seitesy WEE AT Ye ssid AN +; beta ‘ i eee s PE eLw) Oe ieee v4. be, ps noe, Nigse iN tear LP OA Wands an teont: i, LAD ea an! ae ys) Mi bos if . Roem ‘vee 5 & “i A te - ee —er n t P ‘ ‘ it, ie 7 ” ; . ; ORS ROP RAT Cy tig BPM LT yh “ ae y 7 « { eM 7d iy A ang tee Sox & r i - moa | 2S 5s! A ae + tt Wet a > ' = —— my eee a ea er At Kr ‘> ing 23. sae r yy es y ¢ os. we eo As Z ey ‘ ¥ } . 7 University of the State of New York / EW YORK STATE MUSEUM > ~ Forty-FirtH ANNUAL REporT OF THE re Gee NE GRAY OF CONGRESS ¥ © OF A gig SAR re . we NSMITTEDTO THE LEGISLATURE FEBRUARY 3, 1892 re fi ; 2 ao. ~ ALBANY -. JAMES B. LYON, STATE PRINTER “a a 1892 ‘shah he fd ae ao , eo ” oe! wet Nay ae ili Sant Sed + Gone “Re oe Se ' eh | Py ah So ae , q % ~ we t ¢ Epes Sy st } ype 1, . hea es m th ‘gull ma A “ ve ie ~e r + * ’ ie ek, oF cn AR ~ ica Ay ry gat A ; al, Py y e , \ an LY Coe es) aN ee ‘ PAGE po MRM Eats oa irae ol a2 6 ase wo Pa Ripis nls RW a Sam ERAS he Roa le 11 3 meport of the Assistant Director. ....... 2.0.6... cece eseceeseseban oe 14 | “s Bebor PPE eA MOOIOC IS... 60%. gale ais dew veimin hig ola ng > ods Kee ei 15 re -_ Additions to the museum collections ............. Sy Oke Oi ea ee 20 Catalogue of Muricidz in the collection of the State Museum ........ 30 3 R Report on a deposit of marl and peat in the town of ako Baltimore; MRR NIAC sco ems odio tha s'sebix tne ss osdpamea eee 46 Report on the development of the salt industry of central New York for \ _ the ee 1590: arate POMS bOp i. aloo of ood. . vic,e sw ohne wwe de eee e 53. | SRE Ue Miao. MOtaTMIGh. oc... ..- 5 sens ool eae duende ieceds tee 65 . memantine ta) iNG Meeronriaim if . oes. oc bis c's cs ac wegen cau ies 70 = ia Be temiributoers and their contributions ....).....6.0.2 6.6 5) eed eats 72 ? MME teri iiess DELON BOpOrted c's vr vin:s csc? wiv vine oe ceus a leutieeae 17 oH Meets peemmairks and Observations... 5. 6.5 Fee ee cee Spe aye cence eee 85 aoe eS ti me hew: Lormspeciesior Ompbalig nc: 5. oc 5c0. <0 5... ies osseous oar 92 hi 4 ‘Re Secor eae Malet Pa OMOlOZINh -\. ess. Sess 6 Give che 0 wmnis acne a ema 105 ae Re eport RreTICE RNte MAOOMORISh ci alec. oath aighs teh sins, cas wine “ts SRS 323 . rig rate SANE SHAS eis us «cient vA. 0,01 Vile Mn nak soy kin Wins Spares k ees Coe 326 2 sae a a Brrr comioiney of) Naw Vor 0.15.2 Sb ss ok sa ee ts oe eee 328 suet List of preparations of spirals, loops and hinged plates ........... 330 ‘ oa List of the genera of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda................. .. 331 if z Additions to the Paleontological collections ..................-0-e00. 338 a is m ‘ihe ~ Catalogue of the collection of Geological and Paleontological speci- Ba - mens donated by the Albany Institute to the State Museum..... 349 - Report ee the Assistant Paleoontologist ... 2.0.2.) ows tale anata 370 es dist of the original and illustrated specimens in the Paleontological a ~ collections et ne eave eta ha Std toate sath saa en Ga et oe ek 377 ea _ ‘Hand book of the Brachiopoda............. ooh Saale ee LAS 4 See ee a a Peet eee, % i Nl TM Es uta a aa )) / 4 » “ , ; ec Se al SAN icveny ms Jal Si Ra ae ? j » ? 8 Me r M P RECENTS ° OF THE wn IVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK (February 1892) a { The Laws of 1889, ch. 529, made the State Library and State Museum departments of the , University. ] GrorGE WitiiaM Curtis, LL.D., Chancellor Anson J. Upson, D.D., LL.D., Vice- Chancellor Roswett P. FLowsr, Governor Writzam F. Sarrnan, Lieutenant-Governor Rx-officio Frank Rice, Secretary of State Anprew S. Drapsr, LL.D., Sup’t of Pub. Instruction } i In order of election by the legislature oh Bee scr Wituiam Curtis, LL.D., 1864 - West New Brighton . FRANCIS KERNAN, LL.D., 1870 2 - Utica _ Marry I. TowNsEND, LED, WCW a Ree Jaan Wa _ Anson J. Urson, D.D., LL.D., 1874 . - Glens Falls Wirias L. Bostwick, 1876 - - - Ithaca g Cuavncey M. Dzrrew, LL.D., 1877 es - New York Cuarrzs E. Frreu, M. A. 1877 - - - Rochester ~ Onnis H. Warren, D.D., 1877 - - - Syracuse st. LEsLix W. RvSssELL, LL.D: 1878 - - New York | Warretaw Rew, LL.D., 1878 - - - New York | Wuras H. Watson, M. D., 1881 2 : Utica Henry E. TuRNER, 1881 . - - - - Lowville Sr Cram McKztway, LL.D., 1883 - : Brooklyn ee Harris, LL.D.,1885 - - - Albany ANIEL Buacu, LL.D., 1885 - - - W atkins F Ww ILLARD A. Coss, M.A. 1886 - - : - Lockport - CaRRoL K. Smiru, 1888 —- ; : ; Syracuse ee Priny T. SExTON, 1890 - - - - Palmyra ee. Guitrorp Situ, M.A., C.E. 1890 - - Buffalo Mervit Dewey, M.A. Secretary, Albany Apert B. Watkins, Ph. D., Assistant Secretary, Albany Ve “Martin SHEEHY us ut a is Regents’ standing committee on the State Museum | Anprew S. Drapzr, Sup’t of Public Instruction, Chairman Regents Kernan, Harris, Bracu anv C. E. Smirx State Museum Staff James Haut, M. A. (Rensselaer aes LL. D. (Harvard) — Cuarves H. Pxcr, M. A. (Union) SA. Nee ga State Botanist J. A. Lintner, (alee Oe - cee: — State Entomologist — Joun C. Smoox, M. A. CRauteer). Ph. D. (Lafayette), Joun M. CrarKe, M.A. (Amherst) — Assistant Poleontslogem Witir1am B. Maxsuatt, M.S. (Lafayette) - Assistant Puiie Ast -— - ~ — _ JacoB Van DxELoo = = _ _ - - SS es OF NEw YORK. ‘s No. 64. | iY IN SENAT Ey @ Frpruary 38, 1892 aS - OF THE a have the honor to submit herewith, pursuant to law, as the ve 45th annual report of the regents of the University on the New | “a State Museum the report of the director of the museum ow ith appendices, of the botanist and the entomologist. a ; GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS Chancellor ia ea ot it * Be — Report OF THE Director, 1891. REPORT, OF DIRECTOR. ae 0 the Honorable the Board of Regents of the University of the _ State of New York: i - Gawrcexps, — I have the honor to transmit herewith the reports f Mr. F. J. H. Merrill, Assistant Director, and of Mr. Wm. B. M arshall, Assistant in Zoology, showing the nature of the work € wecomplished and the condition of the collections in the several C departments of the Museum on State street. The crowded con- dition of the rooms and the pressing need for more space for the arrangement and exhibition of the collections, especially in the Zoological department is well stated in Mr. Marshall’s report. The need of space is equally great in the Geological department whi le there are no adequate or proper working rooms in the building for either of the departments. The duties of the Director in which he is engaged separate ee from the building known as the State Museum or Ge reological Hall, and he is compelled to confine himself almost ey to the collection and preparation of material, t the publication of the work on the Paleontology of the Stat e, Which is the incompleted work of the original Geological & ‘Natural History Survey of the State of New York. Unfor- ‘ ni tely the Museum building affords no adequate working rooms r space for the arrangement of the very large collections which ne na have been accumulated for use in this work during its progress. _ By the law of 1883, these collections were oiaced in the cus- to pcy -of the Trustees of the State Museum; the same law pro- vi ided that the State Hall, whenever it Shouki be vacated by the state officers, should be given into the custody of the Trustees of the Museum to be fitted up for the exhibition of collections and for working rooms for the State Museum of Natural History. A tion of the upper story of the building became vacated in 5 and was fitted up with drawers for the arrangement of the Paleontological collections and for working rooms. In 1886 prams al eS i a Ce ie PM NP he aide Dees SNe ac 8 i BR ee ma 5 ON Ted fm hon 3 ie Pale EO NS eg eee OE RODS Pe ie ee a Hie ) ST eye ‘ : Bre bee eh bey OTe he eS Wie ee os Pag : A AC eyes sat ie 12 ForvyY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE the collections which had been made by the writer since 1856 and arranged in two buildings of his own, were transferred to the State Hall, and, so far as space permitted, were arranged in the drawers just mentioned. Besides the collections filling these , drawers there are a large number of boxes (at least 400) still remaining, from which the specimens have never been unpacked, and are therefore quite inaccessible for study or for any intelli- gent use. All this property whether arranged in drawers or stored in boxes belongs to the State Museum, and forms a part of its. collections, though disposed in a building at considerable distance from the Museum proper. Owing to this condition we labor a under many disadvantages, for it is not possible, while oecupyimg temporary quarters to fit up cases, arrange and dispose of collec- tions as if we were in permanent occupancy. The Museum and the State suffers great loss from this condition, for we are con- — stantly working under the disadvantage which necessitates a temporary arrangement of all our material, and we are often com- pelled to make room for new material by displacing collections already in use, and packing them in boxes, thus constantly 4 increasing the amount of inaccessible material. In 1883 it was anticipated that the proposed new quarters — could be occupied in two or three years at the utmost; more than seven years have already elapsed and we have no assurance, nor — even any prospect of alleviation from the present unfortunate condition. The report of the State Geologist herewith communicated will show the nature and extent of the work done in these departments, and the condition of the printing on volume VIII, part I and the progress made in the second part of the same work, which has extended far beyond what could possibly have — been foreseen in the outset. The need of more space for the increasing collections in these departments has already been stated, and we need at this time the space of fully 500 additional drawers which can only be had by packing and storing collections already arranged. The present occupancy of drawers is greater than needed for the work in pr ogress, but a poke away the ok iy ee. pea Bite NA pee Loe ie * Sy dee eS eee ee ee ee, one ha eke hs +5" PA $6 en 4 PSE ee ee ee cS Cats es Tae 5 — ie Ae ie ms ae tet a eae eet Be > New Yorr Srarr Museum. Bee +h fie a upon to furnish. Chiefly for this reason we need the % g! reat number of drawers now in use. 2 ~ [have already on former occasions recommended that the col- lections be carefully examined and those needed for the Museum “separated from those which are strictly duplicates. These dupli- | fe Lo cates should be made up in sets for school and college collections, : “; be recorded and catalogued; after which the sets can be readily = a raded and given to the schools, academies, etc., according to - their needs. To do this work, however, would require an assistant with knowledge of fossils who could work under my direction. The present Assistant Paleontologist has quite sufficient work of m uch more importance on his hands, and cannot undertake the . _ work of distributing these collections. _ The Albany Institute, at its regular meeting on the 20th day _ of October, 1891, passed a resolution, donating its collections of - | minerals, fossils, shells stuffed skins of birds and mammals, alco- -holic specimens and historic relics to the State Museum. These _ collections had been previously packed and delivered at the State _ | H and State Museum and acknowledgment of the same had % ‘been made in the report. In conclusion I wish to call your especial attention to the neadie ot more room in every one of the departments of the Museum — Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, JAMES HALL, Dverector. —) a ms Report on the Work of the State Museum, By FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Assistant Director. The scientific work immediately under the charge of the Assistant Director is that in Mineralogy and Economic Geology ; the last title including the investigation of the mineral resources — of the State. The time of the Assistant Director has been chiefly occupied in the general business of the office and in directing the work enum- erated below. Preliminary visits have been made during the year to the iron districts of Port Henry and Crown Point, and to the garnet deposits of Essexand Warren counties, and a geological survey of Albany county has been begun with a view to the con- struction of a geological map of the county. In Geology, a collection of 443 specimens of Westchester county rocks has been made by Mr. EK. M. Blake of Columbia — College, and during the work of collecting, a large area of that county has been mapped geologically. In Economic Geology, Mr. H. Ries of New York City has _ made a careful study of the brick clays and the brick industry of the Hudson River Valley in their economic aspects and has pre- pared a report illustrated by numerous photographs and specimens. * Mr. I. P. Bishop of the State Normal School, Buffalo, N. Y., has prepared a report upon the progress of the salt industry of Central New York, illustrated by photographs.+ Mr. Wm. B. Marshall has communicated a short paper on marls. The papers of Mr. Bishop and Mr. Marshall are appended to this report. A paper on the Geological History of the Hudson River Valley, - which will form a part of the report on clays, has been published — in advance, in the American Journal of Science for June. During the remainder of the calendar year, if opportunity permits, it is proposed to continue the study of the salt region. + Incorporated in Bulletin No, 11. * Appended to the Report of the State Geologist for the year 1890. - APY ide Ve ws a Be iil hee ale. - " Ly ey " eM é “4 a4 See! net 4 ie. - i! “a Bee “ +e ee at ~ uy “ Z a0 \ wv: : ats Bat. ep weiter te Tay Oe nC Se haley by Pie Bers Mae ¢ Rice Cet nate ae Od Fagan 4 ny ira OUT Fo Shed 8G ee iy ra aa se a oie 2 . fk ee "E> 4 = ese «Ks ae ds X . : iat on ih agli an ett yin eit > ea At * ax? , e | od = os ; Rx ee Pe a. ovets ws - > fs , ey, , : ’ ee at os i ee ~f, fy New York Srare Muszvm. oy z a _ The need of more space for the exhibition of material belong- ng to the Zoological Department becomes more imperative every . n nonth. The floor allotted to Zoology is full — crowded. The arrival of a new addition of any considerable size causes a waste of time and energy in the shifting which is necessary to make ea ‘oom for its accommodation. An attempt to exhibit all the - species of any one group of animals usually results in the retire- ment of other species or groups equally important. How urgent s the need of more space may be understood from the fact that it would be practically impossible to find space enough to exhibit 2 one more specimen as large as a horse. : _ Equally vexatious are the insufficient facilities for storage of specimens, alcohol, glass-ware, trays, labels, instruments, shelving and many other things which are indispensible in an institution ~ ¢ of this kind. The need of more space and greater convenience is S pressing in the matter of work rooms and offices also. The x curator of the Zoological collection has an office six feet by ten fe et on the first floor of Geological Hall in a corner of the } m ineral room. In order to consult the Zoological collection it is necessary to ascend three and one-half flights of stairs. This kes time which should be more profitably utilized, and results in separating the curator from books which should be close at c and but which are necessarily kept in the office on the first floor. ae bi , Respectfully submitted, ae WM. B. MARSHALL, a | Assistant Zoologist. in N. Y., September 30, 1891. htc ‘ =e “The ey Institute has donated to the State Museum oe mens. During the next year chi erat most of Pare is stored in boxes, will be unpacked and catalogued so Tar _ possible. ZOOLOGY. By PurcuHass. _ Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonap.). Sage Grouse. Male and female 2 ip 2 Colorado. © ; ae _ Bonasa umbellus togata (Linn.). Canadian Ruffed Grouse. ‘Male female, Quebec, Canada, March 26, 1888. | Rare _Tympanuchus cupido (Linn.) Heath Hen, or Eastern Pinnated er ws Male taken on Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., Dec. 22, 1890. Leng A 16 in.; Expanse 282 in.; Wing 124 in.; Crop contained leaves a grasshoppers. Fenian from same place, Dec. 24, or 25, 18 It _ Falco rusticolus obsoletus (Gmel.). Black Gyrfalcon. eae c near Lake Ontario in Monroe Co., N. Y., in October, 1890. label contains the following field notes; — Length 223 in. ) sins, «~Wing 154 in. Spread 51 in, Cere and feet grey (ao bright a grey as in the Osprey). € - Cathartes aura (Linn.). Turkey Buzzard. Adult shot in the tow 1 Clarendon, Orleans.Co., N. Y., July 18th, 1891, by A. E Sn Struthio camelus (Linn.). African Ostrich. Mounted skeleton, — By Donation. Mr. Z. A. D. Strevell, Altamont, Albany Co., Nie: Urinator imber (Gunn.), Northern Loon. Female shot at War Lake, Albany Co., N. Y., November 1890. © i _ Mr, Frank A. Ward, Rochester N. Y. - Coccothraustes vespertinus (Coop.), Evening Grosbeak. Male female, shot at Wayland, Steuben Co., N. ¥.,1 in February, 190. Oe: : roy 9 po Xe a | By CoL1LEcTion. - Wm. B. Marshall. | _ Chelydra serpentina (Linn.), Snapping Turtle. Two specimens taken 4 S from mud at the bottom of a small stagnant pond in the town of -~—~—-—s New Baltimore, Greene Co., N. Y. ie ‘Chelopus insculptus (Le Gotta), Wood Tortoise. Three specimens : taken from high grass in a meadow near a rivulet, in the town of ‘ New Baltimore, Greene Co., N. Y. - Cistudo carolina (Linn.), Box Tortoise. A male, taken in a rye-field ——s on a Gry, sunny hill-side in the town of New Baltimore, Greene fe ©0:,\ N.Y. ~ Morone Americana (Gmel.), White Perch. Eight specimens. Hudson ry. a River, Albany, N. Y. : _— Clupea pseudoharengus (Wilson), Alewife. Two specimens. Hudson Ps: _ River, Albany, N. Y. ! NS Catostomus teres (Mitch.), Common Sucker. Two specimens. Hudson LS zs River, Albany, N. Y. ie By Purcuass. i rama cornubica (Gm.) Porbeagle or Mackerel Shark. Skull of a zh specimen captured off the coast of Hayti. ¥ t es ¥ iS 4% Bont an + eS By Dowartion. p. Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia, Pa.: RS Lacuna sp? Terra del Fuego, 1 specimen. E Mounted odontophore of the above, 1 specimen. Htc nemoralis, Linn., Lexington, Va., 11 specimens. eens flagellata, Say., Vera Cruz, Mex: 4 specimens. _ Tryonia protea, Gould, Indio, Cal., 100-++ specimens. * a eins Pennsylvania, Linn. Mae etnit ib: 3 specimens. 4 F. J. H. Merrill, Albany, N. Y.: ig ’Murex pomum, Gm., 8. of Tampa, Florida, 3 specimens. a “Murex brevifrons, Saw, S. of Tampa, Florida, 2 specimens. oe cinereus, sie! New Rochelle, N. Y., 2 specimen. Enupleura caudata, Say, Long Island., 1 specimen. _ Cantharus tincta, Conr., 8. of Davapa: Florida, 3 specimens. Fulgur pyrum, Dillw., 1 specimen. a Fasciolaria gigantea, Kien (Opercula) Key West, Fla., 2 specimens. _ Fasciolaria tulipa, Linn., var. distans, Lam., S. of rPaaripes Florida, 5 ; s specimens. _ Marginella guttata, Dillw., Key West, Fla., 6 specimens. a / Marginella interrupta-lineata, Muhlf., West - a 41 specimens, on : : \ t¢ x ¥ et 29 PORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE Marginella carnea, Storer, Key West, Fla., 5 specimens. Bree Oliva litterata, Lam., 8. of Tampa, Florida, 8 specimens. a % Columbella fulgurans, Lam., 18 specimens. “ 7 aoe Columbella lunata, Say, Sandy Hook, N. J., 5 specimens. a Conus Pealii, Green, 8S. of Tampa, Florida, 2 specimens. a Conus proteus, Hwass., 8. of Tampa, Florida, 2 specimens. 2 bs Cancellaria reticulata, Linn., 8. of Tampa, Florida, 4 specimens. Rees ui Strombus pugilis, Linn., var. alatus, Gm.,8. of Tampa, Florida, 1 specimen. nS Strombus bituberculatus, Lam., West Indies, 2 specimens. Ri: f ay Aporrhais pes-pelecani, Linn., 3 specimens. Re Cypreea obvelata, Lam., 4 specimens. * Cassis sulcosa, Brug., 8S. of Tampa, Florida, 2 specimens. Bi Natica canrena, Linn., 8. of Tampa, Florida, 2 specimens. e. es _Sigaretus perspectivus, Say. Key West, Fla., 2 specimens. | - Crepidula aculeata, Gm., Key West, Fla., 1 specimen. Cerithium atratum, Born., 8. of Tampa, Florida, 3 specimens. ,, Littorina irrorata, Say., Key West, Fla., 3 specimens. <€ Littorina littorea,* Linn., New Rochelle, N. Y., 7 specimens. e Littorina scabra, Linn., var. nebulosa, Lam., 8. of Tampa, Florida,3 __ specimens. \ ¢ Neritina reclivata, Say., Tampa, Florida, 31 specimens. wale Astralium longispina, Lam., Key West, Florida, 1 specimen. . Hyalina cellaria, Mill, Leroy, N. Y., 1 specimen. sf Hyalina arborea, Say., Deckertown, N. J., 12 specimens. BS < ¥re . ic ye one a ad. Ae ~ 3 WAS Te “aoe Me rare, yar 4 | Se es csc decisa., Say-» Hutchinson’s Cr., Westchester Co., N. Y.,1 — : 3 _ specimen. | - - Gillia altilis, Lea., Hudson River, West Point, N. Y., 1 specimen. By ~ Pomatiopsis ickiva, Say., Hudson River, West Pomt; ‘Ni; Ye 2 ye 3 specimen. A Helicina orbiculata, Say., Fort Worth, Texas, 30 specimens. iy 4 Unio luteolus, Lam., Grand Island, Niagara River, 1 specimen. om Unio complanatus, Sol., Upper Longwood, N. J., 1 specimen. : 3 ‘ Unio complanatus, Sol., Lake Pleasant, Herkimer Co., N. Y., 1 ss specimen. A) ¥ i SA 2 +» ~ 3 ae i; P Unio complanatus, Sol., Ramapo River, Oakland, N. Y., 1 specimen. : Bierzaritens marginata, Say., Westchester Co., N. Y., L specimen. _ f.55um © Anodonta fluviatilis, Dillw., Macopin Lake, N. J., 1 specimen. a Ensis Americanus, Gould, South Amboy, N. J., 4 specimens. (ye a _ Tellina radiata, Linn., 8S. of Tampa, Florida, 4 specimens. \ Fes Tellina radiata, Linn., Key West, Fla., 2 specimens. DR e -‘Tellina interrupta, Wood., S. of Micah Florida, 1 specimen. Bi: Macoma Balthica, Linn., South Amboy, N. J., 7 specimens, Gea be Vallista gigantea, Gm., Tampa, Fla., 1 specimen, eh aa > : ae Bs Rve., Tapa Fla., 1 specimen. ; a Cardium muricatum, Linn., 8. of Tampa, pe specimen. | FL oipes Hen tsilas Linn. var. chrysostoma, Mérch., 8. of Tampa, Piprida, 2 specimens. a Astarte castanea, Say., Hast Hampton, L. I., 2 specimens ._ one edulis, Linn., West Hampton, L. I., 1 specimen. Mr. John M. Clarke. Albany N. Y. Land and aquatic shells from Ontario county, ews Yor K, follows: i “Helix Ee eetive ae 12 specimens. . Mi ‘Helix striatella, Anthony, 3 specimens. Helix hirsuta, Say., 7 specimens. "Helix monodon, Rackett, 1 specimen. _ Helix palliata, Say., 5 specimens. - Helix tridentata, Say., 19 specimens. Helix albolabris, Say., 15 specimens. Helix albolabris, Say. (young), 9 specimens. Helix albolabris, Say. (with tooth), 3 specimens. - Helix thyroides, Say., 8 specimens. * | Helix Sayi, Binn., 3 specimens. _ Helix pulchella, Miill., 11 specimens. Helix Sp? (young), 7 specimens. _ Cionella subcylindrica, Linn., 7 specimens. _ Pupa corticaria, Say., 7 specimens. Vertigo simplex, Gould, 1 specimen. ‘Succinea obliqua, Say., 8 specimens. - Limnea stagnalis, Linn. Broken. Interesting _ has peeled off in spiral bands, 7 specimens. New Yorx Srare M USEUM. — 3 SS diadivax Say., 13 specimens. neea sp? 24 specimens. ] ysa ancillaria, Say., 6 ye Physa heterostropha, Say., 6 specimens. Planorbis campanulatus, Say., 24 specimens. P Planorbis trivolvis, Say., 23 specimens. Planorbis bicarinatus, Say., 24 specimens. Pp anorbis exacutus, Say., 4 specimens. aie parvus, Say. A greatly deformed specimen, manuscript label _ containing the name “ Valvata deformata.” One specimen. Ancylus rivularis, Say., 15 specimens. - Gundlachia (Meekiana, Stimpson). a (See note by Mr. Clarke in American Journal of Science, March 1882.) Three specimens. Valvata tricarinata, Say., 5 specimens. Valvata tricarinata, Say. var. simplex. __. Body-whorl round instead of quadrate; epidermis green instead of straw-color; whorls of spire carinate as in typical specimens. Two specimens. : he gata Lea. ce insect case, re glabra, “@ nicola porata, ree 3 specimens. rium simile, Say., 5 specimens. lix Baia Say., Baaquoik Oneida Co., N. Y., 1 specimen. Mn Robert T. Jackson, Boston, Mass: 7 2 . A large series of young oysters and Anomiz, from Buzzard’s Bay, _---‘Mass., naturally attached to glass slides and other objects; eo illustrative in part of a paper by the donor on the “Phylogeny sy ee of the Pelecypoda” (Memoirs of ‘the Boston Society of ; Natural History, Vol. IV. July, 1890.) . Dr. Charles E. Beecher, New Haven, Conn: scum, pulchellum, Stimp., Naushon I., Mass., ‘Ls specimens. .¢ Cooperi, Binn. Deadwood, N. Dakota; 1 specimen. mpus bidentatus, Say. New Haven, Conn., 2 vials. 4 i r , ae yr? ft) Ra ae ee » Cap * 296 Forty-FirtH REPORT ON THE William B. Marshall, Albany, N. Y.: The following specimens collected at Cape May, N. J., August, 1891, Limulus Polyphemus, Latreille, Horseshoe Crab. Found on sandy beach, Delaware Bay. Gelasimus pugilator, Latreille, Fiddler Crab. Found burrowing in the mud at the mouth and along the banks of a creek, and on salt-marshes. Cancer irroratus, Say. Sand Crab. Carcinus granulatus, Say. Green Crab. ; Above two species found together in large burrows of their own making, and in sheltered depressions, in mud banks on the ocean front exposed between tides. Platyonichus ocellatus, Latr., ‘Lady Crab. Found at the water’s edge on the ocean front. Callinectes hastata, Ord., Edible Crab. A large male from an inlet. A female with incrustations of two species of Bryozoa and with very young oysters crepidulas and barnacles adhering to back and legs, from a gully on the ocean beach. Pelia mutica, Say. Spider Crab. From sandy beaches and mud beds on the ocean front between tides Hippa talpoida, Say. Beach Flea. Found at water’s edge on ocean front. Kupagurus pollicaris, Stimp. Larger Hermit Crab. Found walking unprotected on the beach. Kupagurus longicarpus, Stimp. Smaller Hermit Crab. From exposed beach between tides, in pools about piles, and in depressions in mud beds, inhabiting shells of various small gasteropods. Melampus bidentatus, Say. From salt marshes. Nassa obsoleta, Say. Large specimens from the surface of mud in a small inlet which becomes dry as the tide recedes. Small specimens from the sur- face of mud in the mouth of a small creek. During low tide the mud is exposed, As the tide rises, salt water enters the mouth of the creek and covers the mud, but is made brackish by the fresh water of the creek. Fulgur carica, Gm, Sycotypus canaliculatus. Linn. Kge-capsules containing embryonic shells from the shore of Dela- ware Bay. one nyse New York Seats Museum. Co Jumbella lunata, Say. ; rt - Found clinging to a tubularian (Parypha crocea, Ag.) growing in a hollow in the top of a short pile on the ocean front, between | — tides. Crepidula unguiformis, Lam. ape _ Adhering to dead shells rolling on the beach, between tides. — Crepidula, fornicata, Linn. From surface of dead shells, and living crabs on the ocean-front; and from the surface of king-crabs on the shore of Delaware We Bay. i Pholas truncata, Say. / _ Very young specimens, measuring less than a centimeter in length. _ er Associated with the next species. g Petricola pholadiformis, Lam. F Found burrowing in mud-beds on the ocean front, Bxpaned between __ as tides. ( ee a Also pieces of hard clay with holes bored by Pholas and Petri- _ Bre cola. M lodiola plicatula, Lam. Found imbedded in mud on a marsh at the side of a small inlet’ _ which becomes dry as the tide recedes. pat, M ytilus edulis. Linn. Edible mussel. YS ee Found attached to mudbeds and piles on the ocean front, exposed ; between tides. & / pone edulis, var. pellucidus, Penn. _ Associated with the preceding but not so plentiful. \ Masses’ of broken shells, pebbles and clay, bound together wilh i! a byssal threads of Mytilus edulis. : Coating shells inhabited by Eupagurus longicarpus. Parypha crocea, Ag. (A Tubularian.) From a hullow in the top of a short pile, on the ocean-front, “is exposed between tides. GEOLOGY. .. By Donation. : @) E. Van Guysling, Albany, N. Y. oquina, Fort Marion, St. Augustine, Fla. bi leg City Gates, St. renclese Fla. . rm on of M. Mallen, Mount Adam, Orange Co, N. Se e 1 | Report on THE Nz ‘Yor. ORK By Coutmction. ) HL. aes New York City. 4 Specimens of brick and brick clays from the Hudson hay Valle __ E. M. Blake, Columbia College, N. Y. F Westchester County Rocks. 443 specimens. MINERALOGY. By EXcHaNnce, _ National Museum, Washington, Dex, | Cut Specimens. Peeravon Stone, Amelia Courthouse, Va. Amethyst, Brazil. Agate, five specimens. By Donation. 4 cS TL. Penfield, Yale cece Museum. ve ‘Heulandite, Cape Blomidon, N. 8. ts ent. Cape Blomidon, N. 8S. ; “William W. Jefferis, Esq., Philadelphia, Pa. Pe ioe Conn. wie, ia Mt. Griffith, Fulton Co., N. Y. | Gypsum, crystallized, Oneonta, N. Y. David Cowan. ~ Magnetite, Rossway, Digby ee N.S. _ Red Hematite, Porbrook, South Mountain, Kings Co., N. S. __ Rey. Richmond Shreve, Albany. Steatite, Kings Co., N. S. ls Gypsum, Blomidon, Kings Co., N. S. Amethyst, Blomidon, Kings Co., N. 8., four specimens. ‘Chalcedony, Blomidon, Kings Co., N. S., two specimens. _ Crystallized quartz, Blomidon, Kings Co., N. S., four specimens. ie Bente, Blomidon, Kings Co., N. S., one specimen. CATALOGUE OF MURICIDA, IN THE COLLECTION OF THE YORK STATE MUSEU. 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CORRE eT ‘£OAV, hermentece hon Su.) | Sh teria se ik Digi Arts +2 OC) PRO) [OUR a 12 Finns sayahes oso Oe Tig eae ered Se res ae 1a O . eae eve ; Spa ae ipod ee peewee ches hore y Vis x ne a rege i 5 ‘ SS Ope hind (808) OO 6 es Fe Cee Owe ~~ P s * 1.8 She) Bate. v6 eee a joe” ase ; ges ‘ oi “? Report on a Deposit of Marl and Peat . Town of New baltimore. By Wm. B. MARSHALL. About four miles west of the Hudson river, in the town of New Baltimore, Greene county, is a deposit of marl and peat, which occupies a small valley at an elevation of about 340 feet above tide water, as determined by an aneroid barometer. The deposit, approaching seven acres in extent, is divided into two. nearly equal parts, a northern and a southern, by a bed of rock which extends east and west across the valley about the middle. — On the east and west sides the valley is inclosed by hills which are from 40 to 50 feet high. The drainage of the valley is from south to north, the south end being naturally open and admitting a small rivulet. Formerly there was no outlet for water through — the bed of rock at the upper end of the southern section, but, some years ago, theowner, Mr. E. T. Van Slyke, by blasting out a passage, succeeded in draining the surface of this portion into the northern portion. The northern portion has no surface drain- age as it is inclosed by low hills on the north as well as by the higher hills on the sides. The water im this half of the deposit — drains into several openings in the underlying limestone and finds an outlet (probably into Hauncraus creek to the north) through subterranean passages. ‘The entire surface of the deposit is now under cultivation. During the last summer the northern half was_ planted in rye and oats and the southern half was in meadow. The peat and muck upon the surface of the mar] in the southern | portion is the result of an accumulation ‘of successive growths of mosses and other plants during the period when the valley was a marsh and of leaves and twigs which have washed in from the neighboring hillsides. The peat and muck of the remainder of the deposit do not differ in character from the above, but a large portion of the material in the northern half has been washed in from the southern half. The small rivulet which now drains the southern lot is constantly carrying particles of marl and peat along with it and depositing them in the northern lot. o yee Cy ~ 4 4 & - 4 ¢ Report on THE New York Starr Museo. 47 The marl is composed of the dead shells of fresh water mol- - lusea and of carbonate of lime which has probably been carried — down in solution from the Helderberg limestones and deposited in the valley. A short distance south of the locality under con- sideration and in the same valley is another deposit of the same character but somewhat larger. A smaller deposit lies about a mile to the northwest. There are other deposits, at various - - ~ . ‘ . __ places in Greene county. They occur in hollows in which a con- _ siderable basin must be filled up before water can drain off. The exact thickness of the deposits of muck and marl is not ‘known. The muck is probably about four to five feet thick in some parts. An iron rod between ten and eleven feet in length was thrust perpendicularly into the bed by the writer. As only slight exertion was nécessary to push the entire length of the rod in, it is probable that the deposit of marl is more than seven feet in thickness — how much more it is impossible at present to say. Calcareous tufa is not found in considerable quantities. Small scales of it have formed on the rocks about one of the holes into ca which the water in the northern lot drains. These scales are _ one-quarter of an inch thick and are composed of several thin ~ layers. The marl contains only aquatic species of mollusca. The _ following is a list of the species that have been collected: - Valvata tricarinata, Say. _ Valvata sincera, Say. Planorbis campanulatus, Say. _ Planorbis trivolvis, Say. _ Planorbis bicarinatus, Say. - Planorbis exacutus, Say. Planorbis parvus, Say. | -_ Limngea humilis, Say. Carychium exiguum, Say. Physa heterostropha, Say. b Physa ancillaria, Say. ~~ Bulnus hypnorum, Linn. . Spherium rhomboideum, Say. _ Spherium Sp.? (young of a rhomboid species). Pisidium Virginicum, Say. _ Pisidium ventricosum, Prime. Ae Se MMPUN Pl eRe 1. SL Thea ote Re Pes eine > 4 Cre - i* aetaad . ) ” > Ve - ea < Tet aot ar Se & a: F< —_ - tad a RD Ame ES aE w% So = 48 Forvy-FirTH REPORT ON THE The shells which are most numerous belong to the genus Val- vata. Two forms belonging to the genus are found to be about equally abundant. One of these is Valvata tricarinata, Say., and the other is either Valvata sincera, Say., or the variety simplea of V. tricarinata.. In my opinion it is V. sincera. V. tricarinata is said to be avery variable species, varying from me) the typical tricarinate form through bicarinate, unicarinate and- ecarinate forms. The latter has been designated as variety sim- plex. None of the specimens of Valvata found in the marl bed under consideration showed any of the intergradations between the tricarinate and ecarinate forms. All were either decidedly tricarnate or decidedly ecarinate. The absence of intermediate forms leads to the opinion that the ecarinate form is Valvata sincera. A striking feature of the deposit is the absence of its bivalves. The plentiful supply of carbonate of lime and the luxuriant growth of mosses and other aquatic plants made the locality an extremely favorable one for freshwater mollusca. The presence of the remains of myriads of specimens attests the truth of the above, and yet no specimens of Unio, Anodonta or~ Margaritana were found. At the present day fifteen species of these animals are abundant in ponds and streams in the immedi- ate neighborhood of the marl. Mather (Geol. N. Y. p. 11) says ‘‘Unios and Anodontez are sometimes found in it (marl). Piles are sometimes seen on the edges of marl banks and on shores, that have been carried there by muskrats, to devour the tes-— taceous animals.” There are no Uniones in the State Museum’s collection of shells from marl; the largest bivalve being Spher- zum simile, from a deposit - Little Lakes, Herkimer county, lL Ba oe In the muck many species of land skells were observed. A list of these is not given, as it is believed that a careful search would bring to light almost all the species known to inhabit the neighborhood. All that were found were either on the surface, or but a few inches underneath. Their presence beneath the surface is due to the fact that they have been turned under by the plough. In the collection of the State Museum are nine teeth of a fossil horse which were found in 1889 by Mr. Bronk Van Slyke, _ fx } . Nrw York STATE MUSEUM. 49 ‘imbedded in the peat in the southern lot. Dr. Charles E. Beecher, of Yale University, has identified them with Lgwus fraternis, Leidy. As the muck and mar! are in a soft, plastic condition it is not improbable that other mammals have been imbedded and that their remains may be found. Before the swamp was drained the material was of a still more yielding nature. So far as I am aware the only animals inhabiting the marl are earth-worms and one species of insect, of which there are immense numbers of the corneous pup, each measuring less than a millimetre in length. Their burrows traverse the mar] in all directions. Dr. Lintner, State Entomologist, to whom speci- mens have been submitted, says that there is nothing to enable him to identify the species. | Roughly the amount of soluble carbonates contained in the marl is about 82 per cent. The insoluble material, of which about 40 per cent is organic, consists of sand and clay, leaf-mold and corneous insects. Concerning the use of marl and muck for agricultural purposes there is not much to be said. Farmers with whom I have con- versed seem to be of the opinion that these substances ought to make good fertililizers but apparently no extensive use has been made of them for this purpose. Such is certainly the case in Greene county. Experiments, conducted rather irregularly, have been made, and while it is generally conceded that the material did the land no harm, there is difference of opinion as to whether it did enough good to warrant the trouble taken to dig and _ spread it. The place is in close proximity to the limestone of _ the Helderbergs and the rocks underneath the soil are mostly | limestone. It is possible that the soil in that neighborhood already Contains a sufficient amount of carbonate of lime to - meet all the needs of the crops. There seems to be no doubt that lime in some form is beneficial to certain crops. The large amounts of land plaster, sulphate of lime, which are annually consumed bear testimony to this fact ; and farmers, so far as I have been able to obtain their opinion, _ agree that lime has a beneficial effect upon soil which is to grow wheat. On the subject of calcareous soils Dr. Beck (Mineralogy of New York, p. 90) remarks that “the most extensive are those which eo 50 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE occur in the western part of the state; and no better evidence is required of the value of lime as a manure, than the proverbial fertility of this favored region.” ‘ Bergman found, in one of the most fertile soils of Sweden, thirty parts of carbonate of limein the hundred.” In their reports to the legislature the geologists in charge of the various districts of the geological survey of the state urged the value of peat and muck and marl for increasing the fertility of soils. | | On this subject Dr. Emmons (Agriculture of New York, p. 314) says :— “ Where marl and peat exist, farmers ought never to complain of the scarcity of the means for improving the soil.” “ We have often spoken of the importance of using peat before it is dried or baked in the sun. When used in a dry state, or mixed in lumps in a soil, it will certainly disappoint the farmer; but when mixed in a compost with ashes, lime and other refuse mat- ter it will always be found useful. When used in proper quan- tity on wheat lands, the berry will rarely if ever shrink; and could farmers in all parts of the state secure a supply of marl, peat, lime and ash compost, wheat of the finest quality might be raised equally well in all the districts.” On the same subject Mather (Geology of New York, first dis- trict, p. 11) says: —‘“‘In some parts of Orange and Dutchess counties, this marl is much used by the farmers, and with great advantage to their crops * * * but its value is not yet fully appreciated. It is desirable that agriculturists should make more extensive use of a manure so valuable as this, on soils that con- tain little lime.” According to analyses published by Emmons, the soils of the Highlands, the portion of the state east of the Hudson and the Adirondack region are very deficient in lime in any of its forms. Mather thinks that shell marl might be used to replace a por- tion of the gypsum used for agricultural purposes. ‘‘ Gypsum has been invaluable to the lands of the counties above the High- lands, and it is probable that the shell-mar]l deposits will be of as great a value to the farming interests.” The above quotations are given because I have been unable to find any later and more definite information bearing on the sub- 4 Lo Ao } i a : s ) New Yorxr STATE MvUSEvUm. ject. Whether the suggestions of the geologists quoted would be sustained by a series of systematic experiments apparently ems undecided. ___Imreply to inquiries concerning the value of peat and marl as fertilizers, Dr. Collier, direction of the State Experiment . Station at Geneva, has kindly sent me the following letter : Bran NEw York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT ea ae Geneva, N. Y., Sept. 16, 1891. v W. B. Marsua tt, N. Y. State Museum, Albany, N. Y.: ~My Dzar Srr.—In reply to your favor of the 16th inst., I would ped that, so far as I know, little has been done by the Experiment _ Stations in testing the qualities of fresh water marls and peats, although _we have used carbonate of lime, of which fresh water marls are mainly composed, and peat, as top-dressing for some of our lands, with inter- q esting results. There is no question, I think, as to the value of both these in changing the mechanical condition of soils to which they dre , : > — s Fe ‘ r: applied and in that way having a great fertilizing value. The peat also | 4 oh: - furnishes to soils comparatively poor in organic matter these substances. - I would refer you to page 168 of our Ninth Annual Report for certain Ke results which seem to be due to the application of finely divided ecar- _ bonate of lime. We are repeating this experiment this year. : te you for calling my attention to the matter, I am, aie Sincerely yours. i ) OL He aa RRL Ns oo) 2A EIA AL. a Mea SE! iO 23 PAMESHONG 1c Paki eens oc 3s. SR Fe ene a 2 black ishale wath some Oil.) Os ee 1 Cocniterous limestone... ov Neeser), oe aes eee 142 CETTE AD nS GRABER RR LBL al nM ARN AR a a Fes 13 NAMIC ISATICSPONET. ... . i. ans calas eee ch ok ee a 4 Piackweand white cement. :.24 0 sou oe Ne 7 SAPOUS COTE Mice eo ok avs ih. oom cee ce UG Mee 14 RRO SMITA Rees ik ad eg og agi hence oe he ere ee + C! SGT ERTS ce nn eee RL iy Sim el MM Rov Scr ic. 26 MEME ON i ci, Oe Ree Gai eee 47 Magnesium limestone and sandstone...................- 63 MOT a i Sle ewe lee jwhacd fo Wg toute munis ova uk 2 Ae eae 14 Pie laonesian, limestone ..25./ 30.2 2.5, wee 6: oe eee 25 PETE MM oo gst ids) OSU s Nee, SR ON Re ane eats aes he ine 10 Polne Maonesian lkmestone . ic Sai... - 4.08 lee eee 12 ‘CSET Re DEAE Coes ann EN A A 17 ime scement and sandy 0s. 20 macs parse os cues ee eae eee 31 MOTI 2 10 oo siwie oc uejel 4 Made bess N MANS GRDEM Ride le el dee aol se 10 GME ATIC. \COMON Ge. 0. ss uch cl eens we colabeehte 5 Ste ee 15 Pee M Ee VNU alia. DURE COUAN wiley oot Wie, GR Pte ea. oa 6 JES EVE CSW REA Gene aoc wir Aiags BATA 4s LENG/1! ASIC (282 Aa aaa aL AP aes COMPLE PAE So 10 HUMES EGIG LY). is). o yaa hn 6 bate ev Be a ere melee ah er 44 CIMT RN oe 3. cues ys oid Bmin ackeusid » Beeilems neous ois tue ree ae 5 Me SINISE), 5 ik ain! ds (ppb un edly uate Ge awe eatin ea a ia oe an 13 LILIES G0) eros i aan aR ae Ore SAR ANH ye os hole Ae 12 Maliiramc SIMO oe Sek ee Oe Anse oi ee 33 REG ESC RM aS eee CCl eM aaAe ea 20 Limestone and shale...... te a AE ARE A Sah 26 BOCOMMUSALE AICO es. caoss ae soe eee a ko ek see 4 LA VOTC UU OO Ao De i NASR Ty AS ly AS 2 Rea tes We hii AURORE WSL) ea ic aw 4. ci ghe gts Wt RMA S Ole SRS Oe oe 58 The shaft is located on lot 17. The works have a capacity of 6,000 tons per day. Are mining about 400 tons as an average. The salt as it comes from the mine is broken and screened like vee tn PN eT oe pe Pe dk se’ f rey es aa ye Per ; New York STATE MUSEUM. 57 coal and sold as “Coarse lump ”—pieces weighing from twenty to 100 pounds, and coarse salt of about the grades of Syracuse “Diamond” C. & F., or about like Turk’s Island. Record of well on the Reed Farm, near the new shaft, Livonia, N. Y., furnished by Mr. D. D. Luther: MPTAVGL ANC BANG. Oo 5... hae ah occa eee esne 56 eS CRE ance Ss AES ENO) aS Wa eae any ge 464 I a KL oe gine COMER ee Sea ea eek 10 BUS Fas a 8 wires Sa ow peed ale bene tte sees Gen 302 IIMS LITMGALOUG. «oie Cock Weis Wa nls OO. apee'e 6 Oh 133 CU SRSA SS ger ya PO 45 MIE Or aT ahs Og ie Wt sted oA ey gtae 3134 Bemmecand salt... 2.2... iE CERN A. | craig eae: 114 INT ry Sey Ps WR sad) LG se endidtarta dh 35 TT RR RE 20 RR SUR A 8 EERE a | Ue Ee a OS a Oly Ts a at 15 The first rock, according to Mr. Luther, is very near the top of © _ the Genesee shale. East of the Genesee valley three important wells have been sunk; at Ithaca, at Ludlowville on Cayuga lake, and at Morris- dail, Madison Co. The well at Pada ail. on the Auburn Division Lehigh Valley R. R., about ten miles north of Ithaca, N. Y., constitutes the Cayuga face Salt Company. Buildings are now in process of erection and it is expected will be ready for the manufacture of salt by December 1, 1891. I have not yet obtained a report of this well. The remarkable well at Ithaca, N. Y., has been fully described ay by Prof. Charles S. Prosser in an admirable paper in the Ameri- - ean Geologist of October, 1890, which see. 8 Aeon the well at ti Momresville i am. also indebted to : “His record is given herewith. caer ‘Depth. | Thickness. Hamilton. Marcellus, first sample. 3 Comiferous horizon a Oriskany san¢ : / y i Gas. Lower Helderberg limestone. _ Hydraulic limestone. Light gray shale, 5’ of dark red shale. Green and blue marls. Limestone. 10'-12’ of rock salt. Red and green variegated marls. Red marl. Green and blue marls. Red shale. Blue shale and limestone — Niagara? ae 25’ blue shale. . Blue shale and limestone. Well at Dansville, N. Y., owned by the ap ies Oil, Gas: a de, tide. Completed November 24, 1891. ROMAN Oly UO ke 44s 9 acs ld | Hard gritty slate ........ Dark. sand, like Bradford . mamaht slate ...:...... Cased at 206 feet. Soft slate and shale...... Small amount of salt water, Feet. RITETIOH ORIG aig es gh ot. Stade «4 wine a's 30:0 oie e'ald'a » 200 Small vein of gas at 775 feet. mark slate, like roofing slate .. 2.0.56. cee ee ee 100 MROLUG Mabe, "SOMME FAS, SS. eget ec c cec ce eee dceds 100 Sumer IG BIALG, BONO / PAS... oS orate wie vye otis tus we ele weuee s 100 MATIC BRIG cs a5 el Aine os We ke MUBSUr shige eae © 620 MME MEPIIIE RG, TIMMGEGLONG: 2222.6). ew ois coi tg sie tiete wits Sete ee ns 80 OG AR 0 oa A 60 ITEC PEITEG BOGE hes orn pec wos Kad Gla eh Pigg Goi iapei ele oes ate acd 240 ne NS RY RG eS ale MUP ee 8 5: 60 I B08 PP 8 a he Sons id go KS dno 6 aos A wey lake nv 80 I have given the record exactly as received. It is well to remember that “slate” in the driller’s vernacular stands for either slate or shale— here for shale. The “ granite,” too, is probably, almost certainly, the lower part of the Corniferous limestone. In its lower part, this record agrees with the general run of record in western New York. Above the salt there are usually 25 to 200 feet of shales—sometimes omitted—then 200 to 300 feet of (L. H.) limestones; then usually a thin, soft layer in the place of the Oriskany ; then from 140 to 150 feet of Corni- ferous. The Hamilton proper below Genesee shale in the Genesee valley is about 600 feet. (See in my salt report of 1885 _ remarks on the Lackawanna well.) The 248 feet above the salt are probably partly Salina; but as we have no certain knowledge of the division between the two periods it may be best to put it down as Lower Helderberg and Salina. If we attach only one name, it should be Lower . Helderberg. mee oe Limestone lies directly upon the salt in several wells where we _ have been obliged to call it so. The 60 to 80 feet above I think are without doubt Corniferous and the 620 above are certainly K _ Hamilton. Whether the shales above belong in | part to the " Hamilton proper I do not pretend to say. ; _ This is a very important record, as it extends our knowledge _ of the salt bed some miles south. By comparing this with the a Divinda record the inference that,the salt bed is a syncline with 3 the deepest part in the Ithaca, Castile line, is very strong. Shes ee eee? 5 Sa : ee sn yo 1. Ey 423 . ( e . , oe “ANUSARA ae a ie ie =e ote 094 . ns RO + goxoel: u1e9}s yy sap} ge ae MEBUMIN Pala ree Prt ee et OTF eee prIepudig aa eer| a ee ee tee e wees SLILOJL “YIN SSR ei ee RE Sea SoD Po 2 Oy AYE BER ORT, e a igeceetrees oem ure es nat eS niee e eee te Serre CC ee come meee ee ee ee woe ees OD sua Vs josjouy 4 re 3 Me eh eee eS TORRE) se Mee’ BOTTA te ae re ae AON be tltap ap Fa OS gary ae AI eee t ee secant onngecy So ieee S) Setatcet Sees OTT UdEG) hapa eee es 8 Yoolg [lvod Se ae ree ae ce eee CE en Yes javog § # ‘ 33°: Fall Saawre e yee eRuale 8: 8/0 ape 6) 6/8, cg ean re 6) 8 10 alee) ey re en eet wtieers eeee 8 oO °° Op[LAoyeT rae SG eee arate rea ees =: Boor uIeeys ITM £91710 3] ec eee eee see MESAB AA meee eee se se se se © te Rng ae OF) RE Sear rahe eels) .s\- Suewersciedn canines Suvi es. vues etivr ans Ti 2 SCAM eEC) see eee eee ene paieyig ie IaR Suet KS Bemien t eee gay cee al cig | 6 Poteet liaiie Wen aicone Spey See ne COTO ULES ee ees ie PAO 21 SAG SC AINE Te ae a ane eee Or er AOS ary I Dees) or ee et sued [peur T° eS eTLaopAny SE TESTA EEE. tes SO AA aTPG Te}se0 Tog get te eet ee seeeeteeeee teers goureng focccos ss smuopr ape ft 0g eg vauemeyoery 6 ppc ogo ee ee Se eet TOMARa ities 2! 22 Se 2 po we homqdunyy ee [iach eee steers tea goed OGIUT | oo tte cS Mes tt ees Ste Og qe Aopen Hocee [revert nee teeteereeceses* sued ogreq [ott ct tt +> MBsIE AA pets ppreetaeses ts Kerqdump » yoopume Fee ge |e sey Hee nie ee tee cree ses: teed TeUIg ie eS LON AK Beer en ony io etn is Be de ecegotes pets St goed eaiey hoot. Ss prey |! Ste S$ See rs + 00 ee semana Ate oa Seon eee orn Jor Soe ae AB AQ [eet Pena ce te 2 ale ee < «2 2 Oy yer ean Veeeeeeeeess goutvad pus suvd mnnoe A ‘sees+ gSonidg reATIC Bieter oR: 2h ages oy SS means eee eS Oe ee Sg ee ge: @\e0 6 6) a jenn s.10| oes se~o™e oe at." ttt 2 OF) a Ula pa Se): - [tO e[tAsarq . + reereeceesees goed oBrery [otc tt tt tt apeagqeg [roicr ttt teste ttt ess 09 greg peyshag 5 ees ee Roe pees ee Sea riema [st 2 ets «Bes +52 ee er ad oats eee Be ee) Pees a Tare eee eae + * On ERIG) [26 t tM Yt ANB A: ptt Rtas op ert art SES ae ee vetor pares See tee eeeeeeeeeeereeescgued pue coureny [ott 6 ttt wapg yooy [icc ttt ttt 0g a ‘sorg Ley “xeTy ra REP. fe * 1d times centipedes eat cavities in the under side of a squash where it is in contact with the earth. Through these cavities the fungus spores gain access and quickly reduce the squash toa worthless putrid mass. Very respectfully submitted. CHAS, H, PECK, Axpany, October 1, 1891, 7 et °8 ~(« «4... Sola aS? Bie) ' § * ee ye © ae r .seer i so eu rod Se 1 hs tl ha Rh dc Daa as TP ) 4 . a .) a? f 7 ‘ 70 Forry-rirtH REPORT on THE STATE MuszuM. A. PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM. __ New to the Herbarium. Cardamine rotundifolia Ma. Stellaria graminea L. Ailanthus glandulosus Desf. Aster Herveyi Gr. Lysimachia nummularia L. Plantago Patagonica Jacq. Carya sulcata Nutt. Carex eestivalis M. A. C. Panicum miliaceum L. Clitopilus carneo-albus With. Leptonia parva Pk. L. grisea Pk. Galera flava Pk. Agaricus hemorrhoidarius Schulz. Hypholoma subaquilum i Russula roseipes Bres. Deedalea quercina Fr. Septoria podophyllina Pk. Gloeosporium populinum Pk. G. allantoideum Pk. G. nervisequum Sace. Puccinia Zopfii Wint. Ustilago Tritici Jens. U. Hordei K. & S. Doassansia Martianoffiana Schroet. Entyloma Physalidis. Wint. Peronospora Rubi Rabh. P. obovata Bon. Sporotrichum parasiticum Pk. Pseudopeziza Medicaginis Sace. Sphzerotheca mors-uve B. & C. 8. . Humuli Burrill. Erysiphe Galeopsidis DC. Not new to the Herbarium. Anemone Virginiana L. Magnolia acuminata LL. Cardamine rhomboidea DC. Nasturtium lacustre G'r. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Viola cucullata A7t. Vv. sagittata At. V. ~~ renifolia G'r. V. = pub. var. scabriuscula T. & G. Dianthus Armeria L. D. barbatus L. Lychnis Flos-cuculi L. Stellaria longipes Goldie. Hypericum perforatum L. Tilia Americana L. Oxalis Acetosella L. Acer sacch. var. nigrum 7’. & G. Rubus Canadensis L. Fragaria Indica L. Poterium Canadense B. & H, Pyrus communis L. (2 Malus L. F sambucifolia C. & S Thaspium barbinode Nutt. Cicuta bulbifera L. Conium maculatum L. Galium trifidum JZ. Solidago bic. var. concolor T. & G. S. puberula Nuit. S. uliginosa Nutt. S. speciosa Nutt. S. arguta Ait. Aster undulatus L. cord. var. levigatus Porter. vimineus Lam. diffusus A7t. paniculatus Lam. Novi-Belgii L. puniceus L. Erigeron stri. var. discoideus Rob. Antennaria plantaginifolia Hook. Lampsana communis L. Cirsium arvense Hoffm. Vaccinium corymbosum L, Lysimachia stricta A7t. Pigicta seg LDR strict. var. producta Gr. Asc lepias incarnata L, Hilenia deflexa Gris. Phlox divaricata L. Polemonium reptans L, sae 2 os *g " Betula nigra L. Pentstemon levigatus Soland. Agrostis vulgaris With. ~ Quercus palustris Du Roi. PEPER OOP Be Aare REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. Verbena urticifolia L. Poa comp. var. sylvestris Torr. ‘v. hastata L. Agropyrum caninum R. & S. Polygonella articulata Meisn. Festuca nutans Willd. Juglans nigra L. Botrychium ternatum Sw. Amanita czesarea Scop. Lepiota rhacodes Vitt. Tricholoma album Fr. T; personatum F’r. Carya amara Nutt. C. microcarpa Nutt. Salix nigra Marsh. Clitocybe cyathiformis Fr. S. amygdaloides And. Collybia Familia Pk. Populus balsamifera L. Mycena galericulata Scop. Pholiota discolor Pk. Hebeloma crustuliniformis Bull. Agaricus sylvicola F’. Stropharia squamosa F’r. Psilocybe spadicea Fr. Cortinarius collinitus Fr. Hygrophorus splendens Pk. EH. pratensis Fr. Cantharellus lutescens Bull. Corallorhiza innata R. Br. Clintonia umbellata Torr. Erythronium Americanum Ker. Trillium grandiflorum Salish. Sagittaria vari. var. gracilis Eng. Cyperus dentatus Torr. Eriophorum vaginatum LZ. Eleocharis tuberculosa R. Br. Juncus Balt. var. littoralis Eng. Scirpus atrovirens Muhil. Marasmius erythropus Fr. S. microcarpus Presl. Boletus punctipes Pk. S. sylvaticus L. Polyporus brumalis F’r. S. polyph. var. macrostachys/| Poria sanguinolenta Fr. Beeckl. Deedalea unicolor Fr. Carex Grayii Carey. Hydnum pallidum C. & E. utric. var. minor Boott. ES: stipatum Fr. hystricina Muhl._ Irpex Tulipifera Schw. riparia Curt. Corticium lacteum Fr’. triceps Ma. Coniophora puteana Fr. gracillima Schw. Tremella mesenterica Retz. CEderi Ehrh. Gloeosporium lagenarium S. & K. laxiflora Lam. Ramularia variabilis Fckl. pubescens Muhl. R. lineola Pk. alopecoidea Tuckm. Bactridium flavum K. & 8S. rosea var. radiata Dew. Zygodesmus fuscus Cd. varia Muhl. Fusarium Solani Sace. echinata Murr. Tubercularia persicina Sace. trisperma Dew. Cystopus candidus Lev. Bteas latifolium L. Vibrissea truncorum F’. rE, Crus-galli L. Peziza chlora Schw. _ Muhlenbergia sobolifera Trin. Melogramma vagans DeNot. M. sylvatica T. & G. Specimens from Trees. _ Magnolia acuminata L. Betula lenta L. Tilia Americana L. B. populifolia A7t. Acer saccharinum Wang. B. papyrifera Marsh. A. sacch. var. nigrum 7. & G. |B. nigra L. ig dasycarpum Ehrh. | Ostrya Virginica Willd. wer fT t 71 _ Betula lutea Ma. a) FortTy-FIrtH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. " : eae? i! Prunus Pennsylvanica L. Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. Bie Pp: serotina Hhrh. Fagus ferruginea Ait. a Ulmus fulva Ma. Castanea sat. var, Americana Ma. U. Americana L. Salix nigra Marsh. 2 ee 2 7. U. racemosa Thomas. Populus balsamifera L. | tee Celtis occidentalis L. j P: bal. var. candicans Gr. vag Morus rubra L. Pa monilifera Ait. ae Platanus occidentalis L. Pinus Strobus L. RS Juglans nigra L. P. rigida Mill. ” ie J. cinera L. P. resinosa Ait. HAS Carya sulcata Nutt. Abies balsamea Mill. i C. porcina Nutt. Larix Americana Ma. eT C. amara Nutt. Thuya occidentalis ZL. A Quercus palustris Du Rot. Juniperus Virginiana L. , ai B. Mt CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS. 2 Mrs. Hannah Gould, Hudson, N. Y. Carex glaucescens, Ell. Carex eburnea Boott. aaananaceaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaana ampullacea Good. monile Tuckm. Schweinitzii Dew. retrorsa Schw. stenolepis Torr. squarrosa L. lupuliformis Sart. lupulina Muhl. subulata Ma. iturgescens Torr. rostrata Ma. folliculata L. Elliottii S. & T. Grayii Carey. intumescens Rudge. tentaculata Muhi. hystricina Willd. pseudo-cyperus L. comosa Booit. trichocarpa Muhl. aristata R. Br. lacustris Willd. striata Ma. Halseyana Dew. vestita Willd. longirostrisTorr. Hitchcockiana Dew. oligosperma Ma. oligocarpa Schk. Tuckermani, Boott. ignota Dew. bullata Schk. blanda Dew. platyphylla. formosa Dew. grisea Wahl. pallescens L. Meadii Dew. Woodii Dew. crinita Lam. scabrior Sart. anaanaaaaaasaaaaaaaaaanaasaaaa Crawei Dew, laxiflora Lam. digitalis Willd. retrocurva Dew. Careyana Dew. plantaginea Lam. hirsuta Willd. virescens Muhl. gracillima Schw. Davisii S. & T. flaccosperma Dew. conoidea Schk. cephaloidea Dew. alopecoidea Tuckm. Leavenworthii Dew. disticha Huds. granularis Muhl. es 0 A Tire ae Bie rex lanuginosa Ma Carex tetanica Schk. ei: : filiformis L. C. panicea L, a C. deri Ehrh. C. _ livida Willd. | C. flava L. is C. aurea Nutt. . ia ©. Cherokeénsis Schw. C. — Shortiana Dew. | 0. flexilis Rudge. C. atrata L. a C.. capillaris L. C. Buxbaumii Wahl. meas y aes venusta Dew. C. irrigua Sm. ang h as C. — debilis Mz. C. limosa L. ae e. Cc. arctata Boott. C. flacca Schreb. . it A Oe Sullivantii Boott. C. salina Wahl. Sea ey % —C. — scabrata Schw. C. aquatilis Wahl. SNe — C. miliacea Muhl. C. __ stricta Lam. Ga = ©. Chapmani Sart. GC: strictior Dew. ae ig, C. pubescens Muhl. C. acuta L. ie) . ©. preecox Jacq. C. vulgaris Fr. . ih. ©. Richardsoni R. Br. ) Go torta Boott. wee ©. varia Muh. C. rigida v. Bigelovii Tuckm. ~ C. Pennsylvanica Lam. C. straminea Schk. a Cc. ~~ lucorum Willd. C. alata Torr. eae era GG Emmonsii Dew. C. foenea Muhl. | “hee ai bf umbellata Schk. cx mirabilis Dew. | yer ©. Baltzellii Chapm. C tenera Dew. ae Cc. . pedunculata Muhl. C. — festucacea Schk. ee Cc. cristata S. & T. C. cephaloidea Dew. a ©. Jagopodioides Schk. C. sparganioides Muhl. ean: PC. scoparia Schk. . 6 stipata Muhl. ae ©. ~~‘ Liddoni Boott. C. _ alopecoidea Tuckm. eet ei. -arida Se 7! — GC. Crus-corvi Shut. Mase _C. — syenocephala Carey. C. decomposita Muhl. 0 an ©. ©. sterilis Schk. C. vulpinoidea Mz. ~y 53) scirpoides Schk. C prairiea Dew. pete Si: ee’ C..—-Deweyana Schw. C. Sartwellii Dew. ae * stellulata Good. Gc teretiuscula Good. rae us Cc sphezerostachya Dew. C. siccata Dew. ya canescens L. eine, Backii Boott. : oa. tenuiflora Wahl. C. Steudelii Kunth. | a trisperma Dew. C. Willdenowii Schk. SS gracilis Ehrh. C. bromoides Schk. ee Fraseri Sims. C. polytrichoides Muhl. ee chordorhiza Ehrh. C. pauciflora Light. poe aie aN | A , : dere , retroflexa Muh. C. capitata L. ene ~ rosea Schk. C. _ scirpoidea Mz. ae ‘Muhlenbergii Schk. C. dioica L. , ee _ cephalophora Muhi. wi R ‘One Mrs. E. C. Anthony, Gouverneur, N. Y. ; 33 ny g cucullata Ait. agaria Indica L. | 2s 10 Mrs. L. L. Goodrich, Syracuse, N. Y. | 74. Forry-rirtH REPoRT on THE STaTE Museum. Prof. D. C. Eaton, New Haven, Conn. Adiantum Kaulfussii Kze. intermedium Sw. tetraphyllum Willd. pulverulentum L. lucidum Sw. villosum L. macrophyllum Sw. tenerum Sw. obtusum Desv. polyphyllum Willd. Aspidium molle Sw. PPP > bbb pp A. macrophyllum Sw. TaN subquinquefidum Bu. A. invisum Sw. A. amplum Meit. A. melagodes Meitt. A. Sprengelii Kaulf. A. semicordatum Sw. «A. trifoliatum Sw. A. effusum Gris. A. Imrayanum Fee. Asplenium Shepherdi Spreng. A. grandifolium Sw. A. lunulatum Sw. A. crenulatum Baker. A. cultrifolium L. Aneimia Phyllitidis Sw. A. Breuteliana Presl. Acrostichum sorbifolium LZ. A osmundaceum Hook. A. flaccidum Fee. A. cervinum L. A nicotianifolium Sw. A. caudatum Hook. Alsophila nitens Sm. A. ferox Presl. . A. blechnoides Hook. Blechnum occidentale L. B. longifolium H. B. K. B. volubile Kaulf. Cheilanthes radiata R. Br. Cyathea Schanshin Mart. : Danea elliptica Sm. Davallia ineequalis Kze. D. saccoloma Spreng. Dicksonia cicutaria Sw. Gymnogramme calomelanos Kaulf. Gleichenia pubescens H. B. K. Gis pectinata Presi. Hemionitis palmata L. Hemitelia grandifolia Spreng. Hymenophyllum ciliatum Sw. Hypoderris Brownii Sm. Lindsza stricta Dry. L. trapeziformis Dry. Lygodium venustum Sw. L. volubile Sw. Meniscium reticulatum Sw. Nephrolepis acuta Pres. N. exaltata Presl. Oleandra nodosa Presl. @ nerliformis Cav. Phegopteris crenata Mett. P. flavopunctata Fee. Pteris pungens Willd. leh aquil. v. esculenta H. & B. Polypodium aureum L. P, incanum Sw. P. neriifolium Schk. P. vacciniifolium ZL. P. nematorhizon Haton P. serrulatum Mett. P. lycopodioides ZL. P; piloselloides H. & B. Trichomanes crispum LD, Abe pinnatum Hedw. be sinuosum Rich. TE membranaceum L. T. Prieurii Kye. : z spicatum Hedw. Lycopodium cernuum Lve. _|Selaginella patula Spreng. Ss. serpens Spreng. Prof. N. L. Britton, New York, N. Y. Nymphea reniformis DC. Nelumbium nuciferum Gert. Lathyrus maritimus Bigel. Aster cordifolius L. Vaccinium vacillans Sibth. Vy. Pennsylvanicum Lam, Vaccinium corymbosum L. V3 disocarpum Bigel. Halenia deflexa Gris. Carya microcarpa Nutt, Juncus Balticus Deth. Eleocharis tuberculosa R, Br. oe Be eae REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. Ca f te . “ Bye: Prof. B. D. Halsted, New Brunswick, N. J. Je _Peronospora Rubi Rabh. Peronospora parasitica DeBy. Bon P. alta Fekl. Plasmopara viticola B. & C. es P: obovata Bon, Puccinia Spergulee DC. 4 : Rev. F. D. Kelsey, Helena, Mont. _ Phragmidium subcorticium Wint. Aicidium Pini Pers. : Puccinia intermixta Ph. ZA. Clematidis DC. fe P, Tanaceti DC. ZK. Ranunculacearum DC. m P. Menthe Pers. AB. porosum Pk, es. Py Malvastri Pk. ZB. Allenii Clint. a Las Troximontis Pk. -E. Cleomis EF. & A. a P. Giliz Hark. ZB, Asterum Schw. ES oe Phragmitis Korn. AB. Violee Schum ee Fi mirabillissima Pk. A. Compositarum Mart. f E. emaculata Schw. AA. Thalictri Grev. Ba P. Thlaspeos Schub. AK. Kurotize EL. & E. DP. Hieracii Mart. A. gaurinum Pk. __Uromyces Eriogoni E. & H. AA. monoicum Pk. or Pag. Trifolii Lev. AA. Plantaginis Cke. eo U. borealis Pk. Erysiphe communis Wallr. __Ustilago segetum Dittm. E. Cichoracearum DC. _ _Melanospora farinosa Pers. Spheerotheca Castagnei Lev. P.M. Cerastii Schroet. Phyllactinia suffulta Reb. bys MY, Lini Tul. Microspheeria Ravenelii B. q Coleosporium Solidaginis Thum. Valsa boreella Karst. _ Cronartium Comandree Pk. Physalospora megastoma Sace. __ Reestelia lacerata Tul. Leptospheria Typharum Desm. _ _Cystopus candidus Lev. _ Phyllachora Wittrockii Erik. _ Ramularia arnicalis LE. & E. iY i ‘ C. L. Shear, Alcove, N. Y. a Agaricus placomyces Pk. | Plantago Patagonica Jacq. a i E. W. D. Holway, Decorah, Ia. = Puccinia Zopfii Wint.. | Entyloma Castaliz Holway. a P. Rhodiola B. & Br. Yucceefoliz Holway. ie e. Uromyces perigynius Halsted. Be P. H. Dudley, New York, N. Y. q _ Xylaria Hypoxylon Fr. | | Trametes Pini F’r. A. P. Morgan, Preston, O. , _ Tilmadoche columbina Berk. Physarum albicans Pk. 4 Cornuvia elegans Morg. Dermodium conicum Pers. Roland Thaxter, New Haven, Conn. a J. B. Ellis, Newfield, N. J, ay _ Cercospore Asimine E. & K. | “a E Rhopalomyees strangulatus Thaz. | Sporotrichum globuliferum Speg. 76 Forvy-rirtH REPoRT oN THE STATE MUSEUM. Chas. L. Williams, Glens Falls, N. Y. Lysimachia stricta Ait. var. producta Gr. Prof. S. M. Tracy, Agricultural College, Miss. Agropyrum tenerum Vasey. A. glaucum Rf. & S. A. divergens Nees. ‘Avena flavescens L. A. pratensis L. A. sterilis L. Aristida stricta Ma. A. stipoides R. Br. ANB oligantha Ma. Alopecurus agrestis L. Anthznantia rufa Benth. A. villosa Bu. ‘Bromus erectus Huds. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. Beekmannia eruceeformis Huds. Cynosurus echinatus L. Cottea pappaphoroides Kth. Chloris acicularis R. Br. C. Swartziana Deell. Ctenium Americanum Spreng. Coix lachryma L. Diplachne Tracyi Vasey. D. imbricata Vasey. Deyeuxia neglecta Kth. Elymus Macounii Vasey. Eragrostis campestris Tis. Eatonia obtusata Gr. Eleusine Aigyptiaca Pers. EKrianthus saccharoides Ma. Festuca elatior L. Glyceria distans Wahl. Hordeum murinum L. Keeleria cristata Pers. Leptochloa mucronata Kth. Leersia hexandra Sw. Munroa squarrosa Torr. Oryzopsis cuspidata Benth. By exchange. Oplismenus setarius Rk. & S. moe tenuiflora Nutt. Traceyi Vasey. alpina L. compressa L. gracillima Vasey. flexuosa Muhl. cenisia All. ceesia Sm. Popnbpberiws Wrightii Wats. Polypogon maritimus L. Phleum alpinum L. Panicum viscidum Ell. serotinum Trin. scoparium Lam. Palmeri Vasey. obtusum H. B. K. microcarpum Muhl. glabrum £il. effusum Rk. Br. dichotmum v. viride _, autumnale Bose. commutatum Sch. Pagpalun dilatatum Poir. iP Floridanum Ma. Py platycaule Poir. P; purpurascens Fl. Roteboellia rugosa Nutt. Schedonnardus Texanus Steud. Setaria setosa Bu. Sporobolus junceus Kth. Se aie Oe td A S. depauperatus Vasey. Ss. ' ramulosus Kth. Ss. : asperifolius N. & M. Tragus racemosus Hall. Uniola paniculata L. C. E. Fairman, M. D., Lyndonville, N. Y. Gloeosporium allantoideum Pk. | Rhizopus nigricans Ehr. L. H. Cress, Fremont, Ohio. Morchella conica Pers. K. L. Hankenson, Newark, N. Y. Lychnis Flos-cuculi L. | Lampsana communis L. Vasey. Report or THE STATE BOTANIST. wy F. L. Henderson, Olympia, Wash. Mycena strobilinoidea Pk. Nidularia candida Pk. Exobasidium Cassiopes Pk. | M. E. Jones, Salt Lake City, Utah. Septoria Peraphylli Pk. | Uromyces deciduus Pk. F. L. Hervey, Orono, Maine. Clavaria Herveyi Pk. C. F. Millspaugh, Morganstown, W. Va. - Septosporium Equiseti Pk. Prof. W. R. Dudley, Ithaca, N. Y. Pentstemon levigatus Sol. . Arthur M. Peck, Sandlake, N. Y. Populus balsamifera L. ,) PLANTS NOT BEFORE REPORTED. Cardamine rotundifolia Mz. Springy and wet places. Carrollton, Cattaraugus county. June. New Jersey and Pennsylvania have heretofore been considered _ the northern limit of this plant, but it is plentiful in at least two localities near Carrollton. Stellaria graminea J. Roadsides. Sandlake, Rensselaer county; New Scotland, Albany county. Juneand July. A pretty little species intro- duced from Europe and resembling somewhat the native species, S. longifolia and S. longipes, but distinct from both by its leaves °s and rough seeds. Ailanthus glandulosus Desf. Roadsides and waste places. Long Island; Cold Spring, Put- nam county; Marlborough, Ulster county. This rapid-growing tree, introduced from China, often springs up spontaneously by roadsides and in waste places about cities and villages. It has been represented to me as spreading so rapidly in some places that it is troublesome. Aster Herveyi Gray. Borders of woods. Salamanca, Cattaraugus county. September. This species might easily be taken for a bright violet-rayed form of A. macrophyllus, but it differs from that species in its 78 Forry-rirra Repor?T on THE STATE Museum. Lysimachia nummularia Z. Wilton, Saratoga county. July. Introduced and escaped from : cultivation. Plantago Patagonica Jacg. var. aristata Gr. “ Sandy fields. Alcove, Albany county. August. C. LZ. Shear. Probably a recent introduction. Carya sulcata Wut. Alluvial soil along the inlet of Owasco lake. July. This hickory was first observed in this locality by Professor Dudley. The trees are not numerous but thrifty. Their leaves are very large, some of them measuring nearly two feet in length including the petiole. The terminal leaflet measures ten to twelve inches long and three to three and a half inches broad in the dried specimens. Withered aments were seen but no young fruit. Carex estivalis UM. A. C. Woods. East Worcester, Otsego county. July. This plant somewhat resembles slender forms of Carex arctata, but from that species it may be distinguished by its more slender — and erect spikes, its less pointed perigynia, shorter scales and by the pistillate flowers or perigynia at the top of the staminate spike. Panicum miliaceum LZ. Ithaca. Professor Dudley. Todt Hill road, near the Moravian church, Richmond county. A. Hollsck. This millet has been introduced and is occasionally spontaneous. It is a beautiful and an interesting grass. Clitopilus carneo-albus With. Shaded ground. Menands. June. Leptonia parva 2. sp. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate, slightly radiate- striate, violaceous-brown, the umbilicus darker and squamulose ; lamelle subdistant, adnate, whitish tinged with flesh-color; stem slender, glabrous, solid, colored like the pileus; spores irregular or angular, uninucleate, about .0003 in. long, .00025 broad. jPileus about 6 lines broad; stem about 1 in. long, scarcely 1 line thick. eer eee A am hd eS) oy er Report or THE STATE BOTANIST. 79 Woods. Lake Pleasant, Hamilton county. August. The color of the pileus is almost exactly like that of dark-colored forms of Z. serrulata, but its smaller size, whitish lamella without darker serrated edge and stem not punctate at the top separate it. Leptonia grisea 7. sp. Pileus broadly convex or plane, umbilicate, striatulate when moist, glabrous except the squamulose umbilicus, grayish brown; lamellz broad, subdistant, grayish; stem slender, hollow, glab- _ rous, colored like the pileus; spores subglobose, angular, uninu- cleate, .0003 to .0004 inches in diameter. Pileus 6 to 12 lines et stem 1.5 to 2.5 inches long, 1 line thick. Among sphagnum and in wet woods, Lake Pleasant. August. The species is easily known by its nearly uniform grayish color and its globose spores. Galera flava x. sp. Pileus thin, ovate or campanulate, obtuse, finely plicate-striate to the middle, yellow; lamellze thin, narrow, close, adnate, at first whitish, then yellowish-cinnamon ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, sprinkled with white mealy particles, slightly striate at the top, white or slightly tinged with yellow ; spores brownish-ferruginous, ovate or subelliptical, .0005 inches long; .0003 broad. _ Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad ; stem 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 lines thick. Damp vegetable mold in woods. Freeville, Tompkins county. July. The pileus is moist or subhygrophanous, and when dry “ appears to be sprinkled with shining atoms. The yellow epi- dermis sometimes breaks up into squamules. Agaricus hemorrhoidarius Schulzer. Ground under hemlocks. Menands. August. This species is easily known, when fresh, by wounds upon any | part of it quickly changing to red, asif about to bleed. The habi- tat usually ascribed to it is “ About the roots of oaks,” but our specimens were found growing under a hemlock tree. Gillet gives Fries as the author of the species, Fries ascribes it to _ Kalchbrenner and Kalchbrenner to Schulzer. ee We em La ivi s¥ ir 80 FoRTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. The pileus is at first covered with a fawn-colored or tawny- brown tomentum which soon breaks up and forms scales. The flesh is white and the lamelle are at first whitish, soon flesh- colored, then brown. The spores are brown, elliptical, .0002 to .00025 in. long, .00016 broad. Hypholoma subaquilum Banning. Decaying wood. Adirondack mountains. August and September. | | | This species is closely allied to H. appendiculatum, but may be separated by its darker color, and especially by the darker color of its lamelle. Russula roseipes bres. Under hemlock trees. Menands. August. It might easily be taken for a small form of f#. alutacea, from which its more strongly striate-tuberculate margin distinguishes it. It is edible. | Deedalea quercina fr. Dead stumps and trunks of oak. Selkirk, Albany county. August. Septoria podophyllina Px. Living and languishing leaves of mandrake, Podophyllum peltatum. Freeville. July. Gloeosporium nervisequum Sace. Living leaves of sycamore, Platanus occidentalis. McLean, Tompkins county. July. _ This fungus attacks the foliage and young branches early in the season and is often quite injurious to the tree. It manifests its presence either by discolored spots which follow the principal veins of the leaf, or by producing broad and irregular brown patches in the leaf. . When the attack is severe it kills the entire leaf or even the branch and all its leaves. Indeed, it is said sometimes to be fatal to the tree. Gloeosporium populinum %. sp. Spots small, 1 to 2 lines broad, nearly orbicular, reddish-brown, often paler in the center and then appearing to be surrounded by a broad darker margin, paler on the lower surface; heaps of spores hypophyllous, either single and central or several more or REPORT OF THE STATE Boranisr. 81 ‘ : less concentrically arranged; spores subcylindrical, often a little curved, supported by slender sporophores, oozing out and _ forming a reddish mass, .001 to .0016 in. long, about .00012 in. broad. - Living leaves of poplar, Populus grandidentata. Freeville. July. | This species may be distinguished from other species of Gloeosporium growing on poplar, by its narrow elongated spores which are not much unlike those of some species of Septoria. ‘rom Cylindrosporium it is separated by the agglutinated spore mass. From G. stenosporwm, which occurs in Kansas on leaves of _~ Populus monilifera, it differs in its smaller darker-colored spots, and in its darker-colored spore-masses, which are hypophyllous, and in its longer and simple spores. Gloeosporium allantoideum x. sp. Heaps minute, numerous; spores cylindrical, curved, obtuse, 0005 to .0008 in. long, oozing out and forming minute whitish masses which are concentrically arranged. Rind of pumkin. Lyndonville. January. @. &. Fairman. The heaps are sometimes overrun by mucedinous filaments. _ The species is distinguished from @. lagenarium by its curved spores. Puccinia Zopfii Win. Living leaves of cowslips, Caltha palustris. Buffalo. G. W. Clinton. | Inreviewing some specimens of Puccinia on leaves of Caltha palustris sent me several years ago by the late Judge Clinton, I _ find some belonging to this species. He also sent me the true Puccinia Calthe, so that these species meet on common ground _ in the western part of the State. | Ustilago Tritici Jensen. -Heads of wheat, Triticum vulgare. Meadowdale, Albany county. June. . ) This and the next following species have by most writers been included with the smut on oats as mere forms or varieties of the - one comprehensive species Ustilago segetwm. But Jensen indi- cated their distinct character, and the investigations of Professors _ Kellerman and Swingle have confirmed his views. .. 11 a4 82 FortTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MusEUM. Ustilago Hordei K. ¢& S. Heads of barley, Hordewm vulgare. Sevey, St. Lawrence county and McLean, Tompkins county. July. bel Another species of smut, Ustilago nuda also occurs on barley but I have seen no specimens of it. It differs from the present species in having less globose spores, with the epispore spiny | and the color of the spores in the mass brown instead of black. Doassansia Martianoffiana Schreet. Living leaves of pondweed. Near the outlet of Marl pond, Cortland county. July. The water in which the pondweed grew had evaporated and left the plants stretched upon the muddy soil. They were small and apparently dwarfed, and now being deprived of their normal quantity of water is it any won- der that they yielded to the attacks of their parasite ? Entyloma Physalidis Wind. Living leaves of the viscid ground cherry, Physalis Virgin- cana. Menands. August. Peronospora Rubi adh. Living leaves of blackberry, Rubus villosus. Cold Spring, Long Island. July. B. D. Halsted. Peronospora obovata Son. On corn spurry, Spergula arvensis. Liberty, Sullivan county. July. Halsted. Sporotrichum parasiticum 2%. sp. Effused, minute, white; hyphz very slender and delicate, irregularly branched ; spores numerous, minute, elliptical, .00012 to .00016 inches long, .00008 broad. On excrescences of the black knot, Plowrightia. morbosa. Menands. July. This fungus forms a thin white coating over the surface of the excrescence. It is often quite conspicuous because of the dark color of the background. It attacks young as well as old black knots, and in the former case it apparently prevents the free for- mation of the perithecia of the black knot, and should therefore be regarded as a useful fungus. It is sometimes accompanied by Trichothecitum roseum. ‘a . ie we - wm) ; Oa a te a. IE EN ee SORT ee ” ms — a ee is ee v2) US oe a Le 7 ¢ = mt ee eee ee oe ee ie é 7 : . ~. 4 : REPORT oF THE STATE BOTANIST. 83 Septocylindrium scirpinum ~. sp. Forming minute, somewhat confluent, flocculent white tufts ; spores narrowly fusiform, pointed at one or both ends, .0008 to 002. inches long, .00016 to .00025 broad, with one to six septa. Dead spikelets of cotton grass, Hriophorum cyperinum. Lake Pleasant. August. Pseudopeziza Medicaginis Sacc. Living or languishing leaves of nonesuch, Medicago lupulina. Menands. July. Spherotheca mors-uve B. dé C. Fruit and leaves of gooseberry, /?zbes Cynosbati. Sprakers, Montgomery county, and Bergen, Genesee county. June. Spherotheca Humuli Burrill. Living leaves of agrimony, Agrimonia Hupatoria. Newburgh. ~ Also of marsh five-finger, Potentilla palustris. Adirondack mountains. Specimens have also been collected on ubus odor- atus, R. triflorus, Poteriwm Canadense and Physocarpus opuli- folius which apparently belong here. Erysiphe Galeopsidis DU. r Living leaves of hemp nettle, Galeopsis Tetrahit, rough hedge nettle, Stachys aspera, mad dog skullcap, Scutellaria laterifora. Tyre, Seneca county and Sandlake. August and September. The following species are extra-limital. Specimens of them have been sent to me for identification, but I find no descriptions that harmonize with their characters. They are therefore recorded here as new species. Mycena strobilinoidea n. sp. ’ Pileus thin, subcampanulate, obtuse, glabrous, bright scarlet ; _ lamellz whitish, reddish on the edge; stem short, glabrous but _ with a tawny villosity at the base, colored like but a little paler than the pileus. Pileus 4 to 6 lines broad ; stem about 1 inch long. Under Abies subalpima. Olympia mountain, Washington. _ “Appearing soon after the snow disappears.” JZ. #. Henderson, a The species belongs to the section Calodontes, and is distin- q Z guished from JW. strobilina by its obtuse pileus and the colored 84 Forry-rirtH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Clavaria Herveyi n. sp. Gregarious or subcespitose, simple or with a few branches, often compressed or irregular, scarcely one inch high, golden- yellow, sometimes brownish at the apex, flesh white, branches ~ when present short, simple or terminating in few or many more or less acute denticles ; spores globose, .0003 in. broad, pi se u roughened ; mycelium white. Ground under hemlock trees. Orono, Maine. September. F. L. Hervey. Allied to C. fastigiuta and C. muscoides but distinct from both by its more irregular and less branching character and by its larger spores. Exobasidium Cassiopes 2. sp. Attacking the young shoots and all their leaves, thickening and enlarging them; spores oblong, .0005 in. long. On Cassiope Mertensiana. Olympia, Washington. Henderson. The galls are very variable in color, and may be either pinkish, red, purple or whitish purple. Nidularia candida 7. sp. Peridium externally tomentose, white, becoming cup-shaped, within glabrous, snowy- -white, the mouth wide, entire; peridiola numerous, .035 to .05 in. broad, lenticular, brown, henlee with numerous diverging and intercrossing blackish une spores broadly elliptical, .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Ground among mosses. Olympia, Washington. July. Henderson. All the peridia seen were fully open, and therefore their shape and character when young remain unknown. The sizeand shape © of the native plant are similar to those of Crucibulum vulgare. The peridiola are smaller than in that species and of a darker color. The absence of the funiculus places the species in the genus Nidularia. Septoria Peraphylli n. sp. Spots rather large, 2 to 4 lines broad, one or two on a leaf, suborbicular, reddish brown, sometimes with a whitish center above; perithecia epiphyllous, slightly prominent, black, shining; spores subcylindrical, straight or somewhat curved, or subflexuous REPoRT oF THR STATE BOTANIST. 85 and slightly unequal, few or many-nucleate, sometimes obscurely -uniseptate, colorless or slightly colored, .001 to .0016 in. long, 00025 to .0003 broad. Living leaves of Peraphyllum ramosissimum. Southern Utah. June. M. E. Jones. This isan aberrant species with the spores unusually broad and variable and the perithecia rather large and somewhat unequal. - Septosporium Equiseti x. sp. : _ Hyphe forming minute tufts, the fertile very short, bearing acrogenous spores, the sterile longer, septate, colored; spores elliptical, usually with three transverse septa and one or two longitudinal ones, colored, .001 in. long, .0005 broad. Dead tips of branches of Zgwisetum arvense. West Virginia. June. C. F. Millspaugh. Uromyces deciduus 2. sp. Spots none; sori minute, rotund, pulverulent, hypophyllous or amphigenous, often surrounding the young branches and occupy- ing the whole lower surface of the leaflets, less abundant on the upper surface, rusty-brown; teleutospores oblong-illiptical or oblong-pyriform, .0008 to .0012 in. long, .0005 to .0006 broad, with the epispore roughened or verruculose, quickly deciduous from the short pedicel, a few abruptly clavate or capitate para- - physes intermingled with the teleutospores, .0012 to .0016 in. long. Living leaflets and young branches of the screw bean, Prosopis pubescens. Mescal mountains, Arizona. May. Jones. This species is easily known by its quickly deciduous spores and the intermingled capitate paraphyses. The pedicels are from one- fourth to one-half the length of the spores. ‘“ The fungus does not kill the leaves but causes the stem to form fascicles or bird’s- nest clusters of branchlets near the end of the present year’s growth.” (D.) REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. Corydalis flavula D. C. In the Manual, Pennsylvania is given as the northeastern limit in the range of this species. It has been collected in New York, in Ulster county by the late W. H. Leggett, and in Onondaga hs _ county by Prof. L. E. Underwood. eel oy F — «86 Forry-rirrH REPORT on THE STATE MusEUM. Nasturtium lacustre Gr. A terrestrial form of this plant occurs along the inlet of Owasco lake. The leaves are early and easily deciduous. i. Ag Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Sandy shore of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton county. The plants in this remarkably inland station differ so phe from the typical form of the species that I am disposed to con- sider them a good variety. They are intermediate between H. tomentosa and H. ericoides and may therefore bear the name — Var. untermedia. Stems and branches more slender and longer; leaves narrow, less imbricating and less tomentose; flowers on pedicels mostly a little longer than the leaves. . The variation in the leaves, downy tomentum and pedicels is in every case toward /Z. erecoides. Viola blanda Willd. var. renifolia Gr. Mossy ground in woods. Helderberg mountains. Viola cucullata Azz. A form with variegated flowers. Gouverneur. Mrs. &. OC. Anthony. Lychnis Flos-cuculi L. Grassy yard. Newark. £. L. Hankenson. The specimens are unusually small and few-flowered. Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Common about Carrollton. June. Fragaria Indica L. Banks of Onondaga creek... drs. L. L. Goodrich. The specimens sent by Mrs. Goodrich appear to be dwarfed. They are very much smaller than those from Staten Island. The fruit is borne singly in the axils of the leaves of the runners. The seeds are superficial on the receptacle as in /”. vesca and in ~ our specimens are bright red, thus giving a beautiful appear- ance to an insipid fruit. The petals are yellow. The plant has been introduced and probably has escaped from cultivation, REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIS1. 87 . Cicuta bulbifera ZL. In our State this plant usually blossoms and fruits very spar- ingly. Generally but a single umbel of flowers is developed and that terminates the main stem. Sometimes the two uppermost branches, which usually overtop the stem, are also terminated ~ each by an umbel of flowers. Rarely very thrifty plants are _ still better furnished with flowers. The branches are generally . well furnished with bulblets. The more the flowers the fewer the bulblets. Solidago uliginosa WVuit. Lake Pleasant. August. : This is a peculiar form in which the panicle is small, dense, ___ oblong or thyrsiform and mostly somewhat recurved. Aster undulatus JZ. A very noticeable form of this species is found in dry sandy soil at Karner and also on Long Island. The leaves are thick, _ scabrous above, wavy on the margin, broadly or narrowly ovate, dark colored and all, except three or four near the base of the stem, are sessile by a heart-shaped base. The branches are clothed by ovate or oblong-ovate abruptly pointed bracts and bear the flowers mostly near the end either singly or somewhat clustered. It might easily be thought to be a hybrid between Aster undulatus and A. patens which is generally associated with it or found near it, though this species flowers earlier than A. undulatus. Aster cordifolius Z. var. levigatus Porter. Woods and open places. Lake Mohonk, Ulster county. September. This variety of the heart-leaved aster was discovered by Pro- fessor Porter in Pennsylvania. It also occurs in New Jersey, where Professor Britton says, it is quite as abundant as the spe- ‘cies itself. It has also been reported from Staten Island and Westchester county in this State, but has not before been found so far north as Lake Mohonk. It is a variety strongly marked ___ by the wing-margined petioles, the longer smooth leaves with Re eS aL ee se ae lL}! 88 ForvyY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. | pale under surface and more blunt and oppressed serratures. The flower-heads are generally less numerous and larger than in © the type. Professor Porter remarks that perhaps it is a good ~ species, and also that it is suggestive of a hybrid between Aster — cordifolius and A. levis. : Aster vimineus Lam. This species and A. diffusus are not easily separated in some of their forms. Near Wells, Hamilton county, an Aster is com- mon which has the narrow leaves of A. vwimineus, but the hairy stem of A. diffusus. Aster Novi-Belgii J. A form was collected at Northville in which the heads are unusually small, being about three lines long. They are about the size of the heads of A. dumosus. At Lake Pleasant, a small form occurs in which the stem is one to two feet high, rarely branched and bearing from one to six flowers of usual size. At Wells is a form like this in all respects — except that the stem and midvein of the leaves are hairy as in» A. puniceus, to which, on this account the specimens have been referred, although the leaves are much more narrow than in ordinary forms of A. puniceus. It may be a question whether these should be considered as a narrow-leaved, few-flowered form of A. puniceus, or a hairy-stemmed. few-flowered form of A. Novi-Belgit. Both forms are apparently due to poor soil. A form was collected near Wells, having the long linear leaves of variety elodes. They are four to four and a half inches long and not more than three lines wide. Erigeron strigosus Wwvhl, var. discoideus Robbins. - Roadsides and pastures. Alcove. C. LZ. Shear. Menandsand Grafton. June and July. | - This variety appears, at first sight, as if its rays had been closely eaten by insects. Lactuca leucopheea Gr. var. integrifolia Gr. Along the railroad near Carrollton. September. Probably introduced from the west. aq} , / el + er eo Pee Y tat Sats ‘ Report OF THE Srars Bovanrsn ro ‘ 7 \ a ea i hi “e Lae ‘ 49 i . . 4 * ote ae y - Polygonella articulata Wairh. i ‘The plant. is abundant in the sandy region between Albany oe: and | Schenectady. Its flowers are Copel y: described as rose-col- Pa ° ored or flesh-colored. They are sometimes white. Nearly all the plants i in the region mentioned had white flowers the present season though in former seasons they have been generally rose- AL ares, aered. What made the difference ? Populus balsamifera Z. "Not rare in the Adirondack region. Near Elizabethtown, a Pitecx county, are trees which appear to connect the species and i > the variety candicans. The leaves on the older branches are s t m ncate or subcordate, but those on the young and _ thrifty nt ranches and shoots from the roots are somewhat pointed at the _ base as in the type. The hairiness of the petiole is scarcely per- eeianen umbellata 7Zorr. set cluster, Usually there is a bract just below the umbel. [t = ws in damp places either in pastures or in woods, and isin _ wer in June. Erythronium Americanum Ker. iy _ The bulbs of this plant sometimes emit long white leafless run- ars or offsets which come to the surface ek after describing an rT ee gralar curve a few inches long, thrust the growing tip beneath = surface again. One bulb, dug from beneath the decaying lea ves, had a leaf at one end and two offsets growing from the oth er. | oa i Cyperus dentatus 7orv. ay. Abundant on the sandy shore of Lake Pleasant. The spikes are changed to leafy tufts in almost. every plant in this locality. Eleocharis tuberculsosa R. Br. November. WV. Z. Britton. 12 90 FoRTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. Scirpus sylvaticus Z. var. digynus Beckl. This sedge is apparently more common than has been supposed. Fine specimens were obtained near Wilton, Saratoga county. It maintains its distmguishing characters with great uniformity and is apparently a good and distinct species, easily recognizable _ at a glance and at once distinguishable from S. sylvaticus by its more densely clustered darker colored spikelets and by the purplish red sheaths that give a variegated appearance to the stem. Scirpus polyphyllus VaAl. var. macrostachyus Becki. Lake Pleasant. August. This variety is not indicated in the Manual. It differs from the ordinary form of the species as _ represented in our flora, in being less leafy, in having much longer and darker colored spikelets, shorter achenes and longer, more slender and more sparsely and irregular barbed bristles. In general appearance it is quite unlike the leafy form with short-ovate, densely clustered yellow-brown spikelets. Occasion- ally a slender pedical supporting a cluster of spikelets rises from the axil of the uppermost leaf. Eriophorum cyperinum J. var. laxum W. & C. This variety was found at Lake Pleasant growing, in several instances, side by side with the typical form of the species. In addition to the distinguishing characters mentioned in the Manual it was found that when growing side by side and, so far as could be seen, subjected to exactly the same conditions, the variety reached maturity much earlier than the type. The woolly bristles of the mature plant are much paler and less dense in the mass. Sometimes the spikelets are all contracted into a single dense cluster one to two inches in diameter. Carex flava Z. var. graminis Bailey. Borders of lakes. Adirondack mountains. July. In our specimens the perigynia often have the beak deflexed as in the type, but in other respects the agreement with the description is good. Carex granularis Wuhl. var. Haleana Porter. Swamp near Meadowdale. June. Carex alopecoidea Zuckm. ‘2 Plentiful about Lyons, Wayne county. June. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 9] Muhlenbergia sylvatica 7. & G. A form with branches erect and with purplish densely flowered panicles occurs about Lake Pleasant and also at Wells. eset. Ce Muhlenbergia sobolifera 7rin. This species is common enough in the lower part of the valley of the Hudson and on the Shawangunk mountains, but I have not observed it north of Saugerties. -. 2. oS oe ee 2 es ur OE et ea a Agrostis vulgaris With. | This grass grows freely in sandy soil. A very stout, rigid { form with dark purple panicles was found growing in the loose sharp sand along the shore of Lake Pleasant. Poa compressa J. var. sylvestris Zorr. This variety grows in open places as well as in woods. Fine specimens were found at Menands. It is easily recognized by its short open or spreading panicle. Asplenium montanum Willd. 4 This fern was discovered to be an inhabitant of our State about _ twenty years ago. [t was then found growing from crevices in _ the rocks about Lake Mohonk. This has remained its only known station in our State until the present season, in which I learn it 3 : has been found in the Catskill mountains, a station still farther to _ the north. Mr. Smiley informs me that it has been found in several new places about Lake Mohonk, that it appears to be _ increasing in abundance and that it is in no danger of exter- - mination there, for it grows on the faces of the cliffs in places _ where it is wholly inaccessible to the most eager collector. Collybia radicata felh. var. furfuracea x. var. __ Pileus and lamelle as in the typical form; stem more slender, . _ generally slightly tapering upward, even, fufruraceus, more or less brownish. _ This form is much more common with us than the type. _ The variation is toward C. longipes, which has the stem villose = rather than furfuraceous, and its pileus is dry and velvety, but in x our plant it is glabrous and viscid or glutinous when moist. As in the type, the pileus is sometimes umbonate. There is a dwarf _ form which is quite common. In it the pileus is from six to six- _ teen lines broad and the stem proportionably slender. It might 4 be designated as var, pusilla. 7 Re TE + es Sot Sac x Se os 92 Forty-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. Ceo at NEW YORK SPECIES OF OMPHALIA. Omphalia /”. | Pileus thin, submembranaceous. Lamelle decurrent. Stem — - cartilaginous, stutfed or hollow, somewhat thickened upwards. , Spores white. The species of Omphalia are generally small, the pileus rarely _ exceeding an inch or an inchand a halfin diameter. It is usually — umbilicate, a character which gives name to the genus, the word Omphalia being derived from the Greek, éudatos an umbilicus. It — is sometimes either umbilicate or umbonate even in the same species. It is-generally very thin, almost or quite membranous, -and most often hygrophanous, so that generally it is striate or striatulate when moist. When mature, it assumes a funnel shape in a few species and then simulates some species of Clitocybe, — but from these the species of Omphalia may be distinguished by their cartilaginous stem. From species of Mycena they are sep- arated by their truly decurrent. lamelle. | They grow chiefly on decaying wood or other vegetable mat- ter or on soil largely composed of such matter. They are fond of moisture and are to be sought in damp shaded places or in wet weather. Some occur in cold situations or at high alti- tudes, and others appear to be capable of enduring great varia- tions in temperature. O. Campanella, one of our most common and most abundant species may be found throughout the season. It may even be found in sheltered cavities or on the under side of decayed prostrate trunks when the ground is covered with snow. On the other hand many species are quite rare, and some here described have been found but once in many years of exploration. Because of their small size the species are not regarded as important for the table and none are classed as edible. | The grouping of the species in the Friesian arrangement depends upon the primary form of the pileus, the character of its margin and the degree of proximity of the lamelle to each other, — but these characters have not appeared to me to be very sharp and satisfactory and in the following pages I have disregarded them. O. subgrisea has been found to belong to another genus, and — O. tubeformis is probably a large form of AMarasmius salignus. aa es Re: 3 _- Report or THe Stare Boranisr. Ss ae b " ates : 4 oi . am « ‘ net Mie | Synopsis or THE SPEOTES. | er - Lamellz white, whitish or grayish. ..............2045- hg 4 a a Lamella some other color.............. Bey Cha ts Sia Ra 14 “ag Age Plant PO WRC aro epee ss, ve Sey es becca 2 oN | bd, mianenot wholly white... 3... a Pe ee aa 5. Ba ~ me Pilens viscid when moist... 6.020.828 3° ae ote Tins Wop Pisciotta 4 pad: 3. Stem adorned with minute eland-like protuberances, meee a: O. Rhododendri. : %) fee. Stem without protuberances ..:............... O. Austini. at. 4, -Pileus somewhat funnel-form............. O. scyphoides. ee IE ICUS. CONVERS PO O. stellata, = ‘ _ 4, Pileus hemispherical .............. leon O. gracillima. | See ileus yellowish or orange... 02.0. ee Ae, 6 TR ny ti meme some Gunereolor s.r a Bae Seyi oe a MPa mateerarcustte. ic. He oe Pay Be ae 6. Lamellae CVU Ugh eta aoe, idea i Ae ep aR -O. umbellifera ie =z ie ileus 6 lines or more broad’ :.. 2.622.202. O. fibuloides. Rok B . SPrieus less than 6 lines broad. .:..........0./..4: O. Fibula. — : pe 8. Pileus with the umbilicus darker..... mephmamanvart bast ip we O 9° ae fe 8. Pileus uniformly colored:\.......-........ SER hie 10, “a 5-9. Pileus 6 lines or more broad..... ..........:.. O. Oculus. oe % Plleus Mie @ lines broad, 2 ke Ae :. 'O! Swartz 2 is a 3 Ae 10. Pileus dotted with blackish pPelnts) Vs: O. Gerardiana. __ a _ 10. Pileus without blackish points........ Sane ate cb i 1 ¥ ue Lamellz uniformly. EOlGEBUE ae SL. ue he ee ete oe ee OT 4 pil: Lamelle with the edge darker........... te es Ov montana. 7am 2 . 12. Pileus less than 6 lines broad ............. O. corticola. Oe Boys era? Neus unore than 6 lines broad .':- 3.50 S052 oe 13° ae a p. Pileus rugose on the disk........:... ..... O. rugosidisca. | no perileus even on the disk, glabrous ..../....00.. O. striipilea. pie. puilieus silky or floeculose.... 2. -...6.00.... QO. Epichysium. oa s Be er vincdie Sees LON ee O. lilacifolia. Be RE Mone mugniscidid. ote. aE PI Ny Ne 15 Bi fo, Pileus olive green .....) 6:0... Wachee io, O. olivaria. Bee EE OMe OLNCR COOP Ee ola. Seki indies ie es en ee oe Ma 16 "eae meet. Stem bright. yellow .:....2....)...-. O. chrysophylla. ee § py 16. Stem pallid or rufescent.................. O. pyxidata, Me 16. SEW EAB EET OWE Se fark aick od ponies - O. Campanella. iz “9 Mes a By Ris Pe ra Bas 94 ForvyY-FrirTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Omphalia rugosidisca Pk. Rugose-piskep OMPHALIA. (Report 26, p. 55.) Pileus thin, broadly convex or nearly plane, umbilicate obtuse or slightly apa ate. sometimes slightly umbilicate, rugose on the disk, glabrous, hygrophanous, brown and striatulate when moist, paler when dry, the thin margin often wavy; lamelle narrow, close, arcuate, decurrent, white, emitting drops of a watery gurce — where cut or broken ; stem short, glabrous, hollow, often curved, whitish or colored like the pileus; spores elliptical, .00025 to .00028 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad; stem about 1 inch long, .5 to 1 line thick. Decaying prostrate trunks of coniferous trees, especially hem- lock. Adirondack mountains, Otsego, Ulster, Albany and Rensse- laer counties. J uly to September. The species is remarkable because of the watery juice which oozes in drops from the lamellz of the fresh plant where cut or broken. Omphalia lilacifolia Ph. Linac-LEAVED OMPHALIA. (Agaricus lilacinus Rep. 24, p. 63. A. lilacifolius Rep. 29, p. 66.) Pileus convex, deeply umbilicate, glabrous, vesced, hy grophanous, dingy-yellow with a slight greenish tinge and striatulate when moist, bright sulphur-yellow when dry; lamellx close, narrow, arcuate, decurrent, pale lilac; stem equal, glabrous, hollow, viscid, yellowish with a pale lilac-colored mycelium at the base ; spores subelliptical, .0002 tc .00025 in. long, about .00012 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad; stem 6 to 12 lines long, .5 to 1 line thick. Decaying prostrate trunks of hemlock. Oneida and Albany counties. September. 7 This is a very distinct species, remarkable for its viscid pileus and stem and for the peculiar hue of the lamelle and mycelium. Omphalia Oculus Pk. Eyr-spor OMPHALIA. (Report 23, p. 84.) Pileus convex, umbilicate, often with a small umbo or papilla ~ in the umbilicus, mznutely sguamulose, dingy-white, the umbilicus blackish-brown ; lamelle white, narrow, close, subarcuate ; stem Report or THE STATE BOTANIST. 95 hollow, minutely squamulose or furfuraceous, easily splitting, often curved, whitish ; spores subglobose, .00016 to .0002 in. in diameter. ‘ Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad ; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, J to 2 lines thick. Prostrate trunks of hemlock in woods. Adirondack moun- tains. August. The dark colored umbilicus is a noticeable feature. The plant has not been found since its discovery in 1869. ‘The species is evidently rare. It is apparently closely related to Collybia abundans, from which it is distinguished by its more decided darker umbilicus and squamulose pileus. Omphalia olivaria Px. OLIVE-GREEN OMPHALIA. (Report 25, p. 76.) Pileus convex, umbilicate, glabrous, olive-green ; lamelle sub- 4 - distant, arcuate-decurrent, pale-yellow ; stem equal, short, glab- — rous, hollow, colored like the pileus; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .00025 to .00028 in. long, about .0002 in. broad. ge Pileus about 1 in. broad; stem about 1 in. long, 1 line thick. Burnt ground under balsam fir trees. North Elba, Essex county. July. _ This plant was discovered in 1871. It has not since been found. a Pe a eee mas a es Omphalia chrysophylla /*. = ie GOLDEN-LEAVED OMPHALIA. a (Hym. Europ. p. 156. Syl. Fung. Vol. V. p. 312.) Pileus convex or nearly plane, flocculose, umbilicate, hygro- _ phanous, yellowish-brown when moist, paler when dry, the spread- _ ing margin sometimes reflexed; lamelle broad, distinct, distant, strongly decurrent, dright-yellow ; stem equal, tough, hollow, | - sometimes curved, even, glabrous, villous at the base, yellow ; spores oblong-elliptical, .0004 to .00045 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. | | a Pileus about 1 in. broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, 1 to 2 lines _ thick. — _ Decaying wood of coniferous trees. Adirondack mountains, _ Schoharie and Rensselaer counties. August and September. oe, ‘ Cam * fen ee * (Agane ree Rep. » 23, pe _ Whole plant yellow, lamellze a narrow. a seems best to regard it as a mere ee of that species. | pileus varies in depth of coloring and the spores in the A ne plant, from which the dimensions here given were take somewhat longer than the dimensions ascribed to those : European plant. This fungus is not common. Omphalia pyxidata Bull. OupP-SHAPED OmpHaLta. (Hym. Europ. p. 157. Syl. Fung. Vol. V, p. 313.) = -Pilens at first convex or nearly Deer and umbilicate, _ when moist. ed wholly radiate- aye or on the margin pale when dry and flocculose or slightly silky: lamelle na a decurrent, tinged with flesh-color, then yello ‘spores sabelliptioat 00025 to 000} in. long, 0001" to 0002 a ee 6 to 12 lines bro ad; a about. 1. in. ee He os Alt a / Omphalia striipilea 7”. STRIATE-CAPPED OMPHALIA. (Hym. Europ. p. 157. Syl. Fung, vol. V, p. 314) . ale membranous, convex or plane, umbilicate, never uae! ree form, glabrous, hygrophanous, livid brown and beautifully striate when moist, even and paler when dry; lamelle not crowded, — hes slightly decurrent, whitish ; stem equal, rather firm and tough, ce glabrous, hollow, often Aesuhie: browmsh,; spores nearly quite globose, .00025 to .0002 in. broad. i . nb Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. tones about “Aine prow. | re 3 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 97 Omphalia Epichysium /ers. OvERSPREADING OMPHALIA. (Hym. Europ. p. 158. Syl. Fung. vol. V, p. 314) Pileus membranous, soft, nearly plane, umbilicate, hygro- phanous, sooty-gray and striate when moist, paler when dry and silky or flocculose; lamelle narrow, subdistant, slightly decur- rent, whitish or cinereous; stem equal, somewhat hollow, glabrous, cinereous ; spores elliptical, .0U03 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad; stem about 1 inch long, 1 line thick. Decaying wood and dead trunks of trees. Adirondack moun- tains. August. - Ompha'ia Gerardiana Pk. GERARD’s OMPHALIA. (Agaricus Gerardianus. Rep. 26, p. 54) ‘ Pileus thin, nearly plane or soon funnel-form, generally umbil- icate, fragile, dotted with minute bluckish points, hygrophanous, brown or grayish-brown and striatulate when moist, paler when dry; lamellz narrow, subdistant, decurrent, sometimes forked, whitish or cinereous; stem long or short, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, colored like the pileus; spores oblong or ovate-oblong, .0003 to .00045 in. long, about .0v016 broad. Pileus 8 to 12 lines broad; stem 1 to 2.5 in. long, .5 to 1 line thick. Growing in Sphagnum. Rensselaer, Ulster and Seneca counties. June. : This fungus was formerly referred to the subgenus Clitocybe, but later observations indicate a closer relationship to Omphalia. It is closely related to such species of Omphalia as 0. affricata, O. telmatiwa, O. sphagnicola and O. philonotis. From all these it differs in the peculiar adornment of the pileus. Omphalia montana PA. Mountain OmpHALIA. (Report 27, p. 94.) Pileus thin, umbilicate, glabrous, blackish-brown; lamellz dis- tant, decurrent, whitish, darker on the edge, stem equal, glabrous, - colored like the pileus; spores broadly elliptical, about :0003 in. = long. k 13 98 Forvy-rirtH REeporT on THE State Museum. Pileus 6 to 8 lines broad; stem about 1 inch long, 1 line thick. Thin soil covering rocks. Mount Marcy. August. Very rare. — Not found since 1873. Remarkable for the discolored edge of the lamellee. Omphalia umbellifera Z. Umse.-BEARING OMPHALIA. (Hym. Europ. p. 161. Syl. Fung. vol. V, p. 321.) Pileus convex or plane, somewhat obconic, hygrophanous, radiate-striate when moist, whitish or pale-yellow; lamelle broad, distant, somewhat triangular, white; stem short, stuffed, becom-— ing hollow; spores broadly elliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Pileus 4 to.8 lines broad; stem 6 to 10 lines long, .5 line thick, ‘ground or decaying wood. Var. scabriuscula. (Agaricus scabriusculus Rep. 23, p. 85.) Plant commonly larger, p:leus flocculose-pulverulent, yellow ; lamelle white or pale-yellow, the interspaces venose; stem hairy-— squamulose. Decaying wood. Adirondack mountains. This is a very variable species. It occurs from June to Sep- tember, and grows on ground largely composed of decomposed vegetable: matter or on much decayed ,wood. In this State it seems to be limited in its range to the Adirondack region and there it ascends to the tops of the highest peaks. Its pileus and broad lamellz together have an obconic shape. It is often irreg- ular or misshapen. The stem may be either glabrous, pruinose or hairy-squamulose. Sometimes it is pubescent or villose at the base only. The pileus is either glabrous or silky or flocculose- pulverulent. Omphalia Campanella Batsch. BELL-SHAPED OMPHALIA. (Hym. Europ. p. 162. Syl. Fung. vol. V, p. 327.) Pileus thin, rather tough, hemispherical or convex, glabrous, umbilicate, hygrophanous, yellow-ferruginous and _striatulate when moist, paler when dry ; lamellz moderately close, arcuate, decurrent, yellowish, the interspaces venose; stem firm, rigid, hollow, brown, often paler at the top, tawny-strigose at the base ; ‘ A. 3 q - ~~ a Oe ee ee ee EE Ce ee eee » . * ; _ : : e ca NG PLY OO PO EE a Te ee Report or THE STATE BoOTANIST. 99 spores elliptical, .00024 to .00028 in. long, .00012 to .00016 broad. Pileus 4 to 8 lines broad; stem about 1 in. long, scarcely 1 line thick. - Much decayed wood of coniferous trees. Very common. May to November. This pretty little species occurs everywhere in woods and shaded places where there are prostrate, much decayed trunks of hemlock, spruce and pine. It makes its appearance as soon as the weather is moderately warm in spring, and successive crops develop till all growth is stopped by the return of the cold weather of winter. Rarely it grows on ground well filled with’ decaying vegetable matter. It usually grows in large flocks or dense clusters but sometimes is more scattered. It is the most frequent and most abundant of our species of Omphalia and is easily recognized by its yellowish-red pileus, dark-brown stem and the little ball or tuft of tawny-colored coarse hairs at the base of thestem. The pileus varies some in the intensity of its color but all the hues of the moist plant appear to be mixtures of yellow and dull red in different proportions. In the dry plant, the yellow predominates. The mycelium of this species is regarded as destructive to the wood of coniferous trees. Omphalia fibuloides Ph. Burron-LIkE OMPHALIA. (Report 24, p. 63.) Pileus thin, convex, deeply umblicate, glabrous, hygrophanous, dull orange and striatulate when moist, paler when dry; lamelle rather close, arcuate strongly decurrent, white, the iterspaces venose; stem equal, glabrous, hollow, colored nearly like the pileus ; spores ellzptical, .0003 in. long, .0U02 broad. Pileus 6 to 10 lines broad; stem 1 to 2 in. long, scarcely 1 line thick. Burnt, mossy ground. Lewis and Sullivan counties. September. It is closely related to Omphalia Fibula, which it resembles in color, but from which it may easily be distinguished by its much _ larger size, more robust habit and venose interspaces. Its spores also are larger than in that species. 100 Forry-rirtH Report on THE STATE MosEuM. ~~ Omphalia Fibula Bull. Burron OmpPHatta. (Hym. Europ. p. 164. Syl. Fung. vol. V, p. 331.) Pileus membranous, commonly convex or hemispherical and _umbilicate, striatulate when moist and varying in color from pale-— yellow to orange, even and paler when dry; lamelle distant, — arcuate, strongly decurrent, white; stem slender, commonly long in proportion to the breadth of the pileus, colored like or a little paler than the pileus; spores narrowly elliptical, minute, .00016 in. long, .0008 broad. Pileus 2 to 5 lines broad; stem 1 to 2 in. long, scarcely .5 line thick. | Mossy ground and prostrate mossy trunks of trees in woods or open places. Common. April to November. Var. conica. Pileus conical, not umbilicate, sometimes papil- late. Fulton county. This isa very small species and of frequent occurrence in damp — mossy places, but rarely abundant. Its pileus varies in color from almost white to bright orange. Large forms approach the preceding species in appearance. Omphalia Swartzii. Agaricus Fibula var. Swarizii Fr. Swartz’s OMPHALIA. (Hym. Europ. p. 164. Syl, Fung. vol. V, p. 331.) Pileus rather firm, even, whitish, desk brownish ; stem whitish, somewhat violaceous at the top. In other respects like the pre- ceding species. Although this plant scarcely differs from O. /2bula except in color, and is regarded by almost all mycologists as a mere variety of it, yet it is so peculiar and so constant in its color and so easily recognized that it seems best to separate it as a species. Omphalia corticola Pk. BaRK-INHABITING OMPHALIA. (Report 44, p. 18) Pileus submembranous, convex, then expanded and umbilicate, distantly radiate-striate, whitish or pale-cinereous ; lamella narrow, distant, at first arcuate and adnate, then truly decurrent, white ; - — 7 a a, Se ee a ? se - a - Ea ils Sie al — NE eee eS ee he . A a Va ” J r “Ss 7 A if & a , 4 a : »~ "7 z- ~ > eee . a ‘a « P. sa , on : Mie tea She ees he an a eS eee A ee “— PAY RUIN OM yh , pe | pay ante sb 3 Ga x : e Ny as, ss ‘i “ a4. ; * es Reporr oF THE STATE BoraNist. 101 ‘stem short, curved, subpruinose or sprinkled with mealy particles, at first whitish with a brown base, then brown with a whitish top ; spores elliptical, .0003 in. long, .00016 broad, generally con- taining a single large nucleus. Pileus 2 to 4 lines broad ; stem 4 to 6 lines long. Bark of oak trees. Cattaraugus county. September. This species is distinguished from Mycena corticola by its paler _ pileus, more narrow and, at length, decurrent lamell and ellip- tical spores. Omphalia gracillima Weim. SLENDER OMPHALIA. (Hym. Europ. p. 165. Syl. Fung. vol. V, p. 332.) Pileus membranaceous, hemispherical, papillate or umbilicate, somewhat flocculose when young, becoming glabrous, sulcate on the margin, white; lamelle thin, somewhat distant, decurrent, the alternate ones shorter, white; stem filiform, white, inserted by a floccose base; spores elliptical, .00024 in. long .0001_ broad. -Pileus 2 to 3 lines broad; stem 4 to 8 lines long. Dead twigs and fallen leaves in wet places. Rensselaer county. September. _ A very small delicate species, the whole plant pure white. Omphalia stellata /*. STELLATE OMPHALIA. (Hym. Europ. p. 162. Syl. Fung. vol. V, p. 325.) Pileus membranous, convex, wmbilicate, glabrous, striate, dia- phanous, white; lamelle broad, very distant, thin, decurrent, white; stem filiform, fragile, equal, glabrous, white, radiate- floccose at the base; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .00024 in. long, .0902 broad. Pileus 2 to 4 lines broad; stem 6 to 10 lines long. Decaying prostrate trunks of trees in woods. Albany county. & _ August. Omphalia Rhododendri Ps. RHODODENDRON OMPHALIA. (Report 27, p. 94.) _ Pileus convex, umbilicate, glabrous, slightly viscid when moist, striate on the margin, white; lamelle subdistant, arcuate, 4a _ decurrent, white, beaded on the edge with gland-like protuber- 102 Forry-rirtH REPORT ON THE STATE MusEUN. ances; stem slender, roughened with minute white gland-like protuberances, white; spores oh or narrowly elliptical, .0003 in. long, .00012 ee) Pileus 2 to 3 lines broad; stem 6 to 8 lines long. Dead stems of great laurel, Rhododendron maximum. Sullivan county. September. Omphalia Austini Pk. Austin’s OMPHALIA. (Report 28, p. 48.) Pileus rather tenacious, convex or hemispherical, glabrous, striate, deeply umblicate, sometimes perforate, vicid when moist, white; lamellz subarcuate, distant, decurrent, white; stem equal, Rollo even, glabrous, villose at the base, white; spores elliptical, -0008 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus 3 to 6 lines broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, .5 line thick. Decaying wood of spruce. Saratoga, Hamilton, Fulton and Essex counties. July and August. Rarely the pileus has a slight smoky or grayish tint. Omphalia scyphoides /r. CuP-LIKE OMPHALIA. (Hym. Europ. p. 156. Syl. Fung. vol. V, p. 310.) Pileus submembranous, plane and umbilicate or funnel-form, often irregular or somewhat eccentric, even, silky, white; lamelle narrow, close, decurrent, white; stem short, stuffed, sub- villose, white; spores elliptical, .00024 inches long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus 2 to 4 lines broad ; stem 4 to 8 lines long. Decaying wood, ee etc., Saratoga county. July and August. In our specimens there is no villosity on the stem except at the base. : STATE ENTOMOLOGIST FOR THE YEAR 1891. = TABLE OF CONTENTS. was f bit tae PAGE. . GRIER i RR SV Ro) 121 Be eae} The year not prolific in insect life, 121. Causes of varying abund- be cs ance of insects in different years, 121. Aggregate of insect injury ae Bat: can seldom be foretold a year in advance, 121. New subjects for batt , P. : study brought each year to the economic entomologist, 121. Grain Ve * nf crops almost entirely free from their usual enemies, 122. Fruit insects é eo . have been the most abundant, 122. Helpful replies made to inquiries ‘ ‘ae 4 P relating to fruit imsects, 122. Of the operations of the apple-tree aa : % _ tent-caterpillar during the year, 122. Of the apple-tree aphis and ee Be _ remedies for it, 123. Spread and injury of the apple-leaf Bucculatrix ag } i and its parasite, 123. Coleophora malivorella in Western New York, re * m _ 123. Work of the apple-leaf sewer in Wayne county, 123. Increase of the eye-spotted bud-moth in the ‘‘apple-belt,” 124. Appearance ir of, and alarm excited by, two new pear-tree pests in the Hudson river _-_-valley, 124. Operations of the pear-tree Psylla in Greene and _ + Columbia counties and losses caused by it, 124. Spread of the pear midge from Connecticut into New York, 124. Nature of its attack, —s«-124.-—«sIts transformations, 125. Preference for certain varieties ot of pears, 126. Lygus pratensis attack on pears, 125. Injuries an from Lygus invitus, 125. Cherry aphis in St. Lawrence county, — 125. Plum aphis in Schoharie county, 125. Plum _ curculio in Albany county, 125. Grapes and peaches destroyed by the rose-bug, 125. Arrest of injuries of the currant-worm, 125. The cow-horn fly in New York, 126. A new onion pest at Canas- tota, 126. Epilachna borealis injuries on Long Island, 126. Increased interest of agriculturists in entomological investigations, 126. Col- lections of the Entomologist during the year, 127. Contributions to the collections, 127. Whysome brief notices of insects have been presented in this report, 127. Courtesies acknowledged, 128. oe iv 4 = _ Synonymy and bibliography, 129. A strange-looking and rarely a a ‘seen caterpillar, 129. Figure of the insect, 130. Artful concealment , or mimicry of the caterpillar, 130. How the Geometride travel, 130. _ The raspberry Geometer should be a common insect: a possible reason hy it is not, 131. Description of the caterpillar, 131. The moth _ described, 131. Natural history of the insectso far as known, 182. 14 es INJURIOUS INSEOTS................. oe AC oy Re oor ae He 1 HLORA GLAUCARIA, the Raspberry Geomleter .................-06 2. 1 106 Taper or CONTENTS. "PAGE. Its different stages, 1382. The simple cocoon made by it, 182. Chance ~ of the insect being eaten with the berries, 182. Its degree of abund- ance and its range in the United States, 133. BUCCULATRIX CANADENSISELLA, the Birch-leaf Bucculatrix ............. Its bibliography, 133. Its operations at Ausable Forks, N. Y., 133.° A severe attack on birches at Scottsville, N. Y.,134. Its beautiful dis- section of the leaves, 184. Figures of the insect and its work, 1384. Description and figures of the caterpillar, 135. Its presence in Wash- ington Park, Albany, 135. The molting-cocoon described, 135. _ Entrance into and occupancy of the cocoon, 1386. The cocoon proper described and figured, 136. Compared with the Bucculatrix pomifoli- ella cocoon, 136. Where the cocoons are placed, 137. Detailed account of the construction of the cocoon, 187. Differently described by Mr. Fletcher, 138. Difference in the cocoon of B. ambrosicfoliella, 188. The moth of the birch-leaf Bucculatrix described, 189. Its life- history has not been studied, 189. Whatis known of its habits and transformations, 139. The injuries of the larva, 140. Its occurrence in New York, New England and Canady 140. How it may be destroyed, 140. DIPLOSIS' PYRIVORA, the Pear Midge -. 0. io¢0 2. fia lt ee ee Its synonymy and bibliography, 140. Number of insects attacking the apple tree, 141. The pear tree hitherto, comparatively free from insect injury, 141. Two new destructive pear tree pests in the Hudson river valley, the pear midge and the pear-tree Psylla, 141. The pear midge figured, 142. Features of the larva and fly, 142. First noticed in this country at Meriden, Conn., 142. Its injuries at Meriden, 142. Studied by the Entomological Division of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 148. Is it the Cecidomyia nigra of Meigen? 148. Described by Dr. Riley as C. pyrivora, 148.. Efforts for its extermination at Meriden, 143. Why the effort failed, 148. Its discovery at Catskill, N. Y., in 1891, 144. How the larvee infest the fruit, 144. Varieties of pears infested by it, 144. Its presence in Mr. Cole’s orchards, 144. Figures showing the infested fruit, 145. Infested pears readily recognized, 145. Characters of the infestation, 146. Number of larve in a pear, 146. When they leave the fruit, 146. How they escape from it, 146. How the infested fruit is affected, 146. The larva described and figured, 147. Observations on the larvee entering the ground for pupation, 147. Character of the cocoon, 148. When pupation occurs, 148. Whenthe perfect insect emerges, 148. The midge described, 148. The male genitalia figured, 148. The eggs are deposited in the blossom, 149. Oviposition as described by Schmidberger, 149. The midge attack as observed at Ghent, N. Y., 150. Progress of attack from Meriden west- ward, 150. Its commencement at Albany, 150. Arresting the attack by picking and burning the infested fruit, 150. Using the Lawrence pear as a lure for oviposition and subsequently destroying the blossoms 140 me NG. a hs “f i, f ‘ Pe ing a . r re é Stn oe : ’ ¢ . 4 7 y a ~ ‘ SF a ee en aE eT Oe ee Le OE te eee AS 2 oe OTT REE URES Nene ae > ah e 7 ‘) Up tS OS ee a ae ee © Dae ee on? be ae 4 me pe 1e , ] a A a) dz) Vary pe i : Pik SR AS ye, DS 3 t po the 3 y + F : ‘.u ‘= 4 os i with the contained larvee, 150. Howthe blossoms might be destroyed, a 151. Killing the larvee just after they have entered the ground by appli- De cation of kerosene emulsion, 151. Use of lime or ashes for the same a purpose, 151. A united effort of pear growers needed for the control ie ~ of the pest, 151. © CLasToprera oBTUSA, the Obtuse Clastoptera..............0.cecceseeee ee | Its bibliography, 152. Its ‘‘ cuckoo-spittle’’ seen on a linden tree, a 152. Nature of the spittle, 152. Its injury in this instance moderate, a 152. Its rapid development, 153. The insect figured, 153. Usually q occurs on the alder, 158. Observed by Dr. Fitch on butternut, 153. a. Reported by Mr. Van Duzee on the blueberry, 153. It is found over a | large portion of the United States, 153. Occurs also in Canada, and ‘ ve southward into Mexico, 153. a) oe SiAcTORTERA \PINI, the Pine Clastoptera .2...0..2..605.eeceews eealdacbacus 4 Its bibliography, 153-4. Received from pines in Dutchess county, _N. Y., 154. The insect figured and described, 154. Description of the oe, larval stage, 154. Miss Wolsey’s observations on the larve, 154. When the mature insect appears, 155. The present identification of the larva 4 - not a positive one, 155. CHAULIODES PECTINICORNIS, the Comb-horned Fish-fly................... Synonymy and bibliography of the species, 155. The larva taken from under the ice of a pond in Tiashoke, N. Y., 155. Its rarity, 155. lts literature not extensive, 156. Figures of the larva, Plate 1. Larveze of Chauliodes rastricornis not uncommon in the south and west, 156. Observed in Ohio by Professor Weed, and figured in its several stages, 156. Professor Riley on Corydalis and Chauliodes, 156. Description of the larva of Chauliodes pectinicornis and its habits, by Mr. Moody, 157. Its brief pupal stage, 157. The winged insect figured, 158. Its principal features, 158. Some strange movements of C. rastricornis larva, 158. What it feeds upon, 158. Its distribu- tion in the United States, i58. C. serricornis not uncommon in New York, in June, 159. The winged insect figured, 159. Dates of collec- tion of C. pectinicornis, 159. Its larva not often injurious, 159. & BORYDALIS CORNUTA, the Horned Corydalis .....0....0¢5....000cceeeeves ee Its bibliography, 159, 160. Prof. Riley’s writings onit, 160. Figures ‘of the larva, pupa, and winged insect, Plate 2. Where its eggs and rected, 160. References to other writings, 160. Derivation of its specific name, 161. Its place in classification, 161. Habitat of the larvee, 161. Largely used for fish bait, 161. Common names by which known, 161. Its formidable appearance, 161. A double system of respiratory organs, 161. Dr. Norwood on its abundance in Schoharie ereek and manner of collecting for bait, 161. A larva eight months in an aquarium without food, 162. Respiration as observed under A confinement, 162. Movements of the branchial tufts, 162. Ability to __ swim in a forward direction as well as backward, 162. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 107 PAGE. 152 153 155 159 young larva are figured, 160. Errorin figuring the eggs, and where cor- _ . ee f - 108 TABLE OF CONTENTS. NOTES ON VARIOUS INSHOTS..005:0.0, 50 4) use ee 163. THALESSA LUNATOR, the Lunated Long-sting ................008- eee. 163% a Numerous examples of the insect observed on and about the trunk of a Peeiers dead elm, 163. The trunk perforated by many small, round holes, 163. ae The holes frequented by a wood-wasp, Pemphredon concolor, 163. The holes believed to have been made by the insect, 163. The Pemphredon ei. figured, 163. Nothing recorded of the habits of the Pemphredons, 163. me What is written of the two European species, 163. A Tremex columba ae. taken from the same trunk, 163. Abundance of the ‘‘ long stings” in August, as reported by boys, 168. Figure of Thalessa lunator with structural details, and of its larva and pupa, Plate 2 Males apparently awaiting the emergence of the females, 163. Females observed in ovi- position, 164. Ovipositing to the depth of two inches in solid wood, 164. Difficulty with which the ovipositor could be withdrawn by hand; the abdomen torn apart in the attempt, 164. How longa time the Thalessas were observed, 164. An instance reported where a Thalessa was seen to insert its eggs in a colony of exposed Datana caterpiilars, 164. Thestatement questioned by Professor Riley, 164. An Anomalon species observed by Professor Gillette to oviposit in Datana ministra under similar attendant circumstances, 164. Probability that memory was atfault inreferring to Thalessa, the oviposition observed: some other , large Ichneumon may have been mistaken for it, 164. Serious results ; reported as resulting from a wound in the arm near the wrist by a ‘‘long-sting,” 164. Correction of an error made in the Fourth Report on the Insects of New York in presenting a figure as Thalessa lunator which was that of Rhyssa persuasoria, 165. How the two species differ, 165. Tremex columba figured in its larval, pupal, and perfect stages, 165. The parasitic association with it of T. lunator, 165. The occurrence of Rhyssa persuasoria in Canada, 166. a ? JANUS FLAVIVENTRIS, the Currant-stem Girdler ........0 0.2 .....ececeeee 166 3 5 2 q a F s Reference to the notice of the currant-stem girdler contained in the Fourth Report on the Insects of New York, 166. Girdled currant stems received from Mr. Rose, of South Byron, N. Y., 166. Injuries from it reported by Mr. Rose, 166. Its operations observed at Ghent, N. Y., 166. The eggs found in the punctured twigs, 166. The insect reared from girdled twigs in Adrian, Mich., 166. Identified in ‘‘ Insect Life” as Janus flaviventris, 167. The insect—a saw-fly—had been observed by Dr. Fitch in rye-fields: its operations therein, 167. Descrip- tion of the species, 167. Different references of Janus in classifica- tion, 167. Girdled twigs received from Mr. Rose which had been marked the preceding season, gave out one example of the insect, 168. Some doubt of its being the Fitch flaviventris, 168. NEMATUS ERICHSONG, the Larch’ Saw-fly oo. .00. uc cs. us a 168 Still operating in the Adirondacks, 168. Many larches apparently killed by its attack observed near the Wilmington Notch, 168. Had been observed some years previous in the Lake Placid region, 168. Figures of the saw-fly and its larvee and a distorted larch, 168. Severe injuries reported from Prince Edward Island, 169. The larches ravaged by it over all the Province, 169. First observed there in 1889, ' i 169. Hopelessness of contending with the insect when large areas are a : infested by it, 169. On isolated trees it may be destroyed by arsenical 4 spraying,169. Elsewhere, attacked trees had better be cut at once and used as timber for which it is desirable, 169. FENISECA TARQUINIUS, the little Orange Butterfly ............0dep beeen es Usually rare, but abundant in Keene valley in 1891, 169. Its method of flight, 169. Seldom seen on the ground, 170. Dates of capture in 1891, 170. Pupation of the insect, 170. Concealment of the larve s within clusters of Pemphigus tessellata, 170. Indication of their pres- ence there, 170. P. tessellata probably reduced in number by the feed- i ing of the larve, 170. Transformations of the insect, 170. : _ Eupryas GRATA, the Beautiful Wood-nymph ................... sas ele eae i ‘ Increase of the insect, 170. Its fondness for the Ampelopsis quin- . quefolia, 170. Possibility of its becoming a household pest, 170. Car- * pets in Albany injured by the caterpillar in preparing for pupation, 4 170. Figures of the caterpillar and of the egg, 170. The moth figured, with remarks on its beauty, 171. Expressiveness of its scientific and popular names, 171. SCOLIOPTERYX LIBATRIX, the Scallop-wing ............0...0.seesececeeens The caterpillar feeding on willow: its description, 171. Structure of moth, 171. Its habits as recorded in England, 172. The mothsurvives the winter, 172. Is frequently taken in collections ‘‘at sugar,” 172. Dates of its appearance ‘‘ at sugar” at Schenectady, N. Y., in 1875 and 1876, 172. Time of its greatest abundance, 172. The two broods of June and August, 172: According to Guenée, it has no regular time for emerging from the pupa, 172. The larva said to feed on poplar as well as on willow in Europe, 172. . SemererrA Specie?) a Hun etis GNab. Sos bn LAS dep clone aie oe Dein bea ac ce So minleles Interest excited by the large number occurring within doors at Albany, 172. Specimens sent to Europe for determination, 172. Found to be an undescribed species of a genus not hitherto recognized in the United States, 172. The Exechia species feed on mushrooms, 172. Whether they shall be regarded as injurious will depend on the value attaching to mushrooms, 172. Opinion as to their value is divided in Europe, 172. Reference to the species of Exechia occurring in England, _ 172. They often abound on windows of houses in autumn, 172. ° TELEPHORUS PPALINEATUS, OCCULEINE OT SNOW): 63+: . fkjs\ 0 su 0:0)ee Dhle a Oselag bt = Millions of the larvee on the snow in February, in Herkimer county, _ N. Y.,173. Covered the snow for a distance of a half mile, 173. Were . " seen traveling about for a day or two, 173. Identified as, or very near -its cocoon, 171. Period of its pupation, 171. Early appearance of the . Bs, . VF TABLE OF CONTENTS. 109 a PAGE. 169 171 172 "De = eh oe ta eaE < y * .* The Bateham carbolic acid wash preventive, 188. When it should be i applied, 184. The Hale carbolic acid and Paris green wash, 184. Bs What it will accomplish, 184. Importance of hunting out and killing the borer, and how to do it, 184. The larva, coccoon, and pupa figured, 184. The Shaker peach-tree borer wash; preparation for, and 185. A new tree-protector of wire netting, 185. Recommendation quoted of treating infested trees with wood ashes above the roots, 186. The safety of this application questioned, 186. Mr. Woodward’s method of protection, 186. _ AN ICHNEUMONIZED CATERPILLAR — INTERESTING CASE OF PARASITISM .... Inquiry of hop vine ‘‘worm,” 186. Is an ichneumonized Sphinx a caterpillar, but probably not a hop vine feeder, 187. What the cocoons ‘ i on the body were and what they indicate, 187. Figure of an ichneu- . monized Darapsa Myron, 187. The Sphinx parasite had again been parasitized by another insect, 187. The first parasite, Apanteles con- gregatus,—the secondary one, an undetermined Chalcid, 187. The other specimens inquired of may have been Grapta chrysalids, 187. b E mo NmwW- ONION PEST, AGROTIS YPSILON (Rott.) . 0000.05 esl ec eee ceeds wae Inquiry from Canastota, N. Y., of a formidable onion pest, 188. Its injuries related, 188. Different from the onion pest of Orange county, N. Y., 188. Is probably the Agrotis ypsilon cut-worm, 189. The cut- worm and the moth it produces, figured, 189. Continued appearance of the moth from May to September, 189. The larval injuries may continue for an indefinite time, 189. Recommendation made for destroying the caterpillars, 189. Hand-picking should be resorted to, 190. Kerosene emulsion applied while feeding at night would be effective, 190. Results obtained from a soft soap solution, 190. Prob- ability that this cut-worm is cannibalistic, 191. The bred moth gave _ Agrotis ypsilon, 191, Length of its pupal stage, 191. 181 181 i la how it should be applied, 185. Protection from the borer by mounding, © 186 188 “LEQ TABLE OF CONTENTS. THE STALK-BORER, GORTYNA NITELA, AS AN EXTERNAL FEEDER .......... ay The caterpillar taken while feeding on the tassels of corn, 191. Its well-known boring habits, 191. List of its known food-plants, 191. Figure of it and of the moth, 191. Frequently occurs in potato stalks, 191. Its characteristic features, 192. Different appearance and habit of the corn-tassels specimens, 192. The injury caused will not be serious, 192. ; THE COW-HORN FLY IN NEW YORE ............. He SAenepAd ge a on Ce Examples received from Oswego county, N. Y., with inquiry, 192. Reply sent to the Oswego Times, 192. Probably carried into Oswego . . county by the railroads traversing it, 198. General appearance of the un _ fly, 198. How its injury is inflicted, 198. A recent importation from if, France, 198. Where it occurs in the United States, 198. How its attack may be early recognized, 193. Importance of promptly report- ing all new insect attacks, 198. Observations on the attack in Oneida county, N. Y., 194. Its injuries at first greatly exaggerated, 194. They never prove fatal, 194. How they affect the cattle, 194. Where the fly breeds, 194. The larve may be destroyed by spreading the fresh droppings or applying lime to them, 194. When the fly entered New York, 195. Its spread over the State, 195. Attack may be pre- vented by greasy applications to the cattle, 196. Oviposition of the fly, 196. Reference to publications on the insect, 196. VWIRK-WORMS AND REMEDIES FOR THEM $s). .:04 02.0045 0cc8e secu Cae a oe eee Efficient remedies are starvation through removing their food, and growing acrop of \buckwheat,-197. A crop of mustard regarded in England as a specific against the wire-worm, 198. Figures of wire- worms, 198. They are often confounded with cut-worms and thousand- . legged worms, 198. How cut-worms may be recognized, 198. A Nae representative figure of the beetles that they produce, 199. Have Ui! received insufficient study, 199. Reference to publications on them, 199. A cut-worm and thousand-legged worm figured, 199. The recent study of wire-worms made at Cornell University, 199. The experiments in remedies and preventives conducted, 200. Unsatisfac- tory practical results obtained, 200. Valuable life-histories worked out, 200. THe ROSE-BUG AND HOW TO RAILL TP. sie Ss os ree cee Cale tale ee Localities where protection from the rose-bug is hopeless, 200. The insect illustrated, 200. Its breeding grounds, 200. Uniform period \ for its flight therefrom, 200. Is usually controllable in New York and the New England States, 201. May be accomplished by beating from the plants into kerosene and water, 201. Spraying with kerosene emulsion successful in Maryland, 201. Another remedy found in sludge-oil soap, 202. Prof. Smith’s bulletin on the insect should be consulted, 202. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 113 b : PAGE. THE MAPLE-TREE BORER, GLYCOBIUS SPECIOSUS (Say). 2.6... ee eee ee ees 202 oe Injuries from the borer and inquiry how to kill it, 202. How the presence of the young borer may be detected, 202. Cutting out, the best remedy, 208. When the insect was first observed, 203. Described and illustrated by Dr. Harris in his usual graphic style, 203. Its increase in recent years, 203. The beauty of the beetle, 203. It attacks healthy trees, 204. Observations made upon it at Schoharie, N. Y., in 1859, 204. Its burrows beneath the bark described, 204. The grubs frequently girdle the tree, 204. How they disfigure the trunk, 204. Large number of maples killed by them at Bennington, Vt., 205. Their ravages at Glens Falls, N. Y., 205. When ovipo- sition occurs, 205. . °] s M ¥ 3 ~~ tay. hale fre oe) SQUASH-BUG, ANASA TRISTIS (De Geer) ......02. 0 cent seneseeaeanes 205 Be Figure of the insect, 205. Replying to inquiry, Paris green not serviceable against it, 205. Best remedy, perhaps, is trapping and ; killing the hibernated females, 205. Partial success in using counter- odorants to ward off attack, 205. When and how to use the traps, 206. What the traps may consist of, 206. Search for and destruction of the eggs, 206. Killing the young squash-bugs soon after hatching, - 206. Value of the preceding methods, 206. Search should be made for the bugs injuring the main stalk below the surface of the ground, 206. How this injury may easily be prevented, 296. High fertilization commended, 207. Le ee Bee eee tOP-VINE APHIS AND REMEDIES 02.00...) 60. c cee tee ameeng eens 207 Liability of the hop crop to destruction by the hop-vine aphis, 207. Disastrous years can not be predicted, 207. The insect introduced from Europe, 207. The ‘‘hop-washings” in England, 207. Its life- history recently worked out, 207. Possible to preserve the hop crop from destruction, 207. Where the insect hibernates, 208. The ‘‘stem- mother ’’ figured, 208. The early spring broods on plum, 208. The migrating brood and figure of the ‘‘migrant,” 208. When to attack the aphis, 208. How its excessive multiplication may be prevented, _ 208. Formula for the best insecticide for use, 209. How to apply the emulsion, 209. Formula for the English hop-wash, and its efficacy, 208. Spraying to be repeated at intervals, 209. Preventives of in attack, 210. ote _ TE MELON APHIS, APHIS CUCUMERIS Forbes ............... He, hae ge 210 : Aphides infesting muskmelon leaves in Lowell, Mass., identified as the above-named species, 210. The insect characterized, 211. Its injuries in Illinois, 211. Now for the first time observed in the eastern part of the United States, 211. A parasitic attack upon it, 211. Pro- fessor Forbes’ recommendations for destroying the aphis, 212. The muskmelon ‘‘ shoots” received show galls resulting from Cecidomyia attack, 212. The insect obtained from the galls, 212. It seems to be undescribed —if so, might be named Cecidomyia cucumeris, 212. 15 : TA ‘ rere T 4 4 Wik Re Hien a ge iy 114 TABLE OF CONTENTS. | ee PAGE. — MELON AND STRAWBERRY PESTS: APHIS CUCUMERIS AND CORIMELAINA 14 CEASE BRM NO ia AO NMP ys Sha By) SS op io ao + Rie Plant-lice injuring cantaloupe and cucumber vines in Maryland are : ald probably Aphis cucumeris, 218. How they may be killed by spraying . 1: oe with a rod and Vermorel nozzle, 213. The insect puncturing the blossom stems of the strawberry is probably the ‘‘flea-like negro- bug,” 218. Figure of the insect, 218. Its numerous food-plants, 213. Cultivation of two favorite food-plants (weeds) recommended as lures, 218. Has recently proved destructive to cucurbitaceous vines in New Jersey, 218. Fish-oil soap said to be the best remedy for it, 214. SCALE INSECTS ON CAMELLIA AND OLEANDER. 2.35... 4.0. ba sins seve a eB ee 21 ae Oleander leaves from Jacksonville, Ala., with supposed fungus attack, show only the oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii, 214. Thescales figured and characterized, with figure of the male insect, 214. Tis extensive distribution, 214. The many plants infested by it, 216. Features of the camellia scale, 215. Itapparently belongsto Parlatoria, 215. Kerosene emulsion and whale-oil soap solution effective against these scales, 215. Kerosene may safely be applied to the underside of infested leaves, 215. A scale insect infesting a vine in Springfield, Mass., described, 215. The eggs beneath it described, 215. The species not recognized, 216. A different scale on the same vine is evidently a Lecanium, 216. The newly hatched larva with no cottony secretion, 216. Number of eggs counted beneath one scale, 216. How the scales may be des- troyed, 216. Importance of destroying the eggs, 216. APPLE-TREH [INSECTS OF HARLY SPRING 2.0.2 ..20. 00. Oot. ee 216 Abundance of insect attacks on apple buds, 216. Can not well be checked if operations against them are deferred, 216. Insects from Lansing, N. Y., 217. The apple-tree aphis identified, and the harm it causes, 217. The apple-tree case-bearer, Coleophora malivorella, 217. The second time of its recognition in New York, 217. The life- history fn brief and habits and remedy for it, 218. The eye-spotted jbud-moth associated with the preceding, 218. Its increase in New York, 218. The apple-leaf Bucculatrix from Malcom, N. Y., 218. May be killed by arsenical spraying, 219. Of insects received from Lincoln, N. Y., asmall gray moth frequenting apple-tree in May, is (wrongly) identified as the eye-spotted bud-moth, 219. A ‘small green louse” occurring on the buds is accepted as the pear-tree Psylla, 219. It had also been recently received on blossom buds of apples, from Ghent, N. Y., 219. The presence of the insect indicated by the | ‘‘honey-dew,” 220. Its previous occurrence on apple recorded, 220. When and how to attack the Psylla, 220. Subsequent studies have 7 ; shown that the eye-spotted bud-moth does not appear on the wing in May, 220. Reference to Mr. Slingerland’s Bulletin on it, and another on the pear-tree Psylla, 220. SERRE OETELICHEISOLNSIOIS, OR” LOGO. cecil wae) See cat's ccivicqevclecteneodceudaee ae A paper read before a Farmers’ club by Mr. Young notices a blight in wheat and rye; an insect attack on oats; the potato scab; the elm+ leaf beetle: comments requested on it, 221. Examination of wheat and rye from several localities show attacks of a Nematode worm, 221. Study lately given to Nematode attacks, 221. ‘‘ Clover-sickness” in England caused by a Nematode, 221. Publications on the An- guillulidee, 221, 222. Blight in oats associated with bacteria presence, 222. Shriveling of oats caused by the grain aphis, 222. Studies of the potato scab have shown several kinds proceeding from different causes, 222. One form shown by Dr. Thaxter to be caused by bacteria, 222. A ‘*‘surface-scab” and the ‘‘ deep-scab,” 222. Beneficial effect of heavy rains in destroying the elm-leaf beetle, not before reported, 222. A simple remedy suggested by it. 2238. Request for investigation of insect attacks always welcomed, 223. APPENDIX. Spee MO LOGICA T, ADDRESSES |. as 5 Noe cies a ele wane se gs sel ade aden SOME INJuRIOUS INSECTS OF MASSACHUSETTS .......... ccc cccccsccccecece Gratification in addressing the State Board of Agriculture, 227. What the State has done for the promotion of economic entomology, 227. a > ie hats dads Zp 4 OG AS oe Change to the Perfect Stage. A few days thereafter, on June 26th, the perfect winged forms were disclosed, showing them to be Clastoptera mbt sa (Say), and therefore identical with the Alder. Ins sect, to the history of which reference is above ma ade. Its development was unexpectedly rapid, for when received on the 23d, no pupz were observed, | and only four days thereafter the perfect insect was found in the box, so fully colored that it must have “emerged from the pupal case the previous day. The yy. 11—The obtuse in sect is shown in Figure 11. (Otten pict x: Food-plants. Those that were observed in 1889 (see loc. cit.) occurred on the — 2 a] alder, Alnus serrulata, upon which it had been reported as common by . Uhbler. : Bein. Fitch includes it, in his 3d Report, among the Insects of the | B utternut, adding, that it may frequently be met with on quite a m imber of different trees and shrubs, from the middle of July till me ond of the season. _ Dr. Packard, in his Jnsects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees, names it, on the authority of Dr. Fitch, among the Insects of the Butternut, but without mentioning its occurrence on any other tree. Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, in his Hemiptera from Muskoka Lake oh District, Canada, gives it as very common on the blueberry, in com- pe ey, with Clastoptera Proteus, during the latter part of July, 1888. There seems to be no BEeMapos record of its observation on the lin den. “e Distribution. ‘ It apparently extends over a large portion of the United States and Canada. Say, in his original description, gives it as inhabiting “the United States.” It was found by him in the Northwest near Council Bluffs. Provancher gives it as very common in Canada. Uhler states that it is found in many parts of the Eastern United States and in Texas, and extends also to Tamaulipas, Mexico. Ciastoptera pini Fitch. The Pine Clastoptera. a: (Ord. Hemiprera: Subord. Homoprrra: Fam. CErcopip #.) qd: in 4th Ann. Rept. [N. Y.] St. Cab. N. H., 1851, p. 53; in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc. for 1857, xvii, p. 738; 4th Rept. Ins. N. Y. (in 3d-5th Repts.), 1859, p. 52, No. 259. 20 | Forrr-nirin Pevort on THE ba TE . i Rept. U. S. Rat, Goma: 1890, p. 802, f. 272 rahe Fitch). | Sane PROVANCHER: Pet. Faun. Ent. Cannan, ni gat 1886, P. 260 (va C. Proteus). J Ria. 12. Larva of Clastoptera on pine — side and dorsal views. (From Packard.) Be als among the terminal a of pine, which are ee well ie i as ee t 4 Entomological Cone by Dr. Packard, at page 802. The Insect Described. Dr. Fitch characterizes the insect, in his 4th Report, as follows: Puncturing the leaves [of pine] and sucking their juices, in July, a small, shining, broad, oval tree-hopper, 0.14 long, of a black color, ita’ head pale yellow with a black band on its anterior margin, its thorax. prettily sculptured with fine transverse lines and with a pale yellow band anteriorly, its wing-covers with a broad, hyaline, white margin on the outer side, interrupted with black back ‘of the middle, and having a shining black dot near the tip, its under side and legs pale yellow. The Larva. _ The larve received by me presented the following features : The head and its appendages, thorax (except the white, sharp lateral — margin of the prothorax), terminal segment, ventral mesial plates, — and legs (except at the joints, which are white) are glossy black. The abdomen above and laterally is flesh-colored, with a se 4 of red on the back and on the sides. ; a A larva observed traveling about in the box containing the bwigs, q on June 4th, had the abdomen wholly black. : The Larvee Observed on Pines. Miss Wolsey accompanied her sending with the tole note | relating to the insects: On the pines this spring I find on hundreds of young twigs a frothy, AY. sappy exudation. Wiping this away, a nimble crawling imsect is found, or two insects together, new to me. They are a quarter of an — inch long, with a small, shining black head and shoulders, and three pairs of jointed, slender black legs. The body behind is broad, ay bic % q ah A. '"* a di a ’ i on AES ae PY hart pee FEE ee Bak 'w mipe Me PA ae eee. ae a 4 | op rey oak * - i ye ae rate +My Pity ri by, ite 2 | : va. ay! ‘ ao MOMMA et waty NT yet 4 Dias Ph si a ts ical me: ee Eroneu I Parone OF THE Srate Enromoxoaisr. (155 es | d, flesh color, sometimes brick red, and ringed and horny in sub- The exuded nee. It seems like an insect in transition somewhat. It is very active, and may be one cause of sap is evidently its work. e death of terminal twigs and branchlets occurring late in the season, * Miss Wolsey was requested to search the pines early in June for the “mature insect, the features of which were given, that positive identifi- A ce ation might be made of the larve. Heavy rains had meantime oO ccurred, and it was thought that they may have destroyed the insect | in a its immature stages or driven away the imagoes. Chauliodes pectinicornis (Linn.). The Comb-horned Fish-ly. (Order Nuvrorrera: Fam. S1atm 2.) Hemerobius pectinicornis LINN.: Amoen. Acad., vi, 1763, p. 412; Syst. Nat..i, t a pars ii, xii edit., 1767, p. 911.1. a6 J emerobius pectinicornis FaBR.: Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 309.1. Semblis pectinicornis Fapr.: Spec. Ins., 1781, i, p 386.1. Ve abris pectinicornis FaBR.: Mant. Ins., i, 1787, p. 244.1. “Oh auliodes pectinicornis LATR.: Gen. Grane Ins., iii, 1807, p. 198. | ‘Hac GEN: ‘Synop. Neurop. N. A., 1862, p. 189 (descrip. imago and distribution); in Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. ii, 1863, p. 181 (mention,; in Proc. Bost. Soc. a ‘Nat. Hist., xv, 1878, p. 29 (in Harris Collection). _ Watss-RILEY: in Amer. Ent., i, 1869, p. 245 (characters of imago). | "Paccarp: Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 607; Entomol. Begin., 1888, p. 87 (men- a tion). ‘Permit: in Canad. Entomol., vi, 1874, p. 45 (in Canada). a OODY: in Psyche, ii, 1877, p. 52 (description and habits of larva). LEY: in Canad. Ent., xi, 1879, pp. 97, 98; in Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc. for 1878, July 1879, XXvVli, pp. 286, 287 (eggs and features of Chauliodes a be larvee, incl. this species ?). COMSTOCK: Introduc. Entomol., 1888, p. 220 (mention). pes: in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xix, 1892, p. 357 (cited). ig AO ae i. ‘The Nustrations of Plate 1, from drawings made by Mr. J. Bridgham, are from a larva of the above-named insect, which was received from . W. C. Hitchcock, of Tiashoke, N. Y. It had been taken from a It M I pond in that vicinity early in March, from a hole cut in the ice. as the only specimen of the kind observed, and none others could be ag Bond, although search was made for them in compliance with arequest — for additional examples for rearing. Literature. i | a va But little has been published of this insect, and no figure had beer presented of its early stages. Dr. Hagen, in his Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, in 1862, states: “The es is unknown; _ perhaps it is aquatic.” i The following year, 1863, Mr. Walsh described* the larva of anearly allied species, Chauliodes rastricornis Ramb., frequently found in the Southern oe and. ago in Missouri, as ALE Walsh had hei loose bark of floating logs, ee bench the surface of the iit | and retires under logs, etc., on the dry land to assume the pupa. state, m forming a rude cell there, as does Corydalis cornuta (Linn.).” The — same species has recently been described and figured in its different _ stages by Prof. C. M. Weed, from examples taken from under logs lying under water in ponds in Ohio:} the figures, through permission of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station are herewith given. Sadly Y Seon \ INA oe a b c ad Fia. 18.— CHAULIODES RASTRICORNIS: a, larva; 6b, pupa; c, male imago; d, female imago — all in natural size. (After Weed.) The Canadian Entomologist for May, 1879, contains an abstract of a paper read by Professor Riley before the American Association for the Advancement of Science (the entire paper has not been published), entitled: ‘ Larval Characteristics of Corydalus and Chauliodes.” In this abstract some of the larval features of Chauliodes are given, and *Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, ii, 1863, p. 268. + Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Haper. Station. Technical Series, vol. 1, No. 1, October 1889, pp. 7-10, pl. 1, fig. 3. PLATE 1.— Larva of CHAULIODES PE segment more enlarged; d, anal seg ment with appe ——| CTINICORNIS: a, side view; }, dorsal view; c, an abdominal ndages similarly enlarged. (Original. ) ; on " AEs < J , , Y a oe ro sails ey Orie ie (Ol ; . Ned! yee 5 Bt eis Vite E * ‘ ‘i Ee aii a i eit fee Rie eu BY lee) tt i ke ey rer. Lines ae ee Brown RuFort OF THE rate ENTOMOLOGIST. 157 ent 7 us) a5 si “s ors ‘ciel by Mr. Walsh, in his description, noticed. Professor Riley Ww ras probably acquainted with the C. pectinicornis larva at the time of the above publication. - , ¢ we The Larva of Chauliodes pectinicornis. yay little has been written of this insect. All the notices that I have been able to find of it are cited in the bibliography on the pre- fete page. Theaccount given of it by Henry L. Moody in Psyche, loc. cit., seems to embrace all of what has been published of it. Mr, M foody found a larva on October 21st in a cavity in moist sand under a | “stone, nearly ready for pupation. It changed to a pupa two days there- Bi _after, and in twelve days more to the perfect stage. — Of another example subsequently taken, and believed to have been | of the same species, which it probably was, as C. rastricornis rarely occurs in New England, Mr. Moody has given the following particulars: - Its movements in the water, other than by walking, are always back- ward, and are performed by a downward and forward sweep of the 3 1. It could move rapidly, but at times would drift lazily about near the surface of the water. It ate houseflies if they were held before it by a foreceps so that they could be seized without first touching the _ larva. «Tt was thirty-five mm. long, rather atinides narrowing moderately f rom the middle of the body to the head, and more strongly in the opposite direction to a narrow final segment. The head is large and - prominent, the body moderately flattened and somewhat appressed. T he mandibles are rather large and strong, nearly straight and strongly © toothed on the inner edge at the tip. The mandibles are usually widely ex tended when the larva is walking at the bottom of the vessel. On each side of each segment after the thoracic ones there is a slender whitish filament, which is a little longerthan the body is wide at its est part. From the posterior edge of the terminal segment there arise two filaments, contiguous at their base, long, blackish, very con- tr ractile and rather thicker than those of the sides. These filaments are 1 ndoubtedly respiratory organs, and are usually directed upwards, so that their tips reach the surface of the water. There is a long, stout bifurcated proleg just beneath these filaments. The color of the head is chestnut-brown; that of the body rather light brown, with a black, interrupted medio- dorsal line, and on each side a much narrower and e obscure similar line. The legs are rather stout, of moderate length honey yellow.” aan Habits of Chauliodes. | The brief pupal stage noted above by Mr. Moody of C. pectinicornis (twelve days) is also a feature of (. rastricornis as observed by Mr. Veed —in one instance, fourteen days, and in another the very short 21 od of ce days. Of this last-named species, the following habits a identical with those cyte would be displayed es C. pectinicornis : when alarmed they can swim rapidly by suddenly doubiing the body up, as bringing the head in contact with the abdomen, by which means they sare propelled some distance through the water. They evidently liye pe" upon various animals, as I have seen them feeding on dead back- — Che swimmers (Wotonecta undulata), flies which had fallen into the aqua- — rium, and in one case a spider which I had thrownin. Whena latter would snap viciously at it with its powerful jaws. * a considerable quantity of a blackish fluid, reminding one of a similar habit of certain locusts (Acridide). ‘These larve have also a peculiar habit of walking on the surface of the water, body downward. ‘They can move along in this manner quite rapidly. Southern States, but it appears to be not an uncommon species in Ohio, as Prof. Weed records the capture of at least a dozen poe in the a : Fig. 15 —The comb-horned fish-fly, Genaneans PECTINICORNIS, in natural size (original). ie year 1889, in that State. Mr. Samuel Henshaw has taken the insect : in June, presumably in Boston or its vicinity, and Dr. Hagen has “ee received it from Milton, Mass., and also from Illinois. ane . The Winged Insect. 7 In its perfect stage, Chauliodes pectinicornis resembles in general | mon insect, and with which most persons are more familiar. Its more i ig striking differences are a smaller size, a less robust build, the wingt it not so strongly veined, its mandibles much shorter and projecting bus 4 little beyond the front of the head, the antenne with long pectinations hy like the teeth of a comb, in both sexes, the front wings without the ; small round white spots within the cells, seen in Corydalis, and with the brown veins interrupted with white. Their ordinary mode of locomotion is by crawling along weeds and ; the debris of various kinds which gathers at the bottom of ponds, but Notonecta or Zaitha would come near the Chauliodes while pe the i When handled, the Chauliodes larve occasionally eject from the intel ; @. rastricornis was for a long time thought to be confined to the appearance the horned Corydalis, C. cornuta—a much more com- a, 4 ’ ptt * a - e: ~ bey che i a! SINT ik ins ele ries) ih DCS eet ee 2 ht 7 ot ‘ h + Saar a“ JA ¥ aay. ers “ , - , Ps; a piamhier® common insect in itetentiies favorable for it in State of New York, it having been frequently taken by me at venectady, on the Mohawk river, in the months of June and July, i Ohanliodes serricornis Say was ; rare in the month of June, while ps a iastetcornis has not occurred with me, in New York. Examples of C. 3 etinicornis in the Harris collection, and now in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, Birding to Dr. Hagen (loc. cit), «tata Teme horned Aebsty, Ona bear the following dates of capture: July and August, 1821; May 25, 1827; June 10, 1827; September 20, 1829; N. Carolina; fia New fox, Ep alyctisy: " Not an Injurious Insect. y Whi e of a carnivorous habit, the food of the larva, for the most AF A pa hie taken from the bottom of the waters which it inhabits, would naturally consist of both injurious and beneficial forms, perhaps about ‘s y divided. It has been suggested that with a seeming preference :° pond life, it might become injurious should it ever abound in fish ponds, from feeding on the eggs of fishes and the young fry; but know- Re the fondness of the bass and several other fishes for the horned | rydalis — the “ dobson,”— there need be no fear that this weaker and formidable looking creature would ever be permitted to become F ju iously abundant in any water where desirable fish-food is not | excess. Corydalis cornuta (Linn.). The Horned Corydalis. (Ord. NrvroprEerRa: Fam. Srarip 2.) INDUS: Syst. Nat., i, pars ii, xii edit., 1767, p. 916.3 (Raphidia). RICIUS: Sp. Ins., i, 1781, p. 392.1; Mant. Ins., i, 1787, p. 246.1; Ent. Syst., ii, & -—s«-1793, p. 81.1 (Hemerobius). | JATH BILLE: Gen. Crust. Ins., iii, 71809, p. 199.1 (Corydalis). A ara in Mem. Acad. eesaatc! , Jan., 1850, pp. 162-168, pl. 1-3 (trans- formations). \GEN: Synop. Neurop. N. A., 1861, p. 192 (bibliography and description); in Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 1863, p. 181 (respiration and habits). ALSH: in Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 1863, p, 265 (traveling habits of larva and a ‘, transformations); in Pract. Entomol., i, 1866, p. 113 (habits); in 7zd., ii, 1867, p. 107 (horns of the male). _ ise 160 PORTY-FIFTH Report on THE State Mousevm. WALSH-RILEY: in Amer. Entomol., 1, 1867, pp. 61, 62, f. 56 (general account). “ih PACKARD: in Amer. Nat., i, 1867, p. 436, figs. 1, 2 (description of larva’ and | imago); Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 607, f. 594 (female); in 3d Rept. U. S. Ent. Commis., 1883; pp. 335-338, pl. lii, figs. 1-3 (structural charac- . ters); Entomol. Begin., 1888, p. 87, figs. 74-76 (mention); in Pee v, 1889, p. 224 (epipharynx). SAUNDERS: in 3d Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., for 1872, 1873, pp. 56-58, figs. 47, 48, i not 49; the same in Canad. Entomol., vii, 1875, pp. 64-67, figs. 9, 10 (natural history). RILEY: 5th Rept. Ins. Mo., 1878, pp. 142-145, figs. 69, 71 (general account); in Scientif. Amer., 1, 1873, pp. 392, 393 (habits, figures of stages, etc.); 9th Rept. Ins. Mo., 1877, pp. 125-129, figs. 30, 31 (early stages); in Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1876, xxv, 1877, pp. 275-279 (eggs); in id. for 1878, xxvii, 1879, pp. 285-287 (eggs, larva, imago, respiration, etc.); in Canad. Entomol., xi, 1879, pp. 96-98 (larval characteristics). Prec. as Corydalus cornutus. BARNARD: in Amer. Entomol., ili, 1880, p. 178 (as Corydalus — eggs). KRAUSS: in Psyche, iv, 1884, pp. 179-184, pl, 2 (as Corydalus — nervous system of larval head). FYLES: in 15th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1885, pp. 46-48, figs. 6, 7 (transforma- tions). ‘ Comstock: Introduc. Entomol., 1888, pp. 219-221, figs. 190, 191 (eggs, geo and transformations). . LINTNER: 7th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1891, p. 254 (the larva a traveler). BANKS: in Synop. Cat. Bib. Aenea! N. A., in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix, 1892, p. 357, This insect has been mentioned in my reports, but it has received no ~ extended notice, although inquiries have frequently been made of it by letter and in person. Personal inquiries have uniformly been met by presenting the excellent figures and account given by Professor Riley in the American Entomologist, for December, 1868. The figures of that article are herewith given from electrotypes obtained from Pro- fessor Riley. For another paper upon the insect from the same author, but essentially the same, the reader, may refer, if more con- venient, tothe Fifth Missouri Report. It may be noted here that in each of these the eggs of the insect are erroneously figured, as was subsequently learned, and for their correct representation and descrip- tion, the Ninth Missouri Report may be seen, where, also, the young larva is for the first time described and figured. References to other writings on this insect are given in the above bibliography, and as some of them, at least, may be conveniently referred to by thoze who would like to know more of its interesting habits and transformations, it is thought not desirable to embody them in a general account for the present report. 4 ; d, he imago - Corydalis, CorYDALIS CORNUTA : a, the larva; b, the pupa; c, the male PLATE 2.— The horned and thorax of the female Pe ¥ ihe e ; «< ’ a rat Eteurn REPORT OF THE ttle ie ENTOMOLOGIST. 161 T he following was sent to a correspondent, Mr. C. L. Shear, in ee N. Y., who wrote July 7th, 1891: ail you please give me the name of the inclosed insect, and tell e whether it is common or not; also whether there is any notice of it n your reports. The specimen is somewhat mutilated, owing to the ¢ barelessness of the collector, which was a cat. The insect is the “ horned Corydalis,” Corydalis cornuta, so named from the two long curved mandibles borne by the male. It belongs to | r the order of Neuroptera, and is allied to the dragon flies— like them, its Jarvee living in the water. Itis a common species, and is distributed “over a large part of the United States. The larv are often collected t by boys from beneath stones in running streams, and sold to fishermen at a good paying price, as bait, particularly suited to bass — it being, ‘in piscatorial parlance, “the dobson,” or “the crawler.” They are rmidable looking creatures, measuring, when full-grown, about three a a one-half inches in length, with a large flattened head provided with unusually long and strong mandibles, three pairs of long legs and 1 two sets on each side of floating lateral appendages which are breath- organs or gills, for its use in the water. It is also provided with the usual number of spiracles or breathing pores, to serve for respi- ion when it leaves the water for its pupation on the land beneath a ne or log. It is shown in Plate 2 at a. beDr., David Norwood, of Esperance, has given me the following infor- ation of its habits, which I find recorded among my notes under date o1 “May 3d, 1869: my ‘The larva leaves the water earlier than is usually supposed. At the pr esent time they may be found hidden under stones upon the shores f the Schoharie creek. They sometimes occur at a distance of a hun- ai ed yards from the stream in adjoining garden plats beneath stones. They are very numerous in this vicinity, and are extensively used for fish-bait. Quarts of them can be taken at any time by the boys, who poet the following ingenious plan for capturing them: Wading into the creek, with a seive in one hand and a hooked wire in the other, stone after stone is carefully raised with the hook, and from almost Bory one a larva is swept out by the running water and dexterously Beared by the seive placed in position for receiving it. In this man- -a bushel could be easily caught if so many were needed. The above was communicated te the gentleman in reply 405 his eh fifty-two motions having been counted in a minute. ¢ s La St ae 162 FOR1Y- FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE M pea tg 4 Mithoueh flies and other insects, and small earth worms were offered it. It underwent no moultings or other changes, and at the expiration of the time stated, it died, apparently from not having partaken of nourishment. Ware 4 Professor Riley has written (in the Canaian Entomologist, as ie cited) of the respiration of this larva as follows: “In the water a con-. : stant motion of the ventral branchial tufts is kept up, the main stem being first moved quickly backward and upward so as to bring the whole — | tuft close to the body, the filaments of which it is composed being then a closely appressed to each other. The main stem is then brought more slowly down in the opposite direction, when the filaments spread and enlarge the whole to its utmost. In pure water the motion occurs about once a second; as the water becomes impure the motion becomes more rapid.” | | i! The respiration as observed by me, not long after its reception and therefore before it could have become enfeebled, was far from being con- tinuous,— on the contrary it was remarkably intermittent, without any — apparent cause. The following note was made at the time: The branchial tufts may be, and frequently are, used independently of one another. The first and second pairs on segments four and five — at anel are the most frequently used, and sometimes those only on one side — are in action. An interval of twelve seconds has been observed, . without the slighest branchial motion. Occasionally, the only respira- tion seen was in the movement of a single branchial tuft. When — transferred to fresh water the respiration was increased in rapidity, Professor Riley has written: “The motion of the larva is invariably backward.” During its confinement in the aquarium, my specimen was often seen to swim in a forward direction, almost completing the circuit of the vessel, and with a facility very nearly equaling that of © its ordinary mode of progression. | e A nisge O se Pk an re aloe “Vir om is Cy ae ye dha me ely PLATE 3.— The, lunated long-sting, THALESSA LUNATOR: a, larva; b, side view of head; c, pupa; d, tip of pu pal ovipositor showing the five parts; e, the female; /, side view of abdomen; g, male; h, anal extremity of male, enlarged. NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS. Thalessa lunator (abr.). The Lunated Long-sting. \ x About twenty examples of this insect, males and females, were taken by me during the month of September, from the dead trunk of an elm left standing on a sidewalk in Albany, after its top had been cut off ata height of ten feet from the ground. The bark had been -Temoved from the tree while it was still living for about one-half its circumference and the wood painted to arrest further decay or injury. \ Early in September my attention was arrested by a quantity of saw- “dust clinging to the painted portion of the trunk, where, on examination, it was found to be perforated with hundreds of small round meee of a diameter of about one-tenth of an inch; while a still larger quantity of the r ust had fallen down and was covering the bark at and near the base. From eight to ten if eee 0 these holes could be counted, in places, in a yg. 18. A wood-wasp, Pra square inch of surface. Many of them, judging fray °% CONCOLOR Say Corie: rom their diameter, were the work of the wood- Seon, Pemphredon con- 2 or Say, numbers of which were observed upon the trunk, running over ‘it entering the holes, and emerging from them, during the time above stated. About twenty examples were captured for the State collection. a I find nothing written of the habits of either of our two species of y Pemphre don (marginat.s Say, the other). Curtis, in his Farm Insects _ (page 76), says of two English species, Pemphredon unicolor Latr., and bP. lugubris (Fabr.), that they may be seen during the summer nOnERE ‘carrying i immense quantities of aphides into holes in wood, posts, etc., i o feed their young upon. | A single example of Zremex columba (Linn.) was taken from the t runk September 16th. The “insects” (which of them could not be ‘ definitely stated, but probably “the long-stings,”’) had been so abund- ani during the month of August that they had attracted the attention ‘i persons living in the vicinity, and small boys, it was reported, had en amusing themselves by catching and killing them. ; “The Thalessas were only seen upon the bark. The males were 164. Forry-rivra Reporr on rue Svave Museum. trunk, for if disturbed, they would frequently fly up for a short circuit and then return. The females, rarely seen until the ? a latter part of the afternoon, were always intent on oviposition either getting in readiness to insert the ovipositor, or with it already se entered at various depths to a maximum of two inches, and with — the abdominal muscular sac aiding in oviposition, distended in different degrees. The wood was apparently solid where the ovipo- ; sition was occurring, but the bark had been perforated as numerously by the wood-wasps as had been the decorticated portion. That the wood was at least comparatively solid was shown by the firmness with which the ovipositor clung to it. Inanattempt to remove an example, while holding it by the thorax and abdomen, the body was torn in two : near its terminal end. But by seizing the ovipositor between the thumb and finger and pulling it steadily but gently, it could invariably be withdrawn entire in from fifteen to twenty seconds of time. | The tree was passed daily in my walks to and from my office. The — : Thalessas were observed for the last time on September 18th and the Pemphredons on September 22d. In the notice of Thalessa lunator in my Fourth Report, the question was asked: “Does Thalessa oviposit in exposed larve?” An ovipo- sition of a large Ichneumonidan in a colony of a Datana on a hickory tree, observed by me about the year 1860, was described and referred, from memory, to Zhalessa lunator. In Dr. Riley’s admirable paper on “The Habits of Thalessa and Tremex,” on pages 168-179 of Jnsect Life for December, 1888, in replying to the above query, he has endeavored to show that this method of oviposition was impossible to Thalessa, and suggested that my memory of the species that I had seen thus engaged must have been at fault,— some other large Ichneumon hay- ing been mistaken for Thalessa. That Dr. Riley is correct in this opinion finds strong support in a notice entitled ‘“Oviposition of Anomalon sp.,” by Prof. C. P. Gillette, in Hntomological News, i, 1890, p. 130, in which is related the oviposition of a large black Anomalon species, in a colony of Datana ministra, in a manner and with all the attendant circumstances identical with the operations as described by me. In the Journal of the New York Microscopical Society; for October, 1891, page 1385, Rev. J. L. Zabriskie gives an interesting account of a the very serious results attending a wound said to have been inflicted by one of the “long stings” on the arm near the wrist of a robust, healthy laboring man. “ For four or five days intense pain, and great swelling involving the entire arm, the axilla and a portion of the side of the body, gave symptoms of a severe case of erysipelas.” s { 4 % 4 4 r : O ae; Ereure Report or rae Stare Enromoxoeist. 165 7 an In my Fourth Report, a figure is given on page 39 of a Thalessa in he act of ovipositing, taken from some old cut, which, under the supposition that it was intended to represent 7! lunator, was so desig- nated by me. Dr. Riley, in | Insect Life, i, p. 173, has copied fr m the American Agriculturist, a figure almost identical with this, which he refers to Rhyssa per- _suasoria (Linn.)—an European "species, having a shorter oviposi- tor than ours, and with other - differential features that have 2 a ae given it place in another genus.= a _ correction of Neg ae the Fie. 20 — The long-sting. RHYSSA PERSUASORIA, figure of my Fourth Report is female, ovipositing. herewith given with its corrected name, and in Plate 2 [Figure 17], Talso "present the excellent plate of Zhalessa lunator which was one of the ‘illustrations of Dr, Riley’s paper previously referred to. — ae The illustration of Tremex Columba, in its larval, pupal and perfect stages, from the same paper is also given herewith, as being a great . 21 —Tremex Cotumsa: a, larva showing the Thalessa larva fastened to its side; b, head of rt larva; c, pupa of female; d, male pupa; e, adult female —all slightly enlarged. 166 For TY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Provancher, in his Faune Hyménoptérologique de la Province de Quebec, names Rhyssa persuasoria as found in Canada; and Mr. W. H. Harrington in the 21st Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1891, states of it: “I have not recognized this species at Ottawa yet, but havea male apparently belonging to it from Rey. G. W. Taylor, of Victoria, B. C.” ? Janus flaviventris Fitch. The Currant-stem Girdler. Of the operations of this insect, which was noticed in the Fourth ; Report on the Insects of New York, page 47, and which, up to the present we have not been able to refer, positively, to any known currant — pest, Mr. J. F, Rose, of South Byron, N. Y., has written, under date of June 6, 1891, as follows: I inclose specimens of a few currant stems which show the work of — an insect which cuts them off so that about two or three inches of the, young growth breaks over. A few years ago I was badly tormented with currant borers, and, on marking several shoots in June that were injured in this way, found that each of them in the spring had a borer. Since that time it has been my habit to go over the currants several — times, cutting off these shoots about one inch below the injury and burning the injured tips. I now find very few borers. Am I right in thinking that the saw-fly, or whatever it is that does the cutting, is” the egg-inserter that makes the currant stalk-borer ? Replying to Mr. Rose, he was informed of the puzzle that this ae girdler had been, and request was made that he mark some of the punctured stems, and send them in the early spring for examination for the pupa or matured insect, that the insect causing the injury might be identified. Its operations were seen by me on the grounds of Mr. George T. Powell, at Ghent, N. Y., on June 8th of the present year, in his extensive plantation of Fay’s Prolific currant, but only in a few examples. A dissection of two of the punctured twigs received from Mr. Rose disclosed the egg within the stem, at about a half-inch in each instance below the puncture. It was white, transparent, rounded at the ends, one-twentieth of an inch in length and half as broad. The following, taken from Jnsect Life, ii, 1891, p. 407, may prove to be the recognition and identification of the “ currant-stem girdler,” above referred to: I send you by this mail one male parent of a native Hymenopterous currant worm, the same as was noted a year or two ago by Professor Lintner, in his Fourth New York Report. I first bred one pair in 1887 from larve grown in 1886, and this was raised in 1888-89. The springs — of 1888 and 1890 I was not able to find any. Please report name, ete.— — [E. W. Allis, Adrian, Michigan, December 3, 1890. | he a ‘ q E : : : are Z ‘ a; wi 5% My iad, 4 re Va eee Megs ‘Ereurn Bore oF ‘THE Pacaee Bion uotean 167 oR terLy.—This insect is without doubt Janus Jlaviventris Fitch; see F Fitch’ ’s seventh report, species No. 12. This discovery of yours is a _ very interesting one, if the insect works in the way described by Lint- ne rin his fourth report, page 47.—[ December 5, 1890. | b'On turning to Dr. Fitch’s Seventh Report (page 165 of the Sixth- y ‘Ninth Reports, 1865), we find, as Nos. 12 and 13, Janus flaviventris, n. sp., and Phyllecus trimaculatus Say, followed by: “In rye fields t oward harvest time, scattering heads of the grain remaining erect and ha aving a prematurely ripe appearance, the straw bored its whole length ‘ b a footless worm a half-inch long.” In the text following, Dr. Fitch questions whether this may be the work of some species of CAlorops, or of some saw-fly nearly related to the Cephus pygmeus of Europe _ [since found in the State of New York]. He then adds: “A New ‘York insect of this kind, the same in size with the European species, and coming abroad like it the last of May, has the hind body cylindri- eal instead of being compressed, and consequently pertains to the i. Janus.” ‘i _ Dr. Fitch’s description of the species is herewith given, that it may be n hereafter if it be the one that may be bred from the girdled currant Pa ems. ‘The girdling operation would be anomalous in the Cephide. a It isa pretty little fly of a shining black color, with its hind body eee yellow except at its base, its mouth being straw-colored, and so the hind margin of its collar, the base of its" wings, a small black ‘spot above its sockets, and the fore and hind margins of the meta- Biiorax. The hind body is more narrow than the fore body, and more ‘narrow and long than in the typical species of this genus, forming almost two-thirds of the total length of the insect. Its basal segment | is black, edged anteriorly with straw-yellow, and with a slender line of it his color along its middle, ending in a large triangular spot. The econd segment is also black except at its hind end; and on the sides is ‘a blackish cloud on the surface of each of the remaining segments. he wings are hyaline and glossy, their stigma sooty brown, which Fe tor extends inward, occupying most of the anterior marginal cell. A ie int smoky cloud may also be perceived near the middle of the pos- ae terior apical cell, and another along the margin of the anterior one. The hind feet are dusky. seep vans is a genus of the Uroceride, allied to C ephus. J. peas : ris Fitch is the only species recorded in this country. Mr. Edward — Norton has included it in his “Catalogue of the Tenthredinide and Uroceride of North America,” in 1867, in the last-named family, but had not seen the species.* Mr. E. T. Cresson, in his later Catalogue 80) of the same families, includes it among the Jenthredinidw, and in his more recent “Synopsis of the Hymenoptera of North America,” - the Uroceride (page is , G t % a fall ee Dee 168 Forry-rirra Report on THE Stare Museum. From perhaps a dozen of the burrowed twigs subsequently sent. to. me by Mr. Rose in the spring after the girdling had been marked in the preceding spring, a single example of the perfect insect was obtained. It had become moldy and was set aside for cleaning, after Nematus Erichsonii Hartig. The Larch Saw-fly. This insect is still continuing its ravages in the Adirondack Moun- foo) oS He tains. On August 7, 1891, many of the larches observed from the road Fre, 22.—The larch saw-fly, NemATus ErRICHSONII, in natural size and enlarged, and the larvee in different stages in natural size. (After Packard.) in passing from the Wilmington Notch to the Mountain View House in North Elba, in Essex county, were seen to be nearly or entirely stripped of their leaves. Quite a number of dead larches were noticed — which it was thought had been killed by their annual defoliation for a few years past—the attack having been observed by me in the Lake Placid region in the summer of 1888. At this time the larve had entirely left some of the trees, while on a few they were still feeding in small numbers, an unsatisfactory comparison with the Fitch description had been made, which seemed to indicate a different species. Unfortunately the specimen has been mislaid and can not now be found. iat -* Prince Edward Island, Dominion of Canada, and giving an account of its ravages in the Province, and my reply to the same, is 7 on the Country Gentleman, of November 13, 1890 (page 905). at: Eds. C. G—The juniper or larch (Larix Americana), which Bitionae i in this vicinity, and, in fact all over the Province, is being . devastated of its leaves, and presents a withered, decayed appearance through the action of the saw-fly, Vematus Erichsonii. The first | Baidisation of this pest was noticed in the summer of 1889, but this - summer the injury has been so much aggravated that in the months of July and September it was rare to see a green leaf on a tree. Now, owever, they are free from the attacks of the pest, as the larve, when Bee iced, fall to the ground, leaving the tree to make a little gr owth by { _ the aid of the autumn rains. Whether this pest is going to exterminate the larch completely in this Province remains to be seen. It has, how- . ‘ever, done great injury to the larch in Nova Scotia. I am informed that ‘the fly was first noticed near Boston, Mass., in 1880. Iam also told that there is no remedy to allay the ravages of the fly. Does a the sage associate of this paper know of any means? I would like to hear from Dr. Lintner on the subject.— J. A. M., Kings Co., P. E. I. - The communication above gives an interesting account, from an _entomological standpoint, .of the first notice and rapid spread and serious ravages of this introduced European insect in Prince Edward ‘ sland. Its operations there appear to be similar to those which seem | everywhere to follow its spread. 2 That there is no remedy, so far as known, to allay the ravages of the insect is unquestionably too true. When the larve make their attack ‘upon an isolated tree in cultivated ground, they may be destroyed — by an arsenical spraying, but, as I have elsewhere written, when large areas of the larch are infested, as tamarack swamps, it is useless to _attempt to compete with the enemy. Its destruction through any ‘applications that could be made would be altogether too costly to war- rant the outlay required. The best that could be done in such cases 4 would be to fell the trees as soon as it is noticed that they are dead or d loomed, and before decay has impaired their value, and use them for some of the many purposes for which the timber is available. A some- 4 what extended and illustrated account of this larch saw- a appears 1n ) my y Fifth Report on the Insects of New York. \s Feniseca Tarquinius (Fabr.). ae The Litile Orange Butterfly. This, usually rare butterfly, was frequently seen in Keene Valley during the months of July and August, of 1891. Attention was ordi- “narily drawn to it by its short, rapid flights in the roadways, flitting ai a et of about eee from the ground, often in pairs chasing nh) ae PORTY-FIFTH pip ORT on THE eevee M UsEUM. : one another, or, if driven up from the leaves, flying about for a brief x time and then returning and alighting upon the branch it had before occupied. It was seldom active except in bright sunlight and at about ae the middle of the day. Ina single instance only was it seen to alight : on the ground — in the Wilmington Notch, Adirondack Mts., August 6th, 1891. Examples of the butterfly were taken by me in Keenpy Valley on the following dates: July 20, 24, 27, 29, August 4, 5, 15, 20. . Most of those collected in August were more or less worn. pee gi A larva was found ina colony of Pemphigus tessellata (Fitch), on July 20th, which was nearly mature, for after having eaten a few hundred aphides it transformed to a pupa on the side of the box containing it. Es) 4 _ Brushing from the alder a colony of the aphides for food for the — caterpillar, three additional caterpillars were discovered in the box the ; following day which were unobserved at the time of collecting. It was subsequently noticed that a lump-like accumulation of the aphides _ on the alder twig usually indicated the presence of a nearly full- “STOWE larva beneath it. , It was observed that Pemphigus tessellata was much less abundant in Keene than in former years. Probably its numbers had been largely reduced by the Feniseca caterpillars of the first brood. Of the four larvee mentioned above, the first pupated on July 93d. Of the other three, the time of pupation was not noted, but was between August 4th and August 8th; of these the first butterfly emerged on September 11th, and a second one during the latter part of November. 3 EKudryas grata (Fabr.). The Beautiful Wood-nymph. With the increase of this insect and the fondness of the caterpillar for the leaves of the Virginia creeper, Ampelopsis quinquefolia, it may develop into a household pest. In the spring of 1890, several of the pup were found beneath the border of a carpet in the reetory of Grace Episcopal church, in Albany, into the substance of which they had partly burrowed for pupation, and had inflicted some injury by cutting the threads. Almost the entire side of the rectory is covered, and the windows quite surrounded, ai noice nasa eluant with the Ampelopsis, but the cater- c, its collar; d, markings of the hump on pillars had not been observed as the eleventh segment; e, an upper view of the , Ss \ < r or - natural size shown beside them (after Riley). ceding year. » ' ‘ahs ¥ 5 Lae at ; ow eee shh at oh Sh w te lg | Be Brenna Report | OF THE Spars ENTOMOLOGIST. 17] cE .. Raaturniliar, which is "peautitally marked in black and orange ba Ads ‘(six black ones and one orange on each of the principai . egments) and black spots, is shown at a, in err 23; at e and f, the x elicately ribbed egg of the moth is Feptesented in enlargement, showing . ‘its flattened form. In Figure 24, the m oth is shown. When seen, in nature, a its varied and tender colors, the names that it bears —both the popular and the scientific, can not fail of being 4 appreciated. See Fifth Report of this yg. 24—The beautiful wood-nymph | series, 1889, p. 181 for its description. Euprvus cra (after Riley). Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linn.). The Scallop- Wing. ¥ * The caterpillar was taken in Keene Valley, N. Y., in July, feeding on the leaves of willow. At maturity it pre ea the following features: Be caacit, 1.75 inch, cylindrical, slender (about one-eighth of an inch broad), tapering at the extremities; velvety green. Head green, as _ broad as the first segment, traversed mesially by a delicate red line. — Abdomen with a yellow or cream-colored line midway between the ( dorsum and the spiracles, edged below, interruptedly, on segments two to six, with black. Spiracles bordered with orange. Sete from the | setiferous spots, short and inconspicuous. (See figure given by Dr. — Packard i in the Fifth Report of U. S. Entomological Commission.) Y The caterpillar spun its thin cocoon between leaves attached to some - threads by its anal spine on the morning of July 24th; on the 26th, it had transfermed to the pupa. The moth emerged August , oF “sth — eleven days pupation. yy I had previously given the characters of this caterpillar in my _ . . M4 ee rie Contributions No, I, 1872, p. 63. The following differ- ences therein from the above may be noted: The yellow lateral stripe is is shaded beneath with brown; head crossed by a black stripe; pupa- a ‘ion of the summer brood from fifteen to twenty days. (See, alte note: in Ent. Contrib., Il, 1874, p. 164.) ppl have taken this moth on May 6th, which was probably a hibernated | i j 8 species of this genus is well known for its hibernating faculties and. *Manual of British Butterflies and Moths, 1857, i, p. 308. i dividual. Stainton remarks of its habits in England*: “The single ie =~ ee year —in June and August. According to Guenée, Noct. ii, page iM , Ly uA | bal 172 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. F > 4 partiality to out-houses; it is consequently frequently met with by incipients during the winter months, and may be found on the wing at the end of April and in May.” . The moth was of common occurrence “at sugar” in collections — made by me at Schenectady, N. Y., in the year 1875, having been taken July 8 (sugaring commenced July 7), 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 90;)) 24, 30. The following year it was taken or noted, also “at sugar,” on s May 20 (not on sixteen succeeding nights of sugaring), June 26, 27, 28, 29, July 1, 3, 7, 8 (being each night of sugaring), 15 (absent on ten nights following), August 9, 10, 14, 19 (not seen on September 4 and —~ 6, when the collections were discontinued). It was the most numerous a during the last of June. These observations indicate two broods a _ 405, it has, so to speak, no fixed time for its appearance from the pupa. Roitiast, in his Catalogue des Chenilles Huropéennes, gives as the food-plants of the caterpillar, willow and poplar, in summer and autumn. With us it has only been recorded on the willow. Exechia species ? A Fungus Gnat. A number of specimens of this fly were brought to me by Mr. A. L. Train, as having occurred in such abundance in his room, in Albany, as to excite his curiosity as to their source and purpose. Being unknown to me, they were submitted to Mr. F. Kowarz, the distinguished Dipterologist of Franzensbad, Bohemia, for name and habits, if known, who very obligingly returned the following informa- — tion in regard to the insect: It belongs to the genus Hxechia Winnertz, of the family of Mycetophitide. Baron Osten Sacken does not mention this genus in his Catalogue of North American Diptera, 1878. 'The various species of Hxechia live, like their kindred, almost all in mushrooms, which are fully destroyed by the larvee of Mycetophilide. To speak of their utility or destructiveness in an agricultural sense depends altogether on the value of the mushrooms for the farmer. With us the opinion regarding mushrooms is divided. | Mr. F. V. Theobald, in his volume just published — An Account of British Flies — states that the Hvechia larvee live in fungi. A fun- gorum and JZ, lateralis are common British species, while eight other species occur in England. ‘These fungus gnats often appear in great numbers on windows in houses, especially in the autumn, | ty nae Tk ce Biting if? ig Erourn eons ‘OF THE Sirk ENTOMOLOGIST. id 3 ix ny . Telephorus ?bilineatus (Say); Be Occurring on Snow. o> 6 . al cs A remarkable occurrence of the larva of what is believed to be the above named insect, wasreported by Mr. Holdredge, of Center, Herkimer county, N. Y., through Mr. Daniel Batchelor, of Utica, N. Y. | a Mr. Holdredge’s statement is, that on or near the 10th of February last (1891), during a rain, the insects “fell” by millions on his farm and “upon the adjoining one, owned by Mr. Morgan. For the distance of a half mile and for about twelve rods in width, the snow was literally alive and black with “the worms,” while beyond this strip in every _ direction, they were quite, but less, abundant. They were seen to travel ~ about for a day or two, while some of them penetrated into the snow, and others were frozen stiff on the surface. Some of the frozen ones were taken inte his house, where exposed to warmth, they became active and quite lively again. _ Examples of the larvee sent me were submitted to Dr. Riley, and were identified by him as those of Telephorus bilineatus, with the possibility of their being T. Carolinus (Fabr.), the northern repre- sentative of the genus. While according 2 very well with the former, there appeared * some slight differences in the density of the © Te Bt Aone Se uadiana velvety covering. Figure 25 (after Riley), anterior segments enlarged; c, illustrates the insect, and Figure 26 (after eget ecto, matural: size. Packard), the larval head and _ prothorax os from above and below. The explanation of the larve appearing on the snow would be, that — Pthey were drawn from the ground by the [warm ?] rain, and with the F change of rain into snow, _ they continued, with its Pit _ increasing depth to ONS aii _ mount to the surface, as NY we Mad other larvee have been _ known to do. (See the Baccount of the occur- rence of the bronze- 0 lored_ cut-worm, @ Vephelodes violans | pen, on suow, in Can- “ da, and in. Sullivan Fie. 26.—Head and prothoracic segment, from above and 4 below of TELEPHORUS BILINEATUS. county, N. Y., related in 1e Fourth Report on the Insects of New York, 1888, pp. 54-56.) et ee RAR Se, Poh TOMS cud ROE) Co bal | a, eg” Bg eh yee Hae Heist Cay a 174 Porry- -FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE M. USEUM. Another singular oceurrence of this Polephorne larva is that; in chick , : : many specimens were drawn up from a well in Bloomfield, Conn, — adhering to the bucket, from the latter part of November, 1875, to the ne 0 month of April following, being the most abundant about Christmas, on which day forty or fifty were drawn up at once. Dr. Riley’s — explanation of their presence, is that “they must have been feeding upon small animals in the crevices between the bricks [stones ?], from — which they occasionally fell into the water and instinctively adhered — to the bucket.” * . } Of the normal habits of Zelephorus bilineatus, Dr. Packard states, that Mr. P. 8. Sprague has found the larva near Boston under stones in the spring, when it pupates, and early in May becomes a beetle. It should probably be regarded as a beneficial species from its habit _ of feeding on other insects. Dr. Riley has bred the beetle from lary — found feeding on the apple-worm of the codling-moth, Carpocapsa pomonella, and has frequently met with it under apple trees among early wind-falls, where it was probably searching for the worms of the infested fruit. He has also found it in the tree upon the apples. The perfect insect appears to be mainly a vegetable feeder, having been shaken from the branches of plum, peach, and apricot trees. Dr. Packard states that early in May it feeds on the newly expanded leaves of the birch.t ‘This insect belongs to a subfamily of the Lampyride, or fire Sie , the Telephorine. No light-organs exist in any of the species. v «They are more active than the other Lampyride, and are often found upon flowers, or running over the surface of leaves in search for their prey, which seems to consist mostly of the soft larve of other insects” (LeBaron). PLachnosterna fusca (Frohl.). White Grub of the May Beetle. In reply to a request from Red Bank, N. J., for name and habits of specimens sent, the following answer was riddle through the Country’ Gentleman of October 29, 1891: The insects sent are white grubs, varying in size from about one- fourth grown to nearly full growth, and are from egg-deposits of * First Annual Report of the U. S. Entomological Commission, 1878, p. 303. + First Annual Report of the Injurious and Beneficial Insects of Massachusetts, 1871, p. 26. ‘ a t 7 ccs ae <= eas es eee ee ee & a ee ee” a2 ee eg ee ee ee ee ae ee eS SF ae eaten ge ee, ee ee OO Pe ee ee ey ahs Sel ape Atalths xd te {iy oie x jm} Ma ) sis oe PD . ’ . | . sts f she , Veeks tn. sist Lt j yest ath “ Wi . y ; PP - dd 2 adit Ae " NT adele f ye ee | : a iis i - Browen Report OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 175 e rei years. They are ithe the “‘ white-grub ” of the common May ne beetle, Lachnosterna fusca, or a nearly allied 7 There are a number of these Scarabeide whieh so closely resemble Z. fusca that the beetles can be with difficulty separated, and indeed we do not ae or do writers agree, which should be recognized as species or regarded merely as varieties. Dr. Horn, in oh is “ Revision of the Species of Lachnosterna of Nor th % America,”* has referred twenty-one species to the Z. fusca wg x — The group, while more recently Professor J. B. Smith has White-grub of found structural features in six forms ‘previously FUs¢4 (Fron). confounded with “Z. fusca, and has named them as species.t The little that is known of the larve of these beetles renders it “absolutely impossible to separate and determine them. After enumer- ating and characterizing ninety-one species of American Lachnosterna, Professor Smith makes regretfully this confession: “As it stands at _ present, we do not know, positively, the larva of a single specie of + Lachnosterna. at : - The habits of these “ white- abet of the fusca and nearly allied ¢ oups, may be presumed to be very much alike—all feeding on the 2 oots or grasses, various plants and shrubs, or other vegetation. _ Although the examples sent can not be positively named, yet if there is is anything connected with their finding that renders it particularly denirable to know more of them, they will be given further study for _ approximate determination. a Ret s. Cyllene pictus (Drury). a The Hickory Borer. . Stine insects taken from burrows in dry hickory wood were received early in March, from New Market, New Jersey, with inquiries of them. _ They were recognized as the pupe of the hickory borer, Cyllene . pictus, formerly known and appear- ing in many of our entomological “writings, as Clytus pictus. This species g was confounded with the locust borer, 4 Cyllene robiniw (Foerst.), for a ae time, and until it was separated from it b, y distinctive characters by Mr. Walsh, Fig. 28.—The hickory-tree borer, fase in 1864.§ The females of the two Say ea Species can be distinguished only with difficulty, but the male of C. pictus 2 an be readily known by its antenne longer than the body, and quite oat Rt asictions of the American Entomological Society, iv, 1887, pp. 209-296, Plate 3. ; + Notes on the Species of Lachnosterna of Temperate North America: Proc. U. S. National. 2 iseum, Xi, 1889, p. 503. 176 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. ‘2 -—s-* Insect Life, i, 1888, page 154. +Id., page 379. ¢ © ii., 1890, page 148. ome et Rec ayo PE TT Malaya oo ah Lda on ACE OTC Ee plac Saal BA $, Tay ey it ae SADA ee yt vice a aes ee ae a Na i ; TEA e (bey ie baa t y - S z ra 178 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. increase and injuries as observed by him, in the city of Brooklyn, A yy The Pulvinaria innumerabilis is not only destroying all of the soft maples, Acer rubrum, and white or silver-leaved maple, Acer dasy- carpum, in the city of Brooklyn, but it has also invaded the gardens and is rapidly destroy- ing the grapevines, and the Japan ivy, Ampelopsis Vetchii, which covers the brick walls of many «my fine residences and ¥ churches. On the “= latter the pest has a : \ \ “ most excellent retreat SSS EG SWS and shelter, and can ik) a Nama — pe) ee =“ not be dislodged by iN Vy No | Yy : . ordinary remedies. — 1 ‘ls S There are already a “Ss 2) mi many thousands of ‘ A & trees dying from the ~ \ W8£U Se fea ‘attack of this sucking = TZ iy ) aie est, and the city is << DY SBE deere nothing ae check it. A few thousands of dollars properly expended a few years ago might have saved the trees, but now a million of dollars would not replace the damaged trees. I have written several articles calling the attention of the residents of Brooklyn to this pest, and made one report to the Board of Parks (by request) on the same, but the owners of fine shade trees groan over their loss but make no practical effort to repair it. | The future entomologist is likely to have quite as much to do as those of the present day, and it is to be hoped that his labors will be more highly appreciated. y a Be Et a San Fig. 30.—The maple-tree scale insect, PULVINARIA INNUMERABILIS. The scale of the insect with the large, white, cottony mass thrown out from beneath it for the protection of the eggs and the newly- hatched young is represented in Figure 30. Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, of Buffalo, N. Y., in a letter dated February 28th, 1891, has written of the large numbers of this insect observed by him, after the falling of the leaves the preceding autumn, on the maples planted as shade trees along the streets of Buffalo. He was ~ apprehensive that, in their increase, they would prove to be a great scourge the following summer. Ereu tH Reporv’ or THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 179 Gryllus luctuosus Serville. The Common Black Cricket. 2 Mr. Wm. B. Marshall, of the New York State Museum, at Albany, 4 _ reports that during a sojourn at Cape May, N. J., in the month of July (aa last, a suit of clothes belonging to a friend, which had just been ‘i R a received from the tailor, and was hanging over the back of a chair, Vane Bras completely ruined in a single night by crickets that had entered k _ through open windows and eaten large holes in the garments. On a request, some of the crickets were secured and sent to me for identifi- eation. They proved to be @ryllus luctuosus Serv. pS _ While we believe this is not of frequent occurrence, yet it has long | _ been known that the Gryllidw as well as the Acridide are not exclu- We sively vegetarian in their feeding habits. Thus, Walsh has recorded of : ‘= Gryllus abbreviatus Sery.—a species closely allied to, and usually associated with, the above, that “ whenever they gained admission into © houses, after eating into apples and other vegetable matter that they 3 found there, often concluded their repast by gnawing holes into boots, _ shoes, and woolen clothes.”* He has also remarked : “All the crickets © feed indiscriminately both on animal and vegetable substances. I have ig 3 repeatedly noticed abbreviatus under dead putrid birds, etc.”+ a Clothing long worn and charged with animal matter from the person +h ae from extraneous sources, might naturally be supposed to attract crickets that have acquired the taste indicated above, just as soiled _ clothing has occasionally been eaten by Dermestes lardarius, the larder “ede “o~ eee ie 9 ee o) Wel ae af = ph, ee ? _— a beetle; but that new woolen clothing should be eaten in preference to FS _ old, can only be accounted for upon the supposition that a special 4 _ attraction, in this case, was found in the animal matter belonging to pe _ the wool, or employed in its dressing, and remaining in the woven : . é fabric. za k me, Trombidium locustarum Riley. ‘The Locust Mite. PPledse give me the name and history of the parasite that deposits its Bernall, oval, red eggs near the base of the grasshopper’s wings.—L. G. L, . B Adena, O., September 10th, 1891. 7 «a* i . rag =e Say a Bd he‘ Sell, oval, red eggs” of which inquiry is made, i is the locust bey Bite, Trombidium locustarum Riley. It renders most excellent ser- | Ny = nee ah en = *American Entomologist, i, 1868, p. 53. y .. + Practical Entomologist, i, 1866, p. 126. vg hen. 180 _PORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. vice —at times, of almost incalculable value —in the destruction of the egos of the western locusts (commonly called grasshoppers), which $ it seeks when buried in the ground and eagerly devours. The young — mites are very active little creatures, living at first in the ground where they feed on decaying animal and vegetable substances. When the | opportunity is given them, they crawl upon the bodies of the locusts Fig. 31.— TROMBIDIUM LOCUSTARUM.— a, mature larva when about to leave the wing of a locust; 6, pupa; c, male adult; d, female adult; e, palpal claw and thumb; f, pedal claws; g, one of the barbed hairs; h, the striations on the larval skin. (After Riley.) and attach themselves, in preference beneath the base of the wings, but sometimes, when unusually abundarit, covering the entire body. While upon the locust, they are immature, being in their larval stage, and having only six legs. As they gorge themselves with the juices of — their host, their bodies swell out into an oval sack-like form, almost concealing the legs, although they are long, and in this condition [rep- resented at @ in the figure] they may very easily be mistaken, as in the above inquiry, for eggs. After they have completed their larval growth they drop to the ground, where they undergo two changes— first to the pupa [shown at } in the figure] and then to the perfect eight-legeed form [shown at ¢ and d]. They pass the winter in the ground, and are said to be active whenever the temperature is a few degrees above the freezing. A detailed and interesting article on this mite from the pen of Professor Riley, from which the above facts and figures have been ; taken, is to be found in the First Annual Report of the United States Entomological Commission, pages 306-311. This mite is not confined to the Central or Western States, but has been observed in New Hampshire preying in very large numbers, both onthe eggs and the mature insect of the lesser locust, MJelanoplus atlanis (Riley).* *Marlett, in Insect Life, ii, 1889, pp. 67, 68. _ INSECT ATTACKS — THEIR REMEDIES AND PRE- VENTIVES. 4 __ The number of our more injurious insect pests is so large that com- a ‘paratively few have been treated of in the seven preceding reports of the State Entomologist. It is desirable that each should be presented to the agriculturists of the State of New York in such detail and length of notice as would meet the requirements of the more advanced : farmers, fruit-growers, and gardeners. In the main, this would be met in the presentation of the literature, history, description, illustrative _ figures, habits, life-history, distribution, and, above all, the best _ approved remedies and preventives, of the several species. A work of this magnitude, however, would require at least a score of years for its eee etion. In the meantime, it would certainly be of considerable service if there could be given to the public even brief notices of our 4 more injurious pests, in which their features were sufficiently described for their identification, their transformations and more interesting habits stated, together with some simple methods by which their 2 injuries can be prevented or lessened. . _ A number of notices, embracing some of the above particulars, have 3 been contributed by the Entomologist during preceding years to agri- cultural papers—notably to the Country Gentleman and New | England Homestead, in reply to inquiries received of the more 3 common pests of the garden, orchard, and farm. As each of these is believed to contain matter of some importance and value, it may not be amiss to extend their usefulness by incorporating them from time to time in this series of annual reports, where they may serve some ‘purpose (one would be, convenience of reference) until the time shall arrive when the insects of which they speak may receive more careful no and studied consideration. With the above will also be included some communications made to a ndividuals, relating to insects of somewhat general interest. Be . «ee REMEDIES FOR THE Pracu-TREE Borer. _ The following communication was received from a correspondent in Waynesville, Ohio : I wish you, or some of your experienced correspondents, would give directions for destroying, and also for -preventing, borers 182 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. in young peach trees. The principal danger seems to be while the trees are young and tender. If one has but a few trees, perhaps the best way would be to search the borer out and destroy it, but during a part of the life of this pest it is very small and difficult to find so close to the ground; besides, in large orchards it would be an exceedingly slow and expensive process. I see in the Scientific American, copied from the V. &. Homestead, that an effectual treatment is to “make a mixture of wood ashes and water, in the proportion of one quart of ashes to a pail of water. Stir well; make a little ridge of earth around the tree, a few inches from it, and pour in the mixture. It will soak into the worm-holes, and will kill them every time.” The writer says he has used it for years successfully. He says that it may be necessary to do it twice the first year, but after that a very little care will keep the trees free from them. For want of ashes a thin solution of lime will do, he says. Why not heap a quart of ashes around the tree and let the rains supply the water? Now what I want to know is, whether this treatment has been sufficiently tested to justify me or any one else in depending on it in a large way — a thousand trees or more? Would not an application of whitewash be as good a treatment as could be desired, after the trees are two or three years old — or thick soap-suds, applied with a brush or a rag? The first year the bark would no doubt be too tender for the whitewash. Is it not found that it greatly increases the life aad vitality of the peach tree to shorten in the branches every year after the season’s growth is completed? Peach trees are generally short-lived; it is desirable to prolong their lives if we can, and such treatment will probably make them less liable to break down, owing to the disposition of the limbs to grow to great length, with most of the fruit far from the trunk of the tree. . It is not a difficult task to control this insect, #geria exitiosa, the Sannina exitiosa of many recent writers, if the proper means are Fia@, 32,—The peach-tree borer, SANNINA EXITIOSA (Say): 1, the male moth; 2, the female moth. taken for it. It is possible to prevent its injuries to a great extent by the old method of searching for the presence of, and cutting out, the larve. There are those who contend that the destruction of the insect is the only proper thing to do, since by the applica- ts ‘ < he 5 Oc ds O4 b ia tw Me ft a" 2 we "= a = = \ qe pit ek aii Tue | “4 mip rw “ai hy LIA k ‘ . my FrextH Report or THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 183 y tion of preventives you do not reduce its number, but only drive it away to unprotected orchards. A sufficient answer to this is, that _ there should be no unprotected orchards, and that the peach-grower who is too ignorant or indolent to employ the simple and inexpensive _ means by which his trees may be protected, does not deserve that they d _ should give him remunerative crops. q Y Fig. 33.—Male and female moths of the peach-tree borer, enlarged (after Emmons). __ [The male and female moths, which are quite unlike in appearance, _ are shown in Figure 23, in twice their natural size, taken from Dr. Coquil- let’s “ Our Injurious Agerians,” in vol. v of the Journal of the Colum- q bus Horticultural Society. Figure 33, after Emmons, also illustrates _ the same insects. | | _ The treatment quoted above, of wood ashes and water placed in a funnel-shaped cavity about the tree, would unquestionably serve a good _ purpose in the destruction of the eggs and the young larva, if applied _ a few days after the deposit of the eggs or their hatching. But as the 3 a period of egg-laying of the peach-tree moth extends over the months of June, July, and August, it would require too frequent an application of _ the ash remedy to render it reliable and practical. —~ a Carbolic Acid Wash. _ This wash has been tested for several years, and so far as we know, y has never failed to give satisfaction. Several large peach-growers _ have used no other method of protection. Two or three formulas have been given for it, but probably the best is that presented by Mr. Bate- ham of Painesville, O., in the Country Gentleman, vol. xlv, 1880, p. 246, and also published, with others, in the Second Report on the Insects _ of New York, 1885, pp. 24-26: “For an orchard of five hundred bearing trees we buy a pint of _ erude carbolic acid (or half as much of the refined), costing not over _ twenty-five cents; then take a gallon of good soft soap and thin it witha gallon of hot water, stirring in the acid, and letting it stand over night or longer; then add eight gallons of cold soft water and stir. We ae x ts 5 ° ire os oe *S. ae - bank « 184 PORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. have then ten gallons of the liquid ready for use. The wash should be thoroughly applied with a swab or brush around the base of each tree, taking pains to have it enter all crevices.” Mr. Bateham gives for his locality (about 42 degrees of N. latitude), — as the proper time to apply the above, during the last of June, if the weather is hot, or the first of July. He had never seen the moth depositing its eggs before the last-named date, and if eggs had been deposited a few days earlier, he claims that the wash would kill them at once. Carbolic Acid and Paris Green Wash. Mr. J. H. Hale, a successful peach-grower mm South tasters bury, Conn., has recommended in a paper published in the Trans- actions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, for 1888 (Part I, p. 66), a wash for the prevention and killing of the peach-tree borer, which would seem, on some accounts, to be even preferable to the preceding. He represents the egg-laying period of the moth to commence in the latter part of May, and continuing into September. On rare occasions he had seen the moth deposit eggs in the crotches of the larger limbs. Has this been observed, or the larvee found in such localities by any one else ? The objects sought in the wash are: first, to smooth the bark; second, to prevent oviposition; and third, to kill the egg or larva if oviposition has occurred. The exact proportions are not very important. Toacom- mon bucketful of water take two quarts of strong soft soap, half a pint of crude carbolic acid, two ounces of Paris green, first reduced to a paste, with water and lime enough to form a thin paste that will adhere to the tree. A little clay may be added to assist in making it stick. Apply with a swab or brush Ue the first of June. Kil ie the Borer. Although the above is given as almost a sure preventive, Mr. Hale recommends that in addition, the tree should be examined in October, and where traces of the borer are discovered, as in exuding gum or the sawdust-like castings at the base of the tree, remove a little of the earth, scrape off the gum with a sharp knife, cut away the bark, and with a piece of wire follow up any channel that it 7 does not seem best to cut open, crush legac, eee TA °F or draw out the larva, which at this time will be from a half-inch to an inch long. ['The full-grown larva, its cocoon, and the contained pupa are shown in Figure 34, | 7 : er? pe ER be Paes Lg ae * > (ss ¥: * ee a eS nae 2 =, ne are eK ae 7 a ae atts i, aa ea OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 185 The Shaker Peach-tree Borer Wash. "Phe following is the revipe of the wash in use by the thrifty Shakers : Bot Shaker Station, Hartford Co., Conn., which has been sold for past ‘years at three dollars, but has seoanithe Pick communicated to the New meengland Homestead : Fish oil, 8 pts.; soft soap made from wood ashes, 3 pts.; whale-oil "soap, 2 Ibs; ; powdered sulphur, 2 lbs. Mix the oil with the whale-oil 3 _ soap, beating the lumps up thoroughly into a perfect emulsion. ‘then _ add the soft soap and, after mixing this thoroughly, stir in the sulphur. The more perfect the mixing is done the better. ‘These ingredients can 4 be obtained at almost any country store, and ought not to make the ‘cost more than sixty cents the gallon. One man can mix a barrel and j ae it to five hundred trees in a day. The application should be _ Made every spring from May 15th to June 1st, in latitude 42°. Preparatory to applying the above, it is recommended to remove . with care, by the aid of a wooden trowel and broom, the ground for - about a foot from the trunk, so as to lay bare the base and main roots. _ Examining them after three days, if any borers are present, they will g be discovered at a glance by the oozing gum and their excrements or borings, and can be easily cut out with a sharp knife. After which, 5 apply the compound with a paint brush to the cleaned roots, and up the trunk for eight or ten inches above the surface of the ground. wy pe pinkls on all the powdered sulphur that will adhere, and return Bethe ground. Mounding. - This method of protection is highly esteemed by some peach- 4 _ growers. It is done by throwing up around the base of the _ tree, at any time before the deposit of the eggs, a mound of earth of 5 Bont a foot in height, and pressing it closely to the trunk with the @ a this means the roots of the trees where they are given off from the _ trunk, are placed out of reach of the insect. The mounding is _ believed, also, to have a beneficial influence on the health of the trees, 4 in prolonging their period of bearing and exempting them from - disease. It has been claimed that this method has given entire exemp- q ; tion from the borer attack, at the cost of a very little labor. ; - y ‘a é yy A New Tree-Protector. A model of a device has lately been shown me which pro- “mises to give complete protection for young trees from _ the A attack of the peach-tree borer. A cylinder made of fine wire a _ netting, about fifteen inches high, mounted on a galvanized metal base, _ gathered in at the top so as to adjust itself closely to the tree, opens at one side for passing it around the trunk, and is then secured and 24 a a _ Vegeta ! t t un ee tae AY a Sib ale Tg ahaa | at vere te ee P i: 4 Svea te . i 4 wey a : Pass hy By - tH o- a) ey i i j rhe oy a as EAT & Fg Cire ’ ¥ ‘. “ ’ } yo ee foot. In the following years, a few inches may be added annually. 4 < e", a ee —ed ae Pane i Gi die Fi on Oey ioe ar a af i sia i 186 FoRTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. fastened to the ground, and slightly into it, by a sliding pin. With this protection, the moth would be effectually prevented from deposit- ing an egg upon or near the base of the tree. The cylinders could be quickly applied, and, with proper care in housing them, they would last for many years. It is thought that they can be offered for sale at about twelve dollars the hundred. ~~ ’ It is undoubtedly very beneficial to shorten-in peach trees annually. It can be done in the autumn, or in the early spring, by clipping off at least one-third of the last year’s growth.— Country Gentleman, for June 4, 1891. In a communication to the Rural New Yorker, of October 17th, 1891 (page 736), Mr. J. S. Woodward, the ex-secretary of the New York State Agricultural Society, and a highly successful fruit-grower, con- demns the recommendation made in a late number of the same journal (page 593) for treating trees infested with the peach-tree borer, by piling wood ashes just about the body of the tree and on the roots after some of the surface soil has been removed. He had seen trees killed from leached ashes piled about them, and unleached ashes would be almost sure death, and besides, they would be effective, if harmless, only for a short time. Mr. Woodward gives the following preventive for the borer as being entirely safe, and as sure as it is safe: Take some dirty soap —the dirtier the better,— and add to it sweet skim milk so as to make strong soap suds. Into this mix hydraulic _ cement (common water-lime) in quantity sufficient to make a thick white-wash, and using a stiff brush or old broom, with this coat the trees from the ground or a little below, to from twelve to eighteen inches above, using plenty of the wash. This will form a solid coat of mail that no insect can penetrate, and unless broken with hoe, harrow or other tool, will last for a full year, or until the growth and expan- sion of the bark of the tree fills it with cracks. To eradicate borers already lodged in the tree, there is nothing so good as a sharp, strong knife and a sharp pointed wire. AN IcHNEUMONIZED CATERPILLAR — INTERESTING CASE OF PARASITISM. Eps. Country GrnttemMan.—Inclosed I send a peculiar worm found on my hopvine. At time of finding it was of a light green color, two and a half inches in length. Please name, and state whether it is in any way injurious to the plant. Last year I found on the same vine two worms, dark brown in color, with highly iridescent spots all over them, shining with metallic luster, while the worms themselves were almost as heavy as so much lead. I put them in a box, but neglected to send them until they became too shrunken for examination. Mrs. K. M. B., Wabash, Ind. Ereuru Reporv or THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 187 The caterpillar taken on the hop vine comes in such a shriveled and Broken condition that it can not be definitely named, but it is one of the Sphinges, and an examination of its head indicates that it is prob- ably that of Daurapsa Myron. This species feeds on the grapevine and the Virginia creeper, but many larve leave their food-plants and wan- _ der to other vegetation after they have reached maturity. I do not . know of any species of the Sphingidw that feeds upon the hop vine. B: The caterpillar had been attacked by an ichneumon fly, which had inserted within its body over one hundred eggs. These had hatched and fed to maturity inside of the caterpillar, when they ate their way out of the body, 4 each through a separate hole, and spun upon oe its surface small, elongate, oval, white cocoons, pay Menon CCranen), ot as standing on end, and, from their number, 7ong0* PY 4panteles congre- ad covering the entire body, as shown in Figure 35. | An unusual circumstance attended this particular brood of parasites. a ile engaged in the spinning of their cocoon, they were discovered _ and appropriated for the prey of another parasite —a small Chalcid insect, of less than one-half the size of the larva which it attacked. A ’ -Chalcid egg was inserted in each larva— not a single one being over- _ looked. The cocoons were completed as usual, but their architects were thereafter made the food of their chalcid guests. As the result, 7 Renstead of the cocoons subsequently opening at their upper end, by a nicely fitting hinged lid for the escape of the ichneumon fly, in each a p instance the perfected chalcid —a pretty metallic-green creature, with iridescent wings — has made its escape through an irregular hole eaten near the end of the cocoon. fy ae _ The first parasite was in all probability Apanteles congregatus sags : a second, the chalcid, has not been determined. The “two worms with iridescent spots, shining with a metallic luster,” can not be named from the characters given. Could they have been - the dark brown chrysalids of the interrogation butterfly, Grapta inter- rogationis (Fabr.), ornamented with its silvery spots? This and the : ehrysalis of the comma butterfly, Grapta comma (Harris), are often _ known in hop yards as the “ hop merchant,” and are thought by some _ to foretell the future value of the crop, as the metallic markings may be more or less conspicuous.— Country Gentleman, for September 27, 1888. 188 Forvy-rirvH REPORT ON THE SvATE MuseEum. A New Onion Pzsr, Aarotis ypsiton (Rott.). The following editorial notice in the Canastota [N. Y.] Journal, of June 20th, 1891, refers to a new insect pest that had recently made its appearance and was the occasion of considerable alarm: Onion growers in the vicinity of Canastota are dismayed by the appearance of a pest that is making fearful havoc in some of the onion fields lying north and west of this village. The pest was first seen about a week ago. Growers noticed that their onions were getting thin and the plants appeared to be dying. Investigation, however, disclosed the fact that the plants were being eaten by a voracious dark-colored worm. ‘The worms were of all sizes up to about-one inch and a quarter in length and the thickness of a lead pencil. They seemed to work in spots, some parts of a field being overrun with the worms while in other places no traces of the pest could be found until they had migrated from the infested portions. Where they appeared, they were very numerous and quickly ate all the vegetation, including weeds. | : The muck land lying north of Canastota, and in the adjoining por- tion of the town of Sullivan, is peculiarly favorable to the profitable — culture of onions, and great quantities of them have been raised during the past five or six years. Hundreds of acres were sown to the fra- grant vegetable this spring. The work of the worms will be of ineal- culable damage to the crop. The loss at present is estimated at one-fourth of the total acreage. Examples of the caterpillar, as they proved to be, were received from the editor, Mr. P. F. Milmoe, with request for their examination and for aid in the emergency. Reply was returned, under date of June 17th, as below: Eprror or JournaL.— Dear Sim: Yours of yesterday, informing me of the severe attack in the onion fields of your vicinity, and accom- panied by specimens of the depredator, is just received, and I send immediate reply. These sudden outbursts of insect injury are not infrequent occur- rences, and are often impossible to account for satisfactorily. On reading your note, I confidently expected to find, in this imstance, a repetition of the attack made in the spring of 1885 upon the onion fields in Goshen and vicinity, in Orange county, N. Y., whereby many acres of onions were destroyed and serious losses inflicted, as described in Prof. Riley’s Report to the Commissioner of Agriculture for that year (pp. 270-275), through the operations of the dark-sided cut-worm, Agrotis messoria Harris. The examples you have sent me show it to be a different insect —a cut-worm, but of another species. So far as I can determine from the larval characters, which are somewhat variable, and show marked differences of feature in the different stages of growth, this is the black EreutTH ReporT oF THE STATE EHNTOMOLOGIST. 189 c it-worm, Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.) —one of our most abundant species, _ common almost everywhere over the United States and Canada, and occurring throughout Europe, in the East Indies, the Hawaiian islands, Pr: and elsewhere. [The caterpillar and the moth that it produces are shown in gap. Figure 36.] A peculiarity of this species, § and one that would seem to add to the amount of injury that it may cause the 4 onion grower, is the unusually long time - that it is present with us. It is almost a the earliest of the Agrotis species to make its appearance in the winged state. I have _ taken it as early as May 30th, and in col- lections made by me “at sirgar,” have 4 observed. it every night through the months of June, July, and August, over half the nights of September, and con- set Glug Benen - tinuing until the last week of October. °f 82™¢i % the moth. (After Riley.) ig This would seem to indicate that its caterpillars are in the ground and continue their depredations through most of the spring and > summer months. Whether this is the result of a long period of _ egg-laying of the moth, giving us the caterpillars at various stages of Becowth throughout the season, or if there are two or more overlapping Bi brodds, we are unable to say. Of some of the cut-worms, we could safely predict that they would disappear from view and their injuries cease within a limited time —a week or two,—but of the black cut- _ worm, no such gratifying prediction can be made. It may speedily disap- _ pear or its trouble may continue for several weeks longer. The size of = the worms at present will enable you to form some opinion of their future _ operations. Those sent ‘me are nearly full-grown. If nearly all are of this size—an inch and one-fourth in length when. at rest —I would ie ee sect that their work would cease within two weeks from this time, when they should stop feeding, bury in the ground and form a cell for their pupation, from which they would emerge later as the winged 4 moth. But if many of the larve are still small, you would be com- pelled to look forward to a longer battle with them. What shall be ~ done with them to stop their ravages? This is the important question with the onion growers. - IfIam able within a few days to go and look over the ground, I _ will do so, for then I could give you better advice. In the mean time eI will suggest some means which, from the known habits of cut-worms, _ should afford very material relief. I presume that they feed mostly af d B sont and spend the day within the ground near the plants at about an Rah. 190 Forry-rirtH REPORT ON THE STATE MusEuM. some water with kerosene on its top, will go through the fields, and, working away the ground with their fingers, pick out the worms and drop them into the pail, much good will be accomplished. At Goshen, it was not unusual for a child to fill a quart pail in going over a field in this manner. Night collections, with the aid of a lantern, should be made, when the caterpillars, if small, will be seen at work upon the tops of the plants, or, if larger, catting off the plants near the base fer food‘ _ or traveling over the ground. If, as possible, they are too abundang for hand-picking (although at Goshen entire nights of whole families were devoted to the work), then I would advise spraying at night with a kerosene emulsion for killing them. The emulsion is easily made in the following manner: Dissolve in one gallon of boiling water, one-half pound of hard soap or a half- gallon of soft soap, and, by the aid of a force pump, mix with the solution one quart of kerosene until of a uniform mixture and wholly emulsified. Add to this enough water to make two gallons of liquid. This will give one part of kerosene to eight of the liquid, which should kill all the worms that it comes in contact with, without injuring the plants. If, however, found necessary, the proportion of kerosene could be increased. The above could be applied at night with a force-pump, or with any suitable sprinkler. Mr. P. C. Lewis of Catskill, N. Y., makes a pump which would be good for this purpose, at a cost of $5.50. A circular explaining it would be sent on application. - At Goshen it was found that a simple solution of a quart of soft soap in seven quarts of water, sprinkled over the plants, protected them from attack and also killed those of the worms that it reached. This is so simple that perhaps it might be first tried before resorting to ‘the other remedies. I trust that the above remarks will be adapted to present wants. Later, I will advise as to the best methods of preventing a recurrence of the attack another year, through preparation of the ground. I need hardly remark that the insect could not have been carried to your locality in the seed, as you suggested may have been done. You doubt- less had it with you in preceding years, but not in remarkable numbers. For some reason the present year has been very favorable for its mul- tiplication. The “ black cut-worm ” is known as a very general feeder, often proving destructive to strawberry plants, but I find no record of its injuries to onions. Very truly yours. I was unable to visit the locality in season for observation of the attack, but learned that it ceased a week or two thereafter, doubtless ) ; inch below the surface. If the children, with a tin pail in hand holding ~ Waar sd a ae at 7 e a 2 ” Wr re ab Rie oh Se ey aoe ee i Ss _- = a. Wee AN Se, ors ree LIGHTH REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 191 oy 4 Z?, from the maturing of the caterpillars and their entering the ground for _ pupation. It is not improbable that this larva is cannibalistic at times, Mr, iq | Milmoe had inclosed about a dozen in a close-fitting box to send to me, _ but being forgotten for a day, when opened, to his surprise only two _ remained. He had been told that the larger ones had been seen eating - the smaller in the fields. B. The first of the caterpillars received pupated June 16th, and disclosed the moth, Agrotis ypsilon, July 12th —a pupation of twenty-seven days. _ Asecond became a pupa July 2d, and a third July 6th. » J, vy ¥ THE STALK-BORER, GORTYNA NITELA, AS AN ExTERNAL FEEDER. Mr. H. H. Rich, of Hartford, Conn., has sent, with inquiries, a cater- pillar which he had detected feeding on the tassels of his corn. It is _ the larva of Gortyna nitela Guenée, probably about three-fourths _ grown, as it is at maturity somewhat over one inch in length. It is a _ well-known pest of our aves and fields, known under the common P name of “the stalk-borer,” and unfortunately is one of those which makes q its attack upon a large number of food-plants, quite varied in their _ character. In my First Report, where I have discussed the insect at con- siderable length (pages - 110-116), its food-plants, in the stems of which it lives, are given as follows: _ wheat, corn, dablias, asters, lilies, spireea, salvia, milk- 2 | weed, castor bean, rhubarb, moth andits caterpillar, (Atte Rileyy oe THe _ chenipodium, peach-twigs, currant-twigs, rag-weed, and hearts-ease. It also eats the fruit of the tomato and strawberry, and bores into the cobs e of ears of corn, as well as in the stalk. The above list will serve to _ show what a general feeder it is, and that it rarely =P PAS except as an b internal borer in stalks, stems, and twigs. Es It has often been sent to me in potato stalks and in the stalks of _ young corn, but I have never met with it before as an external feeder. _ Walsh and Riley record it as boring through the cob of growing Indian _ corn, and strangely confining itself to that portion of the ear, and also as boring into the stem of the same plant. Miss E. A. Smith and 5% Professor French have recorded its operations in the stalk of young corn, _and other writers have mentioned like injuries from it. 192 FoORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MusEuM. The caterpillar may be easily recognized by its head, first segment, — and anal plate, being of a wax-yellow color, and its purplish-brown — body, conspicuously lined with three white stripes, of which the central _ one is continuous from the first to the last segment, while the side ones _ are interrupted over the third to the eighth segments. A black band borders the side of the anal plate and the first segment and crosses the side of the head; the three pairs of thoracic legs are glossy black, the others (prolegs) are whitish. The caterpillar and the moth into which it develops are shown in Figure 37. In Professor J. B. Smith’s recent Catalogue of the Noctuide of ‘Boreal America, this and its allied species are referred to the genus FHydroecia. The example sent is darker colored than any I have previously seen, being almost black. It manifests nothing of the restlessness and — apparent timidity of those that I have taken from burrows The present attack is of entomological interest rather than of economic importance. It probably will not. occur in sufficient number on the tassels to prevent or even interfere with the proper pollenization of the ~ plants. In the pieces of the tassels sent, as showing the operations of the caterpillars, a few of the flowers (staminate) have been nearly con- sumed and others partly eaten into, but the resultant injury will be so slight that no anxiety need be felt, in this instance, on account of the presence of the caterpillar, and no remedy for it need be suggested. (New Hngland Homestead, for July 13, 1889.) Tae Cow-Horn Fry in New York. A letter received from Miss Drake, of Demster, Oswego county, in the latter part of August, of the present year (1891), announced the presence of this fly on farms in that locality. In addition to replying — to her request for information, the following notice was sent to the Oswego Times, and was published in the semi-weekly edition, dated September 4th. Hon. John A. Place: Dear Srr:—I am sorry to be obliged to announce the advent in your county of a very injurious insect pest, which is destined to increase and do much harm to the dairy interest, whatever efforts may be made to arrest its spread. With timely warning, however, and a general effort to prevent the increase of the pest, its injuries may be materially lessened. ‘int " feduction into your county is quite recent, and it was Soubebee I bro ught by one of your railroads—probably the R., W. & O., which Braverse the northern part of your county, as it was repor ted to me nd der date of August 25th from a farm at Demster, through which the b Be named railroad passes. whe fly is armed with a long, stout, sharp proboscis which it thrusts me in o the skin of the cattle where it is the thinnest and sucks the blood. In general appearance it resembles the common house-tly, but it is smaller = more Closely allied to the biting fly, Stomowxys calcitrans, which appears in autumn and attacks animals and men, often entering our he ouses and inflicting a sharp, stinging bite through the stocking or ek sewhere on the leg, it was imported from France a few years ago, and was first noticed, | i enasyivénia, in 1886. For the past two years it has been abundant and troublesome in New Jersey. It occurs also in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and Ohio. In the early spring of this year it had extended int o one of the southeastern counties of New York bordering on New Jersey. Becki for its gradual sprees through our State, I was greatly sur- pms sed to hear that it was present in large numbers in Oswego county. Although the account given me of its operations evidently pointed out the insect, yet I felt some doubt until, at my request, examples of the fly were sent to me. _ Replying to a letter from Miss Drake, of Demster, who first informed n me of the presence of the fly on their farm, I stated that if it was, as I SU pposed, the horn fly, it could be recognized by its congregating in large numbers upon the base of the horns. Answer was returned: They annoy the cows by getting on their horns and between them, it can not say that they prefer those places, as sometimes it appears Baney literally cover the entire body, especially on the back and shoulders. Our neighbors are all troubled with them, and all the cows. - ‘shrinking of their milk.” In a letter received this morning, I have intimation of the occurrence f the fly in Oneida county, and that it had made its appearance there ear ago. a t seems strange that interested parties will not at once send notice 0 the State entomologist of the appearance of any new insect pest, fc rif commenced in time, means may often be taken to prevent the | Re ie a an nae pe kpreeae ae re a ea a ea es See Ve tert A aay S f = ee 194 Forrty-rirtu REPORT on THE StaTE Muskum. | Myr. A. J. Fly, of Delta, Oneida county, nutes as follows: : vs I write to you for information in regard to a fly, which made its” ‘appearance in these parts about a year ago, and is proving a source of much damage to the dairymen and of suffering to the stock. The fly has increased very fast and attacks the cattle in swarms, causing some- — times large, raw sores on the shoulders and by the root of the tail, and also by the navel. They also cover the horns at times. They apparently "attack fat cattle as readily as those in poor flesh. White and light colored — cattle do not seem to be as much attacked as the black or dark ones. On spotted cattle the flies are sometimes thick on the black spots, while ~ there are hardly any on the white. The fly seems more hardy than our common one, and takes more to kill it. If there is anything that can be done to get rid of this plague, our dairymen would be glad to know it, and avail themselves of the information, that they may relieve their cattle which are suffering greatly day and night. The injuries from the attack of this fly do not result in the death of the infested animals, as was first reported, but they occasion large sores upon the body in various places, and from the irritation and infiamma- tion that the myriad flies cause, there follows a great falling off in the amount of milk given — variously estimated at from one-third to one- half. The cattle also lose materially in flesh. . In New Jersey it has been found that the fly was most troublesome in June and early July, and that after the middle of August it gaye comparatively httle trouble. Butt even if you are to escape from any serious further harm from it this year, you shouldd> what you can to prevent its continued multiplication. Knowing that the tly deposits its eggs in the fresh droppings of the cattle, and mostly during the night, and that it lives and matures therein, [ would urgently recommend that every morning, in infested localities, these droppings be carefully and thinly spread in the fields, so that it may quickly dry. The eggs and the larve would die in the dry material and could not mature therein. Another method of killing | the insect in its early stages, but perhaps not so good as the preceding, is to scatter lime over the fresh droppings. To prevent the flies from biting the cattle, I know nothing better than once a week going over — the bodies with a sponge dipped in whale-oil in which some carbolie acid has been mixed, only applying it to the tips of the hairs. I have ‘treated of this fly, and given figures of it, in my /%/th Report on the Insects of New York, 1889, pp. 220-227. Possibly you might make ‘some extracts from this, which would be serviceable and interesting to some of your readers. Very truly yours, ah Meritt, itt psec sory yt ye, bi ju ME Ge Lee ek ee puget ; , oe E is ei rts ee raga -\ ee ae eS 5 ; Ronee ‘x p 4 y ae REPORT OF THE Rien HNTOMOLOGIST. 195 $24 ah ~The following communication relating to the fly, containing further 2 otes of distribution and other additional information, was made to the Country Gentleman, of September 10, 1891: - Three years ago, in the autumn of 1888, the serious injuries to cattle a New Jersey, from the immense number of this biting fly that gathered upon the backs and sides of cattle and sucked their blood, ow yas noticed in several numbers of the Country Gentleman. As at that time it had extended southward and westward into Delaware, 7 M Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, it was thought somewhat strange that it had not been observed in New York. It is now known to have entered our State as early, at least, as the summer of last year, but no published record of its occurrence was made until the present summer, when Mr. J. D. Lyons of Monticello communicated to the June number of Znsect Life the statement of its abundance at that : place during the preceding autumn, and that it had been first observed by him about the middle of August. Monticello is in Sulli- van county, in the southeastern part of the State, and about twenty 4 miles: north of the northern limit of New Jersey. ss . On August 24th of this year, I was surprised to have the insect ‘ reported to me from Oswego (on the southern curve of Lake Ontario), “and so abundantly that on a farm at Demster they were literally cover- ing ‘the backs and shoulders of the cattle, annoying them greatly, and Bercy reducing the yield of milk. Upon looking at the location of 4 -Demster, it was found to be on the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg railroad, and it therefore seemed probable that the fly had been carried _ to that remote part of the State by railroad transportation, either upon ceattle or‘in cattle cars. _ The following day a newspaper item noted the presence of the fly on many farms in Caton, Steub:n county, N. Y:—this county being at the middle of the southern tier, and the town of Caton, bordering on ey lvania, whence it had doubtless been introduced. _ From the above known localities of this troublesome insect, there is ‘every probability that it has already been, or very soon will be, largely “distributed throughout the State of New York. While it will not occasion the alarm that attended its first formidable tack upon the eattle in New Jersey —excited by the sensational reports that from the clusters of the fly upon the horns, larve were Y produced which burrowed into the head and brain, causing death within twenty-four hours — still, its injuries are of such a character th at it is shop desirable that proper effort should be made by every - Me a Le a a Ke ~ 4 ea ee hes Rg 0 he le ae pre ate} = d raid > ne i ‘ Wa ae sae 4 >t bape =: “- ‘* wt ae! a ia pie eee 2 RS x pa > he 3 i oS tee, Ses —- a ~ Me y > Se a, ane a ee ae a s+ 34 ae, _ by aoa and unhealthful sores, and a diminution in the flow eee -_ 196 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT on THE STATE M ray a milk from one-third to one-half: and, secondly, to reduce the number of | the flies by preventing their breeding. It is not difficult to do this. a ; While there are several greasy substances which, if applied to the cattie, will prevent the flies from alighting and inflicting their bites, it is thought © y that the best results have been obtained from the application, at least once a week, to the tips of the hair with a sponge, of fish-oil in which a little carbolic acid has been mixed. This has been found to give almost entire immunity from attack for nearly a week. Any application of tar to the horns is useless, as when gathered there the flies do no serious harm, having only selected a convenient resting place from which they _ may not be dislodged by the sweep of, the tail, or by ordinary — rubbing. sr A knowledge of the breeding habit of the fly suggests a ‘simple remedy available against its multiplication. The insect breeds in the droppings of the cattle. Its eggs are deposited almost wholly durmg — the night in the fresh droppings; it has been stated that from their point of observation about the base of the tail, the flies follow the drop- pings to the ground, and at once deposit their eggs therein. For the hatching of the eggs and the development of the larv into the winged insects, moisture is required. If, therefore, every morning during the prevalence of the fly the droppings of the night be thinly spread over the field with a shovel, so as to permit its speedy and thorough drying, the eggs and the larve that may be therein will die from want of the proper moisture needed for their development. This method is so y simple that no dairyman should hesitate to charge himself with its dili- gent performance. Another means of killing the insect in its early stages is said to be sprinkling lime over the droppings. While this does not seem as simple a remedy as the one before mentioned, it might be desirable for use in stables. In the 2fth Report on the Insects of New York, 1889, several pages have been given to the life-history and habits of this insect (Hama- tobia serrata), its introduction from the south of France into this country, the character of its injuries, its distribution, together with some preventives and remedies which have not been named in this notice. A representation of the fly and its peculiar and formidable biting and sucking apparatus is also there given. Professor John B. Smith, entomologist of the New Jersey Agri- — cultural College Experiment Station, has given a bulletin (No. 62, — November, 1889) of forty pages on “The Horn Fly,” which is an inter- esting and highly valuable paper. It is possible that some copies of s 4 xn ave 5 ae . Te aoe a Pe Saas , ; , ere: * at a Ae ne ee Ser ee Siank v i he aa os Eteuru Revorv OF THE ‘(Srare ENTOMOLOGIST. 0 ect J ames Neilson of the Station, at New Brunswick. At the recent meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists at Washington, D. C., the presence of this fly in Ohio was reported, a Like most of the nenbanbed European pests it will doubtless have an “ex! ended distribution throughout the States of the Union, and also a speedy one, from the ease with which it may be conveyed in cattle cars oy rail. ; | ‘a + ; ¥ ° i ‘ WiRE-worRMS AND REMEDIES FOR THEM. r e ye. s _ Eps. Country Geytieman.— The wire-worms have become so plenty in this county that it is nearly impossible to raise a respectable crop of atoes, corn or oats; they also work heavy on timothy meadows. All emedies applied so far have failed to do away with them. Could not a some one of your readerswho has experimented with them give us his * views on this subject? M. L., Potcer County, Pa. _ Although I have not had the opportunity of experimenting with wire- worms, or of making special study of means for controlling them, yet the results of what has been done and reported by others, may be of value to the above oes and to a host of others who are troubled a wi h “the wire-worm ”— one of the most annoying pests with whieh the agriculturist has to do. Of the many methods that might be recommended for dealing with these insects, and for mitigating their ravages to a greater or less extent, the three following are named as probably the best and most efficient that may be employed: ce 1. Starvation.— When a crop is known to have been injured by them, upon the removal of the crop, collect thoroughly and burn all the » & material upon which the larve might feed another season, for the larval ‘life i is long-extended — it is believed, in most of the species, to three years and in some, it is claimed, even to five years. If the ground has been cultivated for potatoes, or vegetables of any kind, gather in piles a the stalks, stems, or vines, together with the roots, and burn them. _ When timothy meadows, or grass lands of any kind, have been infested, after feeding as closely as possible, plow thoroughly and fallow —as also i in the cultivated fields — during the autumn, with such additional pl lowings and harrowings as shall best tend to destroy all vegetable li fe. Gas lime, if procurable, may at this time, to great advantage, be — ot ues and washed into the soil. Repeat these operations the "Thisiie unnecessarily high price to pay for the arrest of the injury, it may per- 198 Forry-rirrh REPORT on THE State Museum. haps be accomplished in this manner: After the ground has received the thorough breaking up and working over in the autumn and spring — above recommended, follow with a crop of buckwheat. Wonderful efficacy has been claimed for this plant in freeing ground from wire- worms. Of the abundant testimony that might be quoted on this point, we will only give that of the late Hon. A. B. ee who : has stated as follows: “After experimenting with salt and lime, and many other things recommended, I have found only one remedy for the rascals, and that is to break the sod and sow it to buckwheat. Plow late, and as often as possible, in the fall, and then sow it to pease in the spring. With a like plowing the next fall, they will not injure any crop the following season.” 3. Mustard Remedy.—In England a crop of mustard is regarded by many as an absolute specific against the wire-worm. In an address before an agricultural society there, the speaker, after narrating some successful experiments which he had made with mustard, on a small scale, made the following explicit statement: “Thus encouraged by these results, I sowed with mustard the next year a whole field of forty-two acres, which had never repaid me for . ° ° \ nineteen years, in consequence of nearly every crop having been destroyed by the wire-worm. Iam warranted in stating that not @ single wire-worm could be found the following year, and the crop of wheat throughout was superior to any that ‘I have grown for twenty- one years!” As possibly some of the readers of the Country Gentleman may not distinguish between the wire-worm, the cut-worm, and the ‘‘ thousand- i seeeeseecna ere eeneeneeenemnneen | Fig. 38.— Larva of AGRIOTES Fie. 39.— Larva of MELANOTUS ComMUNIS. (After MAnNcUs. (After Fitch.) Fitch ) legged ” worm, it may be desirable to state that the first-named is a small (usually less than an inch in length), slender, flattened creature, with shining surface, and often of a horn-color or pale brown or yellowish shade; its texture is tough and leathery. The first three segments of the body are each furnished with a pair of rather long four-jointed legs, while the last segment bears a single retractile proleg. Figures 38 and 39 are rude representations of two of the common species—Figure 38 being the Agriotes mancus of Say (regarded by Dr. Fitch as A. truncatus of Melsheimer), and Figure 39, JJelanotus com- ae yy “et Cnn) ro 3 munis (Gyll.). The perfect insects into which they develop— known > rom their habit, when placed on their back, of springing into the airin ord er to regain their feet in the fall —as ‘“ snap- al “ping-bettles,” are represented in part by Figure 40. Figure 41 shows, in enlargement, one of ti he wire-worms in the act of burrowing into and feeding on a kernel of corn. Figure 42 perrosetts one of the common _— cut-worms, Agrotis clandestina, in the well-known curled Eeititude that it assumes upon being unearthed. ‘Figure 43 is one of the thousand-legged worms — yg. 40.—Mxetanorus — Julus ceeruleocinctus Wood. CORALS, Sate . The wire-worms—members of the family of pee ea Con _ Hlateride —are very numerous’ in species, but the early stages and life-histories of but a few have been studied, and even those are imperfectly known. Their faithful study is a great desideratum, but unfortunately the difficulties that it presents has deterred most we of our entomologists from its prosecution. ee The Country Gentleman has presented its “tacking corn, After Teaders with many excellent articles on wire- worms, remedies for them, ete., which may be con . “sulted to advantage by those who are sufferers Fcc their depredations. 3 “Among these, the following issues may be cited: May 8, 1877, p. 281; /June 14, 1877, p. 377; August 5, 1877, p. 220; December 11, 1879, p. 793; February 8, 1883, p. 105; May 31, 1883, p. 441; November 29, 1883, p. 961; April 12, 1888, p. 284. There are also many others, a which pe Panis be Gourd by turning to the elaborate and careful Bape ce 4: eee Fie. 43 .— Thousand-legged worm, Jutus ca@rw _CLANDESTINA. LEOcINCTUS Wood. . = q Norr —A careful study of wire-worms, extending over three years, has since been made at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., by Professors Com- “stock and Slingerland, and the results published in “ Bulletin 33 of the Cornell University Experiment Station,” for November, 1891. The ex periments conducted in the course of the study embraced trials with various insecticides for the destruction of the larve and beetles; killing SW ee ae 5, ee a BS sh Nile eke St ie A oj i (, Sto ee ae Ly . yer Oe AS ie PP, dd 7 a4 [ NU Z wae av Hint ode pre " 7* rib) > an i » | ; oa é' * path a i Ereuru Report or tHe Svave ENTOMOLOGIST. 199 > eG ty is PE ! 5 le" af a - a. ae oe . — the larvee by fies starvation, pate of the supposed i _ crops; protection of seed by tar coating, and soaking in keros : and copperas, and other solutions; the effects of certain fer is methods of destroying the pupz and beetles, etc., etc. hae The experiments in remedies and preventives against the larva no satisfactory results or such, at least as seemed to be of pr | importance in preventing to any great degree their ravages. | appeared as if the efforts of the agriculturists could be. directed _ better results toward the destruction of the beetles. aos The Bulletin closes with the life-histories and larval description | five species of our wire-worms, viz.: Agriotes mancus (Say), Asap decoloratus (Say), Melanotus communis (Gyll.), Drasterius elege 1 Uae ), and Cryptohypnus abbreviatus (Say),— covering twenty-tw¢ _ pages, which are of special value in consideration of the compara ativ ‘ little study that has, up to the present, been given to this fare an its great economic importance. ’ Tar Rosre Bua ano How tro Kia. rt. Homestead, of May 9, 1891 Gen KEV,0 0: oy in son paele oa a request from the editor: “ Will you please tell our Beg how to kill the rose-bug ?” ‘(eee ona ) There are localities as notably in the State of New Jersey, where the ‘ ir - grape crop can not be protected from destruction by the rose-bug. ‘This: : insect bas its br ground in wet places” ne sandy regions. Under — favorable conditions these breeding grounds, in the course of years, become so extended that at a regular period, known — almost to the very pas 5 (about the 25th of May — in New J ersey), such im: a mense armies are sent abroad, that their com- bined attack is perfectly irresistible. Although — Fia, 44.— The rose-bug, MACRODACTYLUS SUBSPINOSUS, W vith hundreds of thon structural details. (From Jnsect Life.) may: be kille d, y et as. fast mie soy” SO ; or Aes , Pag Eigurn Gover ‘57 THE Stare Ratonniuue: 201 send at the outset, so far as the agin of the crop is oncerned. EGeusily in the New England States na in New York, the beetle does not appear in irresistible numbers, and is within our control. Often this can be accomplished by beating the insects from the plants, o* t intervals during the day, for perhaps a week or two, into a pan of water and kerosene. When occurring in still larger numbers, severe Sinjury from them may be prevented by repeated sprayings with kerosene 7 emulsion. The efticacy of this method is attested by Professor M. H. Beckwith, in Bulletin No. 12, for March, 1891, of the Delaware Agri- ~ cultural Experiment Station. Prof. Beckwith first tried spraying _ grapevines, upon the blossom buds of which the beetles had com- -menced to feed on the 27th of May, with London purple of the ‘strength of one pound to two hundred gallons of water. The beetles. , i entirely unaffected by the arsenite, and not a single dead one ‘ould be found as the result. 2 “The vines were next sprayed with a mixture of lime and water,com- pletely covering with it the foliage and blossom buds. This applica- “tion at first seemed: to be distasteful to the insects, and checked their pune for awhile, but in a few hours they resumed their attack, and completed the destruction of the buds. The next experiment was made with kerosene emulsion. This was — * entirely successful. Rose bushes thronged with the beetles were _ sprayed with an emulsion of one part of kerosene to nine of water. — “When the spray struck the beetles they at once fell to the ground. The. \a application was made in the evening, and the following morning many of the dead beetles were lying on the ground underneath the bushes. a Several of the sprayed roses containing many of the beetles were picked off and placed in -a well-ventilated breeding cage, and in the Peorning every beetle was dead. It should be borne in mind that the a emulsion kills only by contact, and that therefore successive applica-— tio! ns of it must be made as often as the beetles reappear upon the ple ants. It seems to kill all the insects that it reaches. Be ~ Another remedy for this most pernicious insect is found, upon the : festimony of Professor J. B. Smith, of the New Jersey Agricultural = E xperiment Station, in the sludge-oil soap, manufactured by the | ' Columbia Chemical works, at Brooklyn, N. Y. It was tried upon the — be beetles, when appearing in full force in New Jersey, after everything 26 ‘ ae , 202 FPorRTY-FiFTH REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. else that had been used — perhaps twenty different insecticides —had — : entirely failed. The sludge-oil soap was the only material that would conquer these insects, in the experience of Professor Smith. Col. Pearson, of Vineland, who has so long and faithfully been experiment- ‘ ing with methods for controlling the rose-bug, also had most grati- fying success in the use of this valuable insecticide. It therefore appears, that in the use of kerosene emulsion and sludge-oil soap, we have two reliable insecticides with which we are able to control the ravages of this pest of the horticulturist and fruit-grower, whenever it does not appear in overwhelming numbers. In New Jersey, a success- ful fight against it can only be made in the discovery and breaking Bs of its breeding grounds. ‘In Insect Life, ii, March, 1890, pp. 295—- -302, Dr. Riley has given a quite full account and excellent figures of this insect. The figure illustrating the beetle is given herewith: the details of structure will be readily understood without special reference to them. Professor Smith has also given in Bulletin 82, July 3, 1891, of the New Jersey Agricultural Station (40 pages, 10 figures), and in the Annual Report of the Station for 1891, an excellent account of “ The Rose Chafer or Rose Bug,” containing many new observations, and detailing, in 22 pages, the numerous experiments made by him for its destruction or prevention, of its ravages. Tun Mapriz-rree Borer, Giycoxsius spEciosus (Say). From Mr. Henry Herrick, of Amsterdam, N. Y., the following inquiry was received, dated Sept. 23d, 1891: Grubs or worms are destroying my maple shade trees. They either work around the trunk under the bark, or in an upward direction for a _ yard or more and then go into the wood to the depth of four or five inches. I have had a man to cut out the dead bark and trace them to the hole, where I can insert a stick in many cases for five inches. I would like to know what I can put in the hole to kill the grub without harm to the tree. A stick or a wire may fail to reach him in the bur- row from its not being straight. Can I throw something in with a syringe that will do the work ? Myr. Herrick was answered: It will not be worth your while to attempt to kill the grubs in your maples by injecting an insecticide. — The long burrows contain no grubs, they all having emerged from the trees through holes inthe bark in July. At the present time all of the » grubs are within easy reach of your knife. Their location in the tree, if you will go carefully over the bark, may be discovered, as Dr. Pack- ard has told us, by “‘a rusty, irregular discoloration of the bark of about the size of a cent, and especially by the frass or castings, which, ' 7 , “ the length of an inch or more, are attached, like a broken corkscrew, to the bark.” - Oncutting into the bark at this place you will find the slender burrow, Eerobably running in an upward direction for about an inch, and the young grub, of about one-fourth of an inch long, lying in its upper end. F This is the most simple and effective way in which to arrest the 1 inju- “ries of this destructive borer. It is far preferable to wrapping the’ t nk with cloth during July or August, or applying repellants for " preventing the deposit of the eggs, for, by the means above suggested, the insect is killed instead of being driven away to other trees. a The following notice of this insect is contained in the “Report of the | State Entomologist to the Regents of the University of the State of _ New York, for the year 1886,” but as only a few copies of this paper were printed for distribution it is republished here, containing as it - does, some observations that have not been given elsewhere. A lady writing from Canajoharie, New York, complains with much i feeling of the ravages of a borer which is rapidly destroying some Bhichly valued maples which shade and adorn her home. _ From the account given of its operations, it is undoubtedly the maple borer above named (Glycobius speciosus), which was first described y: by Say in 1824, in Long’s Second Expedition to the Sources of St. | Peter’s River (ii, p. 290), as a rare insect. In addition to the speci- men taken on the Wisconsin river during the expedition, one other pony was known, which had probably been taken in Pennsylvania, and “was in the possession of the Philadelphia museum. It was subse- “quently illustrated in Say’s American Entomology. Dr. Harris has “noticed and figured it in his Znsects Injurious to Vegetation, giving at the same time one of those popular and graphic 1 descriptions which enable his readers to recog- _nize the insect unaided by illustration, and have lent such a charm to his invaluable report. Of later years the beetle has become comparatively abundant, being found in nearly all collections, and having been frequently written of by a ‘number of authors. It is one of our most a beautiful species, as its specific name of speciosus (meaning beautiful) implies, being a member of the family of-longicorns (Cerambycid) and Measuring over an inch in length, marked with Fic. 45— The sugar-maple the strongly contrasting colors of yellow and borer, GLYCOBIUS SPECIOSUS. ack, and bearing conspicuously a w-like character on the front part 0 of f its mine covers. [See Figure 45, reproduced from Emmons. | | ~ Le +), 9 Tee | Pies, yt Vie’. A an Al . “ i‘ Pee eR MR ino Le ee WAS a at pda oe Eicura Report or THE SvaTe HxtomoLoeist. 203 te *h, a Fi 3 he AS es 5 } fe Pap as ae el - ho o > oe PS 204 Forvy-rirra Report on tHE Stare M USEUM. Despite its beauty, it is a highly pernicious insect. Not content, as. are most of its associates, with burrowing in dead or sickly vegetation, its attack is usually made on perfectly healthy trees. It was my privilege several years ago to follow an attack of this insect on a row of maples at Schoharie, New York, which I it. daily, and had for years observed with pleasure their vigorous and — healthful growth. As adding to the testimony of Dr. Packard of the attack of Sen trees (Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees — Bulletin No. 7 of the United States Entomological Division, pp. — 103, 104), I herewith copy the record made under date of November 30, 1859: I have noticed this autumn, for the first time, that our sugar maples, which we have always regarded as our most valuable shade te t tree, from the almost complete immunity which they have enjoyed in trunk and leaf from insect depredation, have been attacked by a borer — so pernicious in its work as to threaten their destruction unless some — means shall be found to arrest the attack. In its simplest form it reveals itself by the bark parting ane | tudinally and breaking away, disclosing the wood of the tree in a nar- row strip for some five or six inches in length. On the surface of the — wood can be seen the furrow of the grub, cut to a slight depth, gradu- ally increasing in its dimensions as it descends, and at the lower end entering the trunk of the tree: over the borders of the groove the growth “of sapwood made since the injury, impinges, This, I presume to be the work of a grub proceeding from an egg deposited late in the season, and compelled to seek an early refuge by approaching winter. A wound no more serious than this, would close over in two or three years and no permanent injury result. But when the grub has had full time allowed it for its work the injury is far more important. In several instances I have traced the furrow, packed tightly with fine powder for two feet or more in extent, with an average breadth at its lower portion of over half an inch and nearly one-fourth of an inch — indepth. ‘To render it the more serious the grub, almost invariably before entering the tree, leaves its downward “path and winds nearly horizontally around the trunk until it completes about half a cireuit. It then enters the trunk an inch or thereabouts back from the end of its burrow, ascending at an angle of about ten degrees. ‘The perfect insect emerges from the tree above its point of entrance through an opening which can be probed horizontally for three or four inches, the mouth of which is smoothly cut and somewhat elliptical, the broadest diameter being about .35 of an inch. One maple which I have examined, of about ten inches in diameter at the base, which has been more seriously affected than others, and — probably the first to be attacked, has been nearly destroyed. Several — of the grubs had commenced their ravages side by side, and by their united cuttings have in places exposed the trunk for over a hand’s — breadth The tree has been attacked in various places from above its — first limbs nearly to its base,— the injury extending beneath the surface of the ground. The entire circumference of the tree has been grooved, a % . ie ; wid | ough not continuously. Ciroulation i is still maintained by winding und and among the furrows; but one more season’s work will, it believed, take the life of the tree n a row of maples bordering a lawn scarcely a single tree is entirely empt from injury — all apparently the work of this grub. If these uries are to continue and increase, and I see nothing to prevent it, maples, which we prize so highly, will share the fate of the ust and be abandoned to the borer as too unsightly a tree ornamental use. The “beautiful Clytus” is ‘a difticult insect to control, and very many of the fine old maples, which have ornamented our streets and afforded us so agreeable shade, have been or are being killed by it. A _ few years ago it was a source of much pain to me to see at Benning- _ ton, Vt., the large number of old maples that were standing dead upon the streets or rapidly dying from the merciless burrowing of this borer 4 that had scarred and excavated their trunks. Recently the same & avages, although not as yet to the same extent, were observed by me 4 at Glens Falls, N. Y. _ Probably the best method of arresting the ravages of this pernicious borer would be to watch for the commencement of the operations and cj the young larva. The eggs are laid in July and August. [The 1eans communicated to the lady for finding and killing the borer were ae rirtually the same as those given in the reply to Mr. Herrick, and _ therefore need not be repeated here. | | Tue Squasu—Buc, Anasa TRisTIs (De Geer). A correspondent desires to know what is best for the destruction of ‘the black squash-bug, Anasa tristis. Can Paris green be used with ety ? If not, what can be used quickly and safely on an acre or two ot squashes ? a Paris green is of no service against the squash-bug, or the many _ other bugs of the Order of Hemiptera that take their food through a 4%: roboscis from the interior of plants. The best remedies, so far as known at the pre- sent, for the squash-bug are found in trap- ping and killing the females before their oviposition, and in the destruction of the ees Some success has attended experi- ents made for preventing attack, by the er ee coment of strong-smelling substances, as as for example, dipping corn-cobs in gas-tar = a a thrusting them in the ground among Fre, 46—The Squash-bug, Angee | the plants, and occasionally renewing T®!ST!s— enlarged one-half diame- th ter; head and beak still more ne ppt. ) enlarged, 206 Forvy-rirte REPORT ON THE State Museum. The first appearance of the bugs among the plants should be watched — for, that operations against them may be promptly commenced,— or what may be still better, traps should be arranged for them a little in advance of their expected time of coming. In the Northern States they geaerally come abroad from their winter hiding places toward the latter 1 part of June. The traps may be pieces of bark, chips, bits of wood or strips of board, laid upon the ground near the hills. It is claimed, by some that the best possible trap is found in the leaves stripped from the lower part of the plants and spread beneath, as the insects are par- ticularly fond of the juices of the wilted foliage. The traps should be turned over and examined morning and evening, and the bugs which have hidden beneath them for the day (coming abroad at night for the deposit of their eggs), captured and destroyed. In addition to the daily examination of the traps, careful inspection should be made of the underside of the lower leaves for the patches of eggs that may be deposited on them, which when found are to be crushed. The eggs may be recognized by their being of a dull orange color, flattened on their two sides, and occurring in clusters. Asthe female | does not deposit all of her eggs at once, and as fresh bugs continue to mike their appearance for the space of two or three weeks, the daily search may be advantageously continued for that length of time and as much longer as the life of the ovipositing female is extended — beyond it. Later, while searching for the eggs, companies of the young squash- bugs will be found on the leaves, each with a green body, the head and thorax black, and the antennz pink. When two or three days old, the color of their body changes to ash-gray, and the others portions to black. | The employment of the above remedies involves considerable labor, but where the insect is unusually numerous, it will be amply repaid. If commenced in season and faithfully continued into July, much of the accustomed damage of the notorious pest, will be prevented, and but few of the mature forms with their increased power for injury will be found during the months of September and October. Care should be taken not to permit the bugs to gather around the base of the main stalk, as they are sometimes wont to do (for sucking its juice) in such number as to girdle it. This may usually be prevented by drawing away some of the ground from around the stalk and applying a mixture of dry ashes and salt. Without this precaution, it is said that the bugs will at times burrow into the ground out of sight where they feed securely and unsuspectedly on the sap of the plant. High fertili- ! Cae av +i ? iM, sar, ret ta MOT oN | Brounen Report OF THE Sra TE ENTOMOLOGIST. resist the attack mide upon them by this pernicious insect. ( Country Gentleman, for January 8, 1891.) Tur Hor-vingt Aruts AND REMEDIES. ‘ At the request of the editor of the Vew England Homestead for an article upon the best methods known for controlling the hop-vine aphis, the following notice was communicated, and was published in the issue ; for May 2, 1891. It was copied in a number of other papers in the 3 aguas the State: ‘The one great uncertainty in the successful cultivation of the hop “crop is its liability to attack and destruction by the hop-vine aphis — ~ sometimes known as “the fly” or “the green fly.” Although this insect is not entirely absent ee our hop yards in any year, yet its Bealiplicatin and the excessive injury that it frequently inflicts is dependent upon atmospheric and meteorological conditions. Unfor- ‘<< “tunately these can not be predicted, and, therefore, the hop-grower & ually defers action that would serve to prevent aphis multiplication : ‘until the attack has been made in force — can not be wholly arrested, . and can only be mitigated at a great expense. 3 Hop-vine Aphis in Europe and America. _ The hop-vine aphis, Phorodon humuli (Schrank), is an European Best, which was first observed in the United States in 1862. Fora long time it has been allowed to work its ravages in this country, in BS years of its abundance, without effort made against it. Quite different ch s been the course pursued in England, where no hop-grower attempts ha t0 ) grow ‘a crop without his regular “ hop-washings.” oa ive £ % Pr a _ Four years ago (in 1887), the life-history of the insect was, for “the first time, worked out, in the hop yards of New York, by the ento- i mological division of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. With this ‘e pericdge at our command, it is safe to say that, with proper care an ind without great expense, our hop crops can be saved from get: de struction. Its Life-history Discovered. ! 208 Forry-rrrra Report on THE Srare Musecm. ‘“ ve ‘The insect, deserting the hop yards in the autumn, passes to plum trees, on the smaller twigs of which its eggs ie are laid and survive the winter. Hatching in the early spring [and producing the ‘““stem-mother,” shown in Figure 47], three broods are developed on the plum, the third _ brood being winged. This brood at once takes wing, deserts the plum trees, and flies — to the hop yards. This flight takes place in the month of May—-m England it has The precise time would, of course, vary with the temperature of different seasons, Fic. 47.—The hop-vine aphis, but could be ascertained by a careful ex- — PHORODON HUMULI, the stem- y i ais M mother, enlarged; head and amination of the hop leaves daly at about antenna still more enlarged. é. i : (From Insect Life.) the usual time for its appearance. - When to Attack the Aphis. The winged aphides [the “‘ migrants,” shown in Figure 48] would be found at first on the upper leaves of the outer rows of plants in the yard. his is the time, without any delay, to commence operations Fie. 48.— The hop-vine aphis, PHoRODON HUMULI, a mae from plum, of the third genera- tion, enlarged; head still more enlarged. (From Insect Life.) against them. They should be killed, and thereby prevent the enor- mous progeny to which they would give rise in the nine rapidly suc- ceeding generations said to have been observed on the hop-plants. This multiplication, in favorable seasons, is simply appalling — almost incredible, but it need not be permitted. | It may be prevented by killing the plum-tree migrating brood while | upon the outer rows of the yards, been noticed on the 28th of May.” 7 y= a Ree en Ereuru Report or THE Sratk ENTOMOLOGIST. 20%!) | How to Kill the Aphis. ‘he best insecticide for use is believed to be kerosene emulsion, pre- red after the formula which has been so often given in leading ericultural journals. BN i _ The emulsion is made as follows: Take of kerosene, two gallons; yommon soap, a half-pound; water, one gallon. Dissolve the soap in the b boiling water, and, after removing from the fire and while yet boiling, dd the kerosene, emulsifying the mixture by pumping it through Bore pump with a spray nozzle into the same vessel until it assumes a . the appearance of thick cream and the oil does not rise to the surface. - For ordinary use, on trees, etc., dilute the above mixture with nine— Parts of water. For the hop-vine aphis one part of the emulsion to twenty-five of water should be used, as a greater strength is liable to blacken and | injure the leaves. Properly applied, by spraying with a suitable force pump through a e nozzle, it will not fail of killing every aphis with which it comes contact. It is all important that it be applied so as to bring it in ntact with each insect, as it kills only by this means, and not, as do the arsenical mixtures, by depositing the poison on the leaves to be st ibsequently eaten by the insects. All plant-lice are sucking insects, € feeding only on the sap of the vegetation that they infest. As the kerosene emulsion requires some labor in its preparation, pos- ssibly some of our hop-growers would prefer to use the hop wash which, - 3 do a long term of years, has been successfully used by the English | : eS growers, and we accordingly give the formula for it: One hundred gallons of water (if hard water, with soda added). a Four to five pounds of soft soap. Six to eight pounds of quassia chips, first steeped in cold water and afterwards steamed or boiled. . The efficacy of this washing has been clearly demonstrated. Hop- ficrower who have sprayed with it in England have grown crops of 700 to 900 pounds per acre, while those not using it grew nothing, or on next to nothing. Repeat Spraying as Often as Necessary. As the plum tree brood does not migrate e7 masse at the same time, a second spraying should follow the first in a few days thereafter. By Watch should be kept for the advent of newcomers, either through 7 light or by reproduction, as the new broods occur at intervals of a few ys, and are therefore frequent during the season, The spraying /— ould be repeated as often as is necessary to prevent the multiplication hich would otherwise destroy the crop. 27 210 Forry-rrrra RePor? on THE Save Museum. — UB receniives of Hop-vine Aphis tae There are at least three methods by which much may be done to prevent attack: Fe, Me 1. Cut down and burn all the wild plum trees im decane we : hops are grown, so as to afford fewer places where the hop-vine aphis may oh oviposit in the autumn. Include in this such cultivated plum trees as are not yielding paying crops, particularly if infested with black lente 2, Spray all cultivated plum trees with a strong kerosene emulsion during the winter, or in the early spring before the leaves are out, in Me order to destroy the eggs of the hop-vine aphis which may have been — deposited there the preceding autumn. The kerosene should ies and quickly kill all the eggs which it reaches.* 3. Collect and burn all the refuse (leaves and vines) of the hop- yard as soon as the crop is picked. At this time many of the male aphides, which are the last to leave the yard, are still upon the vines, and in the burning, it is believed, that their number may be reduced to the extent — . that enough will not remain to fertilize all the . females that have — already taken their departure. The mating occurs largely, if not wholly, upon the plum trees. v The above directions involve watchfulness and labor, but the demand | they make is trifling in comparison with the value of the crop eS may thereby be rescued from destruction. The figures in the above are from the Entomological Division of the. U.S. Department of Agriculture,.obtained through the laniae of — Dr. Riley. THe Mrton Aputs, ApHtis cucUMERIS Forbes. Lower ti, Mass., August 27th. Eps. Country GENTLEMAN.—I send you by mail a box containing some muskmelon leaves and shoots that have been attacked by what seems to be a kind of plant-louse. Last season they destroyed my little plat when the melons were half-grown, the vines appearing as if touched by frost. Can you tell me what the creature is, and what means could be used as a preventive? I presume that it is too late now to save the vines, though I did not notice any trouble until yesterday.— T. C, B. _ The aphides or plant-lice, from the fortnight’s delay in reaching me, had become shriveled and discolored, but there is scarcely a doubt that they are the species which was described and named by Professor Forbes, — * Late experiments have shown it to be doubtful if aphis eggs can uniformly be killed by spraying with the emulsion. It would certainly be effective if made to reach the young aphides - =i soon after their coming from the egg. Ce ee eee ete rs ot is ‘¢ i Metp, Ys ey aS A X == ' ‘ oF sei yen "| ‘, fey. :, a : eye “\ - Oe Vien + ae ta ee SA . * | WOUNA gE BSE Se ae . vaHtH Report or THE State EnromoLocist. 211 me J ate Entomologist of Illinois, as Aphis cucumeris, and was treated of a m at considerable length (nine pages) in the Twelfth Report on Insects of Tilinois, published in 1883. \ tol 4 ; 9 @. 49.— The melon aphis, APHIs cUCUMERIS, winged oviparous female. (After J. B. Smith.) e Tt is there characterized as “a minute, very sluggish, green or green- ish-black insect, occurring in immense numbers from spring to late “summer, on the underside of the leaves, and also upon the roots of mt skmelons, cucumbers, squashes, and other cucurbitaceous plants, ¢ using the leaves to curl and shrivel and lose their color, and greatly hindering the development of the plants.” elt further appears, from Professor Forbes’ account, that it was first observed in Illinois, in 1880, as doing much injury to nutmeg and muskmelon vines, and also to the cucumber vines. Early in the spring of, 1882 it made an overwhelming attack on both watermelons and -muskmelons, in many localities in. Illinois, entirely killing the plants. Cucumber vines growing in the vicinity were not greatly injured; squash vines to a slight extent. _ In some instances, where the vines were not at once killed by exces- ese » ‘sive numbers, the plant-lice disappeared from them about the Ist of August, permitting the plants to rally somewhat and yield a partial crop. Many of the insects had been parasitized, and their dead bodies, a7 . . by thousands, were found clinging to the leaves. i ‘va s P| _ This insect has not, so far as we know, been previously reported from rt the eastern part of the United States. It is to be hoped that in its presence here it may be met by the same parasitic attack that checked So — ee = 3 912 _Forvy-FirTH Rerort on THE STATE MUSEUM. minute insect that deposits its eggs within the plant-louse — Ma , +y readily be recognized by the aphis becoming greatly swollen in size and rounded, and changing to a pale brown color. (In the absence of parasitic attack, Professor Forbes, as the result of = experiments, recommends the following: Sprinkling the underside of the leaves with road dust. In experi- ments, where it adhered, the insects were killed, or disappeared. Dusting the underside of the leaves by means of a powder bellows, with pyrethrum powder. After twenty-four hours all the insects had fallen from the leaves, and were dead and dried up. Spraying with a kerosene emulsion killed all it reached, and cleared many leaves entirely. Tobacco smoke, forced by means of a common bee-smoker, under large pieces of canvas (hay-caps) covering a section of the plants, and keeping the space beneath well filled with smoke for ten eS killed — seventy-five per cent of the insects. For garden use, where the plants are comparatively few, the last- named remedy is deemed the most feasible. It is advisable whenever this attack occurs, to destroy the old vines and leaves, within which the insect may be hibernating, and not to grow the same crop on the same ground the following season. The muskmelon “shoots” submitted, show a different and a quite interesting form of attack, in which the smaller leaves have been trans- formed into small; irregular, subovate, downy galls. These have given out their insects, which are found tobe aspecies of Cecidomyia. As I can find no mention of Cectdomyia attack on any of the Cucurbitacee, the insect is probably new to science. If it proves to be so, it might appropriately be named Cecidomyia cucumeris. It will be noticed hereafter. (C. G., for September 27, 1888.) MeELon AND STRAWBERRY Pests: APHIS CUCUMERIS AND CoRIMELZNA re PULICARIA, Eps. Country GENTLEMAN.— Be kind enough to inform me how to prevent lice from eating cantaloupe or cucumber vines; and, if spraying will do any good, what to spray with to destroy the insects and not injure the vines. There is also an insect that stings the stem of straw- berry blossoms about half an inch from the carp; then they dry up and fall off. Is there anything to prevent this? Hak Wellham’s Cross Roads, Md. a 4 ne “lice” infesting melon and cucumber vines are probably the ; sucumber aphis, Aphis eucumeris Forbes. It may be killed if kerosene cemalson, pyrethrum powder or pyrethrum in water, fish-oil soap, or strong tobacco water, is applied to it. But as it usually occurs on the ‘underside of the leaves, and causes them to curl irregularly, it is almost impossible to reach the insects by ordinary spraying. If a I apsack pump, provided with a rod and a Vermorel nozzle, be used, the liquid could be thrown very effectually upon the lower surface of ‘the leaves. The eggs of this aphis are deposited in the autumn, and _ probably on the dead leaves and vines. If these, therefore, are collected 4 and burned each year, the attack of the insect would be largely fi prevented. 7 The insect that punctures the blossom-stems of the strawberry is Pe sbably “the flea-like negro-bug,” Corimelena pulicaria Germ. (If "possible, examples of insects of which informa- tion is desired, should be sent with the inquiry.) ‘It is the size of some of the flea-beetles — about iss " - a one-tenth of an inch long, and is shining black ‘ ith a white stripe on each side. As this little bug peas a large number of food-plants, as the rasp- Fie. 50.—The flea-like o-bug CORIMELEZNA berry, cherry, quince, garden flowers, and several eieaal (After Riley.) E weeds of which it is very fond, it is difficult to bring it under control. _ The same substances recommended above for the aphis would probably a [The insect is shown in Figure 50. | | : Professor Riley states that this troublesome and destructive insect 1s "particularly partial to two weeds, upon which it breeds, and beneath exe ae *y i which it may often be found in the month of June in countless num- _ bers — viz., the red-root or New Jersey tea-plant (Ceanothus ameri- ? and neckweed or purslane speedwell ( Veronica peregrina). ‘He therefore advises the propagation of a small plat of either of these Bea: near a strawberry patch or other infested crop, as a decoy for "the bugs, which may thus be drawn away from the cultivated crops and easily destroyed when congregated in large numbers in a limited “space. (C. G., for June 4, 1891.) Since the publication of the preceding notices of the cucumber aphis, "Professor J. B. Smith has reported its destructiveness to all kinds of -eucurbitaceous vines in all parts of the State of New Jersey, in 1889 “(Bulletin 72, October, 1890, N. J. Agr. Coll. Exp. St.), and in the A .nnual Report of the Station, 1890, page 484, he refers to it as having ‘ been troublesome to growers for years past. or Vermorel nozzle. ScaLE INsEcTS oN: CAMELLIA AND OLEANDER. infesting her plants in Jacksonville, Ala. Reply was sent through th Country Gentleman of March 25th, 1891. oe I inclose two leaves, one of Camellia Joponica, the other of oleanden ? both of which are infested with parasitic fungi. The disease ee over the plants, which alternately succumb to its attacks, in the green- house as well as in the open air. Will you kindly inform me. what — - it is, and if there is any known means of its prevention. Bes es The leaves give no indication of fungus attack (upon the authority i of State Botanist Peck), but are infested with scale-insects. ‘The a Rte oleander shows on its underside, along the midrib and scattered over its surface, numerous small, rounded white spots of about one- -twentieth Fia. 51.— The white scale, ASPIDIOTUS NERIJ, onan acacia twig; a, the male insect; b, the male ~ scale; c, the female scale — each enlarged. ie of an inch in diameter, having a wrinkled, pale orange center. These — are the common “oleander scale,” Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, which , . é ry , yet tik A a a ai iy i i ? Py, . ty y i" Py, ait a os o aN aa ee sy yo, oe ut ay 4 ark : wey & Brown enue t oF THe SPATE Ewromoxoors. 915.3 ' ® fs o of Hate and trees, viz., magnolia, acacia, ivy, maple, plum, re srry, currant, orange, lemon, etc. The true insect, when mature, is | apennd beneath the scale—the white portion of the scale being a protective secretion thrown out by the larva, having upon its center one or two _ ‘orange- colored larval skins cast off at its moltings. [See, also, F%/th a Report on the Insects of New York, pp. 278, 279.| el _ The camellia leaf is infested with a different species of scale. It is oan, elongate, bearing the cast skins upon its pointed and narrow end, quite broad at the other extremity (which in one example is white), a . and resembles in shape the well-known oyster-shell scale of the apple - tree, except that it is not curved. It apparently belongs to the genus _ Prrtaori _An assured remedy for these insects is spraying them with the kero- -sene emulsion or whale-oil soap solution. The latter might not be B ctectna except when applied to the young soon after they have i _ hatched from the egg, and before they are protected beneath their. scale. When infesting house-plants, as oleander and camellia, the 2 nsects may be destroyed by passing over the stalk and branches, and - the leaves on their underside, with a sponge or piece of flannel dipped : in a little sweet oil or kerosene. The oil will penetrate the scale and "kil the insects beneath. Upon some old oleanders which had become oY _ badly infested through neglect, kerosene was used so freely that mis- _ givings were entertained of the result, but the effect was only E erieficil. | } A GRaPpEVINE ScaLe Insect, Lecanium sp.? oa Complaint was made that a grapevine which trails against a shed in _ eee i _ Sovngtl Mass., was covered with a multitude of scale-insects, similar ty af to the specimens i, The vine had not been so infested before, and, ‘A - another vine near by was not infested. - The piece of vine is almost entirely covered with the large seades of: i, insect — in some cases even over lapping one another.. They are of a_ dark mahogany color. A few are of apale brown color, with two broad | ' a subdorsal blackish stripes and about eight narrower transverse bands- a 4% They are smooth and without a carina, broadly oval, their dorsal eleva- | p> ti on about one-half of their diameter, and the largest measure one- NR sixth of an inch in length. On raising the scales from the bark ther . re a to be packed with small eee white eges, ears in ‘oes 216 FORTY- FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE M USEUM. identical with some described by me in the Country Géntleneyy for ay July 4th, 1878, and not identified at the time. Associated with the above are some smaller pale brown, more elon- gate scales, which in their carination and transverse constrictions bear resemblance to Pilvinaria innumerabilis |Rath.|, while they are evi- dently a species of Lecanium. A few of the eggs have hatched at ~ this date (June 4th), and the young larve are running rapidly over the © scales. No cottony secretion is present, but when the scale and eggs are brushed away, a white powdery substance is found beneath them. — As, on a former occasion, I have counted 1,054 eggs beneath one of these scales, the rapid rate at which the insect may multiply, is evident. It will be necessary, therefore, to free the infested vine from them, or they will speedily destroy it and extend to other vines. If the scales are confined to a portion of the vine, they could be removed from it at the present time and many of the eggs destroyed by crushing. them with a cloth held in the hands and moved over the stem with a twisting motion. The cloth might be wet with a carbolic acid solution or strong soap suds; or the scales could be scraped from the vine with some blunt instrument and received in a broad basin of water covered with kerosene. The eggs should by no means be per- mitted to survive the operation of their removal, to continue the attack | and destroy the vine, as they undoubtedly would if not properly treated. With the eggs hatched, the empty scales, it is hardly necessary to add, would be harmless. (Mew England Homestead, June 12, 1886.) APPLE-TREE Insects oF HaRLy SPRING. Apple-tree Aphis —Apple-tree Case-bearer — Hye-spotted Bud-moth— Apple-leaf Bucculatrix — Pear-tree Psylla. Insect attacks upon the unfolding buds of the apple tree are either unusually abundant the present season (the spring of 1891) or our fruit- growers are more carefully watching for insect depredations, and more eager for the knowledge of means of checking them than they have been in former years. Such action is wise, for just at this time orchards are exposed to attack of several insect pests, which, if not promptly checked, can not as well be destroyed later, and must neces- sarily prove of serious injury to the coming crop. Mr. Dwight Stone, of Lansing, Oswego county, N. Y., has written me under date of April 27th, as follows: ay ts AS . i Inclosed I mail ‘you two insects; the little green one is easy to find, but the other is more difficult to detect. It is a worm ina sheath, which when fastened to the leaf, stands out at an angle of 45° , and « ale looks, tothe naked eye, something like a lettuce seed, When detached - from ‘the leaf, it comes (partly) out from the sheath and crawls like a worm. If touched it quickly draws back into its sheath. There are millions of the first named insects, and but few of the last in my orchard. Please give me their names and the probability of the latter to increase and do damage. The green insects, of which there were many creeping over the open- _ ing buds, are the common apple-tree aphis. Aphis mali Fabr. They q are still quite small, but have already undergone one mofting since hatching from the eggs, as * ~ mumbers of their cast shriveled ‘skins are fastened to the buds. | Whereve abundant, the injury _ that this insect causes in extract- _ing the sap from the buds is so great that its increase should be : ‘promptly peated Py. BPrAy AE fhe 52.—Apple-tree aphis, APHIS MALI; winged and with a strong soap solution, to- [wingless forms. F bacco water, or the kerosene emulsion—the last, the most reliable. : _ The other insect, inclosed in a“ sheath,” is the apple-tree case-bearer, Coleophora malivorella. Riley. It is ‘ + » ae Al , Paw - wie qe ae Cae * ~ . £ % 4 Ps a ee ae Ne ae _ _— * ? 4 4 _—- os att es vod * a oe > ne < . 918° Forry-rirrH Report on tHE Stare Museum, =~ locomotion and feeding. The insect hibernated within this case, fastened _ closely to the twig. A few days ago, on awakening from its winter _ ; Pre ty tt sleep, it sought the unfolding buds, and commenced to feed thereon, The case, which is slightly curved at its anterior end, is at this time, about one-twelfth of an inch in length. The larve will continue, unless destroyed, to feed upon the foliage until about the middle cf June, when they complete their growth, transform to the pupa state within the pistol-shaped cases, which will then measure one-fourth of © an inch in length, and give out the moth during the month of July.* The proper treatment for this insect is arsenical spraying at the time of the opening of the buds, and at intervals thereafter, if required. It- has been noticed at length in my First Report on the Insects of New York. The figure illustrating the insect is herewith given. ' Is a3 A third insect was found associated with the above, viz., the cater- ~ ig, < iN ’ « ~ pillar of the eye-spotted bud-moth. Zmetocera ocellana (Schiff). This _ destructive caterpillar, which in its early stage eats out the buds of the apple tree and completely destroys them, is causing serious injury, and is apparently annually increasing in the orchards of our State. It may : be killed by thorough spraying with Paris green, at the same time as for the case-bearer. Mr. Malcom Little, of Malcom, Seneca county, has sent ‘the follow- ing communication, dated April 27th : I inclose with this a box containing apple buds with at least two kinds of enemies. One is the aphis and the other a worm entirely. new to me. There are empty cocoons on some of the twigs. The worm cuts the bud off in some instances. Will spraying with kerosene ‘emulsion kill the worm ? The buds submitted showed the presence of three insects. The apple- tree aphis was quite abundant. The little brown, black-headed cater- pillar of the eye-spotted bud-moth was-eatirig into several of the buds. The short bits of twigs bearing the blossom buds were, in some instances, whitened with the little ribbed, ellipsoidal, white cotoons of the apple-leaf Bucculatrix, “Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens. Most of the cocoons were old ones of last year which had given out the moth and were more or less broken, but a number of them contained the living pupa, as was found by crushing them beneath the finger, which would in a few days have disclosed the winged insect in the orchard for deposit of the eggs of another brood. * The larvee ceased feeding in June and fastened themselves to the sides of the box, but did - not give out the imago. On examination, the cases were found to contain the dead and shriveled lavze, -Erenrn Netonr OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 219 - Both the bud-moth caterpillar and the pup of the apple-leaf Buccu- BS Pate could. be destroyed by the arsenical spraying repeated as often as - found necessar y. It would have been more efficient could the spraying a have been done two weeks earlier, or at about the time of the first per- _ ceptible swelling of the buds. Possibly at this time (April 29th) be _ some of the Bucculatrix moths have emerged, and have commenced ree ee their eggs. county, dated April 26th, is as follows: : 3 Since receiving your reply to my letter concerning spraying our 8 orchard, Ihave found three different insects that I would like much 4a know about, and I accordingly send them to you in this mail. The _ first is a small gray miller, which appears in numbers about my apple : trees, especially in warm, sunshiny days. The second isa small green louse, of which there seem to be from one to four on every bud. Are they hurtful to the fruit, and what will have to be done to kill them? ; The third is a worm of about one- eighth of an inch in length, with a black head and brownish body, which seems to be eating into the bud. 1 do not find many of this kind, but I fear that more will hatch out. E These insects are giving us a good deal of anxiety, and we would like to know if it would be better to spray for them now or wait until *) after the blossoming. Please answer as soon as possible. : Reply to the above was made, that although the little gray moths ys sent had lost nearly all of their scales in catching and handling them _ there was hardly a doubt that they were the eye-spotted bud-moth es ‘(named in the preceding notices), particularly as some of its larve, . but recently hatched, were found feeding in the buds. This is the third insect mentioned in the above note. The oviposition of the bud- Oe - moth extends over quite a period of time; so that the conjecture that - others than those now seen will make their appearance, will probably be confirmed. The observed flight of the moth in the daytime is of bs interest, as it has not been recorded. No time should be lost before ‘spraying with Paris green for the elie aaa [See Nore A, appended. | The second insect, mentioned as “a small green louse,” indicates a new and dangerous attack in the orchards of our State, viz., that of _ the pear-tree Psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerst. This insect was referred to in a communication made by me to the Country Gentleman for - a * 2 7 A some blossom buds were brought to me from an apple orchard of Mr. : George T. Powell, of Ghent, N. Y., which showed a formidable attack by this pest. The living insects were seen when the buds were picked, but when they came to me only their dead and shriveled remains could Lp sae Ae Fina Jai _A third note of inquiry, from Mr, Frank Mothrop of Lincoln, Wayne | _ April 16th, entitled, “ Honey-Dew on Pear Twigs.” A few days since _ spraying with a kerosene emulsion early in the spring, before the hatch- 220 Forty-rirtH REPORT on THE STATE MUSEUM. — wey ON Ea ae be found, but the stems bearing the buds were thickly and conspicu- ously coated with a “ honey-dew,” which had been excreted by thei,” Psyllids: The presence of this honey-dew always serves, at thig’ season and onward, to disclose the attack of the (at this time) small and almost hidden larve. aie a A This species of Psylla usually infests the pear. Its occurrence on the apple has been noted by writers, but the above was the first time that it had come under my observation. Its occurrence in the apple ie orchard at Lincoln is the second instance. aoe It has not been studied in this country, and most of our knowledge of it is obtained from Huropean authors. From its formidable attack — in pear orchards in the Hudson river valley, it now claims the atten- tion of our economic entomologists. [See Norz B.] i So far as we know its natural history, it may be best fought by é ee tN ing of the eggs, or just after the insect has emerged. Later, it will probably be found to be enveloped in its copious excretion of honey- . dew that will make it difficult to reach by external applications. In classification and general appearance, Psylla is near the plant-lice, and, _ like them, takes its food by suction. (Country Gentleman, of May 7, 1891.) "i Note A.—In the light of subsequent studies, it appears that my identification — 4 with some doubt, of the moths received from Mr. Mothrop, can not be sus- . tained. Prof. M. V>Slingerland, of Cornell University, has fully worked out the life-history. of the eye-spotted bud-moth, and shown that the winged insect 4 comes abroad during the month of June and early July, and that there is buta single brood—not two, as L indicated in a brief notice of the insect in my Seventh 1 Report, page 307. See Bulletin 50, March 1893, of the Cornell University Agri- — ; cultural Experiment Station, for Professor Slingerland’s elaborate study of the " insect. a Nore B.—The pear-tree Psylla, in consideration of its excessive multiplica- — tion and severe injuries in 1891, has, since the above was written, been given the study that its economic importance demanded. In Bulletin 44, October, 1892, of the Cornell Experiment Station, Professor Slingerland has given us in careful detail the life-history of this interesting insect, description and illustra- tions of all its stages, and the satisfactor y results of experiments made for its control. My own observations upon it are in the MS. of my Ninth Report, awaiting publication. rn — ot 2h 4 y as > ae 3 4 >. ae ee i ee Fa we - s » ‘ atge Yao ; ies iy i we re Some Inusurtous INSEcTs OF 1890. a ‘he following notes from a paper read by Hon. Daniel K. Young, of eC Oyster Bay, Queens Co., N. Y., before the Queens County Farmers? Club, were submitted to me for any comments that it might be thought desirable to make upon them. “ a . In the summer of 1890, there was noticed in growing wheat a artial blight. The leaves lost their normal green, turned brown, and Ww Pihored. Rye was similarly effected, but less seriously; there was also noticed in rye scant filled heads and much shriveled grain. - This was attributed to insect depredation. ‘The causes were not investigated nor the extent of damage noted. _ 2. Oats was ruinously blighted in an early stage of growth, similar to, but more seriously than wheat. There is also an insect enemy of _ many years standing, which has rendered the kernel almost valueless. No satisfactory exposition of this has been made public. 4 3. The marketable value of potatoes is seriously impaired by what _ is popularly known as “Scab.” This is undoubtedly caused by insect perforation, but when or at what stage of growth of the tuber is not | Positively known. 4. The elm-leaf beetle, or rather the larva, has disfigured and seriously ; njured elm trees several seasons past. The frequent drenching rains in August and later in the season of 1889, destroyed quantities of the pests while in the pupa state, before transformation to the perfect beetle was completed. This gave false hope of its destruction. The few that appeared in the spring of 1890 increased without molestation, and the approaching season will probably show a material increase. ad have been kept in subjection by remedies which timely investigation proved efficient, the Committee suggest that the managers institute ‘inguiries into these matters, and if necessary, at the proper season invite the State Entomologist to personally investigate, and report upon _what they are, their different stages and habits, so that the lay mind may comprehend sufficiently to institute inquiry, observation, and _ remedies. _ A few remarks may be made upon the above: 3 1. Examination of wheat and rye from several localities, affected in “the manner above described, showed the discolored portions to contain multitudes of a minute nematode worm—one of the Anguillulide, which were undoubtedly the cause of the discoloration and the partial blight. The particular species was not determined. | During the past two or three years, nematode attacks have been found to be very common in a large number of plants. Careful study — has been given to them both in this country and in Europe. Dr. J. R Ritzema Bos, of Wageningen, Netherlands, has published the results of his elaborate‘ studies of Tylenchus devastatriz —one of the most common species. Miss E. A. Ormerod has detected them as causing “much of the so-called “clover sickness;” and in this country, the lfe- 5. In view of the fact that the Colorado and the Asparagus beetles _ 222 history of Tylenchus radicola which Agent a large Tbr of our agricultural products, has been worked out by Professor Atkinson, - then of the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station. The Department of Agriculture, at Washington, has also published an extended report upon the Nematodes prepared by ye J.C. Neal, an agent of the Department. 2. The blight in the oats is probably that shih has been noticed i | Messrs. Galloway and Southworth in the Journal of Mycology, vol. vi, — 1890, page 72. It was prevalent that year during the months of May and June, in several of the United States—in some of them injuring the crop from thirty-five to seventy-five per cent. Nothing in the way — of a fungus or.animal parasite as the cause of the trouble could be found, but bacteria were present in every specimen examined. — The insect causing the shriveling of the oats, was the well-known grain-aphis, Siphonophora avenw (Fabr.). It was not destructive generally throughout the State during the year, but in two or three localities it was reported as having injured the wheat crop to an extent of from twenty-five to fifty per cent. f 3. For the “ potato-scab,” of which frequent complaints are being — made, no effectual preventive has as yet been found. Much attention has been given to the disease, and considerable progress has been made in its investigation. It appears that there are several kinds of scab, resulting from different causes. It has been variously referred to | injuries from insects, as the wire-worm and white- -grubs; to injuries from millipedes (thousand-legged worms), earth-worms and mites; to excessive moisture in the soil producing an abnormal growth of the corky tissue; to lime or oxide of iron in the soil; to fertilization by stable manure; to the action of bacteria; and to fungus attack. That one of the “scabs” is caused by, or at least is always associ- ated with, bacteria, seems to have been demonstrated by Mr. L. H. -Bolley.* Another form has been found by Dr. Roland Thaxter, of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, to be due to a fungus attack, the particular species of which has not yet been determined.+ This has been named as the “deep scab,” while another form, known as “surface scab,” often associated with it, may prove to be only a modification of the former. 4, The beneficial effect of heavy rains in destroying the elm-leaf beetle, Galerucella canthomelena (Schrank), has not, we believe, been previously reported. That such should be one of the results of heavy * Agricultural Science, iv, 1890, p. 2438. + Ann. Rept. Conn. Agr. Exp. St. for 1890, pp. 81-95, figs. 1, 2. a ee ee Oe ‘ : ae ee Sa i ee ed ee, oS ceetee ee oe ee ee i Ak id . [eels teameccoee. " OF THE STé 0106 ST.) 23 eems quite reasonable, knowing its service in arresting the ea of plant-lice in early spring, as well as of other species ee This suggests the feasibility of killing the larvee when ing the tree-trunks for pupation, by simply spraying with cold _ B idrowing it upon them with force from a nozzle having rather ates It would, of course, be more effective, with very little [ry nl O1 added to the water. 5. The State Entomologist will always be glad to investigate any ‘sa of insect attack that may be brought to his notice, or to ee The Eaves essentially, was communicated to Mr. Jacob Hicks, of Old Westbury, N. Y., with thanks for his kind submittal to me of a Mr. Young’s paper, containing, as it does, observations intelligently ee \ , (A) ENTOMOLOGICAL ADDRESSES, SOME INJURIOUS INSECTS OF MASSACHUSETTS. [Read before the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture at its Country Meeting at Framingham, December 3d, 1885.] GENTLEMEN. — Before proceeding to discharge the pleasant duty that I have undertaken in compliance with the kind request that you, throngh your secretary, have done me the honor of making,— that I would give you some practical remarks on insects with which you have to contend in your farming operations,— will you please allow me a few preliminary words. | Always glad, as I am, of an opportunity to commend the import- ance of the study of economic entomology, and to give some evidence of what it has accomplished, it is with more than _ ordinary pleasure that I am permitted to address the Massachusetis State Board of Agriculture. Not because I have been assured that I would find an appreciative audience, but that I can avail myself of the occasion to make public acknowledgment of the debt of sratitude that American agriculture owes to you, to those who _ have preceded you, and to your State, for what you have done in the promotion of economic entomology. Here in Massachusetts the science had its birth, and to the fostering care that it has continued to receive we are largely indebted for the proud position that it at present holds. Nearly a century 1¢0 —in the vear 1793 —a prize was offered _ by the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, for the best essay to be presented to it upon the “ canker-worm,”— an insect which, according to a statement made in the “ New England _ Farmer” in 1790, had at that time been a destructive pest in ‘many portions of New England for fifty years. The prize was awarded by the society to William Dandridge Peck, for his paper 228 Forty-FirTH REPORT ON THE Srare Museum. entitled the “Natural History of the Canker- ean, % publeied : in the year 1795. The paper was worthy of being a pioneer ina new line of investigation. a Mr. Peck’s studies upon the canker-worm were made at Kittery, Maine, but he was subsequently called to Haryard Cole lege. In 1817, another paper, “On the Insects which Destroy the g young Branches of the Pear-Tree, and the leading. Shoot of the a Weymouth-Pine, by W. D. Peck, Esq., Professor of Natural History “a and Botany, at Harvard University” (I cite from the paper in my | library), was published in the “ Massachusetts Agricultural Jour- nal” (January, 1817, vol. iv, pp. 205-211), by the society before mentioned. i The lectures of Professor Peck were attended by Thaddeus — E: _ William Harris, of Dorchester, Mass., during the years 1813-15. 4 Of his instructor, Dr. Harris, in his later years, wrote: “It was | this early and much esteemed friend who first developed my. taste — for entomology, and stimulated me to cultivate it.” ; I need not dwell at length upon the entomological labors of Dr. Harris, for they are familiar to you all. To him, perhaps ~ more than to any other man, do we owe the widespread interest jl felt in the study of the insect world. His collection of insects was commenced in or about the year 1820, at the time when he entered upon the practice of his profession at Milton; and during his residence here and at Dorchester most of his out-door researches | were made. His studies were untiringly continued for the remainder of his life, during the long period of twenty-five years that he held the librarianship at Harvard University, subsequent to the year 1831. / At the commencement of his librarianship he was honored with the preparation of a Catalogue of the Insects of Massa- chusetts, which was appended to the geological report of the State by Professor Hitchcock. Ten years later, in 1841, was published his “Report on Insects Injurious to Vegetation,’—one of the scientific reports which were prepared by the Com- missioners on the Zo logical and Botanical Survey of Massachusetts, agreeably to an order of the General Court, and at the expense of the State. It has the honor of oe a AS cr’ 7 7 ‘g iS Lah ; : : * af - Tee vw 7 r Mm _ Licata REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 229 being the first government publication on insects issued in the ‘United States. Subsequent editions have appeared of this report, with additions in 1852, and again in 1862,—the latter with oe PD ittustrations. Of this work it may justly be said,— The State has honored itself in its publication. Although so many years, : _ marked with wonderful progress, have elapsed since its prepara- aon, it is still the first volume that | recommend to those who desire to learn of insects and their habits; for it stands to- -day as fresh, as interesting, as valuable as when first issued from the j press — unsurpassed, we believe, by any similar report in any other department of natural history ever published. | : : Your own Board has done much to encourage entomological studies. I have in my possession a paper, entitled “Economie Entomology, by Francis G. Sanborn, Entomologist to the Massa- _ chusetts Board of Agriculture,” without date of issue, but prob- ably published about the year 1860. _ “An Essay on “Some of the Insects of Massachusetts which are Beneficial to Vegetation,” by the same author, as entomologist te the Board, and forming a portion of the report of your Secretary for the year 1863, is a valuable contribution, treating of insects a qe their several orders, and illustrating them in sixty figures. Tn the years 1871, 1872, and 1873, three valuable reports were a to your Board by Dr. A. 8. Packard, Jr., upon the “ Injurious and Beneficial Insects of the State of Massachusetts.” So able x were these reports and of so great practical importance to agri- - evltural interests, that it is much to be regretted that provision could not have been made for a continnacion of the series. — 3 There are, doubtless, among the publications of your Buard, 5 other contributions to the science, to which reference deserves "s pt be made, of ‘which I have no present knowledge. In this connection it is proper that [ should refer to a ecol- ection in economic entomology that within the last few years has been quietly brought together and built up at the Museum | of Comparative Zodlogy, at Cambrmdge, by the distinguished Dp professor of entomology, Dr. H. A. Hagen, under the fostering “A ca are of Alexander Agassiz. It has for its object a better oppor- E tunity of acquaintance with the insect world than can be afforded ¢ ae 5 om RN Re ee ead a PSE ANE Mel eee 6 ae e 7 perghhy « s + % v - , és ; "ae ie _ ——— = oe. >a? a Se ees os io i a ; a 4 hm agers Ss Fee neal he ee a ee a = Re Ee ee Ss 230 Forvy-rirtH Report on THE STATE Musuum. ey by the study alone of books. To this end there have been a pak arranged, in convenient cases, in connection with each insect — a shown, its several stages of the egg, the larva at different - periods of its life, and the pupa; its architecture, in its cocoons, ‘ nests, burrows, etc.; its various food-plants, showing methods of attack and injury; diseased conditions resulting from fungus ay and other attacks, or from causes producing monstrosities and ae deformities; the several parasites that prey upon it—in short whatever may serve to illustrate the entire natural history of the insect. So rich has this collection already become, in its 5,000 species more or less fully illustrated, that I give it but the praise - that it deserves when I say that it has not its equal in any other collection of the kind in the world. Nor should I omit passing referan:e to ihe good that has resulted from the Entomological Department of the Cambridge waa ite Le Raa Museum, in that the study of its collections and ihe instruction of its professor have largely influenced tne habits of thought ~ and paths of labor of several students who are now successful teachers of entomology in our colleges and universities. I can not now refer to the many notable contributions made by the members. of your scientific bodies and others to general entomology, in the extensive collections gathered, in the new forms described, the life-histories siven, the anatomical and rea historical investigations pursued, and the classifactory work done. Not alone are these lines of study, one and all, of creat timpor- tance in themselves, and their pursuit ennobling—-for_ the ‘humblest insect that lives is richly worthy of the attention of the highest intellect,— but further, each one of you, each member of community, has direct interest in such laboz, iudispensable as it is to a proper knowledge of the insect world, with which we are brought into such intimate and dependent relations, in our cultivation of the soil, within our homes, and everywhere. Without occupying more of the time allotted to me in referring to several other topics of which I would love to speak to you, f I will pass on to. meet the purpose of my invitation hither. But how could I discharge the duty of even a brief discussion of q the numerous insect pests which with each returning year force — HreurH REPoRT or THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 231 ; themselves upon you, and compel battle with them if you would not _ permit them to wrest from you often the entire results of a season’s ~ toil ? Fortunately, your Secretary has kindly extricated me from ia this dilemma in sugggesting to me a few insects upon which a a desire has been expressed by several of your number, for informa- 3 a es, on that will prove serviceable in arresting widespread and seri- et ous depredations. : I will ask your attention, first, to a class of insects which — e 4 although occurring abundantly in almost every portion of our me A # Bcountry,; everywhere occasioning serious losses, and although vol- A sive _ umes have been written of them — are yet very imperfectly known F 4 by those who are suffering from their depredations. ie 8 & Cor worms. % a Before we can contend successfully with our insect foes, it is . a “necessary to know who and what they are. There is no universal ete _ panacea for insect injuries. The natural history and habits of ce * a ae 4 each species requires separate study, and not until we have a _ become acquainted with all the conditions of their existence are ae _ we prepared to make recommendation of the best means to be a employed against them. So varied are these conditions, even BS. among the members, often, of the same genus, that a pe be _ remedy that will be efficient with one’ will be powerless against } - _another. The bearing of these remarks will be evident when we mes: state that, not unfrequently, a reported “ cut-worm ” attack proves, a _ upon examination, to be that of quite a different insect, — perhaps Me _ that of the “white-grub” or some allied coleopterous larva,— of es one of the many species of “wire-worms,” the larve of our BY “snapping beetles,” — or it may be of a “ thousand-legged worm,” | ‘e q which does not even belong to the class of insects. The nature of gee the injury committed by these several forms is much the same; ie _ roots are eaten, or stalks and blades are cut off, and it is be/ieved i te be caused by a cut-worm. Surely, guessing at the cause of an Lae ; ir jury is incompatible with scientific treatment for its arrest. # "Wherever, therefore, any unknown form of insect attack presents f: R itself to the farmer, the gardener, the horticulturist, the florist, — i c let him first learn the particular depredator he has to deal with, 4 4 1232 Forry-rirtH RePorT on THE STATE Museum. and then seek the best remedy, either from books authoritative yi upon the subject, or from some one prepared and | to give advice. If the study of our common insects had that place in our public i schools and other institutions of learning that its practical import- ance entitles it to, the labor of the economic entomologist of the a present day would be lightened, and much of what may be regarded as preliminary instruction would be spared him. It © should not be necessary in a paper like the present to tell what a “eut-worm ” is, yet if I give its principal features, and those of the — | winged form into which it develops, I think that I shall be impart- 3 ing serviceable and acceptable information to some. What are cut-worms ? — Cut-worms are the caterpillars of an extensive family of moths known by the name of WVocturdw, from — their coming abroad for flight chiefly during the night; the moths (nocturnal) united with the butterflies (diurnal) forming the order — of LeripoprERA, So named from the myriads of small scales which, in symmetrical arrangement like the shingles or tiles of a roof, cover and color both the upper and lower surfaces of the mem- — branous and veined transparent wings. There are many distinct species of cut-worms, but we can not give even their approximate number. Most of them belong to three genera of the Woctwide; viz., Agrotis, Mamestra, and Hadena, of which about 400 United States species have been described. Some of these are known not to possess true cut-worm habits, but of much the larger number the caterpillar stage remains unknown. The following are the principal cut-worm features possessed im common by nearly all the species, and which should suffice for their recognition. When full-grown, they measure from an inch and a quarter to nearly two inches in length. They have sixteen feet, of which the three anterior pairs (true legs) are pointed, and the five remaining pairs (prolegs), stout, blunt, and armed with minute hooks for clasping. In form ‘they are stout, tapering slightly toward the extremities. In appearance they are usually dull-colored, greasy-looking, dingy-brown, gray or greenish, with some light ' > ie oe nis "hy ; : -—BientH REPORT OF THE STATE HNTOMOLOGIST. wa Fs a ioe longitudinal lines, and sometimes with oblique dashes. | They have a large, shining, red or reddish-brown head. The first ving, or collar, bears a darker-colored, shining, horny plate, as _ does also the last one, known as the anal plate. The body is never "hairy, but the several rings have upon each six or eight small, " Dlackish dots or humps, from each of which a short hair is 5 given out. : Their habits. —It is the habit of the cut-worm to pass the day B in rest, hidden in a hole made in the ground beside its food-plant ) or among its roots, or in concealment beneath stones, sticks, rails, or other convenient shelter. The night is the season of _ their activity, when they seek their food. Some of them feed only beneath the surface of the ground upon the roots of plants; others thrust their body in part from their burrow and cut off the blade, which they take with them into the ground to feed upon at their leisure; while others come abroad and make vigorous attack upon the young annual plants of the garden or the field, 3 feeding upon their tender tips or severing the stalks. If search _ be made for them at night-time with a lantern, they may often be found by hundreds busily engaged in their destructive work. in the hole made near the plant. When taken from the ground or disturbed in their shelter, they usually curl themselves up oa a ring. | } F ot flowers, as of the golden rod (So/zdago) and some others; but q nearly all of them pass the day in sleep in various hiding-places, such as under the bark of trees, in piles of wood or stone, in a crevices of walls, behind closed window-blinds, or in any con- _ venient, dark, secluded retreat. They are generally of obscure colors, in some shade of brown. When in repose, their wings are folded almost parallel to the surface upon which they rest, ed in line with their body, giving them an elongated form. The wings are thick, smooth, often shining, and marked with character- _ istic lines and spots which are usually not very conspicuous. — Natural history. — The eggs that produce the cut-worms are ow deposited by the moth upon some low plant convenient to 30° > a x Sy @ x ey At the approach of day they again seek their hiding-places, often | A few of the moths may be: seen by day, feeding upon the nectar © a: % 4 ‘ Ds d fe, a ea ha ee Oe we Ts —— = -_ A ath bece te 7. ‘an oP EeOi2 ee LOT Re ee ta eto ae « St eee 3 c: ap ae f %. ith f, hs 234 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. the food that is destined to nourish them. Sometimes, however, af as in Agrotis saucia, they are placed in long, narrow patches upon small twigs of apple, peach, and other fruit trees, quite — removed from their natural larval food. The general time of/ their deposit is in the latter part of summer. Hatching in a short time, the larve enter the ground and commence to feed upon the young roots of various plants. With the cold of winter, they cease feeding, and bury deeper in the ground, where they — shape for themselves an oval cavity in which to pass the winter in a torpid state. In this condition, if undisturbed, freezing fails to harm them. In the early spring they resume. their activity, make their way toward the surface, and commence their feeding upon the starting vegetation. Within a few weeks they become full grown, when they again bury in the ground, where they mold a cell, or earthen cocoon, in which to undergo their transformation to the pupal state. Two or three weeks are required for this stage, when the moth issues from the rent pupal case, and makes its appearance above ground. The wings, at first small and contracted, are soon expanded, and the insect has reached its perfect stage. ‘The sexes meet, eggs are deposited for another brood, a little food is partaken of, consisting of the nectar of flowers or other sweets, 5 and within two or three weeks, ordinarily, if not sooner termi- nated by their many enemies, the life-cycle is completed. In some instances a second brood follows during the summer and autumn, but with most of the species the life-history is as above given. Occasionally the hibernation is in the pupal stage. Food-plants.— Many of our injurious insects confine their depre- dations to a single food-plant, or to the members of the same genus, or to closely allied plants. The cut-worm, unfortunately, is more indiscriminate in its taste; and although certain species show a decided preference for some particular food-plant, yet, if this is not convenient, other substitutes are readily accepted. » When we add to this the varied tastes of a large number of species it ceases to be a surprise that so many of the products of our fields and gardens suffer from their aggression. Their injury to grass is far more serious than is supposed. It is believed that the first half of the active life of many of 4 a species is passed in fecding upon the roots of grasses, and iat they only assume the true cut-worm habits when approach- ing maturity demands stronger and more abundant food. Usually a their presence in grass lands is unnoticed, or, if an impaired growth is observed, it is ascribed to other causes. But at times, for reasons unknown, they multiply to such an extent that we niay no longer be blind to their ravages; as in the visitation of the “pronze- colored cut-worm, WVephelodes violangs Guenée, in 1881, in the northern counties of the State of New York, when the _ pastures and meadows suffered largely from their attack; and of the black-lined cut-worm, Agrotis fennica (Tausch.), in Michigan, last year, when, as represented to me by Professor Cook, of the - State Agricultural College, there were meadows through which | one eould not walk without crushing from a dozen to a hundred at each step. Corn is known to be a favorite food-plant of many species, of which we recognize twelve by name—the two more comnon ones being Agrotis clandestina and Hadena devastatriz. Experi- ence has taught every farmer that a cornfield upon a newly turned y sod i is a luxurious home for the cut-worm, where they particularly hill of corn. ‘ ; Wheat and barley occasionally suffer from their attack, but we are thus far favored by not having had introduced among us, with the scores of imported pests brought by commerce to our _ shores, the wheat dart-moth, Agrotis tritici, or the common. dart- j ; Pict, Agrotis segetum, which cause such enormous losses in the _ European wheat fields. None of our species are nearly so destruc- tive as these to this staple crop. Entire settings of young cabbage plants are often destroyed by them. Tn one plot of 600 plants, only thirty escaped. The owner - killed about 200 of the werms on the first day of their appearance, a and 500 or more on the following day, after which the ground was Sy _ reset with late cabbages. Of the species known to prey upon cab- _ Mamestra subjuncta, Mamestra trofolii, and Hadena devastatrix. 2 abound. Tt is stated that sixty have been taken from a single ~ + - bage, are Agrotis clandestina, Agrotis saucia, Agrotis annexa, ’ dy Pax: ~~ BS es he eae a er jo Ee eae eae a ar ~o.4 " Paty poe ate =. ee ®t ? na » as 2 Se ‘ tk. a re x a ‘ sy 7 ~s. ae To onions they are at times so destructive as to ruin entire ae crops. In one field of four acres in Chautauqua county, N. Ys upon which onions had been grown, for sixty years, the worms > a were dug out and killed in almost incredible numbers — to the : tn amount of “ bushels,” in some years, it is stated. A remarkable attack was made upon onions, in Goshen, Orange county, N. Y., the present year, where several hundreds of acreg of drained swamp-land are devoted to their culture. ‘The worms appeared in myriads, in June, as soon as the onions had started,—_ first eating them from their tips downward, but later develop- ing the true cut-worm habit in severing the stalks. The species was believed to be Agrotis malefida, a southern form, not hitherto noticed injuriously so far north. [On rearing the perfect insect it proved to be Agrotis messoria Harris. ] The tender stems of young deans furnish tempting food, and every one who has grown them knows the frequency with which ae they are found, in the morning, with severed stems, ee the operation of the cut-worm. . In portions of Canada, clover suffered severely from a formid- able attack of a caterpillar which was thought, at first, to be the army-worm, but which, upon rearing the moth, eyes to be one of the cut-worms, Agrotis fennica. Tobacco plants, are often cut off in the month of June. In West Meriden, Conn., from one row of 180 plants, 214 of the ‘worms were taken and killed. They frequently attack and destroy flowering plants in our gardens, as hyacinths, pansies, carnations, nasturtiums, phlox, asters, balsams, and many others. Among other garden and field crops, to which they are destruc- tive, may be mentioned pease, beets, potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkins, melons, and squashes. Natural enemies.— The large size of the cut-worms, their hairless bodies, and no provision for protection except their concealment — by day, render them attractive and an easy prey to their many | a hia ees REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 937 _ enemies who persistently seek them for food, and by the large SB timbers that they devour greatly mitigate the injuries that their "unchecked increase would otherwise cause. Several of our com- me on birds render effective service in this direction. Foremost "among these is the robin, of which it has been said: “ Its eminently ~ terrestrial habits, its fondness for larvae of various kinds, and its _ ability to obtain those that are hidden beneath the turf, give it a usefulness in destroying cut-worms which no other bird pos- 4 -sesses in the same degree, and for this feature in its economy alone, its greater abundance should be encouraged. Early in the morn- _ ing, and toward the close of the evening, the robin may often be seen searching for cut-worms in lawns, pastures, and meadows, Bind when thus engaged it hops about, gazing apparently more | at distant objects than searching for something near at hand; then, _ suddenly, it commences tearing up the old grass and turf with its pill, and, in another instant, it stands triumphant with its wrig- - giing prize in its bill, for it rarely digs in vain. I have seen a robin k sapture, in this manner, five cut-worms in less than ten minutes, and five other birds within view were doing the same work.” - Other birds that are known to prey upon cut-worms are the _ cat-bird (Mimus Carolinenis L.), the red-winged blackbird (Agel- weus Pheniceus L.), and the purple grackle (Qwiscalus purpureus). ; Poultry, and especially chickens, are efficient destroyers of - them in gardens in the spring, when they scan closely the upturned - _ ground, and are quick to detect and devour them. _ Among the members of their own class that feed upon them, is e. the larva of a ground-beetle, known as Calosoma calidum (Fabr.). It is so destructive to them, and attacks them with so much , energy, even if the worm be twice its size, that it has been des- ' _ ignated as the “cut-worm lion.” The larva of another beetle, Harpalus caliginosus (Fabr.), is ag its persistent enemy; and from its ferocity in seizing its. worm’ Ss dragon.” Dr. Fitch has written of it: “ When not glutted with food, it is running about incessantly in search of these worms, ; and slays them without mercy; with its powerful jaws seizing % them commonly by the throat, and, regardless of their violent "prey, and its strange, irregular form, it has been called the “cut- | ca 938 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. writhings and contortions, sucking out the coments of ae "4 a skins.” Others of the same family of beetles, the Carabida, also feed largely upon them. One of the Hemiprera which preys upon quite a number ot ; other species of insects, and which from its belligerent propen-— q sities has received for its common name that of the “spined sol- dier-bug,” and is known in science as /odisus spinosus (Dallas), - will fearlessly attack a young cut-worm much exceeding it in size, and piercing it with its formidable beak, extract its juices — from. it, leaving only its shrivelled skin. The toad deserves introduction, shelter and protection in our | gardens, from its coming abroad at night during the period of activity of the cut-worms, and contributing largely to the diminu- tion of their numbers. Parasites. — The quiet and concealment in which these noc- turnal marauders of our gardens and fields pass their time during the hours when most of the parasitic insects are upon the wing, in ceaseless search for their victims, into which they can thrust their ovipositor and insert the fatal egg, give them a large degree of — immunity from parasitic attack. Yet as even the “ whitegrub,” which never appears above ground, is sought out in its subterra- nean retreat by its parasite, 7¢phia wnornata, so even these are far from enjoying immunity. The bronze-colored cut-worm before referred to, in my attempts to rear it, has proved to be quite liable to be parasitized by one or more species of a Tachina fly. A species of Microgaster, Apanteles malitaris (Walsh) and an Ophion have also been obtained from it. Other parasites reared from other larvee are Pamscus gemmnatus (Say), a large yellowish- brown ichneumon fly; Wemorwa leucaniw (Kirkp.); Masicora archippwora (Riley); and Scopolia sequax Williston — three species of Tachina flies. Preventives and remedies. —The measures recommended for preventing or arresting cut-worm ravages have been exceedingly numerous, and perhaps each one might claim a degree of value under certain conditions, but at the present only those from which the best results have been obtained will be referred to. Nok \Ag FrieutH REPORT OF THE STATE HNTOMOLOGIST. 9239 - When grass is infested, as in lawns, it is difficult to control the attack. Perhaps gas lime where it can be obtained, applied at the commencement of winter, would penetrate to a sufficient depth to kill the larve. Usually it will be found necessary to sacrifice the sod. It is claimed that where land is not allowed to lie in sod for over two years at a time, the worms will not accumulate in it. Removing their food is an effective method. This may be done by turning over the grass before it has made much growth in the spring, and-dragging, to bring up the roots to the surface for dry- ing. A week later, another thorough dragging will destroy all an green vegetation. Late ploughing, in the autumn, is said to be an effectual remedy, if deferred- until the cut-worms have become torpid, and the ploughing sufficiently deep to crush the cells that they have shaped for their winter’s sleep. an Two preventives of attack to cornfields have been given, which, i from the testimony borne to their efficacy, may be accepted as reliable. The first is the simple and easy application of salt, as follows: Immediately after the corn is planted, sprinkle on the a hill, over the covered grains, about one tablespoonful of common a salt to each hill. The explanation given for the protection of the plants is, that as the salt dissolves and is carried to the roots and taken up into the circulation, the young corn becomes unpalatable to the worms, and they will not eat it, while the direct application of salt to them is harmless, even if they be buried in it. The second method, which has been tested by the gentleman | recommending it and by others for twelve years, and always with success, even upon new ground and clover land, is soaking the corn, before planting, in copperuswater. Tests had been made by planting portions of a field without the preparation, and these por- tions in several instances required replanting two or three times. The manner of preparing the corn is as follows : Put the seed corn in a tight tub or barrel, and pour in enough water to keep it well covered after it swells. For each bushel of corn add a pound or a pound and a half of copperas, dissolved in warm water. Stir well, and allow the corn to remain in the cop- _peras water twenty-four or thirty hours. Stir several times while soaking. Then take it out and sprinkle a small quantity of land- a ae ‘ _ should occur in the weather to prevent planting, the corn may be 240 Forry-rurtH Repor?T on THE STATE Museum. — t - = ee oa ing’ os together,— and plant. When cad as directed, if a hae PRR TCs aus spread out upon a floor and allowed to remain until good planting weather. fy As a test of the efficacy of the above preventive, a torty toll field of corn was planted, — first, ten acres without the copperas — preparation,— next to it, nearly ten acres with the prepared seed, and the remainder with unprepared,— otherwise, all treated alike. As the result, not a hill was cut or a worm was found where the copperas had been used; while the entire field elsewhere was cut, — from two to three hills out of five, with sometimes fifteen cut- | worms in a hill. There is a prejudice against the dzgging-out-by-hand method, as requiring too much valuable time and labor, and therefore not available where large fields are to be protected; yet it is one of the best means to be employed against this pest, unless the poison- ing method recently recommended, and next to be referred to, shall be found to give easier protection. Many of our preventives merely drive away the hungry creatures to attack and destroy other and perhaps more valuable crops; but with a cut-worm dug out from its hiding-place beside a wilted plant and killed, there is the satisfaction, not only that its pos- sibility for further harm is ended, but that it will not develop into a moth the following season, which might deposit 200 eggs, each of which would produce a cut-worm. 3 Mr. Armstrong, secretary of the Elmira Farmers’ Club, has stated: “There is really but one way to save the crop after the plants are once attacked by cut-worms; that is, to dig the worms out and kill them. It is not a difficult task, nor is it very costly. I presume that a fourth part of the loss sustained would be a full equivalent of all the labor it would cost. The worm does bene sa + ye ee ¥ ; = y y a ea ee ae ee eee, oe ¥ £ af a r « « ee Oe ee eee the mischief at night, and before morning burrows in the ground near the spot where its depredations have been committed. A practised eye will readily discern the entrance to the hiding- place into which the worm has passed and lies concealed. The way to bring the pest up is to thrust a pointed knife down near the hole, and lift out the earth to the depth of two or three inches, roe Bre ee i P : o Mahe Revorr’ OF THE rey ee ENToMOLOGIST. . 241 1. when the malefactor will lie exposed to view, and can be in astantly destroyed. I have known large fields to be cleared by this process at a cost of labor so slight as to bear no comparison * “with the loss that would have otherwise resulted.” The practicability of this method, and an idea of the expense attending it, will appear from a statement made by a corre- spondent of the Country Gentleman. A six-acre field of corn, Ad planted on sod turned over from a pasture before planting, showed y strong attack of cut-worms. Two men were employed to dig a _ them out. Taking a row ata time, and digging down wherever a _ plant was cut, they went over the field in half a day, killing over 4 fifteen hundred. A few days later they went over it again, not 4 "getting as many; and again, for a third time. Without this a labor, it was thought that one-half of the crop would have been ae | lost. The three days’ work was worth four dollars, and at least | q 100 bushels of corn were saved by it. _ The poisoning method referred to is the use of a Dait of leaves _ or clover, of which the worms are fond, poisoned with Paris green. _ Professor Riley, in his last report as entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, has recommended clover _ sprinkled with Paris green water, and laid at intervals between - the rows, in loosely tied masses or balls, which serves the double _ purpose of prolonging the freshness of the bait, and of affording : a lure for shelter. A modification of the method, employed by Dr. Oemler, of _ Savannah, Ga., was that of preparing cabbage or turnip leaves ‘ _by dipping them in a well-stirred mixture of a tablespoonful of _ Paris green to a bucket of water, or sprinkling the side next the. ppp round after first moistening, with a mixture of one part of Paris green to twenty of flour, and then placing the leaves at distances of 4 Bem fifteen to twenty feet throughout the field to be protected. _ Two applications of this character, at intervals of three or four days, - particularly i in cloudy weather, were = ae successful in ne ‘ fi ; | - the field of the pest. ee $ A _ Other remedial and preventive measures deserving mention are: application of coal oil; paper frames from six to eight inches pam; tin bands, ten inches long by two wide, lapped at the ok he # » , ae A Sg re - 326 - Pes ose tite ele ’ ,* 25 ete wee ee: a ene 55 baa 4 7. ~«< Pee "ee a Oe °, in es = po i _— = ANS Se ada ec. i pa ah - ‘eet > nd Pett oor a ee sip ae saat EO ea, Ee Fines s ends in a ring; paper wraps eotadl ‘the fame: ae ettin trapping in holes, for the protection of young cabbage an 1 if _ plants; as also, thick planting and subsequent thinnin starvation through the removal of all green food, for more. r€ : protection. Notice of these several methods may be foun ir paper entitled, Cut- Worms, read by me before the New Y State Agricultural EOE; at its annual meeting, in Jamua Ty of the present year. \ Topacco Worms. 4 vention. I am. not told what the worm is of which the ¢ peut is made. worm,” in New York and Connecticut, then it is the inne of ‘sphinx moth Sphinx quinquemaculata. The true tobacco wo rm is the larva of Sphine Carolina, which is so very destructive 1 i tobacco in the Southern States. The two species are very closely allied in appearance and habits, and in Pennsylvania often oceml & together. era The larva of our five- -spotted Sphinx is well- known to-all of ou tobacco growers. It is a dark-green, smooth caterpillar, will ee seven oblique greenish-yellow stripes on each side, a long , curved — ich ; horn upon its terminal end, and, when full-grown, is of ais: the size of the third finger of a man’s hand. The moth is a large and handsome insect of a general ash-gray color, its stout body . marked with a row of five orange-colored spots on each side. — Tt) 4 comes abroad at twilight for the deposit of its eggs, and RE marked is its resemblance to a humming-bird in size, rapicite ae flight, and its hovering over flowers when taking its food, be. the popular name of “humming-bird moths” has been given, to. that group of the Sphingidw to which it belongs. es The eges of the moth are deposited upon the tobacco plants 4 during the months of June and July. The caterpillars feed upon the leaves of the plants in late July, August, and Septembe: By even up to the time of securing the crop. In «n instance relate ay 0, page 27). - The only sure remedy for the attack of this insect is that which is known among tobacco growers as “worming.” The plants must be searched for the worms two or three times at week, or as often as is found necessary, and the worms destroyed. The mornings and evenings and cloudy days are the most favor- able for finding them. - Poisoning the moths to prevent the laying of the eggs is also resorted to. A gentleman gives this as his method: “In every tenth hill, on the outside of my field, I sow the seed of James: Pown-weed (Datura stramonium), instead of setting tobacco plants. ‘As the Daturas grow up I pull out all but two to each hill, and when these are in bloom I go around every evening, and, fter destroying all but two flowers, pour into these a few drops of common fly poison, mixed with sweetened water and whiskey. The . moths sip the poison and die from it, and I find them. SC attered over the farm for the space of several hundred yards.” A Another writer gives these directions for the poisoning: “Provide a veak solution of cobalt and a little honey, place it in a bottle hi wing a small quill through the cork, and late each evening go » around the jimson weeds and put a few drops of the mixture into the blossoms. The poisoning must be done ¢very day through fiy season, care being taken each evening to pull off the lossoms that were poisoned the day before, as, if left on, they seem to destroy the plants.” a far to the northward as Massachusetts, the Jamestown-weed ai ht not flower in season Ree the early coming = the moths, 244 that are attracted to the flowers at twilig at, and killing those. r that bear the five orange-colored spots upon the sides of their abdomen. A pair of them and of the several other species of i Sphinges that would at the same time be captured, might be preserved and placed in frames with which to ornament their homes, and to serve, perchance, as the commencement of a general: collection of insects and of the fascinating ga, of: entomology. ieee he. If the information asked of me be not of these tobacco worms, E but of another kind that attack the roots at their setting, then | the injury, without much doubt, is chargeable upon the ubiquitous cut-worm which we have been considering. Fortunately we : have two ways— both pronounced excellent —of dealing with 9 him, in order to prevent his immoderate use of tobacco. hana The first, is dipping the young plants, before their setting, in ‘ a solution of white hellebore in water — one-fourth of a pound in ne ten quarts of water. A writer, from West Veriden reports, that, | on the 22d of June, he set 3,000 plants, and on the © following morning he took from one row of 180 plants 214 ¢ cut-worms. On the same day, in the same field, he set twelve plants dipped in the hellebore solution, which remained untouched, while the rows on either side were more than half destroyed. — On June 24th, he set over 2,000 plants treated in the same manner, of which he subsequently found but one plant eaten, — and that but slightly.. He believed the hellebore ‘to be a spec fic © for the tobacco cut-worm. The second, is poisoning with Paris green in the following — manner: Four acres of tobacco plants were badly cut down, with — sometimes as many as a half-dozen of the worms attacking a — single plant. The owner went to a wood toward evening, and A collected several kinds of leaves, which he laid in rows between — the plants. The worms appeared to prefer the leaves of the ; chestnut for eating. The following day a large basketful of the 4 chestnut leaves was. gathered. These were dipped into a mixture a of two gallons of water and two tablespoonfuls of Paris green, and a a leaf put on each hill in the field, with a piece of ground or stone q to hold it in place. The next morning, on examination, “ the | r ag ae ples, ge ea yf 4 By Ce P ws oO r =’ a? ‘ ~ =a wy an Ps “Bet her Revonr or THE "Sra Diedatodociar ‘litt te hat through the leaves, and some were eng and others ” The tobacco was then reset and no further trouble Tue Appie-Maaoaor. An insect which has come under notice during the last twenty ny = as exceedingly destructive in many localities in the New Ex eland States to early apples, even surpassing the common -apple-worm of Carpocapsa pomonella, is the Trypeta pomonella Walsh, known commonly as the “apple-maggot.” a While the apple-worm, with which we have been so long familiar as the cause of the annoying and injurious worm-holes in our fruit, is the offspring of a small but beautifully marked Both, the apple-maggot, as its name papors, is the earlier stage of | ; A The Fly.— The perfect insect resembles in form the common h gee but it is of a smaller size, being only about one-fifth f an inch in expanse. Its wings are white and glossy, and are i m arked in a pretty pattern with four blackish crossbands, the. Ms fi first of which is near the base, and the other three are connected a upon the front margin of the wing and diverge behind. They are — th oe to represent somewhat the letters |F, with the | placed st the base and its lower end uniting sath the lower end of ~ Phe F, ‘The abdomen has its first four segments broadly banded © “I with white. 3 __ Life-history.— The parent fly, during the latter part of July = i early in August, deposits a number of its eggs upon or near the calyx end of the apple, selecting often for its purpose fruit “that has already been burrowed by the apple-worm. Upon hatch- pine from the eggs the young larve enter the apple and com- _ mence to feed upon its pulp, not penetrating to the coré, as : “does the apple-worm. Here they produce, at first, little irregu- arly rounded and discolored excavations of about the size of peas. ) a hese, when the larvz are numerous, run together until the whole i erior becomes a mere pulpy mass of disorganized material, or — tiey honeycombed with burrows in the more solid fruit. 5 M ea intime, the apple is entirely fair upon its exterior and gives 2 St ll ae eee, neta ate i ae —— — v BS hae 6 Pe eT ees eS ee vault tok. o ‘ ; a4 meat By. oe pe # i nites Pas Hao otal Py Sees ih ; a Sm yy /, a a deat ne ar glee : fol 05 Te : ae sae Ye 246 Forty-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. be no evidence of the destructive work being carried on within. a) Sometimes aS many as a dozen larve are working together. st Their operations are seldom noticed until in September. When fy they become full-grown, in the autumn, they escape from the fruit through small round holes that they cut in the peel, and enter the ~ ground for pupation. In this condition they remain during ihe if winter and do not emerge as flies until the following July. From some recent observations it would appear that the larvee. sometimes are delayed in reaching maturity, and have been — found feeding within the fruit so late as in the month of J anuary. tle The Larva.— The larva in its greatest length measures about one-fifth of an inch, is without feet, and of a white or (as some times) of a yellowish or greenish color. The front third of its body tapers toward the minute, pointed head, which is armed beneath with its mouth-parts, consisting of two slender, blunt, coal-black hooks. The remainder of the body is cylindrical, with its terminal end blunt as if obliquely cut off, and bearing upon its slope four pairs of tubercles, of which one pair is longer than the other. From this description the larva should admit. of easy recognition whenever its operations are suspected in apples. The absence of feet and its pointed head will serve to distinguish it from the apple-worm. ° Distribution.— The fly is a native species — one of the few of our insect pests which has not been introduced from Europe. It was first described by Mr. B. D. Walsh in 1867, from examples taken in Illinois, where it was discovered feding on thorn and erab apples, prior to any knowledge of its attack upon cultivated fruit. This new habit was first developed in, and was for some time confined to, the Eastern States and New York, but within the last year apples in different localities in Michigan have been attacked by it and entirely ruined. The most frequent notices of it have been received from Ver- mont. In New Hampshire it has also ‘become broadly distributed and ruined entire orchards. In Massachusetts it is quite destrue- tive. Mr. L. L. Whitman has informed me that in his orchard at North Ashburnham he had hundreds of bushels of the finest fruit rendered worthless by it in 1883. Mr, Avery P. Slade, of Somer- Erienutu REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 947 j set, reports it the present year as honeycombing his apples. Sev- eral years ago its operations were observed in Connecticut, and it has been discussed in the late meetings of the State Board of “MeLellan as having made its appearance in his orchard in 1880, anc infested all his sweet apples and most of the tart ones, such as the Haley, Hurlbut, Primate, Porter, etc. He had also heard of it a rom the northern part of Somerset county, 27th Ann. Leep. Mame St. — Board of Agriculture for 1883, p. 345). Mr. Robert H. Gardiner, _ President of the Maine State Pomological Society, states that the "maggot was very destructive in 1883 to his Talman Sweet, Red Astrachan and Mother apples, but did not trouble other varieties _ In the State of New York it has proved a great pest at North a: empstead, Long Island, and in several of the Hudson river coun- - ties, and has also occurred in Delaware, Albany, Schenectady, "Oneida, and Chemung counties, and is doubtless to be found in 5 _many other portions of the State. As yet we have no knowledge of its extension into New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the Southern or the extreme Western States.* _ so should be an incentive for the use of every known means for the prevention of its distribution, that it may not become as gener- ply distributed as is the apple-worm of the codling-moth. a Preference Jor Karly Apples.— The insect in its past history, “pei in its earlier history, has shown a marked preference for Summer and autumn apples— always making its most vigorous Btiack upon sweet and mellow subacid early fruit. Yet it is _ known to have infested Spitzenbergs, in Brandon, Vt., and Bald- wins and other varieties of winter apples, in Wallingford, Conn. Remedial Measures.— This preference of the insect for certain i _ varieties might be employed as a means for its destruction, by - grafting the trees of an infested orchard to the varieties less liable to be infested, or, so far as known, entirely free from attack, and : i the same time leaving two or three trees of its favorite fruit . bo serve as lures for concentrating the attack — the fruit of which [* In the Smith Catalogue of the Insects of New Jersey, 1890, it is included, with the note, ‘Locally i injurious to apple, but seems confined to very few varieties.’*] Bra ae, * | | Agriculture From Brunswick, Maine, it is reported by Mr. T. Sx “(h, p. 332). 5 It appears, thus far, to be a local insect, and the fact that it is” a, > Nee aN ae ta, Ss. ie prvie Ie oe 4, = a = See og 5 ee a oe ~ ’ re *& Fal ee ie AS ae | Forry-rreva Reeve ow: | ie of the contained Haas ie a Bes ; Raat y ae be found that eee considerable propotion of the f range of re orchard for feeding upon it. But as I have exami fruit offered for sale in the Albany market, presenting so fair a ast, perfect an appearance as to prove beyond a doubt that it” been picked by hand from the tree, and yet teeming interiorly . nearly mature larve, it is highly probable that their prese does not cause the falling of the fruit. : Our study of this comparatively new insect depredator has han - commenced. Careful observations are needed upon the time A “manner of the larve leaving the fruit, and, in the earlier seis Na of apples, when they enter the eround. In the later and stored _ varieties, it is important to know where they betake themed cou gl their punae during the WEES Until these facts are pee Ww Sian the feat possible see of injuring the fruit fete _ the poisonous application. But the month of gi: when » wee : be too late to apply with Saas such substance i the fruit, si >. already nearly full-grown and soon to be eaten. es “ Perhaps, for the present, the best results may attend our efforts to destroy the insect in its pupal stage. If examination should show us that the pupation ordinarily takes place in the orchard, 2 beneath the infested trees, then we may reach it there. But i if. 34 the pupation follows the gathering and storing of the fruit—as s seems more probable,— then thé discovery of ‘the retreat of on 4 _larvee should give us the means for destroying them. nx: Desiderata in its Life-history. —In my forthcoming epol “t is [second in this series] I have indicated several points upon which ie aa knowledge is necded toward the Peirce of the life- history ¢ of a “~' oo = fl gt Be PY rade ¥ § Ae § tthe a. % ‘ fete Broun aepar oF THE Srarp Evromoxoaisv. 249 ra By a 1 . I will introduce them here, accompanying them with 2 earnest request that you will each, as opportunity may offer, ke contribution, to your ability, toward the desired knowledge 0 this already great pest of our orchards, and which gives every p wromise of soon becoming still more pernicious. It is manifesting 4 tendency to widespread distribution, and an unusual adapt- ability to different varieties of the apple. It would not be sur- ip game if it soon attacked our pears. } E. Are the eggs of the fly distributed over the apple or placed : “only near the calyx end? ee Do the lary occur in apples which have not been perforated a nad the apple-worm of the codling-moth or by some other insect? Se _ How long a time is required for the larve to attain their ~ sa e Broth? ae How do the larve leave the fruit— by several holes through ‘ es he skin, through a single hole, or only when the apple has become © a broken down from decay? * oF When entering the ground for pupation, to what depth do. nig they bury? This could be ascertained by providing them with a a box containing a few inches of earth for burial. _ Are both the early and late fruits similarly attacked by this — ir insect? It is possible that the larvee reported in winter apples a = Sma be of a different species. le _ During what months and portions of months are the larve to “be found in the apples? . mas _ Are the puparia to be found at the bottom of apple barrels, _ + a bins in cellars, or between the stayes or boards? Should any _ doubt exist of the identity of the puparia found under such Se conditions, the fly should be reared from it to determine the z Be og “ Point eg! * _ [See an admirable study of this insect which has since been ae indo by Professor F. L. Harvey, and published in the L’eport — mi: i ey the Maine State College Agricultural Experimeut Station yg * of 1889, pp. 190-241, plates 1-4. In this paper, the description of ‘the several stages, history, distribution, life-history, ete. of i: 7 _ the insect are fully presented. together with the most effective a means known for arresting its injuries.] “a 32 5 250 ForTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE M. USEUM. Tue Asparacus BEEt.e. 2 hae ria Information upon this insect is desired, and may very properly ee be given at the present time, as it has ut recently extended Be its depredations into Massachusetts. It is a much easier task é 4 to arrest the spread of a new insect pest, than to control its cp). | ravages after it has taken full possession of its new territory and perfectly adapted itself to its new conditions. It is therefore es =~ = important that the insect should be known, so that it may at once be recognized, and prompt measures resorted to, in order Bi to check its increase. ee Description.— In general shape and size it resembles the well- — known cucumber-beetle, Diabrotica vittata, but it is somewhat ; longer, being about a quarter of an inch long, and its body is 4 more elongated from its parallel sides. It bas a black head, and ¥ a finely punctured tawny-red thorax, marked with two black spots upon its crown. The lemon-colored, punctured wing-covers are usually broken into three spots each, by a black stripe along > their junction, a black transverse band a little beyond their x middle, and an interrupted one near their tips; outwardly they are bordered with orange. The body beneath and the legs are shining black. The elytral markings as above given, sugzest to some the representation of a black cross, for which reason it is sometimes known, in England, as the “cross-bearer.” Other ; / examples of the beetle not unfrequently met: with, may be described as having their wing-covers blue-black, margined and tipped with orange, and with three small yellow spots in a line down the middle of each cover. Its Associates.— The scientific name of the beetle is Criocerts asparagy. It was first described by Linnzeus, nearly a century ago.” It belongs to the same destructive family of the Chrysomelide with the striped cucumber beetle, the cucumber flea-beetle, the erapevine tiea-bectle, the Colorado potato-beetle, etc. For a long time it was the only representative of its genus in this country, but another species has recently been introduced from Europe — Crvo- ceris 12-punctata, — which was first observed in the vicinity of Bal- timore in 1881, and already gives indication of becoming quite destructive to asparagus. hs seen | at 2 | Fay bi AG Ae bea Wi ser . : Fok ie + : Ag itt bf. io 2 el do Mee erelt CONS pa P in On iD "a ee ote. : ma ANA x Ereura Report or THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 251 Tis Introduction. — Crioceris asparagi is an European species, 5 _ which our commercial and other relations with the Old World have brought to our shores, in common with a large number of our = most destructive insect pests. It was first noticed upon the east- ern end of Long Island, at Astoria, in the year 1859, and it is 4 worthy of note that, in the same year, the first specimens of another very injurious insect, also introduced from Europe,— the _ ¢abbage butterfly, Pieris rape, was taken, in the city of Quebec. As 4 early as 1862 the beetle had spread over all the asparagus planta- tions of Long Island. The following year it was attacked by a _ parasite which destroyed its eggs, and doubtless aided much in arresting its increase. The parasite was not described. It prob- a ably disappeared before it could receive scientific attention, for i bE. nothing seems to be known of it at the present. Its Distribution.— In 1868 the beetle had extended its range into New Jersey, where, in the third year of its observation, entire beds _ were ruined by it. Its rate of distribution, in its earlier years, appears to have been about twenty miles a year, but fortunately _ this has not been sustained. During the twenty-five years that a have elapsed since its introduction, it has not shown a disposition a to extend far from the sea-coast, nor to a great distance from New “York city, as its center of operations. Serious injuries from it , have only been reported from Long Island, the vicinity of New q _ York city, Southern Connecticut, New Jersey and Eastern Penn- - sylvania. It has not been seen at Albany, although during the last year I have received examples of it collected at the New York _ State Agricultural Experiment Station, at Geneva —a locality that | Eure to the westward of the central portion of the State. An equal _ extension from New York could carry it into any portion of Massa- i - chusetts. It is a matter of surprise to me that it has not made, a Z.. ere this, formidable demonstration in the eastern — particu- _ larly the seaboard — portion of your State. 3 Lis Natural History.— The history of C. asparag? is, in brief, as 4 Brollows: The beetles destined to continue the species survive the _ winter in dry, sheltered places, as beneath ‘bark, in crevices of _ wood, and under the clapboards of buildings. Simultaneously with - the appearance of the asparagus shoots in early spring, they dye ii 4 nf i a = Va ae alla ae i 8 Bde Maal cls a Rho ee sl ‘i ey \ a ~* y= we: ae P oo egos a oe ) ke ‘ bags F NM 7 # ay mat iri ay ise Bee EIGHTH REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 959 ee ad of the globe to be, hereafter, more and more largely fed? What- ever, then, may militate against this interest is deeply to be u . deplored. Not only must it, for our individual needs and for the — welfare of the nations, be sustained, but it must be enlarged. — Will this naturally follow, in continued progression, with the increase of our population and the occupancy and tillage of the _ extended tracts of uncultivated land in our Western States and , * Territories? No; for vast arid regions are being already reached, -_~ where productive crops can only follow costly systems of irriga- tion; and not many years will elapse before the virgin soil of the West will no longer respond with the prolificacy of its first receptiveness. Nature, at the outset, prodigal of her wealth, . gives up her accumulated stores of centuries for the asking; but will cease. - -erop or harvest. Where, fifty years ago, forty bushels of wheat could be grown from an acre, now, with even increased labor, but ____twelve bushels can be taken. Grain can no longer be cultivated with profit, and other crops are in the same category. ‘- Other causes, in addition to an exhausted fertility of the soil, q have concurred in the prostration of the agricultural interests a. in our Eastern States, and to send up the cry so often heard, _ “farming does not pay.” Prominent among these causes is the | competition to which the eastern farmer is brought with the immense production of the fertile West—its comparative low cost of production and the low rates of transportation by which it reaches and commands the markets which he formerly con- " trolled. The crops on which he hitherto relied, and the methods a -of agriculture which he and his fathers before him had remunera- tively followed, must be abandoned. There must be a change of base—a new departure. Absolute necessity compels a move- 8 ment all along the line, and the successful farmer of the future ; "the foremost in the march. se iach iia Semi Bali ree: i they are not inexhaustible, and sooner or later her golden returns — It is evident to all, that in the Eastern United States this con- a _ dition even now prevails. The husbandman can no longer tickle the earth with his hoe or plow and have it smile into a bountiful - Si, Sire ae agen UA galt gar? Fs se will be he who joins the advance, and strives to keep pace bier . ? # aes ¥ 7 re -2 he ge a oe Bina 4 an —— ~-— 250 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. giimn The fact can not be denied that a rapid advance is being made at the present time in the science of agriculture (we are no longer afraid to call science to its aid) through the investigations and teachings of our Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. Well it is that the results of these investigations are being brought before our farmers very efficiently, through the Farmers’ Institutes, which are being so successfully conducted in several of our States. It having been my privilege to attend a number of these institutes, it _ seems to me that their teaching may be summed up under these three © heads: How to feed and care for farm stock; how to feed the soil (this embraces its cultivation), and how to protect and preserve for use the products of farm labor. Under these will naturally _ group themselves all of the prominent topics of discussion, as food and shelter and care of stock, production and preservation of manures, artificial fertilizers, rotation of crops, the products of the ~ dairy, stock ‘breeding, fruit growing, ensilage, and the like. I need hardly state this truism, that all the labor, care, and - money that you expend in the effort to produce the conditions ¢al- culated to give you the best possible returns, will be lost, just so far as you fail, through neglect or lack of knowledge, to secure the resultant products to which you are entitled. In many diree- tions are you chargeable with this neglect, but suffice it for the present if I refer only to that particular one, of which, in the inyi- tation given me to address you at this time, you virtually confess. yourselves at fault, and make promise of doing better in the future, if I will point the way. Your secretary has suggested as my topic, “ Entomology in the Eastern United States; the importance of a more comprehensive knowledge of entomology to the farmer and fruit-grower, with some suggestions as to th esimplest and quickest way of getting this knowledge before those interested.” This, I think, is embraced under the brief title that I have selected for my paper. Economic Enromonoey. The losses resulting from insect depredations in the United States are very far in excess of those sustained in any other por- tion of the globe. The aggregate of annual losses to agricultural products is startling when an attempt is made to estimate it, while y ss Rreurn REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 261 in exceptional years of some unusual insect abundance, the com- E a putations that have been made from time to time would seem to be _ almost beyond belief. = The magnitude of these losses has driven our people to seek pro- tection from them in the study of insect pests and their habits. Hence it is that within the last fifty years a new science — that of Economic Entomology —has had its birth among us, a rapid growth, and a present development quite in advance of any of the older nations of the world. It may be defined as “the study of insects in their relations with man—of their character, habits, 4 transformations, food-plants, enemies, diseases, etc., with a view of q affording protection from the injuries of a large portion of their j number, and of utilizing the benefits derived from a minor portion.” Our Eastern States gave early recognition of the value and -, Ks importance to the Commonwealth of this department of natural zi science. The first publication issued under State authority was _ the “Report on Insects Injurious to Vegetation,’ by Dr. T. W. 4 Harris, in 1841. The commencement of a series of “ Reports on the Noxious, Beneficial and other Insects of the State of New York, ” in the year 1855, by Dr. Asa Fitch, under the auspices of ’ _ the New York State Agricultural Society, gave a new interest and _ impetus to the study, and was doubtless instrumental in initiating _ similar investigations and publications by Mr. B. D. Walsh, in 1867, in Illinois, and by Professor Riley, in 1868, in Missouri,— in the first-named State, continued by Drs. LeBaron and Thomas, and through Professor Forhes up to the present time. 9 In 1878, at the termination of Mr. Glover’s labors as Entomolo- _ gist to the United States Department of Agriculture (commenced in 1863), an entomological division was established by the Depart- _ ment and organized with Professor Riley as Chief. The work of _ the division, generously sustained by Congress, has continued to be prosecuted with signal ability and success. Its publications, - through annual reports, bulletins, and more lately, a monthly _ periodical, have been of a high order and of eminent service to the a agricultural interests of the United States. In 1877, a special Entomological Commission, to consist of three ‘ skilled economic entomologists, was authorized by Congress, for _ the Se lg of investigating and reporting upon the depredations * « on ae 962 Forry-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MusEv™. of the Rocky Mountain locust of the Western States and Terri- | tories, and the best practicable method of preventing their recur- rence or guarding against their invasions. The investigations of the commission were subsequently extended to the cotton-worm — of the Southern States, and to some other insects whose wide-— spread ravages had given them a national importance. The labors of this commission were attended with valuable practical results, and have given us a large addition to our literature in four octavo volumes and seven bulletins. In 1880, the State of New York resumed entomological inves- tigations, after an interval of ten years —they having been inter- rupted in 1870 by the impaired health of Dr. Fitch. There is not the time in which to refer to other entomological ; work done more or less directly under State authority in con- nection with agricultural and horticultural societies and agricul- tural colleges, a long recital of which might be made. It is fit- ting, however, that T should not omit mention of the impetus which has been given to entomological research in the recent establishment, under the “Hatch Bill,” of Agricultural Experi- ment Stations in at least twenty-eight of our States. In twenty- two of these so far as I know, an entomologist charged with the study of insect depredations and methods for their control has © been appointed, and, it is believed, that the same indispensabl2 work will be entered upon in each of the stations, as soon as competent persons can be found to meet the requirements of the position. Most heartily do I welcome this large addition to our hitherto small body of economic entomologists, and very bright are my anticipations of a greatly accelerated future progress, and of the benefit to result therefrom to the agricu'iural interests of our country. IMPORTANCE OF ENToMOLOGICAL Stupy. Years ago, when insects were collected with no higher motive than the possession of a fine cabinet, or when their study went no further than, giving them name and classification, it was cus- tomary to ridicule the pursuit as trivial, petty, unworthy of the dignity of a man. All insects, whether bees, butterflies, or beetles, were “bugs,” and those who collected them were “ bug-hunters.” ELicuTH REPORT OF THE STATE HNTOMOLOGIST. 263 _ To-day, the application of the knowledge which has been so long + «accumulating, to advancement in agriculture, horticulture, sylvi- culture, etc., has given to the study of entomology an importance - which is recognized as second to no other department of natural history. It is being everywhere prosecuted with vigor, by the _ General Government and by the States, as we have indicated, ‘ and by private individuals, in compliance with the wide-spread - demand for efficient means of protection from insect ravages — for a release from a taxation upon the products of the farm which is most burdensome, and the compulsory payment of which brings with it none of the compensations that ameliorate the - payment of other taxes, in the protection that they afford to property, and the privileges and comforts that they bring to our homes; it is an entire loss. _ The importance of the study of our insect enemies and their q habits, may perhaps, be better seen from a few considerations, which we will present. , 4 A Tuer Srorrecy or Insect DEpREDATIONS. a _ Probably that crop can not be named that may not be impaired - one-tenth of its full value without the knowledge of insect pres- ence or recognition of insect injury. Such secret injury is usuajly — due to the operations of root-feeding insects, which ure numerous. ~ in classes and in species, and from their subterranean life, do not - fall under ordinary observation. Among these are plant-liece, the | caterpillars of various moths and the larve of many beetles and flies, known often only to entomologists who have made a study of their early stages. _ It is not an unusual occurrence that serious and evident insect 4 paninry is inflicted through a term of years, while the author of it remains unknown. An illustration of this may be found in the 4 failure of the red clover to produce its seed, which for a long | time was ascribed to the want of fertilization by bees, but was Praiooverea a few years ago to be the result of the feeding within ¥ _ the blossoms upon the forming seed, by the larve of the clover- g __ seed midge. Cecidomyia legquminicola, Certain injuries to several 4 of our fruits causing their gnarling and deformation, which have pee been a mystery to me, have found their explanation during» woe eer 264. Forvy-rirtrH Report on tHE Stare MusruM the past year, in the punctures made by a minute caterpillar— _ a Coleophora —which, always concealed within the peculiar case — a im that it carries with it—if seen, as it doubtless often has been by the fruit-grower, would not be suspected of belonging to the dansect world. Another new pest is baffling me and eluding my ~ efforts for its discovery, through its secret girdling (believed to be at night) with a circle of incisions the tips of currant bushes in certain localities in New York, and causing them to break off and fall to the ground. There are cut-worms which leave their hidden retreats beneath the ground or shelter of rubbish, only after night-fall and climb into grapevines, where they cut off the clusters of the grapes, and into fruit trees,-severing the stems of leaves and fruit. Numerous other insects intensify the loss that they occasion by the secrecy with which it is inflicted, and the conse- quent difficulty of meeting it. Of this class are the burrowers within the stems and stalks of plants or in trunks of trees, the numerous and destructive bark-borers which feed within the vital sap-wood, and leaf-miners, so minute as to find ample feeding eround in the range and concealment given them between the surfaces of a leaf. | Tus SMALL S:zE OF INSECTs. Nature often teaches us the lesson, of which we need frequently | to be reminded, that size is no criterion of importance. Thus, among our insect foes, many of the most injurious are among the smallest of their class, and, hence, we have the seeming paradox — “the smaller the insect the greater its capability for harm.” In confirmation of this we may cite the grapevine Phylloxera (P/yl- loxera vitifoliw) which was first discovered by Dr. Fitch, im Washington county, N. Y., in the year 1854,— was introduced jn France in 1863, and subsequently multiplied to such an extent | as to threaten the entire destruction of that most important inter- est to France — grape culture. In 1879, nearly 3,000,000 of acres of infested vines had been taken up, destroyed, and the land appro- priated to other uses. For several years, annual appropriations amounting to nearly $200,000 were made by the government for Phylloxera investigations, and a reward has been offered of 300,000 franes ($60,000) for the discovery of an effectual remedy. And yet it is but a plant-louse, one of the smallest of its kind, g and a mere dot—a microscopic object in several of its stages. id The diminutive size of the insect does not permit his exclusion b. aero your crops by the ordinary means that give protection from. the incursion of domestic animals that at times break their inclos- i ures and invade your fields, although the injuries wrought by the jatter may hardly admit of comparison with those caused by ‘ the former. True, ditches are sometimes dug and barriers built \ by western farmers to stay the marches of the army-worm and the _ chinch-bug in seasons of their excessive abundance, and valuable crops have been, by these means, rescued from threatened destruc- tion. But, asa rule, the armies of destructive insects which spring out of the ground or drop upon you as if from the skies, must be fought by methods which are only to be learned from careful and 4 continued study of the secret operations and wily ways of the _ species with which you have to contend. We err when we regard all insects as small, notwithstanding E that one of the definitions given by Webster of an insect is . “something small or contemptible.” But our best lexicogra- q i are sometimes open to just criticism, as, for example, when _ Dr. Johnson has given as a definition of net work lest its meaning q might not be perfectly clear to the simple-minded — “anything - reticulated or decussated at equal distances with interstices” _ between the intersections.” True, the insect is small in compari- _ son with our domestic animals and most of the mammals, yet there a are large insects as well as small, for we have gradations among them not less marked than in other classes of animated nature. - It has been computed that the average size in the animal king- ; dom — with the smallest known protozoan at one end of the line and the flat-back whale of the Pacific coast with its _ ninety-five feet of length and 294,000 pounds of weight, at the a other, is to be found in the common house-fly, J/usca domestica. _ All insects exceeding this in size may properly be called large; _ those only that are less in size, sma//. Does this seem surprisiny? - Remember that there lies a vast world of living peings, the limit of which is not yet defined, which the unaided eye dovs mot see, and which the microscope must call up to our wonder MN ig Bd DLiGHTH REPORT OF THE STATE LH NTOMOLOGIST. 965 Ys a i \ 266 ForrTyY-rirTtH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. and admiration, just as, in the other direction, each successive enlargement of the object glass of the telescope brings to 3 our view from the depths of boundless space, suns and systems and galaxies of systems before unknown and unsuspected. Noumeer or Insxo's. Insects, in number of species, exceed by far all the rest of the animal kingdom combined. They are believed to be tenfold more numerous than all of the mammals, birds, fishes, reptiles, myriapods, crustaceans, worms, molluscs, radiates, and protozoans, united. At the latter part of the 17th century, they were estimated at 10,000 species. During the last 100 years the dis- covery of new species has been very rapid, and in 1881 there had been described and catalogued throughout the world 320,060 species, while many thousands were in collections awaiting name — and description — 12,000 in a single collection—that of the British Museum. Judging from past discoveries, we may venture to claim that if all the species inhabiting the world were known, the number would reach one million.* | If, from distinct species, we descend to the consideration of individuals, figures are of no service, for the numbers that we should have to employ would be simply incomprehensible. I have seen at a glance, in a locality near Albany, within a small extent of roadway, of a single species of a snow-flea—a Podura, more individuals, as computed by me, than there are human beings on the entire face of the globe. A single small cherry tree of ten feet in height, infested with a plant-louse—one of a row similarly infested —was estimated by Dr. Fitch, by counting the number on a single leaf, the leaves on a branch, and the branches on the tree, to contain the amazing number of 12,000,009. Although this may strike one as a large number, yet few, if any, have any approximate idea of what a million means. Were I to count as rapidly as I could enunciate, simply naming the figures in their order and connection, omitting repetition of “hundred” and “thousand” where they occur-—thus saying, “nine-seventy-three-four-eighty-one,” instead of “nine hundred and seventy-three thousand four hundred and cighty-one,” and con- [* Lord Walsingham has rais«d this estimate to three millions | Antal VR ae he "oa ry ei . » | ' Sa Ligure Reporv or THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 267 a _ tinue thus counting for ten hours a day, it would require twenty- eight days to count a million, and consequently, eleven monihs “of such labor (an obvious impossibility, for utterly beyond hunin _ power of endurance) to have counted the aphides upon that little cherry tree. re. Rapipity or PROPAGATION. a The rapidity of propagation shown in some insects, is also without a parallel elsewhere. Perhaps, in the aphides or plaut- lice, it attains its maximum, where successive zenerations of living young, all of which are females, continue to be produced throughout the summer months, without the presence of the male, by a process which has been compared to, and, indeed, styled, budding. Professor Riley, in his recent studies of the hop-vine _ aphis, Phorodon humuli, has observed thirteen generations of the J species in the year. Now, if we assume as tne average number of "young produced by each female to be 100, and that every individual 4 shall attain maturity and produce its full complement of young ‘ (which, however, never can occur in nature), we would have, as the number of the twelfth brood alone (not counting those of all of the preceding broods), 10,000,009,000,000,000,000,000 8 (ten sextillions) of individuals. Where, as in this instance, - figures fail to convey any adequate proper concepticn, may I ask you to take space and velocity of light as your measures? Were - this brood, as above given, marshalled in line with ten individu- als to a linear inch, touching one another, the procession would extend to the sun (a space which light traverses in eight minutes), and beyond it to the nearest fixed star .traversed by light only ‘n : six years), and still onward in space beyond the most distant star _ that the strongest telescope may bring to our view, to a point so _ inconceivably remote that light could only reach us from it in _ twenty-five hundred years. How fortunate it is for the human race, that in view of such amazing capabilities of increase in the Y ‘insect world, so many counter-checks have been provided by _ Providence for the prevention of unrestricted development in a single direction, that all nature may still work together in har- ; , ony, When viewed in its broadest aspect. 4 , %y oi pA 4 eS " ’ ewe fe hs it WEN MPC ME eT yet Aa. Cena Maes , y “wet 5 ’ > “¥ a b Sicko ) 4 . _ ry - MOT 2S en yale '_ f aT BS ant ie os ets: E eer Oe , ioe, 3 » aay : eM a eh es { J vere + oe > _ * 968 ForTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Te Voracity or Insects. a oe The larval stage of many insects is apparently one of ince: sant feeding. It may be doubted of some if they ever sleep, or even indulge in rest unless disturbed while feeding, or during their molting periods, when time is demanded for the changes required in the casting off of a skin distended to its utmost — capacity, and the formation, and assumption of a new — one capable of further extension. Their voraciousness and s rapid growth may be shown im the statement of two facts: A certain flesh-feeding larva will consume in twenty- four hours two hundred times its original weight,—a parallel to which, in the human race, would be, an infant consuming in the first day of its existence, fifteen hundred pounds of nutriment. There are vegetable feeders, caterpillars, which, during their progress to maturity, within thirty days, increase in size ten thousand times. To equal this remarkable — growth, a man at his maturity, would have to weigh no less than. forty tons. In view of such statements, need We wonder that the ‘insect world is so destructive and so potent a power for harm. Can Insect Ravages BE PREVENTED ? I have attempted, from a. few considerations, to show the importance of insects in their relation to agricultural pursuits; that losses appalling in their magnitude are inflicted by them; and that these losses are steadily on the increase. What can be done? Can they be prevented? We answer, no, not entirely, but they may be controlled. My studies of twenty-five years have taught me that the insect does not exist, the injuries of which may not be greatly diminished when we have learned its entire life-history and its habits. Each one, when we know it fully, discloses some vulnerable point, and a particular time in one of its four stages of existence when it may be attacked to the best advantage. I assuredly speak within bounds when I say, what could not with truth have been said twenty years ago, that with our present knowledge and with the means now at our command, in the insecticides and preventives known, and apparatus and methods for their use, we can, if we will, lessen insect depreda- At ~ f4 ae 1 ng, t i gee “ ; r wa | . ihe uty S " ears st m*~ ue b _—s Figura Report or THe State Enromowocist. 269 t ons to the extent of at least one-half of their present magni- tude. What an addition this would be to the national wealth and to individual well-being! hy » How ro Mrrr our Insect Enemir£s. ‘Turning now to the practical part of my paper — how may we Dest meet our insect foes? I will name some of the methods hy which this may be done. | High Culture.— First and foremost, I would recommend high r ulture. Just in proportion that the vigor and growth of a crop is promoted, to the same extent there is given to it the ability to re ist and overcome the effects of imsect attack. While the feeble plant succumbs, the vigorous one will flourish and mature c espite the drain upon it. It will have a resistant force to sus- t iumph over disease. And then, again, the weak, sickly, or or lack of needed fertilizing material, directly invites insect a The peculiar odor that emanates from it when in this condition, is at once detected by the msect, and serves t tc draw it from distances that seem almost incredible. Insects, ths they may readily find the food-plants on which they are le destined to feed and those upon which they are to deposit their ogES for the continuance of their species,— as if in compensation for a feeble, short range, and quite imperfect vision, have been endowed with a sense of smell which is marvellous in its acute- ‘ness, and is without parallel in any other class of the animal in sect pests never make attack on healthy vegetation, but only mn that which is diseased; as if in the economy of nature they were specially commissioned to hasten destruction and decay; ind among these they would place many of the bark-borers that infest our fruit and shade trees, with which it seems almost hope- ] : for us to contend. he panier within such shelter as they may find in decaying wood, sticks ~deambiae or rails lying on the ground. Dead vines, stalks : § sd eS ipa) A a ecretia ls) FA) Bato g7% - na and) Son J. » Lt Was nae, 4 ‘ * ‘ * el. . ¢ t ain it, just as health and a well-developed body may exclude or diseased plant, made so either through neglect of cultivation - val world. It is believed by some entomologists that many of our ~ Olean Culture.— A large proportion of our insect pests survive a! ote ee } 270 Forry-rirrg REPORT on THE STATE Museum. (particularly if they are hollow), twisted leaves, etc., afford excel- lent hibernating places for the adult forms of many of the Hemip- tera (commonly known as “bugs”), from which they emerge and deposit their eggs in the spring, simultaneously with the com- mencement of vegetation, when attack is ever most harmful. It is ' obvious, therefore, that much benefit will result from gather- ing in the autumn, all rubbish, dead vegetable matter, anid other refuse material, and burning it with all the insects ‘that it is har- boring; or if this be regarded as wasteful, then so compost it, that the compost pile shall not be, as we believe it often is, a nursery for insect pests that in the injury that they inflict more than counter-balances the manurial value. A knowledge of Insect Pests.— A favorite maxim of my school days was, “ Vosce te upsum ” — know thyself. One equally import- ant in later years, of broad application, but of special importance to the agriculturist, is, know your enemies. How can you suc- cessfully meet them, check their operations, prevent their attack, or destroy them if need be (for, fortunately, there are no laws against the killing of insects), unless you know who your foe is, when his attack is to be made, where it is to be made, and what he purposes to do. To know this is to be forearmed and in readi- ness for the ‘fight. Are your insect enemies so many that you fear that you can not make their acquaintance ? Do not be fright- ened at the seeming magnitude of the task, as if you were brought © to contend single-handed, with the perhaps 20,000 distinct species which your State harbors. Some of these are your friends, others are at least harmiess, while a large proportion are but com- paratively injurious. In a list of 100 species, there could, I think, be named all of those which it would be to your particular interest to know and to study. These, at least, you should know by name, so that you may confer with one another in relation to them, and communicate with your entomologist or other scientist of whom vou might desire information. -—guch as the best approved remedy or preventive to be employed. The common name which every destructive species, known for any length of time, has received, would be sufficient for your use, but it would be advisable, so fur as you conveniently could, to acquire also their scientific name, as— ; ’, oh Oe oR ae . fo van * ) Sole ieee ee oe ee ye ere Ee un a OA te Yee ; ” "J if e wr - J mt af Bi Abe y, iL Vea ; ye! ' ; i \ i j " ? ; HigutyH REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. pr A | s a help to you, if you purpose to add to your own observation, the i study of what has been learned and written of them by others. : & To illustrate what I mean: Your apple trees, perchance, are not doing well—something is the matter with them — probably an insect is the cause. What insect is it? Is the apple-tree aphis a infesting the buds or curling and distorting the leaves? Is the - bud-worm tying up and consuming the young foliage just as it puts 4 forth? Is the oyster-shell bark-louse pumping out through hun- q dreds of thousands of tubes the life-blood of the tree? Is the _ flat-headed borer tunneling the limbs, or the round-headed borer _ working at the base of the trunk? Are any of the tiny bark -pbeetles burrowing into the sap-wood, and gradually girdling the tree ? Is the root plant-louse clustering on the roots? Each of a - these, and many others that may be cited, are secret or incon- __-spicuous operations, which must be sought for, with a knowledge L of what they are, if you would discover them in time for their ; arrest. | _In addition to names, the characteristics of hidden attack, habits, and the different stages of life, should be known. A shriveled head of erain or discolored stalk may indicate the presence of the wheat- _ midge larve in the head, the joint-worm knotting or twisting the : " stalk, the Hessian fly concealed within the sheath near a joint, or : _ the wheat-stem maggot burrowing the stalk; or the wheat saw-fly - may be busily at work cutting off the nearly matured heads and | a dropping to the ground one-tenth of the crop. If it were generally ; known that the eges of the common appletree tent-caterpillar could easily be detected upon the leafiess trees in autumn or winter, as a broad belt of eggs from a half-inch to three-fourths inch in length, encircling the small twigs near their tips; and if, with such knowledge they were then clipped off and burned, apple orchards a would never again have to suffer from such defoliation as they ee <_ = ~ a were last year subjected to in Eastern New York and portions of yl _ the Eastern States and parts of New Jersey. a Enlist your Children in the Study. —It can easily be done. _ Give them a cluster of eggs, of which to watch the hatching, the i: emergence of the young caterpillars, the rapidity and eagerness r. with which they devour the fresh food daily brought them, the 972 F'QRTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. most interesting operation of shedding their skins four times | (usually) during their growth, the construction of their cocoons ‘i when, they have attained maturity, or their wonderful transfor- anya mation to the chrysalis stage in the butterflies, and the | emergence from the pupa to the perfect-winged insect. Let. | them see all this, and they are made of strange material if they ~ do not become entomologists for all future time. It will be a pleasure for them to collect insects and to study their varied and interesting habits, and to prepare collections which will adorn your homes. If consisting largely of the more injurious forms. properly labelled and displayed, they would prove highly valua- ee ble for the use and instruction of your farmers’ clubs, illustrating | far better than figures can, the descriptions that your libraries may contain. As a guide and an aid to the children’s studies put in their hands a little volume recently published by Dr. Packard, entitled, “Entomology for Beginners,” in which they may find directions for collecting, preserving, and rearing insects, besides much other matter which will be of value to them and to yourselves, under the headings of “insects injurious and bene- ficial to agriculture;” “insect architecture;” “the structure, growth and metamorphoses, and classification of insects,” ete., etc. Not only will the study be a delight to them, but it will . serve, if properly pursued, as a means of mental discipline fully Bo equal to many of the disciplinary studies of the schools. It will also place them in possession of knowledge which will better fit” them to meet the demands that will be made upon the agricul- turist of the future. Procure and Study L[vecent Biae Publications.— Keo- nomic entomology, has within the last few years made rapid and ereat advance. We, in the United States have been compelled to study insect ravages — greater here than in any other part of the world, and, as the consequence, the literature of applied ento- mology is far superior to that of any other country. ‘The inves- tigations having been made largely through appropriations from the general government or individual States, the publications have been distributed gratuitously, at the request usually of | : i ‘iam oo elt i hel Ae Fie 4) y ¢ Brourn | aeoar OF THE STATE eee rpe er 273 as oY om ; uy for Srcae benefit they were made. If every application uM L not be met, it is probably owing to the fact that the demand hitl herto, has not been sufficiently large to warrant larger editions. Th ere is assuredly one publication which should be procurable by every farmer who will ask for it, viz.: The valuable illus- { report of the Entomologist of the United States Depart- me vent of Agriculture, Professor C. V. Riley. Of this report, con’ ained in the annual report of the Commissioner of Agricul- t ture, 425,000 copies are ordered by Congress, each year, but it is feared a large proportion of these never leave Washington, e cept as entering into the composition of other paper. The Department has also issued two reports of the United States Er ae Commission, seven bulletins of the same Com- mi ssion, and eighteen bulletins of the Entomological Division. Ii t is also issuing, at the present time through the Division of Entomology, an interesting and instructive periodicai, un der the name of “Insect Life.” Some of the above may be | procurable through application to the Commissioner, or to Pr ofessor Riley, or to yonr Representatives in Congress. The reporis of Dr. Fitch, published in the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, for the years 1854 to 1870, are of special value. Six of these reports, bound in two volumes, may stili be obtained of the Secretary of the Agricultural Society, ut Albany. The reports of the State Entomvologists of Missouri and of Mlinois are also very desirable. For these, application with inquiry m might be made to Professor Riley, at Washington, and to Professor S. A. Forbes, at Champaign, Tilinois. ; cA yolume that would seem to be indispensable to the fruit- grower, is “Insects Injurious to Fruits,” by W. Saunders, pub- lishe ed in 1883,* by the J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, Pa., 436 pages, 440 figures. A recent publication of particular bar Ime to the student as an aid to classification, and prepared ecially for the agricultural student, is “An Introduction to Entomology,” by J. H. Comstock, Professor of Entomology in Cor- * A second edition has since been published. 35 EN a ; | ‘ ¥ Re) a t Biya 7 ¢ oar? igs EL 7 PE tis “a geil ¥ M It is also important that the relative value of wet and dry mixtures — oe to arrest potato culture in our country. More recently its value ‘ q Dede to the author. ar aie! Learn of Insecticides and how to Use them.— The publications a above named, and notably those of the department at Washington, — ’ will give the needed information in this direction. The recent a advance in economic entomology has been largely through discoy- eries of insecticides, and the invention of apparatus for their <7 a j application. Of our best insecticides in use at the present are white hellebore, Paris green, London purple, pyrethrum, kerosene, and tobacco. It is essential that one should know how, when, and — 4 in what proportions these are to be applied, the. proper dilution | | of those that require it, and the method of emulsifying kerosene. and ‘the most economical and effective method of apie should also be known. The great practical value of a reliable insecticide was years ago taught us in the discovery of the metal . j of destroying the Colorado potato beetle, which threatened at first has again been clearly demonstrated in the use of the arsenites (Paris green and London purple), sprayed upon the forming fruit — of our apple trees for protection from the apple-worm of the cod- q ling-moth. There is no longer question but that, by a proper — use of either of the above named arsenites, at least three-fourths — of the apple crop can be saved from the codling-moth. Worm- ; eaten apples should henceforth be a discredit and a disgrace to the fruit-grower, and each worm-hole a stamp attesting to his sy q ance or inexcusable neglect. sa For the judicious use of insecticides, it is important that recog- 4 nition should be made of two classes of insects — those that take — their food by means of biting jaws, and those that feed only on ~ the sap of plants through a proboscis inserted in the bark. The former, which includes the larger proportion of insects, can be read- a ily poisoned by the application of the arsenites to the foliage which 7 they consume. The latter, consisting of the Hemiptera, such as— i the plant-lice (Aphides), bark-lice, and all bugs properly so-called, | : which imbibe their liquid food from beyond reach of the poison, a : i 7 ¥ f OST, af aes By, ‘ vag Pak * 7 ; es nh batik ei ‘j Faiouri Reporr OF THE STATE EN TOMOLOGIST. 2975 i eaiicrable to applications which may reach them externally, as. tobacco solutions, alkaline washes, and |:erosene,— the last- 4 2 amed closing their breathing pores and producing suffocation oe. | Beneficial Insects should be Protected — There are entire fami- lies of insects which consist almost wholly of species that are of P airect benefit to the agriculturist, which should be known and spared from indiscriminate destruction. Of these are the (Coc- 4 cinellide, or lady-bugs, which have as their mission, the preven- tion of an overwhelming multiplication of plant-lice; the /chneu- _mvunide, or ichneumon flies, which deposit their eggs within or upon. the body of other insects, to hatch into larva: which feed i upon and destroy their host; the C/alceiddiw or chalcid flies which have the habits of the ichneumon flies; the Zach nidu, the last two named, and several other families which could be | “mentioned. , _ The importance of these parasitic insects will be conceded when i Ene state that it is highly probable that to parasitic attack we owe ‘the almost entire cessation of the ravages of the wheat-midge ‘it n the United States, when all human means seemed hopeless. ah the present time, fruit culture in California, and more par- ie ticularly the orange culture, is most seriously impaired, through the operation of a scale insect, known scientifically as /cerya Pur- ¢ asi Maskell, which was introduced in the year 1868 on an a acia from Australia. Ithas continued to increase and spread and 4 feed on all the fruits and much other vegetation, untilits arrest, by a ny known application, seemed impossible. In this emergency, “two agents of the United States Department of Agriculture have een dispatched to Australia, to collect the parasites that prey “upon the Zeerya there and send them to California, that an attempt mi ay be made to colonize and multiply them. Consignments of arasites have already been received, are being propagated with are, and the present outlook is quite encouraging. Be Careful Observers of Insects.— You have opportunities for their observation which are not accorded to those in other pursuits f life. When you have become familiar with the appearance of a ose which are your annual visitants, you will readily detect the i, eh é 3 resembling our common house-flies, also of similar habits with eee ee r _- y, > Ra te an oe a : Laer sD | Big = c- hg igi . ; : es ie Me 4 : - wy 4 Bo +, — * — : S we & A Py See Puce . Te pw Sa ee hike? Paes 22. * . Ph ew a ee SO ee) i. « Sas >: : ae i oN GR Pot ee- yye ee : ; <1 —_ 2 —- =. ,% “ ao Poe. — ‘ +o . > . ral ae eee, oe ee |. oe oz = _ oe ae , = = oa . J at be + apek. a3? u 7 . r =‘ eons Vo Gass el Sy a. 2 and multiplication. ; < ‘ CoNncLusIoNn. ht Now that I have told you of your insect enemies—of their immense 4 nuinber, rapid propagation, incredible voracity, the enormous losses 5 that they cause, and increasing injuries annually; and have also _ tn ee re ee a ee ee etaaed Os been ee ee ee Te tere 3 Be Suniel whose Bi! and fae it will be to tell you Re: " Sey it is; and if it should prove to be a new pest, he jap also be able i told you how you may best meet them, it may be proper to ask, “what do you propose to do in the matter ?” Does the ‘struggle — 3 that their control will require of you seem too formidable — almost y a hopeless task? Do you propose to give up to the dnceee all that his insatiate greed and often excessive wastefulness demands, _ trusting that he may leave behind him enough for your wants? — Will you rest on the promise that “seed time and harvest shall not 4 cease?” Faith is well, but “without works itis dead.” Continue :. solemn Litany, “ We beseech thee, good Lord, to give and pre- serve to our use the kindly fruits of the earth, that in due time we may enjoy them,” but do not fail to supplement your prayer ~ with the force-pump and London purple. It was a wise saying, — if construed aright, that “ Providence is ever on the side of the 5 heaviest artillery.” Fight the insect as you never have before, ‘ and do not sound an inglorious retreat or yield a pitiable sur- | render, just as the instruments of warfare and the insecticidal — ammunition, with which you may wage effectual fight, have been ’ placed within your reach. At least show the spirit of one who came to my office to learn of me how he might successfully fight ‘ the striped cucumber beetle which had troubled him greatly._ ' “Not that I care so much about the cucumbers,” said he, “ but : then to pray with fervor, as often as you join in the Church’s ~ { it hurts me terribly to let that little yellow-striped cuss get the better of me.” Study and perseverance will bring its recompense. It will yield you a rich return in more productive crops with less" expenditure of labor. I venture to say that it will often give the © : desired factor for the solution of that great problem which is © before you, “how to make the farm pay?” Let the myriad insect _ ae yas" , \ ts feed unm ested” upon gi a a pret cbe for it is ever ne xt they prefer, and there is failure. Fight them energeti-— ,, scientifically, and manfully, and there is success, and a er future for you and your children. Do not, I beg of you, e for a day longer, that inexcusable, shameful, costly neglect c “study of insect lives and insect habits. Ped *? - > %. AS eo > (4 Bt pad os : ' ee ie “a ee % A oe; ze 3 Roto if Sat Se Se Rite, EPR at x ae wl 6 ye 4*e" :— i" LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. - The following is a list of the principal publications of the Entomologist during the year 1891—fifty-six in number = giving title, place, and time of publication, and a summary of contents. A similar list of publications for the years 1875, 1876, — and 1877 is appended. The Squash Bug.* (Country Gentleman, for January 8, 1891 Iv, Me p. 23, c. 1, 2— 26 cm.) stalk by applying a mixture of salt and ashes. [Published in pp. 205-207 of this Report (viii). ] 15, 1891, lvi, p. 47, ¢. 1, 2— 25 cm.) phide of carbon is recommended, to be used after the manner reported by Professor Cook as having been successfully used for,the purpose in a mill in 99d, 1891. Embraces the following topics: Loss from insect injuries, and their steady — ii ‘Nate increase: the few insect pests known fifty years ago: the increase resulting i oe, from introduction from abroad, change of food-plants from wild to cultivated i | crops: importance of the study: what is being done for it by the General Gov- ihe ernment and the States: recent advance in economic entomologyin the United — aD States: our methods adopted in Europe and Australia. Means of protection RY insects, discriminate between beneficial and noxious insects, protect the birds, - of titles of publication. To inquiry from Kane county, Ill., answer is made that Paris green is not available against the squash-bug or any other of the bugs proper (Hemiptera). _ The best remedies are trapping the bugs and destroying the eggs. Trap with — pieces of wood and kill the bugs found under them. Examine for egg- clusters on the underside of the leaves, and for the colonies of the newly- hatched bugs near them, and crush them, Prevent injury to the base of the * Grain Weevil Infesting Mills. (Country Gentleman, for J anuary For destroying weevil infesting a flour and feed store in Orange county, — N. Y., which is probably Calandra granaria [no examples are sent], bisul- _ Michigan. Its use in the vineyards of France against the Phylloxera, cited. ; Protection from Insect Injuries. (Albany Morning Express, for — ae | January 23, 1891, p. 2, c. 5—28 cm.) Abstract of an Ae Address before the Farmers’ Institute at Albany, on January > a are these: high cultivation, clean culture, encourage the natural enemies of *The capitalization, etc., of the Country Gentleman is followed herein in the citation from it — & Fi as & <3 ee Ee ase Ce par ae ac \ * — by “ eke = Sen are eee ae eS wins * ad te ee Ea ee ee gee ee eT eh ee Prins OS er Ses ee, ag +9 = aS oe ane Revore OF THE S7aTe ENTOMOLOGIST. 979 ¥ learn of insecticides and how to use them, study insect lives and habits, and a __ read entomological publications. 24 _ Bacon Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for February 12, 1891, lvi, * _ p. 130, c. 3—6 em.) a Dermestes lardarius infesting soiled clothing, in Ridgefield, Conn., is identi- y, E. fied, with notice of its food, and reference to publications on it. % ‘Insectivorous Birds. (Albany Evening Journal, for February 14, ar > 1891, p. 6, c. 3— 30 cm.) ‘ Be Protecting the Birds. (New York Times, February 15, 1891.) * oe Remarks before the Assembly Committee of Game Laws, asking for such ; amendments and additions to the Revised Game Law as shall protect such i ___ birds as are beneficial to the agriculturist in the destruction of insect pests, ts 4 - and withholding protection from those which are detrimental: prominent f among these last is the English sparrow. oe By [In MS. of Ninth Report. ] ek ti Scale Insects. (Country Gentleman, for March 26, 1891, lvi, p. 2 may 201, &. 2, 3—15 cm.) S a Leaves of Oleander and Camellia, from Jacksonville, Ala., with supposed : | a fungus, show attack of scale-insects — the former of Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, 4 a and the latter of a species of ? Parlatoria. The general features of the two .%y are given. When occurring on trees, they may be killed by spraying with 4 Be kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap solution. Infested plants may be treated f ™ _ with sweet oil, or kerosene lightly applied to the underside of the leaves with P - asponge or piece of flannel. a ? 4 [See in pp. 214, 215 of this Report (viii).] i - Bark Lice. (Country Gentleman, for March 26, 1891, lvi, p. 257, fi — ¢38—5 cm.) i - To inquiry from Meadville, Pa., of an insect resembling an oat-hull in size Re _ and appearance, infesting apple trees; and also, if spraying with coal-oil in ae _ winter will kill bark-lice,-—reply is made: a strong kerosene or coal-oil emul- « _ sion will kill the lice if the scales are saturated, but the emulsion can be more Re _ effectuaily applied at the time of the hatching of the eggs. The infesting a insect can not be named from the statement made. ie ‘ TA Blind Crustacean from a Well.} (Albany Evening Journal, ¥ m for March 27,1891, p. 6, c. 2—13 cm. New York Times, . » for March 28, 1891, p. 2, c. 5—8cm.) a __ Asmall crustacean, sent from Oswego county, N. Y., as infesting a driven w _ wellof moderate depth, is identified as Crangonyx mucronatus Forbes—a ze Y blind species, occurring only in subterranean waters, and first discovered in My : ie a well at Normal, Illinois. It is found at the West, sometimes abundantly, in > Na Springs after heavy rains but does not live longin surface waters. , This isits | mV % first recorded observation east of Indiana. Its presence in wells is ‘not harm- a ful, but rather beneficial, as tending to the purificution of the water. : - {Extended in MS. of Ninth Report. ] : 280 Forry-rirru Report on tHE Svark Museum. he Injurious Insects. (Country Gentleman, for April 2, 1891, lvi, p. — ti? 273, c. 2, 3—43 cm.) : : by ¥ ne i Abstract of a paper read at the New Paltz Farmers’ Institute, treating of— — the recent increase of insect pests; the increase largely in fruit insects; the principal depredators on the several fruits; generalization of methods for the ~ destruction of sucking insects and biting insects; the best insecticides, viz., — Satie Paris green, London purple, and kerosene emulsion; their history, etc.; three recent triumphs in economical entomology; the benefits of arsenical spray- ing; fungicides combined with insecticides; reported bad results from London purple; strength of insecticides adapted to different fruits; lime lessens injury from the arsenites; the force pump; cost of spraying; several other means — of protection from insect pests named. (uince-Tree Borer. (Country Gentleman, for April 9, 1891, lvi, — De 204,/¢.4 0m. ) Ns Ss To an inquiry for a remedy or preventive against this insect, a wash pre- pared as follows is recommended: A gallon of common soft soap and a pint of crude carbolic acid, thinned with a gallon of hot water, to stand over night — or until it is perfectly united, and then eight or ten gallons of cold, soft e water to be added. He Honey-Dew on Pear Twigs. (Country Gentleman, for April 16, 1891, lvi, p. 317, c. 1—16 em.) se Ra Pear twigs sent from Athens, N. Y., as infested with ‘‘honey-dew,” are ay covered with a black substance, thought by some fruit-growers to be con- nected, or identical with, the apple scab. It is doubtless honey-dew, black- hs ened by age and the association with it of the usual fungus that occurs on i: 6 honey-dew infested foliage—a harmless form. The honey-dew could nothave been deposited so abundantly by any known pear aphis. Probably the trees had been attacked by Psylla pyri. Search willbe made for this insect during ee the following month. met Arsenic and Honey Experiments. [Is Arsenical Spraying ee Harmful to Honey-bees?] (Country Gentleman, for April 16, a 1891, lvi, p. 817, c. 1, 2 — 24 cm.) Replying to inquiries: It has not been shown that honey bees have been killed or their honey poisoned by arsenically sprayed blossoms, although so asserted by Professor A. J. Cook and other apiarists. That such a result may follow is not believed by some of our best botanists. The question should be set at rest by proper experimentation; until then, caution should be exercised. If safe, it would be advantageous to spray during blossoming, for at this time the larveze of some leaf-rollers could be reached, and not later. Bulletins relating to spraying may, in many cases, be obtained by address- _ ing the Directors of the Agricultural Experiment Stations. Director Atwater’s ‘* Experiment Station Record” is commended as useful to fruit-growers. : Several of the most desirable Bulletins upon spraying, spraying apparatus — and insecticides are named, and Station Directors’ addresses given. ‘ % <" cy y’ ‘ ’ ov ae nl £6 y Voges? h ie COSTAE Te Yo sa, Oe ; ‘ 1% AE a Me CE ere wae Gey cfr e EOP ' > yi 2 i C ; A. ’ ihe «4 Pi é Aaa FOG a ae pets e s w , > y “ 4 * v r ay | Bronra Report oF THE STaTE HNTOMOLOGIST. 281 | Entomoloay. (Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the - Western New York Horticultural Society, January 28 and 29, a 1891. April, 1891, pp. 10-17. Also, as Separates 8 pp.) Report of the Society’s Committee on Entomology, upon ‘‘ Spraying with Insecticides,” and ‘‘Some Garden and Orchard Insects.’’ Topics embraced ___ are the following: Effect of London purple on the plum: London purple on the peach: Solubility of London purple: An efficient nozzle for low spray- e 1 ing: Addition of lime to the arsenites: Fungicides combined with the arsen- ites: Spraying for the plum curculio: Spraying for the codling-moth: A new insecticidal machine: Insecticides lately recommended: Protection from __ the striped cucumber beetle: The apple curculio: The pear-blight beetle: The a rose-bug: The Marguerite fly: The bean-weevil. _ How to Control the Hop Aphis. (New England Homestead, for May 2, 1891, xxv, p. 193, c. 1— 37 cm.) In reply to editorial request for best methods of controlling the pest, the following points are noticed: The insect in Europe and America: Its life- a ae history discovered: When to attack the aphis: How to kill the aphis with kerosene emulsion or with English wash: Repeat spraying as often as neces- * _ sary: Preventive of aphis attack. ; . [See in pp. 207-210 of this Report (viii).] _ Apple-Tree Insects of Early Spring. (Country Gentleman, for m . May 7, 1891, lvi, p. 374-5, c. 3, 4, 1 —59 cm.) Frequency of insect attacks this season, on unfolding buds, noticed. ' Insects received from Lansing, N. Y., are the apple aphis, Aphis mali Fabr., and the apple-tree case-bearer, Coleophora malivorella Riley. For the aphis, spray with the soap solution, tobacco water, or kerosene emulsion. The life-history of the case-bearer is given: its remedy is arsenical spraying, at times directed. Larve of the eye-spotted bud-moth, Tmetocera ocellana (Schiff.), associated with the above. From Malcolm, N. Y., the bud-moth larve and the apple-leaf Bucculatrix, Be ing them are given. Operations againstthem should have been commenced -_. earlier in the season. From Lincoln, N. Y., are sent the bud-moth and its larve; also the pear- tree Psylla, Psylla pyri Schmidb., the presence of which is indicated by honey-dew; usually occurs on the pear; its apparent increase in our orchards; how to destroy it; its relationship to’ the Aphidide. . [See in pp. 216-220 of this Report (viii). ] ey p. 875, c. 2, 3—11 cm.) Spotted and blotched leaves received from Eustis, Florida, and reported as coloration is not the orange-rust, caused by Typhlodromus oleivorus, but may possibly be owing to an attack of the trees by species of Lecaniuwm or 36 Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens, were sent: the best methods for destroy- 3 ~ Orange Leaf Trouble. (Country Gentleman, for May 7, 1891, . dropping from the tree, show no fungus attack ‘or insect presence. The dis- 222 Forty-rirth Report on THE Stare Museum, Ceroplastes, the honey-dew from which may have been the cause of the : soot-like blotches on the leaves. For such an attack, spraying with kerosene z emulsion would be the proper remedy. How to Kill the Rose-Bug. (New England Homestead, for May, a 9, 1891, xxv, p. 205, c. 1— 33 cm.) In the sandy soil of New Jersey, this beetle breeds in incredible numbers, and can not be controlled. In New England and New York it is within con- trol: 1st, by beating into pans of water and kerosene; 2d, by spraying with — se kerosene emulsion, ‘‘1 part of oil to 9 of water’; 8d, on the authority of Professor J. B. Smith, by spraying with sludge-oil soap solution. In New Jersey the beetle must be fought by the discovery and destruction — of its breeding grounds. [See in pp. 200-202 of this Report (viii). | [The Cermatia Centipede.] (Albany Morning Express, for May 19, 1891, xlv, p. 8, c. 1— 9 em.) In reply to an inquiry made, Cermatia forceps is identified as the household pest for which a remedy is asked. It is a Southern centi- pede which has extended northward and is abundant in Albany. Although - poisonous, it will not be necessary to destroy it unless it should become _very abundant. It subsists on small living creatures, and is fond of flies, and has secured a reputation as a ‘‘cockroach killer.” It may be killed by scat- tering pyrethrum powder in its haunts. The Apple-worm. (Country Gentleman, for May 28, 1891, ie p- 438, ‘c. 2—12 cm.) It is asked if it is necessary to spray for the apple-worm in a locality where there were no apples the last year. The failure of the apple crop in 1890 doubtiess reduced the number of the codling-moth, and thorough arsenical spraying the present year might tend to lessen its injuries for years to come. The apple-worm is not dependent on the apple, but matures also in pears, plums, peaches, and apricots. It has been represented as breeding in wal- nuts in Europe, but this is probably an erroneous identification of the insect. Wheat Insects. (Country Gentleman, for May 28, 1891, lvi, p. 438, c. 3—— 6'cm.) Name is asked of an insect on wheat, from McGhee, Tenn. The smooth- headed variety only is infested, and not the bearded, in the same field. It is found also on scattered rye-heads. No insects were found in the heads whén received, they having escaped. The species is probably the grain aphis, Siphonophora avenc (Fabr.), although it also attacks bearded wheat, and has a seeming preference for rye. Wire-worms in Corn. (Country Gentleman, for May 28, 1891, lvi, p. 4381, ¢. 4-- 21 cm.) From Gaysville, Vt., request is made for a remedy for worms piercing and destroying the kernels of corn. They are probably wire-worms. Salt, Sng ee on 3 re af . * , ec my fer oeetz REPOR? OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 283 yt - suggested by the inquirer, would prevent cut-worm attack, but not wire- worms. The best preventive in infested fields is starving out by crops of a .- % buckwheat or pease. A good preventive is, preparing the seed corn with soft soap and plaster according to directions given; this method has been very o _ successful. Soaking the seed corn in kerosene for twenty-four hours before ; planting might be tried. a ‘Destructive to Pears. A Pest Discovered in a Catskill Orchard. ? (Albany Evening Journal, for May 30, 1891, p. 8, c. 1—17 em.) _ The Diplosis pyrivora. (The Sun [New York], June 1, 1891, » p.3,c.5—9 cm.) ‘: An insect destroying almost the entire crop of Lawrence pears and attack- | ing other varieties is discovered in the Catskill orchards. It is an European - ___ insect, first observed in this country at Meriden, Conn., in 1881. This is its ‘a - second known locality in the United States. Its life-history is given. Can not be reached by the ordinary insecticides.. The danger apprehended from a its spread. Picking the infested fruit and burning it, recommended. ~ Insect Pests. (Oswego Daily Times, for June 2, 1891, vol. 49, p. — 4,¢,2—12 em.) et, Contains notice of a new case-worm or Coleophora feeding on apple leaves ; the eye-spotted bud-worm, Tmetocera ocellana ; the cocoons of the apple- ___ tree Buccalatrix, B. pomifoliella; and of Aspidisca splendoriferella in its -——-—s ease: together with remedies for the several pests. Another Formidable Insect Pest. (Oswego Daily Times, for June 3, 1891, vol. 49, p. 5, c. 2, 3 — 50 em.) The pear-midge, Diplosis pyrivora, discovered at Catskill, N. Y., hitherto known only at Meriden, Conn., where it was introduced about 1880. Infests the Lawrence pear and other species named; how it affects the fruit; not within reach of insecticides; its life-history; importance of its control; _-—« recommendation to pick and burn the infested fruit; other methods that may be effective against it; amount of injury done. : ey Melon and Strawberry Pests. (Country Gentleman, for June 4, 1891, lvi, p. 457, c. 2, 3—18 cm.) A request from Wellham’s Crossroads, Md., for a remedy for “‘ lice”’ destroy- _ ing melons and cucumbers, is answered by recommending the application _ of kerosene emulsion, pyrethrum in powder or in water, or strong tobacco nozzle would best apply the spray to the aphids on the underside of the leaves. Collecting and burning the dead leaves in autumn would doubtless destroy many of the eggs of the aphis. The insect injuring strawberry plants by puncturing the stems [no specimens sent] is probably the flea-like negro-bug, Corimelena pulicaria applications recommended for the aphis would probably kill it. [See in pp. 212-214 of this Report (viii). ] 7 ee er Fe tay ait sted re 53 5 z peur: * = t. > 2 ‘ 7 a Po tax , a 7 rie pee a as Ae _ water —the insect probably being Aphis cucwmeris Forbes. The Vermorel . Germ. It is difficult of control from its large number of food-plants. The ae =< > been De ee’ 4, 2 oe | ee oe Oe 2. i > af ak © cr pe § —— Poe 7 ae. Ee oe oo. eta! we Oe » = oa ~~“ Pas >. ee a. e al 9 rng er ee ag fe Oe QR4. ForvyY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE M USEUM. The Peach-Tree Borer. (Country Gentleman, for June 4, 1894, ie Ivi, p. 457, c. 8, 4— 66 cm.) be In reply to inquiries made from Way desillg, Ohio, different methods of dealing with the insect are named and given at length, of which are, cutting out the larve, applying wood-ashes and water in a funnel-shaped cavity around the base of the tree, the carbolic acid wash of Mr. Bateham, the a carbolic acid and Paris green wash of Mr. Hale, the Shaker peach-tree borer wash, and mounding about the base of the tree. A new “ tree-pro- tector,” made of wire gauze and soon to be offered in market, is described _ and commended. How to ‘head in” peach trees to promote their health. [See in pages 181-186 of this Report (viii). | A Serious Danger— The New Pest that Threatens the Pear Crop. (New England Homestead, for June 13, 1891, xxv, p. 249, c. 4 — 24 cm.) Introduction and injuries at Meriden, Conn., of the pear-midge, and efforts there for its extermination; its description, and its renaming and illustration by Dr. Riley; its distribution in Catskill, its habits, and manner of leaving the fruit; the varieties of pears that itis known to infest; its occurrence fe Catskill may be through a new importation from France. The Gartered Plume Moth. (Country Gentleman, for June 18, 1891, lvi, p. 497, c. 3 — 26 cm.) An insect sent from [Scarsdale] Westchester Co., N. Y., as webbing the terminal leaves of the grapevine, is the one above named, in its larval stage. The moth is described, its distribution stated, and for the prevention of its multiplication, crushing it by hand in its shelter is recommended. Reference to figures and to detailed descriptions. {A New Onion Pest.] (Albany Evening Journal, for June 19, 1891, p. 8, c. 5.) Caterpillars sent from Canastota, N. Y., as devastating the onion fields in that vicinity, are not identical with those that appeared in Orange county, N. Y., in 1885, but an allied species, viz., Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.), or the black cut-worm—a common and wide-spread species but not previously reported on onions. Recommendations of means for its destruction are given. New Strawberry Pest. (Country Gentleman, for June 25, 1891, lvifp. 575, c. 2, 3 — 12 cm.) A beetle from Clifton, New Brunswick, injuring leaves and blossoms of the strawberry, is identified as Serica tristis LeConte, not previously reported on this food-plant. Its general appearance is described, with probabilities of its larval habits. Lady Bug and Cherry Aphis. (Country Gentleman, for July 2, 1891, lvii, p. 537, c. 1, 2—19 cm.) Insects received from Pittsburg, Pa., with inquiry, are the black cherry aphis, Myzus cerasi, which is being preyed upon by the 15-spotted lady-bird, Anatis 15-punctata, All of the latter are brown-black or entirely black, ly yr eet sig : Be ‘ a ie i, ¥ , Ae | Frown REPORT OF THE Breve EnToMOLOGIST. 285 y | without their usual spots, probably as the result of their larvee having fed on the black aphides. Other food of the insect is mentioned. A number of ; larve of Syrphus flies were also feeding on the aphides. 4 Beet Insects. (Country Gentleman, for July 16, 1891, lvi, p. 577 _ @& 4—30 cm.) The serious injury to beets reported from Monroe Co., N. Y., so far as ean be seen from plants sent, are not chargeable on any one insect. The plants show injury from a plant-bug—perhaps Lygus pratensis; from apparently some species of flea-beetles; and from some leaf-miner, which is : probably a species of Anthomyia. Remedy for the above may be found in t . the use early and at the proper time, of kerosene emulsion. Reference to a __ valuable paper on Beet Insects. [In MS. of Ninth Report. | _ Apple Aphis. (Country Gentleman, for July 16, 1891, lvi, p. B78, 4 ment, 2— 11 cm.) ear A severe attack of Aphis mali Fabr., recognized on apple-twigs received from Sargeantville, N. J. The injury will probably soon cease, as the insect will resort ere long to some other food-plant. Effective remedies for early in the season, are tobacco-water, soap solution, and kerosene emulsion. ee The Pear-Tree Psylla. (Country Gentleman, for August 6, 1891, me ivi, p. 637, c. 2, 341 cm.) _._- When and where Psylla pyricola was first observed in New York: new _ feature in its life-history : known formerly as Psylla pyri: notice of injuries from it: its present distribution in the State: the honey-dew excreted: the _ pupe and pupal cases: the insect may be destroyed in its different stages, ¥ : by kerosene emulsion spraying: flight of the winged insects. 14 4 Insects Injuring Red Raspberries. (Rural New Yorker, for ‘August 8, 1891, 1, p. 577, c. 3—13 cm.) _ Caterpillar found on red raspberryjat New Haven, Conn., is Synchlora rubi- -—-voraria (Riley). Its peculiar appearance is described and habit given of __—s covering itself with bits of the blossoms for concealment. Its transforma- tions, and the moth produced. [Extended in this Report (vili), pages 129-133, as Synchlora glaucaria.] Pine Beetle Injuring Linen. (Country Gentleman, for August 27, -. 1891, lvi, p. 700, c. 1— 20 em.) | Inquiry is made from Freyburg, Me., of an insect that had burrowed the pine shelving of a linen closet built the preceding year, riddling the boards with small round holes and extending upward through piles of linen on the shelves. " The insect, doubtless a burrowing beetle, can not be named from the brief “i account of its operations, unaccompanied with specimens of the insect. [It a may be one of the Ptinide, the larve of which are small, and often with __ wood-boring habits. ] ater wie: ae t™; IR6 Poury-rirra REPORT ON THE STare Mu, USEUM. Foes of the Ralearnonk Willow. (Orange Peas Farmer, for September 3, 1891, x, p. 1, ¢. 2—6 em.) A.scale-insect reported as blighting the Kilmarnock willows at Pork : Jervis, N. Y., is identified as the apple-tree bark-louse, Mytiiospen i pomorum BEREhe: Remedies recommended are spraying with kerosene emulsion at any time, or with a soap solution or tobacco water at the time is of egg-hatching. The New Dairy Pest. (Oswego Semi-Weekly fun for Sep tember 4, 1891, 11, p. 1, ec. 1 —52 cm.) Occurs in Oswego county, and how introduced: what the fly is: its — : present distribution in the State: its injuries to cattle: when most trouble- some: how its increase may be prevented, and how it may be repelled from cattle. [See in pp. 192-194 of this Report (viii).] The Cow-Horn Fly in New York. (Country Gentleman, for Sep- | tember 10, 1891, lvi, p. 735, c. 2, 8 —41 cm.) é Reference to its appearance and injuries in other States and notice of its occurrence in New York last year, and in Oswego and Steuben counties the present year. Efforts should be made to arrest its spread, and how it may be done. Reference to the literature of the insect. ; [See in pp. 195-197 of this Report (viii). ] Leaf-Eating Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for September 10 1891, lvi, p. 735, c. 3—5 em.) A beetle taken on a cherry tree at Little Falls, N. Y., is Huphoria fulgida \ _(Fabr.) —a beautiful insect, allied in habits to the May-bug. Itis common in the Western States, but rather rare in the State of New York. Elm-Leaf Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for September 10, 1891, lvi, p. 735, c. 3 — 6 em.) Larvee sent from Red Bank, N. J.,do not permit positive identification, but are probably those of Galeruca xanthomelena. The remedy for it is spray- ing with London purple. Grape Curculio. (Country Gentleman, for September 10, 1891, oni lvi, p. 785, c. 8, 4 — 16 cm.) i Grapes ruined by the puncture of some insect, at Sanford, Tenn., are a infested by the larvee of the grape curculio, Craponius incequalis Say. The — Ai: e a his = 2 appearance of the injured grape is described, and also the larva and the a beetle. Preventives recommended are bagging the grapes, jarring off the a beetle in June, and working the ground to destroy the immature insect. alin [In MS. of Ninth Report. ] Bi, Measuring Worm. (Country Gentleman, for September 10, 1891, uaa lvi, p. 735, c. 4—8 cm.) r . A caterpillar sent for name, from Green Grove, Pa., had spun up in a cocoon when received, and can not therefore be named. Its appearance, as ee bil a Bieuru REPORT OF THE aig TE ENTOMOLOGIST. 2IR7T . emia by the inquirer, would refer it to the Ennomine among the Geometridae, and possibly, from a partial view of the pupa, to Eutrapela transversata. Rat-tail Larva. (Country Gentleman, for September 10, 1391, lvi, p. 735, c. 4—11 cm.) . 4 ‘ A rat-tail larva, from Macedon, N. Y., is one of the Syrphid@, but can not be definitely named. It resembles Helophilus latifrons. Feeding-habits of some of the larvee of some of the genera, and of the flies. _ The Locust Mite. (Country Gentleman, for September 24, 1891, q lyi, p. 775, c. 1—11 em.) a The locust mite, Trombidium locustarum Riley is named, and its life-his- / tory briefly given, in reply to a request for the information from Adena, By _ Ohio, of *‘ the aa that deposits its small red eggs near the base of grass- hoppers’ wings.” ; [See pages 179, 180 of this Report (viii). ] ~The Cecropia Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for September Be 24, 1891, lvi, p. 777, c. 2, 3— 25 cm.) A request to describe ‘‘ the wonderful adornment” of a Cecropia cater- _ pillar sent is answered by giving the varied colorational features of its spines ____ and tubercles, to which is added — remarks upon the beauty to be seen in the ~~ insect world, in some of the larve particularly, which is usually overlooked. _ An Interesting Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for October 1, 1891, lvi, p. 797, c. 8, 4— 12 cm.) A long white flattened cocoon attached to a piece of apple-bark, received from Gordensville, Pa., is apparently that of a Cerura caterpillar. Striking features of these caterpillars, are, the rich colors that adorn them, and the two long, slender, reversible filaments in which the body terminates. he [The moth emerging Sept. 29th, proved to be Artace punctistriga Walker. | _ Grapevine Leaf-Hopper. (Country Gentleman, for October _, 8, 1891, lvi, p. 815, c. 2, 3—11 em. Leaf-hoppers infesting grapevine leaves in Kingston, Pa., are the vine- destroying leaf-hopper, Erythroneura vitifex Fitch. It is compared with kerosene-saturated cloths, or by spraying the larvz with kerosene emulsion. Burning the refuse material of the vineyard is beneficial. 4 {Extraordinary Flight of Moths.] (Albany Evening Journal, for October 20, 1891, c. 5— 10 cm.) A flight of insects, found, from specimens submitted, to be Zerene catenaria (Drury), is reported from Medford, Pa., as occurring during the last made to a similar flight of the same species, observed at Lackawaxen, Pa., some years ago, early in October, and to large numbers on windows in Pees Jee eee EF. vitis, and its injuries stated. It may be destroyed by driving it on — week in September, and continuing for two nights and aday. Referenceis | J «> to ee rr a). = ws © eis ae (De Geer), pupa and imago, is identified in exh fro1 Lowell, Mass., and a brief sketch of its habits and ranctonaiaos oie 4 — _ winter retr eat. AS Destructive Potato Aphis. 22, 1891, lvi, p. 857, c. 4 90 a hundreds of acres of potatoes, and injured Lappapenta on ine bottom inside! of the Susquehanna River, can not be identified from the poor, wingless. ie examples sent. They are not referable to any of the four species known 1a * a feed on the potato. The range of its occurrence, so far as observed, is given. te White Grubs. (Country Gentleman, for Oelober 29, 1891, bi, p- 875, c. 4—— 18 cm.) | ie White grubs sent for name from Red Bank, N. J., may be those of “4 oe Lachnosterna fusca (Frohl.); but it is impossible to identify positively any of : at the twenty-five or more species that belong to the fusca group. Woe of - Dr. Horn and of Professor Smith on these species quoted. Be 3 [See in pp. 174, 175 of this Report (viii). ] He. aie Sprayed Grapes are Harmless. (Entomological Ne Ws, for. November, 1891, ii, p. 181 — 6 cm.) ee Quotes an item given to the Associated Press, in which the recent seizure ‘and destruction in the New York market, under the direction of the Board — . of Health, of grapes that had been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture for. ‘a ee the prevention of fungus attacks, is pronounced unjustifiable and rendering — the officers liable to prosecution for damages. There was nota poisonous oy amount of copper on the grapes seized, and the little observed on the stems — ¥ could readily have been removed by a bath of water and vinegar. E The Pear Midge, Diplosis pyrivorain New York. (Canadian inte eal mologist, for November, 1891, xxii, p. 224.) a4 Noticed for the first time in New York the present year, at Catskill, N. Y.: aay number of the larve in a single pear: habits of the larve: pr ee to destroy the larvee by blighting the blossoms. : On the Eye-Spotted Bud Moth in Western New York. (Canaan 7 : Entomologist, for November, 1591, xxiii, p. 231.) cath aes Abundance of Tmetocera ocellana: habits of the caterpillar: difficulty beh Bi . reaching the larva with insecticides: does it hibernate only as a larva? oe methods that may be available for its destruction. Pr i iN Pi Aas a ye / Tote Ae. i ; ie ¥ NOt aaabae ‘ ¥ hiss it Pay at i Sole rz eS ih Fe nie —# 71 ak iis oF THE Srare ENTOMOLOGIST. 989 yet On So m not our Orgyias. (Canadian Entomologist for November, Ga , xxiii, p. 232.) ; s Orgyia definata occur at Albany, N. Y., as it has been stated to do? BO. nova identical with O. antiqua of ae ? ae | EVs) -*Do Spiders Protect Fruit-trees from Aphides? (Green’s Fruit _ Grower, April, 1887, p. 17 — 11 cm.) et Replying to the above question:—no record appears of spiders feeding on _ aphides under natural conditions, while in captivity, as stated in the commu- _— nication, they undoubtedly would tat them. Aphides in fruit trees are _ devoured by lady-bugs and larvz of lace-wing flies before} they would be Be: found by spiders where the latter do not ordinarily occur. * Omitted from its proper place. 37 (C) PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST FOR 1875-187. Record of Collections of New York Heterocera for the year 1813. (Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the N. Y. State Museum of Natural History, 1875, pp. 144-148.) Contains one hundred and thirty-five species, with localities and dates of capture. The New Apple Worm. (Albany Evening Times, for April 12, 1875, xix, p. 2, cols. 3,4. Thirtieth Report on the N. Y. State — Museum of Natural History, 1878, pp. 117-121, with additional — matter, pp. 121-126. The same in Entomological Contribu- tions, No. IV, June, 1878, pp. ——-14.)* This entozoan, received from Middletown, N. Y., coiled in the heart of an apple, was referred to Gordius: what Gordius is and usual mode of occurrence: subsequently identified as Mermis, perhaps albicans, and probably parasitic on Carpocapsa pomonella: how it may parasitize the caterpillar: is its occurrence in the apple dangerous? M. acuminata found by Professor Comstock in an apple: Mermis found by Professor Riley parasitic on the apple-worm: Dr. Leidy on Mermis acuminata | and descriptions: Leidy on other entozoa: Dr. Speyer on Gordiacece in Re) Insects: Dr. Packard on Gordius and Mermis. Ms _ A New Apple Worm. (Country Gentleman, for April 29, 1875, % xl, pp. 262, 263, cols. 4, 1—31 cm.) Mermis sp., a Parasite on Carpocapsa pomonella, found in an apple from Orange Co., N. Y. iMehtacted from the Times article, see notice en Insect on the Cabbage. (Country Gentleman, for June 24, 1875, xl, p. 392, c. 1, 2—138 cm.) Identification of Murgantia histrionica (Hahn.), from Charlotteville, Va., together with its habits and remedies for its ravages. [See First Report on the Insects of New York, 1882, pp. 264-271,fig. 77.] Blister Beetles. (Country Gentleman, for July 1, 1875, xl, p. 407, c. 1, 2— 23 cm.) An insect sent from Hastings, Minn., as destructive to potato leaves is identified as the black-rat blister beetle, Lyne murina LeConté. It is * Entitled, On Mermis Acitintnhts Leripy — a Parasite on the Larva of Carpocapsa pomonella. EreutH Report or THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 291 , > occasionally injurious to potatoes, but is seldom very destructive. The habits of the larva are unknown. [Now known as Macrobasis unicolor (Kirby). ] J Cocoons on Oats. (Country Gentleman, for July 8, 1875, xl, p. | 424, c. 2—7 cm.) . ___'The cocoons are of some parasite which has destroyed the larva in which the eggs were deposited, as narrated. The species is not determinable from the examples received. ~ Worm on Wheat. (Country Gentleman, for July 15, 1875, xl, p. _ 440, c. 2—9 cm.) a The caterpillar is that of Leucania Harveyi, one of the Noctuid moths which at times proves destructive to the heads of wheat in New York, ~ Pennsylvania, etc. c [Now known as Leucania albilinea Hiibner. | a Insects on Potatoes. (Country Gentleman, for July 22, 1875, xl, p. 472, c. 2—8 cm.) ; The insects, sent from Ashfield, Mass., as sucking the juices from potato _ leaves, causing them to die, are Lygus lineolaris, one of the Hemiptera. 1t is almost or quite impossible to prevent their attack by external applications to the leaves as they live only on the juices of the plant. [Now known as Lygus pratensis (Linn.).] — iol <) On Lycena neglecta Epw. (Canadian Entomologist, vii, July, 1875, pp. 122, 123.) Reasons for differing from Mr. W. H. Edwards in his belief of the identity | 3 of L. neglecta with L. Lucia, based on observations made at Center, N. Y. - [Mr. Edwards has since shown (Papilio, iii, 1888, pp. 85-97) that neglecta and Lucia are summer and winter forms of the polymorphic Lyccena pseud- argiolus Boisd.—Lec. ] ; a ~ On Orthosia ralla Gr.Ros. (Canadian Entomologist, for July, 1875, vil, pp. 128, 129.) _ Orthosia ralla is not identical with O. ferruginoides, as has been stated; a the points of difference given. Synonymical dicta often at fault; tendency -__ to refer distinct species to ‘‘ dimorphic forms” on insufficient grounds. _ Carpocapsa Deshaiziana in Seed-vessels of Euphorbia. Read before the Albany Institute October 5, 1875. (The Argus _ [Albany, N. Y.], for October 11, 1875. Proceedings of the _ Albany Institute, 1, 1878, pp. 264-267.) | Jumping seeds exhibited, from the Alamas mountains in Sonora, contain the larve of Carpocapsa Deshaiziana, whose springing within the seeds causes their jumps. MReferefice to writings on it by Lucas and Professor _ Westwood. Three other species of jumping seeds noticed. The ‘‘ jumps” AK ¥ } i ak Ri AREY of AP cm ade 999 Forry-rirtH REPoRT on THE STATE Musxvn. described. The insect hard to mature. The leaps of the cheese-maggot and spring-beetles. Observations on a species of Podura occurring in immense numbers at Center, N. Y. [The jumping-seed insect is now known as Carpocapsa saltitans Westwood. See an account of it in the Fifth Report on the Insects of New York, Dp. 151-154. Fig. 63.] Cucullia leetifica Lentner (m.s.). (Check-list of the N octuide of America, North of Mexico, by A: R. Grote, I, November, ies pp. 24, 25.) The species is described from a specimen from Bastrop, Texas, in the col- lection of Mr. O. Meske. List of Catocalas occurring in the State of New York. (Tefen seventh Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History, 1875, pp. 187-140.) Contains forty-three species, with references and synonyms. List of New Species of New York Lepidoptera published in 1873. (Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History, 1875, pp. 141-143.) Contains eighty species, mainly by A. R. Grote, in the Noctuide and Deltoidce — [the latter family united with the former by recent writers]. On Catocala pretiosa n. sp. (Canadian Entomologist, for July, 1876, vill, pp. 121, 122.) The species is described from examples taken, at sugar, at Schenectady, N. Y. Itis compared with C. polygama, to which it is closely allied. Destructive Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for Bia) 10, 1876, xli, p. 504, c. 2, 3— 11 cm.) A caterpillar which is eating the leaves of apple trees in a young orchard, at Manlius, N. Y., is, judging from the description given, Nofodonta [Aidemasia] concinna (Sm.-Abb.). Cabbage-eating Insect. (Country Gentleman, for September 7, 1876, xli, p. 565, c. 8, 4—14 cm.) Strachia [Murgantia] histrionica (Hahn.) is identified as depredating on cabbages at Nashville, Tenn. : its distribution, its eggs, and its broods described. The Grape-seed Fly. (Country Gentleman, for September 21, 1876, xli, p. 599, c. 1, 2—40 em.) Tsosoma vitis Saunders is the insect infesting grapes received from New Jersey. Its operations are described and remedies for its attack given. The New Carpet-bug Pest — Anthrenus scrophularia. [Read before the Albany Institute, October 17, 1876.] (The Albany Argus, for October 21, 1876. The [Schenectady, N. Y.] Daily PA * HieuTH REPoRT or THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 293 4 . Union, for October 21, 1876. The Buffalo Courier, for Octo- ber 29, 1876. Petesedines of the Albany 5 1878, il, pp. 313-315.) The injuries caused by a ‘‘ carpet-bug” have been reported by newspapers _ for the two past years. It was observed in Schenectady, in July of 1876, the ___ perfect insect (a beetle) reared from the larve, and identified as an intro” duced European species, Anthrenus scrophularice (Linn.), It feeds on other woolens besides carpets. Importance of efforts to arrest its spread. Other introduced European pests mentioned. Insects‘in Flour. (Country Gentleman, for October 26, 1876, xh, p- 6838, c. 3, 4—23 cm.) Wheat flour, received from Robin’s Nest, Ill., was swarming with a mite which was probably Tyroglyphus farine DeGeer [=T. siro. (Linn.)]. Its resemblance noted to T. sacchari, the mite that so frequently infests brown sugar. Its probable source in this instance. As the mite would be killed in baking, its moderate presence is not objectionable. [Published in the Fifth Report on the Insects of New York, 1889, pp. 294, 295. ] 3 : * Scale Insects. (Country Gentleman, for February 1, 1877, xlii, p- 69, c. 2, 3 — 40 cm.) Injury caused to pear and apple trees, in Newburgh, N. Y., by Aspidiotus _ Harristi Walsh [Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch)] and Aspidiotus conchiformis 4 Gmel. [| Mytilaspis pomorum Bouché]. Their appearance, natural history, and 4 means of destruction. -Bark-lice. (Country Gentleman, for March §, 1877, xlu, p. 151, » c.4—18 cm.) Notice of Harris’ bark louse and description of the oyster-shell bark-louse. The latter is double-brooded in the Southern States. _ Apple-Tree Insects. (Country Gentleman, for April 12, 1877, xl, p. 235, c. 4—13 cm.) Oviposition in short double rows in twigs of a tree, are not identi- fied, but are those of some tree-hopper. The oviposition of the white flower- cricket, Gicanthus niveus Harris, identified, with remarks on the appearance _ and habits of the cricket. Insects of 1876— I. (Country oe for May 31, 1877, xlii, p. 847, c. 2, 3—60 cm.) oa Scarcity of the army-worm, Leucania uwnipuncta Haworth, in New York a . during the year. Unequal distribution of the Colorado potato-beetle through- a out the State of New York, apprehensions of itsintroduction into Europe and _ preventive measures employed against it. Detection of the grape-seed fly, a Isosoma vitis, near New York city, with description of the insect, its trans- _ formations, and remedies available against it. > L oe CHANGES IRON 2 Sth NG) th RIE aa a a a 3 ve woe 55) ma Lee s \ 294 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Insects of 1876 —II. The New Carpet Bug. (Country Gentle- — man, for June 7, 1877, xlii, p. 363, c. 2, 3— 51 cm.) Notice of the first detection of Anthrenus scrophularic in New York, its history in the United States, its increase and ravages and remedies foris. — Also, notice of a ‘‘ New Potato Insect”’ the work of which was observed in — potatoes in New York city in burrows through the tubers. Insect on Peach Trees. (Country Gentleman, for June 7, 1877, xlii, p. 863, c. 3—12 cm.) A caterpillar infesting the twigs of peach trees in Annapolis, Maryland, apparently a Tortricid, can not be identified from the poor material sent. A Parasitic Insect. (Country Gentleman, for July 12, 1877, xlii, p- 448, c. 2—18 em.) ; Insects sent from Cecil Co., Md., are the larvee of one of the Reduviide, probably Prionotus cristatus (Linn.). The species shows cannibalistic pro- pensities when deprived of its usual food. The Gooseberry Fruit Worm. (Country Gentleman, for July 12, 1877, xlii, p. 448, c. 2, 83—17 cm.) ) Larvee infesting gooseberries in Delhi, N. Y., causing them to drop to the ground, are apparently those of Pempelia grossularie Packard [Zophodia grossularice (Pack.)]: when the insect was first noticed and described ; its transformations, and remedies for the attack. Tree-Hoppers. (Country Gentleman, for July 19, 1877, xlii, p. 463, c. 4—10 cm.) | Bark from an apple-tree in Sabrevois, Province of Quebec, shows scars resulting from the egg-deposit of one of the tree-hoppers [ probably Ceresa bubalus}. An Eastern Grasshopper. (Country Gentleman, for July 26, 1877, xl, p. 475, c. 4—25 cm.) Caloptenus [ Melanoplus] femur-rubrum (De Geer) is very destructive to meadows in Virginia. Its habits are given. These insects are erroneously called ‘‘ grasshoppers ’’— they are true locusts. 3listering Beetles. (Country Gentleman, for July 26, 1877, xlii, p. 476, c. 2, 3—13 cm.) Epicauta cinerea (Foerst.) and Lytta [Cantharis] Nuttalli Say, are destruc- tive to potatoes and beans in Minnesota; their vesicatory properties and their distribution. On a New Species of Cossus. (Canadian Entomologist, for July, 1877, ix, pp. 129, 130.) The pupal cases of this insect were discovered five years ago, projecting from poplars, Populus tremuloides, at Center, N. Y., and the moth was taken in July of the present year. The moth is described as Cossus Centerensis. , <) 4 eo i Fae F a i Li na ae Mee ie a pie na ES ial FreavH REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 995 The Carpet Bug. (Country Gentleman, for August 2, 1877, xlii, p. 491, c. 2-4— 61 cm.) In reply to inquiries from Utica, N. Y., the insect is described in its three _ stages: the fondness of the beetle for windows noticed; remedies suggested; may be drawn to flowers for its capture; localities where observed. Grapevine Hog-Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for September 6, 1877, xlii, p. 579, c. 3 — 24 cm.) The caterpillar of Darapsa Myron (Cramer), described; its habit of biting off clusters of grapes; liability to being parasitized by a Microgaster; habits and transformation of the parasite; the importance of knowing our insect friends. A Pernicious Corn Insect — The Indian Cetonia. (Country Gen- tleman, for September 13, 1887, xlii, p. 585, c. 3,4—8 cm.) Description of the beetle found in Essex Co., Mass., eating into ears of green corn, as Cetonia Inda [Euphoria Inda (Linn.)|. It is also injurious to fruit, and has been unusually abundant the present year. Aphis in Wheat. (Country Gentleman, for December 6, 1877, xlii, p. 779, c. 2— 10 cm.) An aphis infesting the stalks of young wheat below the surface of the ground in Kittanning, Pa., during the latter part of November, can not be identified with Aphis avene, as it differs from that in antennal structure. Pea Weevil. (Country Gentleman, for December 6, 1877, xlii, p. 780, c. 2—7 cm.) A weevil infesting the Southern black-fallow pea at Bruckner’s Station, Va., is the Bruchus scutellaris Fabr. It was originally described as an European species, but is now widely distributed throughout the world. [Extended in the Sixth Report on the Insects of New York, 1890, pp. 31-83 (=127-129). ] (D) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT. The following are the Contributions that have been made to the Department during the year 1891: HYMENOPTERA. Cells of a waspfin a fold of paper. From Rey. H. U. Swrynzrton, Cherry Valley, N. Y. | Currant twigs containing the eggs of the currant-twig girdler, June 6th. From J. F. Rosz, South Byron, N. Y. A saw-fly larva on snow-berry from S. C. Brant, Albany, N. Y. Trichogramma sp., eighteen examples in alcohol; bred from an egg on pine. From Harison G. Dyar, Yosemite Valley, Cal. LEPIDOPTERA. Larva of Ceratomia Amyntor Hibn., September 14th. From Mrs. Axsram Lansine, Albany, N. Y. Alypia octomaculata (Fabr.). From Mrs. FRepERIcK CARMAN, Albany, N. Y. Thirty examples of larve of Lepidoptera in alcohol; also alcohol examples in other stages; collected in the Yosemite Valley, Cal., as follows: ; _ Papilio Rutulus Boisd. 1. Daitana major Gr.-Rob., larva, 1 Phyciodes Mylitta Kdw. 5. pupa. | Vanessa Antiopa Linn. 2. Nadata Behrensiti H. Edw. 2. Heterochroa Californica Butler, 2.| Clisiocampa constricta Stretch. 1. Orgyia cana H. Edw. 4 and eggs. | Pheosia dimidiata Her.-Sch. 3. Orgyia definata Packard, 2; also | Amphipyra pyramidoides Guen. 1. egos and female moth. Examples Nos. 248, 269, 274, 275, Orgyia leucostigma (Sm.-Abb.) 4| 284, 298, undetermined and young. unenumerated. Packardia elegans Packard. From H. G. Dyar, New York. Eggs of Halisidota carye Fitch, on apple leaf. From J. G. Lins- LEY, Oswego, N. Y. Larve of Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.) from onion plants, June 16th, — From P. F. Mitmox, Canastota, N. Y. FreguTH REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 297 Zerene catenaria Cramer, from a large flight of the moths. From A. P. Casz, Vernon, N. Y. Tortricid pupal case projecting from a humming-bird’s nest. From E. N. Hotty, Tribes Hill, N. Y. Larve of Phoxopteris nubeculana (Clem.),within folded apple leaves, October 10th. From Joun 8S. Wricut, Palmyra, N. Y. Larve of the bud-moth, Zmetocera ocellana (Schiff.), feeding in apple buds and leaves, April 27th to May 11th. From Manco Lirtxz, Malcom, Seneca Co., N. Y.; from Dwicur Sronz, Lansing, Oswego Co., N. Y.; from Frank Morurop, Lincoln, Wayne Co., N. Y.; from T. G. Yeomans, Walworth, Wayne Co., N. Y., also the moth. Mature larve of the apple-worm, Carpocapsa pomonella (Linn.), from calyx end of apples November 6th. From Miss S. A. Lirrty, Malcom, N. Y. Larve and cocoons on birch of Bucculatrix Canadensisella Chamb. From Mrs. H. D. Gravezs, Ausable Forks, N. Y. Coleophora malivorella Riley, in its hibernating case, April 27th. From Dwicut Stone, Lansing, Oswego Co., N. Y. The same, May 19th, from T. G. Yeomans & Sons, Walworth, Wayne Co., N. Y. Coleophora sp. undetermined, on apple leaves. From Dwieut Stone, Lansing, N. Y., May 27th. The same from T. G. Yuomans & Sons, Walworth, N. Y. The same from Jutius G. Linstry, Oswego, N. Y., June 14th. jee of Oxyptilus periscelidactylus (Fitch), among ae of grape- vine. From D. J. Garru, Scarsdale, N. Y. DipTEerRa. Larve of Diplosis pyrwvora Riley, in pears, May 27th. From Turopore A. Coxz, Catskill, N. Y. Fxechia sp. (one of the Mycetophilide), attracted to light. From Asner L. Train, Albany, N. Y. A Syrphid larva resembling Helophilus latifrons. From J. B, Brices, Macedon, N. Y. Hystricia abrupta Weid. (= TZachina Ries of Harris). From W. H. Warrart, Wappingers Falls, N. Y. The cow-horn fly, Hematobia serrata Rob. Desv. August 29th. From M. E. Draxz, Demster, Oswego county, N. Y. Pollenia rudis (Fabr.), as infesting a dwelling-house in April. From Anna B. Hirt, Catskill, N. Y. Chloropisca prolifica Ost. Sack. From Mrs. H. D. Graves, Ausable ss Forks, N. Y. 38 cS pale pre ees > ba Wises ae Tan ee Ree A a ~ 298 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. COLEOPTERA. Larva of Dytiscus marginalis (Linn.), June ist. From W. C. — Hircucock, Tiashoke, N. Y. 3 Dytiscus fasciventris Say; September 14th. From W. Duptxry Dewirt, Albany, N. Y. . flelophilus triangularis Say. From J. M. Dotru, Port Jervis, N. Y. Anatis 15-punctata (Oliv.), dark variety from Myzus cerasi, June 4th. From Joun R. & A. Murvocr, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Hpilachna borealis (Fabr.). From Grorex T. Lyman, Bellport, N. Y. Byturus unicolor Say, feeding on raspberry leaves and buds, May 25th. From Mrs. J. M. Cooprr, North Haven, Conn. Larve (luminous) of Photuris Pennsylvanica (De Geer), October 2d. From Henry C. Lez, Cornwall, N. Y. A brilliantly luminous ? larva of Phengodes sp., July 21st. From Miss C. L. Srirtman, Cornwall, N. Y. Larve of Telephorus bilineatus Say, taken from the surface of snow, by Mr. Holdredge, of Center, Herkimer county, N. Y. From Dantex Batcustor, Utica, N. Y. Serica tristis LeConte, from leaves and blossoms of strawberry. From R. W. Wermokrg, Clifton, New Brunswick. Young larve of Ligyrus relictus (Say). From W.S. Lirriz, Roches- ter, NY: Larve and imago of Lachnosterna fusca (Frohl.), taken from the ground December 14th—one larva with its fungus, Cordiceps Rave- nelit, From D. B. Youne, Newport, N. Y. Scarabeid cocoons, very large, taken from stems of palms from India. From Professor D. P. Pzennattow, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Doryphora 10-lineata (Say), infested with Uropoda Americana Riley. From W. W. pr Ancetis, Holland Patent, N. Y. Gastroidea polygoni (Linn.). From Brrtsotp FERNow, Albany, NS FY. Larve of the cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata (Fabr.) in squash roots. From Professor C. H. Peck, Menands, N. Y. Young larve of Haltica chalybea Illig. ongrape. From A. M. Macy, South Livonia, N. Y. Coptocycla aurichaleea (Fabr.). From C. B. Wicks, Albany, N. Y. Bruchus obsoletus Say, from beans imported from Jamaica, From James I'netcugr, Entomologist, etc., Ottawa, Canada. Bruchus obsoletus Say, infesting kidney beans and ovipositing March 23d. From L. W. Dyrr, Jefferson, N. Y. FHigatH REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 9299 Bruchus rufimanus Bohem., the European bean-weevil. From OutivER EK. Janson, Stroud Green, London, Eng. Tribolium ferrugineum (Fabr.) in rice chaff from South Carolina, numerous examples. Larve of Tenebrio molitor (Fabr.) from wheat flour, From F. E. Wapuams, Albany, N. Y. Nacerdes melanura (Linn.), from basement flooring in a dwelling- house. From Mrs. E. Pornrrr, Albany, N. Y.. Larvee of the grape curculio, Craponius ine qualis (Say), in grapes, June 26th. From S. F. Gerrys, Sanford, Tenn. Phleotribus liminaris (Harris) — living imago in peach tree bark, May 7th; Xyleborus dispar (Fabr.), in peach tree, June 15th. From Gzrorgs C. Snow, Penn Yan, N. Y. HEMIPTERA. Anasa tristis (De Geer), in pupa and imago, September 18th. From T. C. Barxer, Lowell, Mass. Lygus invitus (Say), puncturing and scarring young pears in June. From J. F. Rosz, South Byron, N. Y. _ Belostoma Americanum Leidy. From Brrrnoitp FErNow, Kings- ton, N. Y. The same, from Frank F. Goopwin, Albany, N. Y. The same, in four examples, taken at electric light, May 12th, from J. M. Dotru, Port Jervis, N. Y. Larve of Clastoptera pini Fitch, on terminal tips of pine, June 1st. From Miss A. H. Wootsry, Matteawan, N. Y. Larve of a spittle insect, Clastoptera obtusa (Say), June 22d, on linden: imago, June 25th. From D. J. Garru, Scarsdale, N. Y. Psylla pyricola Foerst., in the larva, pupa, and imago, June Ist. From P. W. Kine, Athens, N. Y. The imago, from J. F. Ross, South Byron, N. Y., and from Mrs. Dorr, Glenmont, N. Y. The eggs, larve, and imago, from Professor C. H. Peck, Menands, N. Y. Aphis prunit Koch, from plum trees, June 6th. From J. W. Suirn, Schoharie, N. Y.; also, from Frank A. Fay, Bath, Steuben Co., N.Y. Aphis sp., destructive to potatoes and cabbage. From Asram G. Hoxt, Bradford, Pa. | ? Chermes laricifolice Fitch, on leaves of larch. From Miss A. H. WoouszEy, Matteawan, N. Y. Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch) on pear twigs. From P. W. Kine, Athens, N. Y. . Lecanium pyri (Sch.) with young, on pear, April 16th. From A. C. Taytor, M. D., Scriba, N. Y. LR RUN aaa Ne Seay eae Tre Th ‘ te een ah 300 Forvy-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. ORTHOPTERA. Gryllus luctuosus Serv., from Cape May, N. J. From W. B. Mar- SHALL, State Museum, Albany, N. Y. The coral-winged locust, Gdipoda phenicoptera Germ. From Mrs. H. D. Graves, Ausable Forks, N. Y. | Larve of Mantis Carolina Linn., on holly-twig. From Mrs. M. M. Patten, Albany, N. Y. _ Letobia Germanica Steph. From Dr. Grorer en, Halifax Nova Scotia. . NEUROPTERA. _ The Hellgrammite fly, Corydalis cornuta (Linn.). From C. L. Suxzar, Alcove, N. Y. Larva of the comb-horned fish-fly, Chauliodes pectinicornis (Linn.). From W. C. Hircucock, Buskirk’s Bridge, N. Y. MiscELLANEA. Argyramoba simson (Fabr.). Chlosops sp. Grapta interrogationis (Fabr.). Agrotis herilis Grote. Pyralis farinalis Linn. Coccinella sanguinea Linn. Phytonomus punctatus (Fabr.). Tenebrio molitor Linn. Podisus spinosus (Dallas). Phymata erosa Her.-Sch. From Mrs. E. B. Smiru, Coeymans, N. Y. Lepidopterous pups, undetermined, 4. Camponotus, many examples from a flight on August 27th. Larva of Cimbex Americana Leach. A Phryganid, six examples. From Erastus Cornine, Jr., of Albany _ N. Y.; taken at Murray Bay, Province of Quebec, Canada. CRUSTACEA. A blind freshwater shrimp, Crangonyx mucronatus Forbes, from a driven well. From W. B. Camps tt, Garrattsville, Oswego Co., N. Y. 5 Wt OF Ne he weer ee oe art S (E) _ CLASSIFIED LIST OF INSECTS NOTICED IN THIS REPORT. HYMENOPTERA. Thalessa lunator (Fabr.), the lunated long-sting. Pemphredon concolor Say, a wood wasp. Tremex columba (Zinn.), the pigeon Tremex. Rhyssa persuasoria (Zinn.), an European long-sting. Janus flaviventris Fitch, the currant-stem girdler. Nematus Erichsoni Hartig, the larch saw-fly. LEPIDOPTERA. Feniseca Tarquinius (/adr.), the little orange butterfly. Sannina exitiosa (Say), the peach-tree borer. Sphinx quinquemaculata Haworth, the five-spotted Sphinx. Eudryas grata (Fubdr.), the beautiful wood-nymph. Clisiocampa Americana Harr., the apple-tree tent-caterpillar. Agrotis ypsilon (fott.), the black cut-worm. _ Agrotis species, cut-worms. Gortyna nitela Gwenée, the stalk-borer. Scoliopteryx libatrix (Zinn.), the scallop-wing. Synchlora glaucaria ( Guenée), the raspberry Geometer. Tmetocera ocellana (Schiff), the eye-spotted bud-moth. Phoxopteris nubeculana (Clem.), the apple-leaf sewer. Coleophora malivorella Ailey, the apple-tree case-bearer. Bucculatrix Canadensisella Chambd., the Canadian Bucculatrix. Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem., the apple-leaf Bucculatrix. DipTERA. Diplosis pyrivora Riley, the pear midge. Exechia sp., a fungus gnat. Hematobia serrata R. Desv., the cow-horn fly. Trypeta pomonella Walsh, the apple maggot. 302 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. CoLEOPTERA. Kpilachna borealis (#a@dr.), the northern lady-bird. © Klateride species, wire-worms. Telephorus bilineatus (Say), the two-lined soldier-beetle. Macrodactylus subspinosus (Fabr.), the rose-bug. Lachnosterna fusca (Fr dAl.), the white-grub. Cyllene pictus (Drury), the hickory borer. Glycobius speciosus (Say), the maple-tree borer. Crioceris asparagi (Linn.), the asparagus beetle. Doryphora decemlineata (Say), the Colorado potato beetle. Tenebrio molitor (Zinn.), the meal-worm. HEMIPTERA. Corimelzna pulicaria Grerm., the flea-like negro-bug. Anasa tristis (De Geer), the squash-bug. Lygus invitus (Say), the contrary plant-bug. Clastoptera obtusa Say, the obtuse Clastoptera. Clastoptera pini Fitch, the pine Clastoptera. Typhlocyba vitis (Harr.), the grape-vine leaf-hopper. Empoa rose (Harr.), the rose-leaf hopper. Psylla pyricola Ferst., the pear-tree Psylla. Siphonophora avenz (/abr.), the grain aphis. Phorodon humuli (Schrank), the hop-vine aphis. Aphis mali Pabr., the apple-tree aphis. Aphis cucumeris Forbes, the melon aphis. Pemphigus tessellata (/tch), the alder-blight aphis. Lecanium sp., a grape-vine scale-insect. Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, the white scale.: Pulvinaria innumerabilis (Aathv.), the maple-tree scale-insect. ORTHOPTERA. Gryllus luctuosus Serv., the doleful cricket. NEUROPTERA. Chauliodes pectinicornis (Zinn.), the comb-horned fish-fly. Chauliodes rastricornis Ramb., the tooth-horned fish-fly. Chauliodes serricornis Say, the saw-horned fish-fly. Corydalis cornuta (Zinn.), the horned Corydalis. ARACHNIDA, Trombidium locustarum Ai/ey, the locust mite. GHNEHERAL INDEX. A. abbreviatus, Cryptohypnus, 200. abbreviatus, Gryllus, 179. abrupta, Hystricia, 297. Acacia insects: Aspidiotus nerii, 215. Icerya Purchasi, 275. Acer dasycarpum insect: merabilis, 178. Acer rubrum insect: Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 178. Acridide, 179. acuminata, Mermis, 290. Address before the Albany Institute on Carpo- capsa Deshaiziana in Seed-vessels of Euphorbia, 291. before the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, 227-257. before the New Jersey Board of Agri- culture, 258-277. © geria exitiosa, 151-186. Agassiz, Alexander, reference to, 229. Agriotes mancus, 198,200. truncatus, 198. Agrotis annexa, 235. clandestina, 199, 235. fennica, 235, 236. herilis, 300. malefida, 236. messoria, 188, 236. saucia, 234, 235. segetum, 235. tritici, 235. ypsilon, 111, 126, 188-191, 284, 296. Albany Argus cited, 291, 292. Evening Journal cited, 141, 279(@2), 282, 284, 287. Evening Times cited, 290. Morning Express cited, 277. albilinea, Leucania, 291. albolineata, Synchlora, 129. Alder attacked by Clastoptera obtusa, 153. Allis, E. W., on the currant stem girdler, 166. Alnus serrulata attacked by Clastoptera obtusa, 153. Alypia octomaculata, 296. ambrosizfoliella, Bucculatrix, 138. Americana, Cimbex, 300. Clisiocampa, 122. Uropoda, 298. Pulvinaria innu- American Agriculturist cited, 165. Entomologist cited, 128(2), 155, 160(2). Naturalist cited, 160. Americanum, Belostoma, 299. Amoen. Acad. cited, 155. Ampelopsis quinquefotia insects: Eudryas grata, 170. Darapsa Myron, 187. Ampelopsis veichii insect: Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 178. Amphipyra pyramidoides, 296. Anasa tristis, 205-207, 288, 299. Anatis 12-punctata, 284, 298. Anatis 15-punctata, 298. Anguillulide, 221. annexa, Agrotis, 235. Anomalon species, 164. Anthomyia, 285. Anthrenus scrophulariz, 292, 293, 294. antiopa, Vanessa, 296. Antiqua, Orgyia, 289. Apanuteles cougregatus, 111, 187. Apanteles militaris, 238. Aphides, 287, 274. Aphidide, 254, 281. Aphis avene, 295. cucumeris, 210, 283. mali, 123, 217, 281, 285. pruni, 125, 299. sp., 299 Aplodes glaucaria, 129. rubivora, 129. Apple aphis, 123, 217, 281, 285. Apple, insects : Aphis mali, 123, 217, 281, 285. Aspidiotus couchiformis, 293. Aspidiotus Harrisii, 293. Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 123. Carpocapsa pomonella, 174, 245, 290, 297. Ceresa bubalus, 294, Chionaspis furfurus, 293, 299. Clisiocampa Americana, 122. Coleophora sp., 297. ; Diplosis pyrivora, 106, 124, 140-151, 283, 288 297. Gryllus abbreviatus, 179. Halisidota cary, 296. Mytilaspis pomorum, 286, 293. Notodonta concinna, 292, Phoxopteris nubeculana, 123, 297, Tmetocera ocellana 124, 218, 297. 304 : Apple insects — (Continued), _ Trypeta pomonella, 245, 249. Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 123, 1385, 136, 137, 218, 281, 283. Apple-leaf sewer, 128. Apple-maggot, 116, 245-249. Apple-tree aphis, 123, 217, 281, 285. Apple-tree case-bearer, 123, 217, 281, 297. Apple-tree tent-caterpillar, 122. Apple-tree insects of early spring noticed, 216. - apple-tree Bucculatrix, 216. apple-tree aphis, 216. apple-tree case-bearer, 216. eye-spotted bud-moth, 216. pear-tree Psylla, 216. Apple worm, 282, 290. Apricot: visited by Telephorus bilineatus, 174. Arachnida, 302. Arehippivora, Masicora, 238. Archippus, Danais, 287. Argyramoeba Simson, 300. Armstrong, Mr., on cut-worms, 240. Army-worm, 265. Arsenical spraying harmless to honey-bees ? 280. Arsenical spraying, 218, 219, 248, 281, 282, 288. Arsenic and honey — experiments, paper cited, 280, Artace punctistriga, 287. Asaphes decoloratus, 200. Asparagus beetle, 116, 221, 250, 253. asparagi, Crioceris, 250-253. Asparagus insects : Crioceris, asparagi, 250-253. Crioceris 12-punctata, 250. Aspidiotus conchiformis, 293. Harrisii, 293. Aspidisca splendoriferella, 283. _ Asters injured by cut-worms, 236. Atkinson, Prof., on Tylenchus radicola, 222, atlanis, Melanoplus, 180. aurichalcea, Coptocycla, 298. avene, Aphis, 295. avene, Siphonophora, 222, 282. B. Bacon beetle,'279. Balsams [Impatiens] attacked by cut-worms, 236. Banks [Nathan] cited, 155, 160. Barker, T. C., insects from, 299. Bark-lice, 274, 275, 279, 293. Barley insects: Agrotis segetum, 235. Agrotis tritici, 235. Barnard [W. 8.] cited, 160. Batchelor, Daniel, insects from, 173, 298. Bateham, Mr., quoted, 183, 284. Bean insects : Bruchus obsoletus, 298. Bruchus rufimanus, 299, Epicauta cinerea, 294. Lytta [Cantharis] Nuttalli, 294. GENERAL INDEX. Beautiful Wood-nymph, 170. = Beckwith, Prof. M. H., remedy for rosebug, 201.. Beet insects, 285. = ay Beets injured by cut-worms, 236. Belostoma Americanum, 299. Beneficial insects to be protected, 275. ? bilineatus, Telephorus, 109, 173 A Birch insects: Bucculatrix Canadensisella, 106, 133-140, 297. Telephorus bilineatus, 109, 178 -174. Birch-leaf Bucculatrix, 106, 183-140, 297. Birds that prey on cut worms : Agelzeus Phceniceus, 237. eat-bird, 237. Mimus Carolinensis, 237. purple grackle, 237. Quiscalus purpureus, 237. red-winged blackbird, 237. robin, 237. Bisulphide of carbon remedy, 278. Biting flies: Heematobia serrata, 126, 193-196, 297. Stomoxys calcitrans, 193. Black cut-worm, 187-191. 5 Black-lined cut-worm, 235, 236. Blight in wheat, 221. Blind crustacean from a well, 279, Blistering beetles, 290, 294. Bloomfield [E. N.] cited, 141. Blue berry insects: Clastoptera obtusa, 152, 153. Clastoptera Proteus, 153. Bolley, L. H., on potato scab associated w:ito bacteria, 222. Boots and shoes eaten by Gryllus abbreviatus, 179. borealis Epilachna, 126, 298. Bos, Ritzema, cited, 221. Bradt, S. C., insect from, 297. Breeding grounds of rose-beetle, 201. : 1 Briggs, J. B., insectjfrom, 297. Bronze-colored cut-worm, Nephelodes violans 173, 235. Bruchus obsoletus,"298. | rufimanus, 299. | scutellaris, 295. bubalus, Ceresa, 294. Bucculatrix ambrosizfoliella, 106, 188. : Bucculatrix Canadensisella, 106, 183-140, 297. | Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 106, 123, 135, 136, 137, 218, 281, 283. Buckwheat as a preventive, 197, 283. ; Bulletin of the Cornell University Agricultura Station, No. 50 on the Bud Moth Glinger land), 220.! Bulletin of the Cornell University Agricultural Station, No. 44 on the Pear-Tree Psylla, ' (Slingerland), 220. Bulletin of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, No. 33, on Wire-worms (Comstock and Slingerland), 199, 200. eh” Fy be ges “ e. (GevERAL INDEX. 305 Pe A _ Bulletin of the Cornell University Experiment Cassino’s Standard Natural History cited, 152, ‘Station cited, 199, 220. Castor bean insect: Gortyna nitela, 191. Bulletin of the New Jersey Agricultural College | Catalogue des Chenilles Européennes (Rotiast) Experiment Station cited, 196, 213. quoted, 172. Bulletin of the United States Entomological Insects of Massachusetts Harris), re- Commission cited, 152, 154. ferred to, 228. i Bulletin of the United States Entomological Noctuide of Boreal America (Smith), Division cited, 204. cited, 192. ; . - Bulletin of the United States National Museum North American Diptera (Osten Sacken), : cited, 129... quoted, 172. _ Butterfly larvae feeding on aphides, 170. Tenthredinidze and Uroceride of North - Butternut insect: Cyllene pictus, 176. America (Norton), referred to, 167. _ Byturus unicolor, 298. catenaria, Zerene, 287, 299. ware Catocala polygama, 292. mays C. pretiosa, 292. paeraae butterfly, 251. Catocalas occurring in the State of New York: rf _ Cabbage insects: list cited, 292. ¢ _ Agrotis annexa, 235. Ceanothus Americanus: attacked by Corimel- ____ Agrotis clandestina, 199, 235. gena pulicaria, 213. = Agrotis saucia, 234, 235. Cecidomyia cucumeris, 212. __-«-Hadena devastatrix, 235. leguminicola, 255, 263. - Mamestra subjuncta, 235 nigra, 106, 140. Mamestra trifolii, 235 pyricola, 140. - Murgantia histrionica, 290, 292. ? pyrivora, 106. } z- Pieris rape, 251. Cecidomyide, 140. ~ Calandra granaria, infesting a flour and feed | Cecropia caterp lar, 267. eg store, 278. : Centerensis, Cossus, 294. _ ealcitrans, Stomoxys, 193. Cephide, 167. - ealidum, Calosoma, 237. Cephus pygmeus, 167. ealiginosus, Harpalus, 237. Cerambycide, 203. _ Caloptenus [Melanoplus] femur-rubrum, 294, | cerasi Myzus, 125, 284, 298. fe _ Calosoma calidum, 237. Ceratomia amyntor, 296. ’ ‘Camellia insect: Aspidiotus nerii, 214. Cercopidee, 152, 153. % Campbell, W. B., insect from, 300. Ceresa bubalus, 294. : Camponotus, 300. Cermatia centipede, 282. _ Canadensisella, Bucculatrix, 106, 133-140, 297. Cermatia, forceps, 282. ty Canadian Entomologist cited, 133, 141, 152, | Ceroplastes, 281. 1552), 156, 160(2), 162, 288, 289, 291(2), 292, 294. | Cetonia Inda, 295. oF eana, Orgyia, 296. Chalcidide, 275. Canastota [N. Y.] Journal cited, 187. Chalcid sp? 187. : Canker-worm, 227. chalybea, Haltica, 298. ~ Cantaloupe insect: sabe cucumeris, 212. Chambers [V. T.] cited, 133. _ Carabidee, 238, Chauliodes pectinicornis, 107, 155-159, 300. ' Carbolic acid and Paris green wash, 184. Chauliodes rastricornis, 107, 156, 157, 158, 159. Carbolic acid and soft soap wash, 280. Chauliodes serricornis, 159. _ Carbolie acid and whale-oil preventive, 194. Check-list of the Noctuidz of America, North ae acid remedy, 216, 280. of Mexico (Grote) cited, 292. § _Carbolic acid wash, 183, 280. Chenipodium attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191. Carman, Mrs. Frederick, insect from, 296. ? Chermes laricifoliae,299. Carnations injured by cut-worms, 236. Cherry aphis, 125. “ Carolina, Mantis, 300. Cherry insects: Carolina, Sphinx, 242. Aspidiotus nerii, 215. Carolinus, Telephorus, 173. Corimetzena pulicaria, 213. Carpet- -bug pest, 292, 295. Myzus cerasi, 125. -Carpocapsa Deshaiziana in seed-vessels of | Chinch-bug, 265. , Euphorbia, 291. Chionaspis furfurus, 293, 299. _- pomonella, 174, 245, 290, 297. Chloropisca prolifica, 297. __ saltitans, 292. Chlorops, 167, 300. ‘ya alba insect: Cyllene pictus, 176. Chrysomelidee, 126, 250, 298. yee, Halisidota, 296. Cimbex Americana, 300. e, A. P., insects from, 297. cinerea, Epicauta, 294. e-bearer, 123, 27. clandestina, Agrotis, 199, 235. 39 a eA a ns } ae ae a 306 Clastoptera obtusa, 107, 152-153, 299. Pini, 107, 153-155, 299. ‘Clean culture, 269. ‘Clisiocampa Americana, 122. constricta, 296. Clothing, insects attacking: ‘Crickets, 179. Gryllus abbreviatus, 179. ‘Gryllus luctuosus, 179. ‘Clover insects: Agrotis fennica, 236. Cecidomyia leguminicola, 255, 256, 263. ‘Clover-seed midge, 255, 263. Clover sickness, 221. Coal-oil remedy, 241, 279. Coal-tar remedy, 256. Coccide, 254. Coccinella sanguinea, 300. Coccinellidz, 275. Cockerell, T. D. A., referred to, 133. ‘Cocoons of Apanteles congregatus, 187. Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 123, 136, 137, 218. Artace punctistriga, 287. Aspidisea splendoriferella, 283. Bucculatrix ambrosizfoliella, 138. Bucculatrix Canadensisella, 135, 136, 138, 297. Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 123, 136, 137, 218. Diplosis pyrivora, 147. peach-tree borer, 184. pear midge, 147. raspberry geometer, 132. Sannina exitiosa, 184. Scoliopteryx libatrix, 171. Synchlora glaucaria, 132. Cocoons on oats, 291. Codling-moth, 174, 274. coeruleocinctus, Julus, 199. Coleophora malivorella, 105, 123, 217, 281, 297. Coleophora sp. ? 264, 297. Coleoptera, 173-177, 197, 202, 298, 302. Cole, Theodore A., insects from, 297. Collections at night as a remedy, 190. Colorado potato-beetle, 221, 274. Columba, Tremex, 163. Comb-horned fish-fiy, 155-159, 300. Comma butterfiy, 187. _ comma, Grapta, 187. Common black cricket, 179. Common house-fly, 265, 275. communis, Melanotus, 198, 199, 200. Comstock and Slingerland’s bulletin on wire- worms, 199. Comstock, Prof., cited, 152, 155, 160, 199, 273, 290. Introduction to Entomology referred to, 273 conchiformis, Aspidiotus, 293. concinna, Notodonta |[Gidemasia], 292. concolor, Pemphredon, 163. congregatus, Apanteles, 187. constricta, Clisiocampa, 26. Cook, Prof. A. J., cited, 279, 280, 282, 2 Cooper, Mrs. J. M., insects from, 298. GENERAL INDEX. Copperas water as a preventive, 200, 239. Coptocycla aurichalcea, 298. Cordiceps Ravenelii, 298. Corimeleena pulicaria, 212-214, 283. Corning, Jr., Erastus, insects from, 300. Corn insects: Agrotis clandestina, 235. Cetonia Inda, 295. ~ - 4 Euphoria Inda, 295. 2 Gortyna nitela, 112, 191-192. Y Hadena devastatrix, 235. : Corydalis cornuta, 107, 156, 158, 159-162, 300. A Cossus Centerensis, 294. q Country Gentleman cited, 141, 169, ‘a. 181, 183, 185, 187, 195, 198, 199, 207, 210, 212(2), 213, 214, 3 217, 219, 220, 221, 278(2), 2798), 2804), 281@), 282(3), 283, 284(4), 28574), 2866), 2876) 4 288(3), 2908), 291 @), 292(3), 2935), 2946), a 295(5). : Cow-horn fly in New York, 126, 192-197, 286. Crangonyx mucronatus, 279, 300. ; Craponius inzequalis, 286, 299. * Crioceris asparagi, 250-253. 5 12-punctata, 250. re P cristatus, Prionotus, 294. Crushing eggs as a remedy, 216, 278. Cryptohypnus abbreviatus, 200. Cucullia leetifica, 292. Cucumber-beetle, 250. Cucumber insects: Aphis cucumeris, 211. ~5 Diabrotica vittata, 250. ; = cucumeris, Aphis, 210, 283. f cucumeris, Cecidomyia, 212. Cucurbitaceous plants, insect injurious te: Aphis cucumeris, 211. Corimelzena pulicaria, 213. Currant insects: Aspidiotus nerii, 215. Gortyna nitela, 191. Janus flaviventris, 166. Nematus ribesii, 125. Currant-stem Girdler, 166-168, 264. Currant-worm, 125. Curtis’ Farm Insects cited, 177. Cut-worms, 126, 231-242, 264. Cyllene pictus, 110, 175, 176. | robiniz, 175, 176. \ D: Dablias, attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191. Daily Union |Schenectady, N. Y.], cited, 292. Dairy pest, 286. Danais Archippus, 287. j Darapsa Myron, 187, 295. , Sa Dark-sided cut-worm, 188. Datana major, 296. ministra, 108, 164. ; ~ Datura stramecnium, Jamestown weed, 2438. o De Angelis, W. W., insects from, 298. ; decoloratus, Asaphes, 2 definita, Orgyia, 289, py Deltoida, 292, A GENERAL INDEX. Deposit of eggs prevented, 203. Dermestes lardarius, 179, 279, 297. Deshaiziana, Carpocapsa, 291. devastatrix, Hadena, 235. Tylenchus, 221. ; Dewitt, W. Dudley, insect from, 298. Diabrotica vittata, 250, 298. Dickinson, Hon. A. B , quoted, 198. Die Kleinen Feinde cited, 140. dimidiata, Pheosia, 296. Diplosis nigra, 141. Diplosis pyrivora, 106, 124, 140-151, 283, 288, 297. tritici, 255. Diptera, 140, 172, 192, 297, 301. dispar, Xyleborus, 299. Dobson, larva of Corydalis, 161. Dolph, J. M., insects from, 298, 299. domestica, Musea, 265. Dorr, Mrs., insects from, 299. Doryphora 10-lineata, 298. Drake, M. E., insects from, 297. Drake, Miss, on the cow-horn fly, 192. -__ Drasterius elegans, 200. Dyar, Harrison G., insects from, 296. Dyer, L. W., insects from, 298. Dytiscus fasciventris, 298. - marginatus, 298. E. Harth-worms causing scab on potatoes, 222. Eastern grasshopper, 294. Economic entomology, 229, 260. Ectobia Germanica, 300. Edwards, W. H., referred to, 129, 291. Eggs of Anasa tristis, when laid, 206. Aphis cucumeris, when laid, 213. apple-maggot, where placed, 245. apple-tree case-bearer, when laid, 217. asparagus beetle, where placed, 252, beautiful wood-nymph, figured, 176. Coleophora malivorella, when laid, 217. cow-horn fly, where deposited, 194, 196. Crioceris asparagi, where placed, 252. cucumber aphis, where deposited, 213. currant-stem girdler, features of, 166. cut-worms, where deposited, 233. Diplosis pyrivora, where placed, 124, 149. Eudryas grata, figured, 170. Glycobius speciosus, when laid, 205. grasshoppers, destroyed by mites,180. Hematobia serrata, deposit of, 194, 196. Halisidota caryz on apple leaf, 296. hop-vine aphis, where placed, 208. Janus flaviventris, characters of, 166. Lecanium sp ?, description of, 215. maple-tree scale insects, in cottony mass, 178. peach-tree borer, when laid, 184. pear midge, where placed, 124, 129. Phorodon humuili, vitality of, 210. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, in cottony mass, 178. Sannina exitiosa, when laid, 184. Eggs — (Continued). squash-bug, when laid, 206. sugar-maple borer, when laid, 205. tree-hopper, manner of placing, 293. Trypeta pomonella, where placed, 245. Elaterideze, 199. elegans, Drasterius, 200. Packardia, 296. Elm insects: ~ Galerucella xanthomelzna, 222. Pemphredon concolor, 163. Tremex columba. 163. Elm-leaf beetle, 222, 286. Empoa rose, 256. Ennomine, 287. Entomologica Americana cited, 128. Entomological Contributions cited, 171(2), 290. Entomological News cited, 164, 288. Entomologist cited, 141. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine cited, 141(2). Entomology for Beginners (Packard) cited, 155, 160, 272. Epicauta cinerea, 294. Epilachna borealis, 105, 126, 298. Erichsonii, Nematus, 108, 168-169. erosa, Phymata, 300. Erythroneura genus, 254. Erythroneura vitifex, 287. vitis, 287. Eudryas grata, 109, 170. Eunemoria gracilaria, 129. Euphoria fulgida, 286. Euphoria Inda, 295. European bean-weevil, 300. Eutrapela transversata, 287. Exechia fungorum, 172. lateralis, 172. sp ?, a fungus gnat, 109, 172, 297. exitiosa, Aigeria, 182-186. exitiosa, Sannina, 182-186. Eye-spotted bud-moth, 124, 218, 219, 288. F. Fallowing as a remedy, 200. Fall plowing remedy, 239. farine, Tyroglyphus, 293. farinalis, Pyralis, 300. Farm Insects (Curtis) cited, 163, 177. fasciventris, Dytiscus, 298 Faune Hyménoptérologique de la Province de Quebec (Provancher) cited, 166. Fay, Frank A., insects from, 299. femur-rubrum, Caloptenus [Melanoplus] 294. Feniseca Tarquinius, 109, 169-17v. fennica, Agrotis, 235, 236. Fernow, Berthold, insects from, 298, 299. ferrugineum, Tribolium, 299. ferruginoides, Orthosia, 291. Figure of Agrotis ypsilon, 189. Anasa tristis, 203. Aphis cucumeris, 211. Aphis mali, 217. Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 156. i 308 | J CGuonpm an Inpax, 7 Mere Bes Figure of — (Continued). Figure of — (Continued). ke \ Bis tf Apple-tree aphis, 217. Meal-worm, 176. tat eae 5 Apple-tree case-bearer, 217. Melanotus communis, 199. 0 Aspidiotus nerii, 214. Melon aphis, 211. a Birch-leaf Bucculatrix, 134. Nematus Erichsonii, 168. : ae ae Black cut-worm, 189. Peach-tree borer, 184. a Bucculatrix Canadensisella, 134. Pear midge, 142. bY “4 Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 136. Pears infested by larvee of the pear-midge, $ Bi ' Chauliodes pectinicornis, 158. 147. A hay A ‘ Chauliodes rastricornis, 156. Pemphredon concoler, 163. \ a Chauliodes serricornis, 158. Phorodon humuli, 208. i Clastoptera obtusa, 153. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 178. | ’ oa A cocoon of Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 131. pupa of Chauliodes rastricornis, 156. a cocoon of Birch-leaf Bucculatrix, 134. pupa of Coleophora malivorella, 217. | a eocoon of Bucculatrix Canadensisella, 134, pupa of Corydalis cornuta, plate 2. 4°. aaa cocoon of Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 136. pupa of Cyllene pictus, 175. md ae cocoon of peach-tree borer, 184. pupa of Diplosis pyrivora, 142. wate Coleophora malivorella, 217. pupa of peach-tree borer, 184. Corydalis cornuta, plate 2. pupa of pear midge, 142. | Corimelzena pulicaria, 213. pupa of Thalessa lunator, plate 3. Cyllene pictus, 175. pupa of Tremex Columba, 165. Rei - Diplosis pyrivora, 142. Raspberry geometer, 130. : a egg of Eudryas grata, 170. Rhyssa persuasoria, 165. a Eudryas grata, 171. Rose-bug, 200. el European Long-eting. 165. Squash-bug, 203. bys genitalia of pear-midge, 148, Stalk-borer, 191. a. Glycobius speciosus, 203. Sugar-maple borer, 203. : 3 Gortyna nitela, 191. Synchlora glaucaria, 130. Om ' _Hickory-tree borer, 175. Telephorus bilineatus, 173. . p hop-vine aphis, 208. Tenebrio molitor, 176. a Horned Corydalis, plate 2. Thalessa lunator, plate 3. SN uy Julus cceruleocinctus, 199. Thousand-legged worm, 199. a Larch saw fly, 168. Tremex Columba, 165. “ larva of Agriotes mancus, 198. Trombidium locustarum, 180. ae larva of Agrotis clandestina, 199. White scale, 214. _ , 4 larva of Agrotis ypsilon, 189. wire-worm attacking corn, 199. P larva of birch-leaf Bucculatrix, 134, 135. Fire-flies, 174. larva of Chauliodes pectinicornis, plate 1. | Fish-oil soap remedy, 213. ee ee larva of « hauliodes rastricornis, 156. Fitch, Dr., cited, 152, 153. : larva of Clastoptera on pine, 154. computation of piant-lice on a cherry tree, — Me. larva of Corydalis cornuta, plate 2. 265. . larva of Cyllene pictus, 175. description of Janus flaviventris, 167. “4 larva of Darapsa Myron, 187. on the cut-worm dragon, 237. a larva of Eudryas grata, 170. referred to, 262, 264. oe larva of Gortyna nitela, 191. Reports on the Insects of the State of ‘. larva of Lachnosterna fusca, 175. New York cited, 152, 158, 167, 261. ny larva of larch saw-fly, 168. Five-spotted sphinx, 242, 243. aM larva of locust mite, 180. flaviventris, Janus, 108, 166-168. f larva of lunated long-sting, plate 3. Fletcher [James] cited, 133. a 7 larva of meal worm, 176. insects from, 298. es! larva of Melanotus communis, 198. Flight of moths, extraordinary, 287. ze larva of pear midge, 147. Flour mite: Tyroglyphus farinee=T. siro, 293. #4 larva of Sannina exitiosa, 184. Fly, A. J., on the cow-horn fly, 194, é. larva of Synchlora glaucaria, 130. Forbes, Prof. S. A., on the melon aphis, 210, yr larva of Telephorus bilineatus, 173. 211, 212 aa larva of Tenebrio molitor, 176. reports, how obtained, 282. larva of Thalessa lunator, plate 3. forceps, Cermatia, 282. _ larva of Tremex Columba, 165 Fowls for destroying insect pests, 252. larva of Trombidium locustarum, 180, French, Prof. G. H., cited, 129, 191. Locust mite, 180. Fruit destroyed as a remedy, 248, Lunated long-sting, plate 3. fulgida, Euphoria, 286, Macrodactylus subspinosus, 200. Fuller, A. S., quoted, 177, 178, 252. Maple-tree scale insect, 178. fungorum, Wxechia, 172. i Cra A Inpex. im Fungus gnat, 109, 172, 207. a furfurus, Chionaspis, 293, 299. fusca, ? Lachnosterna, 110, 174-175, 298. _Fyles (Rev. T. W.] cited, 160. G. ; Galerucella xanthomelmena, 222, 286. Gail insects, 255. Garden and Forest cited, 141. Garden flowers, attacked by Corimelzna puli- / , caria, 213. _ Gardiner, Robert H., on apple maggot, 247, - Gartered plume moth, 284. __ Gas-lime as a preventive and remedy, 197, 239. Gas-tar as a preventive, 205. _ Gastroidea polygoni, 298. __—« Seminatus, Paniscus, 238. Geometridae, 129, 287. _ Germanica, Ectobia, 300. ei -Gettys, S. F., insects from, 299. Gillette, Prof. C P., cited, 164. g glaucaria, Synchlora, 105, 129-133. Glover [Townend], cited, 152, 261. ' @lycobius speciosus, 202-205. Goldenrod, moths frequenting. 233. e Goodwin, Frank F., insect from, 299. _ Gooseberry insect: Zophodia grossulariz, 294, ~ Gordiacez, 290. g _ Gordius, 290. . Gortyna nitela, 112, 191-192. _ Government Experimental Farms of the a Dominion of Canada referred to, 151. * _ gracilaria, Eunemoria, 129. _ Grafting trees to immune _yarieties, 247. _ Grain-aphis, 122, 222. 4 Grain insects in 1891, 122. ae Grain weeyil infesting mills, 278. . es granaria, Calandra, 278. Grape curculio, 286, 299, i: Grape insects: he Craponius inzequalis, 286, 299. Darapsa Myron, 187, 295. Wwythroneura vitis, 257. Haltica chalybea, 297. a Isosoma vitis, 292. _~ _Lecanium sp., 215. Bt. Macrodactylus subspinosus, 200. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 297. Phylloxera vitifolize, 264. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 110, 177, Dh. Tettigonia vitis, 254. Grape. seed fly, 292. Dire revise hog-caterpillar, 294. % leaf-hopper, 287. ~~ seale-insect, Lecanium sp.? 215-216. “Thrips,” 116, 253. y ‘Grapta comma, 187. 7 interrogationis, 187, 300. asshoppers parasitized, 179-180. ‘ass insects: ‘ -Agrotis fennica, 235. 178, 216. Galloway and Southward on blight in oats, 222. Grass insects (Continved). black-lined cut-worm, 235, bronze-colored cut-worm, 235, Caloptenus [Melanoplus] femur-rubrum, 294, ' Lachnosterna fusea, 175 Nephelodes violans, 235. grata Eudryas, 109, 170, Graves, Mrs. H. D., insects from, 297, 300. Green's Frult Grower cited, 289. Grote, A. R., Check-list of Noctuidee cited, 292. | grossulariw, Pempelia {[Zophodia], 295. Ground-beetle, 237, | Gryllus abbreviatus, 179. Gryllus luctuosus, 110, 179, 300. Guide to the Study of Insects (Packard) cited, 155, 160. 12m Ree Habits of Thalessa and Tremex, 164. / a : Hadena, 231. Hadena devastatrix, 235. See, | Heematobia serrata, 126, 192-196, 297. “oe Hagen, Dr. H. A., cited, 155, 159, 229. Haldeman, Dr., cited, 159. Ell Hale, J. H, peach-borer wash recommended, wo L, A Halisidota carye, 296. ihe Haltica chalybea, 298. i Hand-picking as a remedy, 252. ma: Harpalus caliginosus, 237. ae Harris, Dr. T. W., cited, 228(3), 254. ta publication by, 261 | aie Harrington, Mr. W. H., cited, 166. ae Harrisii, Aspidiotus, 293. : 2, ee ; Harveyi, Leucania, 291. Harvey, Prof. F. L., study of the apple es: 249, Heart's ease attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191. Heavy rains kill the currant-worm, 125. Hellebore remedy, 274. ae Hellgrammite fly, 300. ae Helophilus latifrons, 287, 297. sete triangularis, 298. 1 eae 3B Hemerobius pectinicornis, 155. ae F ts Hemiptera, 152, 153, 205, 207, 210, 212, 215, 254, 270, 274, 299, 302. : yn Hemiptera from Muskoka Lake district (Van eo mh: Duzee) cited, 153. "es herilis, Agrotis, 300. ef a Herrick, Henry, on the maple-tree borer, 202. an y Hessian-fly, 122. "4 Heterochroa Californica, 296. Hickory borer, Cyllene pictus, 175-176. Hicks, Jacob, communication from, 223. ‘High culture prevents Insect injuries, 269. Hill, Anna B., insects from, 297. - histrionica, Murgantia, 2:0, 292. , Hitchcock’s Geological Report of Massachu- ~ ylg setts referred to, 228 Hitchcock, W. C., insects from, 298, 300, Holdredge, Mr., insects from, 173. Holly: eggs of Mantis Carolina on, 300. _ se, Icerya Purchasi, 275. .o bird from. 297. Homoptera, 1525163. _ Honey-bees killed by arsenical ae 2g? 280. Honey-dew on pear twigs, 280. ; Hop-growing in England, 209. . Hop-vine aphis, 1/2, 207-210, 267. _ Hop-vine aphis in Europe and America, 207. Horn, Dr., cited, 175, 288. Horned Corydalis, 159-162. How to control the hop aphis, 207-210, 281. _ How to meet our insect enemies, 269. Hoyt, Abram G., insects from, 299. Hulst [Rev G. D.], cited, 129. huwuli, Phorodon, 122, 207-210, 267. Hyacinths injured by cut-worms, 236. -Hydrcecia nitela, 192. Hymenoptera, 296, 301. -Hystricia abrupta = Tachina vivida, 297. I. _ Icbneumon flies, 275. _Ichneumonide, 275. ~ Ichneumonized caterpillar, 111, 186-187. Importance of Entomological study, 261. inzequalis, Craponius, 286, 299. Indian Cetonia, 295. innumerabilis, Pulvinaria, 110, 177, 178, 216. inorata, Tiphia, 238. Insect attacks—their remedies and prevent- . ives, 181-186. Insect enemies and how to meet them, 258-277. Insecticides and how to use them, 274-275. Insectivorous birds, 279. Insect Life, cited, 129, 133(2), 141(4), 195, 202, 164, 165, 166, 273. Insect on peach trees, 2'3. Insects that feed on cut-worms: Calosoma, calidum, 237. Carabidee, 238. ground-beetle, 237. Harpalus caliginosus, 238. Podisus spinosus, 238. spined soldier-bug, 238. Ins¢ cts in flour, 293. Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees (Packard) cited, 153. Insects Injuriovs to Fruits (Saunders) cited, 128, 273. - Insects Injurious to Vegetation (Harris), cited, 203. e : Insects introduced from Europe : * Cephus pygmeus, 197. Crioceris dsparagi, 251. Crioceris 12-punctata, 250. Diplosis fyrivora, 142. Heematobia serrata, 193. Icerya Purchasi, 275. larch saw-fly, 169. Nematus Erichsonii, 169. Phorodon humuli, 207. Pieris rape, 251. Insects occurring on snow: eo oma be Insects cf 1876, No. I, 293; of 1876, No. II, 204, Insects on potatoes, 291. Insects which destroy the young branche of the pear-tree and the leading shoot of ‘the — + Weymouth-pine (Peck) referred t®, 228. : Insects received from New York localities: __ ; ' Coeymans, 300. GBNERAL INDEX, Scoliopteryx libatrix, 171. Nephelod+s violans, 173. Telephorus bilineatus, 173. Albany, 172, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300. Aleove, 161, 200. Athens, 280, 299. Ausable Forks, 297, 300. Bath, Steuben Co., 299. Me tele Ss Bellport, 298. Buskirk’s Bridge, 300. Canastota, 188, 284, 296. Catskill, 144, 283, 297. : Center, Herkimer county, 173,298. Cherry Valley, 296. Cornwall, 298. » Sieh Ghent, 219. ae Glenmont, 299. ; Holland Patent, 298. _ Jefferson, 298. so Kingston, 299. . p Lansing, 216, 28!, 297. Ne Lincoln, 219, 281. eae Little Falls, 286. ; Macedon, 287, 297. Malcom, 218, 281, 297. Manlius, 292. Matteawan, 154, 299. Menands, 298, 299. Middletown, 290. Monroe county, 139. Newark Valley, 176. Newport, 298. Oswego and Wayne counties, 123. Oswego county, 279, 296, 297, 300. Palnyra, 296. Penn Yan, 209. Plattsburgh, 298. Port Jervis, 286, 299. Rochester, 298. Scarsdale, 134, 152, 284, 297, 299. . ‘ io Schenectady, 292. . ee Be: Schoharie, 299. x Scriba, 299. peat Seneca*county, 296. tee South Byron, 166, 296, 299. . a South Livonia, 293. \ “a Tiashoke, 155, 298. r =e Tribes Hill, 296. ; Utica, 298. Vernon, 296. Walworth, 297. Wappingers Fall, 297. Gee i CN CGUENRRAL FNORX. 311 a) Insects received from other localities: . Annapolis, Maryland, 294. Ashfield, Mass., 291. Bastrop, Texas, 292. Bradford, Pa., 299. Cape May, N. J., 179. Cecil Co , Md., 294. Charlottsville, Va., 290. Clifton, New Brunswick, 284, 298. Essex Co., Mass, 295. Eustis, Fla., 281. Gordensville, Pa., 287. | ——_ vy? . 2 > Green Grove, Pa., 286. Halifax, Nova Scotia, 300. Hamburg, Pa., 288. Hartford, Conn., 191. Hastings, Minn., 290. Jacksonville, Ala., 214, 279. Kingston, Pa., 287, 288, 295. London, England, 299. _ Lowell, Mass., 210, 288, 299. Massachusetts, 140. ~ McGhee, Tenn., 282. Montreal, Canada, 298. Nashville, Tenn., 292. “New Haven, Conn., 129, 285. ti New Jersey, 292. New Market, N. J., 175. North Haven, Gems 297. +8 Ottawa, Canada, 298, _’ ~ Pittsburg, Pa., 284. Province of Quebec, 294, 300. Red Bank, N. J., 174, 286, 288. Ridgefield, Conn., 279. Robin's Nest, ILL, 293. Sanford, Tenn., 286, 299. hy Sargeantville, N. J., 285. ‘Wabash, Ind., 186. _ Wellhams Cross Roads, Md . 212. ; Yosemite Valley, Cal., 296. a Insects of small size, 264. Interesting case of Parasitism, 111, 186. Interrogation butterfiy, 187. - interrogationis, Grapta, 187, 300. _ Introduction to Entomology (Comstock) cited, 155, 160. _ invitus, Lygus, 125, 299. Towa Academy of Science cited, 152. Isosoma Vitis, 292, 293. ? BRE ei ON ee en ee er — a a ™. ; -_ . ~~ Journal of Mycology cited, 222. Journal of the New York Microscopical Society cited, 164. Juglans cinerea and J. nigra, attacked by Cyl- lene pictus, 176 Julus eceruleocinctus, 159. Juniper attacked by Nematus Erichsonii, 169. K. Kerosene, 215, 216, 200, 252, 274. Kerosene emulsion, 123, 151, 169, 190, 201, 209, 212, 218, 215, 217, 220, 279, 280, 281, 282, 285, 286, 287. King, P. W., insects from, 299. Knowledge of insect pests, importance of, 270, 271. Kollar’s Insects Injurious to Gardeners, For- esters and Farmers cited, 140. Kowarz, F., cited, 172. Krauss [W. C.], cited, 160. L. Lachnosterna fusca, 110, 174, 175, 288, 298. Lady bug and cherry aphis, 284. Lady-bugs, 275 leetifica, Cucullia, 292. Lampyride, 174. Lansing, Mrs. Abram, insects from, 296.. Larch saw-fly, 168-169. Larch insects: ? Chermes laricifoliae, 299. Nematus Erichsonii, 168. lardarius, Dermestes, 179, 279. Larder beetle, 179. laricifoliz, ? Chermes, 299. Larix Americana attacked by Nematus Erich- sonii, 169. Larvee (grubs, caterpillars, etc.) of Agriotes mancus, figured, 198. Agrotis clandestina, figured, 199. Agrotis fennica, its abundance, 235, Agrotis messoria, an onion pest, 236. Agrotis species that feed on cabbage, 235. Agrotis ypsilon, figure and habits, 188, 189. apple-tree aphis, figured, 217. birch-leaf Bucculatrix, figured and de- scribed, 130, 131. Bucculatrix Canadensisella, figured and described, 130, 131. Chauliodes pectinicornis, described, plate 1, 157. Chauliodes rastricornis, figure, habits, Ole» 156, 158. Clastoptera obtusa, characterized, 152. Clastoptera pini, figured, 154. codling-moth, eaten by Telephorus, 174. Coleophora malivorella, figure and habits, 217. figured and Corydalis cornuta, figure, habits, etc, plate 2, 161, 162. cow-horn fly, where it breeds, 196. currant-worm, killed by rain, 125. 312 GENERAL INDEX. © Mirae aa Larve (grubs, caterpillars, ete.) of — (Cont'd). | Leidy, Dr., on Mermis acuminata, 290. Cyllene pictus, figured, 175. Darapsa Myron, showing parasitic attack, 187, 295. Diplosis pyrivora, described and figured, 142, 144, 147. elm-leaf beetle, killed by heavy rains, 221. EKudryas grata, figured, 170. Exechia sp., food-habits, 172. eye-spotted bud-moth, habits, etc., 218. Feniseca Tarquinius, habits, etc., 170. Gortyna nitela, figure, description and habits, 191, 192. Heematobia serrata, where it occurs, 196. Harpalus caliginosus, on snow, 237. hickory-borer, figured, 175. horned Corydalis, figure, plate 2, 161-162. Lachnosterna species, 175. Lachnosterna with fungus attack, 298. larch saw-fly, maturity, 168. Lepidoptera from Yosemite Valley, Cal., 296. locust mite, figure and habits, 180. meal worm, figure and habits, 176. Melanotus communis, figur-d, 198. Nematus Erichsonii, maturity, 163. Nephelodes violaus, its ravages, 235. peach-tree moth, figured, 184. pear midge, described and figured, 142, 144, 147, Phengodes sp., 298. raspberry geometer, figured, 129 Scoliopteryx libatrix, described, 171. Sphinx quinquemaculata, features of, 242. Synchlora glaucaria, figured, 129. Telephorus bilineatus, ouree and habits, 173, 174. ‘Thalessa lunator, figured, puts 2, Tmetocera ocellana, habits, etc., 218. Tremex columba, figured, 165. Trombidium locustarum, figure and habits, 180. Trypeta pomonella, described, 246. Larvee of Tenebrio molitor in a woman’s stom- ach, 177. Larvee on snow, 173. Larval Characteristics of Corydalis and Chau- liodes (Riley) cited, 156. lateralis, Exechia, 172. latifrons, Helophilus, 287, 297. Lawson, Dr. George, insects from, 300. Leaf-eating beetle, 286. Leaf-hoppers, 254, 256. LeBaron, Dr., on Telephorus, 174. publications, 261. Lecanium pyri, 299. Lecanium sp.?, 281. Lecanium sp.?,a grapevine scale insect, 215, 216. Lee, Henry C., insects from, 298. leguminicola, Cecidomyia, 255. habits, etc., not identifiable, Lepidoptera, 129, 133, 296, 301. Lemon insect: Aspidiotus nerii, 215. Leucania albilinea, 291. Harveyi, 291. unipuncta, 293. leucaniz, Nemorzea, 238. leucostigma, Orgyia, 296. Lewis, P. C., force pumps of, 190. libatrix, Scoliopteryx, 109, 171-172. Ligyrus relictus, 298. Lilies attacked by Gortyna noe, 191. Lime, freshly-siacked, as a preventive, 252, 253° Lime water remedy, 291. y liminaris, Phiceotribus, 299. Lindens attacked by Clastoptera obtusa, 152, 299. lineolaris, Lygus=Lygus pratensis, 291. Linsley, J. G., insect eggs from, 296, 297. | Lintoer, J. A., cited, 129, 183, 141, 152, 160, 166, 169. List of Lepidoptera cf North America (Smith) cited, 128. Little, Malcom, insects from, 218, 297. Little, Miss S. A., insects from, 297. Little, W.S., insects from, 298. Little Orange Butterfly, 169-170. locustarum, Trombidium, 111, 179-180, 287. Locust attacked by Cyllene robiniz, 175, 176. Locust borer, 175. Locust, coral-winged, 200. Locust mite, 179-180. London purple. 140. 150, 201, 274, 280, 286. Long’s Second Expedition to the Sources of St. Peter’s River cited, 203. Lucia, Lyceena, 291. luctuosus, Gryllus, 110, 179, 300. lugubris, Pemphredon, 163. Lunated Long-sting, 108, 163-166. lunator, Thalessa, 108, 163-166. Lycena Lucia, 291. negiecta, 291. pseudargiolus, 291. Lygus invitus, 105, 125, 299. ; lineolaris=Lygus pratensis, 291. pratensis, 105, 125, 285, x91. Lyman, George T., insect from, 298. Lyons, J. D., on the cow-horn flv, 195. Lytta murina, 290. Nuttalli, 294. M. iS Macquart’s Histoire Naturelle des Insectes— — Diptéres, cited, 140. 4 Macrobasis unicolor, 291. Macrodactylus subspinosus, 200-202. Macy, A. M., insects from, 298. Magnolia insects: Aspidiotus nerii, 215. major, Datana, 298. malefida, Agrotis, 236. mali, Aphis, 123, 217, 281, 285. malivorella Coleophora, 128, 217, 297. Mamestra genus, 231. ‘ subjuncta, 235. tH ——__ trifolii, 235. - mancus, Agriotes, 19S, 200. Mantis Carolina, 300. Maple insects: - Aspidiotus nerii, 215. i Glycobius speciosus, 202-205. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 110, 177-178, 216. Maple-tree borer, 202-205 Maple-tree scale, insect, 177-178, 216. marginatus, Dytiscus, 298. Pemphredon, 163. Marshall, W. B., insects from, 179, 300. Masicora archippivora, 238. Massachusetts Agricultural Journal cited, 228. May betle, 110, 174, 175. McLellan, T.S , on the apple-maggot, 247. Meade [R. H.] cited, 141. Meal insects: Tenebrio molitor, 176. Tenebrio obscurus, 177. Meal-worm, 176-177. Mealy-bugs, 254. _ Measuring worm, 286. Melanoplus atlanis, 189. femur-rubrum, 294. ‘Melanotus communis, 198, 199, 200. melanura, Nacerdes, 298. Melon and strawberry pests, 212, 283. Melon insects: Aphis cucumeris, 210, 211. Cut-worms, 236. a - Epilachna borealis, 126. 4 Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and Science + cited, 159. 7 _-Mermis acuminata, a parasite on Carpocapsa a pomonella, 290. 4 Meske, O., cited, 292. ¥ aw messoria, Agrotis, 188, 236. “ Microgaster, 295. ___- militaris, Apanteles, 238 Milkweed attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191. : B: Af Milipedes causing scab on potatoes, 222. Milmoe, P F., insects from, 188, 191, 296. —- ministra, Datana, 108, 164. __ -Mites causing potato scab, 222. a destroying locust eggs, 179, 180. in sugar, 293. ’ on the orange, 281. _ the red spider, 255. molitor, Tenebrio, 110, 176-177, 299, 300. es , & Moody, H L, cited, 155. : on Chauliodes larvee, 157. _ Mounding trees for peach-tree borers, 185. g o, mucronatus, Crangonyx, 279, 300. _- Murdock, John R. and A., insects from, 298. Murgantia histrionica, 290, 292. 's e GENERAL INDEX. ' murinia, Lytta, 290. | Musca domestica, 265. | Mushrooms eaten by Exechia sp., 172. Muskmelon insects: Aphis cucumeris, 211. Cecidomyia cucumeris, 212. Mustard as a preventive, 198. Mycetophilidee, 1°2, 297. Mylitta, Phyciodes, 296. Myron, Darapsa, 187, 295. Mytilaspis pomorum, 285, 293, | Myzus cerasi, 125, 284, 298. N. Nacerdes melanura, 299. Nadata Behrensii, 2:16. Nasturtiums eaten by cut-worms, 236. Neal, Dr. J. C, report on nematodes referred to, 222. : Neckweed eaten by Corimelena pulicaria, 213. neglecta, Lyczena, 291. Nematode attacks, 221, 222. Nematus Erichsonii, 108, 168-169. ribesii, 125. Nemorzea leucaniz, 238. Nephelodes violans, 173, 235. nerii, Aspidiotus, 214. Neuroptera, 155, 159, 161, 300, 302. New England Farmer cited, 227. New England Homestead cited, 141, 181, 188, 192, 200, 207, 210, 261, 282, 284. ; New Hemipterous Insects in Expedition to Rocky Mountains (Say) cited, 152. New Species of New York Lepidoptera pub- lished in 1873, referred to, 292. New strawberry pest, 284. New York Times cited, 279(2). nigra, Cecidomyia. 140. : nigra, Diplosis, 141. nitela, Gortyna, 112, 191-192. niveus, GQicanthus, 293. Noctuidze, 231, 292. Nordlinger, on pear-midge, cited, 140. Northern lady-bug, 126. Norton, Edward, cited, 167. Norwood, Dr. David, on habits of Corydalis_ larva, 161. Notodonta [Gidémasia] concinna, 292. ; Notonecta undulata, 158. nova, Orgyia, 289. nubeculana, Phoxopieris, 123, 297. Number of insects, 266, 267. Nutalli, Lytta [Cantharis], 294. Nutmeg melon attacked by Aphis cucumeris,211 «. 7 4 s .—™ atts La Oat blight, 221, 222. Oats attacked by wire-worms, 197. ; Me obscurus, Tenebrio, 177. obsoletus, Bruchus, 298. obtusa, Clastoptera, 107, 152-153, 299. Obtuse Clastoptera, 107, 152-153, 299. ocellana, Tmetocera, 124, 218, 297. octomaculata, Alypia, 296. - ae Pa Ke oF, : ~~ PS eae aes P we 2 4 bt oA 314 CGicanthus niveus, 293. Cidemasia concinna, 292. QGidipoda phcenicoptera, 3800. Ovemler, Dr., on poisoning cut-worms, 241. Oleander attacked by Aspidiotus nerii, 214. oleivorus, Typhlodromus, 281. Onion insects: Agrotis messoria, 183, 236. Agrotis ypsilon, 126, 188-191, 296. cut-worms, 236. Onion pest in Central New York, 126, 188-191. Orange County Farmer cited, 286. Orange insects: Aspidiotus nerii, 215. Typhlodromus oleivorus, 281. Orange leaf trouble, 281. Orgyia antiqua, 289. cana, 296. definita, 289, 296. leucostigma, 296. nova, 289. species, 282. Ormerod, Miss E. A., cited, 140, 221. Orthoptera, 300, 302. Orthosia ferruginoides, 291. ralla, 291. Osborn [Prof. H.], cited, 152. Osten Sacken, Baron, cited, 172. Oswego Daily Times cited, 141, 192, 283(2). Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 297. P, Packard, Dr. A. S., cited, 129(3), 133, 152, 154, 155, 169, 171, 174(@), 176, 177@), 202, 204, 285, 290. Massachusetts reports referred to, 229. Packardia elegans, 296. : Paniscus geminatus, 238. | Pansies attacked by cut-worms, 236. Papilio cited, 291. Papilio Rutulus, 296. Parasite of Apanteles congregatus, 187. of Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 123. of Carpocapsa pomonella, 290. of cut-worms, 238. of Darapsa Myron, 187, 295. of Tremex Columba, 165. Parasites parasitized, 187. Paris green, 140, 184, 218, 241, 244, 248, 274, 280. Parlatoria sp?, 279. Patten, Mrs. M, M., insects from, 300. Peach insects: Gortyna nitela, 112, 191, 192. GENERAL INDEX. | Peck, W. Dandridge, lectures of, 228. | Phoxopteris nubeculana, 123, 297. Lygus invitus, 125. Lygus pratensis, 125. Phiceotribus liminaris, 299. Sannina exitiosa, 181-186. Telephorus bilineatus, 174. Xyleberus dispar, 299, Peach-tree borer, 181-186, 284. Pear insects: Aspidiotus conchiformis, 293. Aspidiotus Harrisii, 293. ne! ¢ s . 7 - = Pear insects — (Continued). path Chionaspis furfurus, 293, 299. Bee: _ Diplosis pyrivora, 124, 140, 151, 288, 297. Lecanium pyri, 239 - Lygus invitus, 125, 299. Lygus pratensis, 125. 4 Mytilaspis pomorum, 293. Psylla pyricola, 219, 285. Pear midge, 124, 140-151, 288. Pear-tree Psylla, 219, 285. Peas, insects injurious to: Bruchus scutellaris, 295. cut-worms, 236. Pea weevil, 295. Peck, Prof. C. H., insects from, 298, 299. prize awarded to, 227. studies on canker-worm, 228. pectinicornis, Chauliodes, 107, 155-159, 300. pectinicornis, Hemerobius, 155. pectinicornis, Semblis, 155. Pempelia grossulariz, 294. Pemphigus tessellata, 109, 170. Pemphredon concolor, 163. lugubris, 163. marginatus, 163. unicolor, 163. Penhallow, Prof. D. P., cocoons of a palm — scarabeeid, from, 298. K Pennsylvanica, Photuris, 298. periscelidactylus, Oxyptilus, 297. Pernicious corn insect, 294 persuasoria, Rhyssa, 165, 166. Petite Faune entomologique du Canada-Hém- ; ipteres (Provancher) cited, 152, 154. Pettit, [J.,] cited, 155. Phengodes sp., 298. Pheosia dimidiata, 296. Phioectribus liminaris, 299, Phlox attacked by cut-worms, 236. phcenicoptera, Gidipoda, 300. Phorodon humuli, 122, 207-210, 267. Photuris Pennsylvanica, 298. Phryganid sp. ? 300. Phyciodes Mylitta, 296. Phyllcecus trimaculatus, 167. Phylloxera vitifolize, 264. Phymata erosa, 300. Phytonomus punctatus, 300. pictus, Cyllene, 110, 175, 176. Pieris rape, 251. Pine attacked by Clastoptera pini, 153-155, 290 Pine beetle injuring linen, «85. pini, Clastoptera, 107, 153-155, 299." Place, Hon. John A., addressed, 192, Plant-lice, 263, 266, 27 Plum curculio, 125, Plum insects: Aphis pruni, 125, 299. Aspidiotus nerii, 215, curculio, 125. ao) | Nt mt al : os ey PP Nee heects — (Continued). _ Phorodon humuli, 210. : a. _ Telephorus bilineatus, 17 Ba aay Po spinosus, 238, 300. Podura, abundance of, 266. a Pointer, Mrs. E., insect from, 299. - Pollenia rudis infesting a dwelling-house, 297. aa = oe es, ae he ‘ ue ¥ ahr yh, . ~ 2 a a 2 aS ~ ; t ‘ + - a ay te n ~ ~ cow-horn fly, 194. ygama, Catocala, 292. goni, Gastroidea, 298. pomifoliella, Bucculatrix, 123, 135, 136, 137, 218, | 281, 283. peonella, Carpocapsa, 174, 245, 290, 297. He Trypeta, 245-249. ! yomorum, Mytilaspis, 286, 293. oplar insects: : ~ Cossus Centerensis, 294. -£eoliopteryx libatrix, 172. - Potato aphis, 288. _ Potato inserts : Colorado potato beetle, 122. * cut-worms, 236. Epicauta cinerea, 294. _ Gortyna nitela, 191. Lygus pratensis, 291. _ Lytta [Cantharis], Nuttalli, 294. - Maerv basis unicolor, 291. _ Powell, George T., reference to, 123, 166, 219. Practical Entomologist cited, 159(). pratensis, Lygus, 125, 291. _pretiosa, Catocala, 292. Preventives against _4geria exitiosa, see Sannina. Anaza tristis, 205, 206. Aphis cucumeris, 212, 283. apple maggot, 248. asparagus beetle, 252 Craponius inaequalis, 286. Crioceris asparagi, 252. cut-worms, 239, 210, 241. Gly cobius speciosus, 202-205. grape curculio, 286. grapevine Thrips, 255, 256. Heematobia serrata, 194. _ hop-vine aphis, 209, 2'0. Macrodactylus subspinosus, 202. -. maple-tree borer, 203. _ melon aphis, 212. -. -peach-tree borer, 182, 183, 184, 185, 284. quince-tree borer, 280. _ rose-bug, 202. _rose-leaf “Thrips,” 257. Sannina exitiosa, 182, 183, 184. _ squash-bug, 205, 206. — -Tettigonia rosee, 257. tobacco-worms, 243, 244. Trypeta pomonella, 248. _wire-worms, 197, 198. 200, 283. : Preventives of insect attack: Phorodon humiuli, 208, 210. - bagging grapes, 286. _ breaking up breeding grounds, 201. buckwheat crop, 197, 283. ‘ : Fee GENERAL INDEX. Preventives of insect attack — (Cont'd). burning refuse material, 210. ecarbo.ic acid and Paris green wash, 184. carbolic acid wash, 183. copperas water, 239. destroying eggs, 266. gas-tar, 205. mounding, 185, mustard crop, 198. paper frames, 241. paper wraps, 241. preventing egg-deposit, 203. salt, 239. Shaker peach-tree borer wash, 185. soft soap and carbolic ac'd wash, 280.- soft soap and water, 186, 190. starvation, 197, 242. tar-coating seed, 200. tin-bands, 241. traps for hibernating insects, 206. whale-oil and carbolic acid, 194. wire-netting tree protector, 185. Prionotus cristatus, 294. Proceedings of the Albany Institute cited, 293. Proceedings of the American Association of Adv. Science cited, 155, 160(2). Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western N. Y. Horticultural Society cited,- 281. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History cited, 155. Proceedings cf the Entomological Society of Philadelphia cited, 155, 159(2). prolitica, Chloropisea, 297. Protecting the birds, 279. Protection from insect inju ies, 278. Provancher, l’ Abbé, cited, 152, 154, 166. pruni, Aphis, i25, 299. pseudargiolu-, Lyczna, 291. Psyche cited, 155, 157, 1602). Psylla pyri, 280, 281. 285. Psylla pyricola, 124, 219, 285, 299. Ptinidee 285. pulicaria, Corimelzena, 212-214, 283. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 110, 177, 178, 216. Pumpisins attacked by cut-worms, 226. punctatus, Phytonomus, 300. punctistrigs, Artace, 287. Purchas', Icerya, 275. Purslane-speedwell eaten by Corimelzna puli-- caria, 213. pygmeur, Cephus, 167. Pyralis farinalis 300. pyramidoides, Amphipyra, 295. pyricola ? Cecidomyia, 140. pyricola, Ps) lla, 124, 219, 285, 299. Pyrethrum powder, 212, 213, 274, 282. pyri, Lecanium, 299. pyrivora, Diplosis, 106, 124, 140, 151, 283, 288, 287. Quince attacked by Corimelzena pulicaria, 213:- Quince-tree borer, 280. quinguemaculata, Sphinx, 242. $i < See pS er ee wy ap, , ae 2 eee Me MEN | ad ig Ne Be ’ <7 4 ~ ad ES ba . diye Tate ae 2 ee oe oe heal ae 316 | _ G@aneran InpEx, R. ‘radicola, Tylenchus, 222. Rag-weed attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191. Rain-falls arresting insect injury, 221, 223. ralla, Orthosia, 291. rapee, Pieris, 251. Rapidity of insect propagation, 267. Raspberry geometer, 129-133. Raspberry insects: Byturus unicolor, 298. Corimelena pulicaria, 213. Synchlora glaucaria, 130. ‘rastricornis, Chauliodes, 156, 157, 158. Rat-tail larva, 287. ‘Ravenelii, Cordiceps, 298. Record of Collections of New York Heterocera for the year 1873 referred to, 290. Red raspberries injured by insects, 285. Red root attacked by Corimelzna pulicaria, 213. ‘Red spider, 255. be Reduviide, 294. Refuse burning preventive, 210, 212, 213. -relictus, Ligyrus, 298. ‘Remedy for: Aigeria exitiosa, 182-186. Agrotis ypsilon, 188, 190. Anasa tristis, 206, 278. Aphis cucumeris, 212, 213, 283. Aphis mali, 123, 217, 281. _ Aphis pruni, 125. apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 219. apple maggot, 247. apple-tree aphis, 123, 217, 285. apple-tree case-bearer, 218. apple-tree tent-caterpillar, 122., asparagus beetle, 252. Aspidiotus nerii, 215, 279. bark-lice, 279. birch-leaf Bucculatrix, 140. black cut-worm, 188, 190. Bucculatrix Canadensisella, 140. Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 219. Calandra granaria, 278. Cermatia forceps, 282. ‘Ceroplastes, 282. Clisiocampa Americana, 122. Coleophora malivorella, 218, 281. -cow-horn fly, 194, 196. Crioceris asparagi, 252. -currant-stem Girdler, 166. -cut-worms, 238-242. Diplosis pyrivora, 143, 150, 151. Erythroneura vitifex, 287. eye-spotted bud-moth, 218. Galerucella xanthomelena, 222, 286. Glycobius speciosus, 203, grain weevil, 278. grapevine Thrips, 255-256. Hee matobia serrata, 194, 196. hop-vine aphis, 209. Janus flaviventris, 166. larch saw-fly, 169. Remedy for — (Continued). Pia. Remedies for insect attacks: Lecanium sp., 216, 282. Macrodactylus subspinosus, 201. maple-tree borer, 203. melon-vine aphis, 212, 213. Mytilaspis pomorum, 286. Nematus Erichsonii, 169. Oleander scale-insect, 215. Parlatoria scale-insect, 215, 279. peach-tree borer, 111, 181-186. pear midge, 143, 150-151. pear-tree Psylla, 220. Phorodon humuli, 209. plum aphis, 125. Psylla pyricola, 220. quince-tree borer, 280. rose-bug, 201, 232. : , Sannina exitiosa, 182-186. ad seale insects, 215, 216. Sphinx quinquemaculata, 243, 244. squash-bug, 206, 278. Tmetocera ocellana, 218. - tobacco-worm, 243, 244. Trypeta pomonella, 247. wire-worms, 197-198, 200, 282. arsenical spraying, 218, 219, 248, 281, 282. attracting to petunias for catching, 243. baits of poisoned leaves, 21. sly , beating from foliage, 201. bisulphide of carbsn, 278. buckwheat crop, 197. burning dead leaves and vines, 213. burning infested material, 166. carbolic acid, 216, 280. carbolic acid and Paris green wash, 184. carbolic acid wash, 183, 280. children collecting injurious species, 243. coal-oil, 241, 279. coal tar, 256. collecting and burning eggs, 122, 283. copperas, 200. crushing the eggs, 216, 278. cutting out the larva, 182. digging-out-by-hand method, 240. employing fowls, 252. fallowing, 200. fish-oil soap, 218. fumigation with tobacco, 255. gas lime, 197, 239. grafting trees to resistant varieties, 247. growth of immune crops, 200. hand-picking, 252. hellebore, 27 hop wash, * 209. infested fruit destroyed, 248. infusion of tobaceo, 257. jarring, 125. kerosene, 200, 215, 216, 252, 274. kerosene emulsion, ee Tog 169, 190, 201, 200, 212, 218, 215, 217, 22 , 280, 281, 282, 285 286, 287. 7 ts =e ; Ee Ramedice for insect attacks — (Continued). killing the larva, 205. ¢ late ploughing in the autumn, 239. 2 ‘ lime and water, 201. fe London purple, 140, 150, 201, 274, 280, 286. - mustard crop, 198. wee night collections, 190. __ Paris green, 140, 218, 241, 244, 248, 274, 280. ie, picking infested fruit, 143, 150. ‘, poison in blossoms visited, 243. pupee destroyed, 248. pyrethrum powder, 212, 213, 274, 282. : road dust, 212. 4 salt, 200, 282. "a searching for eggs, 206. ae Shaker peach-tree borer wash, 185. d slacked lime, 252, 253. " sludge-oil seap, 201. {: soaking in kerosene, 200. a t: soap suds, 216. a soft soap, 190, 217, 281, 285, 286. . soft soap and carbolic acid, 280. spraying, 209, 210, 213. - spreading infested manure, 194. starvation, 197, 200. sulphate of copper, 151. tobacco, 212, 213, 217, 251, 255, 274, 281, 285. trapping, 206, 242, 278. whale-oil soap, 215, 279. +3 whitewash, 182. of wood ashes, 182, 183. , worming, 243. a ee part of the Department of Entomology, Cor- nell Experiment Station quoted, 135, 136. _ Report of the Maine State Board of Agriculture cited, 247. _ Report of the Maine State College Agricultural ie Experiment Station cited, 249. Report of the Minister of Agriculture on Exper- imental Farms (Canada) cited, 183. Report of the New York State Entomologist to ___ the Regents of the University of the State of -_- New York for 1886 quoted, 203. Report on Insects of Illinois cited, 128. Report on Insects Injurious to Vegetation (Har- ris) cited, 228, 261. ‘Report on Insects of Missouri (Riley) cited, ; - 128, 160. _ Report on Observations of Injurious Insects (Ormerod) cited, 140. -_ Reports of the Entomological Society of Ontario - __ cited, 128, 160(2), 166, 243. s _ Reports of the New Jersey Agricultural College Bt i Experiment Station cited, 141, 202, 213, Reports of the New York State Museum of Natural History cited, 133, 152, 290 (2), 292). Reports of the Peabody Academy of Sciencg cited, 128(2). a segue of the United States Department of ; Agriculture cited, 141@), 142, 273. ~ Reports of the United States Entomological Commission cited, 133, 135, 152, 154(2), 160, toy 171, 180, 273. Pee ay een vee Se tgs Pe yee . GENERAL INDEX. 317 Reports on the Injurious and other Insects of New York (Lintner) cited, 123, 133, 152, 160, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 171, 173, 177, 183, 191, 194, 215, 218, 220(2), 290, 292, 293, 295. Revision of the Species of Lachnosterna of North America (Horn) cited, 172. Rhubarb attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191. Rbyssa persuasoria, 108, 165, 166. ribesii, Nematus, 125. Rice chaff abounding with Tribolium ferrugi- neum, 299. Rich, H. H., insects from, 191. Riley and Howard cited, 129, 133, 141. Riley, C. V., cited, 129, 141, 155, 160, 165(2), 180,. 202, 241. description of raspberry geometer, 131. on Corimelzena pulicaria, 213. on Corydalis larva, 162. on Telephorus larva, 174. on Thalessa oviposition, 164. reference to, 261, 267, 273(). Road dust as a preventive, 212. robiniz, Cyllene, 175, 176, rose, Empoa, 256. rose, Tettigonia, 256. Rose-bug, 112, 125, 200-202, 282. Rose chaffer, 202. Rose insects: Macrodactylus subspinosus, 201. Tettigonia rosz,'256. Rose-leaf ‘‘ Thrips,’ 116, 256. Rose, J. F., cited, 166(8), 168. insects from, 296, 299. Roiiast’s Catalogue of European Caterpillars- cited, 172. rubivora, Aplodes, 129. rubivora, Synchlora, 129. rubivoraria, Synchlora, 129. rudis, Pollenia, 297. rufimanus, Bruchus, 299. oe Rural New Yorker cited, 128, 186, 285. Rutulus, Papilio, 296. Rye insects: Chlorops, 167. Janus flaviventris, 167. Phylicecus trimaculatus, 167. Ss. sacchari, Tyroglyphus, 293. Salt as a preventive, 200, 239, 282. saltitans, Parpocapsa, 291. Salvia attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191, Sanborn, Francis G., on Economic Entomology referred to, 229 sanguinea, Coccinella, 300. Sannina exitiosa, 182-186. saucia, Agrotis, 234, 235. Saunders, W., citea, 129(2), 160. Insects Injurious to Fruits referred to, 273. Say [Thomas] cited, 152, 203. Scab cn potatoes, 221. Scale insects, 214, 215, 254, 279, 293. Scallop-wing, Scoliopteryx libatrix, 109, 171, 172. 318 GENERAL INDEX, Science cited, 152 Scientific American cited, 160, 182. Scoliopteryx libatrix, 109, 171-172 Scopolia sequax, 238. sScrophulariz, Anthrenus, 292, 293, 294. scuteilaris, Bruchus, 295. Searching for and destroying larve, 166, 182, 184. Searching for the eggs asa remedy, 122, 206, 2838. Secrecy of insect depredations, 263-264. segetum, Agrotis, 235. Semblis pectinicornis, 155. sequax, Scopolia, 238. Serica tristis, 284, 298. Serrata, Heematobia, 126, 193-196, 297. serricornis, Chauliodes, 159. Shaker peach-tree borer wash, 185. Shear, C. L., insects from, 161, 300. Sialide, 159. Simson, Argyramoeba, 300. Siphonophora avene, 222, 282. Slade, Avery P., on the apple maggot, 246. Slingerland, M. V., study of the eye-spotted bud moth, 220. study of wire-worms, 199. Sludge-oil soap, 201. Smith, J. B., cited, 129, 142(2), 175(2). Bulletin on the Horn Fly, 196. Catalogue of the Insects of Boreal America, 192. on cucumber aphis, 213, 214. on Lachnosterna species, 175. on rose-bug remedies, 201, 202 Smith. J. W., insects from, 299. Smith, Miss E. A., cited, 191. Smith, Mrs. E. B., insects from, 300. Snapping-beetles, 199, 231. Snow flea, 266. Snow, George C., insects from, 299. aking in kerosene as a remedy, 200. Soap, 186, 190, 2/6, 217, 281, 285, 286. Soft soap and carbolic acid wash, 280. Solidago eaten by cut-worms, 283. Some Injurious Insects of Massachusetts (Lint- ner), 227-257. Southwick [E. B.] cited, 152. speciosus, Glycobius, 202-205. Speyer, Dr. A., on Gordiacew, 290. Sphingide, 187, 242, 244. Sphinx Carolina, 242. quinquemaculata, 243, Spider protection from aphides questioned, 289. Spinach attacked by Gortyna nitela, 191. Spined soldier-bug, 238. spinosus, Podisus, 238, 300. Spittle insect, 300. splendoriferella, Aspidisea, 288. Sprague, P.§., reports Telephorus larve in a well, 174. Sprayed grapes [seized in New York] were harmless, 288. Spraying, 209, 210, 213, 218, 219, 281, 282. Stillman, Miss C. L., insects from, 298. Squash-bug, 205-207, 278, 288. pay Squash insects: eee Anasa tristis, 205. Aphis cucumeris, 211. | Ve cut-worms, 236. ae Diabrotica vitatta, 298. og Epilachna borealis, 126. ea Stalk-borer, Gortyna nitela, 112, 191-192. ve 4 Stomoxys calcitrans, a biting fly, 193. ag Stone, Dwight, insects from, 216-217, 297. Strachia [Murgantia] histrionica, 292. stramonium, Datura, 243. Strawberry and melon pests, 212-214. Strawberry insects: ee Agrotis ypsilon, 190. Corimelzena pulicaria, 213. Study of wire-worms at Cornell University, 199, 200. subjuncta, Mamestra, 235. “f subspinosus, Macrodactylus, 200-202. i oa Sugar mite, 293. Sulphate of copper as a remedy for pear- midge, 151. . Swinnerton, Rey. H. U., cells of a wasp from . 296. > Synchlora albolineata, 129. 3 glaucaria, 105, 129-133, 285. a rubivoraria, 129, 285. Synopsis, Catalogue and Bibliography of the Neuroptera of Temperate North America f (Banks) cited, 160. <4 Synopsis of Hymenoptera of North America [ (Cresson) cited, 167. ee Synopsis of Neuroptera of North America (Hagen) cited, 155, 156, 159. Syrphide, 287. ‘ Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten ; europiischen Zweiflugligen Inseeten (Mei- f gen), cited, 140. ¥ 1, . 2 Tachina fly, 238. ’ Tachina vivida= Hystricia abrupta, 297. er Tachinidee, 275. ; Tar-coating as a preventive, 200. Ps Tarquinius, Feniseca, 109, 169-170. A Taylor, R. C., insect from, 299. Taylor, Rev. G. W., insect reported by, 166. Tea plant, attacked by Corimeleena pulicaria, 218. telarius, Tetranychus, 255. Telephorine, 174. Telephorus ?bilineatus, 109, 173-174, 298. Carolinus, 173. larva drawn up from a well, 174. Tenebrio molitor, 110, 176-177, 299, 300. obscurus, 110, 177 ten-lineata, Doryphora, 298. tessellata, Pemphigus, 170. Tetranychus telarius, 255, Tettigonia ross, 256. Tettigonia vitis, 254. Thomas, Dr. [Cyrus], _ Thalessa lunator, 108, 163-166. ?Thaxter, Dr. Roland, on potato scab, 222. Theobald, F. V., cited, 141, 172 Theobald’s Account of British Flies referred to, 172. The Sun | New York] cited. 141, 283. Illinois reports referred to, 261. Thousand-legged worm, 199, 231. Thripide, 254. Thrips, 253-256. Thysanoptera, 254. Tierische Schiidlinge und Niitzlinge (Ritzema Bos), cited, i41. Tilia Americana, attacked by Clastoptera ob- tusa, 152. . Tineide, 133. Tiphia inornata, 238. Tmetocera ocellana, 124, 218, 219, 227, a, 283, 288. Tobacco attacked by cut-worms, 236. Tobacco as a remedy, 212, 213, 217, 251, 255, 274; 281, 285. Tomato insects: cut-worms, 236. Gortyna nitela, 191. Train, A. L., insects from, 172, 297. Transactions of the American Entomological Society cited, 155, 160. Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticul- tural Society, 184. Transactions of the Illinois Department of _ Agriculture cited, 129. Transactions of the Illinois Horticultural Society cited, 129. is Transactions of the New York State Agricul- tural Society cited, 152, 153, 273. Trapping insects asa Ponca 242, 278. Traps for the squash-bug, 206. Treat |Mrs. Mary] cited, 129. _ Tree-hoppers, 294. Tree-protector, 185. Tremex columba, 108, 163. Tribolium ferrugineum, 299. Trichogramma sp., 296. a trifolii, Mamestra, 235. _ _ trimaculatus, Phyllcecus, 167. tristis, Anasa, 205-207, 288, 299. tristis, Serica, 284, 298. tritici, Agrotis, 235. Trombidium locustarum, 111, 179-180, 287. truncatus, Agriotes, 198. Trypeta pomonella, 245-249. _ Turnips injured by cut-worms, 236. twelve-punctata, Anatis, 284, 298. q _ twelve-punctata, Crioceris, 250. Tylenchus devastatrix, 221. radicola, 222. _ 'Typhlocyba vitis, 116, 254. -Typhlodromus oleivorus, 281. < a Tyroglyphus farine—T. siro, 293. sacchari, 293, GENERAL INDEX. Uv. Uhler [P. R.] cited, 152. ; unicolor, Byturus, 298. Macrobasis, 291. Pemphredon, 163. unipuncta, Leucania, 293. United States Geological and Geographical Survey cited, 133. Uroceridz, 167. Uropoda Americana, 298. V. Van Duzee, E. P., cited, 152, 153, 178. Vanessa Antiopa, 296. Vermorel nozzle, 214. Veronica peregrina attacked by Corimelzena pulicaria, 213. violans, Nephelodes, 173, 235. Virginia creeper insects: Darapsa Myron, 187. Eudryas grata, 170. vitifoliae, Phylloxera, 294. vitis, Isosoma, 292, 293. Tettigonia, 254. Typhlocyba, 284. vittata, Diabrotica, 250. vivida, Tachina, 297. Voracity of insects, 268. W. Wadhams, F. E., insects from, 299. Walnut attacked by Cyllene pictus, 176. Walsh [B. D.] cited, 159, 161, 246. publications by, 261. _— Walsh-Riley cited, 129, 155, 160. Warrell, W. H., Tachina fly from, 297. Westwood, Prof., cited, 291. Wetmore, R. W., insects from, 298. Whale-oil and carbolic acid wash, 194, Whale-oil soap solution, 215, 279. Wheat insects: Agrotis segetum, 235. Agrotis tritici, 235. Gortyna nitela, 191. Leucauia albilinea, 291. Leucania Harveyi, 291. - Siphonophora avene, 282. Tenebrio molitor, 299. Wheat-midge, 122, 255, 275: White-grub, 174, 175, 231. White wash as a remedy, 182. Whitman, L. L., on apple maggot, 246. Wicks, C. B , insects from, 298. Willow attacked by Scoliopteryx libatrix, 171. Wire-worms, 197-200. causing scab on potatoes, 222. in corn, 282. W-marked cut-worm, 199. Wood ashes as a remedy, 182, 183. Wood wasp, 163. agree insects eee on: ~ _Anthrenus seraatoal eee Be 293. _ Dermestes lardarius, 179. _ Gryllus abbreviatus, 179. , -Gryllus luctuosus, 179. _ Woolsey, Miss A. H., insects from, 299. : - Worming as a remedy, 243. i eee John §., insects from, 297. 8 nthomeleena, Galerucella, 222. yleborus dispar, 299. ‘ Young, D. K., in ile a | paper read by, 221, 223. b ypsilon, Saati ait, 125, 188-191 2 Zs | Zabrisk’e, Rev. J. L., cited, 164. Zerene catenaria, 287,297. Zophodia grossularize, 294, 4 A ' 54 & + ERR Ae? AY. Page 108, line 11, for Plate 2 read Plate 3. Page 109, line 4 from bottom, for 172 read 1738. Page 120, line 16, for 1875 AND 1876 read 1875-1877. Page 165, line 16, for Plate 2 read Plate 3. Page 178, line 9, for Vetchii read Veitchii. Page 237, line 21, for Carolinenis read Carolinensis. Page 237, lines 21-22, for Agelceeus read Agelcus. Page 286, line 5, for Bouché read (Bouché). Page 293, line 10 from bottom, for Harris read (De Geer). Page 313, line 11, for 285 read 286. Errata IN SEveENtH Report. - Page 201, line 10, for PHyroomyza read PHYTOMYZA. Page 250, line 4 from bottom, for ventral surface read dorsal segment. Page 279, line 17, for (Boheman) read Boheman. Page 320, line 5, for G. F. Pierce read G. T. Pierce. Page 357, line 1, for (C) read (B). - Page 381, line 1, for (D) read (C). Page 384, line 16, for Harris read (De Geer). Page 396, line 26, for Mytelaspis read Mytilaspis. Page 490, line 25, for Tiersche read Tierische. (ire he aie ak LE 2a dae Sih temo CAR eLLD thee whe She Agee SYast GS 02) ae ea a NRC SUNT a A). syll e : 116 1,507 The bottom of the shaft is now nearing the base of the Hamilton group, and we may expect within a few days that the Corniferous limestone will have been reached. } The observations made in the progress of this shaft will serve not only as a guide in other similar works to be undertaken in the salt bearing area within the State, but they will serve to prove the nature and thickness of some of the strata in Central — New York, which can not so well be determined from the exposures on the natural outcrops of the formations. Should the work in the shaft be continued and kept up at the rate which it has been going on during the past ten months, the final result may be reported before the end of 1892. The money made available by the arrangement already men- tioned proved to be only about $600 and at the time of this writ- ing, expenses had already been incurred to more than that amount, and some other means must be devised for the continu- ance of the work. | In my report of last year I gave a pretty full account of the condition of the work upon the Paleontology of the State, volume VIII, pt. i, being then in press and printed to more than 250 pages. The printing was continued till February when there were in type over 300 pages and the remainder of the manuscript in hand or ready for the printer. At this point the printing ceased, ostensibly for want of means to go on with the work, the money originally appropriated having been expended, and since that time till the present writing no arrange- ment has been made for the continuance of the work. Had the printing gone on from February as in the preceding few months the volume would have been published in April last. It is cer- tainly a great misfortune to the author and to the State, as well as to the entire scientific public, that the publication of this work should have been so long delayed, when the expenditure of $1,000 would have completed the volume. a REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 329 In the meantime, and for a large portion of the past year the writer, with the aid of the regular assistant in Paleontology, Prof. Clarke, and a special private assistant, Mr. Schuchert, has been occupied in bringing together and preparing material in _ the way of collections; the general bibliography and the special discussions upon the genera for the second part of volume VIII. As already stated, volume VIII, part i, has been put into type to over 300 pages, and will be completed in about 350 pages exclusive of index, which has been prepared as far as the printed matter has been paged. Of the text of volume VIII, part ii, 207 manuscript pages have been prepared. This is equivalent to about 125 pages of printed matter. Nearly twice as much more will be required to complete the discussions. In addition to the manuscript prepared, about ninety pen-and-ink drawings for the text have been made to show the structure of the spirals and loops, etc., in various genera. Volume VIII, part i, will contain forty-two lithographic plates, numbered as follows: I. Inarticulata: I, HU, Il, IV, IVA, IVB, IVC, IVD, IVE, err. tVG,;IVH, IV K. mee cuciiatasoV Vas V BY VG, VI, VIA, Vil, VILA,. VERE Pare x, XT MTAS XTB, XIC, XI, XI, XIV, XV) XV AE mB xX VI, XVEL XVITA, XVITL XTX, XX. With the exception of Plate XX, all have been printed, and that one lithographed and proved. Of the plates to accompany part ii, the following have been prmted: XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVIE XXVIII, XXX, XXXII, XXXII, XXXII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI. The following have been drawn on stone and proved: X XIX, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XL, XLVIII, and the following are litho- graphed but not yet proved: XLI, XLII, XLII, XLIV, XLV, XLVI, XLVII. } The drawings on hand are sufficient to furnish the lithographer with four plates, and a few additional drawings will be sufficient to complete ten more. For the full illustration of the volume it — will require from twenty to twenty-five plates in addition to these, and will necessitate the making of from 400 to 500 new drawings. 1891. 42 OD AAR MR wwe ForRTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. « [Made by Prof. J. M. CLarxez, for volume VIIL., part ii.] SE SOMO, NAGTATUS t 00.4 ti. 60,0 signe 3 RLSM COMA ere Bs on as Chiesa tele 1 wo BN pf OUR IIC (o.oo gs 1 S. perlamellosus............. d NS OTESHES ty. wis p's Sobele plat Rie Bis 2 SEE SPLITUEMOOINL.. 5, ob cis # Sig apais 1 DL NIaSaTeNSIS . 2. Scare ss 2 PSN He BUS FONE 0 2's scl3al eiidves mnanl SpallaMeyle 2 SS, DEMPIOKUS \. :.)5 eins leas Weiale ¢ 2 See TaM ra sich eS cach hale Leen 14 RCO UTIUS |. Fis cass ate aye es 8 Her PAT CMOSUS. 5. ALR. te ee 18 ROS PEMALUIB (5 crawl alse hibits Saf hae ise onan liters! es. ria. © 1 . Amboccelia umbonata....... 10 . Crytina umbonata .......... 5 NO) Ehama ni tonies., |. ia. 7 . Athyris spiriferoides .... ... 8 SAE NSUUO PALL DAs Uaidowte ace o5 Meigies a dace 12 WA? COME CSUA L.'s icine sis re Ee 7 PAG ANTON UA ete. oa ae ale 'o's mi aye 1 PHA. trimnucleay i! oS. 5s Ree Gee hae SMA IROMSEL ais (rch: se sia ehel sie ied aie wie,e 1 » A. subquadrata S.:. o.\. 65 on 5 RON MCOMGENEEICA a, os ose satiate nc 1 6 EN TOs 4 aL ay A aim UR 1 PA MULMME St uit bg al ale ews wish 3 FAs TUCO A. | ao, 6 4, aie teinele poeta 1 NA SUD LAMIGMOSA . . sie espe e a scys 2 BU AUee WAU LEDUC). sa) e's\ sted ois a ie kw ate. 'e'6 16 SPOPISTA BPMs ALL «'-ha(e is = wie fale Siw bob's 4 Pe (SCAMIVIATIN 5. 2.4. aie’ win'sih so 1 . Meristella nasuta............ 2 EEC VATLCLTRC 'sia.0i4 5)» « y nleisre he i PEL MENVOLO ES ass See oa see ent! SVG AAW LCGUTIAES Sine e’n's bls ato 3 “EET By ILE A I Sr ag 3 PVE ML AILEY siulle Wn 'a lh ls, cian sha 2 1 Re CATE (on be a ed Sara eh a 12 PRA CEST CLS ‘eh eect RRB Mata ke 1 DL SELENTAB « isha “stares cis SesSAdn Oh 08'S 2 DE ROTC IANS . 0. env inatiatirnpeis sn 1 fIVL, POTADOETRIGCLLEY S45, 0's stathty Soares fe 2 Orting MAPIB. «6 \cc ease. o% 15 MIS TOCHTOBUTE ..i 0. oc be faye hale 4 Pentagonia unisulcata....... 4 Tue Forttowine 1s A List oF PREPARATIONS OF Spirals, Loops — AND HINGE-PLATES. 47. 48. 49, 50. 51. d2. 53. 54. 50. 56. Charionella scitula . Bifida lepida Kayseria lens Hindella Prinstana H. umbonata Nucleospira concinna N. ventricosa N. pisiformis ~e eee eeeseveseesee eeseeeoeseseeeevreses eorneeseees ee Bee eevreceveee eee eee eee eeese eevee se ease se ecese eee eee ee eves & Retzia Adrieni . R. Barrandii eee cee reese eeee see eeeoevrereereaeeeene eeceer cree sc ee ee wee ee se . R? longirostris . Rhynchospira formosa OR. BPP. has dates wale eee . Trematospira camura . Eumetria Mormoni . Atrypa reticularis . A. marginalis.:..) 20a . Zygospira modesta . Z. recurvirostra . Z. Anticostiensis . Coelospira? Camilla . C. acutiplicata . C? imbricata . Leptocoelia fimbriata . Koninckina Leonhardi ...... . Rhynchonella Indianensis.. . . GC 6) @ 8.0, 0 0.0 6.8 56 5 eee . Anastrophia internascens... . . Camarophoria Schlotheimi .. . C, calcifera pats + ey tte auld Bett i vali Pt aaa 5 Sie, as le haa us - Pd jane ; 4 af + REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 331 . a 93. Triplesia lateralis............ 4| 99. Dielasma bovidens ...... ... 2 94. Rensselzeria mutabilis ....... 8| 100. Vitulina pustulosa........... 3 SESS SEN GR 8|101. Tropidoleptus carinatus...... 1 mone rerebratula Sp?....::.s0s3450: 4| 102. Eichwaldia reticulata ....... 2 SSE WORT VENUL Ls a lan sas be cues 1 | Ble why cy ene 468 98. Cryptonella planirostra...... 3 | —— A LIST OF THE GENERA OF THE PALAEOZIC BRACHIOPODA, giving citations to the printed portion of the Paleontology of New York, volume VIII, part i, to the manuscript deter- minations for parts i and ii, and indicating the genera to be discussed in the remainder. of the work. (Terms regarded as synonyms are in italics and unnumbered.) PART I: VOLUME VIII. 5 PAGE. PIER CHIONOGS SINATOLCULAGE Sbire cals os iis.0is oe Bad we 6 wicinle decals belaers Me fnmpia. Braguiere; 1789... fo. fe Le Odes Cit a ee 2-18 a Me NEMOMIMi EIR EST So Ver ae Sass Sa UR bebe 14 pron eg Rerssutaet < EPLIMS LEAS) J). oc. Dashed cis ie ciala ews SRL IE ALY alata 15 SIR ELMS LOG Mi a os vile ha ibn WI wid si nn lores boc have eta bes CREE 18-24 rae tEaiart | WIITECI LOGO 05:5 ciere’idicie.« genie a aici auta’s b'y de cle oan me ee whe 24-28 | SnnberinPRAg Tire FCIONIOTG, 1O0).. ooo 3's Cee Us) Pa ek des Saw due) otakben 28-30 4 ERNIE LACUS Sicha wr a\h\o nduaw capri cays aw Owe gery es 'alslph ire’ Lema 80-33 Ks PEO netia. MiMIDES,: LOUD. 5.0. vse ee rates Fea ee Vile hod Cala eee ey 33-36 Ms Uhricbolus, Hall, 1971.............-ccsc-Uiecvletevesrsigedue Medel 36-40 Obolellina, Billings, 1871. f Bamanomerelia. Billmgs, AST1. . 2. e cas ew wee oe dee HORA alee 40-44 ; MRENERNMNOHEACTI NESS SEAT: DOGS B, oe, are «clu, w atarehedew.enslobn w cee eI e fo iaeieiee teil 44-46 4 Observations on the Development and arieetial of the Plat- j form in the Inarticulate Brachiopoda..................... 46-55 - RPIMSROEIEI SS, J eRREAE GER S i5c sc nie vin nah Sialerake wn N's wis se AU Rai ela tale bye ake, ee 55-59 a Ptadeilepis, Hall; (863... on enw ee Nea it GU a eC 59-62 PRORPEOIENA, SON, HOV, ..¢% + des sinaree cus AG TN AM ges Aire ae acy 63-64 2 SCH ESTES 2) RP 3) NORA eek 6 a So ae UPR Mr ee - 65 Se LESURE CE aE APRO NTT EPS Bo Sr Siew te MGA ate a) bes A, ale aie nc ajo! arena a aie athe eee 66-73 Dicellomus, Hall, 1871. EAL VET e EL. Woe wake ae ectelfise Delve Joe eae ew Awas en ewe dees 73-75 papel Nene, WTR a Gest 2.s. « Mom eee Rinle Suen ke nh oa 00d se ecenlainie eee 75-78 Me ROE BAETANOG, A079. «5 icie ce eterttralsteatata'erere ae atee'e se ahh Ae Br Ae SE UESSWWET SS) oo fs GIRS cy Rg in aS PR Pe St 80, 81 PeAulonotireta, Martone 1848 6. Sins wa Dek we eee ce cen ebauacenh outs 82 prrenreig tta,, VOlDOrth, 1860. iis eicte eines oie ai aceite oe aes UD a oe es i , koi (ea 332 ForTy-rirtH REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. PAGE. ae. WLonobolina, ‘Salter, 18GD~ sii. Secs Nie aeolhc s he eae nae ota 83, 84 mai Neobolus, Waagen, 1880.05 ceo Se sth cee tin ome ee ae ee mee 84 24 epondylobolus, MeCoy 18581) eii55 65. wiles Wrote ne Ob ocala ieee eee 85 no Mickwyitzia, senmidt, 1888....°09 Sein see cae G alsin ele oo. «4h ee 86, 87 20; Schizopolis, Wlrich, 1886). os5.cu a. . ede be 528k ee oe eee 87-90 Zia wiscinolepis;. Waagen; 1888s/)...50. 6. ete ek oe cies Dea 90 Eonasiboroina, pilings, 1861.07. sc: ¢ Baia eeu Le e's a 90-94 Pay weChizopholis,: Waagen, 1880.0... 00. ccd acne ened oe 6 ovine eee 94, 95 Su. Volboriaia, Von Moller: T8735 02 oo Wee tee oes. ok ee bene OO ee pL nides. silliness, 1802 6.858 jaws als cat amen eae eae Die ke ee 97, 98 pe ACrOLMeLes ainmarsson; 1976... ca bg oc « lore eteane kee cre ae ee 98-101 Sovewerobreta.: Kutorga, 1848. 64. b. co hey ek tatoo ae eet eee 101-104 Se meOonotretas WV Alcott, 18890502. is sidsine se baw acdc reves he es eee 104, 105 oa. Discinopsis (Matthew) gen. NOV. «0. <6 fs. 22 sRee ) + es 2 eee 105, 106 Bo. Linnarssonia, Walcott, 1886... io. bc ads ascot ene eaelos cei oY ee 107-109 7. Mesotreta,’ Kutorga, 1848. ..... /.. 05.2004 en ee eee 109 so oiphonotreta, de Vermeuil; 11845. 2)... cih. cece sh ~ eps oe eee ee 110-113 Boy Sehizambon: Walcott, 18845. iG eek weds tiers viene marcel Ree 113-117 AV Weyserlingia, Pander, A 61 Git. /ss/ncuo nnyo\elee sighs one eee 117-119 Ze) Erelmersenia,. Pander, 1861... 03... e's sangeeis Sine Ga odes ee cen eek 119 47, 48. 49, 50. 51. 52. 53. Discina, Lamark, 1819; Orbicula, Sowerby, 1822; 42. Orbiculoidea, d’Orbigny, 1847; 43. Schizotreta, Kutorga, 1848; Orbiculoidea, Davidson, 1856; Discinisca, Dall, 1871; 44. Lindstroemella, sub-gen. nov.; 45. CGthlertella, sub-gen. nov.; 46. Roemerella, sub-gen. nov.; Diseina. of -Awthors.s 2. ois boas hens PRS ee ee eee 120-137 Mremais.onarpe,: L847 i. scokais Sadie stlsenta nl eeldiavee See a Sheree 138-142 Orbicella, @Orbigny, 1847. Schizocrania, Hall and Whitfield, 1875............... 00.02 ceeceee 142-144 @rania: Retzius, 178. cee ak ae vids ue 4h Sake Se 145-151 Choniopora, Schauroth, 1854. Pseudocrania, McCoy; 8b. oc. es Sey ce ws ws bate oe 151 Palaeocrania, Hichwald, 1860. 0.00550. % o.oo Dawa Shae ci ee 152 @raniella, Gihlert, 1888 2... 66 oe. a cole wae o's ere le sh evaie Shain» SHRetel inn 153 Gardinecrania, Waagen; 1885 24... <2... 0%) sees © + viele deteinkeln nip enn 154 PHaaapss sald, | POGOe His yi is 8 ese wha eae een eats (a 155-159 Craniops, Hall, 1859. Note On'Orbiculoidea.. ..)5 065. « iwels sede eek ONS eo Rinheeianes Sines 160 SVENIN CUTTIST.CMIMS b's, 800510, 4' 5) 6 win Sale: stole w bin! omc eral 6:5 Gin. BAR: Mc. miso ewe 161-170 SuPPLEMENT TO THE BRACHIOPODA INARTICULATA: Descriptions of New Species referred to in the preceding pages or on the accompanying plates. PAGE, C2) Lamgtla, COMME... ois bn nin,e o> ww a es »’m wie es ue bleh alee ieiel eta Olena aie ae 171 HAW aABOUDOUIB sa clea aces hove th 0s, Ou Cajal aie Game ahaa as naa tals een 171, 172 (6) L, fabellula,......0.6 SM Terry 172 4%) LL, paracletus:.,..ncvcssescenesreppscanndiny see verse twas bat s 00h hie 172 a ? Fr ea = *, i » i, a ee i_ va Me a ye ry A, ae | REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 333 PAGE. ee SaRSEIRNICE COOTER ANION IN 8 ogc 6's «5 A iehieraedin da oc ok es lena s eee de Omens 1738 RE MDUIRPLUELION So 'cicl ah oy eteld dic x o'n cc PGR a Moa wae await wdlpscoccnes este ameams 178 TEE PRERIERS CAVEIUBE DP Saini Calg oes oe eula ae RaMe. Wa wavs ea ties ceca ace cele Gabel 173 RATE M EAR VARYISONNEN yo 0 Gh o:<' oc eS o oO bea Ue a cia us wpa vecevsascande . 174 Eh card Sache Wii chin ties % 'she cre Gees Coule Bg eke Ga wale ea ee 174, 175 ENE Sire er diatwig h Ws as hws de WWM ETI oe Oo Ce PEE oles ooae ose Ree 175 EP REPRTTOE A lieth vals whin! ‘ss «0 ste WSU G wee «0 o's 8 vate a ela ana 4 i LEP OP LEE SOS ales ae Or eee ied ay OS EO 1 BAe POTS COLAVE, MMs oot sh). ss aig mmo’ bait eget eee ; Pee METTAVOLLA. A TAtMOUY 4 6 h.0 «4.5 4 Sule Rin’ sieu a Aah Miguel ae oa 2 ax Seapyrinthions Bay eee. sss eated dna elene llega id H., MONOGON, WAT. LTAGOTNA oo i sys Wve wae ees a a 4 ivaling lineata, Say sie cies «aloha a cme basen eRe 3 No. specimens. . oles Th v wy toh yh SRLS RS mt a ae XK tee | ‘hie, id ee ; mye bi we m a Ni il ees oe ey ae Ah a ES BRATS oe Re Ee Report or rue Srare GEovocist. 339 2 No. specimens. __ Hyalina arborea, Say ates aay 2 Yea dat Pe ae os 14 —— Hy WEES IA, cay. i ewan UR er atalino 4 Sn alias Marre 23 iis. NS AANA Lees civ veev ecu 3 Zonites suppressa, see j!, gimme Liat cat's 0% ale 8 a ee smronella suboylindrica, Linné .. es iii db elele eee eee el 2 Succinea ovalis, Gould ........... ROR Te Set be, Ge og ed ok 4 os feeupn oontracta, Say... ii... ce ones Bee inte aa ath J n'a) ge 2 Ke REIMER SM Sooty aks x's cos 8 ee Wik ne «od ea etd ale ee 1 ; aa Remrounmiaonsy Gould: 57 ee ee 2 a Pee ORSOUUI WAY 0. es eae seas cgicceeebese 2 _ Emmett Brown, Belfast, N. Y.: aa Retzia Eugenia, Bill. Hamilton group, York, N. Y ....... % _ Nucleocrinus sp.? Hamilton group, York, N. Y ........... ae Dr. E. Holzapfel, Aachen, Germany: A g Bifida lepida. Middle Devonian, Pelm ................... a W. R. Billings, Ottawa, Canada : - Auypa bisuicata. Trenton group, Ottawa ..... .......... - Charles Schuchert, Albany, N. Y.: a n | Palwaster? sp. Clinton group, Clinton, N. Y........... oe _W. B. Marshall, Albany, N. Y.: io | Spirifer arrectus. Oriskany sandstone (boulder), New Balti- EEE ON ere et aby ys RPO ne oot woh i ors ale he BE etal y > * RRM Ne LETS Mac css cm rk get eh 6 ara 7a eal okt a ear TS Bh” C. F. Goodwin, Cleveland, Ohio: 3 a Pereouenne Nahlands Pac .)./e Se bees ad pie Agnes Crane, Brighton, England: — Orthis hybrida. Wenlock, Benthall Edge, Shropshire....... K EO. elegantula. Wenlock, Benthall Edge, Shropshire. . * - Nucleospira pisum. Wenlock, Benthall Edge, Binsoranieeee Le _ Spirifer crispus. Wenlock, Benthall Edge, Shropshire...... _ Glassia obovata. Wenlock, Benthall Edge, Shropshire...... _ Atrypa reticularis. Wenlock, Benthall Edge, Shropshire... Porambonites? Lower Silurian, near St. Petersburg ....... iy ‘a Platyceras sp.? Lower Helderberg limestone, New Balti-— (Identifications corrected and verified by Mr. W. B. Marshall.) 10 Oonrnwmnww 6 340 FoRTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. No. specimens. Athyris ambigua. Carboniferous, Tyrone, Ireland ......... ta A. protea. Carboniferous, Caucasus ..............-- % t J A. planosuleata. Carboniferous, Welton, Staffordshire. 1 Atiyris.c. spo Wuocality ?.i....h 2 obo cele is tla alike eee - Terebratula sacculus. Carboniferous, Welton, Staffordshire. 4 The Assistant Paleontologist : Lepadocrinus sp? Lower Pentamerus limestone, Coeymans, Spirifer Vanuxemi. Tentaculite limestone, Coeymans, N. Y. Leptena rhomboidalis. Corniferous limestone, Canan- APP M ING Ne gs Liege UNIAN 1G i, Say eee ec ee Orthoceras sp. Chemung group, Jasper, N. Y............. Modiomorpha. Chemung group, Jasper, N. Y...... Re: 105 YEG ER OIG aay ie By ExcHaANGE. Dr. D. F. Lincoln, Geneva, N. Y.: Centronella impressa. Hamilton group, Bellona, N. Y...... Spirifer asper. Hamilton group, Slate Rock Falls, Geneva, IMAG ede Meee uia'at « SEENON GUILE vaca Mn) LCS: scene he eh aa eee S. granuliferus. Hamilton group, Slate Rock Falls, Geneva, ecoevneeeee eo ep eee eeeeteeeee ese eee ees ee ese ee ee ee wee eee Fe Pharetrella tenebrosa. Marcellus shales, Slate Rock Falls, ESTO NG YON. 5 cision A aitlmednere ote peer e a Dinicthys Lincolni, Claypole, 1893 (type), Marcellus shales, Slate Iock Halls “Geneyay IN. Yous oot. he a a eee Orthis Vanuxemi. Hamilton group, Slate Rock Falls, Ganeyn ceoeuovoeeveeweeeeeeseesese eevee eee ow rte ese ewes e meee ete eee eet el eh el le A. L. Arey, Rochester, N, Y.: Meristina nitida. Clinton group, Rochester................ Atrypa reticularis. Clinton group, Rochester.............. Pentamerus sp. nov. Clinton group, Rochester ............ Rhynchonella sp. Clinton group, Rochester............,.. G. L. Houser, Iowa City, Iowa: Stromatopora. Devonian, Iowa City, Ia .................. Diphyphyllum. Devonian, Solon, Ia..... 0.60. vee ee ee Megistocrinus Farnsworthi. Devonian, Solon, Ia .......... je bod aa ReEpoRT OF THE STATRH GEOLOGIST. Orthis Iowensis. Devonian, Iowa City, Ia .......... i sath Atrypa reticularis. Devonian, Buffalo, Ia................. Atrypa reticularis. Devonian, Solon, Ia .... ............. 5: wapers. “sevoninm Solon, ari h'. saw Liasis e's eae Athyris vittata. Devonian, Buffalo, Ia ................... Athyris vittata. Devonian, Iowa City, Ia................. Spirifer Parryanus. Devonian, Buffalo, Ia................ Spirifer Parryanus. Devonian, Montpelier, Ia............. S. pennatus. Devonian, Solon, Ia..................- Pentamerus coms. Devonian, Solon, Ia................... Rhynchonella alta. Devonian, Solon, Ia.................. Terebratula Iowensis. Devonian, Robert’s Ferry, Ia ....... Straparollus cyclostoma. Devonian, Coralville, Ia.......... Pentamerus Bashkiricus. Devonian, Russian Urals ........ r. galeatus. Devonian, Russian Urals ........... Rhynchonella livonica. Devonian, Russian Urals.......... R. Meyendorfi, Devonian, Russian Urals ........ R. _ procuboides. Devonian, Russian Urals ...... er RX. cuboides. Devonian, Russian Urals ......... __ Spirifer bifidus. Devonian, Russian Urals ......... Set sik AS pachyrhynchus. Devonian, Russian Urals ......... 8. Jeremejewl. Devonian, Russian Urals ............ 8. elegans. Devonian, Russian Urals................ S. Anossofi. Devonian, Russian Urals............... _ Atrypa reticularis. Devonian, Russian Urals.............. my A, aspera. Devonian, Russian Urals.............. see A. Alinensis. Devonian, Russian Urals............. a Cyrtia Murchisoni. Devonian, Russian Urals............. d Orthis Ivanovi. Devonian, Russian Urals. ............... oO. Ririatwia..)oevonian,; uss Urals > ou. 6. 1... ek _ Camarophoria subreniformis. Devonian, Russian Urals..... Chonetes plebeia. Devonian, Russian Urals............... Charles Schuchert, Albany, N. Y.: Specimens from the Marcellus shales and limestone at Chapin- ville, Mertensia and Canandaigua, N. Y.; consisting princi- pally of cephalopoda and plants...................0000. _ Posidonomya Becheri. Culm. Bredelar,Germany.......... ee tuberculata. Culm. Lautenthal, Germany.... F Dr. Th. Tschernyschew, St. Petersburg (not before reported) : Le ce ee ce SO SD 2 oN 2 Ow 200 ¥ rey Foe tik, Beef 342 FoORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Beets. Goniatites crenistriatus. Culm. Winterberg, Germany..... Goniatites crenistriatus. Culm. Schalke, Germany ........ G. coronula. Culm. Clausthal, Germany........... Plants. Coal measures. Pomeroy, Ohio, (slabs)............ Platycrinus granosus. Coal measures, Tournai, Belgium.... Ceratites nodosus. Muschelkalk. Gdottingen,Germany...... Monotis Alberti. Muschelkalk. Riidersdorf, Germany...... Rhynchoteuthis. Muschelkalk. Berklingen, Germany...... Teniodon Ewaldi. Rhetic. Hlliehausen, Germany ........ Gresslya abducta. Jura. Dohnsen, Germany.............. Perna isognomoides. Jura. Dohnsen, Germany............ Ammonites Gervillei. Jura. Dohnsen, Germany .......... A. polyplocus. Jura. Fichtelgebirge, Germany.... Pholadomya Murchisoniana. Jura. Ollerhausen, Germany... Pe: acuticosta. Kimmeridge, Holtzen, Germany.... Pecten. Kimmeridge, Hoitzen, Germany.......-.........- De eH eB wo we w WY Cyprina Brongniarti. Kimmeridge, Holtzen, Germany...... Cercomya excentrica. Kimmeridge, Holtzen, Germany...... Exogyra virgula. Kimmeridge, Holtzen,;Germany.......... 40 Fish tooth. Kimmeridge, Holtzen, Germany............... 1 Exogyra arietina. Cretaceous. Mountain City, Texas...... Il Catopygus fenestratus. Cretaceous, Ciply...............-- Sponge spicules. Cretaceous. Worwohle,Germany......... Ostrea gigantea. Tertiary. Morro, Cal.................6.: O. Idrianensis. Tertiary. Morro, Cal...) ii.)5.05 6 ches Pecten discus. Tertiary. Morro, Cal....... 2ohg ts Rok SE fad = Ace ee) Feat tek OS eet Mytilus Inezensis. Tertiary. Morro, Cal. -... 2. 01....20m meeten- ep, Lertiany. Morro, Calicis5). iid. oe close ee PP: Veatchi. Tertiary. Morro, Cals... .40cay aes Melamia,\Vertiary. Paris, France’). .h 0 oes Vice sien th nee ae Cyprea coccinella. Tertiary, Palermo, Italy............... Pusus multisulcatus, Tertiary. Bagley . ..i0../..5 abnieisis. armies Planorbis euomphalus. Tertiary. Headon Hill, England.... Limnea longiscata. Tertiary. Headon Hill, England....... Pectunculus Philipi. Post-tertiary, Hitzaeker, Germany. .... Clausilia similies. Post-tertiary. Zierenberg, Germany..... Bulimus montanus. Post-tertiary. Zierenberg, Germany .. Planorbis carinatus. Post-tertiary. Saxe-Weimar, Germany. oe S&S FLW Ww KH eB eB BY RK eS PF Pe Pw Limnea palustris. Post-tertiary. Saxe-Weimar, Germany. . Or Helix incarnata. Post-tertiary. Zierenberg, Germany...... rs ryan Piven geen Fo, kh ¢ ‘ te ss Report OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 343 r es é; No. specimens : ___ Reptilian coprolites. Post-tertiary. Georgetown, 8, Car.. 6 _ Elephant tooth. Post-tertiary. Charleston, 8. Car......... 1 Emmett Brown. Belfast, N. Y.: | Retzia Eugenia, Bill. Hamilton group. York, N. Y....... -Taxocrinus. Chemung STOOD: Te ps i seek Wane ene 1 Rhynchonella cf. pugnus. Chemung group. Belfast....... 2 Terebratula cf. navicella. Chemung group. Belfast ....... 10 Ne sp. Chemung group. Belfast...... ......... 4 Centronella Julia ?, Chemung group. Belfast............. 1 Athyris Angelica. Chemung group. Belfast.............. mater: E. A. Parks, Clarence, N. Y.: ~ Dalmanites aspectans. Corniferous limestone. Clarence.... i : A e By. Atrypa congesta. Clinton group (drift) ’.................. re EK. H. Raymour, Kansas City, Mo.: _ Proetus crassimarginatus. Corniferous limestone. Waverly, 0 kes PN at ER eg ia Ec 5 SA 28 __ P. ef. macrocephalus. Corniferous limestone. Waverly, Ind. 9 Brachiopods (various species), Corniferous limestone. 5 Mery Tidy eg os. a) uae EP CEA ae Snes Lina tae S 42 - Gastropods. Corniferous limestone. Waverly, Ind........ 7 a a _ Aviculopecten sp. Corniferous limestone. Waverly, Ind.... 2 mY: 3 _ F. B. Loomis, Spencerport, N. Y.: ; Re eckiopods Clinton shale. Buell avenue, Rochester...... 200 9 i Dr. Friedrich Schmidt, Reval. Russia: > WNurypterus Fischeri. Rootsikull, Gisel ................... 2 4 Pterygotus Osiliensis. Rootsikull, sel .................. 2 "i a _ Porambonites gigas. Lyckholm, Estland ................. ei ‘ ~ Leptoceelia ienteagrost, |< lMatlamdia ese lee Jaca wee wacasee 1 ‘ Beeteyna wunbricats. Hetland: 22) oe... ee et keene 1 i: 7 Bemnssapolinis.,; Teeelecht oo. yeah.) sees Vance hee 1 SeeeOnchus Murchisoni. Clsel.. 050.0 Ba ene 1 _ Pentamerus borealis. Weissenfeld..................00008 3 Bi Volborthella tenuis. Keval..... eR Sats hea tn Wet ae 1 _ _Thyestes verrucosus. Rootsikull, sel...............0..05 1 i Meechivlepis.. “Aled. MA ee ‘t y _ Tentaculites curvatus | Sticyrishin Wilskensiana Mtg.) \ teu 1 Ce iy * ! 8; uy ee ees ; 344 Olencllus Mickwiiel § etland 1g dcc oe ee eh Elatyschisma helicites: | Cisel si) a) ona ecae eee te E 2 - D. G. Anderson, Keokuk. Iowa: . | Brachiopods (various species). Keokuklimestone. Keokuk.. 607.5, L, A. Cox: Brachiopods (various species), Keokuk limestone. Keokuk. . 73 [HAS | OG dee cS Res UaUNR Les ey Ga nen Cy veee 1,002 | By CoLuEctTIon. Jacob Van Deloo, November, 1890: Fossils from the Chazy limestone. Keeseville. N. Y. (museum teee te ME ULB i iy lpia veka oie dee aha) SAlaes Ot Le an 244 D. D. Luther, May—July, 1891: Fossils from the Genesee and upper Hamilton shales at the Livonia salt shaft, 19 boxes, 1 barrel. Fossils, September, 1891, from the middle Hamilton shales, 9 boxes. Martin Sheehy and Jacob Van Deloo, September, 1891: Fossils from the Oriskany fauna, near Hudson, N. Y., 9 boxes (approximately 700 specimens). SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS. Re OMATION 2 Ae fA ids) We el age em eels Merwe ta.) - 244 DER CAMO ee Lec eee iba wide GUeURS elle Rie Soe teee aaa . L tees iny collection (approximately) (20/4... 5 dns ids . oe panes 2,600 tale Pecos i ON ae 3,846 —————— ee During the past year two school collections have been selected, labeled and ‘sent out as follows: Parker Union School of Clarence, New York, contaiing 170 species and 241 examples. St. Lawrence University, Canton, St. Lawrence county. New York, 140 species and 217 examples. [ report herewith a communication from Prof. J. M. Clarke, Assistant Paleontologist, together with a List of Original and Illustrated specimens in the Paleontological collections. Part I, CRUSTACEA. It is intended to continue this work until the z ‘ F ote al , er TC Oe ae y oe peg 2 Ly rf ‘cur o) ¥ ‘ | "shall be dig aR in 1 all 3 ae of fossils anubrdised in the Be tccatnlony of New York. The preparation of such a list of each class of fossils (to be illustrated) has been a long time con- _ templated by the writer and it is very gratifying to be able to_ oe present at this time the first installment of the work. ___ The requirement to present the Annual Report in October has necessarily left unfinished several communications which would : have been completed during the coming months, had the pre- - esntation of the report been delayed till the end of the year, __ which has been the custom until the present occasion. Very respectfully, + ni 3 Your obedient servant. * JAMES HALL, ee State Geologist. - _ Axsany, October, 1891. 44 OT ATOG UiE OF THE “\ ae Collection of Geological and Paleontological ae ot aay nay Specimens, Donated by the Albany Institute to the State Museum. a” ag ‘Prepared by Professor John M, Clarke and communicatedfto Professor i a N Br James Hall, State Geologist, December 1, 1891.] 4 Pe A a Ie hy te q CATALOGUE: 4 _ The collection of the Albany Institute was received at the State Museum in the month of August, and formally donated to the institution on the 6th of October, 1891.* When the fossils came - into my hands I found them in bad condition. Such labels as existed had been gathered into piles and boxes by themselves, __ with the exception of the few instances in which they had been glued to the specimens. The majority of the specimens, however, bore a numeral ticket, which had been copied upon the separated ~ labels, and by means of this arrangement the matching of the few labels with their specimens was not difficult. Fortunately, these _ labeled specimens constitute the most important part of the col- lection; they are mostly Trilobites, and embrace a number of the _ original types used by Dr. Jacob Green in his “ Monograph of y _ Trilobites of North America,’ with much other interesting material of the same class, and in addition are several type- specimens of Cephalopods from the Black River limestone, _ described by yourself in volume I of the Paleontology of New o York. . Of this series of labeled specimens a few are evidently missing, _ but perhaps not as many as, under the circumstances, one might q expect. It appears from the labels on the rest of the collec- tion that the specimens were divided into groups, each with _ its own form of numerical ticket. It is understood that there was a manuscript register or catalogue of these specimens, but it was a not found among the documents pertaining to the collection nor - delivered with it, and subsequent careful search among the 4 archives of the Institute has failed to discover it. The want of this catalogue has naturally added greatly to the task of identify- a ing the specimens. On account of the historical value of this col- lection I have taken much pains to locate such material as proves . *The extensive collection of minerals donated to the State Museum at the same time, together - with other collections of natural history, have not come under the cognizance or control of be the State Geologist, and no account of them can be given in this connection. , ¥ , ; 350 Forvy-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. — to be a genuine contribution to the State Museum. By far the ie fe greater number of specimens are from familiar outcrops of the — New York series of formations, and their source can be approxi- mately indicated without much danger of error. For us the value of this collection lies almost wholly in its New York paleeozoic. fossils; the few mesozoic and tertiary specimens being from scat- tered and uncertain American and European localities. ALBANY INSTITUTE COLLECTION. FossiIts. J. A small series labeled by Prof. Amos Eaton, but without localities “1 Gorgonia ripisteria Nobis” == Polypora celsipora, Hall. In a fragment of decomposed Corniferous chert, apparently from -western New York. The original description of this species is as follows : “ G. ripisteria, very branching and net-form, spread out like a fan; branchlets subcompressed, coalescent, minutely striated: bark granu- lose. Found at Bethlehem in corniferous limerock; 14 inches long.” (Geological Text Book. 2nd. Ed., p. 48, pl. 4, fig. 47, 1832.) “2 Coscinopora macropora ” From the Lower Helderberg shaly limestone. _ “ C. macropora (large-mouthed net-stone) patella-form, pores orbic- ular, interstices with greater or less punctures. “In second graywacke on Becraft Mt., near Hudson. Very irregu- lar in external form.” (Op. cit. p. 43, pl. 5, figs. 59, 60.) 3 and 4 missing. “5 Turbinolia mitrata”==a worn specimen of Streptelasma cornt- -culum, Hall. ‘Trenton limestone. Original description : “T. mitrata (mitred cone, smooth horn), subcompressed on the sides; apex incurved: lamelle thickish, sub-connate and papillose at the surface, unequal, somewhat toothed, forming an ovate, stellate disk. My specimens average an inch in length. Found at Glens Falls.” (Op. cit., p. 39, pl. 3, figs. 32, 33.) 6, 7, 8 missing. “9 Cyathophyllum ceratites.” (Cystiphyllum) Corniferous limestone. “10 Lithodendron dichotomum”— Bythotrephis gracilis, Hall. ‘Trenton limestone. Original description: ‘ “ZT. dichotomum (cylindrical stone tree). Cespetose, erect. Sub- flexuose; branches dichotomous, densely striate; little stars excavated -orbicularly. Very common at Glens Falls, lying between the layers of iy STAG, Mott aie ee rom 7 oth ol gts Rial alee Td po ; a s _ m Y , © im - * 4 « «Web tG eieiae af oe ‘Ta ; . a: Reporr OF THE STATE ({EOLOGIST. 351 a te limerock.” (Op. cit., p. 39, pl. 4, fig. 43.) The description and figures represent a true coral, which, if correct, do not apply to any of the known species from the Trenton limestone. 11 missing. +42 Astrea stylophora ”—= Michelinia stylopora Eaton (sp.). Ham- _ ilton group. Original description: . “ A. stylopora (star stone). Hemispherical; little stars angle-tubu- lar, approximating and contiguous, margin glabrous, lamelle distant; a the center of the column or star extended a little. Common on the south bank of Lake Erie; about one inch in diameter.” (Op. cit., p. 40, pl. 4, fig. 48.) a “13 Columnaria sulcata’’= Columnaria alveolata (Goldfuss), Hall, ; 3 Black River limestone. Original description: “ OC. sulcata (furrowed corals) tubes genera!ly parallel and straight, sometimes a little curved; furrowed longitudinally and substriate; lamell of the stars radiating from the center, and the marginal ones ‘ alternating. Very abundant in transition limerock at Glens Falls, _ where it is generally dark brown. We find some there whose prismatic - columns are six inches long.” (Op. cit., p. 41, pl. 5, fig. 51.) “3 “14 Columnaria alveolata” = Fuvosites Helderbergic, Hall, Lower _ Helderberg (Shaly limestone). P a This is apparently Prof. Katon’s identification of Goldfuss’ species. ee ami Pi be His description is: “ ©. alveolata (coral cakes). Hemispherical (often concave, convex and sometimes flat) tubes unequal in length, striated longitudinally, a and radiating from the base; those lamelle of the little stars are rather : remote which radiate from the center, the marginal ones alternating. + Very abundant over the Voral cone on the Helderberg. They are _ from three inches in diameter to ten.” (Op. cit., p. 40, pl. 4, figs, 44, 45.) . “15 Sarcinula tomnoph chalias var. prismatica.” Label only. 16,17, 18, 19 missing. a “20 Terebratula Perovalis.” Label only. 21 missing. “99 Terebratula spiriferoides, Nobis "= Athyris spiriferoides, Katon ee, (sp.). Hamilton group. (Op. cit., p. 46.) Be “93 Terebratula dimidiata ” (Ezatoynorclia arata, Hall). Cornifer- ous limestone. 94 Spirifer alternatus.” Label only. eh ae —————— ws @ 352 _FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. “25 Resembles Spirifer Walcottii. Probably near = Spirifer mac- — ropleura, Conrad.” Lower Helderberg (Shaly limstone). : 26 missing. | | “97 A pentacrinite being the Encrinus dicyclus”=Crinoidal disks from the Hamilton or Chemung group. “98, Encrinus transversus ” == Phytopsis tubulosa, Hall. Birdseye limestone. Original description: | “ EF transversus (birdseye pins) rings low or confluent, so that the column appears nearly or quite smooth; perforates strata transversely. Found in the lowest and most compact layers of metalliferous limerock. It is called Encrynal by Conybeare and Birdseye marble by stone- cutters.” (Op. cit., p. 36.) “99, Enecrinus interruptus.” Corniferous limestone. “30. Productus depressus in 2d Graywacke” == Leptena rhom- boidalis, Wilckens. Lower Helderberg (Shaly limestone). “31. Orthocera_ circularis” == Orthoceras sp.? probably from the Corniferous limestone. (Op. cit., p. 29, pl. 3, fig. 27.) ; “©32 Cancer triloboides Nobis” == Brongniartia carcinodea, Katon, 1832 — Triarthrus Becki, Green, 1832. Utica slate. “33, Conularia quadrisulcata” — Conocardium trigonale, Conrad. “ Cyathophyllum ceratites” == Zaphrentis sp.? mt ‘“‘ Gorgonia ripisteria ” == Polypora celsipora, Hall (?). . IL The collection of Trinosrrrs had been carefully labeled by the late Dr. T. R. Beck, and though these labels were all displaced, the numbering on both labels and specimens has facilitated their replace- ment. This collection is composed of some small lots not included in the serial numbering of the general collection, and a few embraced the initiatory portion of the latter. 1. Plaster-of-paris models of ‘Trilobites described by Dr. Jacob Green in his “‘ Monograph of the Trilobites of North America,” 1832. No. 1, Calymene Blumenbachii, Brongniart, Trenton Falls. No. 2, C. ecallicephala, Green, “ Hampshire, Virginia.” No. 5, C. platys, Green, Helderberg (3 specimens). No. 6, C. microps, Green, near Ripley, Ohio. (?) No. 9, C. macrophthalma, Brongniart, Leheighton, Pa. No. 10, C. Bufo, Green, New Jersey. No. 17, Asaphus caudatus, Briinnich, Ripley, Obio. No. 28, Cryptolithus tesselatus, Green, Champlain canal. No. 31, Dipleura DeKayi, Green, Northumberland, Pa. (?) — , YS ree , ee ee ty ee ee Cle Tr eet, 42 ie: tet tere D codes wl 3 bs satu keer - ; ; re 7" hy (43 oi OMe Ts. aq ri we een ? ¢ ve a ~ Ons ie Wa aie. eG t vid . ’ - ey. 8 7 tell ‘ Ray i oh kat fi i ; a. eer ie Fe on ‘ “ “ ys 7 Report oF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 353 No. 32, Trimerus delphinocephalus, Green, Williamsville, N. Y. (?) No. 35, Nuttainia sparsa, Eaton, Coeymans, N, Y. Also model of the original of Isotelus magnus, DeKay, Trenton Falls, N. Y. . The James Hights collection: 1, Cryptolithus tesselatus, Green, Glens Falls, N. Y. 2, Calymene bufo, Green, Helderberg. 3, Triarthrus Beckii, Green, 7 miles east of Little Falls, N. Y. 5, Asaphus (— Dalmanites anchiops, Green), Helderberg, N. Y. 6, Dalmanites anchiops, Green (without label). 8, Asaphus micrurus, Green (= Dalmanites pleuroptyx, Green) Helderberg, N. Y. | 9, Dipleura DeKayi, Green, Black river, Jefferson county, N. Y. (?) “The heads of two trilobites in the Dudley limestone,” (= Phacops Downingiz), Dudley, England. 3. The G. W. Clinton collection : (a) Dipleura DeKayi, Green (specimen mentioned in Green’s Monograph, p. 80), Madison county, N. Y. (©) “A Fragment of the Isotelus gigas ” (Gov. Clinton’s label), = Dipleura DeKayi, Green (specimen mentioned in Green’s Monograph, p. 80), Steuben county (?? probably Madison county) N.Y. (c) Dipleura DeKayi, Green (specimen mentioned in Green’s Monograph, p. 80), Cazenovia, N. Y. (d) “Head of the Isotelus, Cazenovia, Madison county” (Gov. Clinton’s label), Dipleura DeKayi (specimen mentioned in — Green’s Monograph, p. 80). (e) Dipleura DeKayi, Green, Steuben (?? probably Madison) county, N. Y. 4, Small miscellaneous lot : “Petrified crab or cancer in 2d Greywacke,” — Triarthrus Becki, 2 specimens. Dalmanites anchiops reitnees label). Fragment. 5. Trilobites of the General Collection. I, a, 1. Calymene anchiops, Green. Onriarnat. Ulster county, N.Y. John R. Bleecker, Don. I,a,2. Missing. I, a, 3. Calymene platys, Green. Corniferous limestone, Coeymans, Bw ¥. I, a, 4. Calymene bufo, Green. (The head.) Corniferous lime- stone, Bethlehem, N. Y. Z. &. “ae Don. - 1891 45 bo ocx ass teen Tce > 304 Forry-FirrH REPORT on THE STATE Museum. I, a, 5. Calymene Blumenbachi. (“ Dudley Trilobite.’’) Ohio. on T. &. Beck, Don. es I, a, 6. Calymene bufo. var. rana, Green. Onrervat. Seneca, — Ontario county, N. Y. J. H. Webster, Don. . I, a 7. Dipleura DeKayi, Green. (Specimen mentioned in Green’s _ Monograph, p. 80.) Cazenovia, N. Y. JZ. C. Beck, Don. I, a, 8. Trimerus delphinocephalus, Green. Oriarnat. (Also Paleontology of New York, vol. 2, pl. 68, fig. 3.) Banks of Lake Ontario, Monroe county, N. Y. James Hights, Don. I, a 9. Trimerus delphinocephalus, Green. (Specimen mentioned in Green’s Monograph, p. 82.) Banks of Lake Ontario, Monroe county, N. Y. M2 H. Webster, Don. I, a, 10. Calymene Blumenbachii, Brong. Canajoharie, N. Y. James Hights, Don. I, a, 11. Asaphus micrurus, Green. Becraft’s Mt., near i: Hndeon! N. Y. M. 1. Webster, Don. I, a, 12. Asaphus Wetherilli, Green. Onicrnat. Rochester, N. Y. LL. C. Beck, Don. I, a, 13. (Calymene callicephala, Green, Trenton limestone.) Label missing. I, a, 14. Isotelus gigas, DeKay. Norway, Herkimer county, N. Y. James Hadley, Don. I, a, 15. Isotelus (fragment). Trenton Falls, N. Y. A. W. Sny- der, Don. : I, a, 16. Two worn specimens of Trilobite (Calymene callicephala, Green.) Trenton Falls, N.Y. M4 H. Webster, Don. I, a, 17. Calymene Blumenbachii. Trenton Falls, N. Y. & W. Bauman, Don. I, a, 18. ( Odontocephalus selenurus. Corniferous limestone.) Label missing. \ I, a, 19. Missing. I, a, 20. Calymene bufo, Green. (Hamilton group. Locality missing. ) . I, a, 21. Missing. I, a, (b), 22. (Dalmanites pleuruptyx, Green. Lower Helderberg The Heldeberg, N. Y.) I, a, 23. Calymene bufo. (Phacops Logani, Hall.) Lower Hel- — derberg limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard, Don. I, a, 24. Calymene bufo. (Hamilton group. Locality missing.) C. Delafield, Don. I, a, 25. (Lsotelus gigas. Trenton limestone.) Label missing “hy secataiint 2 Pei ia ibaa a i *) ern TER? ey As Ate 4 : ~ .- : - REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIS1. 355 I, a, 26. Caleareous slate with Trilobites (= Zriarthrus Becki, Green), 74 miles east of Little Falls, N. Y. I, a, 27. (Dalmanites anchiops, Green. Schoharie grit.) Label missing. I, a, 28. (Dalmanites vienna gs, Green. Delthyris shaly lime- stone.) Label missing. I, b, 1. Isotelus. Oriarnat (Paleontology of New York, vol. I pl. 61, fig. 3g. There identified as Zsotelus gigas, De Kay, but probably a distinct species). Crown Point, N. Y. John James, Don. : I, b, 2. (Dalmanites pleuroptyx, Green. Lower Helderberg group. The Helderberg, N. Y.) I, b, 3. (Dalmanites limulurus, Green. Niagara group, Rochester, 5. IT, b, 4. Asaphus caudatus (= Dalmanites limulurus. Green). Specimen described in Green’s Monograph, p. 56, as A. plew- roptyx. Genesee river, N. Y. James Hights, Don. ; I, b, 5. (Dalmanites micrurus, Green. Lower Helderberg group. The Helderberg, N. Y.) | I, b, 6. Asaphus selenurus, Eaton. Corniferous limestone. Hel- derberg. James Eights. I, b, 7. Missing. I, b, 8. Ceraurus pleurexanthemus, Green. 3 specimens. ORiIGI- nats. Trenton limestone. Newport, N.Y. 7Z! &. Beck, Don. I (11), b, 9. (Dalmanites micrurus, Green. Oricinat. Lowe Helderberg, Schoharie county, N. Y.) | I, b, 10. Tail of Isotelus (gigas, De Kay). Trenton limestone. Mastigouche river, Canada. TZ. Rk. Beck, Don. I, b, 11. (Dalmanites micrurus, Green. Lower Helderberg. The Helderberg, N. Y.) | I, b, 12. (Dalmanites myrmecophorus, Green. Corniferous lime- stone. N.Y.) Label missing. 2 specimens belonging together, I (II), b, 13. (Dalmanites pleuroptyx, Green. OrternaL. Lower Helderberg (Shaly limestone), Albany county, N. Y.) A, b, 14. Asaphus Hausmanni. (=Phacaps rana, Green). Eaton. coll. Hamilton group. Western, N. Y.) I, b, 15. Asaphus caudatus (Eaton’s label). (?) Oriskany fauna, near Hudson, N, Y. I, b, 16.» Asaphus caudatus (Eaton’s label). (?) Oriskany fauna, near Hudson, N. Y. 356 FoORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. ‘ i a ck Bs Aen in Greywacke. South Sea Islands (?) (Prob- oa ably Dalmanites sp. nov. Oriskany fauna, near Hudson, N. Ye ia _ 8. De Witt Bloodgood, Don. * Bye: I, b, 18. (Dalmanites pleuroptyx, Green. Lower Helderberg ‘" group. Schoharie, N. Y.) By. I, b, 19. Asaphus laticostatus, Green (= Dalmanites pledregeaae en Green). Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard, Don. Sea I, b, 20. Asaphus selenurus, Eaton. Corniferous limestone. Scho-— i harie, N. Y. J. Gebhard, Don. | I, b, 21. Calymene bufo, Green (= Phacops cristata, var. pipa). a Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard, Don. oa See I, a, (b), 22. he ah I, b, 23. (Dalmanites limulurus : Green, Lockport,? N. Y.) Label iH missing. ; es : I, c. 1. Trimerus delphinocephalus. Green. Genesee River, N. Y. faa ; : James Hights, Don. ae I, c, 2. Trimerus delphinocephalus. Green. (Specimens described in Green’s Monograph, p. 82.) Williamsville (? probably Lock- port), N. Y. JS. Hadley, Don. ing). Glens Falls, N. Y. I. HZ. Webster, Don. B* Also, Calymene platys. Green. Oricinat. Helderberg Mt. ag Albany county, N. Y. TZ &. Beck, Don. ‘ Be | Two plaster moulds of Dipleura DeKayi. Green. Cazenovia, NY. ee 6. Balance of the General Collection. Peed These specimens are virtually without other label than the cata- im | logue ticket, and as the catalogue is missing the restoration of localities is In many cases a matter of approximation. The i. Bi great majority of the specimens, however, are from the State , ah of New York and their origin is not a matter of much uncer- Bey tainty. In this list the choicer specimens, which are really we important additions to the collections of the State Museum are a indicated by an asterisk on the margin of the page. *T, b, 21. Gonioceras anceps. Hall. Black River limestone. ig | Watertown, N. Y. . \ . ° : b *T, b, 7. Murchisonia. Lower Pentamerus limestone. Helder- if berg. BO. I, (or II), b, 19, (Orbiculordea graudis, Vanuvem), Oriskany AS sandstone. The Helderberg, N. Y. "a a II, b, 1. Lower Helderberg limestone. Helderberg. II, b, 2. Lower Pentamerus limestone. Helderberg. cote aha Be Sash as all oil iy ste i Has ye fe Ny) ap hos rR a re eae oe gage SS ht A eh i REpPoRT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 357 II, b, 3. Missing. . Lower Pentamerus limestone. Helderberg. . Chert. Lower Carboniferous. . Clinton group. Tennessee ? Crinoid columns, Clinton group. Missing. : renee FTarlani. Medina Sandstone. Western = 7 Kio DO mm *I iy: 10. Arthrophycus Harlani. Medina Sandstone. II, ’, 11. Crinoid columns. Chemung group. N. Y. II, b, 12. Crinoid columns. Chemung group, N. Y. II, b, 13. Crinoid columns. Niagara group, Wisconsin ? II, c, 1. Cornulites. Orthis. Hudson River Sandstone, Niskayuna, WY. II, c, 2. Cornulites. Orthis. Modiolopsis. Hudson River Sand- | stone, Niskayuna, N. Y. II, c, 8. Crinoid columns. Delthyris Shaly limestone, Berne, N. Y II, c, 4. Crinoid columns. Corniferous limestone, Eastern N. Y. III, 2, b, 1. Schizodus? Locality? Europe. III, 2, ¢, 1. Gresslya. Locality? Europe. HI, 2, d,1. Cyprina. Locality ? Europe. HI, 2, d, 2. Glycimeris. Locality? Europe. Ill, 2, g, 2. Cyprina? Locality? Europe. III, 2, k, 1. “ Ostracite? West. Dist.” Limoptera macroptera, r Hamilton group, Central N. Y. a _ IU, 2, k, 2. Limoptera macroptera. Hamilton group, Central | Bey. III, 2, k, 3. Missing. ; III, 2, k, 4. Missing. | TI, 2, k, 5. Missing. ~*Ti, 2,k, 6. Grammysia bisulcata. Hamilton group, Central N. Y. TI, 2, 1,1. “Pectinite, Helderberg.” Hipparionyx proximus. Oriskany sandstone. III, 2,1, 2. “ Pectinites in Greywacke.” Spirifer mucronatus, Conrad. Hamilton group, Rensselaerville, N. Y. Ill, 2,1, 3. Spirifer mucronatus, Conrad. Hamilton group, Rens- _ selaerville, N. Y.? > If, 2,1, 4. Spirifer mucronatus, Conrad. Hamilton group, Rens- selaerville, N. Y.? III, 2,1, 5. Spirifer mucronatus, Conrad. Hamilton group, Rens- _ selaerville, N. Y. 398 ForvY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE Srarz Museum. ITI, 2, 1, 6. “ Pectinite, West. Dist.” Spirifer granulosus, Conr, Hamilton group, Western N. Y. Ree. IIT, 2, 1, 7 (2 specimens). “Pectinite, Helderberg.” Spirifer | arenosus, Conr. Oriskany sandstone. aay? nk ILL, 2,1, 8. Orthis testudinaria. Trenton limestone, “from Big Sandy Oreek, Jefferson county, about two miles above its mouth.” III, 2,1, 9. Rafinesquina alternata. eee limestone, Central N.Y. ~ III, 2,1, 10. Missing. IIT, 2, 1, 11. Missing. ITT, 2, 1, 12. Missing. . 1, 13. Missing. | . 1, 14. Missing. i 1, 15. Belemnite. Locality ? 1,16. Cyprina? Lias? Locality ? 1, 17. Missing. III, 2,1, 18. Spirifer mucronatus, Conr. Hamilton group, Cen- III, 2,1,19. S. arenosus, Conr. Oriskany sandstone, Eastern NY: III, 2, 1, 19. 8. disjunctus, Sow. Chemung sandstone, N. Y. : III, 2, m. 1. “ Anomite, Helderbergh ” Rensselwria ovoides, Hall. Oriskany sandstone, N. Y. | , III, 2, m, 2. “Anomite, Rensselaerville” A, ovalis, Hall. Oriskany — sandstone, N. Y. | III, 2, m, 3. Atrypa reticularis, Linn. Corniferous limestone, ONG ANS: III, 2, m, 4. Missing. , III, 2, m, 5. Meristella bella, Hall. Lower Helderberg group, Albany county, N. Y. eda III, 2, m, 6. Atrypa, Meristella, Proetus, etc. Schoharie grit, Albany county, N. Y. | III, 2, m, 7, Missing. * TIT, 2, m, 8. “Anomite, Rensselaerville,” Rensseleria ovalis, Hall. Oriskany sandstone, N. Y. ? *TIT, 2, m, 9. Rensseleria ovoides, Hall. Oriskany sandstone, ny: III, 2, m, 10. Rensselwria ovoides, Hall. Oriskany sandstone, Wiis III, 2, m, 11. Missing. III. 2, m, 12. “Anomites in argillite,” Liorhynchus limitaris. Marcellus shale, N. Y. i¥ 5 seth Tats, ; , : ¥ pe Pe smal Ny eo sigan fi Pye ay tuck n/a ails as I lea earl i | REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 359 II, 2, m, 13. ‘“Anomites in limestone, Fairfield, Herkimer county,” Orthis testudinaria. ‘Trenton limestone, N. Y. *TIT, 2, m, 14. Rensselwria ovoides, Hall. Oriskany sandstone, NX. ‘II, 2, m, 15. Missing. * TIT, 2,m, 16. Strophomena deltoidea, Conrad. Trenton limestone, Eastern N. Y. IIT, 2, m, 17. Missing. III, 2, m, 18. Rhynchonella. Hamilton group, Albany county? i eee III, 2, m, 19. Strophomena deltoidea, Conrad. Trenton limestone, Eastern N. Y. : Ill, 2, m, 20. Leptena sp.? Trenton limestone, N. Y. | III, 2, m, 21. Pentamerus galeatus. Lower Helderberg group, we. III, 2, m, 22. Rhynchonella. Chalk flint, England. III, 2, n, 1. Missing. III, 2, n, 2. “ Gryphite, Bethlehem,” Pentamerus galeatus. Lower Helderberg group, N. Y. ete III, 2, n, 3. “Gryphite, Helderberg,” Pentamerus galeatus. Lower Helderberg group, N. Y. A III, 2, n, 4. “Gryphite, Helderberg,” Pentamerus galeatus. Lower Helderberg group, N. Y. III, 2, n, 5. “Gryphite, Helderberg,” Pentamerus galeatus. Lower Helderberg group, N. Y. * TIT, 2, 0,1. “Terebratulite, Helderbergh,” Spirifer arrectus, Hall. ‘ Oriskany sandstone. ITI, 2, 0. 2. “Terebratulites, Coeymans,” Spirifer mucronatus, © Conr. Hamilton group. III, 2, 0, 3. “Terebratulites, Rensselaerville,” Zropidoleptus cari- ‘ natus, Hall. Hamilton group. Ill, 2, 0, 4. “Inside of a Terebratulite, Bethlehem,” Hipparionyx proximus, Vanuxem. Oriskany Sandstone. IH, 2, 0, 5. Spirifer arrectus, Hall. Oriskany sandstone. III, 2, 0, 6. “ Terebratulite, Helderbergh,” Spirifer arenosus, Hall. Oriskany sandstone. . III, 2, 0, 7. “ Terebratulites in Greywacke, Coeymans,” Ethyn- chonella. Hamilton group, N. Y. * TIT, 2, 0, 8. Spirifer arenosus, Hall. Oriskany Sandstone, Albany county, N. Y. FORTY-FIFTH are ON THE Cree Mn USHUM. i III, 2, 0, 9. Hi Aides fue procimus, Vanuxem. Oriskany peas stone, Albany county, N. Y. * TI, 2,0, 10. Hipparionyx proximus, Vanuxem. Oriskany Sarid: a stone, Albany county, N. Y. * III, 2, 0, 11. Hipparionyx proximus, Vanuxem. ORIGINAL, Oris- kany sandstone, Albany county, N. Y. ITI, 2, 0, 12. Missing. IIT, 2, 0, 18. Missing. III, 2, 0, 14. Missing. ITT,*2, 0, 15. Spirifer. Chemung group, N. Y. III, 2, 0, 16. Missing. , III, 2, 0, 17. Zygospira erratica, Hall, etc. Hudson River group, Central N. Y. ; ITI, 2, p, 1. “ Mytilite, West. Bast » Grammysia arcuata, Hall. Hamilton group, N. Y. III, 2, p, 2. Modiolopis modiolaris. Hudson River group, Central N. Y. II, 2, p, 3. Ambonychia radiata. “From the high grounds bor- dering Salmon River, two or ae ee miles from the present ine of Lake Ontario, Oswego co.’ III, 2, p, 4. Lingula cuneata. Medina standstone, Albion, N. Y. III, 2, p, 5. Actinopterta decussata. Hall. Hamilton group, lea aie III, 2, p, 6. Goniophora Hamiltonensis. Hamilton group, N. Y. III, 3, a, 1. Nautilus. Triassic, Europe. III, 3, a, 2. Ammonites. Triassic, Europe. III, 2, p, 8. Crassatella. Jurassic, Europe. III, 2, p, 9. Crassatella. Jurassic, Europe. III, 3, b, 1. Ammonites. Jura, Solenhofen? ' III, 8, b, 2. Gyroceras trivolve. Hall. Corniferous limestone, Schoharie, N. Y. *TIT, 3, b, 3. Gyroceras trivolve (8 specimens). Corniferous lime- stone, Schoharie, N. Y. *III, 3, b, 4. Gyroceras trivolve (2 specimens). Corniferous lime- stone, Schoharie, N. Y. III, 3, b, 5. Ammonites. Jurassic, England. III, 3, b, 6. Ammonites (2 specimens). Jurassic, England. III, 3, b, 7. Ammonites. Jurassic, England. , ITI, 3, b, 8. Ammonites. Jurassic, England. III, 3, b, 9. Ammonites. Jurassic, England. III, 3, b, 10. Ammonites, Jurassic, England. eo Pan tat “Report or THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 361 Beet pee a *TII, 3, b, 11. Goniatites Vanuxemi. Hall. Goniatite limestone, Be Schoharie, N. Y. «IIE, 3, b, 12. Ammonites. Jurassic, Europe. 2 _ II, 3, b, 18. Ammonites. Jurassic, Europe. Il, 3, b, 14. Ammonites. Jurassic, Europe. «TD, 3, b, 15. Ammonites. Jurassic, Europe. “i II, 3, b, 16. Ammonites. Jurassic, Europe. ee Ill, 3, b, 17. Ammonites. Jurassic, Europe. wy III, 3, b, 18. Ammonites. Jurassic, Europe. a *TIL, 3, b, 19. Litwites convolvans, Hall. Orternar (Paleontology 4 of New York, vol. 1, pl. 13, fig. 2a). Black River limestone, ee Watertown, N. Y. é *TTI, 3. d, 1. Endoceras longissimum. Hall. Black River lime- stone, Watertown, N. Y. Watertown, N. Y. III, 3, d, 3. Ormoceras tenuifilum. Hall. Black River limestone, ss Watertown, N. Y. TI, 3, d, 4. Endoceras Prolene Hall. Trenton limestone, ae NY. | ITIL, 3, d, 5. Endoceras proteiforme. Hall. Trenton limestone, pet oN. Y. | Ill, 3, d, 6. Ormoceras tenuifilum. Hall. Black River limestone, Watertown, N. Y. | Watertown, N. Y. : *TII, 3, d, 8. Amdoceras. Black River limestone, Watertown, : we Y; | ~—s *JTT, 3, d, 9. Ormoceras tenuifilum. Hall. Black River limestone, Watertown, N. Y. — -*JTT, 3, d, 10. Ormoceras tenuifilum. Hall. Black River limestone, Watertown, N. Y. *TII, 3, d, 11. Hndoceras. Black River limestone, Watertown, > Yi: stone, Watertown, N. Y. *TII, 3, d, 13. Ormoceras tenuifflum. Hall. Black River limestone, Watertown; N.Y. . “TI, 3, d, 14. Ormoceras tenuifilum. Orrernar. (Paleontology of New York, vol. I, pl. 15, figs. 1, la, 16, plate 16, fig. la). ; Black River limestone, Watertown, N. Y. 1891 46 *TII, 3, d, 2. Ormoceras tenuifilum. Hall. Black River limestone, II, 3, d, 7. Ormoceras tenuifilum. Hall. Black River limestone, . *III, 8, d, 12. Ormoceras tenuifilum. Hall. Black River lime- | 362 ForRTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. III, 3, d, 15. Endoceras proteiforme. Hall? Trenton limestone _ NSN, ke III, 3, d, 16. Hndoceras ee Hall. Trenton limestone, NOP 4 *TIT, 3, d,17. Ormoceras uaa Hall. Black River lime- stone, Watertown, N. Y. . on *TII, 3, d, 17. Ormoceras tenuifilum. Hall. Black River. ?North_ shore of Lake Huron. | ae *TIT, 3, d, 18. Ormoceras tenuifilum. Hall. Black River lime- stone, Watertown, N. Y. . *TTT, 3, d, 19. Ormoceras tenuifilum. Hall. Black River lime- stone, Watertown, N. Y. *TII, 3, d, 20. Orthoceras sp.? Hamilton group, Central N. Y. III, 3, e, 1. Missing. III, 3, e, 2. Missing. III, 3, e, 3. Missing. III, 3, e, 4. Belemnites. Locality ? III, 3, e, 5. Belemnites. Locality ? ITI, 3, e, 6. Missing. III, 3, e, 7. “ Belemnites. Pennsylvania.” | III, 3, k, 1. “ Buccinite Helderbergh.” Zoxonema sp.? jiemes Hel- derberg limestone. III, 3, n, 1. “ Turbinite Helderbergh.” Pino E: sp. ? Schoharie grit. ; III. 3, n, 2. “Turbinite Helderbergh.” Platystoma sp.? Schoharie grit. III, 3, n, 3. Maclurea sp. Chazy limestone, N. Y. III, 3, n, 4. Platystoma sp.? Coniferous limestone, N. Y. III, 3, n, 5. Platyceras sp.? Schoharie grit, N. Y. Ill, 3,n, 6. Platyceras spirale Hall. Lower Helderberg group, N. Y. *III, 3, n, 7. Lituites undatus, Hall. Oriarar. (Paleontology of New York, vol. I, pl. 18, pp. la, 1b.) Black River limestone, Watertown, N. Y. III, 3, n, 8. Platystoma. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. IIT, 3, n, 9. Missing. , III, 3, n, 10. Pleurotomaria sulcomarginata, Hall. Hamilton group, Central N. Y. III, 3, q, 1. Leptena rhomboidalis. Locality ? II, 3, q, 2. Leptena rhomboidalis var. ventricosa, Hall. -Oris- kany limestone, N. Y. III 38, q, 3. Leptceena rhomboidalis. Coniferous limestone, N. Y. * ita fo phe a aot ase OR ee Re roe ge Rt) es 5 hed) ee Ae onal Oe > a Cee PE, MOO UN TP Oe ae nM is oc ‘ Yay, soil Db a ’ | Rak ey (atl sie sae Tes ; * 750 were en Oe io Cag 7 “y o , | dr yf me Sed " fA REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 363 II, a, a, 1. Baculites. Cretaceous. Locality? III. a, 10. Spirifer arrectus, Hall. Oriskany sandstone. The Helderberg, N. Y. ’ IV, a, 1. Halysites catenulata, Niagara group, N. Y. ~ IV, a, 2. Missing. IV, a, 3. Hridophyllum. Niagara group, N. Y. IV, a, 4. Syringopora. Niagara group, Western N. Y. IV, a, 5. Missing. . IV, a, 6 (2 specimens). Colwmnaria alveolata. Black River lime stone, Eastern N. Y. IV, b, 1. Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, Helderberg. IV, b, 2. Zaphrentis. Corniferons limestone, Helderberg. IV, b, 3. Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, Helderberg. IV, b, 4. Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, Helderberg. IV, b, 5. Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, Helderberg. IV, b, 6. Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, Helderberg. IV, b, 7. Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, Helderberg. IV, b, 8. Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, Helderberg. ae ~IV, b, 9. Heliophyllum. Corniferous limestone, Helderberg. ) IV, b, 10. Atrypa reticularis. Corniferous limestone, Helderberg. “ IV, b, 11. “Inside of a Cornua-Madreporite, Bethlehem.” Zaphren- tis. Schoharie Grit, N. Y. — “ os 7 12. Heliophyllum. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. . Streptelasma rectum, Hall. Hamilton group, Lake Erie. . Heliophyllum. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. . Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. ; . Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. . Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. 18. Pecten. Tertiary locality. ? . Missing. . Heliophyllum Halli, EK. & H. Hamilton group, Western —~ 4445 a fe —_ i “ — “ —_ or NM —_— “ — jor) “ ce “ “ bd a4 tet ot arte — = Ne) ~T bo i=) A Ki b, 21. Missing. b, 22. Water worn corals. Hamilton group, N. Y. b, 23. Coral. Probably European Jurassic. *TV, b, 24. Heliophyllum. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. IV, b, 25. Favosites & Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. IV, b, 26. Missing. IV, b, 27. Organic Impressions. Clinton group (Gray band), a Medina, N. Y. : IV, b, 28 (2 specimens). Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, N. Y : ass one 364 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Be 3 ; Wt IV, b, 29. Missing. | a. IV, b, 30. Bryozoa. Trenton limestone, Central N. Y. a IV, b, 31. Bryozoa. Trenton limestone, Central N. Y. AG IV, b, 32. Heliophyllum. Hamilton group, Western N. Y. N IV, b, 33. Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, Western N.Y. © IV, b, 34. Missing. IV, b, 35. Monticulipora lycoperdon. Trenton limestone, N. Y.. IV, f, 1. Havosites. Corniferous limestone, Helderberg, N. Y. IV, f, 2. Favosites. Corniferous limestone, Bethlehem, N. Y. IV, f, 3. Columnaria alveolata. Black River limestone, N. Y. IV, f, 4. Favosites. Corniferous limestone, Bethlehem, N. Y.~ g: IV, f, 5. Favosites. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. IV, f, 6. Favosites. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. IV, f, 7. Favosites. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. IV, f, 8. Fuvosites. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. . mies, IV, f, 9. Favosites. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. ~ IV, f, 10. Favosites. Corniferons limestone. IV, f, 11. Favosites. Niagara limestone. IV, f, 12. Favosites. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. IV, f, 18. Havosites. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. IV, f, 14. Favosites. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. IV, f, 15. Favosites. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. IV, f, 16. Favosites. Niagara limestone, N. Y. IV, f, 17. Missing. : IV, f, 18. Missing. IV, f, 19. (3 specimens.) Favosites. Niagara limestone, N. Y. IV, f, 20. Missing. IV, f, 21. Missing. IV, f, 22. Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. IV, f, 23. Missing. | IV, f, 24. Favosites. Niagara limestone, N. Y. IV, f, 25. (2 specimens.) Niagara? IV, f, 26. Fuvosites. Niagara limestone. Illinois and Wisconsin. 1. Graptolites. Hudson River slates? N. Y. | 1. Hridophyllum. Corniferous limestone, Berne, N. Y. IV, k, 2. Hridophyllum. Corniferous limestone, Berne, N. Y. 3. Columnaria alveolata. Trenton limestone, N Y. IV, k, 4. Columnaria alveolata. Trenton limestone Glens Falls, IV, k, 5. Columnaria alveolata. Trenton limestone, Glens Falls, ~~ in at te J 79 en We wor a : ae as f Report or THE Srare GEOLOGIST. 365 a ? mae" it 3 _IV,k, 6. Zrachypora. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. mie TV, 1, 1. Syringopora. Corniferous limestone, Bethlehem, N. Y. a i IV,1, 2. Syringopora. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. a __-IV, m, 1. Sponge. Chalk, Wilts, England. an _ __ IV, r, 16. Favosites. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. 2 ; IV, r, 25. Stromatopora. Niagara limestone, N. Y. . ae oa) V, 1. Missing. oe: .-V, 2. Water-worn coral. = ___—*'YV, 3. “ Veget. Petrefact. in Hornstone. Coeymans.” Tremato- ae - ——s pora. + Delthyris shaly limestone. BOA? ee % WV, 4. “Veget. Petrefact. bei ah ” Casts of sponge tubes. me Oriskany sandstone. WV, 5. “Veget. Petrefact. Helderbergh.” Casts of sponge tubes. all ei Oriskany sandstone. ; ‘a , >. Y, 6. Missing. . x oe Bes _ V, 7. Epsomites. Niagara limestone, N. Y. \ M4 r. 4 _ V, 8. Epsomites. Niagara limestone, N. Y. “i _--—-—S-'V, 9. Epsomites. Niagara limestone, N. Y. maf 4 is V, 10-12. Missing. ; ‘a | _ +V, 18. Travertine. Danube, Herkimer county, N. Y. ae B. __ V, 14-30. Missing. | | i : Be fs. _ V, 31. Silicified palm. Locality ? . a V, 32, 33. Missing. | Se mm V.'34, “ Ferruginified birch roots. Fowler. St. Lawrence county.” oe a V, 35. Missing. a i: WV, 36. (2 specimens) Orthoceras sp.? Marcellus shales,Schoharie, a ; N. Y. iS V, 37, 38. Missing. ae : *V, 39. “ Lithodictuon Beckii, from Medina, Orleans EES. Y. ae (Grey band of Eaton.) Dr. G. W. Boyd.” a, V, 40, 41. Missing. ‘a a V, 42. Arthophycus Harlani. (8 specimens.) Medina, N. Y. | ie 1. Trigonia, etc. Jurassic. Locality ? 2. Trigonia, ete. Jurassic. Locality ? 1 Fie te 4, Triarthrus Becki. Green. Utica slate, N. Y. x 4. Orbiculo.dea grandis. Van. Hamilton group, Central N. Y. ie 4 4, Streptelasma, etc. Hamilton group, Western N. Y. ie 8, Corniferous limestone, N. Y. " af By Scoli.hus. Potsdam sandstone, N. Y. = ... A ‘ A a ae : peer ah rs ass: . cams a 366 Forty-rirra Report on THE State Museum. — *§190121+26. Hndoceras longissimum. Hall. OnrGiNat. (Palzon- "e tology of New York, vol. I, pl. 18, figs. 1, 1a.) Black River lime-_ aa stone, Watertown, N. Y. aa *7, Gonioceras anceps. Hall. Black River ait Watertonal i a N. Y. ae 8. Murchisonia bellicincta. Trenton limestone, Central N. Y. 4 9. Murchisonia bellicincta. 'Trenton limestone, Central N. Y. Pe: 10. Hdmondia subiruncata. Hall. ‘Trenton limestone, Central N. Y. fs 10. Orthoceras, Schoharie grit, N. Y. a 11+13. O. junceum, Hall. Trenton limestone, Central N.Y. : 2 3 12. EKdmondia subtruncata, Hall. Trenton limestone, Central N. Y. | 14. Monticulipora. Trenton limestone, Central N. Y. z 15. Ml. lycoperdon. Trenton limestone, Central N. Y. — *161293. Gonioceras anceps, Hall. Black Biver limestone, Water- __ town, N. Y. i 18. Monticulipora. ‘Trenton limestone, N. Y. | *19. Gonioceras anceps, Hall. Black River limestone, Watertown, Na a 21. Pentamerus limestone, Rochester, N. Y. | Bk *29, Ormoceras ? gracile, Hall. Oricinat. (Paleontology of New York, vol. 1, pl. 17, fig. 3.) Black River limestone, Watertown % N. Y. i, 25. Stromatocerium rugosum, Hall. Watertown, N. Y. a 26. Tetradium. Watertown, N. Y. 27. Stromatocerium rugosum, Hall. Watertown, N. Y. *98. Endoceras proteiforme, var. tenuistriatum, Hall. Trenton lime- stone, Central N. Y. | . 29. Edmondia subtruncata, Hall. Trenton limestone, Central N. Y. 31. Pterinea flabella, Conr. Hamilton group, Central N. Y. 45. Spirifer arrectus, Conr. Oriskany sandstone, N. Y. 136. Halysites catenulata. Niagara group, N. Y. SPECIMENS WITH PRINTED NUMBERS. 445, 471, 502. Spirifer mesastrialis, Hall. Modiomorpha and other fossils. Chemung group, N. Y. 58, 376, 424. Limoptera macroptera, Conr. Hamilton group, N. Y. 53. Spirifer. Lower Carboniferous. Locality ? 119. Heliophyllum Halli, EK. & U. Hamilton group, Western N. Y. 72, 304. Orthoceras. Hamilton group, Central N. Y. 444, 454, 81, 464. Spirifer granulosus, Conr. Hamilton group, Cen- pra N.Y 4 43. 8 audaculus, Conr. Hamilton group, Central N. Y. a r en. Cimitaria recurva, Conr. Hamilton group, Central N. Y. A 84. Spirifer mucronatus, Conr. Hamilton group, Rensselaerville, = i NY a 3 a 22. Favosites. Niagara group, N. Y. Be ¥*a, Potsdam sandstone, N. Y. a eb. Pholadomya. Jurassic, Europe. re Ss : Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. a ‘4 ae - Cuculleea. Cretaceous, Europe. . / te a . Columnaria. Black River limestone, N. Y. Re a f. Monticulipora lycoperdon. Trenton limestone, N. Y. @ “ e. *e. Orthoceras nuntium, Hall. Hamilton group, Central N. Y. _. k, Leptena rhomboidalis, Wilck. Corniferous limestone, N. Y i” | wa 0.1 ? Corniferous, Ky. , Ye ‘2 0.3. ? Corniferous, Ky. . / oa 4 f el t, u, v. Various fossils. Hudson River group (efratic blocks), N. Y. a -a,a. (Two specimens) Monticulipora lycoperdon. Trenton lime- * Dy Be stone, N. Y. 5 ey a —*b, b. Tentaculites gyracanthus, Eaton. Tentaculite limestone, a ; ‘ _ Schoharie, N.Y. - cs Bc, y Grammysia arcuata, Conr. Hamilton group, N. Y. aan Bs d, ‘a. Cetacean ? bones. Locality ? o. e, e. Silicified wood. Locality ? oe oe -£, £. Batrachoides nidificans, Hitchcock. Triassic sandstone, Con- lax b: S: necticut Valley, Mass. ae : a -g,g. Various fossils. Hamilton group, N. Y. ; we hy, h. Orthoceras. undulatum, Hall. Niagara limestone, Western ae New York. Ny ; a 0,0. O. Marcellense, Hall. Goniatite limestone, Schoharie, N. Y a ey... — — N. 1. Gonocardium trigonale, Conr. Corniferous limestone, ya a. _ Schoharie, N. Y.? ; ; Be - N.2. Leperditia alta, Conr. Tentaculite limestone, Schoharie, N. Y oa ‘ IN. 3. Corniferous limestone, Schoharie, N. Y. 2 oot _-—-*N. 4. Fawosites tuberosa, Rom. Corniferous limestone, Schoharie. . xa _ _N.5. Zaphrentis. Corniferous limestone, Schoharie, N. Y. ae a _ N. 6. Favosites. Corniferous limestone, Schoharie, N. Y. ae “ ON. 7. Platyceras dumosum, Conr. Corniferous limestone, Schoharie ‘Sam i harie, IN; Y. / | if te N. 8. Megambonia bellistriata, Hall. Oriskany limestone, Scho- _harie, N. Y. re , \\ 368 For1y-rirtH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. nt OE *N. 9. Terebratula? Corniferous limestone, Schoharie, N. Y. *N. 10. Ptilodictya. Corniferous limestone, Schoharie, N. Y. N. 11. Fuavosites tuberosa, Rom. Corniferous limestone, Schoharie, EY: N. 12. Favosites. Corniferous limestone, Schoharie, N. Y.? N. 13. Pterincea arenaria, Hall. Oriskany sandstone, Schoharie, CONE : Fish tooth. Locality ? . Fish tooth. Locality? Fish tooth. Locality ? Fish tooth. Locality ? Fish tooth. Locality ? ; Trinucleus concentricus. 'Trenton limestone, N. Y Hamilton group ? Trinucleus concentricus. Trenton limestone, N. Y. . Leptena rhomboidalis, Corniferous limestone, N. Y. . LKdmondia subtruncata, Hall. Trenton limestone, N. Y. 9 ? ? ? . Pentamerus limestone. Clinton group. Western, N. Y. . Spirifer granulosus, Cour. Hamilton group, N. Y. Conocardium. Corniferous limestone, N. Y. ODT Rw — . Limoptera? Hamilton group, N. Y. Spirifer granulosus, Conr. Hamilton group, N. Y. Orthoceras crotalum, Hall. WHamilton group, N. Y. Pentamerus oblongus, Hall. Clinton group, Rochester, N. Y. Astarte. Cretaceous. Locality. ? 1 2 3. 4, 9) 6. Al MeN N DWN NN ee Fossits witHout LABELS OR TICKETS. Columnaria alveolata (2 specimens). Black River limestone, N. Y. Bellerophon bilobatus Conr. Trenton limestone, N. Y. Raphistoma lenticulare. 'Trenton limestone, N. Y. Orthis biforata Kich. Hudson River group, Ohio. Ambonychia radiata. Hudson River group, N.. Y. Cyrtolites ornatus. Hudson River group, N. Y. * Pleurotomaria ? pervetusta, Hall. Medina sandstone, N. Y. Pentamerus oblongus var. Niagara group, Lowa. Caryocrinus ornatus, Hall (2 specimens). Niagara group, Lock- port, N. Y. Spirifer Niagarensis, Hall. Niagara group. _-Halysites catenulata, Niagara group, N. Y. - ~ tb» A. *” ] rr "a = - Meristella levis, Hall. Lower Helderberg group, N. Y. _ Athyris spiriferoides Eaton (34 specimens). Hamilton group, One misc. lot brachiopods (15 specimens). Hamilton’group, Western Grammysia alveata, Hamilton group, Western N. Y. Cimitaria recurva. Hamilton group, Western, N. Y. _Limoptera macroptera (2 specimens). Hamilton group, Western J ia ' ” _ Mise. brachiopods (4 specimens). Chemung group, N. Y. - One lot carboniferous plants from Carbondale, Pittston, Plymouth, REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. Epsomites. Niagara group, N. Y. Spirifer macropleura, Conrad. Lower Helderberg group, N. Y. Leperditia alta, Conrad. Lower Helderberg group, N. Y. Pentamerus galeatus, Dal. Lower Helderberg group, N. Y. Spirifer arenosus, Conr. Oriskany sandstone, N. Y. S. arrectus, Hall (2 specimens). Oriskany sandstone, N. Y. Rensselewria ovoides, Hall (3 specimens). Oriskany sandstone, N. Y. R. ovalis, Hall. Oriskany sandstone, N. Y. Eatonia peculiaris, Hall (2 specimens). Oriskany sandstone, N. Y. Orthoceras. Schoharie grit, N. Y. Atrypa reticularis (19 specimens). Corniferous limestone, N. Y. One lot corals (15 specimens). Corniferous limestone, N. Y. Western N. Y. . oan e's One lot corals (10 specimens). Hamilton group, Western N. Y. Gne lot Tertiary fossils. Locality ? etc., Penna. (58 specimens). One lot carboniferous plants from Morgan county,. Virginia. Palwoniseus, Trias. Turner’s Falls, Mass. Skeleton of fish (2 specimens). Solenhofen, Germany. Favosites. Niagara limestone, N. Y. * Orthoceras arcuoliratum, Hall. Trenton limestone, Wisconsin. 1891. 47 aa PE fy TE Sa eS Report of the Assistant Paleontologist. | Arpany, New York, September 30, 1891. James Hau, LL. D., State Geologist. Sir.— Early in the present year I received instructions to devote my time as far as possible to the requirements of the Palzeontology of New York; as a necessary consequence museum work among the palzontological collections has progressed but — little during the past year. The mounting of the crustacean collection has been advanced beyond its condition at date of last — report, but still lacks considerably of completion. Important additions have, however, been made to the collections, and of these a list is communicated with this report. Opportunity for field work has been curtailed by the heavy expenditure connected with the geological investigations carried on at the Livonia salt — shaft, which has been borne entirely by this department. We have received from Mr. D. D. Luther, who has conducted these investigations, one shipment of specimens, consisting of nineteen boxes and one barrel of fossils, mostly from the upper layers of the Hamilton shales, and a second lot of nine boxes from the middle part of this formation. At the time Mr. Luther began his work in May last, the excavation of the shaft had. proceeded yh ~t to a depth of about 350 feet; of this thickness about 125 feet — pertained to the Hamilton shales, the rock section from 225 feet upward being wholly in the Genesee shales. The latter have — furnished but the few, common spezies of the dark shales, the styliola limestone layer, which appears in the sections further to the east, being here represented by a few isolated concretions of small size. The fossils of the upper Hamilton shales collected — ¥ > from the dump of the shaft, representing the section from — 925-850 feet, have been examined and identified by me, and a — list of these with the other fossils of this sebies of formations will — be submitted when a final report on this interesting section shall r ‘ ? ; ee Si eal ey Aeon ee UNS a eee Pebiiien': Ae das veda. be indeved. The natalia thus far examined has been found ver’ ry rich in trilobites, linguloids and lamellibranchs; the lingu- a oi Is especially being remarkable for their diversity of form and beauty of preservation. | og in the autumn of last year Mr. J acob Van Deloo made s some collections of fossils from the Chazy limestone at Keese- ville, and in September of this year he, with Mr. Martin Sheehy, 3 Be itsocea considerable valuable material from the interesting Or skany fauna on Becraft’s Mountain, near Hudson, discovered a st year by Dr. C. E. Beecher of New Haven. a _ About a year ago 1 began the preparation of a series of Lists zoe the type and illustrated specimens of fossils belonging to the Museum collections. The lists heretofore published have been Be Neientary and scattered; it has been my purpose to bring a ina zoological arrangement an enumeration, complete i to date, of these important specimens, with citations to the pub- ications i in which they have been figured. I transmit herewith the first installment of this catalogue, viz., Part I, Crustacea. % The work done on the Eaiovinies fe New York, vol. VIIJ, Pe arts 1 and 2, is fully recounted in your own report. Tam, sir, very respectfully yours. J. M. CLARKE, Assistant Palwontologist. *A ay bi Part [.---CRUSTACEA._ ——— - tE PARED By JOHN M. CLARKE, ASSISTANT PALA,ONTOLOGIST. . < 3 ae . - > - i 7 , 3 ‘ . ns a . . ane ae ; ‘ 2a a Sek “4 wy ae. .3 ee oe 7 on “ > ae f 2 Jf 5a = le = P 0 Ay pe ne ot ho ad = aS “4 ef an 4 “ Sheds “=! er oe +o os Te? . “ my 34 oe nex : AS. vero oh be, , . “A f ‘ * my - x - ot ' oe =” : Me ais Se at on aay < a Py ¢ ‘ Fi 0% 2 2) i ee oe eS pay cee an genes i - eye a Y ee i : ea a OAS: ee eee. Sagat > ita 6 ad a & a oat = - eS ’ 4 + PT .- ‘ = 2 2 RO a ae 2 raha “— = ‘ = >. i Ghes ik ss * ro ~ J % >> Ca. of ee tea ny ee z= aot, cies PREFATORY NOTE. 4 . The fundamental arrangement in this list is a zoological one; “the subordinate arrangement of species under genera is chrom- - _ logical The combinations of generic and specific names are Ee: at “those adopted in the work where the species have been most fully BE cscics and ngtested. For the classification of the genera, — 3 f ad Bead ee eal beter, the writer is alone responsible.” The collections of the _ , B N fuseum include a considerable number of reproductions in plaster-_ + pot eris gutta- percha and sulphur, of original specimens, and Pes nese are, for convenience of reference, included in the list, bag oc \ oof ah a the citations of these are marked with an asterisk (*) in the: | a . Rs gk Bi: ig m margin of the page. The actual Seigiaiel specimens, ineins on es a “a e rt nose used for the first illustration of the species, are indicated by having the reference to the illustration in heavy- -face type. - 7. a fae rene aes en a ite 2 S re Sesh Varn PETE ho, bee CPD A Family LEPERDITID&. Genus LEPERDITIA, Rouault. 1851. Leperditia Hudsonica, Hall. 1859. Palxwontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 375. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xlvi, pl. 1, figs. 5, P73. D, Cc. | Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Becraft’s Mountain, 1 apg Leperditia alta, Conrad (sp.). 1843. In Vanuxem’s Report on the Third Geological District of New York, p. 112. ! Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xlvi, pl. 1, figs. 6, a, -b. Lower Helderberg group (Tentaculite limestone). Herkimer county, ney Genus BEYRICHIA, McCoy. 1844. Beyrichia trisuleata, Hall. 1859. Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 381. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xlvi, pl. 1, fig. 2. Lower Helderberg group (Tentaculite limestone). Herkimer county, mY. J. Gebhard purchase. i Beyrichia granuata, Hall. 1859. Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 377. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xlvi, pl. 1, fig. 3. Lower Helderberg group (Pentamerus limestone). Schoharie county, 4 Oo ¥. ; J. Gebhard purchase. Beyrichia oculina, Hall. 1859. Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 378. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xlvi, pl. 1, fig. 4. Lower Helderberg group (Pentamerus limestone). Schoharie county, > a as Oe J. Gebhard purchase. 1891. : 48 x Al ih: ey, oe oh a . i, et: : ? = i ee ey, , 378 ForRTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STA‘ , : t [2% Pee ee . ¢ Beyrichia parasitica Hall, (sp.). 1859, tt Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 376. Poi Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xlvi, p. 17, fig. Lower Helderberg group (Tentaculite limestone). Herkimer cou N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Beyrichia Clarkii, Jones. Hepes ot uP ia be Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xlvi, p. 17, fig. 2 ; be Lower Helderberg group (Tentaculite limestone). Herkimer county, NS J. Gebhard purchase. . “= Bi Beyrichia subquadrata, Jones. 1890. — Bs, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xlvi, B 537, ph x fig. 4. | | Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. | (i J. M. Clarke prurase, a fe Beyrichia KE ledeni, McCoy. var. ie Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol, xlvi, p. 588, PE ab fig. la, b. er Gosntar ous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. iY, me J. M. Clarke Purch aa a pk, Beyrichia Se Gi Ne Jones. 1890. iat fig. 6. . | _ Hamilton group. Clarke county, Indiana. oe J. M. Clarke purchase. Nae a 4 Genus PRIMITIA, Jones and Holl, 1865. ae Primitia Clarkii, Jones. 1890. Eyiaeerly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xlvi, p. 535, pl. a re een ba ia . Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. | ae J. M. Clarke purchase, _ Genus KLQEDENTA, Jones and Holl. 1886. ’ Kleadenia notata, Hall (sp.), var. ventricosa, Hall. 1859. Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 380. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xvi, p. 14, pl. ug ' figs. 1, a, b. ne Tower Haldcehers group (Shaly limestone). Herkimer cota N. y. | J. Gebhard purchase, ae enna yan mS Wade and Holl, 1886. Bollia bilobata, Jones. 1890. eee eg a Det Journal of the plies ria Society, vol. xlvi, p. 540, pl. 20, . Canandaigua, Ns *¥: J. M. Clarke purchase. Genus MOOREA, Jones and Kirby. Moorea Kirbyi, Jones. 1890. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xlvi, p. 542, pl. 20, te 9, a, b. . em limestone (drift). | Cadaitiatana, We J. M. Clarke purchase. Genus OCTONARIA, Jones. Octonaria Linnarssoni, J ones. 1890. ee: ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xlvi, p. 541, pl. 20, a: fig. '7, a, b. Aiton group. Ee county, Indiana. 7 is : ah, J. M. Clarke purchase. — Be : Genus EURYCHILINA, Ulrich. Eurychilina reticulata, Ulrich (Jones. 1890). ; Menartarly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xlvi, p. 539, pl. 20. a Pas. 13, a, b. iz _ Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, Ne Ys F J. M. Clarke purchase. CIR RIPPED. Family LEPADIDA. © Genus TURRILEPAS, Woodward. 1865. Turrilepas flecuosus, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, p. 215, pl. 36, fig. 1. Corniferous chert. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Turrilepas cancellatus, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, p. 216, pl. 36, fig. 2. Corniferous chert. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Turrilepas devonicus, Clarke. 1882. American Journal of Science, vol. xxiv, p.56, figs Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 36, fig. 3. Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. | 3 J. M. Clarke purchase. Turrilepas squama, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, p. 217, pl. 36, fig. 5. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 36, fig. 6. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 36, fig. '7. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 36, fig. 8. Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase Turrilepas foliatus, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, p. 218, pl. 36, fig. 15. Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase Turrilepas nitidulus, Hall. 1888. Pakeontology of New York, vol. vii, p. 218, pl. 36, fig. 4. Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase Vy AT ae Pa Vp, ed sf a ' RT a yaad ‘Srate Geoxo GIST. Ti Fare tener, Hall. 1888. < 18. eon group. Canandaigua, N. bg! | J. M. ae purchase. TPE Algontclogy of New York, vol. vii, pl. 36, fig. 14. 3 BS _ Hamilton group, Canandaigua lake, N. Y. ‘Gas J. M. Clarke purchase. Turrilepas 2? Newberryi, Whitfield. 1882. . Annals N. Y. Academy of Sciences, vol. ii, no. 8, p. 217. 7. a PP ateentoloey of New York, vol. vii, pl. 36, fig. 17. . ee. -*Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 36, fig. 19. “4 ay Erie shale. Sheftield, Ohio. Genus STROBILEPIS, Clarke. 1888. Strobilepis spinigera, Clarke. 1888. ee tology of New York, vol. vii, p. 212, pl. 36, figs. 20, 21, 22... enim group. Canandaigua Lake, N.Y. © , Collected by C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1861. } Family BALANID-. a PALAZXOCREUSIA, Clarke. 1888. “Palwocreusia devonica, Clarke. 1888. . ‘Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, p. 210, pl. 36, figs. 24, 25, 26. wna | _Corniferous limestone. LeRoy, N. Y. a A Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Delo, 1878, TRILOBIF ee _ Family NUTTAINIIDZ. Genus NUTTAINIA, Eaton. 1832. * Nuttainia concentrica, Eaton. 1832. | Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 73. Cast No. ‘ Trenton limestone. Near Waterford, N. Y. ts i A os The Albany Institute donor. 3 ? Family CALYMENIDZ. Genus CALYMENE, Brongniart. 1822. * Calymene callicephala, Green. 1832. é Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 30. Hudson oe group. Locality said to be Hampton, Virginia. : The Albany Institute donor. “tenn *(C. Blumenbachi [Brongniart] Green). Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 28. Trenton limestone. Trenton Falls, N. Y. The Albany Institute donor. 2 Calymene camerata, Conrad. 1842. Journal Philadelphia Academy Natural Science, vol. viii, p. 278, Paleontology of New York, vol. ii, 1852, pl. 78, fig. la. Niagara group (Coralline limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. Pte Gislogy of New York, vol. ii, 1852, pl. 78, fio 1b. _ Niagara group (Coralline iene Schoharie, N. Y. a 7 J. Gebhard purchase. mo. Paleontology of New York, vol. ii, 1852, pl. 78, figs. Le, le 8 ¥ 4 Niagara group (Coralline limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. Cas ak * t, J. Gebhard ni Ve Babikhents platys, Green. 1832. : Ves Monograph Trilobites of North America, p..32. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 1, fig. 3; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 1 fig. 1. an [Bchobarie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. ' J. Gebhard purchase. Le *h ° a s f a* ¥ sf eri ctratiowe of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 1, fig. 2; and = ak Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 1, fig. 2. Schoharie grit. Albany county, N. Y. ite ~ Tilustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 1, figs. 4, 7, ads Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. figs. 3, 7. i _ Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. a ‘s “Tilustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 1, fig. 5; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. fig. 4. Be Schoharie grit. Schohari ie, N. Y. Zs J. Gebhard purchase. J. Gebhard purchase. Riis pcatibns of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 1, fig. 6; and ; Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 1, fig. 5. Schoharie, N. Y. Collected by C. Van Deloo. 1862. er | Boone grit. ; and . af Collected by C. Van Deloo. 1862. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 1, fig. 9; and. ele of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 1, fig. 8. _ ~ Schoharie grit. Schoharie county, N. Y. ; i | J. Gebhard purchase. : iiivarcaticns of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 1, fig. 8; and i Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 1, fig. 9. : & _ Schoharie grit. Schoharie county,N. Y. ae ms 8 384 Forvy-rirtH REPORT ON THE Srare MusEvUmM. Genus HOMALONOTUS, Keniee 1825. Sub-genus TRIMERUS, Green, 1832. Homalonotus delphinocephalus, Green. 1832. Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 82, pl. 1, fig. 1; E original of Cast No. 32. Niagara group. “In limestone. Banks of Lake Ontario, Monroe county, N. Y.” . The Albany Institute donor. Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 82; not figured. — Niagara group. Western New York. . The Albany Institute donor. Paleontology of New York, vol. ii, 1852, pl. 68, fig. 9. Niagara group. Lockport, N.Y. _ Homalonotus Vununxenri, Hall. 1859. Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 352, pl. 73, fig. 12. Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 5b, figs. 1, 2 Lower Helderberg group. Kingston, N. Y. | L. Bevier, exchange. Homalonotus- major, Whitfield. 1885. ‘Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. His. Vol. i, No. 6, p. 193, pl. 22. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 5a, fig. 1. (Oriskany sandstone). Bank of 4th Binnewater, Rosendale, N. Y. ‘ LL. Bevier, exchange. ~*~ Subgenus DIPLEURA, Green. 1882. Homalonotus DeKayi, Green (sp.). 1832. Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 80, not figured. Hamilton group. Madison county, N. Y. The Albany Institute donor. (*) (Nuttainia sparsa, Eaton.) ' Geological Text-book, 2nd ed., 1882, p. 34. Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 89, Cast No. 85. — Hamilton group. Coeymans, N. Y. The Albany Institute donor. ‘tia he vite. tA CS eee wets te nial hy et 4 hn Fite» ’ ? " Sr, MT We i bhi ys wh tS A? Get ‘ Aher ye SNH ot oe ApN * oe ent: ee Hee Wire est Oa eh, etl aw Me, Broo ee he. SP eRe J — Se +4) 9 4 } OOO aint VF ig v4 use ; ee: | ! ea es by ) Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 79, Cast No. $31. Or THE STATE GEOLOGIST. — a Hamilton group. Northumberland, Pa. (?) ee Bape i oy The Albany Institute donor. . 4 a p> ~ Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 2, fig. 1; and PP aleeontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 2, fig. 1. :* agai group. Madison county, N. Y. a _ Ilustrations of Devonian’ Fossils, 1°76; Crustacea, pl. 2, fig. 2; and _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 2, fig. 2. - Hamilton group. Ladd’s quarry near Sherburne, Chenango county, moay. X. nce Gk J. Gebhard purchase. and ae f i aes Bi 7 J. Gebhard purchase. ee ee , hy gh | 4 ilustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 2, fig. 7; and _ Faleontolgy of New York, vol. vii, 188s, pl. 2, fig. 7. As Hamilton group. Madison county, N. Y. Siis | ty ~ ie! ie i F Ulastrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9. , _ Hamilton group. Madison county, N. Y. ae. ; J. Gebhard purchase. Re iinstrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 2, fig. 11; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vil, 1888, pl. 2, fig. 11. _ Hamilton group. Darien, N. ue wen | Collected by C. A. White and OC. Van Deloo, 1860. BRA: . _ Ilusfrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 2, fig. 12; and | Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 2; fig. 12. wage Rie _ Hamilton group. Cazenovia, N. Y. auras J. Gebhard purchase. - Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 3, fig. 1; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 3, fig. 1. lamilton group. Bellona, N. Y. | Sa tg ane Collected by OC. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. Pe hit PUD te Sea IS Ai Say pent ME et at PRA cal » = ars al Aol i is : YX, i / é cree. 386 ForTyY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, - 3, fig. a; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 3, fig. 2 eae. Hamilton group. Near Leonardsville, N. Y. . ee eG: cbhaee é purGhaee ie Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, at 3, fig. 3 35 andl Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 3, fig. 3. ae Hamilton group. Madison county, N. Y. | J. Gebhard pune” #3 | Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, picsy fig. 4; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii. 1888, pl. 3, fig. 4. . Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. Collected by U. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 3, fig. 5; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 3, fig. 5. Hamilton group. Madison county, N. Y. | J. Gebhard purchase. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 4, figs. 3, 4, 5; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vu, 1888, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, 3. Hamilton group. Madison county, N. Y. ae J. Gebhard purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 4, fig. 6- Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. if Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 4, fig. 7. Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake. N. Y. 7 J. M. Clarke putin : Palentology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 5, fig. 1. : Hamilton group. Pratt’s Falls, N. Y. Collected by C. Van Deloo and H. H. Smith, 1873. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 5, figs. 2, 3. , Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. | . J. M. Clarke purchase. eu 0% ‘ . Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 5, figs. 10, y and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 5, figs. 12, 18. ‘s Hamilton group. Hamilton, N. Y. ri Collected by James Hall, 186355 : “4 F mw ‘ere wi. h* ; Ms a Ae pe bene g.i0 J ci Na i os Abie. é fe wes ) aS ” , Family ASAPHIDZA. Genus BUMASTUS, Murchison. | Tltenus Towus, Hall. 1867. E Be - Twentieth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat, Hist., p. 878. sp ileventh Annual Report of the Department of Geology and Natural istory (Indiana), 1882, pl. 33, fig. 13. be: - Niagara group. Waldron, itt e " Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1878. ‘ae = a Sileventh Annual Report of the Department of Geology and Natural. istory (Indiana) 1882, pl. 33, fig. 14. iat group. Waldron, Indiana. ‘ Collectea by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1878. ug igs : ‘ Be i _ Lllenus arcturus, Hall. 1847. ® _ Paleontology of New York, vol. i, p. 23, pl. iv bis, fiz, 12. pe ary limestone. Chazy, N, Y. Geological Sursey Collection. Genus BATHYURUS, Billings. 1865. Bathyurus extans, Hall. 1847. Bie cntclogy of New York, vol. i, p. 228, pl. Ix, figs. rae: Wid 9 press limestone. Watertown, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Genus ASAPHUS, Brongniart. 1822. Asaphus obtusus, Hall. 1847. eaisontclogy of New York, vol. i, p. 24, pl. iv bis, fig. 14, :. - Chazy limestone. Chazy, N. Y. Geological Survey Collection. ir Gest canalis (Conrad), Hall. 1847. Paleontology of New York, vol. i, p. 25, pl. iv bis., fig. 17. Chazy pe ene. Chazy, Na¥e op Ey. oF Bs. Geological Survey Collection. I Paleontology of New York, vol. 1, pl. iv bis., fig 19. at ae limestone. Chazy, N. Y. Beioreaal Survey Collection. ry \ 388 : Genus ISOTELUS, De Kay. 1824. Ace te * Tsotelus gigas, De Kay. 1824. | a ot Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History, vol. i, p. “194, pl. xiii, fig. 1. @ a2 iF Trenton limestone. Trenton Falls, N. Y. ae The Albany Institute donor. Family BRONTEIDA. | fy Genus BRONTEUS, Goldfuss. 1843. onl . Bronteus Barrandii, Hall. 1859. 7 Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 350, pl. 73, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Bronteus senescens, Clarke. 1889. Eighth Annual Report N. Y. State Geologist, p. 57. fig. 1. Chemung group. Prattsburgh, N. Y. ! / J. M. Clarke donor. : Subgenus THYSANOPELTIS, Corda. 1847. Bronteus Tullius, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, p. 12, pl. 8a., figs. 84, 35. Tully limestone. Kingsley’s Hill, near Otisco, N. Y. S. G. Williams loan Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 8a., fig. 36. Tully limestone. Borodino, N. Y. S. G. Williams donor. Family PHACOPIDA. Genus PHACOPS, Emmrich. 1839. Phacops L seed Hall. 1859. a Palxontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 353, pl. 73, fig. 15; and — ; Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, ae pl. 8a., fig. 19. ie Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y. = J. Gebhard purchase. — bi Paleontology of New York, vol. ili, pl. 78, figs. 28, 24. a Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. — P) Pateontolagy of Na York, vol. vii, pl. 8a., fig. 20. aaorer Helderberg arene, Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Phacops cristata, Hall. 1861. Descr. New Species Fossils, p. 67. P ititistrations of no a Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2; | and Paleontology of New York, it vil, 1888, pl. 6, figs..1, 2. Schoharie grit. Knox, N. Y. t as Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862. % : Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 6, figs. 3, 4; _and Palwontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 6, figs. 3, 4. » Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N.Y. q Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862. Si Deiiitstrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 6, fig. 5; and Pp Be rislon, of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 6, fig. 5. _ Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. 3 es ; J. Gebhard purchase. ¥ Ee ittastrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 6, figs. 9, 10; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 6, figs. 6, 7. q Schoharie grit. Albany county, N. Y. ; ¢ es J. Gebhard purchase. . Sithisteations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea,, pl. 6, fig. 11; Be Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 6, fig. 8. "Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N. Y. Z BE : Collected by C. Vax Deloo, 1862. " BP itiustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 6, fig. 6; and a Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 6, fig. 9. Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N. Y. : Collected by R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, 1861. a : “§ a & _ Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 6, fig. 7; and P ale leontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 6, fig. 10. Schoharie grit. Albany county, N. Y. oe q lustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 6, figs. 12, 13; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 6, figs. 12, 13. Se hoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. = i a Se! 390 and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, , pl. 6, ne 26. and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 6, fig. 28. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; “Crustacea: on 6, ie Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N: Y. Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 6, fig. 16 and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 6, fig. 27. _ a Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N. Y. Bak Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862. sy Bic ay Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 6, fig. 18; Corniferous limestone. Near Clarence, N. Y. % Collected by R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, 1860, 7a Illustrations of Devonian Povey 1876; Crustacea, pl. 6, fig. 1%, and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 6, fig. 29. Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N. Y. Nara ; Collected by C. Van Dane 1861 we ae ah (*) Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 8a, figs. 1, 2 * Schoharie grit. Albany county, N. Y. x h Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 8a, fig. 3. f Schoharie grit. Knox, N. Y. ek Collected by C. Van ae 1862040 Paleontolgy of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 8a, fig. 4. a Schoharie grit. Wear Clarksville, N. Y. § Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862, q Phacops cristata var. pipa, Hall. 1888. - Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 18, pl. 8a, fig. 5. a Corniferous limestone. LeRoy, N. Y. ) & Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1885. Paleontology of New York, 1888, pl. 8a, fig. 9. . Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. (*) Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, plate 8a, fig. 10. Corniferous limestone. North Cayuga, Ontario. vs eee NO hile alte Se ae he a # watt euces ar re ta vl 5 : an net ABT Neti, fo Cores ae ‘7 ‘Report or THE Srarn WO sate i ee. of New York, vol. vii, pl. 8a, figs. 11, 12. Re Corniferous limestone, Walpole, Ontario. Collected by CU. D. Walcott, 1878. Sao rn, Re Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 8a, fig. 14. Lime Rock, near LeRoy, N. Y. : x -Corniferous limestone. a | | Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1885. _ | __ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 8a, fig. 15 ___ Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, N. Y. ie Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1885. e. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 8a, fig. 17. ~ Oriskany sandstone. Cayuga, Ontario. _ . Collected by C. D. Walcott, 1878, _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 8a, fig. 18 a _Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, Ni Y. x ri J. M. Clarke are ‘ a Journal of a ee vol. ii, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 31. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. ! “a _ Corniferous limestone. an ‘ une -_ me of Morphology, vol. iil, 1888, pl. 21, figs. 25, 26. Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, N. Y. 3 J. M. Clarke purchase. nw ie Pe byt x A * 7 ; P | Phacops bufo, Green. 1832. " EC) Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 41, Cast No. 10. — - Iilustration of Devonian Fossils, 1875; Crustacea, pl. 8, figs. 24, 2 25; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 8, figs. 25, 26. 4 © Hamilton group. New Jersey. . The Albany Institute donor. SC Hisops rana, Green. 1832. ; _ Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, 1832, p. 42; originals of Casts Nos. 11 and 12. "Hanlon group. Seneca, Ontario county, N. Y. The eieyy Institute donor. ~ XV ie “Nib ouha of the Trilobitesvor North Amat 1839, a é Cast No. 9. 4 _ Hamilton group. Locality ? ) f ! Illustrations Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. (C fig. 1; Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 1, gs Hamilton group. Geneseo, N. xi and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, spl ip fig. 5. Hamilton group. Darien, N. Y. ; : and Paleontology of New York, Phe Vii, 1888, ao e fg. on ? Hamilton ae Geneseo, N. Y. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 7, figs. 6, _ and Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 7, figs. 7,8. "4 \ Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. os 2 : § : Collected by R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, 1862. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 7, fig. 85 a a Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 7, fig. 9. a: Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. Collected by Kh. P. Whitfield and C. Van Delo, 1862. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 7, figs. to, 4 11 and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 7, figs. 10, 11. 7 : - Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake. ag Collected by kh. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deoa, 1862, and 2 elie of ‘New York, vol. vii, 1888, a 8, fig. i. Hamilton group. Darien, N. Y. Ri, Collected by C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. 7 - BA ae #: bal ret | ra. dale ae ie is, <6 igh el 4 4 ee, x aN 7. , ” ly ii ‘ ie ‘ 4 ¥ uf ‘ ee Doe) i” & re her ORT OF va pe GeoLogist. Ds ee Soa ray tt F aa es tat of Daina Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 8, fier 12; ) ae Paleontology of New York, vol. bait 1888, pl. 8, fig. 13. 7 Hailin group. Geneseo, N. Y. ¥ Bri: Collected by C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. Bree. 5. Illustrations of Devsiten Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 8, fig. 14; ‘a and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 8, fig. 15. Be Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. ee Collected by C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. eo ~ ustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 8, figs. 15, ,. 16; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 8, figs. 16, 17. ~ Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. R a 4 Collected by R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Dae 1858. - Paleontology of New Fak vol. vii, 1888, pl. 8a, fig. 21. ae group. Kighteen-mile Creek, N. Y. ik ‘ F. A. Randall | purchase. a + 3 "Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 8a, fig. 22. “e Be rnilion group. Darien, N. Y. it x Collected by C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. "a bh. _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 8a, i 28. — Hamilton cue. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. 4 my eae J. M. Clarke purchase. “Nad ‘ : _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 8a, fig. 29. ; t J. M. Clarke ine e Journal of Morphology, vol. 11, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 15. Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Journal of Morphology, vol. 11, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 17. Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. | J. M. Clarke purchase. f Journal of Morphology, vol. 11, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 19. Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Journal of Morphology, vol. ii, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 20. Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. a J. M. Clarke purchase. Journal of Morphology, vol. ii, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 21. Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Journal of Morphology, vol. ii, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 30. Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. i J. M. Clarke purchase. ie Phacops anceps, Clarke. 1890. } As Trilobitas do Grez de Ereré e Maecurfi, Estado do Para, Brazil, Corniferous limestone. Cayuga, Ontario. Collected by C. D. Walcott, 1878. Pan OF peed Brann Geons arate ns aaa ODONTOCHILE, Corda. 1847. Dalmanites vigilans, Hall. 1861. Rept. Progress. Geol. Surv, Wisconsin, p. 57. a Eleventh Annual Report of the Department of Geology and Natural “ ernetony (Indiana), 1882, pl. 83, fig. 9. Be nera group. Waldron, Indiana. Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1878. / Dalmanites limulurus, Green. 1832, : (Asaphus Wetherilli, Green.) § A " Monograph of the a Hobites of North America, p. 57; original of Cast No. 20. ‘ hee Niagara Emestone. Rochester, N. Y. a & ? The Albany Institute donor. x (Asaphus pleuroptyx, Green.) E>. . Diicccetaph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 56; not Boke y 5 ears limestone. Genesee River, N. Y. | The Albany Institute donor. a? ‘ £ , ¥ + ~. 5 oe Dalmaniies pleuroptyx, Green (sp.) 1832. a Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 55; original of cast No. 18. q A: Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N.Y. j ar) The Albany Institute donor. 3 - PB ieanitoléey of New York, vol. ii, 1859; pl. 74, fig. 6. Fes. Lower gene group (Shaly Bee at): Schoharie, N. Y. : eee | J. Gebhard purchase. os ‘* ie 1s ae Pre. (> Be Paisemtolosy of New York, vol. ili, 1859, pl. 74, fig. 7. _ Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. i” Bos sontoiony of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11a, fig. 1. : 7 Lower Helderberg group ee limestone). Near Clarksville, N. Y.. _ J. M. Clarke purchase. J FE Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1883, pl. 11a, fig. 3. a - Corniferous limestone. Lime Rock, near LeRoy, N. Y. os Ward and Howell purchase. and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11a, fig. 9. d ‘. ; E 4 pas tk ae an Bete as 9s s) vay 396 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE M USEUM. a Dalmaiies micrurus, ues (sp.). - 1882. ‘n Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 56, fig, 8; 2 bey original of Cast No. 19. if Lower Helderberg group. The Helderberg, N. Y. i The Albany Institute deme et. Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, pl. 74, figs. 1, 2. ( Dalmania is A Bias: pleuroptyz.) Pee Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. YJ é | J. Gebhard purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. ili, text, p. 359, woodcut. “st Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard prurcigies Dalmanites glabratus, Green, 1832. — 1 ee (*) Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 52, Cast No. ibe Ee Horizon uncertain. Locality said to be Ripley, Ohio. e The Albang Institute donor. ite Dalmanites Meeki, Walcott. 1884. iy Pal. Eureka Dist., p. 207, pl. 17, figs. 5, a, b. . (*) Palszeontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 11a, fig. 28. Lower Devonian. Eureka District, Nevada. (ey Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 11a, figs. 29, 30. ue Lower Devonian. Eureka District, Nevada. | Dalmanites concinnus, Hall. 1876. é Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 10, fig. 33 Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. ey J. Gebhard purchase. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876 ; Crustacea, pl. 10, figs. 4, 5; Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 11a, figs. 10, 11. } Schoharie grit. Schoharie,N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Dalmanites phacoptyx, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 31, pl. lla, figs. 23, 24. Upper Helderberg group. North Cayuga, Ontario. Collected by J. De Cew, 1866. 5 Ae Oe ' PORT OF THE Seare 6 hoo GIs: | _Patontlogy of f New york: vol. vii, pl. lla, fig. 26. es AF Upper Helderberg group. North Cayuga, Ontario. we na Collected by J. De Cew, 1866. Dalmanites anchiops, Green (sp.). 1832. Monog. Tril. North Amer. p. 35. | - Mustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; IRS RCCE 9) 9, —— 3, 4, Y Paichkcie grit. Schoharie, N. a J. Gebhard purchase. ~ Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 9, figs. 5,6, ae and Paleontology of New York, a Vil, 1888, pl. 9, figs. 4,5, 65 =| ES 10, fig. 4. ; . a Schoharie grit. Schoharie county, be he | iy) J. Gebhard purchase. a: Seitinstrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 9, fig. 10 ; ps: nd Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 9, fig. 12. Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. & a ok at oy a a 7 tae ™ Vi J. Gebhard nee : P: md Pawo tatogy of New York, voi. vii, ‘188s, pl. 10, fad 5. Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. | a ae . J. es aint: Iilustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 10, figs. 10, Ear and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 10, figs. 8, 9. 7 " Schoharie ie Schoharie, N. Y. are). 3 3 J. Gebhard purchase. 4 Pe atentolosy of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 10, fig 10. ae Schoharie grit. Knox, N. Y. Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862. \ a 1876; Crustacea, pl. 10, fig. 13, 4 i zi Es ie ahcolcaty of New York, a vii, 1888, pl. 10, fig. 12. Pai Be Schoharie grit. Schoharie,N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. ‘ Tiaepritions of Dayonian Fossila’! 1876; “Crustacea, i and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 10, », fig. re Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. oS. Gebhard pre Illustrations of Devonian Fossils 1876; Crustacea, pl..9: fag _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 9, fig. hee ‘ Schoharie grit. Ulster county, N. Y. 1 Dalmanites anchiops, var. armatus, Hall. 1861. Fifteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 56. bes > Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 9, fig. ee and Paleontology of New York, vol. 11, 1888, pl. 9, fig. t. Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. | | — Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Cr ustacea, pl. 9, fig. 7; Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 9, oe 8. Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N. Y. iw [aserations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 9, fig. 8 3 - Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 9, fig. 9. - Schoharie grit. ‘Schoharie, N. Y. S i 2 is ; J. Gebhard purchase. in Dalmanites anchiops, var. sobrinus, Hall. 1888. on Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 9, fig. 1 ya Me and Palwontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 62, pl. 9, fig. il. Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. | Collected bg C. Van Deloo, 1862, Dalmunites macrops, Hall. . 1861. Deser. New Species Fossils, ete., p. 59. oe ds. | 7 oe Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 13, figs. 9, 103;_ and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11a, figs. 14, Ds Corniferons limestone. gronenarte, NM: ‘ Ge : J. Gebhard a ‘ ee a | at . ee ' 7 se OF pare cigs @rovocisr. F Dalmamites erina, Hall. 1861. Descr. New Species Fosils, etc., p. 62. pe ‘Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 13, figs. 3, 4; as Pid Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. lla, figs. 16, 17. 3 s 4 Corniferous limestone. Clarence, N. Y. te a ‘wt - ces Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11a, fig. 18. __ Corniferous limestone. Boulder in town of Naples,.N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Dalmanites Calypso, Hall. 1861. Descr. New Species Fossils, etc., p. 61. ee ’ , _ (*) Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11a, figs. 19, 20. _ Corniferous limestone. Sandusky, Ohio. Genus PROBOLIUM, Ghlert. 1890. Dalmanites tridens, Hall. 1859. | Pateonstogy of New York, vol. iii, 1859, p. 361, pl. 74, fig. 3. rer ers group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Bee pitolocy of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 75, fig. 4. oN Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. + ah J. Gebhard purchase. % s Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 75, fig. 5. A _ Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. Be | J. Gebhard purchase. — eee of New York, vol. iii, 1859, Bh Tay eg: _ Lower Helderberg group (cial limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard, purchase. oe Dalmanites nasutus, Conrad (sp.). 1841. ek Ann. Rept. Pal. Dept. N. Y., p. 48. ‘Se a % _ Pamontoy of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 75, fig. 2. _ Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. \ J. Gebhard, purchase. eee tae of New York, vol. iii, ee a 16, aor 4 Aerie as group (Shaly AE RHONeIL Schoharie, N. YY J. Gebhard, pusrch USE Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, Ay 76, fig. 2. 2 Rs ‘a Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. veg : J. Gebhard, purchase z . | B Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 76, fig. 3. aes Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, NeY. . Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 76, figs. 4, 5, 6, Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schobmrie, N. Y. ise . : J. Gebhard, bedi See of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 76, figs. 7, 8. Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. y. m ¥ | J. Gebhard purchase. ba Genus ODONTOCEPHALUS. Conrad. 1840. Dalmanites selenurus, Eaton (sp.). 1832. Geol. Text-book, p, 31, pl. 1, fig. 1. _ Paleontolegy of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11b, fig. 15. _ Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. | Be ¥ _ do. Gebhard | purchase. oe me ie ati Ro fy ao of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11b, figs. 16, 17. Be _Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, N. Y. i ee Collected by J. M. Claes 1885. ‘ Paleontology of New York, vol. ii, 1888, pl. 11b, fig. 18. Corniferous limestone. Phelps, N. Y. | Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1885. * ie Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11b. fig. 19. Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, N. Y. Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1885. ape totoey of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11b, fig. ah ‘ Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. Yeti Re. J. Gebhard percha r: x iN a ree a Pe i me Wide ay oe wah Sie ae oye a \ ris | Report oF THE Rotts GROLOGIST. “am Fala of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 12, figs. 5, 6. Per - Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. 7 Meaicontclogy of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 12, fig. 7. b ee Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, N. Y. ) Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1885. 4 Mi ? : ag Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 12, figs. 12, is; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 12, figs. 8, 9. % 13 i ~ Comiferous limessone. Schoharie, N. Y. J. ds ae On purchase. Sitigstrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 12, figs. 1 ne and Palxontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 12, figs. 10, 11. _ Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. wie J. Gebhard purchase. a BE toontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 12, fig. 12. —Corniferous limestone. a Rock, near Le Roy, N. Y. 4 : | Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1885. ea): 2 Sua : Dalmanites Algeria, Hall. 1861. a aoe Descr. New Species Fossils, etc., p. 57. BPaicontclozy of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11b, fig. 5. x * - Corniferous limestone. Williamsville, N. Y. a Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1885. ; -Palxontology of New York. vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11b, fig. 10. orniferous limestone. Clarence, N. Y. Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1885. 3 BP atsontolozy of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11b, fig. 11. q _ Corniferous limestone. Clarence, N. Y. | Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1885. ee a Dalmanites bifidus, Hall. 1861. a =e Descr. New Species Fossils, p. 63. "Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11b, figs. 2, 3. Corniferous limestone. Lime Rock, near Le Roy, N. Y. a | Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1886. ig 1301. ) 51 Fang 4 rw ‘ 4 Ve Es 402 FoRTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, plate 1b, figs. 24, 25. , Corniferous limestone. Lime Rock, near Le Roy, N. Y. Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1886. Genus CORYCEPHALUS, Hall. 1888. _ Dalmanites pygmeus, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p, 56, pl. 11, figs. 5, 6. Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, N. Y. | J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11, figs. 7, 8. Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Dalmanites dentatus, Barrett. 1876. ¢ Amer. Journ. Science, vol. ii, 3d ser., p. 200. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11a, fig. 5. Lower Helderberg group. Port Jervis, N. Y. Collected by J. W. Hall, 1877. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii. 1888, pl. 11a, fig. 6. Lower Helderberg group. Port Jervis, N. Y. Collected by J. W. Hall, 1877. Genus CRYPHZEUS, Green. 1887. Dalmanites Boothi, Green (sp.). 1837. Amer. Journ. Science, vol. 32, p. 348. (? Calymene microps, Green. 1832.) (*) Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, page 34, Cast No. 6. Said to be from a black limestone at Ripley, Ohio. The Albany Institute donor. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 16, figs. 1, | 9; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16, figs. 1, , ; pl. 16a, fig. 8. Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. Collected by C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 16, fig. 55 and Paleontology of New York, pl. 16, fig. 3. é Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. . 4 Collected by C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. 4 - Report or THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 403 Eiiinirations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl 16, hg; 45 € and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16, fig. 4. ke pn ‘group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. Collected by C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. . Collected by,C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. - - Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 16, fig. 14; ___and Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. l6a, fig. 4. Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. -__Iilustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 16, fig. 11; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16a, fig. 5. -_ -_Hamilton group. Geneseo, N. Y. Collected OY. C. A. White and C. Van Delo, 1860. a _ Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 16, fig. 10; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16a, fig. 6. Hamilton group. Geneseo, N. Y. ae Collected by C. A. White and C. Van ae 1860. _ IHustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 16, ie 12; ee and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16a, fig. 7 _ Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. ; i Collected by C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. Dalmanites Boothi, var. cutee Green, (sp.). 1837. ms Amer. Journ. Science, vol. xxxii, p. 346, _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16, fig. 5; 16a, fig. 12. _ _Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16, fig. 6; pl. 16a, fig. 13. — Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16, fig. 7; Be 16a, pfig: 14, _ _Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. = _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16, fig. 8. a Hamilton group. Oisiandaretee ey. Ss J. M. Clarke purchase. a . Be i ae e a ES . 404. ieee as Report on THE State Museum. ue i > } ie a e | Illustrations of Tee een Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl a6, figs. 38, rs and Paleontology of New York, pl. 16, figs. 9, 14, 15. ets 2 ia ooo group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. e oot Bese ie Collected by C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. 0, yz ) ; hit. Bs b e Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16, fig. 10. ee os ‘ Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. ee ae J. M. Clarke purchase. Ss ae gtk Ad ag om re Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16, figs. 11, 12. i a Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. pi a J. M. Clarke purchase. C i 5 7 ss hae : + eS iy Paleontology of New York, vol. vu, 1888, pl. 16, fig. 13% am Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. i a ) J. M. Clarke purchase. se ei ee | __- Hustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 16; ier and ____- Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16, fig. 16. By Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. | Sa ie Collected by C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. M ae ‘ IS Illustrations of neat Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 16, fig. 8; and é Re Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16, fig. 17. ‘ b: Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. ae ae Collected by C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 1860. ee Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16, figs. 19, 20, 21. oe Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y, o> J. M. Clarke purchase. ¥ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16, fig. 22. Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N, Y. P J. M. Clarke purchase. 4 Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 16a, fig. 10. [ ae Tully limestone. Goodwin’s, Cayuga Lake, N. Y. 4 5 | Donated by S. G. Williams. — Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, Be 16a, fig, 15, tae Hamilton group. Hopewell, N. Y, my i» J. M. Clarke purchase. ry ae Ee ur BAe WR Oot | Report OF THE Oe eee andn . ; + aw? — of Now York, wok vii, 1888, pl. 16a, fig. 16. { a =; Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. a a wig J. M. Clarke purchase. Journal of Morphology, vol. ii, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 22. sie Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. ; e ae J. M. Clarke purchase. : Dalmanites comis, Hall. 1888. es e Be i ortctoiy of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 41, pl. 16a, fig. 1. ‘a 4 2 if ‘Upper Helderberg group. Cayuga, Ontario. re A ; Collected by C. D. Walcott, 1878. . Be Genus CRYPHINA, Ehlert. 1890. Brice Dalmanites serrulus, Hall. 1888. ih i a uae 5 eng . Bee teontclogy of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 30, pl. lla, fig. 12. _ ae _ Corniferous limestone. North Cayuga, Ontario. “a ¥ 2 fi Res Ag bye ; aes, Aes 3 (a Be Genus CORONURA, Hall, 1888. ae : % ‘ “4 ye % Dalmanites emarginatus, Hall. 1876. 1m Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 10, fig. 2; and Palxontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11a, fig. '7. Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. * are ane a peeteoroloey of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11a, fig. 8. bar Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. oe J. Gebhard purchase. Dalmanites aspectans, Conrad (sp.). 1841. 3 Be (= Asaphus diurus, Green. 1839.) Fifth Ann. Rept. Pal. N. Y., p. 49, fig. 9. 4 Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 12, figs. 6, 8; _ * ie | and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 13, figs. 3, 4. =e : Se Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. y Be a Ae J. Gebhard purehtee Cea ee ‘ he ; (oe if _ Iilustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 12, fig. 11; — ee “ar nd Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 13, fig. 5. : g a Corniferous limestone. Columbus, Ohio. ae. . hae ‘ Collected by R. P. Whitfield, 1865. ec ae » ote : 406 Forry-Frirtg REPORT on THE STATE M USEUM. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 13, fig. 9. : Corniferous limestone. Lime Rock, N. Y. ie Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1885. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 10, fig. 1; andl oH Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 18, fig. 13. | Corniferous limestone. Near Clarksville, N. Y. Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1865. Dalmanites myrmecophorus, Green. 1835. Suppl. Monogr. Tril. North Amer., p. 16. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 13, fig. 1 Corniferous limestone. Lime Rock, N. Y. Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1885. Paleontology of New York, vol.,vii, 1888, pl. 14, fig. 1. Corniferous limestone. Kingston, N. Y. Tubbs purchase. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 13, fig. 15; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 14, fig. 2. Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. . | sty J. Gebhard purchase. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 13, fig. 16; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 14, fig. 3. Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 14, figs. 4, 5, 6. a (The originals of Conrad’s Asaphus ? acantholeurus.) Corniferous limestone. ‘Near Schoharie in limestone with Odonto- — cephalus (Onondaga limestone).” dl Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2, 8. Corniferous limestone. Near Clarksville, N. Y. Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1878. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 15, fig. 14. -Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. 2 ee he ee ne ’ he ee Sie a ee a mre aA Rs - pic a lag IR -Revorr or THE STATE GRoxoersr. Dalmanites coronatus, Hall, 1861. Descr. New ; Species Fossils, etc. p. 58. | es moniology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 11b, fig. 14. _ Corniferous limestone. Schoharie,N. Y. — y J. Gebhard purchase. : Family CERAURID&. Genus CERAURUS, Green. 18382. a Ceraurus pleurexanthenus, Green. 1832. | Monograph of the Trilobites of North America, p. 84, pl. 1, fig. 10 5 _ original of cast No. 33. Trenton limestone. Newport, N. Y. . The Albany Institute donor. Ceraurus ? sp. indet, Hall. 1847. < Ge Ber otoloey of New York, vol. i, p. 25, pl. iv bis, fig. 20. Chazy limestone. Chazy, N. . aes Geological Survey collection. Family ACIDASPID-. Genus CERATOCEPHALA, Warder. 1838. Acidaspis sp. Hall. 1888. a Bee ontciogy of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16b, fig. 14. - Corniferous limestone. Cayuga, Ontario. Sub-genus ACIDASPIS, Murchison. 1839. Acidaspis tuberculata, Conrad (sp.) 1840. Ann. Rept. Pal. Dept., N. Y., p. 205. f ; ig Paleontology of New York, vol. ii, 1859, pl. 79, figs. I, 12. i 33 Lower oe group. Near Clarksville, N. Y. ag J. Gebhard purchase. * ee _ Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 79, figs. 8, 5. Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie county, N. Y. e iy P| J. Gebhard purchase. ~ E Ee icisis of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 79, fig. 8a. a. _ Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie county, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 79, fig. 12. Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie county,N.Y. ) J. Gebhard pure chet _ Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, 1959, pl. 79, fig. 13, _ Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie county, 1 ae | NS ey he Gebhard purche an rea eevee of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 79, fig. 14. Lower Helderberg group. Near Clarksville, N. Y. Acidaspis Trentonensis, Hall. 184°. (‘‘ Acidaspis crosotus Locke.” J. Gebhard.) Ninth Annual Report New York State Cabinet of Natural Hist pp. 45-47. 1856. . Not figured. ‘Trenton limestone, Cape Vincent, N. Y. on ene Moses Eames donor, Sub-genus ODONTOPLEURA, Murchison. 1839. Acidaspis callicera, Hall. 1888. *Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 69, pl. 16b, figs. re 10 -Corniferous limestone. Camillus, N. Y. m3 Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16b, figs. 3, 4, 5 yer ge : We : aaitprous limestone. Cayuga, Ontario. . ae ks. His Collected by OC. D. Walcott, 1878, | / Bale dtloe: of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16b, fig. 9. Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. - x i = ie Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 16b, fig. 18. Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N. Y. J. M. Clarke perchase. +e Sub-genus DICRANURUS, Conrad. 1841. Acidaspis hamatus, Conrad (sp.). 1841. Ann. Rep. Pal. Dept. N. Y., p. 48. Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, pl. 79, fig. 16. me. Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie county, N. Y. eet J. Gebhard percha vie oe nit ‘ La ¥ ~ ri i or : Pe, ‘ hel ed +s SA den, u ’ ee) git . ier nit a b ote ‘\ % i) 4 vee ¢! y4 de ” ‘a ee VF Ld Yay yl f =e J t Urns . \ ¥ Wp Repos Or THE Srare GEOLOGIST. | Palen of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 79, tig. 17. Peer spicioaa group. Schoharie county, N. Y. J. Gebhard pipet ds - Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, ut 79, fig. 19. _ Lower Helderberg group. Albany county, N. Y. Betis vicloey of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 79, fig. 19a. Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie county, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Sub-genus ANCYROPYGE, Clarke, 1891. Wo € > Aeas ‘¢ Ba | ) Acidaspis Romingeri, Hall. 1888. + -*Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 71, pl. 16b, figs. 15, 16, LY; 18: eS teadton group. Little Traverse Bay, Michigan. uh, is Family LICHAD-. Genus LICHAS, Dalman. 1826. Sub-genus CONOLICHAS, Dames. 1877. Lichas pustulosus, Hall. 1859. a Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, p. 366, pl. 77, figs. 9, 10. oie “Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. a fe J. Gebhard purchase. a of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 77, fig. 11. _ Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebbard purchase. i Palzontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 78, fig. 2. _ Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. aes . J. Gebhard bee : - Palxontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 78, fig. 3. © Fs ; “Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. lea : os . J. Gebhard purchase. — tis 4 ; ag ts vy a Palxontology of New York, vol. ii, 1859, pl. 78, fig. 4 (mutilated = _ by having the terminal lobe artifically divided). Ya, a Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. — J. Gebhard purchase. eas epee ee Pe ee VF ie a hetero ts 410 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 78, fig. 6. oa Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. — ae J. Gebhard purchase. * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl 19) figs. Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Near Clarksville, N. Y. Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19, fig. 10. Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard Dinas 2 Puimnt ology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19, fig. 11. Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Conolichas ? sp., Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. iui, pl. 78, fig. '7 (Lichas pustulosus, Hall); and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 19, fig. 9. o Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. (?) Lichas Bigsbyi, Hall. 1859. Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, p. 364. * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19a, fig. 1. Lower Helderberg’group. Schoharie, N. Y. bs Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 19, fig. 12. tg Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. (?) Lichas Hriopis, Hall. 1868. Sixteenth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 226. z Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 19, figs. 4, 5, ! 6, '7; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19a, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5. Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. j J. Gebhard purchase. . Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19a, fig. 7 Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. | Reporr OF THE ae Weavda ter Pupelacniology of New Toe vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19a, fig. 8. ce eorpus limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. ae Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 19, fig. 10; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19a, fig. 9. - Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. i - J. Gebhard purchase. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 19, fig. 12 _ [Acidaspis ( Terataspis) sp.|; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vil, _ 1888, pl. 19a, fig. 11. | -Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. : J. Gebhard purchase. — Sy - Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19a, figs. 13, 15, 16. % Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. ae | } Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1885. | ' ? Lichas hispidus, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, p. 77. - filastrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 19, figs. 8, 95 3 “and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19a, figs. 14, 17. _ Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. 5 J. Gebhard purchase. - ; Palsontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19a, fig. 18. Be Corniferous limestone. Le Roy, N. Y. . mee - Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1877. Sub-genus CERATOLICHAS, Hall. 1888. Lichas gryps, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, p. 84. ¥ Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Prades! pl. 19 fig. 1; and _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19b, figs. 7, 8. 4 _ Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. | oe J. Gebhard purchase. = Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19b, figs. 9, 10, 11. even crous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. SES = ree ORT on Pew Seams Mn Us: ut 412 bas Ie. Bey \ g _ Corniferous limestone. Canandaigua, NSA: i ree said by J. M. eae 1886. ny m . \ ae Lichas dracon, Hall. 1888. 1h ae Ps $ Ce ama? of New York, vol. ee pl. 85. of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19b, foes 14, 1b. Ng at Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. ee re va J. Gebhard purchase. 7 Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 19b, figs. 16, 1 | ie Corniferous limestone. Schoharie, N. Y. me Me! J. Gebhard purchase, BN ae Bae naiony of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19b, figs. 18, 182. = aa Corniferous, limestone. Le Roy, N. Y. cele a a by J. M. Clarke, 1886, a Sub-genus ARGES, Goldfuss. 1839. Se a aes Lichas contusus, Hall. 1888. os * : Paleontology of New York, vol. vili, 1888, p. 83, pl. 19b, fig. 3. i -Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. es o> J. M. Clarke ib 2 wie ~ Tae ar, wie ___- Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19b, figs. 4, 5, 6. Ea | Corniferous limestone. Near Clarksville, N. Y. A > Collected by J. W. Hall, 1877. a | Sub-genus TERATASPIS, Hall. 1863. me oa Lichas grandis, Hall. 1861. 3 a Fi Descr. New Species Foss., p. 82. ' % Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 17, figs: 1% 5, and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 17, figs. 2, 3. be Schoharie grit. Knox, N. Y. i io . Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862. - “ys 3, my a Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 17, figs. 5, 4; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 17, figs. 4, 5. ‘- ; Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. Vie F J. Gebhard purchase. — z i ror fr | a ee oF nue pay boa vaas Hs ws a.” iw: it ie Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19, fig. 1. _ Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N. Y. j ; Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862. 7 Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19, fig. 2. - Vs Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. aid J. Gebhard purchase. ~ Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 18, fig. 45 and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19, fig. 5, Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. ) 2" J. Gebhard purchase. Be: _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19, fig. 6. _ Schoharie grit. Knox, N.Y. was Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862. - Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19, fig. 7. Schoharie grit. Thompson’s Lake, N. Y. ae | Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862. Sub-genus DICRANOGMUS, Corda. 1847. Lichas ptyonurus, Hall. 1888. Bea eniclocy. of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 86, pl. 19b, fig. 19. _ Niagara group (Coralline limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. : Ri : 7 * Bers, of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19b, fig. 20. _ Niagara group (Coralline limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. a B J. Gebhard purchase. | - Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 19b, fig. 21. __ Niagara group (Coralline limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. a J. Gebhard purchase. Family PROETID/. Genus PROETUS, Steininger. 1831. Proetus Corycceus, Conrad (sp.) 1842. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 8, p. 277. a tas & ‘Paleontology of New York, vol. ii, pl. 67, fig. 15. , am Niagara group. Lockport, N. Y. cat ee \ Pagid, PP 414 TORTY-FLFTH Report on THE STATE Muszum. gone Proetus pba SB Hall. 1859. Palxontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, p. 351, pl. 78, fig. 5. Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Proetus angustifrons, Hall. 1861. Descr. New Species Fossils, p. 70. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 1. Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 2. Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. : J. Gebhard purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 3. Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Proetus Conradi, Hall. 1861. Descr. New Species Fossils, p. 69. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 4. Schoharie grit... Schoharie, N. Y. ; J. Gebhard purchase. Proetus Hesione, Hall. 1861. | Descr. New Species Fossils, p. 70. ~ *Tilustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 20, figs. 15, 16; and Palxontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 20, figs. 15, 16. Schoharie grit. Schoharie, N. Y. Proetus sp., Hall, 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 94, pl. 22, fig. 5. Schoharie grit, Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. - Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 6. Schoharie grit. Knox, N. Y. Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862, ) ¥ Report or rue State GeovocisT. . | 415 og Proetus curvimarginatus, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 94, pl. 22, fig. 18. Schoharie grit. Pendleton, Indiana. Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1878. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, figs. 14, 15. Schoharie grit. Pendleton, Indiana. Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Delots 1878. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, pl. 22, fig. 16. Schoharie grit. Pendleton, Indiana. Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1878. Palxontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 1'7. Schoharie grit. Pendleton, Indiana, Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1878. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, figs. 18, 19. _ Schoharie grit. Pendleton, Indiana. Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1878. Proetus latimarginatus, Hall. 1888. AS Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 97, pl. 22, fig. 7. Schoharie grit. Pendleton, Indiana. Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Delo, 1878. Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 8. Schoharie grit. Pendleton, Indiana. Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1878. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 9. Schoharie grit. Pendleton, Indiana. , Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1878. Palxontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 10. Schoharie grit. Pendleton, Indiana. Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1878. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 11. Schoharie grit. Pendleton, Indiana. Collected by C.D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1878. —. 416 Forvy-rirtra REPORT on THE STATE Museum. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 12. Schoharie grit. Pendleton, Indiana. Se Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, 1878, a Proetus clarus, Hall. 1861. Descr. New Species Fossils, p. 71. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 28. Corniferous limestone. Decewville, Ontario. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 29. Corniferous limestone. Lime Rock, near Le Roy, N. Y. | | Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1888. Proetus folliceps, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 101, pl. 23, figs. 3, 4, 8. Corniferous limestone. Near Le Roy, N. Y. Collected by C. D. Walcott and C. Van Detoat 1877, Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, figs. 6, ‘7. Corniferous limestone (drift). Ann Harbor, Michigan. Donated by C. Rominger. \ Proetus delphinulus, Hall. 1888. * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 111, pl. 23, figs. | ei pl. 25, fig. 6. Corniferous limestone. Port Colborne, Ontario. Proetus canaliculatus, Hall. 1861. Descr. New Species Fossils, p. 73. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, figs. 10, 11. Corniferous limestone. Falls of the Ohio. Proetus crasstmarginatus, Hall. 1848. Geol. N. Y.; Rept. Fourth Dist., p. 172, fig. 5. bi Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 20, fig. 5; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 20, fig. 6. Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N. Y. Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 20, figs. 8, 9; — and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 20, figs. 7, 8. 7 Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N. Y. ; Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862, & ar.) &. : oar : rs ea aN a Bruin ty ‘ vier s, Waste 5, Wet OF ge A Ne Des Pas Pepe ee har) BF iti a abs ia er for sy aN a oe me Ae Reporr OF THE STATE (/EOLOGIST. 417 a, A *y ’ a Pa } } - mt ty 4 - 4 > Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 20, figs. 23, 24; and Palxontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 20, figs. 23, 24. me - Coniferous limestone. Clarence, N. Y. oe * Collected by C. A. White, R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, 1860. an a Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 20, fig. 27; ; : ; BS and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 20, fig. 27. . a __ Corniferous limestone. Cayuga, Ontario. “sa q Collected by J. De Cew, 1866. a, ‘. _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 20. a _ Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N. Y. rea x Collected by C. Van Deloo, 1862. — eres 9 Beiecntology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 21. | be _ Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N. Y. ee) Soe % Collected by C Van Deloo, 1862. Bass - 54 . _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22. fig. 23. , is | 4 ‘ _ Comiferous limestone. Falls of the Ohio. a Proetus ? planimarginatus, Meek. 1871. . cane 4 “a Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 89. iS 2 ee over of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, fig. 21. a - Comniferous limestone. Sylvania, Ohio. : 4 sf Proetus stenopyge, Hall. 1888. | | te " Paleontology of New York, vol. vu, 1888, p. 110, pl. 22, fig. 2'7. me?) - -Corniferous limestone. Phelps, N. Y. a Pex. Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1886. ong | a Proetus ovifrons, Hall. 1888. a _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 110, pl. 22, fig. 31. | * yi - Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. ae Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1886. a Ei inislogy of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 22, fig. 32. a _ Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. ae a Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1886. es BS ists Proetus microgenvma, Hall. 1888. 9 ne of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 109, pl. 22, fig. 33. i Corniferous limestone. Phelps, N. Y. > a rae Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1886. a 1891 53 oa “4 oy rg : a 418 Forry-rirta Report on THE STATE MosEum. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 22, fig. 34. Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Proetus Rowt, Green (sp.). 1838. Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 33, p. 406. ¥ Illdetrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 21, fig. 4; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 4. | Hamilton group. Otsego county, N. Y. * Tllustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 21, fig. 5; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 5. Hamilton group. Otsego county, N. Y. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 21, fig. 24; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 24. Tully limestone. Near Ovid, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, fig. 20. Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, fig. 22. Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. J. .V. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, fig. 23. Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, fig. 24. Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, fig. 25. Hamilton group (drift). Ann Arbor, Michigan. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, fig. 26. Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. ace 7, hie tent REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 419 a Ba: oe ‘% “s Ba. “ag . Sen - Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Pvincn. pl. 21, figs. 25, “Fe Be 26; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 21, figs. 25, ae me ie 26; pil..23, fig. 27. Bs: a Tully linestone. Near Ovid, N. Y. | ae Be) J. Gebhard purchase. ° és oa a: % os, (*) Paleontology of New York, vol. vii. 1888, pl. 23, fig. 29. a, . Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. pe a: J. M. Clarke purchase. me Bi. a a vig % ' : Proetus Haldemani, Hall. 1861. “@ x i Descr. New Species Fossils, p. 74. ; ¢ Bed eS ___ * Tilustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 21, figs. 7, 8; ete = and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 21, figs. '7, 8; pl. 23, - a ae eg fig. 15. Ma Hamilton group. Pennsylvania. Ne ee re A ae * Beet oaitaiory of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, fig. 13. ‘pa . i - Devonian. Rescue Hill, Eureka District, Nevada. a Se Proetus macrocephalus, Hall. 1861. e ! Descr. New Species Fossils, p. 77. a. S Pactrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 21, fig. 10; ; Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 10. ¥ Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. Br Collected by R. P. Whitfield oe C. Van Deloo, 1858. ~~ _ [lustgations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Ore oes pl. 21, fig. 13; Me > and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 18. A _ Hamilton group. York, N. Y. . . Collected by J. W. Hall and C. Van Deloo, 1866. eta es ‘ vw q Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 21, fig. 14; : and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 14. : Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. a Collected by R. P. Whitfield and J. W. Hall, 1858. a a Illustrations of pee Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 21, fig 17; q and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 1'7. oa Ge oe group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. Rags are Collected by R. P. Whitfield and J. W. Hall, 1858. as : ae » a ae ORTY- FIFTH Reporr on THE si 4, Illustrations of Decora Fossils, 1876; Cae i 21, and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl 21, fig. 18. Hamilton group. Locality ? ae ii Illustrations of Devonian Heat 1876; Crustacea, a 21, ye ’ , "and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 21, fig. 19. _ | Hamilton group. North Bristol, N. Y. ; Collected by C. A. White and C. Van Deloo, 18 080 Palxontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, fig. 30. Hamilton group. Heat pete Make, Ne Y., Rae oniglogy of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, fig. 31. Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake; No Yo es; sf sa : J. M. Clarke prea, - 2 Proetus Prouti, Shumard. 1863. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. ii, No. 1, p. 110. Sei, vol. ii, p. 287. * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, ie 16, 1%, a : Hamilton group. Smith’s Quarry, Davenport, Iowa. : * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, fig. 18 Hamilton group. Cook’s Quarry, Davenport, Iowa. Proetus Phocion, Billings. 1874. Pal. Foss. Canada, vol. ii, p. 63. Fel ontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 25, fig. 9. Hamilton group. Indian Cove, Gaspé, Quebec. * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 25, fig. 10. Hamilton oh Indian Cove, Gaspé, Quebec. Poetics Nevade, Hall. 1888, * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 129, pl. 23, fig. 19, Devonian. Comb’s Peak, Eureka District, Nevada Proetus Missouriensis, Shumard. ‘1855. Geol. Rept. Miss., p. 196. (Proetus auriculatus, Hall, 1861. Descr. New Species Fossils, p. Palxontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 23, fig. 32. Waverly group, Licking county, Ohio. Werks. i ’ 5 en Steal hi Ca date J: . hal SL 2d tos perk MN . ef oy Bake i A hat hci ie tale ol bate Pas fits agent oy ; HyNet ar ri . Y * ™ rm : a b wo me Report or rar Stare Groroarsr. ® A i a a ae be a Genus CORDANIA, Clarke. 1893. se Phaéthonides cyclurus, Hall. 1888, @ a Palxontology of New York, vol. vil, p. 187, pl. 24, figs. 26, 26a, Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Near Clarksville, N. Y.. J. M. Clarke purchase, Palxontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, fig. 27. Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Near Clarksville, N.Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. _ Palentology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, fic. 28, | Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Near Clarksville, N.Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. os, Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 25, fig. 11. sy i: Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Near Clarksville, N.Y. Bas ns | J. M. Clarke purchase. a - 4 Phaéthonides arenicolus, Hall. 1888, 5 . Pe ticontolory of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 134, pl. 25, fig, 12, Phaéthonides varicella, Hall. 1888, Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 135, pl. 24, figs. 29, 29a. __ Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y,. are 8 | J. M. Clarke purchase. ¥ ‘ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, figs. 30, 30a. _ Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. | J. M. Clarke purchase. a Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 188 8, pl. 24, fig. 31. Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. Si : J. M. Clarke purchase. é Phaéthonides gemmeus, Hall. 1888. e Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 136, pl. 24, fig. 82. aS Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N.Y. . Bee ! J. M. Clarke purchase. ay ae ed ie ek eer ee PY gh Oe a ee a: ieee eens ee vt, a ‘ a + St te * Dp F ah Wales Ho AR son wares ‘ CO Nd f (: s en . CO eae i 2 422 FoORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, fig. 33. Hamilton group. Eighteen-mile Creek, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, fig. 34. Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. : J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, fig. 35. Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, fig. 36. Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Phaéthonides Macrobius, Billings (sp.). 1863. Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 123. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, figs. 24, 244, Lower Helderberg group. Square Lake, Maine. | ; J. M. Clarke purchase. - e” Genus CYPHASPIS, Burmeister. 1843. Cyphaspis coelebs, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 151, pl. 24, fig. 1. Lower Helderberg group (Shaly limestone). Schoharie, N. Y. J. Gebhard purchase. Cyphaspis minuscula, Hall (sp.). 1876. Ilustr. Devon. Fossils. Expl. pl. 20, fig. 17. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, fig. 7. Schoharie grit. Near Clarksville, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, figs. 8, 8a. Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl..24, figs. 9, 10. Corniferous limestone (drift), Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. e REPORT OF THE STATE CEOLOGIST. 423 F | ~ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, fig. 11. -__ Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. j J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, fig. 12. _Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. ) , 4 E Cyphaspis stephanophora, Hall. 1888. Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 142, pl. 24, figs. 2, 3. Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. ; J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, fig. 4. Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. : J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, fig."5 _ Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. | J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York. vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, figs. 6, 6a. Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. . ‘ J. M. Clarke purchase. Cyphaspis diadema, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 141, pl. 24, fig. 18. Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Cyphaspis hybrida, Hall. 1888. _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 144, pl. 24, fig. 14. Corniferous limestone (drift). Canandaigua, N.Y. — J. M. Clarke purchase. Cyphaspis craspedota, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 148, pl. 24, figs. 15 1 i @ Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. a ‘e. ta we x ate re os. be Cree - J m4) et, ap oN SES Se Oak Se eG Age eo Oe Re RS ONES See ran ae 494 FPor?1Y-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, figs. 18, 19. Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii; 1888, pl. 24, fig. 20. Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Cyphaspis ornata, Hall. 1876. Illustr. Dev. Foss. Exp., pl. 21, fig. 1. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, figs. 21, 21a. Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Cyphaspis ornata, var. baccata, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 146, pl. 24, figs. 22, 22a. | Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 24, fig. 23. Hamilton group. Canandaigua, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. MEROSTOMATA. Family EURYPTERID&A. ‘Genus EURYPTERUS, DeKay, 1825. Eurypterus prominens, Hall. 1888. ~¢) Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 157, pl. 3 4. Fa ation group. ‘Northern part of ree county, N. Y. Hurypterus remipes, DeKay. 1825. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., p. 375. a _Patsonisog of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 80a, fig. Fi ae _ Waterlime formation. beni aries N. Y. | ay J. Gebhard i canal Burypterus lacustris, Harlan. 1834, Trans. Geol. Soc. Penna., vol. i, p. 98. Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 81, fig. 3 _ Waterlime formation. Williamsville, N. Y. c ; J. Gebhard purchase. 7 Eurypterus pachycheirus, Hall. 1859. , | A i ‘s y. Biaisontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, p. 412,* pl. 82,* figs. 1, la e. -Waterlime formation. Near Buffalo, N. Y. . J. Gebhard ‘iurehtee ea a Paleontology of New York, vol. iii, 1859, pl. 82,* fig. 8. _ _Waterlime formation. Near Buffalo, N. Y. a J. Gebhard purchase. Hurypterus DeKayi, Hall. 1859. ’ a Be test tosry of New York, vol. iii, 1859, p. 411,* pl. 82, fig. 1, ; 3 _ Waterlime so mune, Te) i Pe: be aN jy we Ry) ani! BPORT or THE Srare aenboive Paleontology of New York, vol. vii. 1888, pl. 30, fig. 18. ilton group. Pratt’s Falls, N. Y. Collected by H. H. Smith and C. Van Deloo, 1873. & Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, a 30, fig. 19. 3 x Sane group. Pratt’s Falls, N. Y. ae Collected by H. H. Smith and C. Van Deloo, 1873. [?] Ceratiocaris longicauda, Hall. 1861. _ Sixteenth Report on New York State Cabinet of Natural History, 1861, p. 73, pl. 1, fig. '7 (not figs. 4,5, 6—= Coleolus or Orthoceras); 9 and Palxontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 31, fig. 1. : Genesee shales. Bristol Center, N. Y. Collected by R. P. Whitfield and C. Van Deloo, 1862. Echinocaris Whitfieldi, Clarke. 1885. Bull. No. 16. U. S. Geol. Surv. p. 45. ‘ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 29, fig. 20. Naples beds. Naples, N. Y. | J. M. Clarke cymes | ee Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 29, Ag. 21. By Spies beds. Naples, N. Ye e e 7 arian [?] Phat eoa ne is Beecheri, ‘Clarke. 1885. 4 Natepeea of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 30, fig. 8. ~ eta beds. Sonyea, N. Y. Hhinovaris condylepis, Hall. 1880. = Palxontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 173, pl. 29, figs. 14, 15. amu group. Belmont, N. Y. Collected by Andrew Sherwood, 187 l. 4 ‘Wana Be bis hikes Fale acolony of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 29, figs. 16, ht oe group. Belmont, N. Y. ae ce by Andrew Sherwood, 187 se ae Echinocaris soln See 1884, : Second Geol. Surv. Penna., PPP, p. 10. 0 a _* Pakeontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 30, fig. 6. Yhemung group. _Warren, Pennsylvania. " ‘3 ee e a ee 430 Forry-rirra ReporT on THE STATE Museum. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 30, fig. es Ae oa Chemung group. Warren, Pennsylvania. aaa u, FF. A. Randall purchase Re ey * Paleontology of New, York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 30, fig. 8, pa Chemung group. Warren Pennsylvania. t ose Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888. pl. 30, fig. 10. Chemung group. Warren, Pennsylvania. F. A. Randall purchase. Echinocaris multinodosa, Whitfield. 1880. Amer. Journ. Science, vol. xix, p. 38. “ * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 29, fig. 18. fe Erie shale. Paine’s Creek, Ohio. . * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 29, fig. 19. | Erie shale. Paine’s Creek, Ohio. Barr : ” eg Echinocaris pustulosa, Whitfield. 1880. Amer. Journ. Science, vol. xix, p. 38. * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 29, figs) 9, 10. Erie shale. Paine’s Creek, Ohio. - Echinocaris subleevis, Whitfield. 1880. . Amer. Journ. Science, vol. xix, p. 36. * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 29, figs. 11, 12. Erie shale. Paine’s Creek, Ohio. Genus ELYMOCARIS, Beecher. 1884. Elymocaris capsella, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 181, pl. 31, fig. 4. Hamilton group. Canandaigua lake, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. Elymocaris siliqua, Beecher. 1884. Second Geol. Surv. Penna. PPP, p. 13. * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 31, fig. 5. Chemung group. Warren, Pennsylvania. * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 31, fig. 6. Chemung group. Warren, Pennsylvania. Genus TROPIDOCARIS, Beecher. 1884. eer: -Tropicodaris Hamiltonie. ilall, 1888. E, Y, Be BB afseltoloay of New York, vii, 1888, expl. pl. 30, figs. 24, 25. Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. oJ. M. Clarke purchase. i . Se 2 jae } "¥ as le a oi t wr a Tropidocaris interrupta, Beecher. 1884. ee Second Geol. Surv. Penna. PPP, p. 18. ; ____-~* Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 31, fig. 18. Chemung group. Warren, Pennsylvania. Tropidocaris bicarinata, Beecher. 1883. Second Geol. Surv. Penna. PPP, p. 16. ‘ _ * Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 31, figs. ‘7, 9. : _ Chemung group. Warren, Pennsylvania. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 31, figs. 8, 10. Chemung group. Warren, Pennsylvania. EF, A. Randall purchase. ; Be eicicay of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 31, fig. 11. : Pee momune group. Warren, Pennsylvania. ie! Tropidocaris alternata, Beecher. 1884. Second Geol. Surv. Penna. PPP. p. 19. ee, _* Palxontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 31, fig. 14. a q _ Waverly group. Warren, Pennsylvania. _ *Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 31, fig. 15. _ Waverly group. Warren, Pennsylvania. Family RHINOCARID&. Genus RHINOCARIS, Clarke. 1888. Rhinocaris columbina, Clarke. 1888. : bE Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 196, pl. 31, fiom a: Sy Hamilton group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. a Be: | Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1886. a Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 31, fig. 18. ~ Hamilton group. Cayuga Lake, N. Y. | Collected by H. H. Smith, 1871. : en ee be ok Mork. an vii, 1888, tt 31, bf noe - Hamilton group. ayaa Lake, N. Y.. ee sicides of New York; oo vii, 1888, pl. 31, fig. 20. Hamilton group.- Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase : i ' Rhinocaris epee: Clarke. 1888. 22, 23. een group. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. Collected by J. M. Clarke, 1886. é ~ 4 Genus MESOTHYRA, Hall. 1888. Mesothyra Veneris, Hall. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 193, pl. 33, fig. are ‘ Marcellus shale. East Bloomfield, N. Y. ee. Mesothyra Neptuni, Hall. 1863. Sixteenth Report on New York State Cabinet of Natural History, ye a 1863, p. 75, pl. 1, fig. 9; Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 18783 ee t , ‘ ny Crustacea, pl. 28, fig. 6; a HSE of New York, vol. Bic. 2 1888, pl. 32, fig.'7; pl. 38, fig. 1. Hamilton group. Plainfield, N. Y. J. Gebhard surchiase. ; . # : Mesothyra spumcd, Hall. 1888. - Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 93, pl. 32, figs, 8,9. ‘" a a Hamilton group. Delphi, N. Y. Collected by J. W. Hall and G. B. Simpson, 1875. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 33, fig. 2. Hamilton group. Pratt’s Falls, N. Y. Collected by H. H. Smith and C. Van Deloo, 1874, Mesothyra Oceani, Hall. 1888. Pal.’ N. Y., vol.:vil, p./1s7; Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 23, fig. 1 | Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 32, fig. 8; pl. 33, fig. 5. Portage group. Ithaca, N. Y. ae Collected by J. W. Hail and G'. B. Simpson, 1870, a ae i af Fae ee GA Nay CA eam ai at tha Mak US dala e i Oc ‘ 1” ’ ” REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 433 Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 23, fig. 2; and Palxontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 34, fig. 2. - Portage group. Ithaca, N. Y. Collected by J. W. Hall and G. B. Simpson, 1870. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 23, fig. 3; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 34, fig. 1. Portage group... Ithaca, N. Y. ° Collected by J. W. Hail and G. B. Simpson, 1870. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 23, fig. 4; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 32, fig. 5; pl. 34, fig. 4. Portage group. Ithaca, N. Y. Collected by J. W. Hall and G. B. Simpson, 1870. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 23, fig. 5; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 34, fig. 3. Portage group. Ithaca, N. Y. Collected by J. W. Hall and G. B. Simpson, 1870. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 23, fig. 1; and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 33, fig. 6. Portage group. Ithaca, N. Y. Collected by J. W. Hail and G. B. Simpson, 1870. ; j Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 28; fig. 2; : _ and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 33, fig. 7. Portage group. Ithaca, N. Y. Collected by J. W. Hall and G. B. Simpson, 1870. _ and Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 34, fig. 5. Portage group. Ithaca, N. Y. Collected by J. W. Hall and G. B. Simpson, 1870. _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888,’ pl. 32, figs. 1, 2, 4, 6; _ pi. 33, fig. 4. _ Portage group. Ithaca, N. Y. Collected by J. W. Halli and @. B. Simpson, 1870. 1891. 55 pot Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, 1876; Crustacea, pl. 23, fig. 3; oe A ' ‘ a ¢ a er af tet = : eee Spee ia a es Sal Ne ee oe ee ee Family DISCINOCARIDA. [?] Genus SPATHIOCARIS, Clarke. 1882. _ Spathiocaris Hmersoni, Clarke. 1882. eer | Amer. Journ. Science, 3d Ser., vol. 28, p. 447. Mee hidloey of New York, vol. vii, 1888; pl. 35, fig. 12. Naples beds. Naples, N. Y. ie. J. M. Clarke Ss Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pre 35, fig. 13. Naples beds. Naples, N. Y. ’ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, 3 pl 35, ae i ap beds. Naples, N. Y. Pas aeAlioy of New ore! vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, fig. 15. ao beds. Naples, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase, | s ee of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, fig. 16. — e:! ae prone beds. Pee oie Ae gee _ Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, fig. a Naples beds. Naples, N. Y. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, fig. 18. ee Naples beds. Naples, N. Y. re | J. M. Olarke purchase, ye ears Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, fig. 19. f°. Naples beds. Naples, N. Y. ae yy J. M. Clarke prnchave, . (?) Genus DIPTEROCARIS, Clarke. 18838. Dipterocaris pes-cerve, Clarke. 1883, Py +A uf ae. Amer. Journ. Science, 3d ser., vol. 25, p. 128. wee Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, figs, 20, 21 aes. " ae Chemung group. Dansville, N. Y. \ a ) J. M. Olarke purchase. \ 4 ba] all * Re : om ey - pe te “hiv ei i uaa av " ( 4 ae ee 14 FY ea ou ig t ae Fat , ‘ u WME ort sony x ‘i ORT or THE Raden GEOLOGIST. nants ae . ) Wil Pe mt , —LVEP y ne ‘ i ¥ f Paleontology of New Tork, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, figs. 22, 23. “ a Taples beds. Naples, N. Y. * ee ry J. M. Clarke purchase. Dipterocaris penne-Dedali, Clarke. 1883. Amer. Journ. Science, 3d ser., vol. xxv, p. 122. J. M. Clarke purchase. Dipterocaris Procne, Clarke. 1883. Amer. Journ. Science, 3d ser., vol. xxv, p. 122, Jeontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, fig. 25. pee group. Canadice, N. Y. " J. M. Clarke purchase. fet teontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, figs. 26, 27. ung ieee _Haskinsville, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. i = 5 “ ’ a y » b ae \ > " a! y a a } eae : - wD S| PHYLLOPODA. 3 i . a J ry Family LIMNIADIADA:. Q ay Genus ESTHERIA, Ruppell. i a Ng a ., 3 Estheria pulex, Clarke. 1882. ‘oe : a : Amer. Journ. Science, vol. 23, p. 476. Palzontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, figs. 10, 11. Hamilton group. Hopewell, N. Y. J. M. Clarke purchase. — yt ‘ Genus SCHIZODISCUS, Clarke. Schizodiscus capsa, Clarke. 1888. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, p. 209, pl. 35, figs. 13 2. i Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y.’ : pe J. M. Clarke purchase. 2 Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, figs. 3, 4, ay Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. 4 3 J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, fig. 5. Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. ‘ om J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, fig. 6. Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. J. M. Clark purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, figs. '7, 8. ae Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. : | J. M. Clarke purchase. Paleontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, pl. 35, fig. 9. Hamilton group. Centerfield, N. Y. | J. M. Clarke purchase. — PECAPEDA. Family CARIDIDA. | Genus PALZEOPALZEMON, Whitfield. 1880. Paleopalemon Newberryi, Whitfield. 1880. A Amer, J our. Science, vol. 19, p. 41. ‘ *Palwontology of New York, vol. vii, 1888, » pl 30, figs. 20, 21 22, - Le Roy, Ohio. Summary. CRUSTACEA. ae Ri Seana mee al casts of original specimens..........-...++-eeeeeeeeees Bo a a ert Record of Localities of Extra Limital Geological and — . 182. Niagara limestone. Flat Rock creek, Shelby county, Indiana. . 255. Sandstone, =Schoharie grit. Pendleton, Madison county, — . 278. Corniferous limestone. Charlestown, Clarke county, Indiana. 2 . 278a. Corniferous limestone. Lexington, Scott county, Indiana . 279. Corniferous limestone. Falls of the Ohio, From Sidney ; . 279a. Corniferous limestone. Falls of the Ohio. C. D. Waloots i . 280. Corniferous limestone. South Walpole, Ontario, Canada, 5 . 281. Corniferous limestone. North Walpole, Ontario, Canada, 4 . 282. Corniferous limestone. South Cayuga. 4th Con. Lots 0 . 288. Corniferous limestone. Pt. Colborne and Wainfleet, Ontario, “ : Paleontological Collections of the New York oe State Museum. be [Specimens marked with round orange-colored tickets. ] . 157. Clinton group. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. C.D. Walcott _ collector. 1878. . 180. Niagara shale. Waldron, Shelby county, Indiana. C. D. en Walcott and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1878. . 181. Niagara limestone. Charlestown, Clark county, Indiana. C. D. Walcott, collector. 1878. E: C. D. Walcott, collector. 1878. a . 188. Niagara limestone. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. CC. D. q Walcott, collector. 1878. 7 Indiana. C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 4 1878, . C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, collectors. C. D. Walcott and C. Van Deloo, collectors. Ry, Lyon. collector. 1877. 4th Con. Lot 14. C. D. Walcott, collector. 1878 , 18 Con. Lot 5. C. D. Walcott, collector. 1878. and 82. C. D. Walcott, collector. 1878. Canada. land2Con. CO. D. Walcott, collector. 1878. 296. Clo fetorshy | ladeetane. “Kally’s 1 Island and on ‘Pt, Marlo ~ - Head, Ohio. GC. D. Walcott, collector. 1878. ce } . 300. ‘Hamilton group. ‘Falls of the Ohio and southern Indiana. a Sidney Lyon. . 301. Hamilton group. Lexington, Scott county, Indiana, C. * ee Walcott and C. Van Deloo, collectors. 1878. - N 0. 324, Hamilton group. Just beneath the Black slate (Genesee). : Lexington, Scott county, Indiana. C.D. Walcott, collector, _ : . 824a, Hamilton group? Beneath the Waterlime. Lexington, Scott county, Indiana. C. D. Walcott, collector. te 326. New Albany Black slate—(Genesee slate of New York). Lexington, Scott county, Indiana. C. D. Walcott and C. — Man Deloo, collectors. RR |: Crawfordsville, Indiana. C. 15M Walcott, collector. 1877. EV vA ; Ha co hiataegiti! Eynun Bi y'a ak! On Cordania, a Proposed New Genus of Trilobites. By JoHN M. CLARKE. In the Paleontology of New York, volume vii, 1888, certain — cephala and pygidia of trilobites from the Upper and Lower Helderberg and Hamilton groups of various localities in the State of New York and elsewhere were tentatively referred to the — genus Puarruonipss as defined by Angelin. A careful restudy of these fossils and review of the literature pertaining to them, educes the fact that Angelin included under his redefinition of this term — PuaxrHonipeEs, forms which Barrande, the author of the name, never intended to bring into so close association, and which can not be properly regarded as congeneric. The name Puarron was introduced by Barrande in 1846* for a genus of trilobites, built on the general plan of Proxrrus, but having a dentate pygidium. The type of the group was Phaeton Archact, from the etage E. This name, however, had been used by Brisson in 1770 for a genus of birds. In 1847, Cordat observed this fact of synonymy and substituted for Barrande’s term, the name Prionorrettis. He defined the groups clearly and ~ at length, describing all the parts of the animals, and subdivided his twelve species into two principal groups: A, those with simple, uncarinate cephalic margin; B, those with this margin ~ carinate; and of these groups the first was divided into those (a) — with 8 el pygidial spines, (b) with 7, (c) with 6 or 5 such spines. — An excellent illustration was given of the species P. Polydorus,a — member of the second ‘ase of the first group, though the ~ first species of his typical group is his P. Priamus. In the ie volume of the “Systeme silurien du Centre de la Boheme,” in 1852, Barrande did not formally withdraw his term PuHarton, nor acknowledge its preoccupation. He there retains the term in a — subgeneric sense, using it as equivalent to his “Groupe B” — * Notice préliminaire sur le systéme silurien et les Trilobités de Bohéme, p, 62. ; + Prodrom einer Monographie der Bbhmischer Trilobiten, p. 122. } 7" . > at Sea oa = + 4 a REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 441 of the Proeti, viz.; that having-the margin of the pygidium orna- mented with spines. It is evident, however, that Barrande was disposed at this time to relinquish this term, for in the historical introduction to vol- ume i, the name PHarronipEs appears as equivalent to PHaxron, but without remark or comment.* This is a part of the work which it is fair to assume was prepared after the body of the text was completed. It was not until 1859 that Barrande formally pro- posed toreplace the term Pxarton with PHarronipes.t This author also demonstrated, in 1852, that eight of Corda’s proposed species of Prionopettis, including P. Priamus and P. Polydorus, were synonymous with his (Barrande’s) Phaeton Archiaci. This last named species, therefore, becomes the type of the genus Priono- PELTIS, but the generic term, PHAETON, Barrande, = not the least ~ title to recognition. Angelin, in 1854 and 1878,§ had adopted the term Paarrnon- iDEs (with this spelling), quoting Barrande as the authority for the name, but including under it not only species with a dentate pygidium, but also those in which the pygidial margin is entire; the only species described by him being one of the latter class, Asaphus Stokesi, Murchison. This author’s conception of the genus _ was in one sense essentially equivalent to that of Corda’s interpre- tation of Prionorettis, since the forms included by the latter in his group B (P. Ascanius, P. Astyanaxz) have been proved to possess pygidia with entire margins, and Novak has separated them under the name, TroripocoryPHeE (type, Proetus filicostatus, Novak). The fossils referred to PHarruonipss, Angelin, in the volume of the Paleontology of New York already cited, agree with that author’s diagnosis. They all possess entire pygidial margins, though the tubercles with which some are provided, become spinules on the margin and give it the appearance of being dentate. At the same time they are not congeneric with the holopygous species included in Novak’s Troprpocoryrue. It is * Page 42. + Paralléle entre les dépéts siluriens de Bohéme et de Scandinavie, p. 18. ~ We feel compelled to differ from the opinion recently expressed by the late Dr. Novak in regard to this point (Dames and Kayser’s Paleontologische Abhandlungen, Neue Folge, - Bnd. 1, p. 11, 1890), who speaks of PRIONOPELTIS as ‘insufficiently characterized,” and con- siders it better to retain PHAETONIDES. It could be wished that genera were as clearly defined in these days as was this genus of Corda’s, 45 years ago. § Palzontologia Scandinavica, pt. I, p. 21. 1891 56 A Fi 44:2 Forry-Firvte REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. evidently necessary to restrict the term Prionopettis closely to typical forms agreeing with Barrande’s Ph. Archiact and Ph. striatus, for Novak has also shown good reasons for separating from this association forms like Phaeton planicauda, Barrande, — and has given to this restricted group the name, PHAETONELLUS. The American species have a cephalon with a thickened, — usually elevated margin, continued into short genal spines. The surface of the ante-lateral limb is concave, the eyes well forward and close together as in Cypuasris. The glabella has the form of that in ArerHustna, is short, ovoid, has two conspicuous basal lobes, and bears the trace of a pair of short lateral furrows, which are situated at about the mid-length of the glabella, and under favorable circumstances in an internal cast, are seen to bifurcate slightly at their proximal extremities. The number of the thoracic segments has not been ascertained, but specimens found of Ph. gemmeus, of the Hamilton group indicate that the num- | ber was not more than ten, and that the forms were proetoid in this respect. The pygidium is always relatively large, subsemi- circular in outline, the rhachis and pleura abundantly annulated, from 7% to 12, on the former and from 6 to 8 ‘on the latter. The pleural annulations are subequally duplicate. The rhachis does not extend to the margin. The surface is tubercled, the tubercles being irregularly scattered over the cephalon, and arranged in regular rows on the segments and annulations. These tubercles sometimes take the form of -spinules (Ph. arenicolus, Ph. gemmeus) and extend beyond the margin of the pygidium, but they seem never to have their insertion on the margin itself. This group of trilobites which we propose to term CorDANIA (Phaethonides cyclurus, Hall; type), may be said to show alliance _ to Prorrus in the structure of the pygidium and thorax, to Cyrpuaspis in the cephalon generally, and to AREruusina in its glabella in particular. It differs from the TropinocorypHE of Novak (Proetus filicostatus) in the latter having a proetoid, sub- triangular glabella, comparatively large and distant eyes, and a pygidium with less conspicuously duplicate annulations and shorter rhachis. ; In American faunas this genus is well represented in species, its earliest members being Cordania cyclura, Hall (sp.), from the — | } : : Shiai a : , ; | ah uy GX" } ve | -Revort or rae Stare GEOLOGIST. e a. 7 % ¥ if a te fewer Helderberg group of N ew York, and ©. Macrobius, Bil- | Tings (sp.), from a similar faunal association at Square Lake, | ‘a - Maine. There is a large undescribed species known to the writer in the Oriskany sandstone of New York; C. arenicolus, Hall — _(sp.), occurs in the Schoharie grit and Saraitatous limestone, C. varicella, Hall (sp.), in the iorniterona limestone, and CO. gemmeaus, _ Hall (sp.), in the Corniferous ‘and Hamilton groups. figs. 14, 15), and in the discussion of the species (there referred | ~ ‘ ey vi a t ‘ a a. to PHarrHonipes (?)), attention was directed to its similarity in y form to Phaeton planicauda, Barrande, the species since taken — ae Novak as the type of his Poarzronetits. As the latter genus | is now defined, P. a! allele is an excellent representative of it. oe \ PRELIMINARY IN OD Ee The following paper may seem out of place in the report of the State Geologist, and its presence in this connection may require some explanation. Since the completion of volume IV, Paleontology of New York, I have contemplated the preparation of illustrated catalogues and handbooks in this department, as a part of the museum publications. This subject had received the special attention and consideration of the trustees during several years previous to 1883. Before this time the means of illustra- tion for the museum reports were irregularand uncertain, depend- ing upon the State Printer, whose contracts for printing were not uniform, sometimes providing for lithographic work, and at others we were without such provision. On this account the scientific contributions to the museum reports were irregular and no plan could be made for carrying out such publications as were required of a museum having the objects and pur- poses as expressed by the law of 1871, chapter 557. When the law of 1883 was framed, this subject entered into the consid- eration of the trustees, as shown by the following extract: * * *; “and the trustees of said museum shall be authorized to publish each year the scientific contributions of said staff and such other original scientific contributions as they may deem expedient, which publication shall be in lieu of the reports now required by law from the State Geologist and State Entomologist, and the scientific papers communicated each year to the Legisla- ture along with the annual report of said trustees;” * * ™* “and by means of printed handbooks describing said collections, and in such other ways as may be practicable, to make said museum a means of instruction to the citizens of the State.” “Tn order to provide for the expense of printing the aforesaid scientific publications and in order to increase the usefulness and efficiency of said museum as aforesaid, the annual appropriation = =e REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 445 to be made for its maintenance shall be fifteen thousand dollars, to be paid on vouchers approved by said trustees.” For the purpose of carrying out this provision of the law the additional sum of $5,000 was added to the previous annual appropriation of the museum. At that time the writer had in preparation and well forwarded a paper upon the genera of the fossil Lamellibranchiata. Also in a forward state of preparation a monograph of the Dictyospongide, of which preliminary notices had appeared in the museum reports for 1862 and 1881. The Report for 1862 was published in 1863, and the Report for 1881 was published in 1884; the paper on the Dictyospongide having been published in 1882 in advance of the Report. Besides these other papers were in progress corresponding with the subjects uuder investigation for the volumes on the Paleontology. The monograph upon the Dictyospongide, as far as it had pro- gressed, was brought before the Trustees of the State Museum in January, 1885, and the following resolution was passed : fesolved, That the monograph of Director Hall, on Dictyo- spongide, be published by the museum as Bulletin No. 1. However, when I asked for the means of completing and pub- lishing the work, it wasrefused. After the completion of volume V, part I, I brought before the trustees, the subject of a bulletin upon the Genera of Lamellibranchata asking for means of com- pleting the work which had been already carried on to a consid- erable extent, and ten plates of these illustrations had been already published with my report for 1881. To this application I received a refusal. After this I had in progress and well for- warded, the material for a bulletin upon the Bryozoa, which, at the request of the secretary of the Board of Regents, in 1889, I carried on to near completion at my own expense; but when presented for publication it was refused. In order to avoid the humiliation of a farther refusal, I have ceased asking for the means of publication, but on several occasions have, brought before the museum committee the drawings of Dictyospongide, as far as completed, and also the drawings of fossil Corals, which had been made to the num- ber of at least eighty quarto plates, before the passage of the illustrating my annual reports as State Geologist, and the follow- 446 law of 1883; on each occasion asking a the consideration Ob the subject, la the suggestion of some plan for their publica Ey rts The bulletins which have been published under the provisions . of the law of 1883, are the following: ye et Geta “Volume 1. 6nos. Price, $1 in cloth. a Marshall, W: B. Preliminary list of New York unionide. et 19 p. Mar. 1892. -Prce, 5 cents. i “2 Peck, C: H. Contributions to the botany of the state of N ew ae York. 66 p.2 pl. May 1887. Price, 15 cents. rite. “3 Smock, J: C. Building stone in the state of New York. 152 p. Mar. 1888. Prece, 30 cents. re “4 Nason, F. L. Some New York minerals and their localities. ri 19 p.1 pl. Aug./1888. Price, 5 cents. “<5 Lintner, J. A. “White grub of the May beetle. 31 p. il. Nov. 1888. Price, 10 cents. | SM “6 Lintner, J. A. Cut-worms. 36 p.il. Nov. 1888. Prace,10 ~- cents. ‘© Price to advance subscribers, 50 cents a volume. ae “Wolume 2. 470s. Price, $1 a cloth. «The first six bulletins are paged independently; the numbers of v. 2 are | paged continuously as a single volume. ¥ “7 Smock, J: C. First report on the iron mines and ironore - districts in the state of New York. 5+70p. map 58+60 em. June 1889. Price, 20 cents. “8 Peck,C: H. Boleti of the United States. 96p. Sept. 1889. Price, 20 cents. ; “9 Marshall, W: B. Beaks of.unionide inhabiting the vicinity of Albany, N.Y. 23 p.1 pl. Aug. 1890. Proce, 10 cents. “10 Smock, J: C. Building stone in New York. 210 p. map 58+60 cm. tab. Sept. 1890. Price, 40 cents. “41 Merrill, F.J.H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. 89 p. maps. April, 1898. Prace, 40 cents.” Finding it impossible to obtain publication as I had expected and which had been promised to me before the passage of the law of 1883, I have asked of the Legislature the means of ing paper is the first to appear under this authorization. Cer- b! : tin phat by th ks a CHES ED aris \ a ¥ i" ew s rf ene ae remeiey | i | Reporr on ruts sare p 8 aN GIST. ie tain y such a paper gould bevel bee more appropriately pb a lis hed as a bulletin of the State Museum of Natural History, but e “a In . this direction publication has been persistently refused. The preliminary work upon the Genera of Lamellibranchiata an has not been continued, and the bulletin in preparation ten years — 4zo remains without material progress. The bulletin on the ~ Bryozoa proposed, and prepared for publication in 1888 and 1889 © eM yet remains unpublished. The work upon the Dictyospongide, a 4 which was originally recommended to constitute bulletin No.1 Prof the museum series, has progressed mainly in the direction of aa | Z % the accumulation of material, and the publication of new species ie : ; ‘a in the report for 1889, until the present year. The continuation Any | og the present paper upon the Brachiopoda is already far advanced _ ie d it is expected that it will be published in the annual report a the State Geologist for 1893. The second part will include the spire-bearing genera, the yh pa aged ee Pentameridz and _ the Terebratuloids. if ra With a continuation of the present provisions for illustrating _ _ the e report of the State Geologist, we may hope within a few | years, to retrieve in some measure, the loss of time and publica- a A von, suffered Dard the past ten years. | AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF fe 2 + y HE BRACHIOPODA INTENDED AS i] A HAND BOOK FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS. ew ? ee el i i ta y » cohen” : ; b a PREFACE. : | * The accompanying paper has been communicated as a part of 3 and to the report of the State Geologist with the object of pre- _ senting to the public an example of the kind of work I had i proposed to do.under the provisions of the law of 1883, which # appropriated the sum of $5,000 annually for the purposes of publishing the “scientific contributions” of the “museum stafl _ 2 and such other scientific contributions as they,” the trustees, “may deem expedient; and by means of printed handbooks describing said collections and, in such other ways as may be practicable, to make the said museum a means of instruction | to the people of the State.” It had long been my desire to accomplish by some means a ; diffusion of the knowledge of the Paleontology of the State as a guide and help to students in geology in our colleges and higher : schools. In the earlier work of the Paleontology of: the State, a when the publications were compelled to follow immediately upon the acquisition of fossils from the field, it was necessary to include all the classes of organisms from the formation, or series of formations,. under discussion, and, therefore, the earlier 4 volumes present only a very partial attempt at a biological arrangement of the material. As soon as collections had accu- gq mulated to such a degree as permitted the treatment of each class of fossils, from one or several formations, in their biological q relations they were so discussed and illustrated. Tt was not until the time of the publication of the fourth volume upon the Devonian Brachiopoda that such a method of - more fully aware than ever before of the necessity of preparing y 2 452 Forry-rirrH RePorRT on THE STATE MUSEUM. — an epitome or synopsis of that volume, and also including the 2 preceding volumes, so far as related to the brachiopoda, which a might bring before the student a clearer appreciation of the generic features of this class of fossils. With this idea in mind — arose the conception of treating this subject in the order of geologic time. To one who had worked among the fossils of the older rocks upward through all the formations to the Carboniferous, it was impossible to avoid the conviction that the modification of similar forms in successive geologic periods, and the final disappearance of some of them, either from slow degeneration, or after extravagant manifestations of certain characters, had a significance which had not been fully under- stood or appreciated by writers upon this class of fossils. With this conception in mind I began the preparation of what was then intended to be a supplement to Volume IV of the Paleontology of New York. After waiting for more than twenty years for the means of making the necessary collections — and for publication, this supplement has expanded into volume VIII, parts i and ii of the Paleontology of New York. From the studies carried forward among the brachiopoda in preparing these volumes has come back to the writer more strongly than ever the importance of preparing a synopsis of the genera which -may form a useful handbook for advanced students in geologic studies. Through the action of an intelligent Legislature and the appre- ciation of a wise Executive, means have been furnished for making this publication. The discussions of the genera and their relations are the same as those given in the volumes just named, with corresponding illustrations. In order to present the subject to the student, in not too abrupt a manner, it has seemed necessary to precede the generic discussions by some general elementary explanations. 4 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 453 There is at present no work in the English language meeting the modern requirements of a guide or introduction to the study of the Brachiopoda in which elementary facts in regard to struc- ture, function, habits and distribution of these animals, the dis- tinguishing characters and systematic relations of their genera, are concisely brought together in one place. The literature per- taining to both recent and fossil forms is widespread and in many languages, beyond the reach of most students, and sometimes accessible with difficulty even to investigators. Dr. Cthlert has admirably summarized the subject in Fischer’s Manual de Conchyliologie (1&87) and Prof. von Zittel has treated the group still more succinctly in his “Handbuch von Paliontologie.” In- bringing to a summary the investigations of the palozoic genera of the brachiopoda as expressed at length in volume VIII, bes parts i and ii of the Palzontology of New York, it has seemed desirable to present to students an abridgment of the conclusions there derived, with the addition of some introductory and more general descriptive matter. The outcome of this purpose is the present work which it is hoped and believed will be found ser- & viceable to students of both paleontology and geology, and help to nourish the growing interest in the structure and history of these important animals. The work has been prepared for the use of American students to whom it is cordially dedicated, JAMES HALL, State Geologist. , * > ¢ i. cL eee Poe She 1? A ee Sy a de PP « NEAL Oe s ere yon Vey erey SN We ta tna 2) Sa , Ae yy ’ y ; ee) bl ‘ ’ : a" ak ee aki $ A. ol re Coes, & Pais cnt 4 See eh Pha a he Ay y a Fit am me Y a j ¥ Sy Tu ora : HVA sags ne ¢ at et GENERAL CHARACTERS OF THE CLASS. The Bracuiopopa are marine animals inclosed in bivalved, equilateral and inequivalved shells. As a group they attained a most prolific and multiform devel- opment during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras in the history of. the earth, while their existing representatives are comparatively few in number. A knowledge of their variations in form, struct- - ure and in time is, therefore, of highest importance to the student of biology and geology. In brief, these animals are characterized by the unequal devel- opment of the two lobes of the cuticular integument (mantle), which results in the unequal size of the valves. The mouth is situated subcentrally or posteriorly and is surrounded by elon- gated, usually spiral cirrated expansions, which occupy the ante- rior portion of the valves and serve as conveyancers of food-bearing water-currents ; in part, also, subserving the function of respira- tion. There is a simple cesophageal nerve-ring with an inferior ~ or sub-cesophageal ganglion, and various small accessory nerve- knots. The sexes are distinct in all species in which these characters have been studied. - Hasrrs or Lire. From our knowledge of existing species it is believed that all Brachiopoda, at some period of their existence, are attached to extraneous objects. To this statement, there is but one known exception among living forms, namely, the lin-_ euloid, Glottidia Audebardi. In the fossil (Paleozoic) genera . _ Psottworps and Psevpocrania there is no evidence of attachment of any kind, either in the young condition (Po.rpors), or in the - mature and senile stages of growth. | Freation is usually effected by means of a fleshy arm or pedicle _ of greater or less length, protruded through an aperture at, or near 7 456 Forvy-FlrtH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. — d the apex of the larger valve. In certain genera, however, fina tion is attained by the cementation of the lower valve (Onan or of the umbonal portion of the larger valve (StropHALostA, Davip- sonia, Lupra#nisca, Cuonoprctus, etc.) to the external object. 2 Make ¥ Fie. 1.— Derbya Bennetti. An adult example in which the scar of attaehratde (x) is relay A Crania is ciieched to the umbo of the brachial valve. The former mode of attachment takes place at an early stage in — the growth of the animal, and is continued in some instances throughout the remainder of its life (TpreBRaTELLA, MAGELLANIA, Hemirryris, etc.); at other times the pedicle becomes atrophie after adolescence or maturity, by the incurvature of the beak of ! 7&2 Be 2) ee») Fie. 2.—A portion of the inner surface of a brachial valve of Productus, to which a number of ? very young shells of Derbya are attached by the cementation of the pedicle-valve. It willbe observed that most of the attached shells have the hinge line parallel to that of the Produc- a tus, though their relative positions are inverted. i the larger valve, or by the closing of the aperture for its pas- r sage by adventitious deposits of calcareous matter, and the shell i thus becomes free. This condition is true of some living genera, while it obtained among the majority of Paleozoic species, — 8 =. rs REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. ; 457 B; _ especially those of the genera SrropHomEna, Rarimesquina,” StTRo- -—s- pHEODONTA, Lepr“ana, Piecramsonitres, CuonrtTes, Propucrvs, etc. 4 Fiwation by calcareous cementation also began early in life, and j in Cranta, Davinsontra, Leprmnisca and RiowrHorenta, continues Bp during the remainder of the animal’s existence, the attached : -_valve frequently being fixed by its entire outer surface. In other ' genera the condition of attachment was restricted to early, or ig adolescent growth stages ; (OrtHoTHETES, DERByA, STROPHALOSIA, e Ovpsamina, etc.),+ the shell in after life becoming detached from ____ its mooring, but usually retaining a scar or deformation of the surface in the umbonal region. Attachment by cementation has been shown by Jackson to induce among the Lamellibranchiates a strongly vescicular structure in the attached shell; and it may Se =z Te ¥ Fie. 3.—A fragment of a crinoid column cov- Fic. 4.—Lower valves of Crania quadrata ered with a number of individuals of Crania attached to column of a crinoid, the upper a socialis, which retain the marks of the valves having been removed by natural sutures between the segments of the crinoid. causes (DAVIDSON). be a rule of more general application, as it is seen in certain attached annelidan tubes, e. g., Cornulites proprius ; and among those brachiopods which are attached by a considerable surface of the shell, such as Cranta and, especially, the extravagant RicurHorenta, the vesciculation of the shell-structure is a striking feature. * Not infrequently in SrRoPpHOMENA and RAFINESQUINA a minute pedicle-passage is retained in the mature condition of the shell, but it is always evident that the shell could not, at this period of growth, have been supported by any muscular apparatus which might be protruded _ through this aperture. In Rajinesquina alternata, of the Lower Silurian, it is seen that the contraction of the aperture has increased most rapidly about the base of the pedicle, and the internal opening of the passage may be altogether closed, while the external opening remains. . + Craniella Ulrichi, of the Lower Silurian, is the only inarticulate brachiopod which appears to have been thus attached in early growth and to have become free at maturity. 1891. 58 9 —_s — <3 458 ForTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Glottidia Audebardi has been mentioned as a species in which attachment exists at no stage of develop- ment. The muscular pedicle of the animal penetrates marine sediments and gathers about itself amass of agglutin- ‘ated grains of sand, fragments of shell and bits of sea-weed, forming thus a dis- tinctly free capsule or tube, after the manner of many worms. This may be regarded as a sort of attachment, as the animal, after the formation of this tube, is at no time free from it. In the genus Stropuatzosta, the attach- ment by the substance of the valve was frequently aided by the long spines with _ which the attached valve is furnished, FIG Oe Citron vuaear® these adhering to, or embracing the foreign object. An individual of Strophalosia radicans, having become lodged in the cavity between the calyces of a compound coral (Acervularia), has anchored itself essentially by its spines alone, only the posterior edge of the valve coming into contact with its host. a Fia. 6— Strophalosia radicans, situated in a cavity between the calyces of Acervularia, and attached by its spines. X 3, Eruermer has described some small productoids (theridgina complectens), which are attached to columns of crinoids by the encircling of the spines, as though at some time these spines had been flexible and prehensile organs. The same author 10 /", ie (heer. 2 alt hs dk le a A | REpoRT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST 459 ; also mentions a species of CHonErEs apparently attached by _ the spines on the cardinal margin, but this observation seems to require verification. Productella nawicella, of the Devonian, has the spines in the umbonal region of the large valve ourved upward, those from opposite dion passing each other; like a man’s arms extended and folded above his head. These were undoubtedly clasping or anchoring spines. It is even possible that fixation by mooring, or temporary attachment was effected by an extravagant growth and enfolding of the anterior portions of the larger valve, in some Carboniferous | productoids (ProgoscipeLia) which have been described by Dr Vernevit, Dr Koninox, Davinson and others. Fie. 7.— Etheridgina complectens attached by Fie. 8.— Productella navicella, showing the hg _its spines to a crinoid column. (ETHERIDGE.) clasping spines in the umbonal region. Hamil- ¥ ton group; New York. The capability of locomotion in the brachiopods was very limited. During the unattached condition the spawn were active swimmers. JEREBRATULINA becomes attached very early in its history, while Discrnsca is fixed only after many of the adult characters have been assumed. It is difficult to believe that any power of locomotion was possessed by the ancient forms in which the pedicle was atrophied at maturity and the shell thus set free, as SprriFER, Propuctus, some forms of Aruyris, etc.; or that the animals could depend on other than circumstantial causes for a change of place. Some writers have suggested that the long spines with which several genera, especially Propucrus, are furnished, may have been aids to such motion, but as these spines were unquestionably rigid bodies, it is difficult to believe that they could have had any part in the voluntary motion of the animal. Disrrisution. The brachipods are gregarious in habit and over a given area of the sea-bottom a single species will frequently be found in great numbers. “ Prof. Jukes got immense numbers of Waldheimia flavescens or australis while boating in Australia | 11 460 For TY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. among the reefs. M. Vélain picked up a small species of Kraus- ‘ sina in vast numbers on the shore in the interior crater of the island of St. Paul, the shells being alternately covered with water ~ and left dry at every tide. Avraussina rubra, from the coast of — Natal in South Africa, was described by Dr. Gray ashaving been found attached in great numbers to Ascidia and stems of sea- weeds” (Davipson). It is said that more than twenty bushels of Lingula anatina were picked up after a violent storm on the coast of Manilla, and (Hxtertr states that on the coast near Guernsey were found at one time about two hundred pS of Crstella cistellula. Some of the genera and species of brachiopods possess remark- able power of resistance to physical conditions, and are found at various depths. The genus Discrnisca has representatives within — five fathoms of the surface and at a depth of 2,500 fathoms; the species Terebratulina caput-serpentis ranges from near the surface _ to a depth of 1,195 fathoms. The greatest depth from which any ~ species has been dredged is 2,945 fathoms (Liothyruna Wyvilli). The evidence afforded by living species is as yet insufficient to determine the effects of bathymetric conditions upon specific characters. It is evident that different species are variously - affected or inequably resistant to these influences ; but as a general rule, different species or associations of species are found at differ- _ ent depths. In the summary of bathymetric distribution of living species as given by Giutert, it appears that in the Lzttoral Zone, or that between tides, there are 17 known species, 7 of which are peculiar to it; in the Laminarian Zone (to a depth of 15 fathoms), there are 46 species, 15 of which are peculiar to it; in the Zone of Wul- lipores (from 15 to 50 fathoms) are 39 species, of which but 3 are restricted to it; in the Zone of Brachiopods (from 50 to — 278 fathoms), 58 species have been found, and 20 of these are not known elsewhere; in the Abyssal Zone (from 278 to 2,945 — fathoms) have been found 380 species, of which 12 do not occur elsewhere. It is, however, to be observed that in these ~ conventional divisions the so-called restricted species occur either — in zones of great vertical extent or those where organic life gen- erally is the most prolific. There is no evidence that this bathy- metric range of the brachiopods has been effected by any other 12 Seo Se gar ieee: OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 461 Se causes than restricted powers of self-distribution, in co-operation with a given capacity of resistance to physical forces. An important factor in their distribution is the influence of heat and cold, to which the’ brachiopods are evidently sensitive ; a fact which makes itself apparent in their geographical dissemi-. nation. There are some species (/emithyris psittacea, Liothyrina __ aretica, Terebratella Spitzbergensis) which flourish best in. the Dy cold waters about the north pole, and never transgress into the _. warmer seas where the brachiopods are most prolific. At the same time there are a few species that are world-wide in their distribution (Liothyrina vitrea, var. minor, Terebratulina caput- serpentis), and, as (HuLert observes, these are species which also possess the greatest bathymetric range. __- The following table of the Geomp ical Provinces and the spe-_ ~ cies embraced Lee them has been largely drawn from that compiled by (uterr in Fiscurer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie. This may be studied in connection with the accompanying map _ of the World, upon which is plotted the distribution of living _ species. / ARCTIC PROVINCE: Terebratalia transversa. Atretia gnomon. Terebratulina caput-serpentis. Crania anomala. T. unguiculata. - Diseinisca atlantica. ee eotiarina’ arction,—- LUSITANIAN PROVINCE: eS Macandrevia eranium. Cistella cistellula. Dallina septigera. C. cuneata. -—- Magellania tenera. C. neapolitana. __Rhynchonella (Hemithyris) psittacea, | Crania anomala, Terebratalia frontalis. Discina striata. ___-‘Terebratella Spitzbergensis. Diseinisca atlantica. Be. Terebratulina caput-serpentis. Eucalathis ergastica, Be E. Murrayi. Ps BoREAL PROVINCE: E. tuberata. __ Atretia gnomon. < «var. mediterranea. _ Cistella cistellula. Gwynia capsula. — Crania anomala. | Liothyrina sphenoidea. ee ie *S es var. alba. vitrea. _ Laqueus Californicus (Megerlina Jef-\ ‘ ‘¢ var. minor. Ffreysi.) Macandrevia cranium. _ Macandrevia cranium. ‘| Dallina septigera. _-_Dallina septigera. Megathyris decollata. _ Rhynchonella (Hemithyris) psittacea. | Miihlfeldtia truncata. Terebratella Frielii. Be ae var. monstruosa. Labradorensis. Platidia anomoides. Spitzbergensis, P. Davidsoni. 13 ¥ “ r x FER OR eet ees 3 +?" ¥ > * 4 5 ; * 270 eS) ta a ee PL ne Se at ei. + . > hs READ Oe 5 RARE ea ii 462 Platidia lunifera. Rhynchonella (Hemithyris) cornea. Terebratulina caput-serpentis. T, - trigona. WeEsT AFRICAN PROVINCE: Dyscolia Wyvilit. Disecina striata. Lingula parva. Liothyrina sphenoides. Mihlfeldtia incerta. Rhynchonella (Hemithyris) cornea. Terebratulina caput-serpentis. - SoutH AFRICAN PROVINCE: Agulhasia Davidsont. Kraussina cognata. K. Davidsoni. L® pisum. 1, rubra. Liothyrina vitrea var. minor. INDO-PACIFIC PROVINCE: Discinisca stella. Lingula affinis. L. anatina. L. hians. L. hirundo. L. Reevit. Liothyrina vitrea, var minor. Mithlfeldtia sanguinea. M. truncata. Rhynchonella (Hemithyris) Grayt. Terebratella Frielii. Terebratulina Cumingi. T. japonica. T. Murray. AUSTRALO-ZEALANDIAN PROVINCE: Crania Suessi. Kraussina Atkinsoni. 1 Lamarckiana, Lingula exusta. Lis Murphiana. DL. tumidula. Liothyrina Wyvillit. Magasella;Evanst. M. jibula. M, inconspicuda Magellania flavescens M. lenticularis. aes a oe eye Forry-rirtH REPORT oN THE STATE Muszum. Mihlfeldtia truncata. ‘ M.. Willemoesi. Rhynchonella eae) nigricans. Terebratella cruenta. ae rubicunda. Terebratulina cancellata. JAPANESE PROVINCE: Crania japonica. Discinisca stella. Laqueus pictus. L. rubella. Lingula Adamsi. ts jaspidea. i, lepidula. L. — smaragdina. Tnothyrina Dall. L. vitrea var. Davidsoni. Macandrevia cranium. Magasella Adamsi. M. _ Gouldi. Magellania Gray. Dallina Raphaelis. Mihlfeldtia sanguinea. Rhynchonella (Hemithyris) Déderleini, ie: lucida. R. psittacea. Terebratalia coreanica. fl: frontalis. Terebratella Maric. fi Spitzbergensis. Terebratulina caput-serpentis. ie Crossii. fie Cumingi. ys japonica. 7 radiata. ALEUTIAN PROVINCE: Magasella aleutica. M. radiata. Rhynchonella (Hemthyis) psittacea. Terebratalia frontalis. Terebratella Lamanoni. Dr. transversa. Terebratulina unguiculata. CALIFORNIAN PROVINCE: Glottidia albida. G. Palmeri. Laqueus californicus. 14 es Sathyrina Stearnsi. _ Platidia anomoides. j Terebratalia obsoleta. T. occidentalis. -Terebratella transversa. i PANAMIC PROVINCE: ___—Diseinisea Cumingi. Pa ED. lamellosa. i Glottidia Audebardi. me) GY semen. b. Liothyrina uva. PERUVIAN PROVINCE: __-Discinisca Cumingi. By ss D. leevis. nth Di lamellosa. Liothyrina Wyvilliz. _ Magellania Wyvillii. _ Terebratalia dorsata. __—- Liothyrina Moseleyi. esi Eas Wyvillii. _ Magasella flexuosa. PM, levis. ae! 8 rhombea. _ ~Magellania Kerguelenensis. es af venosa. _—-~Platidia anomoides. _-‘Terebratalia dorsata. Terebratella pulvinata. Terebratulina unguiculata. MAGELLANIAN PROVINCE: . = Rhynchonella (Hemithuris) nigricans. Terebratulina Murrayi. TK septentrionalis. PATAGONIAN PROVINCE: Liothyrina uva. CARIBBEAN PROVINCE: Bouchardia rosea. Cistella Barrettiana. Go: lutea. . Schrammi, po Schrammi var. rubrotincta. Crania Pourtalesi. Discinisca Antillarum D. Cumingi. Discolia Wyvillit. Glottidia Antillarum. G. pyramidata. Liothyrina Bartletti. dE incerta. ya Moseleyi. Platidia anomoides. Terebratulina Cailleti. fh caput-serpentis. Thecidium mediterraneum. ~ TRANSATLANTIC PROVINCE: Crania Pourtalesi. Discinisca atlantica. Glottidia pyramidata. Dallina floridana. Platidia anomoides. Terebratulina Cailleti. T; septentrionalis. 15 EXPLANATION OF MAP. The geographical position of each species is represented by a black circle inclosing a number, which refers to the following alphabetical list of names: (The fact is recognized that some of the names here employed probably repre- sent developmental phases of other species, but as it is impossible with our present knowledge to ascertain of how many such names this is true, the com- monly accepted designations are therefore employed.) 1. Agulhasia Davidsoni. 38. Glottidia albida. 2. Atretia Brazieri. 34. G Antillarum. 3. A. gnomon. 30. G. Audebardi. 4, Bouchardia rosea. 36. G. Palmeri. 5. Cistella Barrettiana. 37. G pyramidata. 6.) C. cistellula. | 38. G. semen. THES Ge cuneata. 39. Gwynia capsula. opt OF Kowalevskii. 40. Kraussina Atkinsoni. OC; lunifera. 41. K cognata. 105,'C. lutea. 42. K Davidsoni. Ns As neapolitana. 43. K. Deshayesi. 12. C. Schrammi. 44, K. Lamarckiana. pe # var. rubrotincta. | 45. K pisum. 14. C. Woodwardiana. 46. K. rubra. - 15. Crania anomala. 47. Laqueus californicus. 16. a re var. alba. 48. * of var. Vancou- 1hC: japonica. verensis. eal Om Pourtalesi. | 49. L. pictus. PONG. Suessi. 50. Lingula Adamsi. 20. C. turbinata. 51. L. affinis. 21. Discina striata. 52. L. anatina. 22. Discinisca Antillarum. 58. L. exusta. 28. D. atlantica. 54. L. hians. 24. D. Cumingi. | 55. L. hirundo. 25, D. leevis. | 56. L. jaspidea. 26. D. lamellosa. 57. L. lepidula, a Mie OB stella. DBs Ln Murphiana. 28. Dyscolia Wyvillii. 169. parva. 29. Eucalathis ergastica. 60. L. Reevii. 30. KE. Murrayi. }61. L. smaragdina. 81. E. tuberata. 162. L. tumidula. 32. ‘* ‘« var. mediterranea. | 63. Liothyrina arctica, 16 9 ee) eres tare bo Sis el chen siedetahal mote hniiieePenieiaretiids ‘i me YY 2 Fi . x , ae cnet | eles sr ore eetiinentine i Sct e Bis Tee | a mere ge At ae « 1 } ) New Sibert a > a JJan Myer 63 WIGS eae ee Jleeland ~ ap se, ‘5 Ss) YD" i9hS ‘ WEST INDIA : Fj | a i iis ROTI TN an % SLadrones, 99 j 1 ia es Ries Spi ISLANDS ; ; « Martinique F ea Us dazarbe does ie Andaman:: 20 \7rinidad * | Dy Q Laceadives jue) PPetbw Nicobar. indanao Crylon ig Pee 3 ; H 38 : Maldives % BORNCOM | : ps HE 2 Salomion Ists. i PEI, ; AY Gi7im or. BE Bey i We oChagos as 3S ; j " $ f = 8 *s Lowisiade Sasun TR Crie ys i i \ Marquesas NewHebritles-.- SES Baal x °° aml - ; Plinders 9. Frat Isis ; Cn a ONE Rod ri guee New CaleVoniaX dly : a : 5 77S ail w (0) 4 2 ae ~ - Tristan NIG: sy dAcunha * Vann ae CHART OF <0 veh atham’ = PBounty THE WORL D “{ >~/ 3h 28 4 Auckland | SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION Ace aa oe Cami ph : amphell SEAS Coorg ie | laquarie OF THE 3 RECENT BRACHIOPODA a eo f South Shetlan Cc i | Longitude from Wree Awe Gs < Ceo BSimpson det. Pt, Agal a te ae rates init: ae Qi, Discix' By 22. Discir Sa i Ra i 4 tpn): oo} 54.94 * mas. ose t ) hs ot\ ; ee ‘ ai , My “e Cg | Me te aed , A? i Ahk OM ’ a . Bat, - Liothyrinn Phenix / subquadrata. _ vitrea. , “* var. cernica. oe “e oe ee Wyvillii. minor. . Macandrevia cranium, ae ea = Keeeee = | " Magasella Adamasi. aleutica. crenulata. Evansi. “ fibula. flexuosa. Gouldi. incerta. inconspicua. Labradorensis. leevis. patagonica. radiata. rhombea. Magellania flavescens. ‘ (Dallina) floridana. (Dallina) Grayi. Kerguelenensis, © lenticularis. (Dallina) Raphaelis. (Dallina) septigera. _ tenera. venosa. _ Wyvillii. Davidsoni. ) (ee . | ‘Revonr or THE Sears Grorocrse Om 465 | 110. Wityabionella nigricans, 111. R. ee R. a var. pyx-— idata. psittacea, 113. Terebratella Blanfordi. “114, “115. “116. 1117. 118, 119, 120. | 121, | 122, (Terebratalia) anica. cruenta. (Terebratalia) sata. | Frielii. (Terebratalia) talis. , Gouldi (78). Labradorensis. Lamanoni. Marie. (Terebratalia) leta. _ (Terebratalia) dentalis. pulvinata. rubicunda. _rubiginosa. Spitzbergensis. (Terebratalia) trans- versa. . Terebratula (Liothyrina)Bartletti, (L. ) Dalli. (L. ) incerta. (L. ) Stearnsi. A i T shakes * (L. ) Moseleyi. — T Moxathyes decollata. i i (L. ) uva. F Terebratulina Cailleti. cancellata. : caput-serpentis. - (Dyscolia) Crossii. —' : Cumingi. japonica, Murrayi. radiata. septentrionalis, : trigona. 145. unguiculata. 146, Phesiditin Barretti. 147. T. (Lacazella) | raneum, incerta. sanguinea, truncata. sis var. mon- | struosa. Willimoesi. D5» Platidia anomioides, ae Davidsoni. _ lunifera. | Doderleini Grayi. lucida. mediter- ae Pye 59 17 the rie ay A hs ys eee \Sieerd NS. ey aT , , esi SS re ws 470 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MuSEUM. general deposition about the margins of the aperture from — the apex downward. This plate has been termed the chz- ladiwm (d') and has been shown to be of secondary growth. Variations in Form. The forms assumed by the brachiopods are so diverse that it is often difficult to believe that shells so unlike in contour belong to the same natural group. The habits of these animals and the EA GEEt the yy FZ tj} Zi A P 4 Fia. 15.— Meristella nasuta. Fria. 16.— Pygope diphya. Pia. 17.— Lingula paliformis, p. Vascular sinuses. (DAVIDSON. ) workings of natural causes in the modification of their shells afford a very substantial aid to the comprehension of these differences. The youngest shells of all Brachiopoda (so far as they have been studied) are biconvex and sub-semicircular in outline. Those Fie. 18.— Orthis subcarinata. shells in which the pedicle retains its functions until maturity (Linguta, Terepratota, Maeriianta, Raynonone.ta, etc.) and hang freely suspended from the point of attachment, are oval and biconvex throughout their existence. In such shells as LinevLa 22 oS r ce Report oF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 471 and Oxotvus, and the early growth stages of many genera where the pedicle is long and flexible, produced in the vertical axis of the animal, and at the same time not restricted in its passage to one valve, the differences in the form of the two valves are at their minimum, as they are more equably exposed and _ resist- ant to external physical impacts. Where there is a decided inequality in the valves, jt has been observed in living forms, and is probably equably true of fossil species, that the pedicle is short, rigid and restricted to one valve; and there. thus appears to be a certain definite rela- tion between the angle at which the pedicle is protruded and the size of the Fia. 19.— Lingula Murphiana. Fie. 20.— Athyris subtilitu. Fig. 21.— Orthis biloba. AVIDSON.) ,valves. The pedicle-valve, which, typically, in the adult condition is the larger, is the seat of the principal muscular Fies.24 and 25.— Pentagonia unisulcata. activity and the main lodgment of the viscera; it is, in a certain sense, the cell of habitation of the animal, and 23 4°92 Forvy-rirTH RePor?T on THe STATE Museum. — the brachial valve may be compared to an operéulum closing its Oy and in this fact is probably one efficient reason for the differences _ ; of size in the two valves. | oGy hie, rer ¢- = Fias. 26 and 27.— Rhynchonella acuminata. CDAVIDSON.) In Disorntsca the pedicle is a short plug extending at right angles - to the horizontal plane of the valve; and here the lower or pedicle- valve is flat and the upper conical, while in Acro- TRETA and ConotrEta,where the pedicle was probably _ longer and more flexible, the lower or attached — valve is highly conical and the upper nearly flat. Asa general rule shells closely attached by a pedicle _ at this high angle to the plane of the brachial valve _ —” have a tendency to circular or subequal peripheral _ Fic. meh Acro. growth (Disciwa, Discrnisca, ORBICULOIDEA, etc.),and veg eeme. The a similar tendency 1s rane tested in shells attached pedicle-valve oN esoralowe ong by solid cementation, not only in Cranta, CRANTELLA, eee | | ; CWarcorrs etc., which are hingeless genera, but also such gen- era aS are provided with a hinge, when attached, evince a spreading or ostrean form of oe k Articulate shells, where | the pedicle has maintained its func-— tion during a considerable portion of the period of adolescence (some species of SprrireR,CyrTina, ATHYRIS, STROPHOMENA, Leprmna, etc.), but. later becomes atrophied, so that the — animal must have dropped from its support and fallen upon the sea- bottom, are found to combine an elongate form with considerable 2. ee ae aad hs ere ea oe aes oe i, Fie. 29.—A cluster of young and old ls of Di lamell ws. ae ey ca lameliosa, (Sow breadth of hinge; and Often |wami— a highly developed cardinal area. In the Orideans sandstone of Cumberland, Maryland, has been found a fragment of a valve of 24 ‘ she Yar pS: SP DGR Gis - 7 Se Sb aca LOGON eeu pian i Saal iho Ae Foi 5 ai | | REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIS1. 473 Spirifer arenosus, to which are attached a number of the young of Oyrtina rostrata, in their original position. The specimen a 7 shows that attachment by the pedicle in spiriferoid shells brought the cardinal area close and flat against the surface of | ¥ adherence, the pedicle evidently having been extremely short. if In such close attachment, obstructing, from the first, additions to 2 -to the posterior margin of the shell, may be suggested an “ explanation of the origin of the cardinal area and extended i . 4 ” J hing’e. | - .In concavo-convex species, as of StropHEopoNTA, PRopuctus, Pircramsonires, etc., the pedicle was evidently atrophied very fr early in the history of the individual. Some such shells, as : Fria, 30.—Spirijfer asper. Fig. 31.— Young of Cyrtina rostrata attached by } ‘ the face of the cardinal area to the surface of Spiri- ah 4 et / fer arenosus. Oriskany sandstone, Cumberland, Md. a Rarryesquina. and Leprana, at times retain at maturity, a slight ; external evidence of a foramen, or the foraminal passage may even remain open as a minute puncture, but in this conditionno sufficient number of muscular fibres could have passed through it to have supported the shell. Such shells, in becoming freed os from the surface to which they were attached, would fall upon the sea-bottom, the heavier or pedicle-valve down, so that virtually this still acted as the attached valve. It will readily be under- stood that the contour of these concavo-convex shells is a neces- 5 sary result of an obstruction to the marginal growth of the brachial or concave valve, by the more rapid growth of the pedicle-valve. 3 1891. 60 25 474 Forry-rirte REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. ; In ey of these shells the pedicle-valve was provided wat spines serving to attach it more firmly to its place in the sediment, so that it became less liable to be washed from its position; and among such spiniferous shells we find the greatest convexity _of this valve, and often a remarkable extension of its anterlor margins (Propuotus). In Pro-_ ductus (Proboscidella) proboscideus and P. Nystianus, this modification. is carried to an extreme, the pedicle-valve being greatly produced at its free margins which meet on the lower side and form‘a long tube, while the brachial valve is small, unmodified and operculiform. It has been suggested that the function of this modification is to transmit water to the animal deeply buried in the sediments. Fig. 32.— Proboscidella Ayn opposite extreme of form occurs in certain proboscideus (ETHE- RIDGE). nearly plane species of Srropaxoponta (LxEprto- STROPHIA ; plate 15, figs. 1-4), in which the two valves have main- tained an equable growth for their entire extent. Thereareafew shells of this concavo-convex group, whose valves have a double curvature. Thus in STROPHOMENA, STROPHONELLA and CHonostTRopHIA, the contour of the two valves in youth, or in the umbonal region of adult shells, is normal, the pedicle-valve being convex, the brachial concave ; but in, later growth this contour becomes *™ *!— Stropho Fie. 33.—Stropho- reversed, and the general concavity ensis. Profile view mena delioidea. * the shell is on the pedicle-valve = =a sums vexity of the bra- and its convexity on the brachial valve. The chialvalveandthe a 4 t ; eh concavity of the causes of such reversion in contour can only be jeaicte-valve in due to an accelerated growth of the brachial valve the umbonal : region. after the early stages have been passed; and it may be observed that species of SrropHonELLA are all, virtu- ally, reversed Stropheodontas. StTRopHEoponra is a genus which in its adult state, at successive periods in its history, exhibits in a most remarkable manner various phyletic develop- mental phases. Thus its earlier (Silurian) representatives 26 i REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 475 (Bracuyprion) have the delthyrium either open or partially closed by a convex deltidium, and the crenulations of the hinge-line restricted to the immediate vicinity of the delthyrium. Gradual progress in these features is observable throughout the late Silurian Fig. 35.-— The cardinal area of Stropheodonta Fia. 36.—The cardinal area of Stropheodonta (Brachyprion) Leda; showing the few crenu- (Brachyprion) profunda, with more numer- lations on the cardinal margin near the ous cardinal crenulations. Niagara group. delthyrium. Clinton group. (BILLINGs.) { . . * 4 . and early Devonian species; and in the middle or later Devonian when the genus disappears, the species have the delthyrium” completely closed, the outlines of the deltidium obliterated and Fie. 37.—The hinge area of Strophonella Fia. 38.—The cardinal area of Stropheodonta ampla; showing the extension of the cardi- demissa, with the crenulations extending to nal denticulations for about one-half the the extremities of the hinge. length of the hinge-margin. the crenulation of the hinge extending to the cardinal extremi- ties. There is corresponding progress in the development of the internal features. With each phase of SrropHroponta there is, in Fia. 39.— The cardinal areas of Stropheodonta demissa ; showing7the closed delthyrium. the same fauna, a corresponding phase of the reversed shell STROPHONELLA. In a certain sense the genera Raringsquyna and STROPHOMENA bear a similar relation to each other, both appear- ing and disappearing in geological history at about the same time. 27 ] as . a> as A476 Forry-FrirtH REPORT ON ‘THR hai Mo vsnum. % Ornamentation of the External Surface. t's The surface of the brachiopod shell is rarely entirely nil oF 4 It may bear only the concentric lines or varices of growth, and - sometimes squamous, lamellar expansions, but as a general rule, ‘. the surface is covered with radiating striae, lines, plications or i ye h ah if ribs, which may either be of equal-size, may alternate in size, or ” y at Wis : 2 yy f : i ag 4 i Mh os. i “a ~ L. i) a - : 4 a ~*~ - oo bi iF . * 4G ; i Fia. 40.—The lamellose surface of Atrypa Fie. 41.—The concentric lamelle of Atrypa hs es: aspera. imbricata; enlarged. (DAvipson.) ts Pat | oy | be arranged in fascicles. Such configuration is of secondary — “a ye) s Fle : : : ait a srowth, the incipient shell being free from it, except in rare ae A : instances where evincing an acceleration of development in this 3 : Ks a Mh 4 BAe ; Fia. 42 —A portion of the exterior of Atrypa Fie. 43.— The surface spines of Atrypa hystrix. _ reticularis; showing the extension of the Bs) lamelize and their tendency to fold upward v ; into hollow spines. ' | respect, or in other words, an earlier inheritance of specific fe , characters. In the plicated shells, the plications of one valve pe generally alternate in position with those of the other, so that— on the margins, the edges of the two series are interlocked, — “effecting complete closure. 28 REPORT OF THE STATE (EOLOGIST. 477 +The concentric lines when not wholly superficial may be , regarded as representing periodic interruptions in the out- ward expansion of the mantle. In some genera, as OrBIcULOIDEA, ; Discrnisca, TRIMERELLA, etc., there are fre- quent irregular lamellose expansions of the - outer shell layer, which produce a rough, squamous exterior (Plates 5, 6.). In species of Aruyris, Arrypa, and, rarely, Propucrus, there are regular expansions . at the concentric lines, which are some- ob times extravagantly extended (A thyris viewed from the brachial valve: : od showing the curved fringes. concentrica, A. planosulcata, A. lamellosa, Davwsox.) Atrypa reticularis, etc.); in other species the concentric lamelle become divided into a fringe of flat, hollow spines. Again, in . SIPHONOTRETA, ATHYRIS, and Sprrirer, there are rows of hollow, round spines, which are some- times divided by a median partition (A. fags hirsuta) and may be Be Rasy compound, with pinnate Baa? lateral branches. (8. _. fimbriatus.) (See Plate Seah fic, 12), When the spines are irreg- ularly scattered over the surface they are generally of Lar Seria 45.—Athyris planosulcata, with its marginal’expan- size. This is preemi- EMC nently the case in Propucrus, where the spines are often of great size and remarkable length. Such spines could never have been flexible, but they were frequently a means of attachment to foreign bodies, whether by cementation as in SrrupHALosiA, or by anchoring in the sediment.* Inthe younger conditions of such spiniferous shells the spines have, to some extent, opened into the inner cavity of the shell, but in later growth they became, for the en. eee eee Ll ~~ =6 * Tt has been stated by Youne that in some species of Propuctus the large spines appear to be furnished on the interior with a multitnde of spinules standing convergent to the axis of the spine. This observation has not yet been verified by others. 29 OYA « “'> i. faray va .$ oe, gee rat “7 t Kan Ad - th es ; nt et, aes 478 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE SvaTe Musxzvun. most part, closed. This statement, however, is not true of Cyoneres where there is a single row of short marginal spines on __ the cardinal margin of the pedicle-valve alone; these cross the Fia. 46.—Portion of the shell of Siphono_ Fie. 47.— Schizambon treta; enlarged. (KUTORGA.) jissus. CKuUTORGA.) cardinal substance of the valve, have wide, internal openingsand are believed to be closed at their outer extremities. In Awopxra = these tubular passages exist. but are not ex- - _— tended into _ spines SS ; Z (see Plate 20, figs. 15-19). SSS Some species of Sreon- OTRETA and STROPHALOSIA Fie. 48.—Chonetes scitula. Showing the tubes connecting ¥ the hollow marginal spines with the interior of the shell; have the spines corruga- enlarged. ted. In afew genera the cuticular or outer layer of the shell bears a reticulated or tesselated ornament, or series of coarse punctures arranged in quincunx (Trematis, Erchwat pia, Poramponirss), or in radial rows (Orrats, Poramponires; Plate 6). The surface is often granulose, especially in species which possess a punctated shell, and some- times in other shells, as Sprrrrer. The genus Lepr#na is charac- — terized by coarse concentric wrinkles or undulations over the horizontal or visceral area of the valves; rarely there are two series of fine oblique concentric wrinkles, as in Cuonorrctus. It has been observed that the greatest modifications of the exterior occur on the pedicle valve, and this difference may be largely explained by comparing the brachiopod with the bryozoan. If the brachial or upper valve of the former corresponds to the operculum of the latter, it is then the pedicle-valve which, as above suggested, may be regarded as the cell or main receptacle 30 ; REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 479 of the animal, and is therefore more highly specialized and more susceptible to variation in its external form. Cardinal area—In many of the dentiferous or articulate brachiopods a conspicuous feature of the shell is the specialization of the posterior portion of the pedicle valve as a vertical or > curved triangular area. The same character is sometimes present Fie. 49.— Cardinal “area Figs. 50 and 51.—Orthothetes arctostriata ; showing cardinal 7 of Scenidium insigne]; area and deltidium, , enlarged. on the brachial valve, though less highly developed. In genera, which have a straight or extended hinge-line, this area attains its most conspicuous development. It does not bear the orna- mentation of the rest of the external surface, but is smooth, or with horizontal lines of growth crossed by vertical lines of structure. It has already been suggested that this area probably origi- nated from the close attachment of the animal by its pedicle, ~ Fie. 52.— Spirifer granulosus ; Showing the cardinal area. which obstructed the outward growth of the valves. The inti- mate structure of this portion of the shell does not, however, differ materially from that of the remainder. In forms which were evidently suspended freely throughout their later existence, by a moderately long arm, this area does not exist (TEREBRATULA, Rayncnonuta, etc.), and this may be due to the fact that the posterior growth of the valves was unobstructed by close adhe- 31 is ny S it \ +) a ah Da ate DIN Ce yh even r ‘ nS Bier Fie ee sone ae : ¥ be hs Lb aoeiy, Ce RDQS ara Piet] AL tet ee ' bd) A af a} \ ee tt ‘ . : ; ; 4k a t 480 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. sion to the object of support. Among the edentulous genera there is rarely the'least indication of such an area. In AcRoTRETA, Conorrera, AcroTHE sy, [purpma, etc., where the foramen is apical _ : there is a posterior flattening of the pedicle-valve, upon which | the concentric ornamentation of the shell is retained. This has sometimes been inaccurately termed a “false cardinal area,” ora _ : “yseudo-area.” Though not so sharply defined as the cardinal - area in the articulate brachiopods, it is nevertheless an homolo- gous structure and needs no other designation. In such genera as Discrnisca, ORBICULOIDEA, etc., there was no obstruction to the ~~ posterior growth of the shell, and therefore no cardinal area. 2 The Delthyrium and its Coverings. By the term delthyrvwm is meant the median triangular fissure or cleft which crosses the cardinal area of the pedi- | cle valve; or when that area does not exist, traverses ; 8 Fic 53.—Pedicle passage Fic. 54.—Trematis treminalis. : of Schizocrania filosa. Interior of pedicle-vaive. F { F, triangular pedicle foramen; v, vascular sinu- ve fissure; g, listrum. ses; g, pedicle-groove. : i: , m4 Be a the posterior surface from apex to cardinal line. It is the passage for the pedicle, and always subserves this function when existing in an uncovered condition in adolescent or mature growth. In Orruis this is its normal condition at maturity; but it has been shown that the open delthyrium at this stage,in Orthis varica, is actually a modified phase, the shell having — 4 assumed in youthful growth a convex covering or deltidium, is which is subsequently resorbed. . In Scuizocranta the triangular slit is retained in all stages of growth, and in Tremarts its outer a edges converge at maturity, while in Orsrcutorpna it is altogether a feature of early growth, the adult shell having the passage # closed by the union of the edges on the posterior margin, and the contemporaneous formation of a transverse plate or Véistrium ; beneath the apex. In the inarticulate genera Irpamna and Vor- 32 M RePorr or THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 481 p BorTHIA the place of the delthyrium is covered by a convex ridge; in AcrorrEta and Conorrera there is a groove instead of a ridge. ue, =G-" Waste Se ~*Fie. 55.—Pedicle-groove Fig. 56.— Pedicle-area of Fie, 57. —Interior of pedicle-valve y of Orbiculoidea tenui- Orbiculoidea Herzeri of Orbiculoidea nitida. F. lamellata F, fora- viewed from within. F, foramen; g’, inner surface of men; g, base of groove; foramen; p’, under sur- pedicle-groove or listrium. I, walls of groove. face of listrium. (Davipson. ) The convex ridge or plate which has been termed the deltidiwm in the articulate brachiopods se is retained in many genera at matu- fity (Pkorortuis, Brnuincseiis, Srropx-_ i _ E DONTA, STROPHOMENA, Lepr£na,OrRrHo- @ THETES, Derspya,etc.,etc., Plates 8, 13, 19) and it usually exists in all species which _ have the cardinal area developed. » That it is not always retained may be due to different causes. Its union with the margins of the delthyrium are lines | of weakness along which it is often Fie. 58.— Clitambonites (Orthisina) _ readily separated from the SE Baal AUD Sei ee Wea aie ste mean heh : cle-valve; pa, cardinal area of _tmay be gradually abraded or become brachial valve; p, deltidium: ©, P* : chilidium; f, foramen. (DEVeER- _ resorbed by the animal. nan In some of the dentiferous genera in which the cardinal area __ is very obscurely defined and the umbo of the pedi- cle-valve closely incurved (Penramerts, AMPHIGENIA), _ the deltidium is concave, and the pedicle probably _ hot functional at maturity. In most of the articulate genera, however, such as Trrepratuta, RayNcnongLia and their allies, Merisra, Meristetia, Rxrzra, ete., etc. the covering of the delthyrium consists of tw | O ¥iae. 59 — Delti- convex plates formed by gradual growth along dium of Cyrtina; : } ue A F, foramen. the margins of the opening and uniting in the (Davinsox.) 4 lower side of, or encircling the pedicle, Various stages in the development of these mae 1891, 61 33 Pa ly EUS ae ae 1" in, Foe FC path’ of x os AT Aa rt A EN is Aree ah fe CW ica a Pa ae t ae ah Z 4s an f 482 ForTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. ~ deltidial plates are attained at the maturity of different . species. (Plate 28, figs. 11 and 12.) Thus, in Meristina — Fries. 60, 61, 62.—Whitfieldella nitida ; showing the progres- Fiq@. 63.—The adult condition sive closing of the deltidium by the growth of the deltidial of the delthyrium in Meris- plates. The figures at the right represent immature con- tina rectirostra, showing the ditions, that at the left the adult state. absence of deltidial pilates. rectirostris they are but feebly, if at all developed, evine- ing either the embryonic or degenerate char- acter of the adult in this respect; while in Hwme-— tria Verneutlana they are ciosely united by coalescence from the apical foramen to the hinge Fie. 64.— Rhyncho. and their convexity wholly obliterated. | nella Grasiana,~ With present evidence, these deltidial plates showing the ex- i i travagant growth appear to be a secondary modification of the delthy- of the deltidial rium, induced after the disappearance of the origi- — plates in the adult, , 2 (Destonacuames.) Nal covering of this passage from the causes — already suggested. ~ ; In many of the articulate genera the delthyrium, if left open — either from resorption of its normal coverings or from a failure — to develop them, becomes filled by a progressive secretion of testaceous matter in the later stages’ of growth. This is especially marked — among a certain group of the Spiri- : fers where this callous growth forms f. Fie. 65 —A cardinal view of Spirifer phd Hisheye Gs oo wane asper; showing the callosity in the Plate; and the extreme result of this © pelisiyetans: development is exhibited by the — genus Syrincorayris, in which this condition of hypertrophy — : wee t79 plate covering or partial filling of the cavity extending from ~ + 34 ; a ~ wor b y am } Ao ie ya . Pa ee ~~ Sa, >a a foheN & ah REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. fs. ; the apex nearly to the pasa margin of the delthyrium, but also _ builds up on the inner side of this plate a tubular sheath, open ye along its ventral surface and which probably inclosed the atro- ; _ phied pedicle of the animal. This peculiar tubular structure may (ass _ be termed the syrinw. af Seg oie s + ive A 1 We: ab fie at Fie 67. —Syringothyris typa. The oa interior of the umbonal portion Ae 4 of the pedicle-valve, showing the ay. ‘Fie. 66.— Interior of pedicle-valve of Syringothyris. 1, the split-tube or syrinx attached to —~ " split tube or syrinx, the transverse plate filling the delthyrium. fen», The covering of the delthyrium in the brachial valve (chilidiwm) which is always a single plate is of later growth than the delti- _ dium, and is therefore not a primitive structure. ; _ Fie. 68.— Cardinal view of a portion of the valves of Orthotheles subplana ; showing a remarkable development of the chilidium. 3 THE INTERNAL CONFIGURATION OF THE VALVES. | Articulating Apophyses. | | Articulation of the valves is mainly effected by means of teeth _and sockets, the former on the pedicle-valve, the latter on the brachial valve. In inarticulate genera the valves are usually held in apposition simply by muscular contraction, and seldom is any » tendency to the formation of articulating processes manifested. Occasionally low bosses are formed on the cardinal margin of the _pedicle-valve (TRimERELLA, BarrotseLia, Tomasina ; Plate 1, fig. (14), which probably subserved to a certain extent the pur- 484 Forvy-FIrTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. poses of a hinge. In the articulates the teeth lie at, or just beneath the cardinal margin, and at either side of the delthyrium. — They are short processes, free at their extremities, which are fre. : quently- curved upward or backward into their sockets in the — opposite valve, thus locking the valves in such a manner that it? often becomes impossible to separate them without breaking the teeth. Both teeth and sockets vary considerably in their develop- ment in different genera, and in different species of the same — genus, but they are invariably two in number and are ale constructed on the same plan. baa Articulation is also aided by the cardinal process, an apophysis situated at the center of the hinge of the brachial valve, and which © in certain extinct genera, as S1Ro- PHEODONTA, DerRBya, NucLEOsPIRA, Propuctvs, S1RINGOCHPHALUS, i is of a is very cial eye size. This process — was a surface of attachment of cer-_ tain muscles, which, by their con-_ traction, opened the valves, and — its size is due to the fact that tes-— taceous matter has been rapidly — Fre. 69.— Rosana alternata. Inte- oh rior of the brachial valve. secreted about the extremities of B the muscular bands. It is in the later stages of growth ; that the cardinal process obtains notable size, and that ‘ usually in species where the pedicle has become atrophied — und is no longer an obstacle to its growth: The pos-— cular attachment, is variously lobed, furrowed or striated. — (Plates 9-22.) ‘a The cardinal process is frequently connected with, and often’ merged into, an elevated central hinge-plate. This plate is not found in genera where the cardinal process attains its highest development (Srropsomrena, Drrpya, Ortuornetss, TRIPLECIA m vided with calcified supports (Mrrisreiia, Rerzia, Aroyris, TERE: BRATULA, etc.), and while it is insome degree a surface of muscular attachment, it also serves as a support to the bases of the brachié L (crura). 36 saat - -Reporv or rue Srare GEOLOGIST. 485 pie Ne kes Sh “=u | ee a x = ro a s The inner margin of the hinge in both valves frequently bears 7 a series of fine, interlocking denticulations, making an arrange- Bs ‘ment which contributes to the firmer union of the valves (Strop- ae HEODONTA, Spirirer, etc.). Interlocking “x Sere sear. *45- ¥ = As _ plications about the lateral and anterior zi margins of the valves serve a similar end. eer’ og ' * Gs ¢ 4 Septa. q __-Vertical plates or septa divide the ae _ interior cavity of the valves of some genera ms pee 5 — in various ways. The teeth are frequently Mi «he pres by such plates, one on each ¥ side of the delthyrium of the pedicle. | Ree Ot | ‘ Pee valve, and these are known as dental Longitudinal section, showing — re the septa (s) and spondyli® ay ae plates. Such plates may rest ea the (a, b) of both valves, and the Re Ct inner surface of the valves or converge crura(). (Davimsos.) if ; and unite, forming a spoon-shaped process, or spondylium, which ) is sometimes free, except at its posterior margin, but is usually Ka a supported by a median septum (Currampontres, PentaMERus,CamM- Fa _ AROPHORIA, etc.). When the spondylium is not present in the i } ‘ bs ; ie te : i ' ia a ane. Mg ae id ty iy, Fig. 73.— Transverse section ¥, Af ni __ Fie. 71.—Camarophoria Sch- of Conchidium Knight. s, me- 0) a __ lotheimi. s, median septa; o Fic. 72.— Sieberella Sieberi. dian septum of pedicle-valve; — 9, ¥ _ erura;a.spondylium of pedicle- Transverse section showing s’, septa of brachial valve; p. eae _ valve; b, spondylium of brach- the spondylia supported by spondylium of pedicle-valve ; fle Se ial valve. (Woopwarp.) median septa. b, crura, plates. - rs vy a? vets _pedicle-valve, a median septum often divides the muscular region ain : and itself becomes a surface of muscular attachment (Enreerss, a Sprrirerrna). There may also be one or more /ateral septa on is | each side of the median one, asin the genus Potyracuta (Plate 8, Va figs. 16-20); this, however is of rare occurrence a oo 37 a a a ey; i ie « et tA sina anomala D, deltidium; t, teeth: d, dental spondylium. Accompanying these, or independent of them, may . Wa. 74.—Interior of pedicle-valve, of Orthi- plates, forming a spondylium, Ss, median sep- Fic. 75.— The interior of the pedinie satel c, tum. (Davrpson.) of Conchidium; showing the spondylium. 1 oa Bar as the crural plates. These may also converge and form a — be a prominent median septum (ENTELETES, KaysERELLA, Penramerus); and the latter — may support the spondylium. There may ~ also be two parallel median septa supporting — the convergent, but not united crural plates — (BarRaNDELLA, Pentamervs, Concuiprum). In © the inarticulate genera ne median and lateral septa are sometimes well developed, 4 butdo not often attain great size (Liveura, Dienomia, GLorriDiA, Tancas ened etc.). ot: Fia.76.—Lingula Delia, Muscular scars. Be. with median septum (s). The impressions made upon the shell by thom attachment of the muscles are usually confined to the umbonal and posterior portions of the valves. There are some exceptions to this rule, as in the case of Hipparionyx proximus and a few of the pedicle-valve extend almost to the anterior margin of the shell. The impressions of the several muscular bands retained with various degrees of distinctness; among the fossi they are often merged with one another, so that only the outline of the muscular area, as a whole, is visible. Among the —_ | late genera one plan of arrangement is maintained without e 38 REpPoRT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 487 tial modification. In the .middle line of the pedicle-valve is a narrow oval impression of the adductor muscle, which is divided medially into two scars; at the sides are two pairs of scars, the larger in front (diductors), the smaller behind ( pedicle-muscles). A B LES water tas 4 a ea aie MR ik Pe, EM me oe ay = WWI] wes Sk wy WW XC, wt Wy » Mp \y Q S % yy g b %, Ss B =| 22 SAY y ~~~ 1:7: NE = TTY To | LUO TUTTI aks i | As, TIT sy pOUMUIROEA UENO EOD SUTTHITLPUT ERED CYNIC eT SS My p mr Nj YQ THN se = — es = = > = 44 — = = = ——__ = — Z A Fic. 77.— Muscular system of Lingula anatina: a, pedicle-valve; B, brachial valve; b, parietal scar; g, umbonal muscle; 7, transmedians: h, centrals; 7, k, 1, laterals (j, anteriors; k, middles; l, externals). (DAvIpDsoN.) sit oa se Occasionally the scars of a small accessory pair of diductors are found just behind the adductor scars; and behind these is an ; poe Fia.78.—Craniella Fies 79, 80.—Interiors of the pedicle and Hamiltonic. The brachial valves of Rhynchonella (Hemi- attached valve, thyris) psittacea; f, foramen; d, deltidial Fig. 81.—Interior of the showingthe anterior plates; t, teeth; t’, dental sockets; p, pedicle valve of Orthis and posteror ad- pedicle muscle; a, adductors; r, diduct- Clytie, showing the pedicle, ductor scars. ors; 0, Ovarian markings;.c, crura; s, adductor and diductor sears. r septum. undwided scar of the pedicle-muscle. In the brachial valve there are four undivided adductor scars in two distinet pairs, one the anterior, the other the posterior pair. This arrangement of the 39 ‘ 7 ae Late at : e ae pei AOS a FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE T Cant ee ws ane a tea y 3a vo scars is very simple compared with that found in some 0 th inarticulate genera (Lineuxa, Discrnisca), but among the foss d, ventral pedicle muscles; e, accessory diductors; f, median pedicle muscle; g, dorsal pedi muscle. (WoopwaRD.) iiie 7 Re alse | . . ey species of such genera the muscular impressions’ are rar retained with distinctness. For the fuller elucidation of this 4 ‘ WO ye ian t 1 } / I} at i aul: Wi Hy | HH Wy if Mil Wy Vy; mat ye Heh spiriferoides; showing adductor and diductor Meristella nasuta; X, filling of ro scars. cavity; ¢, position of teeth. subject the student is referred to the chapter on the Mus- . ouLAR Sysrem. ie any yr e om ng va} + oe ; fy eae Nig ae. i a Pn ee eae eer y ae a= O74) #2, ‘ » 5! ’ 4 * fe, 47 ‘ y a “{ : ‘ ‘ eae Pa et Len Pallial Sinuses and Genital Markings. 4 Traces of these features are frequently retained on the shell =~ RY . : . . . . . Pe Re: with more or less distinctness. The pallial sinuses are usually Rate r.. an, Ne 48 a a - : 4 a Lam ois a map a Ww A . rs ? a oe : ee be _ Fig. 85.— Interior of brachial valve of Am- Fic. 86.—Eatonia peculiaris. The pallial © as: _ ——— bocoelia wumbonata; showing the four adduc- _ sinuses on an internal castof the pedicle- a ‘a " _ tor scars. valve. Bae hs. two convergent (Lixeura, Oxorus) or divergent (STROPHOMENA, a . SrropHEoponta, etc.) trunks, from the outer margins of which +) 93 fe) ie iy i ‘ed a a4 4 a a en ey. iy & ei Bas; . By! 1 ag & ¥ f | ‘Fic. 87.— Rhynchonella acuminata, showing the pallial sinuses on an internal cast. A Geet “4 - pedicle-valve; B, umbonal view; a, adductor sears; b, diductors. (WoopwaRD ) ps: Rey! _ emanates a series of secondary ramifying branches. Among the ans inarticulates there may also be branches along the inner margin be * Sl 1 Sa ee! cs. a : ‘i ; Ne , Fis Ae a “e m BE te. 88.— Rafinesquina expansa. Interior of Fic. 89. —Koninckina Leonhardi; interior e ae pedicle-valve, showing pallial sinuses. of brachial valve, showing pallial sinuses ee + ala crossing the impressions of the spiral arms. a) CWoopwarD.) i Ky 4 of these sinuses. In StrropHomeNna, StRopHEODONTA, etc.,theinner 3 ‘ ‘margin of the main trunks bounds the genital area, which eh ao 1891. 62 41 ioe “art 490 £Forry-ristH ReporT on Tar SvaTe Musevum. < aie usually has a pitted surface. In ScsrizopHoria there are four or more subparallel longitudinal main pallial sinuses which subdivide toward their distal extremities. (Plate 11, figs. 21-23.) , Further reference will be made to the structure of the sinuses and genital organs. Structure of the Test. The valves of the Brachiopoda are composed of successive lamine of heterogeneous structure. These may be wholly calcareous, and not more than two or three in number, or alternately calcareous and corneous, and not restricted to any — numerical limit. Shells largely corneous or chitinous in their composition are restricted to the inarticulate division, but the inarticulates do not all possess corneous shells. In the living Linevxa there is an alternation of corneous and calcareous layers varying in thickness, the former being compact and imperforate, the latter fibrous or prismatic and crossed by a great number of minute tubules. In fossils of this group the calcareous matter is frequently more or less removed, so that. shells in this con- dition may appear to be essentially corneous in their composition. In the 7 group of fossil linguloids, beginning — with Linevia, passing’ through Lix- : euLops and LineviasMA to TRIMERELLA Be ete oe “cand its allies, there is a regular increase LED aan ayes Cikosin the relative amount of calcareous | tical canals. (GRraTIOLET.) matter in the shell, so that the Tri- ~ merellas, which are large and ponderous shells, seem to have ~ wholly lost their corneous matter. In Oranta also, the shellis _ essentially calcareous and the successive layers are punctured by ~ tubules or vertical canals, which are largest at their openings on Mt the interior of the valves, and narrow toward the outer surface. These never pierce the thin outer or epidermal layer of the — shell. SSE —= =~ -A EE oud ae a, { Pals) 42 a ys, 4 - ue 2 De 4 a Report or THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 49] _ Among the articulate genera, under favorable preservation, there may be distinguished three distinct calcareous shell layers ; an inner prismatic or fibrous layer, which constitutes the greater portion of the shell; above this is a thin lamellar layer, and the outer surface of the shell is coy- ered by a tenuous epidermal film or peri- ostracum. When the shell is punctate, as is frequently the case (the orthoids, Wate articulate branchigpod; Cyrtina, Srrkirertna. the productoids, % prismatic layer; m, outer, im f punctate layer; n, intermediate, terebratuloids) the tubules open on the laminar layer; f, broad extremity i : é of perforation; e, radiating grooves inner surface in narrow apertures, whence about extremity.—(Kive.) _ they widen upwards, abruptly expanding in the lamellar layer, at whose upper margin they terminate. They do not pierce the Fie. 92.— Inner surface of a Fie. 93.— Portion of outer surface valve of Productus semireticu- of Productus longispinus. s, spine; latus, Showing the opening of a c, imperforate outer layer; b, punc- her spine (s) aud the elevated ter- tee of inner Jayer. (Davipson.) minations of the puncte (b). CDAVIDSON.) _periostracum, and it has not been demonstrated that any brachio- pod shell is completely traversed by them. Certain species of Orruts (RarprpomeLia) have been shown by Youne to possess epithelial punctures which were probably the points of insertion of short spinules; these coexist with fine tubules which perfo- rate the inner layers. The coarser spines occurring in such— genera as SipHonorreta and Propvucrus are hollow, and may sometimes penetrate the entire substance of the shell. The per- _ forations vary greatly in size and number. In the terebratuloids 43 x 492 Forry-rirtH REPORT on THE STATE Museum. \ they are frequently visible to the unaided eye; in SyRINgorHYRIS they are often difficult of discernment, and among fossils gener- ally have probably been to some degree obscured by the process of fossilization. In smooth shells tions or in the furrows. They may traverse the shell vertically, but their tendency is usually obliquely forward in the direction of shell- erowth, and in some instances (Tropidoleptus carinatus) they con- verge toward the plications. Such | variations in arrangement may leave Hie. 04. An’ enlargement of the shell certain portions of the shell amymmm structure in Tropidoleptus; showing the A : : convergent tubules. tate while other portions are richly supplied with tubules. The full taxonomic significance of these test-perforations and their function, is not as yet understood. In certain groups of shells some of the members may be punctate, others impunc- tate. Thus among the orthids we find that the earlier and typical members (0. callactis, etc.), are completely impunctate; so also are Piatysrropuia, Heperteiya and Drnorruis ; while the greater number of species belonging to the group, especially its later (Upper Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous) members, are “ richly punctate. The shell of Sprrirmr, again, is = oenera CyRTINA, SPIRIFERINA and SYRINGOTHYRIS are #;| punctate, and even a few species which must still “| be referred to the genus SprrirER have a sparsely punctated shell (S. plenus). RuyncoHoneLia and its Fie. 95.— An en largement of an recent and fossil allies are impunctate, except ~ of spirifer plenus, RHYNoHORA and Ruycuorora, which are simply howing the shell vimetationa - Yhynchonellids with punctate shell. There are certain conditions which appear to have induced the a deposition of impunctate shell-matter even in species uniformly +4 =| normally impunctate, while the closely related — they are usually equally dissemina- __ ted, but in plicated species they are arranged in rows on the plica- q oe ey sack Jounin has shown that the deposits about the SR and base of the muscular - bundles is without perfora- tions. The same is true of all adventitious deposits in of Re enetate shells; senile en- 3 Bs cocreante of the teeth and BS cardinal process, the callosi- ties in the delthyrium, as in Spreirer, and the syrinx ° in Syrweornyris. Whether Fie. 96.— Vertical section of an attached valve of Me a the teeth and other articu- Cr4y1, showing the normally perforate shell, and the imperforate deposit beneath the muscular scar lating apophyses are iM-jovam). - a punctate in their earlier condition, has not been determined. - ot _ The calcareous secretions in the brachia (spirals, loops, shes) are’ 7 also impunctate. a As to the function of the puncte, it is quite generally Beliewed be _ that they are connected with the respiration of the animal. In| (age ~ 4 recent punctate species the tubules are filled ‘: ee: DY diverticula from the mantle, which are q - readily seen by dissolving the shell of « a: _terebratuloid in dilute ae The fact, na - Me oye + me s _ ever, that they are not exposed to the water ae at their extremities may interfere with this q 3 interpretation, unless an increased exposure be effected by the access of water from within the body chamber. It. has been a & ia observed by Morsr that the puncte in — Fic.97—Extremities of = -TEREBRATULINA appear only after the shell GL eee EE, 6 hes passed its earliest growth-stages. THE ANIMAL. General Characters. | _ Upon opening the valves of a living brachiopod, the body, or — that part of it which contains the essential organs, is found y By to be restricted to the posterior part of the ee cavity, eee while the anterior one-half or two-thirds of this space is filled. by the coiled arms from which the name of the class is - derived. The degree to which the valves can be voluntarily ‘ aaa by the animal is very restricted, only sufficient to freely — 45 ie Aa Pains ks. pawns Cae ake A am =e. CA ea ra . 494 Forvy-FiFTH REPORT ON THE STATE M USEUM. Hemirayris, etc. In Lacazella mediterranea the — brachial valve in opening may traverse an arc of — 90°, but no other species is known to possess this capacity. The wescera are separated from the ~ bly Hie. 8—Laca-cavity of the brachia by a vertical) julemee ie zella mediter- ; : ‘ : a é - ranea, with thebranous wall, which is an extension of the ~ valves open as in Cie Z : a Tite Guacaze- pallium or manile. The shell-cavity is, there- 2 ay DUTHIERS.) fore, divisible into a posterior or wesceral cavity, 3 mii: and an anterior or brachial cavity. Be . 4 he + ‘ i Ce ; Fie. 99.— Rhynchonella (Hemithyris) psittacea. ’ The valves and a portion of the mantle removed, showing the vertical wall (22) dividing the body cavity into a posterior or visceral, and an anterior or brachial chamber. The notation of the other parts is as follows: 25, pedicle. 56, blindextremity ofintestine, 73, 73a, diductors. 28, capsule of pedicle. 57, b, c, d, liver. 75, 77, accessory diductors. 32, upper mantle lobe. 57’, hepatic canals. 79, pedicle-muscle. 88, lower mantle lobe. 59, 60. gastroparietal band. 98, heart. 40, 40a, brachia. 61, ioparietal band. 95, aorta 46, 46a, brachial canal. 63’, 63" mesentery. 96, aes artery. aa 48, 48a, crural canal. 64, génital organs. 96’ 96" dorsal and ventral — 48a/ aperture of same, 67, ventral funnel of oviduct. branches of same, . 53, cesophagus. 68, tube of same. (Brown after HANCOCK), 54, stomach. 71, 72, 71’, 72’ anterior and pos- 55, intestine. terior adductors, 46 eae REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 495 Toe Manvie. This is a thin transparent membrane, appearing in the embry- onic condition of the animal, as two distinct lobes. It is, primarily, the shell-secreting gland of the animal, and in all periods of gl growth it lines the entire inner surface of the shell. In Cranta, it is composed of three layers, a middle one, of compact, non-celluliferous. tissue or cartilage, on each surface of Fig. 100.—The animal of Magellania australis, viewed from the dorsal side. a, mantle;—b, body; c, pedicle; d, trunks of pallial sinuses; e, branches of pallial sinuses; /, genital organs; g, posterior adductor muscles; i, marginal fold of mantle; i, setae; j, cireum- _ pallial vessel; k, edge of mantle; J, median fissure corresponding to septum of valve; m, depres- ee sion caused by hinge-plate; p, anterior adductor muscles; r, diductors; s, accessory diductors; 9 t, liver.— CHANCOCE.) which is a single layer of cells. From that which lies against the surface of the shell arise the ceca or blind tubes which enter _ the perforations of the test. At various points the mantle, or certain of its layers, folds upon itself, inclosing cavities or pallial : sinuses which contain the circulating fluids and often portions of _ the genital organs. These sinuses frequently modify the interior = 47 \, >» d ~ rs ~ oe Fe ae oe Nhe = ‘ a + Pa ie tee ~~. DT ae ele (a Fa ie at ep aeS om As Ap ars = Sh be Den? os 1 2" 496 Forry-rrrra Report on THE STATE Museum. i : of the valves so strongly that their traces are visible when t shell is petrified, and may be seen not only over the brachial ¥ region but also where the mantle is extended posteriorly between ed the margins of the visceral area and the edges of the valves — the parietal region). ; ae 00 A RPE BPS on on eres eee oo \ = ie: Ayr Sarg ASRS CAR Pave ee Daim 9 iy ca rae 7) Vs IS LJ v Ms Ve, \] eo Ch) ,) @, MINS 2 7 y Vy D V7 i zt ‘ ren p IY SOYA e seas PADLY, Sl) “Tan gr Fic. 101.—Marginal portion of the mantle of Fia. 102.— Vertical section of shell and mantle of , May Magellania australis. Magellania australis. we. he, a, margin; b, marginal fold; c, sete; d, a, margin of valve; b, shell showing prismatic es \ follicles of setze; ¢, circumpallial muscu- structure; c, pallial ceeca penetrating shell; oy iS Sd, lar belt; g, pallial muscles; h, bases of marginal fold of mantle; p, one of the seta; g an. a pallial caeca,— CHANCOCK). follicle of the same; ¢, extreme pallial me r- . : {oa gin.— (HANcock.) os 1% - rl & ‘ 2) + \ ~ ty ' } i, : *,°? . . . e Ax ) “i In all the larger cavities of the body, including not only Ke 4 . . a. a the greater sinuses of the mantle but also the perivisceral AR . he a i cavity and the cavernous brachia and cirri, are found caleareous . . P u Ag 4 aa spicules of various shapes which, in some genera, especially Tax ; ; 48 . ® / ‘ ° we?) q ™ a hy lank , oe yay nan ie ie, jpg ohh ee eee i bolas: - A'PaR ; tetas i st £ 7 hy ; wer j y scans a y; ¢ Sas tah + - veh we > 4 5 ees " 3 x Aw, y s% Regence 14 _ Report or rH Srare GeoLocisr. 497 ¢ ae ; ‘ \: ta ‘ ¥ ' ‘ “ompium aia its allies, unite to form an irregular mass or net-work. ae / ppit i is to a certain degree true that the spicules in a given species: or genus have the same general aspect ; and while they abound nes WW Sak uy “Y WV Ki We wee a) ZB he ‘i Re F) se SSE WAS Ay ; i ws GN Ae? i : 4s CMe SS Zoe ASSESS 4 AN ee Pe . ? ; _ Fie. 103.—Theeidium mediterraneum. Interior Fie. 104.— Portion of the mantle of Tere f oF the brachial valve; showing the loose bratulina caput-serpentis, showing -spiculization of the shell-substance about the spicules.— (HANCOCKE.) __- brachia.—(Woopwarp.) — * 9 aa “4 ‘ t) L*> _in most eenera, there are a few (Maeertiania, TEREBRATELLA, _ Lryevra) in which they are absent, or have not been observed. The mantle extends to the edges of the valves and its outer 4 4 Fie. 105.—Spicules of Terebratulina, greatly enlarged.— (HAancock.) a ie margins a are thickened, and set with stout chitinous seta, each 4 which is lodged in a follicle or sac. The form and exterior . f these sete varies somewhat in different generic groups; in 63 49 ~ ." s 498 As, fe SP eC oa — argh 2 rae” e af + RG arety k NO ¢ Pr ESET IY J Bene ei teat Y siiegal et ae OND th Rte gel ‘7 3s ew stele ENG [eT MMe on a ett Br oak Bien! Seley Mili 4 aan Ye < Ayes ~~ ‘ > Forvy-rirtH REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. teat ‘ > 1's \ Discinisca their edges are barbed. The function of the sete seems : to have been mainly protective, but in Guorripia, where they 9g - s Fie.106.—Discinisca atlantica; showing barbed : d setze.— (DAVIDSON. ) : ; oe are of considerable length, they are said, by Mors, to be an ~ important aid to locomotion. *: Tue Pxpicur. B. iP ‘ 4 This is the organ of attachment to extraneous bodies. In — Magetiantia and the articulate brachiopods generally, it is a short, 1 stout cylinder, whose inner extremity terminates in, and is” ae ey attached to the umbonal surface of the — Yi Fig. 107.— Pedicle of Magellania aus- tralis with capsule laid open. a, pedicle; 6, muscular mass of same; c, horny sheath; e, margin of orifice leading intocapsule; /, plications on inner surface of capsule; g, pedi- cle-muscle; i, assessory diductors; i, wall of periviscera) chamber (pedicle-valve); j, same (brachial valve).— CHANCOCK),. covering is a mass of muscular tissue. _ where the latter exists. pedicle-valve, its outer extremity being ~ protruded through thedelthyrium orthe — foramen in species or stages of growth, — Under other > circumstances it may be protruded between the valves, or may be alto- — gether functionless and atrophied at — maturity, as is true of the greater part — of early fossil species. This organ is — a compact, inelastic cylinder of dense — muscular tissue. The exposed portion — is effected. 50 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 499 In Lineura the pedicle is a very flexible, highly muscular body, often enormously developed in length. At its point of emergence from the valves, it is exceedingly thick, abruptly contracting from this point inward. It is composed of two layers; an outer, thin corneous one, and an inner muscular one. The organ is traversed for its entire length by a central canal which is connected with the chamber inclosing the viscera (per7- visceral cavity). The capsule, so highly developed in the tere- bratuloids is here rudimentary, while the pedicle-muscle is well developed. In Guior)ipta the pedicle has been shown by Morse to : be annulated, supplied with mural pores, and the central canal ‘to be filled by a circulating sanguineous fluid. It has already : "7 De . . Fig 108.—Leptenarhomboidahs. A Fig. 109.— Rafinesquina i very young shell, x10. r, foramen; Ulrichit. An adult 4 4 ps,.pedicle-sheath. (BEECHER and shell with the pedicle- ¥ CLARKE.) For the mature shell sheath highly devel- see plate 13, figs 2, 3. oped. - been observed that in Glottidia Audebardi the pedicle forms for _ itself a covering of agglutinated sand grains, etc., being otherwise - unattached, and also possesses the power of contracting itself violently in all directions. All of these characters are very _ suggestive of relations to the Annelids, as has been forcibly - argued by the author quoted. MuscuLar SystEmM. _ The Brachiopoda which are articulated by teeth and sockets 3 can open and close their valves only in a vertical plane, and even in this direction the capability of motion is very limited. They also possess, to a limited degree, the power of protruding and retracting the pedicle. We therefore find in the articulate brachiopods three sets of muscles, namely: Those which by 4 51 > > te ‘-. ehh cn ee oe et eo ‘ + fio aan P) "Sha A Rats YB 500 Forry-rirra Report on THE State Musxronm. ; : ‘ : Le contraction open the valves (diductors), those which by co: ty Vis tion close the valves (adductors), and those which by contraction withdraw the pedicle (pedicle-muscles). The arrangement Fig. 111— Extremityo ~~ pedicleof Lingulaana tina, withhorny sheath laid open. exposing the muscular cylinderand ~ its membraneous coat. = CHANCOCE.) ‘ Fig. 112.—Transverse __ section of pedicle of Lingula anatina, 1s (HANCOCK.) 7 iL Fig. 110.— Lingula Murphiana. (CVAvIDSON.) Oe throughout the articulate group. As to the valvular muscles, it js a noteworthy fact that the same muscular action (contrac ion ) produces directly opposite results, on account of the diffe ence in the position of insertion of the muscles of the brachial valy a 52 REPORT OF THE*STATE GEOLOGIST. 501 | hus, in the pedicle-valve of any living brachiopod like TrrEsra- ~ rutina or Macetrani,, the principal déductor or opening muscles take their origin at the anterior edge of the visceral area and on either side of the axial line. They rapidly diminish in size in Fie. 113— Muscular system of Fie. 114.— Magellania (flavescens. a, pedicle-valve; b, ‘ Magellania. a, adductors; brachial valve; c, adductor scars; d, diductors; e, acces- . d, d, diductors; c, cardinal sory diductors; p, ventral pedicle-muscle; v, median —s process; s, septum of pedicle-muscle. (DAvipson.) brachial valve; b, brachial supports. (DAvIDsoN). crossing the interior cavity, and their small extremities are inserted on the anterior portion of the cardinal process of the brachial valve. These muscles are, almost without exception, the a largest, and leave the deepest scars upon the shell of any in the 3 Fie. 115.— Hemithyris psittacea. a, pedicle-valve; b, brachial valve; c, posterior adductors; d, anterior adductors; e, diductors; f/, pedicle-muscles. (Davipson.) entire body of the brachial valve attached by its posterior oat ' a a4 é —— =e ~~ = te Se ee va LS ne Se. re aren ” er - y ~ ; ~* s So yy; al > we ixi% a SS iy es ee eg ew | rg TS ple Ses 5 Sy oe es 2 Fi ot Ae ¥ 502 _ FoRTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE M USEUM. margin. In.species where the cardinal process is feebly developed, — : as in the plicated Spirifers, these muscles were very powerful, as is evinced by the deeply excavated scars — they have left; so, also, in Orrats © (RurppoMELLA) and Hipparronyx (Plates 12, 16) the scars may cover a great part of the inner surface of the valve, extending almost to the anterior — i r margin; while in other species where ~ 1G 116.— Orthis musculosa.- Inte- rior of a pedicle-valve; a, adductors; the cardinal process was larger and the — 7 diduetors; p, pedicle-musele. leverage more equable, these scars are much feebler and of less size (TRrretecta, StREPTORHYNCHUTS, | SrrincocepHatus; Plates 17, 18). In the posterior part of the , muscular region of the pedicle-valve are two much smaller mus-— cular bands (accessory diductors, see figure 114) which are inserted — : on the cardinal process behind the principal diductors. The scars of this pair are very rarely seen among the fossils, and it is doubtful if they existed among the early genera, such as Orruis, ‘ SrropHomena, SrropHnoponra, etc., where the principal diductors | a attained such great size. .. The adductor or closing muscles have a double origin on the © pedicle-valve, leaving two elongate scars on either side of the 4 median line, and lying between the scars of the diductors. They — traverse the interior cavity almost perpendicularly to the valves, — each muscular band dividing, and their insertion on the brachial — valve being therefore quadruple. Their divisions on thatside of the — animal are known as anterior and posterior adductors. The cen- tral position of these muscles gives them 4 a great mechanical advantage in “closing the - calves and they are therefore Tess ee i in direct relation to the amount of work — Fig. 117.—Interior of yequired of the muscles. Thus in StROPHEO- brachial value of Orthis > : Vanucemi. j, cardinal DONTA and PrRopvctus their insertion upon 4 process; a, d, anterior the brachial valve is so far back that theya and posterior adduc- “a tors. are at a disadvantage in moving this valve; . , ¥ and in both of these genera, the scars are deaaliye strong. In~ 54 REPORT OF THE STATE ((EOLOGIST. 503 _ Sprrirer, on the other hand, where the mechanical advantage was greater, these impressions on the brachial valve are often scarcely discernible, and, as is often the case among the fossils, the _ quadruple division of the insertion on this valve is quite obscure. Besides the valvular muscles, there are two pairs and a single unpaired muscle which are attached to the pedicle. One origi- nates on the pedicle-valve at points just outside and behind the diductors ; the other pair is attached to the brachial valve behind the posterior adductors, while the unpaired muscle lies at the base of the pedicle, attaching it closely to the pedicle-valve. Of all these muscles for the retraction of the pedicle, it is only the ¢ r ; wee. | a rags vm hr g | are hs _ Fie. 118.—The muscular system of Crania. a, median unpaired muscle; b, posterior adductor$ ¢, anterior adductor; d, protractor; e, brachial muscles; f, oral surface; g, brachial fold; h, arm; i,=e. (JOUBIN.) unpaired band that often leaves a discernible scar upon the valve, “and in numerous fossil species where the pedicle early became _ atrophied, even this scar is covered by later depositions of tes- taceous matter. Among some of the inarticulate brachiopods _ the muscular system is quite as simple as in the articulates. In - Oranra there are two pairs of strong muscular bands, the one _ median and close together, the other posterior or cardinal, and _ further apart. The former (anterior adductors) close the valves, the latter (posterior adductors), by their contraction, open the valves to the _ yery limited extent possible among these shells. In addition to 55 aes oe: ili ae Seda Tite sae sg at a hese del yey ey = ; “5 ae oe pt — oa tae ee : Sty os i a= te - 420.4 Py Gea TA, oN \s j i} i yoke Forty-Fiu.TH REPORT on THE STATE : , aaa hs ee these is a single small pair which is attached to both valves (p tractors of the free valve), which effects a slight forward an i backward movement of the upper valve. Two other small mus | cular pairs are attached to the brachia, and have their origin on a ae one of the valves (protractors and retractors of the brachia) ih this is attached to the viscera, and according to Jousin, b / : ; Fie. 119. — Muscular system of Discinisca, the muscles remaining attached to the pedicle-valve- — a, posterior adductor; 6, anterior adductor; c, median unpaired muscle; d, posterior pro. — tractor; e, anterior protractor; jf, retractor; g, intestine; h, cesophagus; 7, arms. (JOUBIN. i its contraction the passages from the genital organs are— 4 opened. te on In Discrnisca the arrangement of the muscles is very similan 3 te there being two pairs, instead of a single pair of protractors, “ which slide the upper or brachial valve outward over the edges Bi of the attached valve, while a single pair of retractors draws the’ ite valve into place again. There is also here an unpaired median a muscle which is probably an organ of retraction of the pedicle. *. AH Z 56 We * - than in other brachiopods. These ani- members of the class; that is, of sliding In the umbonal region there is a central, Perea Sr eee ~* REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 5OD5 In Lingua and its allies the muscles are more numerous and their arrangement far more complicated mals possess the power of separating the valves in a manner unlike that of other them apart laterally or rotating them through ashort arc about the longitudinal axis of the shell. The muscular area occupies a relatively large portion of the internal surface, the bands being arranged’ about the margins of the visceral area. undivided muscle, crossing the interior cavity vertically; this is the wnbonal or diductor muscle, by its contraction open- ing the valves along their anterior margins. The adductors (or centrals) are a single Fie. 120. — Muscular ge = of | ; ; | Lingula anatina: alimen- pair situated near the anterior extremity tary canal; dorsal venicles ej,waliso rivisceral cavi 3 of the area, and they also cross the shell 5 Tey A pip ab ' . c = 7, umbonal; j k, protractors; cavity vertically. At the anterior ex- } \Otetocs: “nm Dodidio: ® - tremity of the area in the pedicle pedicle muscle.— COCK). valve originates a single pair of protractors (middles), each member of which extends backward and is inserted near the lateral margin of the brachial valve, while a second pair of protractors (externals) originates just behind the adductors of the _ pedicle-valve and is inserted behind the first pair. These muscles, by their combined action, or independently, draw the brachial valve forward. The retractors (or anteriors), or those which 4 readjust the brachial valve, extend from the outer lateral margins _of the area in the pedicle-valve to its anterior extremity in the brachial valve. Neither protractors nor retractors cross the peri- visceral cavity. The rotators (transmedian or sliding-muscles) are three in number, two on one side and three on the other. These are situated posteriorly and cross the perivisceral cavity diago- - nally, the undivided muscle passing between the other two. The _ contraction of these, alternately rotates the brachial valve, first in one direction and then in the other. In Lineuta, also, the paries 1891. 64 57 506 Forvy-FIrTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. or vertical extension of the mantle which incloses the viscera is highly muscular and leaves an impression on the valves. In ~ ancient and fossil forms of Lineuxa it is evident that the arrange- ment was similar to that of living species, and though specimens _ have been rarely seen which show the muscular scars clearly, a few have been recorded which have retained the scars with great distinctness. In Osotus, Micxwirz finds that, while the general arrangement of the scars is similar to that of Linevna, the ~ umbonal diductor is simple at its insertion in the brachial valve, and divides in crossing the cavity. This author also ascribes two distinct pairs of scars to the rotators, one to the adductors and Bopoooot i aie SoocesoqgqE. aponosusu000 | le i a ae ae) (0 ‘ iB ] las) /0 , ay lo ; SF BEd j Ee | Fie. 122.— Non-striated Fie. 123.—Striated ductor muscle of Magella- muscular fibers of posterior adductor nia australis. a,contractile Magellania avystra- or muscular fibers of portion; 6, tendinous por- lis. CHANCOCE.) of Magellania aus- — tion. CHANCOCK.) tralis. CAHANCOCK.) ~~ another pair which may be either adductors or a third pair of — rotators. 4 - There are some differences in the appearance of the muscular bands in the articulate and inarticulate brachiopods, those of the former tapering from origin to insertion, while in the latter they — are of more equal thickness throughout. The muscular fibers are— smooth, except in the posterior adductor bands where they striated. — ALIMENTARY System. The mouth is a simple orifice located centrally at the base of the fleshy brachia. In Mreatruyris the oval or buccal area is very | broad, but in most brachiopods it is narrowed to a simple groove. &: 58 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 507 From this point the digestive tube extends backward as a simple bent canal, the flexure being toward the pedicle-valve. In inarticulate species it is much longer and more complicated than in MagEL- LANIA, RuyNcHONELLA and the articu- lates generally. In Lineuta the diges- tive tube is very long and at the ceso- phagus is deflected ventrally; the stomach is short, rather more circular than elongate and the intestine makes three or four convolutions; in Discry- isca and Crania there are some varia- tions in the degree of convolution of this tube. In all of the living inarticu- lated species the intestine terminates in a_ well-defined anus, situated laterally in Lineuta, and in the median line in Cranta. In the articulates the alimentary canal is shorter and much simpler than in Liy- GULA, Crania, etc. In Macetianta the esophagus is short, and behind it the tube is slightly contracted, then ex- panding again into a moderately capacious stomach. The itstine is short, and toward its posterior ex- tremity makes a single convolution near the hinge-plate of the brachial valve, and it is probable that, in some of the extinct genera, e. g. RenssELaR1A, CENTRONELLA, AtHyYRIS, in which this plate is perforated by a central fora- men, the intestine passed through it. The posterior end of the intestine is Fia. 124—Alimentary canal of Lingula affinis; a, mouth; b, cesophagus; c, stomach; d, intestine; e, convolu- tions of same; /, rectum; g, anus; h, hepatic ducts; 7, dorsal mes3ntery ; j, gastro-parietal bands; k, ilio-pa- rietal bands; J, dorsal vescicle; m, nN, 0, P, Gg, T, blood-vessels; s, ceso- phageal membrane. (HANCOCK.) imperforate in all articulated brachiopods, and in Mac siuanta itisa simple point attached to the parietes or lining membrane of the peri- visceral cavity. The presence or absence of this terminal perfora- tion is, therefore, of considerable importance in the classification of these animals, and has been made a basis of subdivision by Krve, D9 who proposed thereupon the ordinal divisions 7Tretenterata and Clistenterata (= Teak nae Articulata, respectively). It is believed that in the Articulata the faeces are discharged through — the mouth. ~~ Pe eS a en ng oe gh ee a ew rr. “a, are) ae en oy a ee Fie. 125.—Stomach of Magellania australis. Fie. 126.— Alimentary canal of Hemithyris a, cesophagus; 6, stomach; d, e, gastroparie- tal band; j, dorsal vescicle; g, h, blood- vessels; 7, dorsal blood-vessel laid open, show- ing Cj) orifices leading into gastral lacunes; k, hepatic ducts. CHancoox.) psittacea. a, Stomach; b, intestine; c, imper- , forate extremity; d, hepatic ducts; e,dorsal mesentery; f, gastro-parietal bands; g,cen- tral band; h, ilio-parietal bands; 7, oviducts; _ j, dorsal vescicle; k, 1, vein; m, pallial sinuses. (CHANCOCE.) The entire tube is composed of firm tissue divisible into a — fibrous outer coat and an inner mucous lining which is Fia. 127.— Intestine of Magellania australis. a, upper extremity; extremity; c, portion of oviducts; d, ventral mesentery; e, thickened ridges of mesentery; _ + b, posterior ceca S, blood. vessel. strongly plaited and wrinkled in the stomach and intestine: @ = | CHANCOOCK.) 60 Report or THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 509 which is given off a number of mesenteric bands connecting with the walls of the perivisceral chamber. The stomach is usually enveloped by an ample /wver of brownish or greenish hue lying Fig. 128.— The alimentary and muscular system of Rhynchonella (Hemithyris) psittacea. CHvuxLey). a, mouth; b, cesophagus; c, stomach and liver; e, imperforate rectum; n, pyriform vesicle; a, pedicle-valve; B, brachial valve. ; for the most part on the dorsal side, in the articulates, and on the ventral side in the inarticulates. This glandular organ is composed of a varying number of cecal tubes terminating in follicles or lobules, and discharging into the stomach at different points, usually at the sides. These hepatic canals would seem to serve in some measure a diges- tive function, as they have been found to contain the food of the animal, and, in RuayncHoneE a, to undergo peristal- tic contractions of the tube-walls. Ina certain series of linguloid genera (Lineutors, Lineutasma, TRIMERELLA, etc.) there appears to have been a Fic. 129.—A portionZof the liver of gradual development of a testaceous Crania. a, hepatic canals; b, canal thickening beneath the insertion of nee amid the muscular bands. This thickening or platform becomes slightly excavated on its anterior margin in Lineunops, more deeply in 61 - Mies Le are ae Fae Cee fg 7 no darts ig | ‘! ate = Ae Pel se 2a Bras * i / 510 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. —— Lo Lineutasma, while in Trmergiia and Drnozotvs the platform is deeply vaulted. The development of these platform vaults does not proceed parz passu on both valves, but — appears first and is always the deeper on the \\" pedicle-valve. The upper surface of the plat- form alwaysremains the area of muscular insertion, and it seems highly probable that the vaults have been formed by the necessity for the accommo- u dation of the great hepatic and genital glands; = a Pe aa there can be little doubt, at least, that when of pediclevalve these chambers are fully developed they are occu- showing vaulted . ich ANC : Siatrorns. pied by these organs. A similar feature occurs in an aboloid genus, Laxamina, and it is probable that among some ~ 7 of the articulate gen- sega €1, where the ante- rior edge of the mus- cular area is conspicu- ously elevated (as fre- quently in Leptena rhomboidalis and Productus humer- osus) a similar cause has been efficient. Such structures are not to be confounded Fig. 131.— Cardinal view of an internal cast of the pedicle- with excavations of valve of Productus humerosus; showing the filling of the great median cavities or vaults, lying in front of the muscular scars. the valves due to the Sa teil deposition of shell- matterabout the ends of the muscles, leaving the scars of the latter deeply sunk, as in many of the Spirifers. (Plates 23-28). ‘ CrrcuLatory SysTEM. The most striking and most distinctly specialized part of the eir- culatory system is the series of canals which traverse the mantle, lying within the tissue of the mantle itself. These canals consist generally of two main trunks diverging from the anterior portion — of the pervisceral chamber and skirting the margins of the visceral area, giving off secondary branches and ramuscules which are abundantly multipled at the margins of the mantle. These pa/- a lial sinuses are trequently so highly developed as to modify the inner surfaces of the valves,and traces of them are often retained 62 ay ae Pe wa ee ee iP. is ote ws i ie? poh + ep ae he az - o oll erent Report or THE STATE GEOLOGIST. when the latter are fossilized. In ScmizopHoria there a few simple trunks restricted to the median portion of the valves, Fig. 133.—Interior of pedicle-valve of Strophonella ceclata; showing muscular impressions c and pallial sinuses. branching only at their extremities; in such shells the lateral expansions of the valves must have been nourished by sinuses too small to leave their traces on the valves. x, ; ~ Fic. 134.—Interhal cast of brachial valve of Fic. 135.—Orthis subcarinata. An internal ’ Schizophoria impressa. UV, vascular trunks: cast, showing the pallial sinuses: p, im- Be E o, genital markings. pression of pedicle muscle; a, impression ‘ ’ of diduductor muscles; v, vascular sinuses. y ; . . sa F: ~ Tn Granta and Craniiia the sinuses are broad, digitate and not _ sharply defined, in the one; sinuous and without apparent connection with the other. Fig. 136.—Crania anomala: showing the vascular and muscular impressions of attached valve. ; (DavIDson.) In Lixcura and its allies there are two main trunks which con- _ verge toward the anterior margin of the valves, and give off not q aM 63 o12 Forry-rirtu Report on tHe Srare Museum. only an outer but a smaller inner series of branches. The main trunks of the pallial sinuses are the receptacles of a portion of the genital organs, but this fact does not interfere with their ie circulatory function. Similar canals traverse the fleshy brachia for their entire length. In Lineuna thereare three of these lying side by side; one very large and central, a much smaller one at “ the base of the cilia, the third being lacunary and lying inthe — brachial fold. In Oranta and Ruynonongetia the last- mentioned of these is absent. All the vascular sinuses pass into the perivisceral chamber and are developed into vescicular 4 dilatations at the back of the stomach and elsewhere. These bodies are not contractile, and their function is at present unknown Fic. 137.—A portion of the circulatory system in Magellania venosa. Above the right is the ciliated oral surface (4), the stomach and intestine (7), upon whose dorsal surface is situated — a central heart (a) sending an aorta (c) to the brachia, and giving off two lateral branches, each of which bears a pulsatile sac or subsidiary heart (6). The lateral vessels (d) supply the genital gland (f), and terminate (g) within the peripheral lacune (7) lying at the base of _— the setze (B) which border the mantle (1). (JouBIN.) (Huxtry). There is no pulsatile vescicle in the animal which pers ‘i forms the function of a heart, and circulation seems to be main- — tained by means of the ciliated tissue with which the sinuses are x lined. Although there is no communication between these ves- sels and the walls of the perivisceral chamber, it is the opinion — | of some authors (Huxney) that these walls, which are also — ciliated, contribute to this function. In Lincuta, Morse has observed the existence of caecal exten- sions of the sinuses or ampullw scattered over the inner surface — of the mantle, which are highly contractile and receive and dis- — charge the circulating fluid with perfect regularity. | 64: pes _ Report or rue Stare GBHOLOGIS?. 513 : “4 * As observed by (Euerr, “the body-walls, the oviducts and the genital glands are in direct connection with the blood; and the intestine, the muscles and the liver are enveloped by membranes so delicate that they can not obstruct the action of the nourishing fluid.” Eh ee es im oe . . \y RESPIRATION. _ The function of respiration has no special organ or set of organs for its performance; it is not localized, but is evidently effected wherever the tenuous tissue of the animal with its circu- - latory vessels is exposed to the oxygenated water. The mantle is principally concerned in this function, and the long spiral pis So iy a : Fie. 138.— Magellania flavescens; showing the Fie. 1389.— Extremity of the arm of brachia! (DAviIpson.) Crania. (JOUBIN.) ax ‘ -brachia undoubtedly contribute, though perhaps not to the extent attributed to them by some cae who have compared them 8 _ to, and regarded them as branchie or gills. : The water entering the brachial chamber of the shells is con- : stantly renewed by the opening and shutting of the valves, and _ perhaps more effectively by the constant play of the cilia with _ which the outer edges of the arms are fringed. : In this place a brief account of these arms, their variations in form and the nature of their calcified supports will be given. _ Brachia. The brachia are labial appendages taking their 1891. 65 65 514 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE Brae Muszon. | curves and spirals into the anterior chamber of the valves. ‘They Be are two in number, one at each side of the mouth. ao i These arms are substantially composed of a compact or 7 cartilaginous tissue which is perforated for its entire length bp ¢ several canals, to which reference has been made in the descrip-— | tion of the circulating apparatus. The outer edge of the arms ? Bh bears the civrrz, which are kept in motion partly by muscular — contraction and partly by the filling and emptying of the — ee brachial canals. At the base of the cirri is a loose membranous: . expansion or flap, known as the-brachial fold or bie. ee Fic. 140.—Transverse section 4 of arm of Hemithyris psitta- es cea. a, b, wall of great iia bs brachial canal; c, grooved Fia. 141.— Transverse section of arm of Lin- — : ridge; d, brachial fold; e, gula anatina, a, central brachial canal; 6 ‘ bases of cirri; /, expanded posterior canal; c, lacunes; d, longitudinal Pm orifices of cirri, opening muscle; e, brachial fold; f, bases of tte a . into canal g.. (HANCOcK.) (Hancock.) a In a few of the living genera (Lineuta and RuynoHonEL.a) and in a great number of the extinct forms (SprrirER, ATHYRIS, Ruyn- a ‘st cHospira, Rarinesquina, etc., etc., and probably Ortms) the arn S - are coiled in long spiral cones, the extremities of which may be directed outward (Sprrirer, AtHyris), inward (RHYNCHONELLA, Zyaosrira), dorsally (Arrypa), ventrally (Ampuiccia) or the spirals may be nearly in a vertical (Cyo.osprra) or a horizontal (Livaura) plane; and the number of revolutions in the spiral 66 .. s ¥ 1 ak vn al a ing tN - ¥ . “7 be re hor. , i a, ae | Report or THE STATE (GEOLOGIST. 515 a) varies from two or three (Lineuia, Cyctosrira) to twenty-five a (Spirifer mucronatus). 4 In the majority of living forms (Liormyrina, Mage.ianta, a Magasetia, Mvurrecpria, Krauss, etc., etc.), the arms extend forward from the mouth or oral disk to the anterior margin of 4 the valves, recurving toward the mouth, and there forming a i short unpaired apiei in the axial line. While these are the 2 principal variations in the arrangement of these parts, a notable difference is presented by Meearayris, THrcrrum and their allies, in the com- _ plete attachment of the arm to the brachial valve by its lower margin. The area thus inclosed _. by the brachia is fre- 2 aah iG. 142.-- -Bracbial valve of Meouthatis decollata, showing quently lay ge (i eg athy ris the arms attached om their lower margin about the (ee species whose brachia do not rest upon solid, a _ calcified supports may possess the ability to uncoil and protrude ___ the brachia between the open valves. This has been observed in ee Fie. 143.-Crania anomala, with Fic. 144. — Hemithyris psittacea, arms extended. (DAvIDson.) with arm extended. 7 sible to the animal of Linauta. In Terebratulina caput-serpentis, __ which possesses a short, solid brachial support, the animal can extend only the outer free margins of the arms and then but for 7 a very short distance (Barrert). eo 67 | Rayncuonetia (Owen, Morse), though it is doubtful if it is pos- 516 ForvyY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. The ability of the brachiopods to form calcareous supports for — the brachia may be regarded as degenerate in living species. © Among extinct species, especially those belonging to the later Palezoic and earlier Mesozoic eras, are to be found delicate and — often exceedingly complicated supports, which were probably continuous with the fleshy arms for the entire extent of the — latter. In Sprrirer, for example, long spiral cones consisting of — many revolutions of an exceedingly tenuous calcareous ribbon — are frequently preserved with the utmost delicacy, and in © Fie, 145.-Terebratulina Fie. 146.— Spirifer mucronatus. Interior of a. caput-serpentis, with brachial valve, showing spirals. | arms extended. (BAR- \ RETT.) Kayserta, Ampuiciina and some forms of Aruyris from the St. Cassian beds, these spirals are accompanied by an accessory pair, making four in all. The mode of union of these parts, their attachment to the valves and to the various supporting septa, are features of much significance, while the delicacy of such structures renders the determination of these points of great intricacy and difficulty. Such calcareous supports, which in any individual are » known: as the brachiacum, are formed by the interlocking and cementa- tion of the spicules which are disseminatedthrough the canals and cirri of the brachia. The recent brachio pods possess only simple lamellar exten- sions which, in TrreBraTELLA, MacELianta, Liorny- ~ ® RINA and Tunmeeeetae consist of two lateral — by processes. These may be united at their anterior Me. 147 Interior CXtremity (Liornyrina, TEREBRATULINA), OF Te"9 of brachial valve of flexed anteriorly, the union of the branches — Liothyrima vitrea. ce’, ear dinal pro- ip ‘ PE v x” cose “irachia’ Deing median or posterior (MacELLANIA, TERE ‘3 ce de (DAV BRATELLA. | v In all these cases the simple apparatus corresponds to only a — portion of the first revolution of the ribbon in SPIRIFER, — RG, | RaynowospPira, ete. oe 68 | _ aX? es B=] 5 it _ eae a ee wr, cs al ty me " = i ‘ ie 2 : * a 4 . ’ * i F ee ‘nt z' ‘ - rel ae ae - Reporr OF THE Srare GroLocrsr. "4" Fig. 161.—Loop of Pewidella. (Birrner.) Fie. 162.— Loop of Diplospir ella. (Berman) 34 ¥* continued for the entire length of the spiral cones thus making a aa ' double spiral on each side. In Merisra and Merisrerca the — of 72 Sy Dee a A ght bia ay res % Bs, a * / — Re : ; ; ~ f REPORT OF THE STATE (/EOLOGIST. 521. divisions of the stem of the jugum, or intercalary lamelle, are short, recurving and joining the lateral processes near their union. . q This place of union of the lateral branches of the jugum 1s frequently somewhat thickened and expanded (Rerzia, Raynono- Y sprra, Unorres)and in Atayris it is a broad, saddle-shaped structure. A ; ‘ Fie.1163.— Brachial apparatus of Koninckina, showing the double spirals. (BITTNER.) In the last genus the posterior margin of this saddle is sometimes ie ” fimbriated, and not infrequently similar fimbria or spinules are retained on the outer posterior edges of the primary and second- a 2 Fic. 164.— Loop and spiral of Uncites Fic. 165.— Portion of spiral of Spiriferina rostrata gryphus. CDAVIDSON.) showing the fimbriz on the outer margins of the coils. (DAVIDSON.) ary lamelle; these have also been observed in Atrrypa, AMBo- oortta, Dayra, etc. These spinules undoubtedly result from the network of spicules deposited in the cirri of the brachia. The jugum is often in close relation with the median septum of the brachial valve. Perhaps in no case among the spire- bearing species is there an actual union of these parts, such as 1891. 66 73 penny Forrr: FIFTH Reporr on is so frequent among the ferebramuloite. : ne in ee - Muristina, Kayseeta, Brrrpa, a high median septum rises to the Aceh of the jugum that but a age slight depression Ae “Ro jugum. entire brachial apparatus would cause it to rest upon the cm | and thus secure an efficient support. Whether this ee ne been at all concerned in the modifications to which the ome i 4 4 ft. 4 Bit % a Bs Fre, 167.— Jugal processes of an adult Atrypa reticularis. yh. have been subjected in growth has yet to be determined. genera, where the spirals are convergent rather than diver ey ' a a Arrypa, Zyeosrrra, Grassta etc., the jugum is always: ips i4 , a eS faa . * LRErog?: OF THE Srare GEOLOGIST. 523 Par "4 \ ry a its structure. Arrypa, with its spirals directed upward into the £ cavity of the brachial valve, has its jugum situated posteriorly and is composed of two lateral branches directed anteriorly, and slightly upward in the middle. In early growth-stages this is a Be . Fie. ae oe ai ahha of Glassia obovata, showing the posterior position of the loop. my ; (DAVIDSON. rk a continuous band, but in mature or senile conditions of growth it ees divided in the middle (probably from the lateral strains to which it is subjected) aud the extremities of the jugal processes de much thickened. In Grassta the spirals have their apices Fia. 169.— Brachial valve of Fie. 170.— Terebratella dorsata. n, foramen; 0, deltidial Megerlia truncata. plates; c', cardinal process; h, hinge-plate; 1, septum; g, loop; /, septum. (DAvIDSON.) g, brachial supports. (SUESS.) the variation in the position of the jugum in a given species (e. g., Z. modesta) is remarkable, it being sometimes posterior, at 75 at the center of the internal cavity and their bases at the sides; ; the jugum is a short posterior transverse band. In ZycGosprra- 524. For TY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. others median, and again anterior, curving forward in the first case and backward in the last. | | ie In the non-spiriferous brachiopods, or those in which the oat brachial apparatus is abbreviated, we usually find a simple repre- sentation of the primary lamella and the jugum which may be ~ variously complicated with the median septum of the brachial valve. In this group the entire calcified apparatus is termed the doop, Which is typically composed of two long or short primary _ or descending lamelle which may recurve more or less profoundly at their anterior extremity (ascending lamellw,) and unite In a transverse band. This last is the homologue of the jugum. In _ TEREBRATELLA, TEREBRATALIA, Miintretpt1a, Ismenra, and some other genera, the descending lamellz are united to the median sep- = Te ety . Fig. 171.— Terebratalia dorsata. (CWoopwaRD.) Fie. 172.— Magasella Cumingi. (CDAVIDSON.) tum by a dorsal band, which is a residuum resulting from progress- ive resorption of the calcareous parts, and wholly disappears in more advanced forms, such as Magellania venosa. In typical forms of Macrniantia the septum also has disappeared and the loop in the © adult condition is without any evidence of former connection with the valve, except at the hinge-plate. A corresponding adult con- — dition is found in the paleozoic genera CaypronELLA, MEGALANTERIS Drevasma, etc. In Cenrronetia and RensseLarria the primary — lamellz simply unite at their anterior extremities without reflec-_ tion, the apparatus here being expanded into a triangular plate. — A somewhat similar arrangement is seen in Maeas and Pratmt, © while in Bovosarpra, Krauss, little is left of the brachial sup- — 76 REPORT OF THE STATE (EOLOGIST. 525 ports but the median septum and the portions of the loop attached to its anterior extremity. Fig. 173.— Kraussina rubra. n, fora- men; he,’ cardinal process; a, b, adduc- Fie. 174 — Magas pumilus. b, tors; p, pallial sinuses; g, brachial sup- median septum; g, brachial sup- ports; 7, septum. (Davrpson.) ports. (Davipson.) Of Paleozoic genera Troprpoteptus alone has afforded evidence of actual connection in the mature state of the descending lamella Fie 175.— Bouchardia rosea. h, for- Fig. 176. — Brachial valve of amen; ab, adductors; e, diductors; k, Platydia anomioides. 4g, loop; J, eardinal process; g, brachial supports: median septum. (CDAvIDsoN.) l, septum. with the median septum, a condition of the brachial apparatus comparable to that of PLaripia among living forms. | In many of the terebratuloids the union of the crura and primary lamelle is repre- sented by sharp crural angles directed in- wardly. In Liorayrina, which has the entire supporting apparatus remarkably abbre- viated, these angles are conspicuous, while in TEREBRATULINA they unite to form a con- tinuous band. In the JDevonian genus STRINGOCEPAALUS, the crura are very long, the on ee loop absent, and the lamella very broad and Saw situated just within the margin of the brachial , *'6. 17. — Muscular ana 4 ; f rachial apparatus of String- valve; from it extends a series of filamentous ocephalus Burtini. a, ad- processes, which are directed towards, and “U°t's: >, diductors; c, car- dinal process; d, brachial may have been attached to the crura. support. (HOERNEs.) me TOR IERNT gO! SCG AOR SEES Ry ER é SS ag 7 ie Tala 2G ; nt 2? ‘ PED ey me ae f, ¥ ‘ ¢ 526 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ‘ON THE STATE Muszeum. The species in which the lower eee of the brachia is attached — - e ¢ ia “2 . y if : I Fie. 178. — Megathyris decollata. n, vod foramen; o, deltidial plates; g, crura; | Sree G 1, lobed extension of brachial supports: Fic. 179.-- Cistella neapoli © (BRONN.) tana. Interior of brachia- : valve. (WooDWARD.) 84 e 533 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIS?. cirri, and while in this condition the segmentation of the embryo is effected. It is not known at precisely what stage of development these embryos are set free from. the suspensory cirri and emitted into the outer chamber of the valves. In a specimen of ¢ langula lamellata trom Upper Silurian, of Hamilton, Ontario, the pallial cavity has = been found filled with iN Ova, and C(HELERT cites Fic. FE i of Laca- a specimen of Stringo- 2¢lla partly broken, exposing : clusters of segmented embryos CEPHALUS (Middle De- attached to the suspensory vonian) in whose cilia (LACAZE-DUTHIERS. ) valves were found a number of embryo shells, which would indi- cate that de- velopment # had taken place in this chamber. An | accelerated ae” Cae Ge carincita [ae growth of the Fie. 196—Two embryos ae Bleatelta attached (ale ia) pallial. sinus: 2, reproductive to the suspensory cilia. (Lacaze-DUTHIERS ) i ee ee rs eae organs and the perfection of their function caeca. (HANCOcK.) is shown in certain species of TEREBRATELLA, which are capable of reproduction during the adolescent maga- diform and magaselliform stages, thus perpetuating a more primitive race which does not attain the characters of the adult TEREBRATELLA. ” ~ vi ; i DEVELOPMENT.* From the fertilization of the ovwm to that stage which may be regarded as terminating the embryonic period, the developing __ brachiopod passes through the conditions of * Our knowledge of the embryogeny of the living brachiopods is due to OwrN, Hancock, Davipson, Morss, KovaLeEvsk!1, LACAZE-DUTHIERS, MULLER, SHIPLEY and Brooks, and is pretty _ much restricted to the genera TEREBRATULINA, LIOTHYRINA, CISTELLA, LACAZELLA and GLOTTIDIA. _ The most important contributions upon the morphogeny of the brachiopod shell, are those of C. E. BexcHeEr. 85 534 Forry-FrirtH REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. fi i / (1) Protembryo; unsegmented and segmented stages, before the formation of a primary internal cavity (blastula or segmenta- te 4 tion cavity); | (2) Mesembryo or blastophere; a multisegmented pads with an internal cavity (blastula cavity) ; & (3) Metembryo or gastrula; a concavo-convex body consisting 4 of two layers formed either by the invagination of the blastula 3 or by the duplication of its cell-layers; a E (4) Neoembryo; the condition of primary division into a cephalic, caudal, and subsequently a thoracic lobe, with pos- - teriorly directed mantle and bundles of thoracic sete. - A ale ai = th. ¥ v Fig. 197.—Terebratu- Fie. 198.— Terebratulina. Segmented a lina. First ciliated embryos. (Morsz.) 2 stage, (Morsz.) - y 4 5 (5) Typembryo ; in which the mantle lobes have inverted and are folded over the cephalic lobe; | (6) Phylembryo; the state in which the characters of the brachiopod-type are defined. When the egg becomes fertilized it may either remain attached _ to the mother and pass its early segmented stages in that con-— dition, as in Lacaz«ria, or it may be set free into the pallial — chamber or into the sea-water. Some such ova develop cilia be- RE ee = -. == = : A , i ‘— ‘~~ 4 Fig. 199.—Terebratulina. Embryos attached by the caudal segment and showing the eral inclosure of the cephalic segment by the lobes of the mantle. (MoRssg.) fore segmentation (T#reBRATuLinA) and are thus free swimmers; others evidently have no means of locomotion. Where the cilia — 86 4 Mi tal ts DON Bae tae aS aide, 3 ¥ : G * woe “TE if > at * REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 535 are developed in the unsegmented condition they are retained during the blastula and gastrula stages. With the completion of the primary segmentation and the for- mation of the segmentation cavity or archenteron, follows the division of the embryo into a cephalic and caudal lobe, and the formation of two lateral diver- ticula from the segmentation cavity. This is the primary cephalula stage of the neoembryo, which becomes completed ’ by the development of a third, a median or thoracic lobe, from which four Fie. 200.— Terebratulina; avery bundles of long sete are extended = eee se es, posteriorly beyond the caudal lobe- ductor muscles. x20 (Morse). (CisTELLA). The cephalic and caudal lobes are cilated but the median lobe is not. At the same time a single pair of pigment-dots or eyes devel- oped on the cephalic segment. In a later condition a second pair of eye spots appears, the thoracic or median lobe becomes elongated and its outer layer (mantle) differentiated from the body of the lobe. During this stage the embryo may become attached by its caudal segment or pedicle (TerEepratuiina). The two divi- sions or lappets of the mantle, which in the last stage embraced the thoracic lobe are now inverted or revolved upon. their basis of attachment, until they gradually inclose the cephalic lobe, and their margins, with the bundles of setz, are directed ante- yy¢. 291 — Terebratulina: a riorly instead of posteriorly. This initiates young shell having the puncte developed. x20 the typembryo stage. (Morsz). At this time Cistetia becomes attached by its caudal segment though the pedicle in Grorrip1a is not as yet developed. The cephalic lobe now rapidly becomes diminished in size. The digestive tube had already been formed by the tubular enfolding of the walls of this lobe. The muscles in CisTELia are now in four pairs, two of which extend from the walls of the digestive cavity to the bases of the marginal sete; these afterward become the adductor muscles of the adult animal. ? 87 - Fie. 202.— Embryonic stages of Glottidia Audebarti. A, Dorsal view of the youngest embryo observed; B, Dorsal view uf a somewhat older embryo; C, Ventral view of an individual soon after becoming sedentary; a, hinge-teeth of brachial valve; 6, hinge-teeth of pedicle- valve; c¢, semicircular plate of brachial valve; d, median tentacle: f, parietal bands; g, body __ s cavity; h, liver; k, hepatic chamber of stomach; 1, iatestinal chamber of stomach; m, intestine; __ -m,anus; 0, mouth; p, muscles; g, lophophore; +, posterior unpaired muscle; s, pedicle; — } v, pallial sinus; w, its opening into the body ca:ity; nw, edge of larval shell. (BROOKS.) = pedicle-muscles. Fia. 203.— Diagrammatic longitudinal section of young of Glottidia. p, pedicle-valve; b, brachial valve; a. umbonal muscle; c, stomach; d, mouth; e, lophophore; i ganglion; g, border of mantle.— CBRooks.) £2 LE ge, 9; fF Y — Coes Ul Ih = The fourth pair extends from the dorsal to the ventral wall of the body, just behind the digestive cavity; this becomes the adiductor muscles. There is a fifth pair of dorsal pedicle-muscles in — LioruyRina. a ~VP* t ? x e.* of setz are lost, the eye spots disappear, the digestive tube and stomach become well ~ defined, the cilia of the brachia or lopho- — phore appear, and the valves of the shell, — which before had been simple plates upon ~ the surface of the mantle lobes, come ~ into contact about their lateral and — anterior margins. The animal has now — taken on the appearance of a brachiopod — and is a phylembryo. Later growth to © the adult condition consists in the per- — fecting of the details now outlined in the — embryo. 7 88 . _ REPORT OF THE STATE GHOLOGIST. 537 The Development of the Shell. There are at least two types of shell development among the articulate brachiopods. One of these is exemplified by Tuxomr1um, which has been shown by Brxcuerr to be a living representative of the extinct paleozoic group provided with a deltidium formed of asingle plate or sheath ; like Srropaomena and its allies. (Plate Fre. 204. Fie. 209. Vaae, Fig. 205. Fia. 207. Fie. 208. Fira. 210. A ¢ T hecidium (Lacazella) mediterraneum. > Fic. 204.— Cephalula, dorsal side; showing below, the cephalic segment with eye-spots, and on Sel the upper segment the dorsal shell-plate. Fia@. 205.— Dorso-ventral longitudinal section of cephalula; below is the cephalic segment, at the right the dorsal mantle lobe, the thickened line on its inner margin representing the beginning of the dorsal valve, and the similar line on the adjoining side of the body the incipient deltidium. Fie. 206.—A later growth stage (typembryo), in which the mantle lobes have turned downward. The body shell plate is seen in theupper part of the figure. Fig. 207.— Dorso-ventral longitudinal section of the preceding; showing the inversion of both mantle lobes. The relations of the dorsal and body (deltidium) plates are shown by the heavy lines at the right. The ventral plate is also seen on the lobe at the left. Fie. 208.— Profile of a very young specimen of Leptwna rhomboidalis oriented to correspond with the foregoing figures. Fies. 209, 210.—Views of adult Thecidium (CLacazella) mediterraneum similarly placed. (BEEcHER; figs. 204-207, adapted from KovALEVSEI.) 16, Figs. 1-18.) The other is represented by CisreLia, which typifies the group bearing discrete deltidial plates. In both of these, the first traces of the shell are found in the neoembryo. In the cephalula stage of Z’hecidiwm (Lacazella) mediterraneum the dor- sal lobe of the mantle develops more rapidly than the ventral, and its inner surface bears a flat shell-plate. A similar plate is 1891. 68 89 developed on the ee of the thoracic lobe covered i. this ‘?p hel tion of the mantle. Subsequently, during the neoembryoni _ period, a shell-plate is also formed on the inner surface of th ie ventral lobe of the mantle. By the inversion of the ma a Fig. 211. | Fig. 213. s o a ae Brit i Cistella neapolitana. oN Fic. 211.— The completed cephalula stage; the ventral and dorsal mantle lobes are at the right a we and left respectively. ae’ Fia. 212.— Longitudinal section of the same; the shell secreting surfaces are represented by -M heavy lines: hha Fig. 213.— Typembryo; the larva after the inversion of the mantle lobes. 7 Fic. 214.— Longitudinal section based on the preceding. The shell bearing surface of the nani lobes are now on the outside of the animal, the large pedicle extending downward. Oe Figs. 215 and 216.— Dorsal and profile views of a very young shell; showing the large posterior a opening between the valves and the thick pedicle. (BrEcnEr, adapted from KoVvALEVSEI _ and SHIPLEY.) eo. though separated by the entire width _ the thoracic segment, _ ‘i | make the hinge-line. The body-plate is now in contact with the ys n iy dorsal-plate or valve at its inner edge, but does not touch the : ventral valve, the two latter being saueried by the width of the ibe caudal lobe or pedicle. This Heda, plate, or third valve, is’ a the incipient deltidiwm. Subsequently, by lateral extension, the M; dorsal and ventral valves come into contact at their cardinal Ls ; , 90 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 539 extremities; the ventral valve meets the deltidium and becomes anchylosed with it, leaving an opening for the passage of the pedicle. The union of the three shell-plates in the phylembryo forms the completed embryonic shell or protegulwm. ~ In Cistetta, and presumably in all articulate brachiopods possessing deltidial plates, the mode of development of the shell PN. sN Fie. 217.— Dethyrium of Fig. 218.— The same at Fie. 219.—The same at ~ a young Rhynchonella a later stage with two completed growth of the without deltidial plates. triangular deltidial deltidial plates. plates. & Fras. 220 and 221.— Dorsal and profile views of Magellania, flavescens, showing deltidial plates and pedicle, Fia. 222.— Dorsal view of the umbonal por- Fic. 223.— Similar preparation of Magellania tion of an adult Terebratulina septen- jlavescens; showing the complete envelop- trionalis with the shell removed by acid; ment of the base of the pedicle by secondary showing slight secondary extensions of expansions of the ventral mantle which have the central mantle around the pedicle, formed the deltidial plates, as shown in small deltidial plates ‘only, being secreted fig. 220. (After BEECHER.) in this species. is quite different. The ventral lobe of the mantle is here the longer, and no body-plate is formed on either side of the thoracic lobe. When, therefore, the mantle lobes are reversed and the valves come into contact about their peripheries and at the cardinal extremities, the caudal lobe, or pedicle, occupies all the space between the posterior margins of the valves. The large, 91 I oe RYT (et Ary mk (ots Te aie ee oe Poy ST iA ie cate PY Pee Ke, yt ipa! aah ry + aiaiy 6 ia ; he Ke mo, ? : atop j * ree ES: ACerS cama cm oo Sa aiken, ete ie ane a \ a Yous sneees : 540 Forvy-rirtH Report on THE Svratve Muszovm. triangular, unclosed fissure thus formed, persists throughout early é a 2 post-embryonic growth-stages. It has already been observed that the period at which deltidial plates begin to appear, and the — degree of development which they attain in this group, varies with the species. Thus in most forms of Ruyncvosrrra and in Meristina Maria they are completed at an early adolescent stage, while in Meristina rectirostra, they are in a primary con- dition of development at maturity, and the pedicle is at no time © restricted to a foramen. In Maeerranta when the deltidial plates begin to develop, it — has been found that they are secreted by secondary extensions _ of the ventral mantle from along the margins of the deltidium, © these laminar processes beginning at the cardinal margin and meeting though not uniting along an axial line. (BrxEcHER.) It is therefore to be concluded that the deltidial plates are of post-embryonic or secondary growth and that the absence of the body-plate or deltidium in the embryo of CistE.a is to be regarded as an instance of acceleration of development in which this primary phase has been omitted. | There is a difference in the intimate structure of the deltidium . and deltidial plates, in punctate shells; the former being devel- oped from the body of the thoracic lobe and not from the mantle, and has no puncte; the latter, originating from the mantle, are perforated by its czecal extensions. Orbiculoidea minuta, Three growth stages; showing the change from the paterina-stage with transverse cardinal margin, to the circular outline of the adult. Fig. 224 x 36; fig. 225 x 16; fig. 226 x 10; figs. 224 and 225 show the form of the protoconch. (BEECHER. ) ‘In many of the brachiopoda the protegulwm or embryo shell is retained throughout later growth stages. This is true where the apices of the valves have not become greatly modified by the encroachment of the pedicle. Its valves are subsemicircular and smooth, the hinge-line straight and its general form exemplified in the adult condition of the primordial genus Parrrina. 92 / Report or THE STATE GEOLOGIST. O41 : 3 Post—emMBRYONIC STAGEs. bi With the completion of the protegulum and the incipient ry _ development of the lophophore, the embryonic condition of , brachiopod may be regarded as closed. The subsequent periods ‘ in the life of the animal may be divided into (a) the infantile ; (>) the adolescent ; (c) the adult; (d) the senile. 4 During the infantile condition, additions made to the protegu- lum usually modified the outline of the shell, and bear only the concentric lines upon the surface. The cecal perforations of the shell appear at this period (TrrEesBratv- R tina). The animal is usually attached by its pedicle, but in Guorripia this organ is ! not yet protruded from between the valves. In the adolescent period the shell takes on the normal outline of the species, and surface plications and other external orna- ment and configuration now make their appearance. The lobes of the lophophore become developed, the digestive tract ‘q extended and completed, and, in Gutor- tipia, the pedicle is protruded and highly developed. After passing the period of maturity, the senile shell undergoes vari- ous changes. Callosities and deposits of i“ adventitious calcareous matter are formed about the internal processes; the valves’ are thickened instead of \ being increased _ in diameter, the characteristic ornamenta- tion of the shell may be temporarily or per- manently lost, and the surface become : smooth. Growth in this period of decline ___ is reversional, manifesting a resumption of F!- 22.—Terebratulina. A very = : young shell, with pedicle, cilia, infantile characters. Hyat1r has defined sete and puncte developed. et OD pl \ ___ two stages of senile growth; one prelimi- “% lons#). 3 nary or progressional, that in which the characters of maturity q are disappearing in the reverse order of their appearance; the é other, extreme or final, when the shell has finally reverted to ___ its own condition during the infantile period. wy A chapter on Cvassrrication will follow the discussions of the genera. ; x 93 THE GENERA OF THE BRACHIOPODA. f. 3 BRACHIOPODA INARTICULATA. Valves inarticulated; intestine terminating mm an anus on one side of the body; shell substance largely phosphatic. The foregoing characters bring into association a well defined assemblage of these organisms, but, while generally applicable — throughout the group in expressing the fundamental distinctions from the more abundantly developed Bracutopopa ARTICULATA, . there often appear, in forms which can not be separated from such association, tendencies to transgress these limitations in- various directions. For example, articulation of the valves was approached, if not effected, in the linguloid BarroisELia, in SponpyYLopoLus, and, perhaps also, in Nrozotvus and TRIMERELLA. In Cranta, according to the determination of Joustry, the anus opens in the median line of the body; and-in various genera, Crania, Puouipors, TRIMERELLA, etc., there is evidence that the _ substance of the shell was essentially, or altogether calcareous. For this division of the Brachiopoda it seems preferable to adopt Professor Huxiry’s term, Inarticutata, as having the advantage of euphony and simplicity. Other writers have made use of terms with different significations, all having precisely the same scope. Professor Owen, in 1858, proposed the term Lyopo- maTA (A5w and zéyz), essentially the Greek equivalent of Lyarrticv- LatTa, and of Bronn’s Ecarpinres. The last named author also suggested the term PLevropyeta, derived from the lateral position of the intestinal perforation; while Kine’s term, TRETENTERATA, indicates that the existence of an anus is to be regarded as the essential character. Lingula, Bruguiére. 1789. (Plate 1, Figs. 1-9). Shells sub-equivalve; elongate-ovate, sub-quadrate or sub-tri- angular in outline; broad over the pallial region, cardinal slopes more or less conspicuous; slightly gaping at both extremities. Brachial valve somewhat the shorter, and with a_ slightly thickened hinge-line. Surface of the shell smooth, or concen- trically and radiately striated. Animal attached by a long, mus- 94 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 543 cular pedicle protruding from between the beaks of the two valves. The pedicle-valve has a dis- tinct cardinal shelf or area, divided longitudinally by a depression widen- ing from the apex anteriorly, and termed by Kine the ‘“deltidium.” is. according to Professor Kia, ‘is $2 of Pedicle-valve, after Kana: ia ‘ deltidium; 6b, deltidial ridges; ec, delti- usually not well developed, and in dial callosities; d, areal borders. the average specimens of Z. anatina found in museum collections, appears to be partially or quite wanting, from accidental causes. The deltidium is bounded at the sides by elevated ridges, which, at the anterior ends, are each developed into a small callosity. Muscular impressions numerous, but usually indistinct. In the recent species they are twelve in number upon each valve, and are somewhat unsymmetrical in their arrangement. They may be designated as follows: The umbonal impressions (g), pro- duced by a single muscular band passing directly across the cavity of the shell near the beaks, and by their contraction opening the valves; the lateral impressions, which are produced by three pairs of muscles, the anteriors (7) passing from near the lateral boundaries of the visceral area on the ‘pedicle- valve, forward to the anterior extremity of this tract on the brachial valve; the mzddles (k) passing in just the opposite di- rection, from the anterior region of the pedicle-valve to the lat- eral region of the brachial valve ; the externals (/) passing from the . ante-lateral region of the pedicle- a ! 1a. 229.— Lingula anatina after Hancock. valve to the post-lateral region p, pedicle; g, umbonal muscle; h, centrals; ee . e i, transmedians; j, k, 1, laterals (j, ante- of the brachial valve, these teriors, k, middles, I. externals); e, heart: muscles serving to move the 0, mouth, a, alimentary canal; z, anus. valves forward and backward. The central impressions (A) are 95 5 o> doe Oe 544 Forry-FrirtH REPORT ON THE STATE MusEvm. produced by a single pair of muscles extending across the ante- lateral region of the visceral area, and by the contraction of — these, the valves are closed. The transmedian impressions wa are ade by a triple muscle, one band of which is on one side — the visceral area, the other two on the other side, the two lateral - components crossing each other in passing from the posterior oes hake q eo 3) region of the pedicle-valve to the medio-lateral region of the opposite valve. By the action of these muscles the animal is q able to slide apart, laterally, the anterior and posterior extremi- 4 ties of its valves. The muscular region in each valve is sur- — rounded by the parietal bands (}), which leave more or less distinct i impressions upon the shell i The anterior internal surface of each valve bears traces of two a strong pallial sinuses, which nearly meet in the axial line before __ reaching the anterior margin. In front of, and behind these are d to be seen radiating vascular markings. ; r Shell substance composed of alternating lamelle of chitinous < and calcareous material. i Type, Lingula anatina, Lamarck. Distribution. (Cambrian?) Lower Silurian — Recent (China, Japan, Guinea, Australia, Philippines, Sandwich Islands.) The genus attained its culmination in the Silurian and Devonian, about seventy species being known from the former on the North American continent. Remarks. There are at present no satisfactory means of sepa- rating generically, from the type of the genus, the great majority of fossils passing under the name of Lineuxta. Internal casts bearing muscular and pallial impressions quite similar to those of recent species have been found in rocks as old as the Lower Silurian (Trenton), and whenever traces of such internal markings are pre- served, there seems to be little difficulty in reconciling them with those of the living shells. Favorably preserved examples from : the Carboniferous have shown even the unsymmetrical scars of a the lateral or sliding muscles. In many of the extinct forms it is evident that the scars were deeper and the shells thicker and more calcareous than in the species now extant. The retention of the pedicle in the fossil state has been observed in some Silurian and Carboniferous species, 96 ‘eso of 5h “A 8 ARS A a a st Oy Ate *! F f J REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 545 TANS SSS bec Ses SSS St — Sy ——— o<6 SS. + ~ - a \ a : Sat < Pe on ‘oe ein Reporr or THE Sratve GEOLOGIST. 549 7 til anterior ends toward the more conspicuous, and apparently com- Py. aa.) ¥ 4 pound central scar. ‘s 4 , . .e - k Type, Lingulella Davisi, McCoy (sp.). ‘a et <9 ; : we < n 4 4 4 . 7 4 | Lingulella Ella, Hail and Whitfield. Fic. 240.—Dorsal aspect, showing pedicle-area. ; Fig. 241.— Internal cast of pedicle-valve. Fic. 242.—Internal cast of brachial valve. é CWALCOTT.) Distribution. Cambrian — (?) Lower Silurian. * It is possible that the Devonian (Hamilton) species Lingula paliformis, Hall, belongs to this genus. | Lingulops, Hall. 1871. (Plate 1, Figs. 18-20.) Shells small, linguloid; both valves with a relatively broad cardinal area, which is divided transversely into two parts, (@) -asmooth, narrow, apical portion; (6) a broad inner band, along which the valves appear to have been in contact. This band is ° _ flattened and projects into the interior cavity of the shell, like a_ narrow lunate shelf; on the pedicle-valve it is concentrically striated or smooth, and gently convex. The pedicle-groove crosses this inner area only, not encroaching on the apical area of either valve. Directly in front of the cardinal area, is a nar- row crescentic ridge, the anterior margin of which is deeply excavated. This ridge, which is parallel and co-extensive with the cardinal area, bears a median angulation, projecting back- ward toward the pedicle-groove. In the interior of the pedicle-valve is an elongate median mus- culr scar accompanied by two pairs of lateral scars. The median portion of the muscular area is thickened, forming an incipient platform, from the anterior edge of which extends a median septum. The posterior margin of the muscular area bears a_ trilobed parietal scar. . The interior of the brachial valve shows the cardinal area, _pedicle-groove and the crescentic ridges essentially as on the 101 550 | Forry-rcera Rerorr ow THE Stare ] USEUM. opposite valve. The muscular scallops are repvosbated thre z depressions, closer together than in the other valve. The plat- form is here more highly developed and shows on its surface 2 indications of the median and lateral muscular scars. No media . / septum is present in this valve. | “Type, Lingulops Whitfieldi, Hall. a Distribution. Silurian (Hudson River — Niagara groups). i Four species are known in North and South American faunas. 2 : Lakhmina, (Ehlert. 1887. Synonym ; Davidsonella, Waagen. ep 4 iis General outline more or less linguloid. The pedicle-valve is the” ie larger and possessés a prominent apex, which is provided, on its lower surface, with a deep furrow for the pedicle.. In the inte- 4 | - Lakhmina linguloides, after, WAAGEN. La Fria. 243.— Pedicle-valve, Fic. 244.— Brachial valve. ¥. rior of the pedicle-valve, the cardinal margin is somewhat thick- - Fie. 245.— Pedicle valve of Trimerelila. Fig. 246.— Brachial valve of Trimerella. After DAVIDSON and Kina. a, deltidium. . e, cardinal sockets. b, deltidial slope. j, platform. k, platform vaults. c, deltidial ridges. l, median plate. d, areal borders. e, cardinal callosities. m, median scars. LA f, cardinal facet. nm, anterior scars. g, lozenge. o, lateral sears h, cardinal buttress. p, post-median scars. Zz, umbonal chambers. q, crown j, platform. Yr, side crescent, k, platform vaults. s, end l, median plate. ; t, transverse scars. m, median scars. uw, archlet (vascular sinuses). m, anterior scars. v, cardinal scars. o. lateral scars. w, Sub-cardinal scars. p, post-median scars. gq, crown rT, side crescent. s, end t, transverse scars. u, archlet (vascular sinuses). w, sub-cardinal scars. ax, umbo-lateral scars. deltidial ridges more or less conspicuous; deltidial callosities — ; slightly developed ; cardinal slope well-defined. Crescent sharply _ incised over its summit, but faint toward the sides, where it is connected with the broad lateral and terminal scars, which are not so distinctly outlined as in theallied genera. Platformlong, narrow and strongly developed; platform vaults tubular, the — 104 “a ii ‘ REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 553 - dividing wall being continued as a short septum in front of the platform. Muscular scars of the platform usually extremely faint, but under favorable preservation divisible into median and lateral components. Pallial sinuses faint. Brachial valve with a marginal beak, which is much thickened in some instantes, without producing a cardinal area, though making a prominent apophysis which is extended against the cardinal slope of the opposite valve. Crescent as in the other valve. Platform higher than in the pedicle-valve, its vaults extending scarcely so far backward. Anterior median septum long, often reaching almost to the margin. Muscular and pallial impressions faint. Type, Zrimerella grandis, Billings. Distribution. Upper Silurian. (Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio, Province of Ontario, Gotland, Far6.) Five species are known in American faunas and two additional species occur in the Swedish rocks. | Dinobolus, Hall. 1871. (Plate 2, Figs. 1-4.) Synonyms; Conradia, Hall, 1862; Obobellina, Billings, 1871. Shell sub-circular ; valves convex, thick. Pedicle-valve with an acute and slender beak; cardinal area triangular, more or less elevated, but never so high as in Trimer- ELLA OY MonomERELLA. Cardinalmargins sometimes of considerable width. Umbo generally solid, but often slightly excavated on either side of a simple or double vertical wall, or buttress. \Cres- cent distinct, its apex making a retral angle; narrow over the crown, widening into the great terminal scars. Platform low, broadly V-shaped on its anterior margin, which usually les at about the middle of the valve; generally, with very short, flat- tened, abruptly conical vaults, but occasionally these vaults are of the same relative length as in TrmeRELLa, though much shal- lower. Central and lateral muscular scars on the platform usually distinct, the former lying in adepressed median groove, the latter — occupying the greater portion of the surface. Subcardinal and anterior scars rarely discernible. Anterior median septum scarcely developed. Pallial sinuses faint. Brachial valve with the beak submarginal, inconspicuous, usually not discernible; hinge-area very narrow. Crescent very strong, 1891 70 105 | Pa nal ae Det eee 7 eo 4 ae 554 ae 8 REPORT ON THE STATE sg USEUM. especially over Tes crown, where it makes a hep posted angle a beneath the beak, sloping thence very gently, being almost trans- _ verse for about the width of the platform, then bending quite abruptly and being slightly interrupted at the position of the aa terminal scars, which are more approximate than in the opposite — valve. In the type-species, the crown of the crescent, as usually — developed, is a sharply incised, narrow furrow, bounded within — by a broad elevation sloping to the position of the subeardinal ? scar, but not infrequently it is a ridge, bounded in front and ~ behind by a deep furrow. This difference in appearance is due to q the varying development of the anterior furrow, which is,some- a times quite suppressed. Platform narrower and more shania V-shaped than in the opposite valve; vaultsusually very short and abruptly conical. Lateral and central scars on the platform conspicuous, the latter lying in a-deep median furrow, at the front — end of which are sometimes seen the faint anterior scars. In the line of this furrow, directly in front of the apex of the crescent, lies _ the deep impression of the subcardinal muscle, which make a promi- : i. nent feature on the cast, suggestive of the filling of the umbonal — cavity, which it may be to some extent, although the apex of the is beak is actually quite remote from it. From this point to the cen- ’ . ter of the crescent extends a short furrow, on either side of which _ lies the impression of an accessory scar, probably correlative — 9 with the umbo-lateral scars of Ruryogorus and TRIMERELLA. — Pallial sinuses more or less distinct. Median septum low, but — stronger than in the opposite valve. External surface smooth, or with concentric, sublamellose growth-lines. Type, Dinobolus Conradi, Hall. 4 Distribution. Lower and Upper Silurian. Nine species — have been recorded, one from the Lower Silurian of brittany, — another from Esthonia, three from the same division in hota . America, one in the Upper Silurian of North America, Gotland — and Bohemia, and three from the same division in Great Britain. — Mcnomerella, Billings. 1871. (Plate 2, Figs. 5, 6.) a Shell usually thick; outline varying from elongate-ovate to ie | subcircular. Surfaces of contact of the valves sometimes con- 5 spicuously broad. ‘a 106 | Report or THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 555 Pedicle-valve with a more or less elevated umbo, which may vary in height in a given species; umbonal cavity divided into two chambers by a longitudinal septum. Cardinal area large; deltidial ridges and deltidial callosities not always distinctly developed; cardinal slope usually well defined, merging anteriorly into the cardinal buttress, or umbonal septum; in some species this slope, or subtriangular area, is longitudinally divided by a furrow. The crescent is sharply impressed over the cardinal slope; terminal scars broad and distinct. Platform more or less developed; divided by the cardinal buttress, which extends nearly or quite its entire length. Muscular impression on the platform very large, covering the entire surface, but scarcely resolvable into separate scars. Anterior septum faint, usually imperceptible. Pallial sinuses sometimes clearly defined. Brachial valve with the umbo seldom conspicuously developed, the umbonal cavity being usually simple and deep, but sometimes filled by a deposition of shelly matter. Crescent sharply impressed over the narrow cardinal slope, and produced into \ . a AS Be: eee ee ee broad, indistinct, composite, terminal scars. Platform usually well developed and broadly excavate on its anterior walls, but _ sometimes scarcely discernible. Anterior and lateral scars sharply defined, giving a tripartite appearance to the platform. Anterior septum more strongly developed than in the opposite valve. Type, Monomerella prisca, Billings. Distribution, Upper Silurian. Eight species are known, six of which occur in the Niagara and Guelph faunas of North America, two on the island of Gotland and one in Livonia. Rhinobolus, Hall. 1871. (Plate 2, Figs. 7, 8.) Synonym; Obolellina (partim), Billings. 1871. General form of the shell as in Trimpretia. Pedicle-valve, in the typical species, with an elevated, solid beak, having a broad and high deltidium, divided into a relatively narrow central area (which may be concave or convex), and broad deltidial ridges. Crescent and terminal scars as in TrimereLtta. Umbo-lateral scars sharply defined. Platform very low and incompletely developed, consisting of a broadly V-shaped elevation, with a raised anterior margin, and surface sloping abruptly backward 107 rae ae os oe a > > 24 4 5 Piuchs > 1 : ES FES) Mian te ae ad re hy k . Z ny Sede on a See Ab ae cee cop i. Aen! 2 - » Pgs nt Garg Yi 7 , 2 indistinct. There is also, at least in some species, a small pit near oo emis ee 556 Forvry-rirtH REPoRT oN THE SraTrk Museum. to, or even below the general curvature of the internal surfacd, be A faint longitudinal septum extends forward from the platform, — oe ; | Brachial valve with low, sub-marginal, slightly-curved apex, a and short deltidium. Crescent conspicuously developed. Plat-— a form as in the opposite valve, with the addition of a central - “a . scar, which gives the entire area a tripartite appearance. — Median septum faint. Type, Rhinobolus Galtensis, Billings (sp.). Distribution. Upper Silurian ; Niagara and Guelph faunas of | North America; two species. Obolella, Billings. 1861. (Plate 3, Figs. 5-7.) Synonym; Décellomus, Hall. 1871. Shell inarticulated, ovate or suborbicular, lenticular, smooth, a concentrically or radiately striated, sometimes reticulated by both radiate and concentric strie. Ventral valve with solid beak and a small, more or less distinctly grooved area. In the interior of the ventral valve there are two elongated, sublinear or petaloid 4 muscular or vascular impressions, which extend forward from _ near the cardinal scars, sometimes to points in front of the mid-— length of the shell. These are either straight or curved, parallel with each other, or diverging toward the front. Between these, 4 . at about the middle of the shell, is a pair of small impressions, — and close to the hinge-line a third pair, likewise small, and often the hinge-line, in which the groove of the area seems to terminate. — The dorsal valve has a small, nearly flat hinge-facet ; the minute beak is slightly incurved over the edge of the area. Beneath the aa beak there is a small subangular ridge, on each side of which there is a cardinal (?) scar. The elongate scars, which seem to — correspond to the lateral impressions in the ventral valve, are j here altogether in the upper half of the shell, diverging widely in their extension forward, and are generally very slightly impressed. In the cavity of the valve there is a low, aie median ridge, which extends from a point near the hinge-line — forward to a little below the mid-length of the valve. About the middle of the shell there are two sri scars. These are usually g 108° : REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 557 striated longitudinally, the median ridge passing between them. The area is coarsely striated. Type, Obolella chromatica, Billings. — Distribution. Cambrian (?) Lower Silurian. The descrip- tion by Micxwirz of the interior of a species from the Unguliten- sandstein, considered by him an Osotvus (0. Quenstedti, Mickw.), renders the generic distinction between Oxso.us and Oxo.eLva, for the time being, somewhat obscure. Odbolus Quenstedti seems to possess the characters of Ozote.ia rather than of Oxotus. The determination must rest upon future studies of Obolus Apollinis, Eichwald. Elkania, Ford. 1886. (Plate 3, Figs. 13, 14.) Synonym; Bellingsia, Ford. 1886. . Shells ovate or circular, biconvex; shell substance largely cor- neous and distinctly laminated. Apex of pedicle-valve marginal ; within it is a broad subtriangular depression which merges into a deep central spoon-shaped cavity. Two narrow furrows diverge from its anterior extremity, separating the broad lateral muscular scars. Two small submarginal grooves pass from the beak out- ward, skirting the posterior portion of the lateral impressions, and appear to terminate in distinct subcircular scars situated near the lateral margins of the valve. In the brachial valve isa thickened area in the umbonal region, presenting the appearance of a false cardinal area within the cavity of the umbo. This area is tripartite, bearing a deep, nar- row central, and two broader lateral grooves; about its anterior ~ margin lie two broad scars of the same character as the laterals of the other valve. There are also diverging furrows, which, start- ing at the marginal apex, pass over the edge of the thickened area, and are most deeply impressed at their anterior extremities. Type, “Hlkania desiderata, Billings (sp.). (Cambrian; one species. ) : Leptobolus, Hall. 1871. (Plate 3, Figs. 8-12.) Shells small, fragile, subovate in outline; shell substance semi- phosphatic. Exterior with concentric growth-lines. The interior of the pedicle-valve shows a notably large cardinal area, which is sharply grooved. Beneath this area,in the bottom of the valve, is a broad depression extending nearly across the shell, and . 109 AGS Seman Dae Tee ee ee! oS ee Awe SO a ee ee “ef c- ae eae ee er! ° (ie ye R" : AX - am * 3 ) ne ata eo Asia kh ~~ , uA < oo < — i portion of the valve lying between the anterior horns of the EXPIRY WON DC Mcp go ee * Sr " " am ‘i sy oo ; ie # Ree 558 Forty-rirtH REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. a leaving between its branches a small central muscular impression. — This impression is bounded on its sides by a crescentic muscular fulcrum, which extends parallel with the margins to the anterior portion of the shell. Ata point back of their centers each gives off a transverse branch extending inward and backward. The lateral semilunes is also deeply depressed, but its surface shows ~ no markings. In the brachial valve the cardinal area is also well developed and distinctly grooved. The limits of the muscular a scars are indicated by three septal ridges, one axial and one at either side. All these ridges are bifurcated at their anterior extremities. Type, Leptobolus lepis Hall. Upper Silurian. Three species have been described, all from the Hudson River group and Utica slate of North America. Paterula, Barrande. 1879. | (Plate 3, Fig. 15.) Shells small, oval, with broad margins of contact. ~ Pedicle 4 notch posterior and marginal. Interior of the pedicle-valve with — two or four short, faint a ges diverging from the beak. Exter- — q nal surface concentrically striated. a Type, Paterula Bohemica Barrande. Lower Silurian (Etage D). . These shells are but imperfectly understood. Besides the single Bohemian species a somewhat similar form occurs in the Llandeilo of Great Britain, and in a lower Silurian limestone in the city of ¥ - Quebec, Canada. Obolus, Eichwald. 1829. 3 Synonyms; Ungula, Pander, 1830; Awlonotreta (partim), Kutorga, 1847; Ungulites, Bronn, 1848; Quenstedt, 1871. Shells externally much like those of Oxotexxa, but eenerally _ larger and somewhat fata 4 The valves are unarticulated, % both having broad, grooved 4 cardinal areas, though the ~ groove on the brachial valve is sometimes obsolescent. The “Gg Obolus Apollinis. ‘ he Se : . 5 Fia. 247.— Pedicle-valve. After DAVIDSON. Interior of the pedicle valve F 1a. 248 —Brachial valve. After Kurore@a. shows a pair of well- defined — cardinal or posterior adductor impressions, just behind the 110 Nae REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 559 cardinal area and separated by a more or less developed median _ septum extending to about the center of the valve. The “laterals” are well developed and occupy a position not equiva- lent to the impressions in OsoLtELLA which have been designated by this term, but more nearly to that of the terminal scars of the crescent in Dinosotus. The median area of the valve on each side of the septum is much thickened, and at its anterior edge lie the conspicuous central scars. In the brachial valve the cardinal and “lateral” (external or terminal) impressions are developed as in the opposite valve, and in the central region is a pair of curved impressions. These inclose an indistinct central scar. Larger valve. Smaller valve. Fies 244,245— Diagrammatic view of Obolus Quenstedti. After MIckWwITz. a, Pedicle-groove; b, impression left by the advance of the lateral sliding muscles; ¢, median septum; d, cordate pit; e, sinus; f, median groove; g, median swelling; h, lateral grooves; zi, impressions of vascular trunks; k, impressions of secondary sinuses; 1, impressions of pesterior adductors; m, impression of anterior adductors; n, impressions of sliding muscles; 0, outline of splancbnoceele; I, splanchoccele; II, brachioccele, ITI, pleuroccele Type, Qbolus Apollinis, Eichwald. Cambrian (Unguliten- schichten). Micxwirz has elaborated the internal impressions of his species Obolus Quenstedti, showing that it possessed a very complicated muscular system not unlike that of Lryeura. It is, however, not satisfactorily demonstrated that this species is a true Oxsotus. Aulonotreta, Kutorga. 1848. Synonym; Aerztis, Volborth, 1869. (This name was proposed to take the place of Oxzotus, Eichwald, 1829. The first type is A. polita, Kutorga = Obolus Apollinis, Eichwald; the second, A. sculpta, Kutorga=— 0. antiquissimus, 111 Py Re a ere ed eT tt NPY Rene ney anne OS ae 7 ? ry oe ot gy at is a : 4 . re ’ oa om i i ’ ck i 4 S _ AvLoNoTRETA and AcriTIs as synomyms of Oxotus). — ae c . ~~ ; ; Ay 58 Sgt Aur i> rons y , >" iy , TO Ses bene By ? J ? y va be Re Or SE (ey . § : b - ee y Le ie) Anodes > * y. 560 Forry-rirtH Report on THE Stare Museum. Eichwald, was taken by VorzortH as the type of Aoritis. - The a latter species is imperfectly known. Muckxwrtz regards both Pedicle-valve with a broad, subquadrate muscular scar crossed on its posterior portion by a transverse band connecting what - appear to be cardinal scars. Aulonotreta antiquissima. After VOLBORTH. x Fig. 246.—Interior of pedicle-valve. Fig. 247.— Interior of brachial valve. In the brachial valve are two subcircular scars in the median region just within the posterior margin. | Type, Awlonotreta antiquissema, Eichwald. Cambrian. a Schmidtia, Volborth. 1869. _ Pedicle-valve with a broad, centrally-grooved cardinal area, a and, in the middle of the valve, two obliquely oval muscular impressions separated by an elevated ridge. In the brachial Schmidtia celata. CVOLBORTH.) ian Fia, 248.— Interior of pedicle-valve. Fie. 249.— Interior of brachial valve. valve is also a low median ridge and a single pair of oval — impressions. a Type, Schmidtia celata. Cambrian (Unguliten-schichten). | Mrckwitz considers this a synonym for Oxouus. 112 ‘i - a A A 338 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. D61L ¢ Monobolina, Salter. 1865. Y (Plate 4, Figs. 14, 15.) * Large oboloid shells with muscular scars concentrated along i . . a the median line. a. Type, M. plumbeu, Salter. Lower Silurian (Llandeilo). . ; - hy gin me) Neobolus, Waagen. 1585. ds Shell oboloid, with a somewhat transverse, slightly thickened . posterior margin, which, in the pedicle-valve, is traversed by a 4 broad, cross-striated pedicle- Y ] " groove. The cardinal mus- pe . aN cular scars lie close upon ia this groove; the central a scars are faint, and in the Xt figure, indistinctly defined, | = . i Fx% but aa eo to abut against Neobolus Warthi. After WAAGEN. my ‘ a short thickened ridge or Fie. 250.— Interior of pedicle valve. { Fig. 251.— Interior of brachial valve. knob in the middle of the - oa = shell. Marginal scars on both valves broad. In the brachial ae valve a strong longitudinally grooved callosity hes just within a the cardinal margin, and this is more or less distinctly continued Bi into a median septum. The arrangement of the muscular scars 0 other than those referred to, is not fully understood. 4 Type, Neobolus Warthi, Waagen. Cambrian (India). A ue Spondylobolus, McCoy. 1852. % Shells subcircular, slightly narrowed towards the indistinct, a short hinge-line; nearly equivalve, flattened. Small valve, with a A : slightly excentric apex; beneath which, on 3 mn the interior, the substance of the valve is is ; pt thickened into a wide, undefined boss. ‘a Opposite valve slightly longer, from the Kas apex being perfectly marginal and slightly =f produced; channeled by a narrow, tri- f{¢ 252— Sspondylobolus era- Rey angular groove below, the anterior end of — “iolaris. After McCoy. ¥ which is flanked by two very prominent thick, conical, shelly bosses, representing hinge-teeth; substance of the valve thick, testaceous, not glossy, minutely fibrous, but not distinctly pune- 1891. 71 113 ° these fibers. sy Type, ea: ioe craniolaris, MeCoy. | Tee ne (Llandeilo). - a aale : Mickwitzia, Schmidt. 1888. Shells large, thick, inequivalve. Brachial valve fiat, cinerea ie pedicle- eal oval, convex, produced into an acute apex, beneatl ei which lies a Seas more or less ee developed a al 9 area. Mickwitzia monilifera. (After ScHMIpDT ) ' Fie. 253,—Pedicle-valve. Fia. 254.—Interior of same Fig. 255.—Exterior of © f My ; valve. brachial valve. thin, coarsely punctate layers alternating with prismatic jams e which are traversed by scattered vertical canals. Surface | covered with radiating stria. Shell composed of calcic phosphate. ry Type, I. monalifera, Linnarsson. Lower Cambrian. Schizobolus, Ulrich. 1886. , (Plate 3, Figs. 16-19.) Shell oval, slightly imequivalved ; cardinal margins soine wali % thickened. Shell substance largely corneous; e ome surface — concentrically lined. In the pedicle-valve, the passage 1s 4 short, usually no more than a notch on the margin. From its’ | inner end a median ridge extends one-third the distounn across | the valve, and this is flanked on each side by a low muscular callosity. Narrow curved lateral scars extend from the post- lateral margins of this callosity, continuing to, or beyond the | center of the valve. In the brachial valve is a narrow thickened — band directly within, and parallel to the posterior margin. - Muscular thickening as in the opposite valve. No curved lateral _ ; scars. ne * Type, Schizobolus truncatus, Hall (sp.). Devonian. y A single species has been described ; from the Genesee sha ; 114 D he rs Fee “7 47% 2 ee a eo, Foes Eee hy ; ee ee eee ee ee ey! ee 3 ~ “us * a to the greatest.width of the - shell, without cardinal area. REPORT OF 1HE STATE (EOLOGIST. 563 Discinolepis, Waagen. 1585. Shell of very small size with two unequal valves, which are very flat, leaving scarcely any room for the animal between them. The pedicle-valve depressed convex, the apex only being a little elevated and removed from the margin towards the median part of the valve. The posterior margin of the valve near the apex is_ broadly 0) oc ed om pana ox notched by a deep, incision Fie. 256.—Pedicle-valve. Fie. 257 — Brachial- reaching to the beak. Misi The brachial valve is similar in shape to the other, with a_ slightly elevated eccentric apex, but without an incision. ‘The surface in both valves is either smooth or finely granulose. Type, Diseinolepis granulata, Waagen. Cambrian (India). Paterina, Beecher. 1891. ‘Valves semi-elliptical in outline, subequal, the pedicle-valve being slightly the more elevated. Hinge line equal Pedicle passage not limited Fie. 258.— Paterina Labradorica. CWALCOTT.) except by the posterior margins of the valves. External surface covered with concentric lines terminating abruptly on the cardinal margin. Shell substance corneous. Type, Paterina Labradorica, Billings (sp.). Cambrian. Only a single species of the genus is known. Kutorgina, Billings. 1861. (Plate 4, Figs. 11-13.) Shells inequivalve, transverse or elongated. Hinge-line nearly equaling the greatest width of the shell. Pedicle-valve convex, greatly elevated at the beak, which is more or less incurved. Car- dinal area very narrow, and divided by a wide pedicle-fissure. Brachial valve flat or slightly convex, beak marginal. Cardinal area very feebly developed. The posterior portion of the valves 115 oe E> fe, Be Ee ae on Sie oe Clit dit hs a S £4-“~ ie é ¥ ns weg r" 564 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE M USEUM. Tae ae dine. is therefore unclosed for nearly the entire nee of the hinge External surface covered with concentric lines, which terminate abruptly at the cardinal line. Shell substance calcareous. Type, Kutorgina cingulata, Billings. (Cambrian.) A number of species from North eee Sweden and Great Britain have been referred to this genus, but it is doubtful if they are all congeneric. Some of them probably belong to PaTsrrma, Beecher, and others to ScaizopHoris, Waagen. Me Schizopholis, Waagen. 1885. Shells of very small size. Pedicle-valve slightly elevated, with a somewhat prominent marginal apex, below which is a small triangular area, crossed in the middle by a triangular fissure, a little widened at the top, forming a kind of foramen, placed Schizopholis rugosa. Pedicle- valve. After WAAGEN. / Fig. 259.— Upper view. Fie. 260.— Cardinal view. just at the extremity of the apex. Brachial valve flat; imperforate. Shell surface finely granular. Of the internal characters of the genus nothing is known. Type, Schizopholis rugosa, Waagen. Distribution. Cambrian (India; North America, 8. Latowrensis, — Matthew (sp.); S. pannula, White (sp.). | 116 Bc! REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 565 Volborthia, von Moller. 1875. Shell convex, very inequivalve; contour as in Kuroreina, Pedicle-valve elevated, incurved at the apex, and with a broad, sharply defined cardinal area, divided by a low convex ridge P passing from the beak to the cardinal margin. There isno foramen. Volborthia recurva. After von MOLLER. Fic. 261.— Profile. Fre. 262 —Cardinal view. Brachial valve convex; beak marginal; cardinal area not >} developed. Muscular impressions not known. Surface covered_ with concentric lines. Shell substance calcareo-corneous. Type, Volborthia recurva, Kutorga (sp.). Lower Silurian. Iphidea, Billings. 1872. (Plate 4, Figs. 4, 5.) , Pedical-valve subconical ; beak apical. Hinge-line short, nearly . straight. Cardinal slope flattened, forming an imperfectly defined area, which is divided medially by a convex ridge or pedicle-covering. Foramen circular, apical. Brachial yalve moderately convex; most elevated at the beak. Internal characters not known. External surface covered with cencentric strie, which are continued over the area of the pedicle-valve. Shell substance corneous. Type, [phidea bella, Billings. ® Distribution. Cambrian (Newfoundland, Vermont, Arizona, : Sweden). Re: ry Acrothele, Linnarsson. _ 1876. 7 (Plate 8, Figs. 24-27.) Shell corneous, composed of several lamine. Pedicle-valve slightly conical, with excentric umbone, pierced by a minute foramen, in front of which there are two small wart-like pro- . tuberances; the area between the umbone and the posterior : margin is usually a little flattened. Brachial valve with marginal ( umbone: in the interior of which there are two oblong, diverg- ing muscular scars, close to the posterior margin, and two small 2 _ "y= >». 7 '*- =? a rounded scars near the middle. The muscular scars are separated by a longitudinal ridge. 1 Li rc rae ee pie AS ck om | ad ues 5 ; cca Ses, Wow et Os 4 ¢ ll =e; er yaa BOR ay | afr rt ee ~ iX , 2°45 Re ote < ©. pak eatee. s x Sy ee Se ae te» eee Ba Soe? > aly - “ eS yay er toa ee Shapes ' : Dae on 5 d 4 : 566 Forry-rirra REPORT ON roe State Museum. = Type, Acrothele coriaced, are ee ei ? be ae istribution. Cambrian — Lower Silurian (New Brunswick, Utah, Ireland, Bohemia, Sweden). oe Acrotreta, Kutorga. 1888. (Plate 3, Figs 28-30.) . Pedicle-valve subconical, the posterior slope being fattened having a triangular form and resembling a cardinal area. This 4 a slope is divided medially by a groove, widening downward ; at the a apex of the valve is a circular foramen. On the interior this | foramen penetrates a mammiform callosity. “ e. Brachial valve flat or depressed convex ; apex marginal; on @ i the interior is a stout median ridge Health by a large anterior and a smaller posterior pair of muscular impressions. ue Exterior concentrically striated. Shell substance corneous. Type, Acrotreta subconica, Kutorga. Discinopsis, Matthew. 18! 2. (Plate 8, Figs. 20, 21.) a Shell subcircular in; outline. Surface depressed- conical, apices a excentric, not marginal. Pedicle-valve with the’ apex truncated a 118 . “oe a | oe A faint longitudinal ridge passes from the apex of the shelf to by a circular foramen ; without cardinal area or thickened car- dinal margin. On the interior there is a conspicuous mammiform by a foramen; no cardinal area or flattening (7). Surface orna- REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. - 567 i by a circular foraminal aperture (?). The interior of this valve is i characterized by a pair of deep, diverging furrows, passing for- ‘ bs ward from the beak or internal foraminal opening, in broad the oe: curves which converge toward the anterior margin but without s meeting. These furrows inclose a thickened and somewhat § elevated central area, which, in the subumbonal region, is i apparently free, projecting for a short distance, like a narrow, Si triangular shelf, beneath which the foramen probably opened. the anterior margin. Shell-substance tenuous, apparently corneous. External surface covered with more or less prominent, sometimes lamellose con- centric growth-lines, crossed by fine, gently curved, radiating strie which are usually more prominent when the concentric lines are- exfoliated. Type, Discinopsis Gulielau, Matthew. (Cambrian.) | A single species from the St. John group of New Brunswick. Linnarssonia, Walcott. 1885. (Plate 3, Figs. 22, 28.) Shells transversely ovate or subcircular; valves convex. Pedi- cle-valve with somewhat elevated submarginal apex, perforated tubercle surrounding the opening of the foramen, and two small posterior submarginal tubercles. In the brachial valve are similar tubercles, though less con- , spicuously developed ; between them les an axial ridge which is broadened over the central portion of the shell; at the sides are shorter, divergent ridges. | Shell substance calcareo-corneous ; lamellar. Surface smooth or with concentric growth-lines. Type, Zinnurssonia transversa, Hartt (sp.).. Distribution. Cambrian—(?), Lower Silurian (New York, New Brunswick, Canada, Sweden, Wales). Mesotreta, Kutorga. 1848. (Plate 4, Fig. 21.) , Shell patelliform, depressed-conical; apex central, perforated 119 = (Plate 6, Figs. 1-8.) Shell cuibenectite or transversely oval in outline. Pedicle-wamem unevenly convex, more or less depressed over the posterior region; apex at, or behind the center; directly beneath it begins the 2 pedicle-fissure, which transects the shell, vertically wideming to posterior margin with straight or outwardly curving edges, — Brachial valve evenly convex, with its apex marginal and slightly projecting. On the interior, the pedicle-valve shows a faint a median furrow extending from the angle of the fissure to the — apex of the shell; this groove widens at its apical termination — e and may represent a point of muscular attachment. The sides of the fissure are often thickened by callosities similar to those sometimes seen in species of Orgsrcunrorea. From the apex, of 2a the valve extend radiating and branching vascular sinuses. ie In the brachial valve the posterior margin is much thickened and broadly grooved to allow the extrusion of the pedicle. This — thickening does not take the form of a cardinal area or shelf, — but is rather a callosity closely appressed against the interior surface of the shell, the central portion being projected beyond the margin of the pedicle-valve. Directly ae and in front of this area are two transversely elongate scars, adjustors or poste terior adductors, which are usually partly concealed by the pro- gressive overgrowth of the cardinal thickening. A faint median — three distinct scars, making a posterior, a median and an anterior * septum begins between these scars and passes forward, becoming more prominent over the tongue-shaped median elevation which separates the large central scars. These impressions are oblique — and are not simple, each appearing to be composed of two, ifnot pair. What appears to be the posterior pair is small, and some- times quite sharply defined, the central pair very much larger, and — the anterior pair narrow, situated at either side of the angle of the — a median callosity and separated by its apex The specialization of the first of these scars is not satisfactorily established; the — entire impression is deeply excavated. In some well preserved — specimens, there is also evidence of external, marginal scarslying just in front of the outer ends of the posterior adductors. a Surface of both valves more or less completely covered by ae beautiful ornamentation consisting of punctures or small pin vd a 126 Pi th vt, a > ue ay ; Pe i ~ RY | Report or THE STATE (ROLOGIST. 575 of various depth, arranged either in quincunx (7° terminalis) or in radiating rows; in the latter case they may be distant from - one another without intervening ridges (7. wmbonata), or lie in radiating furrows, when they are either circular (7. mellepunctata) or subrectangular (7. Ottawensis). Shell-substance composed of an outer calcareous layer with a series of inner corneous lamellae. The outer layer varies in thick- ness in different species, and is coarsely punctated by the pittings constituting the surface ornamentation. The corneous layers are _impunctate. Type, Zrematis termimalis, Emmons (sp.). Distribution, Lower (to upper?) Silurian. The species are largely American and mainly confined to the faunas of the Trenton and Hudson River groups. : Schizocrania, Hall and Whitfield. 1875. (Plate 6, Figs. 9-18.) Shells sub-circular in outline, inequivalve, unarticulated. Pedicle-valve flat or concave; apex subcentral. A deep trian- — gular notch extends from just behind the beak to the margin, where its arc is equal to about one-sixth of the periphery. Theapex — of this broad pedicle-notch 1 is occupied by a triangular transverse | Pais or listrium varying in size with the age of the shell, but — extending for one-fourth to one-third the length of the opening. Surface paced by concentric growth-lines. ee the interior no “muscular impressions are visible. Brachial valve more or less convex, with the beak marginal. External surface radiately striated. The interior bears a pair of strong posterior adductor scars, lying close together in the unbonal region; their outline is — a elongate-ovate, indicating a progressive increase in size, and they valve. External surface marked by elevated striz radiating from the beak. Substance of the shell composed of perlaceous calcareous a lamine which constitute the most of the shell. Theinner layers _ appear to be corneous. All are impunctate (?). ; 127 4 i: » + fe or frequently appear to be divisible into anterior and posterior — elements. In front of them, at about the center of the valve, — are the small and faint anterior adductor impressions. A low median ridge extends from the apex to beyond the center of the : ‘eo v 576 LORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Type, Schizocrania filosa, Hall. ? Distribution. Lower Silurian to (@) Devonian. The genus is American and the typical species are found in the fauna of the | Hudson River group. Crania, Retzius. 1781. (Plate 6, Figs. 14-23,) Synonyms. Wumulus, Stobceus, 1732; Waller, 17 78: ; Anomia, Linné, 1760; Ostracites, Beuth, 1776; Patella, Miiller, 1718; Criopus, Criopoderma, Poli, 1791, 1795; Orbieula, Cuvier, 1798; Lamarck, 1799; Orbicularvus, Dumeéril, 1806 ; Craniolites, Schlo- theim, 1820; Choniopora, Schauroth, i854. Shell inequivalve, inarticulated, without perforation for pedicle; subcircular in outline, generally somewhat transverse across the posterior margin; attached by the apex or. the entire surface of the lower valve. Ventral or lower valve depressed-conical or contorming to the surface to which it is attached. Dorsal or upper valve more or less conicai with a sub- central, posteriorly directed apex. External surface of the valves usually smooth, sometimes spinose or with concentric or radiating striz. In the interior of both valves are two pairs of large adductor scars, the posterior of which are close upon the margin and widely separated, the anterior near the center of the shell and close together, more approximate in the lower than in the upper valve. These posterior scars are often strongly ele- vated ona central callosity which surrounds their broad and thickened margins. Impressions of the pallial genital canals anterior. The margin of the lower valve is usually coarsely digitate. Shell-substance calcareous; strongly punctated by vertical canals which become subdivided toward the epiderma lsurface. Animal provided with two spiral arms, whose apices are directed toward the dorsal valve. The alimentary canal forms a convolution on the right side, the anus opening near the center of the ventral valve. Liver large; genital glands six in number, two in each mantle lobe and two in the visceral cavity. Mantle without marginal sete. 128 7 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 577 Type, Cronia craniolaris. Linné. of Distribution. Lower Silurian to Recent (Northern Atlantic, Mediterranean, Caribbean, Florida, Japan). Crania anomala. After HANCOCK. Fig. 266.— Dorsal surface of the animal. Fic. 267.— Ventral surface. f mm, mesenteric muscle; di, divaricators; da, dorsal adjustors: va, ventral adjustors; oc, oeclusors; bm, brachigt muscles; bp, brachial process; ac, alimentary canal (According to Jounin, this organ should have a median, not lateral termination), Subgenus Ancistrocrania, Dall. 1877. (Plate 7, Figs. 1, 2.) ae i (Synonym; Cranopsis, Dall. 1871.) nee Lower valve attached ; upper valve with two internal apophyses me or muscular fulcra diverging from the apex. Bak Type, Ancistrocrania Parisiensis, Defrance (sp.). Cretaceous. Subgenus Craniscus, Dall. 1871. sak (Plate 7, Fig. 3.) | a (Synonym; Siphonuria, Quenstedt. 1851.) “ Attached valve divided by a transverse and a longitudinal fee septum into three cells, the posterior containing the THBGHa ee. impressions. : BS Type, Craniscus tripartitus, Miinster (sp.). Jurassic. eran ¢Subgenus Pseudocrania, McCoy. 1851. ; i (Plate 7, Figs. 11-13.) (Synonym; Pa/wocrania, Eichwald. 1860.) me: Shell free; valves convex; margins of contact broad and flat; = upper valve with three pairs of muscular scars, the largest sub- % marginal; a smaller median pair, and an anterior pair with the Be | members in apposition. In the lower valve the median and mr fee.” 1891. 73-129 i narrowing gradually in following the contour of the valve, 578 FoORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. anterior scars are coalesced; the cardinal scarsin the as other valve. a Type, Pseudocrania antiquissima, EKichwald (sp.). (Lower — Silurian.) , | “4 Subgenus Craniella, dihlert. 1888. (Plate 7, Figs. 4, 8.) ee & Shell somewhat irregular, outline subcircular or subquadrangu- lar. Lower valve thin, adhering by its entire surface; upper valve conoidal, more or less elevated; apex subcentral, posterior; — a well defined border ; impressions of the adductors large, very distinct, four in number, of which the poste- rior two are quite distant, the anterior — two subcentral, somewhat smaller, closely approximate or even con- | . terior impressions starts a vascular Fie. 268.— Craniella Meduanensis. . : ; a ede Gea sinus, which is broad, strongly Internal cast of upper valve. sinuous near its point of departure, emitting from its marginal side dichotomizing secondary branches. Type, Craniella Meduanensis, hlert. Istribution. Lower Silurian to Devonian. - Subgenus Cardinocrania, Waagen. 1885. (Plate 7, Figs. 9, 10.) Shells attached; posterior margin straight, set off from the rest of the outline by strong post-lateral indentations. Interior with a thin triangular plate, broad at its base where attached in the cardinal region; supported by a low median septum, Muscular impressions unknown. Type, Cardinocramia Indica, Waagen. (Permo-carboniferous, India.) Pholidops, Hall. 1859. (Plate 7, Figs. 14-22.) Synonyms; Patellites, Schlotheim, 1820; Craniops, Hall. 1859. Shells small, patelliform, equivalve, equiconvex, inarticulate, unattached, Outline oval or subelliptical; apex subcentral, 180 interior of the upper valve without ~~ fluent; from near each of the pos- ; 4 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 579 excentric or marginal, sometimes terminal and produced. Surface | marked by strong concentric, often lamellose lines of growth, which are crowded on the posterior, and distant on the anterior portions of the valves; these are sometimes crossed by faint interrupted radiating lines. On the interior, the surfaces of con- tact make a broad, smooth, flat or slightly convex border, some- what broader in front than behind. The muscular and visceral area occupies a sharply defined and very limited: space in the apical portion of each valve. In both valves it is of essentially the same size and ovate-triangular in outline, the apex of the triangle pointing forward and usually surrounded by a con- - spicuous callosity. The ventral (?) valve bears two well defined central adductors occupying the same relative position as in Cranra; these— impressions are usually simple, but appear to be sometimes com- plicated by association with ill-defined scars of the anterior muscles. The posterior adductors or divaricators are situated at the basal angles of the muscular triangle, and are distant from the posterior margin. The linear parietal scars are very strong, the posterior being more or less distinctly lobate, the anterior generally straight or rounding about the central adductors. In the opposite or dorsal (?) valve the scars have essentially the same arrangement; the anterior adductors, however, are separated by elongate median scars (anteriors) which traverse the elevated callosity surrounding the anterior margin of the area. The posterior scars are often more widely divergent than in the other valve. Shell-substance calcareous and impunctate (?). - - Type, Pholidops squamiformis, Hall. — Distribution, Lower Silurian to Lower Carboniferous. 131 580 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Th 6 Brachiopoda Articulata. Valves articulated ; intestine terminating in a blind sac; shell- substance essentially calcareous. So far as our knowledge of the fossil species extends, there are — very few of the forms included in this division to which the above definition does not apply. Several genera show very considera- ble modification of the articulating apparatus, but with rare exceptions these modifications in each group appear to be pro- | - gressive, extending along certain lines of development and finally acquiring an extravagant manifestation, which may terminate abruptly or be followed by the degeneration and obsolescence of some of the parts. : For example, the articulating apparatus in SrropHEopontTa, Propvuctus, etc., may be regarded as in a degenerative condition, and on this account these genera are sometimes placed near the base of the articulate division, though the type of structure exhib- ited by them is much more highly modified than in Orrais and its immediate allies in the older rocks. The mode of articulation in Propvorus appears to have come legitimately from the progress and development of some portions of the articulating apparatus on the one hand, and the obsoles- cence of other characters, which appear in the earlier forms of strophomenoid shells, and have become modified in their pro- gress through the chonetids. While this may be regarded as a degeneration, it is also a progressive modification. Of the various designations which have been proposed with a signification equivalent to Professor Huxiey’s term for this sub- division of the Bracutopopa, are ARTHROPOMATA, OWEN ; CLISTEN- TuRATA, Kina; while Bronn made use of the two names Txstr- CARDINES and APYGIA. Orthis, Dalman. 1828. (Plates 9-12.) Synonyms; JZysterolithes, Schlotheim, 1820; Orthambonites, Pander, 1830. Shell subcircular, subovate or subquadrate in outline. Valves more or less convex, the smaller or brachial valve being some- times nearly flat or slightly concave. Hinge-line straight and ~ equal to, or shorter than the greatest width of the shell. Cardi- 132 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 581 nal area well developed on each valve and usually divided by an open triangular delthyrium. Beaks more or less incurved. Surface covered by radiating cost or fine striz, with faint evidence of median fold and sinus. In the interior of the pedicle-valve the large hinge-teeth are supported by dental plates which are more or less conspicuously developed, frequently resting upon the bottom of the valve. The bases of these are continued as a low elevation about the muscular area. This muscular impression is divided longitudi- nally by an inconspicuous median ridge and the larger expan- sions on each side were probably occupied by the diductor muscles; within these and lying close against the median ridge are the adductors, while the pedicle muscles covered the posterior deltidial portion of this area. In the interior of the brachial valve the apex of the deltidial cavity bears a more or less developed cardinal process or callosity, which, in the typical group, is elongate and usually simple at its termination. The dental sockets are deep and their inner walls support short divergent crura. The muscular impression is more or less distinctly quadruple, being divided longitudinally by a median ridge extending forward from the cardinal process, and transversely by fainter ridges. This quadruple scar marks the place of attachment of the adductor muscle. Ramified vascular markings are often retained over the pallial area, the principal trunks diverging from the median region and nearly following the curve of the anterior margin of the shell. Between these and the adductor impressions the markings of the ovarian areas are sometimes visible. Shell-structure fibrous and impunctate in the typical group. This extensive genus has been divided into the following groups or subgenera: 3 Orthis, Dalman, sensu stricto. I. Group of Orrats catiactis, Dalman. (Plate 9, Figs, 1-7.) Shells plano-convex in contour; cost, strong, sharp and com- paratively few, rarely if ever bifurcating; the cardinal area on the pedicle-valve elevated and somewhat incurved ; dental lamellze slightly developed, not extending the entire length of the umbonal cavity. The cardinal process on the brachial valve is 133 SPE end ss.) 4 aed) hg » 4 a a 1 i Aad “ / r "1 migy 582 Forry-rirtH Report on THE STATE Museum. an elongate, vertical plate, extending from the apex the whole | length of the delthyrium, thus longitudinally dividing the deep — deltidial cavity. It is usually simple, both on the outer edge and — at itsdistal extremity. Shell structure compactly fibrous and — impunctate, except for large oblique tubules penetrating the external layers. (Lower— Upper Silurian.) Plectorthis, Hall. 1892. II. Group of Orrais pricaTeLya, Hall. (Plate 9, Figs. 8-10.) Valves subequally convex. Cardinal area of pedicle-valve low ; plications strong, simple or duplicate. Shell substance impune- tate. (Lower Silurian — (?) Lower Devonian.) Dinorthis, Hall. 1892. III. Group of Orruis protineLLa (Conrad, MS.), Emmons. (Plate 9, Figs. 11-15.) Relative convexity of the valves reversed. Surface with strong, : rarely bifurcating plications. Delthyrium sometimes partially closed. Muscular area in pedicle-valve subquadrate, bounded by extensions of the dental lamellz. In the brachial valve the muscular impressions are obscure; cardinal process erect, broad and frequently bilobed on its posterior face. Shell structure impunctate. (Lower Silurian.) Plesiomys, Hall. 18992. IV. Group of Ortuis suBpquaprRata, Hall. (Plate 9, Figs. 16-20.) Valves with reversed convexity. In the interior of the pedicle- valve there is a large quadrate muscular scar, with a tendency to bilobation by the lateral extension of the diductor impressions. The subdivision of this area into separate scars is frequently very distinct. In the brachial valve the cardinal process is thickened and erect at its posterior extremity, being distinctly crenulate on the summit and posterior face. The surface striz are tubulose and the shell-structure fibrous-impunctate. (Lower Silurian.) Hebertella, Hall. 1892. V. Group of Orrais sinvata, Hall. (Plate 10, Figs. 1-4.) Shells with convexity of the valves reversed. Surface covered with numerous fine, rounded, closely-crowded_ plications, crossed by lamellose growth-lines. On the interior of the pedicle-valve 134 a om LF Ne. Se) hee Res ef ee Lee ao ee Nae STEN Toe Ree eR Ame oT _ REPORT oF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 583 the teeth are large and supported by thick lamellz which are continued as a strong ridge around a short obcordate muscular area. This area is medially divided by a prominent ridge upon the summit of which lies the linear scar of the adductors. The flabellate lateral impressions are sometimes divisible into their two components, diductors and adjustors, and in old individuals the impression of the pedicle-muscle is often distinct. In the brachial valve the dental sockets are narrow and are inclosed beneath, and on the inner side, by the strong crural plates. The cardinal process is elongate and simple, sometimes thickened, often crenulate, but not lobed at its posterior extremity. The process unites with the inner basis of the crural plates and is produced forward as a median ridge dividing the four muscular scars, which are distinctly developed only in old shells. Shell-structure fibrous-impunctate ; the plications of the surface sometimes tubulose. (Lower — Upper Silurian.) Orthostrophia, Hall. 1883. VI. Group of Orruis stropHomENorpEs, Hall. (Plate 10, Figs. 5-8.) Contour and surface as in Heserretia. In the interior of the pedicle-valve the muscular area is deeply excavated, and limited almost to the narrow space between the dental lamella. The adductor scars are extremely minute and linear, while the diduc- tors occupy the rest of the area. In the opposite valve the mus- cular area is similarly confined but the quadrilobate character of the impression is very decided. The lateral components are divided by a strong median ridge, and the entire area is deeply impressed in the substance of the shell. The cardinal process is elongate and simple at its posterior extremity, U8 crural plates and crura strong. The vascular and ovarian markings are conspicuols. In the pedicle-valve two or three large vascular trunks originate near the anterior edge of the muscular area, divide a few times in their passage over the pallial region, the branches rapidly multi- — plying near the margin. In the opposite valve the main sinuses are four in number, originating in pairs at the ante-lateral mar- 135 A =.§ - re — S one _— EPS IS Oe al, nt na * = Pie Ses OE ate ae FU oe Seis i “ 7 ra! FF ag Zt> a9 Soe Sete Te «~. OE Ty waa aE 4 a oo ne A ‘ ees 584 ForTyY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. gins of the anterior adductors. The outer member of each pair curves quite abruptly toward the cardinal angle, while the inner members{|curve outward and then inward, all ramifying as they | approach the margins of the shell. The umbo-lateral spaces inclosed by the curvature of these sinuses in both valves, and the central space in the brachial valve, are covered with linear den- dritic ovarian striz. Shell substance impunctate. (Lower Devonian.) Platystrophia, King. 1850. VIL Group of Ortuis Birorata, Schlotheim (sp.). (Plate 10, Figs. 9-13.) Contour spiriferoid; hinge-line and area long and straight, nearly equally developed on the two valves. Both valves very convex, the brachial being the more so, and bearing a very strong median fold corresponding to a deep sinus on the opposite valve. Surface of valves marked by strong, sharp plications, which extend — over the fold and sinus, and the external surface is finely granu- lose, the latter feature being rarely well retained. Delthyrium open in both valves, being somewhat larger in the pedicle-valve, and in old and gibbous shells of Orthis lynx it has often encroached to a considerable extent upon the umbonal region of the valve. Teeth thick and very prominent; muscular area comparatively small, but usually deeply excavated in the substance of the shell, and not readily divisible into the component scars. The cardinal process of the brachial valve is a simple linear ridge, always small and sometimes nearly obsolete. Dental sockets comparatively small; crural plates large and thick, uniting at their inner bases and produced into a prominent median ridge. Muscular area quadruplicate. Shell-structure very compact and finely fibrous, without punctation. ) (Lower — Upper Silurian.) Heterorthis, Hall. 1892. VIII. Group of Orrsis Crytrs, Hall. (Plate 11, Figs. 1-3.) Contour leptenoid. Shell transversely oval, with a straight hinge-line and rounded cardinal extremities ; its form is depressed plano-convex, the convexity of the pedicle-valve being slight. 136 REPORT OF THE STATE (/EOLOGIST. 585 ~ ‘The cardinal area is about equally developed on each valve. Surface ornamented by fine, rounded, radiating striae between each two of which are from two to six much finer radiating lines; all these are crenulated by exceedingly faint growth-lines. The interior of the pedicle-valve has short teeth with prominent extremities, and inconspicuous dental lamelle. The muscular impression is large and consists of a small adductor scar situated centrally, and two lateral scars which are flabellate and greatly elongated, but not uniting in front and inclosing the adductor, as is usual in typical forms of Orrnis. These lateral scars are divided into subordinate impressions, of which the outer posterior members may represent the adjustors. In the brachial valve the dental sockets are obscure, the crural plates oblique, terminating abruptly at the bases of the crura, their lower part being con- tinued in a low ridge surrounding a short subcircular muscular area, which is very obscurely quadrilobate. The cardinal process has a vertical, sharp, simple, posterior edge, butis much thickened where it unites with the crural plates, and is produced along the muscular area as a prominent median ridge. From the ante- lateral margins of the muscular area radiate six low, somewhat _ sinuous ridges of similar character to those frequently seen in members of Group XI. Both valves are considerably thickened just within the margins, as in many strophomenoids. The shell-structure is finely tibrous and perforated by minute punctations which are in general sparsely developed, but most distinctly arranged in radiating rows corresponding to the surface strie. (Lower Silurian.) Bilobites, Linné. 1775. Synonym: Dicelosia, King. 1850. IX. Group of Orruis pitopa, Linné. (Plate 10, Figs. 14-19.) Shells small, strongly bilobed. Hinge-line short; teeth and sockets obscure; cardinal process small and simple. Crural plates thin and very long, often extending as far forward as the com- mencement of the lobation. Muscular area indistinct, larger in the, brachial, than in the pedicle-valve. Shell-substance fibrous 1891. 74 137 at their extremities and supported by lamella which are pro- 5856 Forvy-FirTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. and punctated by coarse tubules apparently arranged in radiating Pe rows. Bite (Lower Silurian — Lower Devonian.) a Dalmanella, Hall. 1892. Group of Orrnis TEstupINARIA, Dalman. 2 ob, ah ea Cs (Plate 11, Figs. 4-17.) — Pi oe Shells plano-convex or subequally biconvex. Pedicle-valve ee usually the deeper, often gibbous, elevated at the umbo and Pe arched over the cardinal area. Hinge-line generally shorter than r the greatest width of the shell. In many of the species thereis a more or less conspicuous, undefined median fold and sinuson ss the pedicle and brachial valves respectively. Surface covered with fine, rounded biturcating strie. In the pedicle-valve the teeth are quite prominent, thickened os oh a duced forward, circumscribing a rather short suboval or sub- quadrate muscular area, which is more or less distinctly defined in different species and in different conditions of the shell. In the brachial valve the cardinal process extends forward to the bases of the crural plates, where it is broadened and continued thence as a median ridge separating the muscular impressions. The inner surface of this process is divided by a faint median furrow which produces two lobes at the posterior extremity, and each of these lobes is again divided, making the process quadri- lobate. Sometimes the inner divisions of the two main lobes have coalesced, producing a strong median lobe and thus making the process appear trilobate. In some species, at maturity, and in others from abnormal growth, this process becomes a broad plug, which fills the entire delthyrial opening. The dental sockets are small, the crural plates often greatly elevated, especially in the plano-convex forms, and they are not usually produced into a ridge about the muscular area, but end abruptly. Muscular impressions quadruplicate, sometimes with radiating ridges extending from the lateral and- anterior margins. Shell-substance finely fibrous and punctate. (Lower Silurian — Upper Silurian.) 138 « 4 . 4 : REPORT OF THE STATE ({KOLOGIST. | 587 Rees: Rhipidomella, (Ehlert. 1830. ee Synonym; Lhipidomys, Gthlert. 1887. e. re. Xl. Group of Orrais Micwe.ini, Léveillé. : Plate 12, Figs. 1-13.) Shell subcircular in outline, biconvex and sublenticular, with the brachial valve somewhat the deeper. Hinge-line short, -_ eardinal area narrow, especially on the brachial valve. The covered with fine, rounded, subequal striz which are hollow, 1 often opening upon the surface; these openings probably repre- Dk, 7 Sent the broken bases of short tubular spines. aoe The pedicle valve bears two strong diverging teeth, planted firmly upon the valve at the bottom of the delthyrium, and extending upward and outward at their extremities; from their forward, bordering the muscular area. The muscular area < extends from one-third to five-sixths the length of the valve and is deeply impressed ; the pedicle-scar fills the entire rostral cavity ; ts the adductors occupy a small central scar which is completely ‘ enveloped by the great diductors. A median ridge arises in front of the adductors, dividing the diductors; sometimes the latter scars rest upon a general anterior flattening of this ridge, and — in rare instances the ridge divides the separate components of ; the adductor impression. The margin of the entire muscular : area is thickened and elevated, and outside of this are deeply pitted ovarian markings. In the brachial valve the dental sockets are deep and narrow, the crural plates extremely prominent, sometimes supporting © F short crura. The cardinal process is erect, strongly arched on — os. its anterior face, often very thick and greatly elevated; the edge — aa process. The shell-structure is coarsely fibrous and very strongly abundant along the furrows Reuvi cea the strie. 139 bg surface bears a slight median depression on each valve, and is_ bases a more or less strongly defined curving ridge extends of its posterior face is multilobate, the posterior sees itself having a trilobed appearance. The muscular area is quadrupli-- cate, comparatively small and usually indistinct. A broad, low, — median ridge extends forward from the base of the cardinal — punctate, the perforations being large and generally more — (Upper Silurian — Upper Carboniferous.) Ss SRE IE ES RS ok deer ge rh signe { : ForTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Schizophoria, King. 1850. XII. Group of Orrsis resupinata. Martin. (Plate 11, Figs. 18-23.) Shells resupinate or with normal convexity ree as in Groups IV, V, VI. Surface very finely striate, the striz being hollow, tubulose and produced into short spines as in Ro1PIpOMELLA. In the pedicle-valve there is a short subquadrate or obcordate muscular area with thickened, elevated margins, and deeply sunkin | the substance of the shell; in the opposite valve a less distinctly defined, quadripartite area. In the brachial valve the crural plates are erect and divergent; the cardinal process, which in ~ young shells, has much the same character as in RurpmomeELia, becomes resorbed and thus narrowed with age, making a thin and sharp ridge; concomitant with this change is the formation, in the delthyrial cavity, of one, two or even three minor ridges on each side of the original process, so that in old shells the pos- terior face of the process appears to be multilobate. In this valve four (rarely six) deep pallial sinuses take their origin at the anterior margin of the muscular area, passing forward as broad, simple, subparallel bands, to near the margin of the valve, where they bifurcate and become arborescent. Shell substance highly punctate. (Upper Silurian —Coal Measures.) Orthotichia, Hall. 1892. XIII. Group of Orrnis? Moreantana, Derby. (Plate 12, Figs. 14-17.) External form as in Scarzopsori1a. In the pedicle-valve the dental lamellze are highly developed, between them lying a conspicuous median septum ; muscular area not deeply impressed. Shell substance punctate. (Carboniferous; Brazil, India.) ° Enteletes, Fischer de Waldheim. 1830. XIV. Group of Hnteletes Lamarcki, Fischer de Waldheim. (Plate 12, Figs. 18-21.) Valves strongly inflated; brachial valve the more convex. Surface coarsely ribbed and covered with fine radial striae. Hinge-line short; cardinal area of pedicle-valve highly 140 ee fae ie een > ) ~ : aie "4 ee ¢ r : 1 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 589 developed. On the interior the pedicle-valve bears strong teeth, highly developed convergent dental lamellw, and an elevated: median septum which extends to the middle of the valve, terminating abruptly. In the brachial valve the crura are recurved over the cardinal line and are supported by strong septa; cardinal process small, erect and multilobate. Muscular sears very faint. Shell substance punctate, tubulose at the surface. — (Carboniferous. ) Billingsella, Hall. 1892. (Plate 8, Figs. 1, 2.) Shell transverse ; subquadrate or semicircular in outline. Con tour concavo—, or plano-convex. Surface sharply striate or plicate.. Pedicle-valve the more convex; cardinal area moderately high, vertical or slightly incurved. Delthyrium covered by a convex _ plate, which, in rare instances, may be minutely perforated at the apex; the teeth are well developed, but the dental plates are _ continued along the bottom of the umbonal cavity, only near the apex inclosing a small subelliptical muscular area. In the ” brachial valve the cardinal area is greatly inclined, making an obtuse angle with that of the opposite valve. The delthyrium is partially covered by a convex deltidium which never attains the development seen in the opposite valve, and is often wholly absent. Type, Orthis Pepa, Hall. Distribution. Cambrian—(?) Upper Silurian. Protorthis, Hall. 1892. (Plate 8, Figs 3-7.) . Shells small, transversely subquadrate or semicircular. Hinge- line straight, its length being equal to the greatest width of the valves. Valves unequally biconvex, or sub-planoconvex, the pedicle-valve being the larger. The cardinal area is narrow on both valves, but is higher on the pedicle-valve, and is transected by a broad delthyrium which is closed below by a concave plate apparently produced by the union of the dental lamella, which are not continued to the bottom of the valve; teeth distinctly developed. In the brachial valve the cardinal area also bears an | 7 2 open delthyrium ; the dental sockets are obscure and the crural 141 . _ \ 590 ForvY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEU». | plates small; the latter appear to unite and form a low elevation . . i, across the base of the delthyrium. Cardinal process absent or . rudimentary in all the specimens examined. Muscular markings _ in both valves extremely obscure. Surface marked by distinct plications, with interstitial finer radii, which are crossed by delicate concentric striae; these are usually accompanied by a low sinus and fold on the brachial and _ pedicle-valves, respectively; interior very finely papillose. Shell- — _ substance fibrous and apparently punctate. Type, Orthis Bullangsi, Hartt. (Cambrian.) Clitambonites, Pander. 1830. (Plate 8, Figs. 8, 9.) Synonyms; Pronztes, Gonambonites, Pander. 1830. Shells with a subsemicircular marginal outline’; convex or subpyramidal in the typical group. Hinge-line straight and — forming the greatest diameter of the shell. — Pedicle-valve elevated, cardinal area high, vertical, or sometimes incurved, and crossed by a broad delthyrium, which is normally covered by a convex, perforate deltidium. On the interior of the valve the dental lamelle are very strongly developed, converging and uniting in the median line before reaching the bottom of the valve; thus forming a spondylium, which, with the deltidium, — incloses a conical subrostral vault. This plate is supported by a median septum extending for about one-half the length of the valve. Muscular impressions obscure. In the brachial : valve the cardinal area is considerably developed, and the delthyrium filled by a conspicuous callosity, against the inner side of which the simple orthoid cardinal process. abuts. The dental sockets are large, the crural plates low and continuous with the edges of the delthyrial callosity. A thickened transverse area is formed in the umbonal region by the union of the inner portions of the crural plates with the cardinal process, and thence a broad median ridge is continued forward through the muscular area, which is sharply defined and quadripartite. External surface covered with radiating strive. Shell-substance impunctate. Type, Clitambonites adscendens, Pander. Distribution. ower Silurian. 142 ; Po; REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 591 Hemrpronires, Pander, 1830. (Plate 8, Figs. 14,15.) Shells as in Crrramsonirrs but with shorter hinge-line and subequally convex valves. Type, WH. twmida, Pander: Lower Silurian). Orrnistna D’Orbigny, 1847. (Plate 8, Figs. 10-13.) Shells as in Ciirameontres but with the cardinal area and chilidium of the brachial valve extravagantly developed. Type, O. anomala, Schlotheim (sp.) - Lower Silurian), Subgenus Polyteechia, Hall. 1899. (Plate 8, Figs. 16-20.) Shell small, subtrihedral in contour. Hinge-line straight, about equaling the diameter of the shell. Pedicle-valve with a high, nearly vertical cardinal area marked with oblique striations parallel to the lateral margins. Delthyrium covered by a narrow, convex plate; the presence of a foramen nut determined. On the interior the dental lamella are widely separated, and descend along the umbonal cavity for a short distance vertically, thence bending Sharply inward and meeting at a low angle in the median line ; thus forming, aa poadirenie ts with the deltidium, a conspicuous subrostral. or. pedicts-valve.. cease vault. Thisis supported by a stout median Pex. septum, and two smaller lateral septa, which meet it at the lines of angulation ; the former of these extends for the entire length of the plate, while the latter is free from the accessory septa near its anterior edge. The umbonal cavity of the valve is thus © divided into five chambers, and in the lateral chambers there is still another septum, lower than the rest and not extending to thé spondylium. The brachial valve is shallow and depressed- convex, with a narrow cardinal area. The delthyrium is very broad with a partially developed covering, the dental sockets are widely separated, the crural plates narrow and nearly parallel to to the hinge-line. The cardinal process is simple, linear and quite prominent, and at its union with the crural plates is a subtri-_ angular thickening which is supported by a low median septum. Surface covered with fine, elevated, radiating strie, without evidence of median fold and sinus. Type, Hemipronites apicalis, Whitfield. (Lower Silurian.) | 143 592 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. Scenidium, Hall. 1860. (Plate 8, Figs. 21-27.) Synonym; Mystrophora, Kayser, 1871. Shell subpyramidal, somewhat semicircular, with or withow median sinus and elevation. Pedicle-valve elevated, subpyra- — a midal; beak straight or slightly arched; muscular impressions undetermined. Cardinal area large, triangular, divided by a — narrow fissure, which is sometimes closed at the summit by a concave plate. Brachial valve flat, or varying from depressed- convex to concave. Beak entire, or indented by the foramen ; cardinal line straight and usually equaling the width of the shell; crural plates broad and well developed, marked by the imprints of the pedicle muscles, and produced in the middle in a pointed process; the cardinal process extends, as a median septum, through the length of the shell, and may be simple or divided at its anterior extremity. Exterior surface covered with radiat- ing striz. Type, Scenedium insigne, Hall. Distribution. Lower Silurian — Middle Devonian. Orthidium, Hall. 1892. (Plate 8, Figs. 28-81.) Shell very small, transverse, having the external aspect of Scenipium. Hinge-line long, making the greatest diameter of the shell. Pedicle-valve the more convex; cardinal area moder- ately high, with a broad open delthyrium, strong teeth and inconspicuous dental plates; in all respects like the correspond- ing valve of Orthis calligramma. Brachial valve slightly convex ; cardinal area very narrow; dental sockets well developed, crural plates very short and erect, coalesced with the cardinal process, which thus becomes a vertical, transverse, subcrescentic plate, at the base of which the shell is somewhat excavated; muscular scar quadruplicate. Surface covered with radiating strizw, which extend over the broad, low sinus and fold in the brachial and pedicle-valves respectively. In the former the sinus makes a prominent median ridge in the interior of the valve. Shell- structure not determined. Type, Orthidiwm gemmicula, Billings. (Lower Silurian.) 144 are yay — 4 ST, Ac af ar | * ; Meret a ' Rae ys et | . ca Fk oan ieaecer: OF THE Srare @xoLoest, 593 pe” Leptella, Hall. 1892. ia . (Plate 18, Figs. 10-12.) Shells small, normally concavo-convex. Outline semicircular or semielliptical. Hinge-line straight, making the greatest a _ diameter of the shell. Pedicle-valve evenly convex, cardinal area moderately high, delthyrium for most of its extent covered ae by a convex plate; teeth inconspicuous and unsupported by —_ lamelle; muscular impressions undetermined. Brachial valve Be slightly concave ; cardinal area comparatively high; the delthy- rium filled by the cardinal process, which, as viewed from _ behind, is divided by a median groove for its entire height. On the cardinal margin this process is double but less conspicuous above the hinge-line. They are short, terminate abruptly, and inclose deep sockets. The visceral area is flattened or concave, _ its anterior margin forming a double curve, from which line the _ surface of the valve is abruptly deflected. This visceral area is divided by a broad median ridge and its surface covered with fine, sharp radiating lines which end at the line of deflection. Type, Leptella sordida, Billings. Distribution. Cambrian — Lower Silurian. oS : Leptena, Dalman. 1828. eh ; (Plate 13, Figs. 1-4, 6-9.) Synonym; Leptagonia, McCoy, 1844. Shells plano-convex when young, concavo-convex at maturity; _ corrugations or wrinkles over the flatter portions of the valves. Where these cease the surface is more or less abruptly and often _ The whole exterior is covered with fine, even, radiating, thread- lated by finer concentric striw. Outline transversely subquadrate _ diameter of the shell; extremities often subanriculate. Cardi- nate In the ‘pees the Fishes is covered by a ie convex deltidium, perforated at the apex by a foramen which is © closed at maturity or encroaches upon the apex of the valve. cae.” 2891. 155 EE TAB than the crural plates, which are arched and highly elevated % convexity normal. Surface covered by conspicuous concentric rectangularly deflected, forming a conspicuous anterior slope. | like, tubular striz, which, in well-preserved specimens, are crenu-_ or semioval. Hinge-line straight, its length making the greatest — Le NR HY aa Ce are De. | se Pee oa) ‘i AUS he ty | 4 4 i oe ay, . a uy < has Vag 594 PORTY- FIFTH Report on rae State Museum. This deltidium is most conspicuously bovelonean in early stages of Z growth, when it has the form of a tube or sheath, which char- 2 acter becomes obliterated as maturity approaches, Be the increase _ a in the size of the cardinal process, and the deltidial callosity cap fo 3 formed about its base. In adult shells the foramen has become : 4 inclosed by’ the substance of the shell, its external opening being — 3 an oblique groove in front of the apex of the valve, and its inner a aperture appearing in front of the pedicle-scar. Not infre ~ quently the passage is closed at maturity. The teeth are very divergent and quite conspicuous, generally supported by lamellae which are continued around the subcircular muscular area of the narrow umbonal cavity. The muscular scars consist of a narrow -median or adductor, inclosed by flabelliform diductors. ee 3 In the brachial valve the area is linear, the delthyrium is pro- ~ gressively filled by the growth of a callosity, which is often deeply grooved, along the center, and sometimes perforated in | the line of division between the branches of the cardinal process. The cardinal process consists of two sessile, diverging, apophyses which have broad, flat, striated surfaces of attachment, and are — : extended beyond the hinge-line. The sockets are moderately deep; the crural plates are usually not sharply defined, but are continued in a curving line along the inner surface of the valve, partially embracing a pair of broad, ovate muscular impressions which are marked by aborescent ramifications; recurving and again incurving, these ridges partially surround a pair of smaller muscular areas, lying in front of the first. At the inner base of | each branch of the cardinal process there arises a low elevation or callosity, which, extending obliquely forward, and uniting in the center, continues as a narrow median ridge dividing the posterior pair of muscular impressions. This ridge sometimes terminates ina point near the base of the first pair of impres- sions, and the second pair are separated by a low, slender median septum, which sometimes apparently takes its origin at this point, but which is in fact a continuation from the interrupted posterior ridge, and extends for some distance over the pallial region. The muscular area, when its features are most distinctly retained, shows the subdivision into the following scars: (@) A large posterior pair (the posterior adductors), the surface of which is covered with arborescent ridges; the anterior portion of 146 Report or THE STATE (EOLOGIST. 595 each of these scars is smoother than the rest, generally much thickened and often extremely elevated at its outer margins. These may be regarded as accessory elements of the posterior adductors. (%) An anterior pair (anterior adductors), situated close together at about the center of the valve. The position of these is generally well defined but their outline is frequently obscure. (c) An elongate, narrow median scar, which is appar- ently divided for its entire length by a faint ridge In front of the muscular area there are often a number of short protuberances on each side of the median septum, and the anterior pair of scars is frequently obliterated by prominent callosities. At the line of geniculation the interior surface is elevated into a very promi- nent, sharp, or abruptly rounded crest. Spiral callosities for the _ Shell-substance strongly punctate. Type, Leptena rugosa, Dalman. Distribution. Silurian — Carboniferous. Rafinesquina, Hall. 1892. (Plate 13, Figs. 513-18.) Shells normally concavo-convex. Surface ornamented by radia- ting strie, of alternating size, crossed and crenulated by finer support of the brachia, similar to those in Davipsonra and ~ _ Lepranisoa, have been observed. concentric striz. Cardinal margins without denticulations. Interior of the pedicle-valve with the muscular area not strongly 3 limited ; consisting of two broad flabellate diductor scars inclos- ing an elongate, more distinctly defined adductor. The faintness of the limitation of this area is in marked contrast to the sharply defined muscular area in the corresponding valve of Leprmna. In WE? : the brachial valve the cardinal process is more closely sessile than in Leprena, and there is frequently a linear callosity between = the branches. The posterior adductor scars have the arborescent markings of Leptwna rhomboidalis, and these impressions are the retained with distinctness. From the anterior margin of the muscular area radiates a series of irregular furrows and nodose — _ ridges, which are to some extent of vascular origin. Type, Rasinesquina alternata, Conrad (sp.). Distribution. Lower — (?) Upper Silurian. 147 of _ only ones well defined, the anterior scars being narrow and rarely _ Te ys se tk Peres | Stropheodonta, Hall. 1852. (Plate 14, Figs. 1-6.) | ae or ay boiee longitudinally, sometimes showing seal ne a outer lamine of the shell, strong, parallel, transverse bars, which. project beyond the cardinal margin as short processes, and articu- late with a corresponding series of pits in the opposite valve. — ‘ The earliest species have these denticulations developed only for a short distance on each side of the center, while in the latter faunas they extend the entire length of the hinge-line. In the oe _ type-species the delthyrium is usually completely closed by the © a extension of the shelly laminz of the area, and on the inside by - the formation of a callosity between the apophyses of the cardi- — nal process. Sometimes a low, narrow, convex deltidium is — present, and in the early species the delthyrium is frequently open. From the normal position of the dental lamelle there extend 4 4 two diverging, sometimes nearly vertical ridges of variable strength bounding the post-lateral portion of the muscular area, which is not limited by a ridge in front. The entire muscular area consists of two broad flabelliform diductor scars, inclosing an oval adductor which is distinctly divided into anterior and posterior elements. The foramen, dental plates and teeth are obsolete or obsolescent in the Devonian species. £; In the brachial valve the delthyrium i is also usually closed, the cardinal apophyses are strongly arched into the umbonal cavity of the opposite valve, their surfaces of attachment being some- times nearly parallel to the plane of the cardinal area of the brachial valve, and often extending beyond it. Small crural plates are always present, though they could not have been — functional at maturity. Muscular arrangement similar to that of — Rafinesquina aliernata, the posterior scars being more elongate the anterior pair usually less defined, and all the scars frequently obscured. . The anterior muscular fulcra are sometimes developed into very prominent elongate apophyses. The median septum often becomes elevated into a high crest at the center of the valve. Over the pallial region the interior of both valves is strongly papillose, External surface covered with radiating, 148 ae) ae Report or THE STAvE GHOLOGIST. ry sometimes fasciculate strie; rarely smooth. Shell-substance fibrous, coarsely punctate. Type, Stropheodonta demissa, Conrad (sp.). Distribution. Lower Silurian (7?) — Upper Devonian. Subgenus Pholidostrophia, Hall. 1892. (Plate 14, Figs. 11-15.) Ant Shells small; surface smooth or squamous; nacreous. Interior pn 4 of the brachial valve with three diverging ridges in front of the muscular area. (Type, 2. nacrea, Hall (sp.). Devonian.) Pe Subgenus Leptostrophia, Hall. 1892. me (Plate 15, Figs. 1-4.) Shell plano-convex or flat; delthyrium more or less completely > 4 closed. In the pedicle-valve are two pustulose diverging ridges, bounding the sides of the muscular area. Cardinal scars broad ___ and flabellate; not distinctly limited anteriorly. (Type, Z. mag- | euice, Hall. Devonian.) ; cee (2) Subgenus Brachyprion, Shaler. 1865. ‘i (Plate 14, Figs. 7-10.) i a bi Shells with delthyrium open or partially covered ; crenulations x of the cardinal margin confined to a very limited Bat oneither side of the fissure. ! ee (Type, B. Leda, Billings (sp.). Upper Silurian.) ee Subgenus Douvillina, Gihlert. 1887. By pe | (Plate 14, Figs. 16-19.) je Shells having a crenulated hinge and flat deltidium. In the — i -pedicle-valve are two small teeth connected with diverging — ‘ie ridges which are strongly elevated in front, and inclose a trans- age ! verse muscular area. Beneath the beak ee are two crests supported by a short - median septum; posteriorly these all unite to form a single apophysis grooved - in the middle and uniting with the a inner surface of the deltidium. The brachial valve has a prominent bifid | fe? cardinal’ process, and a pair of small oo: nrachial valve of pay om = : mits _ protuberances representing the crural lina Dutertrii. After @uurrr. _ Plates; from the base of the cardinal process extends a median 149 - 598 Forty-rirta REPORT on THE STATE Museum. ridge which bifurcates anteriorly inclosing a cavity for the inser- tion of the anterior adductors. (Type, D. Dutertriz, Murchison (sp.). Devonian.) Cadomella, Munier-Chalmas. 1887. Shell nearly flat or gently concavo-convex; hinge-line long, straight; beak of pedicle-valve scarcely prominent ; cardinal areas linear; deltidium narrow. On the interior the pedicle-valve bears divergent teeth between which lies an apophysis, serving as a base of attachment for the accessory diductors. The principal diductor scars are flabellate, but do not extend beyond the umbonal region. In the brachial valve is a stout cardinal pro- cess, grooved upon its upper surface near the lateral margins. Socket-walls greatly elevated and continued into curved crural apophyses which have a_ tendency to become free toward their say. r ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ’ ‘ . { ! ‘ ‘ Cadomella Moorii. Fia. 271.— Interior of pedicle-valve. Fig. 272.— Interior of brachial valve. (MuntTER- CHALMAS. ) extremities. There is a median septum which, at its anterior end, at the center of the valve, is strongly elevated and bilobed. The four adductor impressions united into two cordate scars whose outer margins are strongly thickened. Type, Cadomella Mooriw, Davidson (Lias). Strophonella, Hall. 1879. (Plate 15, Figs. 5-11.) Shells semicircular or semielliptical, concavo-convex, resupil nate, the pedicle valve concave and the brachial valve convex. Area of pedicle-valve striated, solid, with or without a centra- deltidial scar, or rarely a partial foramen, with similar features on the narrow area of the brachial valve; inner margins of the cardinal areas of each valve crenulate, and from beneath 150 ne OT ee Ye Ee Oe ee eT ee ee ee oe oe ¢, ‘ — ——. _~ _ ss REPORT OF THE Beare Gxonogisr. ; 5090 = A428 ee Sihie center of the ventral area there is (ptien a strong process (fre- quently bilobed) which extends beyond the cardinal line. Mus- | e ; cular area of the pedicle-valve strongly marked, and limited by a prominent border. Brachial valve wlth a narrow hinge-area _ + transversely or longitudinally striate, or both, and markedin the ‘ center by a deltidial scar. Cardinal process double, each divi- — E sion notched or bidentate at the extremity; muscular areas quadrangular. ; a. : Type, Strophonella fasciata, Hall. 4 cS ‘Distribution. Upper Silurian — Upper Devonian. aS Subgenus Amphistrophia, Hall. 1892. re ae i (Plate 15, Figs. 12-14.) a " Shells with convex deltidium and very short row of cardinal — -denticulations. In the pedicle-valve the muscular area is not -inclosed; in the brachial valve muscular markings extremely = o faint. a . (Type, A. striata, Hall (sp.). Upper Silurian.) me oe - | ' Strophomena, Rafinesque (de Blainville). 1825. aa : (Plate 14, Figs. 1-7.) 3 Synonyms; (4) Strophomenes, Rafinesque, 1820, 1831; Defraneess ‘. ic: ok 824. J i | _ Shells transversely subsemicircular or semielliptical ; greatest he: width along the hinge-line. Surface concayo-convex and covered with fine radiating striz which are equal or alternate in size. a The pedicle-valve is slightly convex about the umbo, but becomes rapidly concave toward the middle with the apex perforated, except in old age. The cardinal area is conspicuous and nearly _ vertical, and the delthyrium closed by a convex plate or delti- — F _- dium. Teeth widely divergent and supported by plates — + which are produced into elevated ridges nearly surround- | ae | ing the muscular area. The latter is relatively short, subcircular in outliné, deeply excavated and divided medially by a more or 5 less distinctly defined longitudinal ridge which is often continued oe over the pallial region. - mad ---—-' The brachial valve is concave at the umbo, becoming strongly Be ‘ig * convex with growth; it has much the narrower cardinal area, and — pe the delthyrium is rudimentary or incomplete. Dental sockets — Bi igen 151 ae ae ine Be er aE OS ee Hh ca ele gn A , Feces Naat ie aa tye Prt Secs x Siete , ; ies 600 forry-rirrH REPORT on THE STATE MUSEUM. deep, and continued as narrow grooves or indentations across the cardinal area. The crural plates are extended laterally with | a slight curve, but are not supported by septa; at their inner | margins they unite to form a callosity, upon which rests the short, bilobed cardinal process, which scarcely extends beyond the hinge-line. The muscular surface of this process is cordate in outline and is placed at a low angle to the plane of the area. A low median ridge extends forward from the hinge- Frias. 273, 274.— Strophomena rugosa. After DE BLAINVILLE. plate separating two large adductor scars, in front of which are 3 two narrow elongate impressions. Vascular and ovarian mark- ings frequently well defined. Shell-substance fibrous, strongly — punctate. 7 Type, Strophomena rugosa Rafinesque (de Blainville), 1825,= Leptena planumbona, Hall, 1847,as recognized by Kine and other authors. Distribution, Lower —(?) Upper Silurian. Orthothetes, Fischer de Waldheim. 1830. (Plate 14, Figs. 8-16.) | Shells plano-convex or biconvex, sometimes becoming concavo- convex with age. JBrachial valve usually the deeper in the pallial region; pedicle-valve highest about the umbo, which is © sometimes much extended, and often shows a pronounced ten- — dency to irregular growth. Surface covered with slender, subequal radii, which are crenulated by sharp concentric strie. Hinge-line long, equaling, and often greater than the width of — the shell; in some species frequently showing a tendency to auriculation at the extremities. Pedicle-valve with the cardinal area prominently developed; the delthyrium covered by a thick, more or less convex deltidium, which is rarely if ever perforated — at maturity. On the interior the teeth are moderately large, sometimes thickened, but not supported by dental plates. The 152 ’ Ase ; . ri s ay mee S oe Ma Me ed eh. eb ae ee Be ter oe ee =e, ae s : ‘i a potions inn he - ee ee ene ee ae er eee ee ; ie ~~" f= ha oo ee. adh all = ¥ a! ee a REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 601 muscular area is marked by flabelliform cardinal scars, inclosing By a small adductor impression. In the brachial valve the cardinal area is narrow, the deltidial covering small and emarginate at the center. The cardinal pro- cess is united to the crural plates, the whole forming a vertical suberescentic process, most elevated centrally and notched or divided at its crest, making it bilobed or bidentate, as seen from its, inner surface ; on its outer or posterior face each apophysis is deeply grooved, giving the entire cardinal process, from this | point of view, a distinctly quadrilobate appearance. The crural plates end more or less abruptly in elevated points, which undoubtedly mark the place of attachment of the crura. The bases of these plates are not produced around the muscular area. Muscular impression fiabelliform, very much as in the other valve; divided medially by a low faint ridge. Shell-substance strongly punctate. Type, Orthothetes crenistria, Phillips (sp.). Iistribution. Upper Silurian — Carboniferous. Hipparionyx, Vanuxem. 1842. (Plate 14, Figs. 17-20.) Shell large, subhemispherical. In youth, the pedicle-valve is a very slightly convex, but at maturity it is depressed, or concave, _ over the pallial region. The brachial valve is always very convex. _ Marginal outline of the valve subcircular. On the pedicle-valve the hinge-line is straight but short, the cardinal area low, and — the beak retrorse. The delthyrium is broad, and covered by an — *< ~ * > >» x- a an a. ie hi eo ye ic ae oe, saga ‘3 imperforate convex deltidium. The teeth are moderately large and are supported by lamellz which extend to the bottom of the _ umbonal cavity, and are produced into strong ridges entirely _ surrounding the muscular area. This area is very large and is — composed of broad, flabellate diductors inclosing an elongate or — cordate adductor impression. There is a low median septum in the umbonal cavity, separating the arms of the cardinal process of the opposite valve, but it is quite short, disappearing at the adductor scar, though sometimes reappearing in front of it. In the brachial valve there is no cardinal area. The cardinal sf process has essentially the same structure as in OrrHoruErss and Derpya, but is very high, its two branches completely traversng _ 1891. 76 1538 602 Fortvy-rirtH RePoRT on THE STATE Museum. the umbonal cavity of the opposite valve; it is supported by a short, median septum, and laterally by strong crural plates which extend for a short distance along the margins of the muscular impressions; these are usually quite faint and undefined, occupy- ing a much smaller area than in the pedicle-valve, and leaving arborescent markings as in some species of StropHEoponTA. On _ the interior of both valves the margin is sharply pectinated, or crenulated, the crenulations on the brachial valve extending to the base of the cardinal process, and in the pedicle-valve extend- ing for a considerable distance on the cardinal area. Surface of both valves covered with fine sharp radiating striz. Shell sub- stance punctate. Type, Hipparionyx proamus, Vanuxem. Distribution. Lower Devonian (Oriskany sandstone; but a single species is known). Kayserella, Hall. 1892. Shell subsemicircular ; hinge-line nearly equaling in length the greatest width of the shell; convexity normal. Pedicle-valve more convex than the brachial ; area moderately high ; delthyrium covered by a convex plate. Brachial valve slightly convex; area narrow ; chilidium well developed. In the interior, a large triangu- lar median septum extends almost to the bottom of the opposite . Fras. 275, 276, 277.— Kayserella lepida. After KAYSER. valve. Surface with a slight median ridge and furrow on pedicle and brachial valves respectively ; covered with sharp plications, increasing by intercalation near the margin. Shell substance punctate. Type, Kayserella lepida, Schnur (sp.). Distribution. Middle Devonian (Eifel; but a single species is known). Derbya, Waagen. 1884. (Plate 17, Figs. 1-9.) General character of the shell as in Orrnorperrs. The external form is more variable, being usually plano-conyex, sometimes concavo-conyvex, the pedicle-valve often the more elevated and sub- 154 hey Y< - REPORT OF THE S1YATE GROLOGIST. 603 pyramidal, becoming irregular in its growth toward the apex. The interior of the pedicle-valve bears a high median septum, extending longitudinally through the center of the muscular area, which is from one-third to two-thirds the length of the valve; near the apex of the umbonal cavity it unites with the dental plates forming a small triangular chamber beneath the deltidumi. In old shells this cavity is often filled by testaceous secretion. The dental plates do not extend to the bottom of the rostral cavity except near the apex. Brachial valve broad and regularly convex, or sometimes with an undefined median depression, and showing a tendency to auricu- lation at the cardinal extremities. Cardinal area linear; the crural plates are abruptly elevated, and unite to forma strong, erect cardi- nal process, which is distinctly bilobed at the summit; each lobe being slightly notched at the summit and distinctly grooved along the posterior face, these grooves uniting in a wider one at the poste- rior base of the process. Midway in their length these crural plates are marked by a transverse ridge which terminates on their anterior face in points for the attachment of the crura; on the inside of the dental sockets there is a distinct, sometimes strongly defined ridge, extending along the lateral margin of the broad flabelli- form muscular area, and gradually becoming obsolete. There is also a slight median ridge which becomes obsolete below the middle of the muscular area. Surface marked by strong, sharply elevated radii, which alternate with finer ones, all being crenu- lated, and the intermediate space cancellated by fine concentric striae. Type, Derbya regularis, Waagen. Distribution. Carboniferous. Meekella, White and St. John. 1868. (Plate 17, Figs. 10-13.) Shell robust, biconvex, often subpyramidal. Hinge-line straight and shorter than the greatest width of the shell. On the pedicle- valve the cardinal area is often greatly elevated and distorted ; the delthyrium is covered; the convex portion of the deltidium being much narrower than the space between the dental ridges. In the interior the teeth are prominent and supported by septi- form dental lamellae which reach the bottom of the umbonal | 155 re ty ee Ae ee Oe tar et roe ae J J ‘“ _ beh ax? re % a7 < A 604 For1yY-FiFTH REPORT ON THE STATE Museum. a 3 : — pce Pr tor cavity and extend forward for one-third or one-half the length of / * the shell. The brachial valve has a full, gibbous umbo, anda rudimentary or linear cardinal area. On the interior are two: a divergent lamelle or crural plates, which are extended forward __ for more than one-third the length of the valve, supporting a high, erect cardinal process, which sometimes reaches almost to the apex of the umbonal cavity in the opposite valve. This pro- ' cess is a somewhat curved, thin, crescentic plate, bearing on “its ae summit two slender median apophyses, below which are two __ 4 stouter lateral projections having the form of extended, rounded lobes, which form the bases of the crura. Surface of the valves marked with coarse costee, which, with the interspaces, are covered by fine radiating, often plumose, striz. Shell-substance fibrous, punctate. Type, Meekella striatocostata, Cox (sp.). Distribution. Upper Carboniferous. ~ rent Streptorhynchus, King. 1850. i (Plate 17, Figs. 14-18.) Shells somewhat trihedral and subpyramidal, with base convex; hinge-line shorter than the greatest width of the valves. Pedicle valve having the beak acute and often incurved and distorted. Cardinal area high, somewhat incurved; delthyrium covered by a broad imperforate, depressed-convex deltidium. The interior of the valve with low dental ridges terminating in teeth of moderate size; these ridges are not septiform and do not continue to the bottom of the umbonal cavity ; there is no median septum ; mus- cular scars strong and flabelliform. --‘In the brachial valve the cardinal area is linear, the crural psi plates are vertical and abruptly elevated on their anterior edges, forming points of attachment for the crura; these unite to form a subcrescentic plate, from the center of which arises a broad, erect, cardinal process, which is deeply divided into two lobes, each of which is faintly grooved at its summit and on the poste- rior face ; muscular area small, divided medially by a low ridge. Exterior surface covered by fine radiating striae. a Type, Streptorhynchus pelargonatus, Schlotheim (sp.). Distribution. Carboniferous (¢) — Permiin. 156 in >. prs . J 41 Siw ~t 7 fe “* ’ na Wal ad : Be Sate si iF Pea ote i i ae eve e) Sir .* aa PORT 0. pi r Snare Gwouoarse, a ia mee / 0. Witte Triplecia, Hall. 1858. am (Plate 18, Figs. 1-15.) ae Synonym; Dicraniseus, Meek, 1872. ia Shell trilobate, transverse, unequally biconvex. Hinge-line a ~ straight and quite short. Pedicle-valve shallow, convex about em 3 a _ the beak, but depressed anteriorly by a broad and deep median ; 4 sinus; cardinal area low, erect and well defined; delthyrium oy covered by a narrow, convex plate, with a cireular foramen at — _ the apex. In the interior the teeth are well developed and sup-— | ported by short dental lamelle longitudinally dividing the fs umbonal cavity near its apex. Muscular area small, comprising +h hy - two lateral scars, separated by a longer central adductor i impres- ia | sion. The brachial-valve is very convex, and boars 9 . io ee ~ Report or True STATE GEOLOGIST. — - “607 » rather regular concentric plications. In the pedicle-valve the— { cardinal area is moderately high and the delthyrium in its normal condition probably closed by a convex plate. Theteeth are very divergent and from their bases extend the elevated margins of two linguiform muscular scars, traversing the shell for almost its entire length. These scars, which may be regarded as the diduc- tors, inclose two, much shorter, but still elongate adductors. In _ ‘ the brachial valve the cardinal process is bipartite on its anterior face, each of the lobes being grooved behind; the crural plates are very long and divergent, terminating in elevated extremities or crura. The lower moiety of these plates is produced on each side of a strongly elevated muscular ridge, curving slightly inward on the sides, then outward on approaching the anterior margin of the valve, each branch recurving and passing backward, parallel to the median axis, as far as the base of the cardinal pro- : cess. The symmetrical spaces thus limited are each divided trans- __ versely at about one-third their length from the hinge-line, by a ; a somewhat lower vertical ridge. The four areas thusinclosed rep- resent the posterior and anterior scars of the adductor muscles. Between the inner muscular walls, in the median line, is a low, + rounded longitudinal ridge. Type, Christiana subquadrata, Hall. Distribution. Lower Silurian (?)—Devonian. Leptznisca, Beecher. 1890. < (Plate 19, Figs. 14-21.) . ~ Shell concavo-convex, attached to foreign objects by calcareous) cementation of the pedicle-valve. Brachial valve concave; inte- = rior with a broad, more or less defined, spiral impression on each side of the median line, making a single volution. Adductor e impressions small. Cardinal area narrow, bearing in the center —_ two prominent bilobed, cardinal processes, separated to admit the __ vertical septum in the opposite beak. Pedicle-valve convex, area \ elongate triangular, fissure covered with a pedicle-sheath. Car- dinal muscular scar supported on, or limited by a vertical septum, on each side of which, in the anterior half, is a small adductor scar. Shell structure punctate. Type, Leptenisca concava, Hall (sp.). Distribution. Lower Devonian. 159 608 Forry-rirrH Report on tHE Srate Museum. a Davidsonia, Bouchard. 1849. (Plate 19, Figs. 22-24.) Shell thick, plano-convex, transversely oval. Surface smooth or with concentric growth-lines, fixed to foreign bodies by the umbonal portion and the greater part of the surface of the pedicle-valve. Hinge-line straight and quite narrow. On the pedicle-valve the delthyrium is covered by a convex imperforate plate; the teeth are large, the dental lamellae obscure. The muscular area is comparatively small, lying in the umbonal region, and is subdivided into two cardinal scars inclosing an elongate adductcr. In the pallial region there is a low median septum which separates two conical callosities of the shell, having their apices directed toward the opposite valve. These protuberances are grooved by a spiral furrow which makes five or six volutions, and are frequently crossed by vascular sinuses. In the brachial valve the chilidium is convex, embracing the base of the posterior face of the cardinal apophysis. The cardinal process has very much the same structure as in PLecTrAm- BONI! Es ; consisting of a central, short, erect process, to which the crural plates are attached, giving it a trilobate appearance. These plates terminate abruptly at their distal extremities. The muscular area is quadruplicate and of about the same size as in the opposite valve. Two conical depressions in the pallial region correspond to the protuberances of the opposite valve. Shell- substance punctate (7%). ‘Type, Dawidsonia Verneuili, Bouchard. Distribution. Middle Devonian (Europe). Chonetes, Fischer de Waldheim. 1837. (Plate 20, Figs. 1-14.) ° Shells semicircular or transverse, usually normally concavo- convex, sometimes plano-convex. Hinge-line straight, making the greatest diameter of the shell. Pedicle-valve with a narrow concave or’ flat cardinal area; the delthyrium more or less com- pletely covered by a convex imperforate deltidium. The upper margin of the area bears a single row of hollow vertical or divergent spines, which increase in length toward the cardinal angles; these spines are the prolongations of tubes which 160 REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 609 _ penetrate obliquely the substance of the shell along the cardinal _ line, converging toward the apex of the valve till they reach the surface, where they turn at an abrupt angle upward and outward and are thence continued as hollow spines. Cardinal teeth strong. A low median ridge, slightly thickened at its posterior extremity, where it is sometimes coalesced with the deltidium, extends forward, dividing the muscular area. The~ muscular scars are usually faint, and consist of flabelliform diductors which partially inclose elongate median adductors. In the brachial valve the cardinal area is very narrow, and without spines. The deltidium is partially developed, resting against the cardinal apophysis. This process is very similar in On its posterior face it is divided by a narrow median furrow and two broader lateral grooves, giving it a quadrilobate appear- ance. The crural plates are slightly divergent from the hinge- line, bounding narrow, elongate sockets. A median ridge separates the quadruplicate muscular impression and from character to that in Priecramsonrres, consisting of a median — portion, coalescing at its base with the elongate crural plates. between the anterior and posterior members of this impression . originate two linear brachial ridges, which extend outward, _ recurving toward the median line at about the middle of the i valve, making a reniform curve. Interior surface of both valves strongly papillose in the pallial region. External surface usually covered with radiating sere rarely — : smooth or concentrically rugose. Shell-substance fibrous: punctate. Type, Chonetes striatella, Dalman (sp.). Distribution. Upper Silurian—Carboniferous. "% - | | Subgenus Anoplia, Hall. 1892. i (Plate 20, Figs. 15-19.) Shells small with smooth or squamous exterior. No external : _ evidence of cardinal spines, though the spine-tubes exist in one or more pairs in the substance of the pedicle-valve. On the inte- . rior a median septum in the pedicle-valve. Cardinal process and muscular impressions of the brachial valve as in CHONETES. (Type, A. nucleata, Hall (sp.). Oriskany sandstone Lower _ of Devonian.) J 1891. Techs 4G oe ee SRE ee ea a Vee ir Ore oni oat Wen AF. ot hy BA sa bres Ong eee etna a ton pene i ioe, , yo : be My ia iis nee _ 610 Forry-rirre REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. - (2?) Subgenus Cuonertina, Krotow. 1888. | These shells differ from Cuonerss in their very convex pedicle- valve having a profound sinus; the brachial valve, very concave, follows the curvature of the larger ; in the interior of the brachial valve are tubercles arranged in radiating series which unite to form high, compact lamelle, extending from the beak to the anterior margin; two of these, more prominent than the rest, imit the surface occupied by the sinus of the larger valve. (Type, C. Artiensis, Krotow. Permian.) Subgenus Chonostrophia, Hall. 1892. (Plate 20, Figs. 20-24.) - Shell reversed concavo-convex, the pedicle-valve being slightly convex about the umbo, but becoming broadly concave over the pallial region. Outline and contour strophomenoid; valves extremely tenuous and compressed; surface covered with fine alternating or fasciculate striz. In the pedicle-valve the upper — margin of the cardinal area bears a row of hollow spines of the same structure and arrangement as in Cuonetgs. The delthyrium is narrow and appears to be more or less completely closed. .The teeth are quite strong and rest upon the bottom of. the valve ; between them arises a low median septum which may be traced from one-third to one-half the length of the valve, dividing a subcordate muscular area, the outer Sa of which are distinctly elevated. In the brachial valve the crural plates are united to form a bilobed cardinal process. The outer face of this process has not been observed; on the inner surface it is not continued into a median septum but ends abruptly. Muscular area very faintly defined in the type-species. Internal surface over the pallial region finely papillose. Shell-substance fibrous, punctate. (Type, (. reversa, Whitfield (sp.). Lower Devonian.) Subgenus Chonetella, Waagen. 1884. Shell small, normally concavo-convex. Surface rounded, with radial strive ; cardinal area narrow ; deltidium, cardinal spines and teeth as in Cuooneres. In the pedicle-valve the adductor impres- 162 St REPORT OF THE STATE (EOLOGIST. 611 sions are elongate, and are partially inclosed by the larger diduc- tors. The brachial valve has a small trilobed cardinal process, which is con- f tinued into a low medial septum. The 1 a muscular area is quadripartite and very ‘ a distinct. The brachial ridges are sharply defined and appear to originate near the | outer extremities of the posterior adduc- Fi. 278.—Chonetella nasuta, : After WAAGEN, tors, making a broad outward, and a more oa abrupt inward curve, completing one volution. Surface in the pallial region strongly papillose. (Type, Chonetella nasuta, Waagen. Upper Carboniferous.) ° Chonopectus, Hall. 1892. Ont (Plate 20. Figs. 25-27.) Shells normally concavo-convex ; cardinal margin of pedicle- valve with a row of spines. Beak of pedicle-valve compressed or flattened from attachment in early growth. Internal markings obscure. External surface reticulated by a double, oblique series / of concentric lines covering exceedingly fine radiated strie. of Type, Chonopectus Fischeri, Norwood and Pratten (sp.). 7 a Distribution. Lower Carboniferous. But a single species is is known. ae Strophalosia, King. 1844. “a (Plate 21, Figs. 1-11.) 5 : 4 Shells productoid in general form; a cicatrix, usually apparent ‘ee on the umbo of the pedicle-valve, indicates that they were < attached to foreign bodies by the substance of the shell. Both valves have a well-defined area and covered delthyrium, these features being much the more conspicuous in the pedicle-valve. In this valve the teeth are prominent, but not supported by * A 4 Pre - lamelle ; the muscular arrangement is the same as in Propuctus, 4 though the diductor impressions are relatively larger and more elongate, extending beyond the limits of the central adductors. In the brachial valve the cardinal process is erect, bifid on its anterior, and quadritid on its posterior face. It is supported on | each side by short arched crural plates, and is continued into a +s if median septum which extends for half the length of the valve. a 163 met " Na = | Dee nods “oh iY Ue” oe ele itp I” Nd Pa ii « Te ei Retie we one. 5 , POSS NE LO gl SAN. ety Sane Mis Oh ir ie Mehdi in eid g's a te 2 nal, oatigh ez re: cad 1 7 ry ¥ far : 5 Fi \ ; 4 ra ING Ses 612 Forry-rirtH REPoRT on THE Srarre Museum. Muscular impressions small, quadruple, not dendritic, the interior _ eS" pair being sharply raised. The brachial ridges originate from between the adductor scars, curving gently outward, recurving, at first gradually and then abruptly, to their anterior limit; thence turning suddenly backward, and again horizontally 4 G inward, meeting the median septum near its anterior extremity. a Surface of the pedicle-valve covered with spines, which near — a the beak are often curved backward, embracing some external __ object. In some species all the spines of the valve have P evidently been at least of accessory importance in effecting a Fie. 279.— Daviesiella Llangollensis. (DAVIDSON. ) attachment of the shell. The surface of the brachial valve may be either spinous, lamellose or smooth. Type, Strophalosia Goldfussi, Minster. Distribution. Middle Devonian—Permian. Daviesiella, Waagen. 1884. Shells large, with cardinal area and teeth well developed. External surface covered with fine radiating striae and devoid of spines. Type, Daviesiella Llangollensis, Davidson (sp). Distribution. Coal measures. 164 cara i = rr elit oe ae RP HORE en Report OF THE Bauen GnoLoaisr 613 Pe aes Ain 1 a rt Ms . ay, hh ~ ‘we Bay's} Aulosteges, von Helmersen. 1847. ae Sgt (Plate 21, Figs. 12-14.) a Shell productiform in general aspect, somewhat depressed, not attached. On the pedicle-valve the cardinal area is prominently % developed, frequently somewhat distorted; the delthyrium is — closed by a convex deltidium which is covered with little tuber- cles or spinules. Cardinal teeth rudimentary or absent. In the | brachial valve the cardinal area is linear, the cardinal process large, quadrifid ; its base being surrounded by astrong deltidial -_eallosity. Brachial ridges extending nearly to the anterior ‘margin and abruptly incurving. Otherwise the interior impres- _ at sions are as in Propuorus. Surface of both valves thickly set with spines. < Se Type, Awlosteges Wangenheimi, De Verneuil. a Distribution. Permian. Productus, Sowerby. 1812. (Plate 22, Figs. 1-12.) Shell free, concavo-convex, the valves usually arog anteriorly; outline semicircular, sometimes transversely elongate. — _ Pedicle-valve convex, sometimes geniculated, occasionally with ae a median sinus. Oardinal extremities frequently auriculate. _ _Umbo inflated, with apexincurved. Hinge-linestraight,cardinal oe area and teeth absent or rudimentary. External ect usually | . with more or less prominent radiating ribs which are crossed, | _ especially in the umbonal region, by concentric lines of Wha rarely smooth or finely striated, often studded with spines vary- _ _ ingin size and abundance. These spines are frequently scattered _ irregularly over the surface, generally strongest and aiaposedll pea __-with greatest regularity upon the cardinal extremities, and some-— Ou : times occurring only in thisregion. They are hollow and appearto — have communicated with the interior cavity of the shell. On the i interior of the valve is a narrow median ridge, separating the irom _ dendritic impressions of the adductor muscles; outside and in front of these are two broadly flabellate, longitudinally striated — ed scars of the diductor muscles. In the pallial region are some-_ _ times found traces of spiral cavities, which were occupied by re fleshy arms. oe ‘ 165 ee ae Sas i¥¢ ; J a The latter are strongly dendritic and rarely divisible imto 614 FORTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE MUSEUM. The brachial valve is operculiform, more or less “concave or — almost flat over the visceral area. Cardinal area, sockets and | Ss. crural plates absent or rudimentary; cardinal process strong, ae curved or erect, extending far above the hinge-line; its innerface is divided into two lobes by a longitudinal furrow, and each of — ; : these parts is deeply divided at its extremity, giving the process in this aspect a quadrilobed appearance. As viewed from the — posterior or outer face it is strongly trilobed, the inner members “€ Brot - of the lateral lobes coalescing to form a very prominent apophysis. a The process is continued over the interior of the shell asalongi- __ tudinal septum, dividing the impressions of the adductor muscles. ay oo anterior and posterior elements. The brachial ridges take their origin from near the post-lateral margins and nearly inclose a sub-circular, smooth or granulose area. The-internal surface of ~ this valve is strongly pustulose, and in the pallial region fre- quently spinous. Shell substance fibrous, strongly punctate. / Type, Productus semireticulatus, Martin (sp.). Distribution. Devonian (?)— Permian. . r Subgenus Productella, Hall. 1867. (Plate 21, Figs. 15-24.) Shells small, productoid. Surface spinous. Pedicle-valve with narrow cardinal area, deltidium and small teeth. Brachial valve — with sockets and crural plates. (Type, P. subaculeatus, Murchison (sp.). Devonian.) Subgenus Marginifera, Waagen. 1884. (Plate 22, Figs. 13-15.) P Externally like Propvctus. On the interior of the pedicle-valve are prominent shelf-like ridges on either side of the beak, extend- — ing inward and crenulated on their margins. There are similar but vertical ridges on the interior of the brachial valve. (Type, Marginifera typica, Waagen. Devonian (?) to Permian.) Subgenus Proboscidella, Gihlert. 1887. vd Valves very unequal; the brachial valve small, concave, oper- culiform ; the pedicle-valve larger, convex, furnished with two lateral expansions which bend downward to meet the margins of — 166 ue iP ; er REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 615 ry i a e of Ea _ the brachial valve, and an anterior expansion which is produced 4 forward into a long cylindrical tube, sometimes attaining twice the length of the shell ; the suture appears on the dorsal side in ! f, re , . * N . * - ~ * , : _ the median line. Sometimes instead of a single tube there is a ‘s bss double enrollment resulting in two distinct tubes. The surface ° Fies, 280-281.— Marginifera typica, Waagen. After WAAGEN. \ ig { AS ~ 74 is ornamented by concentric plications, traversed by fine radiat- 42 ing ribs, which are flexuous and close together, the last plication, ‘a1 and the groove accompanying it, is sharper than the others and | is ; ea . - Wi: ery rt < ‘shag ‘ —) ie Fias. 282-284.—Productus (Proboscidella) proboscideus, de Verneuil. After pz Konrnck. at ue marks the separation of the pedicle-valve, properly speaking, from its lateral and anterior expansions upon which the concen- 167 a S<— EE ee = ETCH ees ee = + - 1 ~ eta Stan ee 616 FoRTY-FIFTH REPORT ON THE STATE Muszum. tric markings are rare, faintly developed or wholly wa while the radiating striz are regularly continued. a (Type, P. proboscideus, De Verneuil. Carboniferous.) ay Subgenus Etheridgina, Gihlert. 1887. Shells of very small size, nearly as broad as long, attached to foreign bodies by the spines of the pedicle-valve; cardinal line straight, nearly or quite equaling the greatest width of the shell; pallial outline semicircular; pedicle-valve with a small beak; surface ornamented by concentric flexuous plica Fias. 285, 286.— Productas (ftheridgina) conuplectens, Etheridge. After ETHERIDGE. tions, bearing a few scattered spines; cardinal process quadrifid. | (Type, Z. complectens, Etheridge (sp.). Carboniferous.) [Notr.—The continuation of this present paper upon the Brachiopoda is already far advanced, and it is expected that it willbe published in the Annual Report of the State Geologist for 1893. The second part will include the spire- bearing Genera, the Rhynchonelidz, Pentameridz and the Ferebratuloide. | 168 > 2 ‘ue ‘ Se mr ee FSA oe >. An 1 Ome rn 4 ne ee % Fete oso a? = TM 3 9088 01300 5640