. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 281 The provision of the law requiring a statement as to the means used in fighting or extinguishing the fire was generally complied with by the firewardens in their reports. From the information thus furnished it appears that the common method used in stopping a small fire was by whipping it out with brush, after which fresh dirt was thrown on the smoking leaves and embers; or, if there was water near by, it was carried in buckets and poured over the ground. Where the fire had gained a good headway and spread beyond control, a line of defence was chosen along some road or stream, from which back fires were started. In some places where there was a slow ground fire, and the soil would permit it, furrows were ploughed and a space was swept bare of leaves and combustible material, thereby making a line at which the creeping flames stopped for lack of fuel. In most cases where the fire covers a large area, the men work in the early and late hours of the day, or in the night; for then the flames die down, and can be fought easier than in the daytime or noon hours, during which they burn with uncontrollable fury. In the case of a “top” fire, driven by a strong wind, little or nothing can be done to stop it, aside from extinguishing the small fires that start on all sides, lighted by falling sparks or brands. Sometimes, a sufficiently large posse of men having been warned out, a top fire has been encircled by a cordon of fire fighters, back fires started, and the conflagration held in check until rain came to their relief. With few excep- tions, our larger forest fires in the Adirondack and Catskill regions burn until rain comes. Fortunately, in the spring and fall, the times when all our woodland fires occur, the rains are most frequent, especially on the mountain plateaus where the forests are situated; and a fire seldom lasts four days without being extinguished by some opportune downpour. The frequency with which showers follow forest fires has led to a prevalent belief in the certainty of this phenomenal succession as an ordinary exhibition of cause and effect. Rain is the best firewarden we have, and were it not for this agency there would be no forests to-day on the Adirondack and Catskill uplands. But, it is hoped that through some better organization and man- agement of the firewardens our forest fires can be prevented or extinguished without dependence on any such fortuitous agency. I submit herewith, also, the usual annual compilation of statistics showing the product of the Adirondack forests for 1897. These statistics show the amount of timber consumed by the sawmills and pulpmills, but do not include the minor products of the forest. Although none of this timber is cut on State lands, and the work is..in no way connected with the duties of this Commission, still, the information furnished by these tables is absolutely necessary to a correct understanding of the forestry situation in the Adirondacks. The extent of our future supply of merchantable timber, and the change in forest composition can be ascertained only through these statistics. 282 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF In compiling these figures the greatest care has been exercised in order to obtain accuracy so far as it is possible with this peculiar class of statistics. The results are not based on hasty or careless estimates; the product of each sawmill and the number of cords consumed by each pulpmill is taken from the written statements furnished by the respective individuals or companies. From the footings of the reports made by the mill owners, it appears that, in 1897, the timber cut in the Great Forest of Northern New York amounted to 450,995,416 feet B. M. The different species removed were in amount as follows: Spruce—sawmills, . : : { : ! ; : 188,353,586 feet. Spruce—pulpmills, . : f ; : ; 166,087,872 “ Hemlock, : ; ; 5 : ; : BS OSO870 IPN, ‘ : ; ALTARS G Hardwoods, . : ; f ; 5 : ‘ : WoW Wagga Potala : : é 450,995,416 feet. The two items of spruce amount to 354,441,458 feet, and, assuming that, on an average, this species would yield 4,000 feet per acre, it follows that the merchantable timber was taken from 88,000 acres during the year, and that the people of our State are that much nearer the end of their timber supply. In placing the average yield of spruce at 4,000 feet per acre, including the pulp- ¢ wood, I have in mind the “‘scale bills”” or log measurements of various townships and tracts where the total amount of spruce cut is a matter of record. It is understood that there are tracts on which the spruce will overrun this amount; and that there are places where the spruce clumps: yield a phenomenal amount of timber per acre. On the other hand there are large tracts on which, by reason of hardwood ridges, balsam groves, cedar swamps, windfalls, burned areas, beaver meadows, and lake surfaces the amount of standing spruce is far below the average mentioned. A township may have many places on which the spruces are large and numerous, their tall, straight shafts standing so thickly in clumps and groves that they attract attention and are often referred to as a remarkably fine display of timber; and, yet, when the township is lumbered and the total number of feet cut is divided by the 25,000 acres or more in the tract, the average number of feet per acre has often been a surprise and a disappointment. As already shown, the area of lands within the Adirondack forests that have not been lumbered approximates closely to 1,139,593 acres, including both State and private holdings. After making due allowance for the small spruces which still remain on some of the lumbered lands it would appear that the remaining supply of spruce FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 283 will not exceed 5,000,000,000 feet. Hence, if the present rate of cutting con- tinues this species will be exhausted in fourteen years, and with it, also, the pine and hemlock. I am aware of the well known fact that timber lands are very apt to hold out better than the estimates; but after allowing for this peculiarity, it is evident that, aside from the timber on the State Preserve, the end of the spruce supply is plainly in sight. To suggestions of this kind many will point complacently to the supply of timber in the Canadian forests, from which a large amount of pulp timber is being shipped annually to the pulpmills of this State. But when the supply of spruce in New York and New England is exhausted the Canadian government will be at liberty to place an export tax on spruce timber or pulp to compel the paper manufacturers to build their mills and carry on their industries in that country. The Canadian press is already demanding an export tax on pulpwood and saw logs; but such a tax will not be levied, probably, until the supply on the American side is exhausted.* So, the time may come when the large timber reserve on the State lands may not only supply the raw material for certain industries, but may prove an important factor in regulating the lumber tariff. * Since the above was written, the Canadian government has authorized an export tax on logs. 284 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK. LOCATION OF MILLS NAMES OF MANUFACTURERS SPRUCE Beaver Ri~e@s, IN Wososcoo ac BS} @UGerkinks. abe eed ae eae eer alee are 8,000,000 Benson Mines, foe Hecate ae James Te Himes: 2a eis sie af cect ne Reingom Whines, ss gaonce ELenry, wand enys tate ere | 500,000 Bleecker, SC sid Doe Oa Nee George:Shambercer ait ae neler 250,000 Bleceees Ht alee ear te Olney Wil, PCW, Iiheaooe css oa0ds c006 150,000 Bleecker, CON Pha tae REND ohne View eters conser eine 200,000 Bleecker, SE et euentstan ie IR@oernt JT, BOWS oo ccoccococc cob sue 100,000 Bleecker, SSR Semen en Rt Jel, Wem IDemlowrsn 2s c00b0 c00500 0000 700,000 Blue Ridge, fe Flenry: OeNiel Wes ocean wicket eee 400,000 Boltonsi@anding-i ae Warde SceINODEKES secre aa ee ers 50,000 Carthage iusy2" Right iam sald sanueranye Carthage Lumber Company.......... 1,613,311 Carthage, ENE ceericeatianty Balcommea Spicer aq eee een 20,000 Canton, oe ee ears ba James SPears* es ont eee i: 4,000,000 Canton, Bile ties SHAG Sa: Canton Lumber Company ......:.... 6,600,000 Castorland, AE soba: Macleay Beaver River Lumber Company ...... 12,000,000 Clinton Mills, 46 Cranberry Creek, “ Crary’s Mills, HY Diana, cs Dickinson Centre, ‘ Elizabethtown, GG Ellenburgh, Pe yale ancl lief Ellenburgh, Ee reset Billenbursht\C entree Forestport, hae Cans t Cones fe Forestport, Ot Diba es careeas Glens Falls, Bin ERE A addeécrsmalllimant anes i aeeieee L. G. Gifford Pay A AAG tp A gs are OscartRunions: soe eee rea ee Walliamplingrahantne ae eee Bits “Orcutt. cates ae ie scene ane ae Livingstone Oo Gnutiemeie nti ieet ia John L. Carter F. W. Sherlock 6080 066-050 0 0,0.0.0100 4.4.00 0D Johny Eoughranver eee iene: IDentoneca ater bun yaar eri ener cr) Forestport Lumber Company Morgan Lumber Companyt.......... 300,000 40,000 100,000 25,000 500,000 500,000 3,500,000 5,976,303 13,135,636 * Mills at Canton and at Buck’s Bridge, N. Y. + Mills at South Glens Falls, N. Y. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. LUMBER MANUFACTURED IN YEAR 1897. 285 HEMLOCK PINE HARDWOOD TOTAL 1,000,000 ROOKOOON we WIM han! ” ga eineal ark | 9,500,000 | IO O.O8© © Olt Maat Meee as ee peeetertr term Me PE Cn ces cent Ps | 1,000,000 100,000 200,000 200,000 1,000,000 Sena na tN RAL in. os rahe aa 175,000 425,000 OVO O Os saul |e ta iran resins ates 50,000 250,000 TG OFOOO% ey salsa wee ete. coe 100,000 450,000 60,000 3,000 10,000 173,000 TO.O%O.O OMMMIEY [eal ote eu MAN ea eeOe ay Jat bree Boar ok 800,000 500,000 25,000 30,000 955,000 30,000 90,090 10,000 180,000 898,014 55,091 6,372 2,572,788 5 ak ES eee ee fous eer ersten 500,000 520,000 3,000,000 SOOO) i oe eg colo 7,500,000 TAO OKO OOM” Wis erie tss recur een rail ON) 8S jy hare 8,250,000 6,000,000 TOOTNNS: 2 1 | aR Ceara nome 18,700,000 BIS OPOOOR Pula i = aati ee 100,000 50,008 60,000 30,000 * 30,000 160,000 200,000 50,000 100,000 450,000 200,000 25,000 100,000 350,000 200,000 400,000 1,100,000 175,000 15,000 5,000 245,000 OOO OOM. See EM ihe warrnstias | woultes wmeeys fe. 475,000 TOOVOOOs, + 2 Beli 9) “iemgtnatt ey 100,000 200,000 AOOOOR MULT ale ata ke hetiee tenn 15,000 555,000 salut Gace Cae ME Ey Man ceeE ead 100,000 3,600,000 Sosa Werarciay hl DID Via at le eiasteren pie, Nive | Mae Doers ee 5,976,303 4,077,101 Ib 7 (PALE — xual cll are unrest enna or 18,784,838 * Black Ash. 286 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF GREAT FOREST OF NORTHERN NEW YORK. LOCATION OF MILLS NAMES OF MANUFACTURERS SPRUCE Glens Falls, IN Vases Oi ara: Ismaela, IPirByN CZ COccccccocccoosceve 18,000,000 Glens Falls, Se sen caoc| GOORS ISL, IMRSTMAN ssc00crc0ccs oes aGaeee Gloversville, ea tect WispDeGolvensanaatke eee rene 200,000 Gloversville, SSNs Seep aves 1 AS PTs Deka. ea vae anes ih wan al ene 275,000 Gouverneur, ei as ca ta LMBHaNS SHERADWIOS Gs oa cas 000500 00es0- 454,679 Gray, Sic geen oe CharleswB2Grayine ines een eee 100,000 Gray, CCS Baer oN mDE a Wa binony IRemIMEGE. 5 ones paacos cacese 300,000 Grove, Su Saran te Ieleltans: Ge WSO, cop aane noccceoocees 244,000 Harrisville, Se mis Secreto Cy Remingtonié.sonsi Coen ereer 880,000 Hermon, FN oA hare ti IACMINIE BUISig gs crate: © Wee Omi g hg cars ge td ae | 75,000 Herkimer, Cea etd CURT Snell. hen aaa gee | eae Hinckley, Beaute Aes & Trenton Falls Lumber Company ...... 2,000,000 Hope Falls, Serhan onee teria WE Wawtonts a: riser or eens 150,000 Indian Lake, SUNT aenitpeaeti® ValliaimeiB Sak ara WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO SNOW. A SUGAR SETH Cyis Pits MR PROPERTY OF NEAR NORWICH, CHENANGO CO., N. Y. MAPLE GROVE FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 313 There is a well established tradition among the farmers that maple sap should not be drank—that it is “‘very weak’nin.” But the men in the sugar camps often drink it, claiming that it is a refreshing beverage. Perhaps the sugar makers originated the story to intimidate the boys who frequent every sugar bush, and evince a troublesome inclination to drink from the sap buckets. The sap from the different trees varies not only in quantity but quality, the product of some trees containing a much greater percentage of sugar than others. Two trees may produce the same amount of sugar, but the product may differ in color or taste. As a general rule it requires four gallons THE WILLIAMS EVAPORATOR AND ARCH. * of sap to make a pound of sugar, and thirty-five gallons to make a gallon of syrup. The trees yield on the average about six pounds of sugar per season; but the amount varies greatly with different seasons, running from two to ten pounds per tree. Here, again, any definite statistics as to an average yield are apt to be confused with records relating to some remarkable trees. From Dr. Rush’s letter, previously quoted, we learn that “Samuel Low, Esq., a Justice of Peace, in Montgomery County, in the State of New York, informed Arthur Noble, Esq.,¢ that he had made twenty pounds and one ounce of sugar, * Manufactured by the Vermont Farm Machine Company, Bellows Falls, Vt. + Arthur Nobie was the original patentee of the Arthurboro and Nobleboro Patents, now a part of the Forest Preserve. 314 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF between the 14th and 23d of April, in the year 1789, from a single tree.” Mention has already been made here of a maple that produced thirty-three pounds in one season; also one that flowed 175 gallons of sap, which would indicate a production of forty-three pounds for the season. In a Vermont sugar bush there is a tree two feet in diameter, with a record of thirty pounds of ‘‘small cake” sugar in one season. The sap from this tree was rich in saccharine matter, for it required only seven quarts for a pound of sugar, instead of sixteen quarts, the usual quantity. A sugar maker in Waitsfield, Vt., states that he made twelve pounds from one tree in twenty-four hours; but there were six spouts in this tree. There are, also, various reports of trees that produced fifty pounds in one season, ten or twelve spouts being used on each. But these are maximum records, and the reader need bear in mind only the two main facts: (1) That four gallons of sap make a pound of sugar. (2) That a sugar bush yields about six pounds per tree in an average season. But this does not apply to maples standing in a primitive forest; for such trees yield far less than the second- growth maples in a farmer’s grove or in his fields. The sap contains about three per cent. of sugar; but the percentage is variable, being somewhat less or more at times and places. Investigations made in 1885 by the Chemical Division of the United States Department of Agriculture furnish a maximum record of 10.20 per cent., obtained from a tree in Vermont during a small flow late in the season; but the same tree averaged only 5.01 per cent. for the entire run that spring. Maples standing in the valleys, on the low, flat lands along the streams, where the soil is dark and moist, will yield plenty of sap, but of inferior quality. Trees thus located produce a smaller amount of sugar in proportion to the sap, and . the sugar is darker in color. The best and lightest colored sugar is made from the sap which flows from the white or sap wood; and the darkest colored product comes from the sap of the duramen or heart wood.* There is a variety of hard maple known as the black maple (Acer nigrum) which is in high favor with sugar makers, many of whom assert that its product is far superior in both quantity and quality to that of the regular species. In the details of sugar making there has been a great advance beyond the simple, primitive methods of earlier years. Then the sap was conducted from the spouts into rude troughs of basswood. These troughs were from two to three feet long, made by splitting the log in halves and hollowing out the flat side. The sap was then gathered in pails and carried to the fire, each man carrying two pails suspended from the ends of a neck yoke fitted to his shoulders. There was seldom any main receptacle for storing the sap, but it was carried to the boiling kettle as fast as it was needed. * Timothy Wheeler. Garden and Forest. Vol. VI, p. 174. \\) Se f | Gh 4\ RY \ i UN i = - 2 it) Ser Bie ‘Si a Sa Wg y ff 7 K Aig ES VAN ie Pa | NR . NYS WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO. HOUSE. SUGAR AT THE UNLOADING SAP 9E THE HOUSE. INSII TANK E THE SAP RUNS DOWN THE TROUGH INTO A STORAG FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 315 In boiling the liquid and reducing it to sugar, a large potash kettle was generally used. This was hung on one end of a long pole, to the other end of which weights were attached as a balance, so that the kettle could be easily swung off or on the fire as needed. The fire, kindled with strips of birch bark, was replenished with large sticks or small logs of green wood, that were cut as fast as wanted, few of the sugar makers taking the trouble to provide a stock of dry fuel for the purpose. No shed or house was used, but the work was carried on in the open air, in all kinds of weather, rain or snow, wind or calm, storm or sunshine. Smoke, steam and falling cinders surrounded the boiling kettle, discoloring and flavoring the product accordingly. By constantly adding to the contents of the kettle the sap was boiled from early morning until late at night. The scum and various impurities rising to the surface were skimmed off as fast as they appeared. Small quantities of milk or white of eggs were thrown into the kettle from time to time to clarify the syrup and by coagulation assist in bringing the impurities to the surface, an old fashioned practice still adhered to by many sugar makers. Whenever the liquid was liable to boil over, a lump of fat pork or small piece of lard was thrown in to prevent this. Some sugar makers prevented the overflow by an automatic arrangement which consisted in hanging a piece of pork over the kettle within a few inches of the boiling sap; and some accomplished the same result by greasing the rim of the kettle with lard. The test of granulation was usually made by pouring some of the boiling syrup on the snow. If it ‘‘ waxed,” and on cooling became brittle, the time had come to “sugar off.” Sometimes a twig, bent and fastened at the end into a loop, was dipped into the boiling mass; if a film would form across the opening with enough tenacity and elasticity to stretch outward without breaking when blown upon, the test was deemed satisfactory. But, now, in a large sugar bush, better and more cleanly methods are used; the work is simplified and facilitated by the aid of improved appliances. Pails made of tin or galvanized iron, with covers, manufactured expressly for this industry, are hung on patent, metallic spouts. If a wooden bucket is used the inside is thoroughly painted; for the sap is injured or is liable to sour if it comes in contact with the wood. In gathering the contents of the pails, a team and sleigh are used. In this sleigh is a - large tub into which the pails are emptied. At the sugar house or shed there is another and a larger tank, from which the liquid flows into the evaporator or boiling pan. The sap should be thoroughly strained through cloths before boiling; and, so, there should be a strainer on top of the gathering tub in the sleigh, and, also, on top of the storage tank. In the best sugar camps the tubs, whether for carrying or storage, are made of iron lined with white metal. As the sap deteriorates quickly it should be gathered promptly and boiled as soon as possible. If left a few hours fermentation commences, which seriously affects the flavor. 316 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF The best evaporator pans, now in use by the large operators, are made of galvanized iron, cold rolled copper, or, in some instances, of heavy tin plates. They are six inches in depth, from thirty to forty inches wide, and from eight to eighteen feet long. The various sizes are made with a corrugated bottom in order to increase the heating surface. The evaporator rests on brick or iron arches, with flues leading from the fire box to the chimney or smokestack. The pan may be made in one piece the entire length, or may include several connected pans. Where a large product is handled, the evaporator is sixteen or eighteen feet long. At intervals of eight to twelve inches partitions are placed in the pan, which are open at the alternate ends; or, if solid partitions they have holes at either end. The THE GRANITE STATE EVAPORATOR AND ARCH. * sap runs from the storage tank into the evaporator at one end through an automatic regulator, and then flows across the pan, backwards and forwards several times, around the end of the partitions, until it reaches the outlet at the finishing end, by which time it is reduced to syrup of the desired density. The regulator, which is connected with the storage tank by a rubber hose, increases or diminishes the inflow of sap according * Manufactured by the Granite State Evaporator Company, Albany, N. Y. ‘A CN “OO AONAUMVI “LS ‘AOHS ASHOH “OO AULSAAYOA AOHS ASUOH ‘HSONd UVONS AAATA ASSvaygd ea Deine ee FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. BIL 7/ to the heat under the pan; it cuts off the supply entirely when the fire gets low. By this ingenious device there can be no scorching of the contents so long as there is plenty of sap in the storage tank. : The continuous flow of the cold, raw sap into the evaporator keeps the liquid in that end at a much lower temperature than the contents at the further end. As the stream flows from side to side in passing around or through the ends of the numerous partitions the temperature increases, and the crude liquid, by the time it reaches the outlet, is ready to “sugar off.” The steaming, boiling fluid is skimmed carefully of the impurities which arise to the surface during its progress through the first compart- ments, and the shallow stream, with its broad surface exposed to the direct action of a hot fire, evaporates rapidly. In some evaporators syphons are used to convey the boiling liquid from one pan to the next in order to confine the impurities and scum to the first compartments, where they are most apt to rise to the surface as soon as the sap is heated. But the syphons are unreliable and troublesome to manage, and so are being generally discarded. The color of the syrup is dependent largely on the depth of sap in the pans, and the length of time that it is exposed to the heated surface of the evaporator. Ata depth of half an inch lighter colored syrup can be made than with a depth of one inch. A thermometer is necessary in the progress of the work. It is placed in the evaporator near the outlet. Granulation is indicated at 238°. At 245° hard cake- sugar is made. At 219° the syrup will weigh eleven pounds to the gallon, and is as heavy as can be made without granulating when cold. Some makers use a saccha- rometer; but a thermometer is said to furnish the best results. The syrup contains a mineral substance called “nitre” or “sugar sand,” which is a malate of lime. As the season advances there is an increased amount of impurities caused by the swelling of the buds; the greater the quantity of these extraneous substances, the higher the temperature required to make sugar. Syrup weighing eleven pounds to the gallon will yield at 232° about eighty-two per cent. of sugar, or eighty-two pounds to 100 gallons. At 242°, about seventy-eight per cent. will be obtained. The standard of quality as determined by the polariscope is eighty; and to make maple sugar that will stand this test the syrup will have to show a temperature GH BRB. The workman generally determines the proper time to sugar off by putting some of the syrup in a saucer or shallow dish, and stirring it to find out whether it will granulate. The boiling mass is then strained through cloths, and poured into the moulds. The latter are usually brick-shaped, and the cakes weigh from two to four pounds, this shape and these sizes being the most marketable. The utmost care 318 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF is necessary in keeping all the utensils clean if a first-class product is to be made. ‘All the pails, tubs, dippers and other implements must be washed often in boiling water. The modern evaporator is also constructed with a portable iron or steel arch, which can be set up quickly in a sugar house without waiting to lay brick walls or other masonry. Before using it a lining of fire brick is inserted which protects the iron framework and sides from warping or burning out. There are no return flues, and the sheet-iron smokestack rises from the end opposite the fire box. A twelve- foot pan with these improved appliances will evaporate one gallon per minute, and, if necessary, one hundred gallons per hour. After the first hour or so the sap is in the pan not over thirty minutes when it is drawn off. The product of 1,200 trees can be manufactured without working nights. There is also a great saving in fuel. With an air-tight iron arch, one cord of wood will make about 325 pounds of sugar, which represents a fair day’s work of ten iy TN m Mt TT mT | jl ie MOULDS FOR MAPLE SUGAR.* hours. The cost of a galvanized iron portable evaporator, at the factory, varies from $60 to $120, according to the size; if made of tin, from $65 to $130; and if copper, from $85 to $195. It may be interesting to note here that maple sap may be reduced to sugar by freezing. Dr. Rush, in his letter, states that ‘this method has been tried for many years by Mr. Obadiah Scott, a farmer in Luzerne county, in this State (Pa.), with great success.” The Indians gathered sap, allowed it to freeze and melt repeatedly, whereupon, after throwing away the ice each time, a residuum of syrup and sugar was obtained. When the cold is not intense enough to reduce the sap to the point of granulation, the process can still be completed by boiling. Sugar can also be obtained from sap by spontaneous evaporation. The hollow stump of a maple tree, cut down in the spring, will often fill with sap which, when evaporated in the sun, will leave a deposit of sugar. Improved methods have resulted in an improved product which, in turn, has created an increased demand and higher prices. For the better grades the sugar makers receive about ten cents per pound, and about ninety cents per gallon for the * Made by the Vermont Farm Machine Company, Bellows Falls, Vt. wy SUGAR BUSH. “WAKE ROBIN” ° HORSE SHOE FORESTRY CO., HORSE SHOE, ST. LAWRENCE CO., N. Y. oe FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 319 syrup, the price varying somewhat with the quality of the article and the condition of the market. Some makers, by supplying families direct with a choice grade, obtain better figures. The prices charged by the retail dealers are necessarily higher than those just quoted. A bounty on maple sugar was paid by the United States during the years 1892, ’93 and ’94; after that time payment ceased through a repeal of the bounty law, a statute which included in its provisions all granulated sugars, cane, beet and maple. Under this Act of Congress a bounty of two cents per pound was paid on maple sugar testing go° by the polariscope, and one and three-quarter cents on that reaching 80°. No bounty was paid on maple sugar or syrup that would not stand the test of 80°. Of the total maple product in the United States, only six per cent. received the bounty. But few, comparatively, of the sugar makers asked for it; the preparation of the SECTIONAL VIEW OF STEEL ARCH; ‘'GRANITE STATE EVAPORATOR.’ SHOWING ARRANGEMENT OF GRATE-BARS AND LINING OF FIRE BRICK. A, damper; B, chimney damper; C, upper flue; D, lower flue. applications and affidavits, together with the tests and other requirements, offset in most cases the small sum which could be collected, except in case of a large production. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1893, the general government paid $66,119.32 in bounties on maple sugar, of which amount Vermont received $36,225.23, and New York, which stood second, received $11,703.90. It is interesting to note that, of the applications for bounty, 6,012 came from maple sugar makers, while only 584 came from cane sugar producers, although the latter represented eighty-three per cent. of the total granulated product ot the United States. The complaint is often heard that maple sugar is adulterated, and that it lacks the true maple flavor of the old fashioned product. The genuine article as now made is so different in color and taste from the product of former years that the consumer is suspicious of its purity. But the “true old fashioned” flavor was too often due to impurities, not purity. The peculiar taste was caused largely by sour sap, burned sugar, smoke, cinders, leaves, bark, and the rain or melted snow that dripped from the 320 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF trees into the open tubs and buckets. People acquired a taste for this compound, just as they learned to relish other unwholesome articles of food. On the other hand, the efforts to produce an absolutely pure article has resulted in a whitish, hard, flinty cake in which there is little left of the maple taste. The refining process may be carried too far. A pure article that is merely sweet will not satisfy the consumer. Cane sugar is equally sweet and costs only half as much. The extra price for maple sugar is paid in order to obtain the delicious flavor peculiar to that product. The work of refining should cease as soon as the impurities are eliminated, in order to retain as far as possible the distinct taste of the maple. A well managed sugar bush will yield twelve per cent. on the investment. The farmers, who include nearly all our sugar makers, do the work at slight expense, and do it at a season of the year when they have little else to do. Maple groves are no longer cut down for fuel or to clear the land, but are carefully preserved and cultivated. The growth of the young trees and saplings is fostered in order to provide for the future and obtain a maximum production. : While it is conceded that a maple tree in an open field will yield more sugar than one in the forest, it does not follow that a grove, by thinning and trimming extensively, can be made to produce a corresponding quantity. The trees in a grove have sprouted, grown, and thrived under conditions widely different from those surrounding their neighbors in the field. They have been nurtured by the thick deposit of forest humus and decaying leaves, which has also induced a root-growth near the surface where greater moisture and sustenance are found. The roots of the field-maple avoid the sun-dried surfaces, and strike deep down in search of the moisture in the lower strata. Now, if a maple grove is thinned out and underbrushed too much, the sun dries the soil and the grasses soon appear; the surface becomes dry and hard; the trees fail or die on account of these changed conditions, and from a lack of moisture about their roots. There should be a:proper amount of pruning for the removal of dead trees or limbs, and some thinning, necessary in fostering the young growth; but the under- brush should be left to shade the soil, to prevent evaporation, and to furnish the annual mulch of fallen and decaying leaves. It should be remembered that the maple is pre-eminently a shade-enduring species, and that it is unnecessary to cut down trees merely to admit light. Some thinning of the young growth may be advisable wherever it is necessary to relieve the selected saplings from crowded or suppressed conditions; and it is well to cut out the evergreens if there are many of them. Some of our sugar makers use not only the most improved apparatus and utensils, but erect neat, comfortable houses in which to boil the sap and manufacture their product. In many places the open shed has given way to a neat, well-designed sugar house, built with reference to convenience, cleanliness and economy. Z ta AEA: PT a - Z = Se a WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD 30. BOILING SAP. THE OLD-FASHIONED WAY OF AN ADIRONDACK SUGAR BUSH, HAMILTON CO., N. ¥. . t . + ‘ i 4 i . ’ ) , : MS } . ay u ch FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 321 In locating a sugar house it is well to place it on sloping ground, so that the sap will run by gravity, from the delivery sleigh to the receiving or storage tank. The house, whether large or small, should be shingled, clapboarded and lined inside and oe overhead with narrow, matched “ceiling.” The floor should be laid with narrow, matched boards, to facilitate scrubbing, and promote that cleanliness which is necessary in handling any article of food. There should be a ventilator shaft over the evaporator, extending through the roof, to permit the free escape of the steam, Try a INTERIOR OF EVAPORATOR HOUSE. and with the slats so arranged that, while the steam can escape freely, no rain or snow can enter. There must be enough windows to furnish plenty of light. Dirt and darkness are too apt to accompany each other. Where a large number of trees are tapped, 1,500 or more, and a large business is carried on, it will pay in the end to have a house with two compartments and a wood- shed. The evaporator room should form the middle compartment. Adjoining it on one end should be the room for sugaring off and preparing the product fer the market; on the opposite end should be the woodshed. All three should be under one roof, and in one continuous building of the same width throughout. For the 21 322 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF evaporating room, 12’ x 24’ will be found a convenient size, with a sugaring-off room, 12x 12’, and a woodshed of the same dimensions. The latter should be open in front, with a wide sliding door opening into the evaporator room directly in front of the fire arch. With such an arrangement there will be no dust or dirt blowing in from the woodpile. The sugaring-off room should be lined with stout shelves, which will prove convenient in handling or storing the goods. The best place for the receiving tank is on an enclosed or covered platform, built outside the house, in order that the sap may be kept cool. Such a house will prove comfortable, convenient, and can be kept perfectly clean. Its cost ought not to exceed $160. Life in a sugar bush has its attractions for every lover of the woods. A bright day in early spring revives every energy in man and nature; the pure air and vigorous exercise calls into action each healthful, joyous impulse. The forest is waking from its winter’s sleep. The bark of the young poplars, birches and wild cherries—olive green, golden yellow, and copper red—takes on a lively hue from the rising sap. The wasting snow discloses brown spots of earth where among the wet, discolored leaves may be seen the first spring flowers, some of them blooming in all their purity on the edge of a snowbank. The tiny brooks, no longer hidden by the ice, send forth a pleasant murmur. The surface of the snow is marked with curious little tracks in which are easily recognized the various forms of animal life that people the forest; the eye catches the alert movements of the squirrels as they run swiftly up and down the trees; there is the sound of woodpeckers or the distant drumming of the partridge, while from the leafless branches may be heard the vernal song of the first returning birds. The trees, unclothed by foliage, reveal the graceful arrangement of their limbs; each ; species is quickly recognized by its distinctive habit of growth; and, in the grand old aisles of gray and lofty trunks, reaching up into vaulted arches of graceful tracery, one is lost in admiration of the details of forest architecture. More than all, there is the restful stillness of the woods, in which as a pleasant contrast is heard at times the woodman’s axe and the crackling fires of the sugar maker. The old-fashioned methods of sugar making are seen no more. But with their disappearance there has gone also the fun and romance which years ago were wont to be associated with these scenes of woodland life. There are many people who treasure in their memories pleasant recollections of youthful hours spent in the sugar camps. They recall to mind its many scenes, the forest at night with its dark shadows that even the firelight did not penetrate; the silhouettes of the men working at the boiling kettles, or the shadowy forms dimly seen moving through the woods from tree to tree; the blackness of the forest overhead, and the whiteness of the snow-covered ground. “ASNOH AVOAS S,NIdVHO MUOM LV YWOLVAOdVAG NAXAGOW “OD GUYOJMVHD HOSSNAIIWH dOOWNAM Br Ay me} ait ay, oi wt FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. Ba In the early evening, when school was out and the chores all done, the boys and girls would come trooping in from some neighboring farm or village to visit with the sugar makers and have a merry time. Sitting by the fire they told stories and sang their old time songs. There were wrestling matches, and snowballing with the girls, while in some retired spots love making was carried on, and the old, old story was told again. When, with the increasing cold, the sap would no longer run, the buckets were emptied, and everything was made ready to sugar off. The hospitalities of the occasion were observed, and all were invited to eat as much as they pleased. Then, the fires died down, and the tired workmen, accompanied by their visitors, disappeared along the forest paths. The song and laugh and sound of merry voices grew fainter in the distance; the forest was dark and silent again. But long after they were gone the smouldering embers, stirred by the night wind, would at times dispel the shadows with some fitful glow, like gleams of memory lighting up the past. Jefie AY 3 wee, f qr THE FIRST RUN OF SAP, Forestry Winans BY NVC AVG Oe HE State Forestry law, Section 6, Article XII, _ provides that this Commission “shall take measures for awakening an interest in behalf of forestry, and imparting elementary instruction on such subject’’; that it “shall prepare and distribute tracts and circulars of information”; and that ‘these publications shall be furnished without cost to any citizen of the State on application.” It would be impracticable in these minor publica- tions to discuss the entire subject of forestry. Nor would that be necessary; anyone wanting to pursue this study will have no difficulty in finding text books, written by recognized authorities, in which every branch is treated with exhaustive detail. The -tracts issued by the Commission are intended to out- line the subject only, and to furnish without expense, in some convenient form, a knowledge of certain elementary principles beyond which the general reader may not care to go. This series of tracts, which are entitled, “ Short Talks on Forestry and Kindred Subjects,” embrace PARTRIDGE FOR SUPPER, the following topics: I. Forest Preservation in New York. 6. Climatic Influence of Forests. 2rebionestraye 7. The Farmer’s Wood Lot. 3. Forest Management. 8. How Trees Grow. 4. Forest Fires. g. Culture of Nut-bearing Trees. 5. Tree Planting and Pruning. 10. Forestry in Europe. The first five numbers appear in the following pages of this Report; the others will be printed in the next Report of the Commission. The series will be further extended from time to time by similar publications on other topics related to forestry matters. There may be some who will want to make a more thorough study of forestry than is afforded by these primary leaflets, persons who do not contemplate taking up forestry work or attending any of our forestry schools, but who may want to 324 ‘SHHUL NMOG DNIMVS / en ne en kaise a Pa REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 325 pursue the subject further on account of the interesting reading matter which it sup- plies. To all such we would recommend the publication entitled “The Forester; A Monthly Magazine Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry, the Care and Use of Forests and Forest Trees, and Related Subjects.” The Forester is the official organ of the American Forestry Association, which, by the way, should receive an applica- tion for membership from everyone in the United States and Canada, man or woman, who is at all interested in these matters. The price of The Forester is one dollar a year. Address, No. 117 Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C. Membership in the American Forestry Association costs two dollars a year, including a copy of The Forester. Address, George P. Whittlesey, Secretary, Washington, D. C. The American Forestry Association was organized in 1882. Since then it has held annual conventions in the principal cities of the United States and Canada, at each of which numerous papers were read and discussed, all of them interesting and valuable contributions to this class of literature. * Addresses, also, were made by distinguished citizens, and by persons prominent in the forestry movement, which owes its inception in this country to the earnest, disinterested work of the Association. The proceedings of each annual meeting, together with the papers read on each occa- sion, have been published by the Association in the form of annual reports. Any forestry library would be incomplete without a set of these reports, and anyone in quest of reading matter will find them interesting and instructive. The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, also, has for many years published a ’ periodical entitled “Forest Leaves” ($1 per year), which is recommended to all whether a resident of that State or not. Address, Pennsylvania Forestry Association, 25 North Juniper Street, Philadelphia, Pa. A course of reading on this subject should include, also, the publications of the Forestry Division, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pre- pared by Dr. B. E. Fernow,* former chief of that division, and by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Forester, who is now at the head of that bureau. These publications may be obtained on application through the mails, so far as they still may be in print. In addition to the pamphlets and department bulletins referred to, the following text books are recommended for study or perusal: “Elenients of Forestry.” E> B: Hough.» Cincinnati, 1882. 12°. s Outhinesiof Horestrys E.i). Elouston; -Philadelphia;, 1893. . 12°. “Forest Planting.” H.N. Jarchow. New York, 1893. 12°. “Studies in Forestry.” J. Nisbet. Oxford (England), 1894. 8°. “The Earth as Modified by Human Action.” G.P. Marsh. New York, 1874. 8°. “The Adirondack Spruce.” William F. Fox. Albany, 1895. 8°.+ * Professor of Forestry, Cornell University. + Out of print. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Ww iS) Oo’ iirees andwiree) Planting as Genin) q) Ss brisbinwl Oro ye em NiewAVOnkams oonmmlZee “Trees of Northeastern America.” C. S. Newhall: New York, 1890. 8°. “Trees of the! Northern United States) yaw Gi eApearn = News Vor So2mmnI2 oe ‘““Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts.” G.B. Emerson. Boston, 1875. 2 vols. 8°. “ Hand-book of Tree-planting.” N.H. Egleston. New York, 1888. 12°. “Tree Pruning.” A Des Cars. Translated from the French. Introduction by Charles S. Sargent, Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard College. Published by the. Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture. Boston, 1894. 12°. “The White Pine.” Gifford Pinchot and H. S. Graves. New York, 1896. 162. “The Adirondack Spruce.” Gifford Pinchot. New York, 1896. 16°. “Forestry in Minnesota.” S. B. Green. Delano, Minn., 1896. 169. ““A Year Among the Trees.” Wilson Flagg. Boston, 1881. 12°. “The Story of the Plants.” Grant Allen. New York, 1896. 16°. “The Tree in Religion and Myth.” Mrs. J. H. Philpot. London, MacMillan Sal Gowns O/Ammoe “Protection of Woodlands.” Hermann First, Director of the Bavarian Forest Insti- tute at Aschaffenburg. Translated by John Nisbet. Edinburgh, David Douglas, 1893. 8°. “Manual of Forestry.” W. Schlich. London, 1896. 5 vols. 8°. ‘Natural History of Plants.” From the German of Anton Kerner von Marilaun, Prof. of Botany in the University of Vienna. Translated by Prof. F. W. Oliver. London,. Blackie & Son, 1897. 6vols.,imp. 8°. “North American Sylva.” Michaux and Nuttall. Philadelphia, 1850. 6vols. 8°. “The Silva of North America.” C.S. Sargent. Boston, 1891-97. 12 vols. F°. (The most comprehensive and valuable work on arboriculture in the English language.) “Forestry in Europe.” Reports from the Consuls of the United States. Wash- ington Government Printing Office, 1887. 8°. Annual Reports of State Forest Commissions: New York, Maine, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Colorado, Minnesota, California, Kansas, North Carolina and Wisconsin. May be found in the public libraries of our principal cities. The publications mentioned in the foregoing list will afford ample information on all the details of forestry and matters relating to it. The list, though comprehensive, is not intended to be a complete one. In fact, nine-tenths or more of the books relating to this subject are foreign publications of which no translations have been made. The tracts, the text of which follows here, will doubtless appear to some of our readers as trite and simple—as a mere repetition of what has already been said in one way or another on the same topics. But they were not written for those who have made a study of forestry. They are for the use of the thousands to whom the subject is new, and whose attention is called to it for the first time. Hence no attempt is made at scientific discussion, or to furnish technical information. If by the perusal of these little pamphlets the people of our State should take an increased interest in the preservation of our forests and their proper management, the object sought for in their preparation will be accomplished. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS: 327 Short Tatks on Forestry and Kindred Subjects. Vee WADE VaIME Tes JOD, INO Why Our Forests Shoald be Preserved and Protected. N the development of our State the lands fit for farming purposes have all, or nearly all, been placed under culti- vation or are held in wood lots as necessary adjuncts to farms. The remaining lands, which by reason of altitude, short season, or poor soil are unfit for cereals, may be maintained under forest cover without detriment to our agricultural resources. In European countries, with their older civilization and centuries of experience, forest planting has been found neces- 2 QIUENS GOWeEAnON. sary. Such work is now carried on there at an immense expenditure of labor and money, but with profit, the wood- lands of those countries yielding large revenues, both public and private. How evident it is, then, that in our country, where large areas of forest are still standing, these woodlands should be preserved and protected from further diminution or injury. On the existence of our forests depends our future timber supply, one of the greatest factors in our national prosperity. The annual value of our forest products far exceeds the combined annual value of our gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, coal and petroleum products. We must go to the forest for the material for our houses and furniture, barns and fences, railroad ties, bridges and cars, wagons and boats, barrels, boxes, baskets and willow ware, tanning material, turpentine and resin, tool handles and agricultural implements, pianos, organs and other musical instruments, and many articles of necessity or comfort. Two-thirds of the people in the United States use wood for fuel. It enters everywhere into our daily needs; even the newspaper we read is printed on wood. The use of wood has been dispensed with for some purposes, other material having proved better. But new uses for wood are continually develop- ing, which, with an increasing population, results in a still increasing demand. In the manufacture and transportation of our forest products over half a million people in the United States find profitable employment. Shall the source of all this wealth and industry be destroyed, or shall it be preserved? The rapid consumption of our forests by fire and axe makes this question a timely and important one. 328 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF There are other important interests dependent upon the existence of our forests. Within their wooded areas are located the vast system of natural reservoirs which furnish the water supply for our rivers and canals, and for the streams that turn the mill wheels throughout our State. Our inland navigation and our manufacturing interests are largely dependent on this water supply. These forest reservoirs are formed by the cellular structure of the vegetable mold which everywhere covers the earth beneath the trees. For many years, perhaps a century or more, the falling leaves and twigs have accumulated and decayed. These, together with the mossy growths, the fallen limbs and tree trunks, form the humus whose interstices hold vast quantities of water. This natural reservoir, widely extended as the forests which shade and protect it, covers in our State over 9,000 square miles of mountainous or upland territory in the Adirondacks, Catskills and other localities. In exercising its functions as a reservoir for storing rainfall the forest acts in various ways. The leaves break the force of sudden heavy showers, and hold temporarily a part of the water. The porous soil and beds of moss retain for a time the rainfall, which by gravitation slowly percolates through the soil and reappears in springs and tiny rivulets whose confluence farther on forms the brooks and streams that create our rivers and furnish the water supply without which agriculture would be impossible and our land uninhabitable. The capacity of the forest humus to store water is further increased by the dense undergrowth, the mass of tangled roots, and the inequalities of surface formed by fallen trees, all of which help to regulate the flow of these reservoirs. In summer the cool, dense shade of the trees prevents evaporation in the upland swamps which form the sources of many of the smaller streams. . In spring the shade of the clustered tree trunks and evergreens retards the melting of the snow which has accumulated during the winter, and prevents thereby the sudden and destructive floods which would be caused by the April sun and warm south winds. But if the grand old forests that clothe the mountain slopes and plateaus are cut away or destroyed by fire what would be the result? The soil on the hillside would become sun dried and hard, while on the steeper slopes the thin covering of the earth would be loosened and ‘washed away by the action of heavy showers, exposing the bare, gray rock. The rainfall and melted snow, no longer retarded in their flow, would run swiftly down the mountain slopes, creating disastrous freshets and floods. ‘The natural reservoirs once destroyed, no water could be stored, and with the summer _ heat would come protracted drought and low water in the streams. Agriculture and manufacturing would suffer. Navigation would be difficult, not only on account of , low water but by reason of the vast quantities of silt and sand which would be washed IN THE ADIRONDACKS. LOG HAULING Dame A ‘ 4 A al at i i y . : ihe ; : Baek ‘ f : Pica h - ‘y a yt ; ee f is 7 re r i eats ‘| i ra wey r ni a - ‘ o 7 % if , : - 2 e ‘ i i ; ‘ ; J v et Z ; } . i ; Teer = i hy ‘i 2 : \ ; j te ; K ate ee 5 Paar 2 inte serene Ug i ad a ; Pate: is ed p eer tr he ts i " R : \ a ’ 1 i ‘ © d (ise Pla weir) Ugh ep ete i i ct i isi) Th : j ? ‘ a tees a oe Pye \ a joe orn) ‘ ¢ Peete a i Nee thy z of 4 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 329 down from bare, eroded hillsides. Even now, the sediment from the denuded uplands fills the river channels to such an extent that the government has to expend thousands of dollars annually for its removal. There are well attested instances of large springs, situated near the foot of some hill or mountain, which dried up and ceased to flow soon after the removal of neighboring woods, but which, in after years, resumed their flow when the forests were restored. In our own State there are many streams which in summer contain no water, which then can be crossed dry shod; and yet there are people living who remember the years when these streams never ran dry, and that these water courses never failed until after the forests which protected their headwaters were cut down and the land cleared. The volume of water in the Upper Hudson has been continually diminishing until it can scarcely supply the Champlain Canal during a dry season. In 1883 all the water in the Hudson at the Glens Falls Feeder was turned into the canal, and then there was barely sufficient water for navigation. The Mohawk River for many years supplied the Erie Canal with water at Rome; but with the rapid removal of the forests on that watershed it failed to yield a proper supply, whereupon the Black River, which empties into Lake Ontario, was tapped at Forestport, and its entire flow at that point was diverted southward to supply the deficiency. There are several streams in New York which once furnished abundant water- power for mills that occupied sites upon their banks, but which have decreased so greatly in volume and regular flow that these mills have been abandoned and are falling from decay. It is not claimed that forests will increase rainfall; but they do conserve moisture and retard evaporation. If they were destroyed the rainfall would probably continue the same, but the flow of the streams would be more irregular. The water would run off quickly instead of slowly as before. Floods would be more frequent and violent, while in turr the droughts would be more prolonged and severe. Forests exert locally a favorable influence on climatic conditions. They form shelter belts that intercept cold and violent winds, thereby promoting agricultural interests, and modifying rigorous weather. By the transpiration of moisture the trees help to create the humid atmosphere which in turn waters the farm. In many localities the disappearance of the forests has been marked by a faiiure of fruit and other crops which hitherto were plentiful and unfailing. As a further result, the winters are colder, and the summers are hotter: the changes in temperature are more 330 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF abrupt and severe. The duration of the seasons is affected. Spring is later; and in the fall the Indian summer, once a characteristic feature of that season, is no longer known. The lofty trees and tall forests also withdraw electricity from the clouds, and thus prevent, in a large measure, violent atmospheric disturbances and hailstorms. The long continued observations made in Europe indicate that hailstorms increase in frequency with the disappearance of the woods; and that with the reforesting of these districts the storms become less frequent and cease altogether. It was observed, also, that hailstorms seldom occurred in the vicinity of forests composed entirely of conifers. Forests exert in many ways a sanitary and healthful influence. They prevent the sudden changes in temperature which are so destructive to both animal and vegetable life. The masses of foliage absorb any miasmatic or noxious vapors that may exist in the air currents that sweep over them. Within the forest the air is free from dust and deleterious particles, its purity forming a natural sanitarium where invalids find rest and invigoration. The balsamic exhalations of the evergreens have a healing influence in pulmonary diseases, and many sufferers find in our Adirondack forests restored health and a new lease of life. In our Northern woods there are large sanitariums for the relief of people suffering from pulmonary disease or incipient consumption. From the annual reports published by these institutions it appears that about fifty per cent. of the people who go there for treatment are either cured or obtain permanent relief. In view of the terrible scourge known as consumption, and the thousands who suffer and die each year from this disease, how important it is that the great forest sanitarium which Nature has provided should be protected and preserved. The supply of fish and game depends largely on the preservation of the forests. Not only the fisherman and hunter find the woods necessary to their pleasure, but also the many thousands who, attracted annually by the beautiful scenery of woods and waters, find rest and recreation in its charming woodland homes. The dire effect of forest destruction is well known. In some countries fertile slopes and plains have been changed to deserts and uninhabitable wastes. In our own land we have ample warning in failing crops, diminished water courses, droughts and calamitous floods that in many instances have ensued as the direct result of deforestation. The disastrous effects of cutting down forests which clothe and protect mountain slopes are plainly evident in many countries of the Old World. There are instances where a country once noted for the fertility of its lands, and for the thriving, pros- perous condition of its people, has become desolate and uninhabited through the FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 331 barrenness which resulted directly from the removal of its forests. There are nations whose decadence dates from the destruction of their forests, and the impoverished conditions which followed. In the State of New York the percentage of land under forest cover has steadily decreased until its area is less than is required for the welfare of the people. The combined woodlands of our State cover about twenty-one per cent. of its entire territory. These woodlands include not only the great forests in the Adirondack and Catskill regions, but also the many small groves and “wood lots” that are scattered throughout the farming districts, some of which are maintained by the farmers in order to obtain their supply of fuel. It will be interesting to note here the proportion of forest land in European countries, where after many centuries of civilization the people have learned what proportion of their territory should be kept as woodlands in order to attain the greatest prosperity. The percentage of forest lands in each country is as follows: Forest AREAS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. PERCENTAGE ACRES OF COUNTRY ACRES OF FOREST TOTAL AREAS PER CAPITA Russia, . ; : ; rk : ; Mn ROS.OMua EKO 38.0 6.8 Austria, . ; : : 6 : : : 48,145,673 Zit 3 @.3 Germany, . : i 3 : : 4 6 BeOS Sn B1S DE °.8 Norway, . ‘ : : ; : ; ‘ 19,564,501 25.0 RR i Sweden, . : 3 : : , : 26,225,467 24.2 9-7 siunkeyamner , ; : : ; : ; 31,280,723 Di i D, 5 Italy, i : : : : 3 : 5 12,709,213 20.0 0.5 Switzerland, ; : ; : : : > | 1,940,659 18.8 On Erancesae ‘ : : ; : j 23,510,999 7s F 0.6 Spain, : : : 3 5 F : ; 21,328,486 16.3 TD Belgium, . : : : : ; ‘ 873,435 ZO Ok Greeceuur F ‘ : 5 ; : 1,546,307 mi, TT Great Britain, . : : : 5 2,509,479 Bee Oo. United States, . 6 : : ; . | 489,910,000 26.5 6.9 New York, 3 : : 6 : 4 5 7,065,000 21.9 1s i It is generally conceded, as the result of long observation and experience that a country with one-fourth of its area in forests will produce larger crops and have a better climate than if all the land were cleared. 332 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Shall the remainder of our forests be preserved? The answer rests with the coming generation on whom devolves the legislation of the future. | The State should have a definite forest policy, which should include among other things a steady acquisition of land and enlargement of its preserves. The Govern- ment would be justified in appropriating money to retain the soil on our mountain slopes, and prevent it from being washed away, as well as in expending money for the removal of this soil and sediment from our river channels. In carrying out this plan, it should adjust its purchases so that it will not encroach upon the rights of individuals or interfere unnecessarily with the great industries which are dependent on the forests for their raw material. There has been thus far, and probably will be for a long time to come, more land offered for sale to the State than it will appropriate money to buy. There is no need of arbitrary measures. There are large areas of woodlands held by individuals and associations which are preserved and protected as thoroughly as if owned by the State. But when individ- uals or companies find themselves unable to hold their forests longer, and must sell the property, or cut the timber, then the State should always be in readiness to buy the land, and assume the responsibility for its proper management. The time is not far distant when the private woodlands will no longer furnish the supplies needed in our great wood-working industries. Then the State, through its wisdom and foresight, will be able not only to preserve and maintain its forests, but to furnish the material which shall contribute to the permanence of these industries, and the prosperity of our people. Such should be, and such is at present, the forest policy of our State. The reforesting of barren, denuded lands should be encouraged by some partial exemption from taxation. For many years the State has authorized an abatement of taxes for tree planting on highways; and, it receives no taxes from lands in the Forest Preserve. A similar policy might well be adopted for the promotion of forestry interests and extension of woodlands throughout the State. While there may be con- stitutional reasons which would prevent any entire exemption from taxation, there could be an abatement sufficient to induce land owners to replant their waste tracts, or to refrain from the timber cutting that becomes necessary on account of burden- some taxes. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 333 No. II. IP ORE SWie Ko ORESTRY is that business or industry which consists in the maintenance of forests, and the gathering of their products. It is most successful when it yields the largest possible income annually and perpetually. It is necessary that some part of our State should be kept under forest cover for two reasons: First Yo provide for our present and future supply of wood, which is needed for our comfort and daily wants. Second: For the protection of certain physical conditions of the earth’s surface, on which depends the happiness and prosperity of the people. The first reason implies skilful forest management; the second calls for forest pre- servation. If the first requirement is fulfilled, the second will be amply provided for. Forestry may be described, also, as the management of trees collectively or in masses. Hence forestry includes tree planting at times; but tree planting is not always forestry. The planting and care of single trees, whether for fruit or shade, is termed arborz- culture. Yhe propagation and culture of trees in large masses is known as sy/viculture. The latter forms a part of forestry. As the products of the forest are indispensable to our comfort and happiness it is necessary that a certain portion of our territory should be set apart for forest culture. In the civilized countries of continental Europe the wooded areas include from seven- teen to twenty-nine per cent. of the whole. Now, certain portions of our State are not suitable for agriculture by reason of altitude, climate, mountainous surface, and poor soil. Hence such lands should be utilized in supplying us with wood instead of food. When one considers the many ways in which wood is used the need of forests becomes evident. As there are several million acres of land in our State that are unfit for farms, we should keep them under forest cover, and thus ensure a supply of its products without being obliged to go elsewhere to buy, thereby saving transportation, and, at the same time, maintaining our home industries. Forestry thus becomes an important factor in our political economy. The State of New York has large forests which should be preserved and managed under some intelligent system. But in order to maintain the proper proportion of ' woodlands, and utilize the waste lands which are useless for other purposes, it may be necessary, in time, to plant additional forests. Planting has already become necessary in some places to properly reforest burned and denuded areas. 334 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Forestry implies not only forest preservation, but forest revenue also. It means that the forest shall be maintained, and that, at the same time, trees may be cut and converted into money. But this cutting is done under a system which enables the land owner to obtain a yearly, perpetual revenue without diminishing the area of his forests; because the cutting in any one year is not allowed to exceed the annual growth. Hence the yearly revenue may be comparatively small, but it is perpetual. The question may be asked,—Why is there any need of forestry? Why not let the woods take care of themselves as they have always done? Why not let Nature reforest the denuded or waste lands? The answer is, that Nature will supply the wants of man much better when assisted or placed under intelligent control. The farmer finds it necessary to assist Nature if he would obtain the best results. Forestry is only another name for farming. The forest will repay cultivation as well as the farm; it will yield crops as well as the fields. It is conceded that Nature will grow forests unassisted; and that they will exercise their protective functions as to climate, health, and moisture. But our advanced civilization demands a supply of wood, and immense quantities of it. This material is necessary for many of our daily wants; and we need certain kinds of wood much more than others. Unfortunately, Nature takes little heed of our ideas or wants in raising her forests. She furnishes in profusion the species for which we have little need, and yields only a scanty supply of the kinds we want most. Now, the business of the forester is to so control and regulate the forces of Nature, that, in a growing forest, or in the conversion of one already grown, the product shall conform closely to our needs and demands; and, that worthless and undesirable species shall be gradually removed to make room for the kind the people want. So, through the intelligent, skilful efforts of the forester, a tract of woodlands will furnish a yearly revenue, and, at the same time, will increase in value until it has reached its maximum of production, both in quantity and quality. While it is highly important that the timber cut and sold each year should be handled according to the most approved, economical methods, it is equally important that certain work should be done, not only to provide for replacing the timber cut, but to replace it in greater quantities and better qualities; to so manage the forest that, while it furnishes an annual revenue, it is constantly increasing in value until it reaches its maximum; until the trees are as large and numerous as the soil will sustain, and of such species as possess the highest marketable value that can be grown with profit on that soil. The wild or natural forest is as different from the cultivated one in valuable species and amount of production as the waste lands of the farmer is from his wheat fields. ‘Wood ANNA AHL SHANOH YDNIMAOM AALAV ‘OD GHOAMVYS YOSENATIVH dOoMp tet, wri ‘Ss Roe et) Fe ai Rae FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 335 It must be evident that if only the mature trees are cut each year, and, if the cutting is not allowed to exceed the annual increment, that there can be a yearly revenue, small though it may be, and still preserve the forest. It is evident, further, that if there is a continual, well directed effort to increase the young growth, that the owner will have not only his forest, with its annual yield, but, also, an increase in product. To have these three things—the forest, the revenue, and the increase—is the fundamental principle in the management of all government forests. To obtain this increase in production, in annual revenues, or money value of the property, is the highest aim of the forester. He who succeeds best in accomplishing these ends is the best forester. The true test of forestry is the balance sheet, the amount of continuous annual profit. Forestry methods, so far as they are applicable to the market conditions of this country, need not conflict with the business of the lumbermen, although they may modify the present system of forest management. The interests of the forester and the lumberman are largely identical. Each, to some extent, is both a lumberman and a forester, and each can learn something of the other. Trees, like people, grow old and die; they die of old age, disease, insect blight, and windfalls. Is it not well to utilize them before they rot and fall down? When a forest tree has ceased growing it should be converted into money, and its timber used to supply some of the many purposes for which wood is needed. Proper provision should be made for other trees to take its place; for, no matter what system of forestry is adopted, the cutting of the trees should be so distributed or regulated that there will be no diminution of the forest area. In our American forests the cutting, hitherto, has included not only the mature trees, but the young ones also. Neither has there been any provision for a future growth. The men who owned the land conducted their work so as to get the greatest immediate return of money, preferring present gains to future revenues. They owned the land, wanted money, and had the legal right to manage their property as best suited their needs. But the State can manage its forests without being obliged to sacrifice future revenues to suit pressing wants. It is obliged to maintain forests for protective purposes, whether they pay or not, and so can be content with the smaller revenues, which have the advantage of permanency. Hence, it is desirable that the State should own large forests; for, we will then have both forest preservation and a permanent timber supply. Some of the important and interesting results of skilful forestry work may be seen on the coasts of France and Holland where forests have been planted and established on the barren sand dunes. Before these trees were planted the sand was continually REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Oo Oo oO) shifting under the influence of the winds, and encroaching steadily on the adjoining farms and woods, covering the grain fields and destroying the woodlands. The difficult task of introducing vegetable growth on the sea sand was overcome by planting species adapted to the conditions. A vast area of barren land was thus covered with a productive forest and the adjoining farms protected. The need of some such work in our own country is evident, especially on portions of the Atlantic coast in Massachusetts and Southern New Jersey. A vast amount of labor has also been expended in France and Italy, in the Alps and Pyrenees, in reforesting mountain sides which had become entirely bare and denuded of vegetable growth by the torrents which succeeded the: removal of the forests that formerly clothed these slopes with a dense mass of trees. An important part of the work consisted in restoring the soil in some places as well as vegetation. The French government has already expended several millions of dollars in this work. From 1860 to 1879 the expenditures for reclaiming waste lands amounted to $9,500,000, and the work has been continued since then at about the same annual cost. This does not include the subsequent expense of reforesting. With such examples in view there should be no need of argument in favor of forest preservation in our country. | Forestry requires a knowledge of various kinds of work, both practical and scientific. It includes: First: Practical knowledge of the best methods for cutting and transporting the product at the least expense, and without injury to the standing timber or young growth; also, the best means for preventing fires from spreading through the woods, and extinguishing fires when they occur. Second: Mathematics, surveying and engineering, in order to make proper compu- tations as to tree growth and timber measurements; to lay out boundaries and compute land areas; to construct roads of proper grades and location so that the transportation of the heavy timber product may be effected at the least expense; to plan the structures that may be needed in controlling the flow of mountain streams or aiding the work of reforesting; and to build the tram roads and bridges often used in hauling logs or timber. Third : Dendrology, or tree botany, a knowledge of which is necessary in the propagation and culture of the young trees that are to supply the place of the ones to be cut. Through a knowledge of this science the forester becomes familiar with the habits of trees, the years in which they will or will not bear seed, the fertilization and rotation of species, the varying power of endurance which the young trees possess for withstanding heat or shade, and other things which enter into his technical work. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 337 Fourth - Chemistry, in order that the forester may know the nutritive elements in the earth or forest humus that conduce to the growth of trees; and, also, the trees that thrive best in certain soils. This science enables him to understand better how trees grow, how they absorb, from the air, earth and water, certain chemical elements which are assimilated and transformed into wood. Fifth - Geology, from which is acquired a knowledge of the disintegration of rocks, the origin and formation of soil, the presence of minerals, the classification of rocks, the formation and influence of the underlying strata. Sixth. Meteorology, the science through which is ascertained the relation of forests to atmospheric and climatic conditions, the influence of forests on moisture and evaporation. In the intelligent management of a large forest there are, at properly selected points, stations for making daily meteorological observations, which are com- pared with similar ones made at points outside the forest. In Europe there are forestry schools with special courses of study designed to fit young men for the profession of a forester and render them capable of assuming the care and management of large tracts of woodland. They are educated not only in the details necessary to a successful financial management, but also in the technical work requisite in the production or reproduction of forests. We have at the present time two schools of this kind in the United States—the Siren Collesicron Horesthy.. ata Conelll University. Ithacay Ni We and the “Horestry, School, at Biltmore, N.C. In some of our colleges, also, there are lectures on forestry and kindred topics, in which the students acquire an elementary knowledge of the subject which, though it may not be of direct practical benefit, forms a desirable part of a liberal education. : In these schools, both at home and abroad, the course of study for the first two years includes the usual studies pursued in what is termed the scientific course in our American colleges, together with French and German, special attention being given to bookkeeping, accounts, mathematics, botany, chemistry, geology, mineralogy and meteorology. The remainder of the course, occupying two years more, is devoted largely to practical and technical work in the forest, the indoor studies being of a class closely connected with the outdoor work. It is hoped and expected that when our State is ready to withdraw the present constitutional restrictions relating to timber cutting and other forest revenues, that our great woodland areas will be managed under the best approved forestry system; and that the work will be placed in charge of the skilled professional foresters graduated from these technical schools. 22 338 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF INCoOnelele Forest Management. T would be impracticable to discuss here the various details of forest management; nor would a description of such technical work be of any interest to the general reader. But there are certain elementary principles which enter into the various methods, and which may be briefly outlined. Any plan of forest management necessarily depends on existing conditions, such as the character of the forest itself, whether old or young, good or bad; also, on the market values, cost of labor, and selling price of the product, logs, timber, lumber, pulpwood, bark, railroad ties, fuel, or whatever it may be; and, whether the owner desires the largest immediate return, or is willing to hold his property as an invest- ment from which he may derive a small but perpetual income, equivalent to a fair interest on the principal. If the forest is to be cut as fast as possible to satisfy some pressing pecuniary needs, to enable the land owner to realize on his property without regard to the future, then the work of management is comparatively simple; for it involves only the most economical methods of cutting and hauling the timber. But if the owner contemplates a future succession of timber crops, if he wishes to treat his property as an investment that will yield a regular interest on the principal, then he must, in addition to economical methods of harvesting, add the technical work of the forester whose working plans make provision not only for future revenues, but, also, for an increase in the productive value of the property. That there can be a continual cutting of the trees, and yet have a permanent forest may seem contradictory to some; but this very thing has been and is being done in European countries. In their forests the matured trees are not left to decay and fall, to be killed by insect, blight or any of the other destructive agencies which are at work in every forest. The people there have learned to harvest the annual product of their woodlands, and still preserve them undiminished in area and unimpaired as to their beneficent and protective functions. As the forest management of Europe is based on centuries of experience in the propagation and care of woodlands, some information as to the general methods practiced there will be of interest in connection with this subject. There are three distinct systems of cutting and reproduction which have been used in European forests. The essential principle in each may be briefly stated as follows: First: Where the forest is fully grown, to harvest the annual growth by selecting the matured trees only, proper provision for the future growth being made by natural seeding, thinning and pruning, and the removal of diseased trees or undesirable species. This system does not necessarily require the removal of all the mature trees, FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 339 as it may be necessary often to allow some to remain for seeding purposes or some other function which they may fulfill; and, for technical reasons, it may be necessary to remove, here and there, trees which have not attained their full growth. This method is known as that of “forest selection.” Second: By dividing the forest into a number of blocks corresponding to the number of years required for the trees to attain their full growth, and cutting one of these blocks each year, the land thus denuded being replanted immediately. By this system, the cutting must necessarily correspond in quantity to the annual growth, and in time the forest, under proper management, will attain the maximum of yield. 66 »» 66 This method is known as that of the compartment,” or “rotation.” high forest, Third. By use of what is termed the coppice system, in which the woods are composed of species which will sprout or grow from stumps or roots. This method cannot be used in a forest of conifers, as these trees will not sprout from the stump. It is available where the product is needed for charcoal, fuel, fence posts, poles, cooper- age, and wood of small dimensions; but it is not adapted to the production of timber, boards and planks. Under this system, the woods deteriorate, and never become a high forest. At times the forests have been managed under some variation of these methods, and in some places the management has been conducted under a combination of all three. But the most successful results have been obtained under the system based on a rotation of cuttings and plantings in fractional blocks. The old forests of Europe, which have been under careful, systematic culture for a century or more, yield, on an average, a net annual revenue of about $2.50 per acre, There is a small forest in Switzerland which yields $4.90 per acre annually over and above all expenses. The forests of Saxony also produce an annual net revenue of over $4.00 per acre. The private forests show similar results, although, as a whole, they are not so well managed as those belonging to the government or to the communes. As the private forests exceed the others greatly in area, it is fair to assume that in the aggregate they yield a fair interest on the investment, or they would not be maintained as such. The fact that the European forests, under their conservative management, have proved a good interest-bearing investment, which has resulted in their preservation, has caused a demand from our people that the forests of this country shall be placed under a similar method of treatment. and that our woodlands should be managed in accordance with European methods. But the people of the United States who are demanding “scientific forestry,” as they are pleased to term it, ignore the wide difference in our economic conditions. In Europe the forest administration has the advantage of cheap labor and a high market, while with us these conditions are reversed. If this were the only difference, we could adopt the conservative system 340 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF demanded and _ still succeed, because we have superior facilities for doing the mechanical work necessary in handling, hauling and manufacturing the main product. But there are other and more important advantages which the forester abroad has over the American lumberman. In all European forests there is no waste material. Every part of the tree is marketed; in some places even the leaves are gathered into bales and sold. The limbs, tree tops and stumps—every bit of wood to the smallest stick and fagot—are converted into money, the largest part of this material being sold for fuel. Furthermore, every tree belongs to some merchantable species that is convertible into cash at any time; while in our Adirondack forests, over seventy per cent. of the trees, on an average, could not be sold if they were cut; or, if sold, the price would not equal the cost of cutting and transportation. Now, in order to understand how European forestry methods are so profitable, and why their system has not been introduced in American forests, it is necessary to note how far their income is derived from the sale of lumber, and how much comes from what, in this country, becomes waste and valueless. Let us take, for example, the forests of Switzerland, which yield annually a net revenue of $4.16 per acre. The total yield from their 1,940,659 acres approximates closely to the following classification : * PRODUCT. CUBIC METRES. FRANCS. umberwa. 3 ; : : : : 2 TLUG OOS 17,849,600 Firewood, . 5 : 5 : 1,673,400 15,478,950 Pasturage, bark, leaves, berries, by-products, . pa eb eee 6,671,450 40,000,000 From these statistics it appears that lumber formed only forty per cent. of the product, and that sixty per cent. is represented by merchantable material which in the American forests goes to waste, and must be left on the ground to rot. It will be noticed, also, that over fifty-five per cent. of the money received came from the sale of material other than lumber. Now it is evident that if our American foresters, or lumbermen as they are called, could sell their waste material—the limbs, tops and defective trees—, if they could obtain for this waste a sum of money exceeding that which they receive for their saw logs, they, too, could develop a model system of conservative management, and undoubtedly would have done so long before this. Some of the private forests in New York have recently been placed under a system of management which contemplates better and more economical methods than have heretofore prevailed. But these improved methods must be subordinated to the * United States Consular Reports on Forestry in Europe, Page 221. Washington, D. C., 1887. ‘AVMGCIMS V NO SDOT ONITId FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 341 rigid conditions of the market—the cost of labor and the selling price of material. The range of improvement is narrowly circumscribed, and any attempt at theoretical forestry which ignores these conditions must result in pecuniary loss and consequent failure. Until a market is found for some of the material which now goes to waste, and also for the utilization of species which are now unsalable or inaccessible, the oppor- tunity for improvement will be limited to such work as prices will permit. There are some ways, however, in which our private land holders can handle their products to better advantage, and improve their forests without incurring much extra expense : First: When constructing roads, bridges and skidways, merchantable timber should not be used where other kinds can be cut for such purposes. Second: In the felling of trees and skidding of logs the young growth should be injured as little as possible. The young seedlings of desirable species, hidden in the underbrush, should receive especial care; their growth should be fostered by clearing away the bushes or saplings that shade or repress them. Third: The cutting of small trees of merchantable species should not be per- mitted, for their removal will cause a reduction in land values greater than the profit obtained by cutting them. These young’ trees, if left, will in time furnish a future supply of timber for market purposes. Fourth: The tree tops and large limbs should be cut or lopped so that they will lie close to the ground, where, by the crushing of successive snowfalls and absorption of moisture, they will soon decay, and thereby lessen the danger or intensity of any fire. : Fifth: Trees standing on very steep slopes should not be cut; for their removal is liable to result in displacement of the soil. Where any species grows in thick clumps, the cutting should be restricted so as to prevent too great a clearing, thereby insuring safety from the injurious effects of sun or wind. Sixth: Yo limit the cutting of merchantable species to some fixed diameter, one as large as the taxes and interest on the investment will permit. Seventh: Yo prevent any grazing of cattle that may destroy the seedlings upon which the future growth depends. Eighth - To avoid the removal of the underbrush in a thinly-stocked forest, as the consequent drying of the ground, together with other resulting evils, would make it difficult to establish a young growth. Ninth: In cutting and thinning with reference to the future species of timber it is well to promote an admixture of conifers and broad-leaved trees. Experience has demonstrated that mixed woods—which in our forests occur naturally—suffer less 342 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF from the ravages of insects; for these pests, if they appear, are more apt to confine their work to some one species. The insectivorous birds are more numerous in woods composed partly of deciduous trees than where the trees are all evergreens. A forest of coniferous, resinous trees is much more liable to fire than one in which there is a large proportion of hardwoods. A mixed forest will produce more wood than a pure forest; and, will better meet the varied demands of the market. Tenth: Yo place the tract under the charge of a professional forester, who should designate the trees to be cut, and allow none to be removed except the ones he marked for such purpose; and who should be employed to make the ‘‘working plans” so necessary in determining the future management of the tract, and the future character of the product. The question arises here as to how far it would be profitable to limit the cutting in our American forests to mature trees, and to an amount not exceeding the annual growth. This involves the matter of interest, taxes, and yearly cost of maintenance. The experiment has never been fairly made in our forests, and so there can be no satisfactory answer. In the best managed European forests a net revenue of four per cent. is possible only through a sale of the waste product, which is generally equal to fifty per cent. of the entire gross receipts. On the other hand, those forests are worth on the average over one hundred dollars per acre, and yield four per cent. interest on that valuation. It can hardly be expected that the American forester who is handicapped fifty per cent. by his inability to sell his waste, can compete with European management or achieve the same results. To obtain an income from his forest he may have to content himself with a smaller diameter and more frequent croppings. As to what this diameter should be it is impossible to say. It must be regulated by the pecuniary needs of the forest owner himself. If in urgent and immediate want of money—all that he can realize—he must and will cut his entire forest as fast as he can turn it into cash. If he is a capitalist and in easy circumstances, he may content himself with cutting his spruce and other merchantable species on the basis of a twelve or fourteen- inch diameter on the stump; and, although it has never been practically demonstrated, there is reason to believe that he could, under some such system of management, obtain a satisfactory, permanent rate of interest on his investment. If the European forests, capitalized at $100 per acre, can pay four per cent., our Adirondack forests ought to pay as much on a basis of $10 per acre, even if there is no sale in this country for fuel and by-products. In 1893 the Legislature of New York enacted a law authorizing the Forest Com- mission to sell spruce stumpage on the State preserves, and fixed the minimum diameter for such cutting at twelve inches on the stump. Bids were received by the FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 343 Commission for the spruce stumpage on large tracts of land; but no contracts were concluded, and no timber was ever sold or cut under this or any other arrangement. The contracts, which were ready at one time for signing, contained stringent regulations providing for the designating and marking of the trees to be cut, together with ample provision in the way of plainly defined rules for the proper construction of roads and the protection of the young growth. A part of the revenue was to have been expended on forest improvement under the direction of skilled professional foresters. Although this work was never inaugurated, the system thus contemplated would probably form a good basis for the management of private forests. In fact, some large tracts in the Adirondacks are now being administered under these same conditions, and with the same limit of diameter. The ideal method, however, would be to cut only the matured trees, or such as may have attained a diameter beyond which the future growth would not exceed the interest on the present value. The cutting would not necessarily be limited to the matured trees; neither would it always include them. In the course of his work, the forester would often find it advisable to cut others for technical reasons, their removal being necessary to the improvement of the forest and increase in future yield; and, in places, it might be found necessary to allow some large trees to remain for protective purposes, or to facilitate the work of seeding and reproduction. In discussing this question of diameter, it is necessary to always bear in mind that while the diameter increases in an arithmetical progression the contents of the tree increase in a geometrical ratio. For instance, a sixteen-foot log, twelve inches (iGiamMeter contains mos micch em bOardsmeasine biteit sit 1S. sixteen) inches) in diameter it contains 144 feet, or more than twice as much as the other. A twelve- inch tree will yield nine-inch boards only; if we need wide boards or joists we must have larger logs. On the other hand, twelve-inch spruces make good pulpwood ; there will be more trees to the acre, and they can be cropped oftener. Small diameters are not incompatible with systematic management. In our Catskill forests there are tracts used for raising hoop poles. The trees are mere saplings; but as the land is cheap the business is profitable, and the croppings though small in bulk are frequent. It is, simply, one form of the coppice system. If a forest is cropped ona twelve-inch basis the owner will have, as a result, a forest of twelve-inch trees; if ona sixteen-inch basis, he will have one of sixteen-inch trees, and so on; the larger the diameter, the larger and more valuable will be the product. Under our present market conditions, it is not certain that the high forest system cf European management would yield a fair interest on the investment. The time _may come when such a system will pay in this country; but the forest owners in America will be apt to adjust their business to the present instead of the 344 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF possible future conditions of the market, and await the result of the forestry experiments recently instituted in various places. Our State forests, however, afford a grand opportunity for the safe introduction of European methods of management. The pecuniary requirements which must always govern the business methods of the citizen do not exist there in the same degree. The State must maintain its forests on account of the protective functions which they exercise, whether they yield a revenue or not. But, notwithstanding our present market conditions, our public forests can be made to yield large receipts, even if the rate of interest is not an inducement... Our vast forests may be made a source of public revenue without advancing a dollar for the work. Beginning in a small way by selling to the highest bidder matured trees properly designated and marked by a professional forester, a fund could be acquired at the start which would furnish a working capital sufficient for the inauguration of the plan. It is not necessary that the State should go into the lumber business, own horses, sleigihs and other equipments, hire men, build logging camps, run a boarding house and build roads. The lumberman or jobber to whom the marked trees are sold would do all this. Owing to the strict requirements of the forester, and the many restrictions necessary in a conservative management, the bidders for the timber would probably not pay as much as they do now for their logs under the present easy methods of lumbering; but they would pay something, and it would all be a net revenue. From the receipts thus obtained a part could be turned over annually to the State Treasurer, leaving the remainder to constitute a special fund for paying the foresters, and to provide for the technical work of forest improvement, thinning, pruning, seeding, planting or whatever operations might be necessary in providing for the future growth and increased productivity of the forest. Owing to the forestry clause in our State Constitution no system of management can be undertaken on our public woodlands which will involve the cutting or removal of any timber; but in time this restriction will be removed, and then the test can be made as to how far the State forests, a large part of which have been untouched by the axe, can be made to furnish a permanent revenue, and do it without having to make appropriations to carry on the work. _ At present the management of the New York State forests is confined to the work of protection from fire and illegal timber cutting. Some further work might be done in the way of reforesting the burned and denuded tracts, provided appropriations are made by the Legislature for such purpose. In the meantime, while waiting for the present constitutional restrictions on forest cutting to expire by limitation, the acqui- sition of forest land by the State should continue until the entire Adirondack forest is converted into one solid preserve, and made ready for the skilful and conservative management which, in time, will surely be inaugurated. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 345 IN©OINE Forest Fires. HE greatest source of danger which imperils the existence of American forests arises from the widespread sweeping fires that hitherto have annually destroyed immense areas of valuable standing timber. In the census year of 1880, carefully gathered statistics showed that the combined areas of woodlands which were burned over in the United States amounted to 10,274,089 acres, and that the value of the property thus destroyed was $25,462,220. These figures were not based on hasty or careless estimates, but on information furnished in reply to circulars sent to every town in the United States, the statistics thus obtained being tabulated by towns, counties and States. From the careful study of the subject there is reason to believe that these figures do not exaggerate the loss. In addition, there was also the immense amount of damage inflicted on the Canadian forests from the same cause, the fires in those woods being proportionately destructive. Persons competent to judge have estimated that in Canada more pine timber has been destroyed by fire than has been cut by the lumbermen. Nor was this census year of 1880 marked by any unusual prevalence of this scourge. The great forest fires which have become historic events occurred in other years. In 1825 a memorable fire spread over a large part of New Brunswick and a part of Maine. It occurred in the first week of October, after a prolonged period of heat and drought. The burned territory was about one hundred miles long and-sixty miles wide, including over 3,800,000 acres, an area as large as the State of Connecticut. There were 160 persons who were burned to death or drowned in streams, whither they had fled to escape the flames. The loss of standing timber was estimated at #500,000, and the loss in buildings, crops and personal property was officially appraised at £227,713. The great fire in Wisconsin occurred in October, 1871. The burned territory, which was in the vicinity of Green Bay, included over 250,000 acres. Several villages were destroyed. One of them, Peshtigo, contained over 2,000 inhabitants, one-third of whom perished in the flames or were suffocated by smoke. Over one thousand people lost their lives, while thousands of others were left in destitution and mourn- ing. The loss of timber and property exceeded $30,000,000 in value. The great Michigan fire occurred in 1881, in the month of September. The most of the burned district was on the peninsula situated between Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay, including a tract of timber land partially cleared and settled, about sixty miles 3246 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF long and from ten to thirty miles wide, with an area of about one million acres. There were 138 people who lost their lives, and the property destroyed was valued at over two million dollars. Forests, farming crops, orchards, dwellings, barns, cattle and horses were all destroyed in the sea of flame that swept over the land. At night the sky for many miles was red with the glare of the burning forests, while in the day- time the sun was obscured by the dense clouds of smoke. On Lake Huron the air was darkened as with a thick fog. The hot blasts were plainly felt by the people on vessels near the shore, and showers of burning cinders fell on the decks of passing steamers. In 1894 similar scenes occurred in Northern Minnesota, in the Duluth region. On September 1, of that year, a whirlwind of fire devastated a forest area twenty-six miles in length and from five to fifteen miles in width, destroying in its course the village of Hinckley, where, together with people in the surrounding country, 418 persons met a terrible death. In this same year, in July, the Wisconsin forests were again devastated by a large fire, in which thirteen lives were lost in the village of Phillips, and an immense area of valuable pine timber was destroyed. While the States mentioned have suffered more from forest fires than others, nearly every State in the Union has its story of annual losses from this source. In our own State destructive fires were of yearly occurrence until the organization of the Forestry Department in the government, the administration of which has succeeded in checking and well nigh suppressing this source of destruction to our woodlands. The wide- spread devastation, once so prevalent in our Adirondack and Catskill forests, is now largely a thing of the past—the fires now being comparatively few in number and small in area, or limited to barren tracts that have been burned over before. Fires in the timber forests of our State are now rare, and nearly all that occur are in the scattered woodlands in the vicinity of farming districts. The damage from forest fires, unfortunately, is not limited to the actual loss of timber, but involves, also, the prevention of future growth by the overheating and burning of the soil itself. The vegetable humus, so essential to tree growth, is destroyed, and with it the seeds and seedlings necessary for another forest. If the ground is not burned too much, an inferior growth may follow composed of poplar and small cherry, which in time enriches the soil with falling leaves sufficiently to nourish a succession of more valuable timber. But in a region where fires are allowed to run unchecked, and no systematic effort is made by the government to prevent their occurrence, there are apt to be second fires which burn over the same ground, and complete the work of destruction. Not only a second but a third burning frequently occurs, rendering the earth completely barren, and leaving an expanse of sterile plains on which there is nothing but _sand or rocks. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 347 In most parts of the United States, if the soil is not burned so deeply as to prevent future tree growth, the fires result in a change of forest composition, the succeeding growth being composed of species differing greatly from that of the original woods; but in New York, the poplar, pin cherry, and canoe birch, which invariably succeed a single burning, are followed by the spruce, which is one of the most prominent and valuable species in our primitive forests. This is a favorable condition, for the spruce is a merchantable tree. Its reappearance under such unfavorable conditions is due to its remarkable power of reproduction. Fires occur more often and spread more rapidly in forests composed of coniferous trees than in woods composed of deciduous ones. Conifers, which include all our evergreen species, are all more or less resinous, ignite easily, and make an intense heat. It is for this reason that the fires in the pineries of the Northwest are so much more extensive and destructive than those in the Adirondacks and Catskills, where over seventy per cent. of the forests are hardwoods. ; The causes from which forest fires originate are as follows: First: Clearing land. More than one-half of the forest fires in New York—and elsewhere as well—originate in the fires started by the farmers on their own grounds for the purpose of burning the brush, log heaps, or stumps in some fallow. Through carelessness or lack of persons on watch, the fire escapes into’some adjoining woods, and a general conflagration ensues. Many farmers, in order to get a clean burn, wait fora dry time; some, through thoughtlessness, will start their fallow fires on a windy day. At times, when a brush fire is kindled on a still summer morning, a strong wind may arise during the day which wil drive the flames into the adjoining timber, if not properly taken care of. These brush fires have proved such-a prolific source of evil that, in New York, a provision has been inserted in the forestry law for- bidding the kindling of any fallow fires in the woodland towns except in winter, and in the summer months during which the trees are in full leaf. The farmers, through their carelessness in this respect, have destroyed more forests than the lumbermen in the course of their work. Mention should be made here, also, of fires set intentionally to improve pasturage in open woods, it being done mostly by people who do not own the land which they thus burn over. Second: Abandoned camp-fires. The persons who are responsible for damage from this cause include hunters, fishermen, travelers, surveyors and other persons journeying through the woods or camping there. A camp-fire is too often left burning after parties have left the ground and resumed their journey. A rising wind fans the smoldering embers into life, sending the fire along some connecting mass of dead leaves until it reaches a dry and fallen tree top, heap of brush, or group of resinous young evergreens, Then in a few minutes the forest becomes a roaring mass of 348 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF flame. Sometimes, an abandoned camp-fire which showed little signs of life will burrow in the “duff” or thick layer of needles that fall from the pines and spruces, where it will smoulder for days, burrowing a long distance until it breaks out at some favorable point in flame. These smouldering fires in the duff are exceedingly difficult to extinguish, and have been known to burn even after a long rain, or when covered with a heavy fall of snow. In traveling through the Adirondack lakes the best watch- points on which to stand and wait for a deer to enter the water can be distinguished at a glance by the peculiar light green foliage of the poplars, which succeed the fire that invariably occurs on these watchpoints by reason of the hunter hurriedly leaving his place and jumping into his boat in order to follow some deer that is swimming in the lake. In the meantime, the little fire which he had built to warm himself is left burning, and, being left unwatched, spreads through the surrounding timber. The whole story is told in after years by the grove of poplar trees which replaced the original growth that was thus burned. Third: Locomotives. Railroads which run through wooded tracts are a frequent cause of fire on account of the sparks and live coals thrown from the smokestacks of the locomotives. The railroad officials endeavor to remedy this evil, because the law makes the company lable for damages from this source. Various devices have been used to prevent the escape of sparks and coals from the stack; but complete suc- cess in this respect has not been accomplished, because any screen that would effectually prevent the escape of sparks would interfere more or less with the draught and the capacity to make steam. The danger from this source, however, can be minimized by watchfulness on the part of the trackmen, and by keeping the ground by the side of the railroad entirely free from dry grass, weeds, old, rotten ties, and combustible material. On some railroads the ground each side of the road-bed is thoroughly plowed until nothing but fresh earth is exposed. But even then the right of way is so narrow that the sparks are very liable to be blown into the woods. Forest fires along railroads have also started from heaps of worn-out railroad ties which were being burned in order to get rid of them. Fires have also been caused by dumping the ashpan of the locomotive while going through the woods—a careless act for which there is no excuse. If a railroad runs through a forest for a Jong distance, as in the Adirondacks, the ashpan should be dumped while going through a cut, so that the loose coals will remain in the ditch next the rails. If dumped while on an embankment, the live coals roll down its side into the bushes and become more dangerous. It is hoped in the interest of forest preservation, that the time is not far distant when the railroads in our forests will be equipped with electric motive power, which will thus eliminate one of the sources of danger to our woodlands. THE NOON HOUR AT CAMP. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 349 Fourth: Yobacco smokers. The fires that have been traced to this source are more numerous and destructive than would appear at first thought. A pipe or cigar in the woods seems a simple, harmless thing; but they have caused the destruction of timber worth many thousands of dollars, and devastated many thousands of acres. The hot ashes from a pipe falling among dry leaves, or a lighted cigar stub thrown from a wagon into the dry grasses by the side of a woodland road, have been known repeatedly to start destructive fires that sprang up after the careless smoker had gone on his way. Then, again, the man who smokes tobacco is frequently lighting matches and throwing them away. Too often he neglects to extinguish the match, and, after lighting his pipe or cigar, throws it aside while it is still burning, without taking any heed whatever where it may fall. Many of our Adirondack fires that started at some roadside in the woods were caused by just such carelessness, as was disclosed later by the evidence gathered in the case. Fifth: Berry pickers. This cause is a local one, and is confined to certain States; but it has been, and continues to be a source of damage in New York, especially in the Catskill counties. At intervals of a few years the berry pickers set fire to the low growth of ferns, grasses and bushes that cover the barrens, in order to increase the yield of berries. These tracts have already been converted into barrens by former fires, and hence, as a general thing, the damage is merely nominal, no timber being destroyed. But these repeated burnings preclude all possibility of reforesting these areas, either naturally or otherwise. At times the fires include in their course some batches of inferior second-growth trees which, having escaped for several years, had attained a moderate-sized growth; and then, again, the flames are occasionally blown into some timber lots where a positive loss occurs. It is exceed- ingly difficult to repress these fires, because the persons who start them have no difficulty in doing so unseen and undetected. Neither will the people who live in the immediate vicinity make any effort to extinguish these fires, the practice having their approval to a large extent. With this class may be included, also, the hunter who burns over an old lumber slash to make a better feeding ground for deer. Szath: Incendiaries. Several destructive fires have occurred in the Adirondack forests from this source. The timber thieves who at one time committed extensive depredations on State lands, often set fire to their slashings to conceal the evidence of their crime or to render more difficult any attempt to obtain the evidence necessary to convict them. Fires started for such reasons are now rare in New York; for the activity of the State foresters has rendered timber stealing almost impossible, and so, with the suppression of this evil, there is no longer any inducement to resort to this practice. There are still occasional instances in which some man, inflamed with drink or a desire for revenge, or natural inclination to mischief, will set fire to the woods, 350 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF knowing that in the solitude of the wilderness the act can be committed with com- parative safety from detection. Seventh. Carelessness. Under this head may be included the many and various acts resulting from thoughtlessness or stupidity. For instance—the man who sets fire to an old, abandoned lumber camp for the fun of seeing it burn; the man who starts an insect smudge on the slightest provocation and leaves it burning without a thought as to the result ; the bee hunter who smokes out the wild bees from their hive in the hollow tree ; the summer youth who lights the curly bark on an old birch to see the display of fireworks ; and the children who are always ready to play with matches and kindle a fire outdoors. Eighth: Natural causes. Forest fires from this source are extremely rare, and hardly worth mentioning. There are a few well attested cases of fires caused by lightning, but as they are always accompanied by rain the loss from such cause is merely nominal. ‘There are theories of fires from spontaneous combustion, or ignition of wood by friction of dry limbs, all of which make interesting reading, but are of little value as a matter of fact. It has been remarked that if you want to preserve the forests you must keep the white man out. It isa noticeable fact in the New England and Middle States that burned areas are all, or nearly all, in the vicinity of roads, settlements, or farms. A highway running through the forest on which there is much travel and carting, is almost sure to be bordered with burned, denuded areas. The tracts of forest in Northern New York where no fire has ever occurred are the ones without roads, except those used by lumbermen in their logging operations. The lumbermen cause no fires, despite the common impression to the contrary. During the winter, the time when they are in camp, the snow prevents forest fires; and in the spring, the time when the ground is covered with dry, dead leaves, the period when most of the fires occur in our State, the lumber crews have finished their work, have left their camp, and are away on the log drives. The farmer, hunter, fisherman and summer camper are the men who burn our woods. Our forests will not be entirely free from fire until the management has been so perfected that each person who enters the woods is placed under strict surveillance as to the use of fire. All the fires in New York occur either in the spring, during the period extending from the melting of the snow to the time when the trees and underbrush are in full leaf, or in the fall, between the shedding of the leaves and the first snow. These periods of danger vary with the season and locality—our first spring fires occurring in April, as regards the Long Island and Catskill forests; and in May, in the Adirondacks. The fall does not appear to be so dangerous a season in New York as the spring—the autumn fires being less frequent and destructive. Occasionally, in a very dry season, FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 351 a fire will occur while the trees are in leaf, destroying both deciduous and evergreen species. Forest fires may be classified in two kinds—ground fires and top fires. The formey, which is the most common in New York, is seldom very destructive. It creeps along the ground, flashing through the dry leaves on the surface, igniting old stumps and logs, burning the small underbrush, and traveling slowly unless driven by a high wind. Sometimes a ground fire will burn over an open field if the:grass is dry, making a volume of smoke greatly disproportionate to the amount of flame or damage. Ground fires are easily controlled and extinguished if attended to promptly, although ‘the smoke, at times, makes the work difficult. But it is necessary to watch the place carefully for a long time after, on account of the smouldering embers in stumps and logs or in the leaf mold, which are liable to be fanned into flame again by the wind; and this may occur at any time within a week or more. A top fire is one which sweeps through the tops of the trees, creating a mass of furious flames that consume foliage, branches and tree trunks as well as the inflammable material onthe ground. This kind of a fire is very difficult to control. If a strong wind is blowing, as is apt to be the case, little can be done to check its progress when once fairly started. These sweeping top fires will often burn until extinguished by rain. In New York, a forest fire is almost invariably followed by rain within a few days. This phenomenon has been observed so often that many believe it to be the result of the fire. Its almost sure occurrence is a providential arrangement, even if it cannot be explained on meteorological principles. The fire fighters of the Adirondacks have a saying that rain is the best firewarden of all. It may be safely asserted that had it not been for this efficient and valuable agency, the forests of Northern New York would have been destroyed long ago. The methods employed in fighting fire vary with the circumstances of the case. If it is a ground fire of small area, and no wind is blowing, one or two men can soon “whip it out” by using small bundles of brush or bunches of leafy twigs. If there is water handy, it is well, even then, to drench the ground thoroughly before leaving the place. If the ground fire has spread over a. large area, and is traveling fast, it then becomes necessary to rake or sweep up the dead leaves and litter until a wide strip of bare ground is thus made at some place towards which the flames are traveling, so that when the fire reaches this bare strip it will cease for lack of fuel. Where it is practical to do so, several furrows are plowed in making this safety strip or barrier; or, where there are enough men in the fire posse, the ground is dug up with shovels and the loose earth thrown in the direction of the fire. At the same time, other men follow in the rear of the fire and along its sides, whipping out or extinguishing the flames by whatever means they have at hand, so as to narrow in the B52 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF course of the fire and contro! it until the main force can head it off in front at the safety strip, or at some road or stream of water. The work is no easy task; for the men who are fighting the fire in front have, in addition to the heat, to contend with the masses of blinding, suffocating smoke that rolls along the ground in dense volumes, making the work exceedingly trying and exhaustive. Where there is water at hand, and the firewarden, when “warning out” his posse, ordered the men to bring pails or buckets, the smoke is less annoying; for the men along the rear and sides extinguish the smoking, half burned material by throwing on water, thereby rendering it easier for the men who are at work in front. The men, when ordered out to fight a fire, generally bring with them the necessary implements, including shovels, which are used to throw fresh earth on the little creeping flames; and rakes or brush brooms, which are handy in sweeping up the dead leaves, and in making a barrier or safety strip. A ground fire on the side of a hill is more difficult to manage. It requires prompt action and energetic work, for it will run up the slope rapidly if unchecked. A mountain fire seldom runs down hill. If it does, its progress is very slow and easily stopped. But the flames will sweep up a hillside rapidly, even on a still day, the inclination of the land creating a partial draught, while the position cf the timber facilitates the action of the flames just as a lighted stick will burn better when inverted. A top fire, fairly started on its way, cannot be extinguished; nor can it be controlled except under favorable circumstances. The smoke and intense heat prevent anyone from approaching closely. It is also dangerous to work in front of one, as a man is liable to become surrounded by the flames and his escape cut off. Many lives have been lost in this way. The only remedy for a top fire is in back-firing. This is done by selecting a suitable place in advance of the fire at some road, stream, or clearing, and then kindling counter fires on the side of the opening next to the coming flames. Care and good judgment must be exercised in starting back fires, in order that they may burn towards the advancing fire, and not escape in the wrong direction. After starting them the work is generally facilitated by the favorable breeze caused by the currents of air which naturally rush in from the outside towards the main fire. Back fires thus clear a space of material, so that when the main fire reaches the place it loses its force through lack of fuel; a good opportunity is then afforded for the men to fight it, and to prevent any further spreading. But too often it happens, when the men have succeeded in corralling the flames, that a gust of wind will carry burning brands, or pieces of blazing bark from some dry stubs or charred trees, carrying them high in air across the line of defense into the adjoining forest, and another fire is under full headway before the men can get there in sufficient numbers to put it out; or, the men FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 353 tired and worn out with their previous labors become discouraged by the fresh mishap and abandon the fight. The fire then burns until extinguished by rain. In order that there may be proper protection and facilities for work there should be wide lanes cut and cleared at regular intervals, or at such places as the topo- graphical features would render most efficacious. These lanes would furnish frequent and advantageous lines of defense, and would be especially adapted to the work of back-firing. At present, the roads and streams in our Adirondack forests are too few and far between to furnish always the necessary lines on which to contest the progress of a fire; and, owing to the forestry clause in our State Constitution, we are forbidden to cut any timber for fire lanes or any other purpose. The immunity from fire which is such a noticeable feature in the management of European forests is due largely to the construction of fire lanes. Whenever we are allowed to make such openings in our State forests, and they are properly cared for by keeping the ground perfectly clear of all vegetation, we shall have very few fires to record in our annual reports. Experience has shown that when a fire attains full headway, and is running in the tree tops as well as on the ground, the best time to fight it is at night, after sunset or before sunrise. During these hours there is apt to be little or no wind; and under the repressing action of the damp night air the flames, which raged so fiercely at noon, die down and can be controlled or extinguished. One man after sunset is worth ten men at noon. Experienced fire fighters understand this, and so do most of their work in the evening and early morning hours. During the day they rest or sleep, while a few of their number busy themselves with preventing, so far as possible, the fire from spreading. The systematic effort made in New York to prevent loss from this source shows that forest fires can be materially reduced in frequency and extent. Though they still occur here, they are a small matter as compared with those of former years. Prior to 1885 it was a common event, an almost annual occurrence throughout the State, to have the atmosphere obscured by the smoke from burning woods—a thick, blue haze through which the sun at noonday appeared like a dull, red disc. This phenomenon is no longer seen in our State except as a local condition. : While the system of havirg a firewarden in each town has proved effective in extinguishing many fires promptly, the greatest good has resulted from the education of the people, by posting annually thousands of printed notices throughout the woods and adjoining districts, on which are plainly printed the rules and regulations of the Forestry Department relating to these matters, and urging that the utmost care be taken in the use of fire. The best way to fight fires is to have no fires; and if everyone were as cautious and thoughtful as they should be in this respect, there would be none to fight, and no loss from this source. 23 354 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF The people living in or near the forests, and those who are there temporarily, should be thoroughly educated as to the proper use of fire, and the evils resulting from carelessness. More good can be accomplished along this line than by police regu- lations and penalties, although the latter are absolutely necessary, also. If, in addition to knowledge and thoughtfulness in these matters, everyone would act honestly and conscientiously, would refrain from carelessness as they would from crime, there would be no more forest fires. Through the efforts of the Forestry Department and co-operation of the people the large and destructive fires have ceased to occur. Whatever regret there may be at not achieving complete success is largely tempered with satisfaction over what has ‘already been accomplished. VENISON FOR THE CAMP, FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 355 No. V. Tree Planting. REE planting is one of the best expressions of altruism; for the man who ol: plants trees is thinking of others rather than himself. If by his act he en- courages other people to do the same, he develops “the highest altruism.”* He assists people to gratify their love of the beautiful, to enjoy better health, to become more prosperous, and so makes the world better and happier for his having lived in it. Trees should be planted because they purify and cool the air, increase the value of surrounding property, and gratify our love of the beautiful. They should be planted along the highways, on our village and city streets, on lawns and in parks, on school- house grounds, on the farm, in the dooryard, and wherever shade or shelter may be needed. flighway planting. Trees should be set out along every road for shade. In addition, the farm lanes can be profitably lined with fruit or nut-bearing trees that will bring money to their owner and add to the attractive appearance of his surroundings. Objections may be made in some localities against placing trees along a public road because their shade would tend to make it wet and muddy. If such conditions exist the fault is in the road, and not in the trees. When a roadbed is properly constructed, drained, and ditched, the trees will do no harm. On the contrary, they will furnish a grateful shade to the traveler, preventing dust without creating mud. One of the finest, smoothest roads in the State may be found in the Adirondack Forest—from St. Hubert’s Inn to the Ausable Lakes—, and yet it is completely shaded by trees that meet overhead, shutting out the sun except where the road is flecked with light that streams through the interstices of the leafy cover. But this road was constructed in proper shape and of suitable material. There are roads along which no trees are allowed because the sun is needed to dry up the mud and sloughs which in spring make travelling slow and difficult. But in ~ summer the sun baked mud is pulverized under the wagon wheels, creating clouds of dust that are worse than the mud. With a well built road, shaded by trees, both of these nuisances would be avoided. Even a poor road will permit of one row of trees, which should be placed on the south or west side as its direction may require. The law of 1869, which is still in force, provides that any inhabitant liable to highway tax who shall plant by the side of a public road ‘“‘any forest shade trees or fruit trees” shall be allowed in abatement of his highway tax one dollar for every four * Herbert Spencer. 350 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF trees set out. This law specifies that elms must be planted at least seventy feet apart; ) that maples ‘“‘or other forest trees” shall not be set nearer than fifty feet, except locusts, which may be set at intervals of thirty feet. Fruit trees must be planted at least fifty feet apart. Proper penalties are prescribed for anyone who shall injure a tree; or who shall hitch a horse or any animal to, or leave the same standing near enough to injure, a tree used for shade or ornament at ‘any school house, church, or public building, or along any public highway.” The kinds of trees mentioned in the law are well adapted to highway planting; and the distances apart at which they must be set are based on the space which each species is known to occupy. Nothing has been found that will equal our American elm and hard maple for wide roads and double rows. As our elms often attain a spread of one hundred feet it is evident that the seventy feet demanded in the law is none too wide a space. The trees should be allowed to assume their full size and natural shape without crowding or interference from each other. Transplanted, or “second growth,” hard maples along a country road attain a large size and beautiful appearance which requires all of a fifty foot space. Other species—oaks, basswood (or linden), white ash, locust, willow, horse chestnut, black cherry, buttonball (or sycamore), beech, and the two soft maples—can be used with good results in order to obtain variety. By planting the scarlet oak, red maple, and pepperidge (or sour gum), the brilliancy of the autumn coloring can be enhanced by the bright reds which the leaves of these species afford. In some localities the elms have suffered so from insects that it may be necessary to discontinue planting them unless some simple, inexpensive remedy can be found which will be available for highway trees in the open country. The spraying engines that have proved successful in the cities would be too expensive to operate on country roads. The white or silver maples have been attacked by insects lately, both in the Adirondack forests and in the village streets. The horse chestnuts have been defoliated, also; and it may be that other species of trees will be attacked in time. There are some forest trees which are not adapted to roadside planting, because they assume a different form when grown in the open, the branches growing lower down, and the trunk failing to reach its usual height, although it may attain a large diameter. For this reason, the birches, especially the yellow birch, are not desirable for shade trees or roadside use. Nut-bearing trees, the chestnut, butternut, and the hickories, are available for highway planting They are handsome, large trees, each species having peculiarities of habit that makes it worth the notice of an observant traveler. Their branches may suffer from boys in quest of nuts; but that is very liable to happen wherever these trees may stand. ‘dNVO AHENNT V NI ANIL TVaN FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 357 In some European countries the roads are lined with fruit trees. But there it is well understood that the fruit, though it overhangs the highway, belongs to the farmer, whose property is respected accordingly. , In this country, where such widely different. ideas prevail, it would be necessary to concede the traveler’s right in case fruit trees were planted along or within the “right of way.” Street planting. There are many good reasons why trees should be planted in cities and villages. During the hot days of summer the streets which are shaded by trees are preferred to those which are not. The temperature is much lower. As the pavements are not exposed to the glare of the sun, there is less of reflected heat. The streets that are lined with shade trees are more attractive to the eye; their superiority is readily apparent when compared with streets on which there are no trees. Shaded streets are cooler and more desirable for residences; and, other things being equal, property on these streets is more valuable and commands higher rents. The air is purer by reason of the foliage, which inhales carbonic acid and exhales oxygen. During hot, summer days, the diseases incidental to that season are not so prevalent in streets and localities which are protected from the heat of the sun by large, overhanging trees.* The leaves absorb the poisonous gases generated in hot weather by the decomposition of animal and vegetable matter, and thus another factor of disease is eliminated. Ata recent meeting of the New York County Medical Society a resolution was passed in which the opinion was expressed that ‘one of the most effective means for mitigating the intense heat of the summer months, and diminishing the death rate among children is the cultivation of an adequate number of trees in the streets.” The city of Washington is justly known as one of the most beautiful cities in America on account of the seventy thousand trees planted along its streets; and there are many New England towns famed for their attractive appearance which is due to the beautiful trees planted by village improvement societies. In street planting care should be exercised to select trees which, when fully grown, will be of a size suitable to the width of the street; and in the choice of species only such should be selected as are best adapted to the peculiar conditions which influence their growth in cities. Some trees which can be safely used for road planting in the country are too susceptible to the deleterious influences of the smoke, dust, gas, and pavement of our cities. Along country roads or village streets, trees transplanted from some neighboring grove or forest may be set out; but for city streets nursery stock alone should be used. * See ‘‘ Vegetation, a Remedy for the Summer Heat of Cities.” By Stephen Smith, M.D., LL.D. Appleton’s Popular Science Monthly, February, 1899. 358 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF In fact, it would be better to buy nursery trees for village planting, also, unless compelled to use the other for economical reasons. If one must go to the forest for young trees, pains should be taken to obtain as straight, thrifty, and perfect specimens as possible. Selection of trees—I\n making a choice the first thing to be considered is the width of the street; also, the width of the sidewalk or nearness of the houses. Some trees, the elm for instance, will injure the foundation walls of a house by the pressure from their far spreading roots. Where the house line is near the curb, trees with a tap root are preferable. The following list includes all, or nearly all, the species which are desirable for street planting. They are named in the order of their desirability, although in some instances their preferment is somewhat a matter of taste concerning which any discussion would be a waste of time. WIDE STREETS. MEDIUM WIDTH AND NARROW STREETS. American or White Elm, Norway Maple, Sugar Maple, Silver Maple, Tulip Tree, Red Maple, Basswood (Linden), Ailanthus, Horse Chestnut, Cucumber Tree, Sweet Gum, Ginkgo, Sycamore (Buttonball), Bay Willow, Oriental Sycamore, Pin Oak, White Ash, Red Flowering Horse Chestnut, Scarlet Oak, Yellow Locust, — Red Oak, Hackberry, White Oak, Catalpa (speciosa), Honey Locust, Lombardy Poplar, American Chestnut. The Elm (U/mus Americana) stands first on the list by right of its superior size, beauty, and adaptability to street planting. It is rapid in growth, withstands trans- planting and pruning better than most other trees, and will grow on almost any soil. Its habit is such that any pruning of the lower limbs is seldom necessary, a valuable feature in a street tree. It thrives not only on country roads and village streets, but also in our larger towns. New Haven has attained national fame as the “ Elm City,” on account of the many and beautiful trees of this kind which line its streets. There are various forms of the American elm. Emerson, in his ‘‘ Trees of Massachusetts,” describes three distinct shapes. The most desirable form for a shade tree is that of the umbrella shaped top with slender, pendant branches on its outer edge. In trans- planting, or in giving orders to a nursery, care should be taken to secure this particular form of tree. The English and Scotch elms have been planted extensively in some places; but as these species are inferior in appearance and other respects their use FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 359° should be discouraged. The English elm retains its foliage longer each fall, but that is all that can be said in its favor. On the other hand, it is much more liable to attack from insects. The Hard Maple, or Sugar Maple, is so well and favorably known as a shade tree that it is unnecessary to dwell here upon its beauty and symmetrical proportions. It is seen at its best in village streets and along country roads, where the conditions are better suited to its fullest development than in the cities. In the crowded streets of large towns this tree, in some places, has been unable to withstand the effects of smoke, dust and other deleterious influences. But it can be planted with good results on streets where the houses stand on large lots, with plenty of ground or wide lawns around them. On city blocks where the houses are in solid rows it may be better, in some cases, to use the Norway maple, a nursery tree which remembles the native hard maple closely, although not so large. The Norway puts out its leaves earlier in the spring, and retains its verdure later in the fall. The varied and brilliant autumnal colors displayed by the leaves of our native hard maple make this species desirable for ornament as well as shade. No other tree combines so many shades of color in the fall—scarlet, orange, yellow and green. These different hues may be seen on one tree, often on one branch, and sometimes on one leaf. The Tulip Tree will compare favorably with the hard maple in height and beauty. In favored situations it attains a height of 125 feet or more, with a diameter of six to eight feet. It bears transplanting well, grows rapidly, is very hardy, and is free from destructive insects. The constant, tremulous motion of its broad leaves gives this tree a lively, attractive appearance. In the latter part of May it decks itself with terminal flowers of a dark, rich yellow, streaked with green and orange. ; The Bacanoorl. or American Linden, commends itself to the lover of trees by its ample shade, fragrant flowers, and bright green foliage which, in spring, contrasts well with its dark-colored branches. In the fall its leaves assume a rusty hue that detracts somewhat from its appearance then, especially, as most of the other trees are displaying their autumnal coloring at that time. In the arrangement of its limbs and branches the linden displays a graceful habit after the leaves have fallen, making it an attractive and desirable tree in winter. The curious, ribbon-like bract to which the pea-shaped seeds are attached makes this tree in early summer an interesting study to the passer-by. The linden is extensively planted as a shade tree in Holland and some other European countries. In Berlin one of the principal avenues, Unter den Linden, takes its name from the beautiful trees that shade its walks and drives. The Horse Chestnut is the earliest of our trees. Before the buds have opened on many of the others, and while the willows are showing only a ‘“‘ green mist,” the horse chestnut unfolds its cunningly packed leaflets to the sun. It is a welcome sight to 360 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF those who are waiting and watching for spring. Its large compound leaves (the isculus hippocastanum) afford a shade more dense than that of any other tree. In parks and on lawns, where its growth is not restricted, this tree assumes a grand, massive appearance that always arrests the eye. In early spring it is gay with large white and pink flowers whose erect panicles standing on the upturned tips of the branches are suggestive of a leafy candelabra, an effect that is heightened when one remembers the peculiar appearance in this respect of the tree in winter. Objection has been made to the horse chestnuts because at times there is too much litter on the sidewalks under them. But, if people sweep their sidewalks daily there need be no trouble from this source; and if they do ne% keep their walks clean they will neglect their trees, also, in which case it is immaterial what species is planted. The question of insects is discussed later on. The Sweet Gum, or Liquidambar, so named from the fragrant balsam which exudes when the trunk is wounded, is an ornamental tree of about eighty feet in height and two feet in diameter. In some localities it attains a much greater size. It is a rapid grower and thrives on almost any soil. Its glossy, star-shaped leaf makes it a favorite with all students of phyllotaxy. In autumn its foliage changes to a deep crimson interspersed with yellow. Where a variety of species may be deemed desirable this tree should not be omitted. In street planting it could be used for several blocks with good effect. Of the various species of Ash, the White Ash is the one best adapted for ornament and shade. It may be classed fairly among the large trees, the trunk attaining considerable height before it subdivides, which, like the elm, makes it desirable for street purposes. Its foliage is pleasing in appearance, growing in irregular, waving masses, but without any abrupt or broken outlines. The ash is among the last to put out its leaves in spring and among the first to lose them in the fall. In the latter season its foliage assumes a variety of colors, violet, brown, and dark chocolate. Wilson Flagg notes that the ash is the only tree that shows a clear brown as one of its regular series of tints in the living leaf. Like most trees with compound leaves it sheds its spray with the leaves in fall, leaving naked, angular branches that detract from the beauty of its habit* in winter. Its freedom from disease and insects commends it to all tree planters. In street planting, the oaks have hitherto been used but sparingly. The few that appear here and there along country roads seem to owe their existence to accident rather than design. This is probably due to their slower growth, a disadvantage which is fully offset by their hardiness and longer life. The oak is a noble tree, its size and sturdy character entitling it to a prominent place in our streets and parks. In * Botanical term relating to the general aspect of a tree, arrangement of limbs, or mode of growth. CROSS-CUTTING THE TREE INTO LOGS. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 361 growth it is no slower than some other species which have been freely planted. . The village of Flushing, L. I., is noted for the beautiful oaks that shade some of its streets. The Scarlet Oak is a desirable tree for many reasons, one of them being the crimson leaves which charm the eye long after the other trees are bare. Its foliage is unusually persistent, and in some seasons the ruddy glow of its leaves may be seen in brilliant contrast with the first snow. The Red Oak has the most rapid growth, attains the greatest size, and exhibits the best proportions of any of the acorn-bearing species. It has less of the gnarled and contorted habit so characteristic of the oaks in general. The White Oak is superior in vigor and longevity. It does not grow as tall as the red oak, but attains a greater spread. Its russet-colored leaves are very persistent, often clinging to the tree during the entire winter, a feature regarded by many with unfailing interest. It is to be hoped that, with the revival of tree planting in our towns and villages, the oaks will receive the consideration which their many good qualities deserve. The Honey Locust is the latest of our trees to put forth its foliage. This is the only thing that can be said against it; and that is not always a disadvantage. When its pinnate leaves do appear, their waving, feathery spray fully excuses its tardiness by its beauty. It is a tall, graceful tree, free from insects thus far, and is well entitled to a place along our streets and in our parks. Where a dense, cool shade is wanted, the honey locust would not answer the purpose, owing to its open foliage through which the sunlight streams freely. Where rapid growth and great size is desired, the Sycamore, or Buttonbail, may claim a place. Its lower branches are high above the ground, affording an open space beneath the tree—which is often desirable when planted near a house—and furnishing ample shade without obstructing the view of the street or road. The sycamore is always noticeable on account of its peculiar bark and the globular appendages or “‘buttonballs”; but, owing to its irregular, inferior habit and liability to fungal diseases it should be used sparingly in the streets or parks, and only where variety is desired. The European sycamore (Platanus orientalis) or Oriental Plane, which resembles the American species closely, is preferable in every respect, and can be obtained from any nursery. Hitherto the American Chestnut has not been planted on our streets or roads; but there is no good reason why it should not be given a place occasionally. It grows very fast, attains a large size, is handsome in form and proportions, and fulfills all the requirements of a first-class shade tree. The boys might prove troublesome when the fruit is ripening; but that is all that can be said in objection, a difficulty easily obviated by a little care during the short time in which the burs were opening. 362 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF The White or Silver Maple is a favorite shade tree in both town and country. It bears transplanting as well as any other, grows rapidly, withstands pruning, and is exceedingly graceful. Its slender, pendant branches are easily swayed by the breeze, giving it a waving, flowing appearance, which is made still more attractive by its silvery hue when agitated by the wind, the under side of the leaves having a whitish color which is then exposed to view. The deeply cleft shape of the leaves adds also to its beauty. The Red Maple is a rapid-growing tree. In addition to many of the good qualities belonging to the maples, it displays a scarlet leaf in early autumn, which changes later to a dark crimson. Its foliage is the first to change color, some trees showing their red leaves early in August. Its conspicuous red flowers make it noticeable, also, in early spring. As it seldom attains full size when planted in cities it is well adapted to narrow streets. There seems to be a general prejudice against the Ailanthus; and yet it withstands the injurious effects of city life better than any other species. Ithasa peculiar beauty, also, in the graceful sweep of its large, pinnate leaves which are suggestive of the staghorn sumach, and which remain green until they fall. Objection has been made to the disagreeable odor of its flowers. But this lasts for only a few days, and can be entirely obviated by planting pistillate trees. The peculiar bark, in which there is traced an arabesque-like pattern, makes the Ailanthus an interesting study to all lovers of trees. The Cucumber Tree is a magnolia of stately growth, with a trunk from sixty to eighty feet in height. It grows rapidly, develops a pyramidal form, and fulfills all the requirements of a desirable shade tree. It is advisable to use a small tree in transplanting. For narrow streets, or where there is little space between the house line and the curbstone, the Ginkgo is well adapted, as it does not attain a wide spread. When fully grown it is over sixty feet high; but in New York, with its cold winters, this species does not grow to its full size, although hardy and thrifty in other respects. This tree is not slow in growth, but still it furnishes little shade until it approaches maturity, when it assumes a tapering form with ample foliage. Thus far the ginkgo has been free from destructive insects. Its peculiar, fan-shaped leaves, in form like those of the maidenhair fern, retain their olive green color until early autumn, when they change to a rich yellow. Though not an evergreen it is a conifer, of the Yew family, a distinction seldom noticed by many who are familiar with the appearance of the tree. The Willows furnish some species that are available for shade and ornament. The one best adapted for street planting is the Bay or Laurel-leaved Willow (Salzx pen- FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 363 tandra). As it is not a large tree it should be reserved for narrow streets. Its slender, tapering leaves, which are bright, glossy, and of a deep green on both sides, form a conspicuous feature of this species. The Pin Oak may be described as a middle-sized tree, available for streets and roads of medium width. In leaf form and general massing of its foliage it will com- pare favorably with any of the oaks. Its smooth, deeply pinnatifid leaves, bright green on both sides, add to its beauty. The pin oak thrives best in moist ground. The Red Flowering Horse Chestnut is smaller than the common horse chestnut, and, hence, is better adapted to narrow streets, provided a tree of this kind is deemed desirable. During the flowering season the rose-colored petals on the upright panicles make this a beautiful and attractive tree. The Common or Yellow Locust is one of our most beautiful trees on account of its profusion of pinnate leaves and the pendant racemes of white flowers which in June fill the. air with an agreeable perfume. The locust is reputed to be a favorite nesting place for birds, the thorns furnishing protection from many of their enemies. This tree grows rapidly, and its size makes it desirable for streets of medium rather than narrow width; but, owing to the brittle character of its branches it should not be placed where it will be exposed to strong winds. The Hackberry or Nettle Tree is a medium-sized tree which, in its general appear- ance, strongly resembles the elm. Its straight trunk does not divide until it has attained considerable height, a peculiarity which is an advantage in a street tree; but, as its roots generally rise above the ground for some distance from the trunk it is better adapted to village streets or wide avenues where the flagstones of the sidewalk do not extend to the curb. While it is not a tree of the first magnitude it is generally too large for narrow streets. The hackberry is easily transplanted, grows fast, and is free from insects. Though a native it is rarely found in our woods; if necessary, young trees can be obtained from the nurseries. The Hardy Catalpa is a small tree of erect habit, broad leaves and ornamental _ character—a desirable shade tree in certain situations. In July it is resplendent with white, or violet-tinged flowers which grow in large, upright, pyramid-shaped clusters. Objection has been made to the catalpa as a street tree, because it is liable to injury from people who persist in breaking off the flowering branches. For this reason the lower branches should be trimmed sufficiently to prevent any injury from this source. The spire-shaped, erect form of the Lombardy Poplar makes it available for narrow streets and sidewalks. A single tree of this species, properly placed in a park or lawn, often makes an effective addition to the beauty of the landscape. It has the advantage of rapidity in growth which, in turn, is offset by its short life. It casts but little shade, and so its use on country roads should be discontinued. It is a great 364 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF favorite as a road tree in some parts of Europe, especially in France, where it may be seen in unbroken rows stretching away for many miles. The reason for including certain trees in the foregoing list, and also the omission of others, may be questioned by some whose experience in arboriculture makes them competent authorities in everything relating to tree planting; but the list is not offered as furnishing anything like a definite, absolute rule. As already stated, the proper selection of trees for streets and roads is largely a matter of opinion and taste, replete with pros and cons. It would be presumption for anyone to attempt to offer a list that would meet all requirements with absolute certainty. The names submitted here are offered in the way of suggestion rather than authoritative information, and are intended for the benefit of those who may not have the opportunity or inclination to study the question exhaustively. Destructive insects —Objection will probably be made to some of the species named because of their liability to injury from destructive insects. But if all such trees are to be thrown out, the choice will be narrowed down to a very few kinds, the excluded ones embracing many of our finest and most popular shade trees. Even then, there is no assurance that the remaining species, although free from insects hitherto, will continue in their immunity. The freedom of certain trees from insect blight is due largely to the fact that few have been planted, and that the pests find plenty of food in the other species. While it may not be possible to exterminate these borers and insects, or prevent entirely the injuries from this source, the evil can ‘be so controlled that their destructive work can be greatly minimized; and, as regards some species and insects, entirely obviated. It would seem that the better plan is to continue planting whatever species may be desirable, and, then, through intelligent methods and faithful work control the evil so far as possible. The potato bug was a formidable enemy at one time; but the farmers kept on planting and fighting until they succeeded in overcoming the trouble. It has been demonstrated that by spraying trees, by using suitable emulsions and insecticides, and by gathering the cocoons, the destructive work of insects can, for the most part, be prevented or, at least, controlled. But the work must be done in time each season, and prosecuted vigorously. The State Entomologist is ready at all times to furnish information and advice to all who need his assistance. With proper care and attention the trees can be protected; but, if this care and attention will not be given, the selection of the tree is of little importance. Undesirable species —Some trees were omitted, not so much on account of doubtful qualities as because the list already offers ample opportunity for selection from the large number named. There are, doubtless, several other species, which might be planted with satisfactory results; but many of them have defects which should be considered carefully before making a selection. ‘MEAD YDNIDVO1 MOVANOUIGVY NV FISHERIES, GAME, AND FORESTS. 365 The Ash-leaved Maple puts out its lower branches too near the ground to permit of its use on streets. The Canoe Birch does the same; and if the lower branches were cut off the pyramidal form of the tree would be destroyed and its beauty greatly impaired. The Kentucky Coffee Tree is so unsightly in winter, resembling then a dead tree, that it is better omitted in street planting, especially as it will thrive only in good, moist ground. The European Ash lasts but a few years in our climate, and is in no way superior to our American White Ash. The Sour Gum, or Pepperidge, is a beautiful tree in autumn, but it is too apt to fail in transplanting. The Mountain Ash and Flowering Dogwood are beautiful, but the bright red berries of the one and attractive flowers of the other invite injury; their proper place, if on a street or road, is inside the fence and in some door yard. The Sycamore Maple has a fine appearance and dense shade; but with so many other maples it is hardly needed. Its place is in the park or arboretum. The Yellow Wood is one of our neatest, prettiest trees, with cream-colored flowers that attract swarms of bees when in bloom; but it has low branches, and its wood is so brittle that the trunk is very apt to split down- wards from where it first divides. The Carolina Poplar or Cottonwood (Populus montlifera) is often recommended because of its very rapid growth; but this tree sheds a downy, cottony tuft which clings to whatever it falls on, causing so much annoyance that, in many towns, orders were issued for its removal. All of these trees are pleasing in appearance and each hassome good qualities to commend its use; but they should be reserved for lawns, door yards, and parks, where they will appear to better advantage than along the curbstones. None of the evergreens have a place on the list, for they are of little use as shade trees. Most of them are forest trees which, when growing in the open, assume a different habit, their lower limbs commencing at the ground. A row of White Pines, properly trimmed, might be used on a country road, and the Tamarack, or American Larch, looks well in the farmer’s door yard; but all evergreens require skill and great care in transplanting, and seem out of place in city streets. Many of them, however, are highly ornamental, and very useful for park and lawn purposes. Rapidity of growth.—Trees have been described here as of rapid growth and slow growth. These are largely relative terms which to some people may convey but little meaning. They will be better understood when the growth rate of some of our well known species is noted. Twenty years after planting, the following named trees will, under ordinarily favorable conditions, attain a diameter approximately as follows: White or Silver Maple, : : : : ; : : : 22 inches American Elm, . ; ; 5 : ; ; : : : ROW es Sycamore or Buttonball, . : : : : : : : TOW ce Tulip Tree, : , : 3 ; 5 ; ee: 18 366 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Basswood, . 5 : ; : 4 : : ‘ ; 5 17 inches Catalpa (speciosa), : i ; : , : ‘ : : LO ere Red Maple, : 3 : ; : ‘ j ; ; nO Ailanthus, . ; ; : ; : ; ‘ : ‘ ; nG Cucumber Tree, 6 : 5 ; : : : : : ie Chestnut, . : ; F : : § : : ; na Oo Yellow Locust, . ; , . : : 5 : 5 : na = Horse Chestnut (/Azppocastanum ). : ; 6 4 : o Tigres Hard Maple, . : : , : : : “ : : th att Honey Locust, . ‘ 2 5 : : 0 : 5 Tah eens Red Oak, . ; : : : : : : : : Try be Scarlet Oak, : : : 6 : ; : : : : Tho ge White Ash, ; ; ‘ : 5 : Z ; F ; 1p & PiniOakeawee ; ; : : : ; : : ; ; 12 38 White Oak, : : : : ; : : : : : II oi Hackberry, : ; : ; : j : ; ‘ : 1 Onstage Trees may be planted in the spring or fall, preferably in the spring before the buds open. If, through lack of information or experience, there should be a difficulty in determining what to plant, it would be well to note the kinds that thrive best in the vicinity, and choose accordingly. Having decided on the species, the tree or trees should be ordered from some nursery, because, as a general thing, better results will be obtained. Nursery stock bears transplanting better than that from the woods; for the roots are not spread out so widely as those of forest trees which, by reason of poorer soil, are obliged to reach out farther for nourishment, and, hence, sustain more injury when the tree is dug up. In size the plant should be about two inches in diameter near the ground, and from ten to twelve feet high. Nothing is gained by using larger ones, as the smaller trees soon overtake or pass them; and, the larger the tree the greater the risk in transplanting. Maples, elms, and lindens, however, may be used with larger diameters than other species. The oaks thrive best when the smaller sizes are planted. Nursery trees cost from fifty cents to one‘ dollar each, according to size or scarcity, to which must be added the expense of freight and cartage. When ordered in large quantities, a suitable deduction in price is made. But for villages and roads it may be more convenient and economical in some localities to obtain the young trees from the neighboring woods. In that case pains must be taken to select straight, thrifty specimens, with clean, healthy bark, well- shaped top, and regular arrangement of branches. Transplanting.—In digging up a young tree the roots should be preserved as far as practicable, the circular trench being at least six feet in diameter, or three feet from , the stem in all directions. Any unnecessary breaking or wounding of the roots must FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 367 be avoided, and all the slender rootlets should be secured as far as possible. The more earth that can be taken up with the roots the better. A solid lump is not necessary; but whatever soil clings to the roots should be retained and not allowed to fall off through jolting or careless handling. The stem of the tree should be cut back from the top; but the frequent method of pruning a forest sapling down to a bare pole is not advisable. It is better to allow three or four of the lower limbs to remain, selecting those which will give the best arrangement; and then, in cutting them back, leave one bud on each. This will make a better shaped tree in time. The severe pruning of the transplanted tree is necessary on account of the loss in its roots. The more roots are cut off, the greater the amount of pruning needed. There must be a new growth of root fibres before the young tree can support its foliage safely. The leaves of a healthy tree are nourished by the sap which is drawn from the roots as fast as needed; but if this tree is transplanted the supply is partially cut off until new roots and fibres are formed to replace those lost in transplanting. If, during this period, the leaves and branches are allowed to keep on draining the sap they will exhaust the supply in the tree before the new roots are grown, and the tree will soon wither or die. Having dug up the tree examine the roots carefully; cut off cleanly and smoothly, with a sharp knife, all the bruised or broken ones, cutting them back to the sound wood. Then these roots will not decay, and the new fibres or rootlets will grow quickly. If there isa long tap root it should be shortened to conform to the depth of the hole in which the tree is to stand. Do not allow the roots to be exposed to the sun or wind; cover them up immediately with damp straw or bags. If the fibrous roots become dry through lack of this precaution the work will probably prove a failure, The holes in which the planting is to be done should be dug before the trees arrive; and the earth for filling should also be in readiness. The holes must be large enough so that the roots can be spread out in their natural position without cramping them in the least. It is well to dig the holes so that there will be a foot or more of additional space on all sides, and of ample depth This is especially necessary in poor soil. In digging, throw the top soil to one side, and cart away the poorer earth which came from the lower part of the hole. In place of the latter use a rich soil, one-fourth manure, thoroughly mixed, worked until it is fine, and free from lumps, sods, or stones. Use no manure unless it is thoroughly mixed with earth; if it touches the roots it will burn or rot them. In setting the tree two men are necessary. One is needed to hold the tree upright; the other will be fully occupied in shoveling in the earth and then working 368 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF it with his hands under and closely around the roots and fibrous branches. The earth must be thrown in slowly and in small quantities at a time; as fast as thrown in it should be rammed or trodden down until there can be no air spaces, and until every rootlet is brought in close contact with the soil. No water should be used; it is not necessary. If dashed into the hole, as sometimes done, it is apt to wash the earth away from the roots in places, leaving air holes. If water is used it is better to sprinkle the sides and bottom of the hole before planting; also, the surface of the ground after the work is done. Frequent and thorough ramming is necessary. Young trees that have wilted and seemed to be dying, have been restored quickly to life and vigor by using heavy rammers that brought the loose earth in contact with the roots again. In addition to a rich soil it is highly essential that there should be good drainage. Moisture is beneficial; but if water collects around the roots the tree will die. Clay is impervious to water, and if a stratum of this soil is found near the bottom of the hole, drainage must be provided, either by digging a passage through it, building a stone drain, or sinking a very deep hole which can be filled to a proper height with broken rock, gravel or ashes. A tree should be set at the same depth that it formerly occupied; but when the hole has been filled the surface may be rounded up sufficiently to allow for the settling of the earth. If exposed to strong winds the young tree should be “staked,” and fastened to the stake by strips of cloth or any appliance that will not injure the bark. In setting out a forest tree it may be well to place it in the same position as to points of compass which it originally occupied. A cloudy day is better for planting than when the sun shines clear and hot. After the tree is planted the ground should be covered with a mulch, three or four inches deep, of straw, hay or manure. The latter will serve, also, as a fertilizer. If nothing else is done, the loose stones that came out of the hole can be thrown back on the ground to keep it moist. For afew years the surface of the ground around the tree should be loosened each season to prevent it from becoming dry and hard. Grass and weeds; should be kept out, as they weaken the growth of a young tree. Although spring is the better time for transplanting, it may be desirable under some circumstances where nursery trees are used, to order them in the fall, and then heel them in until spring. ‘‘ Heeling in” is temporary planting in a trench, or merely placing them in the ground and covering the roots with a thick layer of closely packed soil to exclude the air. They can be placed closely together, and should be set in a slanting position with the tops inclined away from the prevailing winds. Heeling in is also resorted to when nursery stock arrives before preparations have been made . for planting. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 369 This method is favored by some because, when trees are taken up in the spring the “callus” which forms on the mutilated roots will not put out its white, hairy-like fibres in time to furnish sap for the early buds that are dependent on them; but when taken up in the fall and heeled in, the callus forms during the winter, and is ready with its new fibrous growth to furnish nourishment as soon as transplanted. Pruning—As trees grow larger and older they require pruning occasionally to improve their shape, to remove dead limbs, and, in the case of very old trees, to restore them to vigor. This work should not be entrusted to ignorant, inexperienced men, as is too often the case. Men of this class frequent our cities and solicit employ- ment as tree pruners. With glib tongues they describe the defects, real or otherwise, in street or lawn trees, and obtain permission to do some work. Asa result beautiful specimens have been disfigured or irremediably injured in many of our cities. _When- ever any extensive pruning becomes necessary proper means should be taken to secure the services of skilful, experienced men, with testimonials or recommendations signed by some competent authority in such matters. Some of our best shade trees can be improved in appearance occasionally by trimming or cutting back in order to correct irregularities or attain some form better adapted to the situation. Such work can be done without injury to the trees; but it can be done safely only by a skilful, professional tree pruner. When a tree becomes “‘stag headed” by dying at the top, the dead limbs thus exposed should be cut off, and the rest of the tree may be trimmed somewhat to correct the irregularity in its general outline. Old trees that have become bare and unsightly may often be restored to temporary vigor and clothed with foliage by severe pruning. But, with the latter exception, all pruning is better done sparingly. Some species, hard maples for instance, along a walk or driveway can be made more serviceable under certain conditions by increasing their height, which is accomplished by cutting off a few of the lower limbs. But this operation requires careful, intelligent work, and should not be resorted to unless there are special reasons for it. Pruning is necessary, at times, the same as surgery, and is successful only when skilfully done. Whenever a branch is removed, whether a dead or a live one, it must be cut off close to and even with the trunk, no matter how large the wound. The new wood and bark will then, in time, cover the denuded space. The process by which this recovery is accomplished is well explained in Des Cars treatise on tree pruning,* a copy of which should be in the possession of every one who owns or has charge of trees. If a branch is not cut off close to the trunk, the projecting stub soon decays, its bark falls ‘ A Treatise on Pruning Forest and Ornamental Trees. By A. Des Cars. Translated from the French, with an introduction, by Charles S. Sargent, Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard College. Published by the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture. Boston, 1894. 24 7O REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Os off, and the stump remains “like a plug of decaying wood driven into the trunk,” from which the rotten mass extends rapidly to the heart of the tree. In removing a large branch, enough of the outer portion should be first sawed off to prevent its weight from splitting the wood downward beyond the point where the final cut is to be made. All wounds made in pruning should be covered with coal tar or some other preparation to exclude the air from the raw surface. In street planting the trees should be placed with reference to the room they will need when fully grown, rather than with reference to the lot boundary. Otherwise, there will be irregularity, overcrowding, and unoccupied spaces. If a block is fully planted, the trees on one side of the street should stand opposite the spaces on the other side. An avenue should be planted throughout its entire length with the same species, or, at least, for several blocks. By using one species on a street, a stately, architectural effect is obtained that will always be pleasing and impressive. While variety may be desirable for its educational tendency, it should not be permitted because of the irregular, unsightly appearance caused by trees of different sizes and shapes. The advantages of a variety are better secured by planting different species on different streets. A change of trees may be allowed on rural driveways where the irregularity of the scenery will better permit such an arrangement; but, even then, it is better to avoid abrupt, repeated changes, by planting the same species for a considerable distance. Protection of trees.—In towns and cities every tree, whether young or old, newly planted or of full growth, should be enclosed to a proper height in wire netting of a small mesh. Unless this is done, or some similar precaution taken, it is not worth while to plant. The necessity for some such protection is readily apparent on examining trees from the curbstone side, and observing the large number on which the bark has been gnawed by horses. There is a feeling akin to pity when one notes the patient, repeated efforts of the tree to repair the injury, and how it tries each year to cover the wound with new wood and bark, only to have it torn and widened by some fresh attack. It is wasted time to discuss punitive measures as a remedy for this evil. The horse is not to blame, and any law for the prosecution of the drivers would be practically inoperative. A more sensible way would be to protect the tree by some of the simple, inexpensive devices which are available. But this in turn will never be done until the care of the trees devolves upon the city authorities. The man in a rented house will not invest a cent to protect the one in front of his residence; and the landlord cares nothing about it so long as he gets his rent. Municipal control_—The planting of street trees and their subsequent care should devolve on the city government, preferably on the park commissioners, as the officials in that department would be better qualified for the work, farther removed from ‘SOOT DNIAUVN GNV ONIANSVAN FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. By political influences, and would be more apt to have the long tenure of office necessary to the proper management of the work. The planting and care of street trees belongs to the city government as much as street paving. Under the stimulus of local improvement societies enthusiastic individuals plant trees; but when they sell their property or move away, the trees are apt to be neglected. Moreover, it is impossible without municipal control to secure the concerted action necessary for planting a street its entire length with uniform and properly selected species. Then again, under the management of a special city department, properly supplied with funds, the spraying of trees and suppression of insect pests can be successfully accomplished; but it is doubtful if our trees can be preserved from this evil through the partial and disconnected efforts of individuals. As in Washington and Paris, every city should establish nurseries supported by municipal appropriations, in which the various species best adapted to street planting can be propagated and grown with special reference to such use. People who question the advisability of planting shade trees in cities, rehearse the old story about the injurious effects of smoke, dust and pavements, and then point to the sickly, deformed specimens in proof of their argument. But these unfortunate trees are the result of poor selection, bad planting, and neglect; and the blame should not be laid elsewhere. Asphalt pavement, though impervious to rain, will not prevent trees from obtaining moisture. On the other hand it prevents evaporation; the earth beneath it is always damp, for there is still a supply of water from adjoining areas and small underground courses. For years the street trees of Washington and Paris have grown and flourished on the asphalt pavement of those cities. Let every citizen who finds enjoyment in well shaded streets make an: effort to procure the passage of a city ordinance placing the entire control of the trees of his town in the hands of the park department or some special commission, and use his influence, also, to see that ample funds are annually appropriated to carry on the good work. “‘ Wide let its hollow bed be made! There gently lay the roots, and there Sift the dark mould with kindly care, And press it o’er them tenderly As, round the sleeping infant’s feet, We softly fold the cradle-sheet, So plant each shrub and tree.” Nataral and drtifictal Forest Reservoirs of the State of New om, By GEO. W. RAFTER, CONSULTING ENGINEER. HE development of water-power in recent years has made everything relating to stream flow, water storage, and forestry not only of interest and im- portance, but even of great commercial value. Indeed, in order to insure a symmetrical development of all the resources of the State, it has become necessary that we understand the laws governing stream flow—or, more broadly, that division of the science of hydrology relating to stream flow. Moreover, the legislature has recently adopted the policy of purchasing large areas of land for the purpose of creating a State Park worthy of the great Commonwealth of New York, and for conserving stream flow. The proposition to create the Adirondack Park is easily understood by everybody and has received universal approval throughout the State. The matter of conserving the flow of streams by preserving the forests on their head waters is, however, less well understood; and, indeed, one frequently finds popular statements to the effect that forest growths are without effect in this direction. Such views are usually founded on misinformation, and are held by many people who know nothing of the physical reasons why forests conserve stream flow. It is proposed, therefore, to give in this paper, (1) a general veiw of the water resources of this State; (2) an account of the great Indian Lake reservoir built in the Adirondack region in 1898; and (3) some of the more useful physical data on which have been founded the view that, with other conditions remaining the same, a forested area will yield a larger run-off in the issuing streams than will a similar area from which the forest covering has been removed. *The rapid development in our State of certain industries, together with the extension of electrical plants, has created a demand for storage reservoirs in our mountain forests, which will supply the necessary power to drive the machinery. The subject has been discussed so widely and is of such importance to our people that we have deemed it advisable to allow a portion of our Report to be used in a discussion of this subject. At the same time it should be understood that the views and opinions expressed in the following paper are those of the author, and that they do not necessarily represent the opinions or policy of this Commission. 372 Ay: TaN Mip Oe Stile U7 NW VOR SHOWING CATCHIENT LASINS OF THE SEVERAL BIVERS OF THE STATE. e ScaleT Miles. fo. 6520S 7% Accompany report on te Matera! and Ariiticlal Forest lreservolrs OF the State of New York. Jy 20 Wogler ws ’ / SHOE, \ i; a ‘ 8 cooktnsrynn ©, cargenhy 4ANE 3 { op Y » J / eyes / = / ee y/ HE Jy LEAS yy ay E- NEW SEASEY [} < : 5 YA if > i/ LD ROONL YM. / ( Sc aa he REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 373 It appears especially desirable to present these latter data in a single compilation, because they are widely scattered, never having been, so far as the English literature on the subject is concerned, with the exception of some of the annual reports of the Forestry Division of the United States Department of Agriculture and Bulletin No. 7 on Forest Influences by that department, even approximately brought together. Before proceeding to the main discussion we will briefly consider a few of the cognate heads. WHAT THE ADIRONDACK REGION IS GOOD FOR. The climate of the Adirondack region is mostly too severe for the ordinary. agriculture of the low lands of the State of New York. During the last four years, in which the author has been more or less in the Northern forests, frosts have occurred there each season, at an elevation of about 1,800 feet, in both of the months of June and August, July being the one month of the year entirely free from frost. Under these circumstances it is impossible to raise corn, wheat or barley. Oats, potatoes and meadow grass are the ordinary agricultural crops raised, and even these only with difficulty because of the vast areas of boulders with which nearly the whole region is covered. As an economic proposition, therefore, the Adirondack region is good for but three purposes, namely: (1) For cultivating timber, which can be easily done under rational forestry administration without prejudice to the other interests; (2) for water storage, which, because of the numerous natural reservoir sites may be more cheaply carried out here than in any other locality in the eastern states; and (3) for a great State Park, which ultimately, by the construction of good wagon roads, may be made an easily accessible pleasure resort for the people of the State of New York. OBJECTIONS TO FORESTRY AND WATER STORAGE. Rather singularly the great mass of the people who go into the woods for pleasure regard forestry and water storage as inimical to their interests. They assume, indeed, that the Great Northern Forest should be preserved as a pleasure resort alone; and many with whom the author has conversed are apparently unable to see that the State owes any duty to its manufacturing interests. This position of the woods-going pleasure seekers, fishermen, hunters, etc., while extremely unsatisfactory, has still a certain rational basis underlying it all. It is due very largely to the indifference of the lumbermen in former years, when many acts of vandalism were laid at their door though to some extent unjustly. 374 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE SANITARY BEARING OF RESERVOIRS. People owning cottages on the margins of natural lakes likely to be made into reservoirs, object very strongly on the ground that the raising of the water will be prejudicial to health. On this point the author cannot but think that the popular opinion is based on misinformation, although it is freely admitted that the Adirondack region is now extremely healthful and the State ought not to either do anything itself, nor permit anything to be done which would deteriorate it. The popular view, however, that the construction of reservoirs must necessarily produce unhealthful conditions is thus far not sustained by any considerable amount of well attested facts. Without wishing to reflect upon anybody in any way, shape or manner, the author is disposed to look upon such view as largely a fad. Indeed, he has taken special pains to study the question both in this country and abroad, and has thus far to learn of a case where well attested facts show that any considerable amount of ill health has been caused by properly constructed reservoirs. In the Adirondack region, where at the heads of nearly all the lakes there are now extensive marsh areas, the conditions will be materially improved by cutting the timber and covering the marsh areas with water, the more especially when the new water surface is high enough to cover the entire marsh area, a condition which in the majority of cases may be easily attained. Moreover, the Adirondack lakes and ponds have at their sides mostly sand, gravel, boulder or natural rock beaches, on which the annual fluctuation can have absolutely no effect. The marsh areas are usually in the continuation of the valleys at the heads of the lakes. As just stated, as soon as we attain an elevation of about 1,800 feet, July is practically the only month without frost; but, the reservoirs will ordinarily be full or nearly full of water during July. It is mostly only in the cooler months of September and October that the conditions of run-off are such as to require their being greatly drawn down. There seems little reason to doubt, therefore, but that the effect of constructing the reservoirs will be, on the whole, to increase the healthfulness of the region by doing away with numerous marsh areas which are now, during the warm weather, possibly the source of malarial influences. A striking illustration of how unreasonable public prejudice in the North Woods may be was afforded by the author’s experience at Indian Lake in the fall of 1897. At that time investigations as to the foundation of the new Indian Lake dam were in process, and in order to expedite the study it was proposed to draw the water out of the lake. This fact becoming known, violent protests were made by people living several miles away, who urged that if the lake were drawn down there was certain to be serious sickness, diphtheria among other diseases being mentioned as likely to occur. ‘Time was an element of importance and inasmuch as it would require at least ‘ ten days to draw the water to a level low enough to be of any special assistance in the FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 375 study in hand, it was finally left undrawn, the water surface of the lake remaining during the whole summer and fall of 1897 at about the crest of the original timber dam, or at about twelve feet above extreme low water. In spite, however, of the water not being drawn there was a great deal of sickness in the vicinity of Indian Lake in the fall of 1897, diphtheria especially attacking a large number of children, Certainly had the water actually been drawn, as originally proposed, no amount of argument would have availed to show that the drawing of the water was not responsible for the disease. WHY NEW YORK IS) THe EMPIRE SPADE. New York State is pre-eminent in position by virtue of being the only State resting on the ocean and at the same time well grounded on Great Lakes. From time immemorial Mohawk Valley has been the highway of commerce between the East and the West. If the proposed deep waterway connecting Great Lakes with the ocean is ever constructed, nature has, from the very beginning, predetermined two possible routes, both of which pass through the State of New York; one by way of Oswego-Mohawk valleys to tidewater, and the other by way of St. Lawrence- Champlain-Hudson valleys to tidewater. The former of these routes—that through Mohawk Valley—was the pathway from the East to the West when the white man first came. Here the Iroquois warriors journeyed back and forth, and here, where the Dutch patroons built with the fur trade the early beginnings of what is now a vast. interstate commerce, is the great highway of to-day. At Rome, the highest point on the divide between Mohawk River and Great Lakes drainage, the surface of the ground is only 425 feet above tidewater. This is the lowest pass from Adirondacks to Alabama; all other lines of communication rise to much higher altitudes than this. Hence it was inevitable that New York State, by virtue of position alone, should become a great manufacturing State, and it is, therefore, strange that, with its vast water powers, manufacturing business should not have developed here far in excess of any other State. Let us see why the great water powers, indispensable to the devel- opment of great manufacturing interests, happen to be located on the direct line of greatest commercial activity. The explanation is partly geological and partly topographical; or, if we consider topography as an outcome of geology, then the explanation is all geological. THREE MAIN WATER CENTRES. If we examine a contour map of the State, we easily observe that there are three high points or water centres, from which the water flows in all directions. The larger and most important of these is the elevated region known as Adirondacks, the highest 376 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF peaks of which rise to an altitude of over 5,000 feet. The second water centre includes Catskill mountains, where the highest points rise to an altitude of over 4,000 feet. The third is the elevated region in Cattaraugus, Allegany, and Steuben counties, where the highest points are at an elevation of about 3,500 feet. This may be designated as Allegany centre. The Adirondack water centre is separated from Catskill by the valley of Mohawk River, which receives drainage from both—West and East Canada creeks and other tributaries of Mohawk on the north side of the valley rising in Adirondack centre, while Schoharie Creek on the south side is an important tributary from Catskill centre. In addition to Mohawk River other important streams of the State issuing from “Adirondack centre are Black, Oswegatchie, Grass, Raquette, St. Regis, Chateaugay, Great Chazy, Saranac, Au Sable, Bouquet and Hudson Rivers. From Catskill centre, in addition to Schoharie Creek, we find issuing the head- waters of Susquehanna, Delaware and Wallkill Rivers and Esopus Creek. The Allegany centre supplies the headwaters of Cattaraugus Creek, Genesee, Chemung, Canisteo, Tioga, west branch of the Susquehanna and Allegany Rivers. There are three other secondary water centres in the State, but for present purposes Adirondack, Catskill and Allegany centres may be considered the more important. The Adirondack centre is a rugged region, consisting of primeval granitic rocks, interspersed with sand areas. Here appeared the first dry land on the Western Continent and thus was laid, in earliest geological time, the basis of those fine river systems which, issuing from this water centre, have created water powers of untold value to the citizens of New York. From the very beginning nature had foreordained the State of New York as the seat of future empire. The geological history of Catskill and Allegany water centres is quite different. In both these regions the sedimentary sandstone rocks of Catskill and Chemung groups have attained their greatest development. In Catskill mountains these rocks are still almost absolutely horizontal, as originally deposited, and in places several thousand feet in thickness. Limestones and other hard rocks, underlaid by shales and soft formations, are found beneath the sandstones on lower stratigraphical horizons. This circumstance has determined, in the process of erosion, the great falls and rapids of Niagara River amounting to nearly 220 feet; the six falls and the intervening rapids of Genesee River at Portage and Rochester of about 750 feet; the high falls of Big Salmon River of 110 feet; Trenton Falls on West Canada Creek of 500 feet; Beardsley Falls and Cascades of East Canada Creek; the little and great falls of Mohawk; the falls of Oswego; Bakers Falls and Glens Falls of Hudson together with FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 377 many of the falls and rapids of Black River and other streams of the northern part of the State. In no State in the Union has nature worked out greater water power possibilities than in New York. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER-POWER IN NEW YORK.* According to the United States censuses of 1870 and 1880 the total developed water power of the State of New York was, in 1870, 208,256 horse-power ; in 1880, 219,348 horse-power; increase intheten years, 11,092 horse-power. The increase in ten years of 11,092 horse-power is equivalent to an increase of 5.4 per cent. The United States census of 1890 did not include any statistics of water power, and it is impossible therefore to state definitely the horse-power in that year; still taking into account the great increase shown by the special investigations on Hudson River in 1895, on Genesee River in 1896, and at Niagara Falls in 1897, and also considering the advances in paper making—a water-power industry—as well as the great development now taking place at Massena, the increase for the whole State from 1880 to 1900 may be estimated at about 120 to 140 per cent. On this basis there will probably be in use in New York State at the close of the nineteenth century a total water power of something like 500,000 gross horse-power. The manufacture of mechanical wood pulp alone consumes about 125,000 gross horse-power. These figures, while very suggestive as to the future, are nevertheless rendered more pertinent by considering that with full development of the water-storage possibilities of the State as well as the possibilities of power development on Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers, we may hope ultimately to reach a water-power development in the State of New York something like the following: POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER-POWER IN NEW YORK. GROSS HORSE-POWER. Streams tributary to Lake Erie, : : : ; : i : 3,000 Niagara River (in New York State), : ; ’ 350,000 Genesee River and tributaries, : : : : : 3 ; 65,000 Oswego River and tributaries, : : : : : : 40,000 Black River and tributaries, . : 2 ; 5 : : 120,000 Other tributaries of Lake Ontario, . : ; 5 ; ; , 10,000 St. Lawrence River, : 400,000 Oswegatchie, Grass, Racket, St. Rents Salman: Chatagoy, andl eter streams tributary to the St. Lawrence, P : 150,000 Saranac, Au Sable, Lake George outlet, and ance streams trbutary Lake Champlain, . , : : : : : 3 : 40,000 * This chapter is abstracted from the author’s report to the U. S. Geological Survey on The Water Resources of the State of New York, Papers Nos. 24 and 25 of the U. S. Geological Survey’s Water Supply and Irrigation Papers. 378 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER-POWER IN NEW YORK. (Continued.) GROSS HORSE*POWER. Hudson River and tributaries, not including Mohawk River, 210,000 Mohawk River and tributaries, 60,000 Streams tributary to Allegany River, ‘ : ‘ . é 5,000 Streams tributary to Susquehanna River, 25,000 Streams tributary to Delaware River, 30,c00 Water-power of Erie Canal, 10,000 Potalyy 5 Ty RUS OOO But 1,518,000 gross horse-power has an effective productive value in manufacturing of say $100 per horse-power per annum, or the inland waters of this State have an ultimate economic value when fully developed, of at least $151,800,000 per annum. They may therefore be made, in producing capacity, substantially equal to the entire agricultural product of the State in 1890, which, according to the United States census of that year, amounted to a total of $161,593,009. Indeed, taking into account that agricultural values are continually depreciating, and water-power values appreciating, it is probable that ultimately, if New York State agriculture were to remain on the same basis as at present, the water-power values would considerably exceed the agricultural values. It is probable, however, if the manufacturing industries of this State are ever so far developed as to bring water-power into use to the extent of 1,518,000 gross horse-power, that the local demand for agricultural products will have considerably changed the present downward tendency. As an off-hand figure, we may, therefore, place these two values, at some not very distant date, as equal, and approximating about $200,000,000 per annum. INCREASE IN DEVELOPED WATER-POWER IN NEW YORK. In order to illustrate the increase in developed water-power in the State of New York for the last seventeen years we have the following table of increase on four rivers of the State. RODE NIE INCREASE RIVER HORSE-POWER | HORSE-POWER IN SIXTEEN “ IN USE IN IN USE IN ; 1882 1898 WBLNSS) Niagara, 2,650 45,000 42,350 Genesee, 6,880 19,180 12,300 Black, 13,000 50,000 37,000 Hudson, 12,900 52,000 39,100 sotalsrae 35,430 166,180 130,750 adIS WHddddh WVdA AHATA NVIGNI 09.GYO4MVES HOSENATIVHdOONNAM FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 379 WHY WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN BACKWARD IN NEW YORK. The foregoing statistics of possible water development in the State of New York suggest the very pertinent questions, why with such natural resources and with the advantage of position the water power of the State has not been more fully utilized. The answer to this question involves consideration of certain State policies from early in the present century and which cannot be well discussed in detail at this time.* A few of the reasons for our backwardness in this particular are as follows: LAWS OF RIPARIAN OWNERSHIP IN NEW YORK. As a main reason why, in view of the superior natural advantages, the development of water power interests in the State of New York has been relatively backward, we may cite the curiously diverse views as to the law of riparian ownership which prevail in different parts of the State. On lower and middle Hudson River as well as in most of Mohawk Valley all original titles are derived from the laws of Holland as they existed early in the seventeenth century. Under the Dutch law the riparian proprietors owned neither the beds nor the banks of the streams, but both remained the property of the State. When the colony of New Netherlands passed into the hands of the English Government the colonists were assured the peaceful enjoyment of all the rights they then possessed. The beds of large streams never having been conveyed became then vested in the English Government as ungranted lands, to which as a consequence of the Revolutionary war the State of New York succeeded in due course. The English common law, which became in force in the colony of New York after the English occupancy, differs from the civil law of Holland, in affirming the-right of the riparian proprietors not only to the banks of non-navigable large streams, but also to the beds thereof, and hence to a right to the flow of the water paramount to that of the State, which can only acquire rights therein by the exercise of eminent domain and the granting of just compensation. This principle applies to all the streams of the State except lower and middle Hudson and Mohawk, as already stated. COMPENSATION IN KIND ON BLACK RIVER. On Black River still another view has prevailed. Generally the legislatures and courts of this country have been chary about recognizing the principle of compensation in kind, although in riparian matters this principle is common enough in England. * For discussion in detail, see the author’s paper: On the Application of the Principles of Forestry and Water Storage to the Mill Streams or the State of New York, read before the American Papey and Pulp Association at its Twenty-second Annual Meeting, 1899. 380 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF In the United States it has been almost universally held that when the State exercised the right of eminent domain the compensation could not be in kind but must be ir. current money of the realm. In 1851, however, when considerable volumes of water were diverted from Black River for the supply of Black River and Erie Canals, the Legislature passed an act providing for the construction of storage reservoirs on upper Black River in order to compensate in kind for water diverted from that stream for the supply of the canals. Successive acts relating to the same subject have been passed from time to time, until at the present there are a series of compensating reservoirs on the head waters of the main river and its two principal tributaries, Beaver and Moose, making a total storage of over 3,600,000,000 cubic feet. This particular case must be considered as to the advantage of the water powers and is merely cited as illustrating the curiously diverse and illogical practices which have governed the relation of the Commonwealth to the inland waters of this State. Its significance is accentuated when we consider that on Genesee River, where a considerable diversion for canal purposes has taken place ever since 1825, the riparian owners have not been compensated either by money or in kind, and State authorities have taken the ground that the State is entitled to the water of that stream by reason of a paramount right on the part of the State, which exists independent of and superior to the rights of the riparian owners. These various diverse practices have, undoubtedly, on the whole operated to the disadvantage of water power development in New York. NO GENERAL MILL ACT IN NEW YORK. Without special legislation private enterprise has been unable, by reason of there being no method of obtaining control of lands to be flooded for reservoirs, to develop power at any point where large areas were to be flooded, or where reservoirs were desired to be created. In the New England States, Virginia, Wisconsin and several others there are a series of enactments known as Mill Acts which, founded in the extension of the doctrine of eminent domain, have as their object the encouragement of the erection of mills. In. Massachusetts, manufacturing has always been a chief occupation of the people, hence that State was one of the first to embody in its statutes a Mill Act, under the provisions of which manufacturers may exercise the right of eminent domain, acquiring by due process of law private property for the con- struction of storage reservoirs. The exercise of the prerogative of sovereignity for this purpose is justified on the ground of the common public good. But in New York, by reason of the State going into the transportation business, and consequently adopting the policy of conserving the inland streams for the use of its internal navi- gation system purely, it has resulted that no general Mill Act has ever been enacted. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 381 The most that has been done in this State is to enact a series of special Mill Acts applying to individual streams, as, for instance, Oswegatchie, Great Chazy, Grass, Raquette, Saranac, Moose, Salmon and Chateaugay Ravers. These several acts were passed at various times from 1865 to 1877, inclusive. In 1898, a similar act, although on quite different lines from the preceding ones, was passed applying to Genesee River. ; 3 } By the terms of the acts applying to Oswegatchie, Great Chazy, Grass and other rivers in the northern part of the State, Commissioners are appointed who may erect dams; and if possible, to agree on terms with the owners, purchase the necessary lands, taking the conveyance thereof to themselves and their assigns forever. If they cannot agree on the terms of purchase then title may be acquired under the general condemnation laws of the State. In Genesee River Act of 1897 a private company is authorized to condemn lands for reservoir purposes, the State granting the right of eminent domain for such purpose in consideration of the public service performed by the company of checking floods and improving the sanitary condition of lower Genesee Valley, etc. Summarizing this part of the subject, what is needed by the water power interests of this State is a uniformity of law applying alike to all the streams of the State, and the enactment of a broad general Mill Act which shall permit of developing water storage on any stream to its full capacity without any further powers from the Legislature than those granted in the general act. THE PRINCIPLES OF WATER STORAGE. We may now pass to a brief discussion of the principles governing water storage, the first item demanding consideration being the great variation in the natural flow of streams. In the spring, with the melting of the winter snows, every rivulet is swollen and streams which in August and September are either nearly or entirely dry become raging torrents. Frequently within a week an amount of water flows down the channels of the rivers in this State sufficient to maintain, if distributed uniformly throughout the year, enough water power to drive vast manufacturing establishments and furnish a livelihood for literally hundreds of thousands of people. To so regulate the flow of a stream by water storage as to cause it to flow uniformly throughout the whole year is, therefore, in effect to furnish sustenance for an increased population. 382 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FLOWS OF STREAMS. By way of illustrating the range of the maximum and minimum flows of streams in the State of New York we may cite data from Genesee and Hudson Rivers, and other streams. In the great flood on Genesee in May, 1894, the maximum flow from a catchment area of 1,070 square miles was 42,000 cubic feet per second. The total discharge of the stream from 7 a.m. of May 19, 1894, to 7 a.m. of May 24, was, roundly, 6,900,000,000 cubic feet. At the rate of 1,000 cubic feet per second this quantity of water would have maintained the flow of the stream eighty days. Flood flows of from 25,000 to 35,000 cubic feet per second in upper Genesee are very common. The minimum mean monthly flow of upper Genesee may be taken at 0.099 cubic feet per square mile per second. Occasionally, for a few days, it is probably as low as about 0.080 cubic feet per second. The following table gives the mean monthly flows for a catchment basin of 1,070 square miles as gaged at Mount Morris for the several low flow months of the year 1895, that. year being a year of minimum flow on Genesee River: MEAN FLOW CUBIC FEET INCHES MONTH IN CUBIC FEET PER SEC. ON THE PER SEC, PER SQ. MILE WATERSHED May, . : : F ; ‘ : : : : 174 0.163 | TORO wine, 5 : : ; : : : : 3 128 0.119 Ohl ivilyzeee ‘ : : : : ; : : : 105 0.099 0.11 August, ; : : 3 : i : : : Togs 0.108 0.12 September, . : ; : ; : : : 100 0.093 0.10 October mur : : ‘ : : : 104 0.097 O.11 On Hudson River the maximum flow thus far observed, which occurred on April 19, 1896, was 59,400 cubic feet per second. Minimum flows of about 1,080 cubic feet per second have been observed for a few days on several occasions. Expressed in cubic feet per second per square mile, the maximum flow becomes 13.2 cubic feet per second per square mile, and the minimum 0.24 of a cubic foot per second per square mile. This latter figure, however, does not take into account the diversion for Champlain Canal, and when an addition is made covering this item, the observed minimum flow of the stream properly becomes 0.29 cubic feet per second per square mile. The following table gives the flow of Hudson River by months during the entire water year of 1895, in which year the flow was the least of any during the period covered by the gagings: FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 383 MEAN MEAN MONTH- MONTH YEAR MONTHLY FLOW; LY FLOW IN IN CUBIC FEET |INCHES ON THE PER SEC. WATERSHED December, . : F ; : : 1894 4,367 | 1.12 January, . : : ; : : : . 5 1895 3,876 0.99 February, . ; : ; ; : 5 6 1895 39543 0.82 March, : : : ; 3 ae aa ; : 1895 4,204 1.08 April, : : : : ‘ : : 1895 23,822 5-91 May, 3 ; 2 , : : 5 : 1895 6,850 1.76 June, : ‘ : : ‘ : : : : 1895 2,816 | 0.70 July, : : ‘ ; : : : ; ; 1895 D115) | 0.66 August, ; : : : : 6 ; : ‘ 1895 3,901 1.00 September, . 5 ; : : : : : : 1895 2,629 | 0.65 October mua ; : : . 5 1895 DIBT || 0.69 November, . : : ; ; : : : ‘ 1895 8,421 | 2.08 Yearly mean and total, ; ‘ : ‘ , 5,780 17.46 By way of further illustrating the variation in the monthly flows we may now consider the year 1892, which was the maximum water year of Hudson River gaging period: MEAN MEAN MONTH- MONTH YEAR MONTHLY FLOW) LY FLOW IN IN CUBIC FEET |INCHES ON THE PER SEC. WaATERSHED December, . : ’ é : ; : : ; 18gI ONSeTiT DDG January, . 5 : : : : : : : 1892 18,857 4.83 February, . : ; ‘ : : ; : : 1892 9,263 DoDD March, . ; nighes : 3 5 1892 10,929 2.80 April, : : : : : : 6 é 1892 Pi Sl 5-35 May, : : 5 ; é 5 1892 19,622 |. 5.03 June, 6 : ; : : : : : ‘ 1892 12,395 BOS July, : : . j : 1892 9,287 2.38 August, : : , ‘ ; ; : ‘ ; 1892 5.485 1.41 September, . ; : : : : : ‘ : 1892 4,448 1.10 October, . : : : : : : . 1892 2,819 0.72 November, . ; : ‘ : ; ; : : 1892 7,004 1.89 Yearly mean and total, : : 6 : : 10,909 33.08 The preceding tabulations show that on Hudson River the entire flow for the maximum year is about double the entire flow of the minimum year. 384 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE LIMIT OF MINIMUM FILEOWS. The Hudson River gagings show that the extreme minimum of 0.29 of a cubic foot per second per square mile has only occurred for two periods, one of six days and the other of five days—a total of eleven days for the whole period covered by the gagings. For the month of July, 1888, the mean flow may be taken at 0.37 of a cubic foot per second per square mile, and for October, 1891, the mean flow was 0.36 of a cubic foot per second per square mile. In July, 1890, the mean flow for the month was 0.43 of a cubic foot per second per square mile, and in several other months, as July, 1893; July, 1895; and September, 1895, the mean monthly flow varied from about 0.59 cubic feet per second per square mile to about 0.61 cubic feet per second per square mile. As a practical proposition it may be said, therefore, that while Hudson River remains in its present state—for any business where it is not absolutely indispensable to have permanent power—water-power may be developed up to the limit of about 0.4 of a cubic foot per second per square mile, witha fair prospect of not being stopped on account of low water more than a few days in each year. But for electric power, or any other application of water-power requiring an absolutely permanent power every day in the year, the development ought not to be based, under present conditions, on more than about 0.24 to 0.25 of a cubic foot per second per square mile, these latter figures relating specially to that portion of the river from which water is diverted for the supply of Champlain Canal.* At points above Glens Falls Feeder the indications are that permanent power developments may be made up to about 0.3 of a cubic foot per second per square mile. Asa matter of fact, nearly every water-power on Hudson River is developed far beyond these figures, but under these conditions, some portion necessarily stands idle more or less during the low water period of each year. On Black River, due to the compensation storage, developments may be safely made up to about 0.40 of a cubic foot per second per square mile. If that river were more nearly in its natural state, the indications of the rainfall and run-off data are that the safe measure of development would be substantially the same as on Hudson. WHAT A STORAGE PROPOSITION INVOLVES. Broadly, a storage proposition involves the construction of large reservoirs in which the flood flows of what we distinctively call the storage period, which includes the months from December to May, inclusive, may be held back, to ve fed out in such manner as to maintain an equable flow during the entire year. As already shown by * During the early part of August, 1899, the flow has been somewhat lower than given in the foregoing. Without having the gaging record at hand the extreme observed minimum may be placed at about 0.20 of a cubic foot per square mile per second. The figures in the text relate to the observed minimum of the gaging period from October, 1887, to November, 1898, inclusive. ‘ACIS WAMOT ‘SUSSHALLOA GNV STHUNNOAL Qo.dNos We oF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 385 the last tabulations, streams vary greatly in water yield in different years, such variation being in some degree proportional to rainfall. It is also proportional in different catchment areas to the ground water storage capacity of the soil. Sand areas and other porous soils hold back the water which falls upon the surface, while impervious clay soils allow it to quickly run off after each rainfall. Forest coverings also retard the run-off, producing a more equable flow. THE DATA NEEDED. In order to develop the storage capacity of any given stream to the greatest possible degree, it is necessary to have enough rainfall records, covering the precipitation at points either within or in the vicinity of the catchment basin of the stream, to insure a precise statement of the average monthly and annual rainfall of the basin. It is also indispensable to have a run-off record determined from several years’ gagings. In order to place the determination of the flow line beyond all question the gagings should cover at least fifteen years. Whenever we work with much less length of gagings than about fifteen years there is always a chance for more or less serious error. Having the foregoing data as well as the area of the catchment basin, which can only be satisfactorily determined from a topographical map, we are prepared to compute the average line of flow to which the stream can be maintained, provided its upper reaches contain the required storage ground. There is no way of determining the height of dam for full development storage until these data are at hand. RESULTS ON GENESEE AND HUDSON RIVERS. By way of illustrating practical results in this direction, it may be pointed out that on Genesee River, with rainfalls and run-offs as per tabulations herein contained, and with a drainage area of 1,000 square miles above the point where the proposed storage is to be made, the mean flow fixed upon at Rochester, where the drainage area is 2,365 square miles, is 1,080 cubic feet per second during the months from May to November, inclusive, and 1,000 cubic feet per second for the balance of the year, the additional 80 cubic feet of the summer months being the amount of water required by Erie Canal during that period. The proposed regulation, therefore, is on the basis of 1,000 cubic feet per second for the entire year for the manufacturing interests, or, taking into account that the minimum flow of the stream in its present, natural, unregulated condition is 200 cubic feet per second, the result of constructing the proposed storage will be to increase the minimum flow permanently to five times the present figure. It is estimated that this result can be attained on Genesee River for an initial expenditure of $2,600,000. The capacity of the storage reservoir to be 25 386 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF constructed is 15,000,000,000 cubic feet. The reservoir required to furnish this storage will be nearly fifteen miles in length, an average of about a mile in width and will have an average depth of sixty feet, the depth at the lower end being 118 feet. On Hudson River extensive surveys have been made for the construction of a reservoir system on the headwaters of that stream. The work has been carried far enough to indicate that a storage of about 44,000,000,000 cubic feet can be made at an estimated cost of $2,606,000. In regard to this estimated cost it may be stated that a portion of the data was somewhat general and it is possible that the final figures when obtained may indicate a cost somewhat above $3,000,000. In any case, however, the cost of the storage of Hudson River is relatively low and would be a good investment for the riparian owners, even though it were to cost considerably more than $3,000,000. By way of illustrating this latter proposition it may be cited that the estimated cost of Genesee River storage is $173 per million cubic feet stored, while on Hudson the estimated cost at $3,000,000 expenditure for a storage of 44,000,000,000 is only $68.18 per million cubic feet stored. At the figure of $173 per million cubic feet stored, Genesee River project is considered to be good, com- mercially, and a private corporation has been chartered and organized for the purpose of constructing the work, the income of such corporation to be derived from the sale of the stored water. If such a project is commercially practicable on Genesee River, much more would it be so on Hudson. WHAT CONSTITUTES THE BEST NATURAL MILL STREAMS. The value of artificial water storage is strongly brought out when we consider that the best mill streams are those with lake storage. For example, in New York, Oswego, Black, Mohawk, Hudson, Oswegatchie, Raquette, Grass, Saranac, Au Sable, and other inland streams with large lakes at their headwaters are easily the best mill streams of the State, the reason being that the temporary storage of the lake surfaces has realized in some degree the benefits which would accrue in a much larger degree if those lakes were all converted into storage reservoirs up to the full limit of their capacity. In this connection we may mention Niagara River, which has the largest storage of all. The Great Lakes, with a surface area above Niagara River of 87,700 square miles, are in effect a vast storage reservoir which practically regulates the flow of Niagara River to substantial uniformity. Recent measurements indicate a mean flow of about 230,000 cubic feet per second, which may be expected to vary from a minimum of perhaps 150,000 cubic feet per second to a maximum of 300,000 cubic feet per second, a much smaller range than that of any of the inland streams of ’ the State, the less range being due entirely to the great equalizing effect of Great Lake storage reservoir. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 387 The conditions on Mohawk River may also be specially mentioned. The main tributaries of this stream from the north are East and West Canada Creeks, which both have large natural lake storage with a consequent low water flow of at least 0.3 of a cubic foot per second per square mile. The main tributary from the South is Schoharie Creek, which has no natural lake storage and which runs down in dry weather to less than 0.1 of a cubic foot per second per square mile. In both cases the surface slopes are steep and a considerable part of the variation in low water flow is due to differences in natural storage conditions. However, the fact that Schoharie Creek catchment area is deforested, while Canada creeks’ areas are still largely in forest, as well as differences in surface geology, may be taken into account. Never- theless, when all proper allowances of this sort are made, it still remains true that the differences in surface storage are contributing causes to the differences in value of these creeks in their natural state as mill streams. WATER STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF WATER-POWER COMMON IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. Storage projects with reference to conserving the flood water of the winter and spring season in order to foster water-power interests have probably been as extensively inaugurated in the United States as anywhere. In foreign countries many vast reservings have been created for storing water for irrigation, and for checking floods in mountain streams, but aside from a few cases in France, Belgium and Germany the vast foreign constructions of this character have not generally been for the benefit of manufacturing. In Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maine and New Hampshire, however, under the fostering care of rational Mill Acts, reservoirs for water-power purposes alone have been very extensively constructed. Especially is this true in Massachusetts and Connecticut, where practically every stream has its storage reservoir, with the result that the mill streams of those two States may be estimated to be yielding to-day anywhere from 200 to 300 per cent. more power than they could be made to yield if left in their natural unregulated state. Possibly the percentage of increase is considerably higher than this, but in the absence of detai'ed statistics it is desired to state it conservatively. There can be no question but that the increase is at least as great as 200 per cent. WATER STORAGE IN NEW YORK. Even in the State of New York, where, as shown in the foregoing, we are, considering our natural advantages, somewhat backward, still, from another point of view, we have accomplished a good deal. The reservoirs constructed under the special 388 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Mill Acts of twenty to thirty years ago on Oswegatchie and other streams of the . northern Adirondack region have been of considerable value to the water-power interests of those streams. The Cranberry Lake reservoir of this series is of consid- erable extent, and, while no figures as to the increase of flow have been kept, it may still be safely stated as having materially increased the summer flow. Unfortunately, the Commissioners for these reservoirs did not realize the importance of taking the matter up in a scientific manner, and the dams were not only cheaply constructed, but were made entirely without reference to the fundamental data of rainfall and run-off in relation to catchment area. As the result of the cheap and temporary character of some of the dams they have been allowed to fall into decay and the reservoirs are now practically out of existence, not because they were not of value, but because the parties managing the affair did not know how to do the thing which they set about doing. It is to be hoped that the increase of the scientific spirit will prevent further erroneous practice on this line in the State of New York. BLACK RIVER RESERVOIR SYSTEM. Thus far Genesee and Hudson Rivers are the only streams in New York that have been thoroughly studied with reference to storage possibilities. Something has, however, been done on Black River, and since that stream presents an exceedingly interesting case, because of the adoption there, by the State, of the principle of compensation in kind, we will consider the main points of Black River reservoir system as it exists at the present time. The ordinary diversion from Black River for the water supply of Black River and Erie Canals is as per the following table: DIVERSION IN CUBIC MONTH. FEET PER SECOND. May, : 5 5 : : ; 2 ; : : 5 é 183 June, ; . : , ; E : : : , ‘ 201 July, : : : : ; : : ; : 216 August, . 6 : : : 6 i é : 209 September, ‘ ; ‘ : : : : : : : : 183 October, ; ; ; : ‘ : ; 5 : : 164 November, : : : : : : : : : 130 Mean, . : : c c € é 184 FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 389 The following are the reservoirs which have been constructed by the State in order to make good this diversion: APPROXIMATE | APPROXIMATE | APPROXIMATE AND NAME OF RESERVOIR AREA. MEAN DEPTH. |AVAILABLE CAPACITY. IN ACRES IN FEET IN CUBIC FEET eee | White Lake, F : ; , : 296 5 | 64,000,000 Chub Lake, ; : : i : : : 200 | 4 | 35,000,000 Sandiltaik chara enar : : : : : : 306 | 15 200,000,000 Woodhull Lake, . : : : ; : ; 1,118 18 438,000,000 Bisbys Lakes, , ; - ; , 2 ori all Bas 40,000,000 Canachagala Lake, é : : 3 : BAS | 4 56,000,000 North Lake, : : : : ; : ci Oy - | 28 676,000,000 South Lake, tage : ; : ; | Be | 26 | 350,000,000 Twin Lakes, | 175 | 8 | 60,000,000 Fulton Chain Lakes, . : 3 5 Ee ieee a | 800,000,000 Forestport, | 700 | 10 | 300,000,000 Stillwater, | 17S || 9 | 658,000,000 sotal ee i : , : : a | 3,677,000,000 | | | IL t In addition to the foregoing, opportunities for storage systems exist on West and East Canada creeks, tributaries of Mohawk, and on all the streams of Adirondack water center tributary to St. Lawrence River and Lake Champlain. These latter, however, have never been systematically worked up and little can be said of them in detail. An available site is also found on Salmon River in Oswego county, as well as in the broad valley of lower Black River above Carthage where there is an elegant site permitting of developing the full capacity of the stream to the extent of perhaps 40,000,000,000 to 50,000,000,000 cubic feet. The Delaware, Susquehanna and Allegany Rivers and other streams of the southern tier do not generally permit of developing large storage systems, although undoubtedly detailed study would lead to the discovery of a few available sites, which would probably be more expensive per unit of storage than on the streams to the north. THE NECESSARY CONDITIONS. The necessary conditions for applying the principles of storage to mill streams are (1), the existence of either broad, nearly level valleys with narrow throats at the lower ends, or of natural ponds and lakes of considerable area with such throats; (2), these broad, level valleys, ponds and lakes must have enough tributary catchment area above them to insure the inflow of large volumes of water to be stored; and (3), the narrow 390 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF throats at the lower ends should show rock foundations either at the surface of the ground, or at moderate depths in order that substantial masonry dams may be built. Thus far most of the storage projects for the benefit of the water-power interests carried out in New York have been marred somewhat by the construction of temporary wooden structures, which require considerable expenditure for repairs every few years. This mistake has led, as pointed out on a previous page, to the abandonment of some of the early reservoirs. In New England, where experience in the construction of dams is more extensive than elsewhere in the United States, important barrage works are now made chiefly of stone, but in New York the use of temporary timber structures is still much too common. This is the more astonishing because if a timber dam is well built it is apt to cost about as much as masonry. Usually, when we take into account first cost, repairs, renewals and the fixed charges generally; it will turn out that masonry structures—although generally more expensive in first cost—are the cheapest in the end. HUDSON RIVER RESERVOIR SYSTEM: We may now describe Hudson River with special reference to the proposed reservoir system on the headwaters of that stream.* Chapter 599 of the Laws of New York of 1895 directed that the State Engineer and Surveyor, acting in conjunction with the Superintendent of Public Works, should, as soon as practicable, make a survey of upper Hudson valley in order to determine what lakes, ponds and river valleys could be improved by the construction of storage dams in order to provide additional water for: (1) The use of Champlain Canal. (2) For restoring to the water-power of Hudson River water diverted for canal purposes. (3) Water for improving the navigation of lower Hudson River. The main branches of Hudson River rise in the elevated mountain region of Essex and Hamilton counties. The whole region is rugged and mountainous, and was originally covered with heavy forests. The forest area has, however, been considerably reduced by lumbering operations in the last forty or fifty years, and by severe forest fires which have in places run over very extensive areas. Aside from a considerable summer population of tourists, the whole upper Hudson valley is sparsely populated, there being little opportunity for farming. The occupation of the great bulk of the people is lumbering. The cleared area is in consequence only a small per cent. of the whole. * This description of Hudson River basin is condensed from a paper on Indian River Dam in ‘Engineering News” for May 18, 1899. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 391 The extreme headwaters of Hudson River in Essex county drain from the southern slope of the highest mountains of the State, viz.: Mount Marcy, 5,344 feet; Mount McIntyre, 5,112 feet; Mount Skylight, 4,920 feet; Nipple Top, 4,620 feet; Dix Mountain, 4,842. This is a wild, uninhabited region of mountains, forests and lakes. The branches of Hudson to the west, Cedar and Indian Rivers, etc., drain a nearly equally wild, very sparsely inhabited country, but of somewhat less altitude, Snowy Mountain, the principal peak of the Indian Lake region, being somewhat over 4,000 feet above tide. dlilve upper Hudson valley may be considered as beginning at the mouth of Mohawk, tidewater having, previous to the construction of Troy dam, reached that point. The catchment area above the mouth of Mohawk is 4,627 square miles, and above Glens Falls, where the upper valley may more properly be taken to begin, it is. 2,800 square miles. The main tributaries of Hudson above Mohawk are Hoosic, with a drainage area of 711 square miles; Batten Kill, 438 square miles; Sacundaga, 1,057 square miles; Schroon, 570 square miles. Very little is known as to the rainfall of upper Hudson area from observations taken within the basin, the following being the only stations actually within the catchment area, and these are all in the southern part, South Hartford and Gloversville being just on the boundary : Glens Falls.—Elevation, 340 feet above tide; average rainfall for twenty years, 37.76 inches. Kings Station.—Elevation, 588 feet; average rainfall for eight years, 45.24 inches. South Hartford.—Elevation 500 feet; average rainfall for thirteen years, 40.65 inches. Gloversville.—Hlevation, 850 feet; average rainfall for six years, 46.10 inches. Keene Valley (a short distance north of the north end of the upper Hudson catchment area).—Elevation, 1,000 feet; average rainfall for eighteen years, 35.93 inches. Saranac Lake (also a short distance north of the Hudson catchment area).—Elevation, 1,540 feet; average rainfall for six years, 37.90 inches. Waterford (near Troy).—-Elevation, 50 feet; average rainfall for four years, given as 36.62 inches. Albany.—Elevation, 97 feet; average rainfall for seventy-three years, 39.38 inches. In discussing questions relating to rainfall in upper Hudson catchment area, it has been the author’s custom to take as best applying to the entire basin the rainfall of Northern Plateau as used by the State Meteorological Bureau, the stations included therein being Elizabethtown, Keene Valley, Lake Placid, Saranac Lake, Gloversville, Little Falls, North Lake, Lowville, Number Four and Kings Station. The monthly means derived from taking the averages at all these stations is considered to give a very close approximation to the mean monthly rainfall of upper Hudson area. The figures for the eleven year period from 1888 to 1898, inclusive, may be found in the author’s paper, Data of Stream Flow in Relation to Forests. 392 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF The studies of the possibilities of water storage in Adirondack region indicate that reservoirs may be made on lakes and in river valleys of upper Hudson catchment area with a total storage of over 44,000,000,000 cubic feet. Probably when the investi- gation is fully: complete this figure will be considerably increased, but just how much cannot now be stated for lack of the definite data to be drawn from topographical surveys. The investigations made in 1895-6 showed that, taking into account the distribution and quantity of rainfall, reservoirs could be safely constructed in upper Hudson catchment area storing 13.5 ins. over the entire area. The argument on which this conclusion is based may be found in the author’s report on upper Hudson surveys made to the State Engineer and Surveyor under date of December 31, 1895, and published as an appendix to the annual report of the State Engineer and Surveyor for the year ending September 30, 1895. The investigations made also showed that, generally speaking, reservoirs could be constructed in the Adirondack region much cheaper than in other parts of the State of New York. The original estimated cost of a system of small reservoirs for Schroon valley is $1,172,500, which gives, for a total storage of 15,330,000,000 cubic feet, a cost per million cubic feet stored of $76.48. Or a single reservoir may be constructed, storing on Schroon and Brant Lakes a total of 15,925,000,000 cubic feet, at an approximate cost of $840,000, or at $52.12 per million cubic feet stored. At Piseco Lake it was estimated that a storage of 1,725,000,000 cubic feet could be made for $70,000, or for $40 per million cubic feet stored. At Indian Lake it was estimated that a storage of 4,468,000,000 cubic feet could be made for $120,000, or at the rate of $26.86 per million cubic feet stored. As will be shown farther on, the actual construction just completed at Indian Lake has abundantly justified the original estimate, although it is believed from additional information gained by the surveys of 1896 that some of the other reservoirs were underestimated and that moderate corrections in the figures should be made. Even when such corrections are made, it still remains true that water storage in Adirondack region can be made much cheaper than in any other portion of the State of New York. (C4YOHS GNVH-L4aT AHL NO AONVISIG AHL NI NUYS Ad AVW ANIT MOTH MAN AHL UOA ONIAVATIS) SNOLONIUUVA WOU AAVI NVIGNI 09 GUOIMVYD NOSENATIVH dOOWNAM FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 393 The following tabulation gives the proposed reservoirs of Hudson system so far as the data have been worked up: | | TRIBUTARY ESTIMATED LOCATION ON WHAT STREAM ee lcancamann OR TRIBUTARY NAME OF RESERVOIR 3 rae IN CUBIC FEET | | IN SQ. MILES Sacundaga River, . 4 . Conklinville, 4,000,000,000 | = goo Sacundaga River, . . | Lake Pleasant, . : . | 1I,400,000,000 45 Sacundaga River, . ; . | Piseco Lake, : ; . | 1,725,000,000 55 Sacundaga River, . : . | Arietta Flow, ; : . | 1I,400,000,000 40 Main North River, . . | Thirteenth Pond, . | 439,000,000 4 Main North River, . : . | Chain Lakes, ; é ‘a 1,819,000,000 58 Main North River, . : ays Catlineliake: : 2 784,000,000 | De Main North River, . : . | Lakes Rich, Harris and New- | comb and Goodenow Flow, | 2,603,000,000 83 Main North River, . ; . | Lake Henderson, : . | 565,000,000 18 Main North River, . 3 . | Tahawus Flow, . | 2,101,000,000 67 Boreas River, . i ; . | Boreas and Cheney Ponds, . | 1,411,000,000 45 Cedar River, . ‘ ; . | Wakely Flow, . : . | 1,819,000,000 58 Indian River, . : : . | Indian Lake, : ! . | 5,000,000,000 146 Schroon River, : : . | Tumblehead Falls, : . | 16,000,000,000 502 Main North River, . 3 . | Hadley, : ‘ ; . | 4,000,000,000 580 photalaee : 5 Bois: : i i : . | 44,066,000,000 INDIAN LAKE RESERVOIR. The preliminary investigations having shown that a large reservoir could be made at Indian Lake very cheaply, The Indian River Company, a corporation composed of owners and users of water-power on Hudson River, was organized in 1897 to develop the storage of this lake to full capacity in order to help out the low water flow of Hudson River. There are several novel features of the substantial masonry dam constructed which merit brief description, especially when the large storage gained by moderate expenditure is taken into account. The dam creates an effective storage on Indian Lake of about 4,468,000,000 cubic feet up to the level of the spillway crest, or, if we admit the use of flash boards one to two feet in height, a storage may be expected of, roundly, 5,000,000,000 cubic feet * Lumbering operations began in the vicinity of Indian Lake about 1845, in which year a dam was erected, which has been maintained continuously ever since, for the purpose of furnishing water for driving logs. The original dam raised the water surface between five and six feet; this was subsequently increased in rebuilding the * Condensed from the paper on The Indian River Dam in ‘‘ Engineering News.’ 394 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF dam to between ten and eleven feet. The lake itself (before these constructions were made) was about two miles in length and from 1,500 to 1,800 feet in width at the widest portion. The effect of raising the water ten feet was to make a body of water over nine miles in length, three-quarters of a mile wide at the widest portion, there being extensive low swamp areas at the upper end of the lake, which were flooded by the rise of ten feet. The present construction raises the water twenty- three feet above the crest of the old timber dam, or between thirty-three and thirty- four feet above the mean surface of the original lake, and overflows additional flat areas at the upper end of the lake to such an extent as to make a body of water 14.3 miles in length, with two bays with lengths of two miles and three and three-quarter miles, respectively. The drainage area tributary to the lake above the dam is 146 square miles. At the original raising of the water in 1845 the timber was left standing on the flat areas flooded, as was also done when later on the original dam was rebuilt and raised to an additional height. After two or three years this timber died and remained standing for many years, a serious blot on the landscape. About fifteen years ago the great bulk of it had fallen down, and since that time, aside from a few scattering stubs here and there, the old reservoir when full has presented the appearance of a fine, natural lake. Generally, the shores above the new flow line created by the ten-foot rise are bold and rocky, so that aside from an arm about 7.5 miles in length extending up Jessups River, one of the main tributaries, there is very little flat land to be flooded by the new construction. The new work has included the cutting of all the timber around the margins up to the new flow line, the total length, including Jessups River, being about thirty-five miles. The area of Indian Lake proper (the original lake) is about 1,000 acres. The area at level of crest of old timber dam is 3,007 acres. The area at twenty-three feet above the old timber dam, or at the new flow line, is 4,075 acres. The storage of the timber dam, which has been replaced by the new masonry dam, is estimated at 800,000,000 cubic feet. THE ADIRONDACK PARK. For a number of years public opinion in the State of New York has been rapidly focusing upon State ownership of the wild Adirondack area as the proper place for a great State park. As bearing in this direction the Legislature, in 1893, passed an act erecting Adirondack Park and defining its limits. This act provided that the park so created— Shall be forever reserved, maintained and cared for as ground open for the free use of all the people for their health and pleasure, and as forest lands necessary to the preservation of the headwaters of the chief rivers of the State, and the future timber supply, and shall remain part of the Forest Preserve. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 395 ‘The Adirondack Park, as defined by the Act of 1893, has an area of about 3,000,000 acres, of which the State had possession from tax titles, etc., in 1897, of about 661,000 acres. Governor Black, recognizing the importance of adopting a definite and comprehensive plan which should conserve the future water and timber supply of the State as contemplated in Adirondack Park Act of 1893, recommended in his annual message to the Legislature of 1897 the passage of “An act to provide for the acquisition of land in the territory embraced in Adirondack Park, and making , an appropriation therefor.” Under this act $1,000,000 was appropriated in 1897 and $500,000 in 1898. It is expected that the Legislature of 1899 will appropriate $300,000. This act also created the Forest Preserve Board, to consist of three persons selected from the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forest and the Commissioners of the Land Office. This board may enter upon and take possession of any land, structures and waters in the territory embraced in Adirondack Park, the appropriation of which in its judgment shall be necessary for the purposes specified in the act of 1893. The first Commissioners appointed were Timothy L. Woodruff, Lieutenant-Governor; Campbell W. Adams, State Engineer and Surveyor; and Charles H. Babcock, member of the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission. The Commission still remains as originally constituted, except that E. A. Bond, State Engineer and Surveyor, has succeeded Campbell W. Adams, whose term expired December 31, 1898. The old timber dam at foot of Indian Lake being badly in need of repair the owners thereof proposed, in the spring of 1897, to rebuild the same. While making arrangements Jooking toward such rebuilding it was found that Forest Preserve Board desired to acquire Township 15 and 32 in the Totten and Crossfield purchase, within the limits of which Indian Lake is situated. The reason for this purchase was that the State already had considerable holdings in that vicinity and bordering on these two townships, and in consequence their purchase would make a very extensive body of State lands in that vicinity. In its first annual report, transmitted to the Governor on January 29, 1898, Forest Preserve Board makes the following statements in regard to purchase of the lands at and about Indian Lake: The largest acreage bought of any one party was that in Townships 15 and 32, Totten and Crossfield purchase, Hamilton county, which was purchased from The Indian River Company. This purchase included, with the exception of a few small lots previously sold to other parties, all of Township 15, and three-fourths of Township 32; in all, 42,000 acres. ‘The price paid was $164,000, or $3.90 per acre. These lands include the shores of Indian Lake, and the dam’ at its outlet. The lake is over eleven miles in length. Originally it was much smaller, about three miles long; but a dam, built at its outlet, raised the water until the backflow extended its surface to its present area. As the dam was built many years ago, the trees around the shore of the lake which were then killed by the overflow, had gone out over the dam. The wooded 396 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF growth along the shore has adjusted itself to the changed conditions, leaving nothing in sight to indicate that the present boundaries of this beautiful lake were not the original ones. But if the dam, which was a wooden one, should be allowed to decay and fall to pieces, the water would be drawn down to its former level, reducing the lake to one-third its present size, and leaving miles of devastated flats. In 1893, the Forest Commission, in its annual report said: “The beauty of this lake and its present area is dependent on the dam at its outlet. The damage and unsightly views once caused by it are matters of the past. If the dam were destroyed and the water allowed to fall, the upper portion of the lake would be changed into a dismal swamp, interspersed with slimy pools and rotting stumps. Now that the dam has been built, and the scenery has recovered from its ffects, it should be maintained at its present height. If this can be done in no other way, the State should do it at public expense. It would furnish an immense reservoir for the Hudson, and any variation in depth incidental to reservoir purposes would in no way affect the beauty of the steep banks.” At the time the Board purchased this tract of land, a contract had been made by the owners for the construction of a permanent stone dam to replace the decaying wooden one, and the price finally agreed upon was based upon a consideration of the advantages gained in thus not only preventing the destruction of Indian Lake in all its beauty, but also in preserving it as a vast reservoir for supplying the Champlain Canal, and improving the navigation of the Hudson River. It is to be noted in this connection that the control of the flow of the waters has been thus secured to the State rather than left in the hands of private parties. The permanent stone dam referred to by Forest Preserve Board in the foregoing quotation as the one for the construction of which a contract had been made, is the new dam herewith described, the Board’s authority for such purchase being derived from Section 3 of the act creating Forest Preserve Board, which empowers them to enter on and take possession of any land, structures and waters in the territory embraced in the Adirondack Park, etc. It will be patent to any person giving the subject even casual consideration that the portion of Adirondack region included in Adirondack Park is, aside from forestry, of value for only two purposes, viz.: For a State park worthy of the great Commonwealth of New York, and for the conservation of the issuing streams by the construction of large storage reservoirs. It is highly creditable to Forest Preserve Board that it has been possible for it to inaugurate these two great enterprises, both of which are certain to be of the greatest possible value to the citizens of New York. The park and storage reservoirs are in the line of fully utilizing this region for the only things, aside from forestry, for which it is really useful. CLEARING THE RESERVOIR MARGIN. The specifications for clearing the reservoir margin provide: That all timber and brush of every sort, kind and description now standing on the banks of the Indian River or Lake, above the site of the proposed dam. and between the present margins of the said river and lake and a line ‘ * vertically above the new flow line, shall be cut to within two or three feet of the ground and thoroughly burned or FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 397 disposed of by cutting into logs, firewood or other merchantable timber. ss a “ os The limit of the clearing will be staked out by the engineer, and the contractor must carefully preserve ail stakes set to indicate said limits. In any case, all the timber included within the limit included by the stakes will be considered the property of the contractor, but any of it which he wishes to utilize or save must be entirely removed beyond the limits of the work before the expiration of the contract. All timber not so excepted by the contractor and removed by him must be piled in proper windrows and completely burned. In general the area on which the said timber is situated is on side hill slopes and the timber may be conveniently windrowed down the hill toward the water. * * * Along the line of the new margin as wide a space as possible must be cleared of timber, tree tops, brush, etc., and at least four furrows plowed to prevent the spreading of fire. Im any case, the contractor will use all and every precaution against the spreading of fire during the period of burning, and any damage which may be caused by the fire spreading into adjoining areas must be borne by him. The burning, so far as carried, has been accomplished without damage to the adjoining forest. One outcome of the work was to show that it is exceedingly difficult to burn the bodies of the trees. Whenever this was attempted a mass of fire was made which held for several days, and was very liable to run outside the limits of the clearing whenever the wind blew strongly from off the lake. This point being satisfactorily determined by several trials, certain slight modifications of the specifications were made. Among others it was concluded better to not attempt to burn the heavy timber, but rather to, so far as possible, float it out after the reservoir has become full. The brush and tree tops, on the contrary, were easily burned, they making a quick fire which burned itself out very soon after being started. These points are referred to in somewhat greater detail in the accompanying special account of the clearing. It has seemed proper to the author to go into this matter of the methods used and results obtained in clearing the margins somewhat more extensively than would otherwise have been done because, so far as known to him, no such extended clearing of a reservoir margin in the forest area has been previously carried out in this State. Generally those citizens who go to the woods for health and pleasure have justly considered the leaving of the standing timber about the margins of new reservoirs a great detriment, and in order to meet the natural opposition of those holding this view every attempt has been made to have the clearing at Indian Lake well done. The non-completion of the burning during the year 1898 is due entirely to the fact of constant rains during the months of October and November, in which months it would have otherwise been completed. 398 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Tb CLEARING OF PER 1 MEs RW le rUINe sale tells eel le © sele Ten plein © tia lb rela INDIAN LAKE RESERVOIR.* Indian Lake was originally surrounded by heavy pine and spruce timber, reaching to the water’s edge. In the original enlargement the flooded area was not cleared before submergence, but in undertaking the construction of the present masonry dam the plans included the clearing of the flooded area of all standing timber. This was done in deference to the views of people spending the summer in that vicinity, as a matter of pure zesthetics. The area of the new flowage was mostly covered with hard and softwood timber —chiefly small spruce and balsam, birch and beech, ash, elm, maple and poplar. The softwood, of commercial size, has long since been cut very closely from the lake margin, in consequence of which the larger trees were chiefly hardwood, which does not float, and which cannot, therefore, be rafted down stream to sawmills and converted into lumber. The problems presented in clearing this area of timber, which was surrounded by very extended forests, were not only somewhat out of the usual line of ordinary engineering experience, but they must necessarily be repeated, in a large measure, in any future construction of reservoirs of considerable magnitude in the great water-gatiering ground of the Adirondack region. The contract price bid for cutting and burning was $13.50 per acre, which was rather low. Hence, from the contractor’s point of view it was necessary for economic reasons that the work of clearing be done cheaply. This, as finally worked out, included in substance (1) felling the trees; (2) the severing of the larger limbs from the trunks, and trimming to such size as to admit of piling and burning; (3) the cutting of the trunks of the trees into suitable lengths either for piling and burning, or for sluicing through the logways provided in the dam; (4) the branches, under- brush and smaller trees to be in any case piled and burned. The method finally adopted for disposing of the larger trunks or bodies of the trees is substantially as fol- lows: After cutting into proper lengths for burning the brush, etc., the large trunks are to be left until the reservoir is completed and filled, after which the hardwood and soft- wood logs will separate, the former remaining at the bottom and out of the way, while the floating soft wood will be rafted down the lake and sluiced through the dam in the same manner as logs intended for lumber, after which it may be allowed to take care of itself as driftwood in the stream channel below. As to the propriety of throwing a large amount of driftwood into the channel, it may be pointed out that all such is caught at the big boom above Glens Falls and cut into firewood for the Glen Falls, * The following detailed account of the work of clearing at Indian Lake has been prepared by Robert E. Horton, who was second assistant on the work. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 399 Sandy Hill and Fort Edwards markets. As per specifica- . wll c tions, the trees were cut at a height not exceeding two to three feet above the ground. Cross-cut saws were used in the beginning for felling the trees, but the French Canadian woodsmen, by whom the labor was performed, prefer the axe, and its use soon became exclusive. The operations of felling and trimming, and of piling and burning were carried on separately, and as much time as_ possible allowed to elapse between the felling and burning in order that the timber might become seasoned. Burning could be successfully car- ried on only under the most favor- able conditions of weather, that is to say, when it was sufficiently dry and the wind favorable. When unfavorable conditions prevailed the force employed on this part of the work was kept busy piling brush. As to the advantage of leav- ing the fallen timber to season before burning, it may be re- marked that for some kinds of timber it is of doubtful ad- vantage, especially when one considers that labor can be saved if the trimming, piling and burning are done as fast as the timber is felled. Under ‘ rae this head it may be pointed i : oe out that spruce and balsam “Seer burn readily when freshly cut, Nl AORONDIS GHIBE: and hardwoods can be so burned if the brush is in closely compacted piles, especially if felled during the winter months when the sap is out, although heavy snow in Indian Lake region may interfere at thisseason. Again, a portion of Indian Lake flowage has been devastated by forest fires, and on such areas and in places where the original growth has. been thinned by 400 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF lumbering operations, we frequently find a vigorous second growth of poplar and paper birch. Both these woods burn readily when first cut, but if left lying on the ground soon become water-soaked, and in consequence exceedingly difficult to burn. Certain practical difficulties arose in the operation of burning, such as the preventing of injury to the adjacent forest, on which point the Forest Preserve Board was strongly insistent, the work being frequently inspected by Col. William F. Fox, Superintendent of Forests, and carried on under the daily supervision of a State fire- warden. The difficulties encountered under this head were at times quite serious, the fire frequently escaping into the forest, but happily without damage. The difficulties of burning the brush and smaller trees might be classified as follows: First, on islands lying entirely below the level of the new flow line. These could be burned very easily and rapidly, as there was no danger of the fire spreading. The area thus classified is, however, comparatively small, aggregating not more than fifty acres; this was largely burned over in a single day. The second class included narrow, steep lake margins, and the shores of islands having summits above the new flow line, on which summit the timber was left standing. These narrow lake and island margins constituted the larger portion of the flowage, and having an average slope upward from the water’s edge of about one in ten. For the narrower parts of the lake margin the slope was steeper in proportion, varying from almost perfectly flat areas to nearly vertical. It was found early in the work that the problem of burning the narrow margins was one of considerable difficulty. The open side toward the water gave free access to the landward winds from the lake, which, together with the natural tendency of the fire to creep up the slope, made it very difficult in places to prevent the fire entering the forest. However, it was found that, except under very favorable con- ditions, the fire, generally speaking, would smother out in the forest as soon as it ran beyond the reach of the lake breeze. Nevertheless, it was very desirable, since Indian Lake is a pleasure resort during the summer, that the trees immediately bordering the new margin should be uninjured. The difficulty of burning the margin varied greatly with the character of the timber. On softwood areas the ground is often covered with spruce-duff to a depth sometimes of several feet. Fire once kindled in this is very tenacious, smouldering beneath the surface often for weeks, surviving even heavy showers, and when favored by dry weather and shoreward breezes, spreading into the forest and shooting up the inflammable spruces and balsams—the adjacent hardwood trees remaining meanwhile uninjured. To meet such cases it is necessary that all brush should be piled at least two rods from the standing timber and the intervening space cleared of duff and vegetable mould by means of grub hoes. Plowing, as called for by the specifications, or other common methods of forest fire prevention, were in many places inapplicable FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 401 because of the presence of extensive areas of boulders and rough ground. Generally, fire kindled near the new flow line would not run down the slope, but by first burning the brush adjacent to the standing timber, fires could afterward be started with safety near the water’s edge, and it would then burn over the intermediate space, readily running up the slope. At points along the margin, where hardwood timber chiefly prevailed, the danger from spreading fire was comparatively slight, although in order that the brush might be burned clean at the first firing, and not require additional labor of picking up and reburning, it was necessary that the brush be dry and closely compacted in the piles. A third portion of the flowage consisted of flat lands in the valleys, or bays, at the mouths of tributary streams. Chief among these we may mention Jessups River, the valley of which will be flooded, forming a lake, and having an average width of slightly over one-eighth of a mile. This area was covered with trees, chiefly beech, black birch, swamp maple and water elm. Inasmuch as this area is flat, and lies in a deep valley, unaffected by winds, burning by back-firing was successfully resorted to. As to the disposition of the force employed on the clearing, it may be stated that this work was carried on by gangs of men of about twenty each, under one foreman. Laborers receive $1 per day and their board, and foreman $35 per month and board. The average cost per acre of cutting, including some piling, but not the burning, was $7.50, and the rate of cutting averaged one-fifth acre per man per day. rE EONS ChON TOR iE ES DAVE The new dam is located about 150 feet below the old wooden dam, the site being selected not only on account of the availability of the old dam as a coffer dam during the construction of the new dam, but further because the most economical profile was found at that point. Granitic rock, underlying several feet of boulders in the bed of the river and extending up the west bank within a few feet of the surface, forms the foundations of the main wall and gate house. An independent spillway is obtained by excavating the solid rock of the hill on the west side. The east bank is composed of an impervious sand hardpan, a formation which is quite common in the glacial drift deposits of the Adirondacks. At the east end of the dam the bed-rock in the river was found to extend for a considerable distance almost horizontally under the bank of glacial drift or hardpan, thus determining an earthen embankment with core wall as the natural form of construction on that side. The main dam wall, the wing wall, and the core wall are all joined together, as shown on the plans, the core wall being carried well back on the rock into the impervious drift. * The account of the construction of the Indian River dam was prepared by Wallace Greenalch, who was Assistant Engineer on the work. 26 402 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF PROFILE OF DAM. The section of the main wall of the dam at its greatest height is forty-seven feet high, seven feet wide on top and thirty-three feet on the bottom; the wicth being gradually increased by batters on both faces. The top of the coping is seven feet above the level of the spillway and the top of the embankment is two feet higher. ‘GATE HOUSE AND DISCHARGE TUNNELS. To provide for the passage of water through the dam during construction, two discharge tunnels, nine feet in diameter, are built through the main wall at the west side of the river channel. The arch and invert rings are of selected rubble work, twenty inches deep. Three buttresses, one on each side and one between the openings, compensate for the masonry taken from the section of the main wall by the discharge tunnels. The gate house is situated on the upper side of the dam, opposite the discharge tunnels, and consists of two wells eight feet square at the bottom and 12x 14 feet at the top, with side walls eight feet thick at the bottom, battering to four feet at the top. The object of the two discharge tunnels was to take care of any large floods which might occur while the lower part of the dam was under construction, and thus prevent the water from flowing over newly laid masonry. For the permanent discharge from the reservoir, steel pipes, five feet in diameter and ten feet long, were built in masonry inside the nine-foot discharge tunnels. It was the original intention not to lay them in place until the main dam wall had been carried to a height above all danger from possible floods. The contractors, however, wished to lay the pipes as soon as the inverts of the tunnels were finished, and upon their agreeing to make good all damages which might be received from floods, they were allowed to do so. Fortunately no large floods occurred during the construction of the dam and the leakage and overflow from the old wooden dam was easily carried by the two five-foot openings. Single-disk flume gates made by Eddy Valve Co. are bolted to the pipes by flanged connections and regulate the discharge from the reservoir. Each gate-well is provided with two 3 x 5-foot sluice openings, controlled by wooden slide gates and protected by steel gratings. Owing to the difficulty of operating the slide gates on account of the excessive friction under full head of water, provision is made for filling the gate-wells by means of six-inch pipes built through the walls of each well. A suitable superstructure with masonry side walls and shingle roof encloses the operating mechanisms of all the gates, as well as the apparatus for indicating the opening of the main gates. The maximum discharge through the two discharge pipes with full reservoir is estimated at 1,400 cubic feet per second, although it is not expected to discharge at a greater rate than about 1,000 cubic feet per second. WYNKOOP HALLEN:2CK CRAWFORDCO SLUICE WAY FOR LOGS. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 403 LOGWAYS. Inasmuch as there is a large amount of valuable spruce timber still standing in the forests adjacent to Indian Lake and its tributaries, it became necessary to provide a logway for floating out the logs each spring. The main logway is fifteen feet in width, with the bottom ten feet below the spillway level, and is situated just west of the gate house. Heavy buttresses on each side carry the pressure of the water against the logway when closed, as well as form a gangway for the logs after passing the opening. The logway is controlled by means of forty-five 4 x 8-inch spruce timbers or ‘“‘needles” about twenty feet long, placed edgewise to the water in the reservoir. The needles are operated by a block and fall.suspended from a gallows-frame above the needle- frame. For the purpose of floating out old snags or logs when the water is at or above the level of the spillway, a subsidiary logway, with the bottom eighteen inches below the spillway level and controlled by three 6x12-inch timbers, has been provided at the east end of the spillway. SPIELE WAY. The spillway is located at the west end of the dam and is spanned by a foot bridge resting on five masonry piers. The effective spill is 106% feet long, and with the water up to the bottom of the floor stringers, about six feet in depth would allow a discharge of 5,000 cubic feet per second. With the large temporary storage of the reservoir it is not considered, however, that a discharge approximating 5,000 cubic feet per second will ever take place. The spillway is seven feet wide in section with a downward slope of eighteen inches toward the back or upstream face. The top is coped with large selected stones firmly doweled to the masonry. EMBANKMENT. The embankment at the east end of the dam is fifteen feet wide on top, with a rip-rapped slope of two and one-half to one on the upper or water slope and two to one on the lower slope. A rubble masonry core wali extends through the center of the embankment and into the hardpan from eight to twenty feet. The trench for the core wall was made four feet wide, with vertical sides, and then filled solid with rubble masonry. From the surface of the ground the wall batters to two feet wide at the top. The embankment was deposited in twelve-inch layers, sprinkled, and thoroughly rolled with a two-ton roller. As no clay was to be found in the vicinity, some of the hardpan was deposited next to the core wall on the water side and thoroughly compacted by cutting and cross-cutting with spades. The object of 404 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF this puddling was merely to insure an extra precaution against leakage from possible cracking of the core wall, as well as to prevent water from following along the surface of the masonry. Special care was taken in laying both the core wall and embankment to have them watertight. On the lower side of the dam, at the junction with the main wall, the embankment is held in place by a wing wall, but on the upper side the embankment is allowed to assume the two and one-half to one slope until it rests against the main dam wall. MORTAR AND CONCRETE. The cement used in the work was delivered in barrels at North, Creek by railroad and from thence hauled by wagon about twenty-two miles over a mountain road. The sand used was obtained from a bank on the shore of the lake about two miles from the dam and was transported to the work in a scow having a capacity of thirty cubic yards per load. The scow was propelled by means of an anchor with a long rope and a windlass, after the ordinary method of moving lumbermen’s rafts on lakes. Advantage was also taken of favorable winds by hoisting a large sail. In this manner a crew of six men and a foreman were able to deliver about 720 cubic yards of sand and 180 cords of wood, for the steam boilers, per month, the wood being taken from points along the lake, in some cases several miles from the work. The sand obtained was of excellent quality, being almost entirely free from loam and exceedingly sharp. The mortar was composed of three and one-quarter parts of sand to one part of cement by volume, except for pointing and for bedding the lowest course of masonry, where two to one mortar was used. The sand and cement were thoroughly mixed dry on a platform by means of hoes until the mixture acquired a uniform color. It was then mixed wet by passing through a mechanical mixer of the paddle type. The proportions for making concrete were experimentally determined by measuring the voids in the broken stone to be used, and allowing a little more mortar than necessary to fill the voids. The proportions by volume of the dry materials were one part of cement, three and one-quarter parts of sand and seven and one-half parts of broken stone. This was found to yield an excellent concrete. In making the concrete, the sand and cement were first mixed dry as for mortar and then spread in a layer over the broken stone. The whole was then shoveled into the mixer, where the water was supplied through jets, and all thoroughly mixed by the paddles in going through the mixer. The concrete dropped from the mixer directly into wheelbarrows or derrick boxes and thence was taken to the work. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 405 FOUNDATION AND MASONRY. The surface rock in the river bed and on the west bank was quite seamy and disintegrated and was, therefore, removed by blasting until solid rock was reached. This was usually at a depth from three to six feet below the surface. The rock thus found was remarkably free from any but fine closed seams and made an ideal founda- tion for the dam. A few small springs were found under the main wall, but were easily taken care of by building masonry wells around them in the following manner: About a foot or two in height was built at a time, so that as the well filled with water the pressure would not be sufficient to wash out the freshly laid mortar from the walls of the well. Successive courses of masonry were built up as the preceding courses became set, until the water from the spring had reached the level at which it would flow no more. The water was then bailed out and the well filled with rich concrete. The height to which the wells had to be built did not exceed four or five feet. Before laying any masonry great care was taken to remove all the rock which had been loosened by blasting and then to thoroughly clean the freshly exposed surface with a hose and brooms. The surface left by the removal of the loose rock was quite irregular, but to further insure against water following the foundation a layer of three or four inches of two to one mortar was spread over the foundation, and the first course of masonry bedded in it. The rock excavated from the bywash channel and from the foundation, while solid, was found to break quite irregularly and could not therefore be used for the facing of the dam, though entirely suitable for backing. The facing was composed of large sized stone obtained from two quarries which were opened up within about. 500 feet of the east end of the dam. The stone—a syenitic granite—is of a pink color, fine grained and extremely durable, as was shown by the weathered outcrops of the quarry. It was found to be easily quarried into blocks, ready, with little or no work on them, to be laid into the dam. Considerable latitude was allowed in the joints of the facing, from one and one-quarter to one and one-half inch joints being about the average obtained. The backing consisted of large irregular stones laid in full mortar beds about a foot apart, with the intermediate spaces filled with concrete thoroughly rammed to place. Stones of different sizes were purposely laid adjacent to each other, so as to avoid any regular coursing of the backing. The use of concrete in the above manner had the effect of considerably reducing the quantity of cement which would be required had the masonry been laid up in the ordinary manner by masons. No account was kept of the amount of cement used in pointing with two to one mortar, but an average of the whole work gives about twenty-seven per cent. mortar. 406 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF COST OF WORK. The average cost per cubic yard of masonry laid during July and August, when the work was well under way and the conditions favorable, is as follows: Quarrying face stone, average for month’s work, . : é 3 0 WOKS Labor of laying masonry, . : : : : ‘ : : 5 088 Labor of pointing, é 5 : : : : : : : Gon be pitts Mixing mortar and concrete and crushing stone, . : : : : 20 Cost of cement, . é ‘ ; 3 : 5 : ‘ : : 2.00 Cost of sand, : : : 5 : : ; : : : ot General expenses, superintendence, etc., : : : : : : 27 Total, : ; ' : ? Ta gee : : 5 MQtOE It was found impossible to reach anything like these figures except under the most favorable conditions. . The stone used for backing was paid for as excavation of rock, the cost of the labor of excavating the same during July and August amounting to forty-six cents per cubic yard. The main wall is coped with concrete twelve inches in thickness, laid in place on the dam in sections about ten feet long. Each section was allowed to set before the next was laid, thus making a transverse joint to allow for expansion and contraction. The dam was constructed in about seven months, the work beginning in April and ending in October, 1898. With the exception of the cement, iron work and contractors’ supplies, which were transported by wagon from North Creek, this work was remarkable for the favorable conditions obtaining. Facing, backing, riprap, broken stone for concrete and lining, and earth for the embankment were all obtained immediately at the dam site. Sand and wood for fuel were delivered by boat directly at the work, both being obtained on the shore of the lake a few miles away. The timber and lumber, except the oak, which came by rail, were obtained at sawmills within three miles of the work. The use of the old dam as a coffer dam made d “bailing and draining” a comparatively small item of expense. In. connection with the foregoing it may be noted that similar conditions are found at many of the dam sites examined and projected for water storage on upper Hudson. Suitable materials for the construction of masonry dams are found at most of the sites, and it is one of the marked coincidences that at many of the sites a hardpan bank occurs on one side of the river valley resting on granite rock, which forms the bed of the river and extends up the other side. In view of the peculiar circumstances of the letting, it was deemed desirable to keep much more careful force accounts than are ordinarily kept on such work, the FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 407 said amounts including, so far as possible, expenses of every sort and kind. The following statement of the actual cost of the work has been compiled from force accounts so kept and from information furnished by the contractors: Labor, not including clearing margins, 6 : : . : 5 hieyayas) General expense, ° : : : 5 : : ‘ 6 : 9,601 Raw material, . : : : : j i : : : 5 SL RO Interest, : . : : c c 1,150 Payments made or to be made, account clearing, 5 5 ° SOOO Team work, delivery of cement and supplies, . : : : : 6,836 Insurance, 0 : Puan 2 c : : : : , TRS Freight, 6 : : : . g60 Barn account, teams owned by contractor, : ; : ‘ : 125 Total amount, : : : : ; : : 5 OS RRS WHY FORESTS CONSERVE SiREAM FLOW.* We now approach the third division of our subject—the data of stream flow in relation to forests. As stated at the beginning of the paper this subject has been as yet only casually considered in the United States, although abroad the general question of forest influences has been extensively considered, not only as regards run-off of streams, but in its relations to many other questions as, for instance, the relation of the temperature under woods and outside; the determination of rainfall under woods and outside; the influence of the forest floor covering on the humidity of the soil and on evaporation from the same; the amount of evaporation in the forest and without; the quantity of ground water at different depths under woods and outside, with various aspects and under various kinds of trees; the hygrometric condition of the air under woods and outside; the rain and snow reaching the ground under woods and outside; and many other questions have been studied. In the United States, thus far, the foregoing divisions of the subject have, with one or two exceptions, been left untouched, although measurements of stream flow have, during the last few years, been carried on in many places. Moreover, the subject has, for the reasons already assigned, attracted conside1able attention, and been, in consequence, the object of a great deal of popular writing, in which the most diverse views have been expressed. It has been held that forests not only increase rainfall, but that they increase the total annual flow of streams, at the same time retarding the rate of surface run-off, thereby decreasing the severity of * A portion of the following chapters is from a lecture on The Data of Stream Flow in Relation to Forests, before the engineering classes of Cornell University, April 14, 1899. 408 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF floods. The contrary view, that forests not only do not increase precipitation, but that they are without effect on rate of run-off, and hence that floods are quite as great from forested as from deforested areas, has been strongly championed. The author has no desire to question the good intentions of the gentlemen presenting the views referred to. He recognizes that the chief difficulty with some of the recent writers on this subject—especially the authors of popular articles in the magazines—has been an evident lack of full acquaintance with the physical data really applying. One object of the present discussion is to some extent supply this lack by actually quoting these data, or, when too extended for citation, to indicate where some of the more important may be found. The author does, however, wish to point out as a tentative proposition, that the real reason why forested areas furnish more water in the streams for a given rainfall than do deforested and cultivated areas, is because forests, on the whole, consume less water than do deforested and cultivated areas. The data herein given are especially directed toward establishing this tentative proposition. DIVASIONSSOR VLR SU Biia Ci: We may discuss the subject under the main divisions, Rainfall, Temperature, Hygrometry, Evaporation and Forest Data and the Relation Between Rainfall and Run-off. This division is necessarily taken somewhat arbitrarily, one frequently running into another, and is made merely for the purpose of assisting somewhat in handling the data. Before proceeding to the main discussion, the author may very properly indicate that while, as a tentative proposition, he has no doubt that, other conditions remaining the same, forest areas yield more water from a given rainfall than do similar deforested areas—and certain data derived from recent studies in the State of New York will be presented strongly substantiating this view—nevertheless, it is recognized that some of the information really needed for final conclusions, is not yet gathered, and in consequence all final conclusions are necessarily delayed for many years—at any rate so far as the comparison of broad areas widely separated is concerned. Illustrations of why this is true will be given further on. The foregoing definition of what seems to the author to be the present state of the data of the stream flow in relation to forests, is made necessary because one of the mooted questions at the present time is as to the proper method of investigation to be pursued. The foreign studies of forest meteorology have been mostly carried on with reference to comparing temperature, hygrometric and other meteorological conditions in the forest, with outside conditions, the run-off of streams having been, generally speaking, only casually considered. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 409 The author’s present view is that final results will not be obtained until studies extending over a considerable number of years have been made, not only of the run-off of the streams from similarly situated contiguous areas, the one forested and the other deforested, but of the meteorological conditions of such areas, including temperature, dew point, humidity, vapor pressure, precipitation, and wind velocity. By way of illustrating how these several elements vary in different parts of the United States, the following tabulation has been compiled from the Annual Reports of the Chief of the United States Weather Bureau for the years 1891-96, inclusive, the places therein given, at which complete observations have been kept, being selected with reference to showing what considerable variations in these elements prevail in different parts of the United States. It may be noted in passing that temperature, dew point, humidity, vapor pressure, precipitation, and velocity of wind, are the elements determining the intensity of evaporation. TABLE SHOWING MEAN VARIATION OF YEARS 1891 TO 1896, INCLUSIVE, IN METEORO- LOGICAL CONDITIONS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES. a] RELATIVE VAPOR x, A fi a DEW POINT ; 5 eo) Dp HUMIDITY PRESSURE 4 Al ©) a < a a NAME OF PLACE ao : ; g A ag Z = Z Z 2 2 5 ll a 4 a 4 ai 4 ai F ZH is eo} ive) co ive) oo co Wy 5 B le Fo Fo Fo permet Perct. | Inches | Inches | Inches Miles Abilene, Texas, . 6 | 68-8 |] AVS | A563 | 7O.8 | ASO | 2 Sa4t | ogo | 23.76) m1 .© JMO, Ie Wey 2 | 43.5 | BO.2 | 10.3 | 80.8 | W.8 | .202 |) 308 || Bt) 977 Block Island, R. I., o | A9.© | 42.7 || 24.0 | S2.© | 82.8 | 2.220 | .332 | 42:02] nO.A Boston, Mass., . » | 4.8) BOE | 40.8 |) 73.3 | F227 || -282 || .2O@ |) 30.92) 13.3 TBH, INNS oj 1c >| 7 © | BS.8 [@SeHh V PET | POss | .27© |-.27O |) 37.28 12 .© Cleveland, Ohio, . > | AO24 |) BO.6 | AR.3 |) WHO | FESO || .2O0 | BOR | B2.64) 12, Denver, Col., : 6 PA@.8 | 28.9 | 20.2 87.3 |b BO EO jp siS@) | TA OO) 9.5 Eileasonmlcxes : > || ©8.4 | GO.8 | 24.7 || 4@.3 || 28.8 || .200 | 266 7 Wi 54 Los Angeles, Cal., > | OF.6 || AG.© | 50.8 | GO.© | O1.8 | oe32 | 693 || BASeeal 3.6 Oswego, N. Y., . o | ASS | B72 | BS. | 77-2 | 72.8 | .260-) .268 |) sn. gn) 22.2 RON UNEP NIE TE: Meteorology may be defined as, broadly, the study of the atmosphere, its properties, motions and appearances, etc., an orderly arrangement of all the facts relating thereto constituting the science of meteorology.* The consideration of * See Meteorology. By Thomas Russell, U. S. Engineer. Also, Meteorology; Practical and Applied. By J. William Moore. 410 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF rainfall in relation to the run-off of streams may be considered a division of applied meteorology. ANNUAL RAINFALL. In compiling rainfall records for purposes of comparison with run-offs of streams, it is the author’s custom to arrange them in a water year beginning with the month of December, and ending with November. Such a year is again divided into three periods, December to May, inclusive, constituting the storage period; June to August, inclusive, the growing period; and September to November, inclusive, the replenishing period. During the storage period a large per cent. of the total rainfall appears as run-off in the streams, while in the growing period the percentage of rainfall appearing in the streams is very small, the bulk of the precipitation of that period being used up by plant life and evaporation from the surface of the ground. Usually the stored ground water is so drawn upon during this period as to produce a low water table. The replenishing period is an intermediate stage during which evaporation gradually decreases, and provided the rainfall is not deficient, ground water rises to its usual height. Naturally these periods run more or less into one another, depending upon whether seasons are advanced or retarded.* The English writers on hydrology make a water year beginning with September and ending with August. This water year is again divided into a winter period extending from October to March, inclusive, and a summer period from April to September, inclusive, as best fitting the conditions of English climate. Mr. Beardmore, in his Manual of Hydrology, proposes a water year of three periods of four months each, the first including November to February, inclusive, which he calls the winter division; the second, March to June, inclusive, the spring division; and July to October, inclusive, the summer division. This plan, Mr. Beardmore considers, gives better opportunity for comparison. As regards American climatic conditions, how- ever, the author considers the division into storage, growing and replenishing periods, as given in the foregoing, on the whole, the best arrangement.t * For examples of rainfall and stream run-off records written up with reference to a water year extending from December to November, inclusive, and divided into storage, growing and replenishing periods, see the author’s several reports on Genesee and Hudson Rivers Storage Projects, in the Annual Reports of the State Engineer and Surveyor, for 1895-96, inclusive. + See (1) Beardmore’s Manual of Hydrology, pp. 2-81; (2) Harrison’s paper On the Subterra- nean Water in the Chalk Formation of the Upper Thames, and its Relation to the Supply of London, in the Proc. Inst. C. E., Vol. CV (1891), pp. 35-46; (3) Evans’ paper On the Percolation of the Rainfall on Absorbent Soils, in Proc. Inst. C. E., Vol. XLV (1876), pp. 208-216; and (4) Graves’ paper On Evaporation and Percolation, also in Proc. Inst. C. E., Vol. XLV (1876). FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 411 RAINFALL DATA IN THE UNITED STATES. The chief sources of information as to rainfall in the United States are (1) the Annual Report of the United States Weather Bureau; (2) the monthly and annual publications of the various State Weather Bureaus; and (3) a large amount of manu- script records collected by the Smithsonian Institution previous to the establishment of the United States Weather Bureau in 1871, and now in possesston of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, and to be had by investigators on correspondence with his office. In addition to the stations of the United States Weather Bureau located at many of the important cities of the country, all of the States and Territories maintain Weather Bureaus and publish the results either in monthly or annual bulletins. The State records are also tabulated in the Annual Report of the United States Weather Bureau. The Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau has, however, only been published in its present complete form since the year 1891, and it has the disad- vantage to the student who desires up-to-date data, of being about two years behind in publication. If, therefore, one desires the recent data, they may be obtained from the Bulletins of the State and Territorial Bureaus, or by correspondence with the Chief of the United States Weather Bureau. TEMPERATURE. The foregoing statements as to sources of information about precipitation may be also taken as applying to temperature, hygrometry, etc., except that, generally speaking, the State and Territorial weather services have not gone extensively into hygrometric observations, the most of this work being confined to the stations of the United States Weather Bureau. MEAN ANNUAL AND MONTHLY TEMPERATURES. A study of the table showing variation in meteorological conditions in different parts of the United States on page 409, leads to the tentative conclusion, that evapora- tion from the surface of the ground varies broadly. Thus, at Abilene, Texas, the mean temperature for the period considered in the table is 63.8°, while at El Paso, Texas, 450 miles west, the mean temperature is shown to be 63.4°. The mean dew point at Abilene is 47.3°, at 8 a.m., and 45.3° at 8 p.m.; while at El] Paso it is 30.8° at 8 a. m., and 24.7° at 8 p.m. At Abilene the relative humidities, as per table, are 76.3 and 48.0 per cent.; while at El Paso they are 49.3 and 23.8 per cent. Vapor pressures at Abilene are 0.374 and 0.340; and at El Paso, 0.206 and 0.166; the mean rainfall at Abilene, 23.79 inches, and 7.11 inches at El Paso. The average hourly velocity of the wind at Abilene is 11.0 miles, and at E] Paso, 9.7 miles. The country 412 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF about both places is an elevated, dry region, entirely destitute of any water on the surface, and with very little timber, except small fringes along the margins of streams. It is perfectly clear to the author, from former experience in central and west Texas, that while the mean temperature at these two places are substantially the same, the natural evaporation, except accidentally, is much greater at E] Paso than at Abilene, although it may be pointed out that since wind movement is one of the controlling factors in evaporation, the lower average velocity of wind at El] Paso will tend to reduce the average evaporation there. The difference in rainfall at the two places must also be taken into account in considering actual evaporation results. The broad proposition is that with equal rainfalls at the two places, other conditions remaining as shown by the tabulation, the evaporation either from water or from land surfaces will probably be greater at E] Paso than at Abilene, although, possibly, the difference in wind velocity might accidentally make the two not very different. Similar com- parisons can be made for other stations, as, for instance, between Block Island and Boston, where the mean temperatures are nearly the same, but where there are large variations in the other elements controlling evaporation. A coincidence in evapora- tion depths at these two places would merely mean an accidental balancing of all the forces influencing evaporation. We need, therefore, not only tabulations of mean monthly and yearly temperature as a necessary part of the study on this line, but tabulations of all the other elements influencing evaporation before we can decide. CONSTANCY OF TEMPERATURE. Temperature is a tolerably constant meteorological element, as may be inferred from the following statistics of mean annual temperatures.* At St. Petersburg there is a record of temperature since 1743, the mean of which to 1875, inclusive, is 38.6°, the highest annual temperature being 42.4° in 1822, and the lowest 34.1° in 1815. At Paris, records kept from 1735-1890, inclusive, show a mean temperature for the whole period of 51.4°, the highest annual temperature of 57.6° occurring in 1781. The following are the annual temperatures at Philadelphia for various groups of years from 1758-1889, inclusive: 1 OMLOML TT ‘ : ‘ j : : : ; : 5 BAY 1798 to 1804, : : ‘ : : : : 5 ‘ : 5 Bla” 1829 to 1838, ; : : : : : : : ; 5 SiLBY 1825 to 1845, : F : : : : : ‘ : Be eon 1846 to 1867, : : : : : ; ; ° 5 : 5 BOY 1871 to 1889, : B ; ; ; : ; ; é 4 ay eta * For these long temperature records, see Russell’s Meteorology, pp. 103, 104. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 413 The lowest annual temperature at Philadelphia, 48.2°, was in 1836. A study of temperature records, so far as the author has carried such a study, seems to show that there is no direct relation between the run-off of streams and mean annual temperature, although on this point he does not wish to be understood as yet passing a final judgment. * HYGROMETRY. Hygrometry may be defined as that branch of meteorology which is concerned with the determination of the amount of water present in the air in the form of vapor. The degree of humidity is its hygrometric state. When expressed as a per cent., it is relative humidity, but when the tension or elastic force of aqueous vapor which represents the pressure of all the vapor in the air above the point of observation is expressed in terms of inches of a mercury column, it represents the absolute humidity of the air. VARIATIONS IN THE HYGROMETRIC STATE. The hygrometric state varies greatly at different times of day and different seasons. For diagrams and tables illustrating these variations, see Durand-Claye’s Hydrau- lique Agricole et Gente Rural, Chapter 7. EVAPORATION: GENERAL FORMULA FOR EVAPORATION. So far as the English literature of the subject is concerned, the most satisfactory discussion of evaporation is that of Mr. Fitz Gerald, { whose formula for evaporation r=) In this formula, V means the maximum force of vapor in inches of mercury is as follows: corresponding to the temperature of the water; v, the force of vapor present in the * For a large number of temperature records in the State of New York, tabulated with reference to a water year from December to November, inclusive, and divided into storage, growing and replenishing periods, the same as for rainfall records, see the author’s Reports on the Genesee and Hudson Rivers Storage Surveys, in the Annual Reports of the State Engineer and Surveyor, as pre- viously cited. + Refer to Moore’s Meteorology, Chapters XVI to XX. + See paper on Evaporation. By Desmond Fitz Gerald. Trans. Am. Soc. C. E., Vol. XV (Sept. 1886), pp. 581-646. 414 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF air; W, the velocity of the wind in miles per hour, and &, the evaporation in inches of depth per hour. It can be shown that there is going on nearly always a condensa- tion of moisture from the air, upon any water surface. At the same time there is going on a loss of moisture from the water to the air. The intensity of both these operations depends upon the difference in temperature between air and water. When the temperatures of air and water in contact are the same, both processes stop. Evaporation is, therefore, the measure of the difference of these two exchanges. The experiments of Mr. Fitz Gerald and others have shown that evaporation from water sur- faces is subject to a definite law, expressed by the formula just given, but evaporation from the ground has never been reduced to any such simple expression. Various difficulties arise which apparently render it impossible to make a single expression covering all the phenomena involved. If the surface of the ground be kept constantly wet, evaporation therefrom goes on substantially as from water surfaces. The main difficulty, therefore, in reducing evaporation from the ground to a simple formula, is largely due to uncertainty of the water supply. The demands of evaporation from the surface of the ground are continuous, the same as from other surfaces, but constant interruptions by either complete or partial exhaustion of the available supply, complicate the action so much as to render expression by formula apparently impossible. Varying demands of vegetation at different seasons also further complicate the problem. EVAPORATION DATA. Evaporation data applying to water surfaces at Boston may be found in Mr. Fitz Gerald’s paper already referred to. For evaporation from the land surfaces of several catchment areas in the United States, refer to the author’s paper On the Water Resources of the State of New York, No. 24 of the Water Supply and Irrigation papers of the United States Geological Survey; and for evaporation data at Rochester, refer to the Annual Reports of the Executive Board of the City of Rochester, 1891-98, inclusive; also to the author’s Report on the Genesee River Storage Surveys, and to the paper on the Water Resources of the State of New York. For evaporation data abroad, at a number of foreign points, refer to Beardmore’s Manual of Hydrology and to Durand-Claye’s Hydraulique Agricole et Genie Rural, page 257, where evaporation data applying to Paris, Turin and Lake Fucino, may be found. Tables showing the hourly variation of evaporation may be found in Mr. Fitz Gerald’s paper, and in Durand-Claye’s. A number of tables of evaporation at foreign points are given in the author’s Report on the Upper Hudson Storage Surveys for 1896. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 415 CONDITION CHIEFLY AFFECTING EVAPORATION. The evaporation from a water surface depends upon several elements outside of temperature, as, for instance, the hygrometric state exercises a certain action, but the agitation and constant change caused by wind movement exercises the greatest influence of all, because of quickly removing layers of air in contact with the liquid surface, substituting others in place of them.* DOUBLE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TERM EVAPORATION. Mr. Beardmore points out in his Manual of Hydrology that the term evaporation is, in reality, of double significance, the engineer regarding it as much with reference to the quantity lost when the soil is wetted by rain or dew, as the amount merely evaporated from exposed surfaces of water, which is the evaporation of the meteorologist. Writers on general meteorology have thus far only casually taken into account land evaporation. NEGATIVE EVAPORATION. This term may be taken to mean that when the temperature of the dew point is higher than that of the evaporating surface, water is deposited on that surface. Studies of run-off data in comparison with rainfall and without regard to forest meteorology indicate that on some watersheds this is, perhaps, a frequent condition. We need forest meteorology, therefore, to correct the uncertainty of run-off obser- vations in this particular. EVAPORATION FROM NAKED SOIL. As already pointed out, evaporation from the ground follows substantially the same law as evaporation from water surfaces, varying in accordance with temperature, hygrometric state, wind movement, etc., and further varying with the nature of the soil. Experiments on this line were made by Maurice at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1796, and by De Gasparin, at Orange, France, in 1821, from which were determined the ratios between evaporation from the soil and rainfall for those years, as 0.61 for the first, and 0.88 for the second. More recent studies show that these old determina- tions have historical value only. Very recent French experiments are those of Marie- Davy, made at the Municipal Observatory of Montsouris, as recorded in the Annual Report of the Montsouris Observatory. Probably the best experiments are those made in England, where the percolation through drain gages has been observed at the * Also refer to Fitz Gerald’s paper, Beardmore’s Hydrology, etc., for more extended statements as to conditions affecting evaporation. A416 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF Rothamsted Agricultural Experiment Station and at other places for a number of years.* We may cite some of the results obtained by Mr. Graves, and detailed in his paper On Evaporation and on Percolation before the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume XLV. The following summary of results for fourteen years, all in inches, includes the rainfall and percolation through turfed soil and through a bed of deep, fine sand, the soil and sand being contained in a strong, open topped, water-tight, slate box or tank, with an area of one square yard and thirty-six inches in depth. The soil is turfed over and the grass occasionally cut. PERCOLATION EVAPORATION YEAR RAINFALL GROUND SAND GROUND SAND WATER 1860, 32.56 10.76 24.36 21.80 g.10 21.06 1861, 23.63 oq i 16.36 17.92 2 25.01 1862, 26.58 8.55 21.18 1S.63 5-40 175 BR 1863, 19.77 3.76 16.41 16.01 3-36 18.27 1864, 15.89 3.82 12.64 12.07 R28 18.64 1865, 29.25 Hots 27.82 18.10 1.43 20.12 1866, Bi 7]O 12.59 28.11 IQ.II 3-59 18.82 1867, 27.44 5.16 22.42 22.28 5.02 20.06 1868, AB Bik Foi i 20.20 16.20 Boi 26.93 1869, 24.56 8.05 22.14 16.51 2.42 19.06 1870, 20.40 2B 18.70 TBI 5/ 1.70 20.40 1871, 24.08 6.19 20.08 17.89 4.00 19.58 1872, Rifow 9 12.03 30.05 25.04 Fou 22.92 1873, DQ] 4.05 20.12 19.72 3.65 20.40 Mean, 25.72 7.58 21.41 18.14 4.31 20.61 EXPERIMENTS AT GENEVA. Experiments at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva may also be referredto. In August, 1882, the Geneva Agricultural Experiment Station began a set of observations on the amount of percolation through three drain gages, gage No. 1 being covered with sod, with the grass kept short by frequent cuttings; gage No. 2 was kept free from all vegetation, its surface being left undisturbed, while the surface of No. 3 was kept in a loose and fine condition by frequent stirrings with a trowel. These experiments were continued from 1882 until 1890.f * Extended references to these data may be found in the author’s Report on the Upper Hudson Storage Surveys for 1896. + For full detail see the Annual Reports of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva from the Second (1883) to the Ninth (1890). FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 417 The following table gives the average rainfall and percolation through each of the three gages for the period from August 1, 1882, to November 1, 1887, inclusive: DRAINAGE MOT RAINFALL soD BARE SOIL eae AVERAGE Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches January, ‘ : a ; 0.939: 0.289 0.374 | 0.351 0.338 February, 3 : ; : 1.596 1.021 0.831 0.610 0.821 March, . : : : i 1.030 0.669 0.687 0.636 0.664 April, . : ; : : 1,834 0.655 0.968 0.964 0.862 Maye. : : : ‘ 2.180 0.248 0.598 0.929 0.592 wae, : . : : 2.710 0.244 0.287 0.738 0.423 ality at ier : ‘ ; 4.146 0.001 0.742 0.868 0.537 August, . ; 5 : : 3.032 0.002 0.629 0.878 0.503 September, . : : : 1.952 0.027 0.493 0.762 0.4.27 October, : : : : 1733 0.016 Onsay 0.611 0.388 November, . : ; ; 1.722 0.192 0.360 0.846 0.466 December, . ; : 6 0.850 0.098 0.442 0.372 0.304 23.724 3-462 6.948 8.565 6.325 A new set of drain gages, provided with an artificial water table, were set up at Geneva in 1888, but thus far the results gained with them have not been discussed at length in the Annual Reports. As to whether or not the Geneva gages are still in service is unknown, although the author cannot but think that some agricultural station, at any rate, should carry out to final conclusions such a set of experiments as was begun at Geneva. RISLER’S PAPER ON EVAPORATION FROM THE SOIL. Probably the most satisfactory data as to evaporation from soil are contained ina paper, Sur 2’ Evaporation du Sol, by E. Risler, published in the Bzbliotheque Universelle et Revue Suisse, Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, for September, 1869. In this paper Risler gives the detail of experiments carried out by him on his estate at Caleves, near Nyon, Switzerland. The following matter is translated from the paper: “Meteorologists have made many attempts to procure the proportion of the rainfall which is returned to the atmosphere by evaporation either directly by evaporation from the ground, or by passing through vegetation. To determine these facts, different methods have been used. 27 418 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF “The method which I have employed for solving the problem, differs completely from those used by other experiments. Thus, my method consists in gaging the amount of water issuing from under-drains, draining a certain known area, and in comparing the amount of drainage water with the amount of rainfall on the same surface, the difference between the two giving the quantity of water evaporated. “Tn order to successfully apply this method, two principal conditions must be observed: “(1) No other water should be allowed to come in contact with the earth except the rainfall directly upon the surface. For my experiments, a piece of land 12,300 square meters, situated upon the highest part of a clay plateau, was selected. No water could reach this area from the neighboring soil. “(2) It is necessary that all the water which is not evaporated be received by the drains, this second condition being equally important with the first. In the area experimented upon, the sub-soil is so compact that the drains, which are laid at a depth of forty-seven inches and thirty-three feet apart, must necessarily receive all the water which penetrates beneath the surface, and which is not evaporated. “The experimental field fulfills all the necessary conditions. It has no trees. In 1867 two-fifths of the area was planted to potatoes, two-fifths to wheat, three- twentieths to Lucerne-grass, and one-twentieth in ditches carrying the drainage water. In 1868, two-fifths were in wheat, two-fifths in clover, three-twentieths in Lucerne- grass and one-twentieth in ditches. Gagings of the drainage water were made at noon each day at a point below where all the drains come together. “The following table gives the quantity of rainfall for each month of the years 1867, 1868, the run-off of the drains and the quantity of water evaporated. These figures show that in 1867 the evaporation was 68.75 per cent.,and in 1868 73.17 per cent. of the rainfall, or making certain corrections because of the water in the soil, we have the final figures for 1867, 70.75 per cent., and for 1868, 70.17 per cent.” FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. AIQ RISLER’S EXPERIMENTS ON THE YIELD OF WATER FROM UNDERDRAINED AREAS. 1867 1868 MONTH RAINFALL IN | RUN-OFF BY EVAPORA-= RAINFALL IN RUN-OFF BY EVAPORA- INCHES THE DRAINS TION INCHES THE DRAINS TION January, 5-413 4.048 1.365 2.391 0 896 1.494 February, 2.486 1.679 0.807 0.374 0.337 0.037 March, 8.139 3-716 4.423 3.697 1.920 1.776 JNoallh, < 6.172 2.804 3.307 2.598 0.159 2.439 May, 3.972 0.709 3.263 1.649 0.045 1.604 aiunesar 3.179 0.028 Zou By 1.862 0.000 1.862 July, 1.238 ©.000 1.238 4.704 0.000 4.705 August, ; 1.958 0.000 1.958 2.900 0.000 2.906 September, . 3-904. 0.000 3-903 6.216 0.081 6.135 October, 3-693 0.130 3-562 4.194 0.958 3.236 November, . 0.293 0.000 0.293 1.978 0.784 1.229 December, 1.545 0.000 1.545 8.051 5-727 2.324 Total for year, 41.992 13.114 28.875 40.620 10.907 29.747 As shown by the table, the evaporation loss in 1867 was 28.87 inches, and in 1868, 29-75 evaporation loss from a catchment basin with an annual rainfall of from forty to forty- inches. These figures are especially interesting as representing the total two inches. They may be instructively compared with the evaporation data of Genesee River given further on. COMBINED EVAPORATION OF SOIL AND GROWING PLANTS. The foregoing extracts from Risler’s paper, Swr 2 Evaporation du Sol, and the accompanying table, serve to illustrate the combined evaporative effect of the soil and growing plants. By way of illustrating why plants contribute powerfully to increase evaporation, we may refer to the following data from Durand-Claye giving the relation between the evaporating surface of a number of agricultural crops and the unit area of the soil on which they grow: Potatoes, 6.88 Wheat, 10.95 Lucerne, 7.02 to 12.40 Grass, 12.40 Rye, 6.50 to 8.24 Clover, 16.36 Indian corn, 8.00 to 22.40 Grape vines, 4.94 Branching cabbage, 8.00 Oak trees, 9.00 Oats, . ; g.11 Fir trees, Telarc 420 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF CONSUMPTION OF WATER BY GROWING AGRICULTURAL CROPS. In a paper, Recherches sur 1’ Evaporation du Sol et des Plantes, Risler has given the results of further experiments at his estate in Switzerland, extending considerably the data of the paper already cited, his experiments being carried out specially with reference to ascertaining the mean daily consumption of water by growing agricultural plants, as well as by vineyards and two kinds of forests. * The following matter relating to Risler’s experiments is condensed from Ronna’s Les /rrigations: “By way of confirming the results of investigations as to the water consumed by growing plants, etc., carried out at the Agricultural Experiment Station of Rothamsted, England, Risler has shown the different methods employed by him in 1867 and 1868. By a continuation of these. experiments in 1869-72, he has shown the mean daily consumption of water by lucerne, wheat, oats, clover, meadow grass, etc. One of his interesting conclusions is that winter wheat would have consumed daily, from April to July, 1869, 0.10 of an inch of water per day for Io1 days, or over ten inches for the growing season. The experiments on water content of soil show that for the year 1869, the crops must have taken a small amount of water from the ground which, with the rainfall, was sufficient to produce a satisfactory crop for the meteorological conditions prevailing that year. “For oats there was needed in 1870, according to Risler, a quantity of water 250 times the weight of dry material contained in the crop. In 1871, clover transpired 263 units of water to produce one unit of dry substance, and English ray-grass 545 units of water for one unit of hay containing fifteen per cent. of water. For this last the quantity of water corresponds to 0.276 inches in depth per day. “Risler observed, furthermore, that, following rains or wettings, transpiration of plants increases, gradually diminishing in proportion as dryness increases, other conditions remaining equal. When the water given off by the leaves is less than that taken up by the roots, growth is active, while under the contrary conditions, plants wither. ; “Tn a general way, the consumption of water by plants is more regular in clay soils than in sandy. Hellriegel states that in a sandy soil plants begin to suffer from drought when the soil does not contain more than 2.5 per cent. moisture. Risler finds that the approximate limit for clay soils is ten per cent., although in clay soil part of the water escapes absorption by the roots.” * Risler’s experiments as detailed in the two papers cited may be taken as classical. Apparently they are the most thorough determinations thus far made. They are quoted with approbation by Durand-Claye in his Hydrauligue Agricole et Genie Rural, and by Ronna in his recent work, Les Irrigations, and by other foreign writers. They have also been quoted by various American writers, but, so far as known to the author, the original papers have not been much studied in this.country. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 421 Taking as a basis the observations made on growing crops Risler concluded that the use of water for the growing season would be per day approximately as follows: Meadow grass requires from ; : : : . 0.134 to 0.267 inches. Oats es a : 6 : 5 5 GQidet@QigZ, Indian corn 5S a ; ; : : RON UEONtORO. Lo07 Clover es ss : : : : OSI Wheat ie a : : : : 3) 0.206) 0) Onno Gy Rye ss a : 6 : : OLOG)E ‘s Potatoes ‘sé sc ; ; : ; 5 OOR9 10 Gogg © Vineyards ee te : : : ; OL OR SEONG: OT ff Oak trees as or ; : i ‘ . 0.038 tO 0.035 ae Fir trees és ot ‘ : : . 0,020 tO 0.043 se “Risler determined the consumption of water on a meadow of one hectare (2.47 acres) of very thickly turfed English ray-grass as 281 millimeters (11.06 inches), amounting to a daily depth of 0.267 inches. This consumption applies to a meadow well provided with water during the warmest season of the year. The experiments showed that on cloudy days evaporation was reduced to about one-fourth of the mean, that is, to 0.069 inches per day. “In Switzerland the fields begin to grow green the latter part of March, and the hay harvest occurs in June; hence the growth of the plant takes place in April and May. The amount of the hay crop, the rainfall and mean temperature during these months in the six years from 1866—72, as observed by Risler, are given in the accompanying table, which is generally self-explanatory. The point is brought out very forcibly by Risler’s experiments, that hay crops depend more on the quantity of rain than on temperature; thus, in 1867, when the temperature of the two months was the lowest, but the rainfall high, the meadows yielded abundantly, while in 1868, with a high temperature, and medium rainfall, the crop was satisfactory because the soil had water in reserve, the drains continuing to flow until the end of May that year.” 422 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF RISLER’S EXPERIMENTS ON THE YIELD OF MEADOWS. YIELD RAINFALL 1N INCHES TEMPERATURE. C2 OF HAY DATES WHEN DRAINS YEAR ea IN APRIL MEAN CEASED TO DELIVER IN IN FOR THE POUNDS | AND May | PER DAY WER BIBIS APRIL MAY MONTHS 1866, 6 . | 3864 OBAG || DER End of May NAMA” | nee” | 1306” 1867, BB SM LOsOuS 0.165 End of May 10.67 13.11 11.89 1868, : 2842 4.248 0.070 End of May g.00 18.72 13.86 1869, Ae 6.303 0.103 | End of March | 10.80 15.67 LEAR 1870, 1288 Toa 0.021 ; End of March 9.80 16.12 12.96 DOV 2975 3.864 0.063 | End of April II.20 13.91 12.46 Means, - | 2849 5.883 0.096 10.62 15.20 12.91 DETERMINATION OF AMOUNT OF WATER CONSUMED BY PLANTS AD DHE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. Experiments extending over several years have been made at the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station by F. H. King, the plan of the experiment being as follows: Galvanized iron cylinders eighteen inches inside diameter and forty inches deep were placed in pits with their tops flush with the surface of the ground in a field surrounded with growing crops of the same kind as those growing in the cylinders. Each experiment was conducted in duplicate. Very careful determinations of the amount of moisture received by these cylinders were made by weighing them from time to time with a specially constructed weigh- master’s beam, sensitive to 0.1 of a pound and carrying a weight of 600 pounds. Whenever the soil of the cylinders was likely to become too wet from the natural rain, shelters were provided to exclude it, otherwise the cylinders were exposed to the weather night and day. Careful weighings just before and after rains showed that the catch of water by the several cylinders did not materially differ among themselves and that they corresponded very closely to the result indicated by the rain gage. In case of dry weather the water was added in weighed quantities as necessary to maintain the most vigorous growth of the plants. In the case of the experiments on corn, the surface of the ground was stirred to correspond with the field conditions, but otherwise no effort was made to check surface evaporation. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 423 The following table gives the means of all the experiments made from 1891 to 1894, inclusive: eee DRY MATTER eee TOTAL DEPTH KIND OF CROP Sie PER ACRE. OF DRY nee he IN TONS Hota a IN INCHES Dent corn, 4 8.89 2.64 23.46 Flint corn, 4 11.20 Dil 23.96 Red clover, 3 4.29 4.03 17.29 Barley, B 4.83 3.43 16.57 Oats, 6 4.79 5.29 2icna2 Field peas, I 3:58 Ae Di 15.07 Potatoes, . 8 Bol 4.79 24.60 In the experiment on barley, made in 1891, the amount of water consumed in inches in depth on the ground area was found to be 13.19, while in the experiment of 1892, 23.52 inches wereconsumed. Oats in 1891 gave 19.69 inches and 19.0 inches in 1892. Corn shows a large consumption in all the experiments, the quantity being 26.39 inches in 1891, and 25.09 inches in 1892. Clover in 1892 required a total depth of water of 29.73 inches. Field peas required 16.89 inches in 1892. In the experiments on oats in 1891, the dry matter per acre amounted to 8,861 pounds, total depth of water being 19.69 inches. In 1892, with a total dry matter per acre of 8,189 pounds, the total depth of water required was nineteen inches. In 1894 the yield of dry matter per acre was much larger than the previous years, ranging from 10,350 pounds to 12,900 pounds, consumption of water ranging from 30.48 inches to 31.18 inches. The experiments on potatoes show ranges in dry matter per acre from 8,248 pounds to 13,370 pounds, depth of water on the ground area ranging from 21.31 inches to 27.06 inches. In regard to the consumption of water by potatoes, Mr. King remarks that what- ever may be said regarding the yields of dry matter it is evident enough from the data that potatoes used a very large amount of water and since the surface of the ground was kept dry during the whole season, very much the larger proportion of the water must have passed through the vines and only a small part of it could have been lost through the soil directly. It is also pointed out that in regard to oats in all the experiments the total yield of dry matter was much larger in 1894 than in the previous years, the amount of water used being also relatively higher; the experiments of 1891 and 1892, averaging 509.5 424 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF pounds of water for one pound of dry matter, while the average in 1894 is 593.2 pounds of water to one pound of dry matter, the general average of seven trials being 557.3 pounds of water to one pound of dry matter. \ EXPERIMENTS ON WATER CONSUMPTION OF PLANTS AT THE IOWA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. During the growing season of 1895, experiments on the water consumption of several agricultural crops were made at the Iowa Agricultural College by J. B. Weems and W. H. Heileman. farm, upon which were grown clover, corn, oats, potatoes and blue grass. The land selected for the experiments is part of the station Samples of soil were taken each week at different depths and the amount of moisture determined in the usual manner. The investigation began April 9 and ended October 29, 1895. The nature of the soil in the experimental fields was as follows: Clover field. third foot being composed of fine gravel and gravel clay and the fourth of First two feet consisted of black loam of a uniform good quality; gravel and clay. Corn field. mixed with black loam, the fourth foot being of a yellow sandy loam. First two feet were loam soil; third foot was a yellowish clay loam Oats field. First two feet consisted of a loam soil like the preceding, third foot being yellow loam mixed with black and the fourth foot consisted of yellow clay loam. Root field. First two feet composed of the same soil as the preceding, with the third foot a black loam mixed with yellowish clay and the fourth foot consisting of stiff yellowish clay and fine gravel. Blue grass meadow. First two feet consisted of a loam soil, the third being a fine sandy loam, brown in color, and the fourth foot composed of a fine sandy loam of yellowish color. The results of the tests are shown by the following table: TOTAL MOISTURE WATER TOTAL TAKEN CONSUMP- KIND OF CROP PERIOD CONSIDERED RAINFALL. FROM TION. IN INCHES GROUND. | INCHES ON IN INCHES GROUND AREA Clover meadow, April g to October 29, 25.08 2.48 27.56 Corn field, . May 7 to September 17, . 19.27 2.12 21.39 Oat field, April 9g to July 18, . 13.09 3-97 17.06 Root field mangels, May 21 to October 15, 19.86 1.39 Dna Blue grass meadow, April g to October 29, 25.08 Byki 28.49 —— ‘aGIS WAMOT Wvd AdATA NVIGNI ee Gh TeP MN L siosanana — FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 425 A detailed study of the Iowa tests shows that clover makes a very constant demand upon the soil for moisture, due possibly to some extent to the nature of the soil, but also due to the fact that clover isa uniform feeder, sending its roots to a great depth in the soil. The experiments in the corn field indicate that the demands of corn from August 6 to 20 were very large. The experiments on the oat field indicate that the demand for water is the largest near the surface. The root crop yielded 17.5 tons per acre, which indicates a consumption of 1.21 inches of water on the ground area per ton of crop. Inthe blue grass meadow the consumption of water was very large, being somewhat greater than for clover. In regard to the preceding experiments at the Wisconsin and Iowa Agricultural Colleges, it may be pointed out that probably in the dry climate of those States the amount of water transpired by plants is greater than under the more humid conditions of the eastern states. In any case the figures are valuable, not only as verifying the results of foreign investigators, but because they give results obtained under the conditions of climate in the United States. EXPERIMENTS OF BALDWIN LATHAM. Baldwin Latham, the English Sanitary Engineer, has stated* that beginning in June, 1870, he discharged sewage upon a definite area, planted with ray-grass, at the Beddington-Croydon sewage farm, the grass being so placed in a water-tight tank six inches deep, and provided with suitable underdrains, with means of collecting the run- off of the drains, that definite results could be obtained. From June 18, 1870, to June 12, 1871, a period of 360 days, during which time 20.03 inches of rain fell, the water evaporated from a square yard of surface amounted to a depth of 186.3 inches over the area in a year. Experiments on another plat during the year 1871-72, gave for a period of 370 days, with a rainfall of 24.98 inches, a total application of water amounting to a depth of 91.2 inches over the area. These experiments indicate what large quantities of water may be evaporated by grass crops, provided a full supply is furnished. EVAPORATION FROM LONG AND SHORT GRASS. Observations as to the evaporation from grass crops have been made at Emdrup, Denmark.+ According to these observations the mean evaporation from a water surface for a period of eleven years was 27.9 inches. The mean evaporation from * In discussion of Mr. O’Meara’s paper ‘‘ On the Introduction of Irrigation in New Countries, as Illustrated by Northern Colorado.” Proc. Inst. C. E., Vol. LX XIII (1893). + See Beardsmore’s Manual of Hydrology, p. 296. 426 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF short grass for a period of eight years was 30.1 inches, while for long grass for 2 ‘period of eight years the mean evaporation is given at 44.0 inches. Inasmuch as. these interesting tabulations may be readily referred to in Beardmore’s Hydrology, they are not reproduced here. TRANSPIRATION OF PLANTS. This division of the subject, while discussed extensively by the great botanical writers, Von Sachs, Kerner and Oliver, and others, has not as yet been reduced by the botanist to numerical relations. The best general discussion of the how and why plants transpire water, may be found in Kerner and Oliver's Natural History of Plants, where every phase of the question has been touched upon. Reference may also be made to Von Sach’s Physiology of Plants, and Bessey’s Botany, where various facts. Bulletin No. 7, Forestry Division of the United States Department of Agriculture—Forest relating to the general subject and statements of experiments are given. Influences—may also be consulted. Among other interesting data there given, we may refer to Wollny’s experiments on water transpiration of agricultural crops, which are of special interest, not only because they are recent determinations, but because of verifying the work of Risler and others. They are as follows: DAILY CROP GROWING PERIOD ae aaa ers INCHES Winter rye, April 20 to August 13, 1879, TI.44 0.109 Summer rye, April 20 to August 14, 1880, | QoQ 0.114 Barley, April 20 to August 3, 1879, 12.00 0.114 Peas, April 20 to August 3, 1879, 13.88 0.132 Oats, April 20 to September 14, 1880, TEU 0.103 Beans, : : April 10 to September 10, 1880, 13.80 0.096 Red clover (first season) April 20 to October 1, 1879, 13.56 0.083 Red clover (second season), April 20 to October 1, 1880, 17.95 0.109 The following figures of water consumption of certain plants for the growing season, computed from the data of Hales, Schleiden, Schttbler and Hohnel, and others, are also mostly derived from Bulletin No. 7 on Forest Influences, certain apparently incongruous data there given being omitted: FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 427 TOTAL USE OF WATER PLANT WATER. PER DAY. INCHES INCHES Sunflower, . : ‘ 5 : : ; : : : : TSB 0.130 Cabbage, F : j : : : : : : : : 14.4 0.120 Vineyard, : ; : ; 3 ; : ee : : 4.0 0.030 Hop vine, . : F 5 : : é : , ‘ 5.6 0.050 Clover and oats (mixed), : 0 . ; : : : : DoF 0.098 Grass, . ‘ ‘ ; ‘ : : ‘ ‘ : : F 14.0 0.080 ipeechmirees, é : 6 . : : : : : 6 9.2 0.050 Mixed forest, . : : 6 ‘ : 5 6 ; 5 é 3.8 0.021 White poplar, ‘ ‘ : : 3 : ‘ : : 2 Glo] 0.051 Long grass, . é ; : : : 3 : : 3 : 40.7 0.166 Short grass, . i : : : : : : ; : : 27.4 Onli The figures for long grass and short are based upon the determination made at Emdrup, Denmark, as cited on a previous page, and include the months from March to October, inclusive. FQIUIZSIe IDA. Elaborate investigations on transpiration of forest trees were made by F. B. Hohnel at the Austrian Experiment Stations, in 1878, an abstract of which may be found in Bulletin No. 7, Forest Influences. From the figures there given, it appears that forest transpiration from day to day has a wide range. Thus, a birch standing in the open, and having 200,000 leaves, was calculated to have transpired on hot summer days from 700 to 900 pounds of water, while on other days not more than eighteen to twenty pounds. A thirty-five-old beech tree with 3,000 leaves, was computed to transpire about 2.5 pounds per day from June to November. Assuming that 1,600 such trees might be found on an acre, the total transpiration might amount to about 600,000 pounds per acre, for each growing season of 150 days. A fifty to sixty-year old beech, with 35,000 leaves, transpired about twenty-two pounds daily, and with 500 such trees on an acre, the transpiration for 150 days would amount to 1,650,000 pounds. This latter figure is equivalent to 7.28 inches on ground area. The following table is derived from H6hnel’s data given at page 79 of Bulletin No. 7, Forest Influences: 428 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF TRANSPIRATION GROUND AREA Ash, ; : ‘ : 5 . 5 6 : 5 : 100.00 g.18 Birches. : : : . . 3 : : : : 90.2 8.18 Beech haar : 6 0 : : “ 6 . : 6 89.7 8.13 Hornbeam (Ironwood), . 0 6 . : : 0 : 86.0 7-75 Elm, ‘ : : : : : 6 : : o : 80.8 7.32 Maple, . 6 . 5 3 : 6 . . c ‘ 69.1 6.24 Norway maple, : ; 5 0 ¢ 6 é : : 60.1 5-45 English oak, . é : . : : : 5 : 5 67.9 6.15 Oak, ; : : 6 6 : : ; : . : 48.3 4.37 Aspen, . é : . . 6 : 6 . : Behe 94.2 8.54 Alder, . ‘ : . 6 : 6 6 6 6 c 91.6 8.30 Linden, . : é : : : E : ‘ : : 86.8 7.87 Wachee. : 6 : : . 3 : . : 6 123.3 1 He 07) Norway spruce, 3 . . : c : 6 : 5 13.8 T28 Scotch pine, . . . : : : : 5 : a | 11.9 1.08 Fir (balsam), . : ; : : : : : : : 9.2 0.83 Austrian pine, . : 3 : . ° ; : 0 : 6.9 0.63 The foregoing figures give an average transpiration for the deciduous trees mentioned of about 7.3 inches, while for the four conifers the average may be taken at about one inch. fF * This is probably the European larch. The American larch (tamarack) grows naturally in swamps and is, like the swamp ash, a large consumer of water. Tamarack is, however, a slow grower, and probably 11.17 inches per year is a large figure even for a swamp habitat. + In the original table from which these data are derived, the results are in kilogrammes evaporated per 100 grammes of dry leaves. The data stated in this form not furnishing any basis for practical computation, in order to reduce them to inches on the ground area, the percents have been computed by assuming ash at 100, and the transpiration of the other species as proportionate to the number of kilogrammes per 100 grammes of dry leaves, in this way obtaining the second column of the table. Inches on the watershed have been computed from the data as to beech trees assuming the transpira- tion, for the growing season, of the average beech tree at 8.13 inches on the ground area, the other transpiration depths being made proportionate. The results in this form are, of course, only approxi- mate, but are interesting as veryfying previous data. In any case, it should be borne in mind that with the infinite variations of climate and soil, such data are, and must ever remain, more or less approximative. These data are also given by Mr. Nisbett in his recent work, Studies in Forestry, but with figures differing somewhat from those in Bulletin No. 7. In the absence of Hohnel’s original paper the author has no means of determining which set is right. In any case these figures are merely given for illustrative purposes, and slight variations do not therefore especially affect the final results. Moreover, it may be pointed out that ‘‘inches on the ground area” of this table are com- puted on the supposition that all forests have the same density as the assumed typical beech forest. As a matter of fact the density of different forests will vary greatly, the average being less than the beech. On this basis the figures for inches on the ground area are undoubtedly somewhat in excess of the truth. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 429 As shown by all the recent experiments, evaporation from the surface of plant foliage is much less rapid per unit area than from water surfaces. An extended discussion of why this is so is given by Kerner and Oliver in their Natural History of Plants. As shown, however, by the data on page 419 the area of foliage is much greater than the ground area on which the plant stands, in the case of Indian corn the increase in area amounting, as a maximum, to 22.4 times the ground area. It is because of this immense transpiring or evaporating surface that some plants throw off more water than can be evaporated from the ground area on which they stand. In concluding this part of the subject the deduction may be tentatively drawn from the foregoing data that hardwood forests may consume from about five to ten inches in depth of water over the ground area in each growing season. Probably from six to eight inches is a fair average for deciduous forests, although broad-leaved forests may consume somewhat more. The most of the evergreens are small water consumers, the larch being, however, an exception. Spruce and pine forests apparently require only a few inches on the ground area per year. In order to insure enough we may allow them from four to six inches per year. The figures show, therefore, that the kind of forest must be taken into account in estimating the effect on yield of streams. : As regards cultivated crops the figures show demands for about twelve to fifteen to twenty inches on the ground area for cereals and grass crops. For vineyards, and hop yards the tabulated figures may be increased by at least fifty per cent. to cover evaporation from the naked soil between the plants, thus giving about eight to eleven inches for these two agricultural crops. Everything goes to show that for grass crops the consumption of water is very large, clover transpiring from 13.6 inches to 18.0 inches, and grass crops even more than this. As shown by the experiments of Baldwin Latham, Italian ray-grass will, when given a full water supply, use up in one year several times the average annual rainfall of this State. As a final tentative proposition we may say, therefore, that highly cultivated farming areas will consume in surface evaporation and plant transpiration from two to three times as much water as average deciduous forests, and from three to five times as much as average evergreen forests. In mixed forests the water consumption will depend upon the relative proportion of the different kind of trees. 430 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF CLIMATIC LIMIT OF FOREST GROWTH UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS. In his Report oa the Forests of North America for the tenth census, Professor Charles S. Sargent discusses, in his introductory chapter, the reasons why there are no forests upon the prairies of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois and Missouri, taking the ground that other influences than insufficient rainfall have prevented the general growth of trees in these prairie regions. The rainfall, Professor Sargent says, is sufficient to insure a heavy growth of forest here. The soil of the prairie is not unsuited to tree growth, as is proven by a vigorous and rapid growth when trees are planted, nor is it want of sufficient heat or equally distributed moisture which has checked the growth of forest over these prairies. Professor Sargent expresses the opinion that the forests of the Atlantic region once extended continuously as far west at least as the ninety-fifth meridian, although he is unable to cite decisive evidence that this is true. It is Professor Sargent’s opinion that we must trace the destruction of the forest over this area to accidental causes. Among others he mentions forest fires and the force of the wind, which would make the spread of forest growth slow and difficult. : Professor Sargent says the assumption that these eastern prairies may have once been covered by forests is strengthened by the fact that since they have been devoted 'to agriculture and the annual burning stopped, trees which were formerly confined to the river bottoms have, in many cases, gradually spread to the uplands. In many places small prairies just within the edge of the forest have entirely disappeared within the memory of persons still living. In western Texas the mesquit, forced by annual burning to grow almost entirely below the surface of the ground, is now, that forest fires are less commonly destructive, spreading over what was formerly a treeless prairie. ; There is a popular view that forests cease to be abundant when rainfall becomes less than thirty-two inches per annum and practically disappear when the rainfall becomes as low as twenty-six inches. In many places less than twenty inches of rain- fall is apparently accompanied by an exclusively pastoral country and with less than fourteen inches rainfall vegetation at many places in the West practically disappears. Facts of this character have been cited to indicate that forests do not thrive with less moisture than other vegetation, but such facts, when examined, are susceptible of another interpretation. We must take into account very many conditions besides that of the rainfall. Indeed, when we study the question broadly we find that in many places in the West there are forest growths with comparatively very slight rainfalls. On this point we may cite experience in California. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 431 In 1885, the California Legislature created the State Board of Forestry, which established two forestry stations, one at Chico, in the northern part of Sacramento Valley, and the other at Santa Monica, in the southern part of the State. The Chico station is in a region where trees were found growing naturally when the first settlements were made in California. The rainfall at Chico by five year periods, from 1871 to 1895, inclusive, was as follows: MEAN RAINFALL. PERIOD. IN INCHES. 1871 to 1875, : : : : : : : ; ; 4 21.6 1876 to 1880, : : : : : : 5 : : : 22.6 1881 to 1885, : ; j F : : : : ‘ é 18.6 1886 to 1890, : ; : : é : : : : : 20.8 1891 to 1895, : 3 : : : : : 3 5 ‘ 27.9 Mean, : : ; : , ; : 22.3 The mean annual temperature at Chico for the years 1891 to 1896, inclusive, was as shown by the following tabulation: Fo 1891, : 5 : : : 3 : ; : 3 : : 65.1 13.02 ; ; : 3 : : : : \ ; j 62.1 1893, - : ; ‘ ; : : : ; 3 ‘ 59.6 SOV, : : : : : : : 3 : F 61.2 1895, : : : é : : : : : j : : 64.0 SOO, < : 5 : 2 ; 5 : : : ; 63.0 Mean, : : : c : : : gO255 < At the Santa Monica station the climatic conditions are much less favorable than at Chico, the mean temperature and rainfall being for the years 1891 to 1896, inclusive, as per the following table: TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL. YEAR. ine), INCHES. USO me j ; : 5 : : : . 62.3 15.68 TSO, 5 ‘ : , : : : : 60.2 16.28 TIO : : : : : : . 60.4 19.25 1894, . : : ; : : s j ; 58.4 6.73 ISOS, ; : , ; : ; : : 60.3 11.56 1896, . : : : . : : : ; 66.7 TNO) Means, 3 : : : ‘ 61.4 13.58 * Rainfall for September missing from record. 432 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF The area devoted to forestry experiments at this place is divided into three distinct terraces, the lowest lying in a creek valley and presumably receiving water by absorption from the stream; the middle terrace receives a small amount of water from springs; while the upper terrace is entirely without any opportunity for artificial supply of water. Trees have been successfully grown on-all three terraces. In the annual report of the agricultural experiment stations of the University of California for the years 1895-96, 1896-97, it is stated that there are few places in California where the climate is as favorable for the successful culture of a large number of species of plants and trees as it is at Santa Monica. The records show, however, that in extremely dry years trees sometimes suffer from drought. The experience gained at these two California forestry stations is specially interesting because there are at both of them several months in the year when there is absolutely no rainfall. Thus, at Chico, in 1892, there was no rainfall in the months of June, July, August and September. At Santa Monica, in 1892, rainfall was entirely absent from June to October, inclusive. At Santa Monica, in 1895, the rainfall of May was 0.08 ‘inches, June, July, August and September, nothing and October 0.18 inches. The reasons why forest and other trees grow under such conditions of slight rain- fall are explained by Professor E. W. Hilgard in Bulletin No. 121 of the University of California Agricultural Experiment Station—The Conservation of Soil Moisture and Economy in the Use of Irrigation Water. Professor Hilgard says that the surprisingly successful growth of deciduous trees without irrigation in California and despite a drought of five or six months, leads to the conclusion that a less amount of water may suffice under arid conditions, especially since in the East a few weeks of drought will frequently destroy many kinds of trees. As to why forest trees endure drought better in California than in the East, Professor Hilgard points out that the main cause is to be found in the much deeper rooting of all plants in that arid climate whereby not only a much larger bulk of moist soil is at their command, but the roots are withdrawn from the injurious effects of the hot, dry surface and air. Professor Hilgard says this deeper rooting is not the result of foresight on the part of the plant; it could not occur on eastern soils because in the majority of the cases the subsoils are impenetrable. On the other hand, in California, as a rule, subsoils in the eastern sense do not exist; the soil mass is practically the same for several feet and is very readily penetrable to great depths. This is due to the slight formation of clay and the rarity of heavy rains in California. Moreover, this easy penetrability of the soil implies that being well aerated the depths of the soil are not raw as in the East and that, therefore, the subsoil may fearlessly be turned up as deeply as the farmer is FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 433 willing to go without danger of injuring the next season’s crop, as by reason of their depth and perviousness is the case with most California soils. In illustration of these views Professor Hilgard submits two views of typical root systems at the East and in California. In the first the roots are shown branching out laterally, as is the case of all tree growth, especially in the State of New York, and only penetrating a very few feet. In the illustration of tree root growth in California, he shows a photograph of a prune tree grafted on a peach root where the main roots extend down nearly vertically into the ground to a depth of from seven to ten feet. It seems clear, therefore, that, as a result of these California studies, we must amend our view that forest trees will not grow in regions with deficient rainfall. Obviously the controlling condition is penetrability of soil rather than quantity of precipitation. These facts also lead to the tentative conclusion that forests require for growth considerably less water than agricultural crops, although it may be borne in mind that vigorous growth in forests, the same as in agriculture, is stimulated by an abundant water supply. 28 434 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS) OF HYGROMEDRIC “OBSERVATIONS Ada evel. MAUS SsleAGIs an © ©) ety (Eikss AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The agricultural experiment station of the Maine State College at Orono, Maine, has kept a record of hygrometric conditions at two points in the open field and at two points in a neighboring forest for the growing season, April to October, inclusive, for anumber of years. The following explanatory matter relating thereto is derived from the Annual Reports of the Maine State College: Hygrometer No. 1 is placed in a wooden stand constructed for thermometrical instruments, located in an open field remote from.buildings. No. 2 is enclosed in a wooden box, perforated to allow a free circulation of air, and also located in the open field. No. 3 is enclosed in a perforated box attached to a tree in a moderately dense forest. No. 4 is placed in a similar box attached to a tree in a portion of the forest a little more open than that in which No. 3 is located, but near which is a running brook except during the driest part of the summer. Each hygrometer is about four feet above the surface of the ground. Readings are taken three times daily, at 7 A.M., I P.M. and 7 P.M., local time. Observations began April 5, 1889, and were continued through the growing seasons of 1889, 1890, 1891 and 1892. The monthly averages are given in the following tables on the scale of 100. HyGROMETER No. 1. IN OPEN FIELD. 1889 1890 1891 1892 MONTH MEAN 7 A.M.| x P.M.| 7 P.M.| 7 Aei¥el| a P.M.| 7 P.M.|7 A.M.'z P.M.|7 P.M.|7 A.M.|x P.M.| 7 P.M. Jaya, F > || Se | 53 |) CO | 7a | SO | SS | Ss || Ox | OF | 7A | Ay | S7 | O# INTER, ; 5 | S42 | OO | Fu | Si | ©2 || 7A | 82 | B7 | ©7 | 7S | © | OF | 7 wine, ; ; > | SS | OF | Sr | Se Z|) Ge | 83 | 62 | 7x | SO | GO | FA | 7O up es - | 85 | 65 | 75 | $5./ 74 | 79 | 87 | Ox | 72 | 84 | 57 | 69 | 7A August, : NOS 7OuSOn OOM NORE erie Som INO Sos O 2a miOm le On moe September, . : s | ©8 | ©8 | SB | Og | FO | Ss | ©2 | OF | SA | OF | Ox || Sa | Se October, s | OA || ©© || 7 || G© || ©2 | 7 | OO | 8 || So | SO | OA || FO | 77 Means, . 2 8a) 01) 7S | BR) OS | 7g |) 87 | Oe | 7s | Ss | G2 | 72 | 7s FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. HyYGROMETER NO. 2. In Open FIELD. 1889 1890 1891 1892 MONTH MEAN 7 A.M.| x P.M.|7 P.M.|7 A.M.|1 P.M. 7 P.M.| 7 A.M.| rz P.M.) 7 P.M.| 7 A.M.,/ 1 P.M.|7 P.M. April, 7 || 82 | Os | FO | 46 | FO | BA | G2 | Fo | 74. | FO | OB | OA May, SO | 83 | 68 | 7 | Or | 7A | So | §8 |-68 | 7S | Og | Go || Go June, 84 | 66 | 74 | 78 | 68 | 75 | 82 | 62 | 73 | 84 | 67 | 73 | 74 July, HG) || 6@ | OG || SO | ©8 | WE | SO | ©2 | SE | S21 55 Wy Oy | We August, S7 || O7 | 7S | SS | O2 | 7g | SH | GS) Go | Go | OS | Sx | 97 September, | ou || © | Sa | Or | Gy | 8a | ox | OF | Ss 1 ©2 || Go || BE | Fo October, OR | 06 | Sx | Ox | O2 | Go || Or | OS | Se | SB i] GA | WH | We Means, | 8& | 6x | 72 | 82 | 6x | 73 | 86 | 63 | 76 | 83 | 6x | 73 | 73 HyYGROMETER No. 3. IN ForEsT. 1889 1890 1891 1892 MONTH MEAN 7 A.M.|x P.M.| 7 P.M.|7 A.M.|x P.M.|7 P.M.|7 A.M.) x P.M.|7 P.M.|7 A.M./ x P.M.|7 P.M. April, Sr || ©2 | © | 7 | Ox | G© | O© |) Fe | WH ISB | OR | WE | We May, 38 | ©3 | 73 | S7 | 74 | S| GO | 68 | 7s | SO 7s || FO a7 June, 8q || So | S4 || O7 | 77 || G2 | G8 | Sr | SA | ox | 7S || Sa | 7 July, OA. || SO || Ox | OY SH) SB | 2 |- So | OF | 2 | 7A | SE | So August, Or | BO || 8 | OA | Go | SA | oF | Su | SS | oO | Ss | So | So September, 96 | 88 21 O® | 87 | ©2 | OF | Sx | oe | GO I 77 | BS || Ss October, GON OOM RO Ono Om CO OOM OZ ley allo OM OOM SON tO silSS Means, go | 80 | 85 | go | 6) | 83 | OL | FF | Sa | or | PR | Sa} Be FALYGROMETER No. 4. IN Forest. 1889 1899 1891 1892 MONTH | MEAN |7 A.M.|z P.M.!7 P.M.|7 A.M.|xz P.M.|7 P.M.|7 A.M.|z P.M.!7 P.M.|7 A.M.|x P.M. 7 P.M. April, 83) 05) | 77 79) | 60.) 72 | or 74 | $2) 84) 65 | 75 | 75 May, 89 | 66 | 80 | 88 | 73 | 84 | 87 | 69 | 78 | 87 | 74 | 77 | 79 June, @2 | Si | So | So | 77 | S4 | GO | 7a | S2 | o2 | Fo | Sa || Ba July, 93 | 19 | 87 | 92 |W |S | Os | 1 | SO) OF | 72 So | Ss August, OX | SO | OF | Ox | FS | SE || GO | FS | OO | OF | SO | G@ || So September, @ | 83 | ©O9 | OF | SO] 2 | © | 7O | ©2 | OF | FO | S71 Ss October, 95 | SO | ©© | O! | SS || Go|) ©2 || 7O | S7 | Ox || yo | SO | Sy Means, 92 | 77 | 86 @© | FO || Sa || oz | as. | OS | On | 7O | 8x 84 436 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF The percentages of moisture contained in the atmosphere, obtained by combining the preceding tables for 1889, 1890, 1891 and 1892, are as follows: 7 AM. 1 P.M. 7 P.M. MEAN. Hygrometer No. 1, in open field, . : 2 80 64 75 75 Hygrometer No. 2, in open field, . : 5 YL 62 A 73 Hygrometer No. 3, in forest, 4 : + OS 78 84 84 Hygrometer No. 4, in forest, : : a OH 76 84. 84 Regarding the mean results from Nos. 1 and 2 as indicating percentages for the open field, we have the following: 7 A.M. x P.M. 7 P.M. MEAN. Percentages of moisture, open field, : > O88 63 74 74 Regarding the mean results from Nos. 3 and 4 as indicating percentages of forests only moderately dense, we have the following: 7 A.M. I P.M. 7 P.M. _MEAN. Percentages of moisture, forest, : : > OL a] 84 84 Comparing results, open field and forest, we have excess of moisture in forest above that in open field expressed in percentages: 7 A.M. I P.M. 7 P.M. MEAN. In discussing these results in the Annual Report of the Maine ‘State College for 1892, President Fernald, meteorologist to the agricultural experiment station, states that it appears from the foregoing observations covering the growing period, April— October, inclusive, that the excess of moisture in the forest above that of open fields amounts in the morning to six per cent.; in the middle of the day it rises to fourteen per cent.; at nightfall drops to ten per cent.; and that the mean excess for the day is about ten per cent. Hence, it is concluded that the presence of patches of forests in any region exerts a marked influence on the hygroscopic conditions of the atmosphere, which condition, in turn, is an important factor in the growth of vegetation. The foregoing conclusion by President Fernald is certainly justified, if such differences exist between the percentage of moisture present in the air in the open and in forest as is shown by the Orono observations. FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 437 Ne NEU ie OL ithe NO Vie RON Ee DAA OMe nOREZ STS IN RELATION LO STREAM FLOW. Recently some students of forestry have been disposed to say that, as yet, the data are insufficient for expressing even approximately the numerical relation between forests and stream flow, and that the whole question of forest influence must, therefore, be held in abeyance for many years. As regards this position the author suggests that a study of this character which does not reduce physical data to numerical relations is somewhat unscientific. The object of scientific investigation, especially on the lines now under discussion, is not to pile up isolated facts, but to obtain practical informa- tion for immediate use. [specially is this view pertinent in the State of New York, where the Commonwealth has embarked in an expenditure of several million dollars for forest conservation. We need, therefore, numerical values of some sort at once in order to determine approximately what results may be expected from forest conserva- tion in the Adirondack Park as regards influence on streams. While, therefore, the data herein given are only approximate and the conclusions necessarily tentative, the author is still of the opinion that they on the whole do strongly tend to justify the position that forested areas in the State of New York will yield considerably more water as run-off in the streams from a given rainfall than will deforested areas. This position is, however, only tentative and subject to modification with the gathering of more com lete data. AN EVENING SHOT. The State's Title to Lands in the Forest Preserve. ley'e JEID WMD) Is IKE Gis ii THE FIRST TRACKING SNOW, URING the past year litigation of very great importance relating to State land titles in the Forest Pre- serve has been carried on in the Supreme Court of the United States, in the United States: Circuits Court) sin the Counteon Appeals and ‘the. Supreme Court of this State. eect The Commission, through its able and learned counsel, assisted by the Attorney- General of the State, has been successful in each of these suits. A summary of the most interesting cases is submitted here- with:. In the case of Benton Turner, plaintiff in error, against the People of the State of New York, defendants in error (United States Supreme Court), the issues raised involved the constitutionality of a law of this State (chapter 448 of the Laws of 1885), an act which in substance limits the time within which actions shall be brought to test the title of purchasérs of non- resident lands sold at tax sales, when the actions commenced are based upon alleged irregularities in tax sales and conveyances. This case was of importance as involving the title of the State not only to the lands involved in the action itself but also the State’s title to several hundred thousand acres of land in the Forest Preserve, which had been bid in for the State at various tax sales. sa@ tithe Attorney-General’s Department. 438 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 439 Actions of this kind heretofore brought have frequently been based upon two propositions, the one being that certain irregularities were jurisdictional in their nature, and the other that the act itself was’ unconstitutional in that it deprived owners of their property without due process of law, more especially for the reason that the time prescribed by the statute for the commencement of actions was too brief; and, for the further alleged reason that, so far as the State is concerned, no~ provision has been made for suing the State. Mr. Turner, the plaintiff in error, first had litigation with the State concerning the State’s title to the land known as Lot No. 219, Township No. 10, Franklin county. In this action he was defeated. The case is reported in 117 N. Y., 227. The land in controversy in the action which went to the Supreme Court of the United States, consisted of about 7,500 acres, being the southeast quarter of Township No. 24, Great Tract 1, Macomb’s Purchase, Town of Harrietstown, Franklin county. These lands were bought by the State upon a tax sale held October 12, 1877, for unpaid taxes for the years 1866 to 1870, inclusive, and were conveyed to the State by a Comptroller’s deed, dated June 9, 1881, recorded June 8, 1882. Mr. Turner obtained a deed of this property from one John B. Reilly, December 27, 1886, Reilly having secured a conveyance the same year from the heirs of one Norton, who owned the property at the time of the tax sale. Turner, also, upon June 8, 1887, bought the premises at a sheriff's sale upon a judgment obtained against the former owner of the land ten years before, and attempted to denude the land of the timber upon it. In an action of replevin brought against Turner, in the name of the People, through the Forest Com- mission, to recover the timber which he had cut upon these lands, he defended, alleging that the title of the State was invalid. Having been defeated in all the State Courts (People v. Turner, 145 N. Y., 451) the case was taken to the Supreme Court of the United States, which Court held by unanimous vote, that the statute under consideration was in no way in contravention of the Federal Constitution. Mr. Turner thereafter made an application for a re-argument in that Court, which was denied; and, subse- quently, upon the filing of the mandate of the Supreme Court of the United States with the Court of Appeals, made an application for re-argument in this Court, which was also denied January 18, 1898. It is believed that the decisions of this case will quiet the title of the State to the lands in the Forest Preserve, and, it is hoped, will prevent further litigation upon that question. (A copy of the opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States in this case is appended.) Since the above decision the matter in controversy has been definitely settled in favor of the State in the case of The People ex vel. The Forest Commission vs. Campbell, Comptroller. 440 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF The Saranac Land and Timber Company against James A. Roberts, Comptroller (United States Circuit Court, Northern District of New York), was an action brought by a New Jersey corporation to recover possession of 7,500 acres ot land, including the Lower Saranac Lake with its valuable shores and islands, which was purchased by the State at tax sales. The plaintiff alleged numerous defects in the tax title of the State, claiming that they were jurisdictional in their nature, and rendered the title of the State nugatory. Voluminous testimony was taken upon the trial, and the court, in its decision rendered November 12, 1897, held that the alleged defects were irregularities, which were cured by the short statute of limitations (chapter 448, Laws 1885), and the complaint was dismissed with costs. A copy of Judge Cox’s opinion is appended. The case is now pending in the United States Supreme Court on bill of exceptions taken on the trial. The case of the People, etc., ex ve/. John H. Millard and George N. Ostrander against James A. Roberts as Comptroller (Court of Appeals), was an appeal from an order of Appellate Division, Third Department (8 App. Div. 219), affirming the Comptroller’s decision in a proceeding instituted by writ of certiorari, April 24, 1893, . to review the determination of ex-Comptroller Frank Campbell, in denying the application of the petitioners for the cancellation of the 1881 tax sale to the State of 58536 acres in the northwest quarter of Township 27, in Great Tract 1 of Macomb’s Purchase, Franklin county, adjoining Ampersand Pond. The order appealed from was affirmed by the Court of Appeals, January 26, 1897 (151 N. Y. 541), upon the ground that under no circumstances, even though the State might be the purchaser at the tax sale, did the Comptroller have jurisdiction to cancel a tax sale upon the application of a former owner. The court said: “If the sale is invalid, the owner’s title is not affected, and he may keep and defend his possession, or, if put out of possession, he may regain it by action of ejectment.” The lands in question in the last above-mentioned case were again put in controversy by Ferris J. Meigs, who purchased the interests of Millard and Ostrander, in the following action: 5 “Ferris J. Meigs against James A. Roberts, Comptroller.” This action was commenced in the Supreme Court, Franklin county, to eject the State from a tract of land comprising about 585 acres, in the north part of the northwest quarter of Township 27, in Great Tract No. 1 of Macomb’s Purchase, adjoining Ampersand Pond, the title to which the State had acquired by purchase at tax sales in 1881 and 1885. The questions at issue were heard before Mr. Justice Russell, at Special Term, November 30, 1898, who, in a written opinion, decided against the plaintiff; and judgment was accordingly entered. From this judgment appeal was taken to the Appellate Division, Third Department. Judge Russell said FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS: 441 in his opinion: “TJ decide and find that the complaint in the above entitled action should be dismissed upon the grounds: That the land in controversy to recover which the action has been brought, are within the Forest Preserve of the State of New York, and are claimed, and held by said State under certain tax sales; that the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests have, by authority of statute, the care, custody, control and superintendence of said lands; that the Comptroller of the State is not in such possession or occupancy either constructive or actual of the lands in the WHERE THE. DEER COME TO FEED. Forest Preserve, including the lands in question, that the title of the State to said land can be tested in an action of ejectment brought against said Comptroller; that the State has not given its consent that its title to land in the Forest Preserve or its possession thereof can be questioned or tested by way of an action of ejectment against the Comptroller of the State; that the statutory provisions authorizing the Comptroller to advertise once a week, for at least three weeks successively a list of the wild, vacant and forest lands to which the State holds title, does not give the State’s consent that the Comptroller place himself in such possession of lands so advertised 442 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF that the title of the State to said lands can be questioned or tried in an action against said Comptroller, and there is no legal authority for thé commencement of such an action against the Comptroller for the purpose of determining the title of the State to wild, vacant and forests‘lands; that a judgment against the Comptroller would not disturb or affect the title of the State to the lands described in the complaint.” The final determination of this case will be of vast importance; because there are suits now pending involving substantially the same question and affecting some sixty- three thousand acres of land in the Forest Preserve. ; The case of Smith M. Weed, e¢. a/., against James A. Roberts, as Comptroller, and Barnet H. Davis and others, as Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests, was an injunction suit in the Supreme Court, Franklin county, to restrain the Comptroller from acting upon, and the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests fram prosecuting, an application to the Comptroller, pursuant to chapter 392, of the Laws of 1897, to set aside certain cancellations, made by a former Comptroller, of tax sales to the State in 1877, 1881 and 1885, of 6,280 acres of land in the southeast quarter of Township 23, Great Tract 1 of Macomb’s Purchase, in Franklin county, adjoining Upper Saranac. Lake.. These cancellations were made on April 11, 1892, on the application of a person other than the purchaser at the tax sales, and without authority of statute. -The application for a temporary injunction was argued before the Hon. Chester B. McLaughlin, J. S. C., who handed down his decision on December 24, 1897, denying the application upon the following grounds: “First: \t does not appear that the application for cancellation will be prejudicial to plaintiff's rights. “ Second: Chapter 392 of the Laws of 1897 is not unconstitutional. “ Third: The Comptroller's decision, if adverse to the plaintiff, may be reviewed by certiorari. “Fourth. Plaintiffs have an adequate remedy at law. If the tax sale is invalid, plaintiff's title is not affected. They may keep and defend their possessions, or if put out of possession, may regain it by ejectment. “Finally, a court of equity will not entertain a suit to prevent a cloud upon title, unless it be made to appear that there was a determination on the part of the defendants to create the cloud, and the danger must not be merely speculative, but be real.” In addition to these cases there were several others which have been decided in the Supreme Court, and the opinions of the court therein are also submitted herewith: FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 443 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 41.—OcTOBER TERM, 1897. BENTON TURNER, Plaintiff in Error ae : In error to the Court of Appeals of the a State of New York. THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. This was an action of replevin, brought April 11, 1887, in behalf of the State of New York by the forest commissioners of the State against Turner, in the Supreme Court of the county of Franklin and State of New York, to recover a quantity of logs cut by him upon lands in that county and within the forest preserve of the State, between September 1, 1886, and March 25, 1887. The answer denied the allegations of the complaint, and alleged that at the time mentioned therein the defendant was the owner and in possession of the lands. The material facts of the case, as found by a referee, were as follows: On October 12, 1877, the lands, being then owned by one Norton, were sold by the Comptroller of the State of New York for unpaid taxes of the years 1866 to 1870 inclusive, and were bid in by the Comptroller in behalf of the State, and conveyed by him to the State by deed dated June 9g, 1881, and recorded June 8, 1882. The defendant, more than nine years after that sale, acquired Norton’s title in the land. The land was wild forest land, uncultivated, unimproved, unenclosed, and with no dwelling house or other building thereon. Neither the State nor any officer thereof ever took actual possession of the land; and no part of it was in occupancy of any person on October 12, 1879, when the period of two years allowed by law for redemption trom the Comptroller’s sale expired. At the trial before the referee, the defendant, in order to prove the invalidity of the Comptroller’s deed by reason of illegality in the assessment of the taxes for the years 1867 and 1870, offered to show that the oath of the assessors to the assessment roll of 1867 was taken on August 10, instead of on the third Tuesday of August; and that the assessors omitted to meet on the third Tuesday of August, 1870, to review their assessments for that year. The plaintiff objected to the evidence as immaterial, because the Comptroller’s deed was made conclusive evidence of those matters by the statute of New York of 1885, c. 448, which is copied in the margin.* The defendant contended that this statute was invalid as contrary to * An Act to amend chapter four hundred and twenty-seven of the laws of eighteen hundred and fifty- five, entitled ‘‘An act in relation to the collection of taxes on land of non-residents and to provide for the sale of such lands for unpaid taxes.” SECT. I. Section sixty-five of chapter four hundred and twenty-seven of the laws of eighteen hundred and fifty-five, entitled ‘‘ An act in relation to the collection of taxes on lands of non-residents and to provide for the sale of such lands for unpaid taxes,” is hereby amended so as to read as follows: § 65. Such conveyances shall be executed by the Comptroller, under his hand and seal, and execution thereof shall be witnessed by the treasurer or deputy comptroller; and all such conveyances that have been heretofore executed by the Comptroller, and all conveyances of the same lands by his grantee or grantees therein named, after having been recorded for two years in the office of the clerk of the county in which the lands conveyed thereby are located, and all outstanding certificates of a tax sale heretofore held by the Comptroller that shall have remained in force for two years after the last dav allowed by law to redeem from such sale shall, six months after this act takes effect, de conclusive evidence that the sale and all proceedings prior thereto, from and including the assessment of the land, 444 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF the first section of the Fourteenth Article of Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. But the referee sustained the plaintiff's objection to the evidence, and directed judgment for the plaintiff, which was accordingly rendered by the court, and affirmed by the Court of Appeals. 145 N. Y. 451. The defendant sued out this writ of error. [October 18, 1897.] Mr. Justice Gray, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court. On May 15, 1885, the legislature of New York, by the statute of 1885, c. 283, declared that all the lands then owned or thereafter acquired by the State of New York within certain counties (one of which was Franklin county) should constitute and be known as the Forest Preserve; and established a forest commission of three persons, styled forest commissioners, to ‘‘have the care, custody, control and superintendence of the forest preserve,” and ‘‘to maintain and protect the forests now in the forest preserve, and to promote as far as practicable the further growth of forests thereon”; and authorized them to appoint a warden and other officers, and to exercise various powers to carry out its object. At the date of the passage of that statute, the time allowed by law for the redemption of lands from sale by the Comptroller for nonpayment of taxes was two years from the time of sale. New York Stat. 1855, c. 427, §50. On June g, 1885, the legislature of the State passed the statute of 188s, c. 448, to take immediate effect, which provided that all conveyances, thereafter executed by the Comptroller, of lands, in the same counties, sold by him for non-payment of taxes and having been recorded for two years in the clerk’s office of the county in which the lands lay, should, “ six months after this act takes effect, be conclusive evidence that the sale and all proceedings prior thereto, from and including the assessment of the land, and all notices required by law to be given previous to the expiration of the two years allowed by law to redeem, were regular” and as required by law; but that all such conveyances and the taxes and tax sales on which they were based, should “ be subject to cancellation, as now provided by law, on a direct application to the Comptroller, or in an action brought before a competent court therefor, by reason of the legal payment of such taxes, or by reason of the levying of such taxes by a town or ward having no legal right to assess the land on which they are laid.” and all notices required by law to be given previous to the expiration of the two years allowed by law to redeem, were regular and were regularly given, published and served according to the provisions of this act, and all laws directing or requiring the same or in any manner relating thereto; and all other conveyances or certificates heretofore or hereafter executed or issued by the Comptroller, shall be presumptive evidence of the regularity of all the said proceedings and matters hereinbefore recited, and shall be conclusive evidence thereof from and after the expiration of two years from the date of recording such other conveyances, or of four years from and after the date of issuing such other certificates. But all of such conveyances and certificates and the taxes and tax sales on which they are based shall be subject to cancellation, as now provided by law, on a direct application to the Comptroller, or in an action brought before a competent court therefor by reason of the legal payment of such taxes, or by reason of the levying of such taxes by a town or ward having no legal right to assess the land on which they are laid. SECT. 2. The provisions of this act are hereby made applicable only to the following counties, viz., Clinton, Delaware, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer, Lewis, Saratoga, St. Lawrence, Sullivan, Ulster, Warren and Washington, but shall not affect any action, proceeding or application pending at the time of its passage; nor any action that shall be begun, proceeding taken or application duly made within six months thereafter for the purpose of vacating any tax sale or any conveyance or certificate of sale made thereunder. SEcT. 3. This act shall take effect immediately. ~ FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 445 The land now in question was sold by the Comptroller to the State, October 12, 1877; the time allowed by law for redeeming the land from that sale expired October 12, 1879; the Comptroller’s deed to the State was made June g, 1881, and recorded June 8, 1882. It had therefore been on record for three years when the statue of June 9, 1885, was passed and took effect; and by the terms of this statute, on December g, 1885, the Comptroller’s deed became conclusive evidence that there was no irregularity in the assessment of any of the taxes for non-payment of which the land had been sold and conveyed to the State. This action was brought April 11, 1887. The statute, according to its principal intent and effect, and as construed by the Court of Appeals of the State, was astatute of limitations. /vople vy. Turner, 117 N. Y. 227; Same v. Same, 145 N. Y. 451. It is well settled that a statute shortening the period of limitation is within the constitutional power of the legislature, provided a reasonable time, taking into con- sideration the nature of the case, is allowed for bringing an action after the passage of the statute and before the bar takes effect. Zerry v. Anderson, 95 U. S. 628, 632, 633; lu re Brown, 135 U.S. 701, 705-707. The statute now in question relates to land sold and conveyed to the State for non-payment of taxes; it applies to those cases only in which the conveyance has been of record for two years in the office where all conveyances of lands within the county are recorded; and it does not bar any action begun within six months after its passage. Independently of the considera- tion that before the passage of the statute the plaintiff had had eight years since the sale, and three years since the recording of the deed, during which he might have asserted his title, this court concurs with the highest court of the State in the opinion that the limitation of six months, as applied to a case of this kind,is not repugnant to any provision of the Constitution of the United States. It was argued in behalf of the plaintiff in error that the statute was unconstitutional, because it did not allow him any opportunity to assert his rights, even within six months after its passage. But the statute did not take away any nghi of action which he had before its passage, but merely limited the time within which he might assert such a right. Within the six months, he had every remedy which he would have had before the passage of the statute. If he had no remedy before, the statute took none away. From the judgment of the Court of Appeals in the case at bar, and in the subsequent case of People vy. Roberts, 151 N. Y. 540, there would appear to have been some difference of opinion in that court upon the question whether his proper remedy was by direct application to the Comptroller to cancel the sale, or by action of ejectment against the Comptroller or the Forest Commissioners. But as that court has uniformly held that he had a remedy, it is not for us to determine what that remedy was under the local constitution and laws. It was also argued that the plaintiff in error was in possession of the land and could not be put to his action. But the decision below that he was not in possession involved no Federal question, or any other question of law, but a mere inference of fact from the evidence, which this court is not authorized to review on writ of error. Dower vy. Kichards, 151 U.S. 658; gan v. fTart, 165 U.S. 188. Judgment affirmed. For statement of facts and other information as to this case see Annual Report, State Forest Commission, 1890, pp. 153-160, People vs. Turner, Supreme Court, opinion of Hand, referee. 446 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF UNIDE DS SA Sa Clix Ue COW, NORTHERN Districr oF NEw YORK. THE SaRANAC LAND AND TIMBER COMPANY, US. James A. ROBERTS, as Comptroller, etc. At Law. ‘Tried by the Court. For decision on demurrer, see 68 Fed. Rep., 521. FRANK E. SmirH and WereEbDs, SmirH and Conway for the plaintiff. T. E, Hancock, G. D. B. Hassrouckx, E. H. Leccerr and Joun H. Burke, for the defendant. Coxe, /.: I am of the opinion that this cause must be decided in favor of the defendant upon the authority of People v. Turner, 145 N. Y. 451, affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States, October 18, 1897. By these decisions the constitutionality of chapter 448 of the laws of New York of 1885 is affirmed and its validity, as a curative act and as a short statute of limitations, is fully recognized. The defects involved in the Turner case were similar to, and, in some instances, identical with those relied on by the plaintiff in the case at bar. Assuming these defects to be proved, they were irregularities which were cured by the act of 1885. Ze plaintiff has failed to show either the payment of the taxes or that they were levied without legal right. In other words, it has failed to show jurisdictional errors such as would render the assessment proceedings void and which the legislature had no power to remedy. The court cannot adopt the view of the learned counsel for the plaintiff in his ingenious effort to prove that the constitutionality of the act of 1885 is still an open question. His argument is sufficiently answered by the plain and unequivocal language of the Supreme Court, as follows: “Tt was argued in behalf of the plaintiff-in-error that the statute was unconstitutional, because it did not allow him any opportunity to assert his rights, even within six months after its passage. But the statute did not take away any right of action which he had before its passage, but merely limited the time within which he might assert such a right. Within the six months, he had every remedy which he would have had before the passage of the statute. If he had no remedy before, the statute took none away. From the judgments of the Court of Appeals in the case at bar, and in the subsequent case of People vs. Roberts, 151 N. Y. 540, there would appear to have been some difference of opinion in that court upon the question whether his proper remedy was by direct application to the Comptroller to cancel the sale, or by action of ejectment against the Comptroller or the Forest Commissioners. But as that court has uniformly held that he had a remedy, it is not for us to determine what that remedy was under the local constitution and laws.” The plaintiff has failed to prove that it “is seized in fee simple and entitled to the pos- session” of the lands in dispute. The complaint is dismissed with costs. Nore. As the decision is based solely upon the main issue—the failure of the plaintiff to establish the invalidity of the sales for the non-payment of taxes—it would seem that all that is necessary is a finding of fact and a conclusion of law based upon the proof in this particular. Rulings upon each of the numerous requests presented, many of which have no relevancy to FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 447 the proposition upon which the decision rests, would, apparently, be inconsequential. Should the plaintiff, after examination, deem it important that such rulings be made I will hear counsel orally on Tuesday, December 7th, at Utica; provided they do not in the meantime agree as to the form of the findings. It is, in my judgment, very doubtful whether the court can take judicial notice of the facts stated in the papers sent to me by plaintiff’s counsel November 3d. I may say, however, that if proved they would not change my view as to the law. The question whether they should be received in evidence can be considered hereafter. ted, CoCo SUPREME COURT, APPELLATE DivisloN—THIRD DEPARTMENT, THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, : ‘Two cases. ex rel. THE FOREST COMMISSION, Argued September 7, 1808. US. Decided Nov. 16, 1898. FRANK CAMPBELL, Comptroller. For prior decisions in these cases, see People ex ve/. Forest Commission vs. Campbell, 82 Jeloim, Bes, WH ING Wo Bay BQ Novis IDs 57, wists) INin We (rts Merwin, /.: The only remaining question to be considered in these cases is, what direction shall be given or condition imposed by way of restitution to Benton Turner, for whose benefit these proceedings are defended, for monies paid by him into the treasury of the State or laid out on the premises in question. The cancellation of December 30, 1891, was made upon the condition that “all the taxes for which the said lands were so sold, and all other taxes that are now a lien upon said land” should be paid. i It appears that on December 31, 1891, Benton Turner paid into the State Treasury the sum of $9,538.21. This as indicated by the papers submitted to us on the subject of restitution was made up as follows :— ; Taxes of 1866, 1867, 1868. 1869, 1870, for the non-payment of which the land had been sold in 1877, with interest to December 31, 1891, . 2,128 47 Taxes of 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865 for the non payment of which the land had been sold at the tax sale of 1890, with interest to December Biko WHO) 0 : 0 6 . 4 : : : : 5 6,705 59 Taxes of 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, with interest to December 31, 1891, 704 15 Total, : 3 : : : : : 5 0 Gage Bu At the tax sale of 1890, above referred to, the property was bid in by the State and a certificate issued to it. This certificate was on December 31, 1891, assigned by the Comptroller to Smith M. Weed, and at the same date an assignment thereof -made by Weed to Julia H. Turner. On the back of this assignment as certified from the Comptroller’s office, it is noted that a conveyance was made to Julia H. Turner, December 2c, 1892. 448 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF On the 18th of May, 1886, Mr. Turner, through his attorney, paid into the State Treasury the sum of $1,306.30 for redemption of the premises from the tax sale of 1881 made for the taxes of the years 1871 to 1876. On December 27, 1887, he paid inco the treasury the sum of $1,124.61 for redemption of the premises from the tax sale of 1885 made for the taxes of 1877, 1878, 1879 and for 1853, 1854 and 1855. An affidavit of Mr. Turner is presented in which it is stated that after the cancellation of December 30, 1891, he, believing his title perfect, entered upon the land and made preparation for extensive lumbering operations, building a dam across Cold Brook at an expense of $3,500; building sluice-ways and improving the brook to make it available for running logs at an expense of $3,000; building several camps, barns and other buildings for use in lumbering business at an expense of $5,350; building roads and bridges at an expense of $1,500; that these buildings and improvements are practically useless to him except for the purpose of utilizing the timber on said premises, except that the main camp was to some extent used in aid of the lumbering operations on an adjoining tract, Township 27, owned by him; that in June, 1892, after this expense was incurred, an injunction was served upon him on behalf of the State, restraining him from entering on the land. On the part of the relator an affidavit of Cyrus P. Whitney, a civil engineer, is presented in which it is in substance stated that he is familiar with the lands in question and with lumbering ; that the improvements mentioned by ‘Turner were made long before December 31, 1891, and for the purpose mainly of lumbering on Turner’s adjoining tract and many of the buildings are on that tract; that the cost of the buildings is largely overstated and many of them are now rotted down. It also appears on behalf of the relator that on June 6, 1891, The People of the State recovered judgment against Turner for $2,198.60. On the affirmance of this at General Term a further judgment was recovered against Turner for $72.04, May 18, 1894, and on the affirmance of this by the Court of Appeals a further judgment of $151.75 on February 17, 1898. These judgments are shown to be unpaid. ‘The recovery in the original judgment was for the value of logs taken by the defendant therein from the premises in question about March 1, 1887. It is not suggested by the relator that Turner has taken any other timber or had any other use of the property that should be considered on the question now before us, The defendant, or rather Turner through the defendant, claims that as condition of the reversal of the determination of the Comptroller, the amount paid by him on December 31, 1891, being the sum of $9,538.21 should be restorel to him. Before Turner is in a position to ask this, he should restore to the State all the rights it had under the certificate given to it on the 1890 sale, so that there will be no outstanding claim against the State or the property by reason of the transfer of that certificate or any conveyance that may have been given thereunder. Such restoration being made Turner then would be in a position to ask that the money that he paid December 31, 1891, be paid back to him upon the reversal of the Comptroller’s determination. It is also claimed on behalf of Turner that he should be reimbursed for his expenses for improvements as stated in his affidavit. ‘This is on the theory that he made the expenses after December 31, 1891, in the belief that his title was perfect. It is denied that they were made after that date. If made at the time he says he knew that it had been determined in an action at law against him by the State that he had no title and it can hardly be said that under the circumstances appearing in the case, he had aright to suppose that the relator would acquiesce in the action of the Comptroller upon December 30, 1891. Beyond this it is quite apparent from the affidavit of Mr. Turner himself that the improvements described by him were and are of no benefit or use to the relator or the State for the purposes of its Forest Preserve, but, on the FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 449 contrary, detrimental to it. The State has received nothing by reason of such expenses. I fail to see any good reason for our considering those expenses upon the subject of restitution. The amounts paid by Turner on May 18, 1886, and December 27, 1887, for redemption from tax sales of 1881 and 1885 stand on a different basis. ‘The deed to the State upon the tax sale of 1877 which is restored by a reversal of the determination in question was given prior to such tax sales. If the deed was good and operative, the State upon the sales in 1881 and 1885 was selling its own property, and Turner by redeeming got nothing. We therefere reach the following conclusion : The determination of the Comptroller should be reversed with costs unless within sixty days after the entry of the judgment herein and service of a copy thereof on the defendant’s attorneys, the defendant’s attorneys file with the clerk of this Court for delivery as directed by the Court, and serve on the attorneys for relator, an instrument or instruments duly executed which shall operate to transfer and restore to the State any and all mght or interest which it parted with by reason of the transfer of the certificate of the 1890 tax sale or any conveyance thereunder. In case such instruments are so filed and served, then such reversal is made upon the condi- tion that within ninety days after the filing and service of said instruments, the relator deposit or cause to be deposited in court subject to the order of this Court for the benefit of said Benton Turner, or his assigns, the said sum of §9,538.21 with interest thereon to the time of such deposit. Also the said sums of $1,306.30 and $1,124.61 with interest from their respective dates of payment, less the said three judgments. Upon such deposits being made, then the said reversal shall be absolute and the instrument or instruments above referred to shall be delivered to the relator for the State, and the said monies shall upon application be paid to said ‘Turner or his assigns. In case such deposit is not made within said time or such+f{urther time as may be given by this Court upon proper application at the foot of the judgment, then the writs of certiorari shall be quashed. All concur. Judgment ordered in accordance with the opinion to be settled before the Court upon notice. 29 450 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF SUPREME COURT, St. LAWRENCE SPECIAL TERM, OCTOBER, 1898. Ferris J. MEIGs, US. James A. RoBeErts, as Comptroller of the State of New York. \ Joun P. Bavcer, for plaintiff. THEODORE E. Hancock, Attorney-General, for defendant. RussELL, /.. Standing in front of any view of the merits of the controversy between the plaintiff and the State of New York as to the validity of plaintiff’s title to the real estate in con- troversy, is the question of right to test the merits of plaintiff’s claim in an action of ejectment brought against the Comptroller of the State. If a determination in favor of the plaintiff would produce only a barren judgment tken the action will not lie to determine an abstract question. If the servant of the State has no such actual occupancy that the judgment against him would prevent other agents of the State from acts of possession or protection over the property, then this action cannot be maintained for any effective purpose. The subject of the controversy is wild land embraced within the Forest Preserve and claimed by the State under tax sales. The Act of the Legislature establishing a Forest Commission, and defining its powers and duties and for the preservation of the forests, is chapter 283 of the Laws of 1885. By that Act all lands owned or thereafter acquired by the State within certain counties should constitute the Forest Preserve, be kept forever as wild forest lands, and the Forest Commissioners should have the care, custody, control and superintendence of the Pre- serve. Sections 7, 8 and g. The duties of the Forest Commissioners, Warden, Inspectors and Foresters are specifically designated by sections 9, ro and ri, and by the latter section the Forest Commissioners are empowered to bring, in the name of the People, actions to recover damages for injuries and trespasses and also to prevent such injuries. By the legislation of the State, lands may be acquired by purchase for the People of the State, to be included in the Forest Preserve, and also by tax sales, in the consummation of which the Comptroller, as the officer of the State, has certain duties to perfect the title so that the lands bought in by the State upon tax sales may be turned over to the proper Board to whose custody, from the moment the State acquires the lands, the property accruing to the State shall be confided. The plaintiff insists that he has the right to maintain ejectment against the Comptroller, in order that the Court may decide that the State did not properly acquire the lands now claimed by him, by force of Section 13 of chapter 711, Laws of 1893, which is here quoted: “Section 13. Possession of lands by the State. The Comptroller may advertise once a week for at least three weeks successively, a list of the wild, vacant and forest lands to which the State holds title, from a tax sale or otherwise, in one or more news- papers to be selected by him, published in the county in which the lands are situated, and from and after the expiration of such time, all such wild, vacant and forest lands are hereby declared to be and shall be deemed to be in the actual possession of the Comptroller, and such possession shall be deemed to continue until he has been dis- possessed by the judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction.” FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. A451 The object of this section is plainly to give a theoretic possession to the Comptroller, or the seisin which theoretically accompanies title, as the last act in the chain of the perfection of title by the State acting through its officer and servant. It isin no manner inconsistent with the power of actual occupancy, of protection, of care and right of action to prevent or redress injuries, confided to the Forest Commission, whose power as well as whose duty in these respects begins the instant the State has thus perfected title. This section of the Act of 1893 is not followed by any such distinctive and suitable direction for the actual occupancy and possession by the Comptroller, and protection, as mark the provisions of law in regard to the powers of the Forest Commission, but is followed alone by conditional powers of cancellation or other action looking to a restoration of the title through the Comptroller to the actual owner. The whole theory of the statute in regard to the Comptroller is to make him the officer to perfect title through tax sales and in some cases to exercise discretion to cancel or do certain acts for pur- poses of redemption; while the whole theory of the laws in regard to the Forest Commission is to give to them whatever of actual custody becomes necessary to accomplish the purposes for which the lands were acquired for the Forest Preserve. Turner vs. New York, 168 U.S. Rep. go. People ws. Turner, 145 N. Y. 451. It is well known that no action can lie against the State in one of its own courts, and the authority to take from it any money or property by judgment must be distinctly expressed and cannot be implied. People vs. Dennison, 84 N. Y. 273. It was even doubted once in England whether the King could maintain ejectment because ejectment might not be maintained against him. Adams on Ejectment, 78. As a matter of course the State cannot be dispossessed of its property in its own courts by an action in form against its servant or officer. As a matter of grace the State may, by the creation of a Board of Audit or State Board of Claims, allow remedial process against itself which it will recognize. The United States has occasionally permitted ejectment against its own servants or lessees. Grisar vs. McDowell, 6 Wall., 363. Meigs vs. M’Clung’s Lessee, g Cranch, 11. But such rights are those purely of favor and must be expressly conceded in order to justify action. It follows, therefore, as a logical conclusion, that an action to determine the title of the plaintiff as against the State of New York cannot be maintained in the courts of the State of New York unless that State has in some manner expressly given its consent to such form of procedure. ‘The statute relied on by the plaintiff does not give such consent. The theory of all the legislation in regard to the Forest Preserve forbids even the implication of such consent. The Comptroller is not in occupancy, legally speaking, of these wild lands to such an actual extent so that the judgment would disturb the possession of the State; and if he were, no lawful authority of the State of New York has ever consented that such a judgment should affect the title of the People to any portion of the Forest Preserve. The complaint is therefore dismissed, with costs. 452 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF SUPREME COURT, FRANKLIN CoUNTY SmitH M. Weep, and another, US. James A. Roperts, as Comptroller of the State of New York, and others. Application for injunction pendente lite. Frank E. Situ, for plaintiffs. T. E. Hancock, Attorney General for defendant Roberts. FRANK L. Betu for defendant Davis and others as Commissioners, etc. E. CouNTRYMAN, of counsel for defendants. McLaucGu.in, /.: There are many didicult questions of law involved in this proceeding, and to grant the injunction asked for by the plaintiffs would be in effect to decide these questions in their favor before the trial, and this a court of equity will not do unless it be first established that it is necessary in order to prevent an irreparable injury, or that the plaintiffs have an undoubted legal right to it. The papers presented do not establish either, and therefore the application must be denied. My reasons for reaching this conclusion are as follows: First: It does not appear that the act of the Comptroller, it he considers the application referred to, will be in any way prejudicial to the rights of the plaintiffs. The Comptroller not only denies that he has determined or formed any intention to grant the application, but in addition he alleges that he has formed no opinion as to the merits of it. It is, therefore, fair to assume, if the plaintiff’s contention be correct, either as to law or facts, that the Comptroller will not grant the application. Second: I do not think that chapter 392 of the Laws of 1897 is repugnant to the Constitu- tion. The power conferred upon the Comptroller to vacate or set aside the cancellation of a tax sale made by his predecessor in office, is a valid exercise of legislative power. If the Legislature could confer the power to cancel in the first instance, it necessarily follows that it could there- after confer upon the same officer power to vacate or set aside a cancellation. In other words, it could authorize him to reconsider or re-hear the matter once passed upon, and revise, reverse or confirm his former decision. ‘The fact that the cancellation was made, not by the present Comptroller but by his predecessor in office, is immaterial. The office is a continuous one, and a new Comptroller takes up the business pertaining to the office just where it was left by his predecessor, and carries it on in the same manner and with the same legal effect as if he had been the Comptroller during the preceding term. Third: If the Comptroller entertains the application, and his decision thereon be adverse to these plaintiffs, they can review his action by writ of certiorari, and if illegal the same will-be reversed (People ex ve/. Forest Coramission v. Campbell, 158 N. Y. 51). Fourth: The plaintiffs have an adequate remedy at law. If the tax sale referred to is invalid, their title to the land in question is not affected, they may keep and defend their possession of it, or, if put out of possession, they may regain it by an action of ejectment (People ex ved. Hillard Ds RO OAS, TRH IN, Wo Sag) Finally, a court of equity will not entertain a suit to prevent a cloud upon title to land unless it be made to appear that there is a determination on the part of the defendants to create the cloud, and it is not sufficient that the danger is merely speculative; it must exist; it must be FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. 45 Oo real (Clark v. Davenport, 95 N. Y. 482; Saunders v. Yonkers, 63 N. Y. 489). ‘There is nothing which shows or tends to show that the act of the Comptroller will be adverse to the plaintiffs. The proceeding to vacate and set aside the cancellation may never be perfected; it may be abandoned ; the Comptroller may refuse to vacate. The most that can be said is that the Comptroller may act, and that his act may be adverse to the interests of the plaintiffs. Something more than this must be shown. The application for injunction pending the action is denied with ten dollars costs, to abide the event. The form of the order to be agreed upon, or in default thereof, to be noticed for settlement before me (at least two days’ notice to be given) on the 31 inst. at ro A.M. SUPREME COURT, FULTON CouUNTY. THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, US. RussELL E. Hoimes. The contention of defendant that the action cannot be maintained since the act under which it was brought was amended in 1896, and by implication repealed, might have been prior to the statutory construction law, a serious question; by that law the action is saved and “‘may be prosecuted to final effect in the same manner as if such provisions had not been repealed.” The contention that plaintiffs title based upon a tax sale is void because the failure of the Board of Supervisors to “‘ extend the tax” before adjournment, I do not think is sound. The supervisors had fully executed their judicial functions when they equalized the property values, determined the claims and fixed the amount to be raised. ‘The rest was simply clerical, and the extension of the tax involved nothing judicial, neither reason nor judgment. If this can be counted an irregularity as has been sometimes held, it was one of the least of the class of irregularities intended to be cured by chapter 448 of the Laws of 1885. In People v. Hagadorn, 104 N. Y. 516, the effect of the Curative Law of 1885, or of the power of the Legislature by enactment to cure defects in procedure before sales for taxes, was not discussed or passed upon, hence, is not authority upon the question involved in this action. In Ensign v. Barse, 107 N. Y. 329, the question as to the power of the Legislature and the effect of similar statute was before the Court for decision, and the opinion of Finch, /., con- curred in by all the Court, it seems to me, is decisive of the question here. The principle declared in Ensign v. Barse (supra) was repeated in Terril v. Wheeler, 123 N. Y. 76, and in the opinion of Earl, /., this language is found: “The taxes were not invalid for want of jurisdiction to impose them, not because any constitutional rights of the tax payer had been disregarded or violated, but they were invalid because the Jaw had not been strictly pursued in their imposition, and hence there was legislative competency to cure the defects and to confirm them,” Clementi v. Jackson, 92 N.Y. 591; Ensign v. Barse, 107 N. Y. 329; Williams v. City of Albany, 122 N. Y. 154. 454 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES, GAME AND FORESTS. The question was again passed upon in Cromwell v. McLean, 123 N. Y. 474. Peck. ham, /., said: “The defendant claims that the act is valid as an exercise of the power to cure defects _ in assessments and other proceedings for the imposition and collection of taxes. Such curative power is a branch and a part of the legislative power to tax and must be sustained under it. The Legislature undoubtedly has large powers in the way of curing defects in proceedings to tax the citizen. In cases where the proceedings have been such that the citizen has had his chance to be heard before the tax was finally imposed, but nevertheless defects have been discovered in such proceedings, if the thing omitted and which constitutes the defect be such a nature that the Legislature might, by prior statute, have dispensed with, or if something had been done, or done in a particular way which the Legislature might have made immaterial, the omission or irregular act may be cured by a subsequent statute.” ““This was so stated and in substantially identical language in Ensign v. Barse (supra).” What rights of the citizen taxpayer were violated by the failure of the whole Board of Supervisors to perform this clerical work of extending the tax? Could not the Legislature have properly imposed this clerical duty upon a single supervisor or upon the clerk of the Board or even upon the collector himself? Surely, there are here no rights of the citizen to be con- sidered. It does not appear in this case, nor is it alleged, that there was an error in the extension of the tax, or that the land was sold for any tax in excess of the amount levied by the Board. ‘This defect in procedure, it seems to me, is not jurisdictional, and it appears to be one of the least of the defects which the Legislature had power to cure and did cure by chapter 448 of the Laws of 1885. Under the second canse of action alleged in the complaint, and upon the theory upon which this action was tried, I think the plaintiff is entitled to recover against this defendant for at least the sum for which judgment is directed, which sum is less than treble the amount of the value, as found, of the trees standing and not in excess of the value as found, or the timber before it was carried off of the land. The allegation “caused to be cut and carried away and assisted in cutting and removing, and converting to his own use timber and logs remaining on said premises” is a sufficient allegation under the proof to charge the defendant, at least, with the value of the logs upon the skidways upon the lands of the plaintiff. S. A. KELLoce, JceSGs Nore.—The above judgment was subsequently affirmed by Appellate Division. 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