mA lee, i i NOS IEe Ne iced Rana Dah y ‘ WAN VAN PSTERE EN? BuPN 1 Ory * 4h 3 a on NEN NM Te a mr Ay by ‘i a : ae os Ks Se eS poets Sree aoa, ate See. ee! ees pons Repro ees = So 7 as See Dane ne ¥ ae FENN ANA = =, me ~S arte Or Bit iS i << ee Sees Ss eta res peer aie Ms : , , A ul se ae —— - | ee Poe ent eee SEES oie Be am Is ene arias aT = a es aa eee Bip pra ene = SER eee re. 5 aan eae, See on ae : Wert is i Seis ee? ‘5 RNY tt Pas ma AUN oo s von ONG Pay ME th Q by SG ae ‘ h is i i HY es aaa YY Nt ) 1 ah SARIN sy iL u \ “ =~ fon i) ah e Yay 4 %, We ‘ BOR NN i ) te ‘ ate Vrs vis ste ‘i a ") {i os 2. sth tes i RH! x f XU So yanuat as Se See ae = has Nye us x y et Tt By 0 oS C i NS ; f y Set Sapna at; = r —— wy See Se Sas oe pa Pare ih CAS RUS ae Ngee SKE) mn : Oe, Does ‘ {} SAAN ¥ RACK ait Ate eh ae oe " ts ta ¥ 7; ue : o < i t, te I= ae sit oS 2 Se ee SNIPE Fae i hth ne ye ty . Si , GR YK A SARE URhD ea tne Sle Mt ut \) eh aR NS Neng ie x AYN ARC COL AAAS ‘\ ass .) HAN i Rasa < SN t ii ; fat ARSE ADEA S ay oe: ZB EI Ronn Bae Se eerie een nsaeaes meee Gee. os A ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, SHOWING THE OPERATIONS, EXPENDITURES, AND CONDITION OF THE INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1888. REPORT OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1890. FirtTy-FIRsST CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION. Concurrent resolution adopted by the House of Representatives May 27, 1890, and by the Senate June 17, 1890. Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That there be printed of the report of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum for the years ending June 30, 1888, and June 30, 1889, in two octavo volumes for each year, 16,000 copies; of which 3,000 copies shall be for the use of the Senate, 6,000 for the use of the House of Representatives, and 7,000 for the use of the Smithsonian Institution. EI Jes Jay te (©) a0 OF THE U.8s. NATIONAL MUSEUM, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 3830, 1888. oe REPORT OF THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR END- ING JUNE 30, 1888. SUBJECTS. I. Report of the Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of the National Museum, upon the condition and progress of the Museum. If. Reports of the Curators. Ill. Papers illustrative of the collections in the U.S. National Museum. IV. Bibliography. V. List of accessions. U.S. NATIONAL MusBUM, UNDER DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, August 1, 1888. SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the present condition of the U. S. National Museum and upon the work accom- plished in its various departments during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1888. Very respectfully, G. BRown GOODE, Assistant Secretary, in charge U. 8. National Museum. Prof. 8. P. LANGLEY, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. Viz CONTENTS. Page. SUBIECDSA tse access EPeS Stay eureioswetere Blase riscrsicis Maa balsa ws wictaya iste deel seal Seeebieoreleia mate Stele Vv LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ..........---- Beet nen aieys a eke eatin Snot eta ee ere VII BVAIBIEE MOC ONIN EG eeree oe aenee inca ienuie ats sue ata ste mrcvecisis wletcrala eis eraete omic neers 10.4 GT STO HUW SIR ATT ON Sy sere saeco ie oie) lo sisletel ails Sonera orton ele Maeie eo ee ssomrts ayers XT SEcTION [.—REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY, IN CHARGE OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. A. Conor! conmolemnliints=coucosescnou loooco cao booacesued cacedd asesae dear 3 Harhyahistony oGmne PMusemmyeseceinsece se celsce seemiects sel seer erecee 4 IPROMATS TH WAS WOW OE WAG Mies wMN 5 366 Gea Sane Socccce coe edad oaco 5 INGOSSSIIAy Wore &, INE NOMeNn WiwseMNIN sooo seooee bode noceoU oagde6 Gneeso 6 Rossibibitiestot: the: fubures ss os yes cc cele aeuve melee eines Haseiede e eee 7 FORM OUT MES OL WNCHOATS GUNG! Wen MMO YEMEN 556 socao6cs5ecd doo0ue booose 7 The necessity for a new Museum Building 222. .-2--.-2-----..----.-- 10 AM OREGIENOM |Dy7 LOREIGIN MEMOS o45556 ss6686 ob6e0 cesonod esssca.0cup coaC 11 The relations of the Museum to the Smithsonian Institution.......... 12 TAS COlNCENTODA vO OF WINE NNW WIN coe S046 boG0 boSe00 sa odueos voudde 16 i -Orsanization and scopeoh the Museum) sass some sare eseioia\a/eeisess/cs leer ee 17 (CLS DOOM GODIOS Ol WOO WORE cogsso assoba de sceu sede souesococso9 soscou Deco Sse 19 Wine CuimGhnineny Ss INNO E dc cocacd se Ge Gu paoudsedien boa os Goda ceoodoes 19 TNS [ORO OCSAC! SANE 1O IPO KAKO! Ie! oo S644 sescGoos caao coscoe cogese 19 {hing Cayo GOuemon) soobcesecu0.6 sosoescouu paEosumandS oo aaedaa sesneS 19 MERA CROWN OF whe COUACWODS.sosc5 dgcdun coca sesoesesauseo cpad 19 iRearrancementiot nee xdibiGionp mall SB seems cele) eee 19 Transfer of disbursements from the Department of the Interior...... 20 Wine Colllgeuiom OF Invite AMNNeNS) .S eS Soodacéao cacdon c660 bonGe0 socoUssae 20 Di—herconditiongotonecollecuionsieereerer eee aeaclesee) ee ieeieieel see 20 DCRASS OF WKS CONIECMOMNG 555.6665 coo ooo 5an boada oGaoGN aoueus osunoEe 20 Camens OF Ha@ COMBCWOMI 560 coche naoo ecooduoedn Hoosen bondes Hoo4 code 21 Wapalocuerentrieswn asec eme nn s acne Loe ais wel sce stent Seren os Installation of collections and assignment of space........---..----..- 24 Falun eMN NSE WMS batters woe or reenact scale Ge a avoic aoa, clalele eure cisieeieiele 26 THN. SSICINHING MiNi 6.5535 6555 soecoseaen pacene Hane ducooe uSSeeaoaaace 26 iVverA cms GRauiveus tales set mice fsials < iolelel sis) o aie <) =i 79 Inberlore De parghine nibper seer metscielaltesere alate ete ener ae epaeiereins cin cisls 79 is So Misi COMMON 556555 sche 040000 sup bo psaRnbadaccen sanaco coDdES 79 WESaCcolomcalsunvey = Serr en aren ees sate a eee naam ne 80 J.—Explorations ....-<-------- ---- 22 22-22 nee nn ne ee ee we ee 8k K.—Report upon the participation of the Smithsonian Institution in the indus! tralsbixpositionyat Manneapolis, LES ememerteciser release sie) sin lel=)=/-lelat= ate 82 SECTION II.—REPORTS OF THE CURATORS. Ethnology ..-..----.------- 220 1-222 ene eee eee ween wee een e eee eee eee eee = 87 Opiemiiall QiNiIG WEE. coo5 asbeooosbede coweon 6506 s50aNE 6San ddd6 Gea OnGo Cobo ooEO 93 ANMGICAIA AOC MEME. TOWUICIAT S546 cone s6e5 coG500 ses6a0 sooo" ooo Oo GoGn aege SaebGs 105 TTRAMS MOTION, AnGl Cmemaneeennye. -so esos co4ded shoods ooecouDooodo abeHbececodes 107 WMigGIMA, MOCO. oo .s400 6655 0905 $900 ¢06n00 soon Haas 2505 9995 Ge00 baa0 DKON Oo bbOOS 113 ishisiarigall walliGs, (GOWNS enue) WECENS S655 6556 Sacred sons Sascud oods cuodEd sade Gnoe 115 Creyolon@ aes) 65a 46 665 Soe 5 4500 0080 5500 9000 5005 Be00e0 coco 9920 cSBn bao SOND aSeO 117 PREMIO Qi) MRO COMO) 355 50550550060 2000 5000 sou sesh be0595 SaGOD ooCCOcE> 123 INTATNTMNANS -od6 Seco eecs 9650 64505666 0000 So05d0 conn bo0N85 s906G0.0800 cUdG.6500 SHGG6 139 BION) so50 eens Saco 656550 6650 CN6 donDde cagood cegoed 6DG = Ood0 cooS CaDSSDMCoO GeGeS 145 [STIMlsY ODS -cenosacds seccod sbecooesHn coed sec Sosa node GHdcee ceoneu O95 On co asada 151 IR@DnUIES AMG! WETKACIMNIEINS 2556655560 200000 coac0o S500 60ND oouO coGDOD Shoo secoose 153 IMISMOB. 556066 500 6659 9065 390 8900 9900 soeaos ao0005 DOES COBO CONS Goboce DaDU SSs005 155 Moline Gingiineliina ierMarry: TOSI) 56 6666 cose ea on agsacubobo seodeq56 cooooses NEY) MSOC 26 6565 G500 RN Ra ett te en UC e oa). oi iou xe tmauror surcuee we Be 165 IMATAT® IO VERIE) HNO 05505 655500 5600 505000 ton6b6 B5GKS0 o60s00 sonaeD GoO50 siecine lO Comparative anatomy...... saonad BedOR Bireillsiaeusieremsimevallalsicisisin Ginisiaisisticists isle oem 5 tel! Invertebrate fossils: Pale OZOLG) 2-22 seco = p0c06 S.og.900 650000 andaDe SOdOa0 cage HdGS BBO DEO GobKC0C 183 MIGEMZOIG sccc socooo boodGG dsaece GUdd0d baGOo0 HobO4U Godeou GoDGUd Go5g55 pauede 187 DOES ORIG Ss Bao Mess GtineSonense sed HEC OOE meee tS AOC Hei EM EnemEe cae eealsre. 189 IRGCOM, DIRMISE C4 SA8 Shoo asooon seeds oSSObe Boe dos Hoos SSE AA Sao Da SE eolasoooipaeeS 191 IMMER Sas oh Soe Seales Osan Bao bees o poOSAG OLE RON COEe TC RCAOorrebeod coce nose 195 ILitin@losay aradl jolayysi@ml aeoloesy 535555 o64665 655440 cg5500 550055 dnboue Sous sHonc 199 Metallurcy and economiciseology 222225 .2---.. 22-6 weecce on -e- eens Pas ene 209 ILIV? AYOITME NS), sossoosoaeas eaobed 645000 anoooO budouE cuEasE cuGoo0 cooDoa odonede 213 SECTION IIJ.—Parers DESCRIBING AND ILLUSTRATING THE COLLEC- TIONS IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1. The Coast Indians of southern Alaska and northern British Columbia. By AMloerts 12, INDIACIKK, emenetn, Ws Se NBN 7s5 cese60 555500 c50065 pooDG0 uo50CEE 225 2. A catalogue of the Ei icloy collection of Chinese poreslining, with a sketch of the history of the ceramic art in China. By Alfred E. Hippisley, of the linperiall Chinese customs service) s2---)s- se esse Se =ie oe sees ol <== 387 3. The expedition to Funk Island, with observations upon the history and an- atomy of the Great Auk. By Frederic A. Lucas...............-------- 493 XII CONTENTS. Page. 4, Fire-making apparatus in the U. S. National Museum. By Walter Hough.. 531 5. The collection of Korean mortuary pottery in the U.S. National Museum. ley IPG LOUIE VOW/s as6b5o chb006 donsos seocooasd5os cosede noeags eoSdoO 589 6. A study of prehistoric anthropology. By Thomas Wilson ..-.......--....-- 597 7. Ancient Indian matting:—from Petit Anse Island, Louisiana. By Thomas \WANK (O00) sae cde soe boo Sbaeas udboSU toDuod. 56Udo0 soGD=0 on6005 eoodsouscc o08E 673 8. Results of an inquiry as to the existence of man in North America during the paleolithic period of the stone age. By Thomas Wilson..........--..- 677 SECTION IV.—BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM DUR- ING THE FIscAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1888. lly JPWIOIN@RMOMS OF WHE WOOIEEWHIN 665550 asccoosescoo cescoossesso SacesscocnoNeS 705 II. Papers by officers of the U. S. National Museum and other investigators whose writings are based directly or indirectly on Museum material... 706 SECTION V.—LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM DUR- ING THE FISCAL YEAR 1887-88. IDI OE AKOCOISIONS ca6650 n6a60u c550 coocKd BBE DDD Gund REGODUEHEGSU OCOD SbcoadE Sscnc 737 Ibnlesxe loyy ICANN oo36.cas5 640066 56 6500 6555 55 G600 Hoda cnbbo0 od00 050500 onod ecu 791 Index by departments in the National Museum ...........---+. -------+------ 805 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.* REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Museumilooreplaness oii see sues elsoe Savcieio ces cislciele cterei seis yeic's cinin seis seietelersie als sicteis REPORT ON DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. Puate A. Flint implement of human manutacture; from the Equus beds, San Die gor Nexags sysy. 2 lee ce suikeeiseteiseie tna nainns mee meneeaece B. Flint implement of human remote: from the Equus beds, San Dieeoy Mexas reo eerste eye sea ele SN ee Fig. 1. Plan of cave discovered at Ballymenoch, County Down, Tele Wardisrate 2. Section of cave at Ballymenoch, County Down, Ireland.-..........-.. Fies. 3, 4, 5. Scrapers; from cave discovered at Ballymenoch, County Down, Aine lain Qees ss cei meierwicinie crore emis: sale ee eine ral oeys sie cies ioe ee 6, 7%, 8. Fish-hooks; from cave discovered at Ballymenoch, County Down, Mire alin soe ete ae a See Scr hrs wl Sa ee ao are THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. PLATE I. General view of Kasa-an Village, Prince of Wales Isiand, Alaska cssiscccciae came dacs ersineronie: ss/scundeeeneeeens II. View of the eastern part of Kasa-an Village, Prince of Wralles Island pAllaslsaj eee eaccnie sale) eteeeeia eas eaeiers cic III. View of the western part of Kasa-an Village, Prince of \WisleshislandwAllaskar ela seee a ecisice sae einel acta eaemnice IV. Chief Kitkun of the Haida village of Las Keek, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia....-.....-.--.-.--. Weemlaldamtatco omen. Soc. casas sence econ acs aersiierer stares esc VI. Ancient and modern metal ornaments from the northwest @OGSU o boboc6 bonSbo Sédooobedeu0 DSbCoE douse ceSsc0eg0NCES VII. Bone and shell ornaments from the northwest coast. ...... VIII. General modern type of Haida, Tsimshian and Tlingit silver Tae eletig ee eae Ce nerecl ene a ler le eisic Slorse sal siictalota vera ore IX. General type of Tsimshian, Haida and Tlingit chief’s costume X. Details of chief’s costume shown in Plate IX....... Seeeiao ae XI. Modern Tlingit male and female costumes.....--.-.-....--. XII. Hats of twined grass and spruce-root from the northwest COS bit reese we Sei elo aise ayai cas eisiersiareeioiiem! isiScleret arses XIII. Wooden helmets and cuirass, or kody armor........--.---- AV, TUM; wrOOWeM ARGS Sa55co cocaco seed dado bbub cobo Booed one *The drawings from photographs and specimens in the Museum were made by Messrs. W. H. Chandlee and W. H. Burger. The reproductions of photographs in half: tone were made by the Meissenbach process in the hands of the Photo-Engrav- ing Company of New York City, by whom the other photo-relief engravings were algo made. XIII XIV XV. XVI. XVIL. XVIII. PLATE XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XOXGIAVE: a, wOOVe XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIy. XLV OUI XLVIL XLVIII. XLIX. L. LI. LII. LIIL. LIY. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Wooden and leather body armor Ceremonial dance paraphernalia. ..--......---...---------- Chief and Shaman ceremonial batons...-... SER HOC See Sere Red-cedar bark paraphernalia from the northwest coast, and poncient rattle sete tee wee ee ee tee eee Garwanee on rocks and stone unplemonts from the athe west coast ei i i i i ei ee i ee a Primitive stone implements from the northwest coast, with wooden wedge for splitting wood ...-...-.....--.--.- Primitive stone and modern steel implements; from Hine northwest (Coast e525 se se cmaee ey eee ee eee eae eee Industrial implements or tools—knives from the northwest (CUR haere mine ee ne COE aS Sno odo corbonosn gale pa5euG ss505 Copper and steel daggers, with sheaths of buckskin and MOOSE-hid@i: 42 Seses tae me Beer ements reese Tlingit and Haida bows and Tlingit war-spear Weapons of warandiof they chaseassneee- eee ee eee ee eeee Weapons of war and of the chase—clubs.-..--....-..----.-- Haida and Tlingit hunting and fishing implements Fishing implements from the northwest coast Fish-hooks from the northwest coast Drag and dip nets; paddles; details of netting and basket WEAVING 6! iss st eke ted cise cing serceyate ear os eee eaters anne Models of general types of hunting and fishing canoes; from the morthwesticodstite-cmscaeeseeoe ee een eee eee eee Family or transportation canoes used on the northwest coast Details of Haida h«use construction, with types of fronts found elsewhere on the northwest coast Tlingit and Haida basket-work General type of Haidaand Tlingit open-work twined basketry Tlingit ceremonial and household food-dishes Types of wooden household utensils from the northwest Food dishes from the northwest coast Hornand whalebone spoons and dishes from the ores coast Wooden spoons from the northwest coast Household box; also used as a depository for the cremated ashes of cae dead Haida carved box of black slate; from Oren Charlotte Isl- ands, British Columbia (A and B). Paint-brushes from the amines COUStines so .<= a6 Slave-killers from the northwest coast; formerly used in de- spatching slaves Slate carvings; from Queen Charlotte Islands, British Co- lumbia Pipes from the northwest coast. Haida slate-carving, representing the ‘‘ Bear-mother”..-. - Haida slate-carving representing the ‘‘ Bear-mother” Chests, carvings, etc., from the northwest coast Haida legendary drawings, or pictographs Carved wooden ceremonial rattle from the northwest coast Ceremonial rattle from the northwest coast eceaes see eee ee ee ee eo ee tee eee eet ew He eccees - ee cee eee eee ee ee ee ee ee eee ewe Cee ees me ee Oe LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE LV. Carved columns from the northwest coast; Tiki from New POSEN EW OVO Sse He Be OP see th ee Ahk EAL Gms JN ca eta eae EWeeelindiangsonc es NortolksSoundesssoses ese eeeer anaes bees 2 LVII. Musical instruments from the northwest coast ....-........ LVIII. Ceremonial rattles from the northwest coast......- - ee tes LIX and LX. Ceremonial dance-rattles from the northwest coast........- LXI and LXII. Musical instruments from the northwest coast — wooden WAMISIIES ByNGl WENN) Gedgoe sassou dodsoabesoeeeene ees LXIII. Gambling sticks, mortars and carved pestle, for EE MALLY Op LOWMC COM stsisisrci-jnieie = oes bie rae pear ne eee ce LXIV. Haida mortuary and commemorative columns.........- Bite PxeV can delaxevileeVooden: Dineit craves Alaska soe. sesh ios moos LXVII. Mortuary display of the body of Chief Skowl inclosed in a casket and lying in state in his former residence at TECENSE SEN lege Ce oa ca RE ey NcSISteS eae ne ca LXVIII. The body of Chief Shakes lying in state. Also ascene from a theatrical entertainment commemorative of the legend of the alliance of Shakes with the bear family........- LXIX. Wooden commemorative or mortuary columns of the Tlingit andertandaplin dilansyesssene as cesise cece - ose sce ee oe LXX. A band of Haida erecting a house at the Tsimshian village of Port Simpson, B. C., in October 1866. (From asketch Ibyy MLE, Jeleumy IDWNOW )cesedasocan cdceod onsddons Soauae Cuart I. Northwest coast of America. From Dixon entrance to Cape St. FIG. Elias. (From chart prepared by U.S. Coast Survey).....-.... II. Northwest coast of America. From Cape Flattery to Dixon en- trance. (From chart prepared by U.S. Coast Survey.)..-.... 11 ¢. Bonecomb; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons collection) - 11d. Wooden comb; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons col- NOCEIOM) meter mises Sees eee a tane Meas 25a ae at area lle. Stone comb; Tlingit. (From-a specimen in the Emmons collec- OIOMWincisnintcciscce se cntcceae sintnn ann Vee GUE ae eke ee ee 12 a. Ear ornament; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons collec- ICT OTN) tara edateres ees ceiers Sea ai cle Metairie tire ere ee ape ae its 12 6. Ear ornament; Tlingit and Haida. (From a specimen in the Em- MOMSsCON EE LOM) ares ae cree elec re ae ae ae eter de te 16 b. Iron bracelet; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons col- He (torn) aren evem ne ee con ie eur 2 aos es eer Nina hoc wae as tee 21 aand b. Bone awls; Tliagit. (From specimens in the Emmons col- TS CLTOM)) presser eeee Benet: ut a cise IN ere as Se ee ee ea 46. Detail of weaving Tlingitarmor. (Drawn from a specimen in the National Museum, collected by J. J. McLean)...........----. 73. Shaman’s cloak; Skidegate. (Drawn from a specimen in the Na- tional Museum, collected by James G. Swan)............-.--. 75 a. Ceremonial shirt; Skidegate. (Drawn from a specimen in the National Museum, collected by James G. Swan)...-......---- RU MIVeALRVIO WrOl EN Om TOLd ase ncfsoes Sctsneeee son] lebee-ebaveeeeee cee 99 a and b. Stone-bladed knives; Haida. (From the Bmmone collec- LION) eee teeta s aeac eH hae eect Me mene Beatie e ites Mee ace 79 k. Bone skin scraper; Tlingit. eae a Specimen in the Emmons Collec Grom) Bee arses es eee ee ae en Pedersen Shee eee LR 83a. Paint pestle; Tlingit. (From aspecimen in the Emmons collec- ELON) Rreere a tial orat ee wise os chat ae MEN rc emlseig alu atlas Honmmncmme XV Page. 326 330 330 330 330 330 344 302 302 360 360 360 374 387 387 260 260 260 261 261 262 263 269 273 XVI FIG. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 78. Chisel. (From a specimen in the Emmons collection)......-..... 122 a. Stone war-club; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons col- TeGtom)). 32 Sse ceie cia: Sve e Sayer eae eee re nee 108 b. Stone dagger; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons collec- DUOM ) a's Sie oss Secs Se rate te eran ea ee DOr eas Oe UE 108 ¢. Stone-bladed Aner: Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons COU K-71 no) 1 ee ers Em G His Avr one RSIS charac Gor oem nad Shan 108 d and e. Steel daggers; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons Collection). ecm. eee eee eeeee eee eee ee eee ee eee 108 f. Ivory guard for dagger point; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Pinimons collection) i202 eee aspect oer eae eee ee 108 g. Ivory guard fordagger; Tlingit. (From aspecimen in the Emmons (OU Bond ehon oabbo ood sano Sane cb0500 Gagd soe aesoduE bs = 108 h. Steel-bladed dagger; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons Collection) ) = se sco ee da sses eo ameee ects seine eee ae eee eee 126 a, bandc. Bone arrow-heads; Tlingit. (From specimens in the Hmimonsycollectiom) se se cecseisen tees eeeee eee ee eee eee er eeree 137 e. Bone spear-head; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons col- Techion ) 2.7. Socio oe eias seen eee ee ee eee ee 149 a. Salmon gig; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons collec- CUOIN) | Sse ists iaiey Mia eS wie SS EE ete a oa 150 a. Salmon spear-head; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons collection). c..00 eo Ssah ssc uae eleanor eee ae eee eee 140 a, b, and c. Powder-horn and chargers; Tlingit. (From specimens innihesmmons) collection) ssseeeeereeee oe ee eee ere eee 145 aand b. Bonetrap sticks; Tlingit. (From specimens in the Emmons Collection) 27) 2o BN oo eee ok oe eas nite eels yore sere eee 179 1. Bark-scraper; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons collec- ETON) oo aroieic oo) nigisinlcie'o wise esos cane ia aoe eee eee 179 m. Bark-beater; Tlingit. (From a specimen in the Emmons collec- DION), Paces Saree eae sch igre ec eee ee ee 185. Coiled basket; Tinné. (Drawn from a specimen in the National Museum, collected by John J. McLean).----..---..----.------ 186s Detailiok Biomass woes oes ee earns sisiae Cite eer eras eee 187. Haida basket, set up; Massett. (Drawn from a specimen in the Na- tional Museum, collected by James G. Swan) ..--....-..-.---- 1885 Detailsiof Fig. W87 eos. oS es. ot oes ce ese eens eee eee eee eee 189. Twined and embroidered basket wallet; Chilkat. @nen from 4 specimen in the National Museum, collected by Dr. J. B. White, WU. SKA) cece cas. see eases eae See eee Ee eee 278. 279, 296 and 297. Carvings on rocks; Sitka. (From sketches by theiauthor) 222.2 2e sox akc ee eee ee eee ee eee 300s Songiof the taiday (Hromyroole))pseeseiee sees ee eee eee ae EXPEDITION TO FUNK ISLAND. PLATE xx Sketch imapiof hunksislandeeeseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeee sea LXXIL. The Great Awk : 2/44 45.72 2 eee eee ee eee ete EXXEI. Heovof the Great Awk.: 32.28. Sse eee eee eee eee Diagram showing the length and breadth of sixteen skulls of the Great Auk.. Diagram showing the measurements of three hundred humeriof the Great Auk. Diagram showing the measurements of two hundred femora of the Great Auk... Diagram showing the measurements of two hundred tibiew of the Great Auk.. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XVII FIRE-MAKING APPARATUS. Pa PraTE LXXIV. Figs. 21, 22. Fire-making set and extra hearth; Frobisher se Bay; Fig. 23. Mossin aleathern case; Fig. 24. Boring- Sepia Camberlan ds Giulliteyye seis ss Ss sete pacer eres se 556 LXXV. Fig. 27. Fire-bag; Holsteinberg, West Greenland.....-... 560 LXXVI. Fig. 32. Boring-set; Point Barrow, Alaska................ 564 LXXVII. Fig. 33. Drilling-set; Sledge Island, Alaska ...........-... 5646 LXXVIII. Fig. 36. Fire-making set; Chalitmute, Alaska............. 506 LXXIX. Fig. 37. Fire- making set, Kassianamute, Alaska........... 566 LXXX. Fig. 40. Fire-uwaking set, Bristol Bay, Alaska.............. 568 LXXXI. Fig. 57. Strike-a-light. Flint, steel, tinder-box, and rush- poweh,WVezoy Sapam cee see seme ae ee ya 584 BiG ele hine-makinouset wulingib Sitka. Alaska. =o 9-\4.. 4-6 e ee nen eee ee 535 2. Fire-making set, Bella-Bella, British Columbia...................-.. 535 3. Fire-making set and slow match, Quinaielt, Washington............. 535 APenire- Malco sets eKlamajglin Ones omy -- elena eset fee see eee aces 536 ip Jeanine sa, Jeno, Chiltitorih 5 oocaccecoeoomcobbun Ueoeeo ono ueeS 536 6. Fire-making set, Washoe, Nevada..........-. ----.- SSE A eee Ss 538 * 7, Fire-making set, Pai-ute, southern Utah. ..-...........0202..--c0- aoe 538 Szwire-maleine Seb hai-ute, southern Utah. --_:. 22-22. .222..-. oe we cone 539 9, Fire-making set, Shoshone, Wind River, Wyoming..................- 539 lOsire: malancsset, Moki Arizomas---0+¢---- 26 sacs wes sieesciehaa's ome 541 11, 12. Fire-making set and slow match, Zuni, New Mexico...........-.- 541 13. Lower stick of fire-making set, from a cave at Silver City, New WSZNGO bb oGOd SOB BSO CO DCC Ae Ree ie ek acer Sart ea ee Re ane 542 14, Lower piece of fire-making set, Apache, Arizona ...........-------<- 542 15, Fire-making set, Navajo, New Mexico............--...-. cla eiet repel aie 543 16. Fire-making set, Talamanca, Costa Rica...-....-.. 2... ..0-20 cece eee 544 17. Fire-making set with touchwood, Ainos, Yezo, Japan. (Leut by Pea- body Museum, through Prof. F. W. Putnam).................... 551 18. Sacred fire drill. (From photograph of specimen in Tokio Museum, lento yelvomiyny Hit CH COCK) meremreicicts sa claticte\ <6 lee secre seer eeeitnee 582 19. Fire making set; Somalis, E. Africa. (Lent by Peabody Mnseum UPTO oy OKO RIOS GM ene NI) ea SS eeon code Beoaccbn SbAgeanocmomesc 503 20. Taveita Africans making fire. After H. H. Johnston. (See Jour. Soc. ATES pee) ee B87,) 5 sa soem sar Aeletncw ts oe faiae eas eeqeaeo seels elas rcs 553 25, Fire-making set, Angmagsalik Eskimo, E. Greenland. Copied from G. Holm’s Ethnologisk af Angmagsalikerne, 1807............-..-- 558 26. Boring set. Angmagsalik Eskimo, E. Greenland. Holm. and Y. Garde. Preliminary report of the Danish Umiak Expedition in GheyAncbicsemace! 208 tite sere e teen) cteeclsiay arene re ee apne ois 559 28. Lower part of fire-making set, Mackenzie River, British Columbia... 560 29. Lower part of fire-making-set, Mackenzie River, British Columbia... 560 30. Fire-making set, Anderson River, British Columbia...-.....-.....--- 561 3l. Fire-making set, Point Barrow, Alaska..........-....-....-.-- bere ce 562 Js bire-making set, Norton sound, Alaska «2-52... 022 - ee soses sss 564 30. Lower piece of fire-making set, Cape Vancouver, Alaska..-.....---- = yal 38. Fire-making set, Koggiung, Bristol Bay, Alaska...-.....--..--..-.-- 566 39. Pire-making set, Koeciung, Bristol Bay, Alaska...-.-....--.----.--- 567 41, Lower piece and spindle of fire-making set, Kadial Island Alaska -.. 568 42. Malay fire-sticks. (Models in bamboo made by Mr. Hough, after Prof. A. R. Wallace’s description. The Malay Archipelago, page 332). 569 43. Fire-making sticks, Samoa. (Deposited by Harold M. Sewall).....-. 570 H. Mis. 142 II XVIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 4 Fic. 44 (a) Strike-a-light, Seven Barrows, Berks County, England. (From 45. 46. a7. Ox 48 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. . English tinder-box, England Lubbock’s Early Man in Britain, page 258). (b) Strike-a-light, Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River District, British Columbia. ..---- Tinder pocket and fire bag, Mackenzie River District, British Co- MUNDI - coG6nn cons BoodS MASE Os DOSGMGGOnGO osaceo ssHcodmansonenS Pyrites and flint striker, Mackenzie River District, British Columbia- - Method of using the strike-a light. (Drawing by W. H. Burger) Wheel tinder-box, Broadalbin, New York. (Presented by F. S.: Hawley.) icc siticeieisictmcicnssisernseceesmceee a eos eee eee eee Strike-a-licht;) Bouloone-sur-mer,) Hrance)-o5.- 4522s sees ee enone Flint and steel, Otoe, Kansas and Nebraska Strike-a-light, Cheyenne, Arkansas Strike-a-lohtiConancles exasi-sseeeeesesee reece eee ee eEeeeeeee Flint and steel, Guadalajara, Mexico...-. Via cieeietaceeeiele ee ereseeeee Smokers’ pipe-lighting outfit, eastern Turkey.................------- Strike-a light, China. (Gift of George G. Fryer) ee ee 58,59. Tinder-box, Tokio, Japan. (Gift of the Japanese Department of 60. WAMCAtON) cs osc ied Se sede ee eee eee hast eee eee eee Smokers’ strike-a-light, Tokio, Japan. (Gift of the Japanese Depart- ment of Hducation) ses. mace sein eee oo eee eee sccnecee Chest ee KOREAN MortTUARY POTTERY. PLATE LXXXII. Mortuary vessels from Korea. Fig. Fic. (Upper line, commencing at the left.) ° 1. Earthen pot-shaped vessel on stand, with cover. Slate-colored ware. 2. Earthen pot. Brownish gray ware, washed with a slate-colored slip. 3. Earthen pot and cover. Dark brown ware, unglazed. 4, Earthen bowl on stand. Grayish brown ware, unglazed outside. 5. Karthen pot. Gray ware, glazed. (Lower line, commencing at the left.) 1. Earthen pot. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. 2. Earthen pot. Dark brown ware. 3. Karthen pot. Brown ware, glazed. 4. Earthen pot. Yellowish gray ware, washed with a brown slip, if not glazed. . Earthen pot. Gray ware, unglazed. Cr PLATE LXXXIII. Mortuary vessels from Korea. Fia. (Upper line, commencing at the left.) . Earthen pot. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. . Earthen pot. Brown ware, glazed. . From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. ° . Earthen pot. Brown ware, unglazed. . Earthen jar on stand. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. . From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. . Earthen bowl. Slate-colored ware, washed with a yellow slip and lightly fired; unglazed. STAN PRP WW = LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xIXx Page. PLATE LXXXIII. Mortuary vessels from Korea—Continued. a (Lower line, commencing at the left.) Fig. 1. From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jony. 2. From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. 3. From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. 4. Earthen bowl on stan. Brown ware, washed with a brown slip, 5. From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. PLATE LXXXIV. Mortuary vessels from Korea. (Upper line, commencing at the left.) Fig. 1. Earthen cup on a stand. Slate-colored ware, unglazed, and well fired. . Earthen tazza with cover. Slate-colored ware, unglazed, . Earthen bow! on stand with cover. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. . From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. . From photograph of specimen in the collection of P, L. Jouy. . Earthen tazza, without handles. Slate-colored ware. G Ol & & 0 (Middle line, commencing at the left.) Fig. 1. Earthen bowl on stand with cover. Gray ware, lightly fired. 2. Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware. 3. Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware. 4, Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. 5. From photograph of specimen in the collection ox P. L. Jouy. 6. Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware. (Lower line, commencing at the left.) 1, Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware, glazed a dark brown. 2. From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. 3. Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. 4, Karthen tazza with cover. Slate-colored ware, glazed brown. 5. Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware with a bronze glaze. 6. Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. PLATE LXXXV. Mortuary vessels from Korea. (Upper line, commencing at the left.) Fig. 1. From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. 2. Earthen cover or lower half of a box. Dark red ware, washed with a dark brown slip. 3. From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. 4. From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. 5. From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. (Middle line, commencing at the left.) Fic. 1. Earthen bottle. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. 2. From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. 3. Earthen cup or tumbler. Gray ware, glazed dark brown inside and out. 4. Earthen cup with handle. Terra cotta ware, unglazed. 5. From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. (Lower line, commencing at the left.) Fig. 1. From photograph of specimen in the collection of P. L. Jouy. 2. From photograph of specimen iu the collection of P. L. Jouy. p.©.¢ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, Pago. PLATE LXXXV. Mortuary vessels from Korea—Continued. 3 Fig. 3. Earthen flower-stand. Brown ware, unglazed. 4, Earthen bowl or cupon stand, handled. Brown ware, washed out- side with dark brown slip. 5. Earthen pot with handle. Brown ware, washed with a slate-col- ored slip. PLATE LXXXVI. Vases and other objects in pottery shown Zor comparison. (Upper line, commencing at the left.) Fic. 1. Earthen vase on a stand. Gray earthen ware, unglazed. Nara, Japan. 2. Karthen oil-bottle. Terra cotta ware, glazed dark brown. Torai, Korea, 3. Earthen bottle. Terra cotta ware, unglazed. Nara, Japan. (Lower line, commencing at the left.) Fic. 1. Roman mortuary pottery. 2. Swiss lake pottery. Yverdon, L. Neuchatel. 3. Roman mortuary pottery. Corneto. 4, Etruscan tazza. 5. Roman mortuary pottery. Ovvieto. SEetch Mapiof Southern Korea... so-so ee eee eee Eee eee oO A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY.* Purate LXXXVII. Paleolithic implements. Chellian epoch. Fig. 1. Chellian implement (flint); from St. Acheul, France. 2. Chellian implement (quartzite); from India......... o sates eke oe a (fe! PLATE LXXXVIII. Paleolithic implements. Moustierian epoch. Fig. 1. Moustierian point, spear or otherwise; from Cavern of Le Moustier. 2. Opposite side of Fig. 1. 3. Moustierian scraper, showing bulb of pereussion; from Chez Poure. 4. Opposite side of Fig. 3.........-- a SnaScloiasteanece oe GonepocdT Sect 614 PuatTE LXXXIX. Paleolithic implements. Solutrian epoch. Fig. 1. Solutrian point, shape of laurel leaf; Rigny-sur-Arroux (Saone-et- Loire), France. 2. Solutrian point; Grotte de l’Eglise, Dordogne. 3. Solutrian point; Grotte de Gargas, Vaucluse. 4, Solutrian point; Grotte de l’Eglise, Dordogne. 5, 6. Solutrian implements beautifully chipped with a shoulder on one sidex(iint) frome Dordocnerss==eeee eee aera ap anol PuaTeE XC. Paleclithicimplements. Madelenian epoch. Fic. 1. Grotte du Placard; Charente, France. 2. Flint graver; Gorge-d’Enfer, Dordogne, France. 3. Flint flake, worked ; Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. 4, 5. Flint points, worked to auedge; La Madeleine, Dordogne, France. 616 PLATE XCI. Paleolithic implements. Madelenian epoch. Fig. 1. Flint scraper, with rounded end; La Madeleine, Dordogne, France. 2. Flint flake, probably a saw or knife; La Madeleine. 3, 4. Flint gravers; La Madeleine, Dordogne, France..----....-..---- - 616 PuaTe XCII. Paleolithic implements. Madelenian epoch. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Harpoons made of reindeer horn; la Madeleine. 5, 6, 7. Points and harpoons made of reindeer horn; hole and slit for attachment to shaft. Southern France.-...-.. 616 * The greater number of the illustrations of European objects are taken from stand- ard works on Anthropology, particularly those of Messrs. De Mortillet, Cantailhac, and John Evans. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PiaTeE XCIII. Paleolithic engravings, Madelenian epoch. Fig. 1. Engravings of pike on canine tooth of bear; Grotte of Duruthy, southwestern France. 2. Engraving of a man, horses, aurochs, and snake or eel on reindeer horn; La Madeleine, Dordogne, France. 3. Engraving of seal on canine tooth of bear; Grotte of Duruthy;, Southwresternyhran Cea. 02) sea eae eee eerie ane eg PLATE XCIV. Paleolithic engravings. Madelenian epoch. Fic. 1. Baton de commandment ; reindeer horn, on which are representations of fishes and a horse; La Madeleine, Dordogne, France. 2. Reindeer horn; representation of a fish; La Madeleine, Dordogne, France. 3. Baton de commandment; reindeer horn, with tracing of a fish; Cave Goyet, Belgium. 4. Rude engraving on scapula of ox; Laugerie Basse, Dordogne, Tran Gercemmce smectic co emer mre SS Salons REST ease rete PLATE XCV. Neolithic monuments. Fig. 1. Dolmen of Palo de Vinha, Portugal. 2. Ground plan of Dolmen of Palo de Vinha, near Evora.... .-- 55000 PLaTeE XCVI. Neolithic monuments—tumuli and dolmens. Fig. 1. Tumuli in Brittany. 2. Dolmen d’Ala Safat, Palestine. 3. Double dolmen, near Veevajapett, southern India. 4. Dolmen de Thizay, Indre-et-Loire, France.........-. Beas eee wis PLATE XCVII. Neolithic monuments—dolmens. Fig. 1. Dolmen of Crucuno, Morbihan, Brittany. 2. Dolmen of Lochmariaquer, Morbihan, Brittan, ........ Seo cue PuaTE XCVIII. Neolithic monuments—dolmens and tumulus. Fig. 1. Dolmen of Grand Island. 2. Dolmen and tumuius of Kercado; near Plouharnel-Carnac, Mor- [DINO psoeco'sooGud sabe soe O5b cobo sono ooce pebeigdoo eeaE SheS setae PLATE XCIX. Neolithic mozuments—ground plans of dolmens in Brittany.... Prate C. Neolithic monuments—menhirs and alignments. Fig. 1. Menhir of Cadiou. 2. Menhir of Penmarck. se Alionmentiot, Menec, near Camacsosscsc acc enc cce cae nae oseee ae PLATE CI. Bronze implements. Figs. 1, 2. 3, 4. Bronze hatchets. 5,6. Bronze arrow-points. 7. Bronze fish-hook; single barb. 8. Bronze fish-hook; double barb................ os--.----e PLATE CII. Paleolithic implements from the District of Columbia .......-.. Puate CIIL. Palzwolithic implements from the District of Columbia.-.... .... Puate CIY. Rude chipped implements from the District of Columbia......-- PuatE CY. Rude chipped implements from the District of Columbia..-.--. ae Puate CVI. Handled knives from Hupa, California. Fics. 75, 76,77. Hafted knives, of jasper; wooden handles attached with bitumen. : 78. Obsidian knife, wrapped around one end with a strip of otterskin. 76h, WE WOW WOBE@ Gaocae Sues Soodoobosesanoocce con Soo posacd ca peocs . Page, 616 616 624 624 624 624 624 626 629 636 636 636 636 640 XXII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Fig. 1. Jaspery flint; Trenton gravels, New Jersey. .---%-2- cence coenns cn eeee 631 De (Chey CHAR ANIC A IB xs) (Clommoinys IME \ ENN) 5 Saseas eeoe soe csoen0 Se 631 3- Black flint; Wyoming. ---. ~~. 5-2). 2e oe eae ee ees ene 6352 2 Browaitsh=velll owe usp) Cr 5) VV) 57 OMIT Oo rere aerate er a 632 . Yellow-brown quartzite; Pamunkey, Charles County, Maryland... ... 633 Fi Indurated clay slate; Pamunkey, Chailés County, Maryland.......... 633 7. Reddish quartzite; Georgetown, District of Columbia...-...-.-...... 633 Src Rvlel ory ain ti Avs tam te exces) eleanor eh ayorc iene ay eaters ete 634 9. Yellow chert; from a shell-heap on the Tennessee River.-.. .........- 634 10: Porphyxitic felsite; Raleiel, North Carolina 2222-2222. 252-222 ses. ese 634 Dl vArrow=heads (2 os3e tae Sse oe cee ico dloren cienecrele niet aoe mee) See aS reer 637 Ie Spear-headsior knivesisscess see eeecccr res sccee Sree eee eee eee eee eee 638 AB MOlippeddaccer ors onays Climbs Ala bamaeeee eee ne eee eee eee eee 639 i Eintekpites: southern Witabes 22cm cease ee Seer eee ee eee ere 639 15.) Beat-shaped simplementsiac2 5 see eee etnies see ee eee ene eee 640 163 Heat-shapedimplementssas-n4 eee ooo eee eee ee eee eee ee eee teeeee 641 I 7fo! SKONBNEMS) So56 c6o0 boeobo badboo Hood 550650 c4on00 KOdooU oKds cose ses eeeese 643 PBR erlOravenss sce apc aio poste mieredet eee lene ite eo eel ear ee Rieke eter eter 643 19. Hoes, digging tools, or agricultural implements.........--...---.....- 644 90°. Polished/stoneshateheto ees 22) Sa eS eee ee eee eee eee eee 615 21. Chisels and gonges; principally from the Atlantic States. Adzes, from tle WNortlwest.coastisene Lae oon econ mere ete es cle ate ye ee eels 646 22) Groovediaxes anduhammenr Stones --eessse ee eee ee ae eee eee 647 23. Banner stones, or drilled ceremonial weapons...--..-.--.-----------2- 648 24.“ Pierced tablets and boat-shanediarticless ihe eee eee lees 650 25. Stone beads, pendants, and other ornaments.... ...--....--...-------« 651 26° Plnmimetsvand’sinkers)2co3+ ec gsscee tess a cee ceece ce mes eee eee eae O72 WISCOIM al STONES jis. is Sine ad cee ores saree See cfere ale Seta ae tcle elere taste ee 654 23) Eerloraved stomes\; club-heads orminthal sss eeeee see eceseee eee 655 29. Cutting tools, scraper, and spade like implements.......-..---..-<--. 657 30. Stone wvesselsyciie tc30 ee A ees ERD ee ete oe ee 658 Si Stoneyplates ors plathers ease a--eeeeneeeees eee eeneee Wide Fis tain eee tee 658 Dee MOrtaTsissclss= sn ciara Sess cis Gis cose reer ain Sees ee eee ee eee 659 oo. mestlesyand: hammers i225 soe ects oles oercteree ec ere inte oie aa Repeat 660 3y, Be CUR HOl He AAOG Aas E Sr EARS Shoe Sema reMeRn A aE ere eS ASSSOO DOCOS 661 Soe Stonelpipes); trom: OhiosmoundSsssssa- eee = eee eee eee eee 662 POO LONE DIP eSee TOM aVANLOUS OCWItLES see ees eee eee eet 663 SUe pM Megs shee Sean Se Ses lial Nare Bice el oe oe Set aD Sie nme rae ee Se ere ee 664 38. Calumet pipe; from the Kenney Winiviersitty 255232 8e eterna aie si OOD. oor bonesimMplements sass nese hes Sac as oie Seiaseis cease ye eae eee 666 40. Copper implements and ornaments; from the United States Shee be Olas 41. Human representations......--.. SUS any Seed el ig k Cae en cate meen vei as 668 427 Shellsimplemnentsand ornaments esses eee sence eee eee eee 669 435 (POLLED a ose ee oeecicie Sd diana e miareea sens asetnie eereee eens save Beers eeeereee 671 ANCIENT INDIAN MaTTING. Puate CVII. Ancient Indian matting, Petit Ause Island, Louisiana.......... 674 ( SECTION I. RPO RL = o THE SCIENTIFIC STAFF. There are now in the Museum thirty-one organized departments and sections under the care of twenty-seven curators and assistant curators. Of these custodians, ten receive salaries from the Museum appropria- tions. Of the remaining seventeen, four are detailed from the U.S. Fish Commission, two from the U.S. Army, one from the U.S. Navy, REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. PAT five from the U. S. Geological Survey, and one from the Bureau of Eth- nology. Dr. Charles Rau, for many years in charge of the archeological col- lection in the Museum, died on June 25,1887. He was in 1881 appointed curator of the Department of Antiquities in the National Museum. His health gave way in 1836, and in July, 1887, he went to the hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, where he died. His body was brought to Washington, and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery. Dr. Rau has been succeeded by Mr. Thomas Wilson, who recived his appointment as honorary curator on December 1. In November Dr. H. G. Beyer, U.S. Navy, honorary curator of the Section of Materia Medica, was ordered to other duties, and Dr. James M. Flint, the first curator of this collection, has again taken charge. The Museum has commenced the formation of a collection of casts of Assyrian and Babylonian an- tiquities in association with the Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Paul Haupt, professor of Semitic languages in the Johns Hopkins Univer- Sity, was in February appointed honorary curator, Dr. Cyrus Adler, of the same university, consenting to act as honorary assistant curator. The Section of Transportation, under the care of Mr. J. E. Watkins, has now reached that point in its history where it may take rank with the other sections of the Department of Arts and Industries. On May 9 the Department of Living Animals was organized, with Mr. W. T. Hornaday, chief taxidermist, as curator. On June 8 Charles Wickliffe Beckham, formerly an assistant in the Department of Birds, died. He made several valuable contributions to American ornithological liter- _ ature. In other respects the personnel of the scientific departments in the Museum remains the same as in 1887, as shown in the following classi- fied list: JI. ARTS AND INDUSTRIES, the Assistant Secretary acting as curator, with adjunct curatorships as follows: AnImMaL Propocts: R. Edward Earll, U.S. Fish Commission, acting cu- rator.* Foops: W. O. Atwater, curator.* FISHERIES: R. Edward Earll, acting curator.* Materia MEDICA: James M. Flint, M. D., U. 8. Navy, curator.* TEXTILE INDUSTRIES: Romyn Hitchcock, acting curator.t HistoricaL REeLics: A. Howard Clark, assistant curator. TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINEERING: J. Elfreth Watkins, curator. Grapuic Arts: S. R. Koehler, acting curator. Naval ARCHITECTURE: J. W. Collins, U. S. Fish Commission, curator. * Il. ETHNOLOGY : Otis T. Mason, curator; Waiter Hough, aid. AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PotTERY: W. H. Holmes, Bureau of Ethnology, ecu- rator.* ORIENTAL ANTIQUITIES: Paul Haupt, curator;* Cyrus Adler, assistant cu- rator. III. PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY: Thomas Wilson. IV. MammMats: F. W. True, curator; W. G. Stimpson, aid. * Honorary. t Absent in Japan. i) co REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. V. Brrps: Robert Ridgway, curator; Leonard Stejneger, assistant curator. Birp’s E@es: Charles E. Bendire, U.S. Army, curator.* VI. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS: H. C. Yarrow, M. D., curator.” VIL. Fisurs: Tarleton H. Bean, curator;* Barton A. Bean, aid. VIII. VerTEBRATE Fossits: O. C. Marsh, U. 5. Geological Survey, curator.* IX. Mottusks: W. H. Dall, U S. Geological Survey, curator; * R. E. C. Stearns, adjunct curator. X. Insects: C. VY. Riley, Department of Agriculture, curator;* J. B. Smith, as- sistant curator. XI. MARINE INVERTEBRATES: Richard Rathbun, U.S. Fish Commission, curator. * XII. CoMPARATIVE ANATOMY: F. W. True, acting curator; F. A. Lucas, assistant curator. XIII. INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS: PaLeozoic: C. D. Walcott, U. S. Geological Survey, curator.* Musozoic: C. A. White, U. 8S. Geological Survey, curator.* Crnozoic: W. H. Dall, U. 8. Geological Survey, curator.* XIV. Fossiz Puants: Lester F. Ward, U. 8. Geological Survey, curator;* F. H. Knowlton, assistant curator. XV. RECENT PLANtTs: Lester F. Ward, U.S. Geological Survey, curator;* F. H. Knowlton, assistant curator. XVI. Minerats: F. W. Clarke, U. 8. Geological Survey, curator; * William 8S, Yeates, assistant curator. XVII. LITHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOLOGY: George P. Merrill, curator. XVIII. MeTaLLuRGY AND Economic GroLoay: Fred. P. Dewey, curator. XIX. Livine Animats: William T. Hornaday, curator. THE ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF. There have been no important changes in the administrative corps during the year. Mr. W. V. Cox, chief clerk, acted as representative of the Smithson- ian Institution at the Minneapolis Industrial Exposition. F.—REVIEW OF WORK IN THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENTS. The energies of several of the curators have been devoted during the greater part of the year to the preparation of exhibits for the Cincin- nati Exposition. A report upon the participation of the Smithsonian Institution in this exposition, including statements in regard to the several exhibits, will be published in the report for 1889. This work has seriously interfered with the regular Museum duties of the curators, and has consequently diminished the amount of original research in the scientific departments of the Museum. 1t is a matter of regret that so few of the special collections in the Department of Arts and Industries have been formally reported upon this year. In many cases the cura- tors of these collections are performing this work in an honorary ca- pacity, and are compelled to devote the greater part of their time to the accomplishment of work connected with their official duties. Following the custom adopted in previous reports, I have briefly reviewed the work of each department separately. * Honorary. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 29 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. The organization of a new section of this department has been ar- ranged. Dr. Paul Haupt, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, has - been appointed honorary curator of the collection of Oriental Antiquities, with Dr. Cyrus Adler, of the same university, as honorary assistant curator. In connection with this arrangement the following circular, which has been approved by the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, has been published by the Johns Hopkins University : Memorandum of the understanding between the National Museum and the Johns Hopkins = University. The National Museum at Washington has undertaken the formations of study col- lections of casts of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities in association with the Johns Hopkins University of Baltimore. The two institutions will co-operate for this pur- pose, upon the following basis: Ist. The Museum stands ready to make fac-similes and casts of Assyrian and Baby- lonian antiquities. 2d. The attempt will first be made to obtain copies of the Assyrian antiquities pre- served in this country. 3d. For the present the Museum will confine itself to the reproduction, in fac-simile and flat casts, of Assyrian and Babylonian seal cylinders. 4th. The Johus Hopkins University will attend to the proper arrangement and cataloguing of the Assyrian collection in the National Museum, under the supervision of Dr. Haupt, professor of Semitic languages, and Dr. Adler, assistant in the Semitic courses, who will also co-operate in the work of forming the collection and securing the loan of objects to be copied. Sth. Three sets of fac-similes and casts will be made in each case: the first to be preserved in the National Museum at Washington; the second to be transferred to the Semitic library of Johns Hopkins University, at Baltimore; andthe third to be presented to the owners of the objects loaned. Numerous and valuable additions have been made to the collection of graphic arts, under the energetic curatorship of Mr. 8S. R. Koehler. An interesting exhibit of illustrations of engraving, etching, and of the photo-mechanical processes, has been prepared by Mr. Koehler for the Cincinnati Exposition. A catalogue of this collection has been pub- lished in the appendix to the tenth volume of the Proceedings U.S. National Museum.* After the close of the Exposition the collection will be permanently installed in the National Museum. The collection of Materia Medica is now under the care of the former honorary curator, Dr. James M. Flint, U. 8. Navy, Dr. H. G. Beyer, U. S. Navy, having been ordered to other duty by the Navy Department. A collection of Corean drugs has been purchased, and is of much im- portance in completing the series of drugs from that country. The en- tire collection is now installed in the east-south range. During the year 246 specimens have been added to the collection. The collection of historical and personai relies, under the care of Mr. A. H. Clark, has received some interesting additions, among which is the war saddle of General Grant, deposited by General A. H. Markland. From Mr. Stephen Vail has been received a piece of the original wire over *Pp. 701-731. « = 30 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. which a message was sent in 1840 during the experiments of Professor Morse. The War Department has-transferred to the National Museum sev- eral interesting relics, including a large section of an oak tree riddled with bullets from the battle-field at Appomattox Court-House. The original piaster model of the bronze statue of George Washington, de- signed by William Rudolf O’Donovan, has been received. A pair of silver-mounted flint-lock pistols, once the property of General Lafay- ette, has been deposited by Mr. William Burnett. The Smithsonian Institution has transferred to the Museum its collection of portraits of American and foreign men of science and of persons prominent in politi- eal and civil life. The Museum had aiready accumulated engraved and photographie portraits, and plans are now being arranged for the for- mation of a comprehensive collection, in which especial attention will be given to the representative men of America. The collection of coins, medals, and paper money has been gradually increased. a ’ ? AH eee Si 3557" Py 2 PP) Ze) /] Hi I) ll U/l) y! i Y, il ( un y MODERN TLINGIT MALE AND FEMALE COSTUMES. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII. TWINED GRASS AND SPRUCE ROOT HATS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST. Fig. 37. TWINED BasKETRY Hat. Twining consists in weaving the woof-strands around a series of warp-strands. Two methods are employed in this hat. The letter a (Fig. 37) marks the boundary between the crown and brim. Above a, the mode of twining is that shown in Fig. 387b; below a, that shown in Fig. 37c. Fig. 37d is a top view of this same hat, showing the totemic device, Hooyeh, the Raven, painted in black and red. Cat. No. 89033, U.S. N. M. Haida Indians, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. Fig. 38. TWINED BASKETRY Hat. Fig. :8e shows the method of plaiting cedar- bark fiber. This hat differs from Fig. 37 only in being lower and flatter. Fig. 39. PARASOL-SHAPED HAT. Ornamented with a totemic design at the top and painted in solid color on the remainder of the outside surface. Cat. No. 1782. U.S. N. M. Tlingit, Alaska. Collected by Dr. Suckeley. Fig. 40. TwiIneD BaskETRY Hat. With wooden appendages representing the beak of the raven ‘‘ Hooyeh.” From photograph in U. 8. National Museum. Tlingit Indians, Alaska. Report of Nationa] Museum, 1888.—Niblack. Plate XIl. TWINED GRASS AND SPRUCE ROOT HATS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST. ues THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 267 and caps are worn, but the women use generally only a black silk hand- kerchief. The grass hats are still seen on the coast in out-of-the-way places, particularly around Dixon Entrance. These are cone-shaped, with considerable spread, being particularly adapted for protection, in rainy weather, to the elaborately dressed hair worn on ceremonial occa- sions. In the north, the truncated cone-shaped form is surmounted by a more or less tall cylinder, in the ceremonial hats reaching an absurd height; in the south, it becomes more parasol-like in shape, although both styles are found throughout the whole coast, excepting that the very tall ceremonial hat is limited to the north. Plate x11 illustrates the varieties. Fig. 37 is the usual type, ornamented with the totemic device representing the Raven, painted on the hat in red and black, the detail being shown in Fig. 37d, which is a top view of Fig. 37. The details of the weaving or twining are illustrated in enlarged section in Figs. 37) and 37c. The hat naturally divides itself into two sections—the crown and the rim—the dividing line being at ain Fig. 37. The method of making the crown is the same as that used in the Haida basketry, and shown in 37b, while the rim is woven by a variation in the above method shown in Fig.37c. These figures are from an article by Professor O. T. Mason on Basket Work, in Smithsonian Report, 1884, Part ir. Of Fig. 37¢ he says: “It shows the regular method of twined weaving, the introduction of the skip-stitch or twilled weaving into the greatest variety of geometric patterns, and the ingenious method of fastening off by a four-ply braid showing only on the outer side.” At the divid- ing line, marked a, on the inside, a cylindrical head-band of spruce root is stitched to make the hat fit the head, a string passing under the chin being usually added. Fig. 38 is an ordinary type of spruce root hat also found on the coast. Amongst the southern Indians, where cedar bark is so much used, these two styles of hat are reproduced in that material, which, not being tough enough to twine, is woven, as shown in detail in Fig. 38¢. This is the same pattern as their mats. The hats thus made are light and flimsy and soon lose their shape, whereas the twined spruce root ones and the baskets both retain their shape and be- come water-tight after a preliminary soaking. Fig. 39 is another varia- tion in the shapes found on the coast. Itis often painted in solid colors and ornamented on top with a totemic design. Fig. 40 is a ceremonial head-dress, similar in design and outline to the wooden helmets illus- trated in Plate xm. This shape is seen in the carvings in the large totemic columns, and is doubtless an imitation of the wooden helmets formerly worn in battle. These survivals and imitations are spoken of elsewhere. The animal represented in Fig. 40 is the Raven. Rain Cloaks.—Along the whole coast a peculiar form of cloak was worn in rainy weather to shed water. Dixon (1787) says of them, as seen at Sitka: “TI had no opportunity of examining them minutely, but they appear to be made of reeds, sewed very closely together, and I was told by one of our gentlemen who was with Captain Cook during 268 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. his last voyage that they were exactly the same with these worn by the inhabitants of New Zealand.”* Mackenzie mentions this rain dress amongst the Bilqula (1793).t These mats or cloaks were circular in form, with an opening in the center for the head. Ceremonial Paraphernalia._—The origin of the custom of wearing cere- monial masks and head-dresses, in this region, would seem to have originated in the actual wearing of them in war. Much of the cere- monial display amongst these Indians has reference to prowess in com- bat, and it is an undoubted fact that, in the survival of many primitive implements of war we have the origin of much of the dance and cere- monial paraphernalia peculiar to this region. With the desire to protect the body, armor naturally originated. The masks and visors worn were painted in all the hideous colors and pat- terns adopted ordinarily for the face. They were sometimes carved with representations of the totem of the owner, but were intended in any case both to protect the wearer and to strike terror to the enemy. Vancouver (1793) mentions an encounter with the Tlingit, up Behm Canal, Alaska, in which the chief put on a mask consisting of a ** Wolf’s face compounded with the human countenance.” The masks were often worn without head pieces or visors, and some of them were so thick that a musket ball fired at a moderate distance could hardly penetrate them.t There seems nothing unreasonable in tracing the origin of much of the dance and ceremonial paraphernalia to customs originating in war. Most of our secret and benevolent societies which parade in public have a military organization and uniform. The grass hat shown in Fig. 40, Plate x1, is in imitation of the wooden war helmet, and other sur- vivais will be pointed out from time to time. Armor.—Formerly the body was protected in combat by various de- vices, the simplest being a leather garment, jerkin, or doublet. This was usually made of one, two, or three thicknesses of hide and in itself offered considerable resistance to arrows, spears, or dagger thrusts, but was still further re-inforced by a cuirass or coat of wood, made of strips or slats, worn either over or under the doublet, but usually over. These are illustrated in Plate xv, Figs. 52 and 53. The doublet or shirt has an opening for the neck and one for the left arm; the right side is not sewed up, faciliting the putting on of the garment and be- ing secured by ties or toggles and straps. ‘There aretwo other admir- able specimens in the National Museum (Nos. 46465 and 60240), but as they are similar in patterns to the one illustrated in Plate xv they are not reproduced here. They differ only in having shoulder pads of hide secured on by toggles and straps and in offering some protection to the arms. Vancouver (1793) thus describes a similar shirt worn by a war party of Nass, which his boat parties encountered : Their war garments were formed of two, three, or more folds, of the strongest hides of the land animals they are able to procure. In the center was a hole sufficient to * Dixon, Voyage, p. 191. t Mackenzie, Voyages. p. 371. tLisiansky, Voyagse, p. 150. 4: THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 269 admit the head and left arm to pass through, the mode of wearing them being over the right shoulder and under the left arm. The left side of the garment is sewed up, but the right side remains open; the body is, however, tolerably well protected, and both arms are left at liberty for action. As a further security on the part which covers the breast they sometimes fix on the inside thin laths of wood.* | | | ) | | | i a ESSSSSSSe Sa | ESSN Lacs, la ] Ss [pee SS Hl i] .P i BO | & | <\aam NN | ATS yp alg DETAIL OF WEAVING ARMOR. (Cat. No. 49213, U.S.N. M. Tlingit. Collected by J. J. McLean.) Fig. 53 is a rear view of a wooden cuirass or body armor from Sitka, showing method of strapping it to the body. It is from a specimen in the National Museum (No. 49213) consisting of numerous (seventy-four) rods of hard wood about 2 feet long, woven together with dark and white twine in alternate bands. The threads are sometimes single and sometimes in pairs, and are made to pass over and under the rods in pairs, but in such manner that the overlappings alternate from one row to the next. This is shown in detail in Fig. 46, where la and 1b represent the parts of one cord, and 2a and 2b represent those of another. The view represents the upper left hand corner of the weav- ing and two upper threads, showing seven rods in both plan and sec- tion. As stated, this method of running the cords or twine is varied by ogeasionally running them in pairs. Fig. 43, Plate x11, is a front view of the same specimen of armor. Fig. 49, Plate xiv, represents another variety of body armor in which the wood is in the shape of laths or broader flat strips of wood, also woven together with twine. Strips of hide were sometimes used to secure the strips of wood to- gether; and sometimes the breast piece or covering was in one solid thick piece. The armor shown in Plate xiv is from a sketch in Lisiansky’s Voyage, p. 150, Plater. The method of wearing it is shown *Vancouver, Voyage, Vol. 11, p. 339. 270 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. in Fig. 51, Plate xiv, which also shows the mask and helmet in place. The parts are very heavy and clumsy, and the most that can be said in their favor is that they protected the vital parts from injury. With the introduction of iron and of fire-arms the Tlingit adopted a new form of protection, consisting of a buckskin strip around the neck, with iron plates attached pendant down the breast.* Helmets and head-dresses.—The chief’s ceremonial head-dress has already been described, and is illustrated in Fig. 35, Plate x. In Plate XIII a variety of helmets is shown. Fig. 41 represents a wolf's head, the wearer or owner belonging to the Wolf totem. It is so light that it could not have served as a protection of any kind, and hence is cer- emonial in its nature. Fig. 42 is a thick massive helmet similar to the one illustrated in Plate xiv, Fig. 47. Fig. 44 represents the Bear totem, while Fig. 45 is carved in representation of the Beaver. On tlhe rim of the latter four copper plates or shields are painted. These two helmets (Figs. 44 and 45) are similar in shape to the grass hat shown in Fig. 40, being that of an oblique truncated cone surmounted by a tall cylinder, and evidently represent the ancient form of helmet worn by the chiefs as seen in the carved columns and other old-time pictographs. They are now worn only in the ceremonial dances, the two illustrated being of light cedar wood and of rather recent make. Another variety of head dress is a ring of shredded cedar bark, twisted into a rope, stained dull red with the juice of the bark of the alder, and made into a circular grommet like a crown Plate xvill. Some of these are orna- mented with bows, rosettes, and tassels of the same material, the finest and most elaborate being found amongst the Haida, although clearly borrowed or copied in design from those of the Tsimshian and Kwakiutl. With the latter these are only worn in the winter religious ceremonies, and their use is considered improper on any other occasions, whereas the Haida wear them in any of their dances without the peculiar signi- ficance attached to them by other tribes. Masks.— What has been said in a general way of helmets and head- dresses is equally true of masks, with the addition that the latter are found even in much greater variety and more ingenuity is displayed in constructing them. The writer has endeavored to trace the origin of the custom of wearing masks in ceremonies to the original practice of wear- ing them in war asa protection. In this view, the simplest form 1s that shown in Figs. 48 and 50, Plate xiv, the former being a side and the latter a top view. The top rim is thinner than the lower part, and has several grooves or peep-holes cut in it to enable the wearer to see through, as shown in the plate. The front is carved or painted with the totemic representation of the owner. Fig. 50 shows a projection on the inner side (front), which consists of a leather becket or eyelet, covered with a wrapping of grass or cedar bark, and let through the front of the mask, being secured by a knot outside. This goes in the * Lisiansky (1805), Voyage, p. 208. . aan Fig. 41. g. 43. ig. 44, TEX IPILANA TION OlF PILATE 21MM. Nell Mi Hit) Lf yy WOODEN HELMETS AND CUIRASS, OR BODY ARMOR. WoopDEN HELMET. Carved in shape of wolf's head. Cat. No. 23441, U. S. N. M. Haida Indians, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. 2. WOODEN HELMET, similar to Fig. 47, Plate XVI. Cat. No. 74341, U.S. N. M. Tlingit Indians, Sitka, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. WoOoDEN ARMOR. Made of hard wood rods woven together with twine. Detail in Fig. 46. Another view is given in Plate XV (Fig. 53), showing method of securing it to the body. Cat. No. 49213, U.S. N.M. Tlingit Indians, Sitka, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. HELMET. Carved to represent Hoorts, the bear. Cat. No. 89037, U.S. N. M. Haida Indians, Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Islands. Collected by James G. Swan. . HELMET. Surmounted by a carved figure of Tsing, the beaver. The painted figures represent copper plates, emblems of wealth and influ- ence. Cat. No. 89085, U.S. N. M. Skedan Indians, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. PLATE XIll, Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. WooDEN HELMETS AND CUIRASS, OR BODY ARMOR. ee ‘ a 4 vans tf any ag Hata Fig. 5 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. TLINGIT WOODEN ARMOR. 7. WOODEN HELMET. Secured to the head by straps fastened under the chin. From Lisiansky, Voyage. Plate I. . WoopEN MASK OR VISOR. Showing holes forey s. Side view. From Lisi- ansky, Voyage, Plate I. 9. Bopy ArMoR. Made of slats of wood fastened together by twine woven around and between them. From Lisiansky, Voyage, Plate I. . Mask or VISOR. Showing becket or strap, which is held in the teeth to keep the mask in place when worn in fighting. Made of one piece of wood, bent to shape and held bya strapof leather,asshown at a. Cat. No. 74348, U. S. N. M. Tlingit, Alaska. Collected by J. J. Mclean. . SKETCH. Showing method of wearing the armor. The leather jerkin underneath is similar to that shown in Plate XV. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE XIV. URIUHACHT UN Ht LITTON A — fin 8 (= TLNGIT WooDEN ARMOR. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. WOODEN AND LEATHER BoDy ARMOR. Fig. 52. JERKIN. Of two thicknesses of moose hide. Worn under the armor (shown in Fig. 53) as an additional protection to the body. The left side has an arm-hole; the right side is open, being secured by straps under the right arm. Cat. No. 130587, U.S. N. M. Tlingit Indians, Alaska. Loaned by Max B. Richardson. Fig. 53. ARMOR OF WOODEN Rops. Inside view of Fig. 43, Plate XIII, showing straps by which it is secured around the waist. Cat. No. 49218, U.S. N. M. Tlingit Indians, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. PLATE XV. Report of National Museum. 1888.—Niblack. i a $ SS Sy Se en cement Da HH ER Ec pene ate Strat WOODEN AND LEATHER BODY ARMOR THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 271 mouth of the wearer, and is firmly gripped in the teeth to hold the mask in place. Above this becket the mask is recessed or hollowed slightly, to give a clearance to the nose of the wearer. Altogether it may be seen to be a very clumsy method of protecting the face. Other kinds of masks were worn to protect the face in war, having the addi- tional objects of representing in their carved outlines the totem of the wearer, or, by their hideousness and grotesqueness, of striking terror to the enemy by lending to the effect of their menacing gestures the ap- pearance of some superhuman being. Often these masks were so mas- sive as to be worn without helmets or head pieces. Straps or thongs of leather fasten them to the head, or a loop of cedar bark cord in the hollow side of the mask is held in the teeth. The ceremonial masks are carved from spruce or yellow cedar and are generally very elaborate, being highly colored in grotesque or hide- ous designs, and often inlaid with abalone shell or copper. The eyes are pierced through to enable the wearer to see about him, and the mouth is also usually cut through, or, if not, teeth are carved or inlaid in bone. Lips, teeth, nostrils, and eyelids are sometimes represented in copper. The top of the mask is usually bordered either with hair, feathers, or down. By means of ingeniously concealed mechanism the eyes are sometimes made to roll and the jaws and beak to snap. (See Fig. 60, Plate xvi). Some of them, representing ravens and cranes, have beaks projecting from two to four or five feet. In con- junction with the masks are often worn wooden fins or wings on the back of the head or on the back at the shoulders. ‘Fig. 59, Plate Xv1, represents the raven as a ceremonial mask with lips of copper, sur- mounted by a tall fin of wood representing the fin of the orea or killer. This is fringed with human hair, and the figure carries in its mouth a bow and arrow of copper. Fig.56 represents a woman’s face, with nose and lip ornaments of conventional pattern, and with curiously painted lines in unsymmetrical design. A variety of masks are sketched in the foreground of Plate Lxvil. The custom of wearing wooden masks and head-dresses in ceremonies and dances is found throughout the whole northwest coast from the Aleuts to Puget Sound. There is a large coilection of these in the National Museum, which in themselves are worthy of separate illustration. The limits of this paper admit only of presenting the few shown in Plates xvi and LXVII. Ceremonial Batons, Wands, etc.—In Plates xvI and XVII are repre-. sented various ceremonial implements carried in the hands of the chiefs and shamans on state occasions, and permitted to be carried only by men of such rank. Fig. 54 is a carved representation of a bow, the figures on the ends representing the whale. Itis carried by the Haida shamans in their medicine dances. Fig. 58 is a ceremonial bow carried by a Haida chief. The two carved heads represent the bear. Carved ceremonial arrows go with this type of bow, and in them we see the survival of the ancient weapon as a purely ceremonial emblem, just as 272 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. to-day we have the court sword as a survival of the sword or rapier carried by gentlemen of other periods. In the same way, Fig. 63 is a Tlingit ceremonial dance wand in the shape of a dagger; and Fig. 64 is a Haida baton (called by them Taskear), in the shape of a war lance of earlier days. Fig. 55 is a fragment of an ancient Haida baton (Taski or Taskear,) the lower part being missing. The top figure of the carving represents the raven, below that the crow, and then the whale. Be- tween the whale and the next lower figure, which is Skamson, the spar- row-hawk, is a spindle and socket, which pull apart. The sparrow-hawk rests on Stillik, the ceremonial hat, which in turn rests on Tsing, the beaver. ‘This baton is carried in the hand by the chief on the occasion of a great potlatch or feast. At a given signal the two parts are sepa- rated and the distribution of presents begins, the chief retaining one partin each hand. Fig. 57 is a carved cane or wand from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, inlaid with pearl shell, and is the finest spe- cimen of native carving from the southern Indians in the Museum. Figs. 61, 62, and 65 are types of the Haida chiefs’ batons or Taskears ; they are held in the hand on occasions of ceremony. Ata potlatch the chief calls the name of the recipient of a present, and then thumps on the floor if the gift is satisfactory to the guests, as explained later on. In the totemic theatrical exhibitions these batons indicate the totem and rank of the bearer. When a chief dies and is laid out in state the baton stands near his body. In Fig. 61 the top figure is a chief wear- ing a ceremonial hat, or Skillik, similar to the grass hat in Fig.40. The lower carved figure is the frog. In Fig. 65 the upper figure is Koot, the eagle, and the lower Tsing, the beaver. Rattles, Snappers, and Whistles.—In dealing with ceremonial parapher- nalia it might be well to describe here all the accessories of ceremo- nial costumes, such as the accompanying rattles, snappers, drums, whistles, etc. These, however, are reserved for Chapter VII, where they are dealt with as musical instruments. Ceremonial Blankets—In connection with Plates 1x and X, a very well-known type of chief’s ceremonial costume has been described in this chapter. The Chilkat and cedar-bark blankets are important factors in - all ceremonial dances and functions. Otherforms of ceremonial blankets or mantles are made from Hudson Bay Company blankets, with totemic figures worked on them in a variety of ways. The usual method is to cut out the totemic figure in red cloth and sew it on to the garment (or- namenting it with borders of beads and buttons) by the method known as appliqué work; another method is to sew pieces of bright abalone or pearl shell or pearl buttons on to the garment in the totemic patterns. Plate x1x well illustrates the appliqué method. Fig. 74, Plate XIx, is a vestment which hangs pendant down the back, representing the totem or crest of the wearer. Fig. 75 represents a cloak with a neck opening ornamented in red cloth with the totemic¢ design of the Orea or killer. oF ay in Fig. ¢ ig. 04. r, O6. . 60. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI. CEREMONIAL DANCE PARAPHERNALIA. CEREMONIAL BATON OR WAND. In form of a bow. The ends represent the head and tail of the whale. Carried by the Shaman in medicine dances. Cat. No. 89099, U.S. N. M. Haida Indians, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. . CARVED CANE (Taski). Carried in the hand of the medicine man at a potlatch. Cat. No. 88123. Masset Indians (Haida), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. Mask. Representing woman’s face with nose-ring and ceremonial paint. Cat. No. 21570, U.S. N. M. Tlingit Indians, Alaska. Collected by Dr. J. B: White, U.S. Army. . CARVED CEREMONIAL CANE. Cat. No. 150847, U.S. N. M. Kwakiutl In- dians, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. . CARVED CEREMONIAL Bow. Bear’s head in relief. Carried by chief in cer- emonies and dances as a wand, baton, or emblem of rank. _ Cat. No- 89096, U. S. N. M. Haida Indians, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. . Mask. Representing Hooyeh, the raven, with bow and arrow of copper in his mouth and with the fin of the orca above the head. Cat. No. 89043, U.S. N. M. Haida Indians, Laskeek, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. Mask. Representing a demon with mechanical apparatus for rolling the eyes and snapping the jaws. Teeth of copper. Cat. No. 89042, U.S. N. M. Haida Indians, Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. PLATE XVI. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. ee OAS eenctaoen | Sei CEREMONIAL DANCE PARAPHERNALIA. Fig. 61. Fig. 64. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII. CHIEF AND SHAMAN CEREMONIAL BATONS. CHIEF’S BATON (taskear). Cedar wood. Carried on ceremonial occasions to denote rank. Lower figure, a frog; upper, chief with ceremonial hat. Cat. No. 89097, U. S. N. M. Haida Indians, Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Islands. Collected by James G. Swan. 2. CHIEF’S BaTON (taskear). In dancing or when presiding over a feast the chief thumps on the floor with his baton to emphasize the time or to at- tract attention when about to speak. Cat. No. 89095, U. S. N. M. Haida Indians, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. 3. DANCE WAND. Carriedinthe hand. Ornamented with human hair. Cat. No. 127169, U.S. N. M. Hoodsinoo Indians (Koluschan stock), Alaska. Collected by Paymaster EK. B. Webster, U. S. Navy. DANCE WAND. Of wood, in imitation of ancient: war spear. The carved head is ornamented with human hair. Cat. No. 74527, U. S. N. M. Haida Indians, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. 5, CHIEF'S CEREMONIAL BATON. Carved. Upper figure, Koot, the eagle; lower, Tsing, the beaver. Cat. No. 89098, U.S. N. M. Haida Indians, Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. . SHAMAN’S BATON OR WAND. Supposed to possess magical powers. Carried by medicine man in hisceremonies. Cat. No. 89100, U.S. N. M. Haida Indians, Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Col- lected by James G. Swan. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE XVII. CHIEF AND SHAMAN CEREMONIAL BATONS. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII. RED-CEDAR BARK PARAPHERNALIA FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST, AND ANCIENT RATTLE. Figs. 67, 68, and 69. HeEAD-DRESSES. Of cedar-bark rope, stained red with the juice of the alder. Worn in the winter ceremonial dances of the Kwakiutl and other southern coast Indians. This style borrowed by the northern Indians and worn by them in their ceremonials, but not with the same significance as in the south. Cat. Nos. 20849. 20910, Hoodsinoo Indians, Admiralty Island, Alaska. Collected by James G. Swan. Fig. 70. NECKLACE. Of cedar-bark rope, like those above, with pendent tassels of cedar-bark twine. Worn over right shoulder and under right arm. Figs. 67, 68, 69, 70, are Cat. Nos. 1295138-15, U.S. N. M. Talcomk, sub- tribe of Bilqula Indians, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Col- lected by Dr. Franz Boas. Fig. 71. GIRDLE OR NECKLACE. Of cedar-bark rope. Worn arcund the neck with the pendant down the back of the wearer in the south previous to going on a whaling expedition. Amongst the Haida it is simply a ceremonial ornament. No number. Fig. 72. SasH. Of cedar-bark rope. Worn over the shoulder. Ornamented with gulls’ down. Cat. No. 72701, U. S. N. M. Stikine Indians, Alaska. Collected by James G. Swan. Fig. 73. RarrLe. Ancient form. Made of wood with pendent beaks of the puffin This type of rattle is mentioned by many of the early voyagers. No number. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE XVIII. SSS PPTILELD 4 RN : a (LL \ p Gi y it vy Wi yt i ( iY tt > SF. a ZILLA RED-CEDAR BARK PARAPHERNALIA FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST, AND ANCIENT RATTLE. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. CHIEF’S BLUE CLOTH CEREMONIAL VESTMENT. Fig. 74. The design represents the halibut, worked on in red cloth, edged with bead and button trimmings. While it is a modern garment, it shows the artistic skill of these Indians in working up every article of personal property into a totemic design. As a ceremonial vestment it is worn pendent down the back. Cat. No. 20679, U.S. N. M. Tsimshian In- dians, Port Simpson, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE XIX, CHIEF’S BLUE CLOTH CEREMONIAL VESTMENT. i é re ie ea ‘ THE INDIANS OF THE NORTILWEST COAST. 273 It is in the form of a truncated cone, with no openings for the arms. Other forms of ceremonial blankets are simply square pieces of cloth to go about the shoulders, ornamented in totemic designs, or with pend- Fig. 75. SHAMAN’S CLOAK. (Cat. No. 89197, U.S. N. M. Skidegate, B. C. Collected by James G. Swan: ) ant puffin beaks or deer hoofs attached to a long fringe. These are sometimes of tanned deer skin, having the design painted on in a regu- lar pattern in black and red colors. Ceremonial shirts or coats.—Fig. 34, Plate x, represents a woven cer- emonial coat of mountain goat’s wool as already described. Other forms are made of cloth or blanket material and ornamented with to- temic designs, as described above. Fig. 75a represents the Sea Lion, and Fig. 75) is a rear view of the same coat ornamented with a design of Wasko, a mythological animal of the wolf species. The edges and arm- holes are bordered with red cloth, and the whole garment is neatly made. Fig. 80, Plate xx1I, represents a buckskin coat, with the right side fringed and open and the left side sewed up, having an arm-hole for the left arm. The bottom is also fringed, and the neck-hole slit to admit the head. The design represents the bear. It isa Tlingit garment, loaned to the Museum by Mr. Max B. Richardson, of Oswego, New York. Other ceremonial coats are illustrated in the accompanying plates. Ceremonial leggings.—These are of buckskin, blue cloth, blanket stuff, or of goat’s wool, woven as shown in Plate x, Fig. 33a. A very common type is seen in Fig. 36, Plate x, fringed and ornamented with pend- ant beaks of the puffin, shown in the detail of the same figure. Other kinds are cut out in the pattern or outline of some totemic animal and either painted in design or worked on in colored cloth by the appliqué method.’ They are secured to the leg by straps of cloth or buckskin and are usually worn in conjunction with moccasins or the bare feet. H. Mis. 142, pt. 2——18 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 274 AASOOMAAAH NT NPA RA : Fig. 75a. CEREMONIAL SHIRT. G. Swan.) ames by Je Collect aC B. Skidegate, . M. N S. o. 89194, U. at. N (c REAR VIEW OF Fic. 75a. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XxX. ee CARVINGS ON ROCKS, AND STONE IMPLEMENTS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST. From photographs by the author. g. 76. ANCIENT TLINGIT SCULPTURES. Carved on the rocks on the beach near Fort Wrangell, Alaska. The figure represents the orca or whale- killer. 77. ANCIENT TLINGIT SCULPTURES. Representing several human faces and conventional designs. . 79. PRIMITIVE STONE IMPLEMENTS. a is a scraper for removing the inner in- tegument or bark from the trunk of the pine tree for food; b is a small stone hammer; c, a heavy stone sledge; d, an adze, of which e is a side view; f, a variety of stone adze blades (see Plate XXIII): g, a type of adze, showing method of hafting; h, a scraper used in the process of tanning hides. Haida Indians, Dixon Entrance. Collected by James G. Swan. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack, PLATE XX CARVINGS ON ROCKS, AND STONE IMPLEMENTS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XxXI. TLINGIT CEREMONIAL BUCKSKIN SHIRT. Made of two thicknesses of buckskin, sewed up on the left side; open on the right. The neck-opening is slit to admit the head. The figure is painted on the front in black and red colors, and represents the totem of the Bear. Cat. No. 130588, U.S. N. M. Tlingit Indians, Alaska. Lent by Max. B. Richardson, of Oswego, ING N46 PLATE XXI. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. TLINGIT CEREMONIAL BUCKSKIN SHIRT. THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 279 Slave-killers.—These are ceremonial implements formerly used by the chiefs in dispatching the slaves selected as victims of sacrifice on occasions of building a house, or on the death of a chief or other impor- tant personage, as described in Chapter xu. Some varieties of these instruments are illustrated in Plate xtvr. The pointed ends were driven by a quick blow into the skull of the victim, whose body was accorded special consideration in burial. They seem in general to have been made of bone, or of wood tipped with stone. Naturally, with the advent of the whites, this custom has had to be abandoned, and these implements have, in time, become very rare. We FOOD; IMPLEMENTS AND WEAPONS; HUNTING AND FISHING. FOOD: ITS PREPARATION AND HOW OBTAINED. Food.—Fish and berries form the staff of life amongst the Indians of this region. Around the summer camps, at all times, can be seen strips of halibut or salmon suspended in the smoke of the dwelling-houses, or drying in the open air on frames erected for the purpose. In the sum- mer season there is an abundance of all kinds of food, but the energies of the Indians are directed to laying up a stock for winter’s use. Hali- but abound from March to November, and are readily caught on their favorite banks, known to the natives who camp near such localities. Halibut and salmon, fresh and dried, form the basis of the food supply. The salmon are caught during the “runs.” After the daily wants are supplied, and a sufficient number dried for winter’s use, the surplus fish are converted into oil. This oil, as well as all other kinds, is used as a sauce, into which nearly everything is dipped before eating. Seal and porpoise flesh, or blubber, is esteemed a great delicacy, although they will not eat whale’s blubber for superstitious reasons. Any kind of meat of wild animals is eaten when procurable, but it is only in recent years that they have ever salted down or dried meat for winter’s use. Other kinds of fish, such as- cod, herring, and eulachon, are much esteemed. During the run of herring large quantities are dried or pressed into oil. Eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), the so-called “candle-fish,” a kind of smelt, run in March and April at the mouth of the Skeena, Nass, and Stikeen Rivers. These have the greatest proportion of fatty matter known in any fish. In frying they melt almost completely into oil, and need cnly the insertion of some kind of a wick to serve as a candle. Fish roe—The roe of fish is: esteemed a great delicacy, and great care is taken to collect it in the water, or remove it from captured fish. It is either eaten fresh, or dried and preserved for winter’s use, when it is eaten in two ways: (1) It is pounded between two stones, diluted with water, and beaten with wooden spoons into a creamy consistency ; or (2) it is boiled with sorrel and different dried berries, and molded in wooden frames into cakes about 12 inches square and 1 inch thick. Herbs and berries.—Roots, herbs, berries, and snails are amongst the luxuries of the summer season. Raspberries, salmon berries, straw- berries, currants, red and blue huckleberries, salal, and thimble berries abound late in the summer. Some of these are collected and dried for 276 . THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. Pater winter’s use, forming, with the dried fish, the principal winter’s supply Poole (1863) says of the Haida, that they often, through feasting or improvidence, eat up all the dried berries before spring, and “ were it not for a few bulbs which they dig out of the soil in the early spring- time, while awaiting the halibut season, numbers of Indians really would starve to death.” * Portlock mentions the root of the wild lily as very much used by the Tlingit. Crab-apples are found, but are scarcely edible. Wild parsnips are abundant and palatable. Many years ago an American ship cap- tain gave the Indians potatoes, and they are now regularly cultivated, and form a considerable item in the winter food supply. Other vegeta- bles may be and are grown. Near all the villages now may be seen patches of ground planted, however, principally in potatoes. Oil.—Fish is eaten dried by breaking it up and soaking the bits in fish-oil or grease, having the consistency of uncooled jelly. This oil is obtained from seals, porpoises, herring, salmon, eulachon, goat, deer, bear, and the livers of the dog-fish, shark, and other vertebrates. It is the odor of this rancid oil which permeates everything Indian, and renders a visit to a lodge on the northwest coast somewhat. of an ordeal. Invertebrates.—Invertebrates and several species of marine algae or sea-weed are eaten. Of the former there are clams, crabs, cuttle-fish, and mussels or oysters, the last named being often poisonous at certain seasons. The clams, echinoderms, and sea-weed are gathered at ebb tide. The shell fish are usually eaten in the winter months. Sea-weed.—The sea-weed is dried for winter’s use and pressed into a kind of cake, like plug tobacco. A species of it, quite black when dried, is used for making a dish called sopallaly, of which the Indians are im- moderately fond. This is made by breaking up a very small piece of the pressed sopallaly cake into little bits in a bowl or dish and adding warm water. It is then beaten with a wooden spoon and sugar is added. It froths and foams like the white of an egg or like soap, and gradually turns from a terra-cotta color to white. Berries, fresh or dried, are sometimes added, and the mixture is consumed with avidity by old and young. Langsdorff (1805) says in spring and summer the Tlingit gather several sorts of sea-weed, which, “‘ when cooked, make a bitterish sort of soup.” t He mentions also “a sort of square cake made-of the bark of the spruce fir, pounded and mixed with the roots, berries and train oil.” t Bark.—The inner bark of the spruce and hemlock forms an important part of the food supply of the Haida, Tlingit, and Tsimshian. The southern Indian eats pine bark. Plate xx, Fig. 79a, shows a stone scraper used by the northern Indians for removing this inner bark from the trunk. The scrapings are molded into cakes about a foot square * Poole, Queen Charlotte Islands, p. 315. t Langsdorff, Voyages, Pt. 11, p. 131, 278 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. and an inch thick, dried and preserved for winter’s use. It is eaten, like dried fish, with oil as a sauce. Birds.—The Indians are remarkably fond of wild fowl, but the diffi- culties of shooting and entrapping them with their ordinary imple- ments and means have made them a very inconsiderable source of their food supply. At certain seasons, however, they capture them by strat- egy. Wild geese they catch after they have shed their large wing feathers and are unable to fly.* At other times they hunt wild fowl by night with torches and fell them with clubs. Poole (1864) thus de- scribes bird slaughtering amongst the Kwakiutl: The birds, which are small but plump, burrow their holes in the sand-banks on the shores. When the slaughtering season arrives the Indians prepare torches composed of long sticks having the tips smeared with gum taken from the pine trees. Armed with handy clubs, they then place these lighted torches at the mouths of the holes, and as soon as the birds, attracted by the glare, flutter forth, they fell them to the ground.t Birds’ Eggs.—Birds’ eggs are collected, wherever possible, in early summer. The Haida derive their supply from the outlying rocks of the Queen Charlotte Islands. The Kaigani make trips out to Forrester and other islands. Each location is pre-empted by particular families, and considered hereditary property, which is handed down from gen- eration to generation. Cooking and Preparation of Food.—Dried fish, bark, roe, ete., are eaten with grease or oil, as before stated. Salmon roe is buried in boxes on the beach, washed by the tide, and eaten in a decomposed state. The heads of salmon and halibut are esteemed a great luxury when putrefied in the tide or salt water. Meat is either broiled on a stick, roasted on hot stones, or boiled in a kettle. Before the intro- duction of kettles, meat was boiled in a wooden dish or water-tight basket by means of red hot stones added to the water. Fresh fish and cuttle fish are always cooked. Oil is extracted from the livers of dog- fish and stranded sharks and whales, to sell to the whites. Oil is ob- tained in differentlocalities from salmon, herring, eulachon, and pollock. The fish is usually allowed to partially putrefy and then boiled in wooden boxes by means of hot stones dropped in the water. The grease or oil is skimmed from the surface. The refuse is squeezed in mats, and the grease obtained is stored in boxes. Sometimes this grease or oil is run into the hollow stalks of giant kelp, which have been tanned or pre- pared beforehand as follows: The stalks are soaked in fresh water to extract the salt, dried in the sun or in the smoke of the dwelling, and then toughened and made pliable with oil, rabbed thoroughly in. In this form of storage the oil is as portable as in bottles, or in jars, with less danger of breakage. Birds or wild fowls are toasted on a stick before a slow fire without any previous plucking or cleaning, and the feathers and skin removed afterward. The entrails are supposed to add a decidedly better flavor to the bird. *Portlock, Voyage, p. 265. + Poole, Queen Charlotte Islands, p. 284, EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII. PRIMITIVE STONE IMPLEMENTS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST, WITH WOODEN WEDGE FOR Fig. Fig. Fig. 81. 86. SPLITTING WoobD. STONE HAMMER OR SLEDGE. Head of basalt; haftof wood. The drawing shows method of hafting. Cat. No. 88820, U.S. N. M. Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. 2, STONE SLEDGE. Head of basalt; handle of wood; lashing of spruce root. Cat. No. 88815, U.S. N. M. Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. . STONE PESTLE. For grinding paint, and sometimes used as a hand weapon. Cat. No. 89011, U.S. N. M. Haida Indians, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. 84. WooDEN WEDGE. Body of spruce or cedar; lashing on the head of twisted spruce root. Used in splitting logs and getting out timber for industrial purposes. Cat. No. 72679, U.S. N. M. Makah Indians, Cape Flattery, Washington. Collected by James G. Swan. 5. STONE SLEDGE. Head of basalt; lashing of raw-hide. Cat. No. 20596, U. S. N. M. Kwakiutl Indians, Bella Bella, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. STONE SLEDGE. Head of basalt; lashing of spruce root. Cat. No. 20893, U.S. N. M. Kaigani Indians (Haida), Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. Collected by James G. Swan. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE XXII Tn Paes eee: ‘ PRIMITIVE STONE IMPLEMENTS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST, WITH WOODEN WEDGE FOR SPLITTING WOOD. THE INDIANS OF THE NORTIIWEST COAST. 2709 When the salmon or halibut are caught, it is the duty of the women to clean and dry them. The head is cut off, the fish slit down the back, back-bone and entrails removed, and the tail and fins cut off. The cleaned fish is then cut into long flakes, which are hung on a wooden frame, and cured, without salt, either in the sun or by means of a slow fire beneath. Sometimes they are dried in the smoke of the dwellings. The fish when dried are either wrapped in bark or stored in chests or boxes, and stowed for future use out of the reach of the dogs and children. When bear, deer, goats, or other game are killed, the skin is not generally removed from the carcass until most of the flesh has been eaten. In this way the skin forms a wrapper to preserve and protect the flesh. Grease obtained by boiling the meat is skimmed from the surface of the water and esteemed a great delicacy. INDUSTRIAL IMPLEMENTS OR TOOLS. ~ In general.—Primitive tools were of stone, the most common edged ones being of flint, or a peculiar hard green jadeite, or, where possible to obtain it, of jade, which last named they got from the north in trade. Rough tools and implements, such as sledges, hammers, mortars, pes- tles, scrapers, etc., were of igneous rock, roughly carved in the totem of the owner. The knives for more delicate carvings in wood were of copper, flint, jade, or the bones of fishes and mammals, the work being smoothed down with shark skin used as a sand-paper. Steel: has now been substituted for stone in all of their tools, but the native shape has been in a measure retained. Hummers and Sledges.—These were of hard igneous stone, rudely carved, and are used here and there even to this day. Figs. 81, 82, 85, and 86, Plate XxII, represent a variety of these as regards shapes, sizes, and methods of hafting, while Plate xx, Figs. 79, b and ¢, show a very primitive form of hammer and sledge-head, respectively. Adzes.—A variety of adz-blades of a green jade-like stone are shown in Fig. 79, same plate, d,e,and f. Figs. 88 and 89, Plate xxtu1, are other varieties of this pick-shaped blade, of which Figs. 90 and 91 show methods of hafting. A more handy variety of adz, for finishing and planing work, is shown in Fig. 79 g, f being a variety of blades as re- gards size. The methods of hafting this flat-shaped blade throughout the northwest coast are shown in Fig. 79 g and Figs. 87, 92, 93, and 94, Plate xxi. Iron or steel is now substituted for stone, and the favor- ite form is that made by sharpening the end of a broad flat file. Dixon (1787) says the only stone implement he saw amongst the Tlingit and Haida was an adze made of jasper, ‘‘ the same as those used by the New Zealanders.”* Knives.—Before the introduction of iron the only metal available was copper. This was not used for industrial purposes, as knives, on ac- * Dixon, Voyage, p. 224. 280 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. count of its softness. Chief reliance was placed in jade, flint, or other stone, and upon shells and bone. In the Emmons Collection in the Museum of Natural History in New York are two primitive Tlingit stone knives, with horn handles, and illustrated in. ~s. 99 a and 99 b. The handles are of deer horn, the blades of jade, ana _> lashing of buckskin. Marchand (1791) expressed his astonishment at che elab- orately carved posts in front of the Haida houses of Queen Charlotte Isl- ands, which, he says, were fashioned out with ‘‘a sharp stone, hafted on a branch of a tree, the bone of a quadru- ped, the bone of one fish and the rough skin of another.”* On the introduction of iron, which both Cook and Dixon attribute to the Russians, the Indians were not slow to adapt it to their pur- poses. Dixon says that in Captain Cook’s time “‘iron implements were then also in use” among the Tlingit and Haida, while, in 1787, their knives were ‘‘sovery thin that they bend them into a variety of forms, which answer their every purpose nearly as well as if they had recourse to a carpenter’s tool chest.”t This applies, however, == = = = — SSS S. — equally well to-day, as Plate xxtv will show. Figs. 97 to 103, inclusive, illus- Tey wand, trate a variety of knives from the north- Srone BLaADED KNIvEs. west coast, all of similar design or pat- (Haida. Emmons Collection. ) tern, those from the north, however, having their handles carved with totemic designs after the usual custom of this region. Figs. 95 and 96 represent fish knives of a simple pattern, which replaced those of shell formerly used. Fig. 103 represents a pat- tern not uncommon in the north, being, besides a dagger, an all around knife for carving, cleaning fish, cutting up game, etc., much as a bowie _ knife is used by the trapper of the interior. Scrapers.—T wo varieties of stone scrapers are shown in Plate xx, Fig. 79a and h. The former is a very primitive instrument used for scraping off the inner bark of the spruce and hemlock for food. The latter is a stone skin-scraper used in cleaning hides in the process of tanning. These are also of bone, as shown in Fig. 79% from the Emmons collection, and are often ornamented with totemic designs, as in the specimen shown. Mortars and pestles.—Stowed away in the older houses of the different * Quoted by J. G. Swan, in Smithson. Cont. to Knowledge, 267, p. 12. t Dixon, Voyage, p. 243. ¥. BY iy eraebe aes ca EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII. PRIMITIVE STONE AND STEEL IMPLEMENTS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST. . STONE ADZE. Rudest form; showing mode of hafting. See Plate XX, 79f. Cat. No. 43284, U.S. N. M. Tlingit, Alaska. Collected by Com- mander Beardslee, U. 8S. Navy. 8. STONE ADZE BLADE. MHafting shown in Fig. 91. Cat. No. 88996, U.S. N. M. Tsimshian Indians, Fort Simpson, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. . Same as Fig.88. Cat. No. 89013, U.S. N. M. . STONE ADZE. With lashing of twisted spruce root. See also Plate XX, Fig. 79, dande. Cat. No. 88816, U.S. N. M. Masset Indians (Haida), Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. . Same as Fig. 90. Cat. No. 88720, U. S. N. M. 2, Han» ApzE. Blade of steel; handle of bone. Cat. No. 23376, U.S. N. M. Makah Indians (Wakashan stock), Cape Flattery, Washington. Col- lected by James G. Swan. 3. ApzE. Blade of steel. Cat. No. 23462, U.S. N. M. Clallam Indians (Sal- ishan stock), Washington. Collected by James G. Swan. . ApzE. Blade of steel; general northwest type. Hafting same as used for- merly on stone blades. See Plate XX, Fig. 79 f. Kwakiutl Indians, Bella Bella, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE XXIII. PRIMITIVE STONE AND STEEL IMPLEMENTS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST. Sela 3 pir as 4o8) 5) Fig. 95 Fig. 96. His, 9 Fig. 98. Ine, SE) Fig. 100. Fig. 101. Fig. 102. Fig. 108. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXiV. INDUSTRIAL IMPLEMENTS OR TOOLS—KNIVES FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST. FIsH KNIFE. Steel. Used in cleaning and preparing fish for drying. Cat. No. 74373, U.S. N. M. Tlingit, Sitka, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. FIsH KNIFE. Steel, with copper handle. Cat. No. 88772, U.S. N. M. Haida Indians, Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. . WOOD-CARVING KNIFE. Blade of steel. Theend of the blade is curved to make the deep cuts of relief-carving. Cat. No. 129977a, U.S. N. M. Kwakiutl Indians, Fort Rupert, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. WoOOD-CARVING KNIFE. Straight blade of steel; handle carved to represent a sea-lion. Cat. No. 1299776, U. S. N. M. Kwakiutl Indians, Fort Rupert, Vancouver Island British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. WOOD-CARVING KNIFE. Cat. No. 129978a, U. S. N. M. Kwakiutl In- dians, Fort Rupert, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. g WOOD-CARVING KNIFE. Cat. No. 129978b, U. S. N. M. Kwakiutl In- dians, Fort Rupert, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. WOOD-CARVING KNIFE. Curved end of blade. Cat. No. 20831, U.S. N. M. Kaigani Indians. Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. Collected by James G. Swan. WoOoD-CARVING KNIFE. Carving represents Hooyeh, the raven. Cat. No. 67831, U.S, N. M. Tlingit Indians, Sitka, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. KNIFE. Used asa weapon and for carving wood, cutting up meat, fish, etc. Cat. No. 74267,U.S. N.M. Tlingit Indians, Sitka, Alaska. Col- lected by John J. McLean. Report of Nationai Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE XXIV. INDUSTRIAL IMPLEMENTS OR TOOLS—KNIVES FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST. THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 281 villages are now found large and small stone mortars and pestles, sur- prisingly well carved in totemic designs. These were by some people supposed to indicate that in early days these Indians ground maize, as did and do the hunting Indians of the interior, but such is not the case, as they were unacquainted with cereals of any kind. These mortars were used for an entirely different purpose. In the larger ones were ground and prepared the tobacco plug. for chewing; in the smaller were mixed and ground the different paints used for the body, masks, carvings, and all the various purposes to which these native pigments were and are now applied. Fig. 83, Plate xxi, represents a paint-pestle, which was also used as a weapon or missile, carried in the hand in times of local feuds, brawls, and quarrels. Fig. 83a represents a pestle of this kind in the Emmons Col- lection already referred to. Another variety of pestle is sh vu in Plate Lx, Fig 338. Fig.339 of same plate is an ancient tobacco mortar of marble or calcite, neatly carved on the exterior with a totemic design. Other mortars carved in likeness of frogs, birds, fishes, and flower-pots are found throughout the northern region. Wedges.—These are usually of wood and formerly were entirely so. Now, however, iron wedges are some- times used. These, in any case, are for splitting up logs into boards, and in getting out timber in the rough generally. A very useful type of wooden wedge is shown in Fig. 84, Plate xxi, general throughout the coast. ‘These were used in connection with the heavy sledges shown in the same plate. The heads of the ny Fig. 83a. PAINT PESTLE. (Tlingit. Emmons Collection. ) Fig. 79k. BONE SKIN SCRAPER. (Tlingit. Emmons Collec- tion. ) wedges are protected, or prevented from splitting, by a grommet woven from tough withes or from spruce root and put on as shown in the - 282 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. illustration. The skill with which hugeslabs, rafters, and boards are gotten out with the rough tools employed is surprising. Chisels.—A primitive type of chisel is shown in Fig. 78, consisting of a green stone blade mounted in a wooden handle. The blade is similar in shape to those of the adzes. ‘This instrument was used in roughing down the surface, the smoothing being done by scraping with sharp-edged shells or stones, or even by rubbing with shark or dog-fish skin to get a finished surface. Drills.—Woles, where drilled, were made by patient digging with a pointed instrument of stone or bone, or by driving ina copper spike and withdrawing it. Joints were made by dovetailing, mortising, tonguing and grooving, or notching and lashing, great imgenuity being shown in avoiding the necessity for pegs or nails. Paint-brushes.—These are shown in all their varieties in Plate xLv, A and B, and are well adapted to the neat work demanded of them. Bristles, hair, and vege- table fiber are the materials used for the brush-heads. The handles of those from the northern region are carved with the usual totemic designs. Other tools and implements adapted to special uses in their arts and industries will be described in Chapter VIL. WEAPONS OF WAR AND OF THE CHASE. Weapons.—The principal weapons before the advent of the whites were clubs of wood and stone, bows and arrows, spears with shell, bone, flint, copper, or jade tips, and, above all, the dagger, the constant companion of the Indian of this region. CHISEL. Clubs.—These were of wood, of stone, or of stone (Emmons Collection.) hafted with wood. The hafted stone clubs were simply industrial implements already described and used for the time being as weapons. A Tsimshian stone war-club is illustrated in Fig. 122, Platexxvul. A Tlingit stone war-club in the Emmons Collection, New York, isshown in Fig. 119a. It is possible that the slave-killers, shown in Plate XLVI, were also carried as weapons, although no war-clubs of this type are now found in this region. Plate xxvii illustrates a variety of clubs used for different purposes. Fig. 132 is a war-club pure and simple, the others being hunting or fishing implements and used to give the death-blow to seals, sea-otters, or fish after their cap- ture by the different methods explained hereafter. These are all carved either with the totemic design of the owner or a representation of the animal itself. Hach club is used distinctly for the purpose of dispatch- THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST, 283 ing the animal for which it was made. Figs. 128 and 129 are sea-otter clubs; Figs. 130 and 131 are seal clubs. The halibut and other fish clubs are similar in design. A type not here illustrated is a round wooden knob with straight handle. Daggers.—Dixon (1787) says of the Haida and Tlingit: Their weapons are spears fixed to a pole & or 8 feet long, and a kind of short dagger, which is worn in a leather case, and tied round the body; to this dagger a leather thong is fastened, at the end of which is a hole for the middle finger; the leather is afterwards twisted round the wrist in order to fix the dagger firm in the hand, so that the warrior loses his weapon only with his life.* The handle is generally nearer one end than the other, giving a long blade and a short one. The leather sheath is usually strapped to the waist or hung about the neck, concealed be- neath the blanket. The handle is small in diameter, wrapped with leather, and secured by a thong to the wrist when carried in the hand. The blades are flat and thicker down the middle than towards the edges, being generally grooved on each side of the center ridge. All varieties of patterns, how- ever, are found, the different types being well represented in Plate xxv, of which Fig. 108 represents a primi- tive dagger of copper inlaid with hali- otis shell, while Fig. 107 is the same type, of steel, with copper mountings. See Fig. 107d is a sheath of buckskin for Fig. 1220. the short blade of the dagger, and 107e STONE WAR-CLUB. the same for the long blade, the latter Oe aug arta, having, aS shown, a strap to go about the neck. The dagger shown in Fig. 107 is from the Copper River Indians, but is clearly a Tlingit type, having undoubtedly reached that region in the course of trade. Fig. 106 shows a one-bladed dagger with acarved handle. Fig. 104, with its three details, a, b,and ¢, shows the method of securing the handle to the blade. Fig. 105 is a Tlingit chiet’s dagger. The edges of all of them are rather dull and the points somewhat blunt, but the execution which these deadly weapons do is in the force with which they are driven into an ——— * Dixon, Voyage, p. 244. 284 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. adversary. The two primitive types of copper daggers seen by Dixon (1787) in this region are reproduced from sketches in his Voyage, p. 188, in Plate xxvu, Figs. 116 and 117. Amongst the Aleut and Tinné to Sad Bee ote GUS A Sein, eal Fig. 1080. STONE DAGGER. (Tlingit. Fig. 108c. STONE-BLADED DAGGER. (Tlingit. Emmons Collection. ) Emmons Collection. ) the north the type of dagger is that shown in Fig. 118, described also by Portlock (1787)*. This type is fonnd in the Yukon region and well * Portlock, Voyage, p. 261. Fig. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV. COPPER AND STEEL DAGGERS WITH SHEATHS OF BUCKSKIN AND Moose HIDE. 104 ig. 108 . DaGcER. Steel blade; cedar-wood handle, showing method of attach- ment. Cat. No. 74264, U. S. N. M. Tlingit Indians, Sitka, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. 5). DAGGER. Steel blade; carved wooden handle, representing an Indian chief sitting. (Sheath of moose hide to the left.) Cat. No. 74262, U. S.N.M. Tlingit Indians, Sitka, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. . DAGGER. Steel blade; carved cedar-wood handle. Cat. No. 76463, U.S. N. M. Tlingit Indians, Sitka, Alaska. Collected by James G. Swan. . DOUBLE-BLADED DAGGER. With copper mountings; Tlingit type. Prob- ably acquired by Copper River Indians through trade. Fig. 107e is buckskin sheath with neck-strap. Fig. 107d is the sheath for the short blade. Cat. No. 88702, U. S. N. M. Atna or Copper River Indians (Athapaskan stock), Alaska. Collected by James G. Swan. . DAGGER. Of copper; double-headed; primitive type; elaborately chased and inlaid with abalone shell. Cat. No. 89020, U.S. N. M. Haida In- dians, Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Islands. British Columbia. Col- lected by James G. Swan. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE XXV. = SS warren: Loe. SS EE — — Ua =) a \ = =) 2 — = SSS = ee Ue a Eee Sle ee as cori fl ORAS SSH -(-|7 ”% SG REN igs Wisin rr = ; hice RNa Rakha Alin See Se oe ~\\! < eS ASDORS SS SS SSS » SIS, SA) S85 GENERAL TYPE OF HAIDA AND TLINGIT OPEN-WORK TWINED BASKETRY. THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. old colored wild wheat straws are used in this relief ornamentation. The borders at the top of the baskets are formed by turning under the warp threads and cutting them off. Cir- cular covers, likewise ornamented, are fitted to baskets of the type of Figs. 181 and 182. These frequently have an ingeniously woven compart- ment in the top in which small peb- bles are enclosed, and which rattle when shaken. Fig. 187 illustrates the method of making this style of basket amongst the Haida, taken from a sketch in Professor Mason’s SLesesees ( STAKE ecescreoe Fig. 188. DETAILS OF FIG. 187. article on ‘‘A boriginal Basket-work” already referred to. Of it he says: The method of manufacture of Haida twined basketry as shown by Mr. J.G. Swan in a specimen collected expressly for the National Museum (Fig. 187, No. 88956. Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia). Mr. Swan says: “ This style of making baskets differs from that of Cape Flattery. There the women sit on the ground and weave baskets and mats, both of which rest on the ground. With the Haidas the mats are suspended on a frame and the baskets supported on a stick asin the figure. The black color of the spruce root used in making ornamental patterns is produced by soaking it in the mud. Fig. 188 shows the bottom of the basket made by the twining process. The border of the bottom is marked off by a row of double weaving or a twine built (Eee se, onaaly dae twany” outside the body of the basket.” * * Smithsonian Report, 1884, Part I, p. 297. Aboriginal Basket-work, Mason. Fig. 187. HAIDA BAskKET, SET UP. o16 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. The principal difference between the styles of baskets shown in Figs. 181 and 182 is in the size, the former being broader and flatter than the latter, which is about 9 inches deep and 64 inches in diameter. Fig. 184 represents a 12 by 12 inch twined circular basket made by tie Chilcat Indians with embroidered design on the exterior. Fig. 189 represents a basket wallet of the same type as the above, but flattened into the shape in which they are usually carried. The colors used in the ornamentation are black and red. This style of basketry, as all others, is copied by the Haida, who, however, use gaudier colors and are not quite so expert as their northern Tlingit neighbors. The specimen illustrated in Fig. 189 is No. 21560, U.S. National Museum. Fig. 190a, Mi AT ease > rnin -S EE = ate he net awe = res PETTY me Fig. 189. TWINED AND EMBROIDERED BASKET WALLET. (Cat. No. 21560, U.S.N.M. Chilkat Indians, Alaska. Collected by Dr. J. B. White, U. S. A.) Plate XXXVII, represents a general type-of both Haida and Tlingit open-work twined basket, the details of the twine weaving being shown in b of the same plate. This is reproduced from Professor O. T. Mason’s article on ‘‘ Aboriginal Basket-work” already referred to. Dishes.—In nothing more than in their wooden and horn dishes have these Indians been conservative. Portlock and Dixon (1787), Marchand (1791), and Lisiansky (1805), all describe the same types of household utensils as are found to-day in this region. A few of the general va- rieties of wooden dishes are shown in Plates XXXVIII, XXXIX, and XL. These are usually carved from blocks of spruce wood, ornamented with rows of shells, and have in more or less elaborate detail the totem of the owner etched or carved upon them. Often the carving represents ~ some legend of the coast; again, a mythical animal. With regard EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII. TLINGIT CEREMONIAL AND HOUSEHOLD FOOD-DISHES. Fig. 191. Feast DisH. A deep wooden trough used by the chiefs in the feasts ac- companying their numerous ceremonials. The edge is inlaid with a double row of opercula and the ends faintly etched and painted in a totemic design in red and black. Cat. No. 60158, U.S. N. M. Tlingit Indians, Sitka, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. Fig. 192. Feast DisH. Flat, shallow vessel of same character and locality as above. These are the extremes of feast dishes in depth, style of orna- mentation, and shape. The carved figure on each end represents the eagle. These two types are found also amongst the Haida and Tsim- shian. Cat. No. 60167, U.S. N. M. Sitka, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. Foop DisHEs. Fig. 193, Cat. No. 74401; Fig. 194, Cat. No. 74425; Fig: 195, Cat. No. 74402; Fig. 196, Cat. No. 74414; Fig. 197, Cat. No. 74412. All from Tlingit In- dians, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. x PLATE XXXVIII. Report of National Museum, 1888,—Niblack. TLINGIT CEREMONIAL AND HOUSEHOLD FOOD-DISHES. Fig. ralOG: 199: . 200. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX. TYPES OF WOODEN HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST. TREASURE OR TRINKET Box. Of wood, with ornamental top and handle of cord. Some of these boxes are as large as 2 by 3 feet. Cat. No. 60175, U.S. N. M. Hootznahoo Indians, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. Foop DisH. Wood, with rounded sides; totemic carvings. Side view. Compare Fig. 195, Plate XXXVIII. Cat. No. 891538, U. S. N. M. Haida Indians, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected _by James G. Swan. Foop DisH. Ornamented with opercula. Compare Fig. 196, Plate XXXVIII. Cat. No. 67936, U. S. N. M. Tlingit Indians, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. . LADLE. Cat. No. 60165, U.S. N.M. Tlingit Indians, Sitka, Alaska. Col- lected by John J. McLean. 2. Bown. Cat. No. 60165, U.S. N. M. Tlingit Indians, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. PLATE XXXIX. Niblack. Report of National Museum, 1888. TYPES OF WOODEN HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST. Fig. 2 Fig. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL. FOOD-DISHES FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST. . OIL Bow. Design, a sea-gull. Cat. No. 20856, U.S. N. M. Stikine In- dians, Fort Wrangell, Alaska. Collected by James G. Swan. 4. Bow. Design, Olalla, the mountain demon, and Kaltz-da, the crow. Cat. No, 89136, U.S. N. M. Haida Indians, Skidegate, British Colum- bia. Collected by James G. Swan. 5. Bown. Of wood. Design, a version of same legend as that of Fig. 204. Cat. No. 89134, U. S. N. M. Haida Indians, Skidegate, British Colum- bia. Collected by James G. Swan. . Foop DisH. Design, a seal and legendary carving. Ornamented with opercula of shells. Cat. No. 67902, U.S.N.M. Tlingit Indians, Sitka, Alaska. Collected by John J. McLean. . Bown. Of wood. Handles represent human faces. Cat. No. 20858, U. S.N.M. Stikine Indians, Fort Wrangell, Alaska. Collected by James G. Swan. . DisH. Of wood. Design, Tsing, the beaver. Cat. No. 89133, U.S. N. M. Haida Indians, Skidegate, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. . DisH. Design, Skam-son, the sparrowhawk. Cat. No. 88862, U.S. N.M. Haida Indians, Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Collected by James G. Swan. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE XL. FOOD-DISHES FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST. THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 317 to the materials of which these native dishes are made, they may be divided into wooden and horn. In shapes they may be classified as boat-shaped, flat, square, round, spherical, oblong, and_tub-shaped. They are all essentially food dishes, but one or two exceptions will here- after benoted. Inthelarge feasts given by the chiefs, ceremonial dishes are used, differing in size and character from the ordinary household variety. Figs. 191 and 192, Plate xxxvVIII, represent the two extremes of this type of dish, the former being deep, painted in totemic design, and ornamented with opercula, while the latter is shallow and deeply carved but not otherwise ornamented. Figs. 195 and 199 represent another type of ordinary food dish with rounded sides and elaborate relief carving, the former being a top and the latter a side view. Uther varieties are discussed in connection with the explanations of illustrations. - Fig. 198 is a carved wooden treasure-box. The larger boxes of- this type are used for transportation, and storage cases for dog- fish oils, dried fish, and other food supplies, and are often as large as 24 inches in height by 14 inches in breadth. These must be distin- guished from the household boxes used for the storage of goods and chattels. These latter are lighter and more beautifully carved and painted. The former are heavier and clumsier, and, although carved, are generally soiled with oil and grease. It is in this style of box that the Indians transport eulachon and other kinds of oil, grease, or fats in quantities of 100 pounds or more. The chests or household boxes are described in another paragraph. Boxes of a shape corresponding to Higs. 195 and 199, also used for food and supplies of grease, are often as large as 20 inches in length by 12 inches in height. Fig. 209, Plate XL, represents a tub-shaped dish, ornamented with a totemic de- sign. A specimen of this kind in the U.S. National Museum measures 32 inches in length and 17 inches in extreme height. It may be noted in passing that these native wooden dishes are now being rapidly su- perseded by cheap earthernware purchased from the traders. Dishes and spoons have been made on the coast from the horns of the mountain sheep and goat from time immemorial. The Haida have excelled all others, however, in the art of carving in general and inlaying in shell, yet curiously enough they have to get the horn by trade with the Tsimshian and Tlingit on the mainland, as the goats and sheep are only found in the loftiest parts of the main coast ranges. Fig. 217 repre- sents an end view of an elaborately carved Haida horn dish, of which a side view is not unlike Fig. 209. A top view of a similar dish isshown in Fig. 222. ~ Spoons and ladles.—Plates XLI and XLIt illustrate a sufficient variety of spoons to give an idea of how elaborately so simple a household article as this is carved and ornamented. The first mentioned plate shows a variety of horn spoons, Fig. 218 being a representative one in 318 - REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. point of size, although it is severely plain and unornamented. Looking at a horn of a mountain sheep it seems difficult to conceive how the Indians can get so large a spoon out of such a curled and unpromising looking object. The bowl] of the spoon comes from the largest part; the handle runs the full length to the tip, and is afterwards straightened out by steaming it. In general, spoons are shaped by steaming in a wooden mould made in two pieces, and scored out inside to the required shape. This type of great horn spoon is usually elaborately and deeply carved — in totemic design, and sometimes inlaid with abalone shell. They are preserved as heirlooms iu the families and considered of great value. A not uncommon type of spoon is shown in Figs. 210, 212, 213, and 221, the bow! being trom the horn of a mountain sheep and the handle a mountain goat horn, elaborately carved in a legendary or totemic de- sign. The handle is very ingeniously secured to the bowl by a sort of tongue and groove rivetted through with copper. The significance of the carvings on the handles of those shown in the plate, as far as known to the writer, is given in the explanation of the figures. The spoons shown in Figs. 211, 214, and 219 are made entirely of the horns of the mountain goat, the bowls being formed by splitting the horn at the base and rolling it out flat by steaming and bending it. Fig. 220 is a plain sheep-horn spoon, similar in shape to the wooden one shown in Fig. 238. The long, flat putty-knife or spatula-shaped objects shown in Plate XLII are berry spoons. or ceremonial feast spoons, made of wood and carved or painted in totemic design. These are shown in different views, well illustrating the variety of shapes. Fig. 224 of the pre- ceding plate represents a pair of spoons of this type carved from whale- bone and obtained at Sitka, Alaska. A most elaborately carved pair of wooden ceremonial spoons in the collection resemble the orea or. whale-killer. Other types of ordinary wooden spoons are shown in Figs. 233, 237, 238, and 239. Fig. 274, Plate LI, illustrates a wooden ceremonial spoon of enormous size found amongst the Haida, the bowl having a capacity of two quarts. This is used in the ceremonies attending the initiation of young men into*the responsibilities of rank, when the novice must publicly drink to the last drop the contents of the bowl consisting of fish oil, without removing the spoon from his lips. The exact nature of this ceremony is not understood by the writer, but this use for such a large spoon has been explained to him by several people well versed in Haida customs. Fig. 201, Plate XXXIX, represents a carved wooden oil ladle or spoon. Household boxes or chests.—These are for the stowage or packing away of ceremonial paraphernalia and the goods and chattels of the household. They vary in size and shape, as shown in Plate LI. . The oblong chests are simply great wooden boxes with heavy bottoms and peculiarly shaped lids. The sides of these are made either in two or in four pieces. When made in two pieces a thin wide piece of cedar is bent at right angles by means of hot water, forming a side and an end, Fig. ig. 213. Fig. EC PILANZAIFIION ©F IPILAINE 2 canal, near Point Nelson, is as follows: Near the ruins of a few temporary huts of the natives we found a box about 3 feet square and 14 feet deep, in which were the remains of a human skeleton, which appeared from the confused situation of the bones, either to have been cut to pieces, or thrust with great violence into this small space. These were not numerous, and from the circumstances they con- cluded that only “ certain persons” were thus entombed.t Another description by the same author (August, 1793) of a grave at cape Northumberland, Graving group, South Alaska, is as follows: On a high detached rock were the remains of a large village, much more exposed to the inclemency of the weather than any residence of the natives I have before seen. Here we found a sepulchre of a peculiar character. It was a kind of vault, formed partly by the natural cavity of the rocks and partly by the rude artists of the country. It was lined with boards, and contained some fragments of warlike imple- ments, lying near a square box covered with mats, and very curiously corded down.\§ This description is similar to one given to the writer by Judge J. G. Swan, of Port Townsend, Washington Territory, as found by him in 1883, in a cave on North Island of the Queen Charlotte group. From the descriptions that have been given it would appear that the primitive methods of sepulture in this region were far from uniform in their character. However, amongst those tribes which practised cre- *Vancouver, Voyage, Vol. 11, p. 260, { Ibid., Vol. 0, p. 351. t1bid., p. 290, § Lbid., p. 370. Fig. ig. 340. . ddl. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIV. HAIDA MORTUARY AND COMMEMORATIVE COLUMNS. From photographs by the author and from sketches in the U. S. National Museum. KaIGANI MorTUARY COLUMN, containing a box holding the ashes of the dead, at the ruins of the abandoned Kaigani village of Chasina, at the - entrance to Cholmondeley Sound, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. KaIGANI MORTUARY COLUMN, with compartment boarded up. This con- tains the remains of the dead in a box, and represents a departure from cremation to inhumation, or aerial sepulture, in imitation of the former custom of thus depositing the cremated remains. At Kasa-an, Prince of Wales Island. Alaska. . KAIGANI MORTUARY COLUMNS (aerial sepulture), supporting a box con- taining the body of the dead. At the partially abandoned village of Kaigani, Dall Island, Alaska. . Same as Fig. 340, but slightly different in form. g@. 344. HaipA COMMEMORATIVE COLUMN, with sign-board-like ainebinent at the top. This is imitation of the style of post shown in Fig. 341, and as such is a survival of, or emblematic of, the former custom of crema- tion. This style of post is erected in front of the house of the deceased, while the body is deposited at some distance from it. It is erected to commemorate the dead, as explained in Chapter VII. . HatpA COMMEMORATIVE COLUMN, of same type as Fig. 344, but with two columns, in imitation of the type shown in Fig. 342. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE LXIV. IN MN SA de A a Bliss: ne “ik (\\ra ie | aL ‘i Lae \ A Ey. a con nih seg ote === ae =< HAIDA MORTUARY AND COMMEMORATIVE COLUMNS. Fig . 346 . d47. . 348 g. 349 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXV. 346 347 348 349 MODERN TLINGIT GRAVES, ALASKA. From photographs and sketches by the author. . SHAMAN’S GRAVE. Of the general type found amongst the Tlingit. GRAVE OF CHIEF SHUSTOCKS. On Shustocks Point, opposite the village of Wrangell. The pole is surmounted by the carved figure of a black bear. . NORTHERN TLINGIT DEAD-HOUSE. Containing the carved and orna- mented boxes in which are deposited the cremated ashes of the dead. From a sketch made by the writer, Sitka, Alaska. . GRAVE OF INDIAN CHIEF. Surmounted by the carved wooden figure of a wolf, indicating the totem of the deceased. Fort Wrangell, Alaska. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE LXV. MODERN TLINGIT GRAVES, ALASKA. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVI. 390 3d] 352 MODERN TLINGIT GRAVES, ALASKA. Drawn from photographs in the U. S. National Museum. Fig. 350. GROUP OF MODERN TLINGIT GRAVES. Naha Bay. Method of sepulture under missionary influence. The body is inclosed:in a casket and buried in the ground. Over it is temporarily erected a cotton sheeting tent, as shown on the left of the view. Later ona wooden monument, surmounted by a cross, is erected, or a picket fence built around the grave site. Fig. 351. GROUP OF TLINGIT GRAVES. On a small high-water island off the village of Tongass, Alaska. A curious combination of customs is shown in the left center of the view, where the grave is inclosed by a picket fence, but marked by a carved figure of an eagle, the totem of the de- ceased. Fig. 352. Group OF TLINGIT GRAVES and dead-houses at Sitka, Alaska. The graves are of the general type where burial is practiced, but in the dead-houses are deposited the remains of those cremated, as in Fig. 348, Plate LXV. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE LXVI. as" jul Za Nae 4 (ts eae = Ay MODERN TLINGIT GRAVES, ALASKA. iy eee Kat x THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 3090 mation, the custom very generally obtained cf depositing the ashes in boxes mounted on columns or on shelves or compartments in the col- umns themselves. DEPOSITORY OF ASHES. Vancouver describes a method which he saw at Cross Sound, in 1793, as follows : Here were erected two pillars, 15 feet high and 4 feet in circumference, painted white; on the top of each was placed a large square box; on examining one of them it was found to contain many ashes and pieces of burnt bones, which were considered to behuman. ‘These relics were carefully wrapped up in skins and old mats, and at the base of the pillars was placed an old canoe in which were some paddles.* Plate LxIv., Figs. 340 and 343, show two types of primitive Haida sepulture of cremated ashes, on the site of the ancient and abandoned Kaigani village of Chasina, at the entrance of the Cholmondeley Sound, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. The boxes containing the ashes have somewhat fallen into decay, but are seen on the shelves. This is the most primitive form of the sepulture of ashes. Fig. 341 is the sketeh of a column at Kasa-an, Prince of Wales Island (Kaigani) in which the shelf and compartment containing the ashes are boarded up. This was generally the custom, and a curious survival of it is shown in Fig. . 344, from Masset (Queen Charlotte Islands), in which the boards are simply nailed across the top of the post or column in the semblance of a box, while the body itself is deposited elsewhere in some other form of sepulture. In this we have both a commemorative column and an imitation of the ancient or former method of depositing the ashes, very much as to-day the funeral urn in marble marks with us, in some instances, the site of a grave in which the body is inhumed. The form given to the cross boards is that of an end or one side of a funeral box carved with the totem of the deceased. Fig. 342 of the same plate represents another form of depositing, in which the compartment con- taining the body of the dead or the boxes of ashes is borne between two plain columns or posts from about 6 to 10 feet apart, there being room for the body or two or more boxes on the shelf. This is also boarded up. The sketch is from one by the writer, made at the village of Kaigani, near Cape Muzon (latitude 549, 38’ N.). the southernmost village of Alaska. There is every reason to believe that at this now almost abandoned village we tind the most primitive form in which these depositories existed. Marchand, who visited the Queen Char- lotte Islands in 1791, says: These monuments are of two kinds; the first and most simple are composed only of a wooden column about 10 feet high and 1 foot in diameter, on the summit of which planks are secured, forming a platform. In some this platform is supported by two columns. The corpse, deposited on this platform, is covered with moss and large stones. The graves of the second kind are more elaborate; four posts planted in the ground, and supporting, only 2 feet above the ground, a sarcophagus artistically or- namented and hermetically sealed.t . Vancouver, Voyage, Vol. 11, D. 242, +Marchand, Voyage, Tome Hl, pp. 135, 136. H. Mis. 142, pt. 2-23 304 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. As cremation preceded aerial deposit with the Haida, it is to be pre- sumed that the forms of sepulture illustrated in Figs. 340 to 343 in- elusive, from the Kaigani villages, antedate in type those described by Marchand. According to Lisiansky (1805) the same forms as described by the latter were found amongst the Tlingit at Sitka, excepting that the ashes were deposited instead of the corpse: The bodies here are burned, and the ashes, together with the bones that remain un- consumed, deposited in wooden boxes, which are placed on pillars, that have difter- ent figures painted and carved on them, according to the wealth of the deceased. On taking possession of our new settlement [Sitka] we destroyed a hundred at least of these, and I examined many of the boxes.* Fig. 345 represents a survival of the form of deposit in which the box is supported by two posts from the village of Skidegate, Queen Char- lotte Islands, the boards from post to post having the semblance of the end of a huge box, in which the ashes or remains were formerly de- posited. This is similarin significance to the one shown in Fig. 544, being a survival of the semblance of a former custom. Wherever cre- mation was practised in this region, it seems to have been the earlier custom to deposit the ashes in boxes on columns. These latter must - however be distinguished from the strictly commemorative columns erected to “ giorify the dead.” The carved columns, erected at the end of the village, as in Plate 111, stand somewhat between the two, having the double purpose of “ glorifying the dead” and serving as mortuary col- umns, to symbolize the old and mark the new form of the interment: of the remains. While they do not in themselves serve as a sepul!chre or receptacle, they seem in a vague way to have had their origin in the ancient custom of depositing the dead in boxes on or shelves in these carved columns. The origin of the custom of cremation amongst the northern tribes of this region seems traceable to the belief that a piece of the flesh in the possession of an enemy gave him the power to work evil to his spirit and to his kin. This belief in witchcraft is general throughout the coast. Dunn gives a curious illustration of thisamongst the Kwakiutl. He says of his dealings with them: This exasperated the Indians against me; and they gave me the name of shloapes, i. e., ‘stingy ;” and when near them, if I should spit, they would run and try to take up the spittle in something; for, according, as they afterwards informed me, they intended to give it to their doctor or magician; and he would charm my life away.t The bodies of warriors killed in battle were formerly cremated, the head being severed from the body and preserved in a box, supported by two poles over the box holding his ashes. This was the form of sepulchre described by Dixon amongst the Yakutat, as previously quoted in this chapter, the idea of cremation being to prevent an enemy from mutilating the body. Itis believed also amongst the Tlingit that the souls or spirits of those whose bodies are cremated will be very comfortable in the spirit world. Whatever may have been the origin *Lisiansky, Voyage, pp. 240, 241. +t Dunn, Oregon, pp. 246-247, THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 355 of cremation, with them it would seem that the reasons for it were not convincing to the larger portion of the southern Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian, where sepulture by interment is practised similar to our method of burial. Amongst the northern Tlingit, where cremation is still practised to a considerable extent, the present form of sepulture is that shown in Fig. 352, Plate Lxv1, which represents a group of graves near Sitka similar to the type found in other northern Tlingit villages. They are simply frame houses, with a small window or opening in the side, through which the boxes containing the cremated ashes of the dead are introduced. The funeral boxes containing the ashes of the differ- ent members of a family rest side by side on the floor, raised a few feet above the ground, and are generally visible through the window. The form of construction and interior arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 348, Plate Lxv. The window is sometimes covered with a Chilkat blanket, as in the illustration, serving to adorn the outside, and to in- dicate that the remains of persons of wealth repose within. The wooden knob or ball on top is frequently replaced by a carved totemic figure. The dead houses are often painted with totemic designs on the outer walls, and ornamented with scalp locks and other trophies of the deceased. Cremation is not the universal practice even amongst the northern Tlingit, a large proportion of sepulture being by inhumation. Langs- dorff (1805) says that sometimes at Sitka, ‘ The corpse is laid out in a new chest, and interred in a remote part of the forest, commonly be- tween four trees forming a square.” Figs. 347 and 349, Plate Lxy, illustrate modified forms of sepulture at Fort Wrangell (Stikine) Alaska. The former is the grave of Chief Shustack, on Shustack Point, at the south entrance to Wrangell Anchorage, directly opposite the town. It represents a form of aerial sepulture, in that the remains are not actually buried in the ground, but remain above the surface en- closed in abox. Fig. 349 is that of an Indian chief of the Wolf totem, the form of construction being similar to that of Fig. 346, the grave of a shaman or medicine man. SHAMAN GRAVES. These are uniform in type amongst all the Tlingit, and have been the same from time immemorial, as their bodies have never been burned, for the reason that it is acommon superstition that fire will not touch them. The bodies are doubled up with the chin near the knees and the upper part covered with a bark or basket-work mat. The graves are of the type shown in Fig. 346, Plate Lxv, and are invariably located at some little distance from the village on a small island, conspicuous point, or high promontory, sometimes selected by themselves before death. The sepulchre itself consists of a small pen or enclosure of logs, usually ele- vated above the ground on four short posts, and facing towards the 506 | REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18838. water, the roof sloping back in the other direction. The body is borne to the grave in the canoe he used in life; is lowered into the sepulchre through an opening in the roof, and deposited on its side on the floor. With it are placed the talisman, charms, and paraphernalia which served in life to give the power of evil to their possessor. The canoe is hauled up on the beach near the grave with the paddles in it, in preparation for launching, and sometimes placed on rollers or skids.* These graves are usually along some frequented water-course, and are very conspicuous. Whenever an Indian passes one of them in his canoe he drops an offering of some value (usually a piece of tobacco) into the water to propitiate the yake of the deceased and bring fair winds and good luck to the superstitious donor. Amongst the Haida and Tsimshian, the shaman graves are usually small and made of split boards instead of logs, but are substantially the same in form as the Tlingit ones here described. The body is, how- ever, more usually deposited in a sitting posture. The only ones who have the privilege of looking intu these graves are the other shaman, who sometimes, under the inspiration of a dream, can goto them and remove certain charms of the deceased for their own use. The ordinary Indian, however, has a most wholesome dread of these graves, and be- lieves that if in passing one he sees any part of the bones protruding through the flesh either himself or some member of his family will soon die. ; SLAVES. The custom with regard to slaves that died a natural death was to throw the bodies into the sea or otherwise cast them aside. Certain slaves, however, were selected by a master to be killed or sacrificed at his funeral ceremonies, in order that their spirits might accompany his in the next world and minister to it as they did to him in life. Those so selected esteemed it a great honor, as their bodies were accorded the same sepulture as their master’s. In ease of cremation the bodies of the slaves were cremated with that of their master, or in case of inter- ment were buried with it, thus securing to their spirits a comfortable time in the next world. Slaves killed on the occasion of a person of consequence building a house or giving a great feast were accorded also the right of burial of a freeman. There is, therefore, no special form of sepulture for slaves. CHRISTIAN BURIAL. Under the religious influence of missionaries the Indians have been led to give up many of their former customs, and inhumation or inter- ment is gradually supplanting all other forms of sepulture. Fig. 350, writer by Lieut. D. W. Coffman, U. 8. Navy. THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 357 ah Bay (Tlingit), in southern Alaska. The body is enclosed in a rough casket and buried, a temporary tent of white sheeting being erected over the grave. Later this is replaced by either a fence, as shown in Fig. 352, or a pyramidal structure surmounted by a cross, as in Fig. 350, or an eagle or other totemic carving, as in Fig. 351. This fencing in of the grave is now quite generally practised throughout the region of the Tsimshian, Kaigani, and southern Tlingit. Fig. 351 is a group of graves near the village of Tongass (Tlingit). Plate 111 presents a view in two sections of the grave-yard at the Kaigani village of Kasa-an, Prince of Wales Island, and, with Plates Lxv and LXVI, gives a general idea of the graves seen to-day in this region, being sketches, or sketches from photographs, with one exception, taken by the writer in 1585~87. IN GENERAL. As a summary, it may be stated that Christian burial is rapidly sup- planting all otherforms. Cremation is still in vogue amongst the north- ern Tlingit, the ashes either being deposited in boxes in a small house, or, according to Dunn, in boxes in a secluded spot in the woods. * Amongst the other tribesinterment is now pretty generally practised, the spot being marked either by a carved column, or by an enclosure in the form of a fence. MORTUARY CEREMONIES. Although the methods of sepulture have changed in recent years, the attendant ceremonies have not altered much. On the demise of an im- portant personage in this region, it is customary to array the body in ceremonial apparel and surround it with the tokens of his or her wealth. Thus laid out in state, the relatives and friends of the deceased view the remains. In the case of the death of a great and well-known chief, In- dians come from other villages, and the body is thus displayed until in an advanced stage of decomposition, when the final rites take place. Dunn (1835) says of the Tsimshian, ‘* When a chief dies, he is, before in- terment, dressed up, his face painted, and placed, sitting up, in a canoe, and paddled round the maritime village, looking almost life-like.” * Amongst the Haida, Tsimshian, Kaigani, and southern Tlingit, when cremation was practised, the attendant ceremonies were about as fol- lows: The members of families belonging to the wife’s totem, and to totems other than that of the deceased, were invited to a mourning feast, last- ing usually four days. The feasting and display of the body in state were accompanied by the dismal lamentations and wailing of the mourners, who, after the guests had entered and were seated, came in dressed in mourning costume and leaning on long staves or carved ceremonial Sticks. Arriving in the middle of the floor, they wept, moaned, wailed, *Dunn (1835), Oregon, p. 280. 358 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. and sang in a most dismal manner. In the intervals of mourning the feasting took place, and it was then also that the slaves were sacrificed. The nearest relative or leading man who gave the feast despatched the slaves by a sharp blow on the head with a “slave-killer,” a variety of which instruments is Shown in Plate xLv1. The most elaborate kinds were carved from deer antlers, but the points were sometimes of copper or stone. % Usually the body of the deceased was borne to the pyre and burned at the beginning or on the first day of the ceremonies, the feasting and mourning following that event. In any case, the bearers of the body are the invited guests. The funeral pile is usually built just back of the house of the deceased. The mourners ‘range themselves around the funeral pyre, their faces painted black, their hair cut short, and some- times their heads covered with eagle’s down. It was the early custom amongst the Tlingit to disjoint the body before burning it. Sometimes the pipe was passed around before the fire was lighted, which last was done at asignal from the master of ceremonies. As the fire was lighted, drums were beaten, and the mourners wailed and cried until the pyre was consumed. The ashes and burnt bones were collected in an elabo- rately carved wooden box, which was deposited in the mortuary houses, or on the columns described. The relatives washed and repainted their faces, presents were made to the guests who had assisted, and a feast took place, terminating the ceremonies.* An anonymous writer in the American Naturalist thus describes a- Tlingit funeral which he witnessed : In one corner of the room we found the corpse, completely encased in blankets, which in turn were enveloped by a large woven sea-grass mat, and tied up in such a manner as to bring the knees nearly to the chin, and, thus enshronded, it was placed in asitting posture. The house was about half filled with Indians—men, women, and children. On one side of the room a young brave was busily engaged with a pair of scissors in cutting off the long black hair of all the near relatives, male and female. This seems to be one of the usnal mourning customs among these Indians. After he had completed this tonsorial duty, during which he had been frequently interrupted by their sudden outbursts of grief, a procession of about twenty Indian warriors, headed by old An-a-hoots, the war chief of the tribe, filed through the small portal. Each carried in his hand a long slender staff made of a hard wood and carved all over with fantastic figures, while bright-colored Hudson Bay blankets fell in not ungraceful folds from their broad, square shoulders. These staves bore evidence of their great age by the high poiish which they possessed, as well as by their smoky colorandpungentodor. The warriors ranged themselves in line along one side of the house, facing the center, and immediately began a lugubrious death chant, keeping time by raising their staves about three inches from the floor and letting them drop together. This doleful air was much more monotonous than musical. All this time the relatives of the deceased were rending the air with their lamenta- * Simpson, Journey, Vol. 11, p. 203; Dall, Alaska, p. 417; Portlock, Voyage, p. 2905 Frazer, Totemism, pp. 81 and 82, quoting Holenberg, p. 324, and Krause, Die Tlinkit- Indianer, p. 223. THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 359 tions. Every Indian present had his face thickly smeared with a fresh coat of seal oil and black paint, thus rendering himself inconceivably bideous, At the close of the death song two stalwart young braves mounted to the roof and lowered bark ropes through the aperture, which were made fast to the matting that enveloped the corpse. An-a-hoots made a sign to the young men, and they began raising the body toward the opening in the roof. They always remove their dead from their houses in this manner, instead of through the door, on account of a super- stition they have that the spirit of the defunct made its exit in this way. But just as it arrived at the roof one of the ropes broke, precipitating the lifeless bundle upon the fire below, scattering the burning coalsin every direction. For a moment all was ter- ror, confusion, and dismay. Theshrieks and yells of superstitious horror that went up from the women and children baffle description. The body was hastily snatched from the fire and hurriedly carried out through the door to the funeral pyre, which was about 40 yards in rear of the house.* The following is a description of an Indian cremation witnessed at Sitka, Alaska, during the winter of 1886~87, as described for the writer by Lieut. George Barnett, U. S. Marine Corps: For several days after death the body was lying in state, surrounded by all articles of value which had been the property of the deceased. The face was covered with a mask, and on the head was a handsome head-dress trimmed with ermine skins which hung down the back; the body, which was in a sitting posture, was covered with Chilkat blankets. During the time the body was lying in state some of the friends of the deceased kept up a doleful chant, keeping time with carved mourning sticks, while others pre- pared the funeral pile in rear of the house; this pile was made of yellow cedar logs so arranged that a solid mass was formed about 3 feet high and then the sides and one end were coutinued for about 2 or 3 feet more, thus forming a box open at one end and on top, extra logs being on hand to cover the top and fill the Oyen end after the body was in place. When all was ready four men took hold of the corners of the blanket, which had been placed on the floor under the corpse, and carried all to the window, resting it on the window-sill, where it was held by four women, while the men went out through the door and again took hold outside of the window; they then carried the body toward the pile, while an old woman, who was left in the house, took a tin pan and gathered up some coals and ashes from the fire in the center of the house; she car- ried the fire to the window and threw it out after the body, as she said, to purify the house; she then took up a small dog and likewise threw it out of the window to ac- company the departed. Under no circumstances will the Indians take a corpse out through the door; if there is no window, they will make a hole in the side of the house or take it out through the smoke-hole in the roof. The body was then placed in the hollow part of the pile and the top and end logs put in place, after which all was covered with seal oil and the fire started. During the burning two men used long poles to stir the fire, so that all would be burned; at the same time about a dozen mourners with their faces blackened kept up a funeral chant, keeping time by beating on the ground with their funeral sticks. About 30 or 40 feet from the fire a hole had been dug in the ground and partially covered with brush, and here the widow was attended by several female friends, who combed her hair and changed her clothes, as they said, to cleanse her and make her eligible for matrimony again. After the corpse was consumed the bones and ashes were collected and ‘bled in Quoted in Standard Nein Histo ole VI, irene , pp- 134, 135. 360 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Indian boxes, which were deposited in the dead house in rear of the former house of the deceased. Although large quantities of unburned wood remains after a cremation, the Indians will not use it, but will go miles for their fuel rather than act contrary to custom founded on superstition. The trives that now do not practice cremation, such as the Haida, Kaigani, and southern Tlingit, enclose the corpse in a sitting posture in a large covered box, similar to those ordinarily used, and stow it away in the dead house, which is usually a shed or small house behind the lodge of the deceased or at one end of the village. Some of these dead houses contain tbree or four bodies. After the ceremony of de- positing the box, the brother, or other near relative, gives a potlatch and a feast to repay those who have contributed to the ceremony, either in helping construct the box, or the dead house, or in carrying the body. This practice is not very different where the body is interred according to the rites of Christian burial or in imitation of it. The mourning, feasting, and painting of the face is still generally practised with any form of burial, save that directly under the supervision of the missionaries. . It is the present custom, however, amongst the Kaigani, Haida, and southern Tlingit when a chief or very wealthy person dies, to display the body in state for awhile and then enclose it in a casket, which re- mains in the house in which the deceased lived, the other occupants moving out and finding quarters elsewhere. The casket is surrounded by the boxes containing the ceremonial apparel of the deceased, bis household utensils, personal property, and tokens of wealth in general, and thus left for several years, admission being given from time to time to visitors to view the spectacle. Plate LXvVI1 is a view of such a disposition of the body of the famous chief Skowl, at Kasa-an village, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, from a photograph by the writer. Plate Lxvu1, Fig. 353, is a view of chief Shakes lying in state at Fort Wrangell, Alaska. The grandest feasts and ceremonies in this region are in honor of the dead, and in celebration and commemoration of the prowess, good birth, and wealth of the deceased. SHAMAN BURIAL. Dall, speaking of the customs at the death of a shaman, says: For the first night he remains lying in the corner where he died ; but on the fol- lowing day he is removed to the opposite corner, and this is continued until the body has visited each of the four corners of the house. All the inmates of the house fast meanwhile. On the fifth day the body, dressed in the garb of his profession, is bound to a board. Two ivory or bone wands, which the shaman used in his performances, are placed, the one in the cartilage of the nose, and the other in the hair, which is tied together. The head is covered with a piece of basket-work, and the body is carried to its final resting place.* *Datl, Alaska, p. 426. isi put ye sir Ve Brinig sh ae. ae EXCRIEAINAVT IO NEO) Ras Pi AgiaE Xe alile Mortuary DISPLAY OF THE BODY OF CHIEF SKOWL, LYING IN STATE IN HIS HOUSE AT KASA-AN, SURROUNDED BY HIS PERSONAL EFFECTS AND THE TOKENS OF HIS WEALTH. From a photograph by the author. Chief Skowl died in the winter of 1882-83, and, according to the custom of the region, his body was first displayed in state dressed in the ceremonial robes of a chief. Later it was inclosed in a casket and deposited, as shown, on a pile of boxes containing his clothing and ceremonial dance paraphernalia. The group is at the end of the building, opposite the entrance, between the two carved posts holding the rafters of the house. The piles of boxes, all full of valuables, the row of cop- pers, the bronze howitzer, etc., all indicate the rank and wealth of the deceased. Just below the casket are grouped his personal household utensils, consisting of porcelain bowls, platters, wooden buckets, spoons, etc., which are cared for as per- sonal relics of the deceased. The figure on the left is that of a former slave of the chief; that on the right a Kaigani in full dance regalia, with painted body and hair bedecked with eagle’s down. PLATE LXVII. Niblack, Report of National Museum, 1888. Gaaqnnouuns ‘Nv-vSvy Lv 3SNOH SIH tH “HLIVSMA SIH SO SNSMOL SHL GNV S1035595 IVNOSYAd SIH Ad NI ALVLS NI DSNIAT GNV LayXSvVO V NI GSSOTONI ‘IMOMS S3IHD JO AGOG SHL JO AVIdSIG AYVALYOW \ UY Y \\ OQ WN —— Ss oP EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVIII. 398 354 fy THE BoDY OF CHIEF SHAKES LYING IN STATE, AND A SCENE FROM A THEATRICAL ENTER- TAINMENT COMMEMORATIVE OF THE LEGEND OF THE ALLIANCE OF SHAKES WITH THE BEAR FAMILY. From a sketch in the U. S. National Museum and a photograph by the author. Fig. 353. Tlingit and Haida custom on the death of a chief. The body is dressed in ceremonial attire and surrounded by the emblems of the wealth of the deceased; is displayed in state as long as possible. Indians from far and near gather to view the remains. When decomposition sets in the body is inclosed in a casket and either interred with great pomp or cremated, or else displayed, as in the case of Chief Skowl. This view represents the body of the head chief, Shakes, lying in state at Fort Wrangell, Alaska. Fig. 354. Tlingit theatrical entertainment, as explained in the text. Chapter XIII, p. 376, 377. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE LXVIII. hyde wm Ne NAW aan een A nM j oe (Nes Hes 2 oe: Fa, Hy, \ ye ( Ae ” “iif, 7] ev YY é Qi: o ey YN. pe, f 2) UW, = ‘ TI A\wL EB lls)! A Wye Baie NW Sees Yh a Yj Vly Wo vy, G of y f xi Ds 4 ae AA chi ib! ih VN ws cP - Liars £4 We MSL | y j rs { 2 NY oi 2 hed YAY LOT THE BobDy OF CHIEF SHAKES LYING IN STATE, AND A SCENE FROM A THEATRICAL ENTER- TAINMENT COMMEMORATIVE OF THE LEGEND OF THE ALLIANCE OF SHAKES WITH THE BEAR FAMILY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIX. 300 306 30/7 358 309 360 WOODEN COMMEMORATIVE OR MORTUARY COLUMNS OF THE TLINGIT AND HAIDA INDIANS. From photographs and sketches. Fig. 355. MORTUARY OR COMMEMORATIVE COLUMN at Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Coitumbia. Fig. 356. MORTUARY OR COMMEMORATIVE COLUMN in front of Chief Shake’s house at Fort Wrangell, Alaska. Figs. 357, 358, and 359. MoRTUARY COLUMNS near Howkan, Alaska. Fig. 358, with the spruce tree growing out of the top, illustrates the decay of these wooden carvings through the encroachment of the vegetation, which flourishes wherever it can get the least foothold. Fig. 360. MORTUARY OR COMMEMORATIVE COLUMN at Fort Tongass, Alaska. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Niblack. PLATE LXIX.. WOODEN COMMEMORATIVE OR MORTUARY COLUMNS OF THE TLINGIT AND HAIDA INDIANS. THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 361 SUMMARY. It is impossible to generalize with regard to the mortuary customs of the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian. The methods of sepulture differ in different localities, and have undergone many changes since the ad- vent of the whites. Around Sitka the custom of burning the dead has obtained from the earliest times, but the sepulture of the ashes has radically changed; whereas, cremation has now been almost entirely given up by the Tsimshian, Haida, and southern Tlingit, having been originally somewhat the prevailing custom. With regard to the burial of shamans the custom seems to have been from the earliest times the same as now, and quite uniform in character throughout the northern region of the coast. XIII. FEASTS, DANCES, CEREMONIES, POTLATCHES, THEATRICALS. I. INITIATORY CEREMONIES: MARRIAGE—CHILD-BIRTH—NAMING— PIERCING THE EARS AND NOSE—TATTOOING—PUBERT Y—BRINGING OUT—SELF-NAMING—CHIEFTAINCY—GLORIFICATION OF THE DEAD. Il. FESTIVE CEREMONIES: WELCOME—TRADE—HOUSE-BUILDING— POTLATCHES—CEREMONIAL DANCES—“CULTUS” DANCES—THEATRI- CALS. Festivities in general in this region consist in singing, dancing, feast- ing, and in the distribution of presents; in the parade of ceremonial paraphernalia, and in elaborate ceremonies, accompanied by all the pomp and display that native wealth, ingenuity, and resource can add to make them effective. Invitations to attend are sometimes extended only to the people of certain totems in the settlement; sometimes the whole village is invited; often all from distant tribes are summoned. The host invites according to the significance of the entertainment, or to his resources and abilities to bear the expense. People of small means do not as arule go outside of tieir own village, while a chief, from his wealth and the dignity due his position, extends his summons to the people of distant villages. Long before the occasion messen- gers are sent out to notify the guests, the invitation being general, to men, women, and children. Some of the ceremonies are initiatory in their nature, celebrating the advance of children towards manhood or womanhood; some mark the endeavor of men to attain respect and consideration by the display of wealth, by the giving of presents, and by lavish entertainment; while others are obligatory on aspirants for rank or authority. Running through it all are the regard for wealth and show; the petty envies, jealousies, and rivalries of ambitious indi- viduals and families; the tricks, fictions, and debasements to attain ends; the love of applause, power, and advancement; and, above all, a nicety in the gradation of presents to correspond with the abilities of the recipients to return in kind. This marks a great step in the evolution of the sentiment of gratitude, which is purely a product or attribute of civilization. In facet, in this curious social organization, based on wealth and family, we recognize so many touches of nature, that our kinship with them is too apparent to admit of our judging 362 THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 363 them harshly. Time and whitewash have accomplished wonders for us, but the coating is too thin in places to entirely conceal our savage selves of yesterday. On all festive occasions, which are numerous, singing and dancing are indulged in, the social proclivities being strong within them. The dancing usually takes place indoors, and is accompanied by the singing of a selected few, who sit apart and beat on a drum similar to that shown in Fig. 302, Plate Lvit, the time being still further emphasized by the leader or others, who carry rattles or thump on the floor or ground with batons similiar to those shown in Plate xvi. Dancing.—Some of the dances are stately, dignified, and formal; some are wild, passionate, and furioas ; others are ludicrous; but in general the method of dancing them is the same, the movements simply being slow or exaggerated, as the case may be. It consists mainly in contor- tion of the body and hips, with the feet firmly planted and the knees slightly bent. The body is wiggled and swayed from side to side or forward and backward, the legs remaining bent at about the same angle. The dancers advance or change about, by a spasmodic hop or shuffling of the feet, but the movements of the feet play only a small part in the so-called dancing itself. Now and then, with the in- troduction of a new figure or movement by the leader, or the interjec- tion of a witty remark by one of the dancers, the audience will laugh or express itS approval by gruntsand cries. As the dance proceeds the movements gradually become more and more animated. The leader now and then addresses remarks and ejaculations to the singers and to the other dancers, and the din and contortions are redoubled in fury. Suddenly the music stops and the dancers rest. The costumes worn are various, depending upon the signifiance of the dance; head dresses of cedar bark, and the tall chief’s head dresses (Fig. 35) filled to the top with birds’ down; Chileat and cedar blankets ; masks of various kinds .. and devices; cedar-bark girdles; ceremonial coats and Jeggings ; rattles and whistles ; dance wands and mechanically working snappers ; wooden helmets; ceremonial bows and arrows; wooden spears and batons of rank; to all this add the painted faces and bodies, the eagle’s down on the heads and over the paint, and the clouds of birds’ down blown from tubes and scattered by the dancers, and one has an outline of these picturesque and interesting gatherings. Some members of the tribe become famous as dancers and as wits. Their antics and contor- tions are always watched with interest, and their sallies greeted with laughter by the women and children. This individual may be a woman or man, or formerly might have been a favorite slave, who posed as a clown or fool to amuse the multitude, and who was granted many priv- ileges not given to other slaves. Amongst the Tlingit the men do most of the dancing, whereas amongst the Haida and Tsimshians both sexes participate alike, sometimes one or the other, or both, taking part. 364 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18838. Dawson, in a recent magazine article, thus deseribes a dance which he saw at Skidegate, Queen Charlotte Islands: The performers, about twenty in number, were dressed according to no uniform plan. * * * Some had rattles, and added to the din by shaking these furiously at the accentuated parts of the song. Five women took part in the dance, standing in front in a row, and were dressed with some uniformity, several having the peculiarly valuable cedar bark or goat’s wool shawls made by the Tsimshians. The head dresses of the women were all alike, consisting in each case of a small mask or semblance of a face carved neatly in wood and inlaid with pearly haliotis shell. * * * * The drum was beaten very regularly with double knocks—thus, tum tum, tum tum, tum tum—and with the sound the dancers kept time in a sort of chant or song to which words are set, and which swells into a full chorus or dies away according to the notions of a leader, who stood among the dancers, who, besides marking time, now and then gave a few words of direction or exhortation. ~ * * To the drum- ming and singing the dancing also keeps time, following it very closely. At every beat a spasmodic twitch passes through the crowd of dancers, who scarcely lift their feet from the floor, but move by double jerks, shuffling the feet a little at the same time. After the performance has continued for ten minutes or so the master of the ceremonies gives a sign and all stop with a loud hugh! The dance is resumed by the perspiring crowd at the signal of the drum, which strikes up after a few moments’ rest has been allowed. Langsdorff (1805) thus describes a dance which he saw at Sitka: The dance itself consists chiefly in a very eager spring, in executing which the dancers scarcely remove at all from one spot. They are all barefooted, and wear a single garment only, commonly the woolen carter’s frock mentioned above. One of the dancers seems, as it were, to lead the rest, carrying in his hand a thick sort of a staff ornamented with the teeth of sea-otters; with this he strikes upon the ground to mark the measure, All, without exception, hold in their hands either the tail or wing of the white-headed eagle or a piece of ermine. The latter is valued by them very highly as an article of luxury. They not only ornament their beads with it, and hold it in their hands, but sew it about their garments. The women sit upon the ground at the distance of some paces from the dancers, and sing a not inharmo- nious melody, which supplies the place of music.* This description of a dance answers very much to one seen by the writer at Fort Wrangell, in September, 1887, called the “stick” dance, in imitation of the Tinne Indians of the interior, up the Stikine Liver. It consisted in raising the feet alternately in quick succession as high as possible, without moving the body, to the scund of a drum, chorus, and rattle. It differs radically from the usual coast Indian dancing. From the details given by Langsdorff it would appear that the carry- ing of white plumes indicates that the ceremonials which he witnessed were those of welcome and friendship or peace, as they took place after strained relations between the Russians and Indians. In the “stick” dance, witnessed at Wrangell, the Indians wore the buckskin costume of the Tinne, andit was given only for the amusement of the guests. As a summary it may be stated that amongst the Tsimshian, Haida, and - Tlingit the form of most dancing ceremonies is as follows: The guests sit around on the elevated ledges on the sides, as does also the chorus, which latter keeps time to the beating of a drum or * Langsdorff, Voyages, Part 11, p. 114. THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 365 tambourine. There is a master of the ceremonies, who leads off the chorus, and who may himself participate in the dance. The song is usually in praise of the strength, riches, and prowess of the host, and to this the dancers keep time with rattles, grunts, contortions of the body, and shuffling of the feet, or spasmodic hopping, with knees con- stantly bent. Dancing is an invariable accompaniment of potlatch ceremonies, but may take place without the distribution of gifts. The potlatch.—This is one of the most wide-spread and curious cus- toms on the northwest coast. It has its origin not only in the custom of the exchange of gifts, but in securing the good-will of others by presents. To procure a wife; to enter the ranks or obtain the influ- ence of medicine men; to become a great chief; to give social standing to one’s children; to take on oneself the name of a paternal ancestor; to build a house; to become a respected member of the community; to atone for a wrong done; to resent an insuit—property in some form or other must be sacrificed either by destroying it, to show one’s rage, erief, or disregard of wealth, or by giving it away to obtain the good- will of others. The accumulation of property is a necessity in these Indian communities in order to stand well in them, and wealth becomes primarily the basis of social organization. Under the head of wealth the general question of property has been discussed. In a potlatch all kinds of personal and household property—blankets, dishes, bowls, canoes, guns, ammunition, money, mirrors, knives, garments, spears, furs, robes, pots, kettles, spoons, etc.—are give away. Discrimination must, however, be made between a reward for services rendered, dam- ages mulcted, or the dot paid to the wife’s parents, and the ceremonial distribution of gifts, which last is the potlatch proper. The custom is a very widely-spread one, and is practised by some tribes of the inte- rior, even east of the Rocky Mountains, particularly amongst those of the Dakotan stock. Amongst the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian the potlatch is a per- fectly systematized distribution, involving much more thoughtful con- sideration and balancing of obligations than the giving of a select german or limited entertainment by a well-recognized leader of society in any of our large cities. The occasions on which they are given will be enumerated later on in the description of the different ceremonies. In general, the more frequently and liberally an Indian distributes property the better his standing with the others, the greater his chances of reaching the dignity of chief in his village, and the more is due him when some other member performs the same ceremony. An ordinary man confines his potlatch to-those of his own village, while a chief usu- ally sends out to certain individuals of distant villages by name. Often a chief is assisted by his people, whom, in this case, he invites to a feast, and from whom atterwards he receives gifts which, with those of his own, are given away subsequently at the grand potlatech. When- ever it is the intention of an individual, other than the head chief, 066 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. to make such a distribution, he calls together his friends and rela- tives, makes an inventory of his property, and, with their help, makes out a list of persons to whom he intends giving presents and what, articles go to each. It is often the custom, however, previous to eall- ing together the friends, for the host to’ quietly distribute his property among his friends and the principal people of the village, who by eti- quette are required just before the time set for the potlatch to return the presents with interest or increase—that is, for four blankets to re- turn six, or in some such ratio. In this way all the tribe immediately concerned know what they are to get, and the immediate friends and relatives know what the visitors are to receive. The inventory being made ont and the council of advisers assembled, the list is read out name by name. AS soon as a name is read, the friends present ex- press their approval or disapproval of the intention to give the indi- vidual named such and such present. The list being finally made out, the messengers are sent out to announce the date and to invite the guests. On the assembling of the guests, on the date fixed, feast- ing and dancing are indulged in. If the occasion is for the purpose of raising a house, cutting out and erecting a new carved column, or undertaking some industrial enterprise requiring the combined effort of many, the feasting and dancing alternate with the work, gambling being indulged in during spare times, and the distribution takes place when the work in hand is finished, after which all disperse. In this case, however, the gifts are in the nature somewhat of reward for serv- ices, and go to the guests pure and simple, the relatives receiving none; but in case of a grand potlatch, unconnected with the industrial idea, all receive presents according to the list made out. In any case, how- ever, the distribution is the final ceremony, and is conducted as follows: The guests all being assembled, the goods are displayed about the walls and on poles and cords or piled up on the floor in a great mound. The host stands or sits arrayed in ceremonial attire, and presides over the affair with the cerenionial baton in his hand. The herald blows a call similar to that shown in Fig. 334, announces the opening of the ceremony in a speech, extolling the liberality and prowess of the host, and calls a name, giving the present he is to receive. An attendant takes the present and deposits it in front of the person who is to re- ceive it, where it remains until all are thus honored, the names being called out one by one. On the announcement of each name, the host solemnly nods his head and thumps on the floor with his baton. The whole ceremony forcibly reminds one, in a general way, of a Sunday- school Christmas-tree distribution. Formerly slaves were given away to the rich and powerful visitors, but to the poorer guests worn-out blankets, or even pieces or strips of blankets were and still are given, on the principle that to those who have shall be given. A song is sung, a dance performed, and the guests disperse, but frequently a repetition of the whole affair occurs in the next lodge, and so on until the whole THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 367 community has coutributed to make the affair one long to be remem- bered, and handed down by tradition as an epoch in the history of the village. Feasts.—So far we have considered in general dancing, singing, and the distribution of presents. In preparation for a feast the northern Indians (Tsimshian, Haida, and Tlingit), if not now at least formerly, washed off all the old paint, and, after smearing their bodies with fresh grease, repainted their faces, chests, and arms red, etching on their totemie designs, and sprinkling it all with white down in a full- dress but polite coating of tar and feathers. The feasts consist of all kinds of food, quantity being the chief requisite. This, however, is served on large feast dishes and eaten with ceremonial spoons, both of which have beew illustrated in the accompanying plates. The guests sit around on the ledges or surrounding platforms, and all eat out of the dishes nearest at hand. The feasts are usually kept up as long as there is anything to eat. I.—INITIATORY CEREMONIES. In this class are included all the ceremonies that mark the different steps in life from birth to death. Funeral ceremonies have been de- seribed. The most important voluntary step in life, and one that has the greatest significance in our higher civilization at least, is matri- mony. Marriage.—As a rule the Indians marry young. Polygamy is the natural result of the custom by which a sister’s son or a brother falls heir to the relict of the uncle or brother, in addition to his own wife. While the custom is now dying out, vet it is in the relations of the sexes that the Indians most tenaciously cling to old-time customs. Polygamy is rare, but the number of wives is regulated purely by the ability or desire of the husband to maintain them. Dunn (1834) men- tions a Sebassa (Tsimshian) chief who had twenty wives and hosts of slaves.* The first wife has precedence. It is not uncommon amongst the Tlingit for “rich and substantial men to have two wives, an old and a young one.”+ Sometimes there is a great deal of sentiment in the selection of a bride; sometimes a match is arranged or schemed for by the families; but more often it is a commercial transaction of buying and selling. A man desiring to marry a girl sends his mother or a middle man to her parents to negotiate. An understanding having been arrived at, he sends as many presents as he can get together to her father. The ceremony is about the same throughout the northern region, consisting mainly in the assembling of friends, the exchange of presents, feasting, and dancing. The father invites all the daughter’s relations to the ceremony. On the day appointed the man invites his friends to accompany him, and going to the house of the bride-elect * Dunn, Oregon, p. 274. t Langsdorff, Voyages, Part 1, p. 133, 068 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. they enter and sit down at one end of the room, the girl and her rela- tives being at the other. The young man’s friends make a speech in his favor, and the girl’s relatives sing a song, after which the bride goes over and sits down beside her to-be-husband and takes his hand. Dall thus describes the further custom amongst the Tlingit: All the guests dance and sing; when tired, diversifying the entertainment by eat- ing. The pair do not join in any of the ceremonies. That their future life may be happy they fast for two days. Then taking a little food to sustain life, they fast for two days more. Four weeks afterwards they come together and are then recognized as man and wife. * When the ceremony is complete the father of the girl gives her a dowry equal in value to that received from the husband, and she goes to live with her father-in-law. If they afterwards separate through dissatisfaction the presents are all returned; but if a wife is unfaithful, the husband can send her back with nothing and get his own property from the father. in any case the children go with the mother. The husband may claim indemnity from his wife’s seducer. When the mar- riage festival is all over, the fact is marked by the removal from the bride’s lower lip of the button or pin, and the substitution of the plug or labret. Child-birth.—It appears that only amongst the Tlingit are peculiar customs in vogue in the treatment of women at child-birth. Petroff says In his report: The special suffering imposed upon all womankind by nature is increased here a hundred fold by ancient custom and superstition. At the time of child-birth, when women more than at any other time are in need of assistance, the Tlingit females are driven out of the house and left to their fate, shunned by everybody as unclean. The child is born in the open air, no matter at what season, and only some time after the birth is the mother allowed to enter a rude shed erected for the purpose, where she is confined for ten days. * * * A new-born child is not allowed to taste its natural food until it has vomited, and if this does not occur naturally its little stomach is pressed and squeezed until the desired effect is secured. At the age of a few weeks the babe is wrapped in furs and strapped upon a board, and is always car- ried about by the mother. The infants are given the breast from ten to thirty months, but they are accustomed to other food after they are a year old. The first strong nourishment given them is generally the raw blubber of marine animals, except that of the whale. As soon as the child begins to walk it is bathed daily in the sea, without regard to the season, which accounts to some extent for the robustness of the body of the Tlingit after he has once passed the tender age.t This custom relating to women at child-birth is much less rigorously carried out now than formerly, and diligent inquiry by the writer has failed to discover that such practice was ever in vogue amongst the Haida or Tsimshian. The cradle-board has been very generally aban- doned in this whole region, the child being slung in a blanket or carried in the arms, as with us. When used formerly the board was padded with moss, which was renewed daily. Children are treated with great kindness and leniency and rarely chastised. : * Dall, Alaska, p. 416. t F stroff, Report, p. 169, THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 369 Naming.—Children are given more than one name, but the custom varies somewhat in different localities. The first is applied soon after birth by the mother, and is usually that of a maternal ancestor or near male relative of the mother. Ancestral names are preserved with the greatest care, this being favored by the custom of erecting mortuary columns and preserving traditions of the prowess of ancestors. The first name is conferred without any ceremony. An exception to this has been noted in the adoption of a son as an heir by a wealthy chief, where his sister takes the child and figuratively adopts it, the name of a paternal (or adopted maternal, which is the same) ancestor is applied to the child. The chief makes her a present, and when the boy grows up it becomes his duty to also suitably remember or reward her. Where parents are too poor to prepare feasts for their children they retain their first name; but with families of wealth there are several ceremonies which must be complied with to insure social standing to their children. The first ceremony is a very expensive one, involving in former times for the parents an enormous outlay. Piercing the nose and ears.—This most important ceremony is intended to give social standing to the children, and involves, or formerly in- volved (for the practice has almost gone out of date), the following de- tails: (1) A house-building ‘‘ bee”; (2) a potlatch ; (3) the bestowal of a second name on the child or children; (4) the freeing of slaves, and (5) the piercing of the nose and ears, although not in the exact order named. .< V a GENERAL NOTES. RELATIONS AND AFFINITIES OF THE TLINGIT, HAIDA, TSIMSHIAN, AND KWAKIUTL—THHK HAIDA. REMARKS ON THE MAORI OF NEW ZEALAND—THE* KAIGANI. ETHNOLOGICAL WORK TO BE DONE. A thorough study of the ethnical affinities and mutual influences of the various Indian stocks of the northwest coast is out of the question with the data at hand, vet many attempts have been made to isolate the Haida and to give them an origin different from the others. It is held by some that this stock is an offshoot of the Asiatic Mongoioid group, particularly of the Japanese branch, and by others that they | are of Aztec origin. The supporter of this latter theory is Mr. J. G. Swan, of Port Townsend, Washington Territory. A comparative study of the languages, customs, habits, and traditions of the different In- dian stocks of this region even with the meagre data at hand, would, however, seem to locate the Haida as of near kin to the Tsimshian and Tlingit. Difference in environment would seem to account sufficiently for the physical and linguistic differences. Along with much originality, the inhabitants of the Queen Charlotte Islands have shown so much genius and receptiveness in adapting and adopting the customs of others, that they present some very puzzling affinities with distant stocks, giving color to these various theories as to their origin. In their legends «the Haida are at one with the Tlingit, and the totemic organization of the two stocks do not differ very materially, although this needs further study. Their languages are, according to Dr. Franz Boas, very much alike in structure, while their vocabularies show great differences. In their arts the Haida have borrowed so largely from so many sources, that they are considerably in advance of the Tlingit. All things con- sidered, the Tlingit and Haida show evidences of near relationship and of intercourse at a remote period. A consideration of the mutual influ- ences of the Tsimshian stock and the northern Kwakiutl tribes of the Haeltzukan stock will throw much light on the origin of certain cus- toms amongst the Haida, for the last named have been considerably influenced by the Tsimshian. Indeed, the Tsimshian seem to have been the middle men or center of distribution in this region. The Tlingit present the simplest problem. Confined to the northern end of this region and only slightly influenced by adjacent tribes, their 382 THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 383 totemic organization into phratries, totems, and subtotems, their legends and their matriarchal organization, all bear a distinct and orig- inal stamp. The Tsimshian, on the other hand, have been greatly influ- enced by the northern Kwakiutl tribes, who have been, by the reciprocal influence of the former, in turn drawn away from the southern tribes of their own stock. In the legends of the Tsimshian we find much that is peculiar to themselves, much in common with those of the Tlingit and Haida, and a good deal borrowed from the northern Kwakiutl. On the other hand, their totemic organization is according to Boas a modifica- tion of that of the Kwakiutl, and radically different from that of the Haida and Tlingit.* The totems of the Tsimshian are the wolf, raven, eagle, and the bear, with no phratries ; those of the K wakiutl the raven, eagle, and the bear, with no phratries. It may possibly be that the Haida have been the centre of impulse on the northwest coast and that in _ their development they may have influenced the adjacent tribes to a great degree, but the weight of evidence is that, with no great origi- nality in themselves, they yet present the curious and puzzling circum- stance that they extensively borrowed their ideas from the other stocks but developed what they have borrowed with a marvelous skill and independence. They seem in themselves to have typified or intensified the representative characteristies of the Indian stocks of the northwest coast. Whether they have originated or borrowed their ideas can not be made apparent with the data at hand, but it may be well to here state briefly the peculiarities of the Haida as they have struck the writer in their relation to the other Indians of the region. Tattooing, found hardly at all amongst the other tribes and then without much importance attached to it, is with them a fine art, and has both a bearing on their totemic system and the deepest signifi- cance in their ceremonies. The Tlingit and Tsimshian only occasion- ally etch the totemic figures on their painted bodies on ceremonial occa- sions, while their neighbors of whom we are speaking take every possi- ble occasion to display their family crests. The carved totemic columns, stunted and dwarfed in the south amongst the Kwakiutl and also in the north amongst the Tlingit, here become the most elaborate and striking characteristic of the Indian village, so much so that a Haida settlement looks at a distance like a forest of stripped, bare tree trunks.t The mortuary and commemorative columns are also more elaborate here than elsewhere, and the memory of the.dead is celebrated in feast, legend, and carving with the greatest pomp and ostentation. The Chilkat blankets pictured in Plates 1x and x, and the copper Shields from the Chilkat region are nowhere so numerous and elaborate as in the Queen Charlotte Islands. The art of basket-making, first *Science, vol. x11, No. 299, p. 195. 2 t Boas is of the opinion that the carved heraldic columns originated amongst the Kwakiutl, and were adopted and deveioped amongst the Haida, Seience, Vol. x11, p. 195, d84 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. developed amongst the northern Tlingit, has been taken up by the Haida with marked success. This is true also of metal-working. The conical-shaped basket-work hats so common about Dixon Entrance are particularly abundant in this group. The primitive copper and shell ornaments were nowhere in such demand as amongst the Haida. Labrets of the largest size are worn by the Haida women, who are the last on the coast to cling to this custom. The origin of the tobacco plant in this region is credited to the Queen Charlotte Islands, where the first potatoes were also raised. While the Haida are the most ex- pert canoe: builders on the coast, they have sensibly adopted the Sa- lishan or Wakashan type for certain purposes where strength has been the prime consideration. Cedar-bark mat-making developed amongst the Kwakiutl and practised by the Tsimshian is here also successfully imitated. Nowhere is the art of carving and painting amongst savage tribes so highly developed. Their houses are exceptionally well con- structed, and the custom of erecting the carved column in contact with the front of the house and cutting a circular door-way through both, seems to be nowhere so universally practised. It is in their elaborate ceremonials that the most puzzling instances of foreign influence occurs. The cedar-bark rope head-dresses, sashes, and girdles amongst the Kwakiutl play the most important part in their winter ceremonial dances, and are only worn by certain people on special occasions and with special significance. Amongst the Haida the cedar-bark para- phernalia is just as elaborate and worn without any special significance. The whistles, trumpets, and other so-called musical instruments have more of a Tsimshian than a Haidaorigin, butare found in equalabundance and variety amongst both. The wearing of masks peculiarly enough has no especially deep significance amongst the Haida other than re- ferring to and illustrating their totemic legends, yet nowhere in the world are such elaborate ones made and worn. Wooden masks are worn by the Eskimo of southern Alaska on ceremonial occasions, but it would seem that the custom of wearing masks in ceremonies amongst the Haida and Tlingit really originated in the wearing of them for pro- tection in war, and that this custom was in no way borrowed or derived from the Eskimo. The number of masks in the collections of the U. S. National Museum is out of all proportion to their importance or their use by the Indians. There are only one or two ceremonial dances in which they are worn, which is quite contrary to the accepted opinion. In most of the songs accompanying the Haida dances the Tsimshian language is used and many customs of the Tsimshian are avowedly tollowed. In this way, through the latter, probably some of the practices of the Kwakiutl reached the Haida. From all this it would appear that the latter have been influenced in a not remote period largely by others through the Tsimshian, but that the original affinities and relationship of the Haida were with the Tlingit. THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 385 Many resemblances of the Haida to widely remote stocks have been pointed out by writers, but to illustrate how futile such clues are in tracing the origin and relationship of the tribes of the world, a paral- lel is here briefly drawn between the Maori of New Zealand and the Haida. In point of physical resemblance both are of the Mongoiloid type and both live on groups of islands whose climates are remarkably similar. Poole says of the climate of the Queen Charlotte Islands that the most graphic comparison he could draw was with that of the north- ern island of New Zealand.* Their political organization of the tribe, their ownership of land, and their laws of blood-revenge are similar. The men tattoo with designs intended to identify them with their sub-tribe or household, and they ornament their canoes, paddles, house fronts, etc., in somewhat the same manner as on the northwest coast. In Chapter Iv, p. 267, under the head of “ Rain Cloaks,” Dixon (1787) is quoted as saying that the cloaks of the Haida and Tlingit were the same as those worn by the New Zealanders. In Chapter VI, p. 303, is also quoted from Dixon a statement that a Haida fortified house on an isl- and of the Queen Charlotte group was * built exactly on the plan of the hippah of the savages of New Zealand ;” and in Chapter Vv, p. 279, that the adzes of the Tlingit and Haida, made of jasper, were ‘the same as those used by the New Zealanders.” The cloaks of shredded inner bark in the National Museum from New Zealand and the Queen Charlotte Islands are so much alike, that it takes a close inspection to distinguish them. In Plate xxx, Fig. 167, a New Zealand paddle is reproduced, with a few from the northwest coast. The resemblance is marked and interesting. In Plate Ly, Fig. 295, a Maori tiki is illus- trated along with several Haida carved wooden columns. The carved wooden mortuary columns erected in front of the Maori houses are also suggestive, but it is safe to say that while all this is not in one sense accidental, yet the resemblances and similarities are as likely to have arisen from the like tendencies of the human mind under the same ex- ternal conditions, or environment to develop along parallel lines as through contact of these tribes or through a common origin. The Kaigani.—The Kaigani are a branch of the Haida of Queen Char- lotte Islands, having for some cause or other split off from their breth- ren and settled across Dixon Entrance on the southern end of Prince of Wales Island and adjacent archipelago. As near as can be figured from the Indian accounts, this must have happened at the least one- hundred and fifty years ago. Their three principal villages now are Ifowkan, Kliuquan and Kasa-an. Howkan is a thriving village, with a winter population of about three hundred. Under the ministration of the Rey. J. L. Gould, of the Presbyterian Board of Missions, it is fast losing its native characteristics. A saw-mill is run in connection with the mission, and the Indians are gradually building an American village in rear of the old time lodges. Many of the totemic columns have been cut down, and the native characteristics are fast disap- * Poole, Queen Charlotte islands, p. 237, H. Mis, 142, pt. 2——25 386 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. pearing. It is to be said in favor of the new order of things that Mr. Gould has fortunately impressed upon this village the stamp of his own personal qualities, thriftiness, industriousness, fair dealing, sobri- ety, and enterprise, Just below Howkan is the village of Koian glas, consisting of three houses and several interesting totemic columns. The population, made up of a few families, will soon be absorbed in that of Howkan. Nearly opposite Koianglas,on Dall Island, and also situated on Kaigani strait is the site of the old time village of Dat-ghaya. On the southern end of Dali Island, just north of Cape Muzon (the extreme southern point of Alaska) is the small village of Kaigani. The winter residence of the former population is now at Howkan. There are seven or eight houses, which are occupied only at certain seasons of the year, but there are no totemic columns. Klieu- quan or Kliuquan is said to be about half as large as Howkan, but to have retained its native characteristics almost intact. At the south- ern entrance to Cholmondeley sound is the site of the abandoned vil- lage of Chasina or Chachina. There is only one house there now and the stumps and remains of mortuary columns. Early voyagers de- scribe it as a populous village in the early part of this century. At the head of Kasa-an Bay, at what is called Karbo Bay, is a small village, called by some authorities Kasa-an. Kasa-an proper is, however, on Skowl Arm, a branch of the bay. Being somewhat off the steamer route, and the missionaries never having settled there, Kasa-an has preserved its native characteristics more markedly than any other vil- lage in Alaska. Just above Kasa-an Bay, at Toistoi Bay, is the north- ern limit of the Kaigani territory on Prince of Wales Island, as the adjoining arm, Thorne Bay, is in dispute between the Stikines and Kaigani. Tlevak straits, on the other side of the island, is the northern limit on the west shore. The hunting and fishing grounds, as claimed by the different tribes in Alaska, are as accurately plotted in Chart II as the data at hand will admit. From Admiralty Island south the writer has relied on his personal knowledge, based on inquiry in that region. The duty of the government in recognizing the Indian titles to these lands held by them for generations in the different families seems very clear, and an inquiry into the subject would not be amiss in con- nection with ail governmental investigations and reports on this region. As outiined in the synopsis of this paper, there are several chapters which ought to be added, to complete the study of the ethnology of this region. The character of the work yet to be done is such as to call for action by the government in undertaking it on a large scale. Linguistically, considerable has been accomplished. But with regard to the traditions, religious beliefs and practices, folklore myths, totemic subdivisions, shamanistic practices, fetishism, particularly all the local or tribal variations of each, there is a vast deal to be done. If what is here submitted will accomplish no more than to call atten- tion to the little known concerning the Indians about Dixon Entrance, the author’s effort will not have been in vain. ; : | t l CHART I. BASED ON U. S. Coast SurvEY SHEET No. 701. + <<>> + |ORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA, | I DIXON ENTRANCE TO CAPE ST. ELIAS. PisG Se OMRRIO aL aR SONT LO TCO LOO Compiled! tronv Boncrort’s Works, Native Races, Vol.L. Petroff's Report, Census of 1880. Notes by the Author, 1885, 86 and ’87. LT. Tlingit, (koloshan). 1 Mixed. 2. Yakatat. 3, Lituya. 4. Chilkat. 5.Takoo. O.Awk. 7. Hoonya. 8. Sitka. 9. Kootznahoo. 10. Kake. 11.Stikine. 12 Hanga. 13.Port Stewart. 14. Tongass. (See I. Haida, (Haidan) ie 15. Kaigant. 2). Haida (proper) | | HT. Tsinshian | 16, Naase. 17. Tsimshian (proper). nds yg bay y i) ie Be a ie A Report of National Museum, 1888,—Niblack. % ial el c bla VeSitas = CHART I. \¥ is BASED ON k U, S. Coast Survey SHEET No. 701. ge 5 NORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA, il Mi Nautical Miles. Oeest 10 Sek | DIXON ENTRANCE TO CAPE ST. ELIAS. h h Compiled trom Bancroft’s Works, Native Races, Vol.L. Fetroff's Report, Census of 1880. y Notes by the Author, 1885, '86 and ‘87. ie YYyfy, L. Tlingit, (Koloshan). < Hy y 1 Mixed. 2. Yakutat. °, a) 3 Lituya. 4. Chilkat. ee Y 5 Takoo. G.Auk. in 4} ty 7.Hoonya. 8. Sitka. Y 9. Kootznahoo. 10 Kake. U.Stikine. 12 Hang. 13,Port Stewart. 4%. Tongass |r2es™ I. Haida, (Haidan) 15.Kaigané. 2). Haida. (proper) I. Tsimshian 16. Naase 17. Tsimshian (proper). 18,.Skvena. 79. Sebassa. 20. New Metlah_Katlah. January 15° 1889. ( Le ae eed ees Ne Bis SSN RS CHART II. BASED ON U. S. Coast SuRVEY SHEET No. 700. ——_———+ ~+>-— ——— RTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA, CAPE FLATTERY TO DIXON ENTRANCE. Nawtical Mies, |. = = 6 = es Sn —————] 10 66420 D % 0 40 60 60 Compiled from I. Geological and Natural History Survey of | Canada. Map by WF: Tolmie a GM Dawson. 1. Die Indianerstanune von Vancouver Id. una ander Kuste vor British.Colunbia, Dr F Boas. If. Chaxt of Department of Ethnology, U S Nat. tonal Museum. Prof. O T Mason, Curator: Showing locator of Indian Stocks. I. Coast Salishan. I Wakashan (Nutkan). WT Kwakiutl, (Haeltzukar). I Bilgula, (Salshan). V. Tsimeshian*® VW, Haidan* VWI. Tlingit. (Koloshan). — * See Chart I. & January 11889. i | Report of National Museum, 1888,—Niblack. + = CHART II. BASED ON » U.S. Coast Survey SHEET No. 700. ————+ + - NORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA, CAPE FLATTERY TO DIXON ENTRANCE. WNaptical Muss. Compiled trom . lo a ‘ Te, Yo gwrlna we* & = ope hase re 2 4 Py o om i / : b es. . Ey ? ° * a 2 é : Ya ¢ o a ¢ + o s Ue TI. Die Indianerstamme von Vancouver Id. unt I, Geological and Natural History Survey-of Canada, Map by WE Tolmie @ GM Dawson. ander Ktiste von British. Columbia, Dr F Boas. II. Chart of Department of Ethnology, U S Nat. tonal Museum. Prof. O T Mason, Curator. Showing location of Indian Stocks. I. Coast Salishan. Il Wakashan (Nutkan). fe) UW Kwakiutl, (Haelteukar). FF Bilgula, (Salishan). V.Tsimshian® vas VW, Haidar* =~ VI. Tlingit.* (Koloshan). — N * See Chart I. =y & January 1° 1889. = = =| === lm = iB és (i } ; se AS Nee Ul CHP il Uren A CATALOGUE OF THE HIPPISLEY COLLECTION OF CHINESE PORCELAINS: WITH A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF CERAMIC ART IN CHINA, By ALFRED HE. HIPpPiIsLeEy. NotEe.—In 1887 Mr. A. E. Hippisley, of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service of China, deposited in the National Museum a large and important collection of Chinese porcelains, with the understanding that they should be allowed to remain on exhi- bition for at least two years, and that the Museum should print a descriptive cat- alogue. The catalogue, carefully prepared by Mr. Hippisley, is now published, with the hope that it will enable visitors to the Museum to study the collection with more intelligent appreciation during the time it shall remain in the Museum. ———— For such information as we possess regarding the history of the Cer- amic Art in China, we have till recently been chiefly indebted to the labors of the famous French sinologue M. Stanislas Julien, who, under the title of “L’histoire et la fabrication de Ja Porcelaine Chinoise,” translated, and published in 1856, the History of the Manufactory of Chingté-chén (a small town in Kiangsi province, but for centuries the most important seat of the Chinese porcelain industry,) a work written by a local magistrate in 1815 from oJder documents, and to the valua- ble letters from the same town written in 1712 and 1722 by the Jesuit ' missionary Pére d’Entrecolles, the priest in charge there, which have been published in the collection of ‘‘ Lettres édifiantes et curieuses.” Within the past three years, however, very valuable additional light has been shed upon this subject by the labors of two gentlemen who are at once collectors and Chinese scholars, 8. W. Bushell, M. D., physi- cian to H. B. M. Legation, Pekin, and IF. Hirth, PH. D., a member of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service of China. Dr. Bushell has been fortunate enough to:secure from among the dispersed library of the Prince of I, the MS. of a descriptive catalogue (of which native ex- perts see no reason to doubt the authenticity), with illustrations painted in water color, of eighty-two celebrated specimens of old porcelain seen in the collections of noted connoisseurs or possessed by the author him- self, one Hsiang Yiian-p‘ien (styled Tzti-ching) a native of Tsui-li, an ancient name of Chia-ho, now Chiahsing-fu, in Chehkiang province, who was a celebrated collector of all kinds of antiquities during the latter half of the sixteenth century. A translation of this work, with explan- 387 388 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. atory details by Dr. Bushell, has been published in the Journal of the Pekin Oriental Society, under the title of ‘‘Chinese Porcelain before the present Dynasty,” and it is, I believe, to be shortly republished in an amplified form with reproductions of the original drawings. Should this be done, the work would, in my opinion, form by far the most important and valuable contribution to our knowledge of this interesting subject. The information regarding Chinese porcelain which has been bequeathed to us by native authors is to be found in their encyclopedias or in spe- cial treatises chiefly based upon the encyclopedias. These are, however, compilations of such vast extent that the authors had not, nor could be expected to have, the intimate knowledge of an expert upon all of the very many subjects treated in them. Hearsay evidence or unverified rumors have thus but too often been allowed to erystalize into perma- nent record, with the result that it is impossible after an interval of centuries to attempt to reconcile the many contradictions of statement contained in the different works. In this catalogue, however, are con- tained the reproductions in color of eighty-two specimens of the choicest productions of a period extending over upwards of five centuries, from A. D. 960 to 1521, either possessed or seen by the artist, and scattered notes from the pen of one of the most noted connoisseurs of his age re- garding the respective merits and rarity of the various kinds of ware. Existing realities are presented to us in place of the vague generalties and contradictory essays of the encyclopedists, and there can, I appre- hend, be little doubt as to the comparative value of the two varieties of evidence. Dr. Hirth’s contribution—‘ Chinese Porcelain: a study in Chinese Medizeval Industry and Trade ”—is an important paper, treating chiefly of Chinese céladon porcelain and its distribution over the Mo- hammedan world. EARLIEST MENTION OF PORCELAIN. According to the legendary records of the prehistoric perid of Chinese chronology, porcelain was already manufactured under Huang-ti, an emperor who is stated to have entered upon a reign of one hundred years in B. C. 2697; and the Emperor Yu-ti-Shun, another monarch of the legendary period, is believed to have himself made porcelain before mounting the throne in B. C. 2255. Under the succeeding dynasty of Chou, mention is made of an official director of pottery, and the pro- cesses of fashioning on the wheel and of molding are distinguished ; sacrificial wine jars and altar dishes, coffins, and cooking utensils and measures being mentioned among the articles produced. Later, Chinese writers have, however, long admitted that the productions of that age could only have been of earthenware (possibly glazed), and that no greater antiquity can be claimed for the manufacture of real porcelain than the reign of the Han dynasty, which held the throne of China from B. C. 202 to A. D. 220, and that after this date progress in the system of manufacture was for a long period but slow. At one time, early in THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 389 the present century, Kuropean archeologists were inclined to beiieve that an antiquity might be conceded to Chinese porcelain almost equal to the wildest claims of Chinese historians.* Some small porcelain bot- tles, decorated with flowers and inscriptions in Chinese, having been brought to Europe by M. Rosellini, who stated that they had been found in undisturbed Hgyptian tombs dating from at least 1800 B. C., it was concluded that the manufacture of porcelain must have existed in China anterior to that date. M. Julien discovered, however, that the inscrip- tions upon these bottles were written in the grass or cursive character, a style of writing not introduced till B.C. 48; and later Mr. (afterwards Sir Walter) Medhurst, then an interpreter in the Hongkong government service, was able with Chinese aid to identify the inscriptions with quotations from poems written during the T‘ang dynasty, and later than the seventh century of the Christian era. Any title based upon these bottles, which had evidently been surreptitiously introduced into the tombs by fraudulent Arabs, for so great an antiquity in the manufacture of Chinese porcelain, thus fell to the ground. Indeed, M. du Sartel, who has published an exhaustive work on *‘ La Porcelaine de la Chine” argues that the manufacture of true porcelain in China did not com- mence till some centuries later than the period assigned to it by M. Julien, who dates it from the reign of the Han dynasty and somewhere between the years B. C.185 and A. D. 87. This point will be considered when we come to the reign of the T‘ang dynasty, the period in which M. du Sartel claims true porcelain was first made. HAN DYNASTY, B. C. 202 To A. D. 220. It is during the Han dynasty that mention is first made of Tz‘w, the Chinese designation of porcelain. It was then made at Hsinp‘ing, a district in the state of Ch‘en, and corresponding with the modern Huain- ing district, in Honan province. WEI DYNASTY, 221 To 265. Under the Wei dynasty, which from A. D.221 to 265 enjoyed, with the dynasties of Wu and of Han of Szechuen, divided supremacy as rulers of China, manufactories are mentioned at several places in the depart- ment of Hsi-an, in Shensi province (the products of which were known as Kuanchung-yao), and at Loyang, in Honan province (products termed Loching-t‘ao), as supplying porcelain for the imperial palace. CHIN DYNASTY, 266 To 419. Under the Chin dynasty (A. D. 266 to 419) another manufactory is mentioned as existing in the present department of Wénchou, in Cheh- kiang province, which produced porcelain (known as Tung-ou t‘ao) of a blue (or possibly céladon) color which was held in high esteem. *Rosellini: I Monumenti dell’ Egitto, 1834. Sir John Davis: The Chinese, 1836, J. Gardener Wilkinson: Manners and Customs of the Ancient Kgyptians, 1837. 390 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. SUI DYNASTY, 581 To 617. Under the Sui dynasty, in spite of its short-lived existence, consider- able progress appears to have taken place. Mention is made of a green porcelain manufactured under the directions of Ho Chou or Ho Kuei-lin, president of the board of works, to replace glass, the method of making which had been forgotten ‘since its introduction into China by Indian or Syrian artisans about A. D. 424.”"* A celebrated workman named T‘ao Yiit is said to have produced porcelain so like jade, that is, semi-transparent aud of vitreous appearance, that his vases were known as “artificial jade;” and about the close of this or the beginning of the following dynasty, porcelain, white in color and bright as jade (known as Ho-yas, i. e., Ho porcelain) was manufactured by Ho Chung-ch‘n, a workman who came from Hsinp’ing, the district where porcelain (tz‘w) had its first origin under the Han dynasty. An imperial decree of 583 ordered the establishment of a manufactory at the place now known as Chingté-chén (so named from the title of the period,j Chingté, in which it was inaugurated) for articles for the use of the imperial house- hold, and several others sprang up in the vicinity shortly afterwards. * Dr Hirth: China and the Roman Orient, pp. 230 et seq. + The producer’s reputed name, meaning as it does ‘‘faience or klin jade” sounds apocryphal, and seems more likely to have been the term by which this ware was known. { It being contrary to etiquette to mention the personal name of a Chinese sovereig 1, the practice was introduced B. C. 163, under the earlier Han dynasty, of the mon- arch, on his accession to the throne, selecting some title fur his reign in place of the title of Prince so-and-so, which had been usually employed prior to the time of Shih Huangti, B. C. 221. These titles were usually so chosen as to be of happy augury, but if, in spite of such good omen, disorder or misfortune ensued or some other reason seemed to render a change advisable, one title would be abandoned in favor of another. This title is termed nien-has, ‘‘the year designation,” because so long as it lasted the date of all events was chronicled as such and such a year of such and such a title or nien-has. Upon his death, however, the emperor received an honor- ific title, and but one title, no matter how many nien-has or ‘‘year designations” he may have employed while alive, under which the religious ceremonies due to him were offered, and which is therefore termed the mias-has or ‘‘temple designation.” Thus it results that when in Chinese literature a deceased emperor is personally alluded to, he is spoken of under his ‘‘ temple designation,” while if the date of an event which occurred during his reign is quoted, it is said to have taken place in such and such a year of the appropriate ‘‘ year designation.” Take as an instance the last emperor of the Yiian dynasty, who reigned from 1333 to 1367: if spoken of per- sonally, his title would be Shunti of the Yiian dynasty; but if the year 1334 were spoken of, it would read ‘‘the second year of (the) Yiian t‘ung (period),” and simi- larly 1336 and 1334 would read ‘‘ the second year of (the) Chihyiian (period)” and “the second year of (the) Chihchéng (period).” Owing to the fact that dates are thus rendered by the Chinese, foreign writers have at times erroneously spoken of the nien-has or “‘ period” as the reign, whereas the mias-has or “ temple designation ” alone corresponds to the western idea of reign, so far as any time prior to the Ming dynasty is concerned. During the Ming and its successor, the present dynasty, how- ever, each emperor has practically used but one ‘‘ year designation ” throughout the period he has occupied the throne, practically because though Ying Tsung of the Ming dynasty employed two such designations, they were separated by an interreg- THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 391 T‘ANG DYNASTY, 618 To 906 Under the succeeding, the T‘ang dynasty, which ruled from 618 to 906, the manufacture appears to have spread over the greater part of the empire, and to have reached in some places a degree of excellence far in advanee of that previously attained. The following varieties,are specifically enumerated (in the reverse order of their merit): The Hungchou-yao, a yellow black porcelain from Hungchow, the pres- ent department of Nan-ch‘ang, in Kiangsi province. The Shou-yao, a yellow porcelain, from Shouchou in (present) Kiangsu province. The Yo-yao, a blue porcelain according to Julien, but the color was more probably a pale green, for the Ch‘a ching, a “Treatise on Tea” written in the eighth century, says cups of this ware gave to the infusion a green tint—from the department of Yochou, in (present) Hunan province. The Wu-yao and Ting-yao, of colors unspecified, from the department of Wuchou, corresponding with the present department of Chinhua in Chehkiang province; and from the department of Tingchow, corre- sponding with the present district of Chingyang in the Hsi-an department, Shensira province, respectively. num of seven years’ duration; and though T‘ai-Tsung-Wén of the present dynasty also employed two, he seldom or never comes to the notice of foreign writers. The term ‘‘ period” being in any case an inconvenient one, and the ‘“ year designation ” under the Ming and the present dynasty being synchronous with the reign, it seems hypercritical to insist on uniformly translating nien-has by “ period” in the case of emperors of those dynasties, especially as consistency would require that names so well known to every school-boy, as Kanghsi, Yungchéng, and Chienlung be replaced by the proper titles, Shéng-Tsu-Jén Huangti, Shih-Tsung-Hsien Huangti, and Kas- Tsung-Shun Huangti. In the following pages, therefore, the nien-has or ‘year designation” has been rendered ‘‘ period ” prior to the accession of the Ming dynasty in 1336, and subsequently to thut date as ‘‘period” or ‘‘ reign,” according to circum- stances. The dates upon porcelain are also usually recorded by the use of the nien-has - as above described, though other marks are mentioned by Chinese writers, and if the article has been manufactured for the special use of some emperor or prince, it will possibly bear the name of the pavilion or portion of the palace for which it is spe- cially intended. Chinese writers state that the practice of marking the date of man- ufacture was instituted by the Emperor Chén Tsung of the Lung dynasty, when, on the establishment of the government factory at Chingté-chén, he ordered that each article manufactured should be marked with the nien-has then used ‘‘Chingté, 1004 to 1007.” Foreign writers on the marks upon porcelain specify other marks of the same dynasty, but upon what authority is not clearly specified. So far as my own knowledge goes, I am unaware of any such date-marks being inscribed under the glaze prior to the Ming dynasty. Since that time, putting aside monochromes, which, in probably the majority of instances, bear no mark, they have been em- ployed uninterruptedly, except during a portion of K’anghsi’s reign. In 1677 the magistrate in charge at Chingté-chén forbade the practice alike of inscribing the date and of portraying the actions of celebrated personages, on the ground that if the article were broken, disrespect might be shown to them or to the emperor. Dur- ing this period, which was of but short duration, however, a leaf, a cepser, and other marks replaced the nien-has. 392 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. The Yiieh-yao, a blue, or for the same reason as in the case of Yo-yao a pale green porcelain, much sought after from the earliest times, from Ytiehchou, corresponding with the present department of Chaohsing in Chehkiang province; and lastly The Shu-yao or Szechumen porcelain, facile princeps among the pro- ductions of that age, snow-white in color, with a clear ring, thin but strong, and graceful in shape, from the city of Ta-i, in the de- partment of K‘iuingchou, in (present) Szechuen province. THE ANTIQUITY OF TRUE PORCELAIN. As already stated, M. du Sartel declines to admit the antiquity attrib- uted by M. Julien, on the authority of the native work he translated, to the production of true porcelain in China, namely, the time of the Han dynasty, and somewhere between the years B. C. 185 and A. D. 87. His arguments, however, are marked by strange inaccuracies. Having referred the productions of Hangchou, Shouchou, Yochou, and Yiieh- chou, which, as above, Chinese authors state to have been first manu- factured under the T‘ang dynasty, back to the Ch‘in dynasty, that is, to a period nearly two centuries earlier, M. dn Sartel argues that the remarks made in the Treatise on Tea above referred to (which, when enumerating the varieties of T‘ang porcelain, classifies them merely. according to the suitability of their colored glazes to impart an agree- able tint to tea held in them) tend to show that the bowls or cups in question could not have been transparent porcelain, bearing a decora- tion in the colors named under the glaze, but must have been of an opaque substance, covered internally with a thick colored glaze. In this view he considers himself supported by the description given of the > Sui dynasty manufactures. This, he argues, gives an idea of trans- parence, but the transparence is due merely to the use of a more vit- reous composition or to a more thorough baking than had been pre- viously customary, and the white color and other distinctive qualities of true porcelain are only to be first found in the productions of the Tang dynasty—that is, in those productions which M. du Sartel, in disregard of the statements of Chinese writers, the only authorities we have to guide us, himself elects to refer to this dynasty. Secondly, he argues that the porcelain manufactured under the Sui and preceding dynasties is uniformly denominated tao, that from the latter half of the T‘ang dynasty, this word is replaced by the designation yao which has continued in use up to the present time; and that the change in name coincides with a change in the character of the porcelain man- ufactured. The word yao as a designation of porcelain came into general use, it is true, at the commencement of the T‘ang dynasty, but that fact would scarcely justify the conclusion that it was designedly intro- duced in order to mark a synchronous change in the character of the THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 393 ware, since the same word, which is in any case but a neutral term applicable to any kind of pottery, is met with four centuries earlier to designate some of the products of the Wei dynasty; and, besides, in the titles of the chapters in the Provincial Topographies dealing with these manufactures, also in the Treatise on Pottery (the T‘ao shuo, written by Chu T‘ung-ch‘uan during the reign of Chien-lung, 1736 to 1795, the autbority on this subject), and in the work translated by M. Julien, it is the word t‘ao, not yao, that is used to designate porcelain. Chinese terminology is but an insecure foundation on which to base arguments, and it might with no less fairness be contended, as the Chi- nese author, translated by M. Julien does contend, that the introduc- tion of the character tz‘t, signifying “porcelain,” and employed down to the present day to designate the pottery of the Han dynasty, was rendered necessary by the production of an article hitherto unknown, and that this article was true porcelain. On different grounds from those advanced by M. du Sartel, Dr. Hirth, also, refers the earliest manufacture of true porcelain to the T‘ang in- stead of to the Han dynasty. He says: ‘+The Chéng-lei-pén-ts‘ao, the pharmacopeeia of the Sung dynasty, compiled in 1108, under the head of ‘Porcelain Earth’ (Kaolin) or Pai-ngo, quotes from the writings of T‘ao Yinchii that ‘this substance is now much used for painting pic- tures,’ and from the T‘ang pén-ts‘ao, the pharmacopeeia of the Tang dynasty, compiled about 650: ‘This earth is now used for painters’ work, and rarely enters into medical prescriptions; during recent generations it has been used to make white porcelain.” As T‘ao Yin-chti was a cel- ebrated author on pharmaceutical and other scientific subjects, who died A. D. 536, Dr. Hirth argues that had the pai-ngo or kaolin been used in his time on an extensive scale in the manufacture of chinaware, so learned a writer would almost certainly have mentioned the subject, and he therefore concludes that the use of porcelain earth for the manufac- ture of pottery came into use later than 536, and at some time during the T‘ang period, prior to 650, about which date the pharmacopeia of that dynasty was compiled. This negative testimony does not, however, dispose of the strong argument in favor of the earlier date, afforded by the coining during the Han dynasty of a new word, tz‘w#, to designate the productions of that age, a word which, as already stated, is still in ordinary use to desig- © nate porcelain. On this point Dr. Hirth thinks he has detected that the word f¢z‘u has had different significations at different epochs, for while in the Shuo-wén, a glossary published A. D. 100, te‘% is defined as “ earthenware,” it is defined in the dictionaries of the Sung period— nine centuries later—as ‘“ hard, fine-grained pottery ;” and calling atten- tion to the fact that there are now two forms of this character in use, the original form with the radical denoting “brick or earthen material,” and a later form with the radical “stone,” he thinks that “this substitu- tion by later generations for the original sign of a character of the same sound, but with a radical more appropriate to the category of the word 394 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. as it was at the time understood, may be regarded as indicating a ‘change from the original meaning.”* Evenif this be true, no data are thereby afforded to help fix even the approximate date of change in the method of manufacture. For after the change in the system of manu- facture had taken place, a considerable period would almost certainly elapse before an author of sufficient literary importance to impose a new style of writing on the nation would learn sufficient regarding the al- tered ingredients employed to have the corresponding modification in the descriptive word suggested to his mind, aud a still longer period would elapse before this newly-coined word would pass into current use. The authors translated by M. Julien, too, state distinctly that the introduction of the later form—that with the radical “‘stone”—and the continued use of it, are due to ignorance and error. At Tz‘ii-chou, a district anciently within the department of Changté, in Honan prov- ince, but now belonging to the department of Kuangp‘ing, in Chihli province, a kind of porcelain was made during the Sung dynasty which enjoyed a verv high reputation, the plain white specimens bringing even higher prices than the celebrated productions of Tingchow, which it closely resembled. This ware was known as Tz‘% ware, or porcelain from Tz‘u-chow, and thus this form of the character, which was origi- nally a local designation, not an intentional modification of the older form introduced to typify a modification in the system of manufacture, passed into general use to designate not merely this special class, but (erroneously) all porcelain.t | ORIGIN OF TERM “ PORCELAIN.” It is a curious coincidence that no less diversity of opinion has ex- isted regarding the date at which the western equivalent of this word 2u, the term “ porcelain,” was introduced and the article it has at dif- ferent times been used to designate. Pére d’Entrecolles affirms that the name porcelain was first given by the Portuguese to the Chinese vases imported by them into Europe in 1518, but further researches into the history of the word by M. Brongniart and M. de Laborde show that the name arose from a supposed resemblance in appearance of sur- face between the transparent pottery of the East and certain shelis which had been previously so designated. M. de Laborie says: Les anciens ayant trouvé ou cherché une ressemblance entre ce qu’ils appelaient porea et certaines coquilles, donnérent A celles-la le nom de porcella. Le moyen age accepta cette analogie en appelant porcelaine une famille entiere de coquilles, et aussi les ouvrages quiétaient faits de nacre de perle, ct, par métonymie, la nacre seule tirée de la coquille. *Dr. Hirth: Ancient Chinese Porcelain p. 2. t Julien, op. cit., p. 29: Thisis, I think, probably the true explanation of the change of form; though, writing from memory as I do, and without the necessary works at hand to refer to, I can not state this to be a fact. I believe that the only correct form of writing this character recognized at the present time by the Imperial Acad- emy is the original form, with the radical ‘‘earthenware,” not that with the radical ‘« stone.” THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 395 A partir du XIV® siecle, les gardes des joyaux décrivent en grand nombre dans les inventaires, et les experts mentionnent et estiment dans leurs rapports, des vases, des ustensiles de table, des tableaux de dévotion, et des joyaux faits de la porcelaine. Cette expression & travers quelques variantes sans importance, reste la méme et s’ap- plique aux mémes choses jusqu’au XVI° siecle; de ce moment elle se bifurque pour conserver d’une part sa vieille signification, et s’étendre de Vautre a des vases et ustensiles d’importation étrangére qui oftraient la méme blancheur nacrée. C’était la poterie émaillée de la Chine qui s’emparait de ce nom auquel elle n’avait droit que par une analogie de teinte et de grain. M. du Sartel is strongly of opinion that the word porcelain was used in its present sense far earlier than the date assigned by M. de Laborde, and in support of his view quotes the mention of ‘* pourcelaine” in royal inventories dating from 1360 to 1416 for France, and from the beginning of the sixteenth century for the Roman Empire. These documents appear to me, however, rather to support M. de Laborde’s views; for the details given in the French inventories of representations on the articles named, of our Lord, the Blessed Mother, and of Saints, and of their decoration with jewels,* would seem to make the possibility of their being oriental porcelain more than doubtful; while the inventories be- longing to the Roman Empire, 7. e., from the date M. de Laborde says the word was applied to oriental pottery, do mention articles undoubt- edly of real porcelain, all, with one exception, in monochrome. A statement quoted by M. du Sartel from Pierre Bélon, of 1553, is worth reproducing, as evidence that in the latter half of the sixteenth century the word porcelain was still applied to shells, to mother-o’pearl, to oriental pottery, and even to Italian faience. He says: Tes vaisseaux de porcelaine, qu’il a vus vendre en public au Caire, lesquels vases de porcelaine sont transparents et coustent bien cher au Caire et ilz disent mesme- ment qwilz les apportent des Indes, mais cela ne me sembla vraysemblable; car on wen voirroit pas si grande quantité ni de si grandes pieces s’il les falloit apporter de siloing. Une esguiére, un pot ou un autre vaisseau, pour petite qu'elle soit, couste un ducat; si c’est quelque grand vase, il coustera davantge. Et les voyant nomméz d'une appellation moderne et cherchant leur étmologie frangoise, j’y trouve qu’ils sont nomméz du nom que tient une espéce de coquille de porcelaine. MaisVaffinité dela diction Murex correspond & Murrhina; toutefois je ne cherche Vétymologie que du nom frangois en ce que nous disons vaisseaux de pource- layne, scachans que les Grecs nomment la mirrhe de Smirna, les vaisseaux qu’on vend pour ce aujourd’hui en nos pais, nommez de pourcelaine, ne tiennent tache de la nature des anciens; et combien que les meilleurs ouvriers de l’Italie n’en font point de telz, toutefois ils vendent leurs ouvrages pour vaisseaux de pourcelaine, combien quwils n’ont pas la matiére de mesme. t ¢ * With regard fo the last mentioned, it should be stated that in the magnificent Dresden collection, formed chiefly by Augustus the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, between 1694 and 1705, there is a small ivory-white plate with uncut rubies and emeralds in gold filigree let into the paste, with the character fu, happiness, on the foot in blue under the glaze, which is said to have been brought by a crusader from Palestine in the twelfth century. ,» tDu Sartel: Porcelaine chinoise, p. 33. { Florio, in his Italian dictionary (1593), gives ‘‘ Porcellana, a kinde of fine earth called Porcelane, whereof they make fine China dishes called Porcellan dishes. China, 596 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. THE FIVE DYNASTIES, 907 To 959. To the T’ang succeeded the epoch of the five dynasties, all of them short-lived and naming themselves successors to some one of the more important dynasties that had preceded them. Under one of these, the Posterior Chou, during the reign of the Emperor Shih-tsung (954 to 959), a celebrated porcelain, far superior to any yet produced, was manufactured in the district of Pien, the present department of K‘aiféng, in Honan province. It is described as being sky-blue in color, of brilliant surface, thin as paper, and giving out a clear musical sound when struck, the only defect being that the base was apt to be disfigured by the remains of the coarse sand on which the vessel had rested in the furnace, and which had become attached to it during the process of baking. The color was adopted in obedience to an imperial order that porcelain intended for palace use should thence- forward be “as blue as the clear sky after rain.” This porcelain, which was consequently termed Yi-yao, ‘“ Imperial porcelain,” and after the accession of the succeeding dynasty Ch‘ai-yao, Ch‘ai porcelain (Ch‘ai being the Emperor’s family name), was very highly prized, and becom- ing in subsequent years, owing to its delicate make, exceedingly rare, the smallest fragments were treasured as cap ornaments or necklace pendants. Porcelain, blue in color and with the characters “blue as the clear sky after rain” stamped in the glaze, is at the present time to be obtained in China. It is scarcely necessary to state, however, that such specimens do not date from the time of Shih-tsung; on the contrary, they are of quite modern manufacture. Already in the sixteenth cent- ury Hsiang Tzu-ching writes in the preface to his catalogue, “ In the present day men search for a fragment of this porcelain without being able to find one, and declare it to be but a phantom.” * EARLIEST PORCELAIN EXTANT DATES FROM SUNG DYNASTY. In truth, the description which has been attempted of the varieties of porcelain hitherto enumerated possesses merely a historical interest. No specimens manufactured prior to the advent of the Sung dynasty have survived to the present day, and even of the Sung productions the finer kinds have entirely disappeared. Such specimens as have weathered the storms and dangers of the subsequent eight centuries are, so far as I am aware, only céladons of considerable solidity—chiefly Lungeh‘itian or Chiinchow ware—or small pieces of no great finenéss. Three cent- uries ago even the finest varieties were already scarce, as is evident a Venus basin,” i. ¢., a Venice basin. It may remain a question whether Majolica, exported by way of Venice, was called China from asupposed resemblance to oriental porcelain, or whether the wares alluded to by Florio were in fact oriental. Minsheu, in his Spanish dictionary (1599), gives ‘* Porcellana, a kinde of earthen vessell painted ; costly fruit dishes of fine earth, painted ”—quoted in Marryat’s History of Pottery and Porcelain, p. 242. *Bushell: Chinese porcelain before the present dynasty, p. 72. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 397 from a passage inthe Ping hua-p‘u, an essay on flower-pots and flowers in pots, from the pen of Chang Ch‘ienté, an author who wrote near the close of the Ming dynasty, that is, about the beginning of the seven- teenth century : In ancient times no vases were made of porcelain, and up to the T‘ang dynasty all such vessels were made of copper. It was not till then that pottery came into vogue. After this period we find a large number of classes of porcelain, such as the kinds kpown as Ch‘ai (that described above), Ju, Kuan, Ko, Ting, Lungeh‘iian Chiinchou, Changshéng, Wuni (all of the Sung dynasty period), Hsiianté and Ch’énghua (of the Ming dynasty). Among antiquities, copper articles are the best; of porcelain, the Ch‘ai and Ju kinds, though the best of all, have ceased to exist; Kuan, Ko, Hsuan, and Ting porcelains are the most precious curiosities of the present day; whereas the porcelains called Lungch‘iian (the heavy old celadons of modern collectors), Chiin- chou, Changshéng, Wuni and Ch’énghua are esteemed as objects of only secondary value.” * As Chang Ch‘ien-té further says that he constantly met with speci- mens of Juchou porcelain, and since vases of that ware are figured in Hsiang Tzt-ching’s catalogue, it would appear that this highly esteemed porcelain must have disappeared from thefmarket towards the close of the sixteenth century. It is curious, too, that while Chang Ch‘ien-té places the productions of the Ch’énghua period (1465 to 1487) at the foot of the list of porcelains of ‘‘only secondary value,” the prices paid for this ware within a century of its production were very high. In Hsiang Tzii-ching’s catalogue the price paid for a tazza-shaped cup is stated to have been 60 taels (or $90 gold); and of two miniature wine-cups he says, “these are choice specimens of the wine cups of this celebrated reign, and are valued at 100 taels ($150 gold) the pair, yet now even for this money it is impossible to get them.”t SUNG DYNASTY, 960 To 1259. The porcelain manufactured under this dynasty appears to have far excelled in quality and delicacy of workmanship all that preceded it, the Ch‘ai-yao alone perhaps excepted. The shapes and ornamental ~ decorations appear to have been modelled, as a rule, after ancient bronzes, as figured in illustrated catalogues of the most celebrated specimens of such vessels (as the Po-ku-t‘u), published during the Hsiian-ho period, 1119 to 1125, and the K‘ao-ku-t‘u; and when not modeled after such ancient designs, the vessel took the form of some natural object, as a tree or flower or of some animal real or imaginary. In the former the pattern was engraved with a pointed style in the paste, and was broken here and there by lions’ or dragons’ heads in bold relief, with an elaboration and wealth of ornament hitherto un- dreamed of. That a remarkable degree of proficiency had by this time been obtained in the Ceramic art is evident from the descriptions pre- * Hirth; Ancient Porcelain, p. 10. t Bushell: Op. cit., No. 55, 59. 398 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. served by Hsiang Tzit-ching of some specimens of Tingchou ware seen by him. (1) A sacrificial jar in the form of an elephant from an ancient bronze design. The body forms the wine vessel, the uplifted trunk the spout, a narrow canopy arch- ing over the saddle the handle, to which is attached a round cover ornamented with geometrical and spiral scroll borders surmounted by a knot. The rope girths and ornamental details engraved under a white glaze. (2) A branched pricket candlestick—a slender pillar on a solid foliated stand curves at the top to end in a pheenix-head, from the back of which hangs a ring chain, which suspends the stem of a lotus, branching into three flowers to hold the candles, which are shaded by a huge overhanging leaf. Ornamented with engraving under a pure white glaze. (3) A jar which was of irregular quadrangular section, carved in relief after an an- cient bronze design, with lobes on the body, a scroll border below, and a band of ornament in the form of coiled dragons round the neck. Loop handles terminating in horned heads and with rings hanging from them project from the neck. Covered with glaze the color of ripe grapes, transparent and of a perfect luster—a beautiful vase to hold flowers for the table.* INTRODUCTION OF COLORED DECORATION. Prior to the Sung dynasty the external color of all porcelain appears to have been solely determined by that of the glaze, and to have been almost entirely monochrome. Ina few instances vases were covered with parti-colored glazes, which were apt to flow into one another in the heat of the kiln, and so gave rise to the fortuitous productions known as Yao-pien (the French flambés), articles the decoration of which “changed during the process of baking.’ The Sung porcelain was essentially, I believe, of the same character, the coloring of the article produced being determined only by the kind of glaze which was spread over the paste or biscuit. With the sole exception of the Nanféng ware, and a portion of that from Linch’uan, produced during the Yiian dynasty, none of which seems to have survived to the present day, but which is described as having been decorated with flowers coarsely painted under the glaze, I can find nothing in the works of Chinese writers on this subject to justify the concession of a greater antiquity than the early part of the Ming dynasty, 2. ¢., the first half of the fifteenth century, to the orna- mentation of vases with arabesques and scroll work, with landscapes, historical scenes, or genre paintings in several colors. This conclusion, if correct, is a point of considerable importance as an aid in determining the true age of specimens which are at times credited with an origin far remote. Itis true that céladon vases into the orna- mentation of which leaves enter, are sometimes described as having the leaves veined with dark green, but these deeper shades may result from the fact that the ornamentation has been engraved in the paste, and that the coloring matter has sunk into the line of engraving, thereby producing a darker shade along the lower levels. Other specimens of * Bushell: Op. cit, Nos. 33, 80, 18. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. o99 céladon ware had one or sometimes two bands of ornamentation of a - deeper green than the body of the vase. This deeper tone might, how- ever, have been produced by a double layer of glaze; in any case the peculiarity would not amount to ornamentation in several colors in the sense in which I use that expression. Again, the single specimen of black Tingchou porcelain illustrated (and indeed ever seen) by Hsiang Tzi-ching is described as ‘‘a duck-headed vase, bottle shape, with swell- ing body and ringed neck, which curves over to end in a duck’s head, a round orifice with a small cover being on the convexity of the curve. The black color is painted on the head and neck, gradually fading away on the body of the vase, which is enamelled white.”* This description conveys the idea that the head and neck of the duck were covered with black glaze, the body of the vase with white glaze, and that in the bak- ing the former spread downwards and gradually merged into the white of the body. Itin no way invalidates the conclusion above suggested. It will be advisable to examine in greater detail the several varie- ties of porcelain manufactured under this dynasty ; following the order of merit usually ascribed to them by Chinese writers. JU-YAO. Ju-yao or Juchou porcelain.—Chinese authors state that the porcelain manufactured at Tingchou (see p. 402), being unfit for presentation to the emperor, the establishment of a factory for the manutacture of more suitable articles was ordered at Juchou, in Honan province. Ac- cording to some writers the defect of the Tingchou ware was its gritty character; according to others, the frequency of cracks caused by too rapid or careless baking. As, however, they agree in ascribing the in- troduction of Ju-yao and its success to the early part of the Sung dynasty, z. €., to the very time from which date the finest specimens of the Ting- chou porcelain, it is difficult not to conclude that native authors, writing centuries later, have ascribed the establishment of this factory to erro- neous causes. The finest specimens, which were very thin and delicate, were supe- rior to imperial ware (Auwan-yao), and were of either plain or crackled t * Bushell: Op. cit. No. 35. t Crackling (craquelure) was originally considered in Europe a defect of baking, which resulted from a lack of homogenity between paste and glaze, causing one to contract more rapidly thandidthe other. It was not tillacomparatively recent date that the actual facts came to be appreciated, namely, that in the eyes of the Chinese the craquelure is a species of decoration, and that they have a special kind of en- ame!, into the composition of which steatite enters largely, the sole object of which is to produce this curious appearance. By means of this enamel they can at will cover the surface of a vase with any one of a variety of craquelure, either large “like cracks in ice,” or small as ‘“‘ the fishroe,” “‘ the dodder” or “‘ the crabs’ claws.” - In some specimens, bands are found crackled separating other bands not crackled ; or colors, usually either black or red, are rubbed into the crackling to render it more apparent, or to impart a tinge to the entire suzface. In other specimens again, 400 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18838. surface, with the ornamentation engraved under the paste. The craquelure, though coarse in inferior specimens, must in the better grades have been very close and fine, as it is described as resembling fishroe. But that not crackled was the most highly esteemed. Hsiang Tzi’-ching, describing a beaker of old bronze design with engraved dec- oration under a bluish-green color not crackled, speaks of it as “a rare kind of Juchou ware.” In colorit was céladon. In one place this por- celain is described, it is true, as being like the sky after rain, but as elsewhere it is stated tohave resembled the Ko-yao, or crackled céladons in color, though somewhat darker in shade, there seems no reason to doubt that its real tint was bluish-green, ?@. ¢., céladon, especially as the specimens of this ware illustrated in the catalogue translated by Dr. Bushell are so painted.* Hsiang Tzii‘-ching, the author of this cata- logue, after describing a vase 63 inches high, which is stated to have cost 150,000 cash, or about $150 gold, says ‘‘specimens of Juchou ware are very rare, and, when met with, are usually plates and bowls. A perfect unbroken vase like this is almost unique, and as it excels both Kuan and Ko porcelain both in form and glaze, it is far more valua- ble.” Within three or four decades later, as has already been stated, it seems to have been impossible to find any specimens at all of this ware. KUAN-YAO. Kuan-yao—t. ¢., official or government porcelain—was the produce of the imperial factories established under the Sung dynasty between the years 1107 and 1117 at Pienliang, the present department of K‘aiféng, in Honan province, and after the removal southwards of the court before the advancing Mongols, at the southern capital, Hangehou, in Chehkiang province. During the Takuan period (1107 to 1110) the though for what reason is not known, the paste, after having been decorated, is cov- ered with a crackled glaze, and a second decoration, having no apparent connection with that beneath, is painted above the glaze. The colors of the Juchou, govern- ment (Awan), Ko, Lung ch‘iian and Chiinchon porcelains were all some shade of what the Chinese call ch‘ing. Now ch‘ing means in some combinations blue, in others a pale dull green, as of the fresh olive, which is called by the Chinese ch‘ing-kuo, the ch‘ing-colored fruit. Pére d’Entrecolles, when writing of the Lung ch‘tian ware, de- scribes its color correctly as teinte d’olive. M. Julien, however, in spite of a hint given from the technical annotator M. Salvetat, which might have set him right, rejected this sense on what seemed to him sufficient grounds, and insisted on (errone- ously) translating this word throughout his work as ‘‘ blue,” though by so doing he had to make his porcelain ‘‘ as blue as (green) jade ”—with the result that subsequent writers on this subject have failed to derive any assistance from his work in deter- mining the origin and history of céladon porcelain. Hirth: Op. cit., p. 7. Céladon was originally the name of the hero in the popular novel ’ Astrée, written by Honore d’Urfé in the seventeenth century. Céladon was attired in clothes of a kind of sea-green hue with gray or bluish tint, and his name thus came to be applied to the clothes he wore, precisely that designated by the Chinese as ch‘ing. * Julien: Op. cit. p. 63. Bushell: Op. cit. Nos. 19, 22, 34. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. AOL shades specially affected were, first, pale white like the moon, the French clair de lune; second, pale bluish green; and third, dark green; but during the Chingho period (1111 to 1117) the only color employed was bluish-green, both dark and pale in tint. This porcelain was very thin, and in some cases crackled all over so finely as to resemble crab’s claws in shape, with the red brim and iron-colored foot distinctive of the true céladon. The Po-wu-yao-lan, quoted in the T’a0-shuo Treatise on Pottery (ch. 2, p. 9), explains this latter expression as follows : As regards Kuan-yao, it should be known that the porcelain earth found at the foot of the Fénghuang-shan, or Pheenix hill, near Hangchou, is red; for this reason the foot (the base on which the vessel rests when being fired, and which is therefore not covered by the enamel), resembles iron in color. This was at the time called ‘red- mouthed and iron-footed.” The term ‘‘red mouth” refers to the brim or opening of the vessel, which becomes red by the enamel flowing down and away fromit, so as to be much thinner on the brim than it is on the body of the vessel, thus allowing spots of red paste to become visible. Dr. Hirth, after quoting this explanation, adds: The red or iron colored bottom, usually appearing in the shape of a ring, is a char- acteristic feature of the Lungch‘iian céladons; but if the above explanation is cor- rect, the bottom of Lungch‘iian vessels differed from Kwan-yao bottoms, since the paste of Hangchou céladons (the southern Kuan-yao) is said to be red in itself, whereas that of the Lungch‘iian-yao is originally white, and merely turns red in such - parts of the surface as are not covered by the enamel.* From. Hsiang Tzt ching’s catalogue it would seem as if there were originally two recognized classes of this ware: ordinary Kuan-yao and Ta-kuan, or superior Kuan-yao. Among the latter he mentions an ink-slab for the emperor’s use, in which ‘‘an oval was left unglazed in the center for rubbing the ink on, showing the red paste.” Both were céladon in color; in the superior variety (ta-kuan), however, the glaze appears to have been more brilliant—it is described as “ clear and lus- trous, like an emerald in tint.” The two specimens of this ware de- scribed were both coarsely crackled. The ordinary Kuan-yao was in some cases crackled with a glaze varying from pale green to deep onion ; in other specimens uncrackled, the latter being seemingly of a lighter tint than the crackled, the ornamentation, consisting of a variety of scroll designs or of some geometrical patterns broken by animals’ heads in relief, was engraved under the glaze.t ; After the court had been removed southwards to Hangechou, Shao Ch‘éng-chang, superintendent of the Northern Imperial Park, is said to have established a factory in the residence of the junior director of the palace. Made of very pure clay, with great grace of form and covered with a transparent, brilliant glaze, this porcelain, which was termed Nei-yao porcelain of the palace or Kuan-yao—government porcelain— gained a high reputation. *Hirth; Op. cit., p. 20. t Bushell: Op, cit,, Nos. 2, 8, 5, 13, 15, 17, 47, 50, 53, 73. ‘H. Mis, 142, pt. 2——26 4()2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. TING-YAO. Ting-yao, or porcelain of Tingchou, was manufactured originally in the district of that name in Chihli province, near the present depart- ment of Chéngting. It was known as Pei-ting or Northern Ting (960-1126), in contradistinction to the Nan-ting or Southern Ting, pro- duced at Hangchou after the retreat uf the court southwards before the advancing Mongols in 1127. The former was the more highly prized, and the finest specimens of this ware were those produced, it is said, during the period Chéngho (1111 to 1117) and Hstanho (1119 to 1125). In color they were brilliant white, purple or black; and though the Ko-ku-yao-lan (a work treating of antiquities, completed in 1387), as quoted in the T‘ao-shuo, or Treatise on Porcelain, from which the au- thors translated by M. Julien derive most of their information regarding the ceramics of earlier dynasties, gives as the test of Tingchow porce- lain ‘the purity of its white color and brilliancy of its glaze,” it is evi- dent that the connoisseur Hsiang Tzti ching experienced a stronger affection for his ‘‘ beautiful purple glaze, uniformly brilliant and trans- parent, resembling the tint of ripe grapes or of the anbergine (egg- plant)” and his black, than he did for the white glaze, though it were in his own words “uniformly lustrous and translucent, like mutton-fat or fine jade.” Both the purple and black varieties were far rarer than the white. ‘I have seen,” says the collector, “ hundreds of specimens of the white, scores of purple-brown, but the black is extremely rare, and I have only seen the one specimen I have described in my whole life”—-and he then had at least one of his specimens more than fifty years. It is, I think, in this rarity of the purple and black glazes that the explanation of the dictum above quoted is to be found, and prob- ably they were unknown to its authors. The varieties mentioned in the Ko-ku-yao-lan as inferior to the white do not include these colors, and seem to result from impure clay or defective glaze. The same work (the Ku-ku-yao-lan) says that one of the signs of the genuineness of this ware was the presence of marks on it like tears. This probably means granulations, for it is explained that these marks were caused by the manner in which the enamel was thrown upon the white paste. Specimens having ornamental designs engraved in the paste were the best, though the plain or unornamented were also highly esteemed ; the second-class consisted of such as had the ornamentation worked into the enamel, and a third of such as had the decoration printed or pressed upon them with a mold, the ornaments chiefly used being the Chinese peony or Pwonia moutan, the hsiian-ts‘ao or Hemero- callis fulva, and the flying fénghuang (Phenix). In Hsiang Tzu-ching’s catalogue, however, eleven specimens, all undoubtedly of the finest. quality—six of the white glaze, four of the purple, and one of the black—are described, into the ornamentation of no one of which enters either of these so-called “usual” patterns; the decoration in every case, THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 403 is in general character exactly similar to that found on the Juchou ware already described. Tingchow ware was well imitated during the Yiian dynasty (1260 to 1367) by one P‘eng Chiin-pao at Hochou, in Kiangnan province, and later on very successfully at Chingté-chen.* His productions, known as P‘éng porcelain, after himself, and Ho porcelain, from the locality, are described as “ fine in paste and white in color, looking very much like real Ting-yao.” LUNGCH‘UAN. Lungch‘tian-yao (Lungeh‘iian porcelain) was manufactured from the early part of the Sung dynasty (end of tenth or beginning of eleventh century) in the district of that name, situated in the department of Chitichou, Chehkiang province. The ornamentation was engraved under the glaze, which was of various shades from the color of grass to deep onion-green, sometimes crackled and sometimes not crackled; and occasionally bands of foliate or scroll pattern are found of deeper tone than the rest of the vessel, The biscuit. which was of fine clay, turned brown when the absence of glaze had exposed it to the effect of heat during baking, though when covered by the glaze and in fractures it remained white, and on the base or foot was a ferruginous ring. The specimens which survive are mostly coarse and thick, but as the best specimens were considered but little inferior to Kuan-yao, these prob- ably represent only the rougher and inferior grades. In the designs no little artistic merit is shown at times. One specimen which is described by Hsiang Tzt-ching (and I have myself seen one exactly similar) consists of a whorl of palm-leaves surrounding a hollow stem to hold flowers. Another is ‘‘a sacrificial urn moulded in the form of a horn- less rhinoceros, the body hollowed out to hold wine, with a peaked saddle on the back as cover, after a bronze design from the Po-ku-t‘u “enclycopedia.” The author translated by M. Julien states that this ware was subsequently successfully imitated at Chingté-chén, and that the latter surpassed the originals in beauty. Dr. Hirth, however, avers ou the authority of native connoisseurs that the pure Lungeh‘iian products can be distinguished from all imitations; first, because it is a peculiarity of the clay used in the manufacture of the former alone to turn brown or red on the surface when left exposed during baking, while the biscuit remains white where covered; and, secondly, because, owing to this peculiarity of the clay, the ferruginous ring on articles of white porcelain manufactured elsewhere can only be produced by artificially coloring the foot or base; an act which of course admits of ready detection on the part of an experienced collector.t * Julien: Op. cit., pp. 21, 61. Hirth: Op. cit., pp. 13 et seq. tJulien: Op. cit., p. 69. Hirth: Op. cit., pp, 31 et seq. Bushell: Op. sit., Nos, 12, 16, 23, 25=27, 29, 32, 36, 67, 77, A404 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. KO-YAO OR CHANG-YAO. Subsequently, after the removal of the court southwards in 1127, ac- cording to an authority quoted in the Topography of the Chehkiang province, the brothers Chang, natives of Ch‘iichow, but having their factory inthe Lungceh‘iian district, gained a high reputation for their por- celain. These brothers are known as Shéng-i, the elder-born, and Shéng- érh, the second-born. The produce of the former’s kiln was called Ko-yao, or elder-brother’s porcelain, to distinguish it from that manu- factured by the younger Chang, which was termed Chang-yao or Chang Lungch“ian yao, 2. é., Lungeh‘iian porcelain made by Chang (the younger). Both are céladon in color, though the elder brother’s ware appears to have been lighter in tint, and both have the distinctive marks of céladon, the red mouth or opening and ferruginous ring on the foot. The main difference between the two seems to have been that the Ko-yao was crackled—so closely in the best specimens as to resemble the fishroe— whereas the Chang-yao was uncrackled. In other respects the descrip- tions are curiously conflicting. The history of the Chingté-chén factory states that Ko-yao was extremely thin, while the Ww-ts‘a-tsu, a work of the Ming dynasty, speaks of it as the one kind of porcelain of this epoch ‘of which it is not too difficult to-obtain specimens, owing to its pecul- jar heaviness, which enables it to last long.” As compared with the more ancient porcelain of. Lungceh‘iian, the productions of the two Chang are described as “‘smaller, more graceful in shape, and showing greater delicacy of workmanship.”* CHUN-YAO. The Chun-yao was a porcelain made from the early part of the Sung dynasty, in the district of Chiinchou or sometimes wrong}ly correspond- ing to the present district of Yii-chow, in the department of K‘aiféng, Honan province. It was sometimes molded in grotesque forms (e. g., a lamp formed of a hornless dragon with sealy body and four short legs, the serpent-like head protruding with mouth open to receive the wick and body hollowed into a receptacle for oil), but was usually modelled after ancient bronzes and ornamented with scroll or floral patterns under the glaze, which, according to Hsiang Tziiching, was either vermilion- red or aubergine purple—the two most valuable colors—moonlight white (clair de lune) or pale green, and sometimes marked with granu- lations. The authorities quoted in the T‘ao-shuo, or Treatise on Pottery, would lead one to believe that the best pieces had two or more colors of glaze on the same vase. The higher quality, according to them, con- sisted of pieces having a color red like cinnabar and green like onion- leaves and kingfisher’s feathers, which is commonly ealled parrot-green, and aubergine purple, or of pieces red like rouge, green like onion-leaves * Julien: Op. cit., pp. xxvi, 70. Hirth: Op. cit., pp. 31 ef seg. Bushell: Op. cit., No. 11. Le THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. AO5 and kingfisher’s feathers, and purple like ink; these three colors being intact and unchanged by baking. M. Julien enumerates seven varie- ties: (1) green or blue like plums; (2) purple-brown like the auberg- ine; (3) red like the Pyrus japonica; (4) pig’s liver; (5) mule’s lungs; (6) mucus; (7) sky-blue. But such differentiation appears erroneous, for the Treatise on Pottery says: Pieces that have one or two numbers on the bottom as a trade mark, and are of a color resembling pig’s liver—since the red, ch‘ing (céladon), and green colors got mixed together like salvai hanging down through not being sufficiently fired—are not to be distinguished as different kinds. For such names as mucus or pig’s liver, which are given to this class of porcelain, have been invented for fun’s sake. Among these porcelains those which have bottoms like the flower-pots in which sword-grass is grown are considered the most excellent; the others, viz, those which have ton- shaped censers, Ho-fang jugs, or Kuan-tzu, are all of a yellowish sandy paste, for which reason they are not good in appearance.* The same authority adds that none of these porcelains lasted long. ‘Specimens are, however, I believe still to be found. Hsiang Tzi-ching, after describing a small jar, of globular form, with two boldly designed pheenixes molded in high relief as handles, interrupting a border of spirally ornamented medallions, adds: Chiinchou porcelain is put at the bottom of the Sung potteries, yet a jar like this oue, of elegant form, good color, and fine engraved work, equals, if not excells, as a flower-vase, one of Ju, Kuan, Ko, or Ting pottery. It is marked beneath with the numeral wu, five, an additional proof that it is really a Chiin piece. t TUNG-CH‘ING-YAO. Tung ch‘ing-yao, or céladon porcelain, from the eastern capital, was produced at factories situated in the department of K‘aiféng, Honan province, the so-called eastern capital of the Sung monarchs, before their retreat southwards, from 960 to 1126. It was of various shades of céladon, uncrackled (seemingly), with the ornamentation engraved under the glaze. The description given by Hsiang Tzii-ching of a small vessel of this ware will convey a truer idea of its character than the vague disquisition of the encyclopdists. *The translation followed is Dr. Hirth’s, but the sense is better brought out by Dr. Bushell’s more correct rendering, which runs thus: ‘‘Among these porcelains the flower-pots and saucers for growing sword-grass are the most beautiful; the others, namely, the barrel seats, censers and boxes, square vases and jars with covers,” etc. (North China Herald, 12th May, 1888.) The words here rendered, ‘‘the flower-pots and saucers for growing sword-grass” are translated by M. Julien ‘‘les plats sous le pied desquels on a peint un glaieul.” This misconception of the meaning has, as Dr. Hirth points out, led astray all later writers on porcelain and its marks who have re- lied on Julien into describing the acorus as a mark, when found on the foot of a ves- sel, of its being a Kinn (Chiin) piece of the finest quality. Dr. Hirth also draws at- tention to the fact that the expression t‘u-ss% wén, translated by Julien when treating of one class of this porcelain as showing ‘‘ veines imitant les soies (poils) du liévre,” really means showing veining lilke the cuscuta or dodder—t‘u-ssii being the name of that plant. t Bushell: Op. cit., No. 20, 30, 41, 79. Julien: Op. cit., pp. 74, 75. Hirth: Op. cit., pp.16, 17, 406 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. “Tt is of hexagonal form, with lobed border, decorated in panels, with formal sprays of flowers, plum blossoms, polyporus fungus, and grass, chrysanthemum, bamboo, etc., carved in relief under a glaze of bright ereen color like jade, raised in faint millet-like tubercles.”* LESS CELEBRATED VARIETIES. In addition to the above celebrated productions of the Sung dy- nasty, the following less remarkable varieties may be mentioned : The Hsiao-yao, from the Hsiao district, in the department of Hsiichou, Kiangnan provinee, extremely thin and brilliant, white in color, and very elegant in shape and workmanship. The Chichou-yao, from the district of that name, corresponding with the present Luling district, in the department of Chi-an, Kiangnan province, both white and violet, the latter closely resembling the violet porcelain of Tingchou. The best was made by the family Shu; that produced by the daughter Shu Chiao realizing almost as much as /o-yao (the elder Chang’s porcelain). Her large vases for holding flowers would fetch several ounces of silver each. Regard- ing the violet variety, the technical annotator of M. Julien’s work adds the following note: ‘‘I] est probable que ces porcelaines vio- lettes étaient fabriquées a Vétat de biscuit, et colorées ensuite avec un émail plombeux coloré parle manganése. Cette considération reporterait 4 ’année 960 de notre ere les glacures plombiféres; ce nest qwen 1283 qu’un potier de Schelestadt trouva le procédé de vernir la poterie au moyen du plomb, et put créer une fabrication véritablement industrielle.” | The Hsiuchou-yao and Ssuchou-yao, from the districts respectively of the same name in the Kiangnan province. They resembled the (white?) Tingchow porcelain, but were far inferior in quality. The T‘ang-yi-yao and Téngchou-yao manufactured in the T‘ang Téugehou districts of the department of Nayang, Honan province—both céladon, but, like the next, inferior to Juchou ware. The Yaochou-yao, from the district of that name in the department of Hsi-an, Shansi province. They were originally céladon, but vases of white porcelain, possessed of considerable merit, but lacking in grace and strength, were subsequently produced. The Wuni-yao, from the department of Chienning, Fukien province—a céladon made from black coarse clay, lacking in polish and with dry looking glaze. The Chien-yao, from the department of Chienchou, the present district of Chienyang, in the department of Chienning, Fukien province— thin, of pale black color and of high polish, it was highly esteemed ; some specimens were studded with granulations resembling drops or yellow pearls. * Julien: Op. cit., pp. 67-69. Bushell: Op. cit., No. 79. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. AOT The Yiuhang-yao, from the Yiihang district, in the department of Hang- chou, Chehkiang province—a kind of céladon, resembling Kuan- yao, but inferior, possessing neither the same crackle nor bDril- lianey. The Lishui-yao, from Lishui district, in the department of Ch‘iichon, Chehkiang province—heavy and thick, resembling in color the Lungceh‘iian. (7. e., céladon) ware, but far inferior to it.* YUAN DYNASTY, 1260 To 1349. Under the Mongol dynasty, the Yiian (1260 to 1349), the manufact- ure of porcelain generally appears to have retrograded. Exceptions, however, must at least be made in favor of that produced for the special use of the emperor. This ware--to judge from the specimens de- scribed by Hsiang Tzii-ching—was white in color, with the ornamenta- tion faintly engraved in the paste. Plates, bowls, etc., are said to have borne the characters shu-fu, “the palace,” inscribed on the interior on the foot. Hsiang Tzt-chingt states that this shu-fu porcelain was copied from the Tingchou ware of the Northern Sung dynasty, and the vase in his own collection he considers altogether like a Ting piece in its form, in the color of the paste and in the engraved design. The details given by native writers regarding the productions of this period are scanty in the extreme. They mention, however, that at Lungch‘iian céladons were produced on the model of the Chang ware, but the clay used was coarse and dry, and failed to give the fine color which had characterized the older productions. At Ho-chou, in the Kiangnan province, P‘éng Chiin-pao produced, as already stated, some excellent porcelain, known as New Ting-yao and from the name of the district in which it was produced, Ho-yao or ware of Ho, and closely resembling the older ware from Tingchow. Made from fine, white, plastic clay, it was very thin and céladon in color. Other varieties mentioned are: The Hstianchou-yao, from the department of that name in Kaingnan province, very thin and white in color. The Linch‘uan-yao, from the district of that name in the department of Fuchou, Kiangsi province, was a porcelain made from soft white clay. It was thin, and generally white, with a light yellow tinge; but some bore flowers coarsely painted. ; The Nanféng-yao, from the district of that name in the department of Chienchang, Kiangsi province, was a somewhat thick porcelain, in many cases ornamented with flowers in blue. These two latter kinds appear to have been very famous under the Yiian dynasty, and to have been much preferred to the productions of Chingté- chén. The Hut‘ien-yao, manufactured in the neighborhood of Chingté-chén, was either a yellowish-black, or, if white, had a tint of that color. { * Julien: Op. cit., pp. 12-21. ¢ Julien: Op. cit., pp. 23, 24, 86. t Bushell: Op. cit., No. 21. 408 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888 No specimens of these wares have, however, so far as I am aware, survived to the present day, and among those which Chinese connois- seurs now declare to be red products of the Yiian dynasty one seldom sees any but such as are of a uniform whitish-purple with deep red - splashes. MING DYNASTY, 1368 To 1649. Under the Ming dynasty the ceramic art made great progress, both in the fineness of the ware and in the excellence of the decorative workmanship. It would appear that under the Yiian dynasty imperial orders were not invariably executed at the government factories, but were frequently entrusted to private enterprise. None, however, of the articles tendered was accepted unless considered perfect, and the test was so severe, that as much as 90 per cent. was at times rejected. Under the Ming dynasty, however, the manufacture appears to have been more and more restricted to the Chingté-chén factories, which thenceforward practically monopolized the production of artistic por- celain. The administration was reformed, and officers were despatched from the capital with the orders, the execution of which they had to superintend, and on completion to deliver to the palace—duties which, like most others of emolument and dignity, were absorbed by eunuchs during the reigns of the last emperors of that dynasty. In their paintings, which are always in water color, the Chinese, while of course requiring on the artist’s part a knowledge of the technique adequate to a proper treatment of the subject chosen, admire chiefly a boldness of stroke which proves complete mastery over the pencil, and a facility of conception which permits of improvisation, so to speak; that is, of the elaboration of the original design currente calamo, and with- out having previously outlined a sketch of it upon the object to be decorated. This style of painting is termed pi-i, “ following the will of the brush.” An artist who first sketches out his design and then care- fully and elaborately fills in the details, a style which is depreciatingly termed kung-i, “‘ mechanical ”, occupies in their estimation a very sub- ordinate position. And the characteristics of the two styles are so clearly defined, or at least are so patent to the practised native eye, that a single glance almost suffices to enable a connoisseur to determine to which of the two a painting belongs. In a country, too, where painting as a profession does not exist, and where the interchange of fans or scrolls painted by the donors, as one of the most ordinary forms of courtesy, generates, if not a profound knowledge of the art, at least a very general practical proficiency in it, it has resulted that the most noted artists are to be found among the class enjoying the most leisure—that formed of the successful competi- tors in the literary examinations which constitute the one entry to offi- cial employment. Inthis way the more highly esteemed style of paint- ing, with its bold free stroke, came to be considered (as indeed it prac- THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 409 tically was) the almost exclusive production of the literary or official class. Hence when, during the Ch‘énghua period, the decoration of porcelain in many colors came to be that most highy prized, it became customary to have the designs drawn by the most celebrated artists among the palace officials and to transmit them to the manufactory to be there executed by the most skilled painters. Owing to the care thus exercised in obtaining decorative designs from the brushes of the best artists and in having them executed by the most able workmen, the manufacture reached a higher point of excellence during this (the Ch‘énghua) period than at any other time during the Ming dynasty, and the steps of development which led to this result may be distinctly traced. As has been remarked earlier, decoration by painting in colors as dis- tinct from the general coloring imparted by glaze is, I believe, first reached under the Ming dynasty. In the Yunglo period (1403 to 1424) it took the form of decoration in blue under the glaze. Special atten- tion was paid to this style during the Hsiianté period (1426 to 1435), and owing probably to the adoption of a special kind of foreign blue (known in Chinese as Su-ni-po, which appears to have been obtainable during this period alone), a brillianey of color was attained which was never afterwards quite equaled. At the same time, however, a brilliant red color attracted universal admiration. At first this was used by itself either as a uniform coloring over the outside of bowls and cups, or for the delineation of fishes or peaches upon the white ground, the contrast of the two colors, both striking in brilliancy, being highly admired. Then a form was adopted which, while it gave due prominence to the bighly prized crimson, admitted of the introduction of other colors in a subordinate capacity, such as vessels in the shape of persimmons (Diospyros kaki) on a leafy branch forming the handle, the fruit being red, and the leaves and stalk of their natural colors, green of various shades and brown respectively. From this form of decoration it required but a step to reach the use of the enamel colors for which the Ch‘énghua’ period (1465 to 1487) is famous. The use of enamel colors continued during the Hungchih period (1488 to 1505), some of the specimens being scarcely inferior to the best pieces of Ch‘énghua ware, but gradually gave way in public favor to a pale yellow glaze covering an ornamentation engraved in the paste. This was also the most highly esteemed production of the Ch‘éngté period (1506 to 1521): though the efforts to obtain further supplies of blue from the west being crowned with success, a revival in favor of “blue and white” china took place during this and especially the following reign till the supply was once more exhausted. Peculation, misgovernment and its attendant disorders and an in- creasing difficulty in finding the finer qualities of clay combined to cause a steady decline from this period onwards in the artistic excellence of the porcelain produced. The rapidity of the downward course was con- 410 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. siderably accelerated by the enormous extent of the imperial orders for the supply of the palace, which, sometimes aggregating 100,000 pairs of articles on a single occasion, taxed the resources of the government factories beyond their strength, with the result that, in order to economize money and labor, colors which were expensive or difficult to procure, were replaced by others less costly and more simple in their ingredients, and artistic beauty and excellence of workmanship were sacrificed to promptness in providing the supplies ordered. It is the gradual dispersion of the articles comprised in the vast orders issued during the Lungch‘ing (1567 to 1572) and Wanli (1573 to 1619) periods that has provided the bulk of the specimens in the possession of modern collectors of what has come to be considered (though in view of the much higher artistic merit of the ware produced under earlier emperors very unfairly considered) the characteristic Ming porcelain, porcelain somewhat coarse in make, faulty in shape, and decorated with paintings which, though characterized by boldness of design, are usually marked by ae of care in execution. While, however, the work of the government ficuones showed these unmistakable signs of decadence, strenuous efforts were made by a few isolated private manufacturers to raise the art to its earlier level of excellence. The imitations by Chou Tan-ch‘iian of the beautiful old Tingchou ware, and the cups of Hao Shih-chi of a “ dewy-dawn red” and of egg-shell (the latter at times only weighing one-fortieth of an ounce apiece) are spoken of in terms of the highest admiration, and brought fabulous prices. But though these efforts were, if the statements of Chinese writers can be relied upon, crowned with complete success so far as the artist’s individual productions were concerned, they were inadequate to prevent the downward tendency exerted by the government establishments at Chingté-chén, which had already for a long while almost monopolized the production of porcelain in China. During the remainder of the period that the Ming dynasty held the throne its energies were so much occupied in endeavoring to suppress internal disorder and in resisting the attacks of the Manchu Tartars > on its northern frontiers that no attention was paid to the ceramic art. From 1403 To 1424. During the Yunglo period (1403 to 1424) much white porcelain, with ornamentation in blue under the glaze, commonly known in Europe as “blue and white china,” was manufactured, which holds third place in regard to excellence among this class of ware produced during the Ming dynasty, that of the Hsiianté period (1426 to 1435) occupying the first, and that of the Ch‘énghua period (1465 to 1487) the second place. The blue employed is stated in the annals of Fouliang to have been brought from some Mohammedan country as tribute, and was thence known as Mohammedan blue. Daring the Yunglo and Hsiianté periods THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA, 411 it was termed Su-ma-li or Sw-ma-ni blue, and during the latter Su-ni-po also. Where this blue came from and whether these Chinese designa- tions are the reproductions of the name of a country or of a color has never been determined. Dr. Hirth, while pointing out the resemblance of the former in sound to smalt (medieval Latin smaltwm), and of the latter to Schneeberg, “under which name the Saxon biue afterwards became famous all over the world,”* thinks a search into Arabian or Per- sian records of that day may yet supply the missing explanation. What ever it was, the supply was exhausted during the Ch‘énghua period. Somewhat later, however (during the Chéngté period (1506 to 1521), Tatang, the governor of Yiinnan province, succeeded in obtaining fur- ther supplies of Mohammedan blue by paying for it twice its weight in gold; and during this and the greater part of the subsequent reign (Chiaching period, 1522 to 1566) it continued available; a fact to which is doubtless attributable the excellent color of the productions of that time. ‘Towards the close of the latter reign, however, the supply again gave out, when an incinerated cobaltiferous ore of manganese (termed wu-ming-t) replaced the western product; the color obtained from this native ore, far from equalling the brightness and transparency of the foreign blue, however, showed a dull and heavy tint after baking. EGG-SHELL PORCELAIN. Egeg-shell porcelain of very delicate workmanship was produced, but owing to its extreme fragility good specimens are now very difficult to obtain. It appears also to have had a tendency to crack during the process of firing. These porcelains are termed among the Chinese t‘o-t‘ai, or porcelain from which the “embryo” or biscuit has been re- moved, and are divided into two classes: ‘ True ¢‘o-¢‘ai,” the very thin, also known as egg-shell (tan-p‘7 or luan-mu) and “semi t‘o-t‘ai,” the somewhat thicker. The true ¢‘o-¢‘ai especially present great difficulties in the manufacture and require extraordinary dexterity in the hand- ling, for so thin is the portion of the body the workman allows to re- main, that if seems as though all had been removed; and it is only quite recently that the government manufactory at Sevres has succeeded in producing such porcelain, and then by an entirely different process, by casting or moulage en barbotine. The work translated by M. Julien states that while the production of this ware originated during the Yunglo period it was only the thicker variety that was then madg, and that the true t‘o-t‘ai dates from a later epoch, having been produced during the Ch‘énghua period (1465 to 1487) at the government manufactory and during the Lungeh’ing (1567 to 1572) and Wanli (1573 to 1619) periods at private factories. This statement appears, however, to be erroneous; for in No. 295 of this collection will be found a specimen, so at least Chinese experts state, of the semi (’o0-tai *Hirth: Op. cit., p. 65. 412 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. (though it seems difficult to believe that a bowl of such size could be made much thinner and yet be of practical utility), and in Nos. 289 to 294 specimens of the true ¢‘o-t‘ai, both having the inscription Yung-lo- nien-chih “* Made during the Yunglo period” engraved in the old seal character on its foot. Moreover, the one specimen of this ware described by Hsiang Tzt-ching is a small cup “as thin as paper, called ¢‘o-t‘at, body-less,” 7. ¢., true t‘o-t‘ai, not semi t‘o-t'ai, of which he says “there are not a few of these wine-cups left, yet they are highly appreciated by collectors of taste.* Specimens of the Ch‘énghua egg-shell will be found in Nos. 296 to 303. In spite of the extreme thinness of this ware many specimens—such as Nos. 289 to 294, already referred to—are adorned with very elabo- rate designs engraved under the glaze (an operation requiring except- ional delicacy of workmanship), which are scarcely visible unless the ves- sel be held against the light or be filled with liquid. These specimens possess additional interest from the fact that they enable us to picture to ourselves what the porcelain manufactured for thé special use of the pal- ace under the Yiian dynasty (the Shu-fw) and the Tingchou ware of the Sung dynasty were like; though, of course, these latter had not the thinness and delicacy of the egg-shell porcelain. For Hsiang Tzt-ching, after describing a specimen of Shu-fu porcelain decorated with dragons in the midst of clouds and with lion’s head handles, all faintly engraved in the paste under a white glaze, states that ‘‘the porcelain of our own dynasty (the Ming) of the reigns of Yunglo and Hsiianté, decorated with patterns engraved under a white glaze, was made after this Shu-fu porcelain, which was itself copied from the Tingchou porcelain of the northern Sung dynasty.t From 1426 To 1435. Among the porcelain manufactured during the Hsiianté period (1426 to 1435) that covered with crimson glaze or bearing designs in that color holds the highest place in the eyes of Chinese connoisseurs. ‘ It truly stands pre-eminent among the celebrated porcelains of different dynasties, a precious jewel of our own times,” says Hsiang Tzt-ching. Some of the descriptions left by this author are worth reproducing. (1) An incense burner from an old bronzedesign. ‘The upper two-thirds of the body and the handles, which are moulded in the form of fish, are covered with a deep red glaze of rosy dawn tint, the lower part enameled white, pure as driven snow, the two colors mingling in a curved line, dazzling the eyes.” (2) A wine pot (64 inches high), copied from a similar vessel of carved jade used by the emperor. The body, slender below, swelling towards the top, is decorated with engraved cloud scrolls and bands of geometrical and spiral pattern, with conical cover, spirally curved handle, and spout moulded and engraved in the form of a phoenix head, all covered with deep-red (chi hung) glaze.” It * Bushell: Op. cit., No. 61. tI bid., No. 21. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 413 is said to have cost the owner 200 ingots of silver in paper notes, a sum Dr. Bushell estimates to be equivalent to about £600. Another style of decoration much esteemed at the time for open ves- sels was ‘“‘three red fish on a white ground pure as driven snow, the fish boldly outlined and red as fresh blood, of a brilliant red color daz- zling the eyes.” Occasionally these fish would be represented on the outside swimming on waves engraved in the paste, with two more on the inside. Though no less than four vessels so decorated are described by Hsiang Tzt-ching, they are stated to have been even then “precious specimens of this rare kind of porcelain”—they are certainly so now. A rarer kind of decoration still was three pairs of peaches in red on a white ground—of these “ only two or three were then known to exist within the four seas,” 7. ¢., the empire. A still rarer decoration, found on a wine-cup, is described as “* the white ground decorated inside and outside with cloud scrolls engraved in the paste, a scroll border above colored.crimson: the handle a dragon of bold design moulded in high relief coiled round the top, with teeth and four claws fixed in the rim, enamelled vermilion red.” (Vessels with a dragon moulded in relief upon the brim are, it may be added, always highly esteemed by the Chinese when intact, partly because of the artistic ability required to suecessfully execute the design, and partly because old specimens are seldom met with undamaged.) ‘Only one or two of these beautiful little cups remain throughout the empire, and 100 taels ($150 gold) is not considered too much to pay for a spec- imen.” Hsiang Tzt-ching states that the brilliancy of this crimson glaze was obtained by the addition of powdered red gems from the west to the ordinary materials. Dr. Bushell, commenting upon this statement, says ‘this is impossible, and the colors being painted on under the glaze shows it to have been a copper silicate, the same doubt- less that gave the bright red (hsien hung) to the monochromes of the period.* M. Julien states that among the colors for porcelain painting brought from China by M. Itier (an employé in the minstry of finance, who accompanied the French ambassador to that country) and pre- sented in 1844 to the manufactory at Sevres, was one named pao-shih- hung, ‘‘ precious stone red”, which when analyzed by M. Salvetat proved to be merely ‘‘ oxyde de fer avee du fondant.” t A decoration first met with in the productions of this period is obtained by the entire excision of a delicate pattern, by some sharp instrument, from the biscuit of which the cup or bowl is formed. When the vessel is dipped in the glaze, the latter fills up the excised open work with a thin film sufficiently thick after baking to retain the liquid in the cup, though so thin that the pattern is thrown out as a transparency upon the more opaque body. This decoration is com- monly known among English collectors as “lace-work,” and the French term pieces so decorated reticuleés. *Bushell: Op. cit., Nos. 6, 10, 40, 54, 56, 58, 60, 69, 71, and p. 117, t Julien: Op. cit., p. 91, A414 REPORT: OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. FRoM 1465 ro 1487. During the Ch‘énghua period (1465 to 1487) the production of porce- lain bearing a blue decoration under the glaze continued, but owing chiefly to the fact that the supply of Su-ni-po blue from abroad was exhausted and partly from the growing preference for ornamentation in enamel colors, this ware was inferior in color to that of the Hsiianté period; and it is for the decoration in enamel colors that this period is chiefly and justly famous. One authority states that among the productions of this period are the most beautiful of wine-cups, the upper part of which is adorned with a Chinese peony ( Pwonia moutan) and having at the base a hen and chickens full of life and movement.* Hsiang Tztiching thus describes @ pair: They are of rounded form, swelling below, so thin and delicate that one weighs less than a third of an ounce. The cockcombs, narcissus and other flowers, the flying dragon-fly and crawling mantis, painted after life, in green, yellow, and crimson enamel. These are choice specimens of the wine-cups of this celebrated reign, and are valued at 100 taels (say $150) the pair, yet now even for this money it is impossi- ble to get them.t Another miniature wine-cup described by him is said to have been purchased for 60 ounces of silver ($90), while a pair in the possession of one of the high officers of the court under the Emperor Wanli is stated by another writer to have been valued at 1,000 ounces, or $1,500. Whatever may be thought of the last statement, the prices mentioned by Hsiang Tztiching are fully confirmed by contemporary writers. The Treatise on Pottery (the T‘ao-shuo) quotes from a work written towards the end of the Ming dynasty as follows: On the days of new moon and of full moon I often went, while at the capital, to the fair at the Buddist temple Tz‘t-én-sst, where rich men thronged to look at the old porcelain bowls exhibited there. Plain white-cups of Wanli porcelain were several ounces of silver each, those with the marks of Hsiianté and Ch‘énghua were twice as much more, up to the tiny cups decorated with fighting cocks, which could not be bought for less than a hundred ounces of the purest silver, pottery being valued far more highly than precious jade. From the time of the Emperor Wanli it was the endeavor of every man of taste, whose wealth could support such a strain, to set wine-cups of Ch‘énghua ware before his guests. Considering how many pieces of this choice porcelain must have been thus sacrificed, it is not surprising that it is almost impossible to procure specimens at the present day— nearly three hundred years after they were selling at twelve times their weight in gold—though Dr. Bushell states that ‘one may be occasionally seen in a Chinese collection preserved in an ebony box softly lined with padded silk.” Four specimens of these cups are con- tained in the collection—Nos. 300 to 303. * Julien: Op. cit., p. 94. t Quoted by Bushell: Op. cit., p. 98. t Bushell: Op. cit., No. 59, THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 415 From this period also are supposed to date many of the large vases which form so prominent a feature in the European collections, dec- orated with historical scenes, in the coloring of which green plays so large a part, and which have in consequence been termed by French writers “la famille verte.” They are really, however, more modern. “The finest,” as Dr. Bushell truly remarks, “belong to the reign of K‘anghsi, so that one of a pair is often found with a Ming mark be- neath, the other with a censer, flower, or other emblem (of the K‘anghsi period); yet some connoisseurs pride themselves on being able to dis- tinguish the genuine Ming in this class from the false, confessing, however, that it is a difficult matter.* This period is also noted for its egg-shell porcelain. It was not, however, invented at this time, but, as we have already shown, first manufactured during the Yunglo period. The four small plates of this ware (Nos. 296 to 299) are worthy of special note, not only for their extreme thinness and transparency, but for the very unusual style of their decoration—landscapes in enamel colors above the glaze. From 1488 To 1505. During the succeeding perioc, Hungchih, 1488 to 1505, while enamel colors were still used, a very pale yellow glaze of the color of a newly husked chestnut was the tint most highly prized, the two kinds of deco- ration being at times combined. If the uniform yellow glaze was em- ployed, ornamentation would be at times engraved in the paste or moulded in relief beneath it. So little is said regarding the ware of this period by Chinese authors, that it is worth while recording the descriptions of two choice specimens given by Hsiang Tzti-ching— (1) a wine pot * moulded in the form of a gourd contracted in the mid- dle, the brown stalk forming the handle of the cover, a winding branch the tapering handle, from which spring green tendrils and leaves and a miniature gourd, all worked in relief in the yellow body, a second miniature gourd being fashioned into the spout. Light yellow was the color most highly valued in this reign, but enamelling in color was also employed, as in this piece, which reminds one of the porcelain of the reign of Ch‘énghua;” (2) a teacup ‘in the form of a hibiscus flower, covered outside with a delicate yellow glaze imitating the natural tint of the flower; white inside. I have seen many specimens of Hungchih porcelain, but nothing to surpass these little cups.” * FROM 1506 To 1521. During the Chéngté period (1506 to 1521), so far as the meagre de- tails chronicled allow us to judge, while decoration in enamel colors continued and the successful endeavors of the governor of Yiinnan to 416 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. again turned to the production of porcelain ornamented with designs in blue under the glaze, the ware most highly prized was that covered with a yellow glaze, introduced under the previous reign, over patterns engraved in the paste, and a red monochrome termed chi-hung. This term appears to have included two shades, one the pao-shih-hung, or ‘ precious-stone red” already discussed under the Hsiianté period, (page 412), and the hsien-hung, a bright red, produced by a silicate of copper. This color, the Chinese records state, could not be success- fully produced subsequent to this period under the Ming dynasty, owing seemingly to inability to maintain a suitable condition of atmos- phere in the kiln; a difficulty explained by M. Salvetat thus: Si Vatmosphére du four est trop réductrice, le cuivre passe a l'état de cuivre mé- tallique; si Vatmosphere du four est trop oxydante, la coloration rouge disparait et la couverte devient verdatre (Recueil des travaux scientifiques de M. Ebelmen, Tome I, p. 437): le protoxyde de cuivre seul donne un silicate d’une couleur rouge.* A curious kind of earthenware is mentioned by Hsiang Tzt-ching as having been produced in the Yi-hsing district, of the department of Changchou, Kiangsu province, by a celebrated potter named Kung Ch’un. Teapots of this ware were of a light brown-like felt, or covered with a vermiliun red glaze. In either case the color is said to have changed to a bright green when tea was poured in, and to have gradu- ally reverted to its original color, line by line, as the liquid was poured out. This curious peculiarity is said to have been merely the acci- dental result of some change effected by baking, but was highly prized by collectors—500 ounces of silver ($750) having been paid for the two specimens described by our author.t From 1522 To 1566. During the Chiaching period (1522 to 1566) the yellow glaze, so par- ticularly affected during the two previous reigns, appears to have been entirely, and decoration in enamel colors to have been almost entirely, abandoned, the old style of ornamentation in blue under the glaze being chiefly admired, till the supply of that color from the west was again exhausted during the later years of this reign: and to the pres- ent day the “blue and white” of this period is much sought after by collectors. Apart from this, the only kind of ware at all remarkable mentioned by Chinese writers is cups intended for use upon the palace altars, and hence termed t‘an-chan, which are said to have resembled white jade and to have been exceptionally beautiful. One maker, named T's‘ui, who is stated to have lived during this and the following reign, is however mentioned as a successful imitator of the porcelain of the Hsiianté and Ch‘énghua periods, his productions being known as Ts‘ui kung yao tz‘v, “ Mr. Ts‘ui’s poreelain-ware.” ¢ “Julien: Op. cit. p.97. Bushel; Op. cit., Nos. 52, 78, t Bushell: Op. cit., Nos. 44, 45, t Julien: Op, cit., pp. 97, 100. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. ALT From 1567 To 1619. During the Lungeh‘ing (1567 to 1572) and Wanli (1573 to 1619) periods it appears to have been difficult to obtain supplies of good clay, and this fact, combined with the increasing disorder throughout the empire and the enormous extent of the supplies ordered for palace use, caused a marked deterioration in the quality of the ware produced, though the workmanship is at times highly spoken of, especially in the case of porce- lain decorated in enamel colors—the most highly prized having marks on them resembling “ millet grains,” or a surface marked as with the pittings on orange peel (Vapparance chagrinée @une peau orange). While, however, the productions of the government factories were marked by an ever-increasing decadence, serious efforts were made by private producers to stay the downward tendency, and two individuals would seem to have won for themselves and their ware a very high rep- utation. Chou Tan-ch‘iian, a native of Wumén, imitated the ancient masterpieces of Tingchou porcelain so successfully, that the most expert — connoisseurs failed, it is said, to detect the fraud, and willingly purchased them at such enormous sums as 1,000 ounces of silver each ($1,500). Another maker, of unknown origin, but whose name tradition says was ‘Hao Shihchiu, made cups of “ liquid-dawn tint,” bright as vermilion, and of egg-shell of a beautiful brilliant white, and weighing in some cases only just over half a penny weight, or about one- fortieth of an ounce, for which extravagant prices were paid (this all sounds, however, much exagger- ated). Other productions of his were céladon vases resembling Muan- yao or the elder Chang’s ware (Ko-yao), except that they were not crackled, and vases of a color which the French term /ewille-morte, or fond laque, a brown or coffee tint, derived from ferruginous clay. This artist was known as Hu-kung, ‘‘ Mr. Pots,” or Hu-yin-tao-jen, * the Taoist hidden in a pot,” apparently pseudonyms adopted by him in allusion to an old legend preserved in the Shén-hsien-chuan, au ancient work on Taoist immortals, and signed his jars with the mark Hu-yin-lao-jen, ‘‘ the old man hidden in the pot.” According to the legend, Hu-kung, the Old Man of the Pot, was a magician, endowed with marvellous powers of healing, who lived during the third and fourth centuries, and was accustomed to distribute in charity the vast sums he received in payment for his miraculous cures. He disappeared each night from mortal view, his retreat remaining a mystery till he was watched, when it was discovered that the leech was accustomed to withdraw at sunset to the interior of a hollow gourd which hung from a door-post. Julien translated these characters as le vieillard ou qui vit dans le retraite: but says Dr. Hirth “it seems tome that these four characters have rather an epigrammatic sense, and if translated into Latin would be among the most delicious of Martial’s Apophoreta; for the ‘old man, as the clever maker styles himself, ‘is concealed in the pot,’ like the fairy H. Mis. 142, pt. 2——27 A18 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Hu-kung was in his, and although invisible, he himself—that is, his in- ventive genius—is contained init. Itimpresses me as the most sympa- thetic device a ceramic artist could select as a mark.” * PRESENT DYNASTY, 1644 to DATE. The factories at Chingté-chén,which had been closed during the last years of the Ming dynasty, were not re-opened till the Manchu emper- ors had firmly seated themselves upon the throne—during the reign of K‘anghsi (A. D. 1662 to 1722). He and his two successors, Yungchéng (1723 to 1735) and Chienlung (1736 to 1795), while maintaining the qualities which had enabled their race to gain its high position, at once adopted the civilization of the conquered nation. No less eminent as scholars and statesmen than as able generals, loving the magnificent but no less aiming at practical utility, they set vigorously to work to re- form those portions of the theoretically admirable system of govern- - ment which had been allowed to fall into decay, to improve and beautify the capital and its palaces, to diffuse education and to encourage the fine arts. The factories at Chingté-chén were not slow to feel the effects of this change of system. The kilns increased rapidly in number, till at the date of P. d’Entrecolles’ letters, they aggregated over three - hundred in full activity, the fires of which at night so illuminated the hills surrounding the plain in which the town stands, that it seemed as some vast city abandoned to the flames, and over a million souls found a means of livelihood in its busy streets. The production was not char- acterized by activity alone, however. The ablest artists were employed to paint and to design ornamentation, to enhance the beauty of which they at times availed themselves of foreign ideas; odes from the emperor’s pen were reproduced upon vases in facsimile, or short extracts were in- troduced as subjects for illustration; vases and cups were specially or- dered to confer upon distinguished personages, their achievments being epitomized in the paintings which decorated these precious heirlooms (No. 169); the workmen and decorative artists were educated to a higher level of proficiency; and the direction of the factories was con- fided to officers who were known to be possessed of the knowledge re- quisite for such a position. Progress was sure andrapid; and during the seventy-five years between 1698 and 1773—comprising roughly the latter half of K‘anghsi’s reign, the whole of Yungchéng’s and rather more than half that of Chienlung—the manufacture and decoration of porcelain in China attained a degree of excellence which in my opinion has never been reached either before or since. During the early part of K‘anghsi’s reign (1662 to 1722) green was, as it had been among the later productions of the Ming dynasty—dur- ing the Lunching and Wanli periods of 1567 to 1619—the predominating color employed in decoration, such porcelain being hence termed la *Hirth: Op cit., p. 72. Julien: Op cit. pp. 99, 103, 104, 206. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. - 419 famille verte; and to this period belongs, in part, much of the ware so decorated, which is usually ascribed to the earlier dynasty and is considered a characteristic Ming porcelain. To the colors applied under the glaze was now added a blue above glaze, which does not seem to have been known under the Mings. During the later years of this reign, however, green gave way to red as the predominating color, and a style of decoration was adopted which has been classed by M. Jacquemart and subsequent writers under the title of la famille rose. It is easily distinguished by its half tints and broken colors, having for decorative basis a carmine red lowered to pale rose, and obtained from gold, which is called in Europe purple of Cassius. The addition to their palette of this color, of yellow derived from autimony and of white from arsenical acid, enabled Chinese artists to considerably in- crease the variety and beauty of their decorations. A director of the government factories named Ts‘ang Ying-hsiian, is mentioned by Chinese writers as having about this time gained considerable dis- tinction by his productions, which were of thin porcelain, covered with a brilliant, and, in the most highly valued specimens monochrome, glaze. The colors are stated to have been “snake-skin green,” “mud-eel yellow,” blue, and dappled yellow. Other, but less esteemed, colors were pale yellow, pale violet, pale green, and blue or red, both souffle. FROM 1723 To 1796. Shortly after the accession of Yungchéng, Nien Hsi-yao was, in 1727, entrusted with the direction of the imperial manufactories. He per- sonally selected the materials and superintended the execution of the emperor’s orders. Ali the articles made by him—which are known as Nien porcelain, nien yao, were graceful in form and of fine workman- ship. They were chiefly monochrome in color, blue, bright and carmine reds, céladons, and “of egg-color as bright as silver,” but some were ornamented with painted flowers, either incised or plain. Some of the monochrome vases, dating from this or a slightly later period, have lately obtained an extraordinary vogue among the foreign collectors, and bring prices ridiculously above any value to which they could justly lay claim on the score of either rarity, color or workmanship. A small vase only 8 inches high, of a dull white-pink shade upon an underground of pale sea-green, which has been dignified by the name of “‘peach-blow” (in some specimens this underground forces itself into notice in the form of splotches on the pink), was offered to the writer in Peking for less than $200 gold, and, having been purchased by a foreign dealer, was eventually sold in New York for $15,000. With Nien Hsi-yao was associated in the management a year later a Man- chu officer in the lord chamberlain’s office named T‘angying, who fifteen years later succeeded to the sole direction. Possessing an inti- mate knowledge of the different varieties of clay and of the effects of the fire upon them and on colors, he exercised the greatest care in the 420 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. choice of materials, and every article made under his orders was re- markable for delicacy of workmanship, purity of form, and brilliance of coloring. He imitated with wonderful precision the most beautiful of the ancient designs, and his efforts at reproducing the most cele- brated glazes were crowned with equal success. In addition he is credited with the invention of several new styles of decoration, of which the most remarkable were: The use of Huropean blues and violets, a ground of enamel black, white flowers or designs in gold upon a black ground, the French method of painting, and the yao-pien or flambé style. In a word, “under his direction,” Chinese writers state, ‘‘the products of the imperial factories attained their highest perfection.* The work translated by M. Julien distinctly states that the introduc- tion of the black grounds dates from the early part of Chienlung’s reign. Treating, as this work does, of events of such comparatively recent occurrence, its reliability would at first glance seem scarcely open to doubt. I am, however, strongly of opinion that the statement is erroneous, and that black grounds originated some decades earlier. I have seen specimens which, the black ground apart, have all the char- acteristics of the K‘anghsi period, and far inferior in delicacy of execu- tion to specimens which were undoubtedly manufactured under the direction of T‘angying, such as No. 93 of this collection. The accuracy of the statement in other respects is, however, confirmed by experience. The use of violet, or of magenta with a violet tone, with most happy effect, especiaily for grounds, is one of the characteristics of this period, while the best blues fully equal anything in that color produced during the best periods of the Mings. Special attention, as has been seen, was also paid at this time to the production of yao-pien, of which Chinese writers distinguish three kinds, two due to celestial agency; one, the flambé glaze, to human ingenuity. As regards the latter, oxydulated copper, it is well known, furnishes vitrifiable painting with a fine red. This, thrown in a body on a vase, forms the tint called haricot, a kind of fawn color; with a further quan- tity of oxygen of equal amount a protoxyde is formed, producing a beautiful green, that may be changed into sky-blue by increasing the oxygenation. ‘The tints upen a vase may thus be modified almost indef- initely by a due regulation at different periods during the process of baking of the currents of air admitted. ‘‘ When aclear fire placed ina strong current draws a considerable column of air, all the oxygen is not consumed, and part of it combines with the metal; if, on the other hand, thick smoke is introduced into the furnace, of which the carbonaceous mass, greedy of oxygen, absorbs everywhere this gas, necessary for its combustion, the oxydes will be destroyed and the metal completely restored. Placed at a given moment in these given conditions, by the rapid and simultaneous introduction of currents of air and of sooty vapors the haricot glaze assumes a most picturesque appearance; the * Julien: Op. cit., pp. 108 et. se. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 421 whole surface of the piece becomes diapered with veins and streaked colorations, changing and capricious as the flame of spirits, the red oxydulate, passing by violet into paie blue and to the green protoxyde, evaporates itself even completely upon certain projections, which become white, and thus furnishes happy accidental combinations.* The supernatural changes are either of color, as when a piece of porce- lain is taken from the kiln having developed a patch of some new color ina natural shape, or of form, ‘‘as when some unusually large slabs were requisitioned by one of the Ming emperors, which were trans- formed into beds and boats, with equipage complete, and forthwith broken up by the startled potters, as gravely reported by the official in charge by way of excuse for their absence.”+ In the Buddhist tem- ple Pao-kuo-sstit in Peking is a famous yao-pien image of Yuanyin, a finely designed figure enamelled in colors, light blue, crimson, yellow, and two shades of brown; of which, from an ode from his pen engraved on the shrine, the Emperor Chienlung says the goddess descended into the kiln to fashion an exact likeness of herself. The reference to the introduction to ‘‘ the French method of painting” is of so interesting a nature as to merit more detailed consideration. The Jesuit missionaries of the seventeenth century gained for them- selves a position of dignity and influence beside the Dragon throne such as no foreigner before or since has succeeded in attaining. This position, and a tolerance which saw nothing incompatible with the Catholic re- ligion in the cherished observance of the Chinese—in the payment of official honors to the sage Confucius and in the worship of ancestors— caused a remarkable spread of Catholicism, which, owing to the labors of Father Ricci and his successors, had already established itself under the Ming dynasty, counting among its members many officials and the consort of the last of the line, who proclaimed himself emperor in the Kwangtung (Canton) province. But Pope Clement XI’s bull Ex illa die, confirming an earlier bull on the same subject dated the 4th Novem- ber, 1704, by deciding that these observances were incompatible with Catholic beiief, aroused violent anger on the part of the Emperor K’anghsi and dealt a blow to the missions from which they have never recovered. The emperor died before the legate especially sent to China to carry out the bull could perform his promise to endeavor to persuade the Pope to modify its terms ; and decrees of great severity were issued against Christianity by his successors, Youngchéng and Chienlung, to which Pope Benedict XIV replied in 1742, by issuing a bull deciding this unfortunate question in its narrowest sense. The severity of the im- perial decree was, however, mitigated in favor of the missionaries at court—at first Jesuits, and after the dissolution of that order Lazarists ; and a Kuropean religieuse continued to be a director of the board of astronomy down to 1814. * Jacquemart: ‘‘ History of the Ceramic Art,” translated by Mrs. Pallier, p. 50. t Dr. Bushell: Letter in North China Herald, May 12, 1888. 422 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. The high position gained by the Jesuits was both won and maintained chiefly by their high attainments in astronomy, in mathematics and in geometry. It, however, enabled these able and enlightened representa- tives of western learning to exercise a considerable degree of influence upon other matters not directly connected with the studies for which they were chiefly famous, but in which their scientific education gave them the power and right to speak with authority. When, therefore, contem- poraneously with the enjoyment by them of this position of influence, a style of decoration was adopted for porcelain and enamels for both im- perial and general use purely Kuropean in its character—not only in the more intimate acquaintance, as compared with previous native drawing, of the laws of perspective displayed, but even to the reproduction of European dress and figures and eminently European scenes and pas- times—it seemed that this could scarcely be mere coincidence. It was more natural to suppose that under the direction of one of these able mis- sionaries a school had been established in connection with the govern- ment porcelain factories for instruction in European designs, in Euro- pean ideas of grouping floral ornamentation and in the European style of painting generally. Pére d’Entrecolles, it is true, makes no allu- sion in his famous letters to such a school. But, as they were written for the purpose of enlightening the west regarding the composition of the materials and the system of manufacture employed by the Chinese, the use of Kuropean designs in the decoration of porcelain might well have been passed over in silence, and the absence of such reference would not necessarily prove that such a school had not existed. The supposition that some of the Jesuits were at this time more or less intimately associated with the manufacture and decoration of porcelain was supported by the belief, which is still current among Chinese ex- perts, that the secret of the composition of the sang-de-beuf coloring and of its peculiar glaze marked with pittings resembling those notice- able on orange peel (specimens of which are now so highly prized by collectors) was discovered by a missionary, and that its Chinese desig- nation (Lang-yao or Lang ware) preserves to the present day the first syllable of the inventor’s surname.* Researches kindly undertaken at my request by Abbé Alphonse Favier, the vicar-general of Chibhli pro- vince, into the ancient episcopal records and valuable library at Peking have, however, failed to discover any mention of the establishment under missionary direction of a school for the special purpose of por- celain decoration. Had it existed, the fact would undoubtedly have been * How much, or if any, eredence should be attached to this statement is doubtful. This is the only explanation I have heard given of the Chinese name of this porcelain. On the other hand, I can find among the list of missionaries of that time no sur- name commencing with any syllable at all like Lang. In China omne ignotum pro magnifico is especially true; and, as in the case of the beautiful red coloring of the Hsiianté period, so in the sang-de-beuf, the brilliant tint is commonly believed to re- sult from the use of powdered rubies. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 423 chronicled in the records left by such careful and methodical workers as these Jesuits priests were; and the explanation which the existence of such a school would have afforded must therefore be abandoned. Abbé Favier, however, informs me that FF. Castiglione and Attirer were noted painters at Peking both of portraits and of landscapes, and that they formed aschool, paintings by their pupils having come into his posses- sion. It may then, I think, be confidently assumed that the imperial family having in the first instance been struck with the beauty of the ornamentation on the enamel watches, snuff-boxes, ete., which came to China from France during the reign of Louis XIV, a somewhat similar style of decoration was introduced about 1728, or shortly after, for ar- ticles intended for imperial use; and that subsequently the Jesuit brothers, Castiglione and Attirer were commissioned to execute Euro- pean designs, which were sent to Chingté-chén, to be there copied on poreelain. As no article which was not perfect in every detail could be forwarded to Peking, many of the pieces ordered for the court would then (as now) be rejected by the superintendent of the manu- factory, and be retained by him or his subordinates. These would gradually pass into other hands, and possessing at once the charm of novelty and the merit of being in a style appreciated at court, would serve as models in the decoration of more ordinary ware. About the same period, that is, during the later years of Yungchéng’s reign, which ended in 1735, Ku Ytich-hsiian, a subordinate officer, I believe, in the directorate of the Chingté-chén factories, introduced the use of an opaque-white vitreous ware for the manufacture of articles of small dimensions, such as snuff-bottles, wine-cups, vessels for wash- ing pencils in, ete. The vitreous nature of the body imparted a tone and brilliancy to the colors used in the decoration which was greatly admired ; and, under the auspices of T‘angying, all the artistic and technical skill of the government factory was lavished upon these lit- tle gems, which are certainly among the masterpieces, if not the mas- terpieces, of ceramic art in China, being valued more highly than jade by Chinese connoisseurs of the present day. The decoration of the best specimens of this ware will well repay minute study. The choice of groundwork is effective, the grouping of the colors soft and harmoni- ous, the introduction of Kuropean figures is interesting, and the ar- _rangement of flowers evidences the highest artistic skill. Nos. 324 to 327 are admirable specimens of this very rare ware. The earliest pieces were marked, usually in red, ta-ch‘ing-nien-chih, “ Made during the great Pure (the Ch‘ing or present) dynasty, ” as in No. 323; the later pieces, during Chienlung’s reign (1736 to 1795), had the mark within a square seal-like border, Chien-lung nien-chih “ Made during the reign of Chien- lung,” engraved in the foot, and filled with a thick, bright-blue enamel glaze. It is said that when specimens of this ware were submitted to the Emperor Yungchéng he expressed his high admiration of their beauty, but at the same time a regret that it should not be possible to 424 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. obtain the same brilliant transparency of color upon the ground of greater purity which was afforded by the best porcelain as compared with the vitreous composition employed. T‘angying’s energies were immediately devoted towards fulfilling the emperor’s desire, his efforts being certainly crowned with a very large measure of success. He appears to have employed for his purpose a very pure glaze of a highly vitrifiable nature, and to have thereby obtained an enamel brilliancy that no other porcelain shows, and to have also secured to a considera- ble extent the same soft transparency in the decorative colors which was so much appreciated on Ku Ytich-hsiian vitreous ware. The man- ufacture of this porcelain appears to have been carried on simultane- ously with that of the Ku Yiich-hstian proper, some dating from Yung- chéng’s reign and some from Chieniung’s. The marks it bears corre- spond exactly with the later products of vitreous composition, and indeed, owing toits origin, itis known as fang-ku-yuch-hsuan, ‘modelled on the pattern of the Ku Yiich-hstian.” Specimens of this porcelain, which is quite rare, are held in very high esteem by the Chinese, alike for the purity of the paste, the brilliance of the glaze and the beauty ot the decoration, and are considered among the first productions of the period during which the manufacture attained its highest excel- lence. Nos. 328 to 336 are good specimens, and afford a fair criterion of the merits of this porcelain. The three-quarters of a century above mentioned (1698 to 1773) was marked by the production of articles which are masterpieces of Chinese ingenuity and of skilful workmanship. Vases of various forms are fitted with a central ring, which, while it is separate from the vase and movable at will in a horizontal direction, still cannot be detached. Other vases there are having the body formed of two shells, the outer portion consisting in part of a geometric design or of bunches of flow- ers in open-work, revealing a historical representation, or a grou) of flowering plants beautifully painted upon the inner tube. Others again exhibit the peculiarities of both these varieties combined, it being possible to make the open-work exterior revolve, in order. to — bring to light the painted decoration within, but without possibility of separating it from the vase itself. There are still others of which the exterior shell is divided into two, generally unequal, parts, each hav- ing scallopped or lambrequin edges some inches in depth, which fit ex- actly into one another but are still movable, though neither can be detached entirely from the internal body. What process was adopted to secure this mobility and prevent the movable section from becoming attached to the other portions of the vase in the process of baking is a mystery which has never as yet, I believe, been satisfactorily ex- plained. The beautiful hexagonal and octagonal lamp-shades of deli- cately thin porcelain either reticulated or ornamented with paintings and reticulated edges are productions of this period equally admired and now no less rare than the above. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 425 During Chienlung’s reign a considerable change is noticeable in the style of ornamentation—a change undoubtedly brought about by the influence of foreign designs. During the latter portion of the Ming dynasty, though arabesque decoration was known to the Chinese under the title of huei-huei, or Mohammedan style, and was also utilized, tbe ornamentation upon porcelain, when it was not floral in its character or formed of historical or mythological scenes, consisted almost entirely of reproductions of the patterns found upon the brecaded satins of that date. Under the earlier emperors of the present dynasty, though the decoration was marked by greater wealth of detail and by far greater artistic skill than at any previous time, it remained in essential charac- ter the same. On Chienlung porcelain, however, it exhibits a decided tendency towards the styles of western decoration, showing in some cases a close resemblance to the foliate ornamentation which plays so important a part in the illumination of medieval missals, in others to designs which are usually considered Persian or arabesque in their origin. This marked modification is no doubt due in part to the in- fluence of the designs sent from Persia to be copied in China on por- celain ordered from that country, and after their return home to that of the Chinese potters (whom Shah Abbas I, about the year 1600, had in- vited to Persia, with the object of improving the manufacture of porcelain at Ispahan), and in part to the influence of the Limoges enamels which had been sent by Louis XIV to the Emperor K‘anghsi and which, sub- sequent to that date, succeeding emperors had obtained from the Jesuit missionaries. These enamelsseem indeed to have served as models to be reproduced with fidelity in every detail. For M. du Sartel gives the drawing of a low, open porcelain cup with two handles in the collection of M. Marquis of Paris, which is described as being the exact counter- part of a Limoges enamel, even the signature J. L. (Jean Landrin, an enameller of that town) being reproduced upon the foot. At about the same period it became customary for nobles and wealthy individuals in Europe to order services of porcelain from China bearing their family arms. Indeed if tradition can be trusted the practice originated two centuries earlier; for the Emperor Charles V (1519 to 1555) is said to have ordered from China a complete service orna- mented with his armorial bearings and monogram. ‘The service is sup- posed to have passed into the hands of the Elector of Saxony after the emperor’s withdrawal to Innspruck, and some plates now in the Dres- den collection, marked with a double C, enclosing the crowned double- headed imperial eagle, with coat of arms and collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece, are believed by the writers responsible for the above statement to be portions of this service. Judging, however, from the style of decoration, I am of opinion that this belief is erroneous, and that the plates in question were manufactured more than a century later than Charles V.’s abdication. The French Compagnie d’ Orient et des Indes Orientales, whose title was shortly afterwards changed to Com- A426 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. pagniede Chine, during the short period it existed, 1685 to 1719, brought from China, together with an extensive supply of other porcelains, services specially ordered, bearing the arms of France, of Penthiévre, and of other distinguished families. Some of the services, e. g., the plates bearing the arms of England, France and the provinces of The Netherlands, preserved in the Huis ten Bosch at the Hague, undoubt- edly date from the first half of K‘anghsi’s reign, but the great majority are of later origin, and possess a considerable degree of excellence both as to form and decoration. From 1796 To 1820. The truly great monarchs K‘anghsi, Yungehéng and Chienlung * were succeeded by Chiach‘ing (1796 to 1820), Chienlung’s idle and dissolute son, whose administration was characterized by a feeble- ness hitherto unknown under Manchu rule, and was so detested as to occasion attempts to assassinate the vicegerent of Heaven—a stupendous crime in such a country as China. The porcelain factories, in common with all branches of the government service, languished un- der the effects of this want of energy, and little worthy of special mention was manufactured. As the result of the high excellence already at- tained, good work continued to be performed, but it fell short of what the court had grown accustomed to, and no initiative was taken to attempt originality either in design or decoration. From 1821 To 1850. Chiach‘ing was succeeded by his second son, who assumed the title of Taokuang (1821 to 1850), a ruler whose good intentions to root out the abuses which had grown up during his father’s reign were largely neutralized by naturalindolence. His difficulties were, besides, greatly increased by the war with France and England, and the outbreak shortly after of the great T‘aip‘ing rebellion, which during his reign and that of his son (Hsienféng, 1851 to 1861) devastated sixteen out of the eighteen provinces of the Chinese Empire, and threatened the over- throw of his dynasty. Notwithstanding these serious causes for anx- iety, he found time to devote some attention to the ceramic art, and the porcelain manufactured for his own use, and marked with the designa- tion he gave to his own palace, Shen-té-t‘ang, compares not unfavorably with similar productions under Yungchéng and Chienlung, and is at the present day much sought after by Chinese connoisseurs. From 1850 To 1888. The productions of his suecessor are marked by rapid decadence, and the rebels, when they overran Kiangsi province, having entirely * Chienlung abdicated in order to escape disrespect to his erandfather by occupy- ing the throne for so long a period as he had reigned. oS 5S p bo) THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 427 destroyed Chingté-chén and its factories, the manufacture of porcelain ceased entirely. During the reigns of his son T‘ungchih (1862 to 1874) and nephew Kuanghsii (1875 to date) the manufacture has been renewed and great attention paid to its improvement, but it still falls far short of the classic periods of Yungchéng and of Chienlung. Some of the decora.- tions in sepia exhibit considerable artistic merit, and a style of decora- tion consisting of flowers and butterflies in. black and white upon a pale turquoise ground was highly appreciated some fifteen years ago among foreigners. The greatest measure of success has, however, of late years been gained in the reproduction of the famille verte decoration of the first half of K‘anghsi’s reign, and of this ornamentation or of plum- blossom on black grounds. So good are these imitations that a prac- tised eye can alone detect the false from the real, and I have known a pair of black-ground vases, only two or three years old, purchased by a foreign dealer for over $1,000, under the belief, no doubt, that they dated from the time of K‘anghsi or of Chienlung. INTRODUCTION OF CHINESE PORCELAIN INTO EUROPE. M. Brongniart stated that porcelain was first introduced into Europe - by the Portuguese in 1518. Researches made since the publication of this work in 1844 prove, however, that oriental porcelain was known in Europe many years prior to that date. In New College, Oxford, is still preserved a céladon bowl mounted in silver richly worked, known as “Archbishop Warham’s cup” and bequeathed by that prelate (1504 to 1532) to the college, which was imported into England before the reign of Henry VIII. Marryat, in his history of Porcelain, also men- tions some bowls which were given to Sir Thomas Trenchard by Philip of Austria when, after leaving England to assume the throne of Castile in 1505, he was driven back by a storm to Weymouth and entertained there by Sir Thomas. These bowls are said to have been preserved by the Trenchards, and to be of white porcelain decorated with blue under glaze. From M. du sartel’s work we learn that amongst presents sent by the Sultan to Lorenzo de Medici in 1487 were porcelain vases; and that this ware is mentioned about the same time in the maritime laws of Barcelona as one of the articles imported from Egypt. In letters, too, addressed by the Venetian ambassador at the court of Teheran in 1471 to his government frequent mention is made of porcelain; and some decades earlier, in 1440, the Sultan of Babylonia sent three bowls and a dish of Chinese porcelain (de porcelaine de Sinant),* to Charles VII, King of France, by the hands of a certain Jean de Village, the agent in that country of a French merchant named Jacques Coeur. Nearly three centuries earlier still, mention is made in an Arabian MS., known as the Makrizi MS., in the National Library, Paris, and “Du Sartel: ‘ Histoire de la Porcelaine Chinoise, ” p. 23. 428 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. translated by the Abbé Renaudot, of a service of china-ware, consisting of forty pieces of different kinds, sent with other presents to Nur-ed- din, the Kaliph of Syria, by his lieutenant, Saladin (afterwards the hero of the Crusades), soon after his conquest of Syria, in the year of the Hegira 567 (A. D. 1188). “This,” says Mr. A. W. Franks in the cata- logue of his own collection, now in the British Museum, ‘is the first distinet mention of porcelain out of China”; but, in common with other writers on the subject, he refers the date of the present to 1171, though that year appears not to correspond with the Mohammedan date mentioned in the original text. From Chinese sources (the Ming-shih, or History of the Ming Dynasty, and the Hsi-yang-ch‘ao-kung-tien-lu, or Records of Tribute Missions from the West), we learn that the famous eunuch Chéngho carried Chinese arms as far as Ceylon during the reign of Yunglo (1403 to 1425); that under his successor in 1430 the same eunuch and an asso- ciate envoy, Wang Ching-hung, were sent on a mission to Hormuz and sixteen other countries, and that Chéngho dispatched some of his sub- ordinates on commercial ventures to Calicut, on the coast of Malabar, and even as far west as Djiddah, the port of Mecca. ‘ Hn 1431 ou 1432,” says Heyd,* ‘on y vit méme arriver plusieurs jonques chinoises qui n’avaient pas trouvé 4 écouler leurs marchandises 4 Aden dans de bonnes conditions. On les y recut avec empressement dans Vespoir que leur visite serait le début d’un traffic avec la Chine.” The expedition was evidently a large one, and one of its objects was commercial in- tercourse, porcelain being specially mentioned among the articles with which the vessels were freighted. Porcelain had, however, reached these countries at a far earlier date. Marco Polo, traveling in 1280, mentions the trade in this ware from Quinsai, the present Hangechou, and from Zaitun, a port on the Fukien coast, which has been identified with Ch‘iianchou (better known as Chinchew) by Klaproth and other writers, whose view has been adopted by Colonel Yule in his magnifi- cent edition of that famous traveler’s voyages, and with Changchou and its port, Geh-Kong (a short distance south from Chinchew, and inland), by Mr. George Philips, of Her British Majesty’s consular service in China. And Ibn Batuta, an Arabian traveler, who wrote in 1310, states distinctly that ‘Porcelain in China is worth no more than pot- tery is with us; it is exported to India and other countries, from which it is carried even to our own land Maghreb,” 1. e., the sunset, the name given by the Arabs to all that part of Africa which lies to the west of Egypt. ROUTE FOLLOWED. Chinese history fully confirms the above statement, and, indeed, shows that this commerce had already long existed at the time Ibn Batuta * « Historie du commerce du Levant” (Vol. 11, p. 445), quoting Quatremére’s ‘‘ Mé- moire sur l’Keypte” (Vol. 1, p. 291). THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA, 429 wrote. In a gigantic compilation of the works of earlier authors under- taken during the reign of Yunglo (hence termed the Yung-lo-ta-tien), the MS. of which was presented to the throne in 1407, is preserved “an account of the countries fringing the Chinese border” (Chu-fan-chih), writ- ten by Chao Ju-kua, who was inspector of foreign trade in Fakien during the Sung dynasty. As the author speaks of the time of Mohammed ‘Cas twenty-nine generations, or six or seven hundred years ago,” his work would seem to have been written during the first halfof the thir- teenth century; but as he mentions a tribute mission sent by the Arabs to China in the K‘aihsi period (1205 to 1208), probably later than the lat- terdate. The compilation was, however, considered too extensive and the printing was never completed, though the more important works relat- ing to periods preceding the Yiian dynasty were re-edited and published by the Emperor Chienlung. One of these was Chao Ju-kua’s work. It contains much valuable information regarding the Arab trade of the twelfth century, and, as it takes Chii‘anchou (Chinchew) as the starting- point from which all voyages start and distances are computed, it ap- pears to support Klaproth’s identification of Marco Polo’s Zaitun with that town. From this work it is evident that a large and valuable trade was carried on between China and Brni in Borneo, with Chanch‘éng, comprising a portion of Cochin China, with Cambodja (Chénla), with Java (Shé-po), with San-po-ch'7, which another Chinese work, the Ying- hai-shéng-lan, states to be another name of Palembang (Po-lin-pang) in Sumatra—at which latter place the products of China and coun- tries south of it were stored up for barter with Arab traders for the goods of Europe, India, West Asia, and Africa—and with Lambri, on the northwest coast of the same island. Occasionally Chinchew junks proceeded onward to Coilom, a well-known sea-port (the present Quilon) on the coast of Malabar, which is described under the name of Lampi; but as a rule it would seem that the trade westward was in the hands of the Arabs, and Chao Ju-kua mentions, indeed, incidentally that a family from Malabar was established in the southern suburb of Chin- chew itself. From this point the goods were carried to Guzerat (‘Hu- ch‘a-la), as part of the country of Lampi, and thence to the Arab colony in Zanzibar (ts‘éngpa, Cantonese ts‘ang pat-ts‘ang par). Porcelain is dis- tinctly mentioned among the principal articles carried away from China by the vessels to each of these ports and to Ceylon.* The correctness of this author’s statements has lately been confirmed in a striking man- ner. Sir John Kirk, during his residence in Zanzibar as consul-general, formed a collection of ancient Chinese céladon porcelain, some of the specimens having been dug up from ruins, mixed with Chinese coins of the Sung dynasty. Indeed it seems very probable that porcelain was sent at least as far west as India in the tenth century, or even earlier; for commercial rela- * Hirth : op., cit., pp. 45 et seq. 430 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. tions between China and Sumatra are stated to have existed from the Tienvu period (904 to 909) of the T’ang dynasty, and the name Sar- baza, which has been identified with San-fo ch’i (above mentioned) or Palembang, was known to Arab traders of that time, as we learn from translations of their travels by Renaudot and Reinaud. They were also acquainted with Chinese porcelain, for mention is made by one of them, Soleyman by name, who visited China towards the middle of the ninth century, ‘of a very fine clay in that country, of which vases are made having the transparence vf giass; water can be seen through them.”* Indeed earlier, during the eighth century, Arab writ- ers mention the presence in the Persian Gulf of fleets of large Chinese junks. At this date the Arab trade with China was evidently very exten- sive, and the colonies of Arabs at Canton and at Canfu, the port of — Quinsai (the present Hangchow), very large. They are said to have been so numerous at the tormer place in the eighth century as to have been able to attack and pillage the city. While at Canfu the Soliman above referred to (the manuscript account of whose travels was written, says his commentator, Abu Zaid Al Hasan, in A. D. 851) mentions the fact that ‘‘a Mohammedan held the position of judge over those of his religion, by the authority of the Emperor of China, who is judge of all the Mohammedans who resort to those parts. Upon festival - days he performs the public service with the Mohammedans, and pro- nounces the sermon or kotbat, which he concludes in the usual form, with prayers for the Sultan of Moslems. The merchants of Irak—i. e., Persia—who trade thither are no way dissatisfied with his conduct or administration in this port, because his decisions are just and equitable and conformable to the Koran.” And the commentator on these travels, Abu Zaid Al Hasan, who probably wrote early in the tenth century, when speaking of the interruption then recently caused in ‘“ the ordi- nary navigation from Siraf to China,” states this to have been occa- sioned by the revolt of ‘‘an officer who was considerable for his em- ployment, though not of royal family,” named Baichu. He laid siege to Canfu in the year of the Hegira 264 (A. D. 885). “At last he be- came master of the city, and put all the inhabitants to the sword. There are persons fully acquainted with the affairs of China, who as- sure us that, besides the Chinese who were massacred on this occasion, there perished 120,000 Mohammedans, Jews, Christians, and Parsees, who were there on account of traffic. The number of the professors of these four religions who thus perished is exactly known, because the Chinese are exceeding nice in the accounts they keep of them.”f Apart, however, from this sea route, porcelain might possibly have followed the course of the everland traffic through Central Asia, the use of which can be traced back to a very remote antiquity, some au- * Reinaud’s translation, p. 34, quoted by M. du Sartel. t Harris’s ‘‘ Collection of Voyages” (764), Vol. I, pp. 523 and 530. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. A31 thorities claiming that there are indications of communication by this route between China and the West so early as 2698 B. C., and that in 2353 B. C. an embassy arrived in China from a country which is sup- posed to have been Chaldea.* ‘There is, therefore, nothing impossible in the claim put forward that a small ivory-white plate having uncut emeralds and rubies, set in gold filigree, let into paste, and the Chinese word fu (happiness) marked on the foot in the seal character under the glaze, now in the royal collection at Dresden, was brought into Kurope by a crusader in the twelfth century; provided, of course, the paste, glaze, ete., correspond with those which characterize the porcelain manufactured in China about that date or prior to it. KIND OF PORCELAIN CARRIED WESTWARD. What then was the porcelain that participated in this early trade? Chao Ju-kua, in the single instance in which he alludes to its color, states it to have been “ white and ching, or céladon.” It would almost necessarily have consisted of strong, coarse ware, in order to resist the chances of breakage consequent upon the many transshipments inci- dental to these long voyages in the rude craft of those early ages, and to allow its sale at the comparatively cheap rates at which it was dis- posed of in Ibn Batuta’s day. Colonel Yule has thought that during the Yiian dynasty it prebably came from the Chingté-chén manuface- tories, but this scarcely seems probable, for the T’ao-shuo, or ‘ Treatise - on Pottery,” states that no porcelain was then made there, except by imperial order and for the court. Zaitun—whether Chinchew. Chang- chou, or “the Amoy waters” (Dr. Douglas’ compromise between the two—as the headquarters of the western trade, would naturally re- ceive supplies for export of Kuan-yao and of Ko-yao (both céladon in color) from the not far distant factories at Hangchow and Lungch’iian respectively, as well as from the more distant factories, most of the productions of which were at this time also céladons. And céladon porcelains bearing all the distinctive characteristics of the Chinese manufactures of that nature have been discovered in almost all parts of the then Mohammedan world and in the countries visited by the early Arab traders. Mr. Carl Bock, speaking in his ‘“‘ Head Hunters of Borneo” of he Dyak, says: Amung his greatest treasures are a series of gudji blanga, a sort of glazed jar im- ported from China, in green, blue, or brown, ornamented with figures of lizards and serpents in relief. These pots are valued at from i00 florins to as much as 3,000 flor- ins (£8 to £240) each, according to size, pattern, and, above all, old age, combined with good condition. According to the native legend, these precious vases are made of the remnants of the same clay from which Mahatara (the Almighty) made first the sun and then the moon. Medicinal virtues are attributed to these urns, and they are * Sir Charles Wilson’s ‘‘Address to Geographical Section of the British Association,” Bath, 1888, A432 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. regarded as affording complete protection from evil spirits to the house in which they are stored. A very full account of the various legends connected with these gudji blanga is given in Mr. W. T. H. Perelace’s most interesting work Hthnographische Beschrijving der Dyaks, pp. 112-120.* Mr. Bock saw Dr. Hirth’s collection of Lungch‘iian céladons, and found in it pieces resembling the ware preserved by the Dyaks, but specimens are, it appears, common among them which bear no resem- blanece to any of the celebrated monochrome wares of the Sung and Yiian dynasties, a fact Dr. Hirth would explain by supposing that “they came from factories equally old, but less renowned, such as the place where the Chien-yao of the Sung dynasty was made, the city of Chien-yang in the north of Fukien, which is all the more likely since Chao Ju-kua, in his description of the trade with Borneo, specially men- tions ‘ brocades of Chien-yang’ among the articles of import there.”+ A controversy has, however, recently arisen as to whether the céla- don vases found throughout the Mohammedan world are really of Chi- nese origin at all. Professor Karabacek, an Arabic scholar of Vienna, maintains that the “large, heavy, thick, green céladon dishes with the well-known ferruginous ring on the bottom, which have been found spread over all the countries of Arab civilization,” are not of Chinese origin, basing his theory mainly on the statement made by Hadschi Chalfa, an encyclopedist who died in 1658, that * the precious, magnifi- cent céladon dishes and other vessels seen in his time were manufact- ured and exported at Martaban, in Pegu.”. The Arab designation Martabani is applied by Professor Karabacek to the thick, heavy céla- dons. It would, however, appear to have been also applied to a variety of entirely different character. Jacquemart, in his “‘ History of the Ceramic Art,” quotes Chardin’s “ Voyages en Perse” as follows: ‘ Everything at the King’s table is of massive gold or porcelain. There is a kind of green porcelain so pre- cious that one dish alone is worth 400 crowns. They say this porcelain detects poison by changing color, but that is a fable; its price arises from its beauty and the delicacy of the material, which renders it trans- *The possession of these vessels by the Dyaks, their use and value, are also chron- icled by earlier travelers. The belief in the efficacy of porcelain vessels to detect poison in liquids contained in them is of ancient date and not confined to Asia alone, though the manner in which the porcelain was affected by the presence of poison appears to have varied in different cases. Thus, Guido Pancirolli, the learned juris- consult and antiquary of Padua (d. 1599), and his editor, Salmutti (‘‘ Guidonis Pan- cirolli, J. C., claris. rerum memorabilium libri duo; ex Italies Latiné redditi et eotis illustrati ab Henrico Salmutti,” Antwerp, 1612) state that the presence of poison caused the porcelain either to break or to change color; while Dumont, in his ‘‘ Trav- els in Turkey,” 1699, states that it caused the liquid to effervesce in the center while it remained cool near the vessel itself, the Turks, owing to this property, preferring porcelain to silver as the material of dinner services, Salmutti mentions the presen- tation to himself of one of these vessels by an Austrian prince, and Paul Hentzner (‘‘Itnerarium Galliz, Angliz, Italie,” 1616) says he saw some of them in the Farnese Palace at Rome. + Hirth, Op. cit., p. 50. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 433 - parent although above two crowns in thickness,” and then adds: ‘This last peculiarity has a great importance. It is impossible to suppose travelers would here allude to the sea-green céladon—this, laid upon a brown, close paste approaching stoneware, is never translucent. In the martabani, on the contrary, a thin, bright, green glaze is applied upon a very white biscuit, which allows the light to appear through. * * * Its name leaves no doubt of its Persian nationality. Martaban (Mo-ta- ma) is one of the sixteen states which composed the ancient kingdom of Siam; it would not be impossible, then, that we must restore to this kingdom the porcelain mentioned in the Arabian story.” No porcelain, however, is known to have been made at Moulmien (Martaban), Bangkok, or Burma, and the burden of evidence is strongly against Professor Karabacek’s contention of a non-Chinese origin for the martabani or céladon porcelain. Probably the designation marta- bani was applied to this ware in much the same manner as ‘‘ Combron- ware” was applied in England after 1623 to porcelains brought from China to that port on the Persian Gulf, and purchased there for ship- ment home by the factory of the India Company before it extended its operations to China (when these products came to be termed “ China- ware”), or in the same manner that “Indian China” is applied in America to porcelain shipped from Canton, and with as much reason. Indeed, M. du Sartel, in accord with most other writers on the sub- ject, maintains that no true porcelain was produced in Persia at all, and that the designation of such ware Tchini not only means that the earliest specimens and mode of manufacture were of Chinese origin, but that they one and-all actually came from China. The Persians, it is true, manufactured a kind of ware which has been designated ‘“ Per- sian porcelain,” but it was of so soft a nature that it could be not only scratched, but actually cut, with a knife, and was entirely distinet from hard, kaolinic porcelain. The supplies of the latter were, M. du Sartel maintains, derived entirely from China, to which country mod- els, shapes, and special kinds of ornamentation were sent for repro- duction, a custom which sufficiently explains the presence of a Persian name, or the word fermaiche (“by order”), written in Arabic charac- ters, upon porcelain of undoubtedly Chinese origin. This opinion requires, I apprehend, further investigation prior to its acceptance as fact. It is, however, recorded that Shah Abbas I, a great patron of all the arts, about the year 1600 invited a number of Chinese potters to establish themselves at Ispahan for the sake of introducing improvements in the manufacture of porcelain. Though several new methods were adopted, and though a new style of decoration, half Chinese, half Persian, was largely used for a long period after the arri- val of these potters, it is generally admitted that no hard porcelain re- sembling that of China was even then produced in Persia. And one can not help being struck by the strong similarity, amounting practi- H. Mis. 142, pt. 2——28 434 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. cally to identity, between the vases contained in the cases devoted to so-called Persian porcelain in the Dresden collection and certain other vases in the same collection which are classed as Chinese. CHINESE AND EUROPEAN SYSTEMS OF MANUFACTURE COMPARED. Whatever the variety of the Chinese porcelain was which consti- tuted so important a factor in this early Arab trade, and whatever the date at which it made its first appearance in Hurope, specimens of it had, prior to the commencement of the second half of the seventeenth century, found a place in the collections of princes alone. About that time, however, Chinese porcelain became more generally known, and the fine quality of the glaze, its transparency, and the brilliant style of its decoration excited universal admiration. Strenuous efforts were at once made on all sides to discover the secret of its manufacture, but these researches, though resulting indirectly in other discoveries and in great progress in the European manufacture, were not crowned with success. They had, in fact, led to the creation, in France and England, of soft porcelain, which, if in some respects superior to the Chinese porcelain from a decorative point of view, was also more fragile and more easily scratched than the latter. This soft porcelain was made in France, at St. Cloud perhaps about 1695, at Chantilly in 1735, at Vin- cennes in 1740, and at Sevres in 1756; and in England, at Chelsea in 1745, at Derby in 1748, and at Worcester in 1751. Recourse was then had to the Jesuit missionaries in China, with the result of obtaining the valuable letter from P. d’Entrecolles, dated 1712, supplemented ten years later by further details. The difficulty incident to translating technical Chinese expressions, combined with want of acquaintance with chemistry on the part of the author, as well as the primitive condition of that science more than one hundred and fifty years ago, prevented the practical use of the information supplied by P. d’Entrecolles. An attempt was made to secure the knowledge desired by obtaining speci- mens of the materials employed. The fact, however, that these were sent either in a partially fused state or in the forms of several almost impalpable powders mixed together prevented a recognition of their real nature. What it had been impossible to learn by direct inquiry was, however, discovered by chance. In 1718 Bottger found an important bed of white and plastic clay in Saxony, and with it made the first “ hard” poreelain manufactured in Europe. The Government had this bed carefully guarded, imposed oaths of secrecy upon the staff employed, had a strict account kept of all the clay taken out, and transported it under armed convoy to Albrechtsburg, the place of manufacture, which was converted into a veritable fortress. In spite, however, of these precautions the secret leaked out in course of time, and with it the clay also, to Vienna and St. Petersburg. Later, in 1765, Guettard discovered in France the kaolin of Alengon, and Macquer, three years later, found the remarkable beds of Saint-Yrieix. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 435 The History of the Porcelain manufactories at Chingté-chén, trans- lated by M. Julien, containing as it does a detailed account of the pro- cedure followed there, permits a comparison between the systems em- ployed in China and in Europe. In view of the interest attaching to such a comparison no apology is needed for the following brief notes on that subject, based chiefly upon the preface to M. Julien’s work from the pen of M. Salvetat, a member of the directory of the Govern- ment manufactory at Sevres. COMPOSITION OF PORCELAIN. Porcelain is composed of two parts—the one, infusible, the paste (pate), which is required to supply the body of the vessel, or, as the Chinese term it, to give it ‘““bone;” the other, fusible, the glaze (glag- ure, couverte), which imparts its characteristic transparency to porce- lain and at the same time prevents the vessel retaining its porousness or contracting under the influence of heat. The principal ingredients of the paste are clays, which are classed according to their greater or less degree at the same time of plasticity and fusibility. The porcelain clay par excellence is kaolin, a white sil- icate of alumina produced by the decomposition of granitic or felds- pathic rocks, almost infusible, and if not always perfectly white by nature, losing its tint in the kiln. It derives its name originally from that of the hill whence the manufactories at Chingté-chén procured their supply of this clay. The main object of the glaze is, as has been stated, while securing transparency, to prevent the paste remaining porous. Now, the substances unaffected by water but fusible by fire are quartz, silica, certain limestones, pegmatite, feldspar, silex, and the compounds resulting from a superficial fusion of these substances, which are then reduced to a fine powder. The relative proportion of these substances in the composition of the glaze may be raised at will with a corresponding diversity of result—M. Brongniart dividing the com- pound into three classes, each subdivided into three groups. In ordinary language porcelain is classified under two grand divisions, hard paste and soft paste—la pate dureand la pate tendre. The latter is characterized by the presence, either naturally or artificially, of limestone products or alkalies, either in the condition of phosphates or in that of marl or chalk, which lower its degree of fusibility, so that it becomes fus- ibie or at least soft at a temperature of 800° C. The absence of these matters in the hard paste causes it to retain its original consistency in far greater heat, and it can resist a temperature of 1,500° C., or above. Upon these two divisions are grafted several minor ones determined by the kind of glaze, which, according to its composition and mode of application, is termed vernis, émail, or couverte. After unglazed tiles and bricks, the primitive thin glaze, vernis, is found on the pottery of the Ktruscans, ancient Arabs, Persians, and the early inhabitants of America; then, on that manufactured in Germany and Italy in the 436 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. fourteenth century, a sort of transparent glass with a foundation of lead—a glaze still common in country productions. Later, in the fifteenth century the true white enamel, émail, a mixture of salt, of lead and tin, the thickness of which concealed the color of the paste, was dis- covered in Italy and gained immortality for Luca della Robbia of Florence, and Oragio Fontana of Pesaro. In this category also belong the majolicas, faenza, the faiences of Niirnberg, Bernard Palisy’s pot- tery, the faiences of Nevers, Rouen, and other places, ancient and modern. The cowverte is confined to porcelain proper. Crude Chinese kaolin, when cleansed by washing out its impurities, and ready for use in making the paste, gives a very white clay, soft to the touch, possessing a plasticity very similar to that of Saint Yrieix, which is derived from decomposed pegmatite. The residue left by the washing contains a good deal of quartz, crystals of feldspar partially decomposed, and flakes of mica, as would be found in graphic granite. Analysis shows that the fusible portion consists chiefly of petrosilex and, by its composition and density, closely resembles the rock found in abundance at Saint Yrieix, which, without addition, furnishes the glaze for hard porcelain at Sevres. The composition of Chinese and of the most celebrated of European porcelains may be compared in the following table: [ Average of six analyses. ] | Chinese. | Sévres. | Foecy. | Paris. Limoges. Vienna. | Saxony. | : | -} | SHULER codaabeosoace 69. 20 58. 00 66. 20 71. 90 70. 20 | 57. 70 58. 10 PAU maar telerelaie ree 22. 60 34. 50 28. 00 22. 00 ' 24.00 | 36. 80 36. 70 : Oxide of Iron ----: 160 eesagess: 0.70 | 0.80 | 0. 70 | 0.70 0.70 ine ssesee eee ee 0. 65 4.50 | Trace. | 0.80 0.70| 1.60 0.70 Magnesia ........-. Traces |\rencecniees WUE llagadadssos 0.10 | 1. 40 0.40 JNEIWGS sgocsoacens 5. €0 3.00 | 5.10 4.50 | 4.30 | 1. 80 3.40 See Pte 100.00, 100,00 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 Thus, generally speaking, Chinese porcelain contains more silica and less alumina than do the products of the manufactories of Sevres, Vi- enna, and Saxony, respectively. The effect of the presen¢e in greater or less degree of these components is well known by the Chinese, who say that to produce fine porcelain the ratio of alumina must be increased; to produce the commoner kinds that of silica must be increased. In Hurope experience has taught the same results. The porcelain of com- merce shows much the same composition as do the specimens of Chinese analyzed by M. Salvetat, also presumably ordinary ware and not the finest grades intended for Imperial use, while in the three Government establishments mentioned a larger ratio of alumina is introduced, be- cause it resists high temperatures and is therefore necessary to enable the designs painted to maintain their sharpness of outline. In some cases the Chinese also employ ferruginous kaolins, which sensibly di- minish the value of the manufactured article. THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 437 SHAPING THE PASTE. In China the paste is roughly shaped, is turned, and is molded when . in a malleable state, in much the same manner as in Europe. Casting or moulage en barbotine appears to be unknown in China. The ab- sence of this process, which has enabled European artists to produce such grand results, only increases our admiration of the manual dex- terity which has enabled the Chinese to manufacture such numbers of jars of large dimension and cups so thin, as egg-shell porcelain, which can now, or could at least when M. Salvetat wrote, only be produced at Sévres by casting. The sculpture, the hollowing out, the shaping, ete., are practised also in China in much the same manner as in Hurope. Among the happiest effects produced in this line are engraving in the paste, sculpture in relief on the paste, and the open work which the French term piéces réticulées. One peculiarity of the Chinese system is the method of completing the footin the unbaked state and after being covered with glaze. This custom of laying on the glaze before the article has been completed, the method in which the glaze is applied, and the composition of the glaze present, perhaps, the greatest contrasts with the corresponding manipulations employed in Kurope. Itis certainly curious that the Chi- nese after a practical experience extending through so many centuries, should be ignorant of the advantages to be derived from submitting the article to a slight baking before applying the glaze, which is then in a condition termed by the French [état dégourdi. Porcelain earth, like other clays, is dilutable by water, but it ceases to be so after ex- posure to a temperature which makes it red. On this property is based in Hurope an expeditious and easy method of covering porcelain with glaze. The porcelain having been rendered indissoluble and absorbent by a preliminary slight baking, it may be covered with a uniform layer of suitable thickness by a simple immersion in water holding the finely crushed material in suspension, provided that the proportions of water and glaze (relatively to the thickness of the ves- sel to be covered) have been duly determined. The failure to em- ploy this process is the more curious since, from Mr. Hoffman’s sketch of the Japanese system of manufacture appended to M. Julien’s work, it appears that in that country the glaze is applied to porcelain after preliminary baking. GLAZE. In Europe porcelain glaze is generally composed of pure pegmatite, finely crushed and applied by immersion after a preliminary baking. In Germany other substances, such as kaolin or paste, have been added to diminish its fusibility ; but at Sevres pegmatite from Saint Yrieix is alone used. The addition of lime in forming the glaze is a rare excep- tion in Europe. In China, on the contrary, pure petrosilix is but very 438 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. seldom used for this purpose. The greater part of Chinese and Japan- ese porcelains is covered with compound glazes, obtained by a mixture _ of substances of which the proportions vary according to the nature of the article, lime being the material added to the petrosilix to ren- der it more easily fusible; and, in some cases, the ratio added is so large that it represents a fourth of the total weight. In the preparation of the glaze the use of fern leaves is sometimes mentioned. The residue of the leaves after burning appears, however, to be cast aside, and what purpose these leaves exactly served has never been determined. As regards the manner of applying the glaze the Chinese, as has been Shown, are ignorant of the method of subjecting the porcelain to a preliminary baking and then utilizing the want of porousness thus gained to immerse the vessel in the liquid glaze. Instead, they apply it by aspersion and immersion or by insufflation. For example, take a cup. It is held by the outside slanting over a basin contain- ing the liquid glaze. Sufficient of the glaze is then thrown on the inside to cover the surface. This is aspersion. The outside is then immersed in the liquid, the workman dexterously keeping the vessel in equilibrium with the hand and asmall stick. The foot having remained _ in its original state, the cup is then carried, covered as it is with glaze, to the wheel that the foot may be hollowed and finished; a mark in ~ color is added on the hollowed portion, which is then covered with glaze. When the ware is too delicate to be treated in this manner, the glaze is applied by insufflation. A piece of gauze attached to a hollow tube having been plunged in the colored glaze (red or blue) or uncolored glaze, the workman scatters the liquid from the gauze onto the vessel by blowing through the opposite end of the tube three, four or even as many as eighteen times. BAKING. The porcelain being then ready for baking, it is taken to the kilns, which are usually situated at some distance from the workshops andbe- long to persons whose sole occupation is to superintend the baking. The large pieces are placed one by one in a separate seggar made by hand, covers being dispensed with by piling the seggars one on another. Several of the smaller pieces are placed in the same seggar, the floor un- der each being covered with a layer of sand and kaolin refuse to pre- vent adhesion. The porcelain being still in a soft state, great care must be exercised in placing it in its seggar. It is not touched, therefore, with the hand, but transferred into the seggar by an ingenious contriv- ance of cords and sticks. The bottom of the kiln is filled with a thick layer of gravel on which the seggars are piled, those under the chim- ney, the two seggars at the bottom of each pile, and that at the top be- ing left empty, as their contents would not be thoroughly baked. The finest pieces are placed in the center, those with harder glaze at the entry near the hearth, and the coarsest farthest in. The piles are THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 439 strongly bound together, and the stacking of the oven being completed, the door is bricked up. From the description given of the kilns by P. W’Entrecolles it appears that they are much the same as those used in early times at Vienna and Berlin. After the baking commences a low fire is kept up for twenty-four hours, which is then followed by one more powerful. At the top of the kiln are four or five small holes covered with broken pots, one of which is opened when it is thought the baking is completed, and by means of pincers a cage is opened to test the condition of the porcelain. The baking ended, firing is stopped, and all openings closed during a period of three or five days, according to the size of the pieces, when the door is opened and the articles removed. To bake porcelain decorated with soft colors or du demi-grand feu, two kinds of kilns are used—one open, the other closed—the former of which bears a close resemblance to the enameler’s kiln (moufle). This kind of furnace has been used in Germany to bake painted porcelain; but evenin China the liability to breakage confines their use to articles of small size. The large pieces are baked in closed kilns, the general arrange- ment of which resembles that of the kilns known as moufles, but being circular in form, they are really porcelain kilns of small size. DECORATIONS. In the decoration of Kuropean porcelain one of three methods is fol- lowed: (a) The use of paste of different colors; (b) the introduction of the coloring matter in the glaze; (c) the application of the colors upon the white surface of the porcelain. The two former methods require the application of a temperature as high as that necessary to bake the porcelain; they are, therefore, termed colors du grand feu. The third method requires for the vitrifaction of the colors a much lower temper- ature; the colors used are therefore termed de moufle or of the enameler’s furnace. It is the use of this latter system which permits the repro- duction with exactness of the works of celebrated oil painters. The substances employed in the decoration of porcelain in China may be divided into two similar categories, colors du grand feu and de moufle. Colors du grand feu.—The varieties of the grounds in these colors have played probably as important a part in the high reputation gained by Chinese porcelain as have the originality and rich harmony of the designs. The blue decoration under the glaze is made with the brush on the unbaked porcelain; the coloring matter being peroxide of cobaltiferous manganese, the shade, dark or light, depending on the quantity used, and the greater or less trending towards violet on the richness of the ore in cobalt. It resists the fire well, retaining great distinctness and at lower temperatures than are necessary at Sevres. Céladon and the red grounds, at times showing an orange, at others a violet shade, had not been successfully reproduced in Kurope when 440 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. M. Salvetat wrote in 1855, and he considered their production in China as due rather to accident than design. The justice of this view is, however, perhaps open to question, for the Chinese appear to have at least an empirical knowledge of the conditions necessary to produce these colors, though they are unable in all cases to insure those con- ditions. The fond laque or feuille morte is obtained by the use of oxide of iron, the amount of that metal and the nature of the gas surrounding the vessel in the kiln determining the tone of the color from a light shade to one resembling bronze, and warmth of color being obtained by an oxidizing atmosphere. Black grounds are produced in a variety of ways, either by the thickness of the colored glaze, or by laying several shades of different colors one on the other, or, again, by laying a blue glaze on a brown laque, or vice versa. M. Salvetat states that among the colors for the ground employed in China some are evidently applied upon the biscuit, 7. e., porcelain already fired at a high temperature. These are violet, turquoise blue, yellow, and green, all containing a pretty large proportion of oxide of lead; and, vitrifying as they do at a medium temperature, hold a posi- tion half way between the two main categories and may be therefore termed colors du demi-grand feu. Nothing approaching these colors, he says, is produced in Kurope. ‘To do so, however, would not be difficult, the green and turquoise blue owing their colors to copper, the yellow to lead and antimony, and the violet to an oxide of UN NECTGRS contain- ing but little cobalt. Colors de moufle-—In Europe these colors are obtained by mixing one oxide or several metallic oxides together with a vitreous flux, the composition of which varies with the nature of the color to be devel- oped. That most generally used is termed ‘the flux for grays.” It serves not only for grays, however, but also for blacks, reds, blues, and yellows, and is composed of six parts of minium, two parts of sili- cious sand, and one part of melted borax. The colors are obtained by mixing by weight one part of metallic oxide with three parts of the flux, so that the composition may be expressed thus: HINGE imme [sar == = rrr ee SS SOS, LL, gn SSE Z Fig. 48. . ENGLIsH TINDER-BOX (with flint, ‘flourish,’ and bundle of spunks. (Cat. No. 75516, U.S. N. M. England. Collected by Louis and Maurice Farmer. ) The tinder-boxes had alsoa damper to extinguish the tinder of burnt linen and to keep it dry. The lids were furnished often with a candle socket. This feature, says Mr. Lovett, has led to their preservation as candle-sticks long after they were superseded by matches. Many devices were invented in order to improve on the crude way of holding the flint and steel in the hands to strike the spark into the One of these was the wheel tinder-box (fig. 49). tinder-box. The com- ese eiyratet Hepagegh UH tif Uf HT Y H Sony Misti Me bt Nee Mneite HE EE Hie Fig 49. WHEEL TINDER-BOX. (Cat. No. 130431, U.S. N. M. Broadalbin, N. Y. Presented by F. S. Hawley. ) partment near the wheel held the tinder. The flint was placed in a socket on the sliding lid, and the wheel was turned by unwinding a string from off its axle with a sharp pull asin spinning a top. ‘The FIRE-MAKING APPARATUS. 579 flint was pressed against the rapidly revolving wheel and a shower of sparks fell into the tinder. The tinder pistol, whose name suggests its use, was another device.* Other devices were intended to be carried in the pocket, and were probably brought out by the introduction of tobacco and the need of smokers for a convenient light. The pocket strike-a-light is still used. The one shown (fig. 50) was bought in 1888 by Mr. E. Lovett, at Boulogne-sur-mer. They are still Fig. 50. STRIKE-A-LIGHT (Briquet). (Cat. No. 129693, U.S. N.M. Boulogne-sur-mer. France, Collected by Edward Lovett. ) used by the peasants and work-people of France. An old specimen in the Museum of this character is from Lima. The roll of tinder, or ‘“match,” is made of the soft inner bark of a tree. Among many of our North American tribes the flint and steel super- seded the wooden drills as effectually as did the iron points the stone arrow- heads. Some of these tribes were ripe for the introduction of many modern contrivances. Civilized methods of fire-lighting appealed to them at once. Among the Chukchis, Nordenskiéld says, matches had the honor of being the first of the inventions of the civilized races that have been recognized as superior to their own.t It was so among our Indian tribes ; the Mandan chief “ Four Bears” lighted his pipe by means of a flint and steel taken from his pouch when George Catlin visited him in 1832.4 The Otoes (Siouan stock) made use of the flint and steel shown in fig. 51. The flint is a chipped piece of gray chert, probably an ancient implement picked up from the surface. The steel is a very neatly made oval, resembling those of the Albanian strike-a-lights,§ or the Koordish pattern, ( fig. 54). Here arises one of the perplexities of modern intercourse, perhaps both of these steels were derived from the same commercial center. * See figure in D. Bruce Peebles’s address on Illumination, in Trans. Roy. Scottish Society of Arts, Edinburgh, x1I., part I, p. 96. t Nordenski6ld.—Voyage of the Vega. 1, p. 122. t The George Catlin Indian Gallery. Smithsonian Report. 1885. wu, p. 456. § See figure in Jour. Anthrop. Inst. Great Britain, xv1, 1886, p. 67. 580 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. The flint, steel, and tinder were always carried in a pouch, usually suspended from a belt as in specimen No. 8481 from the Assiniboins (Siouan stock) of Dakota, This is a buckskin waist-belt, beaded and fringed, ornamented with bells of tin. It supports a flapped pouch for the flint, ete. The tinder used was fungus. / nf ) Wit EF S= — Ss a S=—=—= w Au ns & ea WZ SSK Fig. 51. FLINT AND STEEL. (Cat. No. 22431, U.S. N. M. Otoe Indians, Kansas and Nebraska. Collected by J. W. Griest.) The pouch of the Cheyennes( Algonquian stock) is compact, and neatly made of leather (fig. 52). The equipment is complete and of a supe- rior order. The bone cup is used to hold the tinder while striking a spark intoit. Itis the tinder horn of early days, a cow’s horn which was used to hold tinder before sheet-iron boxes came into use. The Lenguas of Brazil use a horn for the same purpose.* In the Aino set, (fig. 57), and the Eskimo strike-a-light, (fig. 45), can be seen this feature. ‘The tinder with this set is rotten wood. Nearly all Indians know the value of fungus tinder. The Comanche Indian strike-a-light is a similar pouch to the one de- seribed, but much poorer in equipment (fig. 53.) A broken rasp, a piece of chert, and a piece of spunk, is enough for the purpose, and a bag made from a saddle skirt to hold them, completes the outfit. The flint and steel is still used nearly all over Mexico, Dr. Palmer informs me. There is at present a manufacture of gun and strike-a- light flints at Brandon, England, whence they are shipped to Spain, * See ser in Jahrbuch Mitielsch eee Gommeneeil Gegellsch, Arau, Zweiter Band, 1888, pp. 114-1135. FIRE-MAKING APPARATUS. 581 Mexico, Italy, and other civilized countries. Doubtless this flint from Guadalajara (fig. 54) came from Brandon. Itisreal calcareous flint, such as does not exist in this country. The flint is the ‘‘swallow-tail” pat- tern. The tinder is of prepared fungus sold in little packets. WILLS eed ood Scam Ge nS (i a‘) if SES fa LL [tb miles ee \. TN NN 2 x RSS NN ‘ \ N NS SSN Fig. 52. STRIKE-A-LIGHT (flint, steel, tinder-horn, spunk, and pouch). (Cat. No. 22104, U.S. N. M. Cheyenne Indians, Arkansas. Collected by Dr. J. H. Barry. ) The Koords of Bhotan, Eastern Turkey, carry a pipe pouch contain- ing besides flint, steel, and tinder, a pipe pick and a pair of pincers, REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18838. 582 The tinder is pre- The steel, shaped like an old-fashioned bell pull, is a very good form for ho hand. yporus species. to transfer the lighted tinder to the pipe (fig. 55). pared from a fungus, probably pol in the id ing in RK KKK Ain 4 \ VAN y XXX xy i ON \ \ K\\ \ q ( WX ‘ ‘) yy) WX , NAAN) / rare LO SET ==. LOR V9 4 \ " ) — —— ing flint and steel.) (Pouch for hold x STRIKE-A-LIGHT. (Cat. No, 6972, U. S. N. M. Collected by Edward Palmer. ) xas. , Te anche Indians Com the customary appendage to the pipe is a very ingenious way o The Chinese strike-a-light is D as 5 8 aS a * ae Pa — (be =) ee 2 om (2) aH an {I a pe) S| (o} (2) Cy It hich to keep the flint and tinder (fig. 56). very large and are finely decorated. pouch. In W One owned by Mr. W. W. Rock- hill has a curving steel between 5 and 6 inches long, finely carved. The pouch was trimmed with encrusted silver set with jewels. FIRE-MAKING APPARATUS. 583 The Ainos of Japan use flint and steel for striking-a-light, this method having supplanted the generation of fire by sticks (p. 551.) This out- fit shown (fig. 57, pl. Lxxx1) is complete. The shoe-shaped steel is at- tached by a piece of sinew to the cork of a small wooden bottle con- taining the soft charcoal used as tinder. The flint is a small piece’ of ferruginous silex. With this set is a piece of stick which retains fire for a long time. It is the root of the- Ulmus campestris, or levis, formerly used for the fire-drill (see fig. 17), but has come into a sec- ondary place since the introduc- tion of the flint and steel. Fig. 54. FLINT AND STEEL. Fig. 56. (Cat. No 126576, U. S. N. M. Guadalajara Indians, Mexico. STRIKE-A-LIGHT. Collected by Edward Palmer. ) (Cat. No. 130311, U. S.N. M. China. Gift of George G. Fryer.) Fig, 55. SMOKgRs’ PIPE-LIGHTING OuTFIT (showing flint, steel, pipe-pick, and pincers). (Cat. No. 130607, U S_N. M. Koords of Bhotan, eastern Turkey. Collected by Rey. A. N. Andrus, ) 584 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. To strike a light the Aino takes out the cork with the steel attached and stirs up the tinder with the sharp point. He then holds up the } —— ——— Wise = : 5 —=S= AK == Fig. 58. TINDER-Box (showing mounted steel, flint, and bundle of shaving matches; box one-third natural size). (Cat. No. 127137, U.S. N.M. Japan. Gift ot the Japanese Department of Education, Tokio. ) flint in his hand over the box and strikes a spark down into it. He then transfers the coal to his pipe, or material for fire, or fire-stick, with Report of National Museum, 1888.—Hough. PLATE LXXXI. Fig. 57. STRIKE-A-LIGHT. Flint, steel, tinder-box, and rush-pouch. Cat. No. 22257, U.S. N. M. Ainos of Yezo, Japan. Collected by B.S. Lyman. FIRE-MAKING APPARATUS. 585 the point of the steel. These articles are kept in a rush pouch of twined weaving. A much ruder pouch of fishskin is in the Museum. The Japanese tinder-box has two compartments, one with a damper for the tinder, and the other larger one for the flint and steel. This box is a familiar objectin Japanese kitchens yet. The mounting of the steel in wood is an improvement on holding it between the fingers (fig. 58 and 59). No one it seems ever thought of so mounting the steel in Western countries. The matches are broad shavings tipped at both ends with sulphur, and are the Japanese rendering of the “spunks” used with our tinder-box. Fig. 60. SMOKERS’ STRIKE-A-LIGHT. (Cat. No. 128138, U.S. N.M. Tokio, Japan. Gift of the Japanese Department of Education. ) Smokers in Japan carry a very small strike-a-light (fig. 60). The cloth pouch with a long flap that can be rolled around several times and tied, contains the three essentials, flint, steel, and tinder, the latter of burnt cotton. 586 Text fig. NA oO FP & © oo Text fig. Text fig. Text fig.: Text fig. IDL Wx 32 2M, RORAN 33 Text fig. 34 Text fig. 35 Pl. LXxvili | 36 LXXIX 37 JEL | Text fig. 38 Text fig. 39 Se ee eae Cata- | 74379 20644 127866 24096 77193 19640 17230 11976 22022 128694 127708 69850 25268 130672 9555 15396 129970 (*) 129971 89500 } 89630 g9124 J} 25021 } 44978 § 45108 } 33166 127819a 127819) logue No. | Fire drill | Hearth REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. List of specimens described and jigured. Localities and Tribes. Collector. Hearth Fire-making set .--. Slow match, punk -- Hearth from cave .. Hearth Sacred fire-drill..---. Fire-making set -...-. Taveita men making fire. I9FOHD WOON coocasocons Boring set .-.---.--- Hearth with cement. Fire-making set .--- Boring set | Chalitmute, Alaska Sitkans, Alaska.........- Bella Bellas, British Co- lumbia. Quinaielts, Washington. . Klamaths, Oregon Hupas, California .......-. Washoes, Nevada......-. Pai-Utes, Southern Utah.- Wind River Shoshones . -- Mokis, Arizona Zuni, New Mexico Silver City, New Mexico.. Apaches, Arizona ......-.. Navajos, New Mexico .... Costa Rica Idzumo, Japan - Somalis, East Africa Frobisher Bay and Cum- berland Gulf. Holsteinberg, West Green- j land. Mackenzie River....--..- Anderson River Point Barrow, Alaska .-.. Sledge Island, Alaska Norton Sound, Alaska.... Cape Vancouver, Alaska . Kassianamute, Alaska --. Koggiung, Bristol Bay, Alaska. *From photograph. John J. McLean. James G. Swan. Charles Willoughby. L. 8. Dyar. Lieut. P. H. Ray,U.S. Army. Stephen Powers. Maj. J. W. Powell. Do. Do. Mrs. Tilly E. Stevenson. Col. James Stevenson. Do. Henry Metcalf. Capt. Jno. G. Bourke, U. S. Army. Dr. E. Palmer. W.M. Gabb. Peabody Museum, D. P. Pen- hallow. R. Hitchcock. Peabody Museum, Dr. Chas. Pickering. L. Kumlein. Capt. C. F. Hall. L. Kumlein. From Holm and Garde. Do. Capt. C. F. Hall. B. R. Ross. Do. C. P. Gaudet. Lieut. P. H. Ray, U.S.Army. Do. E. W. Nelson. I. Applegate. W. J. Fisher. Do. FIRE-MAKING APPARATUS. 587 List of specimens described and figured—Continued. eae Name. Localities and Tribes. Collector. Be obs } 55938 | Fire-making set .--.| Bristol Bay, Alaska .-.... Charles L. McKay. Text fig. 41 72514 | Hearth and drill....| Kadiak Island, Alaska....| W.J. Fisher. Vext fic. 42 | 129775 | Fire sticks (model) | Malays ---..-.......-.-... After Wallace. Mextitign43i) 180675) |ra=-=- 6D scccbosaoscde SHINGE) soonosss00e eet watts Harold M. Sewall. Text fig. 44 1861 | Strike-a-light.....-.. Fort Simpson, British Co- | B. R. Ross. Text fig. 45 |) lumbia. Text fig. 46 (128405 soso GO scocoossocuse Mackenzie River District.) E. P. Herendeen. Text fig. 47 } Text fig. 48 75516 | Tinder-box ....-.-.. nig an deel ata ceieisveteectele L, and M. Farmer. Text fig.49 | 130431 | Wheel tinder-box.--| Broadalbin, New York ...| F.S. Hawley. Textfig.50 | 129693 | Strike-a-light-.....- Boulogne-sur-mer, France | Edward Lovett. Text fig. 51 £2431 | Flint and steel...... Otoes¥Ktansasteeeeeereneee J. W. Griest. 8481 | Belt withflint. steel, | Assiniboines, Dakota ..... Dr. J. P. Kimball. ; ete. Text fig. 52 22104 | Strike-a-light ....... Cheyennes, Arkansas..... Dr. W. H. Barry. Text fig. 53 69720 peer GD soocooscoscas Comanches, Texas..-..-.... Dr. E. Palmer. Text fig.54 | 126576 | Flint and steel ..-.. Guadalajara Lndians, Do. Mexico. Text fig.55 | 130607 | Pipe-lighting outfit | Koords, East Turkey..... Rey. A. N. Andrus. Textfig.56 | 130311 | Strike-a-light....-.- Chinas teasers eee George G. Fryer. ne pie 22257 | 2. =: doves Ainos, Japan .....-------- B.S. Lyman. Textfig. 58 : 128137 |) Dinder-box -------2- JAPAN’ Secs eemes=siecsoseene Japanese Department of Teme BY Education. Textfig. 60 | 128138 | Strike-a-light.......|...... Ors aren eee Do. THE COLLECTION OF KOREAN MORTUARY POTTERY IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. By PreRRE LOuIS Jovy. On arriving in Fusan, in the winter of 1883, my attention was early attracted to the subject of Korean pottery, and several pieces of a ware entirely different from the ordinary pottery of the country were brought to me for examination by Japanese residents. These pieces, to which a remote antiquity was ascribed, were held in high esteem by Japanese connoisseurs who delight in rare and curious objects. An extraordinary value was given to fine specimens and they were often sent to friends in Japan, and especially to Osaka, which port has long enjoyed direct communication with Korea. The discoveries of Professor Morse in Japan* and the researches of Japanese archeologists in bringing to light the ancient stone imple- ments and numerous other prehistoric objects, including pottery, had inspired me with the desire to form similar collections in Korea. This seemed all the more encouraging as the country was not only practically a virgin field of research, but abounded in monuments of great antiquity and evidences of long occupation of the soil. Korea is one vast grave- yard. Burial mounds and monuments of varying age and rich in arche- ological interest are a prominent feature of the landscape. Althougha tolerably thickly populated country there are many sections where the cemeteries occupy at least a quarter as much space as that used for agricultural purposes. From the capital to the southeastern coast, a distance of about 200 miles, they are scarcely ever out of sight of the traveler, their prominent position on the hillsides making them very conspicuous. Isolated graves of greater distinction are of frequent oc- currence and are tended from generation to generation with great care. The grass is kept well cropped to avoid danger from fire, and a grove of evergreen trees surrounds the grave. These groves, frequently the only trees on a hillside, are arranged in the shape of @ horseshoe, the mound, from four to five feet high, being in the center, and the open space on the lower side. LR I I A TD * Tho Shell Mounds of Omori. Tokio, 1879, 589 590 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Some mounds are further protected by a wall on three sides still fol- lowing the shape of a horseshoe, and the open side is guarded by nearly life-sized effigies in stone arranged in pairs on each side of a slab of granite on which is carved an inscription. Most graves, however, have simply an upright slab of granite, rect- angular in shape, bearing an inscription, and supported by a low ped- estal. OCHIaN IV F a ¢ a 0 t) 9 ) @ ' « 4 o “son Tsu Surman IDZUGAHARA SETS | SKETCH Map OF SOUTHERN KOREA. (Places underscored show where mortuary pottery has been found.) Owing to the recent opening of the country and the utter impossibility for a foreigner to evade the curious eyes of the natives for any length of time, it was well-nigh impossible to accomplish any original investiga- tions. I therefore considered myself fortunate in securing the services of a young native who from time to time brought me many specimens of pottery and other objects which he described as having taken from the earth buried in the ancient graves near the cities of Taiku, Uru- san, and Torai. Among other objects, besides pottery, were rings of copper heavily gilded, parts of bronze horse-trappings, such as buckles and other ornaments, and objects of stone ; the most interesting of these objects were arrowheads of slate, and daggers of slate or shale with the handle and blade in one piece. These latter are considerably weathered, showing signs of great age, but were described as having been taken from stone coffers in the graves, which would account for their almost perfect state of preservation. KOREAN MORTUARY POTTERY. 591 The pottery in common use in Korea at the present time consists of three kinds; the finest of white, pale buff, or bluish, porcelain sometimes decorated in blue and with a high glaze, is used for the table, and con- sists of dishes, bowls, and bottles, also wash basins; the second quality is a pale yellow ware, glazed, mostly made into bowls, undecorated, and used by the poorer classes. Itis very similar to the common kitchen ware in use all over the world in civilized as well as barbarous kitchens. The third style of pottery is of the commonest kind, made of dark brown, or reddish earth, is glazed inside and out, and has little or no decoration except a wavy line produced by wiping off the glaze, leav- ing the lighter under surface to show through. Some pieces have their edges scalloped or fluted and are adorned with incised lines, but gener- ally they are quite plain and without these ornamentations. This ware, of which a specimen is shown in this collection (an oil-bottle, No. 94519), is used mainly for oil and water jars and for the common bowls and dishes of the Korean kitchen. House tiles are also made of this clay. The most ambitious specimens of this latter ware I have seen are the water jars, huge vessels suggesting possibilities of concealment as great as the famous jarsin the Arabian tale* ; these are often greater in capac- ity than an ordinary barrel. There are generally at least two of these huge receptacles placed just outside of the kitchen door. Another cu- rious form is a kind of oven consisting of ashallow vessel with a cover and raised some 8 or 10 inches from the ground on three legs, the whole being made of pottery. The specimens of ancient Korean pottery, enumerated in the follow- ing list, which I have called mortuary pottery, are unglazed (a few pieces show apparently accidential glazing in splashes); they range in color from a dull bluish or slate color to dark brown or light red. In form they are archaic, containing many shapes not seen in the modern pottery of the country. In some cases they closely resemble the an- cient Etruscan, notably in the various styles of tazza, a shallow goblet on a stem supported by a flaring base; sometimes they are provided with handles, but more frequently are without them. This pottery is of various styles of workmanship, some pieces being modeled by the hand, others paddled into shape by an instrument, others turned on the wheel,t while the larger and more elaborate pieces *In southern China, in the vicinity of Hong-Kong, similar jars, though not quite so large, are used for burial purposes in place of a coffin. +The Korean potter’s wheel consists of a circular table from 2 to 3 feet in diameter and 4 to 6 inches thick, made of heavy wood so as to aid in giving impetus to it when revolving. In general appearance it is not very unlike a modeler’s table. This arrangement is sunken into a depression in the ground, and revolves easily by means of small wheels working on a track underneath, the table being pivoted in the center. The wheel is operated directly by the foot, without the aid of a treadle of any kind. The potter sits squatting in front of the wheel, his bench or seat on a level with it, and space being left between his seat and the wheel to facilitate his movements. With his left foot underneath him, he extends his right foot and strikes the side of the wheel with the bare sole of the foot, causing 1t to revolye.—The Korean Potter’s Wheel: P. L. Jouy. Science: September 21, 1888, p. 144. 592 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. show all of these methods combined. Many of the ancient shapes, although of great beauty and utility, are not seen in the modern ware which is far inferior to it in gracefulness of design and variety of pat- tern of vessel. For instance, the handled mug, which is quite a com- non shape in the mortuary vessels, is not seen at all among modern Korean, or indeed among Oriental vessels in general, except where it is of obviously modern introduction. The decoration of these vessels is in incised lines, in most cases made by a comb-shaped instrument; simple geometrical patterns and cross- hatching is also seen; also dots, and excisions which ornament the bases of the jars and the covers of some of the vessels. Inquiry among the educated classes elicited the information that these vessels were made in ancient times to hold offerings to the dead, and were interred in the grave with the body, and that this practice obtained up to about the twelfth century. A similar custom prevailed in southern Japan, and the vessels were, moreover, of almost exactly similar shapes and style of ornamentation as shown in Nos. 94520-1 and 94520-2 of this collection, specimens obtained from Nara, the ancient capital of Japan. In the collection of Mr. W. Gowland, late superintendent of the Imperial mint at Osaka, Japan, and in the national collections in Tokio are many examples of pottery taken from graves in Yamato which could be duplicated in this Korean collection. The present series and the collection in possession of the writer are the only specimens of Korean mortuary pottery that I have any knowledge of in this country. In plate LXxxVI are shown, besides the example of Korean ware, an oil-bottle, No. 94519; two specimens of ancient Japanese mortuary pottery; also examples of Etruscan and Roman pottery showing two styles of tazza, the ‘tulip-shaped” vessel and the handled mug; but of especial interest is the Roman vessel, No. 136549, in the center, which has a base ornamented with the triangular openings of exactly similar design as those seen in the Korean ware. Catalogue of the Korean Mortuary Pottery in the National Museum, Collection of P. L. Jouy. [Nore: In the following list the figures in the plates are referred to as being on the upper, middle, or lower line, the figures counting from the left. ] Earthen pot. Brown ware, glazed, possibly warped in firing. The entire outer sur face is covered with a reticulated pattern. Height, 114 inches; diameter, 11} inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No, 94518-1. Pl. Lxxxu, fig. 3, lower line, Earthen pot. Dark brown ware. The entire outer surface of body and shoulder is covered with a reticulated pattern of small squares. Height, 10} inches; diam- eter, 11g inches, Southeastern Korea; U. S. N. M. No. 940182, Pl. LXXXU, fig, 2, lower line, KOREAN MORTUARY POTTERY. 593 Earthen pot. Yellowish gray ware, washed with a brown slip, if not glazed. The lower part of the body is covered with indented short lines. It is ornamented by a band of four incised waved lines made with a comb. Two similar bands ornament the shoulder, and another the neck. Height, 10? inches; diameter, 18§ inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-3. Pl. LXxxu, fig. 4, lower line. Earthen pot Dark brown ware, unglazed. Height, 114 inches; diameter, 112 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-4. Pl. Lxxxu1, fig. 3, upper line. Earthen pot. Dark brown ware, unglazed. Ornamented with a beaded molding. Height, 8 inches; diameter, 9 inches. Southeastern Korea; U. 8S. N. M. No, 94518-5. Earthen pot. Gray ware, unglazed. It is ornamented with a reticulated pattern. Height, 74 inches; diameter, 9 inches. Southeastern Korea; U. 8S. N. M. No. 94518-6. Pl. LXxxu, fig. 5, lower line. Earthen pot. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. Height, 73 inches; diameter, 8} inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-7. Pl. txxxu1, fig. 1, lower line. Earthen pot. Brown ware, unglazed. The lower half of the body of this vessel is similar in ornamentation to No. 3. The shoulder is ornamented with double- grooved lines. Height, 4% inches; diameter, 7? inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-8. Pl. Lxxxu1l, fig. 4, upper line. Earthen pot. Brownish gray ware, washed with a slate-colored slip. Height, 7 inches; diameter, 7 inches. Southeastern Korea; U. S. N. M. No. 94518-9. PI. LXXXxII, fig. 2, upper line. Earthen Pot. Yellow ware, unglazed, and lightly fired. Height, 7 inches; diameter, 7% inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-10. Earthen pot. Brown ware, glazed inside and out with a ferric-silicate glaze, now remaining in small patches around the neck, and inside on the bottom. Height, 54 inches; diameter, 53 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-11. Earthen pot. Gray ware, glazed. Two small disks of clay are attached to opposite sides of the body. Height, 54 inches; diameter, 6 inches. Southeasten Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-12. Pl. txxxul, fig. 5, upper line. Larthen pot. Gray ware, unglazed, and lightly fired, ornamented with light, grooved lines. The neck is ornamented with beaded moldings, also with a band of incised, waved lines (made with a comb having 16 teeth) between the moldings. Height, 74 inches; diameter, 73 inches. Southeastern Korea; U. S. N. M. No. 94518-13. Earthen pot. Gray ware, lightly fired, washed with a slate-colored slip, ornamented with a beaded molding, and two bands of incised waved lines, made with a comb. Height, 64 inches; diameter, 54 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-14. Earthen pot. Brown ware, glazed, and ornamented with a band of incised waved lines made with a comb. Neck ornamented with three beaded moldings. Height, 6} inches; diameter, 5? inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N.M. No. 94518-15. Pl. LXxx11l1, fig. 2, upper line. Earthen pot. Brown ware, well fired, and washed with a slate-colored slip. Body with an indented bottom, ornamented at its greatest diameter with two bands of waved incised lines made with a comb having 3 or 4 teeth. The shoulder is covered with light waved lines made with a comb. The neck is ornamented with two beaded moldings, and three bands of waved, incised lines similar to those on the body. Height, 7{inches; diameter, 5finches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-16. Earthen pot. Brown ware, outside washed with a brown slip, inside glazed. Orna- mented with a beaded molding, and a wide band of waved lines made with a comb. Height, 63 inches; diameter, 53 inches. Southeastern Korea; U. S. N. M. No. 94518-17. H. Mis. 142, pt. 2——38 594 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Earthen pot. Brown ware, vitrified in firing. Ornamented with three bands of waved, incised lines. Height, 9 inches; diameter, 73 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-18. Earthen vase on stand. Brown ware washed with a slate-colored slip, unglazed, or- namented with beaded molding and two bands of waved incised lines made with a comb having three or four teeth. The stand is warped in firing. Height 10 inches; diameter 7? inches. Southeastern Korea; U. 8S. N. M., No. 94518-19. Earthen vase on stand with cover. Slate-colored ware. Outside of body and inside of mouth glazed with a greenish ferric-silicate glaze. Shoulder and neck ornamented with beaded moldings. The stand is ornamented with beaded moldings and per- forated with six triangular openings. The cover is also marked with indenta- tions, and glazed inside and out. Height, 103inches; diameter, 7{inches. South- eastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-20. Earthen bowl on stand. Grayish brown ware, glazed outside. The bowl has its entire outer surface covered with indentations like No. 3, but these have been partly effaced from the sides. The sides are ornamented with beaded moldings and two bands ot incised zigzag lines. Height, 84 inches; diameter, 10}inches. Southeast- ern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-21. Pl. Lxxxu, fig. 4, upper line. Earthen bowl on stand. Brown ware, washed with a brown slip. The sides and lips are ornamented with beacGed moldings, between which are bands of waved in- cised lines made with a comb. The stand is ornamented like the bowl, and also has two rows of six triangular openings. Height, 10}inches; diameter, 123 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-22. Pl. txxxu11, fig. 4, lower line. Earthen bowl or cup on stand, handled. Brown ware, washed outside with dark brown slip. The bowl is ornamented with two bands of prominent beaded moldings, between which is a band of waved incised lines made with a comb having four teeth. The handle is small and flat. The stand is molded ; its sides are pierced withsixopenings. Height, 54 inches; diameter, 5jinches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-23. Pl. Lxxxv, fig. 4, lower line. Earthen bowl or cup with two handles. Brown ware, washed with a dark brown slip on the outside. The bowl is ornamented with three bands of waved incised double 4 lines cut so deeply as to raise a bur. The handles are small and flat, placed on opposite sides. The lip is shouldered for a cover, which is missing. Height, 4 inches; diameter, 6 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-24. Earthen pot-shaped vessel on stand, with cover. Slate-colored ware. The stand is pierced with five rectangular openings. The cover is slightly convex, with a smali knob in its center. Height, 64 inches; diameter, 62 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-25. Pl. Lxxxu1, fig. 1, upper line. Earthen pot-shaped vessel with handle and cover. Gray ware, washed with a slate- colored slip. Body ornamented with three beaded moldings. The handle is round and looped. The cover is convex, with a knob. Its rim is made to en- circle the lip of the vessel. Height, 54 inches; diameter, 42 inches. Southeast- ern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-26. Earthen pot with handle. Brown ware, washed with a slate-colored slip. Height, 3% inches ; diameter, 44 inches. Southeastern Korea; U. S.N. M. No. 94518-27. PI. LXXxvV, fig. 5, lower line. Earthen jar with cover and handle. Brown ware, washed with a slate-colored slip. The body is ornamented with a band of incised waved lines, between beaded moldings. Height, 8 inches; diameter, 88 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-28. Earthen jar on stand. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. Body ornamented with a band. of incised waved lines made with a comb having five teeth. This band is be- tween two beaded moldings. The shoulder is ornamented like the body. The neck has beaded moldings around the lower part. Height, 102 inches; diame- ter, 9 inches. Sontheastern Korea; U.S. N, M. No. 94518-29. Pl. LXxxitl, fig. 5, upper line. KOREAN MORTUARY POTTERY. 595 Earthen bowl. Slate-colored ware, washed with a yellow slip and lightly fired; un- glazed. Height, 43 inches; diameter, 5? inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-30. Pl. Lxxxi1l, fig. 7, upper line. Earthen cup or tumbler. Gray ware, glazed dark brown inside and out. Ornamented with three beaded moldings. Height, 1? inches; diameter, 33 inches. South- eastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-31. Pl. Lxxxv, fig. 3, middle line. Earthen cup on a stand. Slate-colored ware, unglazed, and well fired. Height, 23 inches; diameter, 2% inches. Southeastern Korea; U. S. N. M. No. 94518-3832. P]. LXxxty, fig. 1, upper line. ‘Earthen cup on a ring base. Gray ware, unglazed. Height, 14 inches; diameter, 2% inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-33. Earthen cup. Dark brown ware, washed witha brown slip. Height, 2 inches; di- ameter, 34 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-34. Earthen box with cover. Dark red ware washed with a dark brown slip. Height, 14 inches; diameter, 44 inches. Southeastern Korea; U. 8S. N. M. No. 94518-35. P]. LXxxv, fig. 2, upper line. Earthen bowl. Slate-colored ware, unglazed and warped in firing. The bowl is or- namented with incised lines. Height, 2+inches; diameter, 5 inches. Southeast- ern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-36. Earthen botile. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. Neck encircled with a beaded mold- ing. Height, 3inches; diameter, 2¢inches. The throat is one-half inch in diam- eter. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-37. Pl. Lxxxv, fig. 1, middle line. Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware. An incised triangle with a perpendicular line intersecting its apex is cut on the stand just below the bowl. Height, 5 inches; diameter, 64 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-38. Pl. Lxxxiv, fig. 3, middle line. Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. In form similar to the preceding, except that the stand is pierced with two rows of four rectangular openings. Height, 5 inches; diameter, 5% inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-39. Pl. LXxxIv, fig. 4, middle line. Earthen bowl. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. Height, 5? inches; diameter, 4% inches. Southeastern Korea; U. S. N. M. No. 94518-40. Pl. Lxxxtv, fig. 3, upper line. Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware similar to No. 38 in form except that the edge is shouldered to receive a cover and the stand is pierced with but one row of three long triangular openings. Height, 44 inches; diameter, 6 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-41. Pl. Lxxxrv, fig. 6, middle line. Earihen tazza. Slate-colored ware. Height, 4 inches; diameter, 5+ inches. South- eastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-42. Earthen tazza without handles. Similar to preceding. Height, 22 inches; diameter, 4 inches. Southeastern Korea; U. 8. N. M. No. 94518-43. Pl. Lxxx1v, fig. 6, upper line. Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. Height, 7 inches; diameter, 6 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-44. Pl. Lxxxty, fig. 3, lower line. Earthen tazza with cover. Slate colored ware with a brown glaze. Height, 5} inches; diameter, 52 inches. Southeastern Korea; U. S. N. M. No. 94518-45. PI. LXXXIV, fig. 5, lower line. Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware. Height, 44 inches; diameter, 4% inches. South- eastern Korea; U. 8S. N. M. No. 94518-46. Pl. LxxxIv, fig. 2, middle line. Earthen bowl on stand with cover. Gray ware, lightly fired. The bowl is decorated with beaded moldings and a band of incised circles. The cover is also orna- mented with a band of incised circles, and a band of barred triangles between twocircles. Height, 5tinches; diameter, 5}inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-47, Pl. LXxxIv, fig. 1, middle line, 596 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Earthen tazza with cover. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. Height, 4? inches; diam- eter, 44inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-48. Pl. Lxxxiv, fig. 2, upper line. Earthen tazza with cover. Slate-colored ware glazed brown. The cover is orna- mented with incised circles grouped by threes, and with diagonal dotted lines between the first and second, and second and third groups. Height, 7 inches ; diameter, 52 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-49. Pl. Lxxxiv, fig. 4, lower line. Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. Height, 4} inches; diameter, 5% inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N.M. No. 94518-50. Pl. Lxxx1v, fig. 6, lower. line. Earthen tazza. Slate-colored ware, glazed a dark brown. Height, 52 inches; diam- eter, 52 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-51. PI. Lxxx1v, fig. 1, lower line. Earthen pot. Brown ware, unglazed. Height, 72 inches; diameter, 72 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-52. ; Earthen pot. Dark brown ware, unglazed. Height, 64 inches; diameter, 72 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-53. Earthen pot. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. Height,54 inches; diameter, 52 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-54. Pl. Lxxx11l, fig. 1, upper line. Earthen pot. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. Height, 5 inches; diameter, 5 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-55. Earthen jar, stand broken off and missing. Slate-colored ware, unglazed. Ornamented just below the shoulder with two bands of waved incised lines made with a comb having nine teeth. Neck ornamented with two bands of waved incised lines and four beaded moldings. Heigkt, 94 inches; diameter, 8? inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94518-56. Earthen jar on stand. Slate-colored ware glazed yellow, badly warped and blistered in firing. Ornamented with grooved lines. Neck with beaded moldings. Height, 134inches; diameter, 10}inches. Southeastern Korea; U. 8. N. M. No. 94518-57. Earthen stand. Terra cotta, colored with a brownslip. Unglazed ; ornamented with moldings and a band of incised waved lines made with acomb. The top is dish-shaped, 74 inches in diameter, the bow] ornamented with beaded molding about an inch from the lip. The stand is open from top to bottom. Height, 14 inches; diameter, 8 inches. Southeastern Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94528-52. Earthen flower stand. Brown ware, unglazed. Height, 64 inches; diameter, 8% inches. Southeastern Korea; U. 8S. N. M. No. 94518-59. Pl. Lxxxy, fig. 3, lower line. Earthen cup with handle. -Terra cotta ware, unglazed. Height, 2% inches; diameter, 4 inches. Southeastern Korea; U. S. N. M. No. 94518-60. Pl. Lxxxy, fig. 4, middle line. Earthen oil-bottle. Modern Korean pottery. Terra cotta ware, glazed dark brown. It is ornamented with two grooved lines where the neck springs from the body, and a beaded molding around the middle of the neck. The glaze is wiped off in wide curved lines and dashes from the shoulder. Height, 15inches diameter, 74 iuches. Torai, Korea; U.S. N. M. No. 94519. Pl. LXxxv1i, fig. 2, upper line. Earthen vase on a stand. Gray earthen ware unglazed. The body of the vessel is ornamented with light grooved parallel lines made with a comb. The shoulder is covered with a scale pattern of light incised lines made withacomb. Height, 62 inches; diameter, 3% inches. Nara, Japan; U. 8S. N. M. No. 94520-1. PI. LXXXVI, fig. 1, upper line. Earthen bottle. Terra cotta ware, unglazed. The lower part of the body appears to have been pared with a knife. Height, 32 inches; diameter, 34 inches. Nara, Japan; U.S. N. M, No, 94520-2, Pl. Lxxxv1, fig. 3, upper line. Fig. Fig. Fig. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXII. KOREAN MORTUARY POTTERY. (Upper line. commencing at the left.) . EARTHEN POT-SHAPED VESSEL ON STAND, WITH COVER. Slate-colored ware. The stand is pierced with five rectangular openings. The cover is slightly convex, with a small knob in its center. Height,64 inches; diameter, 62 inches. (Cat. No. 94518-25, U.S. N. M. Southeastern Korea.) . EARTHEN Pot. Brownish gray ware; washed with a slate-colored slip. Height, 7 inches; diameter, 7 inches. (Cat. No. 94518-9, U. S. N. M. Southeastern Korea.) . EARTHEN POT AND COVER. Dark brown ware; unglazed. Height, 114 inches; diameter, 112 inches. (Cat. No. 94518-4, U. S. N. M. South- eastern Korea.) . EARTHEN BOWL ON STAND. Grayish brown ware; glazed outside. The bowl has its entire outer surface covered with indentations like No. 3, but these have been partly effaced from the sides. The sides are orna- mented with beaded moldings and two bands of incised zigzag lines. Height, 8! inches; diameter, 104 inches. (Cat. No. 94518-21, U.S. N. M. Southeastern Korea.) . EARTHEN Pot. Gray ware; glazed. Two small disks of clay are attached to opposite sides of the body. Height, 54+ inches; diameter, 6 inches. (Cat. No. 94518-12, U.S. N. M. Southeastern Korea.) (Lower line, commencing at the left.) . EARTHEN Port. Slate-colored ware; unglazed. Height, 72 inches; diame- ter, 8L inches. (Cat. No. 94518-7, U.S. N. M. Southeastern Korea.) . EARTHEN Pot. Dark brown ware. The entire outer surface of body and shoulder is covered with a reticulated pattern of small squares. Height, 104 inches; diameter, 114 inches. (Cat. No. 94518-2, U.S.N. M. South- eastern Korea.) . EARTHEN Pot. Brown ware; glazed. Possibly warped in firing. The entire outer surface is covered with a reticulated pattern. Height, 114 inches; diameter, 114 inches. (Cat. No. 94518-1, U. S. N. M. South- eastern Korea.) . EARTHEN Pot. Yellowish gray ware; washed with a brown slip, if not glazed. The lower part of the body is covered with indented short lines. It is ornamented by a band of four incised waved lines made with a comb. Two similar bands ornament the shoulder, and another the neck. Height, 102 inches; diameter, 182 inches. (Cat. No. 94518-3, U.S. N. M. Southeastern Korea.) . EARTHEN Pot. Gray ware; unglazed. It is ornamented with a reticu- lated pattern. Height, 74 inches; diameter, 9 inches. (Cat. No. 94518-6, U.S. N.M. Southeastern Korea.) PLATE LXXXII. Report of National Museum, 1888.-—Jouy. "AUSLLOd AYVNLYOW NVAYOYy Fig. S> We examined the local collections of flint implements and the bed in which they were said to have been found, and, in addition to being perfectly satisfied with the evidence adduced as to the nature of the discoveries, we had the crowning satisfac- tion of seeing one of the worked flints still in situ in its undisturbed matrix of gravel, at a depth of 17 feet from the original surface. The locality was also visited by the French savants who were especi- ally qualified for such a scientific investigation. MM. Mortillet, d’Acy, Gaudry, de Quatrefages, Lartet, Collomb, Hebert, de Verneuil, and G. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 607 Pouchet. Dr. Gosse, of Geneva, was also an earnest and ardent investigator. Mr. John Evans says: Indeed it turned out, on examination, that more than one such discovery had already been recorded, and that flint implements of similar types te those of Abbe- ville and Amiens had been found in the gravels of London at the close of the seven- teenth century, and in the brick earth of Hoxne, in Suffolk, at the close of the eighteenth, and were still preserved in the British Museum and in that of the So- ciety of Antiquaries. The name “ paleolithic” was given to this period by Sir John Lubbock. It is composed of two Greek words signifying ancient stone. Belong- ing to the stone age, all its cutting implements were, of course, of stone. The method of manufacture was by chipping, and all cutting edges or points were thus made. The man of this period seems not to have known, at least never employed, the method of smoothing or sharpen- ing a stone by rubbing it against or upon another. Bone and horn implements were also made during this period, and in its latter part were apparently greater in numbers than the stone. This period belongs entirely to the quaternary (pleistocene) geologic period, and is assumed to have been contemporaneous, in Europe at least, with the formation of the river valleys and the deposit of the gravels therein. The climate of the first epoch is supposed to have been warm and moist; that it afterwards grew cold, and man in West- ern Hurope sought the caves for protection. It is believed by many this period of cold corresponds with the glacial epoch of that country. The fauna of the first epoch was composed principally of animals which were extinct before our earliest knowledge of natural history. The Hlephas antiquus, a pachyderm, the ancestor of the elephant tribe; Rhinoceros Merckit, Trogontherium, a large beaver, have been found at Chelles, associated with implements of human industry. These animals are now all fossil. They belong to the quaternary geologic period, and have never been seen or known in the present day. They have been found in many other prehistoric stations associated with the Chellian implements of human manufacture. Here was the beginning of human art. This was the first art product. The foregoing sentence might be easily overlooked. Its importance is largely out of proportion with the space which it occupies, for it tells the story that man existed in that country contemporaneous with these animals, and in a geologic period so much older than the present that one can scarcely imagine man’s antiquity as having any relation thereto. The succeeding epochs were more like that of the present. The mammoth came first, and after it the reindeer. One can obtain a faint idea of the time by considering that the reindeer which occupied Southern France in probably greater numbers than it now does in Lapland, was the animal on which the prehistoric man of this epoch in that country relied principally for his food. A study of the fauna of that period in southern France, as compared with that of the present, shows that there were eighteen species of animals, then 608 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. occupying that country, which in the present time have immigrated to the colder regions. Thirteen of them have gone to the north, by degrees of latitude, while five, like the chamois, mountain goat, etc., have retreated to the mountains in search of that cold which was nec- essary to support their lives, and which they did not find in the sub- sequent warm climate of southern France. THE CHELLIAN EPOCH. The Chellian implements here figured are the standard ones for this period, though they were mostly almond-shaped or oval, with the cutting edge to the point, which is the contrary to those of the neolithic period. The body of the implement was thick, after the shape of an almond or peach stone. It was net thin and flat like those of the later epoch, the Solutrian, and the two are not to be confounded. They are made of flint where that stone was obtainable; where it was not, quartz and quartzite seems to have been employed, although any stone would serve which was homogeneous, so that it might be flaked in every direction ; tough, that it might hold an-edge, and hard, that it would not break or crumble. The flint always broke under a blow with a conchoidal frac- ture, and this may be frequently seen. These implements differ somewhat in form and size, though they are substantially the same. Some of them are more round; others more pointed. A few approach the disk form, and have an edge which might have served for scraping rather than cutting; but all we know of this is obtained from an examination of the object itself. They were all made by chipping, and were usually brought to an edge by the re- moval of smaller and finer flakes. Chips, flakes, spawls, ete., the dé- bris of manufacture, are frequently found in the deposits associated with finished implements. Many, indeed most of the specimens, show signs of use. Some are broken and others apparently unfinished. Occasionally the cutting edge extends nearly around the implement, but many times a portion of the pebble is left for a grip. So, while it is possible it may have been attached to a handle in some cases, it is evi- dent that sometimes it was intended to be taken in the hand. The hand may have been protected against the sharp ones by a bit of skin, fur, grass, or other substance. I much doubt whether any of them were attached to a handle, for it must have been with great care and labor that the workman was able to bring them to this sharp edge all around, and when so done it produced a form of implement very diffi- cult to successfully insert in a handle. To make a firm attachment the handle must envelop it at its greatest diameter, and herein lies the difficulty. If the sharpened implement be only partially inserted, a few hard blows would split the handle; if it be inserted too far the same blow will drive it through. Plate LXxxvil, Figs. 1-2. The flint of which these implements are made has, in many speci- mens, passed, since their manufacture, through certain chemical and Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wilson. PLATE LXXXVII. ANS ee NAY nN Ci) jo PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. Fic. 1. Chellian implement (flint); from St. Acheul, France. Fig. 2. Chellian implement (quartzite); from India. Bt; sa A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 609 physical changes on their surface. Some show a brilliancy called patine; in some the color has changed to red and yellow, and so on through the scale to chalky white. This change is produced by con- tact with the atmosphere or earth, or by the contact of water which has percolated through the various earths in the neighborhood, gener- ally those containing iron, and has changed the chemical combination of the flint on its surface. This change sometimes extends deep into the stone, and in small specimens may pass entirely through it. In the United States all this might be called weathering; in France it is called patine. The objection to the former word is that it conveys, possibly involuntarily, some relation to the weather, while the patine may be formed on a specimen deep in the earth. Dendrites are also formed on the specimens. These changes are all evidences of antiquity of the specimen, and to the experienced eye become testimonials of its genuineness. The use of the Chellian implement is unknown. The wise men of Europe have made many guesses and suppositions, but these are at best nothing more than speculation. Many of them bear undoubted traces of use on their edges. Mr. John Evans in his latest work re- verts to his first and original opinion, ‘That it is nearly useless to speculate as to the purposes to which they were applied.” Sir John Lubbock says, “ Almost as well might we ask to what would they not be applied. Infinite as are our instruments, who would attempt even at present to say what was the use of aknife? But the primitive savage had no such choice of tools. We see before us, perhaps, the whole contents of his workshop, and with these weapons, rude as they seem to us, he may have cut down trees, scooped them out into canoes, grubbed up roots, kill animals and enemies, cut up his food, made holes in winter through the ice, prepared firewood,” etc.* The implements of the Chellian epoch are found substantially all over the world. This would indicate, if it does not prove, the expan- sion of that civilization, and the duration of that epoch to have been much greater than has ever heretofore been supposed. Those from Great Britain are found only in the eastern and southern portion, from Nor- folk around to Devonshire and Land’s End. They have been found in every quarter of France and southern Belgium, Italy in all its parts, also in Spain and Portugal. They have not been found in northern England, Scotland, Wales, or northern Ireland. Neither in northern Belgium, or Holland, or in the Scandinavian countries, or that por- tion of Germany bordering on the Baltic, or in northern Russia. These countries were probably covered at that epoch with glaciers, or possibly by the Great North Sea. Paleolithic implements have been found in Asia, Palestine, in India from Bombay to Calcutta, in Cam- bodia, Japan, in Africa all along the shores of the Mediterranean, and up the valley of the Nile, and lately in the United States. * Prehistoric Times, p. 364, H. Mis. 142—pt. 2——39 610 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. They have been called in England drift implements, because they have been found in the river drifts or deposits. Their position when thus found indicates the same antiquity as the river valleys themselves. There was a time when the rivers filled the valleys from hill to hill, pouring down with a rush and carrying the greatest quantity of water to the sea. In that time the irresistible current eroded the earth, and, if need be, the rock, to make for itself a waterway. As time progressed the water subsided more or less, and the current become siower and less powerful. The sand and gravel which had before been carried out to the sea began to be deposited here and there in this bend and on that point, until the deposit came to the surface of the water and formed what is now the highest terrace. Then the river was narrowed and the terrace became a newriver bank. This process was repeated again and again until the river finally retreated to its present bed, and left ter- races, sometimes three in number, the first being higher, deeper, and more distant from the river than the others. These are now the marks of the successive stages in the formation of the river valleys. The sand and gravel deposit of the river at Chelles spreads out and forms the plain of the river valley. It is from 22 to 26 feet in thick- ness. The sand and gravel rests upon the original chalk, and is about on a level with the highest floods of the river in modern times. These deposits are of different degrees of fineness, and are laid in strata or layers, showing that they were made by the action of water. The strata are not always continuous, and differ in thickness and position, showing that the water had varying currents. There are to be found occasional huge blocks of erratic stone. The sand and gravel is sometimes in- tercalated by other strata which could not have been laid down at the same time or in corresponding manner. One of these is a stratum of calcareous cement several inches in thickness. In many other places, but nearer the top, are pockets or strata which contain various solu- tions of iron, the percolating water from which gives the color to the implement heretofore described. There have been many and great discussions over the formation of these river valleys and the deposits of their sand and gravel. These as to the time, manner of formation, and antiquity. Ido not enter into this discussion now. I merely state a fact on which all disputants are agreed: that the implements of human industry belonging to this — epoch are found in these river gravels, in positions which indicate their deposit at the time of the original formation and at a distance from the river and depth below the surface which indicates their antiquity to be equal with the first deposit. Whetier they were swept down from the springs which formed the headwaters of the river, were dropped on the borders in the near neighborhood, or precisely in what manner they became involved with the sand and gravel in which they are now found, is not only unknown but there has as yet been developed no sat- isfactory theory. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 611 In seeking to establish the existence of a paleolithic period in America, it has been objected that many of the implements introduced as evidence were found on the surface. In western Europe surface finds are not at all uncommon. The St. Germain Museum, at Paris, ex- hibits six cases of Chellian implements. In five of them are displayed those from the river gravels, and in one is shown similar implements from the surface. These are distinguished as being from the plateau. (The plateau in this case meaning the surface of high level unaffected by the wash of the water which formed the river.) Mr. Solomon Reinach, curator of that museum, in his catalogue and “ Description Raisonnée,” says, page 84: The implements found in the ancient alluvium of the rivers are those which have been used or have been rejected. Sometimes they are water-worn, sometimes alto- gether new and even unfinished. * * * The implements gathered on the plateau come from the camps or workshops. They are much less interesting than those of the alluvium, not being accompanied by a fauna which can serve for their chrono- logic classification. * * * As the soil of the plateaus is continually upturned by its cultivation, which has thrown together in the same layers the remains of suc- cessive civilizations, so the paleolithic and neolithic instruments are often found on or near the surface mixed with those of the epoch of metal and of modern times. The plateaux on the surtace of which these Chellian implements were tound extends largely over the interior of France. Dr. John Evans, the celebrated prehistoric archeologist of England, and the author of “Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain,” says in that work (page 531), “ Not far from Currie Farm I found on the surface of the ground, in 1869, a well-marked paleolithic implement, in character and size resembling that of Stud-Hill (Fig. 462), and stained arich ochreous color.” During a visit to Dr. Evans’s collection in 1889 the writer saw thirty or more paleolithic implements which had been found on the surface in the neighborhood of Ightham, Kent. Mr. B. Harrison has gathered in the same neighborhood nigh six hundred paleolithic implements which are described by Mr. Prestwich in the Quarterly Geologic Journal, No, 178, of May 1, 1889. I quite agree with Mr. Reinach that these surface implements are much less inter- esting than those found in the river gravels. I agree and have always said that the implements thus found are not proof of the antiquity of the paleolithic period. The most I have ever contended was that they were evidence of its existence. The paleolithic imple- ments of Europe have been found by the ten thousand in the river gravels at various depths, and associated with the extinet fauna of the Quaternary geologic period. Thus the antiquity of the paleo- lithic period has been established without the aid of the implements found upon the surface. In the United States this is not the case; there- fore the discovery of the paleolithic implements on the surface have a greater relative importance than in Europe. They, however, are evi- dence only of the existence and not of its antiquity of a paleolithic period. The antiquity remains to be solved by other means. 612 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Enough has been said to demonstrate that the paleolithic implements of this epoch belong to one general type. ‘Their similarity of material, mode of manufacture, and general appearance all testify thereto. While there is this similarity they are not copied one from another. Each one has an individuality, yet they can be recognized as belonging toa common family and having a common origin. In this manner, and for these reasons, a person acquainted with them, or who has had sufficient experience, will be able to recognize a Chellian implement independent of its locality or its associations. This knowledge comes only from experience, but it is the same experience by which the Ameri- can archeologist recognizes the genuineness of the arrow or spear head, the polished stone hatchet, Indian pipe, and similar objects, and is fairly able to assign them to their proper localities. The following paragraphs, relating to the differences in form between paleolithic and neolithic implements, may be found of interest: A glance at the stone implements hitherto discovered in the river drift, whether of England or France, will at once show how different in character they are, asa whole, from those of the neolithic period, excepting, of course, mere flakes, and implements made from them, and simple blocks and hammer-stones. So far as we at present know, not a single implement from the river drift has been sharpened by grinding or polishing, though. of course, it would be unsafe to affirm that such a process was.un- known at the time when they were in use. With the unpolished implements of the neolithic period, which most nearly approach those of the paleolithic in form, it will, as a rule, be found that the former are intended for cutting at the broader end, and the latter at the narrow or more pointed end. Even in the nature of the chipping a practiced observer will, in most instances, discern a difference. When first treating of the character of these instruments (in the Archeologia, now thirteen years ago), I pointed out these differences between the implements of the two periods as being marked and distinct; and though since that time, from our knowledge of the form and character of the stone implements of both periods having been much enlarged, some few exceptions may be made to a too sweeping assertion of the distinctions between the two classes, yet, on the whole, I think they have been fully sustained. Unground flint implements, with a sharp point and a thick truncated butt, and, in fact, what I have termed tongue-shaped in form, are, for instance, no longer con- fined to the drift, but have been found by myself, with polished implements, on tho shores of Lough Neagh, in Ireland; and yet, though analogous in form, they differ in the character of the workmanship, and in their proportions from those from the gravel. The difference is such tuat, though possibly a single specimen might pass muster as of paleolithic form, yet a group of three or four would at once strike an experienced eye as presenting other characteristics, In the same manner some of the roughly chipped specimens from Cissbury and elsewhere—such, for instance, as Fig. 28*—appear to be of the tongue-shaped type, or like other river-drift forms. These are, however, exceptional in character, and as their finding appears to be confined to the sites of manufactories of flint implements, where a very large proportion of the specimens found are merely ‘‘ wasters” produced in the manufacture, it is doubtful how they are to be regarded as finished tools. On this subject of the difference in character between the paleolithic and neolithic forms I have been severely taken to task by M. Zinck, in the Proceedings of the So- ciety of Northern Antiquaries of Copenhagen, who has figured several Danish neo- lithic specimens in juxtaposition with some of my own figures of implements from the drift. In many cases, however, the comparison is made between implements of very —— * Ancient Stone Implements, p. 74, A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. - 613 ditferent dimensions, though, by being drawn to difterent scales, they are made to appear of the same size in the figures; and, in other cases, the specimens engraved are apparently unfinished, or merely wasters thrown away. But, even granting that these exceptional instances of resemblance can be found, there is no one who can deuy that the general facies of a collection of implements from the river drift, and one from the surface, is totally and entirely distinct. With regard to the Danish stone antiquities, I think I may safely say that I have as ex- tensive a collection of them as any one out of that country; and, further, that I have more than once examined the collections, both public and private, at Copenhagen, as well as at Stockholm and Lund, and yet that I do not remember to have seen any specimen—unless possibly a mere flake or rough block—which, if placed before me without comment, I should have taken to be paleolithic. In most cases, even if a similarity of form should be found to exist, there will be a difference in the character of the surface of the material; the deep staining more especially, and the glossy surface so common on the implements from the gravel, being but rarely met with on those from the surface soil. But, though, on the whole, so widely differing from the implements of the neo- lithic period, those belonging to paleolithic times show a marvelous correspondence with each other in whatever part of England they are found; and this correspond- ence extends, in an equal degree, to the implements found in the river gravels of France. In illustration of this, Mr. Flower has engraved, side by side, two imple- ments from Thetford and two from St. Acheul, each pair being almost identical both in shape and size. But what is more remarkable still, this resemblance in form prevails not only with the implements from the river gravels of western Europe, but with those from the laterite beds of southern India. It is true that the material — is somewhat different, the Indian implements being formed of compact quartzite instead of flint, and that this circumstance somewhat affects the character of the fracture and facets, but, so far as general form is concerned, they may be said to be identical with those from the European river-drifts.* MOUSTIERIAN EPOCH. This is the commencement of the cavern period. During this epoch and the two succeeding, man inhabited principally the caverns and rock shelters. While I would not assert that the implements and ob- jects belonging to these epochs are not to be found on the surface and otherwheres, yet it is true that the habitations, the workshops, the residences, the fireplaces, hearths, ete., of these three epochs, are to be found principally in the caverns or under the rock shelter. When Monsieur Reinach speaks of the epoch of alluvium, he means the epoch prior to this; when he speaks of the period of the caverns, he means these three epochs following. It is entirely possible that these may have been contemporaneous, that man may have occupied them all at once, to have made and used the implements belonging to these epochs all at one time, and such has been the contention of some emi- nent scientists. But they are not by any means agreed upon that theory or statement. These subdivisions of the cavern period, made by M. de Mortillet, are Moustierian, the Solutrian, and the Madelenian. The Moustierian is so named after the Cavern de Moustier, on the river Vézéere, Dordogne, France. The typical implements are the * Evans: Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain, p. 568. 614 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, i888. point and seraper.* The point is different from all other points, in that while one side is left flat and smooth as it was struck from its nucleus, the retouching by which the point and edge are made is all done from the opposite side. The scraper is made in the same way, and its pecul- iarity is that its edge is upon the side rather than upon the end, as it was in all succeeding epochs. These appear to have been the first scrapers used by the pre-historic man. While the Moustierian imple- ments have been found in the river gravels of Europe, there has been much contention as to their contemporaneity with those of the preced- ing epoch. But they have been found in the caverns at such depths and with such associations as to cause many pre-historic anthropolo- gists in Europe to believe that they formed a separate epoch, during which the caverns were occupied by the inhabitants for a long period of time. It has been contended that this epoch was, at least in south- ern France, contemporary with the glacial period. This, if established, would sufficiently account for his occupation of caves and rock shel- ters. The extinct fauna of the preceding epoch is not found in con- nection with these implements. The animals become more like these of our own time. This epoch begins what has been called the cavern period. SOLUTRIAN EPOCH. Is so named after the Cavern of Solutré, near Macon, Saone et Loire. The Chellian implement had in this epoch ceased to be made; also the one-sided Moustierian point. They were probably replaced by the large and thin spear-head which is shaped like a laurel leaf. The scrapers have been changed in form. They are smaller, and the scraping edge is on the end instead of being upon the side. Knives and saws of flint also appear. The man of this epoch exceiled in the art of chip- ping flint. Indeed, it is doubtful if any subsequent age or epoch even equalled him. The implements are renowed for beauty of form and fineness of finish. It is by this progress that this epoch has become recognized. It is remarkable that these leaf-shaped implements should be found in France in nests or en cache, and that great numbers of sim- ilar instruments should be found in the United States likewise fre- quently in nests. It would be exceedingly strange if, upon further study and careful investigation, it should be discovered that the Ameri- can implements should belong to the same paleolithie epoch, as do those of France.t Points were also made of bone, sometimes apparently for use in piercing skins, or for sewing garments. Sometimes to replace the chipped flint for spear-points. Another implement peculiar to this epoch was a fine flint-point, apparently a spear, with a tang and shoul- der on only one side. But it is in its art products that this period is remarkable. The Chellian implements and the Moustierian points and scrapers are scarcely fine enough to be worthy of the title of artistic. * Plate LXXXVIII. * Plate LXXXxIVv, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wiison. PLATE LXXXVIII. ING SRS PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. Fic. 1. Moustierian point, spear or otherwise (flint); from cavern of Le Moustier. Fie. 2. Opposite side of Fig. 1. Fic. 3. Moustierian scraper, showing bulb of percussion (flint); from Chez Pouré. Fic. 4. Opposite side of Fig. 3. a we At Rate te ae " im sete a {ee kes \ Aes gy ey AY Raa aE te Wren a ae aaa pris INE at Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wilson. Ze Br, < me p cal, oN Wi Vy ANA Z aay VS ) « d))) lig 2 ann i ti ‘i Be ie an be il My, | WL : ey ! it A a onan A he i: HPN Wy ie ” V7, we | : ) ak e ( re ( i Ay Ka vs fai y | ‘ ao a Ne ac Al Mi Wi in a es aD mi 7 wk : oi) | Hing i : x ae a) 7) yy i ny Pr = je SS ee SS == vo ~ Ss c23 Yae ake aed ye 2 fea i ey) eons Eiki | i en og on ey A iG IG ls Y WZ oe ae, Yes Lf ( PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. PLATE LXXXIX. Fie. 1. Solutrian point; shape of laurel leaf. Rigny-sur-Arroux (Saone-et-Loire), France. Fie. 2. Solutrian point. Grotte de lEglise, Dordo one. Fic. 3. Solutrian point. Grotte de Gargas, Vaucluse. Fie. 4. Solutrian point. Grotte de PEglise, Dordogne. Fies. 5 and 6. Solutrian implements, beautifully chipped for spear or other points, with a shoulder on one side. They may have been used for fish spears or harpoons (flint): from Dordogne. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 615 The art of the third period, the Solutrian, was much finer, although confined to the chipping of flint and the making of bone and horn im- plements. The representative implement of this epoch is the flint spear-head or dagger, which was shaped like the laurel leaf. It was in the working of the flint to make these objects that the best art of the Solutrian epoch is manifested. It may be objected that there was no art required in chipping flint implements, but an inspection of those from the Solutrian epoch, coupled with an attempt on the part of the objector to make one of the larger and finer, will show how far he is from the truth. An examination and measurement of these implements is required to understand the delicacy of their manufacture. It must have re- quired much education and experience and a large amount of manual dexterity. Figure 1 represents one of these leaf-shaped points found en cache with ten others. It is one of the largest known, and is in the Museum of Chalon-sur-Saone. Its length is 14 inches, its breadth 34, and its . greatest thickness less than three-eighths of an inch. It is made en- tirely by chipping, which is not either primary or secondary, but ap- pears to be even tertiary. The flakes by which it has been reduced have been struck or pressed off from the edge, and are so long and thin as to resemble shavings rather than chips. The art of chipping flint attained its highest point during this epoch. It has never been exceeded, and rarely equalled in any time and by any people. The pre-historic people of Scandinavia, in Europe, and those of Mexico and California, in America, are the only ones which have in any way approached it. The modern Indian has chipped his arrow-heads, and many persons of high artistic abilities have, in the interest of science, reproduced them, making them sometimes of flint, obsidian, and even of common bottle-glass. Occasional persons have used their abilities, like “ Flint Jack,” in making spurious implements to be palmed off as genuineones. But no flint-knapper of the present day, whether amateur or professional, has yet been able to reproduce one of the fine, Solutrian, leaf-shaped implements. We have had to contend many times with other fraudulent and spurious specimens which evinced a high degree of art and manual dexterity, but never with forgeries or counterfeits of these beautiful implements. MADELENIAN EPOCH. -So named from the rock shelter, La Madelaine, on the Vézére, Dor- dogne, about half way between Le Moustier and Les Hyzies. This epoch endured longer than the preceding. Its stations are more frequent; the area more extended; its implements increase in number, variety, and form, and indicate continued progress. While in former epochs the material used by man for the fabrication of his uten- sils and implements was almost entirely of flint, or at least stone, in 616 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18388. this epoch he used bone, horn, and ivory. He made the long straight flakes of flint in profusion, for his need for knives and saws was natur- ally great.* Scrapers, gravers, ete., were also of flint (Figs. 1, 3, 4); but piercers or points, needles, barpoons, hooks, and ornaments of divers sorts, were made of bone, horn, or ivory.t It. was in the Madelenian epoch that pre-historic art attained its per- fection. The art of that epoch seems to have been indigenous to that country in which its greatest manifestations have been discovered ; that is, the Dordogne district of France. It does not seem to have been an imitation, nor to have been borrowed from any other country or people, but only to have been a display of the artistic tendencies of the human mind, and a manifestation of the manual dexterity of that period and locality. It consisted sometimes of sculpture done in the round, sometimes of engravings or etchings on stone, bone, or horn, possibly on wood (though such specimens have decayed), and also the making of the bone and horn implements such as points, harpoons, daggers, needles, etc. The decoration was sometimes of geometric designs made by curved or straight lines, by festoons, zigzag, or her- ring-bone, or by the same figures made by dots or points. The principal and wonderfal manufacture of art in this epoch was the representation of living things. Sometimes the animals represented are at rest, but many times they are in action. Hunting scenes are depicted in which the hunter, a man, is shown in the chase and engaged in active conflict with his game. In one, a man is throwing a spear; in another, the serpent bites his heel ;{ deer in action; the reindeer with his nose high in the air and horns thrown on his back. A reindeer browsing, which represents a veritable landscape with perspective drawing. The engraving and sculpture represent the mammoth, the reindeer, horse, bison, birds, fish, serpent, musk-ox, and others. Some of these are Arctic animals now found only in cold countries. Some of these are of animals now extinct. A mammoth is found engraved on a piece of ivory (part of his own tusk), a cave-bear was engraved on a flat stone of schist, a poignard was made of reindeer horn, the handle of which is in the form of a reindeer himself. These all came from southern France, and are evidence of their existence in that locality, for the artist must have seen them before he could depict them. The art tools with which this work was*done have been found in con- siderable numbers. They are of flint, and have been chipped to the same sharp, triangular point as the steel graver of modern times.|| The implements and utensils of every-day use were objects of an art by no means contemptible, even as compared with those of our times. The harpoons, needles, daggers, and other implements and utensils were so ornamented as to show an appreciation of decorative art applied to household or domestic uses which would not be unworthy the decora- tive schools of art of the nineteenth century. * Plate xci, Fig. 2. t Plate xcil, Fig. 2. || Plate xc, Fig. 2, and Plate + Plate xcil. § Plates xc and XCly. XCI, Figs. 3, 4. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wilson. PLATE XC. I r iy RS oe. M PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. Fie. 1. Grotte du Placard. Charente, France. Fic. 2. Flint graver. Gorge-d’Enfer, Dordogne, France. Fig. 3. Flint flake; worked. Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. Fies. 4and 5. Flint points; worked to an edge. La Madeleine, Dordogne, France. eee ie © PLATE XCI. Report of National! Museum, 1888.—Wilson. We a ~ —=-s iim SS SS- Slt |i | \ \\\ \ i ! PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. ance. RF La Madeleine, Dordogne, France. 5) La Madeleine, Dordogne ‘aper, with rounded end. Flint sei . Flint flake; probably a saw or knife. 1. Fic. 9 ww Fie. La Madeleine, Dordogne, France. nd 4. Flint gravers. 3a Fias ns eases ie a’ Report of National Museum, 1888,—Wilson. PLATE XCIlI. PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. Fias. 1, 2, 3, and 4. Harpoons made of reindeer horn. Ja Madeleine, Dordogne, France. Fies. 5, 6, and 7. Points and harpoons made of reindeer horn; hole and slit for attachment to shaft. Southern France. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wilson., PLATE XCIll. De ‘ py —_ IW. YA AG UY z PALEOLITHIC ENGRAVINGS. Fic. 1. Engraving of pike on canine tooth of bear. Grotte of Duruthy, southwestern France. Fia. 2. Engravings of a man, horses, aurochs, and snake or eel onreindeer horn. La Madeleine, Dor- dogne, France. Fic. 3. Engraving of seal on canine tooth of bear. Grotte of Duruthy, southwestern France. ey Tr my Report of National Ii Fig. 1. Baton de comr La Madeleini Fia. 2. Reindeer horn; Fig. 3. Baton de comn Fie. 4. Rude engravin| go to Report of National Iviuseum, 1888.—Wilson. Fic. Fic. Fia. Fic. PLATE XCIV. PALEOLITHIC ENGRAVINGS. 1. Baton de commandment; reindeer horn, on which are representations of fishes and a horse. La Madeleine, Dordogne, France. 2. Reindeer horn; representation of a fish. La Madeleine, Dordogne, Trance. 3. Baton de commandment; reindeer horn, with tracing of a fish. Cave of Goyet, Belgium. 4, Rude engraving on scapula of ox. Laugerie Basse, Dordogne, France. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 617 There has also been found an instrument made of reindeer horn, the use of which is as yet unknown. It has been named ‘ Baton (or stick) de Commandement,” and is supposed to have been some sort of emblem of authority. Their length was such as to require the principal part of a reindeer horn, and from two to three holes about three-fourths of an inch in diameter were drilled through sideways.* These artistic manifestations are intended not alone for utility, as in the decoration of implements, weapons, and utensils, but they display art for its own sake. Sketches have been discovered which, like those of many artists of the present day, appear to have been purely for practice or for innate love of the work.t ‘l'hey are mere essays, attempts in which the artists have made various efforts on the same piece with- out any attempted reiation one to the other. The piece known as the combat of reindeer, five animals, Marquis de Vibraye’s collection, is an example. Another is a sketch of eight animals, horses and deer, from the Cavern of Lartet, Judge Piette’s collection. These are each on one piece; the lines run into each other. The animals represented are without relation to each other. They have even been done from dif- ferent planes, so that some are upside down. Some are complete; others incomplete. The author of these sketches was only utilizing his material, as does the artist of to-day when he puts many studies on the same canvas. The mammoth engraved on a laminated piece of his own tusk, and the bear on a flat pebbie, are purely artistic, are done solely for their art; while the sculpture of the mammoth and reindeer, decoration of the handles of daggers and poignards are such utilization as put one in remembrance of like work done by Benvenuto Cellini. Similar illustrations are found in the various “ Batons de Com- mandement.” The excellent and artistic work shown in these engravings and sculp- tures is itself strange enough. But the really wonderful and incompre- hensible thing concerning them and the civilization belonging to this epoch is that at the close of the period the entire culture painted on its existence disappeared. It passed away and left no trace. Whatever may be the trath concerning this in other parts of the world, it appears to be certain in its relation to western Europe. This leads one to speak of the close of this period, and what has been called by some of the archeologists the hiatus; that is, the gap between that and the suc- ceeding epoch or period. - I have already shown how the human occupation during the paleo- lithic period was spread generally over western Europe, but whether the subdivision or epochs according to the classification of de Mortillet extended to and were developed in other countries than France has not been determined, and there were persons of both ways of thinking. On one proposition, however, the archeologists seem to be agreed, that there were subdivisions in the paleolithic period, and they are to be traced and recognized by the differences in the human industry according to * Plate xci, Fig. 2, and Plate xcrv, Figs. 1, 3. t Plate xcrv, Fig. 4. 618 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. their association and superposition. There are many illustrations to be given. The Grotte de Placard is situated on the banks of the river Tardoire, a branch of the Charente in the department of the same name. A cut of this grotte is given in Plate xc, Fig. 1. By its side is shown a section of the grotte made during its excavation. It is drawn to scale and shows the various strata of earth or débris with which the grotte was filled. The top layer was naturally the last in point of time to be laid down; the bottom was just as naturally the first. The divisions in the scale from the bottom to the top represent the various strata found during the excavation and their component parts show by their differences how they were deposited, each one subsequent to the other, and what were the distinctions between the habits or industries of the man who successively occupied the cavern during the filling of the re- spective strata. A.—Strata of small pieces of rock and débris fallen from the roof of the cavern, and separating the archeologic layers: No traces of human industry, and, conse- quently, man was not present. B.—A stratum of the same with a fine streak of clay. C.—The top archeologic strata, 38 centimeters in thickness, belongs to the neolithic period tor it- contained pieces of property, fragments of polished stone flint hatchets, barbed arrow-heads, together with the bones of modern animals. D, &, F, and H.—Four strata with the characteristic fauna and objects of industry of the prehistoric period, Madalénian epoch. These four, together with the intermediate strata are nigh 4 meters (5 feet) in thickness. J.—A stratum of Solutrian industry of the finer and later order. Flint arrow or spear-heads with shoulder on one end. K.—A stratum of the lower or earlier Solutrian with leaf-shaped implements. L.—Stratum Moustierian with a characteristic point. Although this evidence of chronologic and successive occupations can be repeated in many cases, yet it has not been universally ac- cepted, and when accepted it has been with a different classification and nomenclature. The division into epochs according to the classifi- cation here adopted is not laid down as a hard and fast rule. It is only tentative and liable to be changed and modified by future dis- coveries. Whether all these subdivisions of the paleolithic period extended to and were developed in other countries than France has not been determined, and there are persons of both ways of thinking. The principal cause of my willingness to adopt the theory is that it makes a segregation of the objects and implements of the paleolithic period, and gives them a nomenclature by which they can be described and understood; it provides’a common language for both hearer and speaker. The man of the paleolithic period left no monuments. It appears that he built no houses for either the living or the dead. Indeed, it is doubtful if the dead were buried or had any place of sepulcher. The general belief is that he made no pottery. The sole exceptions to this have arisen in Belgium, since the discovery by M. Dupont in the Grotte de Furfooz, and MM. Fraipont and Lohest in the Grotte de Spy. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 619 Portions of the skeleton of paleolithic men are believed to have been found in several places throughout western Europe. It is useless to attempt a full description of them; sufficient for my purpose to say that they have been determined, from investigation of the skull, to have been a long-headed race with retreating forehead and heavy frontal projection. Enough bones have been found to determine that he was of small stature, the extremities being comparatively short but heavy. The sinuses indicate the attachment of heavy muscles, and, conse- quently, great strength. The typical skulls of this race of men, and which have given their names respectively to it, are that of Neander- thal, the original of which is now at Bonn, and of Cannstadt, which is at Stutgard, both in Germany. I have said that the human occupation during this period, as indi- cated by the remains of its civilization, extended generally over the world. What became of man at its close is not at all determined, and has searcely been studied. In western Europe the scientists have had bettter opportunities than in this country, and, consequently, have made greater discoveries. It is the opinion of some that there was a hiatus between the two races; others, without admitting this, are equally satisfied of the great differences between the two. The neo- lithic man, so far as concerns western Europe, must have come from the east, that great foundation of civilization and unknown cradle of the human race. He occupied the same territory which was before occupied by paleolithic man, but what became of the paleolithic man is unknown and amystery. Whether he migrated to the north, follow- ing up the Arctic animals when they took their departure; whether the neolithic man came down upon and exterminated him; whether he drove him off or absorbed the remnents, is as yet unknown. It may never be known, but it is a subject for investigation, and the scien- tists of these countries are engaged seriously in the work of examination. On the subject of this hiatus or gap, Mr. John Evans says: There appears, in this country at all events, to be a complete gap between the river-drift and surface-etone periods, so far as any intermediate forms of implements are concerned; and here, at least, the race of men who fabricated the latest of the paleolithic implements may have, and in all probability had, disappeared at an epoch remote from that when the country was again occupied by those who not only chipped out but polished their flint tools, and who were, moreover, associated with a mammalian fauna far nearer resembling that of the present day than that of the quarternary times. So different indeed are the two groups of animals that, as has been already re- marked, Mr. Boyd Dawkins has shown that, out of forty-eight well-ascertained spe- cies living in the post-glacial or river-drift period, only thirty-one were able to live on into the prehistoric or surface-stone period. Such a change as this in the fauna of a country can hardly have been the work of a few years, or even of a few cen- turies; and yet we must intercalate a period of time sufficient for its accomplish- ment between the farthest date to which we can carry back the neolithic period, and the close of the paleolithic period as indicated by the low-level gravels. The an- tiquity, then, that must be assigned to the implements in the highest beds of river- 620 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. drift may be represented (1) by the period requisite for the excavation of the valleys to their present depth; plus (2) the period necessary for the dying out and immi- gration of a large part of the quarternary or post-glacial fauna and the coming in of the prehistoric; plus (5) the polished stone period; plus (4) the bronze, iron, and historic periods, which three latter in this country occupy a space of probably not less than three thousand years. A single equation involving so many unknown quantities is, as already observed, not susceptible of solution.* And Prof. Boyd Dawkins: The great changes in the fauna and geography of Britain, at the close of the Pleis- tocene age, render it very improbable that the cave men were in any way repre- sented by the neolithic tribes who are the first to appear in prehistoric Europe. The former possessed no domestic animals, just as the latter are not known to have been acquainted with any of the extinct species, with the exception of the Irish elk. The former lived as hunters, unaided by the dog, in Britain, while it was part of the continent; the latter appear as farmers and herdsmen after it became an is- land. Their states of culture, as we shall see presently, were wholly different. We might expect, on @ priori grounds, that there would be an overlap, and that the former would have been absorbed into the mass of the new-comers. There is, however, no evidence of this. * * ” ; From the facts at present before us we may conclude that they belonged to two races of men, living in Europe in successive times, and separated from each other by an interval sufficiently great to allow of the above-mentioned changes taking place in the physical conditions of Britain. * * * From the preceding pages the reader will gather a distinct idea of the physical condition of Britain in the neolithic age, and of the manners and customs of the inhabitants. The population was probably large, divided into tribal communities possessed of fixed habitations, and living principally on their flocks and herds, ac- quainted with agriculture, and subsisting in a lesser degree by hunting and fishing. The arts of spinning, weaving, mining, and pottery-making were known, and that of boat-building had advanced sufficiently far to allow of voyages being made from France to Britain, and from Britain to Ireland. Traffic was carried on by barter, and - stone axes were distributed over areas far away from those in which the stone was found. Tombs also were built, some of imposing grandeur, for the habitation of the dead in the after-world, in which the spirits were supposed to lead a life not very different from that of the living, and at which they were worshiped by the family or tribe, after the manner of the red Indians and many African peoples. ~ * * The neolithic implements and the domestic animals and plants, described in the preceding pages, have been discovered over the whole of Europe, with the exception of northern Russia and northern Scandinavia. They imply that the neolithic civil- ization was long established, and that it underwent so little change, if any, in the lapse of ages that no traces of a change have been preserved to our times. Its dura- tion varied in different countries, and it yielded place to a higher culture in Greece and Italy long before it passed away from central and northern Europe. * * * The introduction of this civilization is the starting-point of the history of the pres- ent inhabitants of Europe. To the neolithic peoples we owe the rudiments of the culture which we ourselves enjoy. The arts which they introduced have never been forgotten, and all subsequent progress has been built upon their foundation. Their cereals are still cultivated by the farmer, their domestic animals still minister to us, and the arts of which they only possessed the rudiments have developed into the industries—spinning, weaving, pottery-making, mining; without which we can scarcely realize what our lives would be.t *Evans: Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain; p. 618. tW. Boyd Dawkins: Early Man in Britain; p. 265, ete. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 621 Monsieur Gabriel de Mortillet in Le Prehistorique, page 479, dis- cusses this hiatus between the paleolithic and the neolithic periods. He considers that the former belonged to the quaternary geologic period, while the latter belongs to the present, or period actual. He says that ‘Between these two epochs (that is, between the Madalen- ian epoch and the neolithic period) ‘ there are differences every where; there exists a veritable revolution.” table, side by side, the differences. (1) In the Madalenian the climate was cold and dry, with extreme tem- peratures. (2) Existence of the last grand fossil spe- cies—the mammoth. (3) Chamois, marmot, the wild goat in the plains of France. (4) Reindeer, saiga (antelope), elk, glut- ton, white bear, in the center of Europe. (5) Hyena and the grand cat tribe. And he puts in the form of a (1) In the neolithic period the climate was temperate and uniform. (2) The mammoth extinct. (3) Chamois, marmot, and wild goat have gone to the summits of the mount- ains. (4) These animals have emigrated to- ward the Arctic region. (5) No hyenas or grand cats. (6) Domestic animals abundant. (7) Human type much varied. (6) No domestic animals. (7) Human type uniform. (8) Population nomadic. (9) Hunters and fishers, but no agricult- ure. (10) Stone implements always chipped. (11) No pottery. (12) No monuments. (138) No burials; norespect for the dead. (14) No religious ideas. (15) A profound and pure artistic senti- ment. (8) Population sedentary. (9) Agriculture well developed. (10) Stone implements polished. (11) Pottery. (12) Monuments: Dolmens and menhirs; burial of the dead. (14) Religious ideas well developed. (15) No artistic sentiment. This revolution is at once physical and industrial, natural and social. In the physical or natural there have been great changes in the climate, which proves changes of equal importance in the orography and geog- raphy, which in its turn was followed by profound geologic modifica- tion. This could be done but very slowly, and, therefore, there must have existed a long period of time between the two epochs. This can be assured by certain proofs. In the Grotte de Placard one can see between the uppermost stratum, containing implements of the Madal- enian epoch, and that which contains implements of the neolithic period there is to be found a depot or stratum of fallen rubbish, principally small stone from the roof of the cavern, which is completely sterile, so far as concerns archeology, and is 70™ in thickness. The Cavern of Laugerie Haute gives the same evidence and is even more conclusive. Between the strata of the two periods there exists a sterile stratum of 1.30". In the Grotte dela Vache there exists a thick stratum of sta- -lagmite, sometimes 45°", between the Madalenian epoch and the neo- lithic period and the same difference exists between the industrial and 622 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. social cultures of the two epochs. The table just given, and which need not be repeated, shows the industries and customs of the two epochs to have nothing incommon. There was a substitution complete of the former by the latter. The more advanced have entirely replaced the primitive. It has produced a phenomenon analogous to that which took place in America or the Oceanic Islands after the arrival of the Kuropeans. There is no progressive or local development, but an in- vasion of a superior civilization. There are the same changes in the races of the men of the two epochs, but, by atavism, we may find the type of the Chellian man reproduced in theneolithic period. If this be established by future discoveries, it would tend to show a contact of the two populations and that the hiatus was not real, but only a gap in our knowledge of the civilizations of the two peoples. NEOLITHIC PERIOD. There was a marked improvement in the civilization of this period over that of its predecessor, the paleolithic. This extended to many things, but the distinguishing feature was the art of polishing or smoothing the stone implements and weapons. Therefore it has been called the polished stone age. The characteristic implements of this period are the polished stone hatchets, called celts in England and America. They are found like the paleolithic Chellian implements, which preceded them, substan- tially all over the world, thus showing that this civilization must have endured for a long period of time and comprised an extensive popula- tion. The materials differ according to locality, and the form may vary with the requirements of the material. The standard hatchet in Alaska is made of nephrite, that of the West Indies may be made of shell; there may be also slight differences of form, some havinga square top, others being pointed. The Scandinavian hatchets are usually square in section and therein are different from others; they are also much longer, but this arises from the peculiarities of the material. The general likeness in these implements prevails through- out the world notwithstanding the minor differences mentioned. While an experienced prehistoric archeologist may be able to determine from an inspection of the polished stone hatchet from what country it comes and possibly to what locality it belongs, yet the statement is true that they are substantially the same implement and that the invention of the art of polishing, together witi the form of hatchet, has passed by com- munication from people to people, country to country, aud descended from generation to generation until it has spread everywhere. A series of the polished stone hatchets, or celts, from almost any one of the United States will stand as a fair representative of the same implement in any other State or country. The single exception to the universality of this statement is from Scandinavia. I shall not at present attempt any general description of the implements, weapons, or ornaments of A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 623 this period. That will be reserved until I come to speak of those from the United States, when it can be done more in detail and will not be a repetition. The stone arrow or spear-head or knife is another equally charater- istic implement or weapon of this period. The North American Indian was in the neolithic period of the civilization at the time of the discovery of the continent by Christopher Columbus. Although he used copper as a material for implements, yet it did not displace stone nor was its use sufficiently extended to establish an age of copper. Another characteristic of the neolithic period was its monuments. Their erection and construction by man began in this period, and are therefore its oldest representatives in every country. In the United States they consist of mounds and earthworks, likewise stone and other forts. In western Europe principally of dolmens, menhirs, cromlechs, and alignments. I will not attempt any description of the monuments of the United States further than to say that many of them are believed to have been places of sepulture. Some of the forts, from their appear- ance and location, seem to have been erected as places of defense or for safety. But there are vast numbers both of mounds and earthworks which would seem so illy suited for the respective purposes indicated as that it is difficult to believe they were sointended. Many theories and arguments have been presented, but much of it has been of that kind which darkeneth wisdom by words without knowledge. The excavations into the mounds and other prehistoric monuments in the United States have been unfortunately made more in pursuit of trinkets and to add numbers to the owner’s collection than in the in- terest of science or for the purpose of discovering the history, customs, or civilization of the men who made the mounds. Any description at this time would necessarily be imperfect, and probably all who read this pamphlet will have had as much general and indefinite knowledge of these monuments as could be here given. Those who would know more concerning this subject must be referred to the special works treating thereon. DOLMENS. The neolithic monuments of western Europe may be briefly described. The dolmen was made in the form of a chamber or series of com- municating chambers or alley-ways with sides, floor, and covers, and was atomb.* Its floor and entrance were at about the level of the neighboring surface, and the entire monument is believed to have been covered with earth; thus in ancient times it was a tumulus. t The covering stones of a dolmen have been found to weigh 5, 10, 20, and 40 tons.t Used for sepulture they may be described as houses for the dead. They are perhaps the earliest form of receptacle for the dead, although the Kistvaen, made of smaller flat stones with sides, ends, top, * Plates xcv to XCIX. ¥; t Plate Xovu, Fig. 1. t Plate xcv1, Fig. 1, and Plate xcvm1, Fig. 2. 624 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. and bottom shaped like a box or chest (Kist) and covered with stones like a cairn, may be older, but they may also have only been the sep- ultures of a poorer people. — The dolmens, usually square but sometimes round, were made in the form of chambers, sometimes as small as 4 by 6 feet, 4 feet high; some- times these were 16 feet wide, 30 feet long, and 8 feet high. Most of the dolmens consist of a single chamber, but many have as many as six lateral chambers. They are made of huge flat unhewn granite stones, which are stood on end or edge to form the sides and ends of the cham- bers.* The covering stones (which are called tables) are large, and a single one is sometimes sufficient to cover the entiremonument.t The dolmens usually have a gallery or corridor leading to the chamber, made in the same way. This is for approach to the chamber. This gallery is about 3 or 4 feet wide and as many or more high, sufficient fora man to make easy entrance. It is sometimes blocked with an- other slab of granite at the inside and nearest the chamber, sometimes at the outside, and sometimes both. Fig. 2¢ will explain this. In this example the door has fallen in. ‘Their orientation is irregular. They open in every direction, north and south, east and west; but there are more to the south than to the north, and more to the east than to the west. The greater number open towards the southeast. For purposes of comparison the ground plan of several of the important dolmens are here given.§ It will be perceived that though they are all one general type, yet no particular or precise form has been invariably followed in their construction. Each one has its own individuality and differs from any other. The fine unshaded lines indicate the covering stones. The direction of the opening is indicated by letters SSE, ete. (1) Dolmen of Kerlescant, at Carnac. This opens to the west. This dolmen is what is usually denominated Allée couverte. (2) Dolmen of Kervilor, at Trinite-sur-Mer. Opening to SSE., one side square and one side round. (3) Dolmen du Rocher, at Plougoumelen. Opening to SSE. (4) Dolmen of Crucuno—same as Fig. 1.|| Opening to SE., chamber rectangular. (5) Dolmen of Keroed-Kerzu, at Crach. Opening to east, circular chamber. (6) Dolmen of Ben-er-Groah, at Lochmariaquer. Opening south, two successive circular chambers. (7) Dolmen of Kervihan, Carnac. Two chambers, semi-circular, with alley be- tween. Opening SSE. (8) Dolmen of Keriaval, near Plouharnel-Carnac. Three lateral chambers, opening east. (9) Second dolmen of Mana Kerioned, near Plouharnel. This is one of three in the same tumulus—side by side—opening south, and is elaborately sculptured on the face of the supports. (10) Three dolmens of Rondessec, at Plouharnel, all under the same tumulus, open- ing SSE. In one of these was found a pair of gold bracelets, one of which is still to be seen at Pere Gaillard’s, Plouharnel. (11) Small type dolmen of Kermario, Carnac. Opening to southeast. * Plate xcv, Vig. 1; Plate xcviu, Fig. 1. ¢ Plate xcv. || Plate Cvil. t Plate xcvu, Fig. 2. § Plate xcrx. PLATE XCV. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wilson. Wi) Hey He tlhe Nip ; HRY Hi U/, ‘i MY, Rap WM: fe sett ((UUU_’™'! is) ~N S = \ A HOHE NEOLITHIC MONUMENTS—DOLMENS. Fic. 1. Dolmen of Palo de Vinha, Portugal. Fic. 2. Ground plan of dolmen of Palo de Vinha, near Evora, showing the stones on edge forming the gallery, chamber, and door. The light line around shows the covering stone with a group of cup-markingss on the under side. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wilson. PLATE XCVI. NCS SHAM a 7 pelt Dyas DS AIAN GIRAIFNS OG NAUIAAG aN == CY LZ ie Lt SH aAP* or To00 A iss nD Mo rwt® “art OC WMietzel 1 NEOLITHIC MONUMENTS—TUMULI AND DOLMENS. Fie. 1. Tumuli in Brittany. Fie. 2. Dolmen d’Ala Safat, Palestine. Fie. 3. Double dolmen, near. Veevajapett, southern India. Fic. 4. Dolmen de Thizay, Indre-ét-Loire, France. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wilson. PLATE XCVII. NEOLITHIC MONUMENTS—DOLMENS. Fie. 1. Dolmen of Crucuno, Morbihan, Brittany. Fie. 2. Dolmen of Lochmariaquer, Morbihan, Brittany. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wilson PLATE XCVIII. \ WS EEN SW SS SS LL NEOLITHIC MONUMENTS—DOLMENS AND TUMULUS. Fic. 1. Dolmen of Grand Island. Fie. 2. Dolmen and tumulus of Kercado near Plouharnel-Carnac, Morbihan. Section showing the chamber and the corridor or covered way by means of which second and subsequent inter- ments were made. PLATE XCIX, Report of National Museum, 1888.—WiIson. == = S S SN —SS== = 3B SS= 2GY SSR — — => His. 8 YrEtLow CueEr? (from a shell heap on g. 8. f lame 1 F the Tennessee River, adjoining and PALE GRAY FLINT, having somewhat the appearance of opposite Savannah, Tennessee). _ agatized wood. (Collected by J. Parrish Stelle. ) (Austin, Texas. J. Van Ostrand. ) S. 1. Report, 1870, p. 414. These implements* are to be remarked as representatives of a possi- ble new type. They are smaller and thinner than the others, and are : (21299) 2 2 Fig. 10. PORPHYRITIC FELSITE. (Raleigh, North Carolina. Collected by Howard Hayward. ) * See Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 635 found more frequently in the river valleys and on the lowlands, while the others are found more on the bluffs and highlands. They may be found in the neighborhood of mounds and other places of apparent Indian occupation, while the larger kind do not always seem to be. This implement* corresponds closely in appearance, material, and mode of manufacture to the average paleolithic implement; but there is a remarkable difference in that this is notched on the edges, appar- ‘ently for the purpose of attaching a handle with a withe or thong, and some of them show traces of such usage by these edges being worn smooth. This feature is unique and has never been found belonging to an undoubted paleolithic implemment. The question whether they are paleolithic must therefore be held in abeyance and for further examination. They have been reported principally from the Atlantic slope. The United States National Museum possesses about sixty-five specimins. It has been suggested that these imple- ments have been used as agricultural digging implements, also that they have been used as adzes for the making of canoes and for scooping out soap-stone pots and vessels. If any of these uses should be accepted it would decide prima facie that they were not paleolithic. The following is a résumé of the information and contributions received in response to this circular. o State Answers [tuplemeyts| Number |pumberin | Total ENT INNO) ois peieiejoere toe ron aia lsisiestatviciswisiciaicinais cisis'eeieicis 9 196 19 3 218 IWeLmMON time sce mateecaie sare eccreeeeeiec casera ts 6 70 Dian eaierctotsreeiciete 97 MassachusethSsna--aemcm cece iste totes ca cit oer 14 79 17 96 393 Connecticut: s22.ceceel seca. esos ees ances 3 Selecee sree 19 Pi ING Wa WOLKE Ge Bsa seicclecciatis eee seretee bies cece 20 530 95 7 632 INO We J OLSOY is shes be ose sateen ee eee tees ewer. 3 348 2 41 591 LET AENINEIME) saacasuanoaacaccoc So cencceaeec0gnu 20 1, 000 180 39 1, 219 Many lan @ ae od cec)cic s/o'aicuet ee seen eee eee 4 G8)) |beeoeoases 59 92 Mistictiof Columbias=s--eeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeee eee 8 869 239 298 1, 406 Wir PANT ANS oS ac a chs anoccee nee emer ne ones 3 400 26 13 439 Worth (Carolina: : 2.2) asec eae cece sane ene a: 2 13 23 5 41 South) Carolina eaac-sacseceeeeeeeeeaeeearee Sil Seecc eee e eel ce wetscien| ame seeealeme nee ete Georgia 5 rc faeces Sates Sale EERO ee Doe Dae ias (Sac ewe cen latinos aecesiee | soe ecec ase 10 10 J ati bees Aa ORAS eROBConheCuMBbasona eeeeoudade 20! | Bmscsenetee 31 51 AT aTpama as) <2 cid occa ays cintaislae seep tee ee eee cies 3 1 8 25 34 MOXAS 2 ai cise ease acistcne se cee eee nee Otnet ee De ee cee Jel esoeiereteats 6 6 (ONO) econ S Sane ncnorprerdersdoccteacoaenocsadce 29 1 Pals) 71 66 1, 352 Ih ehE eetaeas-saormaoadmedeae olmodconcasacace 13 489 26 26 541 MMIMOIS SFE oes asjclalcisiala aie ena ates eaeionatee ese cciee 17 SOR aes ciate 23 212 RentUCkey2/5 2 i= sis niemieiatsis tele ee eee eee eee. Z PS ooosaaasos 15 40 MENNESSES) = cs cui sens sasee see meeeapE eres aies 5 48 30 18 96 MM CHIP ANS. occ iete selec ese) ee sete eee eee eee 9 224 sl eeseeo race 230 BWHISCONSIN 3 Se sian. See seen ee cee eee eese 6 De ie are 6 27 TOW rsa) ose ns cise Saie aisle weewie seis eececenaee 3B |) WE cecoee 10 2 12 Missouri! <-.2 26h sae2 so eesaew cee ce eseeeeeseeaiees 7 335 10 5 350 PAPE ANGAS = a oi2/cnileleiseinicicecwiemrisice see aeccewiaciets 2 SG) sense 4 90 @alitornia: ; 22. casc seewsneeteeenee scees sete: 5 Val ee denecces 38 95 MINN OS Ob ais 2e wectasee ener e tes eee canoe nes Get Siok PES Ae eH Bosera MGHaGOnae 45 48 *See Fig. 10. 636 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Original Answers |Implements| Number ena State. received. | reported. sent. number an Total. OMEHO Ns soon sdodad00 desonocosaooHoSHoscacanaAca¢ BES eeanalocoocesrcasa| snoanccols Y foal Gf LINENS ScccosoncasoeeeosaaeoooodeenCEooon senses Dal EMSAM ora neal pasccoaone [ssscaaccbouedll Soceoosod ING br aS ae retetitarorn elalaictere aie eletetele (eivteieicoieteteterare fe Be SAGAR oe Sl lsacrnocs oc 3 2 (COLON ct ono conboconpequanoacodeoadoscoancaSod|eesenuscoallecosandeadnallenssaosesc 8 8 Wiis tc cocoonedcadanaensacoaDGanooUcoCeHGoRSEnD fe eencerecral tesoceacae 25 25 AWOL oc opconnccanescnoc aspo ca csocHasabodasdlodoosanacsllascoceccoadallesancoasce 4 4 JNBVADIO), sSoancnsadooanacecd vaso nb Seoegcanc4eD Dl efeteaieie me ieee! siatemisieeiiae noise eer oilseee Canad aiceccncascecs cee soca oa ener crscer 1 NWS Ve aaaccasedllasaaspsconas 106 Totals secs cece SSN ee ea 209 6, 762 789 950 | 8, 502 RECA PITULATION. Original’numbenpin Mins ew eae steepest laa etait eis eete ate alalernie esata iatsteteisle satel ae ee 950 INMbeEL:SON 52 iale Se letm crm ioiara aterei sine ete wieinyu Soe no ciaicien cine nlninla alslalciey ete nlatele ic laisse EEE E/E een Ree eee 789 Number‘of implementstin Museums sass. cris oie sel cis cele nee seeiae eee eee en ee eee neenee 1,739 Totalimplements reported(asin) Umited'Statese------nsesce eee neste ecieceeeetessaecesaaeaseeere 8, 502 There is a question yet to be examined, whether certain leaf-shaped implements (see Fig. 15), the same being long, thin, and well-formed chipped points (spear-points), made frequently of the same material, and found associated with the ruder forms just described, may not also be- long to the paleolithic period, but not to the same epoch. These may possibly be found to belong toa later epoch which corresponds with the Solutréen of Europe. This, however, waits further investigation. NEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS IN AMERICA—INDIAN RELICS. The civilization of the aboriginal occupants of the United States, whether mound-builders, or the red Indian in possession of the country at the time of its discovery has been assigned to the neolithic period. Many copper implements have been found, and were used, but there was never such general use of that metal as to establish what might be called the epoch of copper. Stone does not appear to have been super- seded as material forimplements. This can not be attributed to scareity of copper, but rather to its want of favor among the savages. They were about as difficult and tedious to make as were the stone imple- ments, while, when made, they were much softer and more inefficient. Altogether, they do not seem to have possessed sufficient advantages over the stone implement to have displaced it. The principal objects and implements, whether tools, weapons, domestic articles, those for ceremony, gaming, and many for ornamentation, continued to be made ‘of stone. Pottery was, of course, made and used to a great extent. Some domestic articles and many for personal decoration were of bone and shell. Illustrations of types of these objects taken from the originals in the National Museum will be given in the following pages. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wilson. PLATE Cll. PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS FROM THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. (See page 630.) = IS = ~ Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wilson. PLATE Clll. PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS FROM THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. (See page 630.) (Half natural size.) Report of National Museum, 1888.—W ilson. PLATE CIV. RUDE CHIPPED IMPLEMENTS FROM THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. (See page 630.) (Half natural size.) Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wilson. PLATE CV, RUDE CHIPPED IMPLEMENTS FROM THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. (See page 635.) (Half natural size.) A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 637 ARROW OR SPEAR-HEADS, OR KNIVES. These are of almost every form, material, and size. With but slight differences in these qualities, they are found all over the United States, and are substantially the same as those of the prehistoric ages in all parts of the world. Their various uses, as indicated in the title, are not known with certainty in all cases. Their difference in size Fig. 11. ARROW-HEADS. Different forms, from various localities in the United States. seems to have indicated the difference in name. Except for this the same implement might have served as either arrow or spear-head or knife. A tang indicates attachment to a shaft or handle, and this, if found, would determine its purpose. Instances of this attachment occur on the Pacific slope, but in the eastern half of the United States specimens bearing such evidence are practically unknown. They might have been fastened with a cord, or with some adhesive substance. REPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Ss CREE Fig. 12. SPHAR-HEADS OR KNIVES. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 639 Every finder should examine his specimens carefully for evidences of any sort of attachment, and if found the specimens should be for- warded for examination. TA,” 113}, CHIPPED DAGGER OF GRAY FLINT. (Cat. No. 9330, U. S. Nat. Mus. Froma mound in Alabama. Collected by N. T. Lupton.) The Museum possesses one specimen of a knife or dagger with the handle complete, chipped from a single piece of flint somewhat after the fashion of like implements from Scandinavia. It also possesses a dozen or more specimens of knives, principally from California, the handles being short, with the flint blade inserted and fastened with bitumen. In some cases the handle has been preserved, but in others the bitumen alone remains as evidence of the attachment. Fig. 14. FLint KniFe, attached to short wooden handle by bitumen. (Cat. No. 14329, U.S. Nat. Mus. Southern Utah. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell.) The Museum possesses a specimen which has served as a knife, but without any handle being attached thereto; instead it is wrapped with a strip of otter skin. It is a large specimen, 7 inches long, 24 wide, and one-half inch thick, and is leaf-shaped. It was collected by Capt. Philip H. Ray, U.S. Army, from the Natano band of Tinneh (?) Indi- ans at Hupa Valley, California. It is of mottled obsidian, which is said to have come from Oregon. Captain Ray relates that these imple- ments were held in great veneration by the old Indians, and that this had been used as a charm or talisman. In writing of the Hupas, Mr. Powers, in his ‘‘ Tribes of California,” says, page 79: There are other articles paraded and worn in this and other ceremonial dances which they will on no account part with, at least to an American, though they some- times manufacture them to order for one another. One of these is the flake or knife of obsidian or jasper. I have seen several which were 15 inches or more in length and about 24 inches wide in the widest part. Pieces as large as these are carried aloft in the hands in the dance, wrapped with skin or cloth to prevent the rough edges from lacerating the hand, but the smaller ones are mounted on wooden handles and glued fast. The large ones can not be purchased at any price, but I procured some about 6 inches long at $2.50 apiece. These are not properly “knives,” but jewelry for sacred purposes, passing current also as money. 640 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENTS. These, or similar implements, generally called leaf-shaped, have been found nearly all over the United States, many times deposited inten- tionally in nests or caches, sometimes to the number of a hundred or more, placed on end or on edge, and together as close as they can stand or lie. It is curious to note that in that portion of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains we are practically without informa- tion concerning their use or purpose, whether they were used as spear- heads or knives; whether they were objects of ceremony, as mentioned by Powers above, or whether they were intended for practical use. No one knows whether they were used naked in the hand or were at- tached toa handle. Dr. Metz and Professor Putnam discovered in 1884. in the Mariott Mound, No. 1, Little Miami Valley, ten points of deer antlers, which were grooved or chamfered, so that they might have served as handles for these leaf-shaped implements. But no leaf- shaped implements were found in connection therewith. Of the ten handles one had a piece of bone inserted for a cutting or piercing im- plement, and another a bit of worked flint, but it was triangular, and had no relation to the leaf-shaped implements, and was to be classed among the arrow-heads of common form. SS 4 SS = SS —S— = == SSS SY NS ——— = == —_. TAN ‘, Se se Fig. 15. LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENTS. These implements are found in plenty on the Pacific slope, but it is remarkable that in only two localities have they ever been found with their use indicated either by attachment to a handle or otherwise. Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wilson. PLATE CVI. gals. yy : 4 V1 fi ie ae pas HANDLED KNIVES, FROM HUPA RESERVATION, CALIFORNIA. Fies, 75, 76, and 77. Hafted knives, of jasper; wooden handles attached with bitumen. (Cat. Nos. 126527-8-9, U.S. N. M.) Fic. 78. Obsidian knife; wrapped around one end with a strip of otter skin. (Cat. No. 126530, U. S. . M.) Fic. 79. Elk-horn wedge. See Smithsonian Report, 1886, Part I, Ray collection. Plate XVIII. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 641 Inthe Hupa Valley, northern California, the locality of the implement last described, we have seen it with a strip of otter skin for a handle (Pl. ctl, Fig. 78), but others to the number of six or eight were also col- lected by Captain Ray, which were inserted in a broad wooden handle and fastened with bitumen (Pl. ci, Figs. 75, 76,77). Some were leaf-shaped and some were with a tang; some were found with handle attached, while others bore the traces of bitumen, but were without a handle. The other locality is southern California in the region and islands about Santa SS | ———— yeni can call? De (7499) (00s!) =_— | ay) ND es } ) toe ». EA ip Za} I WD bY! Wp (ah Wy) G ) Uf Wf ) 190 1@) I 2) 2 Fic. 16. LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENTS. Barbaraand the adjacent portionsof Mexico. Here they have been found in burial places which appear to be, without doubt, prehistoric. The great archologic interest of these leaf-shaped implements is that in Europe they belong to the paleolithic period, and are the type of the Solutréen epoch. They have been called in France fewille de laurier, laurel leaf. In America but a slight consideration has been given to them. They have always been considered as Indian, and the possibility of their belonging to the paleolithic period has never been contemplated. H. Mis, 142, pt. 2——41 642 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. It would become intensely interesting if, now that the attention of the public is directed to these implements, they should be found so associ- ated with other paleolithic implements, or with the fauna, or under cir- cumstances which would point to their belonging also to the paleolithie period. NorE.—Between the time of the preparation of this paper and the reading of its proof, 1 have prepared for the Museum, a classification of arrow or spear heads or knives, ashort description of which is as follows: LEAF-SHAPED. Sub-class A: Thin and finely-shaped implements of the form of a laurel leaf; ellip- tical and pointed at both ends. They correspond substantially with the French Solutrian type of the paleolithic period of the stone age. Sub-class B: These may be thicker and ruder than subclass A. Some are more oval, and the bases are not pointed, but are either straight or convex. The class in- cludes the leaf-shaped argillite implements found by Dr. Abvott in the Delaware River gravels of Trenton, N. J. Sub-class C: These are long, thin blades with nearly straight edges, more like a dagger or poignard. The base may be either convex, straight, or concave. Many of them show traces of attachment to a handle by means of bitumen or gum. They are peculiar to the Pacific Slope. TRIANGULAR. This class includes all forms approaching a triangle, whether the bases or edges be convex, straight, or concave. They are without stems, and consequently without shoulders, but in some specimens the concavity of the base produces barbs. STEMMED. This class includes all varieties of stems, whether straight, pointed, or expanding, and all varieties of bases and edges, whether convex, straight, or concave. Sub-class A: Lozenge-shaped. Sub-class B: Shouldered, but not barbed. Sub-class C: Shouldered and barbed. Notre.—Nearly all of the convex bases are smooth, asthough they had been worn. The purpose or cause of this is unknown. PECULIAR FORMS. These have such peculiarities as distinguish them from ail other classes, but by rea- son of their restricted number or locality can scarcely form a class of themselves. Sub-class A: Beveled edges. The bevel is usually in one direction. Sub class B: Serrated edges. Sub-class C: Bifurcated stems. SCRAPERS. Thick flakes of flint, obsidian, ete. Worked at one extremity to a convex edge. They were inserted in a handle and used for scraping any needed substance, but principally for dressing skins, Nos. 38 and 41 are from Texas; 39, 40, and 319 from Ohio. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 643 Occasional specimens are found shaped more or less like No. 40, with a tang and barb much resembling in that regard certain arrow or spear A Fig. 17. SCRAPERS. heads, from a broken one of which it is supposed they have been made, thus serving a secondary purpose. PERFORATORS. They may have served to drill the harder substances, but also softer materials, as wood, hides, bone, etc. But slight traces of usage are found. Their form has given rise to the theory that they were drills or perforators, and they may have been so used, but it is by no means certain, and they may have had another origin or purpose. Old Indians have declared them to have been charms or fetiches. Fig. 18. PERFORATORsS. Nos. 32, 35 are from Ohio; 33 from Oregon; 34 from Missouri; 36 from Tennessee, and 37 California. No.7 is triangular, of brown flint from Santa Cruz Island, California. 644 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. HOES OR DIGGING TOOLS. Dr. Rau describes these as “large, flat implements of siliceous mate- rial, usually ovoid in shape and sharp around the circumference. They are supposed to have been used as spades or hoes. The lower part is often smoothed by wear, appearing almost glazed.” These are prob- ably the largest style of chipped implements belonging to prehistoric times. The Museum possesses specimens 16 inches long, 6 wide, and 1 inch thick. I am not satisfied with the explanation of the smooth or ZI LZ mrs INA & W \ » \ a AS . | | : : as \ Ze eee LEGeZ Lis y WILL. Cae eae Eee cece ES iA Se a: — Las ae SS SSE = » NN AEN NS \ A y Fig. 19. Hoks, Diacine TOOLs, OR AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS (4). polished appearance at the lower end. ‘They may have been smoothed by use in digging, but many times the polish appears to be indicative of another origin. No. 54 is from Tennessee; 54a and 55 are from Illinois. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 645 POLISHED STONE HATCHETS. These are sometimes called celts, from the Latin word chisel, but they are not chisels, but chopping tools used as axes or hatchets. The correctness of the Latin word has been assailed, and the name is being gradually abandoned. They have been also called in the United ‘States (I think improperly) fleshers. They are the standard implement representing the neolithic period, or polished-stone age. They were often made of flint, but any hard, close-grained, and tough stone in the locality would serve. They are substantially the same in form, size, and, subject to the above suggestion, the same material in all parts of the world. A series of these implements from the United States will not differ essentially from a like series of any other country. They were used as a hatchet, being inserted in a handle of wood; occasion- ally in a socket of deer-horn, which, in its turn, was inserted in a wooden handle. Specimens made of hematite are, I believe, peculiar to the United States. ———S==————— —— SE S SS LSS mS SS S : —— SSS SSS —S—S—S=—=== = ————— $= ——wwwww VL SS SSS —= h SS = SS = — = —S SS SSS SSS Ss iN 4 Fig. 20. POLISHED STONE HATCHETS (3). No. 56 represents a hematite hatchet from Ohio; 57, greenstone from Indiana ; 58, syenite from Illinois; 59, greenstone, and 60, indurated chlorite slate, from Tennessee; 61 from Louisiana; 62 rare, from North Carolina. 646 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. CHISELS, GOUGES, AND ADZES. The chisels and gouges are similar to the polished stone hatchets just described, except the difference in form indicated by their name. SSS BiG, Sil CHISELS AND GOUGES (principally from the Atlantic States). ADzEs (from the northwest coast). No. 63, diorite, from Ohio; 64, lydite, from Connecticut; 66, horn- stone, from New York; 67, from Pennsylvania; 68, greenstone, from Massachusetts. Of the adzes 69, 70, and 71 are from the northwest coast. GROOVED AXES, HAMMER HEADS, AND HAMMER-STONES. The grooved axes are peculiar to the United States. They are not found at all, or rarely, in European countries. They were used with a handle, which was attached by means of a withe or thong which passed around in the groove. They were of nearly all sizes, from 2 inches in length, weighing 3 or 4 ounces, to one in the Museum from IIli- nois 13 inches long, 74 wide, and weighing 205 pounds. The different styles are shown by the figures. No. 72, greenstone, is from Massachu- setts. The average size and weight was from 5 to 7 inches in length and weight 14 to 2 pounds. No. 73, greenstone, is from Arizona; 74, greenstone, is from South Carolina; 75 is from Wisconsin ; 76, green- tone, is from Alaska; 77, graywacke, is from Pennsylvania. Hammer-stones.—The largest number of these are simply pebbles or broken stones which have been used by holding in the hand. Their broken and battered corners and edges, pecked and roughened by num- berless strokes, are the only evidence of their use. Some large and A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 647 heavy specimens show a groove, as do the axes, which have served for the attachment of a handle. These are called mauls. No. 78, granite, Colorado, weighs 11 pounds. Many specimens which have been named hammer-stones are flat or oval pebbles, with an intentional worked de- Mii a NANNWHIE Ie Ufa OH?) 1 ff} i ’ 4 sp | (CO MV ty Wi Ailes Sh) \y )h ae Yip byrn (sis 1uitiinin UN} \ |! Wit | Nae | | ily Fig. 22. GROOVED AXES AND HAMMER Stones. (Nos. 72 to 77, 4 size; Nos. 78, and 80 to 82, 4 size.) pression in the center of sometimes one, sometimes both, sides. These implements have been found over a large portion of that world which belonged to prehistoric times. They are supposed to have been used 648 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. in the mines. ‘This is practically the only grooved implement found in Kurope. The Brothers Siret found similar implements in the mines of southeastern Spain, ‘The British Museum has some specimens from the English mines. No. 79 is a weapon or implement belonging to the modern Indians, a quartzite pebble weighing 2 pounds, incased in rawhide, which con- tinues and is sewed around the withe which forms the handle. ORNAMENTS, CEREMONIAL AND DECORATIVE OBJECTS, GAMING IM- PLEMENTS. There are a great number of objects widely different in form and material, but which, with all their differences, may be classed together. They have largely passed out of use by the modern Indians, and their SS, 68 Sx Fig. 23. - BANNER-STONES, OR DRILLED CEREMONIAL WEAPONS (8). A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 649 actual purpose is unknown. Divers names have been given to them, all of which have been based upon a theoretical idea of their purpose or because of their appearance. Some have been called banner-stones, some drilled ceremonial weapons, some pierced tablets, others gorgets, pendants, bird-shaped objects, boat-shaped objects, etc. The names thus given may or may not be correct, but are as good as others that have been suggested in their stead. They should be retained until something more correct can be given. ‘They are all supposed to fall within the category given in the title above. Banner-stones, or drilled ceremonial weapons.—These are for the most part symmetrically shaped and well polished. Their material is gen- erally a soft kind of stone, principally slate, ofttimes banded. They are all drilled with a small hole. These holes have apparently never been used, for their edges (as well as the corners of the implements) are as fresh and sharp as the day they were made, showing no trace of usage. They have been drilled apparently with a hollow reed, and the annular striz is frequently to be seen. Many specimens are found partly made, then broken and rejected. These show that they had been shaped approximately before the drilling commenced. No. 84, of serpentine, is from Pennsylvania; 85, striped slate, from Wisconsin; 86, striped slate, from Indiana; 87, striped slate, from Penn- sylvania; 90, striped slate, from Indiana; 92, striped slate, from Indi. diana; 88, bruwn jasper, from Louisiana; 91, translucent ferruginous quartz, from Indiana. Pierced tablets and boat-shaped articles.—These are mostly made of slate, the greenish striped variety having been preferred. The tablets are flat and thin; the holes may be drilled from one side or from both, and are accordingly of a conical or biconical shape. They bear no trace of usage. The same remarks apply to the boat-shaped articles, except as to the difference in shape. No. 127, slate, from New York; 128, slate, from Pennsylvania; 129, from Louisiana; 130, 131, 132, slate, from Tennessee; 133, potstone, from Pennsylvania; 134, striped slate, from Ohio; 135, greenstone, from Kentucky. Stone beads, pendants, and other ornaments.—Stone beads are found of different forms and material. No, 200 is serpentine, from Santa Bar- bara, California; Nos. 201 and 202 are of soapstone, from Pennsylvania; 204, catlinite, from New York; 203 is a straight tube nearly 3 inches in length, from Mississippi, beautifully drilled with a small hole its entire length. It is of a siliceous material resembling yellow jasper. A manufactory of beads of this material was discovered in Lawrence County, Miss., in the spring of 1876, and four hundred and forty- nine specimens \ere sent to the Museum by Mr. T. J. R. Keenan. An account of this find was given in Smithsonian Report for 1877, pages 293-298. 650 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Another specimen, 211, striped slate, from a mound in Ohio, mueh Jarger and longer, not drilled lengthwise, but diagonally across the corners, may have served the same purpose of ornament, as likewise 212, which is of fine-grained argillaceous sandstone, from Kentucky. rin. \ ' \y © Fae LE L£ZZZ2 ae —— —— as —y Fig. 24. PIERCED TABLETS AND BOAT-SHAPED ARTICLES (3). Pendants.—No. 205 is of trap rock; 206 a flat sandstone pebble, from Rhode Island ; 207, same, from Pennsylvania; 208, same, Virginia; 209, argillaceous slate from a mound in Ohio, where it was found lying near the neck of a skeleton. 3 Bird-shaped objects —Though this name has been given to numerous relics from their general resemblance to birds, their shapes are so vari- ous as to leave the design often uncertain. Some specimens more re- semble the fence-lizard, and the eyes are freqnently indicated by small, round protuberances. The objects are generally of soft stone, such as A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 651 the favorite green-striped slate; yet sometimes syenite and other hard substances have been employed. SS =\= S&S Vig. 25. STONE BEADS, PENDANTS, AND OTHER ORNAMENTS. No. 210 is striped slate from Pennsylvania. Small holes are drilled from the bottom and end, respectively, diagonally so as to meet and 652 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. form a continuous hole. The purpose of these have been for a long period unknown. A Chippewa Indian told me, in the Smithsonian In- stitution, last summer, that they served for gaming. They were placed in a pan or basket, which, being covered, was shaken and then set down quietly, the cover removed, and an inspection would show how many of the birds were seated upright. The player having the greatest num- ber thus won the game. Plummets and sinkers (Fig. 26).—These are analogous in name, and possibly sometimes in appearance, to the pendants just described ; but an examination of the real object in the number as possessed by the Museum shows such differences as that they can not be classed together. Taking the last numbers on Fig. 26 for first description, Nos. 111 and 113 are of quartzite, from Pennsylvania; 112 is of graywacke. from New York. They are simply flat pebbles with notches chipped out on oppo- site sides to receive a cord or thong. Another variety, but of the same class, are pebbles more nearly round, which are still in their natural state, but have been grooved around the circumference. No. 104 is greenstone, from California ; 107, granite, from Rhode Island; 108, soap- stone, from Georgia; one with two grooves at right angles is 109, talcose slate, from Rhode Island ; while No. 110 is sandstone, from Oregon, and is decorated with engraved lines. The latter may have served as an orna- ment. These specimens show a substantially different purpose from the gorgets or pendants (No. 205 et seq.), and it is alleged were used as plummets or sinkers, but on that opinions differ. No. 107 may pos- sibly have been used with a hatidle and served as a weapon. The others, Nos. 100 to 105, are totally different from the pendants, and have been manufactured into their present state. They are of hard material, red or brown hematite, Jasper quartz, greenstone, etc., and are made with grooves, knobs, or holes, apparently all for suspension. Their form would indicate them to be plummets. They much resemble the modern plummet, but their actual use is unknown. No. 100 is horn- blende, from Ohio; 101, hematite, from Tennessee; 102 is from Arkan- sas; 103, greenstone, from Ohio; 105 is quartzite from Massachusetts; 106, greenstone, from Massachusetts. This class are supposed to have served as sinkers for the nets of prehistoric fishermen, but nothing more is known with certainty than is indicated by their appearance. Discoidal stones (Fig. 27).—These are supposed to have been used for games among the Indians, probably in playing the game called ‘“chung- kee.” It resembles the modern game of quoits, except that the stones are rolled on the ground instead of being pitched through the air. Some of these discoidal stones measure 6 inches and more in diameter with a regular dish-shaped cavity on each side. Their material is always hard and is often ferruginous quartz. They are carefully made, evidently with great labor; their outline is regular and true, and they have been rubbed and polished smooth. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 653 i] 3 } il / Hl } “ih i Fig. 26. PLUMMETS AND SINKERS, 654 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. No. 116 is yellow-brown ferruginous quartz, from Tennessee; 117, brown ferruginous quartz, from Tennessee; 118, dark greenstone, from a mound in Illinois. In some specimens the cavities on the sides are carried deeper than in others, and their center marked by a perforation. Nos. 119 and 120 are quartzite, from Ohio. Other specimens are with- out the dish-like cavity. No. 121 is quartzite, from Georgia. Some specimens, similar in every other appearance, are diminutive, scarcely more than an inch in diameter. No. 122 is argillite, from Pennsylvania; and curious to remark, relics presenting the same appearance have been made of broken clay vessels, which, except the hole, resemble the spindlewhorl. The writer found a specimen of this kind in a prehistoric workshop in Brittany, France. It has been suggested that they were used aS paint cups, and possibly this may be true. \ = Fig. 27. DISCOIDAL STONES (4). When in Italy I remarked a game which had a great similarity to the chungkee of the Indians. In 1889 I wrote to my friend, R. Mancini, for a description, which he gave in the following : LETTER FROM R. MANCINI, ORVIETO, ITALY, TO MR. WILSON. * * % * * x * The play, made by rolling discs at a mark, which you saw in one of the streets out- side the city of Orvieto, has several names. It is called Ruzzola, or Ruzzoletta when played by the children with small dises; but if the play be by adults and with large discs it is called Ruzzolone, or sometimes Giuoco del Formaggio, or Play of the Cheese, because when played by the peasants or shepherds they use their dises of A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 655 cheese, betting one cheese against another. It is usually played by two persons, but may be by four. They divide themselves into opposite parties, and each one alternately throws the cheese or the disc, rolling it on its periphery at the distant mark or peg. The discs are generally of hard wood. Sometimes the children, for economy, make them of terra-cotta, and also sometimes, but rarely, of stone. The small discs are from 7 to 12 centimeters in diameter, while the large ones are from 18 to 20 centime- ters. ‘The following are the principal rules of the game: Choice is made by ‘‘odd and even” as to which party shall have the first play. The line or point of departure is fixed by consent, and here the player stands to roll his disc. The goal or mark for its arrival is also fixed, and he whose discs rest near- est the mark or line is declared the victor. This play dates from high antiquity, and is believed to be the modern repetition of the ancient classic game made known generally by the antique statue of Discob- olus. In excavating the ancient tombs I have found terra-cotta discs placed as covers for amphora in crematory burials, but which appeared to have been first used as dis- cobolo. Perforated stones—club-heads or riatta.—The discoidal stones of the perforated kind pass by degrees into the ring form, a type exemplified =— SSS SSS —S—S——S WM Wi i) /) Hy i HH} i fh eect i tl Ih ii alt mt \\ \ } h f i i H | NGA my WA, asi, \\ wit \) Mt — ——= —_ ——— ——— H Mi \\\ ht AR | AY | ay Y) Miri i AS ANS Mi i Lyle SSSA AN | PERFORATED STONIS—CLUB HEADS OR RIATTA. 656 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. by a large number of specimens from southern California. Their mate- rial is sandstone, serpentine, soapstone, etc., though occasional speci- mens have appeared of a harder material like greenstone. They vary much in size and character. They are from 14 inches in diameter to 5 inches and more. Some are only half an inch in thickness, while others are so thick as to equal their diameter, almost forming a globe. Some are pear-shaped; others, with the globular form like No. 125, have their holes drilled the same size all through. They are ocea- sionally decorated, and may have served as heads for a club or staff. Specimens with a staff 5 feet long have been found in California and Mexico, and also in New Zealand. No. 124 is hornblende, from Santa Catalina Island; 125 greenstone, and 126 serpentine, from Santa Rosa Island, California. Evidences of usage are to be seen in specimens resembling 124, 126, and similar objects are used in Mexico called riattas. A lariat is passed through the hole in the stone and stretched, and is polished and smoothed by the stone rubbing back and forth. CUTTING-TOOLS, SCRAPER AND SPADE-LIKE IMPLEMENTS. Cutting tools.—No. 93 is of black slate, from Pennsylvania; 94, hard red shale, from Pennsylvania; 95, from Indiana. Implements similar to these are used on the northwest coast for opening fish. (Fig. 29.) Scraper and spade-like implements.—These have been classed as axes, but an examination shows them more likely to have served as scrapers or spades. They are of large size, hard material, and scarcely enough examples have been found to establish them as a class. They are pos- sibly abnormal specimens. No. 96 is greenstone, from Kentucky; 97, from Arkansas; 98 and 99, from South Carolina. STONE VESSELS FOR CARRYING OR HOLDING LIQUIDS—COOKING AND GRINDING UTENSILS. Vessels like a pot or platter were made and used by the aborigines. East of the Rocky Mountains they were made of soapstone; while on the western side the material used was much harder. Soapstone quar- ries have been found in many parts of the United States where these utensils had been manufactured by the prehistoric man. Uncompleted vessels and those in fragments are frequently found. ‘hey were many times made of a size and depth sufticient to hold, and if need be cook, liquids, (Tigs, 30, 31, 32, 33.) A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 657 Hig. 29. , CuTTING TOOLS, SCRAPER, AND SPADE-LIKE IMPLEMENTS. H. Mis, 142, pt. 2——42 658 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Others were in the shape of plates, and as such could be used to fry and broil. Fig. 30. STONE VESSELS (3). Nos. 150 and 151 are of graywacke from a mound in Alabama; 152 is of soapstone, from Santa Cruz Island, California. STONE PLATES Or PLATTERS (3). A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 659 Mortars are of varying dimensions and shapes. The best specimens come from California. Nos. 153, 154, and 155 are all from San Nicolas Island, California; 156, Dos Pueblos, and 157, from Santa Cruz Island, California. Nos. 158 and 159 are stone slabs used for grinding (the process being indicated in the figure) after the fashion of the Mexican Indian metate. They are from Utah and New Mexico. Fig. 32. MonrtTAns. A mortar without a pestle would be of but slight use. Many spect- mens are found. While the greater proportion of those in the Museum 660 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. come from the Pacific coast, yet the Eastern States are by no means unrepresented. (Glee? oN, rm i) SS a ‘Maen sreets (1) | \ abi [j A \ fi, a ‘ Fig. 33. PESTLES AND HAMMERS (principally from California). A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 661 No. 161 is of syenite; 162, 163, 164, 165 are from California; 166 is fine-grained sandstone, from Rhode Island ; 168, greenstone, from Penn- sylvania; 169, syenite, from Ohio; 167 is from Alaska, 2 feet 5 inches long, of greenstone. Nos. 171 and 172, from the Pacific coast, are labeled-as hammers with which to drive wedges to split wood. Dr. Rau says: There is a class of small conoid-shaped mullers made of hematite, which may have been used for rubbing paints (No. 174, greenstone, Ohio). ROCK SCULPTURES OR PICTOGRAPHS. These represent sometimes human, sometimes animal, forms, and sometimes forms which can not be identified. They may have been made by scratching, pecking, or cutting. Occasionally they are coiored. The figures are often large and complicated, and could only have been produced by long-continued labor, which, from their position (many times on naked rocks, high up on a precipice), was not unaccompanied ‘by danger. Their position should be noted by the observer; when pos- sible, sketches should be made and the discovery reported to the Smith- sonian Institution. Cup-stones. These are small cavities wrought by pecking in the sur- face, sometimes of the solid rock, and again in bowlders and pebbles. Z ne e | if ~\ rl ie (7) ( WSF nl ZS } f a \ Fig. 34. CUuP-STONE. They, like the rock-sculpturing, are distributed almost over the en- tire globe, and have been found in regular lines or diagrams high up on the face of the rocks in the Himalaya Mountains. They have been found on large bowlders among the Alps and all over Europe; also on the stones composing the megalithic monuments of prehistoric man, where the cavities are often polished smooth. They are numerous in Scotland and England on pebbles or small bowlders, and equally so in 662 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSUEM, 1888. the United States. They are found in abundance in Ohio. Their use or purpose is entirely unknown. The subject forms an interesting study. Dr. Rau published an interesting monograph thereon, entitled, “Observations on Cup-shaped and other Lapidarian Seulptures,” con- tributions to North American Ethnology, vol. v, ete. He inclines to give them a religious rather than a utilitarian character. PIPES AND SMOKING TUBES. No class of aboriginal productions of art exhibit a greater diversity of form than do the pipes of the prehistoric man of North America. Fig. 35. STONE PIPEs. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 663 They are chiefly carved from stone, but not unfrequently were molded in clay. Messrs. Squier and Davis, in their explorations of mounds in Ohio, discovered many curious and interesting types. They were supposed at one time to have been made of hard stone, a kind of porphyry, but later examinations and scientific analyses have shown them to be of softer materials, composed of slaty and calcareous minerals. Nos. 177 to 184 represent types of those found by Squier and Davis. | ill ty Fig. 36. PIPEs. No. 186, argillaceous stone, from Pennsylvania; 187 represents a loon, and is of serpentine, from West Virginia; 188, from New York; 189, 664 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. from Ohio; 190, from Virginia; 191, serpentine, from New York; 192, steatite, from Pennsylvania, highly polished, representing a lizard; 193, soapstone, from North Carolina; 194 is from Texas; 195 from a mound in Kentucky. The latter is of compact limestone, and evidently of high antiquity. Its form is somewhat peculiar, in that it is the fav- orite among those who manufactured pipes from the catlinite or red pipestone, aud has been continued into recent times. No. 196 is from Georgia; Nos. 198, 199 are made of clay, aud were both found in Mad- ison County, New York. Stone pipes of entirely different character are found in California. They are represented by No. 197, of serpentine, from Santa Barbara County. These were in the form of tubes of various sizes and lengths, some of which are very large. Specimens have been found with a piece of bone inserted in the tapering end and cemented with bitumen for use as a mouth-piece, after the fashion in amber at the present day. Allied in appearance to the California pipes are tubes which may have served as pipes, though neither in the instrument nor in the hole drilled therein is there apparently any provision for insertion in the mouth. The hole through the tube is sometimes biconical, having been drilled from both ends, and is smaller in the center, but quite too large at either end for the mouth. It has been suggested that these wide-mouthed pipes might have had two reeds inserted, which, being - cemented with bitumen, were smoked through the nose. The smoke would thus be inhaled into the lungs, and so have a more powerful in- toxicating effect. This, if true, might account for the small size of the bowl in many Indian pipes, a smaller quantity of tobacco being re- quired in this than in the usual mode of smoking. Fig. 37. TUBES (3). The material was soapstone, slate, and chlorite. Nos. 175 and 176 are from Tennessee. The name ‘‘calumet pipes” has been given to those of large size smoked with a stem and representing usually a bird, animal, and some- times a human figure. They are thus called by the Indians on account of their bulk and their use on occasions of great ceremony. . No. 185 is one of the finest possessed by the Museum, and is from Kentucky. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 665 Fig. 38. CALUMET PIPE. (Cat. No. 16697, U.S. N. M. Received from the Kentucky University. ) BONE IMELEMENTS. The adoption of bone instead of stone for the implements of the pre- historic man differed widely in different countries. It is diffienlt to give satisfactory reasons therefor. It has been said that bone imple- ments were not made in the United States, because the stone was so easily obtained. But in France, where bone implements are in greatest profusion, the flint suitable for chipping, and of which the finest imple- ments could be and were made, was to be found, and is still very abun- dant. Bone, horn, and ivory were used indiscriminately, and served. ‘according to the need, as perforators, points, harpoons, fish-hooks, ete, They were often drilled, and so formed objects of suspension, ornaments, ete. Hollow bones might serve as tubes. They might be also sawed to serve as rings or beads of varying size and length. One of the most interesting varieties of implements in bone are those found almost only at the prehistoric cemetery at Madisonville, Ohio, by Dr. Metz and Mr. Low. Any discoveries made, information obtained, or specimens found of scientific interest should be reported. (Fig. 39.) COPPER IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS. Implements and ornaments of this metal are shown in figure 40. They need not be described; their appearance will be sufficient. The remarks concerning the fraudulent character of some specimens sought to be foisted upon museums and collectors, and the necessity for the greatest care concerning the preservation of proofs and of genuineness, apply with even greater force to copper implements than to those of stone. 666 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. eal ) | q I n i y i) i NM) Ht MA H cli LO A GES IN ha i i HH, i) At Hull NM NI Hit! HR Tina MUA MAL) AL i niet i Hat H I AN tase TH I i ih AVA CH i \ h il i \ Dili t p } h il } i Fig. 39. BONE IMPLEMENTs (8). 667 STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. A lf | : Fig. 40. COPPER IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS EROM THE UNITED STATES, 6638 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. HUMAN REPRESENTATIONS. Occasionally, though rarely, specimens of sculpture representing the human face or figure have been found in the United States. Those represented in the cuts are mostly from Mexico, but they will serve as illustrations. In consequence of their rarity and the superior art dis- played, they have been much sought, and these with representations of =—— Tig. 41. HUMAN REPRESENTATIONS. animals have been subjects of fraudulent manufacture. The fortunate finder of such a specimen should take every means possible, by the call- ing of witnesses, identification of the precise locality, the preservation, if possible, of the matrix or bed in which it is found, and by any other means, to preserve the evidences of its authenticity and genuineness, A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 669 SHELL IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS. uN) NI \ MD Fic, 42.—Shell implements and ornaments (7). 670 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. The various shells of the rivers and ocean furnished a material of great value to prehistoric man, and one which he could without much labor apply to a variety of uses. Small shells were perforated and used as beads; others were cut from the clam and mussel shells, which furnished the wampum. The haliotis was ground from the back and center so as to form bracelets. The same ornament made in the same way has been found in great numbers by the brothers Siret in their late discovery in southeastern Spain. The most interesting, as well as artistic, of the ornaments made from shell are the gorgets, which are especially noticeable for their engravings. They are sometimes cut so as to represent, upon the outside, a human face, but many have been found beautifully engraved in elaborate designs much resembling the mythologic art of Mexico and Central America. Ne. 272, found in Ten- nessee, represents one of these. POTTERY. The prehistoric pottery of Mexico and Central America forms a spe- cial group; that from the Pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico, another; while that made by the North American Indian constitutes a third group. Each of these has distinctive characteristics. The pottery of the North American Indian is in some respects like the dolmen pottery of Europe, although it differs in many details of form, mode of manufacture and ornamentation. The North American Indian used neither wheel nor furnace, nor did he, except rarely, deco- rate it with colors. The clay was frequently mixed with pounded shells. The decoration of pottery made in the eastern portion of the United States was effected by incised lines and dots, with various com- binations. The spiral and volute were employed. Among the Southern Indians much of the decoration was made by the impress of textile fab- rics, sometimes with only a string or cord. In the interior, and princi- pally on the Mississippi River, the pottery vessels were made to rep- resent sometimes the human form, sometimes animals. There was a much greater prevalence of the bottle-form in the United States than in Hurope. Prof. W. H. Holmes, of the Bureau of Hthnology, has written an in- teresting monograph upon aboriginal pottery in the United States, and the late Col. James Stevenson described the Zuni and Pueblo pottery. Both these papers have been published in the Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, and are profusely and elegantly illustrated. The following are given as specimens of what may be found in mounds: No. 280 is from a mound in Tennessee; 281 from a mound in Ilh- nois; 282 from a mound in Union County, Kentucky; 283 a mound in Tennessee; 284 a mound in Arkansas; 285 a mound in North Car- olina; 286, which is a bright red and the only one painted, is from a mound in Tennessee; 287 is from a mound in Louisiana. A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. Fic. 43.—Pottery (4). ANCIENT INDIAN MATTING—FROM PETIT ANSE ISLAND, LOUISIANA. By Tuomas WILSON. In the hall devoted to the collections of prehistoric anthropology in the U.S. National Museum there isexhibited a mat of interlaced or woven reed or cane which has been claimed, by reason of its locality, condi- tion, and association, to be evidence of the great antiquity of man, and as tending to establish his existence during the tertiary geologic period,* Plate CVII. The label affixed to this specimen tells its whole story. Specimen of ancient matting from Petit Anse Island, near Vermilion Bay, Coast of Louisiana. Presented to the Smithsonian Institution by J. F. Cleu, esq., May, 1866. “Petit Anse Island” is the locality of the remarkable mine of salt rock discovered during the late rebellion, and from which, for a considerable period of time, the Southern States derived a great part of their supply of this article. The salt is almost chemically pure, and apparently inexhaustive in quantity, occuring in every part of the island (which is about 5,000 acres in extent) at a depth below the surface of the soil of 15 or 20 feet. The fragment of matting here exhibited was found near the surface of the salt and about 2 feet above it were the remains of tusks and bones of a fossil eleyhant. The peculiar interest in regard to the specimen is in its occurrence in situ 2 feet below the elephant remains, and about 14 feet below the surface of the soil, thus showing the existence of man on the island prior to the deposit in the soil of the fossil elephant. The material consists of the outer bark of the common southern cane (drundinaria macrosperma), and has been preserved for so long a period both by its silicious char- acter and the strongly saline condition of the soil. The letter of transmission accompanying this specimen is from Mr. Cleu, dated New Orleans, May 10, 1866. It forms the basis of the label. He sends specimens of the rock salt, pieces of the fossil bones, and tusk of the elephant, and then says: Below the fossil of the elephant, near the salt, we found pieces of matting made of the enamel of the canes. That work was beautiful and well preserved. It tastes salty and looks as if it had been made a few weeks ago. If I had not taken them up myself I could not believe it possible that they were found where I have stated; many more will be found but more carefully dug up. We have bought the mines and nearly the whole island, and intend to go in operation on a large scale, etc. An inspection of this specimen caused me to suspect its antiquity. When I remarked the small and thin strips of the substance and its fragility and compared them mentally with other objects of the same reputed age, as, for example, the fossil mastodon teeth and bones which * Prehistoric America, Marquis ds Nadaillac ; edited by Professor Dall, p. 36. H. Mis. 142, pt. 2_—43 673 674 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. were found overlying it, and saw the effect of time upon them [ became more than ever dubious of the high antiquity claimed for this matting. I submitted it to Professor Mason, who has made aspecial study of the basket-makers of antiquity.* He pronounced it at once to be a speci- men of the common basket work of the Southern Indian, probably Cherokee. As to its actual antiquity he could give no opinion. Those Indians had made such plaited work ever since our earliest knowledge of them, and still continne it. He said one could purchase at the present day in the market at New Orleans modern Indian baskets of the same work and in every way similar. An examination of the record of the Smithsonian Institution devel- oped the following facts bearing upon the subject of the antiquity of this specimen: In the summer of 1866, not long after the receipt of this specimen of matting from Mr. Cleu, Professor Henry, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, directed, or requested, Prof. E. H. Hilgard to undertake a geologic examination of the Louisiana salt region, the particular out- cropping of which had been discovered in May, 1862, on this island of Petit Anse. Professor Hilgard availed himself of all former publica- tions, interested numerous scientific gentlemen with him, and made an extensive geologic investigation, commencing at Vicksburg and extend- ing down the Mississippi to its mouth, thence west up the Gulf coast to Vermilion Bay, and finishing with the five islands located therein, one of which was Petit Anse. The results of his investigations are pub- lished in the Smithsonian “Contributions to Knowledge,” Vol. XXIII, and is No. 248 of the regular series. Of his conclusions as to the geologic formation of this country, or of this island, it is unnecessary to speak. He does not mention or refer in any manner to the discovery of this piece of basketry, which had been presented to the Museum only in the May previous to his detail, and which one may suppose contributed somewhat to the necessity for his investigation. The following para- graph from his report, however, bears upon the subject (page 14). He Says: Up to the time of Dr. Goessmann’s visit (in November, 1866) all the borings and p'ts which had reached the salt had been sunk in detrital material washed down from the surrounding hills, and frequ ntly inclosing the v stiges of both animal and human visits to the spot. Mastodon buffalo, deer, and other bones; Indian hatchets, arrow-heads, aud rush baskets, but above all an incredible quantity of pottery frag- ments which have been extracted from the pits. The pottery fragments form at some points veritable strata 3 to 6 inches thick; this is especially the case where Mr. Dudley M. Avery found what appeared to have been a furnace for baking the ware (a process very imperfectly performed), and near it three pots of successive sizes, inside of each other. The pots must be presumed to have subserved the purpose of salt-boiling; for although human handiwork has been found so close to the surface of the salt as to render it probable that its existence in mass was once known, yet the boiling process alone has been resorted to within even traditional times until the Report of National Museum, 1888.—Wilson. PLATE CVII. ANCIENT INDIAN MATTING. From Petit Anse Island, near Vermillion Bay, Louisiana. Presented by J. F. Cleu, 1866. (Cat. No. IBBR. 1 fk Il IMIS) ANCIENT INDIAN MATTING. 615 With a foot-note thus: It is very positively stated that mastodon bones were found considerably above some of the human relics. In a detrital mass, however, this can not be considered a crucial test. The discovery or finding of this piece of matting by Mr. Cleu in the position indicated, to wit, above the rock-salt, but beneath the fossil bones, tusks, etc., of the elephant or mastodon may be conceded. There seems to have been nothing strange or suspicious in such a discovery. But finding it in the detrital mass, as reported by Professor Hilgard, robs it of all weight as evidence of the antiquity of man. The surface or top of the solid body of rock-salt appears to have been somewhat irregular, to have conformed generally to the surface of the earth above it, to have been at a depth of about 15 feet, to have been principally under the line of high-tide water, though at one place it appeared above. The island is quite small, nearly round, with an area of 2,240 acres, and dotted over with hills, the highest being 180 feet. From this descrip- tion it can be easily understood, as Professor Hilgard says, that a ‘(detrital material was washed down from surrounding hills and fre- quently inclosing the vestiges of both animal and human visits to the spot.” Mr. Cleu says that many more of these pieces of matting will be found, ete. In the light of these examinations the position of this matting is ex- plained, and we see that it has no bearing upon the question of the antiquity of man. The same claim would apply with equal propriety to the buffalo, deer, and other bones, to the Indian hatchets and arrow- heads, and to the incredible quantity of pottery fragments found by Professor Hilgard. These, together with the matting and the fossil mastodon bones and tusks, have all been washed down from the sur- rounding hills and swept back and forth, in no one knows how many relative changes of position, by each recurring tide. The matting being found under the mastodon fossils in the detrital mass is no evidence that this was their original position or that the deposition of both may not have belonged entirely to modern times. RESULTS OF AN INQUIRY AS TO THE EXISTENCE OF MAN IN NORTH AMERICA DURING THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OF THE STONE AGE. By THoMAs WILSON. The existence and the antiquity of the paleolithic period in Europe had been so well established by the investigations of Huropean pre- historic anthropologists as to neither require demonstration nor admit of discussion. The prehistoric people of North America, as they have been generally known, whether mound-builders or Indians, all belonged to the neo- lithic period of the stone age, unless there is to be established an age of copper. Their cutting implements of stone were not brought to an edge by chipping as was done in the paleolithic period, nor were these impli ments chipped in the sense of the term as used in connection with that period. Ou the contrary, they were polished or made smooth by rubbing against or upon another stone. Their cutting edges were made sharp in the same way. This was a new invention, and constituted the distinctive mark between the civilization of the two periods. The peoples of the neolithic period had much the higher civilization. They made pottery, had flocks and herds, a knowledge of agriculture, a society organized into tribes or bands, buried their dead with ceremony, mourned their loss, and erected burial monuments. They were numerous in North America, and spread over or occupied, at one time or another nearly, if not quite, the entire continent; their tribes were many, they employed differeit languages, made and used a variety of curious implements, and their monuments are yet a source of wonder and surprise. These things have rendered the mine of eth- nologic lore in America so rich and with such great opportunities, that the attention of the anthropologist and ethnologist of our country have been fully absorbed and left with but little incentive to investigate that ruder but earlier period—the paleolithic. My attention has been turned towards this period, and I determined to give it a share of that consideration to which I felt it was entitled. I make but small claim to original discovery; most of my facts have been heretofore known, but they were isolated, disconnected, unrecog- nized, and almost valueless. I have now grouped them, here and there 677 678 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. filled the gaps with new facts, formulated all, and hope I have estab- lished their bearing one upon another, and thus proved (to my own satisfaction, at least) the general occupation of the United States by man during the paleolithic period. Other persons have heretofore ex- pressed their belief in this proposition, but as yet it has not been proved. The evidence which they presented may have been good, but it was insufficient. Many years ago Signor Capellini, rector of the University of Bologna, visited the United States, and reported having found at Burlington, Iowa, a paleolithic implement of white flint.* Professor Joseph Leidy, in 1873, reported having found paleolithic im- plements in flint, jasper, and quartzite at or near Fort Bridger, W yoming.t Professor Leidy says: “Tn some places the stone implements are so numerous, and at the same tine so rudely constructed, that one is constantly in doubt when to consider them as natural or accidental and when to view them as artificial. Some of the plains are so thickly strewn with natural and artificial splintered stones that they look as if they had been the battle-fields of great armies during the stone age.” But Dr. Leidy did not know these implements to be what they really were, that is, implements of the paleolithic period. His friend Dr. Van A. Carter, residing at Fort Bridger, and well acquainted with the lan- guage, history, manners, and customs of the neighboring tribes of Indians, informed him that they knew nothing about these implements. He reported that the Shoshones looked upon them as the gift of God to their ancestors. The discovery by Dr. Abbott of paleolithic implements in the gravel drift of the Delaware River at Trenton was the leading discovery which bore testimony to the existence of man in America during the paleo- lithic period. His discovery was valuable, and no doubt is to be thrown upon the genuineness of the implements. They tend to prove as well the antiquity as the existence of the paleolithic period in America, By this discovery Trenton occupies much the same relation to American prehistoric anthropology that Abbeville does to European. Less known, but believed to be equally authentic, was the discovery of paleolithic implements by Miss Frane E. Babbitt in 1879 at Little Falls, Minnesota; by Dr. Metz, in the river gravel of the Little Miami at Loveland, near Cincinnati; by Professor McGee of a possibly paleo- lithic spear-head of obsidian in the valley of Lake Lahontan in north- western Nevada; by Dr. Hilborn T. Cresson, of Philadelphia, at Clay- mont, Delaware, and Upland, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and of a supposed paleolithic fire-place or hearth, explained by Prof. G. K. Gilbert. Conceding for these finds of paleolithic implements full authenticity, * Le Prehistorique, par G. de Mortillet, p. 178. { U.S. Geological Survey, 1272 (Hayden), p. 651, figs. 1-12. THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OF THE STONE AGE. 679 they oniy show an isolated and widely scattered occupation by man during the paleolithic period. They are far from showing a general occupation as has been established in southern and western Europe. If the occupation shown by these finds was truly that of the paleolithic man I could not bring myself to believe that it was restricted in this way, and I thought that his implements should be found elsewhere. This was needed to establish a general occupation, and a general occu- pation must be established before the scientific world would accept the fact as proved. My residencein Europeand my acquaintance with European prehistoric anthropology, especially that portion relating to the paleolithie period, caused me to be deeply interestedin the question of the existence of man during a like period in America, and I began my investigations immedi- ately uponmy return. Ifoundin the Museum many objects labeled ‘Rude and Unfinished Implements of the Paleolithic Type,” and I queried whether they were not truly paleolithic. I was answered in the nega- tive, and it was said that they were but the unfinished implements of the Indians; in fact, his failures when making the more finished and perfect implements. And it was further said that they were always found in connection, and associated with the more perfect implement. While it was not said that they could not be found under the surface or in gravels, yet it was declared that they had not been so found; on - the contrary, all had come from the surface. The argument did not satisfy ne, and I pushed my investigations and comparisons. I dis- covered that certain of the implements displayed in the Museum under the name aforesaid, had been found by Mr. E. P. Upham, my assistant, in times past on the hills around the city of Washington, chiefly those of Piney Branch and Rock Creek. Guided by him I visited the neigh- borhood and our searches were crowned with such success that in the first afternoon we found a greater number than we could carry home. I have since visited the same places in company with several scientific gentlemen of the Geological Survey, Professors Gilbert, McGee, Holines, Henshaw, and Mr. DeLancey Gill, whose knowledge and ex- perience were of great benefit. We were aided by Mr.S. V. Proudfit and Mr. EK. R. Reynolds, who have pushed their explorations on the Kastern Brauch of the Potomac and in the vicinity of the Chain Bridge. These rude implements were found every where in profusion. Comparison is as good a rule of evidence in archeology as in law. If applied it by comparing these unknown and unrecognized implements with those from foreign countries which were recognized and admitted as genuine implements made by man during the paleolithie period in those countries, and as representatives of its civilization. The result was not less surprising than gratifying. My examination proved to me that, though coming from lands however distant, from other continents separated from ours by wide oceans, these were all the same imple- ments. Their identity was complete. Both showed the handiwork of 680 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. man, and were undeniably manufactured for the same purpose and representing the same civilization or culture. An examination and comparison of the implements themselves are necessary in order to un- derstand the full force of these statements. The remarks of Dr. Leidy as to the great number of these implements which he found in the Bridger basin apply with equal force to the bluffs and hills around the city of Washington. The reports of these imple- ments in the Museum, from the District of Columbia, are as follows: Mr. Shoemaker .o2cc tyes Sera ene ee ae eee 22 Mr. Reynolds! 2.222. Soe ea Seemann ease eee 221 Mr; Proudiit; no. $222 sas es are See ee ee eee 50 Mr): Wil80ni $2235 5aseeciee cate ho oeen tee nee Sere ee eos 299 Mr, Upham .o5 ao 58 Steere cseeuee eee ame aie Mia eS eeSHNe etneee 34 Mire Wie DSU GT scale ere ho metas Sco eee oor elt rey at eee eer an 119 Making a total from the District of Columbia of...... 745 Extending these investigations over the United States, Professor Langley, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, at the instance of this Department, issued in January, 1888, Circular No. 36, already mentioned, and of which the following is a copy: CIRCULAR CONCERNING THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTIQUITIES. The Smithsonian Institution desires answers to the following questions concerning that class of American aboriginal stene relics which have been heretofore denomi- nated ‘‘rude or unfinished implements of the paleolithic type.” Cuts of some, together with their localities, are herewith given. Question 1. How many of these rude stone implements have you in your collection ? Question 2. Do you know of any in other museums or collections? Question 3. Of what material are they made? Question 4. Where have they been found ? (1) As to locality. (2) Position, condition, and associated with what objects. (3) Whether on or under the surface, and if so, at what depth, and in what kind of geologic formation. (4) Were they found in mounds, tombs, or other ancient structures. (5) Were any other ancient implements found with them, and if so, of what kind. (6) Did their deposit seem to be accidental or intentional. (7) Have they been described in any publication, and if so,in what, and where can it be obtained. (8) Can you forward specimens (as many as possible) to this Museum in exchange for publications or duplicate specimens. THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OF THE STONE AGE. 681 = eS = = = Ly Uran. Dr. F. V. HayvEn. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1388. 682 NEW J@ERSEY. Dr. C. C. ABBOTT. MARYLAND. O. N. Bryan. 2 MARYLAND. O. N. BryYAN. THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OF THE STONE AGE, 683 a i Lf. WM ye | 1 —=>= SZ = == = 2 Sse = = = TZ a NSE LEZ SSS Neate Hh AK \ CY 72 WYOMING TERRITORY. Dr. v. V. HAYDEN. H ca itt \ in ‘ ul Mi | Ny Sw f" Py i/ Ml ie \ i le Ni % Ye OREGON, PAUL SCHUMACHER. Kentucky, I. BRAUN. 684 yy, =>) SS == S= =S= SSS Ss ‘ Y My Uy Y H/ ~ on Hy My vt My S> SS SS SS Ss SN WE a= TEXAS, i, A \ REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888, Ms hal (18869) Y% J. VAN OSTRAND. 7 (21z99) Ye ‘NorTH Carouina. Howarb Haywarb. } | We i . it ed CALIFORNIA. W. G. HARFORD. THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OF THE STONE AGE. 685 (30674) u% PENNSYLVANIA, A. F. BERLIN. TENNESSEE. J. PARISH STELLE. (758) TENNESSEE. W. M. CLARKE. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. JAMES WEBSTER. The Museum received two hundred and nine responses. The number of implements reported by the correspondents from twenty-three States and Territories is six thousand seven hundred and sixty-two, but twenty-eight persons report an indefinite number in their collections which is incapable of addition: **A few,” “some,” “ many,” ‘“ plenty,” “hundreds,” ‘‘a large number,” etc. These have not been counted into this aggregate. Thirty-three persons sent one thousand one hundred and eighty-nine of the “rude implements” for which they all received an equivalent in exchange. The objects actually received from those thirty-three persons were nearly double the number mentioned. Those 686 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. which from their form, appearance, material, mode of fabrication, were decided not to be paleolithic, have been eliminated. A tabulated statement showing the results accomplished by the dis- tribution of this circular is here given : ; | s Name of State. aS NeTE ae Aue Ds | es Total. : ported. Soe, ilo TE iainosee ase: Sasce ee eae oS 9 196 19 3 218 VIELMON bre Saeco haeicnoee cele ese acer 6 70 QT eis sjajsieya'as Se 97 WE GRACMIEGHES -soopsosccososcoosuscchse- 14 79 17 96 3938 COMMCIICMs ssdosossoccsos Seotcancoessas 3 Silleopoecoccooe 19 27 New Mork... s4.2¢-th-eeiseatecenceecaseee 20 | 530 95 7 632 INewid OLS@y; f2o-2 .Sesse se eeeee sss see oe 3 348 | 2 4] 591 Pennsylvania) .-- <<. < cine. ce - =~ -)- ee = 20 1, 000 180 39 1 219 Manylan diseecccesn eect semester ease es 4 BE sensnaecaser 59 92 Distniciomeolumblaseeseeereee eee Eee eee 8 869 | 239 298 1, 406 VAT CIN AGhe ees eae ee ee emacs aration 3 400 26 13 439 Nonthi Carolinians <-eeeeeeeeer eee e teen eere 2 13 23 5 41 South) Carolinaeeeeeer eters eee eee Bile else eee ales o] vlels gine? e < biocl| ereleigier se aoe eee ere Georgia sacsa ssa cisciee is cainie sles iste = ste Se Basie wieroete woul eens oo] teeter ere 10 10 Mloridarcsscsusesacesecesess sana sees 1 20 ences bees 31 5i IAN aba acces see See aaa Ae See 3 1 $ 25°| 34 MEX aSee J. D. MeGuire, Ellicott City, Maryland, February 9, 1888. Has about three hun- dred of quartz or quartzite, found on the Eastern Branch Potomac River, District of Columbia; Patapsco River near Relay, Baltimore and Obio Railroad, Maryland; South River Neck, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, and a few from his farm, Howard County, Maryland. Found on surface at high flood-line of these streams. Has a cache of twenty from Anne Arundel County. Ten feet away was another cache. One cache of one hundred; one of twenty-six. All of the cache implements found near oyster-shell heaps. Mem.—May not these belong to the prehistoric man who made the shell heaps? There are believed to have been two epochs of prehistoric culture represented in the kjoekenmoddings of Denmark. The shell heaps of America should be carefully ex- amined for evidences of paleolithic man or for an earlier epoch than the neolithic period. O. N. Bryan, Marshall Hall, Maryland, February 23, 1888. Sent a large number to the Smithsonian Institution last spring. E. Stanley Gary, Baltimore, Maryland, February 6, 18338. No information. Otis Bigelow, Avenel, Maryland, February 8, 1888. Has already deposited his col- lection in the Smithsonian Institution. Knows of workshop on the Mattapony in Guineys, Caroline County, Virginia. Alexander C. Black, Army Medical Museum, Washington, District of Columbia, February 10, 1838. Has iaone. Has given all his specimens to the Smithsonion In- stitution. All were surface finds from Randolph County, Iadiana. Never found in mounds. Albert 8. Gatchet, Washington, District of Columbia, February 7,1888. Has none. Sends lists of museums in Switzerland. 698 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Dr. H. ©. Yarrow, Washington, District of Columbia, February 6, 1888. Has sent his circular to William Hallet Phillips, esq., of Washington. John J. Hayden, 1325 K street, Washington, District of Columbia. No collection. George H. Moran, M. D., Morgantown, North Carolina, February 23, 1888. Has none, but could find. Willseek. Has sent objects—‘‘Gila monster”—to Professor Baird. G. B. Lartique, M. D., Blackville, South Carolina, February 11, 1888. Has none. S. E. Babcock, Chester, South Carolina. Has none. J. C. Neal, M. D., Archer, Florida, February 10, 1888. Has twenty or more speci- mens of stone darts. A mound was opened on Tallapoosa River, farm of William R. Jordan, by a freshet. Large quantities of pottery, skulls, implements, etc., of silver and bronze were found. Prof. N. T. Lupton, Auburn, Alabama, March 12, 1888. Has none. C. M. Luttrell, Oxford, Alabama. Has none. A private collection at Taladega, Alabama, is for sale; owner dead. J. P. Stelle, Mobile, Alabama, March 19, 1888. Does not know of any rude im- plements. Has lately been along the Gulf coast in Baldwin County, Alabama, and found the region very rich in aboriginal remains; two or three different races seem to be well represented. There are many large mounds, none of which seem to have been explored. ‘The finest pottery he has yet met with is there; light and well baked. Prof. G. F. Wright, Oberlin Ohio. Has four from Dr. Abbett. E. T. Nelson, Delaware, Ohio. Has six hundred rude implements of flint; a large proportion were found in a single pocket or cache near the dividing line of Knox and Coshocton Counties in this State. M. C. Read, Hudson, Ohio, February 7, 1888. Found about seventy-five mingled with animal bones and fragments of pottery in a rock shelter in Boston township, Summit County, Ohio. See Smithsonian Institution Report 1879, page 439. G. W. Hornisher, Camden, Ohio, February 14, 1888. Has several paleolithic im- plements; never counted them; material, chert; fornd on the surface along the east branch of White Water River. D. F. Appy, Granville, Ohio, April 28, 1888. Has sixty-three rude implements of flint or hornstone; found mostly on the surface in Licking County, but have found © twenty-two in mounds within a radius of 4 miles of this place. Mrm.—But these are not paleolithic. S. M. Luther, Garrettsville, Ohio, March 5, 1888. Has sixty rude implements, chiefly of chert; a few of quartzite; nearly all found on the surface. There are quite a number of what Dr. Abbott terms ‘‘ Turtlebacks.” All found within a radius of 20 miles of this place. Henry W. Hope, Paint post-office, Ohio, June 5, 1888. Uas twenty rude imple- ments of flint or other fine-grained stone ; found on the surface in Highland County, Obio, and not associated with any other relics. Robert Clarke, Cincinnati, Ohio. Has none. J. F. Henderson, Newville, Ohio, March 15, 1888. Has no information. W.M. Cunningham, Newark, Ohio, April 10, 1888. Has twenty-five rude imple- ments, principally of flint; found on the surface and in mounds or earth-works in Licking County, Ohio, associated in some cases with arrow and spear points, axes, etc. Deposits apparently both accidental and intentional. Collection not in shape for exchanges. John P. McLean, Hamilton, Ohio, February 23, 1888. Has a few of dark blue chert ; found on the surface in Butler County, Ohio. In section 24, Hanover town- ship, of this county, is a field where great numbers have been found. ‘ If you request will try and find some more.” Dr. W. B. Rosamond, Milnersville, Ohio, February 10, 1888. He will sexd fifty or seventy-five found here on the surface. Will exchange for publications. THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OF THE STONE AGE. 699 George W. Dean, Kent, Ohio, February 8, 1888. Has thirty-one rude implements of chert, from 3 to 4 inches in length by 14 to 2? in width by 4 to 1 inch in thickness. From Trumbull, Portage, and Summit Counties, Ohio. Dr. Herbert Twitchell, Hamilton, Ohio, March 28, 1888. Has nothing paleolithic. Sent tin-type of large spear-head. A. P. Pease, Massillon, Ohio, March 24, i888. Has ninety rude chipped implements of colored chert, varyiug in length from 2 to’5 or 6 inches, given him by farmers who plowed them up. Can exchange twenty for publications on this subject. Expects ‘to get a cache of flints, found while digging a ditch. He has the largest private col- lection in this county (Stark), numbering over one thousand specimens, which he will sell for $500 cash. I. H. Harris, Waynesville, Ohio, February 11, 1888. Has two or three hundred “chips and unfinished implements.” All from Fort Ancient. R. T. Manning, Youngstown, Ohio, March 5, 1888: Has twelve rude implements of flint; found in southern Ohio. James H. Smith, Licking County, Pioneer Historical and Antiquarian Society, Newark, Ohio, February 8, 1888. Has none and knows of none. Horace P. Smith, custodian Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 108 Broadway, . Cincinnati, Ohio, April 10, 1888. Has but a small number of these implements in the collection. Cannot be sent for verification without the action of the executiv- board of the society. John H. Lemon, New Albany, Indiana, February 14, 1888. Writes from Escondido, California. Has one hundred paleolithic implements of white, red, and gray flint; found on the surface near falls of the Ohio. T. L. Dickerson, Fairficld, Indiana, February 13, 1888. Has many of these rude implements of chert, sandstone, sometimes of bastard granite, and striped slate; found on the surface near springs, camp sites, ete., and associated with broken implements and chips, indicating shops and mauufactories. Deposit accidental, except where cached. ; E. L. Guthrie, Adams, Indiana, February 20, 1888. Has a few very fine specimens (not paleolithic), found on the surface in this county (Decatur), Indiana. Sends many tracings of fine implements. Will not part with them—but gladly loan for coni- parison. William W. Borden, New Providence, Indiana, March 23, 1888. Has quite a large collection of stone implements of various kinds. Has purchased several cabinets. Has the collection of the late Dr. James Knapp,of Louisville, Kentucky. Will forward some specimens soon. C. S. Arthur, Portland, Indiana, March 20, 1888. Has seventy-five of flint; found on the surface in different localities in Jay County. A nest, or cache, of sixty were uncovered by the plow about 5 miles from here. Another lot was found in Adams County, buried in sand. ‘They have never been described. E. Pleas. Dunreith, Indiana, February 10, 1888. Has one hundred rude imple- ments. Can spare thirty or forty from Van Buren County, Arkansas, and thirty from Henry County, Indiana. Charles H. Bryan, Muncie, Indiana, February 9, 1888. Has a number found on the surface in Logan and Hancock Counties, Ohio, and Jay County, Indiana. Has some like No. 768 and No. 8904. Could collect fifteen or twenty specimenstosend. Hassome which he will give. Jobn W. Linck, Madison, Indiana, February 17, 1888. Don’t know anything about paleoliths, but Jesse Wagner has a petrified head of a buffalo. William Robertson, Farmland, Indiana, March 20, 1888. Has over one hundred, mostly of granite; found on the surface in Randolph County, Indiana. Mem.—Surely not paleolithic. D. A. K. Andrus, Rockford, Illinois, February 7, 1888. Has none and knows of none. 700 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. George E. Sellers, Bowlesville, Illinois. (No date.) The rude unfinished imple- ments are very abundant in southern Illinois, more so in the more recent out-door workshops than in the mounds or the shops connected with them, and, in most cases, appear to be modified cores. Dr. Merit L. Saunders, Thompson, Illinois, February 8, 1838. Will send arrow- points, chips, ete. H. 8S. Hackman, Peru, Illinois, February 26, 1838. Has but few. His collection consists of higher finished implements. Hasasteelspear found inamound. Believes discoidal stones were used as mortars—has one with pestle fitting in it. R. T. Miller, South Bend, Indiana, March 9, 1885. Has about one hundred rude implements; found on the surface near this place, in isolated localities. Sends photo- graph of image carved from gray sandstone. C. L. Obst, Pittsfield, Illinois, March 20, 1868. Has a few rude implements of white and pink flint and jasper. Surface finds. Ten years ago found one of them in a drift-bed not less than 75 feet in height, in Calhoun County, Illinois. Never found any in mounds, tombs, Indian graves, or ancient structures of any kind. George Newcomer, Franklin Grove, Illinois, March 2, 1388. Has twenty-four rude implements; twenty of white chert found on the surface in Whiteside County, and four of quartzite from Carroll County, Illinois. John Brady, Aledo, Illinois, February 11, 1888. Has forty-five paleolithic imple- ments of flint, some of which are light colored, others are blue and gray; found on the surface in Mercer County, Illinois. Kk. H. Hamilton, Petersburg, Illinois, February 22, 1888. Has forty or fifty rude implements of white, yellow, and dark blue flint ; found on the banks of the Sangamon River, associated with flint chips, broken pottery, ete. Identical with Nos. 5900, 9767, 11535. William McAdams, Alton, Illinois, February 12, 1888. Has a number; found in river gravels alongside of Devonian and Silurian fossils. John B. Tscharner, Champaign, Illinois, Feb. 11, 1888. Has six rude implements of white and dark flint; found on the surface in Washington County, Illinois, asso- ciated with flint arrow and spear points. Deposit seemed accidental. D. F. Hitt, Ottawa, Mlinois, February 27, 1888. Has very few; never thought them worth saving. M. Tandy, Dallas City, Illinois, March 19, 1888. Has three rude implements of flint and others of various kinds, amounting to twenty-five specimens; found on the surface in this vicinity. Has, with very few exceptions, sent all the results of his collecting to the Smithsonian Institution. : Lawson S. Bliss, Dallas City, Illinois, February 13, 1883. Has a number of rude and unfinished implements. Has a large collection of arrow and spear heads, stone axes,ete. Is adding to his collection with intent to present to the Smithsonian In- stitution. Look at Mr. Tandy’s collection already presented. Many mounds here. James Shaw, Mount Carroll, Illinois, February 10, 1888. Has sent rude specimens to the Smithsonian Institution. Willsend more in the early spring and summer. W.H. H. King, Jacksonville, Iinois, April 25, 1888. Has one hundred implements of chert; found mostly on the surface in Morgan, Calhoun, and Pike Counties, Illi- nois. Forty specimens were taken out of a pocket or cache. Dr. J. F. Snyder, Virginia, Mlinois, April 30, 1888. Has nearly one hundred rude implements of white flint, found on the surface in Cass County, Illinois; also about thirty rude flints from Schuyler County, Illinois, and eight specimens somewhat resembling the District of Columbia specimens figured, of black slaty quartzite, plowed up in one deposit. Several flints from Saint Clair County, Illinois; ten of white cherty quartzite from Pettis County, Missouri; fifteen from Jefferson County, Missouri; eighteen of brown vitreous flint from Travis County, Texas; nine of pink and white novaculite from Garland County, Arkansas. Johu E. Younglove, Bowling Green, Kentucky, February 9, 1888. Has twenty or twenty-five rude implements principally of blue flint, found in this region on the THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OF THE STONE AGE. 701 surface, not in mounds. They are not regarded as valuable. Gave Professor Ward, of Rochester, forty specimens. Sends photograph of human bone (femur) pierced with flint arrow; highly interesting specimen. J. G. Cisco, Jackson, Tennessee, February 9, 1888. Has twenty implements of gray quartz, most of them found on the surface (a few from mounds) in Madison County, Tennessee. Benjamin F. Bush, Grand Blanc, Michigan, February 18, 1888. Has many pieces like illustrations in circular 36. Miss F. E. Babbitt, Coldwater, Michigan, February 21, 1888. Has a large number of specimens which are misplaced or lost. Material, quartz. They are found in the ' gravels at Little Falls, Minnesota. Will try and get some this summer. F. C. Clark, A. B., 42 Madison street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, February 15, 1888. Has some rude stone implements resembling those in circular 36. One from sand and gravel pit 12 feet under the surface, looks like ‘‘ bath brick” rudely flaked. Studied archeology for ten years under Professor Winchell. R. H. Tremper, M. D., Albion, Michigan, February 9, 1888. Has about one hundred and fifty rude implements. N. Y. Green, Battle Creek, Michigan, March 16, 1888. Has twenty rude implements of flint, slate, and a kind of sandstone or sandy slate. All found on the surface in that locality. Drift formation. Charles E. Barnes, Lansing, Michigan, January 9, 13°8. His collection is boxed at Battle Creek. Has not seen it for four years. C. L. Mann, 27 Erie street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, February 6, 1888. All our col- lections contain them, but they are considered of smali value. Has forty or fifty copper implements for sale. Will send photographs. They were uncovered by a storm—cyclone. E. L. Brown, Durand, Wisconsin, February 17, 1888. Has one of bluish horastone; found on the surface. He knows a Methodist preacher who has a collection of seventy- five. Does not know where he is. They were plowed up and said to have been placed on their edges close together. W.M. Wheeler, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, May 4, 1888. Custodian of Public Museum. Has twelve rude implements of flint in the Museum collection. Surface finds. Will not part with any. John Hume, Eglinton Place, Davenport, Iowa, February 25, 1888. Wants more time to examine the authorities. Thomas J. Tidswell, Independence, Missouri, April 2, 1885. Has thirty rude im- plements of dark blue and gray flint; found on the surface in Jackson County, I1li- nois, associated with scrapers, perforators, hammer-stones, arrow-points, ete. Deposit seemed accidental. Will send twelve or fifteen. Charles J. Turner, Brunswick, Missouri, March 20, 1888. Hasa few mostly of flint. Some from mounds, some from the surface. George J. Engelman, M. D., 3003 Locust street, St. Louis, Missouri, February 7, 1888. Has a large number of rude implements of red brownstone similar to porphyry. Surface finds from southeast Missouri. Deposit accidental. No one values them. Sid J. Hare, C. E., Kansas City, Missouri, April 1, 1888. Has twenty rude imple- ments of flint; found on the surface, in plowed fields, associated with arrow-points and stone axes, in the vicinity of Kansas City. Deposit seemed accidental. None found in mounds. Will send specimens next fall. G. C. Broadhead, Columbia, Missouri, February 9, 1888. Has twenty of white chert, hematite, and porphyry. Surface finds from Missouri, Kansas, and Texas. Will not part with them. W. Albert Chapman, Okolona, Arkansas, February 13,1888. Has fifty points, from crude to perfect, also masses of chipped material, such as bornstone, flint, lydian stone, jasper, transparent quartz, quartz (various shades of white) gneiss, and mica schist. The specimens were found on the surface and down to 6 feet below, singly, and associated with chippings, broken and unfinished points, and other tools or im- 702 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. plements, in Clark, Nevada, Pike, Howard, Sevier, Polk, Hot Springs, and Mont- gomery Counties, Arkansas. R. R. Smith, Fordyce, Arkansas. Has several dozen of rude and unfinished imple- ments of flint of various colors. Found on the surface all over the country, but mostly near creeks and rivers, and also in mounds. Other objects found with them. J. L. McInnis, College Station, Texas. Gives no information. Dr. H. H. Thorpe, Liberty Hill, Texas, February 11, 1888. Has none. Has heard of but never gathered them. Has some mound relics which he will forward. Stephen Bowers, San Buenaventura, California, April 18, 1888. Has fifty of chert, quart, agate, jasper, chalcedony, obsidian, porphyry, and basaltic rocks; found on the surface on old village sites, and sometimes buried with mortars, pestles, bowls, pipes, spear-points, and shell and bone implements. Only occasionally deposited with the dead. Mrs. R. F. Bingham, corresponding secretary of the Society of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California. Hasnone and nothing similar. Has mortars, arrows, etc., found in graves—here and on adjacent islands. H. F. Emeric, auditiug department, Wells-Fargo Express, San Francisco, Cali- fornia, February 24, 1888. Has no collection. Knows the implements; material black flint ; found all over California. EK. J. M. Knowlton, Big Lake County, Minnesota, February 20, 1888. Has nothing. William Middagh, Rollag, Minnesota, March 6, 1888. Has nothing. George W. Seymour, Taylor’s Falls, Minnesota, February 16. Has none, but knows of mounds in his neighborhood which could be opened. A. F. Davidson, Croston, Oregon, April 8, 1858. Has nothing. William Cuppage, Winfield, Kansas, February 23, 1888. Has no rude implements. Seut his coliection of stone implements to his sister in Ireland and his last copper ax to the Smithsonian Institution. A. R. Bodley, Ohio Township, Franklin County, Kansas. Has two hoes and a pestle; nothing else. They are now in the University, Ottawa, Franklin County, Kansas. T. M. Shallenberger, Bradshaw, Nebraska, February 9, 1888. Has very few of paleolithic type. Will forward in time what he has and agree upon exchange. Clark F. Ansley, Lincoln, Nebraska, April 20, 1888. Has forty rude implements of clear quartz, flint, and greenstone. Lewis A. Kengla, M. D., Tucson, Arizona, March 29, 1888. Letter of this date refers to collections from the District of Columbia which was left at his father’s house. Can give no information as to numbers. E. L. Berthoud, Golden, Colorado, March 6, 1888. Has seven implements from his neighborhood. Sent some to the Smithsonian Institution. A. L. Siler, Ranch, Utah, February 21, 1888. Has none. David Boyle, curator of museum, Canadian Institute, Toronto, Canada, February 8, 1888. Has one hundred rude implements of chert; found all over the province from 8 to 10 inches below the surface associated with implements of a more highly finished type. Can not send specimens. Refers to writer’s report in the printer’s hands. SHCPION, EV BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 980, 1888, 7103 _ BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. 8 NATIONAL MUSEUM DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1888. 1.—PUBLICATIONS OF THE MUSEUM. Volume 1x of Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum is noticed in the bibliography of the report tor 1887. The greater part of the edition was not, however, printed until August in that year. The following is a list of signatures of the Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, published during the year and forming part of volume X: | Signa- | Signa- Date of publication. ture Pages. | Date of publication. ture Pages. umber | number. | Tully Galea ee ee ee | Te 97 Te ligt pre Seaethe oe 20) 306-320 Ch 3 Aaa a | Bh else 1284 |WSeptilGsss. eee aa ese 21| 321-336 i tA He ROR ree eA PEE 9 | 129-144 | 1 GEAetie eae eee cee 22| 337-352 Dye Nn de A rae SE 10 | 145-160 DON ALE sc. ae 23 | 353-368 ie Paste 5, AOR panera tate ; Ti | 161-176) iene Rae es PAR Mt 24) 369-384 Denner cael \eseaere TO (a7 71928 sNiove os os are Goes eae eee 25 | 385-400 Oreetae, SER ene 6H | 18 | 193-208 |} Bb Cte ere ae Seer 26) 401-416 eaters fate nate rire Sate tnt 14 | 209-224 |] Ber Sere as Seu tS 27 | 417-439, DIRT cha hy Weis cad 15 | 225-240 | BI eu rt tae lene 28 | 433-418 Palisa) NE 1G ff BLOGG M fete) Gs esos hence eas 29| 419-464 1 17 | 257-272 | Guadieta oar tur easy 30 | 465-480 deg OR eae 18 | 273-288 | Geog os ec a 31| 481-496 i a a 19 | 289-305 | Sig tala ce nie She ha tla Sil aon | | es _— During the last five months of the fiscal year no signatures appeared. Annual Report | of the | Board of Regents | of the | Smithsonian In- stitution, | showing | The Operations, Expenditures, and Condi- tion | of the Institution | to | July, 1885. | ington: | Government Printing Office. | 1886. | Pp.—xi+264 ; vii+939. Constituting areport upon the United States National Museum for the half-year ending June 30, 1885; together with a paper entitled “The George Catlin Indian Gallery in the U. 8. National Museum,” by Thomas Donaldson. The following numbers of the Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum appeared during the year : Department of the Interior: | U. S. National Museum. | — | Bulletin | of the | United States National Museum. | No. 32. | Catalogue of H. Mis. 142, pt. 2——45 705 706 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Batrachians and Reptiles | of Central America and Mexico. | by | KE. D. Cope. | — | Washinton: | Government Printing Office. | 1887. Pp. 98. 8vo. Circular No. 36 was published during the fiscal year. It bears the following title: No. 36. Circular concerning the Department of Antiquities. One page, 17 figures. 8vo. ° IL—PAPERS BY OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM AND OTHER INVESTIGATORS WHOSE WRITINGS ARE BASED DIRECTLY OR INDI- RECTLY ON MUSEUM MATERIAL. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NAMES. Page. Page. ING danas eh deen shaeousoadas Goce 100-2) Widdery Ji. a. 5 2G senor 715 NIVEL, \Nio Ob ooabes co6nad ssasae OG Keno: toms ehy wel ie ei) ee Lo Baird. Spencer Eyes sas- pease Ode OehLers Sash vs ese ea ee OL Balled Miswe 2 sir. ecm acheeiete CO 5 icmunbiemn, IOMON TR Seeccocscech once 716 Bartletish dienes seer eee 707 aijepore! Wiese Re er ee 716 Bean, Tarleton H.* 56 007, 70s). |) Ibori coo ocoeeoses ocsos- ala Beckham, Charles Wick liffe* SE: MOS daca, WA 2 ieee era eee 717 Bendire, Charlessi geese a= oes 7083) Mason, Otis ss. eee eens IBOVers Miele Gabe ceassee eee cir 708 | McDonald, Marshall--.......-.. -- 711, 712 Bollman Charles) Hiseessss sss eee 708 | McNeill, Jerome-. ---- eeieeee See aad Brewster, wollen ee ee eines (08a Merl (George te. “es eee eee CAlzin, 7A! IH ere, ANTNCES. WW sotdco ceasecocsoos VC aN Ker aN dis Oodercasascaansoccs ests 718 Clarks Av eElowardis) nem meieeee AUS COD +) Wells, JGhwawTwel WY caccae sconce sos 71 Clarkeosbe (Wisp ite ce is cis acre Sey Sasems 77097 @Palmer, Woillittam “2155s 7i8 Conle, Islemimy lke 355556 cAsdes cause (09: “Pelseneer. (Panlle: Sse eceeee eee 718 Collins Joseph Wa sso--- be eeee 109s OM vabhibun, eh lchande sees see 719 Cope PID sea ees neaens wis ceec (LOS vou harness sec. = ese ao LD) Cony, (CharlesiBeeseaes eee eee 710 |. Richmond, Charles W ------ -=---- 719 Owes, IWRONR6 6 Soco so05 Goss secase 7105) Rideway, Robert ]5- sess eer 719-721 Dall, William Healey*..---...-.- #10, @11:.| Riley, C.aVe" a. ose 721-724 Dewoeysiredericee ys ssseneee- eee TAU NSCOI NiYs 185 IDs poacos mocosdccnoss 724 Donaldsontewhomasseees seeee see gly scudder New longi -seees eee ees 724 Donia, Wiha 556 cecc oes sone Abie Seebohm Elen yess sees eee 724, 725 Ippneale divs Walkwveyl S655 Soe descse « Wola Sennett. Georveu basse ee esa ee 725 Kigenmann, Carl H....... bre meee TAD || Serge. lity Ow Glee. cosoc5 Socc coce 729 BR ObtwD Ge Genesee eases M12 Shuteld tiv. Wiese sae eee ese 725-727 T SIWSUANER RA GBA os A oe 712) | Simpsons CharlesmE eae. eee at Gullbe rt e@ Pay ws eee arate ete Cie) | tshomioy, Lelmyeln Wil. ooo cos bens es oc 72¢ Gill bh eodore sss ss eee eeeee WIOe | Smith so liny Bt eee a ee 727-729 Goodey Ga Browns =ss9s5 ees = =e 7412 TS ae Stejnerer, aeconhatde ss eee 730, 731. GrossisNenS josie cece Se ee eee ae 7130|) Downsend Charles shes... ses —eeee 73k Grieve, Symington. - 5-042 -2- 2.2 7134) rue, redericla Ves eee ein oman du Eyal Oia caiman reteset acer ps ou ne pee al 713) |Durner.clucienyMe s2e4 see eee 732: Einichicockers Ro m\yine l= eee TBS | Viaisey.; GCORGC == 55a. Seen eee 732: TOMES Wis niee Sec ee a see ae 713) Walcott C22 Le seme eee 732, 733: Jakomagyeking, \ivo Whos neu ues weiss aoe 74 | Ward: Wester dso sane) Hough, Wialter Woe. 23 ssc4-2 22 25e0 714.) White, Charles Ass s2sees:cee- eens dIGMIIES), Wo UMNO ATS Ge oeecoe sce sane “145 Walson>) Thomas’ e-. = asec ee ieee 733° Jordan pWawidssea se. . 02. - ae TR) MWOroGls) Cle 1D) cocsesccccs s2cescsess 734 Toy ai ss esis eh ee ie Soc 714). Yarrow, ES Cites See seer ce ee enim oe dSCEy CU 0 5 Oa ea a a 714 * Connected with the National Museum. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. TOT J. A. ALLEN. Description of a New Species of the Genus Tityra, from Ecuador. The Auk, V, pp. 287-288. Described as a new species. Tityra nigriceps. Compared with specimens in the National Museum. W.O. ATWATER. On the Chemistry of Fish. Amer. Chem. Jour., November, 1887; January, 1888, pp. 421-452, 1-20. W. O. ATWATER. On Sources of Error in determining Nitrogen by Soda Lime, and means for avoiding them. Amer. Chem. Jour., May, 1888, pp. 197-209. W.°O. ATWATER. Ueber die Ausnutzung des Fischfleisches im Darmkanale im Ver- gleiche mit der des Rindtieisches. Zeitschrift fir Biologie, XX1v. 1887, pp. 16-28. W. O. ATWATER and E. M. Batt. On Certain Sources of Loss in the Determinatior of Nitrogen. Amer. Chem. Jour., March, 1888, pp. 113-119. W. O. AtwaTER and C. D. Woops. Notes onthe Soda-Lime Method for Determining Nitrogen. Amer. Chem. Jour., September, 1887, pp. 311-324. _W. O. ATwaTER and C. D. Woops. Notes on Burettes and Pipettes. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, October, 1887, pp. 373-380. SPENCER F. Barrp. [Report on the] United States National Museum. Report | of | Professor Spencer F. Baird, | Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, | for | six months ending June 30, 1885. | — | Washington: | Government Printing Office. | 1885. Pp. 26-45. 8yvo. Reprinted in the Smithsonian Reports, 1885, pt. 1, with same pagination. KE. M. Batt. _ (See under W. O. Atwater.) EDWARD BARTLETT. A Monograph of the Weaver-Birds, Ploceide, and arboreal and terrestrial Finches, Fringillide. By Edward Bartlett. Parts 1,1. Maid- stone, 1888. 4to. This monograph has not ween seen by the Curator of Birds. The title is taken from the review in the “Tbis,’’ 1888, p. 360. Mr. Bartlett has borrowed considerable material from the National Museum for his monograph. TARLETON H. BEAN. Report on the Department of Fishes in the U. S. National Mu- seum, 1885. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, part 0, 1885 (1886), pp. 95-98. TARLETON H. BEAN. Description of a new Genus and Species of Fish, Acrotus wil- loughbii, from Washington Territory. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 631-632. TARLETON H. Bean. Note on Antennarius principis from the Bahama Islands. American Angler, x11, No. 8, August 20, 1887, p. 118. TARLETON H. Bean. Notes on thesupposed new Trout from Sunapee Lake, New Hampshire. American Angler, x11, No. 5, February 4, 1888, pp. 73-74. TARLETON H. Bran. The Habitat of the Dolly Varden. American Angler, x11, No. 9, March 3, 1888, p. 142. TARLETON H. Bean. The “Shad Waiter” of New Hampshire. American Angler, x11, No. 16, April 21, 1888, p. 252. TARLETON H. Bean. EHastern Limit of Dolly Varden Trout. American Angler, Xi, No. 3, January 21, 1888, p. 44. TARLETON H. Bean. Whatisit? Supposed Ambloplites rupestris in the Yellowstone. American Angler, xi, No. 4, January 28, 1888, p. 59. TARLETON H. Bean. Distribution of the Lake Tront. American Angler, Xiit, No. 4, January 28, 1888, pp. 59-60. TARLETON H. Bean. In the Ocean Depths. Evening Star, Washington, January 14, 1888, p. 2. Copied by the American Angler, xu, No. 4, January 28, 1888, pp. 62-63. TARLETON H. BEAN. Notes on the Sunapee Trout. A supposed new species from New Hampshire. Forest and Stream, Xxx, No. 1, January 26, 1888, p. 9. 708 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. TARLETON H. BEAN. Description of a new species of Thyrsitops (TL. violaceus) from the fishing banks off the New Eugland coast. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 5138-514. TARLETON H. BEAN. “Description of a supposed new species of Char (Salvelinus aureo- lus) from Sunapee Lake, New Hampshire. Proc. U. S. Nat. Wus., X, 1887, pp. 628-63 TARLETON i. BEAN./ Notes on a Young Red Snapper (Lutjanus blackfordi) from Great South Bay, Long Island. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 512. TARLETON H. BEAN. The Fishery Resources and Fishing Grounds of Alaska. Uhe Fisheries and Pishery Industries of the United States, Section 1, 1887, pp. 81-115, four plates. TARLETON H. BEAN. The Cod Fishery of Alaska. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 198-226, one plate. TARLETON H. BeaN. Descriptions of five new species of fishes sent by Prof, A. Dugés from the Sa of Guanajuato, Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 370-375, Plate xx. CHARLES Gee BECKHAM. Additions to the Ayifauna of Bayou Sara, Louisiana. The Auk, 1V, pp. 299-806. Notes on birds observed between April 1 and 28, 1887. CHARLES WICKLIFFE BECKHAM. Occurrence of the Florida Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cris- tata florincola) in southwestern Texas. The Awk, V, p. 112. Compared with specimens from Florida in the National Museum. CHARLES HE. BENDIRE. Description of the nests and eges of the California Black- capped Gnat-catcher (Polioptila californica Brewster). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, November 15, 1887, pp. 549, 550. j CHARLES E. BENDIRE. Notes cf a collection of birds’ nests and eggs from southern Arizona Territory. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, November. 23, 1887, pp. 551-558. CHARLES EH. BENDIRE. Eggs of the Ivory Gull (Gavia alba). The Auk, V, pp. 202, 203. Description of two eggs in the National Museum collected by Captain Johannsen in Spitz- bergen, August 8, 1887. CHARLES E. BENDIRE. Notes on the habits, nests, and eggs of the Genus Sphyrapicus Baird. The Auk, Vv, pp. 225-240. H, G. BrEyYER. Report on the Section of Materia Medica in the U.S. National Museum, 1885. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, Part 1, 1885 (1886), pp. 57, 58. CHARLES H. BOLLMAN. Notes on the North American Lithobiide and Sent tails. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. x, August, 1887, pp. 254-266. Gives a list of raneeccren species, of which the following are described as new: Lithobius minnesotee, L. tuber, L. proridens, L. pullus? L. trilobus, L. cardinalis, L. howei, L. juventus. WILLIAM BREWSTER. Descriptions of Supposed New Birds from Lower California, Sonora, and Chihuahua, Mexico, and the Bahamas. The Auk, V, pp. 82-95. Ardea virescens frazart, Columba fasciata viosce, and Icterus wagleri castaneopecius described as new species; Ardea bahamensis, Heinatopus frazari, Megascops aspersus, Otophanes meleodu, Hmpidonax cineritus, Aimophila cahooni, and Troglodytes cahoont as new species; Otophanes in a new Caprimulgine genus. All compared with specimens in the National Museum. Amos W. BuTLeR. On a New Subspecies of Ammodramus sandwichensis from Mexico. The Auk, V, pp. 264-266. Described as a new subspecies Ammodramus sandwichensis brunnescens. Compared with specimens in the National Museum, and one of the types presented to the Museum by the author. A. Howard CLARKe The Fisheries of Massachusetts. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 11, 1887, Part 11, pp. 113-280. Aer BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 109 A. Howarp Crark. The Fisheries of Rhode Island. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United Sta’es, Section 1, 1887, Partiv, pp. 281-310. A. HowarbD Crark. ‘The Coast of Connecticut and its Fisheries. The Isheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 11, 1887, Part v, pp. 311-340. A. HowarpD CLark. Historical References to the Fisheries of New England. The Fisheriesand Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 11, 1887, Appendix, pp. 675-737. A. HowarD CLarK. The Whaie Fishery. History and Present Condition of the Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. 11, 1887, pp. 1-218, five plates, A. Howarp Crark. The Blagkfish and Porpoise Fisheries. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section V, vol. 11, 1887, pp. 255-310, three plates. A. Howarp CiarK. The Pacific Walrus Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section vy, vol. 11, 1887, pp. 311-318, three plates. A. Howarp CrLark. The Antarctic Fur-Seal and Sea-Elephant Industry. Phe Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. Il, 1887, pp. 400- 467, three plates. A, HowarpD Ciark. The North Atlantic Seal-Fishery. - The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. 11, 1887, pp. 474—-483° A. HOWARD CLARK. The Menhaden Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 327-415. (See also under G. Brown Goode). F. W. CLarke. Report on the Department of “Minerals in the U. S. National Mu- seum, 1885. Repor! of the Smithsonian Institution, Part 11, 1885 (1886,) pp. 187, 138. F. W. CLARKE. Studies in the Mica Group. Amer. Jour. Sct., XXXiv, No. 200 (3d series,) August, 1887, pp. 131-137. I. W. CLarke. Science in England. The Epoch, September 30, 1887. Relates to the Manchester meeting of the British Association. F. W. CLagKE. Note on two Japanese Meteorites. Amer. Jour. Sct., XXXV, No. 207 (3d series), March, 1*88, p. 264. F. W. Cxiarke. The Formation of Alioys. Science, X1, No. 265, March 2, 1888, pp. 100, 101. Editorial note referring to work done by W. Hallock. I, W. CuarKe. The Chemical Structure of the Natural Silicates. Amer. Chem. Jour., X, No. 2, March, 1888, pp. 120-128. F. W. Ciarke. The Present Status of Mineralogy. Popular Science Monthly, xxxu, No. 6, April, 1888, pp. 799-806. rr. W. CLARKE. Some Nickel Ores from Oregon. Amer. Jour. Sei., XXXvV, No. 210 (3d series), June, 1888, pp. 483-488. F. W. CLARKE (Editor) and others. Department of the Interior | — | Bulletin | of the | United States | Geological Survey | No. 421 | — | Report of work done in the Division of Chemistry | and Physics mainly during the fiscal year 1885~86. | — | Washington | Government Printing Office | 1887. F. W. Crarke (Editor). Abstracts of papers on Atomic Weights, prepared for and published in the Journal of Analytical Chemistry. Quarterly digests. HENRY K. CoaLr. Description of a New Subspecies of Junco from New Mexico. The Auk, lv, pp. 330-381. Described as a new sub species, Junco hyemalis shufeldti. Type No. 106035, U. S. National Museum. JOSEPH W. COLLINS. Report on the Discovery and Investigation of Fishing Grounds, made by the Fish Commission Steamer Albatross during a Cruise along the At- lantic Coast and in the Gulf of Mexico, with Notes on the Gulf Fisheries. Rep. U. S. Fish Oom., 1885 (1887), Part x11, pp. 217-305. Ten plates. JOSEPH W. COLLINS. Delaware and its Fisheries. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 11, Part 1x, pp. 407-419. 710 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. JosprpH W. CouLins. Management of Vessels. VUhe Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 1v, 1887, pp. 130-145. Five plates. JosrpH W. CoLutns. The Gill-Net Cod Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 226-233. Nine plates. JosrpH W. CoLuLins. The Shore Fisheries of Southern Delaware. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 525-541. JosEPH W. CoLLIns. Notes on the use of Squid for food in the United States. Bull. U. S. Fish Com., vit, October 12, 1887, p. 127. JosprH W. Coins. Note on the occurrence of Mag@kerel off the Coast of Florida. Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., v1, October 12, 1887, p. 128. JosErH W. CoLiins. The Work of the Grampus. Forest and Stream, April 19, 1888. This paper was read before the Biological Society at Washington. It contains a detailed statement of the investigations and fish cultural work carried on by the U.S. Fish Commis3ion schooner Grampus. JosEPH W. COLLINS and RICHARD RATHBUN. The Sea Fishing-Grounds of the Eastern Coast of North America from Greenland to Mexico. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section Il, 1887, pp. 5-78 Seven- teen charts. The charts cover all the fishing grounds described. (See also under G. Brown Goode.) .E. D. Corr. On a New Species of Tropidonotus found in Washington. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 146. ; Described as a new species, Tropidonotus bisectus. E. D. Corr. List of the Batrachia and Reptilia of the Bahama Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 436-439. CuaArueEs B. Cory. The Birds of the West Indies, including the Bahama Islands, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, excepting the Islands of Tobago and Trinidad. The Auk, 1V, pp. 311-828; v, pp. 48-82 and pp. 155-159. Full list, with descriptions and synonymies, based in part on specimens in the Nationzl Museum. F CHARLES B. Cory. An apparently new Hlainea from Barbadoes, West Indies. The Auk, V, p. 47. Described as a new species, Elainea barbadensis. Compared with material in the National Museum. CHares B. Cory. Description of a supposed new form of Marqgarops from Dominica. The Auk, V, p. 47. Described as a new subspecies, Margarops montanus rufus. Compared with material in the National Museum. ELLIOTT CovEs. New Forms of North American Chordeiles. The Auk, V, p. 37. Chordeiles sennetti and Chordeiles chapmani described as new forms, the type of the former being No. 65490, U. S. National Museum. WILLIAM HEALEY DaLu. Report on the Department of Mollusks in the U.S. National Museum, 1885. Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1885, Part 01, 1885 (1886), pp. 103-111. WILLIAM HEALEY DaLL. On the position of Mount St. Elias and the Schwatka -expedition to Alaska. Proc. Royal Geographical Soc., 1x, No. 7, July, 1887, pp. 444, 445. Corrects certain erroneous assumptions appearing in various publications relating to the Schwatka expedition, as to the position of the shore-line of Alaska near Mount St. Elias, and indirectly as to the position of the mountain. WILLIAM HEALEY Dau. Notes on the Geology of Florida. Amer. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., XXXIV, Art. XIX, September, 1887, pp. 161-170. Recites recent additions to our knowledge of the Tertiary formations in Florida, especially iu the Miocene and Pliocene formations, and some conclusions as to the nature and succession of geological changes there, derived from observations recently made by the author and others. (Also printed as a separate.) WILLIAM HEALEY DaLL. Spencer Fullerton Baird. Nation, New York, vol. xty, No. 1170, pp. 483, 434, December 1, 1887. A review of the life and character of the late Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 711 WILLIAM HALEY DALL. Professor Baird in Science. Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington, X, 1888, pp. 61-70. This paper was also published in ‘* Proceedings at a meeting commemorative of the life and scientific work of Spencer Fullerton Baird,” held January 11, 1888, under the joint auspices of the Anthropological, Biological, and Philosophical Societies of Washington, Washington, District of Columbia. (Judd & Detweiler, 1888, pp. 21-30.) WILLIAM HkaLEY Dati. Some American Conchologists. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1v, May, 1888, pp. 95-134. Presidential address, giving brief biographical studies of eighteen of the principal deceased conchologists of the United States, with portraits of William Stimpson, Josepb Pitty Con- thouy, and Isaac Lea. : (Also printed separately, with title-page and cover.) FREDERIC P. Dewey. Report onthe Department of Metallurgy and Economic Geology in the U. S. National Museum, 1885. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, Part 11, 1885 (1886), pp. 143-147. Freperic P. Dewey. Photographing the Interior of a Coal Mine. Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers, Xvi, 1887, p. 307. In this is given an account of taking some photographs of the interior of the Kohinoor col- liery by electric light during the summer of 1884. The paper is illustrated by plates of four of the views obtained (copied by the Levytype process) direct from the negative, without any retouching. THOMAS DoNALDSON. The | George Catlin Indian Gallery | in the | U. S. National Museum | (Smithsonian Institution), | with | Memoir and Statistics. | By | Thomas Donaldson. | — | From the Smithsonian Report for 1855. | — | Washing- ton: | Government Printing Office. | 1887. pp. I-vii+1-939. One hundred and forty-four plates. WiLit1aAmM DutcHerR. Bird Notes from Long Island, New York. The Auk, V, pp. 169-183. Material compared with specimens in National Museum. . EDWARD EARLL. The Coast of Maine and its Fisheries. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 1, 1887, Part 1, pp. 5-102. . EDWARD EARLL. New Jersey and its Fisheries. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 1, 1887, Part VII, pp. 379-400. . EDWARD EARLL. Pennsylvania and its Fisheries. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 11, 1887, Part vii, pp. 401-405. . EDWARD EaRLu. Maryland and its Fisheries. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 1, 1887, Part x, pp. 421-448. . EpwAarRD EARLL. North Carolina and its Fisheries. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section U1, 1887, Part XII, pp. 475-497. . EDWARD EARLL. The Fisheriesof South Carolina and Georgia. The Pisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 11, 1887, Part X11, pp. 499-518. . EDWARD EARLL. Eastern Florida and its Fisheries. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 1, 1887, Part XIv, pp. 519-531. . Epwarp EARL. Statistics of the Mackerel Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section vy, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 304-809. ~ . EpwarD Harti. The Herring Fishery and the Sardine Industry. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section Vv, vol. I, 1887, Part VI, pp. 417-524. Thirty-one plates. . Epwarp Earuu. The Spanish Mackerel Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section vy, vol. 1, 1887, Part vul, pp. 543-552. Two plates. R. EDWARD HARLL. The Mullet Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section V, vol.1, 1887, Part 1x, pp. 553-582. One plate. R. EDWARD EARLL. Statistics of the Fisheries of Maine. % Census Bulletin No. 278 (Tenth Census) pp. 1-47. R. Epwarp Eariti and MarsHaLtt McDONALD. Commercial Fisheries of the Mid- dle States. Census Bulletin No. 297 (Tenth Census) pp. 1-14. R. EpwarD Eariu and MarsHaLtt McDONALD. Commercial Fisheries of the South- ern Atlantic States. Census Bulletin No. 298 (Tenth Census) pp. 1-18. a eo) eel esl es] esl ed) Es) ol Es] 712 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. CaruL H. EIGENMANN. Description of a new species of Ophichthys (Ophichthys retro- pinnis), from Pensacola, Florida. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 116. (See also under David S. Jordan.) D. G. E.itor. The Jacanide. The Auk, V, pp. 288-305. A. full monograph of the family, based in part on material in the National Museum. A. K. Fisuer. ARallus longirostris crepitans breeding on the Coast of Louisiana. The Auk, V,p.108. Compared with specimens in the National Museum. C. H. GILBERT, Davip S. JORDAN and. (See under David S. Jordan.) THEODORE GiLL. The Characteristics of the Hlacatids. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 612-614. Plate xXxxIx. THEODORE GiLL. Note on the Gramma loreto of Poey. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 615, 616. G. BROWN GoopE. Report* upon the condition and progress of the U. 8. National Museum during the half year ending June 30, 1885. 8vo, pp. 1-264. G. Brown GoovbE. Scientific Men and Institutions in America. The Epoch, 1, 1887, p. 467. G. BRowN Goopr. A New Work on American Birds. The Epoch, it, 1887, p. 336. Review of Ridgeway’s ‘‘ Key.”’ G. EROwN Goopr. American Fishes: | A popular treatise | Upon the | Game and Food Fishes | of | North America, | with special reference to habits and methods | of capture. | By |G. Brown Goode. | * * * |—]| With numerous illustra- tions. | — | New York: | Standard Book Company. | 1888. Royal 8vo, pp. i-xv-+1-496. G. BRowN Goopr. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries | Spencer F. Baird, Commissioner | — | The Fisheries | and | Fishery Industries | of the | United States | — | Prepared through the co-operation of the Commissioner of Fisheries— and the Superintendent of the Tenth Census | by | George Brown Goode | Assist- ant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution | and a staff of Associates | —Wash- ington | Government Printing Office | 1887. Section 11. A geographical review of the Fisheries Industries and Fishing Communities tor the year 1880. pp. i-ix+1-787, 4to. Section mt. The Fishing Grounds of North America, with forty-nine charts. Edited by Richard Rathbun. pp. i-xviii--5-238, 4to. Section 1vt. The Fishermen of the United States. By George Brown Goode and Joseph W. Collins. pp. 1-178, 4to. Section vy. History and Methods of the Fisheries. In two volumes, with an atlas of 255 plates. Vol. 1: pp. i-xxii+1-808, 4to. Vol. 1: pp. i-xx-+1-881, 4to. G. BRown GoopE. The Beginnings | of | Natural History | in | America. | — | An Address delivered at the Sixth Anniversary | Meeting of the Biological Society | of Washington. | — | By | G. Brown Goode, | President of the Society. | — | From the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Volume m1, 1884— 1886. | — | Washington: | Printed for the Society. | 1886. pp. [85]-[105], 8vo. Printed also as a separate. G. Brown Goopr and JosepH W. Coiiins. The Fishermen of the United States. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 1v, 1887, pp. 1-129. Thirteen plates. G. Brown GOODE and JosEPpH W. Co.tuins. The Mackerel Fishery of the United States. Lhe Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section V, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 245-304. Thirty plates. *In Smithsonian Report, Part 11. + These two sections are in one volume. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. (eS) G. Brown Gooner and JosepH W. Coitins. The Fresh Halibut Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol 1, 1887, pp. 3-89. Twenty-two plates. G. Brown GoopsE and JosrerH W. Cottins. The Bank Hand-line Cod Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 123-133. Two plates. G. Brown GoopvE and JoserH W. Cotiins. The Labrador and Gulf of Saint Law- rence Cod Fisheries. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol.1, pp. 133-147. G. BRowNn GooDE and JosmrH W. CoLuins. The Bank Trawi-line Cod Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol I, pp. 148-187. Five plates. G. Brown GOoDE and JosEPH W. CoLLins. The George’s Bank Cod Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. I, pp. 187-198. Six plates. G. BROWN GoopE and JosEPH W. CoLuins. The Haddock Fishery of New England. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. 1, pp. 234-241. ‘Three plates. G. BRowN GOODE and JosEPH W. CoLLins. The Hake Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. 1, pp. 241-243. Three plates. G. BRown GoopE. The Swordfish Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. I, 1887, pp. 315-326. Two plates. G. BRowNn GoobE and A. Howarp CLark. The Menhaden Fishery. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 327-415. Thirty-two plates. N.S. Goss. New and Rare Birds Found Breeding on the San Pedro Martir Isle, (Gulf of California. ) The Auk, V, pp. 240-244. Material compared with specimens in the National Museum. Sula gossi and Sula brewster described as new species from R. Ridgway’s manuscript. Types presented to the National Museum. SYMINGTON GRIEVE. Recent information about the Great Auk, or Garefowl, Alca impennis Linn. Transactions of the Edinburgh Field Naturalists’ and Microscopical Society, September 1883, pp. 1-27. Presidential address on the occasion of the twentieth session of the society. This paper gives a résumé of the most recent information in regard to the Great Auk, including some additions to and corrections of the lists given in Mr. Grieve’s monograph. There are many references to the material and information collected by the Grampus expedition, and the National Museum is shown to possess more than half the amount of osteological material extant. O. P. Hay. A Contribution to the knowledge of the Fishes of Kansas. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 242-253. Romyn HircHcock. Report on the Section of Textile Industries in the U. S. National Museum, 18385. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, Part 11, 1885 (1886), pp. 59-60. Romyn Hircucock. Report on the Section of Foods in the U. 8. National Museum, _ 188. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, Part 1, 1885 (1886), p. 61. Romyn Hircucock. The Biological Examination of Water. Amer. Mier. Journ. vill, Nos. 8, 9, 11, August, September, November, 1887, pp. 147, 169, 203. Contains results of examination of two specimens of ice in Japan. W. H. Homes. Report on the Section of American Prehistoric Pottery in the U.S. National Museum, 1885. Report of the Smithsonian Inst,tution, Part 11, 1885 (1886), p. 69. 714 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. W.'T. HornapAy. The Passing of the Buffalo. The Cosmonolitan Magazine, 1v, Nos. 2 and 3, October and November, 1887, pp. 85-98 and 231-243. Fifteen illustrations. A popular account of the Smithsonian Expedition for American Bison, and its results. The illustrations of bisons are highly flnished wood engravings from photographs of the specimens mounted for the National Museum group, and by many are considered the finest representa- tions of the species ever published. WALTER HoueH. An Eskimo Strike-a-light from Cape Bathurst, British America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1, 1888, pp. 181, 184. Reprinted in ‘‘Scientific American Supplement,” xxvut, No. 694, April 20, 1889. This paper describes a very complete set of fire-making apparatus used by the Eskimo of Cape Bathurst, a region lying half way between the great groups of the east and the Alaskan Eskimo. The ordinary processes of fire-making among the western Eskimo have been de- scribed by Mr. Hough in an extended paper, published in this volume. The strike-a-light herein described consists of a cylinder of pyrites, or sulphate of iron, a piece of flint, and a little pouch of dried cedar bark, to serve as a tinder, the whole packed in a water-proof bag of fur and arranged in the most convenient manner. The importance of this specimen lies in the fact that it raises the question of the antiquity of this method of fire-making among the aborig- ines of America. WALTER HouauH. Notes on the Ethnology of the Congo. American Naturalist, XX1, 1887, pp. 689-693. A résumé of technological processes and Bee of customs as brought out by observation of the collections from the Congo in the U. 8. National Museum. Smelting. quality of iron, manufacture of weapons, kinds of weapons, eee and conventionality in design, mode of execution, money, clothing, weaving, food, religion. WaLTER HouGH. The Magic Mirror of China and Japan. American Naturalist, XXU, January, 1883, pp. 86-88. J. AMORY JEFFRIES. A Description of an Apparently New Species of Trochilus from California. The Auk, Vv, pp. 168, 169. Described as a new species, Trochilus violajugulum. Compared with specimens in tke National Museum, DaviIpD S. JoRDAN. Note on the ‘‘Analyse de La Nature” of Rafinesque. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 480, 481. DAVID S. JORDAN. Description of a new species of Caliionymus (Callionymus bairii) from the Gulf of Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 501, 502. Davip S. JorDaN. Note on Polynemus californiensis of Thominot. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 322 Davip 8. JORDAN aud CARL H. EIGENMANN. Notes on a collection of fishes sent by Mr. Charles C. Leslie, from Charleston, South Carolina. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 269, 270. e Davin S. JorDAN and C. H. GInBERT. Description of anew species of Thalassophryne (Thalassophryne dowt), om Punta Arenas and Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 388. P.L. Jouy. Cormorant Fishing. Hvening Post, New York, October 13, 1887, p. 3. Correspondence to the ‘‘Evening Post,” from Boston, giving an abstract of Mr. Jouy’s paper on the subject of Cormorant Fishing in Japan, as read before the annual meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union held in Boston, October, 1887. P. L. Jovy. On Cormorant Fishing in Japan. American Naturalist, xxi, January, 1888, pp. 1-3. An account of the author’s trip to the Banngawa River, Central Japan, to witness the capture of Plecoglossus altivelis by trained Cormorants. J. F. Kempe. Notes on the Ore Deposits and Ore Dressing in southeast Missouri. School of Mines Quarteriy, 1x, No. 1, October, 1887, p. 74. This paper embraces the author’s observations upon the ore deposits, the methods of min- ing, and the mechanical dressing of the ore. The last subject is treated very fully J.F. Kemp. Noteson Lead Smelting in southeast Missouri. School of Mines Quarterly, 1x, No. 3, April, 1888, p. 212. Gives a description of the various smelting processes followed. together with many valuable analyses. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 715 J. H. Kipprr. Report on the Thermometers of the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Rep. U. S. Fish Com., 1885 (1887), Part X11, pp. 185-213. Twenty figures. H. KNowiron. A Protest Against Bird Murdering. The American Angler, xi, No. 8, February 25, 1888, p. 118. A protest against the destruction of small birds. (This article was copied by the “Utica Herald,’’ New York.) : F. H. KNow.ton. The Geographical History of Plants. By Sir William Dawson. (Review. ) Public Opinion, iv, March 3, 1888. This also aenearedt in ‘‘The Botanical Gazette,’ x111, 1888, pp. 167-168. ¥. H. KNow.iTon. Introduction to Physical Science. By A. P. Gage. (Review.) Public Opinion, 1v, March 10, 1888. F. H. KNow.ton. The Story of Creation; a Plain Accountof Evolution. By Edward Clodd. (Review.) Public Opinion, tv, March 17, 1888. F. H. KNowiLton. The English Sparrow Question. The Brandon Union, Vermont. 2 Account of the distribution and extent of damages done. F. H. KNowriron. Fossil Woods of the Northwest. By Sir Wm. Dawson. (Review.) The Botanical Gazette, X11, 1888, p. 66. F. H. KNowiton. Evolution and its Relation to Religious Thought. By Joseph Le Conte. (Review. ) Public Opinion, v, April, 1888. F. H. KNowxron. Lichens from the Easter Islands. The Botanical Gazette, X11, 1888, p. 94. Enumerates several species of lichens found on the stone idol, brought to the U. S. Nationil Museum from the Easter Islands. F. H. KNOWLTON. Gospels of Yesterday. By Richard Watson. (Review.) Public Opinion, v, April, 1888. F. H. KNOwtton. Practical Education. By Charles G. Leland. (Review.) Public Opinion, v, April, 1888. F. H. KNow ton. Volcanoes and Earthquakes. By Samuel Kneeland. (Review.) Public Opinion, v, May 3, 1888. F. H. KNowtton. The Icelandic Discoverers of America. By M. A. Brown. (Re- view.) Publie Opinion, V, May 10, 1888. F. H. KNOWLTON. Discovery of the Origin of the Name of America. By Thomas de St. Bris. (Review.) Public Opinion, v, May 19, 1888. FP. H. KNowiton. Old and New Astronomy. By Richard Proctor. (Review.) Public Opinion, v, May 19, 1888. F. H. KNowiton. The Credentials of Science. By Josiah P. Cooke. (Review.) Public Opinion, V, May 25, 1888. F. H. KNOWLTON. Social History of the Races of Mankind. By A. Featherman. (Review.) Publie Opinion, Vv, May 25, 1888. I. H. KNowLton. Accidents and Emergencies. By Charles W. Dolles. (Review.) Public Opinion, v, May 25, 1888. . H. KNOWLTON. Tenting on the Plains. By Elizabeth G. Custer. (Review.) Public Opinion, v, June 1, 1888. .H. KNOwLToNn. German Exercises. By Ferd. Stein. (Review.) Public Opinion, Vv, June 1, 1888. , F. H. KNowiton. The Civil War in America. By the Count de Paris. (Review.) 18 = leg|ii | fea] Public Opinion, Vv, June 8, 1888. . H. KNowLton. Coast Defenses of the United States. By Henry L. Abbot. (Review.) Publie Opinion, v, June 15, 1888. F. H. KNow.ton. Description of a New Fossil Species of the Genus Chara. Botanical Gazette, X11, 1888, pp. 156-157. 716 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. EF. H. Knowxiron. Great Fossil Forests: One of the Wonders of the Yellowstone National Park. The Bvening Star, Washington, February 6, 1888, p. 4. I. H. KNowxron. A Monograph on Stiemaria, By W.C. Williamson. (Review.) Botanical Gazette, X11, 1888, pp. 43-44. F. H. KNow.ton. A visit to a Fossil Forest. The Brandon Union, Vermont, January 20, 1888. Describes a visit made to the Yellowstone National Park. S.R. KorHLer. Museum of Fine Arts. | Print Department. | — | Exhibition | of | the etched work of Rembrandt, | and of artists of his circle, | together with en- eravings, etchings, etc., from paintings | and sketches by him. Principally from | the coliection of | Mr. Henry F. Sewaill, | of New York. | —| April 26 to June 30, 1887. | (seal of the Museum) | Boston: | Printed for the Museum by Alfred Mudge & Son, | 24 Franklin street. | 1887. | 12mo. pp. xiii, 84. Contains a complete short catalogue of the etched work of Rembrandt, arranged chronologi- cally, in the main according to Vosmaer’s list, with an introduction. ; S. R. KOEHLER. John Webber und die Erfindung der Lithographie. . Kunstchronik, Leipzig, xxiii, Nos. 3, 4, and 32, October 27, November 3, 1887, and May 17, 1888. Controverting the claim, advanced by M. Konig, of Vienna, that John Webber invented lithography in London in the year 1788, ten years before Senefelder. S. R. Kornier. A Chapter in “ Die vervielfaltigende Kunst der Gegenwart. Redi- girt von Carl von Liitzow.—I. Der Holzschnitt.—Wien. Gesellschaft fiir verviel- faltigende Kunst. 1887.” pp. 191-214. ‘FE. Nordamerika.” This volume forms part of an extensive work, now in course of publication, on the history of the reproductive arts, in which the various divisions have been assigned to writers sup- posed to be specially well informed concerning the subject-matter treated in them. The chapter in question is on wood-engraving in the Uvited States in the second half of the nine- teenth century. S. R. Korwier. The new school of wood-engraving. The Art Review, New York, December, 1887. An attempt to show that the so-called ‘‘new school” of wood engraving is not merely a freak, but an historical necessity. : S. R. KoEnLER. Zur Kritik des Rundschau. Artikels tiber die gegenwirtige Lage der Kupferstechkunst. Chronik fiir vervielfaltigende Kunst, Vienna, i, No. 3, May, 1888. A protest against the prevaleut unscientific treatment of questions relating to the repro- ductive arts. S. R. KOEHLER. Museum of Fine Arts. | Print Department. | — | Exhibition | of | - the work of the women etchers | of America. | — | Noy. 1 to Dec. 31, 1887. | (seal of the Museum) | Boston: | Printed for the Museum by Alfred Mudge & Son, | 24 Franklin street, | 1887 12mo. pp. 26. Catalogue of the proofs exhibited, with an introduction, giving some details concerning the history of women as etchers. (The exhibition was repeated, with additions, by the Union League Club, of New York, April 12-21, 1888, and the catalogue issued by this organization, with an introduction by Mrs. Schuyler van Rensselaer, must be consulted for corrections.) S. R. KokHLER. Museum of Fine Arts. | Print Department. | — | Exhibition | of | Albert Diirer’s | engravings, etchings, and dry-points, | and of most of the wood cuts executed | from his designs. | Selected from the coilection of Mr. Henry F. Sewall, of | New York, and from the Gray Collection | belonging to Harvard Col- lege. | Together with | eight original drawings | from the collection von Franck. | November 15, 1888, to January 15, 1889. | (seal of the Museum) | Boston: ; Printed for the Museum by Alfred Mudge & Son, | 24 Franklin street. | 1883. 12mo. pp. xxii, 81. Lupwic KUMLIEN and Freprrick W. Trur. The Fishing Grounds of the Great Lakes. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States. Section 11, 1887, pp. 117-381. W. LILLJEBORG. Contributions to the Natural History of the Commander Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Wus., X, 1887, pp. 154-156. On the Entomostraca collected by Dr. Leonhard Stejneger on Bering Island, 1882-1883. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Wake EDWIN Linton. Notes on a Trematode from the White of a Newly-laid Hen’s Ege, Proc. U.S. Nat. ifus., X, 1887, pp. 367-369. HF. A. Lucas. Notes on the Osteology of the Spotted Tinamou. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, July 2, 1887, pp. 157-158. Two figures in text. F. A. Lucas. The Flight of Birds. Science, Xi, No. 261, February 38, 1888, pp. 58-59. Notes on the soaring of birds, and denying that the interlocking of the primaries was under the control of the bird, or of advantage to it. F. A. Lucas. The Bird Rocks of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1887. “of The Auk, V, No. 2, April, 1888, pp. 129-135. Description of these islets, and comparison with the accounts of previous visits. OTs T. Mason. Report on the Department of Ethnology in the U. S. National Museum, 1885. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1885 (1886), part 1, pp. 63-67. Oris T. Mason. Hairy human family. Science, 1x, No. 205, January 7, 1887, pp. 16-17. Oris T. Mason. Synechdochical Magic. Science, 1x, No. 205, January 7, 1887, pp. 17-18. Otis T. Mason. The Aboriginal Miller. Science, 1X, No. 206, January 14, 1887, pp. 25-28. Two plates. Otis T. Mason. ‘The Hupa Indians. Science, 1x, No. 211, February 18, 1887, pp. 149-152. Two plates. Otis T. Mason. Arrangement of Museums. Sctence, 1X, No. 226, June 3, p. 534. Otis T. Mason. The occurrence of similar inventions widely separated. Science, 1x, No. 226, June 3, 1887, pp. 534-535. Oris T. Mason. Indian Cradles and Head-Flattening. Science, 1x, No. 229, June 24, 1887, pp. 617-620. Two plates. Oris T. Mason. Ancient Scrapers. Science, x, No. 230, July 1, 1887, p. 10. Oris T. Mason. Méthode de Classification dans les Musées d’Ethnographie. Revue @ Ethnographie, Paris, vi, pp, 2389-242. Oris T. Mason. (Anthropological Notes.) American Anthropologist, vol. 1, 1888. The Law of Malthus, p.23. Time Check in China, p. 49. Dernial Topography, p. 171. Chinese Partnerships, p. 191. JEROME McNEILL. List of the Myriapods found in Escambia County, Florida, witb descriptions of six new species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, September, 1887, pp. 323-327, plate rx. Gives a list of seventeen species of which the following new species are in the Museum col- lection: Polydesmus bimaculatus, P. varius, Julus lineatus, Schlendyla? perforatus, Lithobuis clarus, L. aureus. JEROME McNeILuL. Descriptions of Twelve New Species of Myriapoda, chiefly from Indiana. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, March 10, 1888, pp. 328-334, plate x1. Describes as new Hexaglenan. gen. H. cryptocephala, Polydesmus castaneus, Trichopetalum bullmant, Lisiopetaluim eudasym, Julus multiannulatus, Geophilus brunneus, G. indianae, G. varians, Mecistocephalus umbraticus, M. strigorus, M. fiveatus, Scolopocryptus nigridius. C. HART MuRRIAM. Huetheia canora from Sombrero Key, Florida. A Bird New to the United States. The Auk, V,p. 322. Compared with specimens in the U.S. National Museum, and the fragment from which the identitication was made presented to the Museum. GuORGE P. MERRILL. Report on the Department of Lithology and Physical Geology in the U. S. National Museum, 1885. : Report of the Sinithsonian Institution, 1885 (1886), part 1, pp. 1389-142. GHORGE P. Merritt. The Salt Industry in the United States. Nature, xxxvil, No. 968, April 12, 1888, p. 558. A note calling attention to a discrepancy in the latest edition of the British Encyclopedia rela- tive to the salt industry of the United States. 718 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. GEORGE P. MERRILL. Note on the Secondary Enlargment of Augites in a Peridotite from Little Deer Isle, Maine. Am. Jour. Sci., XXXV, No. 210, June, 1888, pp. 488-490. Describes as the title denotes a case of secondary enlargement on the augites. It is be- lieved the phenomena is here noted for the first time. GEORGE P. MERRILL. Common Salt. Its Geology and Manufacture. The Chautauquan, vit, No. 2, November, 1887, pp. 82-85. A condensed though somewhat popular account of the origin and position of the salt beds of the world, the methods of mining and manufacture, and statistics so far as obtainable of the annual output of the world. GEORGE P. MERRILL. What makes it Rain? St. Nicholas, xv, No. 6, April, 1888, pp. 403-405. (‘Lwo illustrations.) A popular article for young readers on the cause and distribution of the rain-fall. GEORGE P. MERRILL. On a New Meteorite from the San Ewmigdio Range, San Bernardino County, California. Am. Jour. Sct., XXXV, No 210, pp. 490-491. Describes in brief a hitherto unknown meteoric stone ef the Chondrite variety, found by a prospector in the San Emigdio Mountains. GEORGE P. MERRILL. Concerning the Montville Serpentine. Science, X1, No. 281, June 22, 1888, p. 302. A brief preliminary note on the metasomatic origin of the serpentine 8 the above named locality. The full paper ultimately appears in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum. J.C. MERRILL. Notes on the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon. (With Remarks on certain species by William Brewster). The Auk, V, pp. 189-146, and pp. 251-262. Frequent reference to material in the U.S. National Museum. EDWARD W. NELson. (Forty-ninth Congress, First Session. Senate. Mis. Doc. No.156.) Report | upon | Natural History Collections | madein | Alaska | between the years 1877 and 1881 | by | Edward W. Nelson. | —| Edited by Henry W. Henshaw. | — | Prepared under the direction of the Chief Signal Officer. | — | No. 11. | Arctic Series of Publications issued in connection with the Signal Service, U. 8. Army. | With Twenty-one Plates. | — | Washington: | Govern- ment Printing Office. | 1887. 337 pp, 4to. Twenty-one plates. The ‘Birds of Alaska,” forming Part 1, occupy pp. 18-226, illustrated by twelve colored plates by R. and J. L. Ridgway. A “‘ Partial Bibliography of Alaskan Ornithology” is found on pp. 223-226. The collections upon which this report is based were made during the years 1877 to 1881 by the author for the U. 8. National Museum, while in Alaska as an observer in the U. 8. Signal Service. Acknowledgments are made to Messrs. R. Ridgway and L. Stejneger for assistance conferred upon the author while writing the ornithological part of the report. WILLIAM PaLMER and HucH M. Smiru. Additions to the Avifauna of Washington and Vicinity. The Auk, Vv, pp. 147, 148. . Based in part on material in the U. S. National Museum. The specimen of Dendroica kirt- landi, collected by Mr. Palmer, and now in the National Museum, is one of the most note- worthy additions. PAUL PELSENEER. Report on the Pteropoda collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873~'76. Part 1. The Gymnosomata. Report on the Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873-’76, Zoology, X1X, Part Iv, 1887, pp. 1-74, Plates 11. General revision of the Pteropoda Gymnosomata, or naked Pteropods, for which water- color drawings taken from life and alcoholic specimens of various species were furnished to the Royal Museum of Natural History, Brussels, Belgium, for the use of M. Pelseneer. It should be noted that by neglecting to use the drawings and depending on diagrams prepared from specimens preserved in spirits, grave errors of form and proportion have been introduced into the plates of this work. The wing-like processes which give the Pteropods their name, shrink out of all proportion when immersed in alcohol. In the case of Pneumodermon pacificum the “wings” are 8.3™™ long by 6™™ wide in a specimen 16™™ in length of body. In the plates referred to, the measurements would be 4.2mm loag and 3.1™™ wide. For this extraordinary misconception the drawings, accurately made from life and furnished by the U.S. National Museum, should not in any way be held responsible. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 719 RICHARD RATHBUN. Report on the Department of Marine Invertebrates in the U. S. National Museum, 1885. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1885 (1886), Part 1, pp. 117-127. RICHARD RATHBUN. Annotated Catalogue of the species of Porites and Synarea in the U. 8. National Museum, with a description of a new species of Porites. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 354-366, Plates xv—x1x. Twenty-three species of Porites and three of Syvarwa are enumerated. Prof. J. D. Dana described eighteen new species of Porites from the collections of the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-42. Four of these are now referred to the genus Synarewa Verrill. The - type specimens of sixteen of Dana's species are now contained in the U. S. National Museum and are included in this list. One new species, P. Brannevi, is described from Brazil. Notes are given on P. astreoides, solida, clavaria, and fwreata, all of which are represented by large series of specimens. The principal varieties of clavaria and furcata, and the cell structure of Branneri, are illustrated on the plates. : RiIcHARD RATHBUN. Descriptions of the species of Heliaster (a genus of Starfishes) represented in the U. 8. National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 440-449, Plates Xx11I-XxVI. Four species are described and figured, and brief diagnoses of each are also given. They are as follows: Heliaster microbrachia Xantus, Cumingii Gray, helianthus Gray, and multira- diata Gray. The types of Xantus’s species, microbrachia and Kubingii, described in 1860, are preserved inthe Museum. Recent collections from the Galapagos Islands contain two species which are evidently those described by Gray, in 1840, from the same region (Cumingii and multiradiata), but which have not since been obseryed by naturalists, Gray’s types haying also disappeared. H. Kubingii of Xantus and A. multiradiata of Gray are shown to be iden- tical. RICHARD RATHBUN. Ocean Temperatures of the Kastern Coast of the United States, with thirty-two charts. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section 111, 1887, pp. 155-177. This report is based upon temperature observations taken twice daily at twenty-four light- houses and light-vessels, more or less favorably located for ascertaining the ocean temperatures along the coast, and covers the five years from 1881 to 1885, inclusive. Each station is repre- sented by a graphic chart, on which the temperature of the surface water 1s plotted by curves for each of the five years, and that of the air for two years (1881 and 1882), being reduced to ten- day means. Seven charts relate to the surface isotherms derived from the same observations. These are shown for every five degrees of temperature from 40° to 80° by yearly charts, and ly one chart giving the mean results for the five years. One chart also exhibits the relations between the air and surface isotherms. These charts were constructed to illustrate the influ- ence of temperature upon the movements of the mackerel, menhaden, and other species of migratory fishes. RICHARD RatuHBuN. [The Crab, Lobster, Crayfish, Rock Lobster, Shrimp, and Prawn _ Fisheries. The Leech Industry and Trepang Fishery. The Sponge Fishery and Trade. } The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section y, vol. U, 1887; Part Xx1, pp. 627-810; Part xxi, pp. 811-816; Part XX1, pp. 817-841. (See also under Joseph W. Collins). CHARLES RAv. Report on the Department of Antiquities in the U. 8. National Museum, 1885. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1885 (1886), Part 11, pp. 71-78. CuaRLes W. RicumMonp. An Annotated List of Birds Breeding in the District of Columbia. The Auk, V, pp. 18-25. Recording one hundred species of birds as breeding in the District. ROBERT RipGway. Report on the Department of Birds in the U. 8S. National Museum, 1885. : Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1885 (1886), Part 11, pp. 85-91. ROBERT RipGway. A | Manual | of | North American Birds. | By | Robert Ridgway. | — | Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the | Generic Characters. | — | Phil- delphia: | J. B. Lippincott Company. | 1387. xi, 631 pages, qr.8vo. One phototype and one hundred and twenty-four plates. The object of this work is to furnish a convenient manual of North American ornithology, reduced to the smallest compass by the omission of everything that is not absolutely necessary for determining the character of any given specimen, andincluding, besides the correct nomen- 120 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, i888, Ropert RipbGway—Continued. clature of each species, a statement of its natural habitat, and other concomitant data. The classification, numeration, and nomenclature conform strictly with the ‘‘Check List of North Ameiican Birds” recently published by the American Ornithologists’ Union. The geographical limits of the worls also conform to those adopted by the Ametican Ornithologists’ Union; but it has been deenied advisable, for the special benefit of observers or investigators along our southern border, to include in the synopsis all Mexi¢an, Cuban, and Bahaman species of each Noth American genus, and also, in the keys to the genera, additional Mexican genera. Spe- cial exception to geographical limitation has been made in the case of the Petrels and Alba» trosses, pelagic birds whose fortuitous wanderings render it possible for almost any species to occur in our Waters as an accidental visitor. The frontispiece is an excellent engraving of the late Prof. Spencer F. Baird. RoBERT RipGway. Description of a New Species of Porzana from Costa Rica. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 111. Described as a new species, Porzana alfari.* Robert RrpGway. Notes on Ardea wurdemanni Baird. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 112-115. Ropert RipGway. Trogon ambiguus breeding in Arizona. Pric. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 147. Description of the nestling plumage of this species from a specimen collected by Lieut. H. C. Benson, U. 8. Army.t RoBerT RipGway. Description of a New Plumed Partridge from Sonora. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 148-150. Described as a new subspecies, Callipepla elegans bensoni, type No. 110502, U.S. National Museum. + RoBerT RipGway. Description of a New Genus of Dendrocolaptine pie from the Lower Amazon. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 151. Picolaptes rikeri made the type of a new genus, Berlepschia. ROBERT RipGway. Description of a New Species of Phacellodomus from Wenceneles Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 152. Described as a new species, Phacellodomus inornatus, type, No. 89794, U. S. National Museum. ROBERT RipGway. Description of two New Bpecice of Kaup’s Genus Megascops. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 267, 268 Described as new species, Megascops vermiculatus and Megascops hastatus, types Nos. 55978 and 85678, U.S. National Museum. RopertT RimpGway. Description of a New Muscisaxicola, from Lake Titicaca, Peru. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 430. Described as a new species, Muscisaxicola occipitalis. ROBERT RipGway. On Parygilus gayi (Eyd. & Gerv.) and Allied Species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 431-435. ; A synopsis of the group, with full synonymy, etc. Phrygilws punensis described as new. RoBERT RipGway. Description of two new Races of Pyrrhuloxia sinuata Bonap. The Auk, iv, p.347. Described as new races, Pyrrhulozia sinuata beckhami and P. s. peninsule, types, U. S. National Museum, Nos. 6370 and 87547. RoBERT RipGway. On the correct subspecific title of Baird’s Wren (No. 719 ¢. A. ©, Wi, ©, i, The Auk, iV, pp. 349, 350. Proposes to substitute the name Thryothorus bewickii murinus (Hartl.) as prior to Thryo- thorus bewickii leucogaster Baird and Thryothorus bairdi Salv. & Godm. ROBERT RipGway. Spencer Fullerton Baird. (Read before the Fifth Meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union.) The Auk, v, pp. 1-14. Biographical notice, with writer’s reminiscences. RoperT RmpGway. Description of a New Tityra from Western Mexico. The Auk, V, p. 263. Described as a new subspecies, Tityra personata grisciceps, type, U. S. National Museum, No. 58235. * Ace. 19345, fAcc. 18082. + Ace. 18730, BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. T21 ROBERT RipG@way. (Letter addressed to the Editors of ‘‘ The Ibis” in regard to the Breeding Plumage of Colymbus occidentalis.) Ibis, 5th ser., V, 1887, pp. 361-362. Shows that the summer plumage of Colymbus occidentalis was known to and correctly de- scribed by North American ornithologists, and suggests that the bird described in a previous number by Canon ‘Tristram as such may be a Colymbus holboellii with the throat unusually light-colored. Rosperr RipG@way. Grouse and Mallard Plumage. Forest and Stream, XX1X, No. 24, January 25, 1888, p. 463. C. V. Ritxy. Report on the Department of Insects in the U. 8S. National Museum, 1835. Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1885. (1886), Part 11, pp. 113-116. CHARLES V. Ritky. The Life History oftheIcerya. Forms of the Cottony Cushion Scale. Pacific Rural Press, XXXiv, July 2, 1887, p. 9. Editorial quotations from the reports of the auibor for 1886, and gives copy of plates with figures of the f insect. Description of life history of the male. CHARLES V. RinEy. The Hop Plant-Louse. Country Gentleman, LU, July 7, 1887, p. 529. Résumé of the recent discoveries in the life history of the species, setting forth the proof of migration from plum to hop, the number of broods thus far observed, and the probable course of the later broods. CHARLES V. RitEy. A New Apple Pest. The Apple Leaf Flea-Beetle (Haltica punctipennis Le Conte). Gardener's Monthly, XX1x, July, 1887, p. 216. A brief history of the species as a new injurious insect, giving habits and remedies. CHARLES Y. RILEY. Whitewashing Trees. City and Country (Columbus, Ohio), vi, August, 1887, p. 217. Quotes the author’s views discountenancing the practice as valueless against certain treo defoliators. CHARLES VY. Ritey. Report of Observations and Experiments in the Practical Work of the Division, made under the Direction of the Entomologist. U.S. Depariment of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Bulletin, No. 14, August 3, 1887, pp. 1-62. One plate ; two figures. Contains the following papers: Introduction, by C. V. Riley, pp.7,8: a general commentary on the other contents of the bulletin, especially disclaiming concurrence in the conclusions of D. B. Wier. Report on Insects Injurious to Garden Crops in Florida, by Wm. H. Ashmead, special agent, pp. 9-29. Report on Buffalo Gnats, by F. M. Webster, special agent, pp. 29-39. The Native Plums—How to Fruit them—They are Practically Curculio-Proot, by D. B. Wier, pp. 39-52. The Serrell Automatic Silk Reel, by Philip Walker, pp. 52-59, with plate and two figures. CHARLES V. Ritry. The Icerya or Fluted Scale, otherwise known as the Cottony Cushion-Scale. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Bulletin No. i5, August, 1887, pp. 1-40. [Reprint of some recent articles by the Entomologist and of a report from the Agricultu- ral Experiment Station, University of California. ] Contains the following: The Seale Insects of the Orange in California, and particularly the Icerya or Fluted Scale, alias White Scale, alias Cottony Cushion-seale, ete. [Address by Prof. C. V. Riley before the California State Board of Horticulture, at its semi-annual session ab Riverside, California, April 12, 1887, as reported in the Pacific Rural Press, June 11, 1887, pp. 27-33.] The use of gases against Seale Insects. Report from Bulletin No. 71, Agricultu- ral Experiment Station, University of California, pp. 35-40. CHARLES VY. RitEy. Discovery of the female of Phengodes. Entomologica Americana, 1, September, 1887. p. 107. Brief statement of the characters of the 2 Phengodes, before the Ent. Club A. A. A. S., forming part of the published minutes. CHARLES V. RiteyY. Pronuba and the Pollination of Yucca. Entomologica Americana, 11, September, 1887, pp. 107, 108. Gives a record otf the results of recent experiments on the pollination of Yucca and the agency of Pronuba in this work. Reiterates his previously expressed views on this subject. (In Proc. Ent. Club A. A. A. 5.) < H. Mis. 142, pt. 2 AG 122 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. CHARLES V. Ritny. The Hop Plant-Louse. Gardener's Chronicle, September 17, 1887, p. 333. Editorial summary of observations made, practically the same as in the Proc. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sei. (See later record.) CHARLES V. RILEY. Beschreibung einer den Birnen schidlichen Gallmiicke (? Di- plosis nigra Meig.). Wiener Hntomologische Zeitung, vi, September, 1887, pp. 201-206. Three figures. Details the discovery of the species in America, its habits there, and life history. Gives a full description of the species in all stages, suggests a possible difference from the European species, and proposes the name D. pyrivora, should the American form eventually prove distinct. CHARLES V. RILEY. Some Important Discoveries in the Life History of ihe Hop Plant-Louse (Phorodon humuli Schrank). Scientific American, Suppl., xxiv, September 24, 1887, p. 9781. A summary or abstract of a paper read before the Society for the Promotionot Agricultural Science, giving the result of experiments, proving the migration of the species from hop to plum in fall, the life of the egg on plum in winter, and the spring migration to hop. Reprint in Gardener's Monthly, Xx1x, October, 1887, p. 309, and in various other journals. CHARLES V. RiteEyY. The Hessian Fly in England. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1887, pp. 45-48. Discusses the question of the date of introduction into America and England, and shows, from a study of its distribution, its parasites, and the historical evidence, that the insect was probably introduced into England, and not more than three or four years ago. CHARLES VY. RILEY. Poisonous Insects. Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences, v, 1887, pp. 741-760, figures 2971-3020. An exhaustive and illustrative review of species in all orders which secrete a poison inju- rious to man, together with descriptions of their life histories, the manner in which injury is inflicted, and the remedies indicated. CHARLES V. Ritty. The Problem of the Hop Plant-Louse (Phorodon humuli Schrank) in Europe and America. Report British Ass. Adv. Sci., 1887, pp. 750-753. Printed also as a separate. Gives a history of what has been discovered in the life history of this species; a statement of its migratory habits; its winter home; methods of checking its increase, and comments skeptically on the differences of habits recorded in England as to wintering. CHARLES V. RILEY. On the Luminous Larviform females in the Phengodini. Report British Ass. Adv. &ci., 1887, pp. 760-761. Printed also as a separate. Records recent studies and discoveries on this subject by the author and others. Describes several of the species and their habits, and suggests the significance from an evolutionary standpoint of the great differentiation of the sexes. CHARLES V. RILEY. On Icerya purchasi, an insect injurious to Fruit Trees. Proc. British Ass. Adv. Sci., 1887, p. 767. (Separate, 1. p.) Discusses the synonymy, geographical distribution over three continents, and original home of the species; mentions the more recent and more approved remedies which have been used. CHARLES V. RILEY. The Hessian Fly in England. Its origin; its past; its future. The Times (London), October 12, 1887. Discusses fully the three topics: (1) When was the Hessian fly introduced into England? (2) From what country was it introduced? (3) What may be expected of itin future? He argues that it has been introduced within the last few years; that it came into England from Europe, and not from the continent of America, and decides that English farmers have little to fear from the future injury of the species. He aiso discusses the general laws governing the importation of animals and plants from Europe into America and vice versa. CHARLES VY. Ritey. Importation of Plants into Germany. Gardener's Monthly, Xx1x, October 1887, p. 314. Editorial statement, including correspondence by the author with the authorities in Germany, in reference to the possibility of introducing the Phylloera on roots of plants other than grape-vine. Modification of the German laws induced by such correspondence. CHARLES VY. RILEY. The Problem of the Hop Plant-Louse fully solved. Mark Lane Bupress (London), Lyi, October 31, 1887, p. 1392. Full life history of the species, its migrations, mode of hibernation, etc. From the @ar- deners’ Chronicle, October 22, 1887. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. (23 CHARLES VY. RILEY. On the larval habits of Lizxus. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, I, No. 2, 1888, p. 33. Short mention of the breeding habits of ZLiwus macer and ZL. parcus, the latter forming a gall on the stems of Amelanchia, and, incidentally, the girdling habits of Peedisca obfuscata, Riley. : CHARLES V:. RILEY. On the larvye and pupe of Aphorista vitlata and EHpipocus punctatus. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, I, No. 2, 1888, p. 37. Comparison of the earlier stages of these two Endowychid beetles. CHARLES VY. RivEy. On the food-habits of the larva of Feniseca tarquinius. Proc. Lint. Soc. Washington, 1, No. 2, 1888, p. 37. Enumeration of the Aphids upon which the larva of Feniseca has been observed to feed. CHARLES V. RinnyY. Notes on Phengodes and Zarhipis. Froc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, No. 2, 1888, pp. 62, 63. Enumerates the material of the luminous larve or larviform females of the two genera in his possession, and classifies the same according to structural characters in three groups, those of the third group probably belonging to a third genus. Some hitherto overlooked characters are mentioned, and particularly a pair of small spiracular or spiracle-like orifices on the dorsal sutures between joints 4-11, and normally quite hidden by the telescoping of the joints. Their nature is not known, but they may be olfactory organs. CHARLES V. Rirmy. Notes on the life-history of Avgeriide. Proce. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, No. 2, 1888, p. 85. The species discussed are Velittia gloriosa, bred from the roots of Rhus lawrina in southern California; Ageria impropria. bred from strawberry roots in southern California; Phemonoé 5-caudata, from roots of a grafted Japan persimmon in Florida; Sciapteron robinic and Ageria albicornis from Salix californica in southern California; #geria pyri from apple- trees, District of Columbia. CHARLES V. RILEY. Color-variation in the larva of Ayraulis vanille. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, No. 2, 1888, p. 85. Characterization of larve found at Los Angeles, California, which are in marked contrast as to coloration with the form from the Eastern States. CraARLES V. RiteEy. Miscellaneous Insects. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, No. 2, 1888, p. 86. Exhibition of, and short remarks on, the following insects: Humenia atala and its earlier stages; Cloantha derupta and its larva; Dendrotettix, anew genus of Acridiide. CHARLES Y. RILEY. Further Notes on Phengodes and Zarhipis. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, No. 2, 1888, pp. 86, 87. Comparison of the Jarva and larviform female of Zarhipis with those of Phengodes, and notes on the pseudo-pupa state and female of Zarhipis. CHARLES VY. RILEY. Notes on the eversible glands in larvee of Orgyia and Parorgyia, - with notes on the synonymy of species. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, No. 2, 1888, pp. 87, 82. Calls attention to the persistence of the glands on darsal segments 9 and 10 in the larve of all species of both genera, and suggests that they are probably scent organs. P. obliquata is probably synonymous with leweophea, and clinton with achatina, which most probably has some other synonyms. CHARLES VY. Riney. Further Remarks on Phengodes. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, No. 2, 1888, pp. 88-89. Exhibition of a female of Phengodes laticollis from North Carolina. Compar‘son of this larva with the author’s original figure in Le Barron’s fourth report on the insects of Illinois, and with the true larva. CHARLES VY. RitEy. Interesting Lepidoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, No. 2, 1888, p. 89. Exhibition of, and short remarks on, a Syntomeida from southern Florida and a silvery white moth of uncertain systematic position from the same locality, and which is remarkable on ac- count of certain long strings of hairs which issue from the body and are welded together by the ovipositor in the death struggle. CHARLES V. Ritry. The Mulberry Silk-Worm; being a Manual of Instructions in Silk-Culture. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Bulletin No. 9, Seventh Revised Edition, April, 1888. A reprint of the Sixth Edition, T24 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, i888. CHARLES VY. RiLtEY. Catalogue of the Exhibit of Economic Entomology at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition, New Orleans, 1884~85. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, May, 1888, pp. 1-95. A reprint from the plates of the first edition issued in 1884. Crariis VY. Ritby. Elm Tree Depredators. Press and Register (Newark, New Jersey), May 10, 1888, Report of an address before the Newark Board of Trade. A popular account, principally describing the history of the imported Elm Leaf Beetle, and the means to be used against it. Arsenical poisons are most reliable. Cuarues V. Ritey. The British Pest. Worthlessness of the Sparrow as an Insect- killer. National Tribune, April 26, 1888. Gives, first, the result of an examination of the stomach contents of 522 sparrows, of which 92 only, or 17.6 per cent., contained any insects. These insects examined by the author showed a large preponderance of innoxious or actually beneficial species. All are such as can be readily picked up by the birds in their search for their more usual vegetable food. A review of the literature is theu given, showing that the general results attained agree with the author’s own conclusions. which are that the bird is not only useless, but actually ‘‘ destructive,” as termed by Dr. Merriam, and is essentially graminivorous, not insectivorous. The paper con- tains the substance of a communication made by the author to the Biological Society of Wash- ington. CuaRLES V. RiteEy. On the Original Habitat of Icerya Sunn Pacijie Rural Press, XXxv, May 12, 1888, p. 425. A review of the efforts made by the author to fix the original habitat of the species, and con- firmation of the original conclusion that Australia is probably its true home. Study of the original types of J. sacchari in Signoret’s collection at Paris, and decision EE it is distinct from purchasi. CHARLES VY. RitEy. Systematic Relations of Platypsyllus, as determined by the larva. : Scientific American Supplement, XXVv, June 2, 1888, pp. 10356-10358. Four figures. A complete review of the literature of the subject, and of the opinions held as to its systematic position. Details the recent studies made by Dr. Horn and the author, and freely endorses Dr. Horn’s view of the coleopterous nature of the insect, adding additional facts to contirm the same. CuarLes V. Ritey. Report of the Entomologist. Keport of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1887, June, 1888, pp. 48-179. Plates I-vi. Contains the following: Introduction by C. V. Riley. A general review of the work of the year, and comments on the articles by special agents, ete. The Chinch Bug (Blissus leucopterus Say), by L. O. Howard, assistant, with plates 1 and m1, pp. 51-88. The Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella L.), by L. O. Howard, with plate 11, pp. 88-115. Silk Culture; report of the year’s operations, made to the Entomologist, by Philip Walker, agent in charge, pp. 115-122, plates viland vill. Reports of agents. Report on the Gas Treatment for Scale Insects, by D. W. Coquillett, special agent, pp. 123-142, plates 1v-vyI. Report on Experiments against Scale In- sects, by Albert Koebele, special agent, pp. 143-147. Report on the Season’s Observations, and especially upon Corn Insects, by F. M. Webster, special agent, pp. 147-154. Report upon the Insects of the Season in Iowa, by Herbert Osborn, special agent, pp. 154-164. Report on the Season’s Observations in Nebraska, by Lawrence Bruner, special agent, pp. 164-170. Report on Experiments in Apiculture, by N. W. McLain, apicultural agent, pp. 170-178. W. E. D. Scorr. On the Avifauna of Pinal County, with remarks on some Birds of Pima and Gila Counties, Arizona (with annotations by J. A. Allen). The Auk, V, pp. 159-168. Compared with material in the National Museum. NEwron P. ScuppER. The Salt-Halibut Fishery, with especial reference to that of Davis’ Straits. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 90-119. HENRY SEEBOHM. The | Geographical Distribution | of the Family | Charadriida, | of the | Plovers, Sandpipers, Snipes, | and their Allies. | By | Henry Seebohm, | Author of ‘Siberia in Europe,” ‘Siberia in Asia,” “ Catalegue of the Birds in the British Museum” (vol, v), | ‘A History of British Birds, with coloured Ilus- trations of their Kees,” ete. | [Wood-cut.] London: | Henry Sotheran & Co., | 136 Strand, W.C., and 36 Piceadilly, W. | Manchester; 49 Cross Street, BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cu HEenry SEEBOHM.—Continued. xxx, 524 pp., 4to. Twenty-one colored plates, and numerous wood-cuts in the text. For the preparation of this great monograph Mr. Seebohm borrowed quite a number of rare species from the U. S. National Museum. Plate xvitis drawn from a specimen belonging to the Museum. GEORGE B. SENNETT. Notes on the Peucwa ruficeps Group, with Description of a New Subspecies. The Auk, V, pp. 40-42. Described as a new subspecies, Peucea ruficeps scottii. Compared with material in the U.S. National Museum. GrorRGE B. SENNETY. Description of a New Species and Two New Subspecies of Birds from Texas. The Auk, V, pp. 43-46. . Psaltriparus Uoydi described as a new species, and Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli and Parus carolinensis agilis as new subspecies. Compared with material in the U.S. National Museum. GEORGE B. SENNETY. Dichromatism in the Genus Nyctidromus. The Auk, V, pp. 205, 206. Based in part on specimens in the U.S. National Museum. GEORGE B. SENNETT. A New Form of Clapper Rail. The Auk, V, pp. 305-306. Described as a new subspecies, Rallus longirostris scottii. Compared with specimens in the U.S. National Museum. GEORGE B. SenNETT. An addition to the list of N. A. Birds. The Auk, V, p.319. Rallus longirostris caribeus recorded as new to the North American fauna. Compared with specimens in the U. 8. National Museum. R. BowDLER SHARPE. Catalogue | of the | Passeriformes, | or | Perching Birds, | in the | Collection | of the | British Museum. | — | Fringilliformes: Part 1. | Con- taining the Family | Fringillide. | By | KR. Bowdler Sharpe. | London: | Printed by Order of the Trustees. | 1888. xv, 872 pp., 8vo. Sixteen colored plates. A full monograph of the family of Finches, during the preparation of which the author borrowed material from the collection of the U.S. National Museum. R. W. SHUFELDT. Something about Jack-Rabbits. The Swiss Cross, 11, No.1, July, 1887, pp.17-19. One figure in text. A popular account of the author’s hunting Lepus callotis in New Mexico and elsewhere, giving some of the habits of the animal, and a full-page figure of a ‘‘Jack Rabbit” copied from a photograph. The specimens upon which the paper is based are now in the collection of the - Department of Mammals in the U. S. Natioval Museum. R. W.SHUFELDT. Observations upon the Habits of Micropus melanoleucus, with Critical Notes on its Plumage and External Characters. The Ibis, London, April, 1887, pp. 151-158. One colored plate. This paper is chiefly descriptive of collecting the White-throated Swift in New Mexico, with observations upon its habits, ete. In writing the article the author was assisted by material kindly loaned him by Mr. Robert Ridgway from the ornithological collection of the Smith- sonian Institution. Upon some of the specimens taken by Dr. Shufeldt in New Mexico he found a large and new species of parasite, which was subsequently described in the Procecd- ings of the Zoological Society of London. ; R. W. SaureLpr. A Critical Comparison of a Series of Skulls of the Wild and Do- mesticated Turkeys (MW. g. mexicana and M. gq. domestica). Jour. Comp. Med. and Surg., vii, No.3, Art. xx, July, 1887, pp. 207-222. Seven text figures. In this contribution the very striking differences between the typical skulls of wild turkeys and domesticated ones are pointed out in detail, and shown in a series of life-size figures. Sey- eral notable papers by Mr. Ridgway, of the National Museum, on Meéengris were used by the author in his work; and the material upon which it is based will eventually be turned in to the Smithsonian collection. R. W. SHUFELDT. Geococcyx californianus. A correction. The Auk, 1v, No. 3, July, 1887, pp. 254, 255. kh. W. Saurenpr. Individual Variation in the Skeietons of Birds, and other matters. The Auk, wv, No. 3, July, 1887, pp. 265-268. Two text figures. R. W. SHuFELDT. On the Tongue in the Humming-bird. Forest and Stream xxv, No. 25, July 14, 1887, p 351. Three text figures. An illustrated article supporting MacGillivray’s views of the structure of the tongue in the 126 Rk. W. R. SWE . WwW. . W. WwW. o Nis . WwW. W. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. SnurELprT—Continued. Trochili, and exposing the erroneous views still entertained by some ornithologists, that the humming-bird can suck the sweets of flowers through a tubular tongue. The author presents an account of his dissections of the lingual apparatus in these birds. Alcoholic specimens, as well as fresh material, were utilized for the purpose; the former, still in the author's posses- sion, will become the property of the U. S, National Museum. SHUFELDYT. Contributions to the Comparative Craniology of the North Amer- ican Indians.—The Skull in the Apaches. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, London, XxX1, n. s. 1, Part itv, Art. 1, July, 1887, pp. 524— 535. Three text figures. . SHUFELD?T. The Wanton Destruction of the Florida Heronries. Science, X, No. 233, July 22, 1887, pp. 47, 48. . SHUFELDT. The Whip-tailed Scorpion. Forest and Stream, XxX1x, No. 1, July 28, 1887, p. 3. One text figure. Specimens of this insect were sent by the author as contributions to the entomological col- lection of the U.S. National Museum, they having been obtained for him by collectors in New Mexico and Arizona. In the paper about them a life-size figure is given, with a brief account of their habits, the Whip-tailed Scorpion being the Thelyphonus giganteus of arachnidists, a large spider-like scorpion of the southern United States. SHUFELDT. The dermo-tensor patagii muscle. Science, X, No. 234, July 29, 1887, p. 57. Three text figures. . SHUFELDT. The Gila Monster. Forest and Stream, XxX, No. 2, August 24, 1887, p. 24. One text figure. . SHUFELDT. Arrow Release among the Navajos. The American Naturalist, xxi, No. 8, August, 1887, pp. 784-786. SHUFELDT. The Pied Duck. Forest and Stream, XX1x, No. 4, August 18, 1887, p. 64. One figure. A number of duck hunters at different times having written the author that Pied Ducks (Oamptolaimus labradorius) were occasionally seen on the Atlantic coast, this article was written to draw attention to the matter,and to prevent specimen from being destroyed or not properly utilized after shot.. The mounted specimen of the duck in the Smithsonian Institu- tion was used to make the figure illustrating the paper. . W. SHUFELDT. A Chapter on Pterylography. Forest and Stream, Xx1x; No.5, August 25, 1887, pp. 84, 85. Five text figures. SHUFELDT. The American Badger and its Congeners. Forest and Stream, Xx1x, No. 9, September 22, 1887, pp. 162-164. Three figures in text. A review of the Badgers in different parts of the world, with a figure of 7. americana froma photograph. SHUFELDT. A Word about Opossums. Forest and Stream, XxX1x, No. 11, October 6, 1887. pp. 203, 204. One text figure. SHuretpt. Notes on Melanerpes f. bairdi in New Mexico. The Auk, Iv, No. 4, October, 1887, pp. 345, 346. SHUFELDT. A Review of the Muscles used in the Classification of Birds. Jour. of Comp. Med. and Surg., vu, No. 4, October, 1887, pp.321-344. Thirteen text figures. SHUFELDT. The Armadilloes. Forest and Stream, Xx1x, No. 12, October, 1887, pp. 222-224. One text figure. This and former articles similar to it purport to illustrate through the columnsof For. . est and Stream,’ the ‘‘ Provisional List ‘’ of the Mammalia, published by the Curator of Mammals in the U. 5. National Museum, and are chiefly designed to give accurate accounts of the United States mammals; to incite fuller studies of their habits and natural history on the part of hunters and explorers; to show the necessity of the preservation of a number of forms, as the buffalo, beaver, mountain goat, and elk, now rapidly becomingextinct. Finally, to induce hunters to save such material as far as possible, and to send rare skins and skele- tons and alcoholics to museums and especially to the U.S. National Museum, where they may be studied and made use of. R. W. SHUFELDT. The Manatees. Forest and Stream, XxX1x, No. 13, October 20, 1887, pp. 244, 245. Four text figures. R. W. SHUFELDT. Cetaceans of the United States. Porest and Stream, XxX1x, No. 14, October 27, 1887, pp. 263-265 Nine text figures. R. W. SHUFELDT. On a Collection of birds’ Sterna and Skulls, collected by Dr. Thomas F{. Streets, U.S. Navy. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, pp. 376-387. Five text figures. While Dr. Streets, of the Navy, was serving as surgeon and naturalist of the U.S. steamer BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 127 Rk. W. SHUFELDT—Continued. Patterson in the South Pacific he made a very excellent collection of birds’ sterna and skulls, which he presented to the author, who in turn described and figured them in the present paper, and deposited the specimens in the collections of the U.S. National Museum. Several figures of sea-fow] and other forms are given. R. W. SHUFELDT. The Peccary, with Introductory Notes on the Order Ungulata. Forest and Stream, Xxx, No.1, January 26,1888, pp. 4-6. Fourteen text figures. R. W. SHUFELDT, Comparative Data from 2,000 Indian Craniain the U. 8. Army Med- ical Museum. Jour. of Anat. and Phys., London, XXiI,n.s., 11, Part 2, Art. v, Janaary, 1888, pp. 191-214. R. W. SHUFELDY. The American Cervide. Forest and Stream, Xxx, No. 5, February 23, 1888, pp. 84-86. Ten text figures. R. W. SHUFELDT. The Prong-horn Antelope. Forest and Stream, Xxx, No. 8, March 15, 1688, pp. 144, 145. One text figure. R. W. SHUFELDT. Observations on the Pterylosis of certain Picida. The Auk, V, No. 2, April, 1888, pp. 212-218. Five text figures. R. W. SHUFELDT. On the Skeleton in the genus Sturnella, with Osteological Notes upon other North-American Jcteridw, and the Corvide. Jour. of Anat. and Phys., London, XXiI, n.s., 11, April, 1888, pp. 309-350. Plates xIv and xv. R. W. SHUFELDT. The American Buffalo. Forest and Stream, XXx, No, 21, June 14, 1888, p‘411. One text figure. Cuares T. Stupson. Contributions to the Mollusca of Florida. Proc. Davenport Academy of Sciences, V. 1887, pp. 45-56. Specimens wee named and information furnished by the Department of Moilusks to Mr. Simpson, in connection with the preparation of this paper. Huen M. Smiru, WILLiAM PALMER and. (See under William Palmer.) JOHN B. SmirH. A new Genus and Species of Arctiidae. Entomologica Americana, WI, July, 1887, pp. 79, 80. Describes as new Cerathosia tricolor Smith, nu. gen. et sp., from Texas. JouHN B. Smite. Callimorpha. Entomologica Americana, 111, August, 1887. p. 88. Requests collectors to try and obtain the early stages and breed extensively to settle specific distinctness of the forms described. JOHN B. SmitH. Cockroaches. Entomologica Americana, 111, August, 1887, p. 88. Calls attention to some published statements of the uses of these insects in medicine. JOHN B. SmitH. The Species of Callimorpha. Entomologica Americana, Il, September, 1887, pp. 102, 1038. Statements of the results of a study of this genus before the Ent. Club A. A, A. S., forming part of its Proceedings. JoHNn B. SmirH. The Species of Huerythra. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, September, 1887, pp. 335-337. Plate xtir- Describes as new L. trimaculata, from Texas, and gives the differences between the forms. JOHN B. Smita. The North American Species of Callimorpha Latr. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, September, 1887, pp. 338-353. Plates x1 and XIy. Gives areview of the literature of the genus, and a synopsis, followed by detailed descrip- tions of the species, of which OC. lactacata and C. suffusa are described as new. JOHN B.SmitH. Proceedings of the Ent. Club of the A. A. A. S., at the New York meeting, August, 1887. Entomologica Americana, 11, September, 1887. pp 101-108 and 121-123. Full minutes of the meeting, prepared by the author as secretary, and published by direction of the Club. JOHN B. SmitH. What makes a species in the genus Arctia. Entomologica Americana, 1, September, 1887. pp. 109-112. Analyzes the characters of maculation, points out their constancy or variability. and gives a rough sketch of a proposed basis for a natural arrangement, JOHN B. SmirH. A new Sphinx. Entomologica Americana, 11, November. 1887, p. 153. Describes Sphinr coloradus Smith as a new species from Colorado. 128 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Joun B. Smiru. Notes on Diludia G. & Kt. Entomologica Americana, Wt, November, 1887, p. 154. Reviews the characters of the genus, and shows why the Ameri¢an species referred to it can not remain init. Proposes the term Ohlenogramima with jasminearum as type. Joun B. SmitH. Notes on Callimorpha. Canadian Entomologist, X1x, December, 1887, pp. 235-239. Gives a chronological review of the work and publications on this subject, “iv comments on a paper by Mr. H. H, Lyman in the ‘Canadian Entomologist” for October. Gives also syno- nymical list of the species. Joun B. Smiryu. Some Remarks on Arctiid Structures. Entomologica Americana, 111, January, 1888, p. 199. Calls attention to the structure of the tarsi and venation. In abstract of Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, November, 1887. Joun B. SmitH. Museum Pests. Entomologica Americana, 11, January, 1888, p. 200. A brief statement of the results of experiments with repellants, and some notes on the habits of the species. In abstract of Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, December, 1887. Joun B. SmirH. New Genera and Species of North American Noctuide. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, January, 1888, pp. 450-479. Describes as new the following: Agrotis binominuwlis, A. crenulata, A. confusa, A. tepperi, A. sorror, A. proclivis, A. albicosta, A. oblongistigma. A. flavidens, A. brevipennis, A. flavicollis, A. obesula, A. sponsa, A. finis, A. luteola, A. serricornis, A. letrica, A. medialis, A. extranea, A. trifasciata, A. bifasciata, A. orbicularis, A. rufula, A. pallipennis, A. solitaria, Mamestra subapicalis, M. lepidula, M. prodeniformis, M. canadensis, M. obscurior, M. rectilinea, M. van- media, M. incurva, M. variolata, M. minorata, M. pulverulenta, M. obscura, Scotogramma n. gen., S. perplexa, S, inconcinna, 8. wmbrosa, Copimamestra curialis, Ulolonche n. gen., U. fas- ciata, Taeniocampa columbia, T. utahensis, 1. suffusa. T. obtusa, T. pectinata, T. terminata, T. subterminata, Perigrapha inferior, Trichoclea edwarsdii, Orthodes irrorata. JOHN B. SmiTH. On the Position of the Genus Pleocoma, Lec., in the Lamellicorn System. By Dr. Gerstaecker. Entomologica Americana, 111, February, 1888, pp. 202-211. A translation of the above paper from the German in Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1883, pp. 436-450, with brief note by the translator. (Translation.) Joun B. Smita. Moths New to our Fauna. Oanadian Entomologist, Xx, March, 1888, p. 56. Criticizes the recent addition to our faunal lists of some subtropical stragglers occasionally found in it. JOHN B. SmiTH. Larva of Aphorista vittata. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, March, 1888, p. 33. One plate. Calls attention to the habits and peculiar structure of this larva. Read before the Entomological Society of Washington, December, 1885. JoHN B. SmitH. The Odoriferous Apparatus in Lepidoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, March, 1888, pp. 38-41. Abstract of a paper by Professor von Dalla Torre, ‘‘ Die Duftapparate der Schmetterlinge”’ Kosmos, XVII, pp. 354-364 and 410-422, with notes on American forms showing similar struct- ures. Read before the Entomological Society of Washingtoa, February, 1886. Joun B. Smituy. Notes on Attacinw and Ceratocampine. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, March, i888, p. 42. Points out the family and subfamily characters of these groups. Read before the Entomological Society of Washington, March, 1886. Jonn B. Smiru. Some structural features of the Saturniide. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, March, 1888, p. 45. Defines the family, and points out what he deems the important characters. Read before the Entomological Society of Washington, April, 1886. Joun B. SmitH. The Systematic position of Quadrima, Grt. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, March, 1888, pp. 51, 52. Points out the characters and relationships of this family. Read before the Entomological Society of Washington, July, 1886." Jonn B. SmirH. Note on Dynastes tityus. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, March, 1888, p. 54. Records the abnormal abundance of these beetles in some Southern States, and that the stench had become a nuisance. Read before the Entomological Society of Washington, September, 1886. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. (29) JoHN B. Smirn. Sexual brush in Schinia marginata. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, March, 1888, p. 55. Describes a peculiar brush of hair at the base of abdomen and resting in a groove between the dorsal and ventral segments. Read before the Entomological Society of Washington, September, 1886. JOHN B. SmitH. Notes on Cressonia, Huerythra, and Callimorpha. Proc, Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, March, 1888, pp. 79, 80. Describes the antennal structure of Cressonia and makes some remarks on the specific rank of the forms found in the other genera. Read before the Entomological Society of Washington, March, 1887. JOHN B. SmitH. Classification of the Smerinthina. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, March, 1888, p. 83. Gives an outline of a proposed arrangement of the species and genera. Read before the Entomological Society of Washington, May, 1887. JonN B. SmiTH. Structural features of the Sphingide. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, March, 1888, pp. 92, 93. Comparative references to the genitalia of the male in some genera. Read before the Entomological Suciety of Washington, August, 1887. JOHN B. SmiruH. The species of Diludia. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, March, 1888, p. 103. States that after examination of types in the Philadelphia collection he finds that the spe- cies, jasminearum, does not belong to the genus. Read before the Entomological Society of Washington, October, 1887. JOHN Bb, Smirn. Some Arctiid Structures. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, March, 1888, pp. 107, 108. Notes on the venation and on the structure of the claws in this family. Read before the Entomological Society of Washington, November, 1887. Joun B. SmirH. Some Observations ou Museum Pests. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1, March, 1888, pp. 113-116. Notes on all the species observed by him in collections, with methods of prevention and cure. Read before the Entomological Society of Washington, December, 1887. JOHN B. SmirH. A note on Zygena. Societas Entomologica, 11, April, 1888, p. 1. Points out an error in characterization of the genus Zyga@na made by all the European Lepidopterists to date. Joun B. SmirH. An Introduction to a Classification of the North American Lepidop- tera. Entomologica Americana, 1v, April, 1888, pp. 9-13. Continued from vol. 1 of the same journal and reviewing the Sesiid@. Gives a brief de- scription of all genera. Joun B. Smit. An Introduction to a Classification of the North American Lepi- doptera. Entomologica Americana, Iv, May, 1888, pp. 27, 28. Continuation of the above, and covering the families Thyriide and Heterogynide. JoHN B.SmirH. (Abstract of Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washing- ton, January 5, 1888 and February 2, 1888. ) Entomologica Americana, 1v, April, 1888, p. 20. Condensed from the author’s minutes as S ecretary. JoEN B.SmitH. (Abstract of Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washing- ton, March 1 and April 6, 1888.) Entomologica Americana, 1v, May, 1888. p. 40. JoHN B. Smitu. (Abstract of Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washing- ton, May 3, 1888.) Entomologica Americana, Iv, June, 1888, p. 60. Joun B. Smita. William W. Hill. Ertomologica Americana, 111, May, 1888, pp. 235, 236. Obituary note and brief life-history. JOHN B. Situ. Revision of the Species of Lachnosterna of America north of Mexico, by George H. Horn, M. D. (Review.) Intomologica Americana, Iv, June, 1888, pp. 52-56. Gives a brief review of the above work, and gives also a synonymice list of the species, with localities. 730 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Notes on the Northern Palearctic Bullfinches. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 103-110. Shown that Pyrrhula cassini Baird, as the older name, must take precedence over P. cineracea Cabanis; also that P. rosacea Seebohm is identical with P. griseiventris Latr. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Contributions to the Natural History of the Commander Islands. No. 7. Revised Annotated Catalogue of the Birds inhabiting the Com- mander Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 117-145. Plates vil-1x. Enumerated one hundred and forty-three species. A Flycatcher from Bering Island named conditionally Butalis pallescens. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Review of Japanese Birds. v. Ibises, Storks, and Herons. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 271-319. Plate x. A full synopsis of the Japanese species of the order Herodiones. Demiegretta ringeri described as new, and Platalea swinhoei and Ardetta lutcola named conditionally. Two new subgenera established, viz, Nannocnus and Phoysx. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. On the Systematic Name of the Kamtschatkan and Japanese Carrion Crow. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 320-321. The name of the Kamtschatkan and Japanese Carrion Crow should stand as Corvus corone orientalis. LEONHARD SLNSICION, Notes on Psittirostra psittacea from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 389-390. Description of specimens received from Mr. Vaidemar Knudsen (Acc. 19325). LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Further Contributions to the Avifauna of the Liukiu Islands, Japan, with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 391-415. Plates XX1, XXII. A full report upon a collection received from the authorities of the Educational Museum, Tokio. The following species are described as new: Porzana pheopyga, Euryzona sepiaria, Turtur stimpsoni, and quite a number of species are added to the Japanese fauna. (Acc. 19072.) LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Review of Japanese Birds. vi. The Pigeons. Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 416-429. Plate xx1. «A. full synopsis of the Japanese species of the family Colwmbide@, with synonymies, descrip- tions, ete. Janthoenas nitens described as new, from a specimen lent by the authorities of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences; and Janthoenas versicolor (Kittl.), from the same source, for the first time properly described. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. On a Collection of Birds made by Mr. M. Namiye in the Islands of Idzu, earns Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, pp. 482-487. Report on a collection aes from the authorities of the Tokio Educational Museum, con- taining, among others, thenew species Turdus celenops Stejn. (Acc. 19478.) LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Olphe-Galliard’s Ornithology of Western Europes. ~ The Auk, iv, p. 3386. Review of Léon Olphe-Galliard’s work. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Propatagialis cucullaris. The Auk, V, 1888, pp. 120-123. Letter to the editors of ‘‘ The Auk” in reply to a previous paper by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Palinén’s Contributions to the Knowledge of the Bird Fauna of the Siberian Coasts of the Arctic Sea. The Auk, Vv 1888, pp. 306-311. A lengthy review of Professor Palmén’s work, with additions and corrections, based upon material in the U. S. National Museum. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Henry James Stovin Pryer. The Auk, V, 1888, pp. 332-333. Obituary notice. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. (Obituary Notice of Prof. Modest Bogdanow. ) The Auk, v, 1888, pp. 333-334. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. A List of Birds hitherto reported as occurring in the Liukiu Islands, Japan. Zeitschr. Ges. Ornith., tv, 1887, pp. 166-176. Plate II. Enumerates sixty-three species. Ihe colored plate represents Pericrocotus tegime Stcja. drawn by the author from the type specimen in the U. S. National Museum. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. iol LEONHARD STEJNEGER. On the Type Specimen of Huryzona eurizonoides. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, pp. 461-464. The type of Huryzona curizonoides isin the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History, from which it was borrowed for comparison with the new Japanese species described by the author as Huryzona sepiaria. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Pars Propatagialis Musculi cucullaris. Science, X, August 5, 1887, pp. 70-71, figs. 1, 2. Calls attention to the fact that the musele in the bird-wing, described ina previous number as new by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, is in reality a well-known muscle describe by Viirbiinger .nder the above name. LLEONHARD STEJNEGER. Diagnosis of a New Species of Thrush (Turdus celenops sp. nov.) from Japan. Science, X, August 26, 1887, p. 108. Preliminary diagnosis of the new species Turdus celenops, contained in acollection received by the U. 8. National Museum from the authorities of the Tokio Educational Museum. (Acc. 191478.) LEONHARD STEJNEGER. The British Marsh Tit. Zoologist, 3d ser., XI, October, 1887, pp. 379-381. Reprint ef the author’s paper in the ‘‘ Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum," 1x, 1886, pp. 200, 201, describing as new Parus palustris dressert trom the British Islands. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. On the Shedding of the Claws in the Ptarmigan and Allied Birds. Zoologist, 3d ser., XI, July, 1887, pp. 258-260. Reprint of the author’s paper in the ‘‘American Naturalist,’ Xvill, pp. 774-776. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Pyrrhula cassini (Baird). L. M. Turner's Contrib. Nat. His. Alaska, pp. 169-170. This account of the status of Pyrrhula cassini was written in 1885 for Mr Turner and in. corporated by him in his report. LEONHARD STEJNEGER. How the Great Northern Sea-cow (Rytina) became extermi- nated. American Naturalist, Xx1, December, 1887, pp. 1047-1054. Maintains that Rytina gigas was exterminated in 1768. ‘‘ It was simply due to man’s greed, and he accomplished it within the short time of twenty-seven years.” - Leronnarp STEsNEGER. Robert Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists and Compendium of Useful Knowledge for Ornithologists. Boston, Little, Brown & Company, 1886. Naturen, 1887, p. 223. Review of the above. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND. Notes on the Natural History and Ethnology of Northern Alaska. Report of the Crwise of the Revenue Marine Steamer Corwin, in the Arctic Ocean in the year 1885 .1887), by Capt. M. A. Healy, U.S. R. M., Commander, pp. 81-102. Four plates. The birds of the Kowak River region are treated of on pp. 90-94, and those ‘‘obtained at vari- ous places between the Aleutian Islands and Kotzebue Sound” on pp. 98-101. A beautiful colored plate, by Robert Ridgway, representing Plectrophenax hyperboreus, from specimens in the U. 5. National Museum, accompanies the reports. All the birds collected by Mr. Town- send during the cruise are in the Museum. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND. Field Notes on the Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles of Nerth- ern California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 159-241. Plate v. Birds, pp. 159-163 and 190-237. The whole material upon which these observations are based was -ollected by the author from 1883 to 1885 for the U. 8S. National Museum, while stationed in northern California as an assistant of the U. 8. Fish Commission. FREDERICK W. TRUE. Report on the Department of Mammals in the U. S. National Museum, 1885. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1885 (1886), Part 11, pp. 79-84. FREDERICK W. Trur. Report on the Department of Comparative Anatomy in the U. S. National Museum, 1885. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1885 (1886), Part 1, pp. 99-102. FREDERICK W. TRuE. The Fisheries of the Great Lakes. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, 11, 1887, Part XVII, pp. 633-673. 132 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. FrepEeRrick W. Trur. Description of a new species of Bat, Vespertilio longierus, from Puget Sound. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, December 17, 1886, pp. 6, 7. Freprrick W. TRUE. Some Distinetive Cranial Characters of the Canada Lynx. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 8, 9. FreDERICK W. TRUE. A note on Vesperugo hesperus (Allen). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Xx, November 21, 1887, p. 515. FREDERICK W. TRUE. The Pound-Net Fisheries of the Atlantic States. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 595-609. Four plates. Freprerick W. TRUE. The Alewife Fishery of Cape Cod. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section v, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 670-673. FREDERICK W. Trun. The Turtle and Terrapin Fisheries. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section y, vol. 1, 1887, pp. 493-503. One plate. (See also under Ludwig Kumlien.) Lucten M. Turnir. Forty-ninth Congress, first session, Senate, Mis. Doc. No. 155. Contributions | to the | Natural History of Alaska. | — | Results of investiga- tions made chiefly in the Yukon | District and the Aleutian Islands; conducted | under the auspices of the Signal Service, | United States Army, extending trom | May, 1874, to August, 1881. | Prepared under the directiou of Brig. and Byt. Maj. Gen. W. B. Hazen, Chief Signal Officer of the Army. By L. M. Turner. | — | No. ur. Arctic Series of Publications issued in connection with the Signal Service, U.S.Army. With 26 plates. | — | Washington: | Government Printing Office. | 1886. pp. 226, 4to. Twenty-six plates. The Birds, forming Part v, occupy pp. 115-184; and pp. 184-196 are devoted to a special ‘List of the Birds of Alaska.”’ The ornithological portion of the report is illustrated by ten _ colored plates by R. and J. L. Ridgway, representing thirteen species, from specimens in the U.S. National Museum. The collections upon which this report is based were made during the years 1874 to 1881 by the author for the Museum, while in Alaska as an observer in the U. S. Signal Service. Acknowledgments are made to Messrs. R. Ridgway and L. Stejneger for assistance during the preparation of the ornithological part of the report. Although printed in 1886, the report was not published until 1888. GEORGE VASEY. Contributions to the Natural History of the Commander Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 153. Description of Alopecurus stejnegeri, a new species of grass from the Commander Islands. CHARLES D. WALCOTT. Report on the Department of Invertebrate Fossils (Paleozoic) in the U. S. National Museum, 1885. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1885 (1886), Part 11, pp. 129-132. CuaRLES D. WatcoTr. Note on the Genus Archwocyathus of Billings. Amer. Jour. Sci., XXXIV, August 27, 1887, pp. 145, 146. A review of the history, description and meaning of this genus. CHARLES D. WaxLcoTT. Fauna of the ‘‘ Upper Taconic” of Emmons, in Washington County, New York. Amer. Jour. Sci., XXX1v, September, 1887, pp. 187-199. Plate 1. A description of fossils obtained in the Upper Taconic rocks of Emmons. Since the publica- tion of this paper, the name ‘‘ Taconic” has been dropped entirely by the author in describing the Lower Cambrian rocks. CHARLES D. WaLcoTT. Section of Lower Silurian (Ordovician) and Cambrian Strata in Central New York, as shown by a deep well near Utica. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci.. XXXVI, December, 1887, p. 212. A description of the stiata penetrated by the well. The entire depth of the well was 2,250 feet. It passed through 90 feet of rocks referred to the Hudson River group; 710 feet of rocks referred to the Utica shale; 350 feet to the Trenton limestone; unidentified, 180 feet; 260 feet to the Calciferous sand-rock; 410 feet to the Potséam and pre-Potsdam sand-rock; 160 feet to the Archean. CHARLES D. WaLcotr. Discovery of Fossils in the Lower Taconic of Emmons. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XXXVI, December, 1887, p. 213. Report of finding fossils in granular quartzite near Bennington, Vermont, and the discovery of fossils in the crystaline limestone near Pownal, Vermont. The quartzite is referred to the Lower Cambrian, and the limestone, overlying the schists, to the Lower Silurian group. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 133 CHARLES D. WatcotTr. The Taconic System of Emmons, and the use of the name Taconic in Geologic Nomenclature. Amer. Jour. Sci., XXXV, pp. 229-242, 307-327, 394-401. Thirteen figures and map. Statement of principles of geologic nomenclature. Description of the Taconic area, includ- ing a brief historical review. Description of the geology as known at present, and as known to Dr. Emmons. In Part 11 the subject of nomenclature and the use of the name ‘*‘ Taconic” and ‘‘Cambrian”’ are discussed, a classification of the Cambrian rocks is given, and the con- clusion reached that the name Taconic should be dropped in geologic nomenclature. Lester F. Warp. Report on the Department of Plants in the U. S. National . Museum, 1885. Report of the Sinrithsonian Institution, 1885 (1886), Part 11, pp. 135, 136.. Lester F. Warp. Remarks on Lesquereux’s criticisms of the Synopsis of the Flora of the Laramie Group. Amer. Jour. Sci., XXXIV, 3d series, December, 1887, pp. 488, 489. Points out the greater abundance of palms in the southern than in the northern (Fort Union) Laramie deposits, and defends the Senonian age of certain of the Credneria beds of Europe. LesTER F. Warp. Remarks on Dr. Welling’s paper on the Law of Malthus, read before the Anthropological Society of Washington, February 1, 1887. The American Anthropologist, 1, No.1, January, 1888, pp. 21-23. The Malthusian law applicable to the animal kingdom below man, as shown by Darwin, who has simply applied it to it, but not applicable to man himself, in consequence of the great devolopment in him of the psychic faculty whereby he controls the rest of nature and makes himself an exception to its laws. Lester F. Warp. Review of W.C. Williamson: On the Organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures. Part xm. Amer. Jour. Sci., XXXV, 3d series, March, 1888, p. 256. LESTER F. WARD. Roce of C. T. Stockwell on The Evolution of Immortality or, Suggestions of an Individual Immortality based upon our Organic and Life History. Publie Opinion, Washington and New York, tv, March 24, 1888, p. 592. Lester F.WarbD. Some Social and Kconomic Paradoxes. Science, Xt, April 13, 1888, pp. 172, 174-176. Discusses and defends the following paradoxical propositions: (1) The artificial is superior to the natural; (2) The arbitrary control of the social forces is economical; (3) Reforms are chiefly advocated and brought about by those who have no personal interest in them; (4) Dis- content increases with the improvement of the social condition; (5) The means of subsistence increases more rapidly than population; (6) Capital is more effective than labor in the pro- duction of wealth; (7) Wages are drawn from products, not from capital; (8) Profits rise with wages; (9) Prices fall as wages rise; (10) Rents rise with wages; (11) A reduction of the hours of labor tends to increase production; (12) The reduction of hours tends to increase wages. Shaaens A. WHITE. Report on the Department of Invertebrate Fossils (Meso- Cenozoic) in the U. S. National Museum, 1885. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1885 (1886). Part 0, p. 133. CHARLES A. WHITE. Contributions to the Paleontology of Brazil. (With Portu- gese translation by Prof. Orville A. Derby.) Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Vil, pp. 1-278. Plates 1-28. Also published as a separate. CuaARLES A. WuirEe. On the relation of the Laramie Group to earlier and later Formatious. Am. Jour, Sci., XXXV, 3d ser., June, 1888, pp. 432-438. CHARLES A. WHITE. On the occurrence of later Cretaceous deposits in Iowa Am. Géologist, 1, No. 4, April, 1888, pp. 221-227. CEARLES A. WHITE. Mountain Upthrusts. Am. Naturalist, xxi, No. 258, May, 1888, pp. 399-408. Three figures. CHARLES A. WHITE. On Hindeastrea, a new generic torm of Cretaceous Astreide. Geological Magazine, London, v, No.8. New Series, No. 290, December 38, pp. 362-364. THOMAS WILSON. Epitome of the History and Condition of the Science of Prehis- toric Archeology in Western Europe, The American Antiquarian, 1X, No. 6, November, 1887, pp. 335-342. Reprinted in pamphlet form under title of ‘Epitome of Prehistoric Archeology in Western Europe,” with the following additional chapters: Chapter 1. France—Paleolithic Age. Chapter 1. Spain and Portugal. Chapter ty. Man in the Tertiary Period, 134 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1883. C. D. Woops, W. O. ATWATER and. (See under W. O. Atwater.) H. C. Yarrow. Report on the Department of Reptiles and Batrachians in the U. S. National Museum, 1885. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1885 (1886), Part 11, pp. 93, 94. H. C. Yarrow. Snake Bite and its Antidote. Forest and Stream, XXx, Nos. 16-20, May 10, 17, 24, 31, and June 7, 1888. H. C. Yarrow. Bite of the Gila Monster. Forest and Stream, XXX, No. 21, June 14, 1888, pp. 412-413. H. C. YARRow. Treatment of Snake Bite. Forest and Stream, XXX, No. 22, June 21, 1888, pp. 431-432. SHCTION V. LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1888. LIST OF ACCESSIONS. ABBOTT, W. H. (U.S. Fish Commission), presented prehistoric stone implements and fragments of pottery (20055) and an iron shoe belonging to a post-hole digger, found near Chain Bridge, Maryland. (20088). Actvanbo, General José (Bogota, United States of Colombia), presented a specimen of ‘* Faya Mapa”—a venomous serpent—killed near the mouth of the Magdalena River. 19703. é AckER, H. P. (Akron, Ohio), presented land and fresh water shells, from Summit County, Ohio. 20361. ADAIR, OLIVER BELTON (Washington, District of Columbia), presented Chinese and Japanese copper coins. 19411. Apams, A. F. (Smithsonian Institution), presented a badge worn by the ‘‘ Governor’s Greys,” of Dubuque, Iowa, during the ceremonies attending the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, held in Philadelphia in the year 1887. 19646. ADAMS, CHARLES H. (Crab Orchard, Kentucky), sent a specimen of ore for examina- tion and report. 20117. Apams, W. H. (Elmore, Peoria County, Illinois), presented prehistoric stone imple- ments, sixty-two specimens, from Knox and Peoria Counties, Ilinois. 20177, 20431. ; ADAmMs, W. W. (Mapleton, New York), presented prehistoric stone implements (20248) ; also paint fornd in an Indian grave near Union Springs, New York (20456). ADLER, Dr. Cyrus (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland), deposited two Babylonian seals. 19969. AGNEW, JouN P (Alexandria, Virginia), sent marl from Aquia Creek, Virginia, for examination and report. 19800. AIKEN, C. E. (Colorado Springs, Colorado), presented five specimens of Aiken’s Leu- costicte, Leucosticte atrata. 19471. ALBANY Museum (Grahamstown, Cape Colony, South Africa), Stephen Mundy, esq., acting curator), sent shells in exchange. 19959. ALDRICH, CHARLES (Webstex City, Hamilton County, Iowa), sent minerals for exam- ination and report. 19725. Aupricu, H. L. (Springfield, Massachusetts), presented fossil plants found in the vi- cinity of Cape Lisburn, Alaska. 20407. AupricH, T. H. (Blocton, Alabama), presented Kocene fossils from Claiborne Sand Bank, Alabama (19695), and seventy-five species of land shells from Mauritius and the Seychelles Islands (19855). AL¥ARO, ANASTASIO (San José, Costa Rica), presented a trap used in Costa Rica in trapping song birds (19797) and four photographs of specimens and collections in the Costa Rica National Museum (200-6). ALLEN, Lieut. H. T. (U.S. Army), presented a quiver, two bows, and five arrows of the Coeur d’Alene Indians of Idaho Territory. 19372, H. Mis. 142, pt. 2 47 737 138 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. ALLEN, J. ISHAM, and Tuomas C, ALLEN (New Haven, Connecticut), presented eth- nological objects, including photographs of Yuma Indians and curios, from Ari- zona and Montana; a specimen of star-fish, Heliaster, from the Colorado Desert ; and pyrites, gold in quartz, and lava rock, from California. 20493. ALLEN PAPER CaR WHEEL CoMbANY (Chicago, Illinois) presented a paper car- wheel 42 inches in diameter. 20584. ALLEN, R. T. (Billings, Montana), sent a bear enb. 20679. ALLEN, THOMAS C. (See under J. Isham Allen, 20493.) AMERICAN ANGLER (New York City) presented a dried specimen of Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush. 19709. AMERICAN MusEUM or NATURAL History (New York City) lent bird-skins for comparison and study at the request of the Curator of Birds. (19611, 19773, 20363. ) ANDERSON, W. 8. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a living specimen of Short-eared Owl. 20752. ANDREW, JoUN & SON (Boston, Massachusetts), presented thirty knife-proofs, also specimens of paper used for taking knife-proofs. 20621. Army MepicaLt Musrum (Washington, District of Columbia), through Dr. John 8. Billings, U. S. Army, curator, presented composite photographs of skulls, photo- micrographs, and numerous photographs representing normal and pathological histology. 20759. ARTHUR, Mrs. R. W. (Phenix, Arizona), sent a plant for examination and report. 20247. ASBESTOS PACKING COMPANY (Boston, Massachusetts) presented specimens of as- bestos. 20199. ATTERBURY & COMPANY (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), presented glassware. 205235. AuLK, Dr. H. J. (Perryville, Arkansas), sent mineral specimen for examination and report. 19519. AUSTRALIAN MusEuM (Sydney, New South Wales), through Hon. G. W. Griffin, United States consul, sent rocks, ores, and minerals in exchange. 20773. Avrry, S. P. (New York City), presented etchings, engravings, process prints, and mezzotints. 20799. Avery, Dr. W. C. (Greensborough, Alavama), presented numerous birds’ eggs and birds’ nests, as follows: Nests and eggs of Peucwa wstivalis bachmanii (described in The Auk, v, No. 4, 1888, pp. 351-356), Sitta pusilla (new to the collection), Geo- thlypis trichas, Piranga rubra, Dendroica vigorsti, Polioptila cerulea, Cardinalis cardinalis, Icteria virens, and Myiarchus crinitis (20477, 20559, 20598, 20616, 20658, 20696). Also specimens of Bachman’s Finch, Peucea aestivalis bachmanit (20671, 20732). Bascock, E. C. (Helena, Montana), sent a White Goat skin (19595). BarrD, Mrs. Mary H. C. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented postage- stamps, American and foreign, collected by the late Professor Baird. 20129. Baker, J. U. (Stoutsville, Ohio), sent dolomite for examination and report. 19829. BaLLou, E. (Warrenton. Virginia), presented quartzose containing copper, also mica~ ceous hematite. 20241. BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD GoMPANY presented a model of the Morse telegraph instrument (20822), and also deposited models of the following objects: A two- story car; an inclosed car; a horse tread-mill locomotive; a sail car; a “‘ Peter Cooper” passenger car; anda Morse plough used in laying telegraph wires in 1884. (20796). BarcLay & CoMPANY (Boston, Massachusetts) sent a model of the ship Cumberland. 20754. Barcuay, E. D. (Washington, District of Columbia), offered for sale a specimen of Prairie Hare, Lepus campestris, from Wisconsin. (Purchased.) 20193. BaRKER, GEORGE F. (Rosita, Colorado), sent ore for examination and report. 19441. LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 739 BARKER, H. C. (See under Col. W. H. Havners, 19449.) BARKER, JAMES M. (Bristol, Tennessee), sent ore for examination and report. 19353. BaRnES, W. J. (Oshkosh, Wisconsin), sent tripoli for examination and report. 20024. BaRNvuM, M. K. (Salamanca, New York), sent bird skins for examination and report. (19527, 20412.) BaRRETT, WILLIAM H. (Lynn, Massachusetts), presented a badge of G. A. R. Post Wo. 5, Gettysburgh, 1887. 19377. Barsé, J. F. (See under New England Mining Company, 19786.) BaRTHOLOMEW, Col. W. G. (Tampa, Florida), presented chalcedony from Hills- borough Bay, Florida. 20632. BARTLETT, EDWARD (Maidstone, Kent, England), presented ethnological objects from Madagascar; birds, from Asia and Australia chiefly ; birds’ eggs and nests, also two reptile eggs, from Madagascar; a collection of Coleoptera from Mada- gascar, constituting the first representation of the insects of this region in the National Museum; four tortoise shells and land shells from Madagascar. 20093. BARTLETT, J. R. (Mount Pleasant, District of Columbia), presented a Mole, Scalops aquaticus. 19371. Bastow, T. W. (Guadalajara, Mexico), presented land and-fresh-water shells from ' Mexico. 19735. BATCHELOR, WARD (El Paso, Texas), presented stone idols from Mexico and old French, Spanish, and Latin books. 19376. Bates, C. P. (Berkeley, California), sent insect for name. 20790. BatrrEy, CHARLES (Buffalo, New York), sent a plant for examination and report. 19494. Baxter, R. L. (Keesville, New York), presented two specimens of norite. 20485. BayarpD, Hon. THomMas F., Secretary of State, lent two Babylonian seals for casting. 20315. BayeErR, W. H. von (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a Garter Snake, Hutenia sirtalis (19620) and a living specimen of Hog-nose Snake, Heterodon platyrhinus (20674). BaYLess, W. C. (Mossy Creek, Jefferson County, Tennessee), presented Silurian fos- sils from Granger County, Tennessee. 20352. Brac, H. (Prairie-du-Chien, Wisconsin), presented prehistoric stone implements from the banks of the Mississippi River in Wisconsin. 20171. BEACHLER, CHARLES S. (Crawfordsville, Indiana), sent Lower Carboniferous fossils from Burlington, Iowa, and Crawfordsville, also reptiles from Montgomery County; inexchange. (20255, 20692.) BEacom, Lieut. J. H., U. 8. Army (Fort Shaw, Montana), presented a specimen of Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush; also photograph of specimen of the same species. 20072. BEAN, Dr. T. H. (Fish Commission United States), presented a collection of birds; marine and fresh-water fishes; a Mink; and a living specimen of Green Turtle, from Somers Point, New Jersey; also a Black-poll Warbler, Dendroica striata. (19453, 19659, 20750. ) (See also under Fish Commission, United States, 19659.) BEATH, JAMES W. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), sent a collection of cut stones and gems. 20818. Bratty, J. C. (El Paso, Texas), sent ore for examination and report. 20862. Beck, W. H. (through Dr. D. T. Day, U. 8. Geological Survey), presented earthy descloizite from Montana. 20139, BrcKHAM, C. W. (Bardstown, Kentucky), presented two hundred and nineteen spec- imens of bird skins from Texas (19997) ; and sent bird skins for examination and report (19440), Beckxwitn, Cyrus W. (New London, Connecticut), presented a badge of the “Put- nam Phalanx,” Washington, 1887. 19690, 740 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. BECKWITH, GEORGE H. (Charlestown, West Virginia), sent chert nodules containing seams, for examination and report. 20709. BeckwitTH, Paut H. (U.S. National Museum), presented electrotypes of ancient and modern coins (20070), postage-stamps from various localities and old coins of the United States (20332), deposited various military medals and decorations (20379, 20461), and gave postage-stamps and military decorations in exchange, (19716, 20304.) BrEcHER, C. E. (Albany, New York), presented a fossil, Acidaspis hamata Conrad, from the Lower Helderburg formation (Upper Silurian), Clarksville, New York. 19823. BEERS, ANTHONY (Oxmoor, Alabama), sent insect for name. 19560. BELL, CarEY (Utica, Ohio), presented prehistoric stone implements, twenty-five specimens. 20413. BELL, JAMES (Gainesville, Florida), presented a Diamond Rattlesnake, Crotalus ada- manteus. 20102. BELL, WILLIAM (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), presented a daguerreotype gilding stand. 21770. BEMENT, C.S. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), presented garnet from Pennsylvania, cassiterite from England, pyrite crystals from Italy, and a large microlite crystal from Virginia. 2U066. BENEDIcT, Dr. A. L. (Buffalo, New York), presented prehistoric stone implements, thirty specimens, from Buffalo, New York, and Fort Erie, Canada. 20365. BENET, Brig.-Gen. S. V., U.S. Army. (See under War Department, 20209.) BENNERS, G. B. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), presented two bird skins, dfgilitis semi- palmata, from Corpus Christi, Texas. 197382. BENNETT, L. J. (Buffalo, New York), presented fossil crustaceans, including ten gen- era, ten species, from the water-lime formation (Upper Silurian) near Buffalo, New York. A very important accession, containing many beautiful specimens. 19949. BENSAL, Capt. R. A. (Newport, Oregon), presented chalcedony pebbles, containing a liquid, from Oregon. (Through Hon. Binger Hermann, M. C.) 26004. BENSON, Lieut. H. C., U.S. Army (Fort Huachuea, Arizona), presented bird skins, a valuable and interesting collection, containing a fine adult specimen of Trogon ambiguus, a series of Corvus cryptoleucus and Falco fusco-cerulescens (19363); nests of Psaltriparus plumbeus, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, and one unidentified (19363) ; eggs of Buteo swainsoni, Callipepla squamata, Columba fasciata, and eggs with nest of Vireo huttoni stephensi (19352, 19488) (see Proceedings U. 8. Nat. Mu- seum, 1887, pp. 551, 556, 557); also reptiles from Arizona, including Crotalus ada- manteus, Pityophis, and Crotaphytus (19452). ? BERGEN MusEeumM (Bergen, Norway) sent seventy-five specimens of bird skins in ex- change. 20468. BERGER, WILLIAM H. (U.S. National Museum), presented copper cents of the United States, dated 1798, 1805, and 1807. 20218. Berry, Hon. JAMES H. (United States Senate), sent ore for examination and report. 19419. Brssac, F. T. (Natchez, Mississippi), presented paper money of the Confederate States 20226. BESSELS, Dr. EMIL (Washington, District of Columbia), deposited plants from Spitz- bergen, a valuable collection, containing authentic specimens from eminent au- thorities, most of them being new to the collection. 20121. Betty, Dr. E. G. (Cincinnati, Ohio), presented a silver twenty-five cent piece of the United States, dated 1802. 19689. BEVERLY, J. B. (The Plains, Virginia), sent skeleton of American Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra americana, for examination and report. 20190. BIDWELL, Mrs. C. A. (Clip, Yuma County, Arizona), sent minerals for examination and report. 20489. LIST OF ACCESSIONS. TA1 BrerstapT, ALBERT (New York City), presented a finished proof of an engraving by James Smillie, after Bierstadt, ‘‘The Rocky Mountains.” 20356. | BIGELOW, Miss, presented a coin of Napoleon, 1854, five centimes. (Through John Bigelow.) 20062. BIGELOW, JOHN. (See under Miss Bigelow, 20062. ) BILuinGs, Dr. JoHNS., U. S. Army. (See under Army Medical Museum, 20759. ) Biack, Dr. E. C. (Wheatland, Indiana), presented prehistoric stone implements from Knox County, Indiana. 20178. BLACKFORD, EUGENE G. (New York City), presented specimens of fish, among them Trachynotus goreensis (19666), Lutjanus blackfordi (19733), Salmo salar (19766) and Sebastes marinus, containing a rare species of Lernzan parasite (20449); also a pair of American Bisons, living specimens, from Nebraska (20586). (See also under Don Ramon Paez, 20388.) BLow, Lieut. WILLIAM N., U. S. Army (Fort Randali, Dakota), sent chippings from a ‘cigar stone,” together with detailed description and drawings of the stone in situ. 20424. Buiue, L. (Department of the Interior), presented a model of a hand corn-sheller, 19634. BOARDMAN, GEORGE A. (Calais, Maine), sent skin of hawk, Falco columbarius ; also portion of the trachea of Glaucionetta clangula americana and of G. islandica, for examination and report. 19995. Boaz, Dr. Franz (New York City), sent ethnological objects from British Colambia in exchange (19597); also sent others for examination with a view to exchange (19425). BOBBETT, ALBERT (Brooklyn, New York), presented color-prints from blocks engraved by the donor. 20641. BODEKER, J. K. (Newberry, Pennsylvania), presented pierced ceremonial object from Clinton County, Pennsylvania. 20551. BoEHMER, GEORGE H. (Smithsonian Institution), presented foreign official seals (six hundred and twelve wax impressions), Turkish newspaper stamp, and Russian postage-stamp (19777), and deposited a silver medal of the Prussian life-saving service (19779). Boaas, J. O. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a living specimen of Opossum. 20054. Boutes, Lieut. T. Drx, U.S. Navy, presented Eocene marl with Ostrwa selleformis and Turritella mortoni; also Jumping Mice, Zapus hudsonius, from Prince George County, Maryland (19700) ; specimens of ivory carving from Canton, and writing case and materials from Japan (19793), and deposited old Japanese bronze ash- receiver (20143), and Japanese swords (19429). BoLiMAN, C.H. (Bloomington, Indiana), presented fourteen new species of American Myriapods. 20145. (Described in Proceedings of U.S. National Museum, vol. x 1887, pp. 617-627.) (See also under Prof. D. 8S. Jordan, 20145.) Botton, H. CARRINGTON (New York City), presented a photograph of Rev. Joseph Priestley, D. D. (19981), and specimens of rock salt from Petit Anse, Louisiana (20043), and deposited a cane presented to Rev. Dr. Priestley by Thomas Jeffer- son (19982); also a lithograph of the steam-ship Savannah, the first to cross the Atlantic (20831). Bonn, 8S. H. (U. S. National Museum), presented a copper coin from Italy. 19604. Bonn, W. R. (Custer City, Dakota), sent limestone for examination and report. 20033. BONNETT, Hon. PreTeR. (See under Treasury Department, U. S. Revenue Marine, 19774. ) Borvine, J. H. (Green Dale, Virginia), sent hematite, conglomerate of quartz peb- bles, limonite, and sandstone, for examination and report. 19746. Boston Box-woop Company presented a rough section of box-wood. 20588, (42 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Bosron Socimry or NarurnaL Hisrory on several occasions lent bird skins for cotii- parison and study at the request of the Curator of Birds. (19361, 19451, 19584, 19599, 19662. ) Boswe 1, R. H. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a living specimen of Red-tailed Hawk, Buteo borealis. 20127. s3osworrTH, G. L. (Holyoke, Massachusetts), presented a photograph of fossil foot- prints. 19842. BOULDING, GEORGE (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a living Raccoon. 20212. Bourks, Capt. Joun G., U. 8S. Army. (See under U.S. Military Academy, 19685.) Bowen, Amasa (keeper of life-saving station, Atlantic City, New Jersey), presented a Pygmy Whale, Kogia breviceps, male, in the flesh. 20473. Bowers, T. B. (Winfield, Tuscarawas County, Ohio), presented a flint knife with handle, wrought of one piece. 19631 Boy ge, C. B. (U.S. Geological Survey), presented agate from the vicinity of Laredo, Texas. 20138. ; BRENNINGER, G. F. (Fort Collins, Colorado), sent bird skins for examination and report. _ 19447. Brewster, Miss (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a Gray Parrot, in the flesh. 20334. BREWSTER, WILLIAM (Cambridge, Massachusetts), presented bird skins from northern Mexico (19944) and ninety-four specimens, including twenty-three species, from Lower California (20039), and kindly lent specimens for comparison and study at the request of the Curator of Birds (19417, 19909, 20783). BRICKELL, Miss A. A. (Miami, Dade County, Florida), sent a radiate, Astrophyton costosum Seba, for examination and report. 20374. BripGMan, A.,, jr. (Keokuk, Iowa), presented skin of a swan from Lime Lake, Adams County, Dlinois. (Through M. Meigs.) 20663. Brit, J. G., & Co. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), presented photographs of interior and exterior of a tram-way sleeping-car built for the ‘‘ Tramway Rural,” buenos Ayres. 20472. BrisToL, W. H. (See under Stevens Institute of Technology, 20797.) British Museum (London, England), sent meteoric iron in exchange. 19915. Brooks Locomotive Works (Dunkirk, N. Y.), through M. L. Hinman, vice presi- dent and treasurer, presented photographs and cyanotypes of locomotive with “Coventry” boiler. 20508. Brooks, P. H. (Montevideo, Uruguay), presented sinotersmayibe of seal rookery, Falk- land Island; also photographs of Sea-gulls and Penguins. 19547. Brown, Antuur BE. (See under Zoological Society of Philadelphia.) Brown, C. G. (Stockton, Utah), sent ore for examination and report. 19959. Brown, Georce E. (Alexandria, Virginia), presented a living specimen of Gray Fox, Urocyon virginianus virginianus. 20060. Brown, Herbert (Tucson, Arizona), presented nests of Campylorhynchus brun- neicapillus, Harporhynchus bendirei, H. palmeri, and Amphispiza bilineata (20541, 20683); eggs of Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus, Pyranga rubra coopert, Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides, Empidonax pusillus, Polioptila plumbea, and Dendroica estiva (20478), and a specimen of Variegated Gecko, Coleonyx variegatus (20478); also sent birds’ egos for examination (20685, 20708). Brown, JoHN E. (U. 8. Fish Commission), presented a penny of Jamaica, 1880 (19654), and a living specimen of Sereech Owl (19875). Brown, J. T. (Gravella, Alabama), sent insect for name. 19520. Brown, J. W. (Confluence, Pennsylvania), presented skull of a cow. 20714. Brown, Mrs. M. E. (New York City), sent in exchange Arabian lute, Egyptian oud, New Guinea drum, Cuban rattle, African cymbals, Indian head drum, Turkish bag-pipe, Syrian flute, Turkish drum, and an Apache flute made by an Indian boy at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. (19847, 20030, 20239. ) LIST OF ACCESSIONS, 743 Brown, 8S. G. (Smithsonian Institution), presented reptile eggs. 20731. Brown, W. Q. (through U. 8S. Geological Survey), presented olivine rock, and min- erals, mostly genthite. 20305. BRYANT, WALTER E. (San Francisco, California, ) lent bird skins for comparison and study, at the request of the Curator of Birds. 19927. Bumpeus, L. I. (Auburn, Maine), sent minerals in exchange. 19463. BuntinG, W. S. (Jacksonville, Florida), presented a Striped Mullet, Mugil albula, of . peculiar coloration. 19661. Burcuanrt, S., & Co. (Batesville, Mississippi), sent infusorial earth for examination and report. 19385. BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY, Maj. J. W. Powell, director, transmitted archeological specimens collected during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1887 (20249); photo- graph of Weh-wah the Zuni priestess setting up ‘prayer plumes” (19373); and arrowheads and shell beads from California (19465). BurGER, PETER (U.S. National Museum), presented an antique caster with cruets. 20727. BuRNET, WILLIAM (Cincinnati, Ohio), deposited a pair of silver-mounted flint-lock pistols, once the property of Lafayette. (heturned.) 19642. Burns, Frank (U. 8. Geological Survey), presented, window-glass sand from Marl- borough, New Jersey (19332); twenty-eight specimens of chalcedony, from near Tampa, Florida (29631); Post-Pliocene sandstone and silicified Miocene coral, from near Tampa Bay, Florida (20651); and acrab, Libinia dubia, caught in Tampa Bay by James Newman (20690). (See also under United States Geological Survey 19554, 19555, 19849.) Burns, W. C. (Austin, Texas), presented a living specimen of Collared Lizard, Cro- taphytus collaris. 20780. Burns, W.R. (Concord, Lewis County, Kentucky), presented prehistoric stone im- plements (19627, 19334, 20027), and casts of fossils, Conocardium and Bellerophon Michisonia (14627); also sent skull of a horse fur examination and report (19627). Busu, Mrs. A. E. (San José, California), presented a specimen of liquorice root. (Through A. A. Crozier, Department of Agriculture.) 19368. Butter, Amos W. (Brookville, Indiana), presented bird skins, Ammodramus sand- wichiensis brunnescens Butler (new subspecies) and Elainea fallax, new to the collection (20618) ; also sent bird skins for examination (20151, 20438). BurteER, E. J. (Eureka, Nevada), sent rock for examination and report. 20012. Butter, F. H. (London, England), sent minerals. (19885, 20817.) Burer, Hon. R. R. (House of Representatives), sent ore for examination and report. 20390. S ByinetTon, A. H. (See under George F. Daniels, 20546. ) Byrne, Dr., U.S. Army (through U. 8. Geological Survey), presented five specimens of alunogen from Utah. 20069. CALDWELL, HENRY (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a model of an ancient Chinese temple. 19754. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (San Francisco, California) lent twenty-four photographs of Kaster Island. 19531. CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU (San Francisco, California) presented five speci- mens of colemanite (19497), and sent cast of an iron meteorite from Alaska in exchange (20321). CALIFORNIA STATE MINING SCHOOL (San Francisco, California) presented three speci- mens of linarite from Cerro Gordo, California, 20203. Cai, R. ELtswortu (Des Moines, Iowa), presented a shell, Succinea obliqua Say, with parasite attached (19351); a collection of fishes and reptiles from the vicinity of Des Moines (19517) ; fresh-water shells, a fine specimen of crinoid column, from the Carboniferous deposits of Boone County, Missouri, and crustaceans and worms from Missouri (19710). 744 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY, Museum of (Cambridge, England), through J. W. Clark, superintendent, sent in exchange bones of extinet tortoises and of didine birds from Mascarene Islands. 19673. CAREY, Mrs. Mattie Warp (Lyells, Richmond County, Virginia), sent marl for ex- amination aid report. 19522. CARLIN, General WILLIAM P., U. S. Army, sent ore for examination and report. 19966. CARLISLE, N. F. (Round Hill, Virginia), sent epidote and quartz, quartz and decom- posed pyrite, and chaleopyrite in quartzose rock, for examination and report. 20744. CARPENTER, Dr. P. HERBERT (Eton College, Windsor, England), presented crinoids from the dredgings of H. M. 8S. Porcupine during the year 1870, among these Pen- tacrinus wyvillethomsoni from the eastern Atlantic, and Antedon phalangium from the coast of Tunis. 20483. CARPENTER, Lieut. W. L., U. 8. Army, presented a Gila Monster, Heloderma suspectum (19670); two arrowheads from Arizona (19759) ; prehistoric stone implements; rep- tiles, including Sceloporus, Cnemidophorus, Eutenia, and Eumeces obsoletus; eggs of Mimus polyglottus and of Passerinuamena; White-footed Field Mouse, Hesperomys leucopus, Canon Wren, Catherpes mexicanus conspersus, and Black-nosed Dace, Rhinichthys transmontanus (19808). Cark, JAMES (Newark, New Jersey), presented a badge of Lincoln Post, No. 11, G. A. R., annual excursion. 19734. Carr, Prof. WILLIAM B. (Leesburgh, Virginia) presented a bamboo fish-hook box from Sandwich Islands (19607), and rutile crystals and micaceous hematite (20065). CasE, R. W. (Alba, Umatilla County, Oregon), sent a sample of ore for examination and report. 20712. : CasTLE, Dr. FREDERICK A. (New York City), presented a collection of proofs made by himself from wood blocks in his possession, engraved by Dr. Alexander Ander- son. 20801. CENTRAL PARK MENAGERIE (New York City), through W. A. Conklin, superintendent, presented three living specimens of Gray Monitor Lizard (19476), also two young tigers in the flesh (20010). CENTURY COMPANY (New York City), through William Lewis Fraser, manager, pre- sented drawings, proofs, and engraved blocks and plates. (20108, 20196.) CHADBOURNE, A. P. (Cambridge, Massachusetts), lent bird skins fur comparison and study at the request of the Curator of Birds 20035. CHALMERS, PaTRICK (London, England), presented a photograph of James Chalmers, of Dundee, and a fac-simile of adhesive postage-stamp devised by Mr. Chalmers in 1838; also volume relating to the origin of the adhesive stamp. 20205. CHAMBERLAIN, C. W. (Boston, Massachusetts), sent bird skins, including Otocoris alpestris and Passerculus princeps, in exchange. 20146. CHAMPAGNE, W. W. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented copper coins; also mint tokens, ‘‘U.S. No. 6” and ‘‘ Tontine,” and ten-reis piece of Brazil, 1817. 20536. - CHASE, G. N. (Lynn, Massachusetts), presented a badge of G. A. R., Gettysburgh, 1887. 19378. L CHASE, Mrs. M. J. (See under Dr. Isaac Lea, 20423, 20525.) CuaTarD, Dr. T. M. (U.S. Geological Survey), presented soda crystallizations from vat at Owen’s Lake, California. 19755. CHATELLIER, PAUL Du (Finistére, France), presented silver coins of Conan III., Duke of Brittany, of Count of Guingamp, and of Viscount Foulques of Anjou. 19495. CHATFIELD, Sitas (Kingston, New Mexico), sent ore for examination and report. 19418. 3 CHENEY, Mrs. Epna D. (Jamaica Plains, Massachusetts), presented engravings by the donor and others. 20272. LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 745 CuEeRRI®, GEORGE K. (Cedar Rapids, Iowa), presented bird skins from Iowa, Dakota, and New York. 20314. CHICAGO, BURLINGTON AND QUINCY RaILRoAD (Through G. W. Rhodes) presented standard splices, bolts, locks, and nuts. 2080. CHILDS, F. D. (See under Hinckley Locomotive Works, 20408.) Cuuss, THOMAS H. (Post Mill Village, Orange County, Vermont), presented a Horse- hair Snake, Gordius sp. (19844), and sent fish for examination and report. 19437. CuurcH, F. S. (New York City), presented drawings, sketches, and etchings (20277), ‘and Japanese proof etching, ‘‘A Pathetic Story ” (20623). CHURCH, JOSEPH & Co. (Tiverton, Rhode Island), presented a ‘‘ natural formation” from Long Island (19336); clams, Mya arenaria, from Portsmouth, Rhode Island; and a fish, Hpinephelus niveatus (19854). CILLEY, TRISTRAM (Norwich, Connecticut), sent diatomaceous earth in exchange. 19827. Criark, A. HowarpD (U.S. National Museum), presented a medal of white metal with heads of Lincoln and Gartield. 19608. CLarKk, Dr. EUGENE (Lockhart, Texas), presented medal of International Medical Congress, held in Washington, September, 1887. 19569. Cuark, G. H. (Selma. Alabama), sent ore for examination and report. 20492. CLARK, JOHN N. (Saybrook, Connecticut), sent birds’ eggs and birds’ nests in ex- change. 19382. CLARK, J. W. (See under Cambridge University, Museum of, 19673.) Ciark#, Prof. F. W. (U.S. Geological Survey), sent two Corean postage-stamps in exchange. 20142. CLARKE, THoMAS B. (See under Anenustus St. Gaudens, 20084. ) CLEVELAND, Hon. GROVER presented a living specimen of Golden Eagle from Ten- nessee. 20050. CLEVELAND, VANNOY (Greenville, South Carolina), presented a French musket, flint, and steel, captured from the British forces by Jesse Vannoy, at the battle of King’s Mountain, 1780. 19953. CLITHERALL, GEORGE BURGWIN (Mobile, Alabama), presented a sword (Toledo blade) presented to Dr. G. C. Clitherall, U. 8. Army, in war of 1812; also, original and copy of a note from Hon. Joel R. Poinsett to Dr. Clitherall. 20031. CLosson, WILLIAM B. (Boston, Massachusetts), presented wood-engraving proofs by the donor. 20827. CoauLeE, H. K. (Chicago, Illinois), presented bird skins from South America and from India. 19393. Cocxran, A. W. (Washington, District of Columbia), deposited a living specimen of Brazilian Macaw. 20111. Cocxcrort, J. M. (Croton Landing, Hudson River, New York), sent plant for name. 19521. COCKERELL, THEODORE D. A. (West Cliff, Colorado), presented insects, miscellaneous lots (19697, 20075); a collection of shells, including Helix cooperi Say, two Caddis worm cases, Limnea, Pupilla, Vertigo, and Sphwrium; White-footed Mouse, Hes- peromys leucopus; Yellowstone Trout, Salmo sp., too young for specific identifica- tion, and moss, Hypnum sp. (19697), Ornate Lizard, Uta ornata; and Six-lined Lizard Cnemidophorus scxlineatus, from Plateau Creek, Colorado (20075; and sent a large collection of insects (19861), and a stone containing the cast of a shell, Succinea pfeifferi Rosem, var. virescens Cockerell, for examination and report (20075). Cor, Dr. HENRY W. (Mandan, Dakota), presented prehistoric stone implement. 20253. CorFrin, Hon. C. E. (Muirkirk, Maryland), presented South Carolina phosphate, crys- talized iron ore, and slag. 20002. ; Corry, JoHN (Cheney, Kansas), sent fossil canal of Chetetes sp., for examination and report. 20392. 746 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 183838. CoLBurN, Dr. G. F. I. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a pocket-knife and an old spear-head, found on the battle-field of Ticonderoga. 19846. CoLuourR, E. H. (Perryville, Arkansas), sent ore for examination and report. 19561. CoLLEeT?, Prof. JOHN (Indianapolis, Indiana), presented two specimens of Upper De- vonian fossils, Zaphrentis collettt, from Crab Orchard, Kentucky. 19983. CoLLeTT, R. H. (Staunton, Virginia), presented a specimen of galena. 20250. COLLINS, Capt. J. W. (See under Fish Commission, United States, 19588.) COLORADO SMELTING CoMpPaANy (Pueblo, Colorado) presented coke and slag. 20021. CoLson, JAMES M. (Petersburgh, Virginia), sent minerals for examination and report. 19721. Coxon, O. B. (Fort Worth, Texas). sent insects for examination and report. 20447, Cout’s PATENT FIRE-ARMS MANUFACTURING COMPANY (Hartford, Connecticut) de- posited a lightning rifle of heavy caliber. 20814. Comps, J. (Caperton, West Virginia), sent rock for examination and report. 19541, 20013. CONANT, AMBROSE (Big Run, Ohio), sent ore for examination and report. 19391. Coneum, W. A. (See under Central Park Menagerie.) 19476. ConraD, L. (Stoutsville, Ohio), sent quartz, metallic iron, sandstone, mica, and schist (19906) ; and black mica, quartz, and an ore of iron (19960), for examination and report. Coonry, M. (Cooney, New Mexico), presented fiber, together with some woven sub- stance, from an Aztec ruin at Pleasanton, Socorro County. 20144. Cooprr, W. B. (U. S. National Museum), presented model of float for “night” or ‘“witch lamp,” also mode! of antique candle extinguisher. 20771. CoopER, W. F. (Bristol, Tennessee), sent clay colored by bituminous matter for ex- amination and report. 19760. CoauiLLeT, D. W. (Los Angeles, California), presented a collection of Diptera, consisting mostly of Bombyliide from California, or adjacent localities, and very largely typical of species described by Mr. Coquillet. 20336. CoRRINE, LEVERETT (New Hurley, New York), sent clay, for examination and report. 20675 Cory, CHARLES B. (Boston, Massachusetts), presented reptiles from Old Providence Island, West Indies (19362), and Mocking-bird, Mimus magnirostris, from St. Andrew’s Island (19674); lent bird skins for comparison and study at the request of the Curator of Birds (19926); and sent bird skins for examination and report (19360, 19838, 19839). Corman, H. J. (Cedar Glades, Arkansas), sent ores for examination and report. 19398. CoumBE, Eppa HUNTON (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a living Oppos- sum. 20201. CRAWFORD, Prof. A. (Theological Seminary, Fairfax County, Virginia), deposited a cast of ‘The Ege of Sargon.” 20826. CRAWFoRD, Marion (Kahoka, Missouri), presented prehistoric stone implements, twenty-seven specimens, from Clark and Lewis counties, Missouri; ten of these are paleolithic. 20252. CREEL, H. M. (Devil’s Lake, Dakota), presented ethnological objects: shield, war bonnet, quiver, bow and twenty arrows, knife, tomahawk, pair of saddle-bags, black stone pipe and stem, beaded ponch of the Chippewas, swan-wing fan and deer-call (colored), red stone tomahawk-pipe and stem, tobacco-bag, gun-cover crooked lance, feather ornament, Sharp’s carbine, knife-seabbard, papoose bene net, Chippewa tobacco-bag, awl-case, straw-dance sash, Giippors pouch, pair of moccasins, ornament (containing umbilical cord), Cheyenne target, arrows, breast-ornament, cane made of willow-root, red stone pipe, red stone horse-pipe and stem, Chippewa pouch, lacrosse stick, and squaw breast-ornament. 20615. LIST OF ACCESSIONS. (an Crossy, W. O. (Boston, Massachusetts), presented chaleedony from Tampa Bay, Florida ; Carboniferous sandstone from Tiverton, Rhode Island; and pyrite con- eretions from Newfoundland (19528); and sent phonolite from Black Hilis, Da- kota, in exchange (19750). Cross, WHITMAN. (See under Interior, Department of the, U. 8. Geological Survey, 20156. ) Crowkuite, A. H. (Denver, Colorado), sent ore forexamination and report. 19667. (rozinr, A. A. (See under Mrs. A. E. Bush, 19368. ) CumMINGS, W. F. (Dallas, Texas), presented fossil coal, and Carboniferous fossils. (Through Prof. R. T. Hill.) 19858. CUNNINGHAM, C. W. (through U.S. Geological Survey), presented antlerite and ba- rite from Arizona. 20339. CUNNINGHAM, Howard C. (Fort Klamath, Oregon), sent insect, for name. 19895. Curriz, J. M. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a silver coin of Brazil, Peter Il.; 1867. 19794. CurTIs, PATRICK (Grangerville, Idaho), sent ores for examination and report. 19438. CuTLER’s ART StoRE (New Haven, Connecticut). (See under Prof. C. U. Shepard, 20026.) Dat, W. H. (U.S. Geological Survey), presented a chromo-lithograph illustrating the origin of the Stars and Stripes (20646); also two hundred and fifty specimens of mollusks (20723. ) (See also under Interior, Department of the, U. 8. Geological Survey, 20733.) DANIELS, GEORGE F. (Oxford, Massachusetts), sent stone implements for examination and report. 20546. DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES (Davenport, Ohio) presented prehis- toric stone implements: Five paleolithic implements, six scrapers, two rude ar- rowheads, a rnde, notched implement, and a leaf-shaped implement, from Iowa; three rude spear-heads, four scrapers, and two rude arrowheads, from Illinois; a rude implement and a leaf-shaped implement, from southern Wisconsin; a small cutting implement, from Utah; a small arrowhead, from Dakota; two small chipped celts aud two arrowheads, from Georgia; eight small, rude paleolithic implements, from Alabama; six small, rude implements, a leaf-shaped implement, two small cutting or scraping implements, a trimmed flake, a leaf-shaped cut- ting implement, and a cutting tool with stem, from Arkansas. Fifty-two speci- mens. 20751. Davipson, W. M. (McElmo, Utah), sent pottery, three vessels dug from eliff-houses situated on the south slope of the Sierra Abajo, in exchange. 20725. Davis, Miss DeBorau D. (Lynchburgh, Virginia), presented a Methodist hymn book. 19772. Davis, ERwin. (See under Augustus St. Gaudens, 20084.) Davis, Howarp B. (Reading, Pennsylvania), presented prehistoric stone implements, twenty-two specimens. 20210. Davis, H. J. (Davis, Massachusetts), presented a specimen of chalcopyrite. 19380. Davis, O. VY. (Mandan, Dakota), presented a living specimen of Red Fox. 19869. Day, Mrs. C. C. (Washington, District of Columbia), deposited commissions to David Catheart, one signed by President Andrew Jackson, the other by President Van Buren; also a proclamation by President Jackson, December 10, 1832: “ Our Union must be preserved.” 20090. Day, Dr. D. T. (U. S. Geological Survey), presented rutile from Chester County, Pennsylvania (19902); also glassware (20524). (See also under W. H. Beck, 20139.) De La Mater, L. M.(Flushing, South Carolina), presented fossil cetacean vertebrx, from the phosphate beds of South Carolina. 29370. DELANEY, Patrick (Gloucester, Massachusetts), presented a specimen of fish, Cit- mera afinis. 19901. 748 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. DELAWARE AND Hupson CANAL ComPANy (through H.G. Young, assistant president and general manager) presented a model of the locomotive ‘‘ Stourbridge Lion,” first locomotive constructed in the United States (19904) ; also walking-beam, four driving-wheel tires and three track-centers belonging to the original locomotive “ Stourbridge Lion” (20761). DEMONET, Mme., & SON (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a cat, Ielis domesticus, in the flesh. 19365. DrnuAM, CHARLES S. (East Pepperell, Massachusetts), sent eggs of a neuropterous - insect, probably those of an Ephemerid or ‘‘ May fly,” for examination and report. 19513. DENHAM, JENNIE L. (Richfield, Kansas), sent glass or slag for examination and re- port. 19728. DENTON, S. W. (Wellesley, Massachusetts), sent bird skins. 20786. DERBY, ORVILLE A. (See under National Museum, Rio de Janeiro, 20192.) DEVENGER, GEORGE W. (Brooklyn, New York), presented larva of Callidium antenna- tum, found in a piece of kindling-wood. 20562. DEVEREAUX, J. (Raleigh, North Carolina), sent plant for name. 19687. DE VINNE, THEODORE L. (New York City), presented impressions from a wood-cent illustrating overlaying; together with printed explanations. 20264. DitieR, J. S. (U. S. Geological Survey), presented fluorite and calcite on limestone , from Greason, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania (20206) ; also fulgerite on hy- persthene basait; from Oregon; and fulgerite on andesite, from Little Ararat, in Armenia (20367). (See also under John Miller, 20366. ) DITHRIDGE FLINT GLASS Company (New Brighton, Pennsylvania) presented four wine-glasses, three glass globlets, and a cut-glass pickle-dish. 20686. Drx, Miss D. L. (deceased). (Through Dr. W. W. Godding, Superintendent of the Government Hospital for the Insane.) Bequest of a small collection of geological specimens; also arrow-heads from Oregon; fossil shells and deposits from an artesian well. 19890. f Doan, C. F. (Doan’s, Texas), sent mascasite for examination and report. 20005. Doane, W. H. (Cincinnati, Ohio), sent idols, supposed to be of Aztec origin. 20647. DopGk, WALLACE H. (Mishawaka, Indiana), presented a pierced ceremonial object. 19706. DoNaALpDsoNn, THOMAS (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), presented invitation card to President Lincoln’s inauguration ball, 1865; various United States Mint tokens ; also Canada ‘‘ Wellington ” token (19467); plates from ‘‘American Art Review ” (20265) ; and Pennsylvania Bi-Centennial medal, 1882; and a campaign badge of Cleveland and Hendricks (20320). Dougal, W. H. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented eight engravings by the donor. 20627. Dovatas, A. B.(Eustis, Maine), sent the skin of amale Moose. 20015, DRAKE, Mrs. JAMES H., presented a larva of Hmpretia stimulea ; found near Warren- ton, Virginia. 19529. DRAKE, Dr. J. N. (Smithville, Tennessee), presented a collection of articles from a mound near Smithville. 19606. DressER, H. E. (London, England), sent in exchange bird skins, twenty-one speci- mens, nineteen species, chiefly from Europe. 19971. Drew, S. H. (Wanganui, New Zealand), sent fossils from the Wanganui beds (Plio- cene) in exchange. 19580. DuDLEY, 8. 8. (See under J. T. Johnson, 20557. ) LIST OF ACCESSIONS. T49 Dues, Prof. A. (Guanajuato, Mexico), contributed the following collections— BirDS: Carpodacus mexicanus, Euetheia pusilla, Volatinia splendens, Calamospiza melanocorys, Icterus buliocki, Dendrornis eburneirostris, Zenaidura macroura, Falco columbarius; Buteo borealis calurus, Strix pratincola, Magascops asio trichopsis, Gallinago delicata, Ereunetes occidentalis, and Larus del wwarensis. InsEcrs: Lepidoptera—Anemeca ehrenbergit; Diptera—Lucilia cesar L., Lucilia sp.?, Tabanus lineata, Tabanus sp.? (near trispetus Will.), Scolivpelta (allied to luteipes Will.), Odontomiyia binota Lw., Microstylum sp.?, Conops sp.?, Psilopus (allied to sipho Say), Dolichopus sp.?, Belvoisia bifasciata Fabr. ; Hemiptera— Serphus dilatatus Say (a species very close to our Corica harrisii Ubler), Piratus biguttatus Say, Pecilocapsus lunatus L.; Homoptera—Cicada (near auletes Germ.), two Cicadas (species unknown), Proconia sp.?; Orthoptera— Anisolabia maritima Bon., Spongophira sp.?; Hymenoptera—dAnthophora mar- ginata Sm., Agapostemon sp.? (near atricornis), Pheidole sp.?, Camponotus vic- tinus Mayr. (variety of), Pheidole (near bergi Mayr.), Liometopum sp.?, Polistes sp.2, Lissonota?, Scleroderma sp.? (a Bethylid), Pepsis marginata Burm.; Neu- roptera—T wo species of Termes not in our collection. FisHes: Menidia humboldti, Hudsonius altus, Characodon ferrugineus, C. atripinnis, and C. variatus ?. REPTILES: Cinosternum rostellum and C. integrum. Piant: Chara fragilis Desv. MEADOW MOUSE, d?rvicola quasiaster; also skull of specimen of the same species. SHELLS: Helix, Anodonta and corals, echinoderms, crustaceans, etc. 20097. Duty, A. A. (U. 8. National Museum), presented a chalcedony pebble taken from a drill well under the southwest pavilion of the Museum Building (20071), an oyster, Ostrea virginica, from Cornfield Harbor, Virginia (20231), and a specimen of marble from the Temple of Diana (20594); also gave rocks in exchange (19860). Dunnineton, F. P. (University of Virginia), presented minerals. 20105. Du Prk, D. A. (Spartanburgh, Souch Carolina), sent metallic iron for examination and report. 19586. DURAND, JOHN (Paris, France), presented progressive proots from A. B. imeem en- graving of Vanderlyn’s ‘‘Ariadne.” 20278. DwieHr, THEODORE F. (Ward, Delaware County, Pennsylvania), deposited pamphlet bound in glass folios, ‘Original Association of Congress, October 20, 1774,” signed by forty-two delegates of the several colonies. 20719. Dycus, D. T. D. (Lebanon, Ohio), presented prehistoric stone implements, forty- five specimens, from Warren County, Ohio. 20174. Eacuin, H. M. (Marietta, Pennsylvania), presented a lichen, Cladonia pulchella. 19502. _ EASTERDAY, WILLIAM D. (Leesburgh, Virginia), presented a sandstone concretion. 20134. KATON, J. M.C. (brvington, New Jersey), presented a pouch of the Opossum, Didelphys virginiana (19466) and pupa of Macrosila carolina (19501). EBERLE, EUGENE E. (Gainesville, Texas), sent a piece of pork infested with animal- cule, for examination and report. 20176. ECHAURREN, FRANCISCO (through Carlos Zanartu, consul for Chili at Paris, France), presented a medal commemorating the war between Chili and Peru 1879-1883. 19961. ECKFELDT, Dr. J. W. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), sent a collection of mosses and lichens from Germany in exchange. 19744. Epwarps, VINAL N. (Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts), presented a Tiger Salamander, Amblystoma tigrinum. 19727. (See also under Fish Commission, United States.) ELLiorT, F. O, (Catawba Springs, North Carolina), sent carved implements of so2p- stone, for examination and report. (Returned.) 20506. ELLIs, CHARLES ROLAND ( Washington, District of Columbia), presented an Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, in the flesh. 20765, ; 150 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Evus, J. Frank (U. 8. Fish Commission), sent living specimens of Opossum, Gray Fox, Barred Owl, and Raccoon, 19866. Exuis, L. H: (Wilmington, Ohio), presented insects. 20522. ELuswortn, E. W. (East Windsor Hill, Connecticut), presented samples of chipped window-glass. 20179. dLY, Tuomas N. (See under Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 20561.) Emmons, 8. F. (See under Interior, Department of the, U. 8. Geological Survey, 20047, 20156.) Emons, C. T. (Columbia, Pennsylvania), presented a fragment of aclay vessel rep- resenting a bird’s head, from Lancaster county, Pennsylvania; also a soap-stone vessel representing a human face, from Dauphin County, Pennsylvania (20482); and sent fourteen arrowheads, hammer-stone, two grooved axes, celt, pestle, two notched sinkers, stone bead, bone perforator, jaw-bone of a deer, elk’s tooth, bear’s tooth, brass pendant, iron hatchet, etc., in exchange (19820). ENGLIsH, G. L., & Co. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), seut smoky quartz crystals and a crocidolite quartz paper-weight. 20815. ERDIMANN, W. & H. (New York City), presented lithographs of paper currency of various countries, from the ‘‘Graphische Kiinste.” 20237. Estss, E. D. (Corning, Arkansas), presented specimens of Dynastes tityus. 19366. Eustis, Mrs. J. B. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented two living speci- mens of Barred Owl. 20778. Everett, Mrs. J. H. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented pearls from com- mon oyster. 20476. FaerTz, Mrs. A. M. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a miniature watch brought from Austria twenty-five years ago, and supposed to be a hundred years old; also ascarf-pin from Italy, brought to America fifty years ago. 19547, - FAIRBANKS, E. & T., & Co. (St. Johnsbury, Vermont), presented a pair of preserip- tion scales. 20738. FALCONER, J. M. (Brooklyn, New York), presented two Baxter oil-prints. 20666. Faris, LAFAYETTE (Washington, District of Columbia), presented prehistoric stone implements, nine specimens, from Highland County, Ohio. 19771. Farrer, Henry (New York City), presented nine etchings by the donor (20284); also illustrated catalogue of the N. E. Etching Club Exhibition, 1888 (20590). FaucuEr, G. L. (West Winsted, Connecticut), presented prehistoric stone imple- ments. 19852. FILLEBROWN, F. E. (Boston, Massachusetts), presented eight proofs of wood engrav- ings by the donor. 20829. FIscHEer, Dr. Henri A. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a cut ame- thyst, from the Hartz Mountains, Germany. 20404. FisH COMMISSION, UNITED States, transmitted through Col. Marshall McDonald, Comunissioner— 3 Birds’ nests and birds’ eggs: Quiscalus quiscula, Q. major, Merula migratoria, Molothrus ater, Dendroica wstiva, Agelaius phoniceus, Setophaga ruticilla, Seiwrus aurocapillus, Melospiza fasciata, Spizella socialis, Vireo noveboracensis, V. oliva- ceus, Compsothlypis americana, Clivicola riparia, Chelidon erythrogaster, Ceryle aleyon, Sterna dougalli, S. paradiswa, and S. hirundo. (Through Vinal N. Edwards, Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts.) 19426. Bones of Great Auk, Alcea impennis. These represent several hundred individuals, and ten or twelve complete skeletons can be constructed from them. The Great Auk became extinct about fifty years ago. This collection of its bones is the largest in the world. Seventy-two skeletons and alcoholic specimens of birds, nostly sea fowl, and many embryos of the same. Birds’ eggs: Sterna paradiswa (also seven nests), Uria troile, Alca torda, Sula bassana, Fratercula arctica, Rissa tridactyla, and Oceanodroma leucorhoa. A large collection of bird skins. Fishes: Osmerus mordax, Ctenolabrus adspersus, Pleuronectes americanus, Cottus 18 spinosus, C. scorpius, Salvelinus fonlinalis, LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 751 FisH COMMISSION, UNITED STATES—Continued. Salmo salar, Phycis (juv.), Murenoides gunnellus, Gasterosleus aculeatus, and Gadus sp., from Newfoundland. Three skins, four skulls, and one alcoholic specimen of the Meadow Mouse, Arvicola riparius. Rocks from New Bruns- wick, Newfoundland, Magdalen, and adjacent islands. Copper ores from Newfoundland. Echinoderms, star-fishes, sea anemones, and crustaceans. Shells: among them WNatica heros. Fossil shells from Pere Island, Canada, among these: Spirifera, Chronetes, dvidospis, and Dalmounites. Plants. (Col- lected during the cruise of the U. S. Fish Commission schooner Grampus in the summer of 1887, by Capt. J. W. Collins, of the U. 8. Fish Commission, and Messrs F’. A. Lucas and William Palmer, of the U.S. National Museum.) 19588. Fishes: One new Notacanthid and one new Ceratiid, and numerous collections from surface and deep water. 19640. Fish, Thymatllus tricolor; also cray-fishes, from Wytheville, Virginia. 19653. Crabs, star-fishes, sea-urchins, and shrimps, from the vicinity of Great Egg Har- bor, New Jersey. (Collected by Dr. T. H. Bean.) 19659. Rainbow Trout, Salmo irideus, from Wytheville, Virginia. 19713. A sinall collection of fishes from Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts. Parasites and worms. (Through Vinal N. Edwards.) 19727. Two living specimens of the Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias, from Havre-de- Grace, Maryland. (Through J. E. Brown.) 19873. Fishes: Clupea estivalis, and numerous young specimens of the fishes common to the coast of Massachusetts. (Through Vinal N. Edwards, Wood’s Holl, Massa- — chusetts.) 19893. Birds. (Through Vinal N. Edwards, Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts.) (19908, 19942, 19945, 19954, 20232, 20517.) Bird, Urinator imber. (Through Vinal N. Edwards, Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts.) 19910. A living specimen of the Rough-legged Hawk, Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. (Through Vinal N. Edwards, Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts.) 19925. Spotted Cat-fish, Ictalurus punctatus. 19948. Fish, Bubalichthys sp., from the Mississippi River. 19984. Marine invertebrates, including Mollusks, two hundred and thirty lots: Crusta- ceans, worms, ascidians, bryozoans, echinoderms, ccelenterates, and sponges. Collected during the summer of 1887, chiefly by the U. S. Fish Commission steamers Albatross and Tish Hawk. Diptera: Pupa of Culicid, from Wood’s Holl, Massachus:tts. 20000. Fishes: Stolephorus, Serranus atrarius, Cynoscion regale, Pomatomus saltatrix, and Stenotomus argyrops. Jaw of Sand Shark. Eggs of shark. Parasites, worms, and objecis from surface towings, Seal-skin infested with lice. Two turtles. (Through Vinal N. Hdwards, Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts.) 20008. Lobsters and star-fishes from Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts. Fishes: Pleuronectes, Microgadus, Murwnoides, Cottus, Hemitripterus, Tautoga, Fundulus, Osmerus, and I[ctalurus punctatus. 20079. Piece of glass, five-sixteenths of an inch thick, broken by birds flying against it at Sankaty Head light-house, Massachusetts, October 2&, 1883. 20120. Fishes: Solea vulgaris, Phycis, Centropristis atrarius, and Onos cimbrius, from Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts. Feathers taken from the stomach of a Grebe. Intes- tinal worms, objects from surface towings, crustacean parasites, etc. (Through Vinal N. Edwards, Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts.) 20125. Bird skins, Larus delawarensis, two specimens. (Through Vinal N. Edwards Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts.) 20131. A small collection of very young fishes common to. Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts. Birds: Larus delawarensis, L. argentalus smithsonianus, Rissa tridactyla, Podi- lymbus podiceps, Hurelda glacialis, Mergus serrator, and Somateria mollissima. (Through Vinal N. Edwards.) 20257. 152 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. FisH COMMISSION, UNITED STATES—Continued. Bird skins: Oidemia deglandii and Plectrophenax nivalis. 20317. Specimens of the Red Cross-bill, Loxia curvirostra, and the Pine Siskin, Spinus pinus. (Through Vinal N. Edwards, Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts.) 20405. A set of the publications of the U. S. Fish Commission exhibited at the London Fisheries Exhibition. 20411. Red Polls: Acanthis linaria and A. 1. holbellii. (Through Vinal N. Edwards, Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts.) 20414. Porpoise, Lagenorhynchus acutus, from Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts. (Through Vinal N. Edwards.) 20637. Birds from Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts. (Through Vinal N. Edwards.) 20643. Sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, from Fort Washington, Maryland. 2065S. Dusky Shearwater, Puffinus stricklandi, from Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts. (Through Vinal N. Edwards.) 20673. Porpoise, Lagenorhynchus acutus. 20680. A living specimen of Loon. (Through Vinal N, Edwards, Wood’s Holl, Massachu- setts.) 20737. (See also under Capt. Z. L. Tanner, 19397 ; Messrs. Skinner & Sons, 20547.) FisuEer, Dr. A. K. (Department of Agriculture), presented eleven birds’nests and eighty-five birds’eggs (19758); two specimens of Red-tailed Hawk, Buteo borealis, from Sandy Spring, Maryland (19863, 20432), and a living specimen of American Cross-bill (20169). FuaxmMan, H. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), presented specimens of unbaked pottery, showing different stages in the manufacture of an inkstand. 20558. FLEMING, J. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), presented vessels and toys, from near Armenia, Salvador; from the collection of A. J. Sherzer; also fragments of pot- tery, from Salvador (19701); and Indian arrows, from Costa Rica (19819). FLETCHER, Dr. ROBERT, U.S. Army (Army Medical Museum), presented an agate seal-handle. 20080. Fousom, Dr. J. W. (Atoka, Indian Territory), sent indurated clay for examination and report. 19434. Foorr, A. EH. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), sent a collection of minerals. (A portion of the collection was purchased.) 20516. Forbes, k. B. (Boston, Massachusetts), presented water-colors and photographs of ships (20441); two models of life-boats (20704); and a model ot boat provided with adjustable wheels for transportation overland ; a device of the donor (20821). Forsusu, E. H. (Worcester, Massachusetts), lent bird skins for comparison and study at the request of the Curator of Birds. 20576. FORD, FRANK (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a living specimen ox Loon, Colymbus torquatus. 20453. FORRESTELL, JAMES (Bozeman, Montana), sent a collection of rocks. 20186. FORRISTER, GEORGE B. (New York City), presented a decoction of the leaves and root of a plant, a supposed antidote for the bite of rattlesnake. 19928. ForsBERG & Murray. (See under R. J. Thompson, 19636.) Foster, Mrs. Mary F. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented an Undulated Grass Parrakeet, Melopsittacus undulatus. 19558. Fox, Dr. W. H. (Washington, District of Columbia); presented eleven specimens of birds, representing eight species (19668) ; also SERA VE specimens of birds from Hollis, New Hampshire (19704). FRANCIS, JOSEPH (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a piece of timber from the ship Ayrshire, wrecked on the coast of New Jersey. 20391. FRASER, CHARLES A. (St. Domingo, West Indies), sent balsam of Pterocarpus draco, and leaves of a plant, for exatnination and report. 20698. LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 753 FRASER, 8. S. (Georgetown, South Carolina), presented fruit of Phytilephas macro- carpa. 20087. FRASER, WILLIAM LEWIS. (See under Century Company, 20108, 20196. ) FREEMAN, I. L. (Baltimore, Maryland), presented photograph of asphalt diggings at Port Spain, Trinidad. 20452. FRENCH & KENNEY (Salmon City, Idaho), sent fossil bones for examination and re- port. 20655. FRENCH, Cuaruus E. (Jacksonville, Texas), sent sand for examination and report. 20682. FRESHWATER, J. (Loudonville, Ohio), presented a leaf-shaped stone implement. 20189. Frirscu, E. (New York City), presented alabaster from England, bréche violetie marble from Italy, and onyx from Mexico. 19678. Frost, L. L. (Susanville, California), presented prehistoric stone implements, twelve specimens, 20462. Fry, Capt. F. G. (New Orleans, Louisiana), sent the skeleton of a Gorilla. 20532. FurGuESON, T. E. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented the trunk of a sap- ling with a rock ingrown. 19936. GALE, DENNIS (Gold Hill, Colorado), presented birds’ eggs, a valuable collection containing rare species; also birds’ nests and bird skins. 19970. GALLAUER, J. W. (Pulaskiville, Ohio), presented a badge of the Fourteenth Regiment, Ohio National Guard. 19613. GALVIN, CHARLES D. (New York City), sent a water-worn fragment of hydrated ses- quioxide of iron for examination and report. 20032. GamaGé, A. T. (Damariscotta, Maine), presented prehistoric stone implements. 20251. Gant, A. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a Red-shouldered Hawk, Bu- teo lineatus, from Eastern Branch, Maryland. 19657. GANT, CHARLES B. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a living specimen of Loon, from Colonial Beach, Potomac River. 20259. GARDNER, Dr. P. (Gallipolis, Texas), sent a clay concretion, supposed to be a petrified mammal, for examination and report. 19932. GARNER, R. L. (Salem, Virginia), presented magnetite crystals from Virginia. 19907. GARRISON, H. L. (Cedarsville, New Jersey), presented fulgurites. 20133. GAWTHORP, J. E. (Huttonsville, West Virginia), sent ore for examination and report. 20501. : Gay, Dr. C. A. (Lewiston, Idaho), presented a pair of antlers of the Mule Deer, Cariacus macrotis, in the velvet; also sent a living specimen of Mule Deer. 19878. GeEDz, AucusT (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a living specimen of Screech Owl from Maryland. 20098. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HisTORY SURVEY OF CANADA lent fossils for comparison and study at the request of the Curator of Paleozoic Fossils. 19951. GEORGE, J. A. (See under Russell Thorpe, 20082.) GERE, J. E. (Riceville, Wisconsin), presented prehistoric stone implements: three flakes, three cutting implements, four scrapers, one perforator, six spear-heads, fifty-seven arrowheads, one pierced tablet, and five leaf-shaped implements; also fossils, mostly corals, from the Niagara formation (Upper Silurian), 20603. GERNERD, J. M.M. (Muney, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania), presented prehistoric stone implements, one hundred and fifty specimens. 20191. GERRARD, EDWARD (London, England), sent specimens of Simia satyrus, male and fe- inale, in exchange. 20677. GirrorD, R. Swain (New York City), presented fourteen etchings by the donor, 20285. H. Mis. 142, pt. 2——48 754 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. CGuLBERT, Prof. CHARLES H. (Cincinnati, Ohio), presented a collection of fishes from the vicinity of Cincinnati. 20670. GILDER, RicHarD W. (See under Augustus St. Gaudens 20084.) GiLt1AM, R, (Petersburgh, Virginia), presented a ‘‘ Queen Anne” shilling of Great Britain, 1711. 20387. GILLILAND, A. L. (Mead Centre, Kansas), presented a photograph of an ‘‘ idol” from New Mexico. 19392. GLENNAN, Dr. P. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a living specimen of Virginia Deer, Cariacus virginianus, from Florida. 20464. GopMAN, M. M. (Dayton, Columbia County, Washington), sent ore for examination and report. 19735 GopMAN, T. D., and O. SALVIN (London, England), presented a valuable collection of Coleoptera, containing named Carabidw and Longicornia from Central Amer- ica, determined by H. W. Bates and typical of many of the species described in the “ Biologia Centrali Americana.” 20007. Gorr, Hon. N. (See under Jacob Whitlach, 20426.) GOLDEN, R. A. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a specimen of Trigger Fish, Balistes capriscus, from Virginia Beach. 20724. GoLpFruss, OTTo (Halle an der Saale, Germany), sent ninety species of land and fresh-water shells from Asia Minor, Greece, and the Crimea, 20372. GoopDaLL, F. H. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a fragment of a 100- pound shell, found imbedded in a sycamore tree on the farm of J. S. Fenwick, near Washington, a relic of the war of 186165. 20811. GoopE, G. BRown (Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, in charge of United States National Museum), presented a Wood Thrush, Turdus mustelinus, killed by flying against the telegraph wires in Smithsonian grounds (19568); a Wood Rabbit, Lepus sylvaticus, from the District of Columbia (20580) ; and an Arkansas bowie-knife (20757); deposited old Japanese armor, consisting of two cuirasses, two taces (odd), two pairs epauliers (mates), one pair brassarts, one pair greaves, two greaves (odd), one piece of brassart, one cowvre de nuque, one flat helmet, and two neck pods, nineteen pieces in all (20368); and purchased, on behalf of -e Museum, lacquerware, porcelain, and bronzes (20197). Goss, N. 8S. (Topeka, Kansas), presented two new species of Sula (two specimens of each) from California; also eggs of Sula brewsteri Goss, S. gossi Ridg., and Phaéthon wthereus, from San Pedro Martin Island, California (20540); and sent bird skins for examination and report (19339). GouLD, A. L. (Watertown, New York), sent a fragment of the breast-bone of a horse for examination and report. 19809. GOWARD, Gusray (Washington, District of Columbia), deposited a Corean pipe-stem: and twenty-five original sketches by Japanese artists. 19374. GRAMM, OTTO (Laramie, Wyoming), presented a specimen of Rocky Mountain White- fish, Coregonus Williamsoni. 19650. CENTS Bry, Dr. James (Cairo, Egypt), presented a most valuable collection of ethuo- logical and other objects. Among these may be mentioned: Gold ornaments of Thothmes IIT., 1600 B. C., bought in Cairo some years before the discovery of the mummies at Deir el Bahari; flower of the lotos of Upper Egypt, Nymphea ceru- lea; mummied hawk; modern Arabic almanac for the year of Heijra 1300; aro- matic substance taken from the abdomen of a mummy at Thebes; piece of a glass ornament from a sarcophagus of the nineteenth dynasty; mosaic from Leptis Magna; model of a head-rest in hematite, twenty-ninth dynasty; beetle from Thebes; cat made of copper, and symbolical of Pasht, the later form of the god- dess Sekhet; coin from the kingdom of Harrar, southeast of Abyssinia; early Turkish coin upon which is inscribed ‘In name of God most compassionate:” cali- LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 755 GRANT-Bry, Dr. JAMES—Continued. phate coin of Bagdad; ancient Egyptian duck, in bronze ; peal scarab, in stone (Head of Hathor supported by two royal epaalballo)s ; fragment of a ring ae ancient porcelain; ancient Egyptian model of pottery; Egyptian porcelain ring of lotos flower and necklace of Sekhet; stele of Horus (none older than the twenty-sixth dynasty); Thoth (ibis headed god Hermes, god of learning); nreeus, kingly em- blem in bronze, originally in king’s crown; papyrus from Fyoum, written in Greek; bandages of mummies, of different textures, containing inscriptions in hieratic (part of ‘‘ Ritual of the Dead”); fragments of nummy bandages (names of Cleopatra, Ptolemy, and Khufa inscribed thereon by Dr. Grant-Bey); bronze lizard from a mummy-case (now empty, originally filled with the bones of small animals); bronze figurette of Osiris; ancient mold of Ra Atum, god of sunset; shubti or respondents (images in porcelain); copy of ancient Greek coin with head of Athena; Roman coins; modern Turkish coins in silver and goid; charm against disease for donkey; fragment of mummy cloth from body of Rameses, father of the Pharoah of the Exodus (nineteenth dynasty, 1500 B. C.); fac-simile of royal cartouch inscribed thereon by Dr. Grant-Bey ; also Egyptian ‘Book of the Dead,” in hieratic, fifteen fragments; and other objects (19601, 19747, 20440). ’ Graves, Hon. E. O. (Chief of Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Washington), pre- sented illustrations representing the paper currency of France, Germany, Italy, and other countries, from the ‘‘ Graphische Kitinste.” 20184. GRAVES, MiLEs W. (Hartford, Connecticut), deposited Roman copper coins, tin coin of Turkey, and miscellaneous silver coins; forty-three in all. 20064. GREBNITZKY, N. (Behring Island), presented skull of adult whale and skeleton of young whale, Ziphius grebnitzkii ; a collection of fishes, including Cottus diceraus, Gasterosteus microcephalus, G. pungitius, and G. pungitius brachypoda ; crustaceans, worms, echini, sponges, and shells. 20056. GREEN, CHARLES S. (Roaring Branch, Pennsylvania), presented a ribbon badge of Blaine and Logan Club of Roaring Branch, 1884. 19718. GREEN, G. K, (New Albany, Indiana), presented prehistoric stone implements, in- cluding fourteen paleolithic specimens, from an ancient burying ground at Clarks- ville, Indiana (20362); also eight additional specimens (20633 GREEN, J. A. (Ooltewah, Tennessee), sent, for examination and report, four speci- mens of German Carp, Cyprinus carpio, from Ooltewah, together with samples of the water of a pond in which the fish were found dead. 20198. GREEN, LOREN W. (Baird, Shasta County, California), presented ores. 20322. GREENE, W. E. (Warren, Ohiv), sent clay for examination and report. 19403. GREENWOOD, E. C. (Padre Island, Texas), presented a specimen of Wilson’s Phala- rope, Phalaropus tricolor. 20104. GREENWOOD PoTTrERY CoMPANY (Trenton, New Jersey) presented specimens of pottery of American manufacture. 20109. GREEY, EDwarp (New York City), presented a large bronze figure of a Japanese Buddha; alse a Japanese fire-engine, and bow and arrows. 21176. GreGory, J. R. (London, England), presented three specimens of meteoric iron and three specimens of meteoric stone. 19918. GRIFFIN, Hon. G. W. (See under Australian Museum, New South Wales (20773); also under Technological Museum, New South Wales (20798). GRINNAN, A. G. (Madison Mills, Virginia), sent a specimen of fungus found between bark and wood of dried pine, for examination and report. 19656. HaprizLp, Rosert (Sheffield, England), presented specimens of manganese steel from Sheffield. (Through J. D. Weeks, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.) 19905. Hakes, W. A. (Binghampton, New York), sent fragments of pottery and arrow- points inexchange. 20521. Hatt, Prof. AsapH. (See under National Academy of Sciences, 19831.) Hai, CHARLES (‘Templeman’s Cross Roads, Virginia), presented two eggs of common barn fowl, abnormal. (Through C. W. Ridley.) 19549. 156 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Ham, C. D. (Dubuque, Iowa), presented a roster and historical sketch of the “ Gov- ernors Greys,” Company A, Fourth Regiment Iowa National Guard, and badge of same organization worn on the occasion of the Philadelphia Centennial Celebra- tion, September 15-17, 1887. 19622. HamMILton, M. (Savannah, Georgia), sent a tincture of the milkweed Asclepias am- plexicaulis, a reputed antidote for rattlesnake bite. 20573. HaMiin, R. H. (Brunette Post-Office, Louisiana), sent a fine specimen of a ‘‘ muller” stone for examination and report. 19427. HAMLIN, Wi1LLiam C. (Havre de Grace, Maryland), presented a living specimen of Marsh Hawk, Circus eyaneus hudsonius. 19865. Hampson, THomas (U. 8. Geological Survey), presented a concretion, from the Dis- trict of Columbia. 20110. Hampton, W. C. (Mount Victory, Ohio), sent rock supposed by the sender to be of meteoric origin, also a boat-shaped object, for examination and report. 19461. Hamy, Dr. E. (See under Trocadéro Museum, 19985.) Hanks, HENRY G. (San Francisco, Calera) sent in exchange Hanieatee and glau- Berice: 20068. Hanna, H. W. (Warsaw, Indiana), presented a collection of prehistoric stone im- plements from Wabash County, Indiana, containing some paleolithic specimens. (20180, 20717.) Harpesty, Dr. J. R.S. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a pair of an- tique spectacles. 19782. HARLAN AND HOLLINGSWORTH COMPANY (Wilmington, Delaware) presented pho- tographs of cars built by the company. 20509. HARPER AND BROTHERS (New York City) presented twenty-eight wood engravings (20301), and prints showing wood engraver at work (20591); also sent specimens of engravings on wood by members of the Society of American Wood Engravers, twenty-five plates with text. 20828. Harris, T.C. (Raleigh, North Carolina), presented rocks. 19524. Harris, THEODORE S. (Sea Bright, New Jersey), presented Orange Tile-fish, Alutera schepfi, and Banded Rudder-fish, Seriola zonata; also ‘‘slipper” of a Pteropod called Cymbulia. 19408. HarRIsON, S. R. (Clarksburgh, West Virginia), presented hickory leaves with a de- posit of “‘honey dew.” 20767. Harrison, V. T. (Texarkana, Arkansas), sent sandstone containing pyrite and lignite (19850) ; also galena in quartzose gangue for examination and report (19897). Hart, CHARLES HENRY (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), presented engravings by D. Edwin, John Cheney, and others; and mezzotints, lithographs, ete. 20273. HARTLEBEN, C. A. von (Washington, District of Columbia), presented specimens of old forms of dental instruments. 19964. HAVNERS, Col. W. H. (Capon Springs, West Virginia), presented an Albino Blue-bird, Sialia sialis (through H. C. Baker, Wardensville, West Virginia) (19449); also specimen of Loggerhead Shrike or Butcher-bird, Lanius ludovicianus L. (through H. C. Towers). (19597.) Haw .ey, A. H. (Los Gatos, California), presented bird skins, and sent bird skins for examination and report. 20442. Hay, C. D. (Hot Springs, Arkansas), sent stone bearing marks due to weathering for examination and report. 19677 HayYDEN, Mrs. Emma V. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), presented medals awarded to Dr. F. V. Hayden by various scientific and commercial bodies. 20446. Haywarp, W. H. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented two English coins, one- ina farthing. 19921. Haywoop, Howarp (Raleigh, North Carolina), presented a collection of prehistoric stone implements, including eight paleolithic implements. 20357 LIST OF ACCESSIONS. eon HaZen, Mrs. MinprRtEp MCLEAN (Washington, District of Columbia), presented eth- nological objects. Among these may be mentioned: Woman’s fur dress, breeches, man’s fur coat and breeches, rain coat, one pair of woman’s boots, girdle orna- mented with claws, and one pair of shoes, from St. Michael’s, Alaska; Indian beaded coat and pair of shoes, from Yukon River, Alaska, three kyaks, from Greenland; one kyak, from Norton Sound; also Indian pipes and other speci- mens. 20458. HEALY, Capt. M. A., U. S. Revenue Marine. (See under Treasury Department, U. S. Revenue Marine, 19774). HEATON, L. D. (Victoria, Texas), presented a specimen of spider, Gasteracantha sp., new to the collection. 19539. HEINMANN, E. (New York City), presented ten specimens of wood engraving, the work of the donor. 20271. HEITMULLER, ALFRED (Oak Grove, District of Columbia), presented a 1.ving speci- men of the Sparrow Hawk. 20812. HELTON, W. E. (Hazel Springs, Virginia), sent mica for examination and report. 19534. HEMPHILL, HENRY (San Diego, California), presented shells: Planorbis, from Lou- isiana, and Ceropsis minima Dall, from California (20543); and lent shells for com- parison and study at the request of the Curator of Mollusks (20166, 20739). HENpDRIcKS, Mrs. C. I. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), presented a sample of modern Brussels point-lace. 20519. Hensuaw, H. W. (U. 8. Geological Survey), presented a collection of plants—asters and oaks. 19762. Henson, Harry V. (Hakodate, Japan), lent skins of Japanese birds for comparison and study at the request of the Curator of Birds. 19495. HENSON, SAMUEL (London, England), sent calcite and celestite with calcite and sul- phur. 19883. HEPNeER, J. H. (Mount. Jackson, Virginia), sent limestone for examination and re- port. 20112. HERMANN, Hon. BINGER. (See under Capt. R. A. Bensal, 20004. ) Herron, Dr. Cuartus 8. (Bartow, Florida), presented a molar tooth of a Mammoth, Llephas primigenius (20431); also a specimen of whorled milkweed, Asclepias verticillata, a reputed cure for rattlesnake bite (20748). HeEnrzer, H. (Cleveland, Ohio), presented a valuable and interesting collection of fos- sil plants containing some new species. 20261. Hesse, Dr. R. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a Red-tailed Hawk, Buiteo borealis (20230); also a Dachshund (20455), Hickok, FRANK (Caldwell, Kansas), presented a jaw-bone of Equus caballus with last inferior left molar. 19519. Hicks, Tuomas R. (Brooklyn, New York), presented a ‘Lizard Fish,” Synodus fetens, from Bay of Canarsie, New York. 19573. HippEN, W. E. (Newark, New Jersey), presented four crystals of black tourmaline (19787); alsoxanthitane from Green River, North Carolina (20157). Hieeins, Dr. C. W. (Salt Lake City, Utah), presented living specimens of Badger, of Red Fox, and of Golden Eagle; and sent two living specimens of Spotted Lynx. 19872. HILi, JoHN Henry (Mount Moor, New York), presented two etchings by the donor, and two aquatints by J. Hill. 20281. Hitt, Rosert T. (U. 8. Geological Survey), presented two living specimens of Tor- toise, Cistudo carolina triunguis. 20779. (See also under Cummings, W. F.) Hitt, W.S8. (Oswego, Kansas), presented prehistoric stone implements, one hundred and eight specimens, from Labette County, Kansas (19484); also a cupped stone (19826). 158 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Hinckiey Locomorive Company (Boston, Massachusetts), (through F. D. Childs, manager) presented photographs of the locomotive “Lion,” built by the company in 1884. 20408. Hine, L. G. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented lignite. 19923. Hinman, H. E. (Cleveland, Ohio), presented a living specimen of Fox Squirrel. 20596. Hinman, M. L. (See under Brooks Locomotive Works, 20506.) Hircucock, Prof. C. H. (Hanover, New Hampshire), sent a relief map of Oahu in exchange. 19999. Hosess, W. H. (Worcester, Massachusetts), sent rocks from near Ilchester, Maryland, in exchange. 20700. HockxnHaus, F. W. (Communia, Clayton County, Iowa), sent gypsum for examination and report. 19428. Hopes, E. B. (Plymouth, New Hampshire), presented a specimen of trout, Salvelinus agassizi. 19898. Hor, R., & Co. (New York City), presented illustrations of wood-cut and type print- ing machinery manufactured by the donors. 20622. HorrMan, J. B. (Cincinnati, Ohio), presented badges of the Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. 19628. HOLBELT, J. C. (Corydon, Kentucky), sent insect for name. 20022. Houtmes, WILLIAM H. (Bureau of Ethnology) presented two medals made by J. A. Bolen, Springfield, Massachusetts. 19369. Hoop, H. D. (Bay Ridge, Florida), presented material taken from the stomach of an alligator: pine knots, turtle shells, bones, ete. 19355. Horan, Henry (U.S. National Museum), presented a medal of the Industrial Ex- position held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1887. 19629. Hornabay, W. T. (U.S. National Museum) presented antlers of Elk, skins of Antelope kids, and skin of Grizzly Bear cub (19860); two skins of Opossum (20042); an interesting and valuable collection of fossil woods from Egypt and from Antigua, West Indies, and other localities rarely visited (20188); and two postage-stamps of Borneo (20242); also sent living specimens of Cinnamon Bear, White-tail Deer, Columbian Black-tail Deer (19879); Gray Squirrel, Flying Squirrel (19894); Cooper’s Hawk (20049); Prairie Hare and Opossum (20244). : Hoskin, Ropert (Cranford, New Jersey), presented eleven specimens of wood en- eravings by the donor. 20268. Hoven, WALTER (U.S. National Museum), presented 5-cent nickel of 1885, without the word ‘“‘ cents” inscribed thereon (20235); two etchings from a German book, ‘‘ His- torische Chronicken,” of the seventeenth century (20450): and pearls from the com- mon oyster (20459). HOVENDEN, THOMAS (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), presented two etchings by the donor. 20274. Howarktu, Prof. EL1sJAu (curator Weston Park Museum, Sheffield, England). presented photograph of Sheffield cutlery of the eighteenth century and prior thereto. 20401. Hoxie, Capt. R. L., U.S. Army (Montgomery, Alabama), presented a living speci- men of Virginia Deer. 20707. Hoy, Dr. P. R. (Racine, Wisconsin), presented a specimen of White-marked Shrew, in the flesh. 20094. HUDDLESON, GEORGE (Montgomery County, Maryland), presented a specimen of quartz containing free gold. 20333. HUNTER, WILLIAM (Woodland, Virginia), presented a specimen of fungus, Poly- porus. 20706. ; HURTER, JULIUS (St. Louis, Missouri), presented one specimen each of Aspidonectes, Bufo, Eumeces, and Tropidonotus. 19965. Hyatr, Dr. P. F. (Lewisburgh, Pennsylvania), presented a specimen of native sal- ammoniac. 20701. LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 159 HYDE, GEORGE Byron and W. Bb. Hype, (Morrissville, Vermont), presented two stone images, and a spindle and loom, from Pueblo, Mexico. 19708. Hype, W. B. (See under George Byron Hyde. 19708.) ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HisToRY, (Champaign, Illinois) presented specimens ef Lepidoptera, and sent a collection of Lepidoptera for determination. 20395. INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY (Bloomington, Indiana), through Prof. D. S. Jordan, presented fossils, Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous, types of twenty-two spe- cies (fifty-three specimens) described by Dr. D. D. Owen in his report on the geol- ogy of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota; also three hundred and twenty-seven other specimens of forty-two genera and sixty-five species, Cretaceous fossils from Arkansas and Nebraska; type specimens of Owen’s Second Report Geological Recon- noissance of Arkansas, 1860, and Owen’s Report of the Geological Survey of Wis- consin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852; fossil turtles including Testudo oweni, T. cul- bertsonit, Archetherium mortoni, Rhinoceros sp., and Oreodon culbertsonii, and a col- lection of shells. 19889. INTERIOR, DEPARTMENT OF THE, U.S. Geological Survey (through Maj. J. W. Powell, Director) transmit ted— Len Fossil bones of Zeuglodon, collected by Frank Burns. 19554. Fossils from Iuka, Mississippi, collected by L. C. Johnson. 19555. Fossils and rocks from Lake George, New York. (ThroughC. D. Walcott.) 19845. Rocks from New Jersey, collected by Frank Burns. 19849. Fossils and minerals. (Through R. E. C. Stearns.) 19911. A specimen of Ptychodus mortont Agassiz. (Through W. H. Dall.) 19976. Rocks and ores from Leadville, Colorado. Collected by S. F. Emmons. 20047. Minerals. Collected by Whitman Crossand W. F. Hillebrand. Rocks and ores from Leadville, Colorado. (Through S. F. Emmons, Denver, Colorado.) 20156. Cambrian fossils from Mount Stephens, Rocky Mountains, near line of Canadian Pacific Railroad. 20409. Vertebrate fossils. (Through W. H. Dall.) 20733. A fossil fish. Collected by C. D. Walcott. 20789. (See also under Dr. Byrne, U. 8. Army, 20069; W. Q. Brown, 20303; Mr. Me- Donald, 20337; C. W. Cunningham, 20339.) JACK, W. H. (Natchitoches, Louisiana), sent siliceous pebbles cemented by oxides of iron and manganese, for examination and report. 20394. Jackson, E. KE. (Columbia, South Carolina), presented a wax cast of a pipe found in a mound near Columbia. 19413. JACKSON, F. WALCoTT. (See under Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 20494.) _ JACKSON, THOMAS H. (West Chester, Pennsylvania), presented a nest and four eggs of Helmitherus vermivorus. 19950. JAcKson, W. W. (Washington, District of Columbia). A living specimen of Mink. (Purchased.) 20089. JACOBS, ELMER T. (Morgantown, West Virginia), sent bird skins for examination and report. 20347, JACOBS, S. M. (Gloucester, Massachusetts), presented a fragment of oak plank, from schooner S. P. Agnew, perforated by ship-worms 19806. JAGGERS, J. A. (Garnettsville, Kentucky), presented a prehistoric stone implement. 19867. JAMES, Hon. CHARLES P. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a framed photograph of an oil-painting of Professor Charles Upham Shepard. 20513. James, S. H. (Mound Station, Louisiana), sent a coin for examination and report. 20514. Jamison, H. K. (Manayunk, Pennsylvania), presented a nest and four eggs of Den- droica discolor from Virginia. 19974. 760 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Jerrers, Isaac S. (Huffman, Indiana), sent sandstone for examination and report. 19564," JEFFERSON, MARY Exiza (Norbeck, Maryland), presented prehistoric stone imple- ments, forty-four arrowheads. (Through John W. Jefferson.) 19399. JEFFERSON, JoHN W. (See under Mary Eliza Jefferson, 19399.) JEFFRIES, Dr. J. A. (Boston, Massachusetts), presented a specimen of Purple Sand- piper, Tringa maritima. 20436. JENKS, Prot. J. P. W. (Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island), presented a Chinese rat-trap. 19589. JENSEN, LAWRENCE (Gloucester, Massachusetts), sent a model of a full-rigged ship. 20764. ; JOHN, ANDREW, Jr. (Carrollton, New York), presented two silver brooches made by the Seneca Indians. 20224. JOHNSON, J. B. (Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia), deposited an original deed of land from the United States to James G. Johnson. 20312. JOHNSON, J. T. (Johnson Junction, Kentucky), presented a boat-shaped implement. (Through 8. 8. Dudley.) 20557. JOHNSON, L. C. (See under Interior, Department of the, U. 8S. Geological Survey, 19555. ) JOHNSON, W. F. (Bladensburgh, Maryland), presented a living specimen of Wood- cock, Philohela minor. 20329. JonES, T. D. (Jacksborough, Texas), sent ore for examination and report. 19810. JORDAN, Prof. D. S. (Bloomington, Indiana), presented the head and tins of Salvelinus namaycush, from British Columbia (19979) ; also a specimen of Xyrichthys jessie (type) Jordan, collected by C. H. Bollman off Tampa Bay, Florida (20145). (See also under Indiana State University.) 19889. Jouy, P. L. (Smithsonian Institution), presented a ‘chung sung,” or road-side sign- post, from Corea (19537); hair-pins made of shells, Echinus spines, fish-bones, etc., by the wives and daughters of the fishermen at the island of Enoshima, Japan (19616) ; Corean axe, from Tusan, southern Corea (19638); bow and three arrows, also implement for boring pipe-stems (19792) ; cast of face of an ancient statue of Buddha, from southern Corea (19825); bird skins, fifteen specimens, including four- teen species, from China, also model ofa Malay boat from the Straits of Malacca (20114) ; skull of porpoise, Delphinus delphis, from Corea, also skeletons of birds, including Grus viridirostris, Thalassetus pelagicus, Vultur monachus, Diomedes brachyura, and Bubo maximus (20150), and twenty-nine specimens, comprising twenty-four species, from China (20220); gave a specimen of Amherst’s Pheasant, Phasianus amherstiw, in exchange (19813); and sent a collection of Corean pottery and Corean medicines (20161). KANG CuIN-H1 (Corean Embassy, Washington, District of Columbia), presented five bronze coins of Corea. 20254. : Kappes, ALFRED (New York City), presented a study in charcoal by the donor. 20276. XAUFFMANN, RUDOLPH D. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a Hound — Shark, Mustelus sp., having two heads, two vertebral columns, two pairs dorsals, one pair pectorals and ventrals, and one anal. 20571. Kxacu, M. A. (Providence, Rhode Island), presented shells, young of Litorina rudis L. and Odostomia, from Kettle Point, Rhode Island. 19761. KEELING, W. S. (Garrett’s Bend, West Virginia), sent rocks for examination and re- port. 19749. Kemp, J. F. (Cornell University, New York), sent rocks in exchange. 19987. KrpPet, Frepericn, & Co. (New York City) sent prints of various kinds. 20803. KERCHEVAL, ANDREW (Romney, West Virginia), sent anthracite coal, decomposed stone, etc., for examination and report. 19753. Kerr, D. C. (Smithsonian Institution), presented a specimen of Purple Grackle, Quiscalus quiscula. 20437. LIST OF ACCESSIONS. ee (oi Kitna, L. C. (Clifton Springs, New York), sent a specimen of fertilizer for exam- ination and report. 20518. Kimme.t & Vorat (New York City), presented sixteen impressions from an etched plate to illustrate the process of etching printing. 20297. KinG, Rev. GEORGE C. (East Weymouth, Massachusetts), presented a copper coin, (20 centissimos of Uruguay, 1885). 20512. Kine, F.C. (Clifton Springs, New York), sent a specimen consisting of a mixture of siliceous sand and carbonate of lime, also samples of a deposit from a lake in central Florida, for examination and report (20406, 20520). Kine Iron BrRipGE MANUFACTURING COMPANY (Cleveland, Ohio) presented cyano- types of bridges constructed by the company. 20496. KING, JOHN (Kissimmee, Florida), sent an insect for name. 20652. KQLACKNER, C. K. (New York City), presented three etchings and one wood engraving. 20288. Kioczewski, A. M. (Washington, District of Columbia), deposited Polish silver coins: Piece used as a charm, 1652; Stanislaus Augustus, 1788; Sigismund III., 1623; and Sigismund III., 1622. 19675. Kniaut, W. C. (Nimrod, Arkansas), sent minerals forexamination and report. 19550. KNOWLES, Capt. HeRBeRT M. (U.S. Life-Saving Station, Point Judith, Rhode Island), presented two specimens of the young of the “Grouper,” Hpinephelus niveatus (19590), also a ‘‘ File-fish,” Alutera schepffi (19633). KNOWLTON, F. H. (U. S. National Museum), presented a prehistoric stone imple- ment; a collection of plants, representing more than one hundred New England species; ores; fossils from Vermont; and contorted schist from Vermont. 19395. KNOWLTON, JAMES E. (Damariscotta, Maine), presented seventeen specimens of pre- historic stone implements, paleolithic, from Lincoln County, Maine. 20612. KNUDSEN, VALDEMAR (Boston, Massachusetts), presented bird skins from the Hawai- ian Islands, including the “ Kioeo,” a rare bird in the islands, and supposed not to nest there; the “ Koloa” (Hawaiian for duck); the ‘* Noro,” which lives in the rocks along the coast; the ‘‘ Wau,” formerly abundant every summer in the mountains at as high an altitude as 5,000 feet; the “Akeke,” Calidris arenaria, and the ‘‘Aeo,” Himantopus; also two specimens of Bat, Atalapha semota, from the same.locality. 20560. KoEHLER, S. R. (U.S. National Museum), presented etchings, dry-points, wood-cuts, etc., thirty specimens (20293); ‘‘ The Graphic Arts,” by Philip Gilbert Hamerton (20302); three specimens of fossil fishes and sixteen specimens of fossil inverte- brates, from Solenhofen, Bavaria (26417); early German lithographs and wood engravings by Henry Marsh (20587) ; wood-cut portraits of eminent men (20469) ; and four etching tools (20604). KUEHLING, Miss Lizzim (Lorton Valley, Fairfax County, Virginia), presented a liv- ing specimen of Hawk, from Pohick Church. 20813. KUMMERFIELD, J. F. (Minden, Iowa), presented prehistoric stone implements from Pottawattamie County, Iowa. 19510. Kunz, Grorcr F. (Hoboken, New Jersey), presented a polished slab of obsidian; tourmaline crystals, from De Kalb, New York; brown tourmaline, from Ham- burgh, New Jersey; sun-stone, from near Franklin, North Carolina; polished specimen of crocidolite quartz, from Griqualand, South Africa; two polished specimens of bowenite, from Smithfield, Rhode Island, and fragments of red and green tourrialine, from Calhao, Province of Minas Geraes, Brazil (19805); meteor- ites, two specimens (19916); elzeolite syenite, from near Hot Springs, Arkansas. (19986) ; chlorophane, moonstone, spessartite, beryl crystal, Amazon stone, crys- tallized aibite, transparent oligoclase, and muscovite crystals in Amazon stone (20308) ; also deposited ten adze and axe handles, from New Guinea (20083), andi sent in exchange two meteorites (19916). Lamps, J. E. (Huntington, Oregon), sent gaiena and pyrites for examination and report. 20665. Lamp, T. S. (Portland, Maine), presented pegmatite from Auburn, Maine. 19749. 762 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. LANE, SYLVANUS (Hillsborough, Ohio), sent a specimen of crude petroleum for ex- amination and report. 19538. LANG, JOHN C. (Washington, District of Columbia), deposited the original patent granted to John Fitch, of Philadelphia, by Louis XVI., of France, in 1791, “ for propelling boats by the force of steam;” young of Sea-otter, Enhydris lutris; anda carved wooden image from South Sea Islands. 20791. LANGE, CHARLES T. (Hancock, Dakota), sent a specimen of magnetic iron ore for examination and report. 19723. LATTIN, FRANK H. (Albion, New York), sent zoisite from New York for examination and report. 19903. LAWRENCE, GEORGE N. (New York City), presented eggs of Hulampis holosericeus and Bellona exilis (19412); also sent three specimens of Bachman’s Warbler, Helminthophaga bachmanti, from Louisiana (20782). Lazigr, Capt. Henry B. (Morgantown, West Virginia), deposited a soldier’s medal, honorable discharge, of the State of West Virginia. 19582. Lua, Dr. Isaac (deceased), through Mrs. M. J. Chase, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, bequeathed a collection of shells containing about two thousand specimens; about four hundred specimens of mesozoic fossil shells; fossils, including sixty- four genera, one hundred and twenty-four species of American fossils from all horizons, and about ten genera and fifteen species of foreign fossils of the same range, and worm tubes and barnacles taken from mangrove oysters in the Island of Cuba (20525); also a large collection of minerals (20423). Lary, J. L. (Thoroughfare, Virginia), sent micaceous hematite and mica schist (19937); also magnetite in decomposed schist (20672) for examination and report. LeGeart, L. H. (Evanston, Wyoming), presented a specimen of coal. 19505. LEMON, JOHN H. (New Albany, Indiana), presented sixty-nine specimens of prehis- toric stone implements from Floyd County, Indiana (19386); also two spiders from Wyandotte Cave, Indiana (19658). Leon, Dr. Nrcouas (Morelia, Mexico), presented a Mexican catechism—an old copy. 20119. LEwis, WILLIS (Henderson, North Carolina), presented a specimen of a fluid extract of rattlesnake plantain, Hieraciwm scabrum, or H. gronovii, a reputed antidote for rattlesnake bite. 20555. : LIENAN, D. B. (Joplin, Missouri), presented a specimen of olivine in limonite. 20711. LINCOLN, Dr. O. (U. S. Geological Survey), presented ten specimens of vanadinite from New Mexico. 20036. LINDBERG, J. J. E. (El Paso, Texas), presented two living specimens of Black Bear. 20143. ; LINEHAN, P., & Co. (Raleigh, North Carolina), presented a specimen of building-stone (19359); also a specimen of *‘ black granite” (19404). Linton, W. J. (New Haven, Connecticut), presented wood engravings by the donor; also a collection of wood engravings and photographs to illustrate the history of wood engraving. 20269. Lipscoms, A. A. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented two knives made of steel shoe-springs by convicts. 20628. Lone, W. B. (Steen’s Creek, Rankin County, Mississippi), presented a plant supposed to be an antidote for rattlesnake bite. 19956. Lopor, W. H. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), sent a wax impression of a coin for ex- amination and report. 20487. Lovett, Epwarp (Croydon, England), presented prehistoric stone implements, pottery, etc.; two paleolithic implements, from Madras, India, and fourteen from England; also neolithic specimens from England, Scotland, and Ireland, and frag- ments of Samian ware and flint flakes illustrating the manufacture of gem flints (20116) ; also sent in exchange prehistoric stone implements from the vicinity of Brandon, England, fifty-one specimens (20225), and a collection of ethnological objects (20116). LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 163 LOWELL, Joun A., & Co. (Boston, Massachusetts), presented an engraving, “ The Bathers,” by Schoff, after Hunt. 20299. Lucas, I. A. (U. 8. National Museum), gavé in exchange a specimen of Burchell’s Zebra, Equus burchelli, and a specimen of South American Tortoise, Testudo tabu- lata. 20099. (See also under Fish Commission, United States, 19588. ) Luce, Israr (Sacramento, California), presented a specimen of white and a specimen of red marble. 20422. Luxkanitscu, M., Jr. (New York City), sent thirty-three wood engraver’s implements. (Purechased.) 20619. Lusk, F. C. (Holley, New York), presented an abnormal pig. (Sent to the Army Medical Museum.) 20369. Lutumr, W. N. (Jefferson, North Carolina), sent minerals for examination and re- port. 20747. Lyon, Hart & Co. (Baltimore, Maryland), sent a plant from China, also plants from Maryland, for examination and report. 20503. Lywoop, W. (Gainesville, Virginia), presented eggs (containing embryos) of Spotted Sand-piper, Actitis macularia. 20766. MacDonatp, A. C., F. R. S. (Melbourne, Australia), through Col. J. M. Morgan, United States consul-general, presented pressed plants. 20375. Mace, JosrpH (U.S. National Museum), presented a living specimen of Hare, Lepus vulgaris. 20344. MACHENHEIMER, G. L. (Forest Glen, Maryland), presented two living specimens of the Turkey Vulture (20200) and a living specimen of the Red-tailed Hawk (20400), also a specimen of Musk-rat, Fiber zibethicus, in the flesh (20245); and sent living specimens of the Mink, Putorius vison (20135, 20243), and of the Turkey Vulture (20103, 20130). MAcLEan, J. P.(Hamilton, Ohio), presented a prehistoric stone implement—a chipped celt—from Giant’s Causeway, Ireland. 19994. MacRaz, DonaLp (Wilmington, North Carolina), presented a ‘‘madstone,” appar- ently an indurated and impure kaolin, supposed to have the virtue of extract- ing poison from wounds. 19705. MAGOUN, GEORGE C. (New York City), presented a specimen of Dolly-Varden Trout, Salvelinus malma, from Montana. 19783. MANIGAULT, Dr. G. E. (Charleston, South Carolina), sent in exchange a living speci- men of Black Bear, Ursus americanus, swamp variety. 20959. MARKLAND, General A. H. (Washington, District of Columbia), lent a saddle used by General Grant in all the battles from Fort Henry, in February, 1862, to Peters- burgh, April9, 1865; also pass (parchment) issued to General Markland and signed by General Grant. 19432. : Marron, AUGUSTUS (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a bird, Ardea herodias, from Eastern Branch, District of Columbia. 19647. Marsu, Prof. O.C. (See under Yale College Museum, 20448.) MARSHALL, GEORGE (Laurel, Maryland), presented a specimen of Butter-ball Duck, Charitonetta albeola (20173); four Warblers (19664); two birds in the flesh (19686); and four specimens of the Black Lamprey (20451). MARSHALL, Henry (Laurel, Maryland), presented a specimen of Marsh Wren, Cisto- thorus palustris, from Alexandria, Virginia (19552); specimens of Dendroica penn- sylvanica, Agelaius phoniceus (albino), and Seirus aurocapillus (19652); a specimen of Sharp-shinned Hawk, Accipiter velox (20056); and a specimen of Barred Owl, Syrnium nebulosum (20335). MARSHALL, Capt. JouHN (Gloucester, Massachusetts), presented parasite crustaceans, Alga psora, from cod-fish. 19795. Martin, L. S. (Fayetteville, Arkansas), sent ores for examination and report. 19641. Marrin, Capt. 8. J. (Gloucester, Massachusetts), presented a pair of leather gloves and a piece of wood taken from the stomach of a cod (20486), and claw of Lobster, Homarus americanus, from the harbor of Gloucester, Massachusetts (20730). 764 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Mason, Prof. 0. T. (U. S. National Museum), presented a prehistoric stone imple- ment from Mount Vernon, Virginia (19998) ; a Chinese bank-note, collected by Leroy B. Willett (20040); a Jewish charm to be nailed on door (20465); and two lottery tickets of Dismal Swamp Canal Company, Alexandria, 1853 (20572). (See also under John E. Merchant, 19367. ) MaspPrEro, Prof. G. (Boulak Museum, Cairo, Egypt), presented five photographs of the mummy of Rameses II., the Pharoah of the Exodus, taken during the process of unrolling at the Museum at Boulak by Professor Maspero, 20421. Mature & Piatt (Salford Iron Works, Manchester, England), presented photographs of dynamo, passenger train, and ae train of the Bessbrook and Newry Elec- trical Tramway Company. 20531. MaTHER, FRED (Cold Spring Harbor, New York), presented a specimen of Mink, Pu- torius vison (19767); a Mandarin Duck, Aix galericulata, from Paris, France (20132); egos of Chinese Mandarin Duck and of Wood Duck (20204); and two specimens of the Mandarin Duck, Aix galericulata (20234, 20364). ¢ MaTunErs, Capt. G. M. (Tampa, Florida), presented a Seminole ‘ee from near Bloomingdale, Florida. 20566. MattTuEws, Dr. W., U.S. Army (Washington, District of Columbia), sent a silver pendant and a sinch from the Navajo Indians. 20077. ; Maurer, Louis (New York City), presented a drawing by the donor. 20275. MAYNARD, G. W. (New York City), presented copper ore from Vosresensk, Ufa, Russia. 19575. MAYNARD, WILLIAM D. (Hiko, Lincoln County, Nevada), presented ores. 19884. McALLISTER, JOSEPH (Cold Spring, New York), sent insect for name. 19439. McAtpin#, J. B. (Jacksonville, Alabama), sent quartz containing a little pyrite, for examination and report. 19354. McBean, ANNA C. (Tarrytown, New York), presented a Spokane cradle, war ate shell necklace, tobacco-pouch once the property of Red Cloud, Indian woman’s hat, and money pocket, from Washington. 20048. McCartuy, GERALD (U.S. National Museum), presented plants from North Carolina (19729): and sent a collection of one hundred and twenty-five southern species, (20687). McCarrtuy, Col. W. T. (Hagerstown, Maryland), presented Silurian fossils, Striatopora sp. and Beyrichia sp. 19859. McCormick, Dr. J. C. (Strawberry Plains, Tennessee), presented plants, including about twenty fragments of Bovardia, in exchange for publications of the Museum (19464) ; a collection of about 600 specimens of mound builders’ implements from Jefferson County, Tennessee (19474); massive barite, and eighty specimens of Swift, Chetura pelasgica (19545); and specimens of dried plants from Tennessee (19548) ; also sent in exchange human bones and fragments of pottery from McBee Mound, Jefferson County, Tennessee (19435). McCormick, Mrs. SARAH C. (Paducah, Kentucky), presented shells, aleoholic and dry ; calcite, quartz, etc.; birds’ nests and birds’ eggs; arrowheads and spear-heads, fifty-two specimens; a dried specimen of Long-nosed Gar, Lepidosteus osseus; bird skins; skeletons of man, deer, horse, and Gray Fox; and fossilcorals. 19714. McCrory, J. A. (Miami, Florida), sent insect for name. 20530. McDona.p, Mr. (through U.S. Geological Survey), presented coquimbite on quartz, from Coquimbo, Chili. 20337. McDonatp, ANGUs (Washington, District of Columbia), presented Confederate States paper currency; foreign postage-stamps; coins; a copy of the Charleston (South Carolina) ‘‘ Courier,” December 13, 1860, and September 14, 1861; and ‘‘Association Tract No. 2” on State sovereignty, 1860. (20217, 20702.) McDonatp, A. W. (Berryville, Virginia), sent minerals for examination and report. 20549, + Sie LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 7165 McELHOoNE, JAMES F. (Washington, District of Columbia), sent chert (19623), also quartz, zinc ore, and gypsum (19778), for examination and report. McFatr, Dr. D. M. (Mattoon, Illinois), presented a human foetus of five months, double. (Sent to the Army Medical Museum.) 19567. McGuumpny, Prof. G. W. (Greenfield, Missouri), presented a specimen of red clover, albino form. 20617. McGuire, JOHN (Bridgewater, Nova Scotia), sent galena for examination and re- port, 20373. Mcizwraira, T. (Cairnbrae, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada), sent bird skins in ex- change. 20515. McLavuGuHtin, R. B. (Statesville, North Carolina), presented nest and five eggs of Brown-headed Nut-hatch, Sitta pusilla, from North Carolina. 19400. McLean, Dr. I. P. (U.S. Patent Office), sent specimens of iron, one specimen show- ing traces of aluminium, for examination and report. 20376, 20565. Mclnan, H. C. (Wilmington, Delaware), presented two ribbon badges, Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Carriage Builders’ National Association at Washington, iltsisv/. See ~McNIEL, J. A. (Panama, United States of Colombia), presented specimens of Chiriqui pottery. 19699. McRarz, Hon. THomas C. (Prescott, Arkansas), sent iron-stained sand, pyrite, mix- ture of pebbles, etc., for examination and report. 19602. Mecuuin, A. H. (Sunnyside, Kentucky), sent a specimen of galena for examination and report. 20227. ‘-MEDER, FERDINAND (New York City), sent an etching and two engravings. 20804. Meprorp, Harvey C. (Tupelo, Mississippi), presented sand and wood deposits from artesian wells at Tupelo. 20726. Meias, M. (Keokuk, Iowa), sent two swan skins. 20662. (See also under A. Bridgman, jr., 20663.) MeiGs, General M. C., U.S. Army (Washington, District of Columbia), presented trade circulars. 20553. MELVILLE, JOHN (Portland, Oregon), presented a living specimen of Cross Fox, Vul- pes velox decussatus. 19871. Mercer, R. W. (Cincinnati, Ohio), sent in exchange hematite celts, stone pipe, and a pierced discoidal stone (19625); also sent stone carvings and flint objects of unusual shapes, for examination and report. (20556). MERCHANT, JOHN E. (through O. T. Mason, U. 8. National Museum), presented an iron hoe found under the roots of a large cedar tree on General Washington’s estate. 19367. Menrica, F. M. (Garrett, Indiana), sent pyrite from Ohio for examination and report. 19500. Merriam, Dr. C. Harr (Department of Agriculture), presented a Connecticut War- bler, Oporornis agilis, from Absecon Light, Atlantic City, New Jersey (19651); a Sharp-shinued Hawk, Aecipiter velox, from Sandy Spring, Maryland (19781); a living specimen of Opossum (19864); a Raven, Corvus corax sinuatus, from Arizona (20152); nest and four eggs of Geothlypis philadelphia, and one egg of Picvides arciicus (20552) ; skin of a colt, Equus caballus, with abnormal hoofs, from Fort Benton, Montana (20630); wings of Hutheia canora, from Sombrero Key, Florida, also a Cuban Finch new to the U.S. fauna (20729); and sent in exchange an albino Red-throated Loon (19422), and a Yellow-billed Tropic-bird, Phaéthon flavirostris, from Bermuda (20749). MERRILL, GuorGe P. (U.S. National Museum), presented rocks from Arizona and California (19388); serpentine from Montville, New Jersey (19511); cumberland- ite from Woonsocket, Rhode Island (19514); kersantite from New Jersey (19516); rocks from Cape Elizabeth, Maine (19546); rocks trom Rockland, 166 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. MERRILL, GEORGE P.—Continued. Maine, and calcite crystals, cleavage calcite, tale, garnet altering to chlorite, muscovite crystals in albite, and muscovite crystals (19553) ; bowlders of glauco- phane rock from California, purchased of W. L. Jones, Cloverdale, California (19775); peridotite, altered shale, and serpentine from Deer Isle, Maine (19581); rocks from Dover, Bellingham, and Needham, Massachusetts (19592); and dia- base and vein formations from Maine (19594). i MERRILL, Dr. J. C., U.S. Army, presented birds’ eggs: Parus gqambelt, Porzana carolina, Anas cyanoptera, Telmatodytes palustris, Gallinago delicta, Otocoris alpestris 2, Junco hyemalis oregonus (and nest), Pyranga ludoviciana (and nest), Contopus richardsoni (and nest), and Empidonax obscurus (and nest) (19384) ; fishes, including Chasmistes, Phoxinus ceruleus, and Ammocetes tridentatus ; and reptiles, including Amblystoma macrodactylum, Bufo columbiensis, Hyla regilla and Rana pretiosa ; land and fresh-water shells; a miscellaneous lot of insects; cray-fishes, and mammal skulls and skeletons, from Oregon (19748); Douglass Squirrel, Sciurus hudsonius douglassi ; Bushy-tailed Wood-rat, Neotoma cinerea ; White-footed Mouse, Hespe- romys leucopus ; Long-tailed Weasel, Putorius longicauda ; Townsend’s Spermo- phile, Spermophilus richardsoni townsendi ; Day’s Chipmunk ; Tamias lateralis, and Townsend’s Chipmunk, Tamias asiaticus townsendii (19752) ; birds’ nests and birds’ eggs: Stellula calliope, Empidonax obscurus, and Geothlypis macgillivrayt (19469). Merri, L. H. (Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine), sent in exchange samples of soils. 20427. 57 METCHKE, OTTO (Tucson, Arizona), sent a specimen of arseniate of copper forexam- ination and report. 20667. MerrzeL, Roperr F. (Washington, District of Columbia), deposited a German Bible, printed at Germantown in 1776. 20825. Meyer, N. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented various campaign medals, also Grant badge (battles of Richmond, Vicksburgh, and Fort Donelson, 1865). 19930. MEYERS, PETER (Stoutsville, Ohio), sent ore for examination and report. 20578. MIDDLETON, J. (Four Mile Run, Virginia), presented aspecimen of Black-nosed Dace, Rhinichthys sp., from the Potomac River. 19812. (See also under Willie Taylor, 19420.) MiLirary ACADEMY, UNITED SraTES (West Point, New York), depositod a necklace made from human fingers by the Cheyenne Indians. Collected by Capt. John G. Bourke, U. 8. Army. 19685. MILLER, ALEXANDER MCVEIGH (Alderson, West Virginia), presented a living Tor- toise, Cistudo carolina (20613); also two living specimens of Striped Ground- squirrel, Tamias striatus (20718). MILLER, CHARLES (Grand Rapids, Michigan), sent a specimen of gypsum for exami- nation and report. 19596. MILLER, CHARLES H. (New York City), presented drawings, etchings, and sketches by the donor. 20279. MILLER, Capt. D. A. (Logan, Ohio), presented a badge worn on the occasion of the reunion of the Seventy-fifth Ohio Volunteers upon the battle-field of Gettysburgh, September 14, 1887. 1965. MILLER, JOHN (through J. S, Diller, U. 8S. Geological Survey), presented massive pectolite, from near Mount Linn, California. 20366. MILLER, STOWE & FREEMAN (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a Lion, Felis leo (19672); also a Monkey, Macacus cynomulgus (19683), for skeleton. MILiER, Tuomas C. (Fairmont, West Virginia), presented medals awarded to West Virginia soldiers. 20795. MILs, Roserr A. (Chuluota, Florida), presented a fine specimen of a beetle, Acan- thocinus nodosus. 19487. LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 767 Miner, S. (Toyah, Texas), sent mineral for examination and report. 19512. MITCHELL, Guy E. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a nest of Large- billed Water Thrush, Seiwrus motacilla. 20772. Monrog, R. W. (Romney, West Virginia), sent ores of copper, largely blue carbonate, for examination and report. 20258. Moore, ALBERT (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), sent a camera and part of a daguerre- otype apparatus owned and used by Prof. 8. F. B. Morse, and by him presented _ to the National Photographic Association, May 8, 1872. 20341. Moore C. R. (Birdsnest, Virginia), presented pearls from an oyster from Hungar’s Creek, Virginia. 20467. Moore, GrEorGE H. H. (Fish Commission United States), presented two living specimens of the Guinea Pig. 20140. MOOREHEAD, WARREN K. (Xenia, Ohio), presented prehistoric stone impiements, twenty specimens, from Warren and Greene Counties, Ohio (20330), and a clay vessel from a mound in Greene County, Ohio (20689); also sent arrowheads for examination and report (20148). MoraNn, Mrs. Emity K. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), presented ten etchings by the donor. 20267. MOoRAn, Mrs. M. Nimmo (New York City), presented four etchings by the donor. 20295. Moran, Perer (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), presented thirty-five etchings by the donor. 20266. Moran, Tuomas (New York City), presented six etchings by the donor. 20294. MoreGan, Col. J. M. (See under A. C. MacDonald, 20375.) Mora@an, Hon. J. T. (Selma, Alabama), sent ores, one of them containing magnetite, hematite, and spessartite, for examination and report. 19375, 19660. Morris, D. (See under Royal Gardens, Kew, 20488. ) Morris, ScoTr (Spikenard, Oregon), sent for examination, a rock, bearing marks sup- posed by the sender to be those of a fossil plant. 20165. Morrison, CHarues F. (Fort Lewis, Colorado), presented birds’ eggs from New Hampshire, Wyoming, and Colorado. 19958. Morrison, JAMres H. (Lexington, Virginia), presented two specimens of pyrite. 20544. Mort, E. W. (Bristol, Tennessee), presented a specimen of ore. 19410. Morton, HENRY. (See under Stevens Institute of Technology.) MOosMAN, JOHN (Helvetia, West Virginia), sent iron pyrite in a clay concretion, for examination and report. 19828. Mowat, THomas (New Westminster, British Columbia), presented a ‘‘ Rat-fish,” Chimera collievi, from Straits of Fuca and Georgia (20382); also sent a specimen of California Salmon, Oncorhynchus chouicha, for examination and report (19593). Moxiry, L. (Washington, District of Columbia), deposited a living specimen of Grivet Monkey. 20168. Moyer, Henry C. (Hilltown, Pennsylvania), sent a specimen of fossiliferous lime- stone, and ferruginous sandstone containing pseudomorphs of limonite after pyrite, for examination and report. 19837. MUELLER, Baron FERDINAND von (Melbourne, Australia), presented a valuable col- lection of Australian plants containing about five hundred specimens, all new to the herbarium. 20360. MULLER, Dr. AuGusT (Natural History Institute, Berlin, Germany), sent a collection of bird skins. (Purchased.) 19955. ~ MULLINS, WILLIAM J. (Franklin, Pennsylvania), presented a collection of minerals containing twenty-eight specimens, from Pennsylvania. 20307. Musk d’HIsTorRE NATURELLE (Paris, France), sent in exchange busts representing the various races of man. 19396. Musto Nacionat DE Costa Rica (San José, Costa Rica) lent bird skins for com- parison and study at the request of the Curator of Birds. 19798. 168 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. MusEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY (Cambridge, Massachusetts), lent bird skius for comparison and study at the request of the Curator of Birds. 19731, 20074, 20172. Museum oF FINE Arts, School of Drawing and Painting (Boston, Massachusetts), presented twelve drawings by the pupils. 20298. Myers, JOHN (Bracken, Texas), sent a tooth of fossil Meadow-Mouse, Arvicola, also tooth of a rodent, for examination and report. 19445, . Myers, W. H. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented two razors manufact- ured by the donor. 19635. NACHMAN, L. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a medal of the Seymour and Blair Presidential campaign, 168. 19379. NAGLE, Harry (York Haven, Pennsylvaria), presented aspecimen of petrified wood. 19822. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (through Prof. A. Hall, Naval Observatory, Washington, District of Columbia), presented a bronze medal struck by the So- ciety of Astronomers, Vienna, in honor of Sir Theodor Oppolgel. 19831. NATIONAL MusEuUM OF BraziL, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (through Orville A. Derby), sent in exchange meteorites, three of which contain iron. 20192. NEHRKORN, A. (Braunschweig, Germany), sent bird skins in exchange. 19980. NELSON, CHRISTIAN (Virginia City, Montana), sent ore for examination and report. 20505. NELSON, 8. J.. and JosrPpH SEWALLEN (Flippin, Marion County, Arkansas), sent limestone in calcite, forexamination and report. 19442. NETHERLANDS GOVERNMENT (through Maj. J. W. Powell) presented a section of a meteoric stone containing iron. 19913. NEw ENGLAND MINING Company (through J. F. Barse, New York City) presented four fragments of transparant beryl, and five cut beryl stones, from Berkshire Mines, Litchfield County, Connecticut. 19786. NEw JERSEY SuGAR OF MILK Company (Hamburgh, New Jersey) presented two specimens of sugar of milk. 19626. NEWLON, Dr. W. 8. (Oswego, Kansas), presented four specimens of fossil Nautilus (19896); flint chips and fragments of implements (20181); two flint cores, sixteen fragments, and a box of chips and flakes (20460); eleven Unio shells, thirteen arrowheads or knives, sixty flakes and three fragments of paint stone, from the site of an old Indian village, (20581). NEwMan,G. R. J. (Washington, District of Columbia), sent micaceous hematite (19912) and a water-worn pebble (20351) for examination and report. NEWMAN, JAMES. (See under Frank Burns, 20690.) NICHOLSON, L. A. (Hillhurst, Washington), presented a chetopod annelid belonging to the genus Nephthys, or an allied genus, from Puget Sound. 20785. NICOLL, J. C. (New York City), presented five etchings by the donor. 20283. NIEMEYER, Prof. Joun H. (Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut), presented a water-color landscape. 20475. NIESSLEY, J. R. (Ada, Ohio), presented prehistoric stone implements, some of them paleolithic, from Highland County, Ohio; Todd County, IASENES, and Mont- gomery County, Tennessee. 20345. Noau, JouN M. (U. S. National Museum), presented Coleoptera: two specimens of ‘ies pupa of Cyllene pictus (19684); and a lithograph of the St. Paul Ice Palace, 1888 (20147). NOWELL, FREDERICK D. (North Platte, Nebraska), presented a living specimen of the Coyote. 20597. NULL, James M: (McKenzie, Tennessee), presented a collection of two hundred and seventy-one prehistoric stone implements from Carroll County, Tennessee; thirty _ Of these are paleolithic. 20545. Nurtine, C. C. (State University of Towa), sent fossil coal in exchange. 20528. LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 769 NYE, WILLARD, Jr. (New Bedford, Massachusetts), presented two ducks from Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts (19989); prehistoric stone implements and pottery—four scrapers, eight arrowheads, thirteen fragments of pottery—from the north bank of the Patuxent River, opposite Benedict, Maryland; also fragment of pierced tablet and twenty-five fragments of pottery, from Currituck Sound, North Caro- lina (20480); and ten specimens of prehistoric stone amlenente ge dlerlinies &, from Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts (20579). OBER, ANDREW K. (Beverly, Massachusetts), sent for examination and report arrow- heads from Nova Scotia and from Nevada. 19968. O'CONNELL, E. DoROGHTERY (Washington, District of Columbia), sent decomposed mica for examination and report. 19459. OERLEIN, R. (New Orleans, Louisiana), presented a specimen of the manilla plant and sample of manilla hemp, from Honduras, Central America. 19835. OuM, FRED C. (Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, District of Columbia), presented a living specimen of Gray Squirrel, Sciurus caroliniensis caroliniensis. 19874, OLDS, FREDERICK A. (Raleigh, North Carolina), presented a collection of North Caro- lina State currency issued during the war of 1861~65. 20025. OLMSTEAD, E. S. (Stepney Depot, Connecticut), presented topaz, tourmaline, scapo- lite, epidolite, native bismuth, fluorite, muscovite, and wolframite. 20014. O’MA.Ley, Mr. (through U. S. Fish Commission), sent a larva of one of the Sialide for examination and report. 20601. O'NEILL, JOHN A. (See under Treasury Department, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 20325.) OrcuTT, C. R. (San Diego, California), sent shells, one hundred specimens of Helix levis, in exchange. -20721. OSTRANDER, T. L. (Wells, New York), presented three living specimens of the Wood- chuck. 20718. O’ToOoLE, GEORGE P., H. P. Soule, and L. B. Washington (Washington, District of Columbia) presented a Hungarian fund certificate, dated New York, February 2, 1852, signed by L. Kossuth. 19929. OWEN, W. O., Jr. (Plattsburgh Barracks, New York), presented a specimen of Hell- bender, Menopoma allegheniense. 19357. OwWLSLEY, Dr. W. T. (Glasgow, Kentucky), presented a living specimen of Opossum (20466); and sent living specimens of the Gray Fox (20648, 20740) and a living Tortoise, Cistudo carolina (20649). Parz, Don Ramon (New York City), through E. G. Blackford presented a military cap and sword of the late General José Antonio Paez. 20388. PaGe, NELSON C. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a fossil Crocodile, Crocodilus sp. 20154. PaGes, R. W. (Salem, Virginia), sent a specimen of rock; also cast of foot-print in limestone, for examination and report. 19536. PaGE, W. L. (Lynchburgh, Virginia), presented a natural formation slightly worked. 19402. PALMER, Dr. EDwARD (Washington, District of Columbia), deposited specimens of currency: Silver two-real, Spanish Mexican, 1820; copper clacka, Mexican; and pasteboard money, value 124 cents, southern California (20170). Also sent a valuable collection of Mexican plants, comprising seven hundred and sixty- eight specimens. (This collection has been worked up by Dr. Sereno Watson, of Cambridge, Massachasetts, and the results published in ‘‘The Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,” vol. xxiv, 1889, pp. 36-87.) Forty-eight specimens of materia medica, from California; a collection of one hundred and forty-seven articles, funeral equipments, from a burial cave near Los Angeles Bay, 200 miles northwest from Guaymas, Lower California; ethno- logical objects: drum, rattles, fruit pickers, digging-sticks, water-jar, coloring materials, and other objects, from the Yaqui Indians, Sonora, Mexico; twenty- HH. Mis, 142, pt, 2——49 7700 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. PatmMeER, Dr. EDWARD—Continued. seven specimens of rocks from Lower California and Mexico; eggs of Sula brewsteri and of S. gossi, from California; bryozoa and worm tubes, from Guay- mas, Sonora, Mexico (also specimens of Indian foods from California, 20608). PALMER, JOSEPH (U. S. National Museum), presented living specimens of the south- ern Gray Squirrel, from Maryland (20052); and a living specimen of Crow, Corvus americanus (20343). PALMER, J. S. (Cleveland, Ohio), sent beads for examination and report. 19475. PALMER, WILLIAM (U. S. National Museum), presented a fragment of pottery found in Alexandria County, Virginia (19639); a specimen of Kirtland’s Warbler, Den- droica kirtlandi (19643) ; four specimens of the Fly-catcher, Hmpidonax sp., from Escanaba, Michigan (19763); a skin of Seiwrus noveboracencis notabilis (19676) : Maryland Yellow-threat, Geothlypis trichas, from Point Lookout, Maryland (20607) ; and a specimen of Tropidonotus sipedon (20763). (See also under Fish Commission, United States, 19588. ) Park, E. H. (Millbury, Massachusetts), sent a specimen of the Harlequin Snake, Elaps fulvius fulvius, from Florida, for examination and report. 20316. PaRKE, C. A. (Wolverton, England), presented tracings and interior views of sleeping- carriages used on the London and Northwestern Railway. 20534. Parke, Davis & Co. (Detroit, Michigan), presented five lithographs of certain tab- lets from the Haster Islands (19610), and sent in exchange ethnological objects from Polynesia (19712). PARKE, EpMUND B. (Brooklyn, New York), presented twenty-five coins of foreign countries. 20211. PARRISH, STEPHEN (Puiladelphia, Pennsylvania), presented etchings and dry points by the donor. 20270. PARSONS, CHARLES (New York City), presented a wood-cut by Dr. Alexander Ander- son. 20300. PaTrIcK, L. S. (Marinette, Wisconsin), presented a bow and three arrows made by John Kaguetosh. 20350. Pavy, Mrs. Litrtiz May (New York City), presented a sketch of an Eskimo village, also a surgeon’s lancet, used by Dr. Pavy on the Greely Arctic Expedition (20793); and deposited a portrait of Dr. Pavy (20614). Payne, Dr. ALVAN S. (Markham, Virginia), presented arrowheads, ores, and hard and soft marbles (19669). PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE (Salem, Massachusetts) presented prehistoric stone implements from Essex County, Massachusetts, including seven paleolithic speci- mens. 20159. PEALE, Dr. A. C. (U. 8. Geological Survey), presented thirty-three specimens of wood opal from Gallatin County, Montana, and one specimen of rose quartz from Montana (19919); also a concretion from the Yellowstone River, near Bil- lings, Montana (20195). PEARCE, RICHARD (Denver, Colorado), presented meteoric iron from Albuquerque, New Mexico. 20167. PecK, F. H. (U. 8. National Museum), presented paper currency of the State of Maryland, April 10, 1774, denomination one dollar. 20041. PEFFER, JAMES H. (Westport, Connecticut), presented a one-cent pattern piece, Feuchtwanger composition, 1837 (19648); also an old iron ball and chain, and an iron knuckle (19720). PENDLETON, J. C. (Quincy, California), sent a specimen of asbestos for examination and report. 20425. PENFIELD, 8. L. (U.S. Geological Survey), presented twenty-six specimens of min- erals, including pink tremolite, green phlogopite, albite crystals, brown tourma- line in calcite, oligoclase crystals, oligoclase and pyroxene, ziregn crystals, calcite, and crystallized graphite. 20415, LIST OF ACCESSIONS. V7 PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY presented lithograpbed plans of standard turn- outs, cross-overs, and of standard road-bed (20435) (through J, F. Richards) ; sections of standard rails, locks, nuts, bolts, ete. (20490); medallion of John Stevens, from paddle-box of steamboat destroyed by fire at Camden, New Jersey (20494) (through F. Walcott Jackson); photographs of type of inspection car used on Pennsylvania Railroad (20561) (through Thomas N. Ely); iron rail and spikes used on the Camden and Amboy Railroad in 1849 (20583) (through Robert P. Snowden); locomotive lanterns and sections of rails used on the Camden and Amboy Railroad (20728) (through Robert P. Snowden, Samuel S. Roberts, and Frederick I. Stutts); model of railroad track, Pennsylvania Railroad standard, 1883 (20768) (through J. F. Richards); and sent a model of acanal-boat (20824). Prrxins, Prof. G. H. (Museum of the University of Vermont), presented a collection of prehistoric stone implements, and also deposited prehistoric stone implements. 20554, 20734. Prrry, E. A. (Hartford, Connecticut), presented a ribbon badge of the ‘‘ Putnam Phalanx,” of Hartford. 19880. Perry, N. H. (South Paris, Maine), sent in exchange six specimens of petalite with spodumene, from Peru, Maine (20215), and Iceland spar, andalusite, and phyr- rhotite crystals in quartz (20338). Pertit & Driprs (Washington, District of Columbia) presented a living specimen of Porcupine, Hrithizon dorsatus, from Virginia. 20753. PrerrTiTt, RopeRT E. (Altoona, Pennsylvania), presented a portage railroad frog. 19443. PHILLIPS, BARNET (Brooklyn, New York), presented an opium pipe, also a pipe made of stone. 20567. PHG@NIx GLASS CoMPANY (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) presented glassware. 20500. PHOTOGRAVURE Company (New York City) presented proofs illustrating the photo- gravure process. 20324. Pierce, H. D. (Hypoluxo, Florida), sent a Bat-fish, Malthe vespertilio, for examina- tion and report. 20568. Pikes, A. F., MANUFACTURING COMPANY (Pike Station, New Hampshire), presented specimens of Washita whetstones. 19364. PrPER, Miss TILLIE (U. 8. National Museum), presented a Bat, Vesperugo serotinus. 19504. POLING, O. C. (Quincy, Illinois), presented a Little Yellow Rail, Porzana novebora- censis. 20092. PoLiock, GrorGrE F. (Washington, District of Columbia), sent a living specimen of Opossuin (20636), and four living specimens of the Gray Squirrel (20611). POWELL, Maj. J.W. (See under Interior, Department of the, U. 8. Geological Survey, aiso under Bureau of Ethnology, and under Government of the Netherlands. ) PRANG, L., & Co. (Roxbury, Massachusetts) presented two hundred and eighty-four lithographs to illustrate the history of lithography, and one aquatint (20593) ; chromo-lithographs by Storch and Kramer and F. Gilner (20610), and nine chro- mo-lithographs by the donors (20640). PRANG, Louis (Roxbury, Massachusetts), presented four wood engravings and one drawing. 20286. Pratt, W. H., and JOHN VANCE (Hureka, California) presented a red-wood plank. 20288. PRESTON, A. B. (Hartford, Connecticut), presented a badge of the ‘‘ Putnam Phalanx,” of Hartford. 19679. PRESTON, J. W. (Baxter, Indiana), presented two eggs of Buteo borealis. 20585. Price, THOMAS (San Francisco, California), presented wulfenite and descloizite (19617), and vanadinite, descloizite, and cerussite and pyrolusite (20606), U2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Price, T. 8. (Marysville, California), presented a specimen of the wood of California manzanita. 19446. Pricer, W. W. (Riverside, California), presented a specimen of the Rusty Song Spar- row, Melospiza fasciata guttata (20306), also sent birds’ skins for examination and report (19840, 20306, 20743). PRINGLE, C. G. (Charlotte, Vermont), presented a collection of Mexican plants, in- cluding many species new to science, which have been named by Watson, Vasey, Britton, and others. 20430. PROUDFIT, 8. V. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented prehistoric stone im- plements: Chips, flakes, paleolithic implements, scrapers, notched implements, rude axes, a grooved axe, one hundred and thirty arrowheads, and one unstemmed spear-head, from the District of Columbia. 20003, 20358. PURNELL, J. H. (Opelika, Alabama), presented Lepidoptera, and cases of Bag- worm, Thyridopteryx ephemercphormis. 20457. QUACKENBOS, Dr. JoHN D. (Columbia College, New York City), presented a new species of Trout, Salvelinus aureolus, three specimens, from Sunapee Lake, New Hampshire. (Described in “‘ Procveedings of the U. S. National Museum,” vol. x, 1887, page 628.) 19853. QUEEN OF Hawal, presented through the Department of State a canoe similar to those in use by the natives of Hawaii. 20085. QUICKSILVER MINING Company (San Francisco, California) presented a glass model representing the New Almaden mine and its underground workings; also photo- graphs of its machinery, ete. 20762. QuInN, W. M. (keeper, Cape San Blas light station, Apalachicola, Florida), pre- conted twelve specimens of the young of the Atlantic Hawk’s-bill Turtle, EHretmochelys imbricata, in the flesh. 21002. QUINTIN, ANDREW (Trenton, New Jersey), presented a lithograph of the iron steam- boat &. S. Stockton. 20313. Raby, St. GEorGE R. (Mount Pleasant, District of Columbia), presented a one-cent piece United States, 1793; a twenty-reis, Brazil, 1869; and a ten-cent piece, Hayti, 1846; also three sutler’s checks, U.S. Army (19972); a copper twenty-five- cent piece, a brass fifty-cent piece, and sutler’s checks (20194). Raby, ST. GEORGE R., Jr. (Mount Pleasant, District of Columbia), presented Con- federate States paper currency: One dollar, 1862; five dollars, 1863; and one hundred dollars, 1863, Louisiana. 19973. RAGSDALE, G. H. (Gainesville, Texas), sent feathers of a duck (20539), cretaceous fossils, fine siliceous sandstone, calcareous sandstone, impure limestone, and argillaceous limestone (19990), for examination and report. RAILWAY GAZETTE (New York City) sent forty numbers of the ‘‘ Railway Gazette,” containing plates. 20495. RANDALL, A. FRANK (Los Angeles, California), presented unmounted photographs of Apache Indians. 20263. RaNsoM, WILLIAM (Fairfield, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, England), presented arche- ological objects: Eight specimens of paleolithic implements found about thirteen feet below the surface in yellow clay near Hitchin, Hertfordshire; eight speci- mens of neolithic implements, from the chalk-downs on the ani coast of England; one neolith from Norway; two flakes from France; seven pieces of Samian ware dug from the earth about twelve feet below the surface in the city of London, Roman deposit; three Roman styles, exhumed in London from a depth of two feet. 20668. RATHBUN, RicHaRp. (See under Fish Commission, United States, 20000.) Rav, Dr. CHaRLeEs (Smithsonian Institution), bequeathed a collection of prehistoric implements, utensils, and ornaments: Four hundred and seventy-four European specimens, thirteen hundred and sixty-seven American specimens, and five hun- dred and eighty-seven Indian specimeas; also coins in silver and copper, ancient and modern, Kuropean and American. 19931, LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 773 Raven, Gustave (U.S. National Museum), presented two brass cartridges, English Government type (19645) ; also a collection of foreign postage-stam ps, containing ninety-seven specimens (19663). Ray, ALFRED (Forest Glen, Maryland), presented a living specimen of the Screech Owl, Megascops asio. 20654. Reapwin, T. A. (London, England), presented a specimen of gold in quartz from Wales. 19743. REARDON, WILLIAM (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a section of ‘Georgia pine from Galt’s grain elevator (Washington), showing the action of grain in eroding wood. 20634. REED, JOHN W. (Gaithersburgh, Maryland), presented a living specimen of the Spar- row Hawk. 20775. REYNOLDs, A. D. (Bristol, Tennessee), sent quartz, an obscure rock mixture, and quartz containing pyrite (19742), and galena, micaceous hematite, decomposed granite, etc. (19583), for examination and report.. REYNOLDS, E. R. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a collection of two hundred and fifty-nine prehistoric stone implements from various localities in the District of Columbia. 20497. REYNOLDS, GEORGE D. (St. Louis, Missouri), presented two silver medals, Twenty- first National Encampment, G. A. R., September, 1887, and bronze medal worn by members of the subcommittee. 19688. RuHoveEs, G. W. (See under Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 20810.) Rice, Moses (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a specimen of the Red- tailed Hawk, Buteo borealis, from Maryland. 19799. Rice, Prof. WiLt1am Norra (Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut), sent minerals for examination and report. 20100. Rick, Hon. W. T. (United States consul, Horgen, Switzerland), presented coins, in copper, silver, and gold, of Ceylon, Europe, United States, and South America (19468) ; also six specimens of copper coins made by the English Government for Ceylon (19632). RicH, SHEBNACH (Salem, Massachusetts), presented a ‘‘Kyal” lamp, an old “fat” lamp used to hang in the fire. 20563. RICHARDS, CHARLES N. (United States Senate), sent a sample of soil for examination and report. 19603. RICHARDS, J. F. (See under Pennsylvania Railroad, 20435, 20768. ) RICHARDSON, C. B. (Chester, Virginia), sent a sandstone pebble for examination and report. 20346. RICHARDSON, W. G. (United States Navy), sent bird skins for examination and re- port. 20656. RICHMOND, A. G. (Canajoharie, New York), presented prehistoric stone implements, pottery, shells, bones, and mammal teeth, from the Mohawk Valley, three hun- dred and ninety-six specimens in all. 20784. RICHMOND, CHARLES W. (U. S. Geological Survey), presented birds’ nests: Sialia sialis, Myiarchus crinitus, Passerina cyanea, Vireo flavifrons, and Troglodytes aédon (19394), nest of Helminthophila chrysoptera (19736), and a collection of about nine hundred and fifty birds’ eggs, comprising seventy-six species, obtained mostly in the District of Columbia, by C. W. Richmond, Melville Thompson, and Hugh M. Smith (19891) ; also sent in exchange a specimen of Anhinga anhinga, from Florida, (19943), and a specimen of Loxia americana minor, from the District of Columbia (20310). Ricxarps, T. M. (Candler, Florida), presented vertebre and a fossil tooth. 20577. Ripiey, C. W. (See under Charles Hall, 19549.) RIDDLE, J. W. (Eagle Pass, Texas), presented a living Jaguar, from Texas. 20076. RivGway, JoserH H. (Olney, Illinois), presented a specimen of the Purple Finch, Carpodacus purpureus. 20229. pln: REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. RipGway, Ropert (U. S. National Museum), presented four birds (19406); specimens of the Maryland Yellow-throat, Geothlypis trichas; Summer Tanager, Piranga rubra; Chewink, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, and Long-billed Marsh Wren, Cistotho- rus palustris (19503); bird skins, four specimens ; and nests of Passerina cyanea, Vireo olivaceus, and Polioptila ewrulea (19551), and birds’ nests, and birds, four specimens, from Gainesville, Virginia (19559) ; also deposited photographs of the Gustoso Indians of the Rio Frio District of Costa Rica (19370). RIKER, C. B. (New York City), presented bird skins, from the region of the Lower Amazon (19768) ; and sent bird skins for examination and report (19523, 19600). RIKER, GEORGE A. (Alexandria, Virginia), presented two living specimens of the Barred Owl. 20609. RILEY, Prof. C. V. (Department of Agriculture), presented a specimen of manganese- oxide dendrite from Albuquerque, New Mexico. 20384. RINKER, JOSIAH (Gainesborough, Virginia), sent a specimen of carbonaceous shale with veins of white calcite and coatings of iron pyrites, for examination and report. 20542. RITTENHOUSE, N. M. (Baltimore, Maryland), presented a specimen of the first. paper manufactured in North America. Made by Clase Rittenhouse in Roxborough township, county of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1691. 20484. RITTER, S. (Brooklyn, New York), presented a cap and cape worn by the ‘‘ Wide Awakes” in the Presidential campaign of 1860. 19856. ROBERTS, SAMUEL L. (See under Pennsylvania Railroad, 20728. ) RoBERTS, W. T. (Washington, District of Columbia), sent in exchange six specimens, six species, of bird skins from Guayaquil, Ecuador. 19681. ROBESON, Mrs. GEORGE M. (Washington, District of Columbia), deposited a specimen of the Snowy Owl, Nyctea nyctea ; one pair each of the antiers of Alces machlis, Cariacus columbianus, and Ovis montana ; two Japanese bronze vases; two large china vases; bronze figure of Buddha; medallion of Washington, Lincoln, and Grant; bust, ‘‘The Nation’s Ward;” anda small model of the Venus of Milo (20491); also arrows and arrowheads from Sitka, Alaska (20537). ROBINSON, CoNway, Jr. (Soldiers’ Home, District of Columbia), presented a living specimen of the Hog-nosed Snake, Heterodon platyrhinus. 19489. Rosrnson, R. L. (Dodd City, Kansas), (see under U. S. Geological Survey.) ROBINSON, Miss VIOLET (Washington, District of Columbia), deposited a silver coin, one franc, France, 1868; and a copper coin, five lepta of Greece, 1869. 20385. RODMAN, Dr. JamMrEs (Hopkinsville, Kentucky), presented a dried plant, Pancratium sp?. 19543. RoMEYN, Capt. Henry, U. S. Army (Fort Keogh, Montana), presented a living specimen of the Mountain Lion, Felis concolor. 20535. RotHFucus, C. F. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented lithographs repre- senting coats-of-arms, portraits of all living rulers, and merchant flags of all nations. 20221. RovuLet, F. (Newark Valley, New York), presented sixteen specimens of prehistoric stone implements, including fourteen leaf-shaped implements (type Solutrian); one spear-head; and a water-worn pebble with chipped cutting edge. 20688. Rousz, C. W. (Kingston, New Mexico), sent minerals for examination and report. 19443, Rovirosa, Josh N. (San Juan Batiste, Mexico), presented specimens of bats, Mor- mops megalophylla and Vesperugo serotinus fuscus? ; an interesting collection of plants; a collection of bird skins (20463), and two sets of Mexican plants (20691, 20756). Row, A. M. (Clearfield, Pennsylvania), sent insect forname, 20741. Row anp, THomas (New York City), sent bird skins. 20794. Roya GarpDEns (Kew, England), through D. Morris, Assistant Director, presented a collection of one hundred and ninety specimens of vegetable economic products, 20488. LIST OF ACCESSIONS. U5 ROYLE, JOHN, & Sons (Patterson, New Jersey ), presented two photographs of routing machine. 20625. RUBY, CHARLES. (See under Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U. S. Army, 19776.) RUGGLES, CHARLES (Bronson, Michigan), presented three paleolithic prehistoric stone implements (20208), and a hammer-stone and three paleolithicimplements, 20420. RuGGLeES, DanteL (Fredericksburgh, Virginia), presented specimens of percussion caps made of paper and leather and charged with fulminate of mercury, in- vented for Confederate troops, department of Fredericksburgh, May, 1861, by Brig. Gen. Daniel Ruggles, Confederate States Army, commanding department. 20381. Rusu, Dr. W. H., U. S. Navy (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), lent shells from West Indies and the southeast coast of the United States, for comparison and study, at the request of the Curator of Moilusks. 19518. RUSSELL, CHARLES W. (Department of Justice), presented two uniform coats worn by Col. R. G. Mosby, of the Confederate States army, during the war of 1861-65. 20063. RUSSELL, I. C. (U. S. Geological Survey), presented a collection of about thirty species of fossil plants, two of which are new to science, from Alabama (see ‘‘ Proc. U. S. National Museum,” vol. x1, 1588, pp. 83-87) (20262), and a map of Lake La- honton, Nevada (20570). RUSSELL & RICHARDSON (Boston, Massachusetts), presented twenty specimens of wood engraving. 20624. RUTHERFORD, HorAcE (Trenton, Kentucky), presented a spider, species undetermin- able. 19585. RYAN, BLAKE (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a uniform coat of Com- pany A, Ninth Kentucky Infantry, Confederate States army, 1861. 20045. RYNERSON, J. H. (Las Cruces, New Mexico), sent aspecimen of rock containing sup- posed foot tracks, for examination and report. 19665. SALOMON, FRED (Salt Lake City, Utah), sent hornblende containing calcite, for ex- amination and report. 20349. SALVIN, O. (See under T. D. Godman, 20007.) SAMSON, Mrs. G. C. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented silver coins of India. 19883. SANDOs, W. A. (Opelousas, Louisiana), presented larva of Empretia stimule (19671) and a crysalis of Papilio cresphontes (19962) from Opelousas. SARONY, NAPOLEON (New York City}, presented a lithograph by the donor. 20289. SAWTELL, GILMAN (Alderdice, Montana), presented three specimens of the Great Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush, from Henry Lake, Idaho. 19803. Sawyer, C. M. (Mechanic Falls, Maine), presented prehistoric stone implements from Lake Auburn, Androscoggin County, Maine (19946); also prehistoric stone implements from other parts of Maine (20046), and sent others for examination and report. SAWYER, J. G. (Washington, District of Columbia), sent limestone conglomerate, decomposed rock, and a water-worn pebble, for examination and report. 19922. Scumip, Louis, & Sons (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a parrot, Amazona leucocephala, from Cuba (19421) ; a Yellow-shouldered Parrot, Amazona orchroptera (19576) ; three specimens of birds in the Hesh (20118) ; two living Fer- rets (20141); and living specimens of Gambel’s Partridge, from Arizona (20126). ScumipD, Louis A., & Sons (Washington, District of Columbia) presented two living specimens of the Hare, Lepus vulgaris. 20342. ScuHNneEcK, J. (Mount Carmel, Illinois), presented a Great Horned Owl in the flesh (20051), also a living specimen of the same (20650). SCHNEIDER, MarrIN (Washington, District of Columbia), deposited a stuffed Eel. 20081. 7176 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. ScHOENBORN, H. F. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a collection of Lepidoptera: Callimorpha suffusa, from Virginia; C. contigua, trom the District of Columbia; C. militaris, from Ohio; and C. fulvizosta. Some of these are new to the collections. 19565. ScHorr, STEPHEN ALONZO (Newtonville, Massachusetts), presented an engraving by the donor. 20280. SCHRAUBSTADTER, CARL (St. Louis, Missouri) presented plates, tools, etc., showing the use of the donor’s Star engraving plates. 20396. ScurEIBER, W. A. H. (Webster, North Carolina), presented specimens of peridotite (19722), and sent manganiferous limonite (19817), limonite and mica schist (19824), and chromite (20011), for examination and report. SCHUETTE, J. H. (Green Bay, Wisconsin), sent in exchange German mosses and lichens (19637), and eryptogamous and phzenogamous plants from Wisconsin (20419). ScnuwarZ, EH. A. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented specimens of Or- thoptera and Neuroptera, also a specimen of the very rare Oligotoma hubbardi Hazen from Florida (19535); and sent in exchange Coleoptera: Lachnosterna clypeata, L. latifrons, and L. emula from Florida, new to the collections (20639). ScHWaAkzZ, G. A. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), sent a miniature travean and horses for model of canal-boat. 20819. ScoTt, ALEXANDER (U.S. Patent Office), presented ancient Greek coins, one of city of Pauticapzeum, and one of city of Sinope, B. C. 350. 20216. ; Scott, HAMILTON (Maness, Scott County, Virginia), sent a specimen of impure iron ore for examination and report. 19571. Scorr, SAMUEL (Rapid City, South Dakota), presented tin and other ores; and miner- als: cassiterite, muscovite, albite, spodumene, tripolite, garnet, rose quartz, tanta- lite, and green, blue, and black tourmaiine, from the Black Hills (20498) ; and sent ilmenite and crystals in feidspar for examination and report (19843). Scorr, THomas W. (Richmond, Virginia), deposited an electoral ticket of the State of Virginia for President and Vice-President of the Confederate States, Novem- ber 6, 1861. 20735. SECKLER, W.S. (Trinity, Texas), sent a specimen of a mineral for examination and report. 19562. SEEBOHM, HENRY (London, England), presented six specimens of Sand-pipers (19448) ; deposited a type of Pitta oreas (19448); andsent bird skins from various localities in exchange (20327). SEIBERT, S. R. (Washington, District of Columbia), deposited two camera boxes. 20781. SELLERS, JOHN (New York City), presented engravers’ and etchers’ tools and mate- rials. 20661. SELLNER, J. J. (Camp Springs, Prince George’s County, Maryland), presented a living specimen of Cooper’s Hawk, Buteo cooperi, from Maryland (20223), and a speci- men of Rabbit, Lepus sylvaticus, in the flesh (20742). SENNETT, GeorGE B. (American Museum of Natural History, New York City), pre- sented bird skins: Colymbus dominicus, Phalacrocorax mexicanus, Dendrocygna au- tumnalis, Colinus virginianus tecanus, Callipepla squamata castanogastris, Ortalis vetula macalli, Columba flavirostris, Engyptila albifrons, Parabuteo unicinatus har- risi, Buteo albicaudatus, Polyborus cheriway, Chordeiles texensis, Dryobates scalaris, Myiarchus mexicanus, Otocoris alpestris giraudi, Corvus cryptoleucus, Quiscalus ma- crourus, Xanthoura luxuosa, Icterus cucullatus, I. audubonii, 1. sp.urius, Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, Peucea cassini, Spizella pusilla, Guiraca cerulea, Passerina versicolor, Embernagra rufivirgata, Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides, Harporhynchus longiros- tris, H. curvirostris, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Thryothorus bewickii bairdi, Polioptila plumbea, and Auriparus flaviceps (19739); and on several occasions lent bird skins, for comparison and study, at the request of the Curator of Birds (19356, 19846, 19934). LIST OF ACCESSIONS. TUG SESSFORD, J. S. (U.S. National Museum), presented a fac-simile engraving of the original Declaration of Independence. 20207. SEWALLEN, JOSEPH. (See under S.J. Nelson, 19442.) SEWELL, Dr. J. A. (Rockwood, Tennessee), sent a specimen of Horn-snake, Opheosau- rus ventralis, for examination and report. 19614. SHAH OF PERsIA (through Department of State) sent a specimen of native gold- bearing quartz for examination and report. 20378. SHARP, GEORGE B. (New York City), presented plates of pure copper, copper alloy, steel, and zinc. 20620. SHARPLESS, A. (West Chester, Pennsylvania), presented prehistoric stone imple- ments, two paleoiithic, one leaf-shaped (20158), one leaf-shaped (20429), and twenty-two specimens, ten of them paleolithic (20603). SHARPLESS, S. P. (Boston, Massachusetts), presented an exceedingly valuable collec- tion containing more than eleven hundred specimens of North American woods, embracing over four hundred species, collected by the agents of the Tenth Census and used by Mr. C. 8S. Sargent in connection with the preparation of vol. rx of the report of the Tenth Census (20115); also howlite from Nova Scotia and mas- sive pyrite from Newfoundland (20137), and photomicrogaphs of all species of North American pines, made by the donor (20149). SHELDON, W. H. (Climax, Michigan), sent in exchange a collection of prehistoric stone implements, consisting of three rude arrowheads, one small spear-head, two large spear-heads, one rude wedge-shaped implement, one small implement of banded slate, one large implement of banded slate, and a fragment of a drilled ceremonial object, from Kalamazoo County, Michigan. 20807. SHELLACK, Dr. E. H. (Allen, Kansas), sent an object supposed to bea ‘‘fossil egg” for examination and report. 20678. SHEPARD, CHARLES U. (Charleston, South Carolina), presented books from the library of Charles U. Shepard, Sr., deceased (20020), and deposited framed photo- graphs of meteorites and a framed portrait engraving of the late Prof. C. U. Shepard (through Cutler’s Art Store, New Haven, Connecticut), (20026). SHEPARD, JAMES (New Britain, Connecticut), presented a specimen of supposed vol- canic rock from Meriden, Connecticut. 19711. SHIckK, CHARLES S&S. (Sea Isle City, New Jersey), sent anest and four eggs of Ammodro- mus maritimus for examination and. report. 20755. SHIELDS, CHARLES O. (Grange, Colorado), sent specimens of the Blistering Beetle, Meloe sublevis, for examination and report. 19444. SHIRLAW, WALTER (New York City), presented three drawings by the donor. 20287. SHOEMAKER, ERNEST (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a collection of prehistoric stone implements, including nine leaf-shaped implements, four notched implements, and twenty-two rude implements of the paleolithic type. 20175. SHOLL, H. C. (Marble Hill, Massachusetts), through Hon. J. P. Walker, sent a speci_ men of limonite for examination and report. 20246. SHREIBER, W. A. H. (Webster, North Carolina), sent in exchange chromite and other ores. 19455. SHRIVER, HowarpD (Wytheville, Virginia), presented prehistoric stone implements— four arrowheads. 20182. SHUFELDT, Dr. R. W., U.S. Army (Fort Wingate, New Mexico), presented mammals : Hesperomys truei, Cricetoppus flavus, and Thomomys talpoides umbrinus (19401) ; a specimen of dressed buckskin, bone used by the tanner in dressing the skin, and seven photographs showing entire process of tanning by the Navajo Indians (19540) ; dendritic markings from Fort Selden, New Mexico (19615); crania and sterna of birds (see ‘Proc. U.S. National Museum,” vol. x, 1887, p. 376) (19719); specimen of Ardea virescens, from Arizona (obtained by Charles Ruby, U.S, Army ) (19776); a specimen of the Skunk, Mephitis mephitica, from Fort Wingate (19802); and a skeleton of the Raven, Corvus corax sinuatus (20595). 1718 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. SHuTT, GEORGE W. (U.S. Geological Survey), presented four specimens of the Banded Rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus (19490), and a living specimen of Eagle, from Virginia (19816). Stickies, I’. E. (Kansas City, Missouri), presented the first steam steering-engine practically applied to a vessel. 20574, SIEBERT, 8. R. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented daguerreotype plates, buff stick, bromine box, daguerreotype sensitizing box, etc. 20769. SIEMASCHK, J. VON (St. Petersburg, Russia), sent in exchange two fragments of meteoric stone from Russia. 19988. SIMMONS, GEORGE C. (New York City), presented a Flying-squirrel, Sciwropterus vo- lucella aibino. 19509. SIMPSON, CHARLES T. (Ogallala, Nebraska), presented land and fresh-water shells from Indian Territory (20722); also lent a specimen of Natica fordiana Simps., from Saratoga Bay, Florida, for comparison and study, at the request of the Curator of Mollusks (20073). SINGLEY, J. A. (Giddings, Lee County, Texas), presented six species of fresh-water shells (19694); also lent land and fresh-water shells from the vicinity of Austin, Texas, for comparison and study, at the request of the Curator of Mollusks (19790). Sisk, Dr. C. T. (Shady Grove, Jefferson County, Tennessee), presented stone relics— arrowheads, spear-heads, celts, grooved axes, pierced tablets, stone tube, and stone pipe; also fragments of pottery, and bones of mau and of animals; miner- als, rocks, and ores—red hematite, limonite, quartz crystals, decomposed gneiss, schist, hornblende rock, impure jasper, white mica with feldspar, shale, quartzite, and earthy matter with iron oxide; and shells, recent species of Tennessee Melaniide. 19387. SkripMoRr#, P. H. (Washington, District of Columbia), through L. M. Turner pre- sented a dried human hand used as a fetich. 19493. SKINNER & SONS (Baltimore, Maryland), through U. §S. Fish Commission presented seven builder’s models of ships built at Baltimore since 1846. 20547. SKINNER, B. D. (Greenport, New York), presented a collection of one hundred and twenty-nine prehistoric stone implements, twenty of them being paleolithic. 20238. SKINNER, T. E. (U.S. National Museum), presented a specimen of bird, Accipiter coopert. 19472. SMILLIE, GEORGE H. (New York City), presented two pencil drawings by the donor (20296), and a proof (preparatory etching) of ‘‘The Rocky Mountains” by James Smillie, after A. Bierstadt. 20355. SMILLIE, JAMES D. (New York City), presented sketches and studies (20292) and five progressives of an etching, the work of the donor (20305). SMILLIE, L. E. (Washington, District of Columbia), sent a photographic lens (Har- rison ‘“‘C. C.”) used by M. B. Brady in making war views, etc. 20716. Smitu, C. K. (Klamath Agency, Oregon), presented a prehistoric collection from a mound on the Klamath Indian Reservation, Oregon—four obsidian knives, per- forator, two scrapers, one muller, two pestles, one grooved net sinker, three ar- row-shaft straighteners, a fragment of stone implement with narrow groove at one end, a brass disk, a brass ornament, three Chinese coins, fragments of melted glass beads, an iron tomahawk, obsidian spear-head, and eight arrowheads; also a mortar and Wo-kus grinder used at the present time by the Klamath and Modoc Indians of Oregon (20434) ; Chinese coins and a brass or copper disk taken from a small cremation mound on the shores of Klamath Lake, Oregon (20454); a prehistoric collection of implements, ornaments, etc., from a mound on the Klamath Indian Reservation, Oregon; six Chinese coins, two brass buttons, one LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 779 SmitH, C. K.—Continued. brass bracelet, two copper beads, one obsidian perforator, one obsidian arrow- head, one arrow-shaft straightener (grooved pumice stone), and two fragments of human bone; also specimens of a form of moxa used by the Indians of the reservation (20642). Smita, Prof. E. A. (University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama), presented a speci- men of tantalite. 20037. SmiTH, Francis B. (Nantucket, Massachusetts), presented antique candlesticks in tinder-box, flints, steel, also some old tinder. 20703. Smiru, H. G. (Denver, Colorado), sent bird skins; forexamination and report. 20001, 20776. SmitTH, HueH M. (U.S. National Museum), presented a nest of Spinus tristis, and a set of four eggs of Chelidon erythroyaster (19456), birds’ nests, also bird skins, as follows: Pandion haliaétus carolinensis, from Piney Point, Maryland; Mareca americana, from Centre Market, Washington, District of Columbia; Aythya collaris and Podilymbus podiceps, from Mount Vernon, Virginia (19485); shells—two speci- mens of Cyprea cylindrica, from the Indo-Pacific region (19693) ; Chinese counters composed of mother-of-pearl (19724, 19804) ; paper currency of Confederate States, denomination fifty dollars; also one thousand dollar note of the State of Missis- sippi Bank, 1839 (20006). Smitu, J. W. C. (Benton, Mississippi), presented a vegetable of abnormal growth. 20600. SmituH, O. C. (Tombstone, Arizona), sent a Coppery-tailed Trogon, Trogon ambiguus Gould, for examination and report. 20326. SmituH, S. W. (Brookville, Pennsylvania), sent bituminous shale, manganese ore, and micaceous schist, for examination and report. 20017, 20095, 20830. SmirH, Rev. T. W. (St. Joseph, Louisiana), presented a specimen of Lepidoptera, Tineid sp. 19508. SmitH, W. B.(U.S Geological Survey), presented garnet and topaz on rhyolyte, and phenacite on beryl and quartz, from Colorado, 20067. Smiru, W. R. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a living opossum. 20213. SNIDER, Mrs. A. B. (Green Castle, Indiana), sent furnace slag, quartz crystals, de- composed rock, etc., for examination and report. 19963. SNOWDEN, ROBERT P. (See under Pennsylvania Railroad, 20583, 20728.) Soar, Josuk SmirH (Wilmington, Delaware), presented a hat, such asis worn by the citizens of Chili; also a specimen of Chilian paper currency, wn peso, and a Chilian silver coin, twenty cents. 20256. SouLz, H. P. (See under George P. O’Toole, 19929.) SOUTHERN CONSTRUCTION AND QUARRY CoMPANY (Nashville, Tennessee) presented a specimen of ‘‘Red Oak” granite, from Red Oak Granite Quarry, Georgia; and sent a specimen of mica-granite for examination and report. 19788. Sprar, GnorGe B. (St. Louis, Missouri), sent a specimen of limonite pseudomorph after pyrite for examination and report. 20058. Spoonnr, E. H. (Virginia City, Nevada), sent rocks and white marble for exami- nation and report. 19975. STABLER, HAROLD D. (Sandy Spring, Maryland), presented a specimen of the Sereech-owl, Megascops asio. 20236. STABLER, JAMES P. (Sandy Spring, Maryland), presented a specimen of Cooper’s Hawk, Accipiter cooperi (19624), and a specimen of the Green Heron, Butorides virescens (19591). STANDARD CHARCOAL Company (Goodrich, Tennessee) presented specimens of wood alcohol in six different stages of its manufacture. 19978, 780 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. STaTE, DEPARTMENT OF, presented bunting flags of various nations. 19818. (See also under Shah of Persia, 20378; Australian Museum, 20773.) STAVANGER Musrum (Stavanger, Norway), sent a collection of bird skins, including twenty specimens, in exchange. 19458. Stearns, Dr. R. E. C. (U.S. Nationil Museum), presented a specimen of the Horned Lizard, Phrynosoma coronatum, from San Diego, Cal. (19387); four opium-pipe bowls, two water-holders, and pencil-holder used in writing, and a chunk of sandal-wood chipped and burned in religious services by the Chinese (19941); marine shells, twenty-four specimens, from California; Tertiary fossils; four specimens of Nassa fossata Gld., from Santa Barbara, California; ores, rocks, and minerals, seventy specimens, mostly chromite, from California (20260); a book- knife made of ‘‘ mother-of-pearl” shell, Maleagrina maraaritifera (20582) ; fossil brachiopods, Terebratula harlanit Mort., from the green sand marl of New Jersey ; alg, from Kodiak, Alaska, and egg cases of skate, Cestracion francisci, from San Diego, California (20697); and a collection of ten hundred and ten shells, chiefly from California, eastern America, and the Indo-Pacific region (20720). STEELE, RoperT L. (Rockingham, North Carolina), sent a boat-shaped object and a jasper bead for examination and report. 2(359. STEELMANN, Capt. THomas (Somers Point, New Jersey), presented fishes from the vicinity of Somers Point. 19857. STEINMETZ, CARL (Helena, Montana) presented a living specimen of the Prairie Dog, Cynomys columbianus. 19870. STEINMEYER, Dr. F. A. (Bonaparte, Iowa), presented prehistoric stone implements, one of the paleolithic type, from near Bonaparte. 206-4. STEPHENS, F. (San Bernardino, California), sent a collection of mammal skins, together with a nest and four eggs of Polioptila californica. (For description of nest and eggs of Polioptila californica, see ‘‘ Proc. U. S. National Museum,” vol. x, pp. 549 and 550). (19381.) Also sent a collection of mammal skins ineluding: Lepus trow- bridgei, Nelomia mexicana, Spermophilus tereticaudus, Dipodomys deserti, Peroqueleus fasciatus. (Purchased.) (19462.) ; STEPHENSON. CHAUNCEY (West Worthington, Massachusetts) sent a specimen of mica for examination and report. 19764. STEUART, EpwIn S. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) presented a copy of the “Journal of the Franklin Institute” containing illustrations of some early forms of rails. 20820. STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (Hoboken, New Jersey) presented photograph of the ‘‘Stevens” engine, also three photographic copies of tinted drawings of the engine (through W. H. Bristol) (20797), also drawings and description of a steam boiler designed, built, and used by Col. John Stevens in 1826 (through President Henry Morton) (20162); deposited a tubular boiler used in ‘‘ John Stevens’ steam-boat; ” and sold to the Museum a duplicate of the propeller of this boat (through President Henry Morton). (20760.) STEVENS, Hon. Rogert (U.S. consul, Victoria, British Columbia), sent two Chinese coins found in a Chinese junk in the Sea of Japan, for examination and report. 19888. STEVENSON, J. A. (Akron, Ohio), presented a collection of prehistoric stone imple- ments containing three hundred and fifty-five specimens, many of them paleo- lithic, from Summit County, Ohio, and from the vicinity of Port Royal, Juniata County, Pa. 20371. STEVENSON, J. A. D. (Statesville, North Carolina), presented prehistoric stone im- plements, twelve of them paleolithic. 20183, 20479. STEVENSON, Col. JAMES (U.S. Geological Survey), presented specimens of geyserite, calcareous tufa, and pyrite. 20416. (See also under J. C. Vilas, 19882.) LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 781 - STEWART, JOHN T. (Council Bluffs, Iowa), sent marl containing Productus norwoodi, from a caisson in the bed of the Missouri River between Omaha, Nebraska, and Council Bluffs, for examination and report. 20746. ST. GAUDENS, AUGUSTUS, and THoMAsS B. CLARKE, ERW1N Davis, and RIcHARD GIL- DER (New York City) deposited original plaster casts of face and hands of Abra- ham Lincoln, made in April and May, 1860, by Leonard W. Volk, of Chicago, Illinois. Also the first bronze cast of the face mold, and bronze casts of hands. 20084. STINE, ANDREW J. (Leavenworth, Kansas), sent fossil-bearing limestone containing iron oxide, for examination and report. 20214. STONE, Hon. W. J. (See under J. W. Warfield, 19952.) STOUTENBURGH, WALTER S. (Washington Asylum, District of Columbia), presented a living specimen of the Barn Owl, Strix flammea. 20736. Srrait, N. A. (U. 8. Pension Office), presented a specimen of postal currency, twenty- tive cents, 1862. 20319. STRATTON, C.L. (Chattanooga, Tennessee), presented a collection of prehistoric stone implements, containing four hundred and thi1ty-six specimens, from Georgia and Alabama. 20240. STROEBEL, L. H. (Massillon, Ohio), presented photograph of pipes of Puget Sound . Indians. 19415. Stuart, F. T. (Boston, Massachusetts), presented eight progressive proofs from a plate in mixed manner, engraved by the donor. 2(291. STuBBs, W. P. (Charlestown, Massachusetts), sent an oil-painting of four-masted schooner King Phillip. 20777. STUDER, Hon. ADoLPH G. (See under Sultan of Sambas, 20638.) STUFFLEBEAM, J. G. (Delaney, Arkansas), sent iron pyrites and a mineral supposed to contain silver, for examination and report. _ 19457, 19570. STURTEVANT, Dr. E. LEwis (South Framimgham, Massachusetts), presented two scrap- books containing drawings of maize described in 3d Annual Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station (20029), an unique and interesting collec- tion of beans (20106), and one hundred and fifty-four heads of named varieties of wheat (20153). STUTTS, FREDERICK J. (See under Pennsylvania Railroad. ) SULTAN OF SaMBas (through Hon. Adolph G. Studer, United States consul at Singa- pore) presented four samples of bilian, or iron-wood, from Borneo. 20638. Swan, James G. (Port Townsend, Washington), sent two models of Indian lodges and a carved totem-post. (Purchased.) 19477. SwarR, D. M. (Lancaster, Pennsylvania), presented a book entitled ‘‘ Origin of the Indians of the New World and of the West Indies ”’ by Fr. Gregorio Garcia, second edition, Madrid, 1729. 20504. Sweeny, T. W. (U.S. National Museum), presented two knives and three old car- penter tools. 19619. SWETT, FREDERICK K. (U.S. Pension Office), presented two bronze copies (obverse and reverse) of the silver medal issued by Josehp I, King of Hungary, in com- memoration of victories gained over the Turks. 19576. Swirt, WILLIAM (Columbus, Ohio), presented a badge of the reunion of the Second Cavalry Brigade, Columbus, Ohio, August 17, 1887. 19612. TALJAFERRO, SUSAN (Alexandria, Virginia), presented an iron cake-cutter over one hundred years old, made by a blacksmith. 20164. TANNER, Capt. Z. L. (U. 8. Fish Commission, commanding U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross), presented a Menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, found floating in the harbor at Baltimore, 19397. TARVIN, WILLIAM F. (Perryville, Arkansas), sent a specimen of ore for examination and report. 199557, 182 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Tassrn, Col. A. G., U. S. Army (Fort Wood, New York Harbor), presented birds killed by flying against the light of the statue of Liberty on Bedloe’s Island (1969s, 19707); also sixty specimens, comprising thirteen speciess from Bedloe’s Island (19730). Tastet, W. M. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a collection of one hundred and twenty-two postage-stamps from various foreign countries. 20219. Tatn, E. O. (Morristown, Tennessee), sent a fragment of the carapace of a Sea-turtle, probably Thalassochelys caretta, from North Carolina, for examination and re- port. 19881. Taunt, Lieut. E. H., U. S. Navy, presented ethnological objects from the Kassai River, Central Africa. 20681. Taytor & BRUNTON (Leadville, Colorado), presented sulphide ores, with a series of producis of dressing. 19671. TAYLOR, GEORGE L. (Cheyenne, Wyoming), sent four living specimens of the Prairie Dog, Cynomys ludovicianus ; also a pair of abnormal antlers of Elk. 19876. TayLor, J. L. (Effie, Jackson County, North Carolina), sent chromite, asbestos, corundum, and muscovite, for examination and report. 20553. TaYLor, W. EpGar (Peru, Nebraska), sent acollection of fossil shells, containing one hundred and twenty-six specimens, for examination and report. 19644. Taylor, WILLIE (Four Mile Run, Virginia), presented a specimen of the White Egret, Ardea egretta. 19420. Taytor, ZACH (Dunkirk, New York), sent bird skins for examination and report. 20657. TECHNOLOGICAL MUSEUM (Sydney, New South Wales), through Hon. G. W. Griffin, United States consul, presented one hundred and thirty-six samples of wool ~ from Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales, and Queensland. 20798. Traima, S. (See under Tokio Educational Museum, 19914.) TERRELL, L, D. (U. S. Fish Commission), sent two living specimens of the Wend chuck, Arctomys monax. 20694. TEUBNER, CHARLES (Lexington, Missouri), presented eleven photographs represent- ing flint arrowheads, ete. 20329. THOMPSON, CHARLES A. (Quincy, Michigan), presented prehistoric stone implements, some of them paleolithic, from Branch and Hillsdale Counties, Michigan (20353) ; and lent a bird-shaped prehistoric stone object, for casting (20471). THomeson, E. E. (Toronto, Canada), lent birdskins, for comparison and study, at the request of the Curator of Birds (19383), also sent birds from Canada in exchange (19933, 20792). THOMPSON, MELVILLE. (See under Charles W. Richmond, 19891.) THompson, R. J. (through Forsberg & Murray, Washington, District of Columbia), presented a miniature blacksmithing outfit, and samples of work done with the same. 19636. THOMPSON, Capt. THOMAS (Schooner M. 4. Bann, through W. A. Wilcox, Glou- cester, Massachusetts, presented a fish, Thyrsitops violaceus, n. s., Bean. Type. Described in Proceedings of U. S. National Museum,” vol. x, 1887, pp. 513, 514. 19784. THOMPSON, Paymaster WILLIAM J., U. S. Navy, presented ethnological objects from aster Island: Spear-heads, paddles, oars, clubs, skulls, tapa, feather head-dress, wooden idols, stone implements, etc. (20078), and twenty-seven photographs of Easter Island (20511). 5 THORNE, CLINTON (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a living specimen of White Rat. 20202. THORNTON, J. L. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented an invitation to the twenty-first anniversary John A. Rawlings Post, No.1, G. A. R., 1887; badge Department of the Potomac, twenty-first national encampment, St. Louis, 1°87; and card of admission to memorial service General Grant, October 1, 1886, 19821, é LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 183 THORPE, Captain (schooner Annie Wesley, Gloucester, Massachusetts), presented a skin of the Leather-back Turtle. 19655. THORPE, Dr. H. H. (Liberty Hill, Texas), presented a piece of dentigerous bone. 19507. THORPE, RUSSEL (Laramie County, Wyoming), through J. A. George, Washington, District of Columbia, presented marble from Wyoming. 20082. TIFFANY & Co. (New York City) sent cut stones: Labradorite medallion, fruit tablet of rock crystal, carnelian, rhodonite and serpentine, and sections of agatized wood, and of malachite and azurite. 20816. Topp, E. R. (U. S. National Museum), presented a copper coin, one-half cent, 1828 (19726), a miscellaneous lot of alcoholic insects from Texas (20028), and a Red- breasted Grossbeak, Zamelodia ludoviciana (20575). ToKI0, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (Tokio, Japan), presented lacquer work from Japan. 19789. ToK10, EDUCATIONAL Museum (Tokio, Japan), presented a saddle from Loochoo, In- dia (19478); and sent in exchange bird skins from Japan (19478), and meteoric stones containing iron; anorthite crystals from a lava stream during the erup- tion of 1874; and sapphire crystals from tin washings (19914). TonER, Dr. J. M. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a navel orange with smaller one completely inclosed within it. 20695. TOOKER, WILLIAM WALLACE (Sag Harbor, New York), presented sixteen paleolithic prehistoric stoneimplements from the vicinity of Sag Harbor, New York. 20418. TOPPAN, ©. (Salem, Massachusetts), presented a specimen of petroleum ointment, a reputed antidote for rattlesnake bite. 20676. TOPPAN, GEORGE L. (Chicago, Illinois), sent bird skins from Texas and California for examination and report. 20348. Towers, H. C. (See under Col. W. H. Havners, 19579.) TOWNSEND, CHARLES H. (Fish Commission), United States, presented mammals: Dasy- procta punctata, Didelphys cineren, D. quica, Nasua narica, Tatusia novemcinctus, Sciurus hypopyrrhus, and two bats; also bird skins from Honduras (19715) ; silver coins of Guatemala, 2 reals, 1873, 25 cents, 1881; Honduras, 25 cents, 1885; and Nicaragua, 20 cents, 1887 (19757) ; fishes from Honduras and the Caribbean Sea; ethnological objects, a small but valuable collection of plants, one hundred and eighteen skeletons of birds, three hundred and twenty-five bird skins,* reptiles, birds’ nests (including nest of Ostinops montezum@, a polished celt, squirrels (Sciurus hypopyrrhus and 8. tephrogaster), from Honduras, and a collection of insects containing a considerable number of bright and attractive specimens, representing some of the more common species of that locality (19811). Trask, Rey. H. K. (Bridestown, New Jersey), sent a Chinese zither or cremona, in exchange. 20758. TREASURY DEPARTMENT: Bureau of Engraving and Printing presented proofs of paper money and bonds of the United States (19556), and a specimen of bank-note engraving by S. A. Schoff (through John A. O’Neill, superintendent of the engraving division) (20235). U.S. Life-Saving Service. (See under Capt. Herbert M. Knowles, 19633; also under Amasa Bowen, 20473). U.S. Revenue Marine (through courtesy of Hon. Peter Bonnett, Chief of U. §. Revenue Marine; and Capt. M. A. Healy, U. 8. Revenue Marine steamer Bear) presented six bidarkas, from Alaska, 19774. U.S. Light-House Board. (See under W. N. Quinn, 21002.) * See Proc. U.S. National Museum, vol. x, 1887, p. 572. 184 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. TrROocADERO MusrEuM (Paris, France), through Dr. E. Hamy, director, presented full costume of a Roman soldier. A lay figure for this costume was prepared by M. Hébert, ot the Trocadéro Museum, by permission of the director. This was purchased by the U. 8. National Museum. 19985, TROMSOE, M. Fosric (Spitzbergen, Norway), sent two eggs of Gavia alba, from Spitz- bergen. (Described in ‘The Auk,” 1888, vol. v, No. 2, p. 202). 20136. TRUE, F. W. (U.S. National Museum), presented a Rat, Mus decumanus, with abnor- mal dentition. 19482. TRUE, Mrs. F. W. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented silver and copper coins of Roumania, Rome, Prussia, Belgium, Greece, Spain, France, Austria, and Luxembourg. 19740. ; TuckER, Mitton T. (Fairfax Court House, Virginia), sent sulphide of copper and iron, chalcopyrite with decomposition products, principally carbonate of cop- per in asiliceous gangue (19769), also black sand (19924), for examination and report. TULLBERG. Dr. TycuHo (University of Upsala, Upsala, Sweden), presented skull and horns of European Elk. 19454. TURNER, CHARLES J. (Brunswick, Missouri), sent stone implements for examina- tion and report. 20660. TURNER, Dr. G. K. (Morristown, Tennessee), sent insect for name. 20510. TURNER, J. S. (Ashland, Alabama), sent ore for examination and report. 20527. TuRNER, L. M. (See under P. H. Skidmore, 19493.) TURNER, W. C. (Hood’s Landing, Roane County, Texas), sent a specimen of galena, from Texas, for examination and report. 19480. TWEED, J. W. (Ripley, Brown County, Ohio), presented prehistoric stone imple- ments (19696, 19801, 20629) and fossil shells, Cincinnati Lower Silurian (20629) ; and sent prehistoric stone implements in exchange (19499, 19587), and for exam- ination and report (19587). TYREE, J. 8S. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a specimen of Hacles imperialis. 19416. UBER, C. EpGAr (Falls Church, Virginia), presented four living specimens of the Screech-owl, Megascops asio. 20635. UNDERWOOD, L. M. (Syracuse, New York), presented Arachnida and Myriapoda from Georgia, Virginia, and New York. 19526, 19533, 19542, 19571. Upuam, E. P. (U. S. National Museum), presented prehistoric stone implements, fifty-five specimens, from the vicinity of Piney Branch, District of Columbia. 19491. ; Utau Satt Company (Ogden, Utah) sent samples of salt for examination and re- port. 19814. VAIL, STEPHEN (Morristown, New Jersey), presented a piece of the telegraph wire over which the first telegraph message was transmitted. The message, ‘‘A pa- tient waiter is no loser,” was sent by Alfred Vail at one end of the 3-mile wire, stretched around the wails of a room in the Speedwell Iron Works, at Morris- town, New Jersey, to S. B. Morse at the other end, January 6, 1838. 20318. VANCE, JOHN. (See under W. H. Pratt, 20288.) VAN DOREN, W. T. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a wooden pipe used by the Cherokee Indians, and pipe pouch and é¢atlinite pipe, from the Ogallala Sioux (19745); and sent in exchange a head-dress and pair of leggings worn by Sioux Indians; quartz and spinel with calcite; a fragment of a calami- tian stem; and a concretion from Indian Territory (19423). Van EtTen, K. (New York City), presented pencil drawings and etchings by the donor. 20282. Veacu, N. T. (Rushville, Illinois), sent two hematite celts; for examination and report. 19770. LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 785 Vinas, J. C. (Livingston, Montana), through Col. James Stevenson presented -chrysocolla, chalcedony, and limonite. 19882. WAKEFIELD, M. (Annandale, Virginia), presented an albino Snow-bird, Junco hyemalis. 19996. WALCOTT, CHARLES D. (See under Interior, Department of the, U. S. Geological Survey, 19845, 20789.) WALDEN, GILBERT B. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented an oil-paint- ing said to be the work of Mrs. President Madison, left unfinished at her death (19841) ; a pardon granted to John Walden for his participation in the late rebel- lion, signed by President Andrew Johnson, dated September 9, 1865; also marshal’s order of parade on the occasion of the reception to Lafayette at Warrenton, July 12, 1834 (20328). WALES, ORLANDO G. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a living Squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis carolinensis. 20474. WALKER, CHARLES A. (Boston, Massachusetts), presented monotypes, an engraving with roulette tint by the donor, and etchings and engravings, finished and un- finished. 20290, 20592. WALKER, Hon. J. P. (See under H. C. Sholl, 20246.) WALKER, JAMES W. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented six living speci- mens of Virginia Quail, from Madison County, Virginia. 20128. WALLACE, JOHN (New York City), sent a mounted pack-mule. 20823. WALLIS, J. G. (Benton, Arkansas), presented rocks from Arkansas. 19609. Watters, J. W. (New York City), presented a model of steam fishing-launch. 19940. WanMER, A. (York, Pennsylvania), sent a sandstone slab bearing tracks, in exchange. 20023. WAR DEPARTMENT (through Brig. Gen. S. V. Benét, U. S. Army, Chief of Ordnance) presented a paper model of an equestrian statue of General McPherson ; section of an oak cut down by musket balls, from near Spottsylvania Court House, Virginia; and a Mexican saddle and bridle manufactured in Mexico for General Trevino, and presented by him to General E. O. C. Ord, U.S. Army. 20209. WakD, Henry A. (Rochester, New York), sent in exchange a small collection of fishes from the Gulf of Campeachy, including the following species: Cynoscion, Trisotropis, Mugil, Caranx, Cephalacanthus, Monacanthus, Sparisoma, Arius, Aniso- tremus, Batrachus, Gerres, Diplodus, and Hemulon (19424); horns of Saiga tartarica, Hippotragus equinus, Alcelaphus caama, Alcelaphus sp.?; and head of Oryx capensis (20099); a collection of exotic mammals, chiefly African and Asiatic (20645); also sent a Sable Antelope, Hippotragus niger (19935). WarD & HOWELL (Rochester, New York) presented two slices of the Rockwood meteorite (19917), also meteoric stone from Fayette County, Texas (20187), and sent a specimen of meteoric iron, in exchange (19917). Warp, JAMES A. (Tho nfield, Missouri), sent ore for examination and report. 19738. WaRD, JOSEPH (Ward’s, South Carolina), presented a collection of prehistoric stone implements containing ninety specimens. 20470. WARPFIELD, J. W. (Eddyville, Kentucky), through Hon. W. J. Stone, sent a pipe for examination and report. 19952. WARREN, Dr. B. H. (West Chester, Pennsylvania), presented thirty-five specimens of bird skins (20692), and sent others in exchange (20808) ; also sent a specimen of the Bronzed Grackle Quiscalus quiscula ceneus, for examination and report (20403). WARREN FEATHERBONE COMPANY (Three Oaks, Michigan) presented samples to illustrate the manufacture of “ feather-bone,” a substitute for whale-bone (20091), and plumage quills taken from the turkey and used in making dusters, feather- bone dress-stays, corsets, whips, etc. (20548. ) WARREN, J. H. (Oregon, Tennessee), sent ore for examintion and report, 20499, H, Mis. 142, pt. 2——50 786 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. WASHINGTON, L. B. (See under George P. O’Toole, 19929.) Watkins, G. W. (Moriah, New York), sent a specimen of bituminous sbale for ex- amination and report. 20599. Warkins, J. E. (U. S. National Museum), presented fractional currency, three cents, and postal note, one cent, 1883, United States (20222): also autograph letter from Hon. Alexander H. Stephens, dated September 1, 1879 (20386). WATSON, SERENO (Cambridge, Massachusetts), presented ferns from Costa Rica. 19868. Way, NATHANIEL (Accotink, Virginia), presented prehistoric stone implements, twen- ty-nine specimens, twenty of them paleolithic. 19862, 20185, 20507. WravER, C. A., & Co. (New York City), sent a specimen of Centropomus undecimalis, from Georgia, for examination and report. 19977. Wess, J.C. (See under Pennsylvania Railroad, 20324.) Wess, JouN S. (Locust Level, North Carolina), presented a Chameleon, Anolis princi- palis. 20806. WEBSTER, GEORGE A. (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), presented a celt gouge, from Gurnee, Illinois. 19473. WEBSTER, Mrs. M. H. (Georgetown, District of Columbia), sent in exchange a Cocka- too Parrakeet, Nymphicus nove-hollandia. 19682. WEEDEN, W. C. (U.S. National Museum), deposited living specimens of Black Fan- tail Pigeons, and common pigeons. 20444. Weeks, J. D. (See under Robert Hadfield, 19905.) WEHRLE, R. W. (Blairsville, Pennsylvania), sent insect for name. 19409. WELLING, Dr. JamEs C. (Columbian University, Washington, District of Columbia), deposited an eider-down rug from Sweden. 20402. WELLS, L. B. (Helena, Montana), presented abnormal elk antlers. 19877. WERDERMAN, C. (Calera, Alabama), sent a specimen of rock for examination and report. 19483. WERTH, J. W. (Stockton, Virginia), sent shale colored by iron oxide, and a vein rock composed essentially of quartz, feldspar, white mica, and black tourmaline; also a few decomposed garnets, for examination and report. 20536. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, Museum of (Middletown, Connecticut), sent in exchange shells, four hundred and sixty species—pulmonates, bivalves, and marine gas- teropods. 19680. : WESTGATE, WILLIAM WALTER (Houston, Texas), sent shells for examination and report. 20122. WETHERELL, FRANK E. (Oskaloosa, Iowa), presented a cast of a stone pipe. Origi- nal found in Mahaska County, Iowa. 20699. WHITCOMB, O. (Leavenworth, Kansas), sent ore for examimation and report. 20107. WuitsE, Dr. C. A. (U. S. Geological Survey), presented gypsum from Texas. 20038. Waits, C. 8. (Romney, West Virginia), through Hon. W. L. Wilson, House of Rep- resentatives, sent a specimen of galena in limestone, for examination and re- port. 19938. Wuitkr, G. W. (Webster, Mississippi), sent a specimen of siliceous sandstone for examination and report. 19525. WHITE, Prof. I. C. (Morgantown, West Virginia), sent an insect, Gryllotalpa borealis, for examination and report. 19566. WHITEHEAD, W. T. (Norfolk, Virginia), presented a Lump fish, Cyclopterus lwmpus. 20433. WHITESIDE, J. M. (Keysville, Charlotte County, Virginia), presented Coleoptera and Hymenoptera—Dynastes tityus and nest of Vespa maculata. 19899. WHITLACH, JAcoB (Bannon, West Virginia), through Hon. N. Goff, sent a specimen of iron pyrite containing a little copper, for examination and report. 20426. WuiTMaNn, W. J. (Etheridge, South Carolina), sent pharyngeals of Carp, and por- tion of spine of pectoral fin of Cat-fish, for examination and report. 20644. LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 187 WHITMORE, GEORGE C. (Nephi, Utah), sent mineral wax, for examination and re- port. 19470. Wuitney, E. J. (Brooklyn, New York), presented wood-cut proofs by E. D. Hayes, Alexander Anderson, J. H. E. Whitney, A. Whitney, E. J. Whitney, and other American engravers; also process drawings by the donor, and impressions from process blocks from drawings by thedonor. 20800. WHITTEN, W. A. (Molina, Mississippi), sent ethnological objects dug from the ground at Molino; namely, horse-bits, cups and saucers, an old copper kettle, beads, old silver ornaments, ete. (Purchased.) 20377. Wippowson, J. W. (London, England), presented stone sleeper block and plate over which Trevithick’s locomotive ran between Penydarren Works, Methyr, and the Glamorgan Canal, at Abedare Junction, in 1808; also spike by which the plate was held to the block. 20745. Wier, J. D. (Pontotoc, Texas), sent micaceous hematite in siliceous material for examination and report. 19992. Witcox, A. C. (Washington, District of Columbia), seut Watertown quartzite pebbles for examination and report. 20280. Wiicox, Dr. . E., U. 8. Army (Fort Niobrara, Nebraska), sent a specimen of the Short-eared Owl, Asio accipitrinus, for examination and report. 20101. Witcox, W..A. (Gloucester. Massachusetts), presented two specimens of Squilla empusa trom Providence, Rhode Island (19307), and a fine specimen of coral Para- gorgia arborea, from off Banquereau (20123). (See also under Capt. Thomas Thompson, 19784. ) WILKINSON, Ensign ERNEST, U. S. Navy, presented syenite, nummulite, and mortar from Pyramid of Cheops, Egypt. 19991. WILLARD, Rey. GEORGE L. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented an object found on the prairie in Indian Territory, supposed to be a “fossil sponge.” 20309. WILLCOX, JOSEPH (Media, Pennsylvania), lent shells, for comparison and study, at the request of the Curator of Mollusks—Melongena corona Gm., to show varieties; also invertebrate fossils from Florida. 20710. Wiuuiams, Prof, H. C. (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York), sent fossil wood from the Devonian formation of New York, for examination and report. 20340. WiuiaMs, H. F. (Fairbank, Arizona), presented a fragment of a shell ornament made from the shell of Pectunculus (Axinea) intermidius Brod, found about eight feet below the surface at Fairbank, Arizona. 20354. WiLuis, MErritr (West Farms, New York), presented three prehistoric stone impie- ments, paleolithic, from Trenton, New Jersey, and West Chester, Pennsylvania. 20331. Wixuiston, Dr. S. W. (New Haven, Connecticut), presented a collection of Diptera, two hundred and sixty-three species, seven hundred and twenty-nine specimens of the family Syrphidez. This collection is almost complete and is the best extant of the family. (See ‘‘ Builetin U. 8. National Museum,” No. 31.) 19702. WILLOUGHBY, CHARLES (U.S. Indian agent, Quinaelt Agency, Washington), pre- sented a specimen of a new genus, new species of fish, Acrotus willoughbyi. (See “Proc. U. S. National Museum,” vol. x, 1887, p. 631.) 19957. WiLson, Mrs. F. B. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a Double Yellow- head Parrot, Amazona oratrix. 20569. WILson, JAMES H. (Gillenwater, Tennessee), sent a mixture of quartz granules and iron oxides for examination and report. 20124. WILSON, JOHN, & SON (Cambridge, Massachusetts) presented specimens to illustrate the art of wood-cut printing. 20559. WILSON, Col. JoHN M., U. S. Army (Washington, District of Columbia), presented the original life-size plaster model of the statue of George Washington, erected at Washington’s headquarters at Newburgh. 19947. Witson, Dr. L. D. (Wheeling, West Virginia), presented a cup-stone. 19741. 788 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888.- Witson, THomas (U.S. National Museum), presented ethnological objects: Japanese mirror, Roman bronze lamp, wooden sabots, two cuneiform contract tablets from Babylon, Roman glass seal, fine comb, and a Munich calendar (19551); an image used in phallic worship, from Italy (19920); prehistoric stone implements of the Tertiary geologic period, three specimens from Thenezay, France (20019); a col- lection of three hundred and eighty-three prehistoric stone implements, from the District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey (20034); and deposited a medieval missal, engrossed and illuminated on parchment and bound in boards (19530) ; coins and medals belonging to the late Dr. Rau (deposited by the admin- istrator of his estate) (20061); twenty-three drawings by artists of the seventeenth century, and three miniatures in ivory by unknown artists (20393); Venetian glass bottle of the sixteenth century (20530); one chromolith by Kellerhoven, after Filippino Lippi, and seven drawings by unknown artists (20626) ; and two knives from Norway (or Sweden) (20699). Wison, Hon. W. L. (House of Representatives), sent limestone with crystals of pyrite and chalcopyrite, for examination and report. 20016. (See also under C. 8. White, 19938.) WILTHEIsS, C. T. (Piqua, Ohio), presented prehistoric stone implements, fifty-seven specimens, from the Miami River. 20311. WINCHESTER REPEATING ARMS ComMPANY (New Haven, Connecticut) deposited a single-shot rifle. 20805. WINpsoR, D. A. (Washington, District of Columbia), sent a chert nodule from lime- stone formation, for examination and report. 19460. WI1nsTON, Isaac (U. S. Geological Survey), presented photographs of relief maps of Great Basin and Pacific coast region, and of San Diego Buy. 20410. Wisk, F. A. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented ore from Loudoun County, Virginia. 19414, Wiruers, E. F. (Eddyville, Kentucky), presented a Spanish coin, silver one-real pieces of Charles IV. (20044); and sent a coin dated 1190, for examintion and re- port (20163). Wo ttz, G. W. (U. S. National Museum), presented a card of St. Patrick’s Society of St. Joseph, Missouri (19578), and war relics cousisting of engraved portraits of cenerals, and military envelopes and songs issued during the war of 1&61—65 (19815). WoLTz, WILLIAM (Washington, District of Columbia), presented an Edison incan- descent lamp, 16-candle power (damaged). 20397. Woop, F. E. (Phenix, Michigan), presented a valuable collection of plants. 19886. Woop, JosEPH (Red Bank, New Jersey), presented a model of a railroad frog pat- ented by Joseph Wood in 1861. 20428. Woop, NEtson R. (U.S. National Museum), deposited a pair of Virginia Quails, a pair of Homing Pigeons, with record and pedigree, a pair of Ring Doves, and a pair of Australian Grass Parrakeets, living specimens. 20399, 20455. WOOLBRIDGE, J. (Milan, Missouri), presented a photograph of head of a stone idol. 19436. Wooster, A. F. (Norfolk, Connecticut), presented a pupa of Philampelus achemon. 19492. Worta, R.N. (curator of Plymouth Museum, Plymouth, England), presented ten samples of English marble (20383), and sent rocks from England in exchange. (19385). Worn, 8. G. (Franklin, Virginia), presented specimens of canned sturgeon, caviar, roe in brine, German sait, and salted and dried sturgeon ; also negatives illustrat- ing the sturgeon industry at Delaware City (19390); fishes, Roccus lineatus, with parasites from gills of same, and Clupea mediocris (19692) and cypress wood used in the manufacture of paper, also paper made from same (19780). Worth, 8. J. (Stockton, Virginia), sent ores for examination and report, 19737, LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 189 WORTHEN, CHARLES K. (Warsaw, Illinois), sent skins of mammals. (Purchased. ) 20538, 20693. Wrieat, B. H. (Penn Yan, New York), lent shells, for comparison and study, at the request of the Curator of Mollusks, twenty species of Unionidew from Florida. Many of these are types of new species (19765); also sent shells for examina- tion and report (19532). WriGut, D. W. M. (Holly Brook, Virginia), sent a specimen of galena for examina- tion and report. 20389. Wricut, JAMEs C. (Fredonia, Ohio), presented prehistoric stone implements, forty- six specimens, from Licking County, Ohio. 20550. WUNDERLICH, H., & Co. (New York City) sent forty prints of various kinds. 20802. Wyman, Dr. Epwarpb (Upper Alton, Illinois), presented a miner’s iron candlestick, called “Sticking Tommy,” 20529. YALE COLLEGE MusEumM (New Haven, Connecticut), through Prof. O.C. Marsh, presented a cast of Dinoceras. 20448. YastTe, W. J. (Bureau of Ethnology), presented a living specimen of Opossum from Maryland. 20053. YEATES, Hon. JESSE J. (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a clay vessel from the Holston River in the vicinity of Knoxville, Tennessee. 20160. Youne, H.G. (See under Delaware and Hudson Canal Company.) 19904, 20761. YOUNG, JAMES A. (Cedar Point, Page County, Virginia), sent a specimen of mica- ceous hematite for examination and report. 19431. ZELEDON, JoskE C. (San José, Costa Rica), presented prehistoric stone implements, five specimens, bird skins and eggs of Meruwla tristis and of Crax globicera (19796, 20809), and sent three specimens of Paradise Trogon, Pharomacrus costaricensis. (19536. ) ZELLER, CONRAD (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a Tufted Titmouse, Lophophanes bicolor (20233), and a Black-headed Caique Parrot, Caica melano- cephala (20783). ZELLER, FRED (Washington, District of Columbia), presented a Double slow head Parrot, Amazona oratrix. 20057. ZENG, HENRY L. de (Geneva, New York), presented two concretions (19630); and sent a specimen of hydrocarbon, found in small bewlders imbedded in slate rock, for examination and report (19544). ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (St. Petersburg, Russia) lent bird skins, for comparison and study, at the request of the Curator of Birds. 19481. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), through Arthur E. Brown, presented a skeleton of Crimsou-eared Waxbill, Estrelda phenicotis Sev. (19407) ; a Kangaroo, Halmaturus sp. (19430); an Iguana (19572) ; a Lady Amherst’s Pheasant, Phasianus amherstiew (19577) ; a monkey and a parrot (19598) ; an Anaconda, Eunectes murinus (19618); a White Opossum, Didelphys virginianus (19621), a Demoiselle Crane, Anthropoides virgo (19649) ; a Parrakeet, Paleornis alexandri (19791); a Squirrel, Scturus bicolor (19848); a Monkey, Sen- mopithecus maurus, from Java (19892) ; a Monkey, Cercopithecus campbelli (20064) ; a Harnessed Antelope, Tragelephus scriptus (20113); and an Adjutant Stork, Lep- toptilus javanicus, from India (20564). INDEXES TO ACCESSION LIST. INDEX A.—By localities. INDEX B.—-By departments in the National Museum. INDEX A. AFRICA. Accession Accession number. number. Allibamiys Museums = ce eee sel 19959 | Grant-Bey, James ......--....-- 19601, AN GURCNANels eee nares aecEase 19855 19747, 20440 Bante teak wander eee 20093 | Hornaday, William T ...--...-... 20188 IBRD STHeIES WU, ososon Gooseoucoos 203348 keuniz Ge orgey hye eee acer = 19805 BROW, Whee; Wie ID ececod doo caad eel? | Wilbysyoewo, (Cr ecocasssocon oooadcss 20421 Cambridge University .......... Ios |) Wearimi, 1 JE cososo sosoe soo seud 20681 Carpenter, P. Herbert..---..-.. 20483 | Wilkinson, Ernest .-...----...--- 19991 AMERICA. NORTH AMERICA. BRITISH AMERICA. Benedict, Anu sees eh aale stele ORGS || domly, ID. cosnqseccuccoesacnce 19979 ISO BIS, MANN o 55650 ch56 5000 o50000 IRS |) MICE, JOO s>ocadoocccdse cous 20373 C@rosbyAuWi Or cee soe vee a ceiace ibys) || We@lllyweMn, 1B So caso caoae cous 20515 Donaldson, Thomas .........--- IfSMNoye |) Wileracieym, O, ISIN) 35 coscao cases 19422 Fish Commission, United States. 19588 | Mowat, Thomas ......-..-.---- 19593, 20382 Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Ober Andrews Kerse see seeeeee 19968 Canada =2.--- Sais Sisinishdeniaiecaess Oeil |) Sine olOs, Sy IPescane copssc cnssce 20137 Hazen, Mrs. Mildred McLean... 20458 } Thompson, E.E -...........---. 19383, Interior, Department of the, U. , 19933, 20792 S. Geological Survey .....-.-.. 204095 PE Wallcoxc Wr cAvae sees nee eee re 20123 - DANISH AMERICA, Eazens Mrs. Mildred: Mcleante sims snes are as nveen cise ateemaueciseeeeiee cs 20458 MEXICO. BAS tON lp WE 2am -oereercreiscieinicraiste IZ |) IbeOM, INTEMONAS sc6565 ssaccccodac 20119 Batchelor, Ward ...-.-.-.-------- 19376 | Palmer, Edward... ....20170, 20605, 20608 Brewster, William ..-...---- IAAT OOS) |) Jeverinalle), © (C) sceces cosu cecoc sens 20430 Due es pA SS caress ise ss ona AWOL |) INOWAROE) JONS IN So5occcoccsscon AU PibSc hiwe ioe. te neler ee 19678 20691, 20756 Hyde, George Byron ...--.....-. 19708) Wax Departmentes---+--+------- 20209 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. UNITED STATES. Accession number. Aldrich, T. H 19695 Avery, William C ....20477, 20559, 20598, 20616, 20658, 20671, 20696, 20732 ALABAMA. Beers AMON ceases eee ar 19560 IBIRONWING, d/o Wo skscoodae Sond ceoDed 19520 (Ghepdic, (Ghat CAS eNaeReasueoudecne 20492 Clitherall, George Burgwin. .--- 20031 Davenport Academy of Natural Sclen Ces eee see ea aerate ee 20751 Ifomies HR sMuins. 2c se cteateiscwie ese 20707 MIAO, Yo 1B asec odes. ce50 be50 19354 Morcany tdi Myce eee sence +. -- 19375, 19660 Burnell Jepsen esr cae eee 20457 iusselle WG. ssectn sco oo Neeeeee 20262 SGA ee hee es ope 20037 SWEAUUOM, Go {3} cboc ance soonce cee 20240 ERULN CT Osea sarees Eee 20527 iWrerdermanh Cree tie eee ene 19483 ALASKA. NG hate tn § AM essere a saooaecane 20407 Hazen, Mrs. Mildred McLean... 20458 Robeson, Mrs. George M ......-.- 20537 SUCRE Ji 10, (0) co scccoaonse sade 20697 Treasury Department, United States Revenue Marine ......- 19774 ARIZONA. Allene lshamia-aeececoaencecer 20493 JNraH oT, WOR ts WY sescceaccsococe 20247 Benson @eeeemeaee 19352, 19363, 19452 JoGlyroll, Wiles, Ob AN ce cosass eooas 20489 Brown, Herbert........-..- 20478, 20541, 20683, 20685, 20708 Carpenter, W.L....... 19670, 19759, 19808 CunninghamaC AWirs-see ese eee 20339 Merriam, C.W.......- Swiss yee 20152 Merl NGeorcesReeeeeereeesieeee 19388 MIQUE), OintiOeconies adcess'sedace 20667 PRICE Wir WV use ees miseeee cise ace 20743 Schmid, Louis, & Sons.-...-.-.. 20126 SaWOTAIGhK IR. WY 4 soKe cacchacceoos 19776 Shit OR Os poekenmcecraimecaoodc 20326 \WAliEay ris al IPS Sods ostecdé coceas 20354 ARKANSAS. AUC Els Dicom etesis s atelees wees 19519 IBeLLyn ames tere =e eee eee 19419 Collhowergh lies eee ete 19561 @otrmaneAe ieee te ty enc 19398 Davenport Academy of Natural SCIENCES sete acetal eee ais Oe 20751 Accession number. iste ss Dice seus eee ee ee 19366 GooderGa Brownies seen eee eee 20757 lsGRersoMn, Wire We oe cosoes 19850, 19897 Hays (C.D. ae ea seeee pees ee 19677 En ERO beta aessne eee eee eeee 20779 Indiana State University ...---. 19889 Kono hits We Cs ce see oe eee 19550 aGUINIZ5G CORSO kes eee 19986 Martin mlaS een sen eae eee 19641 Melvaesyhonias) Oia ee 19602 Nelson; SiJceseeera coerce ee 19442 Stuitlel.canie es Gee 19457, 19570 Devlin, Wylie 1). Sone casos 19557 Wallis) diy Giessen seems 19609 CALIFORNIA. NMED, Use < sososoososco ease 20493 Bates © Rae see oun ae a ae ae 20790 lsayenoig, \VVevleT Ie coccooceodcses © 1927 Bureau of Ethnology ...---...-. 19465 Bush i MarsyAc Hays sa oe es 19368 California State Mining Bureau. 19497, 20321 California State Mining School.- 20203 Chatard Misc 5. eee 19755 Coguillett yD Wireseee neers 20336 Brostaie lis ssccseece ie eos 20162 Goss Ni So ssses eee eee 20540 Green; Woren) Wi 2225-5 -2cseeeeee 20322 Isleynlissy Je lenminy Cres sa55 cssoso scoc 20068 Hawley, Hs cecnve sence orere 20442 Hemphill Selemnya-sseeeeeeee 20543, 20739 Interior, Department of the, U.S. Geological Survey.-----..----- 19911 ue, rsrael sees ohe eee eee ~ 20422 Merrill, Geerge P....-..-.--- 19388, 19775 While, JOM. cceos case couseeseec 20366 Orcubt) Cane sess eee eee 20721 Palmers dward=-s-e esse =eer 20170, 20608 Bendletony Ji Ce ssee ease eee 20425 Pratt, Wich sc ooss eee eee 20228 Price whomasenee sees eae 19617, 20606 Prices DSi. 22a essen eae Sees 19446 Price wWiWircesseoeee cone 19840, 20306 Quicksilver Mining Company... 20762 vari Gall eeAee Rita) kere ae 20263 Stearns, R. E. C.19887, 20260, 20697, 20720 Stephens} -b\. 2225-2 eer-eeee 19381, 19462 Toppan) Georceria =a eee eeaee 20348 COLORADO. Aiken, Cob. ccsscseea eee 19471 AllentJ ishariesses-e ec eee INDEX TO ACCESSION Accession | num ber. IBALKeT a GeOGne ey Byes cee ase Be Oa arten IpimeiToMl GEIR, Cie oo 5ach osceseosae 19447 | TUM COMMA WOT eam sereeee oe 19691 Cockerell, Theodore D. A ...---- 19697, | 19861, 20075 Colorado Smelting Company.... 20021 (Chrommisimtie, AGI oeacod bong coacer 19667 GalesDenmisueas i.e ea seeker sane 19970 Tuterior, Department of the, U.S. Geological Survey. .-...--.. 20047, 20156 Wiowrngom, Claardles ih: .2sscacseecs 19958 Shieldsi@harlesiOpeases see eee 19444 Shon Jey Cremceo goss ssocrmsos 20001, 20776 Smid th Wis Bisse c ee eee eae 20067 CONNECTICUT Beckwith, Cyrus G .....-2-..--. 19690 Bolton, H. Carrington ..---..--. 20831 Cilleyadinistram\sssseere eerie: 19827 ClarkaJohneNpassseeeee eens: 19382 Colt’s Patent Fire-Arms Manu- facturing Company..---..-... 20314 Toe IDS WY, oGene seacoe cece 20179 achenyGelay eso see cereale sri. 19852 Grawes: Miles Witss soe c sess. /2 = 20664 ILintiom,s Wivedl Saseecoiessaseecaouc 20269 New England Mining Company. 19786 INFemeyer, J ohm El 2225 es 2 so 5- 20475 Olmstead Ee Speen sea 20014 Peffer, James H -....--.- .-..19648, 19720 Perry. eA = eosok eee Preston Ay Beate eee accieoceens LL IOL9, Ries WalliampNorihee ss setee ea = 20100 SInejoaneil, VANS 555565 sees50 conc 19711 Wesleyan University -.---.----- 19680 WV IILTIS tO ny Salers ee el 9702 Winchester Repeating-Arms Co. 20805 Wioosteny Ane Mis SOU bers coi 19492 Wale) COoleaey 6 soSG05 222550 cben5 20448 DAKOTA. Blows) Walia N =e eeeiseereeee 20424 SOI GEO alesse ae ep eeeieee te 20033 ChermienGeorgeykeereee-aseee 20314 CWoexstHenny Wissteon see te sts 20253 Gree) SMES eo So. coe ai esl ee erate 20615 Crosbys WO: ss s2so ae asc see Se 19750 Davenport Academy of Natural SCION COS pais - ae tee are eae 20751 Dav St: OM Vie se ee eine melee ae 19869 Hornaday; Wee. soe. sees 19880 WancenCharlesW er ace- eae mel Os23 Scott, Samuel -.... .......-..19843, 20498 LIST, 193 DELAWARE. Accession number. Harlan & Hollingsworth Com- (DAMN Sooesoeancc0 assce0 aaesac 20509 Melean se ieee 2 anes 19717 NGS Gr esaeas web sabe cose 19390 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. ATONE, \WYn IS) Accobccccoseeaas 20752 Army Medical Museum. ........ 20759 Baird, Mrs. Mary H.C..-....-2.- 20129 Bartletty eR seo eee 19371 IB yEIE, Wo Jel WOM. sosaoaccos Sa6c 19620 BeeaMy Mo lle see koeaoe nce con, BUSTA, BRD Beckwith, Paul.---.-.. 20070, 20332, 20379 execs \WGUMENTA IS neo s coacbe 20218 Bu ese os ee neice een oats 19634 BO Siwce LEER Ni tec 20127 BouldineGeorgesra- a= eee 20212 IES OWWAIN pred eee aes oe es =e eo 19875 IBTO WM OM Gatos eee ea ee 20731 Bureau of Ethnology. .....-.19373, 20249 BurgerwRe terraces sae orcas 20727 Carina Wallllaanng ees eses res 19966 Champagney We Witeen ss eee eee 20526 Ollayake, ANS IEIO WERE, Goon coca sanocs 19608 Cooper nm Wer Brtete eae gaan 20771 Coumbe, Eppa Hunton......-.. 20201 DEITY o leeesetete ne Steere area 20646 Day Mrs: CnC yee ce weeeeeee 20090 Demonet, Mme.,and Son...-.... 19365 ID ioe, NODS Wicosass cosuonnesnce 19890 IDLO ee NWS Bee es hetnsecen e ee 20627 Daly AAR ee pee aici ceo eats 20071 JOG, WCE do lB ooo coosau saccos 20778 TOneIReL HD, WES. da J8le cooso Coca anes 20176 Fish Commission, United States. 19588, 20000, 20079, 20411 BRS EDs yAN. Kir eee een 19758, 20169 Hletoheryhvoberieesse se seeemee 20080 Nord; Branke ace e sean oe 20453 Foster, Mrs. Mary F....-.......- 19558 Ox (Wiese ee 8 Ser uaa ere 19668 PIMPS MAS OM, WN Woo cacado cons so55 19936 GamticAc ase vats be eee eens 19657 Good alll heiress ieee eee 20811 Goode, G. Brown. ...... 19568, 20197, 20580 Graves: Es Ones aces ce eee eee 20184 Hampson, Thomas..........-... 20110 IEIERRGIESIUNG Vo lite Sosonnaeccsococon |} © UGetee leipeille)sem, Cl Ae WOMecccee sansée 19964 Heitmuller vAliredeeceseseseeee 20812 IBIGMAI IN IBL, WAY Gosocd Gooaas ococ 19762 le @ssall, INMGON ON oe eco -asccce 20230, 20455 Lin @ e155 iGys etree siatspeie's So Se ae 19923 Hornaday, William T-..19894, 20042, 20049 194 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888, Accession | Accession number, | numbe:. Hough, Walter ......---.-..---- OPED NW SERS Aldo Sn odocasbescno bacoe- 20207 aclcaan Wien Wes waicee is einem 20089 | Shoemaker, Ernest -......-.-.-- 20175 deapianss, Clneplleysy) 5 oS ookcseccs beac Nols) || kuohanews, 1. 1Bl . -assen neces sees 19493 HOUMA, Bessssocascssn so5cse HPA A Sictanmere, Wels ase a 19472 RCAyeroAd DV OS Se eS eae rea 20437 ales mullic whee ese eee eee eee 20716 OOH Er AG re tee eee cee 20302 | Smith, Hugh M...........---19485, 19724 Lang, John Cee eee 20791 | Smith; Wise... 3 eee eee 9213 TEes@omally AGA 6as5an5do5esosess 20628 | State Department..---..-.....- 19818 Wealth vA hee eees eesti eels 20009 | Stearns, R. B.C .2--2: 22-222. 20260, 20582 WEANG@, VOSA ON sosccocseqeesacasas 20344 | Stoutenburgh, Walter S.....--.. 20736 Wieimkibyi@l IN lel 6 csSco0 cdceae d50¢ 19492) Strait NoA Ss cecere cose eae 90319 Marron AtoUStUS= sees se =! ae 1964 a Sme ety ne Wie = se Ree ee eee 19619 Matthews, W ..----.- Bocoe esses PUD. || AUS Wo ME oo on oncadsoodsoo 20219 McDonald, Angus..-.-.------- 202175207027) hompsonik. Jresee= eee eters 19636 McElhone, James F.....-.---- Gees, US 7zte). | Waorme, Cini sseoce ss5tenos5~ 20202 Meieaneh ae eet ere eneecre 20376520560" MalhOrnt ony. pees ee 19821 Wrage NG (CF seth bons bese cabo coas 205334) ToddsbeRe aac cseeee sere a eee 19726 Merriam: @gtlatteserese sae eee ae 193647) Loner,), Messe se eee eee ee 20695 Menrilile Geonme be sens setae arta 19553 | Treasury Department, Bureau of Metzel, Robert F...-...----...-- 20825 Hngraving and Printing...-.. 19556 IMG yer RN cisco ee eet ce riers 199300 MET We NT OW ive some ee eee eee 19482 Miller, Stowe & Freeman....19672, 19683 | Tyree, J.S..--...----........2.. 19416 IM OelOeW), Chow? IB coson6 e506 csooee Os | AU NRA IPSs ek odet Sanson cacede 19491 Moore, George H. H....--...-.--- 20140 | Van Doren. W.7T -..--...--.. 19423, 19745 Moxley Leuk cee eae ee 20168 | Walden, Gilbert B........... 19841, 20328 WEGrEy WilBlosesoossccss aco0 cac0 LOG35amVVialless Orlando Gsesee ee eeeeeeee 20474 Nachimianiiie sence ees) ceicse act IBS) |) NiVeUshOs, Vel) con stsces nsasse 20222, 20386 Newmans Gs Rodi seneaeoersceee 2035 ta Websters MirseiMcye ese se eeeeeeee 19682 NOH NAO MN a ceooas saasaneccess NG Getb | \hrewalein, WoO ssscootsscssuacdes 20444 O’Connell, E. Doroghtery.....-.. 194598 SWiall'c oxxe WANS Ci enema ee 20380 Ohm Mrederick/@2tes-c-5 eee 19874) Walson, Mirsa Hib cee reese ianer 20569 ONeill: John VAS sees eee eee 9032591 miWallSomerd olnais Miser ee Aig, OMooleiGeorsevee reese eee 19929 | Wilson, Thomas.-.--.....---. 19530; 20034, PRacewNelson(Creessareeeseeeesee 20154 20061, 20393, 20626 JEMSMGP, JOR N soacodd osose4 soos D03433| WallsonmWeluereee eects 20016 Palmer, William. ..---. 19643 919676420763n| Wand sor.) yAeee sateen eee 19460 Pipery Mass illicee essere eee ee 195045) Walston) lsaaciee- esse eee 20410 PollockiGeorveibes a s-o se) see OSES I) Oli, Gta Wi anc cog ado5 Sedese 19578, 19815 Proudhtws sree eeeeee eee 200035203585 MNO liza Wallies serene eee 20397 TRENDY tty COG 1h cscSa6 cone Sao5 20194 | Wood, Nelson BR -=..-----.2=-- 20399, 20445 eard onsawWallliiaimeeerees eee 206347) Worthy SG, 2222 ae. ee reer 19390, 19780 Reynold siiaheer ester eee eee 20497 sp Zellers Conrad@ess=a- eee 20233, 20783 Richmond, Charles W -.19394, 19°91, 20310 | Zeller, Fred ..---.-------.-----. 20057 Robeson, Mrs. George M.-.....-.- 20491 Robinson, Conway, jr ..--------- 19489 Eee Rountuchs"@aheare seer eee ee 20221 | Bartholomew, W. G ..---..----- 20632 Russell CharlesiWireeeeeeees sacs 90063) Belle Jamesee ass eeee = eee eeee 20102 SalwayOl ii Gracoky eee ae ee 199995 SBuntinios Wr Sasser eee eee 19661 Schmid, Louis, & Sons-19576, 20118, 20141 | Brickell, Miss A. A...-... ..--.. 20374 Schmid, Louis, & Sons ...--.---- 20342 | Burns, Frank...--.-.- 20631, 20651, 20690 Sehneider; Mantinessceenr ee -ee ANOS) Choslona Wo Ossccde ocses cseccc 19528 Schoenborn, H. F...---...-.-... 19565 | Ellis, Charles Roland. ....-.---- 20765 SeibertiSik ss eee eee 204692207815 Gilennante Reese eee eee eee 20464 Nollers; Johniere. cea cence secant 206615 |, Hamiltony Meese eee eee 20573 INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. Accession number. Jalemayolwull, Jelerieys coo ooodea edec 20166 Herron, Charles 8......-.---- 20431, 20748 IBI@ OG | aby DAE ee Ae eae 19355 FORM O re tere menace cies 20145 Tkouayer, 1; (CF cose ce UE ata 20520 ine VOhiNe ewes Seco cees 20652 WeutherseGiuMl Sec e ic sec er caerie 20566 Mic Cantinyan Geral dta= sess eee 20687 Me Cronyn diy Aga Sacer. seejerese® 20530 Wierrelaymn, (C, JElaNthe ws Sen dde chee 20729 Mullis eRobentrAwsasecemceceseese 19487 ankem biases sage seein aeons O08TG TPIGIREC BLS IDS e a See SS Sen ere 20568 Qbintas Wied ls seigoscee pean sees ee O02 ikrt@lamnamel, (Cy Wis poosbeoss4 soce 19943 HRaickcaind’s ave Mis eee eee oe 20577 Scllanwamezngiky AG yes ata Sere 19535, 20639 Simpson Charles Mas ane ss -s55 20073 \Whlll@oes, VUOse ON dosess 55505e sade 20710 GEORGIA. sonra mie oes ee ie 19866 Interior, Department of the, U. S. Geological Survey.-..-.--. 19976 Southern Const. and Quarry Co. 19788 Simmons, G5 Wiss onoococecopeoces 20240 Underwood, L. M..... 19526, 19533, 19542 Weavers ©. AN i Comte (eee 6 ol 9977 IDAHO Aulleni: Huse asiscaee stenotic. 19372 @unbists ea tricketasscssee reece ee 15438 Brench ea Kime yee ase eee 20655 Gays. Aes so oh oe een ais 19878 Hornaday, William T..---...--. 19880 Sanwjtell iGallmaneee eens sees ee 19803 ILLINOIS. Adams; W).) Tse mene) ssc oes 20177, 20481 Allen Paper Car Wheel Co...... 20584 brid oman vA ir) 2 sess epee ee 20663 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroads. a2/os5 ssa sete sees: 20810 @oales is. Rae aus ieee see oe a 19393 Davenport Academy of Natural SCONCES f.se eset eel 20751 Illinois State Laboratory of Nat- URAL EAS TORY easier seen eee 20395 MicHalil Dice Min sess eee ccscese 19567 | Polini. On Cp ecs sea maeteisns. S200 Rideway, Joseph Hi 22-5 22--2--- 20229 Sehmeclar di emiaes)tseers ciareeiee 20051, 20650 each Nile as sen cseceinene 19770 195 Accession : number. Webster, George A..........-.. 19473 Worthen, Charles K......--. 205388, 20693 Wyman, Edward..----.-_.-..-- 20529 INDIANA. Beachler, Charles S--2.------ 20255, 20692 Black, E. C..2-2-- 222-22 2222 -es 20178 Johann (O4 JElodaoao auoocesouces 20155 Butler, Amos W...-.--- 20151, 20438, 20618 Colle tty Jo limps ees 19983 Dodge, Wallace H.......-..--.- 19706 Greens (Ghee ig Se sus eee 20362, 20633 Elanniay El Wier eceercscer-eecer 20180, 20717 Indiana State University ..-..-. 19889 Veni, lishee S) Sods senanssosec 19564 ILamom, JOM I ssccosaccoone 19386, 19658 McCormick, Mrs. Sarah C ...... 19714 Presto Wiese eccrine 20585 SyanlGkere, WGA, WN, IB G55 seca coeese 19963 INDIAN TERRITORY. d OVUSKAS TOA PAW a ee Nes aL lee 19434 Simpsony Charles Myeseeseseeeeee 20722 Aono) DO Re Nig I Beoe eae Soa secoS 19423 Wallard, George dieess es esse 20309 IOWA. Arann 8), ACMA a eee cies otter o 19646 AMldnich @haclessase-seeeeeoeerce 19725 Call, R. Ellsworth. .... 19351, 19517, 19710 Cherrie, George K .....----.---- 20314 Davenport Academy of Natural SclencCesaaaac- cect sseeree eee see 20751 lam Ora) eke eee eee ae re SLO Oy lsl@elWneme,, 196 WY ssccca cscs coscos 19428 Indiana State University ....--- 19889 quinmneonelel, do ocseesks bocecc 19510 Meio she Mts aiaperar tajsyo tale tal erate 20662 Inman, Clo OC coscoo seco ceso cece 20528 Stemmeyer; Ha vAl sees oeseiee eae 20684 Wetherell, Frank E ...-....---- 20669 KANSAS. Goiiy, JOM -ss4osb5eses cscs cece 20392 Denham, Jennie L..--.---.----.. 19728 GwublilewnCl, As Ib) cata csessonsccces 19392 GossUNiiSeicen cet eee eee Se sees 19389 ipiickolk Hiram keseses eee eee eerie 19515 TBO WioiSisaad paGacon sobs cocSlOsht IISA Newlon, W. S -- -19896, 20181, 20460, 20581 Siagllaelis. 1, Jl jpecaos saceauseec 20678 SUNG, AMC decosco cocoon seen 20214 WRAOIOTHND, Osssascesc5605g50000 20107 796 KENTUCKY. number. Adams Chanlesyalass9eeeeeeeeer 20117 Burns, Wi. Ri --...-.-.. 19627, 19834; 20027 Jalollbyeyttis di Wascaesaciaacoscascad, SUUZ2 ASSISTS ce) neAwereyjenelsrerele ait SAO GaGE 19867 HOMO, Ve I Soca so05 cas so.cose 20557 | McCormick, Mrs. Sarah C ....-.. 19714 Mech lin VAC arias Renee cee anes 20227 | Owsley, W. T .. .20466, 20648, 20649, 20740 IMO hmmeWN, VANES sse6eco asecon asec 19543 uiuhertond. Monraceser =a eee LooeD Ryan, Blake.----. eee ese 20045 \iVemnical Sain cepanuscooo See te 19952 Withers) 1. Bo o5 5522-22252... 20044 201163 LOUISIANA. Bolton, H. Carrington ..---.-.-. 20043 OE uby, (Gui vse ces che eaenaeeseiee es 20532 Jalenraliing It, 1El eeccoospoaojnoddac 19427 emp hill ieleninyeeesee eee eee 20543 Jack Wit weesacisoccne Ae eee 20394 AMOS tS ethlas cractay ae ee mere es 20514 Mawrence, Georve N= -e-s- see 20782 Raby, St. George R., jr --------- 19973 Nandos iWeyAceee ene eee OG Men 9962 Smiths wheiWeecose secs: yates 19508 MAINE. Boardman, George A ...... sscoo . IESE IBMUMVOWISS ILS Mon Seascasanes ooodes 19463 Wous lass At Bee cecieeci oaactes 20015 Gamage wan esto sana ae 20251 Knowlton siamesvhvee seneeeser 20612 Bamba Sess teas gece see cise 19749 Merrill SGeorver esses see eee! Oo40 19553, 19581, 19594 Merrill Tiel s22 at sce sep oeeee 20427 iRerny:, (Nee he eee ies 20215, 20338 Ave Os IW codons oscucces 19946, 20046 MARYLAND. Nib bots Wisklicene sos: see eee 20055, 20088 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Companyncsscen eae esece: 20796, 20822 BOSS Hin O Moers ae ee cence 20054 Bolles Dixie. 252k. ceeese, seh O700 CothmiCahee-ss eee. ae ee a eee 20002 Fish Commission, United States. 19873, 20659 BI SHOL WAG eleryees eee AS 19863, 20432 Tee mam Estee ee ae sais oe a 20452 Ged7Aucusiseee eae ece ee ceeere 20098 Efamlim= Walia) Oe ceee. ees 19865 TODDS] Wi JE es eo aes oe Nees 20700 Accession | REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Accession number. Huddleson, George . ..--- Mee Hales 20333 Jefferson, Mary Eliza. ......---. 19399 Johnson Wise ie === eee 20398 liyony Halli g&iC ofee-tereecere ees 20503 Machenheimer, G. L...-.... 20103, 20135, 20200, 20243, 20245, 20400 Marshall, George.......---- 19664, 19686, 19690, 20173, 20451 MarshalJ, Henry -..-.-. 19652, 20056, 20335 McCarty. Wiles ao eee eerie 19859 Merriam Cartes es eeeeeaeeee 19781 INDO, WY UNMeR Wie oe oes secseu cece 20480 almensJOsepheeeeee eres se eeee 20052 Jeph, \WVMMI TN. soos onScnoscee 20607 Peck uP Sblao 2 tes oe: aeaet eee 20041 Rollock,(Gsthes-ceeseee nee eee 20611 Raye Alfred) 22) bale ees 20654 Reeds John Wiese serosa eee 20775 RicersMOseshavsst Sos ee eee 19799 Richard sonsiWen Gee 20656 SUING, Vo Voosss oscccouccass 20223, 20742 Skinner &/Sons\e-: sess eee eson . URL Smithy blue hy Meeeseese eee eee 19485 Stableryiaroldsss===5==e—eEe= 20236 Stablers James spec sse seas 19591, 19624 Wodd, WiRcescpswees oe seen eee 20575 iptanner Zvlaeyescs oerecsceaceee 19397 Vaiste; Wisdiscscsewnsc seco aes 20053 MASSACHUSETTS. Andrew, John, & Son .......--. 20621 Asbestos Packing Company.--.... 20199 Barclay & Company.-.--.-..--.-. 20754 Barrie bts ivvilll ia tap cease 19377 Boston Boxwood Company..--.. 20588 Boston Museum of Fine Arts.-.. 20298 Boston Society of Natural His- HOA? so0e 55000 19361, 19584, 19599, 19662 iBoswortheyiG-plnes=s (eee eee oa Le Brewster, William ...--..--- 19417, 19909 Chadbourne; Avge ass eeeeee 20035 @hamiberlaine CA ieee eaeeeeeees 20146 @haseyGarNeeeeeeee ene eee er 19378 Cheney, Mrs. Edna D..-.--..... 20272 Closson, William) Besee-s5e=ee- 20827 Cory, Charles B..19360. 19838, 19839, 19926 Daniels} George th 22 eeseeeae= 20546 IDENT, 1Bl5 Jo oso556 50500 sn08 ssce 19380 Delaneys Ratrickees-s-sreseees= 19901 Denhan Charles! Ss==s-=seeeee= 19513 IDYAM IN oy Micassnssaceecase soos 20786 Ddwards-VinalleNeseeeseeseeeee 19727 Fullebrown yh Eeeessoeeeeeee ees 20829 INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. Accession number. Fish Commission, United States. 19426, 19640, 19727, 19893, 19908, 19910, 19925, 19942, 19945, 19954, 20000, 20008, 20079, 20120, 20125, 20131, 20232, 20257, 20317, 20405, 20414, 20517, 20637, 20643, 20673, 20680, 20737. Horbesi iv bese eeeeee 20441, 20704, 20821 WOROMEN, 1. Els s6ea6 cobuce osaone 20576 Hinckley Locomotive Works.... 20408 Holmes, William H...-......... 19369 VECO Sh We eSGee ones ose posoes 19806 Jeffries, J. Armory..---..+-.---. 20436 Jensen Wawtencenemsecrn eae 20764 Truman, (Creare) Co s64sh6 coosua cook 20512 IK@ENIG, So occced aces 20293, 20469, 20604 Lowell, John A., & Co...-...-.- 20299 Wersoall, JOM ssss56 sa5560 cooe 19795 WEV HO Sud A eneccd ae se ene men 20486, 20730 Wigmenll, C@ORRS 1. 54650 so0n caus 19592 Museum Comp. Zool., Cambridge, IMASSirs seein nes kui =e 19731, 20074, 20172 Niven Walllandy ais see ae see 19989, 20579 Peabody Academy of Sciences .- 20159 Prang, L., & Co- ..--..20593, 20610, 20640 Prine, ILOWIS. ooh ede bos6do vdadoe 20286 RAGin, SIGMA .o55c saecanccoce URGE Russell & Richardson....-...--. 20624 Schoff, Stephen Alonzo.......... 20280 SharplesiSiaPieeeese eae cee 20115, 20149 SOMA, WDM IB. sso555 ese5 dads 20703 Stephenson, Chauncey .----..... 19764 Stuartseb dee se cee eee eke 20291 Stubbs Wirkeessceeren se ose ee 20777 Sturtevant, EK. Lewis -.20029, 20106, 20153 Thompson, Thomas....--....-.--.. 19784 Mhonpe nC aptaieeeen esse eee 19655 Hoppany Ciesemane seems 20676 Walker, Charles A-..---....- 20290, 20592 Wilson, John, & Son............ 20589 MICHIGAN. Miller Charles! 2.5 52c22 eee sae oee 19596 lepnbinere, WAMU 6566 ooeo deem ooe- 19763 JERR: DEI Saaeoon adel osun Geer 20350 Richmond, Charles W........... 19736 hugeles, Charles) assy. sse eee 20208, 20420 Soleo, Welle scosbseso soaaseoe 20807 Thompson, Charles A......-- 20353, 20471 | Warren Featherbone Co...... 20091, 20548 NWO GT Ei). Meta ae nea acca) 19886 MINNESOTA. JOAN, ISIGMINY 53500 sccho beens 19629 Indiana State University ........ 19859 Noah John Mest. se 4. ee: 20147 197 MISSISSIPPI. Accession number. Bessacs Ny, T2252 See eee 20226 Burchanhits Comecee- ener eee 19385 Interior, Department of the, U. S. Geological Survey. .-..--.19554, 19555 Hone, We Bi sesseet josh ase ee 19956 Medtord® Hanveys C= ss maser 20726 Shinn, etme Wee seco sesso oooe 20006 Snaithydis Wier Cae sees sees 20600 WEG es) Ges Wir cere eels Sea nee 19525 Whitten; Wi Ac c= 22 oe omnes 20377 MISSOURI. alle 18, Jails Soo o5 Soo cas 19710 Crawford, Marion...-.......... 20252 Jato, UMMUSs. 525565355656 -600 19965 Iienan DB secon cece 20711 MeGlumphy, G: W.2--22 22222223 20617 Reynolds, George D....-........ 19688 Schraubstadter, Carl, jr......... 20396 Sickest sha cic, aioe ok hie 20574 Seal GeOno ells meas reas nane 20058 MReulbnereChatlessess= es aaa 20329 Morne Chanlesr) passes ae 20660 MAVEN Meehan Jol oe eer pene nance ae 20246 Wexeal, MEWNES Ae os5acs coscoo ene 19738 Wioolloridger i seeeee eee seer 19436 MONTANA. Allen shainiee ee nee 20493 UN eya id Meee Ned sy ee TY, 20679 Babcock bey Cairess eee 19450, 19595 Beacon Jeers see ae see 20072 LBC) Spa A Ge a MS ae Seen eioer ea. 20139 Forrestell, Jiames---.---.- - 20186 Hornaday, William T........... 19879 Magoun, George C .-........_.. 19783 Merrianntss Cob aGtey = ee een 16800) Nelson; Christiane. 2-- == ee) ee a Oa0 a JPEN eh thy Geccoae coonce o6555- 19919, 20195 JRO ty IAT Saaosocl se desas. | OEE, Steinmetz, Carl ---.-.-.-....... 19870 Walls) UoGcomscssecasascdascosc. SSD NVCIUIKEN Dis Ie Ape Seeeaeronse cscs | IGE NEBRASKA. iSlavelksrorel ID. Che cacecs cansescece 20586 Indiana State University -..---- 19889 Nowell, Frederick D...--...---- 20597 SUOWwaLtD Olam I 45555 5aqbe08 sac 20746 Danie, Nic TOMES sooaco nen cece 19644 Wilcox Wimenas ios seis e eee 20101 798 REPORT NEVADA. Accession | number. BMAP Dy Uesccagsnsean sano sd5e 20012 Maynard, Walliam D=2--. 5----- 19884 ObervAndneiwa Keren serie setae 19968 | Russell We Cxseee ccs ces ceeeteeue 20570 S/DOUMG, WIE Soacos osenos osecss 19975 NEW HAMPSHIRE. HOXHW sel Jessa eiscie tiie os cess 19704 EirnchcocksCnHerecmacicn eee cee 19999 IBC Chey) Dy bs Seoseaaoubus sous 19895, 20018 Pike, A. F., Manufacturing Com- DAILY s ot Sse ae ee Ee Bk acee 19364 -Quackenbos, John D.--2:------. 19853 NEW JERSEY. Bean LE seseeeca . ysleeee 19453, 19659 BlacktordebnGeareceeeeeeeeeeoee 19766 IBowensAmasaee cece selec 20473 Bunn sean sees seer eee 19832 | Carry Jamesiess eos sees 19734 Ha toni) MiiC eee ie aeeees 19466, 19501 Fish Commission, United States. 19659 Hrancisy Jose phieee een eeeeeeesee 20391 Garrison iS act one ee eee 20133 Greenwood Pottery Company... 20109 Harriss theodoreissa eee eeere 19408 id den.eWe Wi neeaa- eee eee 19787. Hoskin hobertecesececce cease 20268 Interior, Department of the, U.S. Geological Survey... -.----. 19849, 20733 Kunz, George F ....... 19805, 19916, 20308 Merriam CShanteasssceeeee sec eal OOpilel Merrill George Pans. .ee-eee 19511, 19516 | New Jersey Sugar of Milk Com- DANS ociscacit ace see eee 626 Pennsylvania Railroad Company 20494, 20583, 20729 QumbinyAndrewaessseeee eee eee 20313 Rover Johny Sonsiess4se seers 20625 SNC, ClO S\cesos0 cone seccs 20755 UCENAIS Jit Ws On cadsucesdese cose 20697 Steelman-slhomasieeeesee see ae 19857 | Stevens Institute of Technology. 20162, 20760, 20797 MASK AK ease eee ae eee 20758 Wail Stepheniressseeee cae sore 20318 Wallliis'sMerritteeseee eee aa eeee 20331 | Wallsontehomase ese sees s sees 20034 | \WOOGl, UOSAOM scccos cacdos sseaee 20428 © NEW MEXICO. LOlnmufieil Sei 68S So a Se eae 19418 | Waoncy Mires Geeeaa ee OR 90144 | Pinca ly Oe ese se eee Ge eae 20036 — OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Accession number. Pearce hichard’22. ese eae 20167 Riley;\CSV é.232, 22 toneeeee ee 20384 Rouse; ChWi st cess o-oo 19443 RY MELSON ei ele ee 19665 Shuteldtyia Wises =e eee 19401, 19540, 19615, 19719, 19802, 20595 NEW YORK. Adams) Wi Wines] eee= 19506, 20248, 20456 Amen camiAM oletye lee =e ae 19709 American Museum of Natural His- LEO} Ne SOO Mea HOG boaced dads 19611, 19773 AV OLY sis) oo tebe onset eae 20799 Barna Me Kees eee 19527, 20412 Battey, Charles eee ee eee eee 19494 Bamber ssi. So eens 20485 IeCOlNe es Ce ID Geessuoscossos sac 19823 Benedict, (Arey esse ee eeeeee 20365 Bene tts dere sero eee 19949 BierstaditveNlberteeeeee eee eee 20356 Blackford, E. G........ 19666, 19733, 20449 Boas; Pranzeeseccss eee 19425 Bobbett All bertesss see sss = eee 20641 Bolton, H. Carrington. ..--..19981, 19982 Brooks Locomotive Works....-. 20508 CastlesHnredericke Aee= === =e ere 20801 Central Park Menagerie. ---- 19476, 20010 Century Company ----.----- 20108, 20196 ChereyG corse: Kees esse 20314 Churehy P'S j-cee sees cece 20277 Church, Joseph & Co -...-...--.- 19836 (CO@KGHOI, do IW casuogcdosso cots 19521 Corrine; Meverett -ssseesee eee 20675 Delaware and Hudson Canal Companyeeees aeaee seers 19904, 20761 Devenser | Georce: Wiese eee 20562 De Vinne, Theodore L .-.-------- 20264 IO bya SINS EA eae eas see mosedecc 19860 JOINS IK WANs caGoce aesacs boon. 20282 Ed tm anne Wie, lee ee eee 20237 Halconer td: is sacs aeeeee eae 20666 Harrerwhiennyeers eee cee 20284, 20590 Forrester, George B. .-.- ---.---- 19928 Galina Charless) lessee 20032 Ghnitordl, Je SWE sos sesoesosce 20285 Gold eAt wy see erece eee eerere 19809 Haikés) Ww Seater peceeeeere 20521 Harper & Bros -.----- 20301, 20591, 20828 Hememann) e222 - =e ee == = 20271 Hicks hhomasthue-sseee === 19573 nl JohnebHenry assesses esse 20281 Hoew Re (& Cosasesss--eeeseee 20622 Hornaday, William 2 eaer 20614, 20793 | Schreiber, W.A. H..... ....... 19455 Penfield, 8. Li -.-. .---.-------- 20415 . 19722, 19824, 20011 Phillips, Barnet ----..----..--- 20567 | Steele, Robert J......---.------ 20359 Photogravure Company ...---.- 20324 | Stephenson, J. A.D......--- 20183, 20479 Railway Gazebiemstassseno- ee 20495 | Tate, TO @ este ea een see age Pe ore 19881 lnelamnamal, la (Cr socee55sa5 ceoce 20784 | Taylor, A) [cl Ree eRe ION ame RE TOL 90553 Riker, C. B..---.---..------ 19523, 19600 | Webb, John S.....-.------.---- 20806 Riitery Se yet mee eesch ene cae 19856 | 3 Roman hy eee ie ee a tn: 20688 | Ce a eae ee Rowland sh omaseaesseese ee em SO Os | OHIO SaALoniyeee Nap OLSON =e see ZB | ‘Sennett, George B-- KO856RbAc kere He Passes eee sees 20361 “497: 29, 19846, NGOBYA |) BAIR, Vn Wesasaccss ccontesoos 19829 SharpyGeorge) Boss csssee eee. D620) n Bell Careyaes 5 s-loseone eee ee 20413 Shitlaw) Walters sos -seeeemee Heeyi || Jaci, 1s (CF co aeco doeGes esas 19689 Siminonss Georcel® =9 =e see mL 9509) BOWenS; ley Birnee meee 19631 Sisin nen B:) crest eer ees 90238) | Burnet, William------ 2-2-2 - 22. 19642 Simla, Cwarae Ilo oo ss565e0 20296, 20355 | Conant, Ambrose.........-..--- 19391 Smilies James) Dieses ecen see NG, NORE |) Comingl Ws sees sesso seccac 19906, 19960 St. Gaudens, Augustus..-.....-- 200840 oan Wie wile eee earn ae ee 20647 WMassin eA Gu-sereytenaiee IE, UG Or. IBID | Wyye@lee. 1D) Whe 1D) cece coe cos eens 20174 We nylore, RYOWRN AY ss con5 noSces OSE OOS || IBMbISS IL, JeleSSn6 Scacon 6 coed oocd 20522 Abin eon COnsooon Sanaee aseaue 20816 | Faris, Lafayette..........-.--.- 19771 Tooker, William Wallace. ..-..- OATS HW Eire shiwiaiten tras sees: oocceccoeonoe UbwE IeHeellOy MUS ss oc56 cadb sce duac 20062 BobbetteecAllbentiecs sane sae 20641 Boehmer, George H....----. 19777, 19779 Bolton, H. Carrington. 19981, 19982, 20831 Bonds Se heres tee eesoe 19604 Boston Box-wood Company....- 20588 Brooks Locomotive Works...-.. 20508 BROW, VOW Ihe soc cdasasaaco cc 19654 Brown, Mrs. M. E..... 19847, 20030, 20239 Burnet Willian esses eee reece 19642 Taya, MUG AS Wosccoosbadcansun 19368 IBiL, da Cing COMO coos ccoose 20472 Caldwell Melentyeo-aeeeeeeeeeeee 19754 Cairit, UamOS soso 5560 e085 Hood cade 19734 Gani Wis Bree cd csc teres eseines 19607 Castles BrederickyAtessse- acces 20801 Century Company .......... 20108, 20196 Clhallanens,, IPMOGCK oss osoece ce 20205 Cihaimppnmmne, Wo Wraotscesscocnos OBS QSe a GN srs irene an 19378 | Clanielinere, Jenmll Glitsssss5sescue4 19495 Cheney, Mrs. Edna D..---..---. 20272 Chicago, Burlington and Quin- cey Railroad Company....... 20810 Accession uumber. Chnreh sh Sees asses eee U2 Tob lS Clank PAG Howardesssesenessess 19608 Clark, Bugene:22-2-- s50oe00000¢ 19569 Clarke hs W)aiac coats eee 20142 Clovellamel, WaimiNOyy scs5 e656 cce5¢ 19953 Clitherall, George Burgwin..... 20031 Wlosson;awWilliami Bees ss eae 20827 CooneyauMe see eee ee eee 20144 Cuero. JM aca ee ee eee 19794 DELS AAS ec G Les rescence sey ore Gi 20616 Davis, Miss Deborah D.. ...-... 19772 IDE ws Wibis) (Oot Orsins caoaneun cacuaS 20090 Dayar avid Ls spe ere, emer 20524 Delaware and Hudson Canal Coinpamyetsa oscars 6 see 19904, 20761 DeViune, Theodore L ......-... 20264 Dithridge Flint Glass Company. 206*6 Donaldson, Thomas. . -19167, 20265, 20320 IDOMVGE hy Wellsls sede sosgetoedaaas | LUCY IDMFAMGl, MOM gos 6556H6 sc06 cooe 20278 Diviohij theodore Has se5ee se. 20719 Echaurren, Francisco.....-.. Ssco NBO Bird tia mae Virals elses esse (0) PCNA, Mba NS IMs soecog aceose = 19547 Fairbanks, E. and T. & Co..... 20738 Winicomar, do Wl sccao socanosccos 20666 Werte, IEMNAY coo ace coocon 20284, 20590 PneloroOn, 185 1B} scccoce seen sees 20829 Fish Commission, United States. 20411 lax a ne Eng ah lea 20558 IRORDSS, 1, 1B sco cccccs 20441, 20704, 20821 Hranciss) Josepheee ees enieeeeee 20391 Hraser, CharlespAV sss eee sees 20698 Gallaher edi Wi ose eee 19613 Gittond ere Swaliaeen seer mee 20285 Gilliam Resse: oases ee eee 20387 Goodall Ais Hy ses 35 eae ea (Sb Goode Ga Browne eee eee 20197 CimiMilsey, MeN b6 coos cootec 19601 Graves ME OR sanue aye ees peers 20184 (Cireinvesy IWGES Wiossshe0 sdecos coc 20664 Greenu@hanes|Smssseese ee sees 19718 Greenwood Pottery Company... 20109 Ettaina ys Ca ees Sietipctr sa ea 19622 lelaclesinnin do lites Slocoocoecose sse0 19782 806 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Accession Accession number. number. Harlan & Hollingsworth Co.... 20509 | Miller, Thomas C............... 207 15 Harper & bros ..---: HOBOS HO, ewe) |) Moone, UMN ce 66s eoodes sscecr 20341 Hart, Charles) Henry -52--2----= — 20273.) Moran yin) yas eee sere ee 20267 Hayden, Mrs: Emma V----.--- - 20446 | Moran, Mrs. M. Nimmo......... 20295, TBE IFES Wo IR obccocposccaocen | IGG! || MiomAM, IRsiGr.~oscsoseccsgoseces 20266 slenMMeMe MN, “ID. s2o5e ceca soasce 2027 ae Moran honmass sees ee eee 20294 lel@ndbaelke, Wis, (Go MS ssecco docs 20519 | Musenm of Fine Arts, Boston... 20298 Ene ohnvalennyeeeeeeeeeeee 20281 | NEVGiIMe Na, Mies 2 esos 2246 s5cce 19379 Hinckley Tacemornre Works. 201083 | National Academy of Sciences.. 19831 IBI@Gy lite G2 OW gano5o ses0 sc0G e405 26622 | New Jersey Sugar of Milk Com- BOONE, Vo IWeoasaesasasosasscco | JWeHs) PLAY Sh iatelSc see cote heel ee 19626 eig@lnnes, Walley Ils e645 e660 cose ISOS) || INMOONW do Ciessose cocd doce desces 20283 isloOnma; IIMA ssac casa cosdeacoes = USS) | NiieMmeyyere, JOM Il sos cocecacces 20475 Jsloummpclnyy, Wyler Ico ccco ccc ~~ OBES | IN@aln, dObM Me ccs csccecooscssce 20147 BIO, IOAN soae coscoaeaseho 202689, Olds EredexickpAW eee een eee 20025 18lOmsAn, WRI co cagcoos ecce 20230 ne 04508 eOAN elon AC 20325 EoOwendlerwomasieeer eee eres 2027450 Moole Georceke ss eee eee eee 19929 JONIGCE Is. laess sa nooo eens saads PAIpilal | ieneva, Irom IRMIN@M .5.665 ssc cen 20388 5 STN ES aN Nid Gee eae eens IAS) | IPaliwner, alia! soscs6 soscee 20170, 20608 JEMSEM, ILAWIREMNCO ccs cen cos. se Adigtaitay Ieee, Oo AS Seb bSdace Sdon sededs 20534 JOM, Vo lBascsocgccondcooncs MUBND | lPevdke, IalanminGl 18) 25 boo cesses sc 20211 HOWNSON, Vo I sesccce daca 2055/8 SarrishStepheneesseses eee aoe Olas Jouye Pel some eae 19616, 20114, SONG | Parsons, CMasles . ccc sasosc ssc 20300 Ligne HitiMiipearsingsa scoonese. = leet aletaolle JRO ISl se eng oGca sede cdee 20041 ieynjoecy AWGN ss sso oseoeee §©6OR AG |) eterna, Janes JRL scccsc cascec aces 19648 Keppel, Frederick & Co ........ 20803 | Pennsylvania Railroad Company Kimmel ks Violctyeeeaeeesieeee ela 19433, 20435, 20490, 20494, 20561, KoaniosuGeoroe) Cp ease ess tecoe 20512 20583, 20729, 20768, 20824 King Iron Bridge Mfg. Co...... 20495) Rerrya i. cAUn seeeee eee oes 19830 Kilacknen|C essa eee sans 120283) | elicenix Glassy Companyae see 20500 Klocezewski, A.M ....--..-.-..... 19675 | Photo-Gravure Company --.-.---.. 20324 Koehler, S. R.. 20293, 20302, 20469, 0587, | Prang, L., & Co-..--.. 20593, 20610, 20610 DOGO! || Trane, IWC seocne sso5de sdacas 20286 Lope Aol Cao seeneascssacass | eAlaGl | esi, Ako 18) 5545 sons esse eusods 19679 Wavior welenty bins ses ase aise cee 19582 | Queen of Hawaii --...-...-.-.-- 20085 ieon, Nicholas: .-.-ee-cs >see) 20119) | @uintimgeAn dire ween eee 20313 ILTNOD, Wo dlsecocccconcscoccoss § «©ANMED) || Ihpliy, Sih, CORRS Iscc5 cosa ce 19972, 20194 TOMO, Wo Ilocscoceaccocconcacg © Wel’ || Raby, Sih E@OREO Iho, Fs scccesec 19973 Lowell, John i. & Co Nee 20299) ecokvallwiavaG aZeube eee nee 20495 Lukanitsch, M. ee eee eee) 20619 s Rauk Charles (deceased) jeeaeeee 19931 Markland, A. HE. ....-..5-.-55.< 19132)|) Ravené) Gustave) seeee ooea e-em aelocte Wiki, Ss Wessocsesccuscccscos AlAs | IReymolols, CemRNe ID) 5 - sco escecs 19688 Mason, O: I -.-.-:..---.-.--20040), 20572 || Rice, William it "22 -- ser) 40c, toa Nilenih@ie Ga JBbicesaseedsoescoc]e © OER || Teitintrermli@nse@, IN, WWE .oo6 sa66 scosec 20484 Maurer, owiss.h:cecc ce. 25 88 ee ROO27 50 URIGRE I Shae eo ee ci McDonald. Angus..-.-.-. -- .- 20217, 20702 | Robeson, Mrs. George M .... -.-. 20491 WII GAhis 1G OSes eseoneescsonce 1Omilz 1 IROliMs Om, MOSS WRONG cco cocgscss © SURI: Wicker, TemObenNGlg socososcanes ©) DOSINA |) Imtinime@lns, (510s ssSsca sss cgoses 20221 Melos Min Cine ene esse eee eee 2 205aR | RoyaleiGardens\i Ke weeeeceeeeeee 20488 WIE, MOM eo ssopestotecss NOR/ | Rowe, d@an 6 Some 55 ssscs6 cée0 20625 Metzel, Robert F............... 20825 | Ruggles, Daniel ...... Rai N S:. 20381 Mewes, Ne eee eae ee 2) LO980T | Russellicceehchardsoneee=eeeree 20624 Miller, Charles H. seesieas ee 20209 s ausselll CliarlesmWaeeeeeeeee eee 20063 NG OVENS Der es es es re acre 196053 Ryans Blakey s22ce saceesereeeeee 20045 INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. 807 Accession Accession number. number. Samsonm irs Gi Cermcee cscs ete 19833 | Technological Museum, New Saxony, Napoleon. .2-. s2.<-220se 20289 SOU Wall CS ameter 20798 SchinerdersMartin’ 2225565) -seeee HOST, | Waowniom, Ve lWiescaas soos se eee 1982 Schoff. Stephen Alonzo. ......-. O0)230n mEhorpenC aptalnees sees 19655 Schwarz, G. A... See eee yO () aif OF LOG Cenk Sal tna ee cree a ree er 19726 Schraubstadter, Carl, De sa iatey 20396 | Tokio, Educational Museum..-. 19789 Seon, Atexain@ler o5555 S546 556406 NIG | Aonvagssmel, Cs Il sogoo0 sacose 2665 19757 Scotimlunomas: Wiseererse eee eee 9073 PPrask Hii ye wesse cana: ae tees 20758 Seibert Sols seek st eeeonase 20769, 20781 | Treasury Department; Bureau Sellers clohnuessece ae aae ee ee 20661 of Engraving and Printing.... 19556 Sesshordw SO cccecersctersee remo 20207 | Treasury Department; United Sharp, George B ...... Seromienye e 20€20 States Revenue Marine....... 19774 Sinan Wehr S35 sea esse casos.) URS |) Mee bash 8G WV ag aeeedcooaec] 19740 SAIS A MS Oe el Po a ae Bee O05 74a avail Ste ple nyse a eeaeee eee 20318 Skinner ee SOME co55 ossocssasoce Oe || Wem Wem sceccecancveses acc 20282 Smillie, George H. -........ 20296, 20355 | Walden, Gilbert B........... 19841, 20328 Smillie, James D.......-....20292, 20305 | Walker, Charles A .---...... 20290, 20592 Smiles Thy Wesesc decode cdescson DOAUG || Walled, JOWM.cascocaaccccascce 20823: Sinn tlaes Ol Kes iarcrcetcevne ese a ee May Hoge |) Vivant. ds WW cadces cogoce osas4os 19940 Smith, Hugh M.......- asec 19304, 20006 | War Department.----.......... 202u9) Solar, Josué\Smith..---. .2-..... 20256 | Warren Featherbone Company-.. 20091, SAWS IDS Waves 5556 ccc650 000 19818 20543 Stevens Institute of Technology. 20162, | Watkins, J. E.............-. 20222, 20386 20760520797) Welling, James (©) 2222-22. -25-5- 20402 Stearns Whepln Cem ercee se sreeeiats OS | WVlaMinae\, Wis I sscacossoocaeccesc 20800 Siimeye, layne S) sss055 sceane 5506 20820 | Widdowson, J. W .....-........ 20745 Steyensshobettessesce esse eee. 1ISSSRWallkinson eh rnesteaeseceeeeeeee 19995 St. Gaudens, Augustus ..-....-.. 20084 | Wilson, John & Son............ 20589) Strata NwAwsmonciccecee sane 20519R |e Whlson, Johny My yeaneeeceeeeeee 19947 Stuanthghy Myce cick ccicams syasclosr ste 20291 || Wilson, Thomas <2 ---2------ 19530, 20061, SMILIES VVGIP 3655 dena chen so nacoe AUize/ 20393, 20539, 20626 Sturtevant, E. Lewis.-.---..----. 200298 Walters E) ss hue eee 20044, 20163 Sale DSM Sere rmcn tees LOO |) WON, Cra WE ceoGo6 460 sooons 19578, 19815 iSwetta lured erick wKe= earn esate 19756 | Wood, Joseph ........ pA Ay? 20428 Shavbite, Willey 33405 cose scacods TUSSI |) \WVGRa, Sy (CPoo66 coca cescscoue 19390, 19780 MastoteWiaMe sees csetee oem 20219 | Wunderlich, H., & Co.......... 20802 DEPARTMENT II. (A) ETHNOLOGY. At Ob bie Wee oe see ae eencer ave Ast) || COO mae, Wo 1B. sedosacadeds ononse 207714 ANGUIGTEONAMIIS, $885 do.co06 6's padaee PO9COS eC rawlOrds eAt eee metat terete tates 20826 Mens tess Soe sae cers cee raee IBY Ciro leks Wil sesqande dsoduo asoSos 20615 Allende lshamiess cee sscc sess QUADS ale) OBMes Wield cress eerie asec 20647 Bartlett, Hdward=.-2---------2 AOS | IMECNUMCG IM scot sseg coca sscocs 19701, 19819) ISeveneOl, IUNOTNES Me oa os case aood ORD | 1 wmemes@a, I, 1 ossc6 4onsca soc 19936 BUG, Wh esegsk dedococrdsonssoura 19634 | Goode, G. Brown ...... wonarae 202368, 20757 IS OAS OH TAIZ MOGI | Islessell, Ws 322 coco caacco coda canes 20455 Carpenter Welz sassss52s oe c= 19808 | Hornaday, William T....--... 19880, 20042 Central Park Menagerie -....-.-- PIUON OM Slaw 125 Uineeoner soocmaacloee non oe 20094 Cockerell, Theodore D. A...-..- 19697 | Indiana State University ..--.. - 19889 Demonet, Mme. & Son......... 19365 | Knudsen, Valdemar..-.....-..--. 20560 SDOWIGIREE, U\s 13 giodasdsocseseo05 2001S" || Mang) Jolin © 222). concn nls 20791 810 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Accession nuniber. Selliver; iJiecd 2 Acie eta tat ee neae 20742 Shiulfelditahe Wieseaeereeeeeee 19401, 19802 SUMMIO ns Georce Crees e aaa ea 19509 Shephensi byes eee aise 19381, 19462 Townsend, Charles H..19715, 19811, 20787 Wards Henny Aveeeenen ae are 19935, 20645 Worthen, Charles K........- 20538, 20693 Zoological Society of Philadel- phia .-. .---~- 19430, 19598, 19621, 19843, 19892, 20064 DEPARTMENT V. (A) Brrps. Accession number. Machenheimer, G. L.......----. 20245 Mather! Hire dieeatcccerecmce reteset 19767 Menniam nC AmElanterereyapeceteie eer 20630 Wicrawlls ds Sessa eonos coo sonoll ater Wwe Miller, Alexander McVeigh.....- 20713 Onrsleyy We It osaseessenoudeoscs 20648 | eyo, Miss AMUN eo so6osseccccss 19504 1Rol@elis Ci Wesco. cand sososc 65006 20611 TRIGIRAOIS, Wo WW aco coos code nc8es 20577 IRONED, WONS IN eaccadcaccocse 20463 | Rynerson, J. H ---..- jeteelaaeteorr 19665 INU sGidy (Oh Bie Sooo Ssaasashos S405 19471 American Museum of Natural istonyesade eases eee 19611, 19773, 20363 Avery, William) © 2. .--.--2--- 20671, 20732 Been, WGI Gea5 odooaco cana WER, BONS Bartletoewa dn ward eesceee seer 20093 Beane Tae e ee cee oes 19659, 20750 REGIE, Oo WW cocaso deco ance 19440, 19997 iBenners: Gc cevioee acces oe sien 19732 Benson. HrCooo8 ot eoete cesar 19363 Berens Museum esc aasee 20468 Beverly Ja Bsekeee ease oseece cl 20190 Boardman, George A .---. ..---- 19995 Boston Society of Natural His- tory .-..19361, 19451, 19584, 19599, 19662 Brennicery Gakveesesce eee ee eee 19447 BO UIE) ISS coaquoaece adosedc 20334 Brewster, William ......---- 19417, 19909, ; 19944, 20039, 20788 Brideman Aca teseee eee oc 20663 TONES, 8 ssccocsecoc ees 19574 IBAA, VAIO IM oasase dsa0 coos 19927 Butler, Amos W ..---... 20151, 20438, 20618 Carpenter pWrlupeeeeereececeses 19808 | ChadibounnewAmbeaeeearrreeecee 20035 Cliaymicaalaiin, Oo WY esccooccocsus 20146 Cherries Gcorreuke eer eae aee ee 20314 @oalle Eh gkers Sie is yao eee ee 19393 Cony, Charles Bese nese -) a lo S00 LOG mAs 19838, 19839, 19926 Menton, Saw oie toa a ay ee 20786 | IDTReSSen wea hypese ees ee eee ae 19971 DAV CS ANS eer sears aceite 20097 Fish Commission, United States. 19588, 19908, 19910, 19942, 19945. 19954, | 20125, 20131, 20232, 20257, 20317, 20405, 20414, 20517, 20643, 20673 \ Minter SAT Ons beeen INNA Weel saseas cacceoocons¢ 20576 Box Wek sa. ons sean ee eon 19668, 19704 Galea Dennis* 22,455 5388 eee 19970 Glam JAVe a2 Santis ree eo ee 19657 GoodeyGeBrownes cere eeceeeee 19568 GossHN AS oases Sons aot eee 19389, 20540 Greenwood. ha Cs ese eee 20104 Fla ners Wiese cee eeee 19449, 19579 Hawley, E: Hi--5- = sdew noeSenteees 20442 InlemMeom, Ielgiry Wo as55 o56e50 ose0¢ 19405 Elesselakidolphteesseee see e ee 20230 Jackson, INNOGNAS El gscecooncooss 19900 Jacobs, Elmer T ..:-.- hee eeemes 20347 AGO, Jo AVHIMOMY oo Sdec shes cscs 20436 Jouy Mee eee ee ee eee 19813, 29114, 20220 Kerr @isacarectcceten se 2 eee eee 20437 Knudsen Vialdemarzceeee +s ose 20560 lawrence; George N .----------- 20782 Machenheimer, G. Li .-..---- ---- 20400 Marshall, George . 19664, 19636, 19690, 20173 Marshall, Heury-19552, 20056, 19652, 20335 Mather Pred: 25. ~sc.c eens 20364 Mie CominiClis, dig Ceesece dase csoace 19545 McCormick, Mrs. Sarah C ..-.... 19714 Meciwaraithy FH) S22 oes seers 20515 | Micra, WE Coes seobsc escbosesceccs 20662 Merriam, C. Hart....- 19422, 19651, 19781, _ 20152, 20729, 20749, 19955 Museum Nacional, de Costa Rica 197938 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass--.--19731, 20074, 20172 Nehrkorn: A. 202.32 socsan eee 19980 Nivies) Wallllar.d Site eee eee 19989 Palmer, William .19643, 19676, 19763, 20607 Poling; O% Caos eee 20092 Price, W. W. ..-..-.---- 19840, 20306, 20743 RIB er eAR Kaunas cee aoe ie 19863, 20432 | Racsdaley GieHtes see sees ene 20439 INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. SIL Accession Accession number. number. FuIiCemMIOSESiyaete ius cis satel eise leit 19799 | Stavanger Museum ---.--.-.---. 19458 JRI@IMENKUISOrI, WWW (Eros conde cane sees BUSS || Swajola@we, J8 soss0ccooeacc0 caocer 19381 Richmond, Charles W....-... SBMS, OBO |) Wassin, AA, C sccese ssdas 19698, 19707, 19730: Ridgway, Joseph H............. OLS) | “Warvllorw, WHE 255 soccce a5 ooesec 19420 Ridgway, Robert. 19406, 19593,19551,19559 | Thompson, E. E......- 19383, 19933, 20792 Rilke On Beso scemsepee 19523, 19600, 19768 | Townsend, C.H..............19715, 19811 VOW TUSs Wie ly seis alah Sere eronsrciaaiere 19681 | Tokio Educational Museum..... 19478 Robeson, Mrs. George M ......-. 20491 | Toppan, George L ......--...-.. 20348 IRKO WARS DION IN acess ocd cooaoT COAG || \WelkGi@lel Wis o5 5 ccossacen codecs 19996 Rowland wih omas=sseeme ease POs. || Wymyerein, 18, 18lo oho cocoe 20403, 20602, 20808 Schmid, Louis, & Sons -19421, 19576, 20118 | Welster, Mrs. M. H...-.....---. 19682 S\olhini@olk, dl peaeodeeos cada aseaee POW || Wem ANS ioc dode cs GoocSaae5ccs 20101 Seebohim, Henry .-----.------ Uguilel CUB | \Wilisom. 195 IB 66 cocdoc cocoeascca 20569 Sennett, George B. 19356, 19739, 19846,19934 | Zeledon, José C .--... ...--. 19536, 20809 SEINMIHIMR Ihe Wi ssoes Sadccad cece i768 || Zeliare, Comet) occsoscsssese 20233, 20783 Skane rz sMe se sew Sears eet ee esiciers WS ON@Ie IEIEOl Shecodibaee boooae oboS 20057 Small, lal, Cr scoses odes conoo0s 20001, 20776 | Zoological Society of Philadel- SIMU, On On seseeetan sccomcensan 20326 phia.. ..19481,19577, 19598, 19649, 19791, StablersaanroldyD ereeere sacl 20236 20564 (B) Birps’ EGGs. Avery, William € ....20477, 20559; 20598, | Merriam, C. Hart....-....--.... 20552 AVG Aes WRG | Mier, ds Cocco ccoscoscccec 19384, 19469 Bantletts WaWward asses. --\ 20093 | McCormick, Mrs. Sarah C..-.---. 19714 Remo, Jele (Oocccmaesos 19352; 19360019488) eMelanchling hs baseesseeeeeees 19400 Brown, Herbert .20478, 20541, 20683, 206.5, | Mitchell, Guy E...-............ 20772 20708 | Morrison, Charles F...-:....--.. 19958 Carpentier Wi Wises venee eee sae IPOS | Irae, Welw! ose aso565 auc 20608 Clarke JiohniNeseccs ceca ensee nee GBS |) Presto, Vo Woscase sosose cosone 20585. Fish Commission, United States. 19426, | Richmond, Charles W..19394, 19736, 19891 19568 | Ridgway, Robert...-....-... 19551, 19559 Mishier: (A Ke.seessceeaeecacces ras | Shelllaglk, 181, lel 355 ccoces ks cu boos 20678 Galeke Dennis cess cteneciee acess 19970 | Shick, CharlesS.......... te Lee 20755 Gosste Nit See teen swaus es oaene site UGA) |) Srna, leloieln Wile Ssseo ee cooaos 19456, 19485 HMaliCharles 22225252205 se sees 1OS549R Stephens skewer mnaceiee seme eee 19381 Jackson, Dhomas H2222-.-.---- IGESO |) Weydlor) “ANC oo sca5 co6ncaceooucs 20657 aMMMISON, LK erste sisets stele cise 19974 | Townsend, Charles H..-........ 19311 Iawrence, George N...--...---. 19412 | Tronisoe, M. Fostic.....-...---. 20136 Diywood; W iiss. -sceseencacesccs BUMS | fAcllealein, OSC ssedsucogecs coce 19796 Mathers Mredl am secvssisie seen isecine 20204 . DEPARTMENT VI. REPTILES. ACeVIAdO, JOS62s si s2 ee ae eee 19 703s | iCarpentersiWeriues-eeeeee eee 19670, 19808 IBAV@IE, Nive del5 WOWs5 5550 nosese 19620, 20674 | Central Park Menagerie.-....-. 19476 en@mler, Omer S\ccccsodaasac 20255 | Cockerell, Theodore D. A..--..-. 20075 ISoaa: US ds ees sees So aeeEae IQS}. iM Oobayet Ce Bees eeoGoaglooess cease. 19362 US CUR aM Cy) ore maybe ee oie AUTO Bo IDI VAS oe Wooece. cade cada asec 20097 IBemsom, Islaieey OC osecas soesnn cood 19452 | Edwards, Vinal N.....----..... 19727 LOM Elen bertere reser ecke |-Stearns) sR. HC eee oan ee a MachaesD onaldmeseeeeeeereeees NOS 4) ANoMpA, Ges vocoscascsecctccooccc 20676 Merril n Cre ercicciec seceoceeee 19748 | Townsend, Charles H.-......... 19811 Owen, mWrl On syGeers saves GBB |) WGI, MON IS) 5255 Se cce sche e550 20806 leevbooven, VEN ScSccosesodcoce 20763 | Zoological Society of Philadel- JPay Ales 185 BLS oodgcca bdocnE sabace dc 20316 Dla. 5 Naceetercteris arasemtoineeeeierts 19572 DEPARTMENT VII. FISHES. AnniericanvAnlerseee we eseeteee ISAS) |) doralaim, 1D), S) coshbe conse coos 19979, 20145 Beacon yr Whe Pose ee sera siaee 20072 | Kauffmann, Rudolph ..--...---- 20571 Bean i ieee ce ae See cicees 19659 | Knowles, Herbert M---.----- 19590, 19633 Blackford, E. G ...-.. -19666, 19733, 19766 | Magoun, George C...---.. Seeece 19723 TRUM UML. \AYo Sadc0 sadeos cuos cece 19661) | SMarshoalll George sss eeeeeee 20451 Callies ll swontheem=eeeerse ee 19517 | McCormick, Mrs. Sarah C -..--- 19714 COG, Wie 1 5 cesadd sabe Gee IDSs) | Mieco Jo Ce scscoscauscosseccoe = UGA Chubby thomassiissesc eee eee ONS ee Mididiletomey tessa eee 19312 Church, Joseph & Co.........-. 19854 | Mowat, Thomas -.----. .----- 19593, 20382 Cockerell, Theodore D. A...---. 196970 |MPierce Ha sce eee eee 20568 IDyallanewy, LEMUR 6 g55600 asco boos 19901 | Q@uackenbos, John D...-.....--. 19853 Dues AN seeps e bee orsarree eyseets 20097s si Sanwtell sGulmans == sees eee 19803 Fish Commission, United States 19588, | Stearns, R. E. C.............--. 20697 19640; 19653, 19713, 19727, 19-93, 19948, | Steelman, Thomas--...----.---- 19857 T9984. 200088200795 20125, 20257-20059) anne r Za lie sae ese eee eel ood Gilbert, Charles H.-..-..---..-. 20670 | Thompson, Thomas-........---- 19784 Golden, RarAc. cc 324-2 eeeneaces 20724") Monper iw ses o> see eo EheAinin, OWiOs coos acca oscace coca 19650 | Townsend, Charles H-..-.-.---- 19811 GrebnitzkynyN sees sas seeeeee KOSS || Weantl, Isleminy A o556 cooeds aeossc 19424 Greens Janes. b. aols ee comes AON) | Weenver, CoA, 64 COcdceas sesos- 19977 Harris, TheodoreS.. -....-.. veees | 19403; Wihittelead Wi. due saan nee eaten - 20433 Hicks, Thomash 2 -sscjscs4e2) 9219". Walloushibyas@ harlesneemeemmes 19957 LOOK 9G ag aomas Gaccen ac06 19898, 20018 DEPARTMENT VIII. VERTEBRATE FOSSILS. Bartlett, Edward........-...--. 90093) Koehler Sake 9 = en aaa 20417 Interior, Dept. of the, U.S. Geo- losicaliSunveyens sess 19554, 20733 DEPARTMENT IX. MOLLUSKS. NCKOL, cb ase snes oo ieee oe 20361 | Bastow, I. W.......----------- 19785 Albany Museums: secs 32). 19959: | ‘Beang"T) 4H =- 20692 | Indiana State University-....-... 19289 JeeCel nee OsINs csoocacdgdas sauesd 19823 | Interior, Department of the, U.S. SEOMCU Wed cconcce cosecsososes 19949 Geological Survey....----- 19845, 20419 BOTDS Wis Risen ee ceeeee eet 196270 Kono wy ltonk EE e eee eee 19395 CalligivaEllswonthweeeeseseeeeree 19710 | Lea, Isaac (deceased) -.-....---. 20525 Cotte Jolinite sats saecieeecneeeee 203925 Mic CartyaWedueeeeeee ee eeeeeaee 19859 CollettsJiohnieence ene saen eee 199383 | McCormick, Mrs. Sarah C. ..-.. 19714 Cummings wwe bere se ee eee cece 198585 |sNewlonwiWesteeeeeneeeeeeneeeee 19896 Fish Commission, United States. 19588 | Stewart, John T............--.- 20746 Geological and Natural History Eweed Jo Wisceeosieecerensceeeee 20629 SuEVey of Canada- ss.) .eecee 19951 INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. (B) INVERTEBRATE FossILs (MESOZOIC). 815 Accession Accession number. number. Indiana State University ....... 19289 | Lea, Isaac (deceased) .........-. 2025 Interior, Department of the, U.S. TESS, Cre IBD nogaed oces'aeseec 19990 Geological Survey ...--.-.---. 19500, PStearns web © ee oass eee eee 20697 Raclilan, S18 see eee aseeanee 20417 | (C) INVERTEBRATE FossILs (CENOZOIC). AVdrich; MtHise2osicn cues eee - 19695 | Taylor, W. Edgar. ......-... +++. 19644 SHIGA ANS Jt. 1D Oe soccedadebodoods 20260 | DEPARTMENT XIV. FossiL PLANTS. AV GriCh Ee Virdee, veces otou eee XMO? | Wiryeldromeallel Ny CO So666 ceo5 oseuce 20375 Culley airistrampeas sess cece IsW7 || Walle, slevony ..cosoa coca csca sec 19822 HTCE ZOE MEL heeise) uae ctae ao vcaras 202 61e perinole iC Grescemens acre 20430 1B DIM) Liga (BE es Bee a pe Pa N a 199937 Russell iC ps seeiee secs seers 20262 lormadayy, \AMNbaTN De ocococaccos §«©— AUIS 1) \nyauUbleweMS, Jel, Socce66 S00 coscuc 20340 yon), Halli Consecceieseeeecee 20503 | DEPARTMENT XV. RECENT PLANTS. Battey, Charles ..... ere eyania tains 9494) |AOerleins Reece celeelcis ce wewiettaete 19835 Cockerott worn: Mise. kaso e sees 195 Oe lallimereh diwal Gere eee eeterts 20608 Cockerell, Theo. D. A.......... 19697) ||oBratty Wiebinecece ecenc ce oceans 20228 IDEWenEEUbs, Uedacon shc608 oascad WORE || IPC; We occcce one6505 SES sar 19446 DNS. AMS ei cpecicaie etc seers Sei 20097 | Reardon, William ............-. 2U634 Piao le wee Meer eas nos sce eee e se 19502 | Rodman, James...-.....-...-.. 19543 Melotel ditte dea Wiesciecinte sci) teins 19744 | Rovirosa, José N..-..- 20463, 20691, 20756 Fish Commission, United States. 19588 | Schuette, J. H.....-....... 19637, 20419 WLASIOL Ss Se camee meccice seccee es WVOs/ || Slaepolless, So IPocscasecccanc 20115, 20149 Wl oscsodsopee 666600 66 20695 MieCornim©G's, dy Gesscose cone 19464, 19548 | Townsend, Charles H.......-.. 5) Meili MeGlumphy, G. W.--2 22s. -25.-- VG | Wenn Iowan, Wor Wescdoc podecoce 19423 WOH, SCOiiscssscscccssccooses PADS | WWanisom, Semam@ccaccoascone once 19863 Mueller, Ferdinand von......... HOBO) |} WWV@osl, 185 i665 cos Siiodo baad adoc 19386 DEPARTMENT XVI. MINERALS. Aldrich, Chavlesw2:. s22hce-5 Se 19725 | Barker, James M............... 19353 INCH dg MANA Ton 64a cousenae 20493 | Bartholomew, W.G..-.......--. 20532 NUUIRT ECS 9 [EUG festa gh yc ei 19a1IF PBeath Jamesy\Weseeeesceeeseccs 20818 Australian Museum............. 20773 | BeckjawWe Haeicetscckes cee daete 20139 816 Accession number. IBEnNawtth Op esa0 os00 casqcods 50 20066 Benisal WR) vAS sociaceisiaetelesiseve cis 20004 iBessells:; mils 2c.u ee Seteree elses 20121 Bidwell Mins’ Ci vAGeerepeieve mie aerate 20489 Bolton, H. Carrington........-.. 20043 Boyvlem@i Been ceca. sees stseec 20138 Brazil, National Museum of..... 20192 IBLE AV OHS ENGI 6 G6a5 coe cooK 19915 BPO WAN Wise Qee eee ce saters rec aiae 20303 BUMMpOMS, We Wocccsco Sseoncsccoss 19463 we), JNANOR coon ca saans 60000 20631 Butlers Eeyore eeceercaleetee 19855, 20817 By En eee e cess aoe sep osmine sea taate 20069 California State Mining Bureau. 19497, 20321 California State MiningSchool.. 20203 Carros Betas nine sei see eter 20065 Colson, James M.,jr ..---- se asiats 19721 Combs, Jiz22 seeacwen te Vases 19541, 20013 Conant elm broseeeeeenseeee seers 19391 ContadeWesst cos octet eee eer 19960 Cunninsivamy CaWreeeeeeeeee ee 203389 Dawis Eig ncses ce scisccisetts see 193=0 DayiiD, eee ewan dee aac 19902 Denham, WennieeYrsee eae sees 19728 Diller-v i GSe seers seaseee eae em 0206 Dix Miss sD Wer ccnce seta seer 19890 Doan, Cx Es sos eseensscossucwaen 20005 Dilley Se Ate Aree ae ite Oye ee tas 20071 Dora, 14 JP sscccansca osc 20105 idmelbiga, (Ch Wis 6S COac5h50 cecaes 20815 BischerwelenbicAG ccm seis 20404 Kletcher Robertieeccs-ceeeeeeee 20080 Foote Ay Wisast abies terres 20516 French, Clarence E..----..---.. 20682 Garner jh aanesss cers seeeiseiccs 19907 Goodes Ge Browneececeneonncens 20197 (Enema ave Uoulits soosa6 co5us0 cacous 19918 IRIE ONG. Wo Osccace coosengmee 19461 Manis HenmysGatscjs cree ieee 20068 Helton Wiylicseeascaceeeececee 19534 Eenson,, Samuel seeme~ cence see 19883 1EINGIGVeIN, Vio Wis oeosones docode 19787, 20157 Hockihausy Ey Wireeaceimeee acer 19428 Jobat Sail Meee an aeease seesioedc 20701 Interior, Department of the, U. 8S. Geological Survey....--... 19911, 20156 Jamies, Charlesveenecseseeeseece a 20als Keniiohits Wie © ase necusse senses 19550 Kunz, George F... .-..19805, 19916, 20308 amb hiss sok ees sae sees 20665 mame © harlesysesees seeeciecere 19723 Igattins sean blaese ees oe seen 19903 hea, Isaac (deceased). -5--2-.--. — 20423 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Accession number. eanyy, Jeli, aelscrcmaetee een eene 19937 Lienan, De Bin-cuemaeeeeee ieee 20711 Lincoln, (OL se Se sete cee eee 20036 Martin Ti. 8) o2scateeie aes tere 19641 MeAlpine) Ji) Beacaassse acolo eee Me Cormick elas eee ees ae 19545 McCormick, Mrs. Sarah C ...-.. 19714 MeDonalld Virea eee ease eer eree 20337 McDonald Ava Warere seer eeerees 20549 McElhone, James F ............ 19778 Mec hilin; Aedes eee eee 20227 MenrrillGeorcelesaseeeeees eee 19553 MigieliVsy, OW oesooe csoddasceascc 20667 Majllere Chanlessmesescceee eset 19596 Muller Johnessee ee ee eee eee 20366 Miner,iS 52 us At Saas ace eee 19512 Monroe Ra Wirrece see enee eee 20258 Morrison, James H....-....____ 20544 Wikio, Wy MUbIEN Mos sces aoos oes 20307 NelsontSi2Jieee a oeee eee 19442 Netherlands Government -.....-. 19913 New England Mining Company. 19786 Olmstead AAS jac. eee eere 20014 Pealey An Cinseoe steneeceseereene 19919 Pearce shichardeeee esse ee sees 20167 PentieldiiSsliyae see cee eeere eee 20415. Berry, ANH eae eee eee 20215, 20338 Prices horns see 19617, 20606 Read wint:WcA\ ve eeacces eee 19743 Reynolds; VAG) 2aee en se eee 19742 Rice, Walliam@Northes= sssesesee 20100 Rileyei@2-V-2e seo tewee a eee - 20384 Rouse} CSW ska eoce see eee eam eee Salomon) Eredie eps erescescaaeee 20349: SCO, SHINTO 5555505550555 19843, 20498: Seckler; a oWi sic sce eee ~~ 19562: ShahtotsPersiaeas= eee eeeeeeees 20378 SIMEVGOIORED Sh IP ancococede coed coc 20137 SAMA (Oe Wesssagcassad oscccs 20026 Sienmgelale, JJ, WOM cesses cess cess 19988. Smith, By A cose. .cce- peceeee 20037 SMM Sb WW acosoo soos 20017, 20095, 20830 Smiths Wir sees cee ee eee 20067 Snider eMirgeACpByaseeee eee 19963 Spear Georcel bass =eseeeer sees 20058 Stearns: Kshs Cleesecoss-eeeoee 20260 Stephenson, Chauncey.......... 19764 Stevenson, James .-.--..------- 20416 Stuitlebeamtrd Geese Son IE BY IEA) Taylor Ji bes eo a aseter seers 20553 Mittanys de Cossses a ee eee 20816 Tokio Educational Museum_.... 19914 Turners WC eecesre ae eee 19480 Witah Salti@ome soe acsieereeee eee 19814 INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. 817 Accession Accession number. number. Wey Dan. Vivo 4eSocooe 5506 c5Ke 19423 | White, C.S ..---- D0 NS00 cos05C 19938 Walast JO owche seksi snes 19882 | Whitmore, George C.-.....-..--. 19470 Ward & Howell-.---....---. UGS PAD MSIy |) NV ath, ID, Wo Wiles oSeossooKss> 20359 Ward; James A......-.2-....--- yaks |) WOnmEe, Vannes Ancecancesocaooec 19431 WithNnte Cy Absa Noes os sesiscce kei 20038 DEPARTMENT XVII. LITHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. JUIN dig UB ORIN peSc00 sHeecceS55ee 20493 | Medford, Harvey C.......--.-.- 20726 Australian Museum...--.....--.- 20 MSW Mlercian HM eee teaaee eee 19500 RNG do Whoessos0 teo0 costes s5e6 19829 | Merrill,George P 19388,19511,19514,19516, BRIER We dl agadaa saticoo Bacooes lum 19546, 19553, 19581, 19592, 19594, 19775 Baxter ine las. 222 a cesiscswe asec AOS) |) Migmreill, Ib, Wale cae Sooeaocboeceoe]s. DEM e/ BloweiwalliamyNeesso- sees coees 204245 a Nut tinier CN Cisse asa eee 20528 Burns Pranlees cee ~ se aceistce a PYMoil | IRE, 1B, \Wicgoca secece caso onecGe 19563 Church, Joseph & Co ......-.--.. 19836 | Palmer, Edward..---.......---- 20608 Coopere Wiis: ss-ose een 1OMGON Payne AlvaniSpeesocees cme ceeee 19669 Corrine, Leverett..............- 20075) Beales Au Ci o225) soe See aeee 20195 @rosby Wis Oise ws occas ssaei 195285197505 | "eendleton, Ja Cesccs.i ence eee 20425 WOT AD ey Orie sey sale ar Aaaels. clstens OBO GalkesyAty Bey Mitoas Conan se siseers 19364 Dele ACE Assinar nsniioe lise 19860, 20594 | Ragsdale,G. H.......-..-.----- 19990 Easterday, William D......-..-. 20134 | Richards, Charles N.........--..- 19603 Fish Commission, United States. 19588, | Richardson, C.B...........--.- 20346 200205 Bhinkers Josiah passe ses epee see 20542 MEM TM dS NVSenseee cece cosaeneo ISAS4 Russells TC eer eee a eS ae 20570 Forrestell, James.-..-------.--. 20186 | Schreiber, W. A. H ....-....-... 19722 Biritsehy, Wea een sare eee ore Shepard. Jamess.s--eece ance 19711 GacEisony ee Sepee= acces = = ne OTS SH SISk WC). Msn iecje ved c os saeiis ee cere 19387 Hampson, Thomas....-...:.--.-. 20110 | Southern Const. and Quarry Com- iSlesonis, Iho Gagcccasotoasaccoccen = IH AMY Sears nie tia eensis deans as Sioa 19788 tava © sD Nee etter cei discs cece se 1IGielSpooner: HH. co eects ee aee 19975 Hitchcock, ©) Hic csc. roe = 19999" Steanns, Ry EB. (Cees o ee oh ene en se 0260 IBODOS, Wo lelosseceeeosen coooces AUR Sines Anndbte dSc cusses ssonccns © DORE Interior, Dept. of the, U. 8. Geo- hhorpesswussell eae eies eee ee OS logical Survey 19845, 19849, 20047, 20156 | Van Doren, W. T....-..-...--.. 19423 VEGI, Wo lelaacg pega apeeenecroaes: » ley RA Veal bhi nk Creetacrmeameccecccsccn 19609 VeterswlsAaACe Secasccicio acess 19564." Wanner, (Alt). os sc\S-l sales belek 20623 IGM) Uo Wacdeencedsa gece cadens 19987 Watkins; Ge Wi oases ree sciseee -- 20599 eouloayin, Wis esses econecscucsnccs, Adal) || Niven, Coessccensocsosease IGMER LECH aR Shel 6 led ee See 20406,,20520))| Werth, J. Wio2ssc-n 2 9 ee ae Dao KonO wl, 195 Isles secs ecoo ceosS- OS OSu Wall Cox AW Cheerios apse eee ee 20330 Kunz, George F......-.......19805, 19986 | Wilson, James H..--.-.-..-.... 20124 WWambs PS saciscis seine asain ereeiee 1OVAGS| NWanston, isaac sess ae-\eseelee eee: 20410 minehan= Pe &c COjses = saison 193595194 048 WioLthh shee Npeee cess eee eee osaan ass HhucePIsraelee ee ae cemice ieee 20422 | Zeng, Henry L. de...........19544, 19630 DEPARTMENT XVIII. METALLURGY. Adams, Charles H............-. 20117 | Australian Museum ............ 20773 ROME We) OM bye noi seiemiaisiaate cs IGS) |) Jeo, Wy oes 6 So \boaebo csbec0 soos 20241 ANG OePMS AMM. soto sm eyes = 20493 | Barker, George F..--....----.-- 19441 Asbestos Packing Company. ..--- ULOOR Beal byned i Oremanasrieeratesecictes 20502 H. Mis. 142, pt. 2——52 818 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. Accession | Accession number. number. Beckwith, George H.-...-..----- 20709 | Knowlton, F. H..--...---..-..- 19395 Berry, James vee rie elem a= 19419 | Lane, Sylvanus .....-......-.-.. 19538 Bond siWiihincsecenecesoute eae 200337 MWearyend lle aeeeereaeseeer eee 20672 Ronahing, die lelvoascougsocanaacse 197AGR Mec ear tine b eee nee eee e ere 19505 Brown Ca Grenson tres sce ccm ce 19939 |) Luther, We No 2e2s ese - em eee eee 20747 larva 4%, ENIOR Goon caqccd 5s 19691 | Maynard, G. W ..-.-......-....-- 19575 Burchanti a CoOpeeseew ss =eiecae 19385 | Maynard, William D ...-......- 19884 IRON) BRM, ooeobo need coon oOee 19832 | McElhone, James F .......-.-.. 19623 BublerwHeses saeco sveseeeer. 200125 | McGuire; Johns sses seer 20373 Butler whee aciessteeeieteeeee 20390 ec lbe arash) lee ere 20376, 20565 Carey, Mrs. Mattie Ward..-....- 19522 | McRae, Thomas C ......-...-_.. 19602 Carlin aWalliamvbeseesse eee 19966 Morgan tow lee ee ee eee ee 19375, 19660 Carlisle tN eyes See 20744) Mont Wie see sos eaereei eee 19410 Case: ROW teaser ne exc er Oi | Mos, JOM ss6ooga554055ee = 19828 Chatard ae eee eee Bocoo. 175i) |) WlOyerg, lbleminy Ooccoss cossce cess 19837 ChatteldtSilaskeee-ereeeee eee: AOANSH iP Miyersmybeterme seyret emer 20578 Clark tGeeEi eee he ee ase 90492.) Nelson, Christian) 222225 s-eeeere 20505 Coffin, (CR ae eee oe aes 90002 | Newman, G. J. Re--2-2 .2- 222 19912, 20351 Cothouersh Heese sees 19561 | O’Connell, E. Doroghtery .-.-.--- 19459 Collett, Wk El Se eee 20250 |SRayne, Al wan Se eeseen sere aeee 19669 Colorado Smelting Company.... 20021 | Quicksilver Mining Company... 20762 Conrady hice ec eese epee ee cre 19906 | Reynolds, A. D.--.-..... BG SOe = 19583 Cotman, Acie gear see ee eee 1OSO8s Mil eyen Ce Vee eee er oleae eee 20384 Crowikhite; Ay ile ssey- me cence 19667; |SSawyery dng@ seen ce ae oceaeeee 19922 Curtis wbatrickweeeeeseeaceeecee 19438 | Schreiber, W.A.H---.---..- 19455, 19817, DutPré aD Altec: jceseeesecees 19586 19824, 20011 Fish Commission, United States. 19588 | Scott, Hamilton................ 19571 Ereemanvh li eseeeesceen cece 90452 | Standard Charcoal Company ... 19978 Galvin, Charles D.--.-...-....- D039 aeStearns ha Brel Chase s-e cee eee 20260 Gawthorp dhe E seen cece. sseeee 90501") Ranyans=Willia mun ys === = een Oa) mGodman,MisM eno - eee ace 19735 | Tucker, Milton T...........-. 19769, 19924 Green, Loren W...........--... NID. |) Wruanesre, ds ecoans soos seco oosee 20527 Green;W..E) Sissee acces eeseeee 19403) MWrallkerydieaesertee eceteaeee eee 20246 Hadtield wRobertiessessee ee eee NGS OS) Wererem, dio lalsesssosecscosses0¢ 20499 Harrisons: Vis Lnescsseceee ace 19850, 19897 | Whitcomb, O.........--........ 20167 18 (2) 0) 072) gr JA 8 DS ea eee 20112) WihitenGaasWeease asian eee ~~ 19525 Huddleson, George........--.-- 20333 | Whitlach, Jacob..-.-..-.-....- 20426 Interior, Department of the, U.S. Wier dD ee accsec see eee eee 19992 Geological Survey............ 2015 Gn Walsons Werle see cesar eee 20016 TOMO wl ee eee tsepeeteneers 19810 ||) WandsorD Aico 222 ees eee 19460 Keeling wiweisecnsserecceeennaee 194795). Wise BRAGS 82 otis se cece ee 19414 Kercheval, Andrew............- 197530 Worthy Sid aac see ee 19737 DEPARTMENT XIX. Living ANIMALS. Allen Reuben oece ds arr es 206795 Brows deebipeecesce ees eects 19875, Almilensom, Wo Soscosocéacsa case 20752 | Cleveland, Hon. Grover........ 20050: Blackford Hs Gieseeceose se cee 20586.) Cockran, A] Wis sce ner pee aeieeee 20111 Ieee dls Oscascaco assess soe 20054 | Colt’s Pat. Fire Arms M’f’g Co.. 20814. Boswell Ree sen eoa- i=. eee 20127 | Coumbe, Eppa Hunton..-...-..-. 20201 Bouldinge- SGeorsoens- --a2- eee 20212) |" Davis, Of Vitesse aseee eee 19869 Drown, Georvedemceeceee scars 20060) METS Jeb yrainke ee 19866 INDEX TO ACCESSION Accession | number. IORI, INOS; VelBncecsocsenccscs — UES Fish Commission, United States. 19873, 19925, 20737 HSH er, cA KK siwis o0) nscosavem sate ase 20169 Ord brake exatsicys <:cejeyereie we eteiere 20453 Gant Charles: Beas sesse se 20259 Ciain7s Go ANGcoAeSSSen cog cosbeces 19878 GedzarAioust-sescieee ce yaeee 20098 (Galeria PR eee eae wrarcicts cisteie.e 20464 lamas Wall iam © Speers 19865 Heitmuller, Alfred -........---- 20812 lahore, Oo WY cca s usceoo se50 Gece 19872 TEUuavTop ny 1a boe Dee Moen Mae 20596 | Hornaday, William T.19879, 19894, 20049, 20244, 20715 JBHUUL RO Aes GooS GadGac aacSEc 20779 TO RAC RY Mus oy taaislanie ners Sere 20707 Aeolian We Wire Seose esac caadde 20089 HOMME, Wo 185 coos eoeo sens.nosc 20398 Kuehling, Miss Lizzie........-. 20813 Ibmmob byes, dio dié Wie AaseoseGbs5uac 20143 WACO, HORE ls o55585 646555 Gecnee 20344 Machenheimer, G. L-.20103, 20130.20135, 20200, 20243 Ilevoniepymli, (Eis 18} 5556 Goo8 ooug ooes 20059 Melvallle se Vo liner eps eee citer 19871 Merriam Cpclanteescse)sss- oe) 19864 Miller, Alexander McVeigh..... 20613 Moore, George H. H..---.,-.---. 20140 INIONIE yp Ins sons pboccaceeceooned 20168 20597 Nowell, Frederick D..--....-.--- LIST. 819 Accession number. Ohms, Hedrick Ce eeccte dsieeee 19874 Ostranders Ts Lisicee es seseeaes 20718 Owsley Wie ese scree 20466, 20649, 20740 Palmery Josephisss= eee see ere 20052, 20343 Ieinly Ge IDO daosoeccoedeaden ) BOSS Pollock iGeorvem bases: eae eae 20636 Ray, Altre dlisjaciinoscinserss eects 20654 Reed John 2522613. seaeeceeese 20775 Rid dle; Ii Wik cesses ses eeeme ae 20076 Tulkers Georgev At: seen ee sees 20609 INOUE MN, IIMA, oassoc occa bsascc 20535 Schmid, Louis, & Sons .-..... 20126, 20141 Schmid, Louis, & Sons..-..----- 20342 eschnecky:Ji5-c ices ete 20650 Seller Nereis eee emee tetas 20223 Shiutt, Gaye Wievaactecis nna erser 19816 Smithy Wievlis-cces seine seieeiemes 20213 Siren a@u, Obs case coaces once 19870 Stoutenburgh, Walter S...--.... 20736 Manalons Georse ieee ete emer es ee 19876 Kernel Dee aaeiecmceiyscmcase 20694 Mirorley Clinbonesa-n cere eee 20202 (Wiber@zeh diovan em eetsaiaeisete cet 20635 Wales, Orlando G.-.... ....-.--- 20474 Walker yJamesiaWos-j-m es cscnccns 20128 WYGOMEM, WWo Wassossndacccossns 20444 Wielliss Re eas ss slclasion-mecjerae 19877 Winchester, Repeating ArmsCo. 20805 Wood, Nelson R...---..----. 20399, 20445 WEIS Wo UJ aasGér toca sobods aoe 20053 INDEX. Page Abbott, W. H, sends stone implements ....-...---. o-0+------ -----2 s---20 e-- eee 70 Abrohhos Islands, visited by the steamer Albatross .........-..-----------+---e> 178 Acapulco visited by the steamer Albatross..........-----+---------+---------- 178 Accessions during the year, extent of .........---. ..---------- 1220-2 eee e+e e- 21 geographical index to list of .--.....---- .----- -------- ------ ------ 791 review of the more important......--...----.---.---- 66 index by Museum departments to list of......-...---.--.----.----- 805 to Museum since 1881, number of.........--.-------- »-+0---------- 20 UO UNE) COUCGMONE cosbos aoodoo Goomus sooued Cob oo0 conbouGcoSée0 doccHs 20 to the Museum during year ending June 30, 1888, list of....-...---- 739 Acridiide sent to Lawrence Bruner for study ....--....---.------------------ 51, 168 AGOGOS WHOINOWRUN DB coosco scocce cocGa0 eceoa9 0050002 040000 Gans ceedeo coseoe Sosccd 73 Adair, Oliver B, sends Chinese coins..---.---.-....--.------ ---- «+++ ---------- vi AdamsyJohnapamphilebstonedibyeese ace eae soles ce em aioe ae ere eelele eee 115 ACNE, Onin Qin, CWO so 6656 bag6 06 Bed b6505 6655 Gb05 sded cBue oS6e coasCS 13 Adams, W. H., sends stone implements...-.. ..---. ------ .----5 e200 so 00s ce ees 69 Adler, Cyrus, appointed assistant curator of oriental antiquities..........--- 27, 29, 93 TO WOU poseyerse reps sara ane ape esi Srekperatra saclay aici eicinra clare eidiatota sini mic tamara 93 Administration, papers on, published during the year...........-.------------ 48 sectional library ..-..-. sii ereioieia Sieiels eis iaie Wiseie’ etastae lay rotetersioinne aleveeer 42 Administrative stattssssee coe settee mom ee sisioelociae sto ae ise nice aieuciaiaiciaeveelete 28 WOR eee eae ceac serene Searemin arcreualsieis eee senate iajever rere sem atatarate 53 work, review of the...-.-. oe ea ee ea ee EO Ne cio 40 Adzes used by the Indians of the Northwest coast...........----.-- Rue yeyeerets 279 AXsthetic characters of the Indians of Northwest coast.....-...--..-----.----- 242 IMiECaNacCCeSSlONS TOM. 22 Saces seca Seiars som seisaie cule ees Sclce eine Siecisiel see neceetes 66 information furnished to correspondents in ..-.--..-..-.---.---- sec-es 58 Atricansporcupinemountedles sm s-seeeniee ne cones eee cee eine niaee on eeeeeeeee 61 Agassiz, Professor Alexander, correspondence with.....-...--..--------------- 163 PAG CLANS PRON CEUs aiizte eS eae) canes Sisierave isle elaye oielslaiaals\ 2s = tsi eel eye Soe aire era 148 Aoricultural€ ollepe,cAmess LO wid) o-oeeccleta ee cele else eee ace eee tele 180 Agriculture, Department of, collections of insects received from the.-....-...--.- 168 Milken CoH binds; purchased tromimssee see see eee eee eee ree eee see eee 146 SONASi DING yeas ae eas esate eats ioe a misin ete eee eee eee 68 AimophilarsOnonanaer ccc sce ma eva t cee ce ciecens sess sere psemiseinem ete aoe ontomee 146 Ainos, fire-making implements used by the. .........--- .----2 .--ce- eneens == 550 Mino Strikesa-lohtyesecec 28 \cac sass ie ceieie cece a osie cee Meesinc io serena sereemeeiane 583 Alabama, information furnished to correspondents in.....----.-----.+-------- 58 stonesimplementsifromas- sas sees cece cece soon neces sictee serene 67 ALIDIV CLS UO Ye O Lge en et siya ctopey deste Gh Sccroratatte ersiere Sus ste mociev eine stele enters 180 Alaska vaccessl Ons) trOmlcs= 2 as see were aie cave ca Sac ue lee enicnise es Sher emoeee ate 67 Commercial: Compantys--c2 ces ass = eee eae ees ones, scisinio aia aereeiotetaets 77 reference to courtesies shown by the .....-....-- 46 Albany museum, Cape Colony, sends South African shells....-------.-------- 66, 162 822 INDEX. Page. PALOAEO8S, “NASIK NUCNUNSe) OL UN Oe sae cece ioe sean see Se sie eee ate eee ears eee 178 collectionsimadelbyatheimaemeee ee ae eee eee eee ie 80 cruise of the, between Chesapeake Bay and Wood’s Holl ......-...-- 177 to the\North) Pace Ocean seas ee een eee 178 dredging-accomplished! iy; theme == see eee aes a ee 174,178 fishes collected by U.S. hi Ccisteameriee= eset eee eae seen ae 3 investigation in regard to mollusks collected by fice SUCAMe Le seit ony preservation of fishes collected by the steamer...-.......-.--- peaks 156 results'of cruise of ‘thei 2222 sc-<-2e sence eee eee ace ee 173 work upon mollusks collected by U.S. F.C. steamer .-.. .---..--...- 35 AlbUGWeERrqueMMeLeouitesspecimento faulle ieee ieee ee ae et ee 195 Alcoholic mammals: ssc ee ae ee eee eee ee eee SUE eee 141 Aldrich? I. T/, Sends fossils. 2 ase eas tc eee ete eet eee eee ee 67 marine Shellg: sacs seco ee ees eee tee ee ee ee 162 Aleutian Islanders, method of fire-making by the ...--..--..---.----.------- 568, 576 Alexandria, calke-cutter fro mye ce yy ye ent ee ee en 90 Alfaro, Anastasio, presents type of Porzana alfart .. 2... ..--.-.-22=- 2+ secene 146 Lees), GoM OUOMY OlEoo55 coscoa sane JocibeMigactenic, oe ti ee sees OSS DR EEO eee 190 Alig ferents Sled rela ees lele gale eretels alae ISS Nh Ae GEA es eens re ey eee ae 626 Allen, Dr. T. F., identifies characue PO a eA a ch Ral EMSA Fe Rr eae eS oa 52, 193 Avion i J.cA birds exchanged withs-s-<=esss42-e-— eee eee eee 146 coleoptera received trommeeese a eee eee eee eee eee eed contributes reptiles -........ SORE Eor ieee Gocono poae 153 We, CONGCHONES sosccs condo soso unSsod secccas 75 noticejof papery sesne cee eee oe ee a eee eee Bees Secs 707 sends birds’ eggs and nests, and reptiles ps2 seer eee 66 Baskets made by the Indians of the northwest coast .............--..--..--.- 313 Basket-work of the North American Aborigines, reference to paper on -....--.- 30 iBastow,) ke We. Sends shell sitrompMexicomeseeeine oe ene 67 Batchelor, Ward, pottery received from...-..-.-...---. 2-222 eeee enc ne eee ee 31 sends stone idols from Mexico ............ apieisiee ae sie eer 67 Bates, H. W., insects:determined by 25: 2-225 co. sobs ca eae eee ee Batons, ceremonial, used by the Indians of the Northwest coast .-....-...---- 271 Batrachian skeletons cleaned and mounted.......--.-----.-------- ---+e-eeee 64 Baxter, R. l., presents ophitemarbles222- sscos. ce nee Cane ae ee 201 Beach, H, sends stone implements ....-......--.. gicke deat eeeeeee eee 73 Beachler; Charles S), contributes reptiles)... 4002. 2224 eee eee 153 sends» reptilessand: tossilsesseec eee eee eee eee 69 Beacom, Lieut. J. H., contributes specimens.._.-_--2- 222222 2222. Joo. eos eeee 78 INDEX. 825 Page Beacom. Lieut. J. H., sends skin of Salvelinus namaycush....-----..-----+----- 157 Bean bartonvAl ald departimentlottishess-=sises see neesise eee ee emer eee 28 Bean, Dr. T. H., acknowledement of services of.......--........---.--------- 80 collects birds, crustaceans, and fishes at Somers Point, New JOTSOY) Hoss citedas sae sce ccebine neces este eee 71 CLUStACOR es oA Ss uereciriee ame ema ee lonie ete etapa ae Lak contributes repbilesi < eee noes eee ee eee eee 28 catalogue entries in department of ...--.-....--.----- 23 cataloguing and preservation of specimens in depart- NNR) IS eee eee AANA MARE SNAG oRoog doboa0 6 36 number of specimens in the department of....-...---. 22 report of the department of ..-....-.---..-.-.---.-- Sa ile review of work in department of ..---....--.----.---- 36 Conditionof the collections’: ss cree ene eenee sees eee seen ea =e 20 Congo River, ethnological collection from..--....---..--.-.-----.------------ 91 Conklin, W, A... contnibutesspecimensh=--ce -5522-12- eee = see eee sie eee 146, 153 CO-O}MONWOM Ol .o5o50 cacces ceecso essen vsssas oeSceC seeisleeueer 181 Connecticut) collections) tromsse eee ee cee ee eee eee eee ee 68 information furnished to correspondents in ....-.-..---..-----.--- 58 MGS, Wav ern) Cl TRON o soco6 osseSs cee seo oceebs Seasee esos = 90 Consanguineal organization of Indians .......----..-.. ---------- ------------ 246 Cookin utensils. 2. fe see ee ee ee eee eee eee ee eee 656 Cooper, D: J7Gs, correspondencewwith 2220 te eee eee ee eee 163 Cooper, William) presents minerals]: 22028. ee eee ee eee eee 196 Co-operation of Departments and Bureaus of the Government -.---- ee lsc 76 Cope, E. D., bulletin 32 of the National Museum by.-.-.-.----.--------------- 48 34 of the National! Museum) by.s-22 02-2 =< -22==eee ee 48 continues studies upon the batrachia..----...---.------------ 34, 51, 154 notice of payers by S522 2. soe eeee eee ees Ree eee eee eee 710 paper by). 22.5 eee 8 Boe eee eee Ae ieee ieee 47 INDEX. 833 Page WOME ae Dey REPLIES SMG, LO eas secs See teye cet letere cavatorayaralc ye meeutaya Rete eet saree an 154 Copenhagen) eal lusion tommilseunish lines eee eee eee eee 6 DOOM ONG WAU BRS ooo osobosdasase ascb oacb onde cosa cunado cate 132 Copper innjoKennemtis ANG) OMNIS. 64 556455525 bdes soecoo douse sooc Guabeb sends 665 plates owned by the Indians of the northwest coast ..--.......-..-... 300 Coq allen, ID: Wo, Chi aware, waeeyeWl HRV 6355 6a coe CoGaan onco es eeeedo doco ooce 167, 169 ESYSU OKO UST WAYS(EVeU SVAN asin emu MipStnn davis RS nO a Ae ee ee ee 68, 162 Conca collec toms Eromm gts 6 sails aes som ocleel oe a orale eo secre Sele a ey eee 74 CRISS ELT O Mee Serer aleve Sees eae cial ciara he ae Scie ttalaiene se Stern cen ee o6at) lila! Srhinologicallobjeebsitromissseee =o. essere oases ee eee Soe tee eee ee 91 Coreansdnuiss, purchase of collection Of2 2a. 252-226-1520 -s een sone sence see 29 MeChionnes, 2 COMECWIOM OF saa cdoh aceadhoson caso socseuccsdsaueae eens 113 Correspondence andineportsescesacee eee ease a oe eae ore ee 57 INCTCASCHO Lie sae os sagas eae Se Seiains wawinne Secmme concise See 59 Correspondents; mtormaiiontirnishedtoness esas acme ae ene secon eee 58 Cory, C. B., birds exchanged with..-.---.-.-....--.- IoCoSD.oseacu couE oSHeeSesos 146 COM OME WA OIMIOS 405 Soon bose Saue booooD Bonace cauuaaosec Se reaneres 73, 154 MLO DICO OLB APSL Suge ate seers ara saysiotalepsis os potas see aie et area ee ea 710 PRESentst OULU sae atures eee lL DL nA sae ce oe eee 146 (Costaphica-;collectionsitromypseeses esos seca ees eee eels ose See eee 67, 135 fire boolsstro mses Meee eee See ers Sarai a eee ares) sie ay Se eee a ee 545 Nationale vinsenmppresentssbird spss ess eeeeeeeee see eee eee 146 Government sends the director of its National Museum to Wash- MOS WOM = Scoscsceco coon ones onTGo ase sooo EDS aSeCSD OSES OOS ese 11 photoxraphs and arrow stTOMs sc ocisc= ss = eee a see eee 90 COMRGD CHOOINS SASHES CAS DRO Ree EO SCTE HIN ape Tame ial B Alena e Ne Rc it fin 146 COmeS, JBMMOUG, TNONES Ose [PAINE Ly-s550 occa SaSeoo Gade boone aas5 bode cuceds ooaead 710 (Chaar, Nithe When ELOUEIE ered ce ae ie A eae a a ee eI REE Ee ico SS 53 report of, upon participation of Smithsonian Institution in Minne- DPOMSMEXPOSUbLOMme es cases eae ses ac ee he ee ele ea ne ane 82 representative of Smithsonian Institution at Minneapolis Indus- WME TBe-G NOMINO No ooookcoacco shucbesccuesoous sere myemetesee oes 28 (COVOIGE, (SOT LOE SO WON IE Sco ge acoues ean seeOes ReResenseeneees Gace sacces 60, 141 Cradles of the American aborigines, reference to paper on..---........-..-..- 30, 88 InnGhievaS Cr WE MOMMIES COHN S55656 cacacs scbbou cooeso scosusue 319 Craieavard,, eXca va llon Of (CaNVeVabece = ay asee ates on (ane tnsenen se ace eee 130 Crawiord yy Manion, sendsistone, umplementsissass-)s— ee ee eee ce eee 70 Crawtord (Prof. A: "COURLESY Ofte srectvese ne recbseeiscie taal = sien ciate Sern Sanaa 94 SrawOLa sy SuatuevOla Wels Wile tO My serr tars eel a) yaaiay see fee ete neo ou fi 63 Creek Indians, fire-making apparatus used by the..............-..---...----- 548 Creel bin vie send siethnolocicalgobyectspeeeeateee scene eee ore sees een eee 69 Creepers, Mexican and Centra] American, review of...........- saisiereaneven ene 150 Crosby san O-;, SONGS, MiiMeral Speman ene Se eee neces Reena ome 69, 72, 200 Cross, Wihitnan, geological collection Tele DY. suck emeos ste OSes ce come 80 Crow Indians, ethnological objects used by the --.--.-...........---.-2-.---- 89 CUISMHIG, LES SKI bsieMtnn SHOCNOS ono cocoon acacod sucaoueadcaad bboobboass wee 52 Cima parvo roms casey sear nee eine ee eta eh Se as Bs meee 73 Cumberland Gult, fire-making implements from the..--..................---- 558 Cimunoy sie hilippimeslandeshelllsiteemsesesiseet ees ee eee beeen tae ee eee 160 Cunningham, C. W., geological collections made by.-.........---. user teeter 80 PEESENUS| MINMCK ALS) Sey wom = ye teria fae aimee oe ee 196 CU PASbONES etre Nees etree ee aeeea ate melee casa em Dearca meee San cone eae 661 Curator of American aboriginal pottery, report of..................---- idocas 105 Ding ea G0 O7 Us O tigers eeceeton ac ere turn sien Reuse em snl nn et hoe 145 JUNO CCELSGLS, HEY OCA CO) Rare Mee ee om Ss See eee te Apap Rees yl 151 H. Mis. 142, pt. 2 834 INDEX. Page Curator of comparative anatomy, report of....-... i be we decane ae ee tee eee 181 ethnology, report) Ole -.sseee- ee ee een eee eee ae ees 87 FISHES; OP OL O betterment ee eee eee SatisSe8s sabe57 455252 155 fossil plants, reportiof = eee eee eee 187 metallurgy and economic geology, report of ...-...----.---.-...-.- 209 minerals; Teporntuol sae sass eer oer ee a ee eee ee 195 mollusks (including tertiary Facile, report of. 2sve. 6.6 sca eee 159 oriental antiquities, report of ...--- Bilal aio(= Safe eietolols| acai eee 93 paleozoic fossils preportion sec. ] eed ree ee 183 prehistoric anthropolosy, report ob es. a -eee- oe ae eee eee 128 recent plants, report of..---- To Atl see laelcibels, wala alclet le siete ale ee eg 191 reptilesyand batrachiansy reporthotessee sess ee eee eee ee snes 153 transportation and engineering, report of.-.-.....-......-..... eusulOn Curators) reports) sees] scree sees ere eine seer ee roe = sel eee 85 Currency used among the Indians of the MOLvhWwesbicOAsteesee see ee eee eee 334 Currentiadministrative workes--s ess eee eee eee ee ee eee ee eee ~~ 633 Curtis, J. S. metallurgical specimens collected by --..-.-..----..-----..-..... 39, 210 Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, Mass. .-.. .---- Qeoson9 sdabe sassencese soos s5- 180 Cutting and Bradford; allusionstO eee =e oe 2c alse ene et ee (CURTIN WOO!) 525 565066 ones coun case cencsauSgo seecos codG SHO Ss a5e5 Sono Sose sees 656 Cyanotypesimiad Okeesepe ar cee erect nearer 19 PEDO F650 Song A8Goos ScaS se sec- 65 Dagger-cuards) used by Elingib indians ssesese eee ies eee eee ies te S200 Daggers used by the Indians of the northwest coast .......-...----.---------. 283 Dakota, collecting=tripitOLececo=-eee ee acF Ee eee eee a eee ee eee eee eee 81 ethnological Objects trom cece... = oe ee ae eee eee 69 information furnished to correspondents in..--..---....---..-----.--- 58 Dallas, allusion: to. 22-2 ecco cpscesices= oa siescye iat Soho bie are er cterer eles) Sens cee area een oles Dall We H. acknowledomentiotisenvilces Ofessee ees see eee 80 geologicalcollections made) byetes- eee ee =e s= = eee 80 honorary curator of mollusks (including tertiary fossils)....-. 98, 39, 159 membenotsleckure committee se sae eee eee eee 50 Notice.OL PaperssDyjeemerm- niece eee Eee pe ee eee 710, 711 Papers Dy 2-222 ewe eee elee eres tee alee eee = ee 47 selects shells from collection at museum of Wesleyan University - - 69 Danish America, kvaks from, --s mpbroceedings viol) 9) sense ee eceaieesese tees aelee eee 47 publishedsdurintcoathehyeat ss =-ss— sss eee eee eee eee 49 Learrangement Ot tnecollectionotee se) ssee ae oe eee eee eee eecicee 155 report upon jheideparihmentiob: asa 25-e- see soos cee eee eee 155 review of work in the department of.......--. ..--. ---<-- scenes ooo - 34 sechionalllibranyodepartment Ofjesss=sss- see een eee eee eee eee 43 bemporaryeremoval ot collection Of ss-ss=5--es see ees eee 24 HisipeHlawincollections; made by wuberss2 sees cee neace eee eee ce eee ene eee 80 explorations Of tne steamenzecn senses een cece eee eee eeeee 179 inshore dredging accomplished by the...--...-.-..----.---------- 174 Fisn-hooks used by the Indians of the northwest coast ......-.--------------- 290 Fishing by the Indians of the northwest coast .......... .-------.------------ 297 Fishing-clubs used by the Indians of the northwest coast ....---.-.----------- 293 Fishing-lines used by the Indians of the northwest coast ......-.-.------------ 292 Fish rakes used by the Indians of the northwest coast ........ Sina ners See 292 LOeasstoodor Indiansses= sec. Se cekeoe oc ececisee SaSo oa aee eee ee ence eee 276 skeletonscleaneaek Su yes aie ous eon eleiGa a enia alee eae epee eee 64 Bitch; John, patent for inventions granted to---5--<-- ---2---- ----.«9.-2s2----- LOS Hlenuner de Sends pottery trom Salviad Obese ae aeeseises seats ee eneeieree anemone 74 HiemmuinoGersends Incdianvacrowseee sees. esse ees cee aeee ee eee eeeoee 67 Pletcher, Robert, member of lecture committee....-.----------2-----.2-+ --26= 50 Hinitrandysteelusevofs.2 see va ceees Soars igecnls saat Same oa eee ere sae eee eae O17 Flint, Dr. James M., curator of materia medica....-........--. .---..---060. 27, 29,113 succeeds: Dr: Beyer sacs -cee sac ention seas See eee oe 27 Floats used by the Indians of the northwest coast -.-- .- § Weisiate a ceva eae ee per 293 Hicorplanvof Museund Butl dim gees sve eee se ne aaeeistinecieincins oe eoeee nee eer 26 Flora of the Laramie Group, monograph of the...-....--.. ..2ce. se - 22+ wee nee - 189 Hiorencegallusiom) tO) MUSe mI) I > Per eee a eins cee os loan rae el oereiir ete eeeee 6 loridarsaccessions: from .2o4. cere sac nten emi eae oe ice aie eee SO eee 69 information furnished to correspondents in ._....---..---------.----- 58 Folk-lore among the Indians of the northwest coast .-....---.--..------------ 378 Roodveollection,extemt: Ofis cases sacks si Sa tee seis Seen Se ee een eee 22 cooking of, among the Indians of the northwest coast ......-....--------- 278 preparation of, among the Indians of the northwest coast -....-..-..----. 276 Hoodsticurator Of-s 249: sofa. Nee. craw ae mene Lh al Aemeusterle (erm ela ra els Se erat mans 27 papeLon, publishedidurin'e Ghepyeates 22 see see aero eeeeeee tence eee 49 Foraminifera, studies by Prof. Leslie A. Lee of the .........-....-.-..-------- 52 Hordice Morcom Wn p ape Dis =--1s are cic sees se. 2en-ee eee nese: eaee eee 38 catalogue entriesin department of.-.-.-.---.----.----.--.---2-- 23 collected my Vellowistom Oye ask ee eee eee er 38 extent of thejcollection of-te-esascee essa ee eee eee 22 honorary ;curatorofs ee eee ea oe tects eee eee ee 28 identification of, by Prof. Leo Lesquereux-...--..---..-------- 52 papers/on)publishedidurinio ihe yeateee sess ee eee eee eres , 49 planvotiexhibitloniseries|Olss een e eons esee eee eee eee eee Eee 190 report on the department of .---....---- Se Ses 189 review, of work ini department Of-2222-22 0.4. eee ee eee Ste Rox i Wercls a biued/svesxe lia moe clamvypitt Ins erent ere ar 147 presents bITds Goose eee eae Neier aU ee 69, 71 Boxes) mountineyoroupsior commence dares sae ease see ears ae eee 60 iBrancewcasts\ot human heads tromessses essere soccer ee en eee eee 74 ethnologicallobjectstrombees see eee eee eaten eee eee eee eee 90 information furnished correspondents in ...--.-----..-----.--------- 58 BrankdingsyS perm opiuile ma ojuimbe dee ae cts eet eee ee 61 Krazer‘onstotemismi..2502 9225.2 2eou see tas ae omic oe ce oe eee 245 Freemen among the Indians of the northwest coast. ...--.....---.---.------<- 251 Eriedlander’s catalogues eo estos: ase sae acy Sau las eee ee 142 Fritsch, E., marble and alabaster received from --2---. -2-----.-=2---2--2---s5- 71, 200 Puller, Woda eect cece, Cae oO AOe oe ie roese ane srecciae Steels Ola Sane penre cee soe ee 207 Hulton; ‘Robert, bust painted .o5- cee eon ck et eecieeein os oan ee Pee eee eee 63 Hupp, exhibition Obese. sak aceee ese sn atoms ecssiss soe ee eerie eee 190 Funk Island, collections from, identified....-.-.. epeaia eis wieseis Stein) scape eee 52 Expedition ow eesee ae ae Soetoro hae oe eee eee Soar Chae ee 81, 493 resultiof expedstion tons 22252 neos ot eee eee ee Oe ee ee eee 80 Hurnitureiand fixtures) sso sso Steaks ceca alaros eee ee eee acer eee soe 56 constructed in the Museum workshop, statement of.......----.---- 57 Fur-seal spears used by the Indians of the northwest coast --..-...----..----- 288 Gabb, Prof. W. M., fire-making appliances collected by ..---.---.-.-----.----- 544 Galapagos Islands, land tortoises from the --...---.--.------.---------------- 178 visited by the steamer Albatross..........--.------------ aay 2 Mh Galbraith, ©) S., birds purchased from... 1002525 5-02-2225 22 se 92 ta Gale; Denis; presents; bird Skins/and eggs) <2 22 neces see se ene see eee Oo (eE Gaming implenients 25. Sos. eas soe sae Soe eee ee ees Saree eee eee 648 Gammarus, specimens of, presented by R. Ellsworth Call.......---...--.----- 174 Gardens of the Indians of the northwest coast .... ..--..-.-..--.------------ 334 Garrison, H.)S:, presents mul ounite) cules sees se= seer re see ee eee 200 Gastropods, Hast American- revision) Ole =ee eee reer teat eee ssa ee eee 162 Geare, R. I., in charge of correspondence and reports -.-..----..------------- 57 Gemvycollection; crow th of thes sss-- “essen sence eee teen ea eee eee 195 Gems; exhibition series: Of 22222 Gaccee cescoe meses ee eee = en eee ee eee eee 25 Geognosy -..... ee ey ener sere Bee A RG Coe MS ns SO nese aS dSo 201 Geographical index: to list of accessionsese sce. eee se ene eee ee eee 791 review of the more important accessions --....---.-------------- 66 Geography and exploration, papers on, published during the year. -.-.-.-.---- 49 GeolosicaloMuscummn’ Paris, allusionstoleee eeeeen seo eee eo eee eee eee eee 6 SunvVey.)Wkis.,.C0-operation ota nese 2s] ease ee Seen eee eee eee 80 curators detailed from thes... -2-- --2-2- cece. e-ooee 27 minerals (ransmittedsby.-- oe ce es seee eee eee eee eee 196 INDEX. 841 -_ Page. Geological Survey, U. S., sends rocks from New Jersey. ..-. .--+++---2-++----- 71 and fossils collected in New York ....-.. 71 Surveys, collections made by the ...-..-.--- ------ ------ ---------- 18 George Catlin Indian Gallery, allusion to ..---.-.----.------ ---------+---72--> 8 The, publication of....-....-.-:--------------- AT Georgia, accessions from 2220-2 22.--22 22220222 2 -- cece heen are ae 69 information furnished to correspondents im --...------------------- _58 Geothlypis philadelphia, eggs and nests of... .-.. .----- ---- -0--------+--+----- 151 Gere, J. E., sends archeological objects and fossils....-.-.------------------- 73 German National Zoological Museum, information sent to0..---. .------------- 11 Germany, information furnished correspondents in..---. .-------------------- 58 INGINGME) BINGE WIGHEOS WRONG As5 casone oes sasasA coe bo eeos dens caecoa Ss 74 Gilbert, Charles H., notice of paper by ---.---- ------ HR essa One 712 WAPEL Dyieae sco sacace aise ces ateiaia n) Sere ole ane Sete laete Settee reer 47 sends) a) collection of tishestes sees oe ses eee ret 158 GulbentG. Ke co-operation of-22-2. 22.2 .2.22 0 sccce. oe cee esos teneisa-eee oe 126 memberom lecture cOMmmitteesas-ececen cesses ete eteee ees 59 Gill, WGts,, COD OONAIIOINO!EeaneNRersaan manne aPOneeribeoane cH seecmHosocécmacd-cocs 126 Gill, Theodore, notice of papers by.-----.-..------.------------- -------------- 712 Glanville, Miss Mary, curator of Albany Museum, Grahamstown..--.-------- 162 ChE NINO Cee ae ee aN ME an oon BaGosoceoS 162 Glaze, application of, in the manufacture of porcelain ..... ---.------------ 437 Glennan, Dr. P., presents a Virginia deer .-..--...------------ Sa ee rn ae 216 Glover plates, overhauling of the.-......---.--2.---- +---2+ s----- 1-2-2 eee 35, 165 Cilymuadom ink Equus; DEAS! 252. See errs acter e sie) aaa = ee) wel ial in ere 127 Cohelhmsrestablishmentvalllision onthe nscseeeee seo cece ceeieee ce eee eee eee et 6 odmancand) Salvin insecis: received trom: -25= 24-5 e-)142--- ace tee 167 S@ohoenzun, 105 1D. seadls) (Colley oui) Boo son seouse sous cobonesseesu sadecn sadascdqsc 67 Goldfuss, Otte, shells received from-.......-.-..-------------- ------+----=--=- 74, 161 Goode, Prof. G. Brown, assistant secretary, report of...--...----.------------- 3 letter from Jo We Osborn6 to 22225) 28 ene eee 117 member of lecture committee. -..--..------.---...----- 50 notice of papers by.------- ---- dita ncecd antes ie aoe 712, 713 Goss, Col. N. G., birds’ eges contributed by-...--..--------------------------- 33, 151 Is She SUOMGS Grey here hye Seen sosn coos cbeede baecerocdeeccss eecessccc 713 NIRESoING LU eee ooeen aode odes EoedooeouccBepUuLSerpaco race 147 Government Department telegraph service .-....--.--.-----.+----------- ---- 5d NGI, COD WAINOMN OF scosgecces ceuend ccna eee soosseooe acue os0e 10 political, among the Indians of northwest coast.--------.---- --- 243 Gramm, Otto, sends specimen of Coregonus williamsont ..-- .- oe ate ae eee 157 Grampus, cruise of the schooner, to coast of Labrador.---.----- 34, 80, 81, 174, 179, 181 fishes collected by U. S. Fish Commission schooner ------.----.---. 34 identification of fishes collected by the schooner ..---.---.----. weeny OO SOMANS WM CRIMES WT ANN = Boo soseooucacoeoaesnccceosnde saeeooscce s5600¢ 155 surface towings collected by the ....-.---..--------- .-------------- 176 Grand Manan, once the habitat of the Labrador duck ......----.------------- 32 Grant-Bey, Dr. James, sends collections from Egypt .-----.----.-------------- 66 Grant, General, deposit of war saddle of.........-......---------- -----+-----: 29, 115 (Ginny PACE, TUNSIIERMNOA OF Wi Vocsec sdoasasasa tosses Ss5acs Seobod sates 22 5e5- 65 Graphic arts, S.R. Koehler, acting curator of ..-:....-.-----.-.--- s---<5 --- === DEP) CANO Te OF Colour OF too c6hecass saeseceacsssabno Sxoncooscs 29 statement relating to collection of -......---...-.-+...---..- 2s as) WALES “‘Graphische Kunste,” copies of, received from Hon. E. O. Graves .-..-.------ Graves, Hon. E. O., sends a collection of India proofs...-.....-.-..----- 5 aislaiche 30,77 842 INDEX. Page Graves, M. 'W., coins received frOm) .205 seis ones case sna aipis ancien nile nisin ae 115 - (Cre MOSS WKOUNAILE OL 35555555 oonS cooo Robe cose5 2 2So500 doosSd cesco0 seece5 5 oe 61 Squirrels; ;orouploL, mounted eee steese setae eine ere ne scecte echo 60 Great Auk, bones of the, secured by Mr. Lucas...............--..-2..«-2----= 81,181 extinction Of the: 2255 22. i2j5 oe tu dialecs wien s wlsiel wesaee We ne Len as ainee cise aereeenioe 60-63 Henshaw, H. W., member of lecture committee --.........------------- ---c-- 50 plants from the District of Columbia presented by-....----. 192 Co-operation: Ofi2 ek Hick pee eas oes ede ae semis cere tae 126 HCN AU Ce OSLO LTIONNOL eos sat none a eis eens oe aioe hein nae Selon eters occa aaa 190 Iniereloery, PON, Jeleseoverty 18}, NCIS LOW? scooccosnc coum coca ceocoe cane deSnod Ea0* ae 50 Herbstastood\ of Indians) sane. aceon ns oon he sade eee seals leona eee aaeee 270 Herring fishing by the Indians of the Northwest coast.........--..----------- 299 Herron, Dr. Charles S., sends supposed antidote for snake bite...--..--...---- 153 Herzer:. El. sendstiossulplamts;= 2-55 so coe5 scea coed esee 115 Haistory, paper on, published’during theryear 22) 2222-22-22 s2s)e2 nee 49 Hitchcock, Prof. C. H., relief map of Oahu received from ....-......-..------- 200 Hitchcock, Romyn, acting curator of textile industries. ............--..---.-- 27 NOLICEOF Papersibiy aeons Oe es Ae ae ee 713 On Jiapameseptine= cialis) sey naa eee a a ene 502 Wwinseditermites received trom eesea= eee as eee === 766 Hobbs, W.H., sends rocks ............--. ETA he pe ot ioe Ces 70 Xochiapulco, ethnolopicalispecimens from: 22-2. 2.2.25 22-2224 5454 622s se eeeeee 90 Hoesior digeing oolsies kote Oaee Cee aes cat Be ani) a etn ae eae 644 Holm; Eh", redetermines the; duplicate caricese-2=-22-2-5- =) =e eee 193 Holmes, William H., honorary curator of American aboriginal pottery ....---- 27, 31 notice of paper bys. es eee eee ee eee 713 TEPORb. OF e808 Wa ND Cal dB ee ROR ores ye ea - 105 special mesearchestoftes sete eee eet eee ee eee eee 105 Honduras; collections) from eos2e as secctnsem ener ace cece mene eee ees one 67 deerskings from ¥i 200 see ay NS I 32 information furnished correspondents in......--.-.--.--------- +--+ 58 Hood. D.. contributes reptiles. 3255 25255 eae eee eee eee eee eee 153 Horan, Henry, superintendentof buildings 5.92. 2-25 4s. sea oe eee eee 53 Horn, Dr. George E., entomological papers presented to the library by...--.-.- 41 Horn, Dr. George H., Lachnosterna sent for study to.-....---..--.----.-- en Oe Od Hornaday, Wil. chiefitaxidermisth=. 22225455" eern lasen a 60 collects elk antlers and living animals in Idaho ..-.-..-.--- - 262 liviniganimalls: 2. t2eeen ole Soa cen ese eee eee 81 Curatonotelivinovamimna| sees seseee eer nae 7, 28, 40, 141, 213 makes collecting trip to Pacific coast ..---..----..--------- 63 nobice of papery sescceneecos ohio eae eee eee 714 PAPers Prepared by sees So se mee ee ce ee 218 presents specimens of fossil wood...-.....-.. -.------------ 66,73 visits Western States and Territories ............--...----- 40 Horse antelope, mounted. 2.226 sence 2 eee ne ee ae ee Oe ee 61 Hough, Walter, aid in department of ethnology...........--..--------------- 27 notice of papersibys soe se ee ee ee en oes ee ee 714 Onitine-ma kine wap pares eee ee eee eee ddl Houdon, life cast of Washington by......-.......-..-- sec cecde Gee 116 House Committee on Appropriations, reference to letter addressed to the..---. 20 Household boxes used by the Indians of the northwest coast......----.------- 318 Houses, construction of, by the Indians of the northwest coast....--..------- 305, 374 Howard (University, Washington, De C.c5s2s5 es eee 10 Hoxie) Capt... 14., presents a Vireinia deers sessae ss ee en 78, 216 Hsiao-yao porcelain’ 162.226.520.252. 5 eS ee ee 406 Hsiuchou-yao porcelain ..... ..-- soot ee SAO eerie eae Re een i 406 INDEX. 845 Page FSi aRChOULy aon WOLCOlaINe es <2). -,ca1c8 soso wien Sa peniaes eee ate ae ee 407 Hsiiante period, manufacture of porcelain during the .-..-......-.-.....----- 412 TIC ISOy, UO Rbic ed odos Geno DD SC Ce a CEE AE ee Iao Bras cha ers eiae Doc eomaEas 207 dranehis mane Series eta eed seein eeeamece ace Roe eee 199 Inln@ines, IMEI Cros [ON OSIES) hy RS Beco wanaboso poeoee wooo cokeebee dooo Goes cose 47 Human beast of burden, reference to paper on..---.........------------------ 30 ELUMOAM KOPMESTN EMMONS Hoo S45 ase choses Bases6 boueadaccodoacos dooms ogaces socc 668 Humpback whale, removal of cast oe EA Oee ee Ramones a Sassen mosanceacosS 140 Hungchih period, manufacture of porcelain during the............-..----.--- 415 Eunberiany Museumainiwondon,) allusion tos 22-245 25 45. -55 see eee 6 Hunting and fishing by the Indians of the northwest coast.............-.---- 297 ipapindians sire-makaine apparabuson thessss-25+.-)2 s-20- eee eee ee amon TstuorTere, Alba, COMA NMUES 1 DAG o6 boo soa gee Cos bese cobebe codecs cosoos 153 EM Aen-VAOMpOLCOlalMe ss teee ec Mca Le mene Sue i cl 0 oleae 407 Huxley, Professor, definition of a museum by --....--............-..--------- 16 Hyde, G. B. and W. B., present archeological objects.............----.-..--- 67 LGPROPRES CORE RUE SacBee SS SESS SO CE OR HOO COE Ee ee eta 2S eA 148 IGAINO, QEGEISOMS TROMWCS SE 55 BhaG rca Sook cRcS COMO nob eae ESeB HERB aeEG AGEs oscace 69 COnlectimes trip, tOmmerctters eset seri seser eins se 5 ) eels s2 = ee eee 32 California, fishes of, obtained by the steamer Albatross ..--....---..--- 178 Sultmtamprossillshinkexchillyi bi OTs serie see eye ee ea 184 Obtaimedee Soc O sa sis ats atone is Se ee ee eee 1833 Lubbock, Sir John, concerning totemism -----...._-. BE SS see MOR TAS act 249 HEU CAS MENT © CLOTS G PAW: erste) ea 2 ao Ne SNS TMB R20 ea A Aci ce a 175 accompanies the Grampus to Labrador._._....-.-...--..-.-- 81,179 assistant curator, department of comparative anatomy .------ 28 colllectsmisheseee see ase pee REE MEER Pram aorg oobace 157 identification of mosses collected by ........-.......---..---- 192 MOLICELOhPAaperseDypoc cece oasis Hee eee ee ee ee 717 Obtaimsibone stories Gre ashen losses =e 181 osteolosistteeercesc ssmcanse jem asa see sels aac See eee 64 TENDS) BD Cee adug ue a aed Of peo Eee AN SReE aS Sos ketecotcaone 493 presents ayzebra skal Soe es Se Se ee eee 140 Lungch’ing period, manufacture of porcelain during the -.-......._--....-..- 417 ILimaGly tiem (ONC OIE Nise Beet e eS Oo ees Ree eee AEE mre e a laccGks Soe = 403 ILinxeHN noms WINE, HMIIITOMN WO ccsess cous c4dees Sonbbs eoeece cooses aseke osee 6 LU QODOWUGOOB c556 co50 CaobSD Spo Beoolospn sod eo betmedbaeooseuus bacccs asco Koco cs 190 ILA OMS WUUSOMITNS, HEARN TO) 6 sees hoses aaeond Gone babeos wsosbs Consoeantcaacose 133 Mackenzileskiverwire-hearthotrom the: sesso 255s osee eso See ese eee ee 560 MBC MHEESON. ga MSLONY tO me f(s ciie,- cm 2as, Sela ste ore ciate jones use See eee ile) MacRae, Donald, contributes a ‘‘ mad-stone”.--..-....----. Re ee a = 153 MAGA MAS CAE SA CCESSIONS) {TOM i221 jasyeseai sees Ses Sajna aot aoe ee eee 66 ethmolosicaltsn iby ects) irome sees ce iets ore ye ee 91 Mademaelangshells OM. 2: eis siec ee 1s ge -Letsise) =e 8 sence dora ee ee ee 160 MAC OlomiAliee DP OCHS 95) ) s/s) fe a a nominee eet lcind cise eee ciStaere aah ae Oe 615 Meardnvorrallusions) topmuUse mms in-ear eee eee ee eee ee eee 6 Magdalene Island visited by Grampus....-. Weis bajsernere oes Sa lel snc atete yaa ee 81 Magellan, Straits of, visited by the steamer Albatross...--....-...----.-.----- 178 Magoun, George C., sends skin of Dolly Varden trout...--....-....-......---- 157 MENG MORTHOES, bre Vy WING) S45 coanee Gano coados cdeceseeooue bees Seance 554 MatmemmcOUeChOns trOMs. — sacra 45 sue coe ee Sees eae Sone eee 70 information furnished to correspondents in.--.-...---. -...-----2-. eee 58 Locks and MineralsfromM ene 22 he cys as oe ei eee ce Se ee eee ae 39 Meal ayisias aanOnkey AON d= fee = 42 -iisin) ase 2 ee ya eee esi ot Eee eieee ee 75 Mallery, Garrick, member of lecture commiuttee.----- .--220.+-2-52-5- 8255 5eeee 50 Mammtalxcollectiony carducatalosueotessse acess ese eee ene eee eee 141 CONGILION ON theR Ns one ee ace ee as eras ba eies 143 exhibit prepared for Cincinnati Exposition............... 139 skeletonsreleanedgandamounte disses sere iae net eee ae eee eee 64 Skul lsveleanedsandymountedis-a ae eer se aos Soe ee ee eee 64 Skinsd etenloravlomlOr seentuesecn otic el sacee ae oe oon aie ee 143 Naima, lnllOomN AR, Oi WORKS Oil .o5506 605 seoS ulboob ene donioce suekbs coSeus 142 Mania SC COSSIONGT Oba eminiae= see eee on sisela Bes Aol seisis te caess ae a colae ieee eee 142 TOCUHO MSO MeNCOMeCtLON: Ofelia ss oe eae see ede) nee ee ee ee 32 catalogneventries) 1m department Ofss25 .----24-)s2ese+-+ 50+ ss eeeee 23 GolecnedsOyeNVal liam ELOLTAC ayn ccs nine ee Sees. Sse) Sanne 81 curator Of.-._.. - QUO Cade Sapa Huecrcocse DEDObO. BE oy Heese bdameeco secs 27 BP CISUE DELbIOM Oliqesiat=aeeeu eee 852 INDEX. Page. Mammals, groups of..-..----- ---- -----+ ---- -- 2-2 oe eee eee eee ee Fees ee 24 living, obtained by exchange ..---. .----. -----.---------..-------- 221 OWNER ISS: HRA oo ce ohon ocuosoe asoobadebooseo case 221 USNS RES on Sal nodosgs peau oncees soSecc soosstccac css 50s 220 eaKOLOUTUNEOL, ClinwTAEY (HONE) WENO Sosa case se conncss deo sone sosec0 nos5 22507 61 number of species in the department of._.......---.--.-----...---- 22 Papers) On, MEPTOCES MINES vO le eee mre terete eee 47 published idurinoyihehyeaye ase e eee ee eee eee eee ema 49 TMOUOEROINS OF oosac5 os Seep oncos bose Sos SaossH Sag4oe Foees0 2eS22c5 65 principal accessions to department of...-...--....----...---.--_... 139 THE| OOH Oht CUMPMWIOIP Oloose 5-550 seco dososs Se ssencess6e acces cess sass: 139 review Ofawonrksim vnerdepantment/Ot == —=ssss=e =e ee = eee 32 Sectionalalibranygotd epantmMenbtio tesa = sss sl] se aes == aaa ee eae 43 Mandan Indians, fire-making implements used by the .--..----.--....- .---.- 545 MleKoG, MUIMENON TO S65656G4 Bodo oS hn4n chad bobs cosdSe osossssossouse se oss sesce: 118 Manigault, Dr. G. E., sends a black bear--- ~~. -2-- 2222 28 ee ee ee 216 Wao Or Ney AgHlanmnGl 54 céen66 Goes co sces bgocca so5095 5555 soG5 SaeoosSaSose- 385 Mapes) Hemmye) presents) maimensal sites se ae eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 196 Weroony, Jol Wwelllanegyo, AOE WA~osocee Hooch Seas cead cone ood soe cs Sodooe Csosos 47 WikheGlibo, ANSShpMANOY RERNLITROIN 65 Soe bso deed es baos dese cece esedoueeoaes odo0e0 os 94 Marine invertebrates, additions to the collection of .......----..------.-..--- 36 catalogue entries in department of........---.----..--- 23 cataloouine the collection of -----* {<< ee -e=- es ee 176 GHISHAMOUIMOMN OE .cos5o6sccsccasasocsccesco sone: 36, 45, 174, 180 honorary, CULaloL Olsen sass see ee ete eee eee 2 BE: MAYES MH Os) ON 556 God cen ses aeoooa ceases ceoess soseks 36 number of specimens in the collection of...-...-.--.-.-. 22 papers on, in Proceedings, vol.9.-.--....-.....--..----- 47 published during the year -...-.........__.. 49 Teportion the department of 292: = sss e aa ee 173 retained in Smithsonian building ...--...---.....-..... 25 review Of workan deparhmentiOl asses —e=-eee eee eee 36 sectional library of department of...........----.---.-- 43 special work in department of ..---...----...---- ete 36 Markland, General A. H., deposits war saddle of General Grant--.----.------..- 29515 Marmot, the capture of, by the Indiaxs of the northwest coast..---.-.-...--.- 302 Marriage among the Indians of the northwest coast..---------------------- SEO Marshall, Georse, Sead sppiids) eee seein ee eee ee ele ae eee eee 70 Wiengsineyll elo4 Semls lobedls.646 55552 S665 code ebgoan cos e5 BU BROSON BoDSa5 Cods Sos 70 Marsh, O. C., honorary curator of vertebrate fossils.......--..----.-----....- 28 Wiemasyonell, ORs oeneNNONN, Cie Cbry SIRO Of 6 os Soos0 poodes edesocSsco Sass soos Sots 62 Martha’s Vineyard, until recently habitat of Heath Hen .----.. Shpebo chicas Soe 32 Maryland, collections from -.-...----..----.---------------- oS Sobecoscsesese=s 70 information furnished correspondents in..--....-.-.-----.--------- 98 Marx, Dr. George, arachnida received from .-.--- <----«--------=---------=- =~ 169 assistance mendeneduDiveeeee sete eet == eee eae 52 Masks worn by the Indians of the Northwest coast .--..--- Sposesdeosscs coos ses AD Mason, Prof. Otis T., concerning totemism.--....---.-.--.--- cca peesegcaces 250 curatomotet hnolosyeeee=e eee Ee eece aoe ao Reenter 27, 30 lecture by. 22. s-eee occas reece eeer sear ee eee 50 member of lecture committee.----..-.---..---. .---..---- 50 Moticeror Papers Dyess ceseteeh ese eee eee 717 LEPOLT.OL Wasser raced ie eeee sti dee ee eee Gee eee 87 Massachusetts, collections fromecea-eeeceeee. Eee eee eee eee eee eee 70 information furnished correspondents in..--...---.------ noses 58 INDEX. $53 Page. Massachusetts; kyalilanap) from’ssie face 2 so ne serene eterna ea Senet oe mses Cae 90 OCU AG LMM AY SHON Bea Eee odooed Ckcose Scsoon coebos Gobo 39 Materia Medica. additions to collection! of-224222 25025 220e eee eee eee e see 29 Cataloouelentriesinisecctioniofiesse a eee eee eee 23 collectionticlassincationok thes tees seen eee ee 113 extend Of aco cios Siac sls Nose eee ee EE ee eee 22 crow thiof they s.s2.) 2 aa ee eon eee eee 113 (Oi Se Sao a Me Mn eae HAIER avy Relay ato ec er La PSO UN tac 29 pLresenticondition oihes eee nese eee eee eee eee 114 UEANSTOR Of pe 2s ea ayes eee ee Cees ee ere 113 honoranyacurator ofmers oe ps eee Pa PRS ph a ee AE 27 labelssprimibe dsforise ction tee ae eeerer eye eee ae 59 ADS OM, am) WinoCeeauNs), WOl, Qssshc6 ca nance seecno cooeso nore 47 publishedidunine-thenyeanr =-se ese eee eee 49 Teponb onthe sectTOnvosi.: sess is se Lye ry eee ae ee 113 SECHOM A MMOTAT Yea ee ae oct oes i ieee ae ee jabs 43 Mats made by the Indians of the northwest coast ..._..........--.----..----. 312 Matthews, Dr. Washington, member of lecture committee.........-..----.----- 50 sends ethnological objects.and photoyraphs.--.--.- val May mands Ge Wis SONGS COPPeLOLeme seen] ve cche cs ccise ess 2 ss eee eee 75 AV anysnt ets Win ws SOUCS!OLE Sie set ass Sen ersteiais. ci 2. ik 1c t Sins Sy ee ere ee 7 Moanyickenwaliliams Gs papel Dypeccen taaemeries = cocci se ole seoe oe See ee ee 47 Me AIisSter Ose ph send siklym enopberaees sess. =e: 22 sce eee eee 72 McBean, Mrs. Anna C., sends ethnological objects ...--...---.---------------- 73 MeCarthiyaGeralda plants purchased frome...) os soos see se ene 69 presents a collection of North Carolina plants.-..---.---.--.- 192 Sends; planitsice saeco oe ness eeedaceee ose Et ea ene 72 McCloud River Indians, fire-making apparatus of the..............--------.--- 537 MeCormckwirs J. C.,sends varied collections. 4522. sem ons -4-\ ees a eee a McCormick, Mrs. Sarah C., sends arrow and spear heads.-.--.-----...- sear 69 Shells eess Se se ee Sains SERS See eee 70 varied collections:==ses-eeoe eee ee eee eres 72 McDonald, Colonel Marshall, courtesies extended by ..---....--.-.----------- ag IKONS) Cit OLYORIED IDA oaco onan ce cand ceoo cece OnOS00 ql Mic Gees erotessorucooperation Of ssasec mee neem eae eee nee eo eon Soe eae eee 126 McGlashan collection of prehistoric objects...-........-------.-.e-c-- ---- eee 137 MGHIripaniiln, I Coxe) Nemoexe: Ore URIS) MUN, aececo cosGoe coe bone Hoc GoacEE coos ecee 147 MeNcilleseromes notice of papers) DYyjcc2 sense see niccee cee cae eae oon oes 717 MeNiel, J. A., Chinqui pottery obtained by.-......--. saeyeeie dauios bee Meet 74 collection of pottery from --.--_-2.-.-.<- SMe cee See Ae Sete 31, 105 MektersonnC ollegewMicizherson ys kansis== eee eee ese eee en ee ae eee 180 - McPherson, General, model of equestrian statue of .................-.-------- ia statuerrepaired a cise Son wees asa see saneme cs aa eee 63 (Me dallstr collections Olivers em tea teres halal arse rte eee sa rel ere 115 POCOLVEC Sere case reins Sereche on ete ore Sista olka ae iar alae oer ee ature 115 Meduse, reported on, by Prof, J. Walter Fewkes............---..-----..-.---- 52 IMeer= Ka tim OWINbe dipper ae hate tts oh ois istn rae eter eee be ek cia are oa Bitte yele note 61 MCE bIN Gs! Of SOCTELICS Py-te ela steaiaeroe Jee h reese ice ence ehh E canoe eee 50, 51 Meigs, General M. C., presents a collection of trade circulars....-.-.---.------ 78 MeisenbachyalluStOmeto et asec loa stews ape eRe aes rae ta, SO a le Sy apenas 118 Mendenhall iErotwi Cc slechurelbya sas cnce scence eee aoe eee eee ae eenee 50 Menninsy dimension sy Ofer s) asta gerne ce Sara eset cle aeons Sete 2 wine Senses 626 Menominee Indians, bow and arrows of the...-..--..-----. .0.2---0 -eceenennee 90 Mercer heiwWe, sendsstone! implements\s22555 2-eess.4 teccessactinsc. saeeccleeces 72 854 INDEX. Page Merriam, Dric. Hart, birdsiexchanced with ea -seeee eee eee eee eee eee 147 co-operation, Of. oes is ocise ces sees sheen oe eee ae 182 memberjor lechureronmittee 2 pee ssese eee eee eee 50 moose-skingoptamedebhnouc hess == =e eee eee eae ae 140 notice Of paper by. scs ee se wen e ce cae eee eee ee ala presents) DIGS (i242 ee ac cis 2 is See eee See ea eee 71, 147 Nests and /OLASe oo se cee ace cele See eee 151 Merrill) DroJd.iCs, birdsseges contributed bye sess een esas ae eee eee eee 33, 151 contributes reptiles| eee esos pene ees aes ee eee ae eee 153 notice of paper DY scece tec co eee eeee secs cece eee 718 presents/small mammals fee -.es scene ee eee eee 140 sends mammals: >.) 320 Js scale cies | abe ke iene ae an numerous zoological collections........---..-----..---- 72, 78 skulls of small mammals received from....-..-.---.----.-- ahd auc L Merrill, George P., collects rocks in Massachusetts....-.-.--....---..---.----- 70 curator of lithology and physical geology.-...--..-----: 28, 38, 199 makes collections of rocks and minerals .--...---.--...--.- 200 notice:ot papers Dy oss! Wee ase ee een eee ee Mae Wiis paper by..----- EE CE EA RM eae eN Eo ar muRaoe e Goce s 47 presents bowlders of glaucophane rock..-....--..---.----- 68 Tocksjand minerals colllectedi byes oe a-e eles 39, 70 a (otra gt) DY Erna w [Perr eras ey eae a Seth ns em een ate Ne ee EO en ek ENS eS es acas 207 Merriman. WalliameBive 5305 vas Sa ee ko ee) ae See ie aoe ee eee 207 Merula MUunindi cee ose SLs coe Sarglo os Sclerosis site sane) ei ana eee 148 Mesozorcstonmationiorm North Am enicaye semen eee eee ee eee 37 fossils) additions tothelcollectionioteesss2 see" sores ease eee Seen ay honorary (curatorOf ee soe Sea ee toes ee tee oe ee 28 extent otuhercollecnionsokee sree s == seer sees =e eee 22 fossils, report on the department of =2--22---s--25 225225 == eee 187 review of work in the department of ...--.....---..--------- 37 sectional library of department of .........-..-.-.---------. 43 Metallurcicalispecimens, distri butlonkotese 42s eee eee aeee eee eee ee 45 Metallurgy and economic geology, accessions to the department of .--.-...---. 39 catalogue entries in department of......--- 23 change of exhibition series assigned to de- PERMITS ING Obst S5s5 oobece ssc beso Saeed 320s 25 condition of the collection in the depart- MeN Of se oases eos dcee beer eee 210 CuLratoriOfe si. Pa Ne2 pele soe eas iS Me 28 labels printed for department of.......-... 59 number of specimens in the department of -. 22 papers on, published during the year..----- 49 report on the department of.-.-..-..--.--.- 209 review of work in the department of--..---. 39 sectional library of department of....-..-- 43 Metal working by the Indians of the northwest coast.........--------.-.----- 320 Meteorites, enlargement of the collection of.----..--. .2-- 2, -- <2 ese = 22s ee 195 exhibition, series Of. 2c 2.02 ee ee Se on So oeteme oo eh ee eee one 245 Mexican birds, review (of 205 2 a. ava oor ee ee is Cee eee 32 Government sends naturalists to Washington ..-....---..------------ li IROMMeteoritecash ote sees He eee eee eeeae eee Pa aoc ayant Se ee 63 Mexico, accession from.......... wa cS APO CO gy NER: Og pre: 67 collectionsireceived: from) <35-- 2552 ee eee eee eee eee eee il CUCU S'S hire ern ey ss Ue NU eae ol a Be AUC be aeons 114 information furnished correspondents in .............------- +--+ ---<- 58 ee a ee INDEX. 855 Page. Mesa COMPLAMUSEELO MICs 25 c0~ ace Ss cbig an eae atl IU oat ag gn eR eye eee eT 38 JONG Teh ta 8 0.0 Ye ere ce Pee TE A GS LG 2 ie yl i oe ea 105 APS ONO tC AIG Steel aaa Aya Tl ee a ee A arse te Ue SN SI 580 Michicammcollectromy tomes 2 50095) A a ar i eye an ep 70 information furnished correspondents in.....---.-.----.---------«- 58 VISES Gren era NAG ss Cota Tt EI) es Itt eT UN pg a ORE gD oe V7 Military Academy (U. S.) sends a mecklace sone ie ee ee 71,78 GeCOTALTIONSITECO Ive Mee Ls sae Nd Sey 115 iNOW in JE yaS. CMU, Wsssoe5 Sosdoscono coo cokabeaascusoecessos 6 Milerens ss pLesemisablack= bear culbsemec ence eee eee eee eee eee eee 216 Milonic Mes leademexchanee: witht. oes 4-ee oe Sone eee en ae eee 46 Mis sivobentrAesend scole op te raise {cece pete sie e ai eae ee 69 specimen of Acanthocinus nodosus received from .....--------- 166 WOSRRUS DOGO OST Sees S So ae GAC EOE eR perme eee ee AE A Sas 146 Mineralooicalvoby ects wne ga tives Ok sys eee rea eater ee 65 TDIPDTHES), ONG eye a Lee eee an RAE ere ae a soaued 65 Minerals wad aitionsEuonthercollectionof s-=s25.5-- 22s eee eee eee eee 38 catalozue entriesiin: department of---. 2 ee. 2425 soe ee eee eeeee eee 2 23 condition of the collection of ..:............--. Red Dad Re re hae ene 197 distri uiblomWOhseeene sae ioeciag ae oids oo Gos. ase pene eee ee eee eee 45 OTN OH We COMECHIOM OF o55 cooseg sooo ance Soon buee soboKd con oAoKe 22 honorary curator of .-.-....---. Ree PE ee a and Gacaue 28 TGA Of CONMGCMOM OFso56 coco obscene cous boce oie Maree eee eee Ene 25 Papers;on epuUblished during: the) yeak)--s2ee + cose eee eee eee eee 49 THEDOL CIV WOO CIO DEWAN TG OCs bobo same s5e0 codb bS5c0K60 seo6 66h Se00 oo08 195 TOWOW OL WwOreks Tha TING) GEERT A OLE So5sc5 cosa soocc6 son S oe neco cuss 38 sectional library, of department of. .-- .2-2-- 5.2. -2..---- -- oss see eee 43 Ming dynasty, progress of the ceramic art during the .-.......-..--...------- 408 Ministry of public instruction in Paris, allusion to....--.-.-.-.------...----- 7 Minneapolis Exposition, antler exhibit for.............-..-.---..----.------- 5 ee Preparations for then senses esse eee eee ee ee eee 53 report upon participation of Smithsonian Institution UDG eyecare eueels Halse haces Se arate eres 82 Industrial Exposition, W. VY. Cox, representative of Smithsonian En Stitwtro nates te Sse Seemep eeepc mise eee eee ae ea 28 Minnesota, information furnished correspondents in.--........--. .-see0-----s 58 Nirocenesilexs bed siohe Ramp ails ays sss tree eee ated ee ae 163 Studyeormollisksfaumayotahherereerer ae ale ee 35 NGSSISSip pI cOMectioOns frome erent) a eRoaia S Senincie shoe ae ee 70 information furnished correspondents in.........-...----..----.- 58 Wihesomeh, COlleCiMOnMs Wes Jeoss ons coné coe dos bqu507 show ee soacconocans soncEs 70 information furnished crrrespondentts in=----5 -+-sss 2-25.22 sees se eee 58 Witielnglll 18s Woon censcncccsss snan osocus Hoccus epeoudeadoss chs actedeadec ose 60 WORPMOG MGR. 5 5 sce esa cae coe Soon Selea an odoe ce Gade pecene Coouce Sed ade Sanece once 180 Mocking thrushes, Mexican and Central American, review of .....----...---.- 150 Modelersworksaccomplishedsbyathese-e een eeeeee ree ene eee eee eee 63 WOKS NOD, WEEKES WO WS) Sone eboeg easoas coobcbocgese caoase ec ocee 18 Models illustrating history of transportation, series of, prepared for Cincinnati IOCRMITN sascocensea Sosend ccoues poss oc GoasogaseS BeaDoNSoSS Dse Sac 110 oOMocomolvyeslandacarsidepositedaesesseeeeeee eee ee eeee seereeeee eee 109 Modern dress of the Indians of the northwest coast -...........-.--....------ 265 WIG GHREAIOO Kies Sab aeoe Cen OOCR ESE AOE HOO Dae Hen EE ae Onna mnm Ec ssc FD) IMPOVORT ALIN OUND E Cerner rie te ese sole carat LSB erate arctan Urn GCE Gre aay) 0s Ato ya 61 Molise saccessions tomunercollectioniOl ~mo.2--s-ejeee eee ee ceceeeeeeene 161 additlonshosthercollectiontoteaseeein- ape eceeee ee eee eee ee eee 35 856 INDEX Page Mollusks, catalogue entries in department of.--.--.--------..----------. --- = 23 catalocuine: the collection Oly ae cease eee ee tee 163 Conditionsoteuhere olllecilomm Oe se eee ne | ete eee 163 distribution of .5 i222 oP eae teem ec eee sehen ieee eee eae ence errs 45 (including Tertiary fossils) report on the department of...-...----- 159 number of specimens in the collection of..-.--.-...----.----..---. 4 22 PAPETS ON, MME LOCCCCIMIOS, vO let see yee atte tet a aera et eet 47 published tduminiothe hye ateese sense eae ee 49 review of work in the department of-- 22-2----- «4-2-2. -ss-25 see eee 35 routine work of department of --...........-.--------- SE eee 159 schedule of registration in department of .-........---...-..--.---- 164 sectionalalibraryor department Olees=—sse= eee eee 43 W.. Bi. Dally curator ones ee eee ee oe eee ya ore ee eee eer 28 Momotombita sland santiquities trom sss cies seer oe anise een eee 134 Monocobyledonsieae sence se ce eee eee REECE neseh cient enemies 190 Montana, collectinovtrip tors = sas sens Sees oem eee eee eee eee eee 81 collections froma t. toe sss Ne ee ee cee iectete sere eae rae ae els 70 information furnished correspondents in....--....---. ---.--------- 58 Montevideo visited by. the steamer Albatross..---.-.-.------.-----------:---- 178 Mont.3B Wi, sendsvorestaeaeeesece neo eneeeclcssereceer sense eae ee 73 Montvillejserpentine, researches upon thess sess. sess. eee ae ee ee 39 Mooney, James, collections of pottery made by.-...----..-----.------+------- 105 potteny received from). .5 325i eee one ee eee 31 Moore, Lieut. William I., on Samoan fire-making apparatus.-......-.---.-.-. 570 Moose mounitine Of crodprol commenced aera ees seen at a ee 60 skin‘ obtained from A. Be Douglas sss sss. seen eee =a eee 140 Mogui; antiquitiesstromesasse;-s ose eee eee = eee ee ee ee eee eee eee 134 villages, models of 4.32 forsee Se eee sees nace. cu cote ee eee eeeeee 133 Moral characteristics of the Indians of themorthywesticoasti==ssssseeen eee 240 Morrison, Charles H:, ‘sends\birdsxegoseec cc losac 5 else e nee eee CAL 8} Morse; Professor ioc ctincceise see cinis serena cee tease ele cisiei ie eee eee eee 115 allusion tO i.3s2cce Ss scyaee seater tae one eee eee ee eee ee 30 Mortars and pestles used by the Indians of the northwest coast -.....-.-..-.. 280 Morton, Dr. Henry, acknowledgment of courtesies extended by -.---.----.... 111 Mortuary columns constructed by the Indians of the northwest coast -.-..---. 328 customs of the Indians of the northwest coast ..----.----.--..------ 351 Moser; Lieut Jib conunbutes epullesree eee aineee eee eee eee Bee 1s} Correspondence awit hes eee sara —e eee esas eee see eee eee a alos sends shellsii2 2. press oe od oe oe ee aneee saree ee 162 Moss; ‘allusion toi 02 cc SS ouch Ge Se eS NR ea ee hs ame a ers ae ee aie eee 118 Mosses; exhibition ofc e252. coe oe ou ie iti toro a ayaa eats Pa ence ae 190 identification of, by Prof. Charles R. Barnes..-....-.---.--------..-.-- 52 Motay, Tessié du, collographicyprints byeessse ee ne eee ee eee eee 121 Mountain goatiskin purchasedt=--: ce-=--eeee- oe ee ee eee 140 Mount: Vernon 2252 .023 555. Seek ene eee ee ee ee eee eee ee 116 Moustiérian epochs io. fio Lecce acer meena eA ee 2 gt lye 613 Moxley; l:, presents a Grivetimonkey meee eco aeee sees oe 216 Miiller, Baron Ferd. v., contributes a collection of Australian plants.-.-....--- 191 Muller? ): Angust, birds purchased fromessass = ee een eee ee see ee 147 Mullins, Wi-J>) presents minerals- ans 2ee nee eee eee eee eee 33 Palmer; Edward: scdaig seis cach cos pence chs cee a eee seen ale eee collections) purchased from)-seee ss eeenee eeee ee eee eee 67 plants: received: from... 25 ss2s25 ~e eee sees e cee eee eee eee 38, 191 sends collections from California .......----..----..--------- 68 Plime) dis ssoGocoSSsso seen oe Ssu60 see Geese de cbeas seen seen teclemece eer 60, 62, 63, 141 Palmer Wilhiamiueee eset een Cie as eee re ie ae eee ec a lee 60, 141 accompanies the Grampus to Labrador ...--..-.-.----.------ 81,179 collects: fishes: .scse 22.225 Lec ae eles sae ce oe oe see eee 157 contributesispecimens 22. -)- seis eos eee ee eee eee eee 73, 154 identification of mosses collected by ----.---.-.--.----------- 192 notice of paper by <2sse2- eee oe sil cce see eae ee oe eee eee rome chilis) presents birds). 25225 soe ee atone saw pao nice senieee = cen e ee Ieee 70, 147 Panamanvisiteah bythe steamer Albatiosse-e-ee- on ene eee eee ane eee 178 Papers describing and illustrating the collections in the Museum......--.-..- 223 for Museumireport. basedion) collectionssessse- eee ee teen eee eee 30 published by Museum officers and other investigators ...-...----..-.-- 48,706 Paragorgua arvonea breeicoraler eee eee eee eee eae eee eee een eee eee eee 174 Paris; allusions to;musenmsyin= sees sere cee oes ease ee esas ee eeeeeee 6 Parke, Davis & Co., ethnological omacts presented byes cs 2555s assenieeeers 75 Parker, Peter iencesfkn sie see eck Secs Sek cise sia Soe cls Bele we ae ecateree ae ae Parkes Museum of Hygiene in London, allusion to ..---.....-..--...--------- 6 Parus gambelli, eggs of..---.. Joes be cis oleae Seine See aes eee ier ee eee ae eee 151 Passenger pigeon, near extinebion Of Species sss. see oe see eis eee 22 Passerine parrots, review, Of genuse. 22226) eee ee eee ae eee se eae eee 150 Patent Museum in London, allusion to the....................---.------.----- 6 Office, contributions trom pathos... 5225 422 sae eee ee ee 7 Payne, Dr. A. T., sends stone implements and geological specimens.-......-..- 73 Peabody Accademy of Sciences sends paleolithic implements ...-.-. ---.-----.-- 70 Peace customs of the Indians of the Northwest coast ......---..------------- 342 Peale, Dri A. C:, collects) woodiopalsoca. tase e eee see eee eee eee eee 70, 196 Relseneer) Paul; correspondenceswithissss-e co eeae ee eee eee eee eee 163 NotCce.oOf paperbypcsss se sec ers eee Roser eee eee eee 718 Pend antssssecs si sc aks sae ce ene etoosieta sielaie shot sielaa alee ei telnet tee eee ere 650 Penfield, Prot. S.L..collects:minerals=seeeeee ee eee tetera aes eee eee 196 Penhallow, Mr. D. P., on the Aino method of fire-making -....---.....----.-- 551 Pennsylvania, collections from s2-2e se => eee see ees eee See 72 information furnished correspondents in .-...--- 2 Cais ise eee 58 Railroad'standard’(model) s5ss se 2=se eee eee ee eee eee 109 Pentacrinus Wyville-Lnhomsoni-=-- see se eee eee een eee eee eee eee eee eee 174 PRenydarren | Wiorks, cast tram) rail Goes sesso e eee eee ee eee eae eee ee eee 109 Perforated gtones; o.oo. ish caus dee cee ce See ee eee ee 655 Perforators - Siwiny elnino neiiene iShaidhe iaieiaw widelehe cisje oe Mrs Stee cle ee ee ee a Ee Oe Perkins, Prof. ic! H., sends prehistoric ‘anysllemenvia bvaiseceeeccemecitceeeraas cae, (ay 28 Perry Expedition, collections Of thew 22s ae A ee ee eee 18 Persian needle-work, sample of Pestles and hammers ............. INDEX. 861 Page Petroff on payment for injuries among Indians. .-....----.---.---..-..--------- Al Peucea estwalis bachmanti, nests and eggs of .....--..----.------ paral aiciote ef sisene 151 BU CRM ON iwas ie a ee eae since ne See ya Re eee eInn er: eae en ce eee anc ae LAG ACCOPRADSHSOMLANIUS: 2s, ssc eae eee n So cee ce eaten eaten ene Seas Sees eae once LOL IPORG Ne, OO 1k, OREM ENN HS) ee orgones. ceUceculbsecco coedeu ubaceo oonece 196 PNALMACOp Coal 8S,) lM CANIM Of cers ose sce a tae oe ere ane eo ee tere Sees 114 LOROHROIG RUS CORIAIG ISS Bee Boe aa AG epee orice bE aca oboceclscwcde bbe bao oD San 148 BERIESTLILUSEOMUNCT SUG ahi teats oe nn ooo Lin chou Sos Suse ele a eee ee ea 147 EO LOSEADNeT WOLKOLs LN 322 oece Sons sos nas sce ee Soe R eee eer ae ee 65 Photographic department in the Museum, eprerenee to these. see sttecasescece 13 nono esnaphs TenlarcementsiOh saa sec 2.12.22 seees Sasa eee eee ee ee ee 65 ethnologie alan aye ees Snes as 4 cle Severe eae Bilas trees 92 Physicalvapparatus, extent of collection of| -525-22. +2225 22s sees sees oeee ee 22 Physiology, papers on, published during the year..---..--.-....--..-----..-.- 49 IPICUDETOIOIISY Cees oo cige Sos DOSE OnE aU a aE eee Ran Re ee rele ames Seema cane 661 Iierced tablets:and) boat-shaped: articles). -.a-ses ese soe eue soon eee eee eee 649 Pilocarpus pennatifolius, drawing of, lent for comparison ..........-....-...--- 52 Pilsbry tA. correspondence with...-...2..2.--2.-2-s-s Seen noon sete 163 Pineyebranch ypaleolithic implements trom) -a-s.)-2 oo oes sees ee eaeeeeee 126 PON ShbmM oe eOUcit Omer KOOLAS) sr «\c\- = oo) co sain socio s Dae) a oe ee eee 583 AMOS beree rene eee ean Seeieracin aloe. elelcvcie's Sic oid wield dia dais b Sis eles welcome Ne 662 AON CIUG ORD NORCOOP EIU © RES 4 Oia ce a7= sheik winio2 al aio n(dluie slo ciaierelaie |e eo eres Sl eee 151 Pitt-Rivers, General, alludes to the United States exhibit at London in 1883-_-. 1L ianissossileands recent. distribmtionvofs.-s4- ees esac eee ee eee enon eee 45 RechionalMlibranysotdepartment Ofeas= see hee =e ee eee 43 papenson Dublishedyduringitheyean = s--.04- sec) sosee)s eee 49 recent, sectional library of department of....-...---.-----..----.---.- 43 lanyeaie Sirs MaviON mw OMO ted Nascleacee sacs s oto ek ness accesses a cosesee ee eee 13 CUT OLONUULC Reet ateee leis yas sae aaie se See ae = ala sls cle oie eect oe Sc eee eS 162 Pliocene beds of south Florida...-.-...-...----.---- wins ain wsvestecee ete ene 163 LP LO NGIIS) BNO! SUN NCNS)Gecceu odee coos Seud ene paso. eusn bGoSCO shoes oeeccessnece 652 ivmounelmnstibute,Hmoland. 22.22 2\cec< + ccna saesteweces oases se eee 39 Pocket gopher mounted......... $ocd bo5ca0 cadoo0 cacoce SccodaccocEs Coss ConO we 61 Poinsett, Hon. Joel Roberts, first suggests the idea of a national museum...... 4 Romi barrow, nre-making OUtit from). 2 - <5 2/2 <2 jaine oeieinel satel sete seanee 561 Hopes wlaiska,etnnological material frome...) aee eee eee eles eee 89 Pome Mena NMSIOMb OH sects se a ce nlelsos'eee amish steaje eee eee eee oe ees 118 Polioptula californica, eges and nest of .-.--..----- 22-220 --sene ee eee ene e nee ) Tel WOH SHedysvoOne NavChStSies sec <2 teins asics ceisjaess = scelee ce sas ea ee eioe ee aeeers 645 Pollock George Hee... 2 =. 39 Goanos SboUne Sous HSoDSS Sonoen oob Soo odoSmn cece = 60 Polynesia ;ACCesslOns) fLOM) == =o) a c= we era neo BOO COCOHO HoDd ecusse oaLeues 75, 92 Rooleoupindianstot phe morthwesticoust-- essen see eee eee eee eee eee 253 A GOEC © LAMM AYE MOMs Oli tate oe ent seats crackin salar e ete seteosiatets | sect: Seeley eee 392 COMPOSE ON, OL Ge osteo foals sarasota a peat Se cu eee epee 435 GECOLATLOM Oleeresctna seis sa sissies a eas = ees earn ee eee 439 CarivesteTMen CONMOL ss jerseys as ets atl aye gS pete eis ee err ee 388 introduction of colored decoration in the manufacture of..........-- 398 manufacture of, during five dynasties ....--.2.-2.2. --- ses. cess once 396 OLIGIMOS DMO RW OLA rasa Salat tetseriaa cia Sale apeiao sais ca eee ea are 394 MAStershia PUNO Ch ejy ee cen rrctsce alee arts eyecare) aera sacs Sere ele rsies eee 437 PLOCOSS LOL DWAIN OW co toe cect iets saora seem) oak eae ae aa eee 43 HOnCUp UNE TCrINOLdS GOMecteds bys Ely Mi, Sea aetna oe.aracism) soieae oes eee ve ee eee 174 ORUETALO DOM LOMD RE! MOMMSi taal aa) a15 tayo nas eas ouisa A he SaaS Aas ele te eee 176 Portlock on foods of Indians Mim ey tala sess yes ocelot a sce eee nee 862 INDEX. Page Porto) Rico; antiquities from eiaces-e- ee leseeeine eek ee era ee eee eee eee eee 135 Portraltsof scientists collection Obese ee eee ee eee eee tere eee eee eee 24 transferred from Smithsonian Institution..............30,116 SAO PATIO) HY OHO O8 Oooo P30 DOb chao Sopa Koon Soop sod oS SeES Soo Soo bas bose 146 Potlatches practiced by the Indians of the northwest coast....-....-...----.. 365 Pottery, American aboriginal distribution of-2)=)-e-ce-eee See eee 45 of North Americangindianssems aeceeees sees eee eee eee eee 670 porcelain and bronzes, extent of collections of..........-...-.--.--.- 22 Rouney-vallusitonstONse sere peer metrics seine eee secrete eater 118 Powell, Maj. J. W., geolegical collections made under direction of.-....--.--.- 18 lecturesb yee ne SC Ue oN ce PR Geile 2 re ee re 50 Prairve-dogs, mounted WorouplOtese eect sealer ete eevee tele tee ee 60 wolves, mounted orou plots. oe. eae alee eee ee eae eae eee nea Prehistoric anthropology, additions to the collections of.....----...---..----. SL UPS area of exhibition hall devoted to...-......-...-... 132 a study of,by Thomas Wilson...--. ok Soaps ae 597 bibliography, of papers Ons ses cs a.) eee eee 599 catalogue entries in department of ....-.....--...-- 23 Gurator Of. eso ee ayes ee rl eee 27 exhilbiblonehalWassiome ditoieses assets eeeee ee 20 exhibition of collection in department of .-....---. 132 number of specimens in the department of.-..-..--- 22 Leportion department) Olees=eeeses ee sees eee 123 review of work in the department of ..---..----..- 31 routine work in the department of...---. Nee SorenecS 137 collection, geographic arrangement of .......-...----.---. tole ae 136 JOUR CIM UE) Ol S65 ph onsg abe seo nce esa coon dascus SoSes 136 exhibit prepared for the Cincinnati Exposition. ........---.....-. 137 fishing, reference to...........---- PRAM nL AD RANGEL NN Sp delet 130 man, the discoveny; of. s.0-. 820. 2-2) ean sass esyea ee ee eee eee 598 Objectss arraneementiOne cs o--ee el ceies eee ee ee eee 135 pottery, imstallabionyOf=222-a1cs- s/o eae eee ee eee eae 31 Preparator in department of arts and industries.-.-...-..---.-...--.-..-.---- 65 Preparators, work accomplished by the...........-...----......--.---------- 60 Preservation of collections, appropriation for the ...--...-....----.---.------ 56 IPieeeelel, IEA oo tce Gogo Goee Saca esoeso acne cass 2 Sods sageee Sede nscese sens ec6ose 118 Primates, preparabionyor) Giyye soins) Ol eee oe ei eels eee a) aerate eee aerate Bee 62 Primitive clothing worn by the Indians of the northwest coast.........-..--. 263 Pringle, C. G., collects plants im Mexico...- -----.--.---.----. -2-. === ---- 38, 67, 191 Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, reference to the...-......----..---- 18 signatures of vol. 10 ..-.-...-.--.- 47 vol. 9, publication of....-.-..----- 47 Progress of general and incidental work..---.------....-..------------------ . 40 Prong-horn antelope, mounted! sroup Off eee ee oe ee aoe eee ee 60, 141 Property among, Indians) anheritarce Off 22 22h oe ee yee ee ere 254 and'supplics a mene e sees eee eee ee eee eee eer secre FE Ne SS AG 55 Proudfit, S..V., presents arrow, and spear heads 22-2. 42-22. 9-4 s=saeee eee 69 sends prehistoricumplementue-sess=see neat eee eee eee 126 Realiriparus plumbews, Nests Of ss seas cece eee cle ee eae ee 151 Psephotus canthor7 hous... oo in oho. cee a eseje ee cise ee See eee ae eee Psiitacula, monograph of the Cenuss-eeeeer(see- eee ee eee e eee eee eee 32 TeView Of PONUS...2- seieetios eee eee a ee ee Bsr mee Se 150 SEXY DU aes ee a Pen anne ips Seiler te Nereis oer Werte ae Se A Soa 147 yal ation sess eye ree Se serclen ere cece os ie ik i a 47 describing materials in the Museum.........-.- as Rolle eae aera 5 INDEX. 863 Page. Publications of scientific institutions in the United States, appreciation of---- 12 of the Museum during the year ending June 30, 1888--..---...---- 705 Eneblasethnological specimens lOmin safe aetna ee aes ee eae ee 90 Mexico, archeological objects from.--.....-- BES ee Se eee Se SESS 67 Putnam, Prof. F. W., ethnological exchanges with.-----.--------.----------- 88, 545 ZY CHONOLUELLANTROTE NOUS. 2 = eee eee st yafo eae eels eee alee sae mesmo see Seer 147 @Ouackenboss John Dy isendsHishesisssauscse essere eee eee eee eee ee eee eeee 157 Onimpersmusemms.|reterencetoOra- eres soe nee ee ee eee eee 133 Quinaielt Indians, fire-making implements used by the...---..----..----.---- 534 Dapermpreparedyrel atin os tO eee ee eee eases nee eee aes * 8 QUES COUUS MOMS CULO See 0 es AEN hea aay oy es en es ee Sc pe er aa 148 Races\of men, collection of representatives of .......----2.-2225. 222-2. oes eee 87 installation of collection representing the.......--.-.----.----- 25 Rain cloaks worn by the Indians of the northwest coast..-.--- Wild Re ipateeyehts 267 ama serra Mision bocce sce Die Ll ee lies eee Seer yes ene ee 118 Randolph, Col. James, acknowledgment of courtesies extended by..------.---- 111 courtesy Of. 2% Us 2.6. 5. bsesed Bate ctace Son ase eee eee 109 sillvand rail oiven: Dyess =e) soe tsar oon ee eee 109 RandolpheMacontCollese pAshland) Vialeec soe esses eee eee ei eee ee 180 Ransom, William, sends prehistoric objects ...---:2--2- -------2--s-25 sess e2e- 126 ache Missed sects shee atl oS oe ee ee ee ae ee 175, 180 Rathbun, Richard, acknowledgment of services of ...--..--..----- ----------- 80 continues studies of crustacean parasites ......---.------- 176 honorary curator of department of marine invertebrates. 28, 36, 173 noticeiol papers Dy 222s Los. So ee eee eee eee eae 719 Papersibyy oss sles Mo Sa as eet epee cer ee reeets 47 Rattles made by the Indians of the northwest coast ..---.--..-----------.---- 331 used by the Indians of the northwest coast ...-:..--.-----.-.-------- 272 Rau, Dr. Charles, bequeaths collection of prehistoric objects to the Museum... 31 hisdibrany tothe Museum 252 =). eee 31, 41 bequest Of os. Pe scehasce Sasa e) ss See ee Saree eyes eee 123 collecticn of stone implements bequeathed by --.--.---..--- 75 GSablii GPs. kone Cae le NE See a ae a 27,31, 123 INVestigatlonsiOl 52 .cce sss ae soos as =) sie ee NoLicelofmeporti bypass seeee eae eee slale lore fern eee ee eee ALO, preparation of work on ‘‘ Typical Beans of North American Prehistoric Relics of Stone and Copper in the U. S. Na- tional Museum?) soc cise pact bocca et ae aie ae ae eee 123 augMemorial) Mibratyeeeca-sciscscescaccss vse eee Saesene Goa ee Soe eee eeee ere 41 ve arran cement Oreune exsulOlbLOm Mall seers sear se eee rea eee ee 19 ecent! plants, additions to the collection of:--22---2-------+5------ «2-22 55- 38 catalogue entries in department of...-.....--.-.-.-.-.-5..---- 23 exhibitioniseries) Of.js522 cece fone cco se ee saecee eseenie oseee 192 extent ortne) collection Of jie sects teenie) seis eae eae 22 MoOnoranyscurator Ofc s=. 2s sestsa ten see hes Ge Se ee ae eee 28 poisoninethercollectionlO fesse satese eee eee Soeee 192 preseubistaterotthercollection Of. ese ee soccer 193 FEPOLU OM ihe de par bmMe nts 0 leeher tte ase eles cys ale alee 19] reviews of Wolk im department Ofeesses see eseessesceeeeeeeceee 37 edktoxes mounted see pis eelen ee cee) oe se ners onleciojarsw a on ieiee Mir Saeed oe eae ns eee peeps yet wi ei d/arie jase layfelatere elereinns sia See eee ene 64 Scope,of the National Museums. ces ss2 oe eee ee See eee eee 17 Scotland, information furnished correspondents in .....-.......-..---.------- 58 prehistoricuimplements frome eee see eee ees 126 scott, Alexander, contri butesiGreek CoIns)sce sees senie eee eee nee eee eee 79 Scott, W. E.D:, notice of paper Dy los. essere nes oaecise eee eee eae ee enna SCTAPETS:.2 ecu lek sew ee ss ote ee Ce see Slime ae aac ao ste epee Cee eee 612 Serapers/and spade-like implements: os sce)s2 22 = 2c eee ae = eee 656 used by the Indians of the northwest coast. .........---.---.--.--... 280 Scudder,;Newton)P., notice ofspaper bya. 222 «meso ese he ee eee eee eee 724 Sculpturimas sae Soe eS See AE ae eee oe Sa eC ee 627 Seal hunting by the Indians of the northwest coast .......--.--...-..-.--...- 300 Seal, WailliamsP.u 22. 202 oo ee Sood 1 A Soe yore ra sce ee ee 180 Sea-otter hunting by the Indians of the northwest coast .----...........-..--- 999 Sea-weed.as:foodofiIndians.3 2... 2235. h ee secee sone eee cose eae eee 277 Sebastes marinus received from Hon. E.G. Blackford...-.....--..----..---...- 174 Sectional libraries’.<. 2-255 a Ati seen cosas see ee eee aon eee Ree eee 42 Seebohm, Henry, noticeiof paper Wy saeareee =e == Meee ee eee 724, 725 presents birds......----.--. SESE oH oo ObaC Sodio craeiae a ARS 148 Segovia River, mammals from vicinity Of2..- 2-242. -s2s cee ete 140 Seminoles) ire kindling by thes cmse-c- -eo- vaecen eeeieleees bieeee ee eec eee 548 ironstomahawilausedsbygbhepeeee sets tee te eae eee eee 90 SATORU COL KCEUS TOC oo 5 da Sese S6ScK0 ose 6b0 Ombnoo cosoDbooongS Cons 5e BOS ood So50- 140 Seneca Indians, ethnological objects from the.......-...-.--. ..-. ------------ 90 Senna, Angelo, arrangement of exchange with........-......--.---.-------.- 46 Sennett, George B., birds exchanged with. ...-...-....-..----.---.---- ans bee 148 OUNOS OLE DRYDEN) Ws S406 caso on56 seca noceed code caSGoD Sho6 725 Services) amountiexpendedi toners. oe neice ee ee seele eae na eee see ereneere Teen 56 Sévressestablishment,sallusion | tojheeeeseee se eee eee eee eee ene seee ace 6 Sewall, Harold M., Samoan fire-sticks collected by.----.----.---------.--- aces neogd Shah of Persia sends gold-bearing quartz for analysis ....-..-.--.----.-..---- 76 Shalmaneser, mold from cast of obelisk at -..---.------22------ ----------4e-- 94 Shamans burialiotearesseee see sete eee eee tee eee eee eee ee eee 360 PRIN ESoc00 5 00050 Sade SH50 dace COSeED Se60 d50050 DoOS coceoD snap eooaEsSS 355 cloak of, worn by the Skidegate Indians ...-....-..-..-------.------ 273 Sharpe, R. Bowdler, notice of paper bye- 2) 222. = 2-5 n-ne nt ale 725 Sharpless, Prof. 8. P., presents a collection of woods.......----.-------------- 192 Shellimplementsjandlomamentsh=sseeeeee est een eee ee eee eee eae 670 Shepard’ collection ofaneteorites/s-22-2 -e- sees sae see ee eee 21 Shepard, Prof. Charles U., donation of books by.----..-.----..-----.-------.-- 41 ShindlervAc Zeno coloristhesees eee sen tees nese ee eee eee Cee eee 65 Shoemaker, Ernest, sends prehistoric implements..---.......----.-----.------- 126 Shoénborn, H:/1\.,, presents lepidopterasas+- 5 240s -eee = ee eee eee 69 Shoshone Indians, fire-making apparatus of the...-.....-...----------------- 538 Shrewamountedeececesene ccc c cet eee oe ees veg cule te Sees 61 INDEX. 867 Page. Shufeldt, Dr. R. W., notice of papers by.-----.----....--- -----. ------------ 725-727 RES NUS) MNERTMEDS 505 G65 546 Goce cosouoeneo Soncds coco ecos 71 sends zodlogical and ethnological objects ....-.-.-..----. 78 Shutt, George W., contributes reptiles....-......--.------ ---- --------------- 153 SanIeNS GOAih Git ABMS) ie PENRO co 66 Cosa oo4en 5 obONdd ofoce bose Hebe cocose Sees 63 ware, arrangement of the collection of.........----..---------+----- 66 Sickle, F. E., steam-steering engine presented by..---.----------.------------ 110 Siemaschko, J. Von., sends meteoric stone ...--...---..---------------------- 75, 195 Simpson, Charles T., correspondence with .........-----------.-- ------------ 163 TYOWAMES) G1 PURYORIE [PR oadaao soacec cone cocbod coon Saba SeSe0gse> 727 SAGs GIVI ooobeo coco boos canaoe oSeaKdo sosaCn deocdsOrcooeS 70 Sinclair, Col. P. J., presents minerals..........---- ------ ---- -----+ eee -22 eee 196 Sonate, Shy Cheloeyayer® WAN soe oan bode cno0 boos sosced cond oSoaee eouasD Sood DOSS 46 Singing as practiced by the Indians of the northwest coast.--.--.-..-----.---- 329 Singley, J. A., sends shells...... .-.. .----- - 22-20 --- 220 ee nee eee coe eee eee 73, 163 Sioux Indians, ethnological objects from the...-.....-....---..-----.----.--- 89 Sitka, ethnological material from...--..... ..---. -------- ---------- ------ = 89 (eRe -CbaUD] epoMGN I THRO. Ss oo 9505 cccace saneod b90N0d Econ boSSnS coda on05 S005 533 Skeletal variation of theo reat) ake cee aoe ais lle rel om a =) erie altel alla tel lela 515 Skidegate Indians, shaman’s cloak worn by the--...----.----.------------+---- 273 Skinner, Dr. B. D., sends stone implements....--.....-.-.-.-.---.---.-------- 41 SAE CHIANG. cosa asso p64 5000 6005 oso0 edeo ceaeeu Goss Season cosOEDSS cogeonES 329 Slave-killers employed by the Indians of the northwest coast....-..--.....2-- 275 Slavery, abolition of, among Indians. ----~--. -.-----. 88. ee eo. wane 252 Slaivestlourlaliot:. 25 51 cae hie Sie) aia s wio ania a wisi cicieseleiniensloie = nieeia sotto sate sine nlene 356 slates Usleyadl, ii@e-oreull fain See soos cecocesonaa 550 s5s0 decree cesnodesad ores 563 Sledges used by the Indians of the northwest coast.....-...-----.----.-....- 279 SiMMbias A Wen WINOUO CADE scone see Gsc onscoo oeea toes scodtianoooceccoo yDODeS 65 Smith, C. K., sends collections of stone implements............-.-..--.......- 72 Smibl H Kays oem o eae Hele es ne ate ci amea Sa eeales «ayers eet meee ieee 207 SAO, Iluyeln Mls. MONEE OH TYNE [D\yococes sods cnance onoces SHoons Soosne coo Sas 727 DECSEN CS DIRG Sains pales urs ee) ee cere ee 69 Smith, John B:, assistant curator Of insects\eces see saree eee sees eleel ee eel 28, 168 NoOhCe ok PaperssDy, cose sass oo Le Pee eee eee eee 727-729 papersipublished! by 2223 =). 526s ceec fe Sos ec sacle lessen meee 47 studies of the Sphingide and Arctiide by...---..------------- 170 Smith,Ol@-, presentsmmale Trogon ambiguus 22-22. 342 2-— sae seca eee ee 148 Smilbhwhro te Sileees sees enact cicetichee eal eae cisassineticles se pert emins selon eae 178, 179 continues studies of the crustacea...-..-.-----.----.--..----- 52, 177 Senn, TREKS 0G Wop SEMGls Isp OGlO WO, bo concan cooEco SosauE Laoooncseearsananes 70 Sin js MOS sh teh UII issoe coaseeteacccadd Gooacore seen oabepegaecoo coun ceeconAoT 47 SH Ds SPNNOKe AOU mes Soricccn SoCo MOOS co DOOces CocOnEe Saanon ome hcpoaSseecond.osce 179 Smithsonyallnsion: tOeen cece sec ee es eters ee siinwe s eaacsieene cei foe eee cece 13 Smithsonian Institution, circular issued by the, concerning American aborignal StonesTelics' 2 Jase er occ cose sins ieee seine sete cerca 685 co-operation of the, in an expedition to Funk Island. 81 correspondencexotuhes--apeeeeerece ele cilseeieeee 15 trausfers collection of portraits of scientists -.-.-... 116 Miscellaneous Collections, Museum publications reprinted in. .... 18 SIUC VeEs presemis min eralssene sec) sseee eee eoeecer etic s saeco sheers 196 Smo kin'o Hues pase sear ee vee mies anne wine a ae mie oem heise sie Sisco elees eo Ose e cereise 662 Snappers used by the Indians of the northwest coast ...-....----.---+------- 272 Solar, Josué Smith, sends ethnological objects.-....-. --.---.--------0------- 74 RS OLE ILOCOTI CU nr re ys ee Ee ete Raat tay Iie ay ni aS Spey crac at ere 162 868 INDEX. Page Solitaire ponestOfut RO acts steeleesteseiestesm at sereisealeleleteiele aa tele ste eeie ete eee 181 SOMMER GNC a5 Seon ban odoo onsoon cab ood Gn00 DDO D ooNDS Ho5e SHOE S406 oned Gone 614 Somalissfire-sticksmsedi bythe -ceeee esate eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 552 South-Africa, shells, from saga... cee etree cone meee Cee ese te cee een eae eter 66 South America, collectionsitom\ cease ssc er ese cement saa eae eee eee 11,74 fire-making among the Indians of ..--...--------.---..--.---- 550 prehistoricycollectionss{romyeee =. ee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee 134 South Carolina, accessionswiromse-eeeeeeee nee eee eee oe eee ae eee eee 72 information furnished correspondents in..--.--.-.-----..--.-- 58 Southern Korea ysketchomaplotasssspmecsee ce eeee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee 590 South Kensington Museum, allusions to .....--...---.---..------------- «--- 2 6 ExXpendituresimade Dyeres--sse-eee sass ee eee 9 Space, assignment! of. 222052 lee Petew ss cee eect cece nee eset ee eee eee eee 24 Spawn-taking, methods of, by the Indians of the northwest coast...-....-..-. = 299 Spears used by the Indians of the northwest coast............----.----------- 287 Specimens, amountiexpendeditor:seees aceasta eee eee ese eee ee 56 borrowed: for study 5.520.032 ccc cae ctcelecacus aoeniee eee eeSeeeeee 59 Speedwell Tron Works. 292 ncscescs © os s2cace ceo senate eee aceite tee 116 Spencer; EHerbert,onstotemismssten ase sco ssee eer ace ae eee eee 249 Spencer, Mr., (president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company), cour- Lesiesiex tended iby, eeecr nce sere acta eine ate alee tee aleie ae ae eee eee 109, 111 Spermophilus tencticaudus, skin’ Oly.-= sca scene ee eee eee eee ee eee 139 Sphingide, arranomentiOr thes: sa(ctesicete sen elec inte nea eee eae eee ieee ee ee ocd SNGhy Geese oso us5asu cnoddo codoggudTGud once cos S65 eb0cd0 He00 cai 170 Spitzbergen, plants from................ Lede seGisee Sea ctete ee com ee tenner Es 171) Spokane Indians, ethnological objects ase DY occees cc ucctecelnsmc semsc recente 2 89 Spooner) hb. sends tOCkKs—. een eae ee eee alee ee ane e eect e reese eae val Spoons used i the Indians of the northwest coast ....-....--. ..---.-------2- 317 SORES EUTISIO I, UO soga55 c6o6dd 6656 sh5ebe cdecoussissda ss00 conSso Sens seso5 sods 118 SEWONOMAFAD OREN C555 665665 66650555 095655 960000 5955 265905 S05e S055 600506 406 Star-nosed mole mounted.........-....---.------------ pssossccsss Weis cis estate 61 State Agricultural and Mechanical College, Auburn, Ala ...-......-....--.--- 180 Department of, collections received through......-....-..-..----.------ 76 Normal Schooltof Nebraskaperiere sees sees ne einem eee eee eee 180 Stationery, amount expended. fors- 222-2. 2-2-2. 5. < ee ee ee oe ee ee ee 56 Statue to Professor Baird, reference to proposition for .....-..-....---.---- eee 19 Stavanger Museum, bird-skins from ....-..-----.-------+-------- ---- -------- 75, 148 Stearns) collection) otemiollliis seer teerateta e tale taal ta adel 21 Stearns, Dr., R. E. C...--- 2-22. so ccee cee ece oon = cones we ee Sone ween ean 159 acknowledgment of services of.......-----..-- Banos 4555 80 adjunct curator of mollusks ............ base sosos55565 28, 35 Contribubesyrep piles se eee ealelee eet le tte alele eae eee 153 geological collections made by.-...-.--------------------- 80 gives fossil brachiopods -....-...-.---- »-..----+--«----- 71 Pliocene fossils collected by... .--.------..-e. -2-.------ 161 presents minerals ---.-----...-.--5-.. ..--- oe sonics seleeee - 196 sends collections from California -...........--.-----.--- 68 Steel daggers used by Tlingit Indians...--..----..----- -.---------- sesces ---- 285 Steinmeyer, Dr. F. H., sends stone implements...--...---..---0- .----- ------- 70 Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard, assistant curator of birds..-.....----------------- 28, 32, 150 continues studies upon Japanese birds.----.......--- 32 investigates European groups of birds......---...---- 32 OWNS Oe 19) NUS) Wha i cooococsccoced sosaa0 Gooceu Ss sece 730, 731 papers published jbys2sscoscs2oheeeecs teen eeee eee eee 47 Stephens, F'., birds’ eggs and nest purchased from.-........----.. .-sece secon 151 INDEX. . 869 Stephens, F., birds’ eggs contributed by .--..---- date welwalnionies ae clases atmncree ete 33, 68 MENIAL SSVOS MAC WOGCL RON 645 cooe hosed Soon cobeUn saneas Heoboase 68, 139 Stephenson, J. A. D., presents minerals......---..----------- ----2+++---+---- 196 Shone)implemenitse: aaa = ene a eases = eee 72 Sterki, Dr. V., correspondence with .........-..-....----. ---- ---- -- ---- »---- 163 Stevens, Francis B., acknowledgment of courtesies extended by..---..------- 111 Stevens Institute, boiler deposited by the.........----.--------.------- ------ 108 Stevens, John, acquisition of boiler constructed by..-..-....----------------- 108 Stevenson, Col. James, collections of pottery made by...--..--.-------------- 105 Oi AROMA VINE 66 so66be oene soon Ss asus Coban 541 pottery received tom yea esse ett etka rata et 31 Stevens, John, propeller designed and constructed by..--...----..----------- 110 Stewart, C. A., assistant superintendent.--..-....-... 3.2... 20-05 e----------= 53 St. Germain Museum, reference t0.,.-.-.--- .-- <0. - cece «== 22-2 -0-- «=~ === 132 Stimpson, W. G., aid in department of mammals ......--...----.------------- 27 St. Michael’s, Alaska, ethnological material from........---...----.---------- 89 SiOGkinglin, HllmEon WO wiRQMINS WN co sedo cance dbocco sescas eons acco Soe Deseee 6, 133 Stone age in Washington, preparation of paper relating to the ...--..-------- 88 TEE BEREORIS SOS Sate CAI OIECOIG HED CODE Baca ee HOS EC OSE ne mrrrpacanocsr 604 | OPS (ee es a eS a ayy ta a ia AS Ama SS et 649 comb used by the Tlingit Indians.-.-...-.....-.. 2... 22. +--+ ---- ------ 260 dapcersiuseds bygthe liner p indiansas sen scene ae ea eee ee eee Stones Miss Moves belephoneroperabor sas seme ep ete yea ol rae ener 55 Stonerviessels for liqtid seeceme yer sence cee ete ay ae opera er aio a tices ete ee OOU SOM Wrereelnlos Or (bien INCA sos casa coos coerce oo Se cose escose ated) Weld, Isaac, quoted nis sce taiale cinta garatorete) tote eet ote aera eae ae 13 Wells, John Grant, paper by, 2205 yj yeti sometsemieyee oe Sac laeee e apree meee ee eres 47 Wonderoth; allusion tos ccc se cyshse the tesins weve ees nrein ao meee eee ree 118 Wesleyan University, shells received from museum of.............----.------ 69, 161 West Des Moines High School, Des Moines, lowa..----.--....----..---------- 180 Western Greenland, fire-making implements from .-..-- LN RSS ar a ieee 5b9 Union Lelesraph) Company yaa eee eee eee eee eee eee Eee 55 West Indies; accessions fromee. 2 ocaicits os ce bois = een ch eee ee ne eee Eee 73 information furnished correspondents in .-...-----.----.-------- 58 Virginia, information furnished correspondents in.-....---..--.----.--- 58 orthoptera from. Go Ge Soe. Se le Sees ere es ieee 73 Weirs constructed by the Indians of the northwest coast.-....-..--.---.----- 294 iWheelstinder-box, description ofthese =] eee eee eee eee eee 578 Whistles used by the Indians of the northwest coast..--...----.-..------..- 272, 33 White; DriiC.yA.; acknowledgement! of services\ssnee- sees seieee eee eee eee ze 80 honorary curator of mesozoic fossils .......--.-.---..--- 28, 37, 187 notice of papersiby so. ke ss led ce ieee eee ere ee 733 papers published by: eae cose nae selene seca ene 37 White-footed mouse;smounted!-222-2- oo. ceseeeecceesce coca ee meee Sac eeeeee 61 White;-Prof..1..C., sends:orthopteraat 252250 {oe ees ei a eee 73 stone implements 22s so ee Se oe cee 72 Whitheld Rs 2. correspondence wittheeac s-\s4- senate eee tease cee eee WATE, Uo Wile SEMGIS INISSCUS) Soooce oq pho son séod cee4 c500 98040550 Ss00ES coDC 73 Whitten, Dr W.A., sends ethnolosicaliobjects:------------ ----=- 22s eeee eae 70 Waddowson), J. Wi. cittioheast traminall Dye sea see oe eee eee ee eee 109 Wilcox Dri. i. sendsiashort-earcduow)lassmetse ae eer eaten eae ieee 78 Wilcox, W. A., sends specimen of Thyrsites violaceus ......---..----------- Pee lav) Wilkes Exploring Expedition, collection of the .............----..----..----- 18 Willcox, Joseph, sends a collectionof shells........---...-.--..----------- Sess 69 Williams,(Dr. George, H., lecturesbyesrton. sete estes cocci see ec eee eee 50 seals lentiby se 2 2 Sue oa oil oe eae eee eee 93 Walliams, sMiss:\©: Dy seals lent-byceeeeee seo seece seer eee ee eee eee eee 93 VWinilien ing), key, WaUUbiermn sce BIEle j 4 455 codadbcadosde coneac Gascon cnooee ooSase 93 Walliams; RS. casts madejor seals;owned byinaeeseeeeee ee eeee ae eeeee eee P= 68 sealsilént by: soseiiee oe eho 25 cee Mee Bea Liar ety Sere sect eberate 93 Williams, 'Talcott,iseals' lent byegscoe tee. See eee eee eee eee emer eis 93 Willis; aarti om tO nce te SS ae oe Ue ea roe 118 ~ Williston, Dr. 8. W., sends a large collection of diptera.....-...-.-.---- eae - 68 3 SY TPL LeCelviedstromyaeee eee eee ae ee eee 167 Walloulehby, Charles: ombtime=rnia kino see eee nee ree 534 sends mew species of Agnotusi me. sees saa see eo specimen of agrotus willoughbii ..---...----.------ 73 transmits a fish for identification ...--...---. ---.------ 79 Wilson; Col. John :M ec icecs cienc rosettes oe eric OM tet rere 76 Wilson collection of ancient pottery, installation of the....-........--....--. 66 archologicalobjects.S2-se-ss=-2 22 aos e eee See 21 Wilson Female College, Chambersburgh, Pennsylvania ....---...--.----..--- 180 Wilson, Sir Daniel, on fire-making by the Red Indians of Canada-.-..-...--... 549 Wilson, Thomas; ancient Indian matting bym-o-----2 2422s ee es eee 673 Coins Teceived. fromm. ayes Sas Ee ie a RE ae eae aes 115 Wilson, Thomas, appointed curator of prehistoric anthropology ....--.-. -.27, 31, 123 depositiof:collectionibye-m. esa -eel- nee eee aan eee eee 31 INDEX. 875 Page Wilson, Thomas, notice of paper by ......----..---- sce a cleietaliclal slovsleraisielefatslomiens 733 On prehistonicanthropolonyees= sees e eee eee eee eeee eee eee 597 on ‘‘ The existence of man in North America during the paleo- lithie;periodvof the stonerace 2 senate =a ee eee Seen 677 presents/stonepmpleniemts.--seeeeeeee eens cee eee eee 71 Special Tesearehes Dy? sae. ose wns Wietcecicemie Soe cine ete eerie 31 succeeds) DriRaue -< 22.3 sass bass sae oes ceGascuee eset eee 27 Waltheiss,C;i., sends stone :myplem ents) siesta sate lane tee eee 72 Wind River Shoshones, fire-making apparatus of the..........-..------------ 540 Wisconsin; collections fromsayeneoacoceee oe aso Eee Eee eee eee 73 information furnished correspondents in...........--..----------- 58 Wrises Al Sond s)OLemat Seal ce else eves awemieataenccisnee.e ce senl O nae Aceiyate ete eran 73 Woodlomny, BUIMNSIOMN 10 ssncegcacouc po0ceaGacod wise Ue a eiseac ee See seeeos eee 118 Woodentcombyusedebystlinort indians pee sen eseeaeeceea eae ceeeeacneeesae ete 260 WOO d SEH chs SONS plats icistsstere ceraitre aver ote sire aeietan sy era ete elalela he ore eee saree 70 Wood) Thieut: Wiel. sends fishes) 25.2 cn ei a 2