Carey ee Sa Oe pe, eee Bate tse eS — aa! ow cv ited de 4 LLM AE I III _ Js 2D D>» » D> DWI) yy») D> D> PPP D) ID PY DD) > DD DPPH DY Py» ») DP DY DD >» Dy» »» D>) DY») IID» yy». > D> DIDDY WW DDD» yy» Dy») BPSD? DD) I LWH YD» »»» RID DY» 1D DY) D D ) PLB D>) LIPID? 353 yD) >> DD 5IBDI3. D>») Dy» yyy) )> YD DD? ID ; Be 23 >) DBO ID ID DD. ID > DoDD) SBD) >) DDD) DIDDY DIDI» YY WY WNID ID) DPD» PW») Dy »2 p> 2355 PP > ae »» BB) 3 >>> D << . ) DIF ee > S) > J vp }) 2 f é > B23}? 3? >») 2 ») DY DI)» YD» > 2». Bi : > 2 » ae DP yD PP») 2) SD) ) WB aa Gee ~~ > TA core “4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, SHOWING THE OPERATIONS, EXPENDITURES, AND CONDITION OF THE INSTITUTION vB Wo Ae Ri. BSS. PA FET LE. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1885. The Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian In- stitution for the year 1884 consists of two parts, viz: Part I.—Report of the Smithsonian Institution proper, showing its operations, expenditures, and condition. Part II.—Report of the United States National Museum, showing its progress and condition. II BEEP ORT OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, § UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, FOR Le Be yo AK. tSes2. Ill ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1884. SUBJECTS. Part IJ.—Report of the Assistant Director, upon the condition and progress of the Museum in 1884.° Il.—Reports of the Curators and Acting Curators of the several departments of the Museum. IiI.—Papers based upon the collections in the National Museum. IV.—Bibliography of the National Museum for 1884. V.—List of accessions to the collections. IV UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, Washington, January, 1885. Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the present condition of the U.S. National Museum and upon the work accomplished in its various departments during the year 1884. Very respectfully, G. BROWN GOODE, Assistant Director. Prof. SPENCER F. BAIRD, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and Director of the U. S. National Museum. 2°), Pie te TNE TERE | anne F i oy Fi y 4 im 4 ie f : ‘ é ‘ r / On Le ; * Wi? f _ : i 1 Yy § 4 { 'p. oi a ; j ot ae ia : A iN A) oe nie ih CONTENTS. ee ee oo Ge tn ek int a o.oo EE wed ain PRGA OTOP UTIOR o' . a)oe 3 55 Na qn ns Qcis n ceca ee eetee see Sonne Sion cbse PR HIMMORIOCONTENTS | 250% so 52". <5 <0 2222225 oo ese nee ane ee ee (/) Bipoutaes Gf ociebies. * ... . 20 52 = ee ese ge east eas coke pa; Coment sdninisivrative: Work ..- 555.2522 osenpoe nodes owe coe one (a) Buildings and labor, police and public comfort ......._... ey, saleehtee REEVIOG: 225%. 425. saree eee Seed ons co esce (Oo) CEroperty an supplies. 2./. 2s eee ee EET Rn POONER oe ncn oo Saas o es ee ce eka enews eee (e) Chemical analysis of the air in the lecture hall of the Na- SRSA A TION an w nhc cng ae Greece Ch nee & 15. The work of the Musenm preparators -.-....../.........-....---- Rie RANTS UR oon oo hc tet eee ns ae ue ek Ne (0) Geteologiog! proparstor .. ice, 2-26 .oe0- w 300 woes vole wenn I PUL ET LORS eee i=) 2 erie ete er oa af, ee ee Ral te Ee SO ROREO NOE on oc cadee anu Sa wv eters unt nog Goo cewecewe = = RG EMIS seme > so ce a atatie pee vane eee Nae ice es cakma en ee (f) Preparators in the Division of Anthropology ......-....-- 46 VIII | CONTENTS. D.—A review of the administrative work of the year—Continued. Sissi 16. Work in connection with the expositions...-...--...--.......-..- 47 (a) The Cincinnati, Louisville, and New Orleans Expositions. . 47 (b) Closing the work of the London Fisheries Exhibition. .... 52 E.—Review of the year’s work in the Scientific Departments ...-..-.......... 53 17. Division of Anthropology...-.---- Be SHEE on ote ebo GaSe SSeees ccc 53 (a@). Arts and industries. : 53-2 seesen. Seas e eee oo eee ee 53 (0) Ethnology... .-~ <2. 22020 se een eens oe ee aes ee ee 56 (c) American prehistoric pottery. ->---- 2-52 422+ ---- eee eee 58 (d) Antiquities ....5. 22ee8 ster cep cece ee onto eee eee 58 18... Division Of Zoology: -<<<:.ce¥e ces oan clea aoe ee ee notes oe 59 (@) Mammals --.<-;-tnttee cece certo e heen e ce mtoree eeaeeieer 59 (0) Binds. So 2235 coeecscneccee seen ee eee ee ee eee eee 59 (c) Reptiles'and! batrachians<--2------ + sseae sneer eee se aaee 60 (d). Wishes) -..< $222 5360225262052 e cee eee ee eee c eee 61 (e); Comparative: anatomy +... - <=) cose eee eee eee 62 (7) Molluske ce tos eee holes opyeies Sola eens ee eee 62 (g) ansects 2-2 eee. sleet Soyo ees Bon eee eee eee aie 63 (h). Marine Invertebrates). s.-< 0 6-4 = seo sabe eae eeeeeeee 63 (@) Invertebrate fossils|(Paleoz0ic) e2c- nee se s-e eee eaten 64 (k) Invertebrate fossils (Meso-Cenozoic) ...----.----..------- 64 19° Division’ of Botany. 2s..c- see cos Satis asians esac oe eee eee ese 65 (a) Plants—fossil and recent) ...- 3=-.°- 42626 cstduada-smaiee seas 65 20;;. Divisionsof£-Geolopy 2). 2.cce cic 212 See cite aie aslo elem ipso eaters 65 (a) (Minera lopy ss: 228 scccc et maeod saeceoe eee a cee beer 69 €6) Lithology and physical ceology:. 2... 2 .6< .o0=beeen- ea ceen 66 (c) Metallurgy and economic geology .....-..--..------------ 67 21. Miscellancous!Departments =. 22-64) =e eee alee =e se pee 67 (@)-Explorationvand: field wotlks 32 scsi. ase e eee eee as 67 6b) "Chemistry So yo eee ek ain eae Roe erete ss aise lee ca eee 72 (ce), Experimentalip hy sioloty eos 2 oe aemcensce ease ee eee 72 (d)) Wivanlar ice Sse e tte meccie te te cease eee SA eee eheeere 72 Part II,—REPORTS OF THE CURATORS AND ACTING CURATORS. Section of Materia Medica. By Dr. H. G. Beyer, U.S.N...---.----.----....--. 75 Section of Textile Industries. By Romyn Hitchcock..........-...---..---..- 79 Section of Naval Architecture: By J-oW,, Collims=-- 22-0 -ceseceees ee serene 85 Section of Hoods:- By Romyn Hitchcock ® = oe cee a sees se eee eae eee ree eg Department of Ethnology. By Drs. Uo iMason) soe sen es essee ee ee ae =e 109 Section of American Aboriginal Pottery. By William H. Holmes ..-....--.-..- 121 Department of Antiquities. By Dr.-Charles Rau...--..---...----.-.--...-.-.. 123 Department of Mammals. By Frederick W. True.....-.....-....---.--.-.-.- 129 Departmentiot Birds: “By RoberteRidowaye-seeecessee eens ee eee 143 Department of Reptiles and Batrachians. By Dr. H. C. Yarrow.-.....-.-..---. 157 Depariment of Fishes. By Dr. Tarleton H. Bean (including also report upon Ichthyological Explorations made in behalf of the Museum by Dr. D. S. OLEAN) pace a SoS ueccte bc wie he > win ds Se Ee eo eee ree ee ee 161 Department of Mollusks. (By Williams Dalleeses eee meee ee eee eee 179 Department of Insects. By Dr. C. V. Riley..---...-.----. DE eRe ee Ne oa. ere 185 Department of Marine Invertebrates. By Richard Rathbun.....--...---.---- 189 Department of Invertebrate Fossils (Paleozoic). By C.D. Walcott.....--..-.- 203 Department of Invertebrate Fossils (Meso-Cenozoic). By Dr. C. A. White -... 215 Department of Fossil Plants: By Lestersh. Wardecses sos -]-a25- sees 219 Department of Mineralogy. By, Prof: PW .i@larkers = seco eee aea oe eee 221 CONTENTS. . IX Page. Department of Lithology and Physical Geology. By George P. Merrill... ....-. 227 Department of Metallurgy and Economic Geology. By Fred. P. Dewey .--...-.-- 239 PakT II].—PaPrERS BASED ON COLLECTIONS IN THE NAtlONAL MUSEUM. I1.—Throwing-sticks in the National Museum. By Otis T. Mason .........-. 279 11.—Basket-work of the North American Aborigives. By Otis T. Mason. .... 291 III.—A study of the Eskimo Bows in the U. 8. National Museum. By John POTN er eee oat saa atid te Cs Ne ae Dae ee cy Sea Sk As Tae 307 IV.—On a Spotted Dolphin, apparently identical with the Prodéiphinus doris op Gray.. By Frederick W. True: 222022 kde oe: SPP Soe 1 V.—The Florida Muskrat, Neofiber Alleni, True. By Peederiak W. Peas SE VI.—On the West Indian Seal, Monachus tropicalis, Gray. By Frederick W. PETROVA: i. Acs LOSS x25) ma ae Gias een ae ee oe Reece en 33) Part IV.—BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR 1884. ati LUD UOGAMONS Oi ie MURERIN \: 2: 2). .0226 2... 28 ebccus codes eens eule esl Oooo Puce. 21. capers by Officers of phe Museam ..... .. 22. nese. soos snk ene ensues 345 Part III. Papers by investigators not officers of the Maan based on Museum ROGUE ere eis See Bee href Sk eel ce gk duwiceenee sues 371 Part V. Ne ee eure, ie y agatha er iN aere i, : “ae plist om Wei Mia Bb Wiis” 4h seth Heth N95. fee oT REPORT UPON THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS OF THE UNIPED | STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM IN 1884. BY G. BROWN GOODL, AssISTANT DIRECTOR. —_— as = a — —___——-= S. Mis. 33, pt. 2——1 ' REPORT UPON THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM IN 1884. A.—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. During the year the oflicers of the Museum have continued the work of arranging the material under their charge in the exhibition halls, laboratories, and store-rooms at their disposal. It should be remembered that the reorganization of the Museum was begun late in 1881, at the time when the new Museum building was first made ready for occupation, and that 1884 is but the third year of sys- tematic effort. Much progress has been made in removing from the exhibition halls the great mass of unclassified material which had been gathering for many years in the various store-rooms of the Smithsonian building and elsewhere, and which, on account of lack of space, had for the most part been allowed to remain in the original packing cases. The floors of the Museum have at last been almost cleared, and at present only three of the seventeen exhibition rooms are occupied for storage purposes, viz: The southwest court, which is still full of speci- mens belonging to the departments of metallurgy, mineralogy, and lithology ; and the southeast court, which is used as a general recepta- cle for empty cases and unmounted material belonging to the depart- ments of zoology and anthropology. Before the end of February this work will be completed. The additions to the Museum have been far more numerous and val- uable than in any previous year. The activity of every department has been greater, both in respect to progress made in the administration of the collections and in respect to the number of scientific papers pub- lished by the officers in connection with their professional studies upon the specimens under their charge. By direction of Congress the Smithsonian Institution, in connection with the Executive Departments of the Government and the Depart- ment of Agriculture, has participated during the year in the industrial expositions at Cincinnati, Louisville, and New Orleans. Having been designated by yourself, and appointed by the President, representative of the Smithsonian Institution (including the National Museum and Fish Commission) on the Government Executive Board, 3 4. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. eharged with the representation of the interests of the General Govern- ment at these expositions, I have devoted the greater portion of my time during the latter half of the year to the work of preparation, an account of which will be given in fuller detail hereafter. Nearly every department of the Museum has necessarily been called upon to assist in this work, and a large proportion of the activity of the force has con- sequently been diverted to this channel. Although the progress of regular work has thereby suffered much interruption and delay, it is hoped that the service will eventually be benefited and final organiza- tion accelerated rather than impeded. At the present time the exposi- tion at New Orleans is in progress, and the collections sent thither by the Museum cover a space fully equal to one-third of the entire exhibi- tion space in the Museum building in Washington. In accordance with established custom, the exhibition work has been carried on entirely under the direction of the regular Museum officers, assisted by such additional workers as it was found practicable to en- gage temporarily. Many of our officers accompanied the collections to superintend their installation in the exposition building. Several of the curators are at present absent in New Orleans and will be obliged to return to that city at the close of the exhibition, in May, to attend to the packing and return of the collections. Following established usage, I have reviewed the work of the several scientific departments of the Museum, as well as that of the division of administration. The reports of the curators of the several departments are presented in full, their extent and importance being so great as to render this necessary. In my ownreport I have included an account of the operations of the department of arts and industry, for the present assigned to my care, in preference to preparing a special curator’s report upon this department: the reports of certain of the curators of “sec- tions” of this department are, however, furnished with the others. In the present report, as in those which have preceded it, certain suggestions relating to the administration of the Museum are made for which I desire to be held individually responsible, and which the reader ~ should not assume to be definitely determined elements of the policy of the Museum, since they may, any or all of them, at some future time, either in their present forms or with modifications, be recommended for adoption, or pronounced undesirable. . This being the first of the separately printed series of Museum reports, some statements which have already been printed in previous reports are repeated, in an abridged form, for the purpose of presenting a general exhibit of the policy of the Museum. It had been the desire of myself and my associates to present in this the first report of the new series a somewhat exhaustive statement of the present condition of the Museum, together with a review of its past history as a whole and of its several departments: the exigencies of Exposition work having made this impossible, we hope to prepare such a report for the coming year. REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 5 2. THE FOUNDATION AND SCOPE OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Foundation and legal status —The National Museum was organized in 1846 by the act of Congress transferring to the Smithsonian Institution the custody of the “‘ National Cabinet of Curiosities,” at that time de- posited in the Patent Office building.* These collections were, in 1857, placed in the Smithsonian building, the Regents of the Institution hav- ing accepted the trust on condition that the necessary appropriations for their maintenance should be continued by Congress. The act above referred to provides that ‘all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens belonging or hereafter to belong to the United States, which may be in the city of Washington,” shall be delivered to the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and together with new specimens obtained by exchange, donation, or other- wise, shall be so arranged and classified as best to facilitate their examination and study.t The National Museum is the authorized place of deposit for all objects of natural history, mineralogy, geology, archeology, ethnology, &c., belonging to the United States or collected by the Coast and Interior Survey, the Geological Survey, or by any other parties for the Govern- ment of the United States, when no longer needed for investigations in progress. Organization and government.—The establishment of the Smithsonian Institution, to which, in addition to the carrying out of the other re- quirements of the bequest of Smithson, is intrusted the control of the National Museum, is composed of the President of the United States and his Cabinet, the Commissioner of Patents, and a Board of Regents, which has for its members the Vice-President and Chief Justice of the United States, three members of the Senate, three members of the House of Representatives, and six other persons, not members of Con- gress, two of whom are residents of the city of Washington.§ The management of the National Museum is intrusted to the Secre- tary of the Smithsonian Institution, who is, ex-officio, its director. He is aided by a staff of assistants, who are chosen by him, and for whose action he is responsible to the Regents. The constitution of the staff is constantly changing with the varying needs of the Museum. This staff is at the present time composed of an assistant director, six curators and five assistant curators, twelve honorary curators, serv- ing without pay, a number of aids, acting in various capacities, a reg- * An Act to establish the “Smithsonian Institution” for the increase and diffusion of useful knowledge among men. (Approved August 10, 1846; Revised Statutes, title Ixxiii, sections 5579-5594.) t Revised Statutes, section 5586. t Statutes Forty-fifth Congress, third session, chap. 182, p. 394, § Revised Statutes, 5580, 6 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. istrar, chief taxidermist and chief modeler, besides a considerable force of preparators, mechanics, watchman, clerks, laborers, We. The collections are stored and exhibited in the building erected for the use of the Smithsonian Institution between 1847 and 1857, and in the new building, just finished, known as the ‘‘ National Museum.” Composition of the collections.—The Museum is made up, in large part, of the following materials: : 1. The natural-history and anthropological collections accumulated since 1850 by the efforts of the officers and correspondents of the Smith- sonian' Institution. 2. The collections of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, the Perry Expedition to Japan, and other naval expeditions. 3. The collections of the scientific officers of the Pacific Railroad Survey, the Mexican Boundary Survey, and of the surveys carried on by the Engineer Corps of the Army. 4, The collections of the United States Geological Surveys under the direction of the United States Geologists Hayden, King, and Powell. 5. The collections of the United States Fish Commission. 6. The gifts by foreign Governments to the Museum or to the Presi- dent and other public officers of the United States, who are forbidden by law to receive them personally. 7. The collections nade by the United States to illustrate the animal and mineral resources, the fisheries, and the ethnology of the native races of the country, on the occasion of the International Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876, and the fishery collections displayed by the United States in the International Fisheries Exhibition at Berlin in 1880 and at London in 1883. 8. The collections given by the Governments of the several foreign nations, thirty in number, which participated in the exhibition at Phil- adelphia. 9. The industrial collections given by numerous manufacturing and commercial houses of Hurope and America, at the time of the Philadel- phia Exhibition and subsequently. 10. The material received, in exchange for duplicate specimens, from the museums of Hurope, Asia, and Australasia, and from numerous in- stitutions and collectors in North and South America. Adjuncts to administration.—All necessary adjuncts to the work of the Museum, a working library, a chemical laboratory, a photographic establishment, a workshop for taxidermy, modeling, and the prepara- tion of skeletons, and several smaller workshops are carried on as a part of the general work of administration. Publications of the Museum.—The scientifie results of the labors of the officers of the Museum, and of investigations upon the collections be- longing to it, are to be found for the most part in the following works; sulletin of the United States National Museum ; Proceedings of the United States National Museum ; REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, 7 Reports of the Smithsonian Institution ; Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections ; Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge ; Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution ; Reports of the United States Commissioner of lisheries ; . Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission ; also occasionally in other scientific reports of other scientific depart- ments of the Government, especially those of the United States Geo- logical Survey, many of whose oflicers are also honorary oflicials of the Museum. A catalogue of the scientific papers emanating each year from the Museum or based upon Museum interests has been published cach year since 1851 in the Sinithsonian Report. -— 3. THE FUNCTION AND AIMS OF THE MUSEUM. Objects and methods of work.—The collections in the National Museum are intended to exhibit the natural and industrial resources, primarily of the- United States, and secondarily of those of the remainder of the world, for purposes of comparison. The activity of the Museum is exerted in three directions: (a) The permanent preservation of objects already in its possession. (b) The acquisition of new material. (c) The utilization of material already in its possession, by its exhibi- tion in the most instructive manner, and by the prosecution of and pub- lication of scientific researches for which it forms the basis; by the dis- tribution of properly-labcled duplicates of materials to colleges and other educational institutions. The preservation of material is accomplished by means of the vigilance of the curators and the skill of the preparators. New material is acquired (a), from the various Government surveys and expeditions, in accordance with law; ()) by gift from individuals, from other institutions, and from foreign governments; (¢) by exchange for its duplicate specimens or publications; (d) by the efforts of officers of the Museum, who make collections in connection with their regular duties, or are detailed for special service of this nature; (e) by purchase when appropriations are made by Congress for that purpose. The treasures in the custody of the Museum are utilized to the world by exhibiting them to the public, and by encouraging investigations on the part of the officers of the Museum and other suitable persons, and facilitating the publication of the results; also by the distribution to other museums and educational institutions of duplicate specimens, which have formed the basis of scientific investigation, these being identified and labeled by the best authorities. The Museum by these means fulfills a threefold function : 1. It is a museum of record, in which ave preserved the material foun- dations of a very great number of scientific memoirs—the types of 8 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. numerous past investigations. This is especially the case with those materials which have served as a foundation for the numerous govern- mental reports upon the resources of the United States. Types of in- vestigations made outside of the Museum are also incorporated. 2. It is a museum of research, by reason of the policy which aims to make its contents serve as fully as possible as a stimulus to and a foun- dation for the studies of scientific investigators. Research is a neces- sary part of the work, in order that the collections may be properly identified and arranged. Its officers are selected for their capacity as investigators, as well as for their ability as custodians, and its treasures are open to the use of any trustworthy student. 3. It is an educational museum of the broadest type, by reason of its policy of iliustrating by specimens every group of natural objects and, so far as it may prove practicable, such other colléctions as may be found useful for the instruction of the public which are explained by displaying descriptive labels adapted to the popular mind, and by its policy of distributing its publications and its named series of duplicates. 4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSEUM IDEA. Periods in the history of the Museum.—The history of the National Mu- seum may be divided into three periods: First, that from the foundation of the Smithsonian Institution to 1857, during which time specimens were collected purely and solely to serve as materials for research, no special efforts being made to exhibit them to the public or to utilize them except as a foundation for scientific description and theory. See- ond, the period from 1857, when the Institution assumed the custody of the “National Cabinet of Curiosities,” to 1876. During this period the Museum became a place of deposit for scientific material which had already been studied, this material, so far as convenient, being exhib- ited to the public, and, so far as practicable, made to serve an educa- tional purpose. Third, the present period, beginning in the year 1876, in which interval the Museum has entered more fully into the addi- tional task of gathering collections and exhibiting them on account of their value from an educational standpoint. In the first period, the main object of the Museum was scientific re- search; in the second, the establishment became a museum of record as well as of research; while in the third period is growing up the idea of public education. As soon as a judiciously selected series of objects from the material already within the walls of the Museum can be displayed properly to the Museum visitors, the National Museum of - the United States will have commenced to fulfill all the demands which are likely ever to be made upon it. The three ideas of scientific research, record, and education, co-opera- tive and mutually helpful as they are, are essential to the development of any comprehensive and philosophically organized museum. Materials are gathered together that they may serve as a basis for scientific REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 9 thought. Objects which have served as a foundation for scientific study, or which, from their historical significance, are treasured up and preserved from destruction that they may serve purposes of record— permanent land-marks of the progress of the world in thought, in cul- ture, or in industrial achievement—they are not only records of what has been done in the past, but they constitute the most valuable of all materials for future study. The museum of record, then, is not only an accessory to the museum of research, but an adjunct which accom- plishes similar and fully equal results in the same direction. The contents of the museum of research and the museum of record, if no other objects be sought save those already mentioned, might with- out impropriety be stored away in vaults and cabinets, inaccessible to any except the specialist. To give them their highest value, however, they should be arranged in such a manner that hundreds of thousands of people should profit by their examination instead of a very limited number, and that they should afford a means of culture and instruction to every person, young or old, who may have opportunity to visit the place in which they are preserved. It is much to be regretted that many specialists, intent chiefly upon the study of certain scientific problems in which they individually are absorbed, are disposed to neglect the claims of the educated public to the enjoyment and instruction which museums afford. They do not hesitate to say that scientific museums should be administered for the benefit solely of persons engaged in research. At a recent meeting of professional naturalists, an eminent investigator in natural science pub- licly expressed his opposition to exhibiting certain scientific collections to “the gaping clowns who form the majority of the visitors to our museums.” Such a spirit defeats its own purposes, and such a remark deserves no answer. The experience of Europe with its magnificent educational museums and the history of the several expositions in the United States should be quite sufficient to satisfy any one who has studied the matter that the museum is an educational power even more influential than the public library. 4 The venerable director of the South Kensington Museum, speaking from an experience of thirty-five years, not only in his own establish- ment, but in the work of building up the score of sister museums, now under its wing, located in the various provincial towns of Great Britain, remarked to the writer: ‘“ We educate our working people in the pub- lic schools, give them a love for refined and beautiful objects, and stimulate in them a desire for information. They leave school, go into the pursuits of town life, and have no means provided for the gratifica- tion of the tastes which they have been forced to acquire. It is as much the duty of the government to provide them with museums and libraries for their higher education as it is to establish schools for their primary instruction,” 10 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. The educational musewm is Of comparatively recent origin, and may be said to be one of the outgrowths of the modern industrial expo- sition. The World’s Fair of London in 1851, the first of a long series of international exhibitions, was utilized by the Government of Great Britain as a starting-point for a number of national educational mu- seums, the most perfect which have as yet been organized, and many subsequent World’s Fairs have been taken advantage of in a similar manner, so that nearly every civilized country now has a system of public museums. ‘ One of the results of the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876 was that it made plain to the people of the United States the educational importance of great museums. It suggested the thought that if so much that is inspiring and instructive can be imparted by the exhibi- tion of natural and manufactured objects gathered together, chiefly with commercial ends in view on the part of the exhibitors, neces- sarily somewhat unsystematically arranged and with little effort to- ward labeling in an instruétive manner, an immense field is open for educating the public by gathering together a selected series of sim- ilar objects, wlich may be so classified and explained by means of labels and guide-Looks that they shall impart a consistent and sys- tematic idea of the resources of the world and of human achieve- ment. The United States has as yet no system of educational museums, al- though there are several museums of limited scope, which have success- fully carried out the educational idea in the arrangement of their ma- terials; for instance, the American Museum of Natural History in New York, the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Sciences in Salem, the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, the Boston Museum of Art, the Mciro- politan Museum of Art in New York, the Pennsylvania Museum of In- dustrial Art, the Peabody Museum of Archeology in Cambridge, the Peabody Museum of Yale College, and the Boston Society of Natural History. The same remark applies with equal force to the museums of Eu- rope. There are, however, institutions, like the Museum of Practical Geology, the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, the museums at Bethnal Green and South Kensington, in London, the Museum of Industrial Art at Berlin, the Ethnological Museum at Leipsic, the National Museum of Germany at Nuremburg, the Bavarian National Museum at Munich, and others, which have admirably carried out a single idea, or a limited number of ideas, and which are marvelously rich in material and arranged in a manner full of suggestiveness. The museum now under the charge of the Smithsonian Institution has, through the action of influences beyond the control of ifs manage- ment, in fact by the terms of the act of Congress which authorizes its i ll el ee REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 11 existence, been made the depository of collections in every depart- ment—geological, botanical, zoological, and anthropological—and its work has of necessity been organized upon a very Comprehensive pian. 5. PRINCIPLES OF ARRANGEMENT OF COLLECTIONS DESIGNED FOR PUBLIC EXHIBITION. The majority of visitors to any museum go thither for amusement, or actuated by praiseworthy curiosity. Many have no desire to gain in- struction, and even if actuated by such a purpose, would fail to accom. plish their object by a visit to an ordinary museum. This is due in part to the fact that where so much duplicate material is exhibited the really instructive objects are lost to view; that the objects in but few museums are labeled in a really instructive manner; but is principally because the objects exhibited are not of the kind best adapted to the needs of the museum-visiting public. The visitors carry away only gen- cral impressions of rooms full of glass cases containing animals, min- erals, and “ curiosities,” gathered by travelers among uncivilized races. Professor Huxley has defined a museum as “a consultative library of objects,” and this definition, true enough in itself as a description of the best ideal museums, is unfortunately too true a description of all. Most collections are as useless and little instructive to great masses of our people, who know not how to use them, as are our libraries of consultation. The museum of research, since it is intended chiefly for investigators, should be the consultative library. The educational mu- seum should resemble a great encyclopedia rather than a library full of learned volumes. Every library of importance, however, contains the cyclopedias for the general reader and the monographs for the scholar, The larger public museums may in like manner be adapted to the needs of both student and general visitor. To overcome the difficulties in the way of this adaptation many steps must be taken which are not usual in museums. By far the most im- portant of these is in the direction of thorough labeling. An efficient educational museum, from one point of view, may be deseribed as a collection of instructive labels, each illustrated by a well- selected specimen. There are many obstacles to the effort to build up a museum upon this basis. Museums which exhibit only such objects as are in them- selves beautiful or marvelous cannot fail to be attractive, no matter how poorly the objects are arranged and labeled. When, however, the objects depend for their interest upon the expla- nations on the labels, and upon the manner in which they are placed, relatively to each other, a responsibility a hundred-fold greater is en- tailed upon the curators. The materials of such a museum may be com- pared to piles of brick, stone, lumber, and architectural ornaments, which by themselves possess little apparent interest, but which may by thought and labor be combined into an imposing and useful edifice, 12 "REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Principles of administration.—Certain cardinal principles may be announced which should be considered in the arrangement of every public museum: (1) every article exhibited should illustrate an idea, and no two objects should be shown which illustrate the same idea in a similar manner; (IL) the idea which any object is intended to illustrate should be explained upon its label in such a manner that any intelli- gent visitor, without previous special knowledge of the subject, may be able to learn (a) why the object is shown, and (b) what lesson it is intended to teach; (III) the objects should be so carefully classified that their relations to each other may be recognized by the vigitor, so that taken together, they shall suggest general conclusions; in the formation of these conclusions he should be aided by certain general or collective labels which relate to and describe groups of objects in a manner similar to that in which the individual labels describe separate articles; (IV) the labels, individual and collective, should be supplemented by guide-books and manuals for special departments, which shall contain, arranged systematically, all the information given upon the labels, and which shall be illustrated by engravings of the more important objects.* Industrial museums, as a rule, exhibit only those articles which are designed and constructed in the most sumptuous manner—the armor of * The following general rules have been formulated : 1. No object will be placed on exhibition which is not of evident educational value, and likely to interest and instruct a considerable percentage of the persons visiting the Museum. 2. The exhibition of duplicate material is to be avoided, except in instances where similar objects can be shown to advantage in different divisions of the Museum. 3. Each object will be placed in a case of the form best suited for its effective dis- play, and the light, color of the background, &c., will be so adjusted as to show it to best possible advantage, and with the least possible fatigue to the eyes of the visitor. 4. Each object, or group of objects, will be accompanied by a large plainly printed label, which will give a concise description of what is shown, an account of its origin and uses, a synopsis of its history, and the name of the person or organization con- tributing it to the Museum. The character of the Museum is such that any labels which might suggest advertising for business purposes must be excluded. It will be the policy of the Museum, however, to give prominence on each label to the name of the person or business house from whom it has been received, provided that the object is a gift to the Museum. 5. The objects will be grouped together in systematic order, and each case will be provided with a general descriptive label. In the case of collective exhibits, the gen- eral label may also give the name of the contributor. _ 6. The specimens will be illustrated and supplemented by pictures, diagrams, books, and maps, in such manner that the Museum may form an encyclopedia, the illustra- tions for which are in the exhibition cases, the text in the labels. 7. Guide-book manuals of the different departments will be published, which will embody in concise and systematic form the information given by the specimen labels, together with such illustrative material as may seem necessary to present in addi- tion. REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 13 kings and knights, the furniture of palaces, the most artistic of metal work, stone work, and wood work. The ethnological museums, on the other hand, admit only the implements and costumes of savage and partially civilized races. Between the two there is a great chasm to be filled. It is as important to preserve in museums the more humble and simple objects which illustrate the domestic economy and customs of the masses of the people of civilized nations, as to search for similar objects in distant lands, or to treasure up only the objects which, on account of their cost, are seen and used only by the most wealthy and luxurious classes in the civilized community. Collections of this character are, perhaps, as well entitled to be called “anthropological collections” as those usually included under this name, which are intentionally more limited in their scope. To supply the place of objects too large to be placed in a museum, too evanescent to have been preserved, or which, on account of their rarity or neglect in preserving them at the time when they could have been obtained, are necessarily lacking in the collections, it is essential that museums should assume the administration of great quantities of mate- rial such as is usually consigned to the library or to the picture-gallery. Otherwise, deficiencies in groups of objects, ‘which should illustrate by their collective meaning a general idea, will much impair their value. Pictures and diagrams should be freely used as temporary or permanent substitutes for specimens which may be lacking, and also to supple- ment and explain the descriptive labels. In many sections it may be impossible to exhibit anything but pictures. It is needless to point out the difference in the influence of a series of plates, like those, for in- stance, in Audsley and Bowes “ Keramic Art in Japan,” the publica- tions of the Arundel Society, the autotypes of Braun, or the illustrations of many ethnographic works, if displayed in a public museum, where they are seen daily by thousands of visitors, or hidden except from the initiated few in a library, where they are only practically accessible to students with abundance of time and training in the use of books. Much of the material usually shown in art galleries and art museums, such as is ordinarily used to illustrate the history of art, or is preserved on account of its artistic suggestions, may be displayed in a much more instructive manner in a museum without in the least lessening its value to the artist or designer. Portraits, pictures of buildings, of costumes, of geological features in scenery, of ceremonies, and of social customs may be arranged and administered as anthropological specimens. In addition, much may be accomplished by having standard works, re- lating to the special departments of the museum, placed in convenient places in the exhibition halls, and, if necessary, fastened to desks in such a manner that they could not be removed, while easily accessible to any person who might wish to become informed upon special topies relating to objects being examined, 14 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. 6. SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. The chief requisite to success in the development of any museum is a thoroughly available plan of organization and a philosophical system of classification. The arrangement of the natural-history collections—zoological, botan- ical, and geological—which will doubtless always constitute a very large proportion of the treasures of the National Museum, and which will undoubtedly in the future, as at the present, occupy the atten- tion of at least three-fourths, if not more, of the Museum staff, is a simple matter, since naturalists are pretty generally in accord as to the affinities of different groups to one another, and since the grouping of the objects in the Museum cases may be made to accord very closely with the schemes laid down by systematists. When, however, it is necessary to take up the arrangement of collections which illustrate the history of human eulture, the lack of a convenient and instructive sys- tem becomes very apparent. Much thought has been devoted to these subjects by the officers of the Museum, especially during the past four years. Many of the prin- cipal museums of Europe-have been studied, their catalogues and pub- lications minutely compared, and correspondence carried on with their officers. It is hoped that the plans which have been developed as the result of these labors may include the best features of similar plans hitherto proposed, but it is undoubtedly true that no plans can be laid down, except in a tentative way, since the experience of cach year re- veals possibilities and impossibilities not previously thought of by the student of museum methods. . In my first report, published in 1881, I printed a scheme of classifi- ‘ation for the anthropological collections which, in certain quarters, did not meet with favor. It was a purely tentative effort, published for the purpose of inviting criticism, and not in any way supported by official sanction. Some of the criticisms which it called forth were evidently just and will have due weight in planning for future work. The scheme referred to has been objected to by museum administrators because it breaks up their favorite and time-honored method of geograph- ical arrangement. It is the result of the experience of the oflicers of this Museum that it is absolutely impossible to handle our immense collections if we adhere to the methods of older and smaller establish- ments. It is well known that some ethnological collections should be arranged geographically, some teleologically, some with reference to materials of which the objects are made. In this Museum in different departments of the work we shall doubt- less find it convenient to employ all these systems. Our collections are at present being arranged in accordance with a teleological rather than geographical plan of classification, objects of a similar nature being placed side by side, musical instruments together, REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. lo weapons together, &c., and arranged in such a manner as to show the progress of each idea from the most primitive type. In discarding the ethnographic method of arrangement, however, special care has been taken not to sacrifice the possibility of bringing together the objects belonging to any particular locality or race, if this shall at any time be required for purposes. of study. In our method of installation, objects are mounted in glass-covered trays or deep frames, 24 by 30 inches in dimension, which are arranged ’ for study or exhibition in cases of various forms. The articles belong- ing to two different tribes are never mounted together in the same tray; and if at any time it should be found desirable to bring together the collections from any given race, for instance, from the Eskimos, the Siamese, or the Japanese, this might be accomplished in a few hours ; in fact, when once the present system of mounting has been completed, the rearrangement of the Museum upon the ordinary ethnographic plan would be the work of only a few hours, and may be effected by a small force of mechanics and laborers under the direction of a single curator. It is no part of the plan, nor has it ever been, to separate articles which belong together. The parts of any collection or group of objects which may justly be considered a unit of administration are always kept together; for instance, if a costume is complete it is not intended to dissect it and distribute its parts. The separate elements of a costume are only placed by themselves when they have no related objects asso- ciated with them. In the same way a costume of a family, whether com- posed of two or ten individual suits, might with propriety be regarded as a unit. Collections illustrating the history of a special tribe in a monographie way may also with propriety be kept tagether. Sucha collection would, however, not be assigned to the department of art and industry, where the preferred method of arrangement is evolutionary or progressive, but would rather be made over to the department of ethnology. F The studies of the collections already made by Professor Mason, the new curator of Ethnology, reveal the fact that there is really no con- flict between a systematic scheme classification and a geographical one, because, in those series of objects which have already been arranged, the one scheme has always proved to be explanatory of the other. They are mutually beneficial; indeed, it is impossible to understand the one without studying the other. B.—THE MUSEUM STAFF. The staff of the Museum as now organized consists of two classes of workers—the scientific officers, and the administrative officers; the former reporting to the Director of the Museum, the latter to the As- sistant Director, who also has general supervision of the administra- tive work of the curators. LG es REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. 7. THE SCIENTIFIC STAFF. In the scientific staff of the Museum there are at present nineteen curatorships, some of which are subdivided below, so that the number of heads of departments and sub-departments is twenty-five, and the total number of menin the scientific staff thirty-six, of whom twenty- four are in the pay of the Museum, and the others honorary, five being detailed for this duty by the Director of the United States Geological Survey, one by the Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, others by the United States Commissioner of Fisheries, and by the Secretary of the Navy, while two are volunteers. It may be stated here that the de- tails just referred to are in every instance made in the interests of co-operation with those Government bureaus engaged in work closely connected with that of the Museum. The paleontologists of the Geo- logical Survey find itso much to their advantage to have access to the paleontological collections of the Museum and the use of the laboratories, storage cases, and general administrative machinery, that * they are permitted by their chief to assume the responsibilities of cura- torships and perform a general work of supervision; and the mineralo- gists and the curator of aboriginal pottery are similarly situated. In nearly every instance, however, the Museum supplies the honorary - curators with assistants, who relieve them of much of the routine work. The curatorships are now organized as follows: DIVISION OF ANTHROPOLOGY. Department I.—Arts and industries, the Assistant Director acting as curator (A. Howard Clark, assistant, two preparators), with subeurator- ships as follows: (a) Materia Medica. Dr. H. G. Beyer, U. 8. N., honorary curator, with one clerk. (b) Textile Industries. Romyn Hitchcock, acting curator. (c) Fisheries. R. Edward Earll, curator. (d) Animal Products. R. Edward Earll, acting curator. (e) Naval Arcbitecture. Capt. J. W. Collins, United States Fish Com- mission, honorary curator. (f) Foods. W.O. Atwater, acting curator. (g) Historical Relics. In this department, it may be stated, is administered very much of the material, such as is usually arranged by museums in their ethno- logical series, and the Curator of Ethnology is consequently acting as adjunct curator in the Department of Arts and Industries. Department IT.—Ethnology. Dr. Otis T. Mason, curator, with one preparator and two clerks. Department ITI (A).—Antiquities. Dr. Charles Rau, curator, I. P. Upham, assistant. REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 17 Department ITT ().—Aimerican Prehistoric Pottery. W. H. Holmes, Bureau of Ethnology, honorary curator, Dr. {bdward Foreman, assistant, one preparator. DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY. Department TV.—Mammals. Frederick W. True, curator, one clerk, two preparators. Department V (A).—Birds. Robert Ridgway, curator, Leonhard Stejneger, assistant, one clerk and one preparator. Department V (B).—Birds’ Hggs. Capt. Charles Bendire, U.S. A., honorary curator (volunteer), and one clerk. Department VI.—Reptiles and Batrachians. Dr. H. C. Yarrow, hon- orary curator (volunteer). Department VII. Fishes. Dr. T. H. Bean, curator, two assistants ' detailed from the United States Fish Commission. Department VIII.—Comparative Anatomy. Frederick W. True, cura- _ tor, F. A. Lucas, assistant, and one preparator. Department ILX.—Mollusks. W. H. Dall, curator, R. E. C. Stearns, adjunct curator, both of U. 8. Geological Survey, one clerk. Department X.—Insects. Prof. C. V. Riley, honorary curator (vol- unteer). Department XI.—Marine Invertebrates. Richard Rathbun, U. S. Fish Commission, curator, one assistant, and one clerk detailed from the United States Fish Commission. Department XIT (A).—Invertebrate Fossils, Paleozoic. C.D. Walcott, United States Geological Survey, honorary curator. Department XIT (B).—Invertebrate Fossils, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. , Dr. C. A. White, United States Geological Survey, honorary curator, J. B. Marcou, United States Geological Survey, honorary assistant, one clerk. DIVISION OF BOTANY. Department XIII.—Fossil and Recent Plants.—Lester F. Ward, United States Geological Survey, honorary curator, one clerk, one pre- parator. DIVISION OF GEOLOGY. Department XIV.—Mineralogy. Dr. F. W. Clarke, United States Geological Survey, honorary curator, W. 8S. Yeates, assistant. Department X V.—Lithology and Physical Geology. George P. Mer- rill, acting curator, one preparator. Department XVI.—Metallurgy and Economie Geology. Fred. P. Dewey, curator. A comparison of the above classification with that presented in the re- ports for 1883 willshow changes in the following particulars, namely, that the scope of the Department of Arts and Industries has been augmented during the year by the addition of two sections: (1) Naval Architecture, of which Capt. J. W. Collins is the honorary curator, and (2) Animal 9 18 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Preducts, in charge of R. Edward Earll, as acting: curator. Mr. Earll has also been acting as curator of the section of Fisheries. For greater convenience the section of Foods and Textiles has been reorganized in two divisions: (1) Textile Industries, Mr. Romyn Hitchcock as acting curator, and (2) Foods, under the direction of Prof. W. O. Atwater. To the Division of Anthropology has been added the Department of American Aboriginal Pottery, under the honorary supervision of Mr. W. H. Holmes, of the Bureau of Ethnology. The Department of Ethnology has been organized under the curatorslip of Prof. Otis T. Mason, taking the place of the Department of Races of Men in the classification as given in the report for last year. The Division of Zoology has been increased by the addition of (1) the Department’ of Birds’ Eggs, Capt. Charles Bendire, U.S. A., serving, as honorary curator; and (2) the Department of Compara- tive Anatomy under Mr. F. W. True, assisted by Mr, F. A. Lucas. The three Departments of Crustaceans, Worms, and Radiates and Pro tozoans, as classified in 1883, have been merged in one, the Department of Marine Invertebrates, under Mr. Richard Rathbun. Department XVI, Physical Geology, under the old classification, is now an adjunct of the Department (XV) of Lithology under the direction of Mr. George P. Merrill; and the Department of Mineralogy, which was in 1883 con- nected with that of Lithology, is now Classified separately. 8 THE ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF. The classification of the departments in the Division of Administra- tion remains essentially the same as detailed in the report for last year, and is as- follows: Department A.—Direction. This department is tinder the immediate charge of the Assistant Director, who, as executive officer to the Di- rector, has general supervision of the routine work in all the depart- ments, the care of the installation of specimens, the construction of cases, &c., the purchase of supplies, &c., the assignment of work and of apartments, leaves of absence, curators’ reports, and routine correspond- ence. The organization of the offices of the Director and Assistant Director has not been materially changed during the year, except that, on account of the increase in efficiency of the other departments of the Division of Administration, a considerable amount of routine work, with its accompanying responsibilities, has been transferred from the Assist- ant Director to the heads of these departments. During the absence of the Assistant Director for five weeks during the summer, on business connected with the preparation of the Smithsonian exhibit at the World’s Exposition in New Orleans, Mr. F. W. True was designated to act in his place. Mr. hi. J. Geare, executive clerk, has rendered most efficient service in the Assistant Director’s ottice, REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 19 Department B.—Registry and storage. This department is in charge of Mr. 8. C. Brown, whose duties pertain to the reception, unpacking, and assignment of accessions and other packages, the packing and ship- ment of boxes, &c., the storage of accessious subject to the call of cura- tors, and the custody of department catalogue books. Department C.—Archives. Mr. 8. C. Brown also has charge of all papers relating to accessions and the distribution of Museum materiai. Department D.—Library. Mr. F. W. True, librarian. Department H.—Publication. Dr. Tarleton H. Bean performs the duties of editor of “* Proceedings” and “ Bulletins.” Department ’.—WLabels. My. A. Howard Clark in charge. His duties consist in the arrangement of material for labels, in receiving the printed labels from the printer, and in arranging a duplicate set of labels for reference. Department G.—Duplicates and exchanges. Mr. 8. C. Brown in charge. The work of this department includes the distribution of du- plicate collections for exchange and the custody of the files relating to applications and proposals for exchange. Department H.—Property and supplies. Mr. C. W. Schuermann in charge. All cases, furniture, and supplies of all kinds are under his care, and are distributed by order of the Assistant Director. Department I.—Accounts. ue cree eres 200, 000 Department of Invertebrate Fossils (Paleozoic),.......--.--.- woe eee eee nnne 73, 000 Department of Invertebrate lossils (Mesozoic and Cenozoic) ....-..-------- 100, 000 Departmentiof, Plants, tossilandmrecent). - = 5-7- ee gee nee eee eater 7, 291 Depantment of Mineralogye=: --.eeeee aes eee eee eee See eae 16, 610 Department of Lithology and Physical Geology ...........----------------- 18, 000 Department of Metallurgy and Economic Geology ..-.-.-----..------------ 40, 000 Total co. he eo eens Ske rn foe eae ee eee feta ole le tacra teen 1, 471, 000 10. ASSIGNMENT OF SPACE, There has been made no material change in the assignment of exhi- bition space, as described on page 2 of my report for 1883. The north- west court will probably be opened during 1885 with the collections of North American pottery. The exhibition space for the collections of the metallurgical department will shortly be increased by the opening of the southwest court. In the Smithsonian building the four main halls are occupied as they were in 1883, and as follows: Main hall, Ornithology; upper main *These estimates do not take into account the actual number of specimens, but refer to ‘‘lots” of specimens, which may include one or several punaren but which are included in a single entry of the Museum register, REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. Fi hall, Pre-historie Archeology; west range, Ichthyology; west hall, In- vertebrates. ; The south galleries of the Smithsonian main hall have been cleared, the exhibition cases, which were old and unserviceable, having been . taken down and used for other purposes, and the gallery spaces assigned for laboratory use. The southwest gallery is now occupied by the ornithological department for a work-room, and for storage of the great collection of unmounted bird-skins; the southeast gallery is similarly occupied by the conchological department. The large room adjoining the northeast pavilion in the Museum building is now used as a depository for the oological collection, and as a laboratory for the section of birds’ eggs. The office of the Director of the Geological Survey having been re- moved elsewhere, the northeast pavilion is now occupied by the chemi- eal and physical laboratory of the Survey. The southwest pavilion is being fitted up for the accommodation of the mammal, metallurgical, and mineralogical laboratories; the west balcony is used as a laboratory for ethnology; the north balcony for the department of textiles, and the south baleony for plants, recent and fossil. The photographer of the Geological Survey having vacated the rooms for several years occupied by him in the brick annex, second story, the workshop of the taxidermist attached to the department of birds has been transferred thither. The Armory building, with its wooden annex, occupied jointly by the Museum and the Fish Commission, is still crowded with unassorted material belonging to the Museum collections. In order to provide suitable accommodations for the preparators, in connection with the preparation of the exhibit for the three expositions of Cincinnati, Louisville, and New Orleans, and also to give much-needed space for packing the collections to be sent, it was deemed advisable to construct a wooden building east of the Museum building. On July 15 the work of breaking and leveling the ground was commenced. The annex is 15) feet long, 50 feet wide, and 50 feet high. The eastern end was assigned to the modeling department of the United States Geological Survey. The southwestern portion was occupied by the tax- idermic force of the National Museum, and in the northwest part the packing and general exposition work was carried on. The cost of this annex was about $3,500, expended as follows: Siro TROL Opa 100) PULGING =: 2. kos pe cree oasa ees s saceadee wee - $10 00 Constraction........- Se es Sse So sok oe eee Alktcats Sets GTS Ue Le Se, ABD 3,055 41 PRIME oe ie esc ie a toad 1s ooo nao dlc oap et Oy bo dein het 257 76 RIE RUT ce So wide hc eal ois sc nsw wns a ee alae Ch wow cea ce st 131 11 PEERIR EERE cat wht Orn a rela eh Som oF o's a oni rear ee I oes mabe aly ele ace Wan & 60 00 RRR Cy ass cos ge m <=! wp id hd EE RE Paw aig sia ce a war gt sie 3,514 28 Two wooden sheds, one to be used as a poisoning-house for skins, &e., and the other, for the preparation of the colleetion of building-stones 22 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. for the New Orleans Exposition, were erected in July between the Mu- seum and the Annex building. The need of an additional Museum building is each year more se- riously appreciated. Very many objects of great interest and requir- ing a large space for their accommodation have been promised by ex- | hibitors at New Orleans, and it is a serious problem to know where these can even be stored, aside from the possibility of properly display- ing them. Extensive collections of alcoholic specimens are known to greatly endanger the safety of museum buildings and their contents, and most of the establishments in Europe have lately taken the precaution to construct separate buildings peculiarly adapted for the purpose. It is sincerely hoped that the application which was made at the last session of Congress for an appropriation to put up a similar building in the grounds of the Institution will be acted upon favorably. D.—REVIEW OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE WORK OF THE YEAR. 11. ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM. The total number of packages recorded by the registrar during the year was 5,507. In addition to this number, 209 wagon-loads of boxes, packages, &¢., were received and distributed to the several depart- ments. Of the entire number, 3,509 packages, boxes, &c., were ad- dressed to the National Museum and its officers, the remainder being intended for the Smithsonian Institution and the United States Fish Commission. The registrar of the Museum acts also in the capacity of transporta- tion clerk for the Smithsonian Institution, and much material passes — through his hands with which this report has no concern. The total number of individuals and institutions sending collections to the Mu- seum, as shown in the list published in the appendix to this report, is a 084. It should be stated that very many of the objects sent in by the correspondents of the Museum are of very little value, and are trans- mitted simply for the purpose of obtaining a report upon their names and character. It has been the policy of the Smithsonian Institution to receive all objects offered which have any relation to its work, since the majority of such contributions, after they have been identified and studied, are valuable for exchange or distribution to museums and in- stitutions of learning, and often prove to be of unexpected importance. Many of the specimens sent in for examination and report are entirely useless. It is hardly proper, therefore, to consider each one of the 3,500 packages received as constituting an important contribution to the col- lections. Many of thefa, however, contain specimens of great value, REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 23 The Museum has, during the past year as in previous years, received accessions from the following sources : (a) By gift from correspondents. (b) By exchange with institutions at home and abroad. (c) By the deposit of the collections of the various surveys and Goy- ernment departments which here find their legal repository. (d) From the work in connection with the several expeditions. (e) As a result of the explorations carried on under the patronage or with the co-operation of the Smithsonian Institution and Museum. Mr. John Durand has rendered efficient service in negotiating ex- changes with European museums. Every important accession is fully described in the reports of the sev- eral scientific departments. 12. PROGRESS IN CLASSIFICAT#0ON AND ARRANGEMENT. (a) Laboratory work and catalogue entries. By “laboratory work” is meant the work of the curators upon the col- — lections in their special apartments, which are not open to the public. Here the collections are received, unpacked, classified, identified, and catalogued ; here also it is determined whether specimens should be placed in the exhibition series; or, if not thus assigned, whether or not they are sufficiently important as material for investigation in the study Series, or should be called “duplicates” and distributed to other insti- tutions. The efficiency of the Museum work depends, in a large degree, upon the facilities which are afforded to curators for careful and thorough work in the laboratories. It is here that the specimens are indelibly marked with the catalogue number, upon which all future authentications de- pend. Here also must be prepared the labels, upon which the value of the exhibition series to a great extent depends; and here are prose- cuted the scientific investigations, which, through the publications of the Museum, establish the reputation of its scientific staff for thorough and accurate work. The laboratory accommodations are being im- proved, but still there is much to be desired in respect to space, number of clerical assistants, and facilities for the use of books and instru- ments and other appliances. In a museum, as in a temporary exposition, the efficiency of each department depends also upon the energy and constant presence of a thoroughly competent head, and consequently upon the opportunities afforded him for good work in his laboratory. The present organization of the Museum is of such recent date that nearly all the curators are still embarrassed by the accumulations of past years, and the greater portion of their time is necessarily devoted to unpacking and overhauling the unelassified material which they found already on hand when they assumed the duties of their present ofiices. These heritages from the past will soon be under control, and 24 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. it may be expected that our next year’s report will show a great increase — in the amount of work directly concerned with the preparation of the exhibition series, of final labels, of catalogues and hand-books, and the prosecution and publicrtion of original researches. The activity of 1884 may best be gauged by the following table, which shows the total number of entries made in the Museum registers of the several curatorships: : ; No. of || No. of . of was; entries || No. . entries ae a8 Name of department. during ree Name of department. eee g 1884. 4 1884. I Arts and Industries (general)...| 4,429 || XI Marine Invertebrates: Materia Medica...-.....---- 398 Crostacéas cece ceeccwcansmes 2, 924 Textile Industries .......-.-| 1, 683 "WORMS 2243s strech pee seeees 151 Tye SS Rees aes oe se See 420 : Tunicates and Bryozoa ..-.-.- 89 Historical Relies.--------.-- 200 Radigtestc.c4-coss8 seem ee 1, 858 IL a Dy label} (ay bn qe eerede ae penees Role Foe 1, 184 || Protozoa and Sponges .. Be 645 Tia \| Antiquities sss askers ele 4, 367 | Invertebrate Fossils (Pale oz0ic) : 564 IIIb | American Prehistoric Pottery -- 603 || Invertebrate Fossils (Mesozoic IV Mammals')o. -chc..6+e0-sseumse oe 711 || | »G@enozoie) 2. beast cee SSee 1, 159 Va IBINGS eee s tswuee eee eee se ae 85142)|| Xila@ |) Wossil Plants .:.-2.-...s20=<seepertene 74 70 81 lecture hall, after lecture. Carbon dioxide: Mean of out-door air, 4. per 10,000. 3 p.m., lecture hall, 9.086 per 10,000, one-half hour before lecture. 4.15 p.m., lecture hall, 12.505 per 10,000, three-quarters of an hour after beginning lecture. Persons present declared the air to be more oppressive than on March 1, but the figures show no material difference.* The highest essential impurity (as measured by carbon. dioxide) appeared on March 6, when there was no lecture, and it is probable that if there had been a lecture on that day the highest figures for contamination by respiration would then have appeared. Summarizing the several observations, they result as follows: March 1. Temperature increased 4° F. during the lecture. March 1. Relative humidity increased 11 per cent. during the lecture. (Floors had been wet before lecture.) March 6. Temperature increased 4° during four hours in lecture hall. March 6. Relative humidity increased 7 per cent. during four hours. (No lecture.) March 8. Temperature increased 5° during lecture. March 8. Relative humidity increased 6 per cent. during lecture. March 1, CO, exceeded outside air 3.53 per 10,000 before lecture. March 1, CO, exceeded outside air 7.08 per 10,000 middle of lecture. March 6, CO, exceeded outside air 5.44 per 10,000 at1 p.m. (No lect- ure.) March 8, CO, exceeded outside air 5.086 per 10,000 before lecture. March 8, CO, exceeded outside air 8.505 per 10,000 near end of lecture. If this excess be all attributed to respiratory impurity, it has exceeded “the maximum amount of respiratory impurity permissible in a prop- erly ventilated space” (Dr. Chaumont), viz, 2 parts per 10,000, by— Parts per .0;000 before lectnre March lyse. ce eee ses e teeacee o- Sees a eee 1.53 Parts) per 10/000; half through lecture Marcha 2. ss ccs ne se) 2 2 eee 5. 08 Parts per 10;000 nodecture March i6s2c- 2 22S 2Se2 ec tecees cee cice coon teeeeee 3. 44 Parts per 10;000 before lecture March’S <223-cesese hace sea sees ee eae 3. 086 Parts per 10,000 three-fourths through lecture March 8 .............------- 6.505 The increase due to respiratory impurity on the two lecture days of experiment, while the lecture continued, was: March 1. In half an hour, 3.55 parts per 10,000. March 8. In three-fourths of an hour, 3.419 parts per 10,000. * In the increase of CO, during the lecture. REPORT OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR. 41 The indication is that the ventilation is imperfect, not only during the lecture, but in the Museum generally, the permanent air showing at all times of examination too great an excess of CO, over that out of doors. MARCH 10, 1884. 15. THE WORK OF THE MUSEUM PREPARATORS. A number of additional preparators have been employed during the year, for special work upon the collections for the New Orleans Exposi- tion, and an unusual quantity of objects for the exhibition series have been completed during the year in the workshops, as is shown in the review of the operations of the scientific departments. (a) Taxidermists. The main workshop, which is devoted chiefly to work upon the mam- mals, is under the direction of Mr. William T, Hornaday, chief taxider- mist, and the general excellence of its work testifies to the efficiency of its staff. The preparation of the exhibit for the New Orleans Exposi- tion added considerably to its work, and during the summer:83 speci- mens, representing 78 species, were mounted specially for the exposition. During the year Mr. Hornaday and his assistants mounted 114 speci- mens, representing 91 species, and classified as follows: Orders. Specimens. | Species. PEM ae auras oa sae ee eee eaten aa aek eae a de soxe dacs sSuuaadasac's oecmasee 7 7 UNEASE ter a re Re ee nies aie oe nc ein cn aes ae ete * 17 16 RUIMERRWOULIS oie nin td ose oe een cea aci eae Waa cow enciadcsciaces ascuconcedeacececcunsocme al if Cpirrancnmeres st hose Sass Rai Got eek, Pat n. Uainac docew'ewetvwnas concicewainee 33 28 La) i a line aes 2 ete Se a Sa eee ee ere eer perro 1 1 Sent ed. oe oe Oe ee rete ne ce ae aa det nee ade ucnonme waencmscdzanterames 5 5 Lie i hag Se eS ee ee a eS Re ee ee ee ee eee 38 27 PICROMN TNC Ste. n se 6Se Cowl cSusnes ot oc Soma meansm aes oes Mave wes wen tedadetdesodtanst 6 + TIT EE pee 2 rk Sh eas tee Seed 8 Bee care» Sareea 6 2 SEE a aren etd anen nd dens oue Sskt aaa woncne ces upakensacmeee aces cane sae 114 91 In addition to the work already specified, the skins of 57 mammals were removed and preserved. cee <)asce cee ee tetceolenma a cteisieme efor ans 2 WOM Sia. Sa a ctaravae emt ee spaces Seen oe eee oon eee eesbiacestnecensieeciemee 4 Bone and 1vory labrets so... cers arene ae oe aieya ie ee eee pieces. . Grass hates c= cass, pce ano sivas SoeGu et oae soso semis see ceaee as ees Fringed Jeather sash: 24 s..0se shed ons ee oe ee ee eee eee Articles of dress, leather Breast axon sos. et ee eet ae eee ate io ee eye) aletelee dctatetemeiat roe atte = aaa eet Wooden clappersissceis sac seen ees lan wae aie 22.722 c-.see ee so on2 ee ome eee bundle... 1 Nicker seed, used’ as marbles by the boys. -----. 222.220. sa2= 5-52 snes DAG Florida: J. Bell. Slippers made of rattlesnake/skin(c 22 se2.. ccsncs eocion-| eee eee paire- Antiquities from Ancon, Perw: Collected by George W. Kiefer, and Dr. W. H. Jones, U. S. N. Reediwork-basket .< -s:2.0.4bnscca scene con see ese ee ae ee eee ee 1 Wooden meedies.222:5...0554-2cd.e00854 RS aCe pon Sale cet ons eice 6 Spindle-whorls: 5.3.0). 0ss00j: 52 senemecenese ses secicseccsssae se nmeee a eee 5 SilverspNseioss. coc ste dease an ooo ssc ee serea ee ae oie ee eee eerie nahi 6 | | | | REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 117 Antiquities from Ancon, Peru: Collected by George W. Kiefer, and Dr. W. H. Jones, U. 8. N.—Continued. Fe PAIS ct ape es hese Sneak rape ee pa tees Meee sys es aledos 2 DUO LBMUDIN 7 Lion ans curmays Wa uwae acetnees cewaseaess.ocs nt buss Sy ateeee 2 Stone gorget, crescent. ....-..- aaa ee ee Hees fice 5 os oats 1 Poncho .... -- rete telat tere Si mii i ae oe eee ee ne ete OR ety NEP RS 1 ON a aig te oo oS) Sin Sew ci re ae te es a iE Siero, bel 2 Ears RIREOOET Fa 2) oe 2c eaten ae wid cee ae oe ee ee eR nee eer ae 8 Rew 7 PMeCOT GALA TES DCANG/ 5 22.05% ao me So RiGee Teo eee tee ae a at ee 1 PS OLMOOMUENNINE (COLON - (<<< < octet} Scioto k Soe aoe eel Re noe eee ae eae i PULOCOOM GALL VOANUOS f= 0-5) foes aa ee in same ee ae mee een era as 1 DEEN ea eras orate a sion oce kwon to he nee shea nen meee eae ene 1 on ELL 2) Es he a bl a RRR Ly te at tre ue Rg AAS le A i penta MOON -OTCHN s O52 S526 3's 2... PE ates be Se a Se 1 ite Ups ard ree wae Oe ar ee he Se Soon 8 Ss 5 oe a5 2a w San ees oe See ee 1 RMR esis, oma ee cae as Ae bea sen esbixocshe swage tenaeehaus Mase 9 ME RRR ts helo arte ager nc ne wie HES eRe ate eeu A 2 CODES TUL ns eee ee ome Se oraS 2 MUNICH AGK Ole 6 fee oa eee eee re ee ner a ks Lianpeaane slag aee eee 2 MRRORITOG WR ANG aee nae er aa eee secre acts ciaess ids noc sec ets clam anise eee eee i MOSER aa NN Leal OU QUIT SATB 2) ahora ct er ee a Rees ee EL oc eo xo Aug aiaiee seca caee cane e ae 1 MIRUEENATOO GONG: me ea oes aa se ee ead wsice Sie cae av ent ee ee a as 1 eamEtee HEB OVALE 5 77nic Anca sa U Seal rath 2h adeeece cd cut asada anne 2 Gea GU ree ae re meer aca Meee esas Se an SES oa cine ee eet e ee 1 PURE ONOAN soca ac coe om esis = Meese gem a aalet 5 siolate lane ea epee seein ts 1 SFHcM ED AlOLUTOW MeV AEN sees sce Sots ee et eran aaa a ee cael eare meena & eee 1 PS plenearrORD RINCHUG =). cua e ne means Coos anne rom ee sac Soeeme see eaela wc eae 6 Gee OC MINCE eon tts asceel seit Su sjaseie waa basi cleeicet see ses cares coseas 1 RIPPLE DEACC OUR! = otao cereal a sats natn ooo wars wel caren one naa seeeree es aseiaeteeclesee 2 SUOUSOPH MON CR =i seas Mots nine e cbierisiepsie siokis bos iatsaicics = Sates geese se umso eee 2 MMM INOKG ons Steen ys ke set sted Seas es coe: Aa eos coos seodsee eee cemnee 1 PAMUINTO ty PAIN G aa2 ome eee a Sac Same =o Sae ics ees elswins woes se omnioe eee emesee=ee 2 Ry a ee er SS ee a ee Sees 1 EME ROA So eee ci aise eevee ninanse es ane =a 3+ => dees ee eee 3 WSC GON I ee ee OY ANE OSS SS PSE DRE BE OEE aeRO On feet adr tar ise 1 CLE ASS (TC) Ek SM ge ae =, St Fe Ce ee Pet te eS es 15 SUE ELSE (ARO) 2 > oo acetate eatencte | cinco = ysl ene nia nin soko aa ly eget eee 2 OCMIVOUDIUS s noe -c2 6 cece Sewanee seca less s 6 cece ae siya senee ae poker eee sect ns 55 Gourd containing feathers and skull of a parrot, and mummied Guinea pig.. 1 MEmmnted COP, and parts Of ANOLNOEY. =... 5-2-2 4s,.sssjeon~ coer een ee cia = 2 AROS DED Ue pe eee i i ane A a eee ee oe See ee oe SARE ae 1 Pint anol, TOUS ee some tee coe a ao. t= vwasin< dot eee eee ee ese aee © 1 ee ee eee Se Mean arcs scmmen ates pair.. 1 PAE CaP OLE OR ee rcien peta site c oats wan. chee Con dese e eae emmeee eens d 2 BUG OMUBBEE sot Jee ee Soo an tos Sec. se ces ecic a oe eee een na ieee eae 1 PREC HenusOhelied CLOUM:. =o. = a5 ce cass Lone nie roma Ree ee eae 38 LTC Eee ee ee ese Gee oie eee 8 eS ee oe 1 OSH OOM RCO ooo ices Sota on ep poo ss assy ater ee En rae tae oases a ass L DMEMEONU OU oe ten cess e oh cw oe nein oo ol Aa Ree eR ei ee ait cla el 2 1 CLLSSET NET oa hal aa lit- - ae ee hte ht eo) te ee 2 I ade Satie cc oa km nase = vhs sa tewe pegee OM aN sad a Suits anne on 3 ce 1 aE eee SLLORR te Ree nore asian ates bleak ee ee Re ea ws ae snc 356 2 =e 1 SSECEyS, TESS Se ey, Pa a ip A Siar Gr A m seein am iS e sue eee 2 PERO ie cia casa oa anata Sara ce oon are Ree Sida pieratm eit eniaisiei a) ciaiatces atte ee eon 53 RPS OWS = aise ae oo we eee alan tie os. a ica tino oui m toa See neta teres oe Sey ee ROLdCOMIDNe bestia sc cece.. ste cee a. Pe ae LE Se ale et ere ae ene erent 1 PUREE LEI Re Ne Ss een ee ee ee ees osk cee speed ese ssa 4 MRGAEM es cles elo Soo he oS eee to. Se ee Nett Cee eee pean ma scsse al PER OCOIOAQR Ere) os BAe cl ok o.oo waist aniaws coma doce ae eemee Seas Beeb ly OE RE ES a Oe a ean eer eee ey. St)! ae ae eee 1 VOU NUM eis faeid isc a, enim o> hoon Jee coic dee hosse Cocoa meeeer own es 1 ALN POMNOAD OE ooo a0 Seesee Sos sies Ul celeste ore eee eee eset ee ae 1 MGMPMEMOLEINO) Tass Cotas as cece soe joe G/Jcie aj nso Sr ae ee iat lee 1 PRON ACROUN \SSs wie diss wsihise adcsusishiuse b eee tapos Meera ocieb ae sec 2 (IES OS SE ee ees a RNC Rp. Sens a Sige a ee ee 5 ARAN OU COVE tte a co cra cis sacs cima ce pu NaS ec s teem etion specimens... 2 Money —to Nery AMAL TINGS ONG SCE <.o5-- poseereoreinaae hee ees sehen sense 1 (UP Cee ce Bae Aa SRS ER Set ra ae a ee as 1 DER LS Tie Gay a og ene bei e RE epee (dec) ye) le = ae a ee rs 1 DRPBPRIR DUD RSet es a ha So alate ag tees Pa ees AoE e cinte Dow wa Sane n UMN GORI CEN (OUUECOTMOLE), 3.256 ommhe Wee win ecb k Band esnse< wtenee sone 2 ae onal ita Vaid hes An eae diy nad atcnn Pope a naisw a samen 4 Se a aS kas panne ea UA eae onal enee dno bec nn vin'e ohih 1 - 120 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1834. Papuans, New Guinea: A. P. Goodwin—Continued. Bird-beak head-dress : « ..<.2c.eic ace sin oversee eiclare a clsiein sin alc mierel sie mee ier ete ieee ato 1 Basketa.-s2ccc can 2c e sce ees al ones inerinbaleelelt oni stele eee cha een tae = ee ae Cinctures—palm-leaf fiber... .2-..°- s<2 .. -coce sene-s scales spe eer eee epee WOOd CATVINOS.-- = coco. n2 eames oe mm ene = ee eins mini enes eno nn min ieinnislenie sa 4 NOt Dae soc one 2s seen snes cose eens sh om elelo mele ate We iam a ele omelet 1 ime boxes for betel-nut:chewers.. -< 5. 25-60. s 20 cse-8- on os esee eee eee epee ne TGiMES!SPOONB,) WOOG ANE! DOME) ai emraepe meer sere ae la a ae ee late eee teei 12 Wooden iat ss acca cesta eee eee cme ae a a nals emelse me eter a eete ese te ott eee i Ghindlevicinesaclll sje oles s soe teso dee mos Casas eco secnoncdasans o68 G2n4054s 8 Bamboo tube ot mabiverelae! ssc. c=. si= oe oa ae eee ete tet e lee elaey= ere re ete ee 1 Guttlofish-shelll. porgetele 232500 ¢6es0deicc canside sees aace ance Stee eaeaeteeeee ae Shellarmiets: and bracelets 2.2522 o2cnjcoc chases cee eee e eae eects aie Bamboo. tlutess cs. . hoo. a ohades nd seiscenncine deededdsne,< tas Sapo OO BRR eC ONEIY G. HOLTON... U2 i 4! elle olivier yo pea od ey od Pes 2 ea T 2,536 IERIE RIE iS BOEID 8-3 oe oo SU eo ao leslie beatin Jt oink cation 1,211 IE RTORIVECN DR COEIOS ie nw aside gehen snaps ue'otis, amie domamene LO PER SORIEN ore oa dae at one belie na sv ee cna se nploes Anes ates 104 a ane el pal ee ibaa eles beryl bAaliate gn Ubiepalne nies Sele tviclee tt BH 231 ER INOCESEE COL ODORUNTN oo St i goed a aE he bland cig ea din 4, 272 35, 800 RR PR RELIED UD Sica oe 2 Sthee Soe ek oo cea ta a as Boise eco See eee Ae 40, 072 RECOMMENDATIONS. Cases for the exhibition series.—By far the most urgent need of the department of birds is the want of suitable cases for the arrangement of the exhibition collection. The main purpose of this collection being the entertainment and instruction of the general public, it is due the latter that this, to them most important, portion of the collections should be exhibited in a manner which will afford them the means of deriving both pleasure and instruction from its inspection. Ln its present condition the exhibition series of birds is not only not in keeping with the dignity of the National Museum, but it is actually and deservedly the subject of much unfavorable comment. With the cases at present provided it is not possible to arrange the collection in any attractive manner, even were the number of cases sufficient for its accommodation. The Ameri- can Museum of Natural History in New York City is able, on account of its large, well-lighted, and admirably constructed cases, to make a display of the most diversified forms of the feathered creation, with which the bird exhibit of the National Museum cannot be compared, except to its discredit. 1 would most earnestly recommend that the 154 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. evil be remedied at as early a date as practicable by the construe: tion of new cases or the repair and modification of those now in use. | The National Museum possesses material, in the form of beautifully mounted specimens and unmounted hes from which in a short time) could be built a collection for popular instruction far superior to any in) America, and for beauty and utility, if not in extent, unsurpassed by any in Europe. # | Labels for the exhibition collection.—Next to the evil discussed abo ve is the absence of suitable labels for the specimens in the exhibitio; series. All are provided with the usual Museum label, upon which isi recorded in full the data pertaining to each. But these labels, ev on: when not fastened beneath the stands, are of no use to the publi¢« The latter require a label upon which they may find in conspicuo 181 typography the name of the bird before them (particularly its Euglisl name, if the species have one) and other similar facts. ‘To meet this requirement a form of label has been invented by the curator upon whieh’ is printed, first, in large, heavy-face type, the English name of the species; second, in smaller type, the various popular or local names ‘ by which it ig ae third, in medium heavy-face type, the scientific name ; and, fourth, a en statement of the range or habita In the case of species having notable characteristics or of special eco- nomic importance, the facts are briefly but concisely mentioned. The: copy for labels for all the species of North American birds is completed L ready for the printer, as is also that for a large number of exotic species, Ml and I would earnestly recommend that these be printed as soon as) practicable. (See sample label exhibited on page 151 of this report. a . Transfer of mounted specimens to new stands.—Most of the larger birds in the mounted collection have been transferred to new walnut stan ds ot the adopted model; but there still remains a considerable numb or, and much the greater 2s of the Smaller specimens, which are yet on ee A sufficient number of new stands is on hand for the specimens which are yet to be transferred, and I would respectfully recommend that the completion of the work be assigned to some com petent person, under the direction and supervision of the curator. — Taxidermists laboratory——The laboratory of the taxidermist is at present in need of many repairs and fixtures for facilitating the work of mounting birds for the exhibition series. Wall-cases with sash- door: and shelves are needed, as are also other improvements which it is un necessary to specify hoe g Additional storage room for specimens.—The bulk of the collection 01 ( birds has increased to such an extent that he cabinets thus far pro” one. At least three more of the large “Salvin” cabinets are urgen Ly REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS. 155 needed for the larger birds, and an equal number of quarter-unit cases for snfaller specimens. Additions to the exhibition series.—The exhibition series being intended for the purpose of popular instruction, it is therefore obvious that ajudi- cious selection of the objects to be exhibited is highly desirable. No end is served by the presentation of many species of one family of birds, or a large number which appeal inno way to the interest of the general public. Apart from the North American collection, which, in the in- terest of students, should be made complete as possible, the exhibition collection should consist of birds remarkable for beauty of plumage or peculiarities of structure, or interesting from their association with literature or history, or from their economic value. During a recent in- spection of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, the curator made a list of more than 100 species of foreign birds which constitute the chief attraction of that superb museum, all of which are wanting to the national collection. There are also required for the purposes of scientific research many forms which can be ob- tained only by purchase, the want of which has greatly impeded the scientific work of those who have made the collections of the National Museum the basis of their scientific investigations. It is earnestly recommended, therefore, that these species (a list which the curator hopes shortly to present) be purchased as soon as the finances of the Museum will allow. Ornithological library.— Not less pressing than the acquisition of special desiderata in the way of specimens is the need of a better working library for the Department of Birds. There are many books, some of which are in almost every public library of importance in the - country, and even in not a few private libraries—but not in that of the National Museum or of Congress—which are indispensable to the working ornithologist. These should be supplied at as early a date as possible. Additional assistants —The work of the department has increased so rapidly within the last few years, that with his present force the curator cannot keep abreast of his duties as they accumulate and at the same time carry on the improvements in the condition of the col- lection which are necessary to its preservation and utility. Two addi- tional aids are needed, both of whom should be persons who would have a lively interest in their work, one to act as messenger and general assistant, the other to perform necessary clerical duties. VI.—REPORT UPON THE DEPARTMENT OF HERPETOLOGY IN — ‘THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1884. By H. C. Yarrow, M. D., Honorary Curator. _ During the past year, as in previous years, the Department of Rep- tiles has been abundantly favored by many contributors whose interest in herpetology has led them to make valuable and extensive collections, and both the reserve and general series have been consequently much enlarged and made more valuable for purposes of comparison and study. Among the most noteworthy of the donations received may be men- tioned the following: From Capt. Charles Bendire, U.S. A., who for many years has been a most devoted friend to the establish sine has been eceived a large and valuable collection from Fort Klamath bey vicinity, Washington Territory. Mr. Charles H. Townsend, of Baird, Shasta Couty, California, has sent in an extremely interesting collection of the characteristic reptiles of that vicinity. Mr. C. J. Hering, of Suri- nam, a large contributor in previous years, has also presented a valu- able collection of exotic reptiles, and from the scientific gentlemen of the Fish Commission steamer, Albatross, a large collection made during the cruise in the West Indies in 1884, comprising over one hundred speci- mens, has been received. This econ has been loaned, by direction of Professor Baird, to Prof. E. D. Cope, of Philadelphia, for study and identification; the resuits will be probably embodied in a forthcoming paper by this distinguished naturalist on tropical herpetology. From Lieut. George F. Chase, U. 8. A., Fort Thomas, Arizona, have been re- ceived two living examples of the “Gila monster,” Heloderma suspectum, pe, these having been sent by special request to furnish additional ‘material for Dr. S. Weir Mitchell’s researches upon the venom of this interesting lizard. Collections have also been received from R, Ells- worth Call, Des Moines, Iowa, and a particularly valuable one from F. W. Nelson, Tucson, Arizona. _ During the months of August and September, 1884, the curator, be- ing in charge of a small party for scientific research sent out by direction of the Secretary of War, had an opportunity of collecting many valu- able aad interesting specimens of reptiles in the Territory of Utah, supplementing in this manner the collections made by him in 1872 while Naturalist of Lientenant Wheeler’s expedition. By permission of the 107 158 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Director of the Museum one of his assistants in the Department of Rep- tiles accompanied him, and by permission of General McCook, U.S. A., Lieut. B. W. Atkinson, Sixth United States Infantry, also joined the party; both gentlemen rendered valuable assistance. A small appro- priation was made to further the objects of the expedition. Other collections have been received from José C. Zelodon, of Costa Rica; B. V. Archer, Key West, Fla.; Prof. D. S. Jordan, Bloomington, Ind.; Dr. B. G. Lartigue, of South Carolina; Miss Rosa Smith, San Diego, Cal.; James Bell, Gainesville, Fla.; John and Charles Walker, Olney, Richland County, Illinois; H. C. Orcutt, San Diego, Cal.; R. E. C. Stearns, Auburn, Cal.; F. W. Hayden, Canada; Gustave Kohn, New Orleans, La.; W. A. Conklin, superintendent Central Park Museum, New York; J. Richardson, Rutland, Vt.; D. S. Sheldon, Griswold College, Davenport, Iowa; Charles R. Orcutt, San Diego, Cal.; Charles H. Town- send, Red Bluff, Cal.; H. W. Turner, San Francisco, Cal.; Maj. G. E. Dobson, Surgeon Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley, England; H.W. Hen- shaw, Massachusetts; and R. Ridgway, Wheatland, Ind. From this ex- tended list it will be seen that the public interest in the Reptile Depart- ment is constantly increasing. We are also under great obligations to’ Professor Snow, of the Kansas University, who loaned us a unique and beautiful specimen of Crotalus lepidus, which has been drawn as one of the illustrations for the Manual of Herpetology in course of preparation by the curator. As was mentioned by the curator in his last annual report, the routine work of the department has been transacted by himself and two assist- ants, both of whom are already possessed of considerable knowledge regarding reptiles. The ordinary routine is as follows: All collections received are at once numbered with a metallic tag and entered in the accession book, having been previously identified if possible. They are then, after a careful examination, placed in either the reserve or the general series, an additional record being made, in order that in case a specimen is needed it may be at once found according to its classifica- tion. In explanation of the terms ‘reserve series” and “ general series” it may be said that the entire collection of American reptiles is divided into two great parts, one called the ‘‘ Reserve Series,” intended for pur- poses of study and comparison, and from which is selected the exhibi- tion set, the other entitled the *‘ General Series,” from which selections are made for donations to other museums or to amplify the ‘‘ Reserve Series.” It is to be greatly regretted that proper space is not available to admit of a proper display of series of both domestic and foreign reptiles. It has long been the intention of the curator to arrange in the same manner the collection of foreign reptiles, but in the present crowded condition of the curator’s room it has been found impossible to do this properly. The following records, in addition to the current record, are kept with REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF HERPETOLOGY. 159 sat care and exactitude, and are necessitated by the business of the p artment, which has greatly increased in magnitude during the last pycars. These records are as follows: ecord of reserve series. ord of general series. ord of letters received. ecord of letters sent. ecord of requisitions. n these may be found every matter of business transacted in the apartment of Reptiles. No little labor is involved in attending promply to tie official cor- | sl ondence, which is quite voluminous at times, for letters of inquiry received from all parts of the world, to answer which, require much tudy, thought, and labor. During fie year 1884 over two hundred ters were received and answered, and many were written in addi- ‘he long-cherished desire of the curator to have prepared a card-cat- gue of the collection of reptiles is now in a fair way toward realiza- i, aS a commencement has been made and over a thousand speci- ns have been examined, verified, and recorded. This, in view of the sular work, which was arduous in 1884, is considered a good begin- ic. The manuscript of a Manual of Herpetology (mentioned in last year’s ort) by the curator, could be put into the hands of the printer within bort period if the illustrations were all completed. Owing to a want funds, further work upon these has been stopped. No special work has been attempted this year apart from the routine ities and field researches. At the present time the collection is in excellent condition, which uld be much improved were more space available. Although since scember 1, 1884, the business of the Reptile Department has been sed by the furloughing of both assistants, still constant attention is ven in order that the specimens may not perish for want of suitable Number of specimens on hand: RTI Sets Se eg nb bw aon p ade sone ces sabe wee eneeee 8, 926 SeeEeCMes . -...4.-.......-.-. Reams a Re ye AE OE er ie ee eR i 8,819 hibition set (selected for) : sini 525 ya cae ds haex <6 oss = nee d Sugatwath ula ak ieee stad dels. s 600 Foreign ata ee ares ack ob aK sa min hae alae Sans cameae ese apes 62a 150 mmnuniber Of entries in record book, 1884 ....... 2-2-6 cceccenccsee cocces oo 584 tal number of specimens received to January 1, 1885.....-....--....-..---- 1,494 tal number of entries in record up to January 1, 1885 .....,-..---,-----.-- 14,329 160 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884 Since his connection with the National Museum, in an honorary capacity, the curator has repeatedly called attention to the fact that without additional accommodation for his department it would be im- possible to so arrange the collection as to make it of much practical value, and it is now with a desponding spirit that he again urges that something may be done for relief. All the available shelf-space is overcrowded, specimens have to be placed on the floor or in an adjoining hall, and much material that is valuable is hidden away in clumsy tanks, deposited in almost inaccessible corners. Owing to other and important official duties, it is impossible for the curator to give his entire time to reptilian work, and without assistance the department will gradually merge into the condition it was when he first took charge of it. With becoming deference he thinks this should not be permitted ; an enormous amount of work has been expended in the department, and, with pardonable pride, he thinks that under the circumstances it compares most favorably with any of the other departments in the National Museum. It must be conceded by all who have looked into this subject that the Reptile Department is of quite as much importance to the Museum and to the scientific public as any of the other departments, and for this reason the curator again respecttually calls the attention of the Director to his recommendation of last year, that the person in charge should be a salaried officer, and be required to give his entire time to the duties of his office. This the present curator cannot do, and it will therefore be understood that no motive of self-interest prompts him in this sug- gestion. Vea oe! REPORT UPON THE DEPARTMENT OF FISHES IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSKUM FOR 1884, By TARLETON H. Bran, Curator. IMPORTANT ACCESSIONS DURING 1884, There were 93 accessions during the year, of which 51 were gifts, 32 from Museum collectors, and 10 from U.S. Fish Commission collectors. SYNOPSIS OF THE ACCESSIONS. Bee ee SO PTVIMISRO UPL ss celeets.= MN. Sento at Cree 3 SCLC ee ee 1 iNewsampsbine:. 282s Paee es alee 8 2 MEE PRON fanaa 5 els wra's tt. wae lo sine ops ONO WH OLSON a. Sho tos poe Sele Se ictciae 3 MIRIAM Sate S oye = 2 at om al = one a Di INGE MOT COW: fi 55) lejos Se esa aay 1 District of Columbia..-.-......------ 9 | New York ..--..--- Bee eaetcs toe sauace 6 BRIAN Sie cc Said x lation cee cures cats Gi North Carolina. 2.322% esb i sso eel et bee 2 RR woes ls ons oo ae Wie en Kare Oy @repan st co 2/ 22. SAE ale aise wade 8 TST Ap RR is A P| Penney hy ania . 55 ish See ee 1 me andiana .....-.--...-.-..-----------. 1 Rhode Teland .2--.- 28068 (o.2c. bo aaes 2 © a ee i ae ee ea fe | SUPRA eee RP a a cin shel a Re re Grate A De. SR a nen VUE LTT Bt sre eve aie oars epee otter ote 4 BEEING ahs os ko See sone ce. woo psec 2 | Washington Territory.....-....-...-- 2 SET TIBOUUS) ou nie ms See ala eae oe 7) (OWWASCONSIO Ss eoues ede l. BRE See 1 MMREREE RT ere ooo es a 6 3d Saiia sooo 2) | Deep sear. 245s.) . 85S sete size taste cen © STIPE DT ESS ne se Sea ge 2 EXTRALIMITAL. Rae eel, SL ae i oS ere i Manitoba)... == {5202504 ane eae eta naar 1 1. ag ee re, Saree 1: Newroundlang 2222s ue scundteseo eae os = 1 CS ee Ce eae PPONtATIO‘S Soo see aan erie a cena see eee = i mn ceet seb 000k ob 1 yal th) Periso4s 2 Set ees See cto L LG 2 AAS SESS ee ee ee ses a 2 Quebeo ty Asses eae sae a coe 2 eR 1 WVieni0e)}.2-% sone ie a etenes ceo aes sano 1 a a if |" Wesb/Indies esses aeteeeee ee oe ed 4 By addition we would have a larger number of accessions than 93; but, in some cases, the accession was partly from one locality and partly from another, and each is credited as one in the synopsis. : Following is a summary of the most interesting accessions catalogued during the year, 34 in number: Copt. Charles Bendire, Vort Klamath, Washington Territory. Accession 13916; catalogue, 33956-33957. This collection contained two very SB. Mis. 33, pt. 2—~11 161 a 162 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. large skins of Catostomus labiatus, a little known sucker, and one which we have not had in the Museum before. TI. M. Turner, Ungava Bay, Labrador. Accessions 13724 and 13922; catalogue 34114-34261. This large and valuable collection of fishes was made in 1882 and 1883, by Mr. Turner. It contains twenty-seven species, represented in most cases by a sufficient number of excellent specimens. As might have been expected, his collection is rich in Salmonoids, including six species. One of the most interesting of the species is a char, which I suppose to be Salvelinus stagnalis; this is remarkable for its enormous size, almost rivaling that of the Maine salmon. Among the rarer species obtained by Mr. Turner are the fol- lowing : Cottus scorpioides, Cyclopterus spinosus, Sticheus punctatus, and Somniosus microcephalus. Prof. D. 8. Jordan, Bloomington, Ind. Accession 13981; catalogue 34351-34373. This is a collection of Venetian fishes, containing twenty-three species. Daniel Kelleher, New Bedford, Mass. Accession 14058; catalogue 34380. A stuffed skin of Conger, 65 inches long. South Side Club, Oakdale, L. I. Accession 14060; catalogue 34382. A fresh specimen of the rainbow trout, Salmo irideus, which was reared in the ponds of the club, and shows remarkable growth of the species since its introduction there by the U. S. Fish Commission. Miss Rosa Smith, San Diego, Cal.. Accession 14099; catalogue 34745- 34792. A fine collection of about thirty-seven species of Pacific fishes. E. G. Blackford, 80 Fulton Market, New York, N. Y. Accession 14151; catalogue 34427. A male steel-head trout, Salmo gairdneri, weigh- ing 26 pounds, from Portland, Oreg. Dr. William H. Jones, U. 8. .N., U. 8. S. Wachusett. Accession 14202. Nine jars of fishes in alcohol, collected during the cruise of the U. S.S. Wachusett. Coast of Peru. George A. Hudson, Savannah, Ga. Accession 14280; catalogue 34715. A leather carp, Cyprinus carpio, from the Ogechee River, Georgia. Weight, 24 pounds. — A. Booth, Chicago, Ill. Accession 14296; catalogue 34743. A shad, Clupea sapidissima, from the Columbia River. Walter Haydon, Weston, Ontario. Accession 14306; catalogue 34821- 34831. Ten species of fishes from Hudson’s Bay, as follows: Perca americana, Cottus labradoricus, Uranidea spilota, Hsox lucius, Percopsis guttatus, Catostomus longirostris, Salvelinus fontinalis, Stizostedium vit- reum, Coregonus labradoricus, Coregonus artedi var. E. G. Blackford, 80 Fulton Market, New York, N. Y. Accession 14311. A halibut weighing 430 pounds, from Newfoundland. This specimen was cast and skinned. S. J. Martin, Gloucester, Mass. Accession 14417; catalogue 34883. A specimen of the black grouper, Epinephelus nigritus, weighing 300 pounds. Captured off Block Island. This is a species belonging to our southern coast; it strayed out of its native waters. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF FISHES. 163 E.G. Blackford, 80 Fulton Market, New York, N. Y. Accession 14480; catalogue. 34884. A pompano, Trachynotus goreensis, weighing 36 pounds. Prof. D. S. Jordan, Bloomington, Ind. Accession 14486; catalogue, A large collection of fishes from Cuba and Florida, containing many new species. U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. Accession 14286; catalogue 34853-34881, 54887-34903, 54905-34963, A tankof fishes from Saint Thomas, Trinidad, Curacao, and Key West, Fla. Prof. C. H. Gilbert, Rockford, Ill. Accession 14525; catalogue 34979 34983, A small collection of Illinois fishes, containing types of the following new species: Nocomis hyostomus, Notropis boops, and Pecil- ichthys palustris. Capt. T. W. Sumpter, Big Spring, Va. Accession 14523; catalogue - 34978. A rainbow trout, Salmo irideus, taken in Roanoke River, June 13, 1884. EB. 0. Smith, Newport, R. I. Accession 14543; catalogue 34988. A specimen of Chetodipterus faber, caught at Newport. An unusual species in that locality. Capt. George A. Johnson, Gloucester, Mass. Accession 14589; catalogue 35110. A specimen of Chiasmodus niger, from Brown’s Bank. Captain Johnson says it was taken alive, and was very ferocious. J. Dock Harrell, Osyka, Miss. Accession 14606; catalogue 35144. A specimen of striped bass, Roccus septentrionalis, which species is now reported in large schools of varying sized fish in that part of the Lower Mississippi Valley. Prof. 8. F. Baird, Wood’s Holl, Mass. Accession 14614; catalogue 35136. A specimen of the frigate mackerel, Au«is rochei. Frank G. Galbraith, Wrightsville, York County, Pennsylvania. Acces- sion 14624; catalogue 35137. A mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio, 19 inches long, taken in the Susquehanna River. U. 8. Fish Commission, Wood’s Holl, Mass. Accession 14759; catalogue ——. Fifteen bottles of the rarer deep-sea fishes obtained by the Albatross. Prof. D. 8. Jordan, Bloomington, Ind. Accession 14828. A large col- lection of fresh-water fishes from Iowa and Missouri, containing many new and rare species. Prof. D. 8. Jordan, Bloomington, Ind. Accession 14881. Fresh-water fishes from Southern Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Indian Territory, Indiana, and elsewhere. In this and the preceding lot there are about twenty-five new species and a hundred desiderata. J. A. Duguo ?, Gloucester, Mass. Accession 14965; catalogue 36601. A specimen of Trachypterus arcticus from Iceland. Prof. D. 8. Jordan, Bloomington, Ind. Accessions 15002 and 15011; catalogue Numerous species of fishes from Indiana and Texas, 164 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Dr. T. H. Bean, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Accession 15031. Sixty-three species of marine and fresh-water. fishes from Great South Bay, Long Island, and vicinity. Prof. C. H. Gilbert, Bloomington, Ind. Accession 15056. A box of fishes from Alabama, including new species of darters, minnows, cat- fishes, &c. E. 8. Stover, Albuquerque, N. Mex. Accession 15114; catalogue 56891. Six specimens of carp, Cyprinus carpio, raised in alkali water. James G. Swan, Port Townsend, Wash. Accession 15152; catalogue This collection includes, among other things, a beautiful example of Chirolophus polyactocephalus, Pallas, which has not been known south of Alaska before. Peter Smith, Chaptico, Saint Mary’s County, Maryland. Accession 15412; catalogue 36919. A mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio, weighing 11 pounds, which was caught in Wicomico Bay, in brackish water. Dr. W. H. Jones, U. S. 8S. Wachusett, Callao, Peru. Accession 15224; catalogue 36928-36934. A small collection of marine fishes contain- ing a Trachurus, a Scomber, a Sciceena, an Ophichthys, and several re- markably large Gobiesox, measuring about a foot in length. . . ; ENTRIES IN THE CATALOGUE OF FISHES DURING 1884. The total number of entries in the catalogue was 3,015, the first entry being 33920 and the last 56934. This number was distributed through the different months as shown in a table further on. Table showing some of the work upon the collection of fishes during 1884. Lots of Lots of Fish draw- Months. fish fish cata- received. logued. Packages sent out. ee amined.* Se CAacoanu 2 oa nw — enw ADmS — De Tee ose — oa EDEN DOM UCL s 225. s- ewinta slemeeaie swe Omnitele ea lanee seins Pf Rasen Oo eos ese Sey OGTR DEL te sone Se arama mn et Ceeiae ici aeons Sie Cine weirs 10 1, 357 27 1 INGVOMMDOL’. veseccsctosnatesscne tesco sae en cteeoonase as 3 5 December Ee PO mer Pry et eae ORO e SO SG ose 5 25 5 ST CE Ee Sere So aeUedoe ASSoe corer Seema = 93 3, 015 54 117 * Ten drawings, made by Miss Smith, not included here. WORK DONE UPON THE FISHES DURING 1884. The notes on fishes, made by me while in Europe, in 1883, were ar- a | ranged for the printer. ‘ A large and valuable collection of fishes, received from J.C. Bre- yoort through HE. G. Blackford, were identified and catalogued. a ; idee ie) oe ~~) VL aa A ee Se Sees Y Aas by i ood) Oe ea fa 2 REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF FISHES. 165 A collection of Jamaican fishes, including nearly one hundred spe- cies, sent here in duplicate for identification, by the Kingston Public Museum of Jamaica, was attended to. This is an important accession to the collection of fishes. The fresh-water fishes were all removed to the west basement, where Prof. D. S. Jordan, during the months of July and August, worked over the entire collection, verifying the old identifications and re-ar- ranging the collections generally. Many of these fishes were found to be absolutely worthless, and consequently were thrown away. A journal relating to the fishes of Wood’s Holl, Mass., and vicinity, kept by Mr. V. N. Edwards, from 1872 to 1880, is being revised for pub- lication. The large accessions required considerable attention, especially those from the deep sea. On account of the large number of gifts numerous lists were made for the donors and other information concerning the fishes was furnished. During the mouths of July and August my time was mostly taken up with editorial work. I left Washington for Patchogue, Great South Bay, N. Y., with two of my assistants, Messrs. Bean and Dresel, on the 2d of September. We spent about six weeks collecting fishes, principally marine species, in Great South Bay and the ponds in the vicinity of Patchogue. The work upon the bottled collection of marine fishes was commenced, and the different series will be made up as rapidly as possible. FISH DRAWINGS COMPLETED BY MISS M. M. SMITH, 1884. Brimyzon goodei, Lateral view. 838. Ichthelurus furcatus. Lateral, head from above, and ventral views. 35631. Chimerid. Lateral, head from above, and ventral views. 35415. Psenes. Lateral view. 39634, Alepocephalid? Lateral view. 35559. Alepocephalid? Lateral view. 35540. Astronesthes richardsonii. Lateral view. 39635. Bathypterois. Lateral view. 30625, Brotulid. Lateral view. 33958. Coregonus artedi. Lateral view. LIST OF THE FISHES DRAWN BY MR. H. L. TODD DURING 1884. January : 52888. Catostomus longirostrum. Lateral and ventral views. 16633. Salmo plewriticus. Lateral view. 30176. Trachynotus glaucus. Lateral view. 29882. Physiculus. Lateral view. 31917. Epinephelus drummond-hayi. Lateral view. 166 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. February : 27657. 17113. 17800. 31482. 33197. 26564. Pristis pectinatus. Lateral view. Ophiodon elongatus. Lateral view. Mola rotunda. Lateral view. From cast. Bothus maculatus. Lateral view. Minytrema melanops. Lateral view. Pomacanthus zonipectus. Lateral view. Pomacanthus arcuatus (ad.). Lateral view. Calamus pennatula. Lateral view. March : 33189. 34397. 13087. 16252. 35041. 5815. 21500. 26575. 30862. Anisotremus virginicus. Lateral view. Alutera scripta. Lateral view. Blepharis crinitus. Lateral view. Vomer setipinnis. Lateral view. Alepocephalus productus. Lateral view. Hemistoma guacamaia. Lateral view. Xyrichthys vermiculatus. Lateral view. Citharichthys microstomus. Lateral view. Htropus crossotus. Lateral view. Paralichthys squamilentus. Lateral view. Scopelid. Lateral view. April: 22832. 26585. 33220. 26583. 8247. 34742. Menticirrus alburnus. Lateral view. Trachynotus ovatus. Lateral view. Lutjanus caxvis. Lateral view. Ocyurus chrysurus. Lateral view. Hemulon chromis. Lateral view. Oncorhynchus nerka. Lateral view. May: 54744. 30057. 23458. 17869. 1813. 30245. 23459. 26294. 23460. 27897. 17852, 1281. 27212. Percina caprodes. Lateral view. Hemulon fremebundum. Percina manitou. Lateral view. Diplesium blennioides. Lateral view. Pecilichthys ceruleus. Lateral view. Boleosoma olmstedi. Lateral view. Alvordius crassus (type). Lateral view. Alvordius phoxocephalus. Lateral view.° Boleichthys eos (type). Lateral view. Etheostoma flabellare. Lateral view. Imostoma shumardi. Lateral view. Etheostoma lineolatum. Lateral view. Torpedo californica. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral views. June: 23445. Vaillantia camura. Lateral view. 21994, Plewrolepis asprellus. Lateral view. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF FISHES. 167 23454. Nanostoma vincticeps. Lateral view. (CLXXIV.) Benthosaurus grailator. Lateral view. a 34886. Umbra pygmea. Lateral view. 34401. Aphredoderus sayanus. Lateral view. With 21994. Alvordius ? Lateral view. Malacosteus niger. Lateral view. 23461. Rheocrypta copelandi (type). Lateral view. 1164. Alvordius macrocephalus. Lateral view. 20354. Mesogonistius chetodon. Lateral view. 34957. Hamulon rimator. Lateral view. 32095. Eques lanceolatus. Lateral view. 23456. Pecilichthys virgatus. Lateral view. 23465. Ioa vitrea. Lateral view. 33915. Emblemaria nivipes. Lateral view. (Station 2146.) Diodon. Lateral view. July: 35035. Hemulon album. Lateral view. 7987. Ostracion trigonum. Lateral view. 35135. Tetrodon levigatus. Lateral view. 7 35136. Auxis rochei. Lateral view. 30824. Chasmodes saburre (types). Lateral view. a 30856. Isesthes ionthas (types). Lateral view. ; 35173. Sparisoma cyanolene. Lateral view. eee) August: £ 39081. Diplodus unimaculatus. Lateral view. “ 35086. Myrophis. Lateral view. : 22821. Polynemus octonemus. Lateral view. B, 34896. Aulostoma maculatum. Lateral view. 30177. Caranx amblyrhynchus. Lateral view. 19907. Centropomus undecimalis. Lateral view. 228351. Harengula pensacole. Lateral view. 530071. Clupea pseudohispanica. Lateral view. 39042. Calamus bajonado. Lateral view. 35030. Lutjanus analis. Lateral view. September: 35150. Haemulon teniatum. Lateral view. Cryptotomus beryllinus. Lateral view. 35155. Gobionellus oceanicus. Lateral view. 3423. Hypoplectrus nigricans. Lateral view. 35021. Epinephelus microlepis. Lateral view. 30060. Tetrodon testudineus. Lateral and upper views. 35799. Paralichthys ocellaris. Lateral view. 3424. Acanthurus chirurgus. Lateral view. 168 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884 October: 33181. 35168. 36212. 36215. 35828. 36444. 36525. 1514, 35853. 35946. 34004. 36442, 36214. 36496, 36446. 36139. 35101. Echeneis naucrates. Platyglossus radiatus. Pecilichthys punctulatus. Hadropterus cymatogrammus, Ammocrypta clara. Ammocrypta vivax. Microperca fonticola (type). Cottogaster putnami. Pecilichthys gilberti. Anguilla. Nanostoma thalassinum. Etheostoma whipplei. Hadropterus niangue. Hadropterus evides. Hadropterus scierus. Etheostoma luteocinctum. Scorpena grandicornis. November: 36448. 36413. 34972. 36889. 39105. 34447, 21903. 301438. 31975. 36911. Etheostoma histrio. Cottogaster uranidea. Platophrys nebularis. Chirolophus polyactocephalus. Trisotropis venenosus. Antennarius annulatus. Limanda rostrata ? Chetodon capistratus. Anoplopoma fimbria. Cyprinus carpio. December: 36053 36052 36020. 35001 36922 Fundulus diaphanus. Fundulus heteroclitus. Gobiosoma alepidotum. Beostoma inscriptus. Lutjanus synagris. During the year forty-one papers, based upon material belonging to the department, were published in the Proceedings for 1884. The number of specimens now in the Museum is not definitely known, PRESENT STATE OF THE COLLECTION. but it is estimated to be about 68,000, divided as follows: (1) In the reserve series, 36,000; (2) On exhibition, 20,000; (3) Duplicates about 12,000. The condition of the collection has been greatly improved py trans- ferring the fishes from old tanks into new ones and into glass jars. eae Oe we > YS ee REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF FISHES. 169 There is, of course, some material which must be called distinctly bad, but the amount is becoming less and less every day. RECOMMENDATIONS AND GENERAL REMARKS. The duplicate fishes should be disposed of as soon as the sets can be made up. There should also be some instructions to collectors, cautioning them against shipping large numbers of fishes belonging to well-known species. Some provisions should be made for a proper storage of the skele- tons of fishes, which are now lying in boxes, where they are inacces- sible. I take pleasure in referring again to the assistance which I have de- rived from the following-named gentlemen in my work upon the fishes: Mr. Barton A. Bean, Ensign H. G. Dresel, U. S. N., and Mr. Peter Parker, jr. Without the valuable help of these gentlemen much of the work which has been accomplished would have remained undone. The Museum is to be congratulated also upon the addition to its corps of artists of Miss Mary M. Smith, of Bainbridge, Pa. Through the help of Mr. H. L. Todd and Miss Smith we are now able to produce very satisfactory illustrations of fishes. I herewith append a statement, prepared by Prof. D. S. Jordan, re- garding the collections of fishes made by himself under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, the Museum, and the Fish Commission. The collecting expedition of 1834 is of special value, being probably the most extensive yet undertaken in the fresh waters of the United States. The object of this exploration was the gathering together of a collection of fresh-water tishes to be exhibited by the National Museum at New Orleans. A RECORD OF COLLECTIONS OF FISHES MADE UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE U.S. FISH COMMISSION AND THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, FROM 1875 TO 1885. By Davib 8S. JORDAN. For the past ten years the writer has been engaged in a special study of the distribution of fishes in the waters of North America. In this study he has had occasion to do a good deal of field work in the collec- tion of and preservation of fishes. In this he has been aided by sey- eral students and associates, especially by Mr. Charles H. Gilbert, now professor of biology in the University of Cincinnati. All this work has been carried on under the auspices of the U.S. National Museum and the U.S. Fish Commission. It has been per- formed, in a greater or less degree, under the direction of Professor Baird, and in all cases most of the material obtained, including the types of all new species, has been sent to the U.S. National Museum. 170 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18834. The amount of financial assistance received from Government sources has varied very much. At times (1880-’84) it has amounted to consid- erably more than the actual expenses of exploration and collection. At other times it has simply met the cost of the alcohol used. Aid of varying amount has also been given by Butler University and, since 1879, by the University of Indiana. These details are, however, foreign to the present purpose. [here give a brief account of the different excursions for field work in ichthyology, made by my associates and myself, with a list of the localities explored. 1875. In the spring and fall of 1875, extensive collections were made in White River and its tributaries about Indianapolis, by the late Prof. Herbert E. Copeland and myself. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS. 181 ultimate distribution to other museums or for exchange. Case room is the great need of the department at present, and it will continue for some time to be the most urgent want which presents itself. — Looking forward to the time when the collection shall be in working order and various suites now promised or in course of transmission shall have arrived, we may anticipate that in all that relates to North America and its adjacent seas the national collection as a whole will not be sur- passed, or even equaled, in the world. For the North Atlantic and British seas the collection of Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys is now in process of transmission. For the northeastern coast of the United States the collections of the U. 8. Fish Commission will eventually be deposited in the Museum. For the North Pacific, Bering and Arctic Seas the collections of Messrs. Dall, Turner, Fisher, Murdoch, the United States Revenue Marine, and others are already in the Museum and partly administered upon. For the western coast of North America, from Puget Sound to Panama, the original Carpenter collection has long been a part of the Museum, and the Stearns collection has been recently acquired. The preceding series are without doubt the finest and most valuable in existence relating to their respective regions, both in extent and scientific value. For the Gulf coast, Antilles, and southeastern shores of the United States much material is on hand and more will doubtless be acquired very soon. It is the weakest section of our American collection at pres- ent, but may, with the eee of the Fish Commission corps, not ong remain so. The land and fresh-water shells of the great interior region of the United States are well represented, though much more remains to be done before the collection in this regard can claim completeness. The series of types contributed by Mr. W. G. Binney, Dr. Isaac Lea, Henry Hemphill, and others, when administered upon and taken in connection with the Centennial collection arranged by Dr. James Lewis, will form a very satisfactory series, and the gaps which nevertheless exist may probably be filled by proper effort as the deficiencies become evident in arranging the material in hand. In exotic material the collection consists chiefly of the contributions of the various United States exploring expeditions, Hon. Nicholas Pike and other friends of the Museum, and, while including many valuable types, bears no comparison in fullness and value to the strictly Ameri- can sections, as, indeed, might naturally be expected. A list of the chief accessions to the Department of Mollusks during the year is appended to this report. Though work of an administrative nature has occupied nearly all the time of the curator and his assistants, yet some contributions to original research have been made during the year. The most important of these are the determination of the syste- matic relations of Vurbinella pyrum Linné, long a desideratum, and the 182 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. investigation of Chlamydoconcha, a remarkable form of bivalve mollusk, with an internal shell, from California, which proves to be the type of a new family. A list of the chief publications by the curator during 1884 is appended. The number of entries made in the mollusk register during the past — year is 5,231, but this is far from indicating the total number of acces- sions, the majority of which have been laid aside to be catalogued later, — as occasion Serves. The total number of molluscan specimens in the possession of the # Museum cannot be stated, as fully half of them are not catalogued; but it is safe to estimate them at not less than four hundred thousand, in- cluding duplicates and specimens in spirits. The number of species may approximate twenty thousand, but this is much more uncertain. Several years must elapse before a definite enumeration can be made. The number of entries in the mollusk register is about forty-one thou- sand, but this necessarily includes numerous duplications of the same species from different localities. . The following accessions have been made to the collection in this de- partment during the year: Adams, 8S. F., Lakeside, Beadle County, Dakota. Specimens of Planorbis trivolvis, from Dakota. Baird, Prof. S. F., Secretary Smithsonian Institution and Director of the National Museum. Pearl from Venus mercenaria L., obtained at Wood's Holl, Mass., by T. 8S. Ellis. A remarkably large and fine ex- ample. Beauchamp, Kev. W. M., Baldwinsville, N. Y. Shells of Unio, Iimnea, and Bithinia, from the State of New York. Blochman, Lucien A., San Diego, Cal. Marine shells (Jatorina, Ostrea, Cerithidea, &c.), from San Diego, Cal. Call, R. Hulsworth, David City, Nebr. Land and fresh-water shells from Utah and Nevada, including types of new species, &c. A valuable series. Specimens of Unio Wardii Lea, from Des Moines, Iowa. Specimens of Spherium Jayanum and SN. transversum, from Des Moines. ———. Alcoholic specimens of Limax maximus L., from the District of Columbia. Twelve species, 127 specimens Unionide, from Des Moines River, lowa. Coleman, W. W.,927 Ninth street, Washington, D. C. Specimen of Lo- ligo, from Norfolk, Va. Crawford, Dr. M. H., U. 8. N., of U. 8.8. Shenandoah, Tima, Peru. Specimens of nbs and shells, dry and in alcohol, from latitude 52° 39’ south, and longitude 68° 34’ west, from the west coast of Tierra del I'uego, near the entrance of Magellan Strait. Dale, Dr. F. C. (See Hungerford.) « sie REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS. 183 Dall, Rev. C. H. A., Caleutta, India. One package marine shells from Madras, India. Dore, Harry E., Portland, Oreg. Shells from Oregon, including the re- cently introduced European Zoniles cellarius Mull. Duges, Prof. A., Guanajuato, Mee. Anodonta and Vermetus from Mexico. Edwards, Vinal N.. Wood's Holl, Mass. Lunatia heros and Mesodesma Jauresi, in alcohol, fron Wood's Holl, Mass. Ellis, T. S. (See Baird, Prof. S. I.) Grey, J. W., Hartford, Conn., through Barnett Phillips, esq. Specimens of Cionella subcylindrica, a small land snail, said to have fallen in a shower at Hartford, Conn., November 11, 1883. Hayden, T. Walton, Weston (Ont.), Canada. Specimen of Anodonta from Hudson Bay Territory, in spirits. Hemphill, Henry, Oakland, Cal. Three packages small mollusks and shells from Florida. These are among the most valuable contributions of the year,.including chiefly small and rare species, some of which are new, and all valuable for their excellent condition, and accurate determination of habitat, locality, We. Hering C. J., Paramaribo, Surinam. Specimens of Bulimus and Am- pullaria from Surinam. Hungerford, Dr. (through Dr. I’. C. Dale, China). Land, fresh-water, and marine shells from China and Philippine Islands. Hydrographic Office, U. 8. Navy Department (through Commander J. R. Bartlett, hydrographer). Nudibranchs, cephalopods, and other pelagic mollusks picked up at sea by Capt. J. R. Lyon of the bark Cashmere on a voyage from Liverpool to Caleutta and San Francisco. ‘India Museum, Calcutta, by Prof. J. Wood Mason (through W. H. Dall). Turbinella pyrum L., in alcohol. This shell, though extremely com- mon in the Indian seas, has been hitherto unknown as to its soft parts. Its classification, hitherto doubtful, has been determined by means of the specimen above mentioned, obtained at the Andamans. Jeffreys, Dr. J. Gwyn, F. BR. S., Kensington, England. Two cases of gas- tropod mollusks, being an installment of the Jeffreys collection now being forwarded to the National Museum. Jones, Dr. William H., U.S. N., of the U. 8. S. Wachusett, Callao, Peru. A valuable collection of marine shells, dry and in alcohol, from the west coast of South America (chiefly Peru and Ecuador), and from the Gal- apagos (Chatham) Islands. Kiefer, George, Lima, Peru. Shells, &¢., in alcohol, from Peru. Lehnert, Rev. E., Washington, D. C. (through R. E. C. Stearns). Onehun- dred and thirty-three species and varieties of land and fresh-water shells from the District of Columbia, being a valdable contribution toward a local collection. Mosely, Prof. H. N., Oxford, England. Microscopic slides, showing eyes of Schizochiton incisus and Ornithochiton sp. Murdoch, John. (See Signal Office, U.S. A.) 184 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Nichols, Lieut. Commander H. L., U. S. N. Ten species marine shells from British Columbia. Orcutt, Charles R., San Diego, Cal. Specimens of mollusks, in alcohol, including the remarkable new type Chlamydoconcha Oreutti Dall, from San Diego, Cal. Palmer, Dr. Edward. Specimens of Pinna seminuda and byssus, and Strombus gigas L., from Florida. Phillips, Barnett, esq. (See Grey, J. W.) Pilsbry, H. A., Davenport, Iowa. Specimen of the rare Gundlachia meek- tana Stm., from Davenport, Iowa. Shufeldt, Dr. R. W., U. S. A., Fort Wingate, N. Mex. Specimens of Physa gyrina Lea, from New Mexico, in spirits. Signal Office, U. S. A. (See also Stejneger.) Specimens of shells from Point Barrow, Arctic Ocean, collected by Prof. John Murdoch and others of the Arctic meteorological station at Point Barrow, com- manded by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U.S. A. cee eee aunt 4 Conularia undulata, Conrad ..--.-.--------- 1 || Nautilus liratus, var. juvenis, Hall..-.....-. 1 Number of species, 6; number of Number of species, 8; number of specimens, 16. | specimens, 66. Cephalopoda. | Pecilopoda. Orthoceras crotalum, Hall .......----------- | 10) |) Phaecape rang, Greene sa) aeece «ane =e oer 30 MUNIN, PE ee ann ele 10 || Dalmanites Boothii, Green ......---.------- 13 subulatum, Hall ........-.-.---..| 5 || Homalonotus DeKayi, Green ...------------ 2 Teamon, Mell... toe e ll Silekensidess occ 2-.1-.20 ee eens | 16 SJR seek eee eS Seem ae | 26 Number of species, 4; number of Goniatites discoideus, Hall .......----------- 8 specimens, 61. Genera, 65; species, 120; specimens, 1,599. The above collection will be of value in the comparative study of faunas from the Devonian, as it is from one locality and shows varia- tions in the species not observed elsewhere. “The general character of the fauna of the Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous strata of the Eureka and White Pine mining districts of Central Nevada is given in this work more to illus- trate the stratigraphic succession and equivalency of the geologic hori- zons with those described elsewhere than as a detailed monograph of the invertebrate fossils, since for the latter purpose much more exten- sive collections are necessary to represent the large fauna of the Paleo- zoic system of Central Nevada than we have at present.” XII (8).—DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS, MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC. By C. A. Wuire, Honorary Curator. This report necessarily embraces an account of a large part of the work which has been done by my division of the U. 8. Geological Sur- vey, because myself and all of my assistants except one are regularly employed as members of that organization; also much the greater part of the material which is now being received for fhis division of the Museum comes from parties connected with the Survey. Besides myself, the following persons connected with the Survey have been employed in my division of the Museum work during the year: J. B. Mareou, Lawrence ©. Johnson, Frank Burns, P. C. George, J. P. Hendley, and ©. B. Boyle. In addition to these, Dr. R. H. Singleton has been detailed from the Museum for work in connection with the registers and catalogues. It will of course be understood that for a part of the year the persons mentioned above who are connected with the Survey are not engaged upon Museum work. All of them spend more or less of the year in the field work of the Survey, and some of them are engaged mainly in the collection of fossils, which are sent to the Museum. ACCESSIONS. There have been received at the Museum during the past year about 85 boxes of fossils which pertain to my division, the number being somewhat indefinite because many of the boxes which are sent contain material which pertains to other divisions. These accessions embrace collections made in California, Oregon, New Jersey, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. As is usually the case with such collections, a part of the material is not available for Museum purposes; but still these accessions are mak- ing large additions to the Museum material of a very important char- acter. These new collections also embrace species which have not before been in the possession of the Museum. This is especially the case with the collections from California and the Gulf States. Fifteen accessions sent by private parties to the Museum have been received by my division during the year. Most of these are of little vaiue 215 216 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. as accessions, but a part of them are desirable. They have, however, all received proper attention, as required by the rules of the Museum. ROUTINE WORK. Besides the work of classifying and arranging the collections, the routine work of my division has consisted largely in duplicating the registers and the preparation of catalogues. Copies of the three large volumes of the registers have been made, consisting of 3,500, 8,899, and 12,900 entries, respectively. These copies have been delivered to Mr. ©. D. Walcott, who has charge of the Paleozoic fossils. A complete index of all the Mesozoic and Cenozoic invertebrate fossils of North America, wherever published, is in an advanced state of prep- aration, and it is expected that it will be ready for publication during the year. A catalogue of all the type specimens of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic species belonging to the Museum is nearly completed, and will soon be offered for publication in the Proceedings of the Museum. It is based upon a careful selection and verification of the specimens, and will show the Museum registry number of each, as well as the date and place of description and illustration. The reviewing and labeling of all the fossils belonging to this divis- ion, exclusive of the later collections of the Geological Survey and the 49 boxes sent last year from Texas by Mr. George Stolley, have been completed. The Stolley collection has been unpacked, a few trays full selected for the Museum, and the remainder stored in the Armory building. The entries in the Museum register for the year range from 12,231 to 13,389, inclusive. A collection of Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossils, consisting of 100 species, has been sent to Prof. Samuel Calvin, of the lowa State University, in exchange for fossils received from him by the Museum a year or two previously. A collection of 18 specimens of fossiliferous rocks have been delivered to Mr. George P. Merrill, in charge of the Department of Lithology in the Museum. PRESENT STATE OF THE COLLECTIONS. It is not at present practicable to make any satisfactory statement as to the present state of the collections, because, for want of sufficient help and suitable room in which to work, they have not been fully classified, and none of them are yet installed. Upon the completion of the study of any collection or group of species the specimens have been put away in trays, where they await an opportunity for their clas- sification and installation. Speaking in a general way, I may say that the collections contain a large part of the types of the species of fossil invertebrates which have beep published in the official reports of the United States sur- rn. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS rb a veys and explorations. A few of these have perhaps been lost, and some have never reached the Museum. They also contain so large a number of authentic specimens of other species, that resort to the other great collections of the country is seldom necessary, so far as North American forms are concerned. The collections that are now being added to the Museum, together with those which it already possesses, are to be the standards of refer. ence for the national geological work, and it is therefore essential that provision be made for their safety and accessibility. The Museum work of my division is very much retarded for want of suitable room in which to work and suitable cases in which to arrange the specimens. So great is the want in this respect that we often find it impracticable to get access to the material which it is necessary to study; and the collec- tions are also inaccessible to other naturalists who may desire to study them. Convenient access at all times to the collections is necessary, because questions are constantly arising in the progress of the Govern- ment geological work which can be solved only by their aid. It may be mentioned, however, as an encouraging fact, that the more important part of the collections is comparatively safe, so far as danger of their destruction is concerned. i oe XUI.—DEPARTMENT OF FOSSIL PLANTS. By Lester F. WarRD, Honorary Curator. Only a few scattering accessions have been made to the department during the year, and no work strictly appertaining to the curatorship was undertaken until after the beginning of November, owing to my not having any assistants and to being constantly employed in the prepara- tion of reports for the Geological Survey. The material which I am elaborating for these reports will, however, be ultimately turned over to the Museum, and will largely increase its collections. On November 5, Mr. Frank H. Knowlton was assigned to duty in the Department of Fossil Plants, and since that date he has been employed in devising and perfecting a system of cataloguing and installing the ac- cessions. A large amount of miscellaneous and undetermined material had accumulated which it had been impossible for me to attend to, and this he has carefully and intelligently examined, classified, and cata- logued. This material, therefore, 1 am now able, for the first time, to em- brace in my enumeration of stock in hand. Mr. Knowlton has also performed a large number of minor duties incident to the routine work of the department which had been deferred for want of time, and is in- trusted with the care of specimens as they arrive, and with all clerical work, which I hope may hereafter be attended to without delay. Mr. A. L. Schott, formerly of the Botanic Garden, who has been em- ployed in the Museum to attend to the palms and other ornamental plants in the rotunda and on the adjacent balconies, was also assigned to my department early in November, and the permission given me to command his services during such portion of the time as they were not required in the care of the plants intrusted to his charge. The great need I was laboring under of specimens of living plants for comparison with fossil impressions, coupled with Mr. Schott’s peculiar fitness for collecting the exotic plants of the parks, streets, and greenhouses of the city, determined me to intrust him with the duty of making such a collection. It gives me pleasure to testify to the intelligent and satis- factory manner in which he has performed this duty. The specimens he daily brings, and which are carefully dried and preserved, represent species from all parts of the world, and especially from the tropics and 219 220 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. the Southern Hemisphere, and they therefore constitute a most valu- able basis for the study of Miocene fossil plants, which usually possess so little analogy with the floras of north temperate latitudes. It is to be regretted that Mr. Schott’s work was begun so late that few of the hardy exotics of the parks and streets could be obtained before the advent of frosts; but it is hoped that this work may be resumed and completed next season. The following was the state of the collections at the close of the year: 1. Total number of specimens of catalogued material (exclusive of my recent collections still in hand for study and not yet formally turned over to the National: Misenm))) 3232.2 eos. eee eeeeane Gece cee eee ee eee 7, 291 2. Specimens in the Museum, but which have not been Seer aie determined, and consisting toa great extent of silicified wood, petrified stems, trunks, &c. 2,270 3. Determined eatin Safe, ahaa Stee a oie rare Sale aise apa/ mings elena ee ener ee crepe 5, 021 4. In the reserve series, many of which,thowever, are duplicates and can ulti- mately be used for purposes of exchange.-..:...--2.-.-.-----.-- ear a 3, 930 5. Duplicates specially selected as such and now stored at the Armory Building. 1,091 6. Number of distinct species identified, catalogued, and installed.....-....--- 923 7. Of which Paleozoic, chiefly Carboniterdus © ««.-..<-2-- oto =eo-nos se ene Rae 272 8, Cretaceous, chiehy Dakots croup ..----2 72-5 20-0 carci coeeee eee eames 142 9. Tertiary and Laramie group, largely the latter, which were classed as Eocene in the catalogue prepared by Mr. Lesquereux.---..-..---.-2---.-205 se---- 509 It is, perhaps, too early to speak of the proposed new department of botany which I learn is about to be established in the Museum and placed under my immediate charge, but I cannot repress my great satisfaction at such a step, and I desire to assure you of my hearty co- operation in making it a complete success. XIV.—DEPARTMENT OF MINERALOGY, By F. W. CLARKE, Honorary Curator. During the year the growth of the mineral collection has been steady and encouraging. Material of great value has been received from many sources, the work of installing the collection has been definitely begun, and a system of exchanges has been fairly inaugurated. In connection with my duties as chief chemist of the U. S. Geological Survey, I have been able to institute some scientific investigations upon minerals col- lected in the field, and similar work has also been carried forward by certain of my assistants. A list of all the accessions to the mineral collection during 1854 would be too bulky for publication, but a brief résumé of the more notable ones may be interesting. The first place must be given, both by merit and in courtesy, to the admirable suite of American minerals loaned to the Museum by Mr. Joseph Willcox, of Media, Pa. This collection num- bers some 1,400 specimens, and fills the equivalent of six large sloping- top cases of three shelves each. It is remarkably rich in quartzes, rutiles, corundums, feldspars, amphiboles, pyroxenes, micas, tourma- lines, pyrophyllites, apatites and danburites, and in some of its series it could hardly be paralleled. Next in importance is the Abert collec- tion, which, made by Col. J. J. Abert, was presented to the Museum by his son, J.T. Abert, and contains 1,245 specimens. It was particularly rich in foreign material, and filled many serious gaps in the Museum series. To Prof. S. F. Peckham of Minneapolis, Minn., we are indebted for a handsome group of cut specimens of pebbles cf thomsonite from Min- nesota. From Mr. J. D. Schreiber of Shimersville, Pa., we received a large, fine crystal of corundum, together with several smaller ones, all of them from Shimersville. From Mr. Richard Pearce of Argo, Colo., we received a number of rare arsenates and phosphates of copper from the American Eagle Mine, Utah. Another lot of this material was col- lected for this department, last summer, by Mr. F. P. Dewey, Curator of the Department of Metallurgy. Another large group of accessions is attributable to the appropria- tion made for the Museum exhibit at the New Orleans Exposition. A part of this appropriation was allotted to the mineral department for 221 222 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. the purchase and collection of specimens, with very favorable results. Instead of attempting a general display of minerals it was thought best to take up‘one special class, and the class chosen for exhibition was that of “gems and ornamental stones.” The schedule which was adopted included all the gems proper, rock crystal, agates and jaspers, malachite, lapis lazuli, jet, meerschaum, amber &c.; and every impor- tant gem or ornamental species was secured both in the rough and cut conditions. About one thousand specimens of this class are now on exhibition in New Orleans, of which nearly or quite one-third are cut and polished stones. Educationally, the gem collection is practically complete, and needs only to be improved by the addition of minor va- rieties or the replacement of small specimens by better ones. a REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 261 verted into sulphuric acid in the regular way. The residue, which gen. erally contains a valuable amount of copper, is then treated for that metal. The manufacture of sulphuric acid is represented by a collec- tion presented by the Merrimac Chemical Company of Boston, Mass. It shows the lump and fine ore, the residue remaining after the extrac- tion of the sulphur, the chamber acid, and the concentrated acid pro- duced. Ooal.—Mr. James Temple Brown, of the Museum staff, was engaged during the summer in making a collection to represent the coal mining industry of the country. This collection contains many specimens illustrative of the life of the coal miner as influenced by his occupation and surroundings. And though the work was based mainly upon the ethnological aspect of coal mining, the collection possesses many other features which are of interest. It embraces the carbonite or natural coke and the bituminous coals of the Jura-Triassic period from the Mesozoic formation of Virginia; the cannel, gas, splint, bituminous, and semi-bituminous coals of West Vir- ginia; the semi-bituminous and anthracite coals of Pennsylvania; an- thracite from the Carboniferous formation of Rhode Island; anthracite from the Lower Carboniferous or Vespertine of Virginia, and examples of industrial coke from several localities. Whenever possible refuse or extraneous matter, as slate, bone or bony, and bisulphide of iron (pyrite), or “sulphur,” was added to the suites of samples from many mines rep- resented. As an illustration of the collections made, that from the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company of Pottsville will be mentioned. It consists of coal, ‘‘ run of mine,” from the mammoth bed in Kohinoor colliery, including a large piece weighing about three tons; slate from both the roof and floor of the breast whence the coal was taken; the marketable sizes of coal as prepared in the breaker, includ- ing buckwheat, pea, chestnut, small stove, large stove, egg, broken, steamboat, and lump or furnace; and three kinds of refuse, denomi- nated “ breaker waste ” (embracing pieces of slate that form the layers between the benches of coal), bony coal, and dust. The last namedis too fine to have any commercial importance, and the first two were unavoid- ably mixed with the coal when blasting it out in the mine. To this col- lection of coal is added a very large and complete exhibit of the various tools used by the coal miner, together with many specimens illustrating his social condition. The names of the collieries which contributed to the collection, and their locations, are as follows: Commencing east and proceeding south we can trace the coal fields in their geological order. The old anthra- cite mine at Newport, R. I., through the kindness of Prof. R. D. Lacoe, of West Pittston, Pa., is represented by several pieces of very hard coal, graphitic in its nature, and of steel-blue color. Examples of the hard anthracite of Pennsylvania were obtained from the Mammoth bed in Kohinoor colliery, in the Shenandoah basin of the Middle Coal Field. 262 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. This colliery is operated by the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. The soft or free-burning anthracites were obtained from the Brookside colliery, a very pure variety, from the Lykens Valley dis- trict, and the Loyalsock mine in Sullivan County. For convenience of reference, the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania has designated the Bernice basin, in which the Loyalsock mine is located, as the Western Northern Anthracite Field. The Pennsylvania semi-bituminous coals were obtained from the basins north of Bernice, the Long Valley mine in the Barclay basin, the Arnot and Antrim mines in the Blossburg basin. The bituminous coals of Virginia were obtained from the Rich- mond basin, lying within the limits of Henrico, Chesterfield, Goochland, and Powhatan Counties. A specimen of anthracite from the vespertine of Virginia was presented by Col. Philip G. Pendleton, of West Virginia, and came from Berkeley County, near the line of Morgan County, West Virginia. In West Virginia the Eagle, Crescent, Coal Valley, Paint Creek, Winifrede and Peerless mines, in the Kanawha district, contributed specimens of coal, including cannel, gas, splint, and bituminous, with their associates, to the collection ; and from the New River district ex- amples of coal and slate were forwarded to the Museum from Stone Cliff, Nuttallburg, Fire Creek, and Caperton. Coke was also received from some of them. Coal and sand rock were obtained from the crest of the arch of an anti- clinal axis on the east end of Mine Hill, in Schuylkill County, Pa., where the Coal Measures cross over from the Schuylkill basin, and a piece of coal that was evidently the crest of a miniature axis from the Palmer Vein colliery. Forty-eight hour coke and seventy-two hour coke, of especial impor- tance for metallurgical purposes, and the different sizes of crushed coke for domestic use, are fully represented; examples of the former were received from both Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and of the latter from Connellsville, Pa. The preparation and shipment of domestic sizes of coke is a new departure in the coking industry. This suite of samples was solicited by the curator, and consists of pea, nut, small stove, and egg, together with the lump coke and the coal from which the coke is made, and was contributed by the H. C. Frick Coke Com- pany of Pittsburgh, Pa. Samples of pyrites were obtained in well-defined cubes, and in crys- talline aggregates, from the washings of coal in a jigger, finely dissemi- nated in slate, and in ovoid and globular masses of greater or less di- ameter in the coal itself. The latter are called “sulphur balls” by the miners, and their presence is strongly objected to, as they are imper- vious to the pick and a source of considerable annoyance and delay in cutting coal. They are also a source of danger in “fiery” mines on account of their hardness, which causes them to throw off sparks of fire (strike fire) when struck with sufficient force with a pick or other tool. < = ee Ss "REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 263 Among the curiosities of the collection may be mentioned pieces of iridescent or “ peacock” coal, so called on account of its brilliant me- tallic colors. Anthracite, semi-anthracite and semi-bituminous coals of this character are represented; the handsomest specimens being from the Ross vein of the Red Ash Coal Company of Wilkes Barre. As an evidence that the miner is warmly receptive to art, and as an illustration of the adaptability of anthracite coal to such purposes, sev- eral coal ornaments were obtained: (1) a lady’s slipper, (2) a miner’s brogan, (5) a table caster with bottles, and other articles made by the artistic miner in his leisure moments. ‘The first is a very beautiful speci- men, and is not only artistic but also highly realistic. These were pre- sented by Mr. P. W. Sheafer and Maj. Heber S. Thompson, of Pottsville. The tirstis made of coal from Kohinoor colliery, the second from one of the mines on the Girard estate, and the third from the Ellangowan colliery. Major Thompson also donated two cubes of anthracite coal. One is.a 4-inch cube, and the coal was mined from the top split of the mammoth bed in the Hammond colliery. It contains 64 cubie inches and weighs 335 pounds, equivalent to 2574.8, pounds, or 1.149 tons, per cubic yard. The secord is a 10-inch cube, and is from the mammoth bed (white ash), Kehley’s Run colliery. The number of fossil plants in the collection is smal] and restricted to well-known varieties, such as stigmaria, sigillaria, lepidodendra, ulodendra, and calamites. Impressions of fern-leaves in both fire clay and slate should also be noted. One of them, with a silvered matrix, presented by Mr. P. W. Sheafer, is unusual. An example of uloden- dron is very pronounced in its bars, a feature which has given rise to the name of ‘‘ washboard slate” in use by the miners. The corrosive effect of mine water upon metals is illustrated by several bolts from a large tubular iron tank used to hoist water from mines. The bolts, originally 2 of an inch in diameter, have been eaten away to a mere shred. A mining pick taken from an abandoned colliery shows the effect of mine water upon iron and steel combined, the iron has been eaten away to a large extent while the steel is only slightly attacked. The objects of geological interest are supplemented by the various kinds of implements used by the miner, consisting of his tools, lamps, clothing, and foot-wear, as well as utensils that pertain to his domestic economy and are essential to his personal comfort while at work. This list embraces the pick, drill, needle, blasting-barrel, cartridges, and all accessories used in the processes of cutting and blasting coal; lamps which burn with a naked flame for the mine officials, miners, drivers, and mules; and safety lamps of various patterns, including the Clanny, Davy, and Stephenson. The safety lamps were presented by Messrs. J. W. Queen & Co., of Philadelphia, who also contributed samples of brattice cloth, an air-tight fabric of coarse texture used in ventilat- ing mines. The miner’s outfit is further illustrated by an industrial ex- 264 : REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. hibit which includes in their regular order the several parts used in the process of manufacturing miner’s boots, and also embraces both kinds of mining boots used by the miner, in the hard coal and soft coal mines respectively. This exhibit was prepared and presented by Messrs. Humphrey Bros. and Tracey, Towanda, Pa. An improved form of the Grim drill, or coal auger, donated by Mr. I. F. Mansfield, Cannelton, Pa., is shown. The Blossburg Coal Company presented a ratchet-drill which may be used alternately in boring rock for tunneling and enlarg- ing gangways, and for excavating coal. This is a fair illustration of the workmanship of the local artisans employed at our coal mines, and. was made by the blacksmith at Arnot. . In addition to the utensils used in excavating coal a set of hand im- plements or “breaker tools,” used in the breaker while preparing the coal for market, may also be noted. It comprises a rake and scraper for manipulating the coal in the chutes and a wire broom for cleaning the meshes of the large rotating cylindrical screens that distribute the marketable sizes of coal and to detach slate. The pictorial portion of the collection consists of (1) photographs, in- cluding negatives and prints; (2) tracings and sketches on linen cloth ; (3) lithographs, and (4) cyanotypes. This collection illustrates the processes of mining by drift, slope, and shaft; the miners in their dif- ferent positions when engaged in cutting and drilling coal; the working costumes of the miners and mine officials; the excavation of coal by the pick and mining machine or “coal digger”; the inside and outside haulage of coal by means of the mule, mine locomotive, and the under- ground wire-rope system; the machinery for hoisting coal to the sur- face; pumping machinery; ventilating fans and fan-houses; exterior and interior views of the breaker, where the large lumps of coal are broken and the various sizes assorted for market; the chutes and pockets for loading coal at the colliery for transshipment; the transfer of the coal up and down the precipitous sides of the mountains by in- clined planes; the form of mine wagons used in the anthracite collier- ies and the bituminous mines; the formation of a coal seam, showing the partings of slate between the benches and the crest of an anticlinal where the measures cross over a mountain from one basin to another, and.coal-washing machinery. Twenty-one negatives were made in all; five in the soft-coal region and sixteen in the anthracite. By means of electric light five negatives were made of the interior of a mine showing miners at work, as well as of the electric plant used upon the occasion. The views were enlarged by Mr. T. W. Smillie, photographer of the Museum. These views represent— Three miners at work, one with a hand-drill or jumper, making a hole for a shot, one with pick breaking down coal, and the third in the act of loading small pieces of coal with shovel; this also shows the different REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 265 benches, including the 12-foot bench and the leg-breaker, and a pile of “gob.” (59006.) The same breast as 59006, with a miner at work with a hand-drill or coal-auger by the light of the safety-lamp, various tools being grouped about him. (59008.) Robbing the mine. Two men at work with the ordinary miner’s lamp, one with pick and the other with shovel, a pillar of coal on the right. (59007.) A view of the entrance to the breast, taken from the face, represent- ing the manner of propping the gangway, and showing the mule-track, a pile of gob, and discarded props on the right. (59009.) A view of the electric plant used in taking the photographs. (59010.) Photographs of mine locomotives were obtained from the Wyoming Valley Manufacturing Company, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.,and two photographs of a fan and fan-house for mine ventilation from the Vulean Iron Works of the same place. In this series the engines used for both inside and outside mine service are fully illustrated. One of the originals is used at Arnot, Pa. (inside), and another at the Raton mines, New Mexico (inside), and the third at Nanticote, Pa. (outside). A photograph of the Harrison mining machine, witha miner in position for cutting coal, was presented by Mr. George D. Whitcomb, Chicago, Ill. A photo- graph of an apparatus for the inside haulage of coal by the tail-rope or endless-rope system, Showing double engines of 100 horse-power and drum, was presented by Mr. Thomas E. Knauss, superintendent of the Nelsonville Foundry, Nelsonville, Ohio. This machinery, together with the photographs of the mine locomotives, fully illustrates the improved mechanical devices for both the excavation and the haulage of coal. Mr. George M. Bretz, photographer, of Pottsville, Pa., who made all the negatives in the collection illustrative of typical mining scenes both above and below ground in the anthracite regions, has sent several large photographs of representative breakers in the Shenandoah dis- trict and one photograph of the Mahanoy plane. This series includes the William Penn colliery breaker, the Lost Creek colliery breaker, and the Kohinoor breaker. Mahanoy plane is about half a mile long and about 16,000 tons have been hoisted over it in one day. Mr. Thomas Hodgson, of Buffalo, N. Y., has contributed two large photographs, illustrative of the transfer of anthracite coal to the Great Lakes for western shipment; one picture represents the land view, and shows the manner of discharging coal from the railroad cars into the pockets, and the other the water view, and the manner of loading vessels. Mr. C. A. Ashburner, in charge of the survey of the anthracite-coal fields of Pennsylvania, contributed three enlarged charts, illustrating (1) the Panther Creek Coal Basin; (2) cross and columnar sections of the same, and (3) the Wyoming Valley in the vicinity of Wilkes Barre. Mr. J. Raymond Claghorn, of Philadelphia, president of the State Line and Sullivan Railroad Company, contributed a topographical map of 266 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. the Loyal Sock Coal Basin in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Coal Company contributed a lithograph of its Barnum colliery breaker at Pittston, Pa. Mr. A. B. Cochrane donated a chart of the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania and their outlet to mar- ket, including a list of the names of the collieries and a statistical table showing the annual sbipment of coal. Mr. P. W. Sheafer, of Pottsville, sent several tracings, one which rep- resents the columnar section of the coal measures in the vicinity of Kohinoor colliery, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, and another a sec- tion of the mammoth bed in the same colliery, showing the top and bottom splits, and the partings of slate, charcoal, and bone; also a diagram of the progress of the anthracite coal trade of Pennsylvania, with a statistical table showing the output and estimated quantity of anthracite coal in the several coal fields and the relative amount of waste. Mr. John H. Strauch, resident engineer of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, sent two tracings; one represents the underground operation of the standard 20-inch bull-pump used in drain- ing the mine, including cross-sections of the main gangway and sump, and the pump and wagon ways of the pump-slope; the other shows the manner in which the two shafts of this collery were sunk, and indicates; with full measurements, the positions of the diamond-drill holes used in blasting the rock. Mr. John A. Pollard, resident engineer of the Shenandoah district of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Compay, has supplied an excellent sketch of the ground view of Kohi- noor colliery, with tidal elevations, illustrative of the photographic work conducted in that collery last summer. Mr. E. F.C. Davis, super- intendent of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Tron Company’s Pottsville shops, has sent a tracing and cyanotype of the indicator cards from the steam-engine used to drive the dynamo in the Indian Ridge colliery September 6, 1884. Two cyanotypes of coal-washing machinery, showing the construc- tion of the building, and the generah interior arrangement, were donated by Mr. 8. Stutz, M. E., of Pittsburg, Pa. At Bernice were obtained specimens of coal, rock, slate, fire-clay, mineral charcoal, and a full set of mining tools. At Long Valley were obtained samples of coal from the top and bot- tom benches, slate from the roof, and fire-clay from the bottom of the mine, together with five negatives of typical scenes about Long Val- ley: (1) the Long Valley coal plane; (2) a group of miners in working dress; (3) a coal trip emerging from the mouth of the drift; (4) exter. ior view of one of the Long Valley dwelling-houses (No. 45), occupied by Mr. Carroll, the inside superintendent, and (5) an interior view of the same dwelling. The Pennsylvania anthracite measures attain their greatest depth at Pottsville, where they are at least 3,000 feet thick, and include per- haps thirty coal beds, of which fifteen are workable. In the Pottsville REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 267 district were obtained samples of coal, slate, and bastard slate, from the Diamond and Primorose beds, and a most excellent photograph of the winding machinery at the deep shaft. Mr. Bretz made views of repre- sentative surface scenes at Kohinoor, Shenandoah City, and Ellango- wan collieries, and interior views of breast 39 in the first-named col- liery. In the latter, excellent views of ‘“‘robbbing the mine.” the forma- tion of the coal, and miners at work, were made. The Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company undertook to make the exhibit of coal and mining implements from the anthracite region of the Middle Coal Field. As Mr. Brown’s time was limited, he was unable to visit the Rich- mond coal fields, and relied upon the agents and proprietors, whose of: fices are in Richmond, for the samples of coal and carbonite included in the collection. The bituminous coal came from the Aitna mines, 15 miles from Richmond, on the Richmond and Danville Railroad. The natural coke, or carbonite, came from the Eureka mines, at the same locality. Coals from the Belleville mines of Illinois were obtained by Mr. Ed- mund Bb. Kirby,and from Collinsville and Mount Olive by Mr. Edward L. Zukoski. Mr. Kirby’s collection from the Belleville mines consists of slate from the roof, clay from the floor and one of the partings from the upper bench, coal from the blacksmith bench, ‘‘ nine-inch” bench, drift, block, and bottom coal and iron pyrite. Mr. E. L. Zukoski’s col- lection came from mine No. 4 of the Abbey Coal and Mining Company, Saint Clair County, Illinois, and embraces top and bottom coal, drift and block coal, overlying slate and underlying clay. Thanks are due Mr. James Macfarlane, Mr. 8S. W. Alvord, editor of Towanda Review, Mr. George H. Wood, photographer, and I. O. Blight, superintendent of the State Line and Sullivan Railroad Company, of Towanda, Pa.; Mr. J. C. Guthrie, vice-president of the Blossburg Coal Company, of Elmira, N Y.; Mr. H. J. Landrus, general manager of the mine at Arnot; Mr. William Howell, of the Fall Brook Company, at Antrim; Mr. H. C. Davis, of the Barclay Coal Company, Mr. J. Ray- mond Claghorn, of the State Line and Sullivan Railroad Company, and Messrs. J. W. Queen & Co., of Philadelphia. In the anthracite regions we are greatly indebted to Mr. 8. B. Whit- ing, general manager of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, of Pottsville, Pa., for material aid in making up a repre- sentative exhibit of economic geology illustrative of the anthracite re- gions, and mining tools and accessories used in that district; also for his zealous efforts in carrying out the proposition to photograph the in- terior of a coal mine. Mr. R. C. Luther, mine engineer of the Philadel- phia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, and his assistants, Mr. George S. Clements, Mr. John A. Pollard, and Mr. John H. Strauch, resident and supervising engineers, were unremitting in their endeavors to facil- itate the work, as were also Mr. E. F. C. Davis, superintendent of the 268 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Pottsville shops, and Mr. William Waters, superintendent of the Shen- andoah district. Special acknowledgments are due to Mr. R. W. Kear, secretary of the Arnoux Electric Light and Heat Company, of Pennsyl- vania, who furnished the dynamo, wire, and other material used in Ko- hinoor colliery, at his own expense. Thanks are also due Maj. Jed. Hotchkiss and Mr. M. Erskine Miller, Mr. Albert Blair, Mr. J. R. Werth, superintendent of the Bright Hope Railroad Company, of Virginia; Mr. F. Howald, superintendent of the Fire Creek Coal and Coke Company; Capt. W. R. Johnson, proprietor, and Mr. Thomas A. Bartlam, superintendent of the Coal Valley Coal Company; Mr. G. C. Hewitt, general manager of the Wini- frede Coal Company; Mr. N. M. Jenkin, of Stone Cliff; and Mr. J. C. W. Tomkins, president of the Cedar Grove mine, for assistance in the Virginia and West Virginia coal fields. The collection embraces 300 objects, all of which have been duly cat- alogued and numbered. Alloys.—One of the most interesting uses to which metals are put is the manufacture of alloys for different purposes. This subject had not been at all represented in the previous collections, but a beginning has now been made which is capable of being greatly extended. The manu- facture of brass at Ansonia, Conn., has already been mentioned. The manufacture of type metal is very fully represented by a collection presented by Mackellar, Smiths & Jordan, of Philadelphia, Pa. This collection shows the various metals entering into the manufacture of type metal and type material and the different grades of type used for different purposes. To these are added illustrations of the steps in the progress of casting type, together with illustrations of some of the older methods. The manufacture of Babbitt, or anti-friction metal, is illus- trated by collections presented by Messrs. Merchant & Co., and Paul S. Reeves, of Philadelphia. These both include samples of the metals used in the manufacture and samples of the various grades of Babbitt. Messrs. Merchant & Co. also presented an interesting series of solders of different composition for different purposes. The manufacture of a special metal for bearings, &c., is itustrated by a collection from the Ajax Metal Company, of Philadelphia, Pa. Non metallic ores.—The manufacture of emery cloth said sand-paper is very fully illustrated by a collection presented by Baeder, Adamson & Co., Philadelphia. This collection shows the quartz and emery as mined, as ground and sorted in various sizes for making the paper, and also illustrates the extraction of the glue and the manufacture of the paper used. To these are added samples of the various sizes of emery cloth and sand-paper as put upon the market. The occurrence and application of asbestos are very fully illustrated by a collection presented by the H. W. Johns Company, New York. This includes samples of asbestos froom fifty-five different localities, and is by far the most thorough and complete illustration of the occur- REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 269 rence of this material that has ever been exhibited. To this are added illustrations of the application of asbestos, including various kinds of packings and covers for heated surfaces, threads of various sizes, cloth used for various purposes, and in fact very fully illustrates the application of the material. This collection is one of the fullest and most complete that we have, and special thanks are due to the Johns Company for their care and attention in its preparation, they having gathered all the material and set it up in a very creditable manner. The materials used for various abrading and polishing purposes are illustrated by a collection presented by R. J. Waddell & Co., New York, and a collection of tripoli in its crude and prepared shape by the Saint Louis Tripoli Company, Saint Louis, Mo. A large col- lection of corundum, emery, and quartz in the lump and in various sizes was presented by the Union Stone Company, Boston, Mass. The preparation of barytes for various uses is represented by a collec- tion presented by Messrs. Page and Krause, Saint Louis, Mo. Miscellaneous material.—The application of the regenerative system of heating devised by Dr. Siemens is very fully illustrated by a large ‘series of drawings of furnaces for various uses presented by Messrs. Richmond and Potts, Philadelphia. The use of the diamond drill in mining operations, especially for ex- ploring purposes, is well illustrated by a collection presented by the Pennsylvania Diamond Drill Company. This collection includes photo- graphs of machines suited for various characters of work, illustrations of the bit of the drill with a large number of cores taken out from dif- ferent sections of the country, together with drawings showing the use that has been made of the drill and some of the results obtained. Owing to the small] space allowed the Museum for exhibition purposes at New Orleans it was not possible for this department to show any- where near all the material collected. At the same time, in order to make the subjects as full as possible, selections were made from materials already on hand, and the subjects of Economic Geology and Metallurgy were represented at New Orleans by the following collections: In the first division of this collection—that of Economic Geology, or the natural occurrence of materials of economic value—it is designed to exhibit collections illustrating the different kinds and grades of the ores of each metal, and also a few collections of non-metallic minerals of economic importance. In the second division—that of Metallurgy—it is designed to exhibit collections representing the processes for the extraction of the metals from their ores by specimens, where practicable, filling the gaps by means of illustrations and descriptions and accompanying them by gen- eral illustrations and descriptions so as to fully explain these processes. In making up the ore collection it has been designed to represent all the different varieties of each ore and many of the most prominent min- ing regions, so as to give a good general idea of the nature of the oc- currences of the metals and also their distribution, but it has not been 270 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. possible to show every occurrence of each variety of an ore, neither has it been possible to represent every mining region. The Lake Superior copper region is very thoroughly represented, both on account of the value of the mines of this region and as repre- senting the kind of collections it is desirable for the Museum to possess to illustrate a region or a mine. Taking, first, the region, it is represented by three prominent mines showing three different and characteristic occurrences of the ore. First, the so-called inass mines, which are characterized by the occur- rence of large masses of free copper, amounting in some cases to many tous of metal in a single mass, are represented by the Central mine. Besides these large masses these mines also carry considerable dissem- inated free copper. Second, the amygdaloid mines, which are characterized by the oc- currence of the free copper in amygdules, bunches, strings, and sheets from the size of a pin-point up to a few hundred pounds in weight (with rarely a large mass), disseminated in a soft amygdaloid trap-rock, are represented by the Osceola mine. The average percentage of copper in the ores from these mines varies from three-quarters of 1 per cent. to 2 per cent. Third, the conglomerate mines, which are characterized by the oc- currence of the free copper mostly in strings in a hard conglomerate of ferruginous quartz pebbles, are represented by the Conglomerate Mine. The average percentage of copper in the ores from these mines varies from 4 per cent. to 6 per cent. Taking the Conglomerate Mine, the collection shows, first, the gen- eral character of the ore and the inclosing wall rocks; secondly, it shows the occurrence of the ore at various prominent points in the mine which are accurately located ; and, thirdly, it shows a section of the rocks over a distance of 631 feet, by specimens taken at suitable distances to show the different characters and changes of the material. In selecting specimens it has not been designed to exhibit those that are especially handsome or rich, but rather to take such as represent the actual character, occurrence, and value of the ores. In making col- lections of ores for the National Museum, it is very desirable that some definite and systematic plan of representation of this kind should be adopted, as collections made in this way have far more value for Museum purposes than the hap-hazard collections of showy specimens usually found in such establishments. COLLECTIONS IN ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. Gold. Placer gold, from Virginia, North Carolina, California, Idaho, Mon- tana, Utah, and Oregon. Gold quartz, from Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, California, and Montana. ee ——— OO ~~ See Se REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. PAs oe | Auriferous gravel, from California and South Carolina. Auriferous pyrite, from Virginia and Colorado. Telluride ores—compounds of gold with tellurium, from Colorado. Tridiun. Iridosmine, from California. Silver. Native silver with native copper, from the Lake Superior region. Native silver on sulphide of copper, from Montana. Wire silver, from Nevada, Montana, Idaho, and New Mexico. Native silver and horn silver, in sandstone, from Utah. Horn silver, from Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and New Mexico. Ruby silver, from Nevada. Base ores carrying silver (milling ores), from Nevada, Utah, and Montana. Argentiferous lead ores (smelting ores), from Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. Tin. On account of recent discoveries and the general interest attaching to tin the list of the localities of the occurrence of cassiterite, or the binoxide of tin, has been made as complete as possible, and includes Maine, New Hampshire, Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, Montana, and the Black Hills of Dakota. The tin ore of San Jacinto, Cal., is also shown. With the tin ores are shown bars of tin reduced from the New Hamp- shire (1840), Virginia, Alabama, Montana, and California ores; also a collection of Welsh tin plate. Antimony. The sulphide ores, from Utah (with metal) and California. Quicksilver. Cinnabar, from California. Lead. The sulphide ores, from Missouri. (For argentiferous lead ores, see under Silver.) Copper. Native copper, from the Lake Superior region in Michigan, including— water-worn or surface specimens; specimens of the mass copper, and chips obtained in cutting up the masses in the mine, and specimens showing the disseminated free copper in the rock, both amygdaloid and conglomerate. To these are added specimens illustrating the dressing of the ores. 272 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. Sulphide ores, including the sulphides of copper and iron, from Ver. mont, Maryland, North Carolina, and Missouri, and the sulphide of cop- per from Butte, Mont. Oxidized ores, from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Arizona. Bismuth. The oxidized ores, from Utah. Nickel and cobalt. The sulphide ores, from Pennsylvania and Missouri. Tron. A collection of ores of over 500 specimens, selected from the collections made by the Tenth Census, under the direction of Prof. R. Pumpelly, to illustrate the iron industry of the United States, showing all the dif- ferent kinds and varieties of iron ore found in this country. This collection is not intended to show the full occurrence in any one region, but only the prominent varieties of the different regions. Manganese. Manganese ore from Virginia and Georgia. Zine. The New Jersey ores, including Franklinite, zincite, willemite, and calamine. * The silicate and carbonate ores of Tennessee and Virginia. The sulphide ores of Missouri and Kansas. Coal. A collection showing the different varieties of coal from Pennsyl- vania and Virginia, including anthracite, semi-bituminous, bituminous, splint, and cannel coal; also a large collection illustrating the methods of coal mining, including some large photographs (taken by electric light) of the interior of a coal mine, showing the formation of the coal- seam and its peculiarities, together with the men at work. These are the first photographs ever taken of the interior of a coal mine. Sulphur. Native sulphur, from Nevada. Iron pyrites, from Massachusetts and Virginia. Besides the above systematic ore collections, some illustrations of ores will be found in the metallurgical collections. In making up the metallurgical collection it has not been possible to exhibit the production of each metal exhaustively, owing to the small amount of suitable material previously in the Department and to the short space of time available for making new collections. A few systematic illustrations of metallurgical operations are shown. In making these collections it has been designed to treat a few subjects thoroughly rather than a large number superficially. *After suitable ee eee — REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY. 273 . consideration a few representative works were selected for illustration, and have been worked up as completely as possible. Beginning with the ore as mined, each step in its preparation for smelting is shown, together with the by or waste products of such -treatment. To illustrate the smelting operation, the ores, the fuels, the fluxes, and every other material entering into the operation are shown. Following through the process, each product of each operation up to the final product of the works is represented. To these are added, where practicable, illustrations of materials of construction, such as fire-clays, sands, &c. The furnaces and tools are shown by specimens, views, and descriptions. The interest and value of these collections does not lie so much in the specimens themselves as in their being thoroughly con- nected, and in the kind and amount of information that can be given in regard to them. ‘In order to be satisfactory the series must be complete, and the in- formation full and accurate. oa 8 nab ve Li PLATE I. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 1. Aleutian twined wallet of sea-grass. The warp consists of a number of straws radiating from the bottom. As the basket enlarges new straws are inserted, and the whole is held in place by twine made of two straws, which inclose a warp straw at each half turn. The cylindrical part of the vessel is of the diamond pattern shown in Fig.2. The ornamentation is produced by embroidering with bits and strands of red, blue, and black worsted, in no case showing on the inside of the wallet. The continuous line between the diagonal stripes is formed by whipping with a single thread of worsted on the outer stitches of one of the twines of straw. Whipping with single thread in this ware is not common. The border is formed of the very com- plicated braid described in the text. Collected in Attu, by Wm. H. Dall. Museum number, 14978. Fig. 2. A square inch of Fig. 1 enlarged, taken from the part of the texture where the rectangular meshes passinto the lozenge-shaped meshes. The peculiar method of splitting the warp threads and working the halves alternately to the right and to the left is well shown. PLATE I. es YI Paar: iP , ae > “oe Take ‘ & 4 — iu! SAL th ~ APE PONSA eens x ae WT _— ye ais nll meee t Rim aA Simcd _ VV aw ne, 4 Ot i % vy Ta, ; M ua os a BAY Ai Fic. 1, Aleutian twined wallet. Fic. 2. One square inch of Fig. 1, enlarged, PLATE II. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 3. Twined wallet of the Eskimo. The warp and the twining of the bottom is of a very coarse, rush-like, fiber. The bottom is in openwork and is strengthened on its outer edge by an extra twine set on externally. The body is of a dirty rush color, the spotted lines on the cylindrical portion are in black and body color. ‘This effect may be varied by mixing two strands of different color in the twine. The fastening off at the top is done by working the warp strands into a three-ply braid, turning down on the in- side of the vessel and cutting off an end whenever a new warp thread is taken up by the braid. Frequently the last three or four warp straws are not cut off but braided out to their extremities in order to form a handle. Collected at Norton Sound, by E. W. Nelson. Museum number, 38872. Fxc. 4. One square inch of Fig. 3, representing (1) four rows of twining on the cyl- indrical portion; (2) the method of adding a new row of twining exter- nally for a boundary between the bottom and the cylindrical portion, aud (3) the method of forming an open-work bottom. fe lay hae eee Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. . PLATH II. WSS S SSMS SSS > Ny * uy —_ Mii} enh AT ical 2 P 2 3 3 i ) ~ os cee el ce Fic. 3. Eskimo twined wallet. Fic. 4. One square inch of Fig. 3. PLATE IU. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fia. 5. Coiled Eskimo basket. The bottom is a bit of old leather, to which is sewed, by means of grass thread, a coil of straws varying in thickness from ¢ to 4 inch. This coil is continued to form the cylindrical side, the shoulder at the top, and the neck. The disk-like cover is made in the same manner. Coliected by E. W. Nelson, in Norton Sound. Museum number, 38469, Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE ITI. Vn ee ? ‘ > VRS ” is ye. ‘ LEIS Aree a «kL ara rae 4 Bee hey MESS 5 } F -—~——~ | spread bat WLATf i =e A i nail Alan PA wagit Ue xed ise SS gh...” Sea sdbl, tof cra a bey me Be ae Ho ORR ARR: Ns a Ht RP — <= ST ¥ te < = ! pleke hictd AN ) toto Pahoa at err siete 4 ii so TAA np A ory aie SeernnD)))))) Yh) Ws if ie pass ; , | 1 {Maman einen anife Hiatt ) hh A ad) Mn ies of a \ iiss MO OIE AL Payot SAN) i Aus, ~ , (Unt 4 (ona AY ¥ Fig, DMenpions sey Sao aan cet ~ \\ AAG 1d RY - Sowers preva /e Ak Dede it Hy ag ROMA AED EON OT Vg ae ae eg NPIL Fae vari > MN yi ni TERM AUTRE = — SRNR x Tae eee com ‘alte ac co WOOO " iy > aay AFI, a. Se ee oe)! i Pye ae i, Ay adit sss mp el ees ee ; eee VL Wa uihe: ee ; “aga ere can Tih |S TAA. ete Caan Cte nan a ree WY ead yin, Ab TAR . S te hans tN ANP) ‘hs yt ea at sie 1 / ht Peak ass w. ee re did! id am 2 es ae ae nar aay z MAND Ys 7 UE Hit Ppt Ue itiiaet=- APMRECENE NUE f INE 64). 6 ~--— ait ON ik, Ui pe KTVT 4 rc etl i) ful mA TY i | Ca \ Hash: «4 ¥ : eres sss Wii ee A SAMs ith ed tas Se ol een V/A\\ ai . Wulf) mi 4). 2 Wala a, a arate % oF 2 ( A . y Y Nannie f \ i “a ae SE : es : “hth eS: 2 <=: WNW Se “ * I = BSS | ==) Wi) ii : i i uy \ ‘An nh 17 Ms Ve) WA I \Ni ‘if Bilt if ae iy Se Yi \e s ZA Ny Vi = £ Cee WN \ ioe ZB Bes. os Ny y YY) ~ % —— ae g Hy pao SESS “ ij c= - Fig. 5. Eskimo coiled basket. PLATE IV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 6. One square inch of Fig. 5 enlarged, showing the bunch of straws used as the body of the coil, and the manner of whipping the turns of the coil with grass threads. Instead of carefully looping the thread into the one just be- low, as is done in the best coiled work, the basket-maker passed the sticks indiscriminately through or between those below. Some of the Eskimo bas- kets, however, resemble those of the next class. PLATE IV. Basket-work. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Fic. 6 One square inch of Fig. 5. ~ — PLATE VY. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 7. Coiled basket of tne Tinné or Athabascan Indians of Alaska and British America. The warp or foundation is a single osier or spruce root, the sew- ing is done with small splints of spruce root. The stitches vary from 4 to 4 inch in length, and the splints from 4}; to 4 inch in width. The stitches of each coil are locked into the stitches of the coil beneath in addition to pass- ing under the fundamental rod. In some cases the Eskimo fashion of split- ting the threads in sewing appears, but the evidence shows that the Tinné were the teachers of the Eskimo, and the latter follow only the ruder work of their preceptors. The general shape of this class of baskets is that of a low narrow-mouthed jar. Collected by Lucien M. Turner, Lower Yukon River. Museum number,, 24342. Fre. 8. One square inch of Fig. 7, showing the method pursued in coiled basketry with a single fundamental and a single splint of osier or spruce root. iis Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. . PLATE V. wat cas SYM Ni Ste SAO ANS AN yyy “xy, USA MAL A Vtte ay OL ihre . aoe Ae OA Che a VM USAGES AMT, Bee er iy GLE eli 4 7 yi r . hh eee orn Aa year = \t) S: Ne - Wael 4 att f( Aen, cn ea a lhlenr Wit ; NS eS M% pi (is at Wr (y PR Gee Sa. ax can htt Sa hy WV oy Aids, Wes tats ane aoe Wy) Wh \ Aaah wae wal \ ; a mS ry) i \" MG SU PA ress eer tires ay Mi i nyt PANO ieee SN os ee ees SO myo Minh Sone Wy (t4\ Vfl ~ www eset & Sera py) as igs g is. Wor ieee A tin ph oe Wee che if kag ug UR we e VE Been iee SN ORs, ss me, om ey Ao in\s nl ie fetes Gn em & aay Jae yay ek hy LR ql i iy id Nh SAULT AR EAT a (ee 7 Fic. 7. Tinné coiled basket. Fic. 8. One square inch of Fig. 7. PLATE VI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 9. Alaskan Indian coiled basket. The outer portion is so covered with ornament as to conceal the texture of the basket, which is built up by whipping a coil of rushes or small splints with splint or birch bark. The bottom of this basket is not a coil, but a number of straight foundation rods sewed into a rectangular mat, around this the sides are built up by coiling. The elaborate ornamentation is described under Fig. 10. Collected in Alaska, by J. J. Maclean, in 1882. Museum number, 60235. Fic. 10. One square inch of Fig. 9, showing the elaborate ornamentation. The imbri- cated effect upon the surface is produced by sewing on little loops of bark and straw, white and brown, with blind stitches in such a way as to con- ceal the manner of attachment. The mat-like bottom is ornamented by sewing on straws longitudinally with stitches wide apart, so as to show a checker pattern of straw and stitching. This method of ornamenting the bottom is often pursued over the whole external surface of the basket. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason, Basket-work, PLATE VI. TES TL Si eaimeee FeSSe | Woe i HSC 04 gory a 0 Hl) ; ani) ai WE==S=)) 2S)" He tit) iia SA Latta tien ne aL Fic. 9, Alaskan Indian coiled basket, Fic. 10, One square inch >f Fig. 9, PLATE VII. (Mason. * Basket-work.) Fic. 11. Twined basket-wallet of the Chilkaht Indians (Thlinkit stock), band-box shape when spread out. ‘Tlie bottom is very roughly made of spruce-root splints, warp and twine, the former radiating from the center. The bound- ary of the botiom is a single row of twine fastened on externally. The cylindrical portion for a few inches above the bottom is in natural brown coloy, excepting two or three vertical bands of embroidery. The rest of the body is in stripes of natural color, black and Indian red. The border is formed by turning under the warp threads and cutting them off. The ge- ometric patterns (different on every wallet) are formed by embroidering upon the outer surface, half through the fabric, with yellow, light red straws and spruce-root dyed. This style of basketry is followed by the Haidas in the baskets made for sale. Collected at Sitka, Alaska, by Dr. J. B. White, in 1876. Museum number, 21560. Report Nat. Mus. 1834.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE VII. AUTEUR CUD Te (fiery, ith filive We nueli a : UD reo CAR UETT ESATO, 5 Wynate Pts m fies hin an my Ts Fic, 11. Chilkaht twined and embroidered basket wallet, PLATE VIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) r Fig. 12. Twined basket of spruce root, made by Haida Indians. Thisspecimen shows better than any of the preceding the method of administration in the twined basketry. The handle is a twine of spruce root fastened on by weaving in and out on the side, the lower end knotted. The fastening off . at the rim is done by bending down the warp threads externally and sew- ing them flat with onerow of twining. Collected by James G. Swan, in Queen Charlotte Archipelago, in 1883. Museum number, 88964. Fic. 138. Oue square inch of Fig. 12 taken near the top, so as to show the close and the open weaving. The method of twine weaving is perfectly shown in this figure. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE VIII. SSAA : S SSs$37 MESS Ss _ \ " Ki = 4 _= ‘ a = > = ‘ , i = =. > - “23 A . Vass a ¢ —— SoA STN ‘ —— -) LS =< T— FJ ‘ = —4 a Sr hee oe —fy eh H : 7 \ { ' \ 1 + ~T) —1 roa } <= TS x PEPE ESTP — — pare un ees he ee | | ae | zim Cs Gali. — = eer —— | LE ' { { j Biiqaez, erence wv rae) ——=—— —_ IE SSS = 4) ry i ' | \, ( ‘ V] $ z ; 19) ask” 7 ih 0 3 4 ag Sm a = ) U ' \ } \ | | of c —. ra D = | | | “ b wer (a heres —_——— Seo ~_—— —. - *' ue a hi ae ‘3 earrr u it "ll ae aii) bate = ee Nee Ree poe Oe I Bey wh hcg s eT SN | caer TTT (yy Wy . =i? = ek eA | [ a — ) | Thi BNR IO et eg IOS OE SSS Seo scsseo OEE DU A Te a ee omen ered ECA var ~y hath 4 IN YN. 1S Nts Tila 4 B. ~ yy ] yy b VOT, 7h J Smee: ad SO $0 Ane TE SS TPA git: Tete Ad y} sas " albeit nh A Ta Fic. 12. Haida twined open-work basket. Fic. 13. One square inch of Fig. 12. PLATE IX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic, 14. Rain hat of twined basketry in spruce root from Haida Indians, reduced to one-eighth linear. This figure is the upper view and shows the method of ornamentation in red and black paint. The device in this instance is the epitomized form of a bird, the first step from pictures toward graphic signs. Omitting the red cross on the top, the beak, jaws, and nostrils are shown above; the eyes at the sides near the top, and just behind them the sym- bol for ears. The wings, feet, and tail, inclosing a human face, are shown on the margin. The Haida as well as other coast Indians from Cape Flat- tery to Mount Saint Elias cover everything of use with totemic devicesin painting and carving. Collected in Queen Charlotte Archipelago, by J. G. Swan. Museum number, 89033. Fig. 15. Showing the conical shape of Fig. 14. This form should be compared with one seen so frequently in Chinese and Japanese hats. On the inside a cylindric] band of spruce root is stitched on so as to make the hat fit the wearer’s head. Astring passed under the chin is frequently added. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE IX. Fig. 13, Haida twined basketry hat, top view. Fic. 15. Same hat, side view. PLATE X. (Mason. Basket-work. Fig. 16. A portion 14 by linch, taken from the rim of the last two figures. It shows the regular method of twined weaving, the introduction of the skip-stitch or twilled weaving into the greatest variety of geometric patterns, and the ingenious method of fastening off by a four-ply braid showing only on the outer side. oe eink ° Ree - Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. il i) — SENN ARTES i mS. mi) meee MUU I oat Fig, 16. One and a half square inches of Fig. 14, PLATE X. PLATE XI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fics. 17-19. Showing the Haida method of twined weaving, almost identical with that of the Thlinkit stock in style (Fig 11). Fig. 17 exhibits the method of mounting the work. Along the side of the upright pole is seen two bundles of spruce-root splints ready for use, one black, the other in natural color. Fig. 18. The bottom of the basket, with radiating warp, twined weft, and an exter- nal twine on its outer boundary. Fia. 19. One square inch of Fig. 17, indicating the exceedingly regular method of the twining. On the upper margin is seen the external row of twining added after the fabric was finished. Collected from the Massett tribe of Haidas, Queen Charlotte Islands. Museum number, 88956. ot oe Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. Fig. 17. Haida basket set up. Fig. 18. Bottom of same, PLATE XI. Fig. 19. One square inch of the side, PLATE XII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 20. Showing regularly woven cedar-bark wallet of Bilhoolas. The bottom and Fig. 21. sides are all in checker pattern. By’ an endless variety in real and pro- portional width of warp and weft thread, and by coloring some of the threads, an infinite number of patterns is produced. The fastening off is done as in Fig. 12. In many cedar-bark baskets of this region the two sets of threads run diagonally, producing a diamond rather than a checker pat- tern. Again, much more rarely three elements are involved, an open-work of two sets running diagonally, and a horizontal thread running through the open rhombs, in and out, as in multitudes of Japanese baskets. Col- lected in British Columbia, by James G. Swan. One square inch of Fig. 20, natural size. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XII. SS SSG ~ SNS . RN : SS ; SRV MAA RMMNNN NVA eb SE NY pS 4 . CEES) BLE 4 - = aera nare) . is} "7 or na aX WO EON WEAN SSMNAT NAY Se SWNNAE SONIA A= SL PSAATUS YALA SNE ry SESS SA ARTA 20 dN Fiac. 20. Bilhoola woven cedar bast basket. - FG. 21. One square inch of Fig. 20. PLATE XIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 22. Openwork carrying basket of the bird-cage or fish-trap style of weaving made by the Clallam Indians (Selish stock). The frame-work is a rect- angle of large twigs from the corners of which depend four twigs, joining as shown in the figure. To this frame-wo1k are lashed smaller rods run- ning horizontally and vertically, making a lattice-work with any desirable size of meshes. Finally, spruce-root splints are coiled around the crossings of these lattice rods. In this particular example the coiling is not contin- uously around the basket, but on each side separately in boustrophedon, but in the pretty Makah baskets, woven in this style, the coiled thread continues around without break from the beginning to the end of the work. The handles for the attachment of the head-strap are loops of spruce-root cord set on at the corners. Collected in Washington Territory, by J.G. Swan. Museum number, 23480. Fig. 23. Showing the exact method administration in this form of basketry. It should be closely studied with reference to Makah basketry and Congo shields and baskets. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Masor. Basket work PLATE XIII. i rt yi) vt Lop zi 2 . Hi nM) Wi quis pn hu ue ee crema ; | TUN Nf AOU LAGUNA iil it rT denne HG i for re a LL fi Mt f au cul 1 ee ut nn cng vant ' man j « an sul ith fy Gia An mae WT I UMUUI iii sea vin in et ! AANA HAMANN MAMAN FATA | ih I | HATTA sr af au foractnnacpan an ery ; conn i an itt Ne hi my fii) iL tight ni wy! , MRA ALITY aL Gael rr rae NTT Att A A Na WUT y qj } BUI nit ia LAO Laat HOTT Py CMON l TM! i “i finn tne ity i W ce NTT elt Vi ANAK Aa ah || {II [| a i ' | 1}, MG a Vit ii anit TUT a | caRna Leal serie mat ult LeU), NM ae a a RRC LU 7 SUTTONS caine cave SANS SARUM cu it AMATI Wy, Aa ae 1 aT) AOL My aS porea) yn es ees HE Wf ne hee Gane ayrey Uf 23 Fic. 22. Carrying basket of Clallam Indians, Fig, 23. One square inch of Vig. ny 22, enlarged to show bird-cage stitch, PLATE XIV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fires. 24-26. A wonderful specimen of basketry from the Makah Indians (Nutkan stock). It includes the three distinct types, the plain checker weav- ing of the Bilhoolas (Fig. 26, bottom), the twined pattern frequently mentioned in this paper, and, lastly, the bird-cage pattern of the Clallams (Fig. 25). The ornamentation on this class of baskets, as on the commercial baskets of the Haidas, consists of geometric patterns in black, yellow, drab, reds; blues, & c., colors many of which are ob- tained from traders. The straws are dyed and the pattern is alike on both sides. Collected at Cape Flattery, by James G. Swan, in 1876. Museum number, 23346. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XIV. ‘ca — ” VY eR eae OX Nf q (VO A Sane n . TOY Cyd ‘ = > DY \ = x PELL YN NA ~ 3S é x ee SORLV YL) : — Pera x VAVAV. Wa¥ 0 'G'O7 0: RATAATN ONO LLL OO y) Z Zn) = 4 ’ YY ‘ Z Fic. 24. Makah bird-cage pattern in basketry. Fic. 25. One square inch of Fig. 24, on the side. Fic. 26. One square inch outer edge of bottom. PLATE XV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 27. Twilled splint basket of the Clallams (Selish stock), mate of white birch wood. The bottom was woven first and all of the bottom splints be- came the warp of the sides, which are built up by weaving weft splints. The twilled effect is produced by passing each weft splint always over two warp splints, and by carrying two weft splints around at the same time, making them overlap alternate warp splints. The fastening off is done by bending down the warp straws and whipping them in place with splint. The scallop on the edge is formed by looping the middle of two splints under the rim, twisting both pairs of ends into a twine, pass- ing one twine through the other, and then doubling down to repeat pro- cess for the next scallop. Collected in Washington Territory, by James G. Swan. Museum number, 23509. Fig. 28. One square inch of Fig. 27, showing the method of administering the splints in plain twill. Innumerable pleasing effects are produced by varying the color, number, width, and direction of the splints overlapping in the weav- ing. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason, Basket-work. PLATE XV: am Giitewee af 2 renee OES 2 = sie hy = pare caer i TIE itt ze) eet i! aay Nat ral aap vit i | steal ae a = a ( oe Le Fia. 27. Clallam twilled basket. Fic. 28, One square inch on the side of 27. PLATE XVI. (Mason. Basket-work.) FiG. 29. Bottle covered with basket-work by Makah Indians. The groundwork is of bast and the ornamentation of red, yellow, and black straws sewed on singly after the Makah fashion. Great numbers of these covered bottles and other fanciful forms are prepared for sale by the Makahs as well as by the Haidas, whose work is similar in external appearance, but not in the method of weaving. Collected at Neeah Bay, Washington Territory, by James G. Swan, in 1884. Museum number, 73755. Fia. 30. Bottom of Fig. 29, showing the radiated warp and the alternation of twined weft with the ordinary in-and-out weaving. Fig. 31. Portion of the side of the bottle, showing the lattice arrangement of the warp, and the twined weft, producing irregular hexagons. This method of producing polygonal meshes, excepting the twined weft, is pursued in great variety and with excellent effect by the Japanese and other Oriental peoples. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work, PLATE XVI. Fic. 29. Makah bottle covered with basketry, +. Fic. 30. Bottom of bottle, natural size. Fic. 31. One square inch from side of Fig. 29. — PLATE XVII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fie. 32. Coiled basket, made of single osier coil, sewed down with spruce root or wil- low fiber, ascribed to Clallams by commerce in the text, but found on examination to have come from Sitka. The sewing is very regularly done, but the stitches split one another, as in Eskimo coiled sewing. Col- lected at Sitka, by J. G. Swan, in 1876. Museum number, 23512. Fic. 33. One square inch of 32, showing the method of adding ornamental straws, caught by every third stitch. The appearance of the yellow dots on the dark-brown ground is very pleasing in the original. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. Gt (CT Cea @s) (u(t cearannc nes ATTIC ao “COU LD. “at P67 = ftv—”"+t ie i (CCC WW lin (Uk Seaktn wa bee Mier (0 a a UDA 1 LETS ~ Man ss (CAC CL Wess Li 7 Ze TTT AE S (| ses Se Ti Saat Pay) ZED ee Avr Sry ee PLATE XVII. 7 DA JIVE hy aan TEUTin7.F 2)))7) pc rie h yy ® 7 arr LEST rm me. - sas Be a tt ns TRESS eNNuT) ALLA AO 3h 32 Fic. 32, Alaskan coiled basket. Fic. 33. One square inch of Fig. 32. PLATE XVIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 34. Twined or plaited flexible basket of the Klamath Indians, made of rushes and straw. The management of the material is precisely as in the Eskimo wallets (Fig. 3). The three elevated bands upon the outside are formed by rows of twine set on externally. The border in this case is formed by binding down the warp straws and sewing them fast with trader’s twine. By twining a dark and alight colored straw, two dark or two light straws, and by varying the number of these monochrome or dichrome twines, very pleasing effects in endless variety are produced. Collected at Klamath Agency, in 1876, by L. S. Dyar. Museum number, 24124. Fig. 35. One square inch of 34, showing the appearance of the body weaving above — and of the ornamental twining below. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XVIII. SLLTUEEL EOL AEE Liars — Seay, fi Min NV) AN\. = \wmMp : san WN SLE Petals] Re ey SVM yyy AWW ee Ee SY Se er er ——Q StL >. — l m Minny SA > Ss <= jn BZ S > rl Mi LY A Gy SLLLZ Hy V7 Y Lf tj lke Ly — ‘uis) " a ae Zz s— Zz an Fia. 34. Klamath twined basket. Fic. 35. One square inch of Fig. 34. PLATE XIX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 36. Coiled and whipped baskets from Hoochnom tribe, made of some species of pliable root. The bottom is started upon a small flat Turk’s-head knot of splint 2 of an inch in diameter, and continued in a plane outward 4 inches in diameter before any ornament is attempted. The coils are 4 inch in cross-section and there are twenty stitches to the inch. There are three pairs of the ornament on the exterior all alike. The harmony of geomet- ric design produced by inverting the triangles on the alternate sides is much more expressive in the specimen where the brown-black ornament is in contrast with the dark wood color of the body. This specimen should be compared with Fig. 56. The patterns and designs in this ware are of great variety and beauty, and the use of beads and feathers much improves their appearance. Collected at Eel River, California, by Stephen Powers, in 1876. Museum number, 21371. Fig. 37. One square inch of Fig. 36, showing method of coiling with various colored straws. ‘Wr Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XIX. aw] PPT PA To ap ‘ a staal ia i , i Hf Inver MN art n TH A Nines ae i] ni sian Liner Si eM Haig wu iy) i ai yey py at a i | Ma ion i th (ih 1 ce 7 Scns Dts Mt) 1 } a tg) )))) yyonnimntty Y Rus ," it “i a \ Wee nN ins 42 f a { cu yy. aD nim #4 ht itis UY end a li a (ee ais nh Rig Wey wn di Ay Ht ar th ae nh tr vi ite me ial 7 yh it a: ial iy Mi { ay : i a AU iy di IR ' hy, its (as i a a iil preTT TNT? tes es Fig, 36. Hoochnom coiled basket. Fic. 37. One square inch of Fig. 36. PLATE XX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 38. Twined wallet of Nez Percé Indians (Sahaptin stock) made of the bast of Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum), A sufficient number of warp strands were stretched and joined together in their middle by one row of twining. The ends of these warp strands were then brought together, and the weaver, by continuing the twine around and around, built up her bag. The orna- mentation is the same old story of straw colored, brown, blue, and green strings of the Indian hemp twined externally. Collected in Idaho, by Rev. George Ainslee. Museum textile number, 8025. - Fig. 39. One square inch of Fig. 38, showing the body twining and the twined orna- ment above. ' 4 ] Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason, Basket-work, PLATE XX. ———* j \ J ; | z > e | = = SS r r 38 } Fig. 38. Nez Percé twined wallet. Fra, 39. One square inch of Fig. 38. PLATE XXII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 40. Twined basket hat of the Utes, used by women either as a hat or asa basket. The California women make hats of a similar pattern, but much finer. The warp twigs converge at the bottom and additional ones are added as the texture widens. The weft splints are carried around in pairs and twived so as to inclose a pair of vertical twigs, producing a twilled effect something like that of the softer ware of the Haidas and Clallams. The border of this twined basket is very ingeniously made. First, the project- ing warp sticks were bent down and whipped with splints to form the body of therim. Then with two splints the weaver sewed along the upper mar- gin, catching these splints alternately into the warp straws below, giving the work the appearance of a button-hole stitch. The ornamentation is produced by means of dyed twigs either alone or combined with those of natural color. The texture of this ware is always coarse and rigid owing to the lack of good material in this arid region. Collected in Southern Utah, by J. W. Powell. Museum number, 11838. Fig. 41. One square inch of Fig. 40, showing method of weaving and administering the colored splints. ae ne PLATE XXI. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. =a =\ \\ nN avis ay a t5, Fic. 41. One square inch of Fig. 40. Fic. 40, Ute twined hat-bowl. PLATE XXII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig, 42. Twined roasting-tray of the Pai Utes. The warp is a lot of osiers spread out like a fan. The weaving commenced at the bottom by short curves and progressed by ever-widening curves to the outer margin. The rim is made by a double row of the coiled and whipped work. The whole surface is very rough, asin all Ute work, by reason of not twisting the strands when making the twine. There is little ornamentation on this class of objects. Collected in Southern Utah, in 1874, by Maj. J. W. Powell. Museumnum- ber, 11857. Fig. 43, Twined gathering and carrying basket of the Pai Utes. Woven precisely as the hats (Fig. 40) and the roasting-trays (Fig. 42). The splints are very fine, but their refractory nature makes all this ware coarse, Ornamentation is produced by external twining and by geometric patterns in dyed splints. Collected in Southern Utah, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Museum number, 14667. — Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. ey way \ Minyayy By op wy yi 7 ee ’ tC eo LOE PLATE XXII. en i 42 1D, nis Fic. 42. Ute twined roasting tray. (My awh: ae mide i] 1avt tea tx, Dla bint fl NS hey i, tae thit,s 2, ~ ae Fic. 43. Ute carrying basket. PLATE XXIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 44. Harvesting wand of Pai Utes, made of twigs, split or whole, bound with yucca fiber. The figure represents the coarsest specimen in the collection. In most of this class the longitudinal twigs are held in place by rows of twine at long intervals. Collected in Southern Utah, in 1874, by J. W. Powell. Museum number, 11823. PLATE XXIII. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work, of eat | Sh fe _ Vy — f Ze) L \ =~ i 4 ‘\ ~ AW Za J ‘3 Fic, 44, Ute harvesting wand, PLATE XXIV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 45. Coiled and pitched bottle of the Pai Utes, made of osier, by coiling the fun- damental twigs in pairs and sewing with split osier always over the two in hand and between the twigs of the preceding round. As this bottle is to be covered with pitch either inside or out or on both sides, the sew- ing is left very open. By having one twig large and the other very small or by having a bunch of grass for the two twigs, a water tight joint is produced by the swelling of the warp and weft. The bungling manner of administering the stitches reminds one of the same type of ware among the Eskimo. A great variety of form is given to these pitched bottles. Collected in Southern Utah, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Museum number, 11262. Fic. 46. One square inch of Fig. 46, showing the use of the double-twig coil. i Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work, PLATE XXIV. é i pi eh ; UTR Y, Mi Tyne ony pudd) od 71) ia aN Yeriyy (yy osu Beraies sand) ME is bis ) is ud, ah Uf aU i) ee Abs) aM? Taf Pay /ft0)) rate ir) ya) Sor , b Re Uy I l= Wiveo aun) Meas =i) ” Hf Wy hice, US A MNGi meray [Fe Tits NBD if if HY, hy », Ui, My my "NG ARG ig foe i fl ah, “4 ~ - n if wa f / '£Z AAS Q 4s 4 Fic. 63. Pimo coiled basket-bowl, PLATE SZXXVI, PLATE XXXVII. (Mason. » Basket-work.) Fic. 64. Small twined granary of straw, made by Pimos. Made of wheat-straw in a coil sewed with bands of willow-bark. The very noticeable féature about this specimen is that only in a few cases do the stitches of the coils interlock. Diameter, 20 inches; height, 12 inches. Collected in Arizona, by Dr. E. Palmer, in 1884. I'1G. 65. One square inch of 64, showing the coiled straws and the method of sewing. a < Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XXVII LY —// Z - —h MD My eM. ae a rs Fig. 64. Pimo coiled granary of straw and bark. Fic. 65, One square inch of Fig. 64, PLATE XXXVIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 66. Twined jar-shaped basket of the Mokis. Excepting in the rigid material — and the pottery form, we have here all the details of the west coast bas- ketry. At the center of the bottom each twining includes two warp twigs; the next round the same plan is followed, but the stitches alternate. This for 10 rows; on the fifth is an exterior twining for ornament. Then suc- — ceed 6 rows of twining on each twig, then 4 rows of twining over two twigs, then 9 rows of single twining overlaid by two double rows of ex- ternal twining. ‘The rest of the surface is covered with twining over every warp twig, onoverlaid the upper portion and at the bulge by external twining. The fastening off is mere whipping. Collected in Moki pueblos in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, in 1884. , Fic. 67. One inch of 66, showing the twining on single and on double rods. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XXXVIII. WA Le EF BO TET mia = can SPS ee SS PID A hae Sat ike : Pe £ | A La = —_— eT SS OD tubes Y I pro —T “C eet og owe 66 CLM LAA ILA CLiEZz-L A = Fia. 66. Moki twined basket-jar. Fic. 67, One square inch of Fig. 66, PLATE XXXIX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fie. 68. Coiled sacred meal tray of the Mokis. A bunch of yucca leaf stems, or of grass, varying from } inch to 1 inch in diameter, is sewed in a continuous coil by means of slender threads of yucca fiber about 5|;th inch in width, and very uniform throughout. Each stitch of the progressing coil is caught into a stitch of the coil beneath with perfect regularity, forming a dish looking like a great worm coiled up. The ornamentation isin yellow and brown. The first spots interiorly contain from 4 to 6 stitches. On the next turn a series is arranged with relation to these. By the simple management of this device hundreds of patterns are worked out. * Collected in Arizona by J. W. Powell. Fic, 69, One square inch of Fig. 68, showing the method of administration. 352= J Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XXXIxX. Ny ee. NES J RK) \ A" 68 TU NE —" —— = H i y Fic, 68. Moki coiled tray, Fig, 69, One square inch of Fig, 68, PLATE XL. (Mason. Basket-work.) I'1G. 70, Coiled sacred meal tray of the Mokis. The coloring of the interior exhibits the fine shading produced by the skillful manipulation of the dark and the light side of the fiber. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell. ; ery Report Nat. Mus, 1°81.-—-Mason. Basket work uuu NNN H A ra lj Uy ‘Ay YI HM) Ml MN) Mi Via. 70. Moki coiled tray. IL PLATE XL. “A > PLATE XLI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fia. 71. Coiled basket of Upper Egypt, made of bundles of palm-leaf veins, sewed with strips of palm leaf. Introduced here for comparison with the Moki work, Ornamentation in red and black. A Jong red or black strip of leaf is laid on the outside of a coil and caught down by alternate stitches. The varying of the number of stitches canght over or covered by these strips produces a multitude of effects. These baskets are frequently pitched for boats or Moses’ arks. Collected by Dr. G.W. Samson, in Upper Egy pt, 1848. Museum number, 74871. ; Fig. 72. One square inch of Fig. 71, showing the sewing and the strips of ornament. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XLI. ae = z AU eae vA 7AWI ty AD mee YU { T aan pink meet Mg aa i ie fay MEY by PE 7, it rit Ee ae ae Leen euyADE VN WT: yy te vu) my Sa kd fl | eae We pnri OTN A met 0" ee sa Pal 4, vp is a ee ee ae ee aS eee eee Fig. 71. Nubian coiled basket. Fic. 7<. One square inch of Fig. 71. PLATE XLII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 73. Woven bread-tray of the Mokis, made upon radiating warp twigs by weaving bits of colored twig, stripped of their bark, in and out, and by fastening off the ends alongside of the warp twigs inside the fabric. This type should be particularly noticed as the first example yet encountered of the regular basket weaving so common in the ware of more civilized peoples. Some of the bits of twig used are less than an inch long, and none of them ever exceed a foot. The figure is the same on both sides, but each stitch and design in front is just one space farther to the right on the back. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Vig. 74. One square inch of Fig. 73, showing the regularity and disposition of the weaving. —-~ PLATE XLII. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.-Mason. Basket-work. = SSS 74, One square inch of Fig. 75. FIG. Moki woven bread-tray. Fig. 73. PLATE XLIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 75. Woven bread-tray of the Mokis, similar in workmanship to Fig. 73. The fastening off is done by whipping one or two twigs around the edge by means of yucca fiber. The design is a series of concentric rings in pretty colors, the figures corresponding exactly on the two sides. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, 1874. \ Report Nut. Mus. leé4.-Mason. Basket-woirk. PLATE XLIII. | Ss SS MASS WA SS SS SS SS. 4 Fic. 75. Moki woven bread-tray. PLATE XLIV. (Mason. basket-work.) Fig. 76. Woven hasket-tray of the Mokis. This figure shows very clearly what pleas- ing designs may be worked out by the skillful adjustment of simple forms and color. In the bright colurs used for this ware the Mokis produce de- cidedly brilliant effects. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Report Nat. Mus. leei.—Masun, Bashet-work, PLATE XLIV. Ly i. e bi y ly | Me) E HK AN \ All C4 \ 2 2S Ss si f == RS ~ a — ae : ~ my s TQS tf | pull cle) ae! Aus ra TE Lp) NN Wed) WY \ ‘ . ENS a 5 CUS Wy \ ‘\ Oss = Fic. 76. Moki woven bread-taay. PLATE XLV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic 77. Woven basket-tray of the Mokis. In this figure should be noticed the method of starting the weaving. ) “4 Wage” Wie. MEA \ 3 if \ \\) TAY i Wy) jl Md agp Ur aba ite pee ee NM — ~~ = a Fic. 77. Moki woven bread-tray. PLATE XLVI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 78. Woven basket-tray of the Mokis. The especial attraction about this speci- men is the genuine cloud effects produced on the surface by the simplest means. This represents a stage of art far above the genius of savage cul- ture. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Report Nat. Wus. 1884. —Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XLVI. goo — - [ \\ \ Was nN a ——s ‘ — . SSS = > es == : ‘ BY 4 S27 ~ OS} S :. a. PS Se = 4: SES OTE on = CRAY ee aS S. Fea © SS QN —* Zz 2 SS ~_ 5 *) AX . SSS f > : “ an } « > "RAS S a ‘ xs = 2 PERSE ar . = S 6, oS : Deretaale : . Soe. ..))\ NES \ E , (thay ! i : if ihe as Wat: -.— RU = Mts. TE Uli } ae: Te + 2 Ay a ir : Ku all] of Oe, an /s on may °e a. = 3 , ., ve meet So " > v ax mL = ¥ Zz Z. “ es aC C2 ed é 5 i 35 =e ws. ae ts ~ ‘ fi Fic. 79. Moki woven bread-tray. PLATE XLVIII. (Mason. Pasket-work.) Fic. 40. Woven peach-basket of the Zniis. More than the Moki trays, this specimen recalls the method of manufacture to he seen in the thousands of baskets employed in civilized drudgery. Roughness, asymmetry, rude fastening off with yucea fiber are its attractions. Collected in New Mexico, by J. W. Powell. Museum number, 40201. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. FIG. Basket-work. ( CL 80. Zuni woven fruit-basket, PLATE XLVIII. ay = A cee : ; Jv Fy * 28 or & — en = Th e- <= aT PLATE XLIX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fia. 81. Jar-shaped coiled basket from Zufii Indians. This.is a very beautiful specie men of coiled ware for this region, in shape, regularity of stitch, and or- namentation in black. Upon the authority of explorers the text is made to say that the pottery-making Indians are not good basket-makers. This specimen leoks as though it might have come from California. Collected in New Mexico by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Fic. 82. One square inch of 81, showing the use of the strip of fiber for chinking, and the altesnation of white and black stitches, PLATE XLIX. AS ‘sal one Nate o 5 Sia in WA torn te ais Ye ry 4 t Jy ant Meee eo ; xi tty ry wie ST y} SS (i qe USS : i ree Ra ae -“* ee ee MWe Tin ces vit % ue : ; =a ved fe om Bis ; bao : Sa tevin ote Ogg 2 PM SSS Ce etvenss. ANDES A OF A i Anes eae m eel ete i Ve lee FILLE 31 PLATE L. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fia. 83. Coiled basket-tray from Zui. The texture is exceedingly open, owing to the use of the single rod in the coil with coarse chinking. Collected in New Mexico, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Fig. 84. One square inch of Fig. 83, showing the warp rods and the method of sewing. This stitch is best employed in the exquisite rattan baskets of Siam. etl es nese x « Fic. 83, Zuni coiled food-tray. Fic. 84, One square inch of Fig. 83, yas’) 5 oe eee i a hee a? a We) , hehe oP Oi Fake Pty: PLATE LI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 85. The first step in ordinary basket-weaving, showing how the bottom is set up — in split cane or splints of tough wood. Fig. 86. The second step in basket-weaving, showing how the bottom splints are } . turned up to form the sides, j Report Nat. Mus 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LI. | Fie. 85. Bottom of plain, woven basket. Fig. 86. Method of building the sides of a basket. PLATE LII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fies. 87,88. Showing the method of completing the weaving on the sides of an ordi- nary splint basket, and preparing to lay on the rim. Ea tn i= — wT <== IO —_ SS ua I SSS Ba 3=Fz SS Sst = - SSS — . ; ie =I ai a Hh | & ef (TH <4 Lik es ALAM Seaezts (3) Eth — E, Tay its asl 7 ~ Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LII. Basket ready for the rim. Fic. 88. Fic. 87. Side of basket, finished. PLATE LIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 89. Twilled woven basket, covered with diaper pattern below, made from cane, by Cherokee Indians. Similar ware is produced by all our southern In- dians. The diaper pattern is produced by overlapping two or more warp sticks with each stitch. Collected in North Carolina, by Dr. Edward Palmer, in 1880. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. i hs === ——| agai Th pm lll cua ae =—=——. Fic. 89 Cherokee twilled basket of cane. PLATE LIII. PLATE LIV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Via. 90. Twilled palm-leaf basket-wallet of Fiji Islanders, woven double, the inside of plain checker pattern of broad pieces. The exterior covered with every conceivable manipulation of black and white strips of palm-leaf, varying in width. Introduced here for comparison with twilled weaving on our continent. Collected in Fiji, by Captain Wilkes, in 1840. / ‘Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. Saas ae panies anna It Bea ihe Bl) | yer i m aay -_— Hh eo i" = a eres _| ea Er “ll ae = Se, "ia" ut it i tilly, to = | AR i ay uy quit “ifsc sal tal eye Ls ues Hat walle +, & poe sy iH = PLATE LIV. Fic. 90. Fijian twilled basket of palm leaf. PLATE LY. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 91. One square inch of 90 enlarged to show the method of cross-stitehing in Fiji basketry, combined with varying width of strips. PLATE LV. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. im ——s —" . > A n x a ,- PN — = =| —\ . c ae E = fh | { Fe he =| ‘i es | | || eee Pill | oe AY = Wh. i We j —— : : a aos j ‘ oe, Min: -* a | Wi |) =I} pi mo Fic. 91. One square inch of Fig. 90. PLATE LVI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 92. Woven fish-basket of Fiji Islanders. This specimen is also woven double, the inside being very coarse. Collected in Fiji Islands, in 1840, by Captain Wilkes. ¢ Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LVL fin aie Y a, righ te “ANS I 3 r ‘. fe: Fig, 92. Fijian fish-basket of palm leaf, rr ee PLATE LVII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fie. 93. One inch of the bottom of 92 enlarged to show the simple twilled weaving. Fic. 94. Plain weaving on the sides of Fig. 92. Fig. 95, Coarse weaving of the inside of Fiji basketry. ! sh Re’ Phe oN OR port Nat. Mus. ed —Mason. Basket-work. : PLATE LVII. we St — m2 mh = penecea ae ene 94 Fic. 93. One square inch of bottom, Fig. 92. Fic, 94. One square inch of outside, Fig. 92. Fig. 95. One square inch of inside, Fig. 92, PLATE LVIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) ¥ 1a. 96. Woven basket of Micmac Indians made of white birch. Thousands of these pretty baskets wrought into hundreds of shapes are sold in the towns and villages of the Northern States by the Indian basket-maker. A curious modification of this method of weaving comes from Tripoli, in which the — horizontal part is rigid and the weft straws run up and down. It is as if we revolved the Micmac pattern 90 degrees. Collected by Mr. G. Brown Goode, in Nova Scotia. SS PLATE LVIII.’ Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. Lary AM ——————e—EeE—— ee ae ee ee le Fic. 96. Miemae woven birch basket. gx ° Peer wie 7. an ae PLATE LIX. ae ta " (Mason. Basket-work.) \ : pa. Ss iN ‘ ee: Fras. 97,98. Showing the method of introducing the curled anes in Algon yn ny S, and Iroquois basketry. chal Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work, PLATE LIX, Figs. 97, 98. Method of ornamentinug birch baskets. PLATE LX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LX. = eo {I Fic. 99, Eskimo ivory pricker from Point Clarence, PLATE LXI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fias. 100-102. Bone, ivory, and metal-pointed prickers from Lower Yukon district. | ‘ t ” a7 ; ’ i al ie wee , ' ‘ i mi a 7 ‘ PLATE L&I. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. a al 2 4H = — =~) = 101 102 100 Fia. 102. Eskimo pricker with metal point. Fic. 100. Eskimo pricker of bone. Fic. 101. Eskimo pricker of antler. PLATE LXII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fie. 103. Eskimo pricker with wooden handle and iron point lashed with rawhide. Fic. 104. Eskimo awl, with metal point in ivory handle. Fig. 105. Eskimo drill-shaft of wood with metal point and band of rawhide. Drills of this class also have beautiful jade points. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work, ‘PLATE LX. Fic. 103, Eskimo iron-pointed pricker, Fig. 105. Eskimo iron-pointed drill, Fic, 104, Eskimo iron-pointed awl, PLATE LXIII. eres Basket-work.) e _ Figs. 106, 107. Bone prickers used by Moquis. Collected in Arizona, by a ; W.1 owe Bhs ae ¢ Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. 3 Ny ) ~ = ma\)) d\n Ny wail \ ' off anit RY SS ( 3 | a 106 Figs. 106, 107, Moqui bone prickers, PLATE LXIII, 107 PLATE LXIV. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fic. 108. Bone pricker from Coahuila, Mex. Collected by E. Palmer. Fig. 109. Iron-pointed pricker of Cherokees. Collected in North Carolina, by E. Palmer. Report Nat. Mus, 1884.—Mason. Basket-work. PLATE L&AlIVv. So PASTS Fic. 108. Coahuita bone pricker. Fic. 109. Cherokee pricker in antler. th ee + F esl aley ~ Y ' ; f > ae ; RUTeay Ot Fadainiy wnatinvpelty MOS tek lator ocd aia nay” | St a ay : * heal ay 3 : ee ee, i. ke yale Le yt > : “at 7 i ax - 4 ; ae , ; ri III.—A STUDY OF THE ESKIMO BOWS IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. ‘ By JounN Murpoca. While endeavoring to work out the method of construction of the bows collected by our party* among the Eskimos of Point Barrow, Arctic Alaska, I was led to make a comparative study of all the Es- kimo bows in the National Museum with the view of determining the types of construction to be found among them, and their geographical distribution. It is the purpose of this paper to present the general conclusions arrived at from this study, which I propose to treat in detail in a mo- nograph of the ethnological collection of the expedition, which I am engaged in preparing. Iam indebted to Professor Otis T. Mason, of the National Museum, for much cordial assistance and co-operation in the prosecution of this study and in the preparation of the illustrations. 1 have confined myself to the discussion of the forms of bow in use among the Western Eskimos, namely, those inhabiting the shores of the Arctic Ucean from the Mackenzie River westward to Bering Strait, of Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska, with the outlying Asiatic branches on the mainland of Siberia and Saint Lawrence Island. These regions are very fully represented in the Museum by the collections of Ross and MacFarlane from the Mackenzie River region, Dall, Turner, Nelson, and others, from the Alaska coast, Nelson, from Saint Lawrence Island, and the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, from the mainland of Si- beria, while the material from the eastern tribes is very scanty and unsatisfactory. . Starting from the island of Kadiak in the south, there is abundant material from the whole coast as far as the northern shore of Norton Sound, from the Diomede Islands, Point Hope, Wainwright’s Inlet, Point Barrow, and the Mackenzie region, as well as from Saint Lawrence Island and the Siberian shore. Unfortunately, the region about Kotze- bue Sound, including the great peninsula between this and Norton Sonnd, is not represented in the collection. The field of investigation is practically untrodden. Although it has Jong been known that the Eskimos used cords of elastic sinew to coun- teract the brittleness and lack of elasticity in the spruce and fir—the only wood at their disposal for making bows—authors have confined *U. S. International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, 188183. 207 308 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. themselves to a general statement of the fact, without going into the details of construction.* I have found that the bows of the Western Eskimos are constructed upon three well-defined types, each quite distinctly limited in its geo- graphical distribution. No one of these types can be considered as de- rived from either of the others, but all are plainly developed from a single original type still to be found only slightly modified in the region around Cumberland Gulf, where the mechanical arts seem to have re- mained in many respects wore primitive than either in Greenland or Alaska. (Fig. 1, back and side view of a bow of reindeer antler from Cumberland Gulf, No. 34053, collected by L. Kumlien.)t The main part of the reinforcement or backing always consists of a continuous piece of stout twine made of sinew, generally a three-strand braid, but sometimes a twisted cord, and often very long (sometimes forty or fifty yards in length). One end of this is spliced or knotted into an eye, which is slipped round one “nock” of the bow, usually the upper one. The strands then pass up and down the back and round the nocks. A comparatively short bow, having along its back some dozen or twenty such plain strands, and finished off by knotting the end about the “handle,” appears to have been the original pattern. The bow from Cumberland Gulf (Fig. 1) is such a one, in which the strands have been given two or three turns of twist from the middle. They are kept from untwisting by a “stop” round the handle, which passes be- tween and around the strands. The three Western Eskimo types may be described as follows: I. THE SOUTHERN TYPE. Of this there are two slightly different patterns, found often side by side. *For example: ‘‘They ingeniously remedy the defect [i. e., the want of elasticity in the material] by securing to the back of the bow and to the knobs at each end a quantity of small lines, each composed of a plat or ‘sinnet’ of three sinews. The nuinber of lines thus reaching from end to end is generally about thirty; but besides these several others are fastened with hitches round the bow, in pairs, commencing eight inches from one end and again united at the same distance from the other, mak- ing the whole number of strings in the middle of the bow sometimes amount to sixty. These being put on when the bow is somewhat bent in the contrary way, produce a spring so strong as to require considerable force as well as knack in stringing it and giving the requisite velocity to the arrow.” (Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 511.) ‘‘These bows [in the Yukon delta] are made of spruce, which Las little elasticity when dry and is very liable to break. To remedy this defect the bow is bound with cords twisted from deer sinew [as shown in a figure, which gives the general appear- ance very well]. This gives it great strength and overcomes the brittleness of the yood.” (Dall’s Alaska and its Resources, p. 228.) ‘‘Only some old bows had a finer form. They were larger and made with care; for instance, they were covered with birch bark and strengthed by an artistic plaiting of sinew on the outer side.” (Nordenskiéld’s Voyage of the Vega, ii, p. 108.) tWhen a seale accompanies a figure each division represents one inch. Figures without a scale are natural size, unless otherwise specified. ESKIMO BOWS. 309 1. A broad and flat bow tapering to the nocks, which are formed by simple rounded knobs, and narrowed and thickened at the handle so as to be half as wide and twice as thick as the broadest part of the bow. The back is flat and the belly often keeled from end to end, and this keel is sometimes deeply furrowed for its whole length; the’edges are generally square and sometimes grooved longitudinally. (Figs. 2,3, and 4 show the general pattern of this type.) The bow when unstrung is either straight, slightly sprung toward the back, or, rarely, arched, and is sometimes stiffened along the back with an extra rib of wood or ivory. The backing is occasionally tightened with wedges Its length is from 50 inches to 5 feet, averaging about 55 inches, with its greatest breath about 2 inches (rarely 24 to 24 inches). 2. A bow of essentially the same size and outline as the first form, but with about one foot of each end bent up toward the back so as to lie parallel to the string when the bow is strung, as in the Tatar bow, with the backing generally stretched over bridges at the bends. (Fig. 5, No. 36028, from the mouth of the Kuskoquim River, collected by E. W. Nelson.) The backing starts in the ordinary way and consists wholly of straight parallel strands passing round the nocks, or secured by pairs of half- hitches at various points on the bow. The last strand is wrapped spirally round the others to keep them from spreading apart, though occasionally one end of the cable is wrapped with a separate piece, and very rarely the whole wrapping is separate from the rest. A separate piece of twine, thong, or withe serves to stop the backing down to the handle, and there are sometimes other separate stops on the broad part of the bow (as in Fig. 2). The whole of the broad part of the bow is occasionally seized down with spaced spiral turns of twine (Fig. 4, No. 7972, from Bristol Bay, collected by Dr. Minor), which, in one case at least, are made by the end of the last strand. The strands of the back- ing vary in number from 11 to 357 (usually about 25). They are some- times all of the same length, in which case the outer strands are hitched round the bow a short distance from the nocks instead of passing round the latter (Fig. 2, back and side view, and Fig. 2 a, one end of No. 56032, from near Cape Romanzoff, collected by E. W. Nelson). More commonly 4-22, usually 6 or 7 strands are shorter than the rest and only extend from the broadest part of one end to the corresponding point at the other (Fig. 3, No. 72408, from Bristol Bay, collected by the late C. L. McKay. Fig. 3a, the broadest part of the same bow, to show the attach- ment of the short strands), thus giving special strength and elasticity to the middle of the bow. These shorter strands are sometimes the outer ones of the backing, but more commonly about the middle of it. Rarely, as in the case of one bow from the island of Nunivak (Fig. 6, No. 15651, collected by W. H. Dall. This is an unusually large and stout bow, with 37 strands in 310 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. the cable), and one from near Cape Romanzoff (Fig. 7, No. 36034, col- lected by E. W. Nelson), the strands are twisted from the middle (the two ends of the bow in opposite directions) by introducing a toggle between the strands, and the twist is secured by passing the “stop” through the cable. This type extends from the island of Kadiak to Norton Sound. The second form of the type appears to be less common than the first, though occurring alongside of the latter. It appears not to be used on the island of Nunivak or south of the Kuskoquim River. Il. THE ARCTIC TYPE. This is a much shorter bow than the above (from 43 to 52 inches long), narrow in proportion, and of a much more graceful shape (Fig. 8, No. 1972, from the Mackenzie region, collected by Ross). In section it is nearly elliptical, flatter on the back than on the belly, with the handle slightly narrowed and thickened. The greatest breadth is usually about 14 inches, and the thickness at the handle about fj inch. The ends are often bent up as in the second form of the southern type, and when this is done the back is usually reinforced with a short rounded strap of wood or antler in the bend. One bow (Fig. 9, No. 89245, from Point Barrow, collected by our expedition) has these ends made of separate pieces mortised on. Only one bow of this type in the collec- tion has an extra rib, which is of antler and very small and short, but the back is frequently covered with strips of sealskin, put on length- wise. The backing is always of braided sinew, and of a very complicated and perfect pattern, usually very thoroughly incorporated with the bow by means of hitches and a very complete seizing of many turns running nearly the whole length of the bow and serving to equalize the distri- bution of the strain and thus prevent cracking. The backing is one continuous piece of cord, except in one case, where the seizing is separate, and begins, as usual, with an eye, which is slipped round the upper nock. The strands vary in number from 30 to 45 on a man’s bow (22-28 on a boy’s) of which 10-26 extend only from bend to bend on a bow of the Tatar shape, or between the corre- sponding points on a straight bow, and are then made fast by two or three half-hitches each, or, as at Point Barrow, Wainwright’s Inlet, and Point Hope, by complicated lashings made up of series of half-hitches, often alternately in opposite directions, the last hitch or two held down by extra round turns, and sometimes as many as a dozen hitches in a series. Fig. 10 is this section of the same large bow, No. 89245, from Point Barrow, figured above, and Fig. 11, the same part of No. 72771, from Wainwright’s Inlet, also collected by our expedition. A detailed description of the lashings of these bows, two of the most complicated in the collection, will make these figures plain. The first ESKIMO BOWS. atl long strand on reaching the bend is hitched round the bow seven times at intervals of about } to Linch. These ‘“under-hitches,” as they may be called, occur always on bows of this type, sometimes made by the first and sometimes by the last long strand, and serve to mark off the position of the hitches of the short strands and give them a-point Vappui. The first two of these are “two half-hitches,” or, ‘“ clove- hitches,” as they are called at sea, the other five peculiar hitches (Fig. 12) not used by sailors. The hitch is well known and much used in the artillery and ordnance service, and is there called a ‘‘clove-hiteh.” As using this name would not distinguish the hitch from the common **clove-hitch ” of seamen, I venture to suggest for it the name of ‘ sol- dier’s hitch.” It is made by taking two round turns round the object to be fastened to and bringing the end over the standing part and under the two turns. If the turns are taken to the left, it makes Fig. 12; if to the right, Fig. 13. These hitches, especially the left-handed one, are much used by the Eskimos not only on bows, but in putting on seizings upon spears, Xe., where a white seaman would use a “ marling-hitch.” The advantage of this form of hitch seems to be that the second round turn keeps it from slipping if the end gets loose. To return to No. 89245: After making ‘‘ under-hitches” at both bends, long strands are laid on till there are tenin all. Theeleventh, on reach- ing the bend, makes two ‘“soldier’s hitches” at 1, and going to the other nock is similarly hitched at the other bend, and then passes back- wards and forwards between the bends, hitched each time nearer the middle of the bow. The hitch at 2 is made thus: Two round turns to the left, the end passed under both turns, and then two more round turns, with the end passed over the second turn, under the first and third, over the standing-part and third turn, making a double “ sol- dier’s hitch.” At 3 are two simple half-hitches, and one made with two round turns, followed by two round turns with the end passed under both. At4isasimilar lashing with eight simple hitches; at 5, nine; at 6, four; and at 7, two. In No. 72771 there are five “‘ under hitches,” all ‘‘soldier’s hitches,” made by the first long strand. The lashing at 1 is made by hitching alternately to right and left five times. (Such hitching is called “ kack- ling” by seamen.) At 2 itis “‘kackled” nine times, at 3 nine times, and at 4 nine times again, ending with a half-hitch at 5. It will easily be seen, as was suggested to me by Professor Mason, that the strain of bending the bow, while tending to stretch and tighten each longitudinal strand, at the same time tightens each individual turn of these lashings, so that the greater the strain on the bow the tighter do they grip the fibers of the wood and hold them together. These hitches usually occupy 4 to 6 inches of the bow, and as a rule are put on as above, so that the shortest strands come at the top of the 312 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. backing, though they are reversed on one bow from the Mackenzie re- gion (Fig. 14 is this section of No. 1970, collected by Ross), so that the longer of the strands are stretched across the bends, which adds some- what to the tension of the bow, but makes a less neat and compact lashing than the common arrangement. This arrangement of the short strands brings the greatest strength across the middle of the bow, where it is most needed. All the strands between the hitches are divided into two equal par- cels and twisted from the middle into two cables, thus greatly increas- ing the tension to be overcome in drawing the string. These twocables are fastened together by a sort of ‘ figure-of-8” knot, passing through and around them, and are stopped firmly to the handle, after which the whole is securely seized down with the end of the backing. This seiz- ing is less complete in bows from the region of the Mackenzie. In one case, after completing the seizing the end goes on to lay ona few strands more, for a third cable, outside of and between the other two, which is also twisted. (No. 89245, Figs. 9 and 10. End of cable cut off at a.) The ends of the long strands, between the nocks and the hitches of the short strands, are sometimes wound with separate pieces. Bows of this pattern, differing only in details of the backing, are used at the Mackenzie River, at Point Barrow, Wainwright’s Inlet, Point Hope, and the Diomede Islands in Bering Strait, and probably at intermediate points along the shores of the Arctic Ocean. As was said above, there are no bows in the collection from Kotzebue Sound or the Kaviak Peninsula, but from several points in the region in question, namely, from Kotzebue Sound, Hotham Inlet, Sledge Island, and Cape Nome, have been obtained many of the ingenious little tools for twisting the cables, and always in pairs, indicating that a two-cable bow of the Arctic type is the prevailing if not the only weapon of the kind used in these localities. The line of demarcation between this type and the preceding is not sharply drawn, although there are no bows of the pattern which is ex- elusively used as far north as Cape Romanzoff, in the collection from north of Bering Strait. From the Yukon delta we have one bow (Fig. 15, No. 33867, collected by E. W. Nelson), which in proportional narrowness and thickness ap- proaches the Arctic model, as it does in its complete seizing, though it has a strong extra rib, and the genera] pa:tern of the backing is purely southern. From the same region is another (Figs. 16 and 17, No.8822, collected by W. H. Dall), which in outline and size is essentially of the straight southern type, though slightly narrower than usual, while the backing is put on entirely in the Arctic manner, except that the seizing islesscomplete. A large bow from Norton Sound is of the same model, but has the Arctic backing complete in allits details, as does also a sinall boy’s bow from the same region. Still another from the same ak ESKIMO BOWS. 313 place is almost exactly of the Arctic type, except that it has square in- stead of rounded edges and the strands are not twisted into cables. When we consider that the Malemut of Norton Sound act as middle- men between the natives of the Arctic coast and those of the Yukon re- gion, it is natural to expect to find traces of Arctic ideas as far south as their intercourse extends, namely, as I am informed, to the mouth of the Yukon. Moreover it would be unlikely that the relatively weak southern backing should be adopted by the northern natives. Ill. THE WESTERN TYPE. This is, in general, broader and flatter than the Arctic model, but less contracted at the handle than the southern, and not so much tapered at the ends, which are usually thick. It is rather a larger bow than the Arctic, but not so large as the southern, being from 43 to 58 inches in length and 1.5 to 1.7 inches broad, and like the others is either straight or of the Tatar shape. Bows of purely western type are apparently al- ways of the latter shape. The peculiarity of the type is in the backing, as is well shown in the bow figured (Figs. 18 and 19, No. 2505, probably from the mainland of Siberia. It was collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, and is labeled simply “ Tschuktschis Indians”!). The backing, instead of being continuous, is in three parts, namely, two short cables stretched across the bends, where they do not go round the nocks, but are secured by half-hitches close to them as well as inside the bends. The main backing consists of 21 strands laid on between the bends with half- hitches, and stopped down to the bow with a spiral seizing without be- ing twisted or gathered into a wrapped cable.* Three large and powerful bows from Saint Lawrence Island are of the same peculiar type. It is, however, worthy of note that a single “twister” of the same pattern as those used at Point Barrow was ob- tained at Saint Lawrence Island by Mr. Nelson. The bows used by the Eskimos of Eastern Siberia (“ Tuski,” “ Seden- tary Chukches” of authors, Chuklukmut of Dall) present a mixture of types. The bow figured above is purely western in type. Another (Figs. 21 and 22, No. 2503, collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition) is straight, but still has separate cables at the ends, pass- ing, however, round the nocks. The main backing has upwards of sev- enty strands and is twisted into three cables of the Arctic type. A third (Figs. 23 and 24, No. 2506, collected by the North Pacific Ex- ploring Expedition) approaches very close to the arctic type, but shows traces of the western model in having the ends of the long strands stretched across the bends and one single short strand returning to the * There is a modification of the “‘ soldier’s hitch” in the seizing of this bow (Tig. 20), made by taking two round turns to the right, and passing the end under the stand- ing part and between the two turns. 314 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. tip from beyond the bend,* while a fourth is precisely of the arctic type with a very large number of strands.t Several of these bows are made of oak, evidently barrel-staves ob- tained from white men, but are, notwithstanding, provided with a pow- erful backing, which shows how inseparably this invention, in its origin — applicable only to inelastic wood, has become connected with the idea of a bow in the mind of the maker. Comparing what I have said of the geographical distribution of these types of bow with the divisions of the Eskimos of the Northwest adopted by Mr. Dall,i it will be seen that of the Western Mackenzie Innuit (his first great division) the Kopagmut (Kupt/imeun of the Point Barrow natives) and provably the Kangmaligmut (Kiimi/dlin of the same people, an almost unknown tribe, concerning whom there appears to be no reliable information), with probably all the Western Innuit except the Chuklukmut, Kikht6’/gamut, and Mahlemut, use the pure arctic type. The Chuklukmut and Kikht6’gamut use the western type, with some admixture of the arctic. The Mahlemut and Unaligmut (the northernmost tribe of Fishing Innuit) use the arctic and the southern type and intermediate forms, while the remainder of the Fishing Innuit use the pure southern type. Assuming, as is highly probable, that all the branches of the Eskimo race started with the primitive form of bow above described, the in- habitants of the well-wooded shores of Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska, who have a plentiful supply of fresh living spruce, have im- proved on this type chiefly by lengthening and strengthening the wood of the bow and collecting the loose strands into a compact round cable, which is occasionally made somewhat thicker across the middle than towards the ends. Those who live on the treeless shores of the Arctic Ocean are forced to depend on comparatively scarce dead and brittle drift-wood, and have been obliged to devote their attention to the improvement of the sinew backing in order to increase the efficiency of the weapon. The conse- quence has been the development of the exceedingly complicated and perfect form above described. This is probably the ultimate step in the development of the sinew-backed bow. Not only is it difficult to imagine making a more perfect weapon from the materials, but atten- tion will no longer be paid to possible improvements in a weapon which — is rapidly passing into disuse and becoming superseded by fire-arms. The people of Saint Lawrence Island, out of the direct line of com- munication between the two continents and also dependent on drift- wood, have developed the bow in a different way from all the rest. * A peculiar clove-hitch (Fig. 25) occurs at each end of this bow. t This bow (No. 2507) has a reversed ‘‘soldier’s hitch” in the seizing (Fig. 26) in which the end passes under the standing part and over the turns. t Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. i, p. 23. ESKIMO BOWS. 315 They have, as it were, lengthened the ends of the bow beyond the origi- nal backing, bent them up, and added extra cables across the bends. On the mainland of Siberia, where the natives are in direct communi- eation both with Saint Lawrence Island and the arctic shores of the New World, by way of the Diomedes, the bow is of a pattern inter- mediate between the types of these two regions, partaking more of the characteristics of one or the other, according to the fancy of the maker, perhaps as his dealings have brought him in contact with people of one or the other region. There is one bow in the Museum, not an Eskimo bow, which is inter- esting in the present connection. It comes from Sitka, where the In- dians use a plain spruce or cedar bow with a round back and flat belly. The bow in question is of the same shape as the other bows from the same locality, but the maker, who has evidently had some acquaint- ance with the handiwork of the nearest Eskimos, has tried to improve it by putting on a typical “southern” backing of sinew. This, how- ever, is of but little use, as the round back of the bow is not of the proper shape to receive it, and, in spite of the lashing round the handle, it slips off to one side as soon as the bow is bent. I may remark that the bow appears to be new and never to have been used. Nore.—It should be borne in mind that what I have said about the geographical distribution of the different forms of bow refers not to the present time, but to the period when this weapon was in general use among the Eskimos of the Northwest. Most of the material in the Museum collection was either collected many years ago or shows signs of having been old and disused when collected. Fire-arms have so completely superseded the older weapon, especially at the great trading centers like Saint Michael’s, that even in distant lo- calities, like Point Barrow, it would be difficult to find half a dozen full- sized bows fit for service. The boys still adhere to the bow for shoot- ing small birds, &c., and for them it is still made as carefully as ever. NOTE ON THE SINEW-TWISTING TOOLS.—In the above paper, I have had occasion to speak of the toggles or levers used in twisting up the cords of sinew on the back of the bow, making what I have called “cables.” These are little flat rods of ivory or hard bone (Fig. 27, No. 89466, front and side view, from Point Barrow, collected by our expe- _ dition), about four or five inches long, with the ends slightly bent in op- posite directions. These rods serve a double purpose at Point Barrow, for the natives use them for playing a game something of the nature of “ pitch-penny.” We purchased a number of them under the impres- sion that this was their only use, and it was not until we had beena long time at the station that we were told that two of them made a set and that they were used, somehow, in twisting the sinews on the back of the bow. So few bows are now made that we had no opportunity of seeing them in use. 316 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. In looking over the Museum collections on my return, I found large | numbers of these tools, all essentially of the same pattern, and gener- ally in pairs, often accompanied by a small ivory marlinespike. They came from many localities along the coast from the Mackenzie region to Norton Sound, and were variously labeled ‘bow tools,” ‘ bow-string twisters,” and “arrow polishers” (!) without further explanation, ex- cept in the case of one pair collected by Mr. Nelson, which were cata-— logued as for “ tightening the sinew on a bow. Always used in pairs.”* — I have been unable to find any published explanation of the method of using these tools. After wasting much time in conjectures, I dis- covered the modus operandi by actual experiment, while making a mod- el of one of the Point Barrow bows. It is very ingenious, and is well shown in the diagram (Figs. 28 and 29, drawn from a working model), — The end a is thrust between the strands to be twisted, so that the hook catches part of them, and the Jever making a half-revolution is brought | up against the bow, as in Fig. 28. It can continue the twisting no fur-_ ther in this direction, and if withdrawn for a fresh start the strands — would have to be held or fastened in some way, which would make the | process a slow one. Accordingly, the rod is thrust through between | the strands until the end b is where a was (Fig. 29), when the hook at | b catches the strands and the lever is ready for another half-revolution. This is continued, the rod slipping back and forth like the handle of: a vise, until the cable is sufficiently twisted. The reason for using them in pairs was not satisfactorily explained, until Lieut. P. H. Ray, the commanding officer of our expedition, sug- gested that they could be used simultaneously, one in each cable, so as to secure the same amount of twist in the two. I tested this and found it perfectly easy to work one with each hand. The accompanying map isa tracing, with some modifications, of part of Mr. Dall’s “Alaska and Adjoining Region.” * Mr. Nelson has kindly favored me with all the information he was able to obtain about these implements. He never saw them in actual use, but the natives of the region about Norton Sound informed him that they were used for ‘‘ twisting the sinew strands first and then for tightening the plaited or braided sinew backing to the bows after the latter was in place.” He describes their use for twisting sinew to | make the ‘“‘hard-laid sinew cord,” as follows: ‘‘The ends of the sinew cord are tied to the small center holes in the two ivory pieces, one of the latter at each end of the cord, and then they are twisted in opposite directions.” He tells me that they are’ | also used for playing a game as at Point Barrow. er ee ae bashes aes LC PLATE I. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) Mic. 1. Bow of reindeer antler, with simple backing of sinew, from Cumberland Gulf, No. 34053. Collected by L. Kumlien. Side and back, reduced. ag. 2. Straight bow, with simplest form of ‘‘Southern” backing, from near Cape Romanzoff, No. 36032. Collected by E. W. Nelson. Side and back, re- duced. 4 Notr.—Every , reduced figure is accompanied by a scale, on which each division represents one inch, _- PLATE I. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. Fic. 2. Fic. 1. PLATE II. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) Fig. 2a. One end of No, 36032 (from near Cape Romanzoff. Collected by E. W. Nel- son) to show attachment of the backing to the nock. Natural size. Fig. 3. Straight bow, with ‘‘Southern” backing, in which some strands are short, No. 72408, from Bristol Bay. Collected by the late C. L. McKay. Back, reduced. Fic. 3a. The broadest part of the same bow, to show the attachment of the short strands. Natural size. PLATE Ik Eskimo Bows. Report Nat. Mus. 1884 —Murdoch. FIG. 3a. PLATE III. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) Fig. 4. Straight bow, with ‘‘Southern” backing, No. 7972, from Bristol Bay. Col- | lected by Dr. Minor. One-half of back, reduced, to show spiral seizing. . Fic. 5. Bow with bent ends, with ‘‘Southern” backing, strung, No. 36028, from the | youth of the Kuskoquim river. Collected by E. W. Nelson. Side, re- | duced. Fic. 6. Large straight bow, with ‘‘Southern” backing, twisted, No. 15651, from Nunivak Island. Collected by W. H. Dall. One-half of back, reduced. Fic. 7. Straight bow, with ‘‘Southern” backing, No. 36034. Collected by E. W. Nelson. One-half of back, reduced. PLATE If. Report Nat. Mus. 1884—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. CP) Sarmtrr F ao al Ty s ——— =—\\\\ ane Sens Zs NN . ea AA ell 3 ¢ S ——-) == eee a = pastes a NE —— Ht ny (Sig Has S amar aay —— CAS a £ PARE Ve (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) Fic. 8. Straight bow of “Arctic” type, strung, No. 1972, from the Mackenzie region. Collected by Ross. Side and back, reduced. Fic. 9. Bow of Tatar shape, with “ Arctic” backing, No. 89245, from Point Barrow. Collected by United States International Polar Expedition. Side, reduced. lig. 12. Left-handed ‘‘soldier’s hitch.” Fig. 13. Right-handed ‘‘soldier’s hitch.” PLATE Iv. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. Ti \ NUL |}'0teneaseaeese a 2 a A A FY TU eee | PERy BE Roe € pp fp po fee bemp perme mepenmee | EE SS RE QOS FER) SR IW SG 229 OE STS SSS loss mae ewe UA) Hli// LL y DW Fic. Fic. 8. PLATE V. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) Fic. 10. Section of ‘‘ Arctic” bow, No. 89245, to show method of attaching the short strands. Natural size. Fic. 11. Same section of No. 72771, from Wainwright’s Inlet. Collected by United States International Polar Expedition, Natural size. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. PLATE V. g % uy 4 Mf Rie e ay Ee i 4 ee ae LSS OO £m —? SY, Set SS = < ot cage rr. : == La out PLATE XI. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) The process of twisting the two “cables” of the “Arctic” backing. From a working model, reduced one-half. Fic. 28. Position of the tools at the end of a half-turn. Fia. 29. Position of the same, with the tools slipped through to begin a new half-turn. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. PLATE XI. Fic. 28. Fic. 39. PLATE XII. (Murdoch. Eskimo bows.) A map to illustrate the distribution of Eskimo bows in Alaska and the neighboring regions. (A tracing, with some modifications, from Mr. Dall’s ‘‘Alaska and the Adjoining Region.”) Report Nat. Mus. 1884.—Murdoch. Eskimo Bows. PLATE XII. ; Ancric OCEAN. / ¢ Sy ey 5. Weed Bering Sea a \F Madi ak Id. (Se — ‘ Vp f> Seallds. . ¢ J agp Pon Ry, TO SHOW THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE | mabe fied! Egkime Bows. | / “ A. Arctic Type S. Sauthern Type. W. Western Type. me : Nid bel