ey — Ome aes : were Soe etek ee ts Pr rel Sect OS Ces en ag ince Pe a L eeae ae eats! wee ee Se oaenorde pie Laamvette pee ree * pears Lorca -e eee eee EEE ae ip Pains ee F others tty | a, A a : | * y ne ly | ; * { ) L ps Hi ‘ on Pate Ay Ney Ae A ASP MY” a8! 5 Se ee ae ANNUAL REPORT BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SHOWING THE OPERATIONS, EXPENDITURES, AND CONDITION OF THE INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. ee Bale -©) ie E OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. | 1891. ViIrTy-FIRST CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION. Concurrent resolution adopted by the House of Representatives May 27, 1890, and by the Senate June 17, 1890. Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That there be printed of the report of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum for the years ending June 30, 1888, and June 30, 1889, in two octavo volumes for cach year, 16,000 copies; of which 3,000 copies shall be for the use of the Senate, 6,000 for the use of the House of Representatives, and 7,000 for the use of the Smithsonian Institution. II REPORT OF THE mes NATIONAL MUSEUM UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, FOR THE me Ask. IN DING JUNE 30, 1Sso2- Il ———“‘—t~;:;S REPORT OF THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 380, 1889. SUBIEC IS: I. Report of the Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of the National Museum, upon the condition and progress of the Museum. Il. Reports of the Curators. ILI. Papers illustrative of the collections in tie U.S. National Museum. IV. Bibliography. V. List of accessions. Bees. ss ac oie 2 ae ee U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, UNDER DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, December 1, 1889. Srr: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the present condition of the U. S. National Museum and upon the work accom- plished in its various departments during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889. Very respectfully, G. BROWN GOODE, Assistant Secretary, in charge of U. S. National Museum. Prof..S. P. LANGLEY, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. VII CON TENTS: Page STOLE STIG TIS le GAS SBE SS SSCS, EIR oe eo en Vv SMEG BO MaE ON STEE A Ds tes ats chee os Seale cme: Ja we eae ee eels Sasi es VII “LULMTSICTO P07 OC COS FI ON Wis a Be ence a ee ee IX ABET MMI GIANT ON St stravea aya cies Sv epeicce aac Se eee ccc Coos Baeaiies oe aes XIII SEcTION I.—REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY, IN CHARGE OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. A-—Organization and scope of the Museum .... .2.. (201 ..50 cise ceeess sce sees 3 PEC LOIS OL TNO VCAT o.5n1< L- we oo nian set Laeireios ee See a eaics eae cane 4 ee SU RCICONCICIONIOL DHE COME GhIONS) -:-:<.2,<75 «22 cince os Se eee Ado ce al baebrde Se eee 6 inereaservotibeycollectionss. = Ss. asa2-/- 2.52 Ba ces Soca eee ake eee 6 CENSUS OmUNOLCOlleChlOUS etc -ce omnes oes Soke apse a Se eee 7 Museum catalogues - Bree Berea eee Scotian > ceived Seen Ae Sere 8 Catalogues of the pepariniontes in aie National Wacom Ble Are Ge 3 ve a 9 Catalogue entries during the year ending June 30, 1889 .............- 21 Arrangement of collections and assignment of space..........-.-.-... 22 RM SOM ERGs o-oo le reise mae Wein oa omctcn + vie ode oeisee pumas. 26 aa oR ENCANA S ous 3 See. he cethaede tebe. 26 Personnel of the scientific departments ...--.......-...--.cc0 ene oes 27 (nee Chieu yi ey aha) Ue ike eae ae a een ce Cate Rea tr Ee Re eae 28 E.—Review of work in the scientific departments ........222..2222..2---2----- 34 LDP] gS AIS RE a ee OE Se ee Se eS 34 CONS PS at)! Ea ATLTTID MeN ESV) ee ey Ree ee AE Ie eo a gee ee ee 34 IMLARePOniAnLON and ENorineerinr: 2225 5.2480 .: sss sce ches ecUbestse cues oD GS CHU CEITISS e otee 2) S l ta -ey el ORE CE Ae eee te 35 PAL PISTON Cra U ALO OLOG Vie iai2 ier ae yne Sciels See amish sake bcisees sees es 36 PEAT INN UM set Poise ad. oo Se See eWeeeisnnoscinas aes bel akt 36 EER EAC WSC DLO Meee ae ne Aa Ss ee Sg rs Ley hs es 37 Wi ON De Sele de bse COCR eC Hee Ee ete nn eee ae ee eg 37 | SHIPS) 8 oy 5 Sa 0 i ee es en, te Se ey 38 MUO eh ene ig ses nhc Sheol, tee entnwsinaeceawniess 38 Reptiles and batrachians..................- Ped eet ase Coe 38 INGE Roo ee apne ae Ae ee oe ene Sele tin, viniwivae 39 Wale) Ni Cie Se at olin = BES oe Sieg Re ee 40 MEGS) “Se Besos elk Ope se or UE Aa anne Beste Cee ee 41 eG LMM IINCEST COL DOR eee aa at chico ae Ne oe ora cia cise wae aioe erase te = 11 Comparative anatomy... .--. a Rae Seed Mirae Wee aelaelalsb chalet wisi See's « 12 X CONTENTS. E.—Review of work in the scientific departments—Continued. ae. Invertebrate fossils : BaleOZO1G oo. - oe eee ccna eee eater a eet a ARETE eee 43 IMCZOZ0IG=. 555% aa SS teeta eck cra eee ee eee Ee oe ae eee 43 BS OLIN igs Sethe we osc aie CIS oye en Se ee rae 44 OSSTULS ya GS es Sess eee ey ae hee oe em ee ao 44 Min Oral S52 oe Soba 2 Se ee Si a a TA STS Se nee ee ee ree 45 itholosycand pliysi¢aleeolooyes--... ee: oc cee teens eee 45 Metallaroy andieconomic.ceol0scys. 92. 22012522 eta e aa eee eae 46 Gv AMIN AS a eee ce eae vate ery a Sate ene ioe te eRe eee ae 46 B—heview or the administrative works. .5 225.0. 05..<.ce4 JoSosaee boo 47 Progress of general and incidental work --..:..-.-..+s<0>.------ eer 47 dW DDG cy enn re CIS Bees ar ee Om Me eae Peg ys ee Oe eS oe 47 Transportation, storage, and distribution of duplicates ........-.- 50 PCH AT VON Ue is aoe ee Ne ean Seu ook ele bee corns See ee eee 52 PB DNCALONS (8-25. 4 oaoe 28 con Mens Sees oe tana ee een eee ee 54 Publications during. thelyearas-2--~-- 24. sewer eee ee 65 WASICONS) 22x ask ehene sc Sa ee ie cae oa eee eer 67 Lectures/and meetings of socicties.-.--s-.2.45e-ee-e-oee a eee 69 Sbudents Sess See eaac se as eee aie Cayce ene See en rere 70 Property, supplies, and havouetlis Heard fate Sad MES See ee eee 72 Preservation oft collections -.1<)- se sseo-ceeseaeaee eae aeons 72 Morniture and texbures 2.5... fs sen ssc oo cece set ee ee 72 Standard cases and other Museum furniture...-.......--- ecu 73 Heatingvand lighting. 2.22.2 a. 20.isesse eek eee ee ee 75 Mlectrical service o<.. ss 2 hace eeaicemise ae ee ee eee eee nt) Lastof Museum employes, 252-256 see. eee oo eee eee = 76 List of vouchers for expenditures for preservation of collections, 1S8E89; Hoc Sol k se ee ee a eee 77 List of vouchers for expenditures for furniture and fixtures, 1=88—’e9 - 84 List of vouchers for expenditures for heating and lighting, 1888~89.-.. 87 Correspondence and reports \-- stecesces ao oe ee ena eee eee 88 Preparation:oflabelsc 52 4 eee eae en oo ee eee 99 Buildings and labor; police and public comfort........--...----.-.-. 100 The work of the: Museum preparatots..- 2 -.52--sosce se ene ee eee 104 iaxidermists;ands mod clersseeeneece eee eee cena area eee 104 Osteological’ preparatonmessrecees epee ene eee eee eee eee 108 Photographers. .:.: So e325 es oa-e cee aeeoe OC nee ee cena eee 109 Colorist: 225-0 52cs% ccc Se ee geen Ce OE eee een) Draftisments: o2c6' lise Se oe oe re eee eee oe 111 (Cre AC COSSIONS inh et= 5 eis aos eee eee Po RS ae are See ee eee eee ee 111 Geographical review of the more important accessions ....--.-------- 112 H:—Specimens sent for examination and report.---...-.--- ------------------ 127 ].—Codéperation of the Departments and Bureaus of the Government-------.- 137 A —— Ep lOratilon ss CONTENTS. XI Page. List of the principal libraries in the United States to which it is desired to send future publications of the National Museum ..........--..--2---.-----.- 216 List of foreign libraries to which it is desired to send future publications of BI ALON a IPNLUSOMM ome esos seis oc meine ioceeivc cues see Juco at wenn cesses 268 Srecrion I].—ReEporTs OF THE CURATORS. VES 0 UT SAS SE Se eee a Jo oe ea A a eee 281 ete stRMeIUTRLUIOS rat ate a, 2 a eat ol aiele nl isieke sian Sal So 2. fant. Sse wees 239 PAPA TA LIST aes co o nina = cee hate afol = We oar ge oe Secs Grad AAC eaten oe 293 UG ES ES BS 2 Segre Se Se Oe a eee sae Aer en eee eae wea 301 Prenistonic anthropology, (with Plates\ V—x0)2--.2ec.s<- oe. -c-ccke ce cccs ec cce 4 BUG Pee E Nc ate Scie a> Saleen ea caine dele etey arama ater aes, seen since oes ae 3 341 2 PEESUTST Ac nk BAUR SOS ONE BOR neon SEP Geter i tae ene tae ea a eg hes a nme 343 PREM US ete Cine ae os a Aad Lisien\vnidewisiew wae saeco eee ia Fate seiays Ciamick cates seaaee 349 iii Re aoece S82 06s bolbpnosods SacmonoS Chde abba oe cooC Doan a neon mene Aoasmodaeod asi! ERR OP UN ee eee es om aie c)omn = Sein ce aoa eset cade Mc eee SpaSe mh Scsmnroce. 363 ee aea ERS eS EE PUP AO HILENS ooh ole letarclela seid sisie eee Sates Seo Te eee ae ween asckejcues 365 SES se SSIS ie Sc gece Ronee ae Ren 5 EROS cs fa gt Siege SOT a, te SE 369 Maribusia (Including: Cenozoic fossils) * .-25 25.0. cceed Soars ctiolecu ese. 2ostes 371 “lbs PU A Sten 2S Se RS ORO tes Sap ee ee ge 7/7, PERRIER OEUC OTE COR ra alee ie aeinnatfoey Ao as ce eis oa eee Saeee saeiee batew se cine a 381 Comparative anatomy .................--. Sfa ae See eins wistcic Heke sittje x aso eal GOO Invertebrate fossils: IPRICOZOIC <5. -52.5..- 5525 26 iwlaisliayafaiale/a/ sletaic\alel aiatala sialaseielsinictal «isieee Se a ee OO IL REEMA sae Miya Ra area aie dys cra 2 aip.1al Am aaa RC oad SS ye ee 397 Le EDI eS i ee ai Bie els oyaie te nis jee re Seta IS ae Senos = ee 399 ot ESTAS se ge Ea ra SS a ee eee ae Ie Lg | eRTeEVEATIC WN VSICHIPOOIODY 22) cc sco. s hac. ade 5 5oe0h i= 22 doen Bees eb Sees 405 Peer urs y, Ai CCONOUNG PEOlORY =... 4 3-45-0205 hele. ho vdes ven oaw sates -AI8 MmInERITHIAI A 2s Sete en er ae a ovis chs o fas 32 Be nebo. no de calugee se eee es AIT, SEcTION IJI.—PapPerRs DescRIBING AND ILLUSTRATING COLLECTIONS IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. I. The Museums of the future. By G. Brown Goode...... ..00.c00 -ece eee 427 Il. The Ethnology and antiquities of Easter Island (with Plates x11-Lx, and Figs. 1-20). By Wm. J. Thomson, paymaster, U. S. Navy ..-.-.. 447 ILI. Aborigional skin-dressing. A study based on material in the U. S. Na- ; tional Museum (with Plates Lx1-xci). By Otis T. Mason .......--. 553 IV. The Puma, or American lion, Felis concolor of Linnaeus (with Plate OMA V AM EeOONOIG Wis) NEWB. Sc .0 <.vkjcoeeeck ss lees tacc nels she hed 591 VY. Animals recently extinct, or threatened with extermination, as repre- sented in the collections of the U. S. National Museum (with Plates xcv-cV, Figs, 21 and 22, and Maps 1-7). By Frederic A. Lucas...... 609 VI. The development of the American rail and track, as illustrated by the collection in the U. 8. National Museum (with Figs. 23-137). By J. RUM ME RUE ete ere on See See aa Say sowe(da Socdeulonke cece .OD1 VII. Explorations in Newfoundland and Labrador in 1887, made in connec- tion with the cruise of the U. 8. Fish Commission schooner Grampus (withyElate:Cy1), (By Frederic A. Lucas...< . .- 2.2... ---5 o0cc secece 709 VIII. Ona bronze Buddha in the U.S. National Museum (with Plate evi). (2p SUI ISS TL GCG GT Sot Sh ep a a ee oe ere 729 Section IV.—BrisiioGrapay or Tue U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM.........---- 737 PPR CRUMOR inGNPANNIEAUM.. oof 0s5se0.c lc. s-wcdonor.vececete\Sscelarae 789 4q XII CONTENTS. II. Papers by officers of the Museum and other investigators whose writings ave based directly or indirectly on Museum material..........--..----- SEcTION V.—LisT OF ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR, arranged alphabetically O\7 WAY HOES OVE TIA OUND RS sh c6 soos ase a mSon oO cqod onan Sole kads qonG cosa seen sone Herdlexe Ay —— Amram eed Dyalo Ga lnt1@S) eeseret teat ee ae eee eer Index B.—Arranged by departments in the National Museum.......-.-.----. = General indexto reporti as. secctsse- See eee emcee meen ee ene aire eee Preliminary Hand-book of the Department of Geology in the National Mu- seuin, by George. Merrill (Appendix i) ears ete aerate eee neta oe Page. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS* REPORT OF R. E. EARLL ON SMITHSONIAN EXHIBIT AT THE CINCINNATI EXPOSITION. Page PLATE I. General view of the Smithsonian Exhibit (looking north).-.........-.-.....--- 162 II. General view of the Smithsonian Exhibit (looking south)..............2.....-- 162 Phi MaAmmalextermin AuOn SOriOs sss sesise= clock seseis- ase nine seamen sneeeeecs oe 166 Ves SOC HON OL DNOLOPTAD NV recar aieacee cies teas ace) eiecicu cess etic steerer cceaeen 172 REPORT OF THOMAS WILSON. Wry Disiclikoamplomentsiofislatero.-s- 2-52 > : B.A OF XXIII. XXIV. XXYV. XXVI. XXVII. exe Vals XXIX. XXX. XXXII. XXXII. XXXIITI. D.8.:0-8 Ap 3 O..Qp TODA DE XII. Group of natives in employ of Mr. Brander...........-.....-.- Berens ors Sao Appearance of Easter Island from the roadstead of Hanga-Roa...... ........-. DAO ITO fe Ee Ae ALO Se terete sare mater Sele airais eecme leila tiaratt so cise Meneame ee ome ete “fy Ancient stone houses at Orongo from which pictured slabs were procured .... Removing slabs from house at Orongo FATIDIONIMUOMBE Bh; OLONZ OS saeiatoak fale = 2 ae Mon ciniaseac vee ces Ge caceebe a fee Group of very ancient houses at the extreme end of ridge at Orongo, showing RORIDERTGMACOTHOSUS ts wean tenes inecims aes teion tan tenta.< a cestcis va ice wens cee. Samipinresdvrock sso OLONGO).os ions aw.2 2 Sas oe decks ace came secceec ceases. sl: Pictured slabs taken from the ancient stone-honses at Orongo.............---- Mutu Raukau and Mutu Nui; islands near Rapa Nui, where bird’s eggs were gathered Inside the crater of Rana Roraka, on slope below the ancient work-shops -..-- View of upper work-shops, on inner rim Of Rana Roraka....................-. Images standing at the base of outer slope of Rana Roraka Red LYE PPO IG ON Siete mene De are htm cipal 3 aie nines me ee eteee wc wees es twine oiucis SEE Eee ac OU ANE ERE LALIOMMNGON Oslo secs co nistciacdestiataa ce amen cbuccedudevehon ens eee aia ee Central section of the great platform of Tongariki...........-.-...2...-+-.-00- BiSUuWile OL patton OL CONC ALICE. cu~ tics society wins dace suse ewclsecstccesedesc Wistinwinp OM patton Of LON PAT tence ayia eve ades dastearcavccesladaagciane aos Rear view of right wing of platform of Tongariki Rear view of central section of platform of Tongariki.... Akahanga (King’s platform) No. 80, rear view Otverscioteisster lsjaud tablet, “Apa. o 2. sn. cs 32 een seweaeravien sev cussass BY WM. J. THOMSON, PAYMASTER, U. 8. NAVY, * The drawings from’photographs and specimens in the Musenm were made by Messrs. W. H, Chandler and W. H. Burger. XIIL XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. IPEATH XX XeVILE. eeverse’ of Haster Island: tablet, ““Apai?iaose cee ese ren cise cessor meccnaes XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVILI. XLVITII. XLIX. LXI. L¥II. LXIIl. LXIV. LXV. LXVI. XVII. LX VIII. LXIXx. LXX. LXXI. LXXII. LXXIII. LXXIV. LXXV. LXXVI. LXXVII. LXXVIII. LX XIX. LXXX. LXXXtT. LXXXIlI. LXXXIII. LXXXIV. LXXXV. LXXXVI. LXX XVII. . LXXXVIITI. LXXXIX. XC. XCI. XCII. XCIII. PLATE . Wooden images. . Stone gods. . Wooden clubs and paddle . Dancing wands and fetish-boards . Feather hats . Feather hats . Obsidian spear-heads . Stone.adzes: Obsidian’ spear-heads' << <.ce0 o- ~ asi ato osineieieelolo sclstsissteeep esc > Hush-hooks/of poneiand stone= =. -- cess seems eee een ae eee eee tee seer 5 ANGI Ea) Roya ee aboonoe cs one son doco Sosa sos cooos H San ooosegocasebecorcoenesas . Netting-needles and fetish-stones Obverse of Easter Island wooden tablet, ‘‘Atua Matariri”’..............-.-.-. Reverse of Easter Island wooden tablet, ‘‘ Atua Matariri”.................---. Obverse of Easter Island wooden tablet, ‘‘ Haha to ran ariiki Kete”.......... Reverse of Easter Island wooden tablet, ‘‘ Eaha to ran ariiki Kete”’.......-.-- Obverse of wooden tablet from Easter Island, ‘‘ Ka ihi uiga.”” (From photo- graphs presented by George Davidson to the California Academy of Sciences. Reverse of wooden tablet from Easter Island, ‘‘Ka ihi uiga.” (From photo- graphs presented by George Davidson to the California Academy of Sciences.) Obverse of wooden tablet from Easter Island, ‘‘ Ate-a-renga-hokan iti Poheraa.”’ (From photograph by Paymaster W. J. Thomson, U. 8. Navy).-.-...--..----. Reverse of wooden tablet from Easter Island, ‘‘ Ate-a-renga-hokan iti Po- heraa.” (From photograph by Paymaster Wm. J. Thomson, U.S. Navy)-.- Obverse and reverse of Easter Island tablet. (Froma cast lent by Parke, Davis & Co.) Reverse of Easter Island tablet, obtained by the Chilian corvette ‘‘O’ Higgins” .. Obverse of Easter ]sland tablet, obtained by the Chilian corvette ‘O’ Higgins”. . Obverse and reverse of Easter Island tablet, obtained by the Chilian corvette Sc OSHRG GUNG mentee es ate= ase eee sans Bacio clege Ae Ce EEE ERE aoe Bulrush wallet. ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING, BY OTIS T. MASON. Navajo Indian skinning deer. (After Shufeldt.).........-........ aosnosdasoce Navajo Indian removing hair from deer-skin. (After Shufeldt.).............-- Navajo Indian wringing the water from a deer-skin. (After Shufeldt.)...... Navajo Indian pulling deer-skin into shape after wringing. (After Shufeldt.). Navajo Indian applying brains to deer-skin to make it soft. (After Shufeldt.).. Navajo Indian finishing deer-skin by stretching it. (After Shufeldt.).......... Th Phe TER ye 10 Bicaac compe ocean sooseoses ste Sos coco cucrcesSosssoe Figs. 1,2,and 3. Graining tools..-...-.---.---------.---+----0-----+ 222-2202 Figs. 1,2,and 3. Fat-scrapers.-.----.---.-----------------2-20 2202 2-+ eee eee Figs: 1,2,and\3. Scrapers--- <-2 22. . 2.2 -- 22 - eke eee eee piskeecjseeeae Figs. 1,2,8,and 4. Beaming and graining tools........---..------------------: Figs. land2. Adze-shaped scrapers.-..-.-..----.<-------- ccbacedeaceepsbe:casd Figs. land 2. Adze-shaped scrapers Figs. 1 and 2. Adze-shaped scrapers......-.....---.. Sboncedonote ses s6den Soose i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV THE PUMA OR AMERICAN LION, BY FREDERICK W. TRUE. Page. Piate XCIV. The Puma. (From photographof specimen presented tothe National Museum ; yee wISHSElIN segs) memes se cere es cabe tors oe cms ac aiwiae sense ee eke en sto cee 591 ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT OR THREATENED WITH EXTERMINATION, BY FREDERIC A. LUCAS. PLATE. XCV. The West Indian Seal (Monachus tropicalis) -........ 2... .2 2222 ee ence cone cwecne 614 XCVI. The California Sea Elephant (Macrorhinus angustirostris)................----- 616 XCVIT Headof Pacific Walrus (Odobeenus obesus) .-. <2 202-2 oscnccncccececccccn ce 618 XCVIII. The European Bison (Bison bonassus).........-...-..---. Bee ac cer see Leela 621 xi Exon Stellen s Sea COWs (YUNG GUESS. << acre nen Snowe cemendeses-ndcedhesadccece 623 C. The California Vulture (Pseudogryphus californianus)...........-..--......... 629 Cispiiie OR OGliaIrE Odo and Punk@yet sasse aceon ecene 690 PES ETOsS-L1e—= WiNOle LOS NEw DOU SIG ER) sec sioe neni w qaiwain a wimje'niesiac ee oo ceseitinieceaaese 690 99. Steel tie and permanent way, London and Northwestern Railway, 1885........... 691 120. Metal track, London and Northwestern Railway of rea NSS OMe eA ae cee ee 692 101. Metal track, Midland Railway of England, 1889 ........°.....-.....2-.e-seeecese-- 692 102. Metal track, Normanton line, Queensland, 1889 ..-........-..-...--e02--seeneeeeee 692 103. Metal ‘‘ Pot” tie system, Midland Railway of India, 1889 ......................22. 692 HOSE VOU A UraO ke Olin Cues ORG eblOn LSB seen sate on canis cnt;lefaicisfacicaisamaleeuie victoaceeerce 693 105. Metal track, Great Central Railway of Belgium, 1889.............. .....-2..00.-- 693 106. Bergh and Marche metal track system, Elberfeld Railway, Germany, 1889........ 693 107. Haarman longitudinal metal track, Right-Bank-of-the-Rhine Railway, 1889...... 694 108., Metal track, Vautherin system, France, 1889... -.-. 2.2.22 cee e cece ame ee snes eeene 694 109. Metal track, Egyptian Agricultural Railway, 1889........-...-...--2..-..eensee-- 694 110. Metal track, Bilbao and Las Arenas, Spain, 1889... ....-...s-cccee0sceccecanecces 695 111. Metal track, Central Railway, Argentine Republic, 1889.-.........-........2-.-. 695 112. Half lap joint, Hetton rail, 18?4......-. ssejateinicte cies is sizes eeiae sianansaosestcied aeees 695 113,113 a. Joint chair and wedge, O!d Postage Railroad, 1832-...-.....2.....---.ececsseeeen. 696 114. Stone block, rail, and joint tongue laid on Camden and Amboy Railroad in 1831... 696 115. Single splice bar for rail, rolled by the Phenix Iron Company, 1855. (From chart furnished by the Phenix Iron Company) .----..--..--.---..--------------- 697 116,117. Double splice bars for rail, rolled by the Phenix Iron Company, 1856. (From charts furnished by the Phenix:Iron Company): ..2.- -2<-22-0-s-«5beseseuececee 697 118. Plain splice bar, Pennsylvania Railroad, 1870..........-.......2--2-0- ae netatos=ie 698 119. Wooden joint block, New Jersey Railroad, about 1860 ............--.-.-2.eee-- ee 698 120. Ring, joint, and wedge used on the West Jersey Railroad ............-..--..2---- 699 fel loss-Anplesplice Dares... = sosee asccncis acces ween sonics ane scaaech cots sawemeceauceete 700, 701 129. Double angle Sayre-Fitz splice bar, Lehigh Valley Railroad, 1890 ..............-.- 704 130; Joint fixtureused on western railroads, 1869 ...---.....---..0...2--cccesecencwcrs 705 131. Fisher & Norris joint fixture as improved by Clark Fisher, 1888 ......... Sener 785 132. (\ Staple iron used as a makeshift tor a frog, Camden and Amboy Railroad, 1831. 706 Js MLOPS. COME VATAMNOAIS (OL MN PLAN, 1829) .c.n we 1s cece cnc vcm conte cect tweecsa cecaee 706 13d Prove, Old’ Postage hallrodd about 18s... conosco asa c ene vena ceioccces vsccee ese. 706 135. Rail frog, invented by Joseph Wood, New Jersey, 1859.........-.----seeeeeeeeeee 707 Job Witches Micoliery rallroagds, Hnpland, 1820... cece scm nie ee sv cciesenence ese sear 707 LST MUG HEN LON’ PALL D COUNTCLW CLL UG cs sw c'nala ne dees sccciten seainiate One |Secwewccse 30, 000 32,000 | 38, 000 38, 459 PEI ONAIRES 8 oot vuss a.) coews. eet es| oe. ook. | 14, 550 16,610 | 18,401 18, 601 21, 896 27, 690 Lithology and physical geology .| 9,075 | 12,500} 18,000) 20,647 21,500 | 22, 500 27, 000 Metallurgy and economic geology)..-..--. 30,000 |» 40,000) 48,000 | 49,000 | 51,412 52, 076 TCA AMIN GIG arses Doane as oe aoa ds ous [a arerm [SEPA AAA Ne Res ocar| nee eop views 220 491 BRoniec seer cee tS i270: 193, 362 260, 143 |1, 472, 600 |2, 420, 944 2, 666,335 2, 803,459 | 2, 864, 244 | | I 8 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. MUSEUM CATALOGUES.* The following exhaustive account of the manuscript catalogues of the Museum has been prepared by Mr. Randolph I. Geare: The catalogue system of the Museum was devised and commencea in April, 1839, by Professor Baird, at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, while en- gaged in work upon bis private collection of birds. The book in which the specimens in this collection were recorded is now Vol. I of the Bird Catalogue, and is in the custody of Mr. Ridgway, Curator of Birds. When Professor Baird became Assistant Secretary of the Smith- sonian Institution in 1850, he brought with him and presented to the Na- tional Museum his private collection of birds, and a large general nat- ural history collection, filling an entire baggage car. The bird collection was catalogued between 1839 and 1848. After Professor Baird accepted the position of Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, his system of cataloguing was adopted for the Government collections. When the cataloguing of the Museum specimens was commenced, it was found more convenient to keep the records of the several collec- tions in one book. For many years allobjects other than specimens of natural history were entered in the “‘ Ethnology ” series. Vol. x1 of this Series is the first that was set apart for the entry of material of a specified character, and in it are recorded materia medica specimens. Musical instruments, fishery implements, foods, textiles, and other classes of specimens are also included in this volume. A catalogue for mineral and metallurgical specimens was opened in 1859, for fossils in 1859, for vertebrate specimens in 1840, for birds in 1839, for mammals in 1852, for mollusks in 1859. This early system of cataloguing was, although not entirely satisfactory, under the circumstances necessary; but during later years every special collection has been provided with its own catalogue book, and in some instances the curators have found it con- venient to assign a different book to the several groups of objects un- der their custody. The total number of catalogue books in the Museum, entirely or partly filled, is 151, as shown in the following enumeration: No. of | No. of Series. eae | Series. ee books. books. HB PHNOLOMY! fee ce meianacisem ers eeeeemaeeee ae 31 | Marine invertebrates .---..-.----------- 12 Mineralogy and metallurgy.............- 17 || Reptiles and batrachians ...--...-...... 4 Mosgsilsi./ 2): Vasaaeeiss sees ee ene eee 6 | ISeE HD Nie Sons sotoccosorcssasscence 2 PBATOS Woes cue Leek eee tok scan cee 93) 'l\Insects.2!ss ssacobeceocote scene esceeene. 1 Wertebrates) <130-ceciscsic obec cn coecleiceniee 7 || Graphic arts). e--- 2s. ee= enn eee =e 1 Mammal sy. -< Use ctoahineeeune weep sence 4 || Textiles and foods .......-.---.-------+: 2 MOUbOSEG 5. (<.o cee onc sae betaae sco e cu teers 24 | Transportation and engineering -..---.. 1 WITASMO PLS tse ac leew 4-eoeeee esac ue esos 6 || Living animals ........--...-..--------- 1 Fishes ..... = SE UR) Pies Oe BE ees 9 || aoa * Catalogue entries made later than June 30,1889, are in many instances referred to, the preparation of this statement not having been completed until the end of the calendar year 1839. \ REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 9 The history of the system of cataloguing in tbe various departments is given in the following detailed statement : CATALOGUES OF THE DEPARTMENTS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ETHNOLOGICAL SERIES. This series contains thirty-one volumes, with 150,400 entry spaces. The earlier volumes were devoted to the entry of all objects accruing to the Museum other than objects of natural history. From time to time separate volumes or portions of volumes have been set apart for the entry of material of a specified character. ol. I, Nos. 1 to 3500.—The first material entered bears date of March 9, 1859, and is a collection of Japanese ethnological objects, pre- sented by the Emperor of Japan, through Commodore Perry. The last entry is dated February 4, 1867.* Vol. II, Nos. 3501 to 8300.—This volume covers the period between February, 1867, and February, 1869. Many of its pages are devoted to the entry of material gathered by the Wilkes Exploring Expedition. The entries have not been carried beyond 8277, from 8278 to 8300, both inclusive, having been left for some reason blank.* Vol. ITI, Nos. 8301 to 14100.—This volume covers the period be- tween February, 1869, and June, 1874.* Vol. IV, Nos. 14101 to 19825.—This volume covers the period be- tween June, 1874, and March, 1875.* Vol. V, Nos. 19826 to 24750.—This volume covers the period between March, 1875, and September, 1876.* Vol. Vi, Nos. 24751 to 29700.—The first entry in the volume is dated October, 1875—a year prior to the last entry in Vol. V, and the vol- ume was completed a year subsequent to the opening of Vol. VII, the next of this series. This volume was probably set apart for the use of some collector in the field.* Vol. VII, Nos. 29701 to 34600.—This volume covers the period be- tween September, 1876, and January, 1879.* Vol. VIII, Nos. 34601 to 39500.—This volume covers the period be- tween January, 1879, and January, 1880.* Vol. LX, Nos. 39501 to 44350.—This volume covers the period between January, 1880, and December, 1880.* Vol. X, Nos. 44351 to 49225.—This volume covers the period between December, 1880, and January, 1881.* In Vol. X is the following note : - The two succeeding volumes of record are devoted (1) to collections under the U. S. Fish Commission and (2) to chemical and other artificial products. Vol. XI.—This volume, the first of the series set apart for the entry of material of a specified character, was assigned to Dr. Flint for the *The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, and a copy has been made for the Department of Ethnology. 10 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. entry of specimens of materia medica. It covers the period between May, 1881, and February, 1886. The entries in this volume have been earried as far as 54050, although the limit provided for is No. 53925 ; thus duplicating to the extent of about one hundred and twenty-five numbers the entries in Vol. xtr. This volume is in the custody of the Section of Materia Medica.* Vol. XII, Nos. 53926 to 57950.—From January, 1881, to February, 1883. Assigned as follows: From 53926 to 54750 is devoted to the entry of general ethnological objects except the following: Nos. 53926 to54015. A collection of Japanese plants, from the University of Tokyo ; entered in July, 1881. This portion of the catalogue has been used in the Section of Fisheries. Nos. 54016 to 54079 embrace a collection of Chinese musical instru- ments from the Chinese Imperial Centennial Commission, and others. These entries were made in December, 1881. This portion of the cata- logue has been used in the Section of Fisheries. The entry of musical | instruments has been continued in Vol. xx of this series. Nos. 54080 to 54302 are devoted to the entry of general ethnological objects. This portion of the catalogue has been used in the Section of Fisheries. Nos. 54303 to 54525 are devoted to the entry of a large collection of fishing implements, models of fishing boats, etc. This material was entered in November, 1882, and was the nucleus of the fisheries collec- tion. This portion of the catalogue has been used in the Section of Fisheries. Nos. 54526 to 54750 are blank. Nos. 54751 to 55550 are devoted to the entry of a collection of food- stuffs. his is the first entry of a collection of food-stuff of any consid- erable extent. Nos. 55551 to 56425 are devoted to the entry of miscellaneous ethno- logical specimens, including fishing implements. (With the Section of Fisheries.) Nos. 56426 to 56774. A collection of ethnological objects from the Alaskan Indians. (With the Section of Fisheries.) Nos. 56775 to 56825 are blank. Nos, 56826 to 57201 are used for the entry of a collection of ship's * In April, 1883, Vol. xvui of the ‘‘ Ethnology series” was assigned to the curator of this section for the entry of such chemical specimens as could not be included under the head of Materia Medica. Vol. xvii was afterwards transferred to the custody of the Curator of Foods and Textiles, and Vol. xxx of the ‘“‘ Ethnology series” was as- signed to the Section of Materia Medica. Vol. xvit has served the purpose of a general catalogue for this section from February, 1886—the date of completion of Vol. xi, to May, 1888—the date of the first entry in Vol. xxx. Such entries of ma- teria medica specimens as had been made in Vol. xvii were transferred to Vol. Xxx, which is still in use in this section. To the end of the last fiscal year 5502 catalogue numbers had been made use of, distributed as follows: In Vol. x1, 4825 numbers, from 49226 to 54051, in Vol. xxx, 677 numbers, from 141201 to 141878. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. i | papers, fittings, and stores; fishing appliances; fishing products. (With the Section of Fisheries.) Nos. 57201 to 57229. A small collection of fibers and textiles. (With the peru” of Fisheries.) : Nos. 57230 to 57250 are blank. Nos. 57251 to 57628. Food-stufis, dyes, and textiles in the rough. (With the Section of Fisheries.) Nos. 57629 to 57950. Fishing implements, including boat fittings, ete. These several portions of Vol. xIr are as yet unbound. A bound copy of this volume, comprising all these portions, is in the Depart- ment of Ethnology. Vol. XIII, Nos. 57951 to 62750.—This volume covers the period be- tween June, 1881, and February, 1884. It is devoted to the entry of archeological material with the exception of about 170 entries of eth- nological specimens. A list of the ethnological material so entered has been appended to the copy of Vol. x11, in the Department of Ethno- logy. The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric An- thropology. Vol. XIV, Nos. 62751 to 67575.—This volume covers the period be- tween December, 1881, and November, 1882, and is occupied with en- tries of pottery and stone implements Sraenere The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric Anthro- pology, and a copy is in the Department of Ethnology. Vol. XV, Nos. 67576 to 72375.—This volume covers the period be- tween November, 1882, and April, 1883, and is devoted to the entry of pottery, stone implements, and other archeological material. The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric Anthro- pology, and a copy is in the Department of Ethnology. Vol. XVI, Nos. 72376 to 77350.—This volume covers the period be- tween January, 1883, and March, 1887, and is devoted to the entry of general ethnological material, except the following numbers: 75001 to 75335 are set apart for the entry of a collection of historical relics, musi- cal intruments, and modern ceramics. Nos. 76001 to 76500 have been assigned for the use of the Curator of the Section of Naval Architecture. Nos. 77245 to 77351 are left blank. The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, and a copy has been made for the Department of Ethnology. Vol. XVII, Nos. 77350 to 82325.—This volume covers the period be- tween April, 1883, and June, 1889. Originally assigned to the Depart- ment of Materia Medica for the entry of chemicals. Used as a general catalogue of the Section of Materia Medica. Transferred to the De- partment of Foods and Textiles. Now in use, the entries having been carried as far as 78067. Upon its transfer the Materia Medica speci- 12 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. mens which had been entered in this volume, were transferred to Vol. Xxx of this series. Vol. XVITI, Nos. 82326 to 87300.—This volume covers the period be- tween April, 1883, and October, 1883. Devoted to the entry of poutery, stone nalsneni and other archeological material. The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric Anthro- pology, and a copy isin the Department of Ethnology. Vol. XLX, Nos. 87301 to 92200.—This volume covers the period be- tween October, 1883, and September, 1884. Devoted to the entry of pottery, prehistoric stone implements, ete. The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric Anthro- pology, and a copy is in the Department of Ethnology. Vol. XX, Nos. 92201 to 97100.—Current catalogue of the section of musical instruments. Devoted to the entry of musical instruments, ex- cepting Nos. 92335 to 92654, which are devoted to the entry of the ‘‘ Washington relics” transferred from the Patent Office. The entries have been carried as far as 94658. This catalogue was commenced in May, 1883. Vol. XXI, Nos. 97101 to 102000.—This volume covers tie period be- tween February, 1884, and April, 1887. Devoted to the entry of ma- terial assigned to the Department of Prehistoric Anthropology. Vol. XXII, Nos. 102001 to 106900.—The current volume in use by the Section of Fisheries. Separate parts of this volume are assigned re- spectively to the Sections of Fisheries and Animal Products. The entries in the Section of Fisheries have been carried from 102001 to 103443; in the Section of Animal Products from 104501 to 105045. The first entry in the space assigned to the Section of Fisheries is dated March, 1884; the first in the space assigned to the Section of Animal Products is dated June, 1886. Vol. XXIII, Nos. 106901 to 111800.—From September, 1884, to May, 1885. Devoted to the entry of specimens assigned to the Department ot Prehistoric American Pottery. Original catalogue in the Department of Prehistoric American Pot- tery ; a partial copy in the Department of Prehistoric Anthropology. Vol. XXIV, Nos. 111801 to 116700.—This catalogue covers the period between May, 1885, and June, 1886. Devoted to the entry of speci- mens assigned to the Department of Prehistoric American Pottery. The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric American Pottery and a partial copy in the Department of Prehistoric Anthro- pology. Vol. XX V, Nos. 116701 to 121640.—This catalogue was assigned for the entry of a collection to illustrate the art of taxidermy. The first entry was made on February 9, 1886, and the last entry was made on March 9, 1886. The entries have only been carried as far as 116814. Vol. XX VI, Nos. 121601 to 126500.—This volume was assigned for the REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 13 entry of historical collections and coins, and embraces the period from February, 1886, to October, 1889. The entries run as far as 126838, thus encroaching to the extent of about three hundred numbers on the entries of Vol. XXVII. Vol. XX VII, Nos. 126501 to 131400.—The current volume in use in the Department of Ethnology. Commenced in March, 1886. In this volume 300 numbers, beginning with 130000, have been set apart for the entry of material assigned to the Section of Oriental Antiquities. Vol. XX VIII, Nos. 131401 to 136300.—The current volume in use in the Department of Prehistoric American Pottery. Commenced in June, 1856. Vol. XX LX, Nos. 136301 to 141200.—This volume is devoted to the entry of material assigned to the Department of Prehistoric Anthropol- ogy. From April, 1887, to October, 1889. Vol. XXX, Nos. 141201 to 145900.—Current volume in use in the See- tion of Materia Medica. Commenced May, 1888. Vol. XX XI, Nos. 145901 to 150400.—Current volume in use in the De- partment of Prehistoric Anthropology. Commenced in October, 1889. MINERALOGICAL AND METALLURGICAL SERIES. In the early volumes of this series are entered minerals, ores, litho- logical specimens, metallurgical products, and fossils. The first entry is dated April, 1859, and consists of a large collection of minerals, ores, rocks, and fossils ; collected by Lieut. J. C. Ives. There are seventeen volumes included in this series. Vols. I, 11, UI, 1V, and X are in the custody of the Department of Minerals, the other volumes of the series are in the Department of Geology. Vol. I, Nos. 1 to 3500.—Virst entry April 29, 1859; the last entry noted is July, 1861, but there are many entries subsequent to this period. This volume contains many unused numbers. Vol. IT, Nos. 3501 to 9200.—First entry June 16, 1862; last entry December 23, 1874. Vol. ILI, Nos. 9201 to 14,500.—First entry January 7, 1875; last entry February 25, 1884. On the title page is the following inscription : Catalogue for minerals, rocks, fossils and metallurgical products, beginning with No. 9201, January, 1875. Vol. IV, Nos. 14501 to 20300.—The first entry has no date; the last entry is dated June 10,1883. There is a note at the end of this volume stating that Nos. 20301 to 25001 were assigned to ‘“‘ Mr. Keirigs (?) col- lection of rocks.” On the title page is ‘‘ A catalogue of the collection to illustrate the mineral resources of the United States, International Exhibition, 1876.” There is an appendix containing many duplicate entries, together with additional entries made at a much later period than the date of completion of the volume. 14 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, Vol. V.--This volume is devoted to the entry of lithological material. Nos. 20301 to 25000. Entry has been made up_to and including 25125, thus duplicating to the extent of one hundred and twenty-five numbers the entries of Vol. vi. Nos. 23399 to 24000, both inclusive, are blank. Vol. V1, Nos. 25001 to 29649.--Devoted to the entry of lithological material. This book contains entries in 1881, 1882, 1883, and 18584. Vol. VII, Nos. 29651 to 34650.—This book is devoted to the entry of ores and metallurgical appliances and products, ete. The entries in this volume duplicate those of Vol. vir to the extent of about one hun- dred and twenty-five numbers. First entry December 12, 1882; last entry May 10, 13884. Vol. VIE, Nos. 34526 to 39400.—This volume is devoted to the entry of lithological material. First entry January 11, 1884; last entry May 12, 1888. Vol. LX, Nos. 39401 to 44300.—This volume is devoted to the entry of ores, metallurgical appliances and products, ete. First entry March 24, 1884; last entry October 19, 1885. Vol. X, Nos. 44301 to 49200.—This volume is devoted to the entry of mineralogical material. This catalogue is now in use in the Department of Minerals. First entry April 7,18384. Up to theend ofthe last fiscal year, the last entry was 48468. Vol. XI, Nos. 49201 to 54100.—This volume is devoted to the entry of ores and metallurgical appliances and products. Nos. 51674 to 54100, both inclusive, are left blank. The first entry in this book is dated May, 1884, but there are entries as late as November 11, 1889. Vol. XIT, Nos. 54101 to 59000.—This volume is devoted to the entry of ores and metallurgical apphances and products, ete. First entry August 8, 1884; last entry February 12, 1886. Vol. XITI, Nos. 59001 to 63900.—Devoted to the entry of ores and metallurgical appliances and products. Nos. 59946 to 63900, both in- _clusive, are unused. First entry September 4, 1884; last entry October 4, 1889. Vol. XIV, Nos. 63901 to 68800.—Devoted to the entry of ores and metallurgical appliances and products, ete. First entry October 19, 1885; last entry December 18, 1889. From 66651 to the end of the book the numbers are unused. Uptotheend of June, 1889, the entries had proceeded as far as No. 66584. Vol. XV, Nos. 68801 to 73500.—Devoted to the entry of lithological material. This catalogue is now in use in the Department of Geology. First entry January 20, 1888; last entry January 8, 1890. From 72890 to the end of the volume is unused. Nos. 70692 to 72889 are all entered under July 19, 1889. Vols. X VI and X VI1.—These two volumes are but partially filled by the re-entry of material already entered in some previous volume of REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 15 this series. Much material already entered in the earlier volumes of this series has been re-entered in the later volumes. In the Depart- ment of Metallurgy and Economie Geology an endeavor seems to have been made to enter all material of a like nature in separate cata- logues ; thus, in the year 1889 three catalogues (Vols. XI, X1I, and XIV) were in use in this department. All of these books are as yet unfilled. INVERTEBRATE FOSSIL SERIES. Vol. .—The material constituting the nucleus of the Museum collec- tion of fossils was gathered by the various Government Surveys of the country west of the Mississippi. The first entry, dated April 28, 1859, relates to a large collection of fossils gathered by Lieut. J. C. Ives, of the U.S. Army. Thevolume was completed in 1863, It contains num- bers from 1 to 3500, both inclusive. The original is in the custody of the Department of Mesozoic Fossils, and a copy is with the Department of Paleozoic Fossils. Vol. IT, Nos. 3501 to 8890.—Original catalogue in the Department of Mesozoic Fossils, and copy with the Department of Paleozoic Fossils. First entry April 3, 1864; last entry March, 1880. Vol. IT1, Nos. 8891 to 13575 to and including 12900,—Original with the Department of Mesozoic Fossils, and copy with the Department of Paleozoic Fossils. First entry April, 1880; last entry October, 1885. Vol. 1V, 13576 to 18500.—Devoted to the entry of Paleozoic Fossils exclusively. First entry June 9, 1883; last entry December 16, 1889. Vol. V, Nos. 18501 to 23500.—This volume is now in use in the De- partment of Mesozoic Fossils. Up to the end of the last fiscal year the entries had been carried as far as 20262. Vol. VI, Nos. 23501 to 28500.—Now in use in the Department of Paleozoic Fossils. The entries have been carried to 23657. BIRD SERIES. This catalogue is contained in twenty-three volumes of varying sizes, in which up to January, 1590, 117,445 entries had been made. The first volume of this series is a catalogue of the private collection of William M. and Spencer F. Baird. The first entry in this book is dated April, 1839, and there are entries as late as 1851. This volume includes num- bers from 1 to 3696. This volume also contains a short list of quad- rupeds. Vol. I1, Nos. 3697 to 7700.—There are no dates of entry, but this volume probably covers the period between 1851 and 1857, Vol. III, Nos. 7901 to 13825.—From November, 1857, to December, 1860. Vol. IV, Nos. 13826 to 23400.—From August, 1857, to January, 1862. Vol. V, Nos. 23401 to 28400.—The title of this book is as follows : ‘Museum Catalogue of Birds from No. 23401 to 28400, Received dur- ing the years 1860 to 1863, A. D.” 16 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. The entries are from December 30, 1860, to April 30, 1863. Vol. VI, Nos. 28401 to 33200.—Title is as follows: ‘“ Museum Cata- logue of Birds received during the years 1863 and 1864.” Vol. VII, Nos. 33201 to 38700.—From March 22, 1864, to June 12, 1865. Tol. VIII, Nos. 38701 to 45500.—From June 12, 1865 to March 20, 1867. Vol. 1X, Nos 45501 to 50400.—From February 19, 1867, to March 4, 1868. Vol. X, Nos. 50401 to 56000.—From March 4, 1868, to January 15, 1869. Vol. XI, Nos. 56001 to 61200.—From June, 1869, to May, 1871. Vol. XII, Nos. 61201 to 66900.—The first entry is under the year 1872, the last is dated June 24, 1874. Vol. XIII, Nos. 66901 to 72800.—From June 24, 1874, to February 15; 1877. Tol. XIV, Nos. 72801 to 77700.—From April 6, 1877, to April, 1879. Vol. XV, Nos. 77701 to 82500.—From April, 1879, to August, 1881. Vol. XVI, Nos. 82501 to 87320.—From June 29, 1881, to June 12, 1882. Vol. XVII, Nos. 87321 to 92300.—From June 12, 1882, to November 27, 1883. Vol. XVIIT, Nos. 92301 to 97300.—From November 20, 1883, to April 8, 1884. Vol. XLX, Nos. 97301 to 102200.—From April 9, 1884, to January 31, 1885. Vol. XX, Nos. 102201 to 107100.—From January 31, 1885, to January 10, 1886. Vol. XXJI, Nos. 107101 to 112050.—From January 10, 1886, to Octo- ber 24, 1887. Vol. XXIT, Nos. 112051 to 117000. From October 24, 1887, to No- vember 22, 1889. Vol. XXITI.—Now inuse. Commenced on November 22, 1889. On January 18, 1890, the entries had been carried as far as 117445. VERTEBRATE SERIES (RECENT AND FOSSIL). In the earlier volumes of this series were entered vertebrate fossils, recent and fossil. Subsequently entire volumes, or portions of volumes, were set apart for skeletons of a particular kind. Vol. I, Nos. 1 to 3500.—Original and copy with the Department of Mammals. Covers the period between 1840 and 1859. Vol. IT, Nos. 3501 to 8850.—Original and copy with the Department of Mammals. From March 12, 1859, to May, 1869. Vol. IIT, Nos. 8851 to 15800.—With the Department of Mammals. From May, 1869, to December, 1877. Vol. IV.—The entries in this volume begin at 14501, thus duplicating REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 17 to the extent of about thirteen hundred numbers the entries of the preceding volume. This volume was closed on October 26, 1888, the entries having been carried as far as 18330. Vol. V begins at No. 20751.—This volume is devoted exclusively to the entry of skeletons of mammals. Commenced March 14, 1882. The entries had been carried as far as 24951 on January 18, 1890. Vol. VI.—Separate parts of this volume are set apart for the entry of skeletons of fishes and of reptiles. The entry of skeletons of fishes begins at 25751, dated March 4, 1883, and had been earried as far as 26084 on September 11, 1888. The entry of skeletons of reptiles begins at 29001, dated March 22, 1885, and had been carried as far as No. 29266, on August 31, 1889. Vol. VII.—This is the current catalogue of the Department of Verte- brate Fossils. The entries begin at 30701 and on December 21, 1889, had been carried as far as 30950. This volume is in the custody of the Department of Comparative Anatomy. A card catalogue has been prepared of all vertebrate fossils belonging to the Museum collections, which have been entered in the earlier volumes of this series. MAMMAL SERIES. A separate series of books has been kept for the entry of mammal skins, with the exception of a few entriesin Vol. 1 of the ‘“ Bird Series, ” made in 1840. Vol. I, Nos. 1 to 2650.—Original and copy with the Department of Mammals. Commenced February 12, 1852, and closed prior to April, 1857. Vol. II, Nos. 2651 to 7000.—Original and copy with the Department /of Mammals. Covers the period between April, 1857, and October, 1863. The title of this volume is ‘“ Mammals from No. 2651 to 7050 in the collection of the Smithsonian {nstitution, April, 1857 to October, 1863.” Vol. III, Nos. 7001 to 12250.—Original and copy with the Depart- ment of Mammals. Covers the period between October, 1863, and December, 1874. Vol. 1V.—Current volume in use in the Department of Mammals. On January 10, 1890, the entries had been carried as far as 18043. \ r MOLLUSK SURIES. In the Report of the National Museum for 1885* Mr. W. H. Dall, _ Curator of the Department of Mollusks, presents a statement of the registration of specimens from 1859 to 1885, from which it appears that 42,440 entries had been made. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1886, 18,638 entries were made. In the next fiscal year 10,530 entries were recorded, the latest being No, 83534, in Vol. xvii. On . * Page 110. Ey Min; 224--=--9 18 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. June 30, 1888, the catalogues show that 11,799 entries had been made, the last one being No. 98677, in Vol. xx1. From Mr. Dall’s report for 1859 it appears that 6,323 entries had been made during the fiscal year end- ing June 30, 1889, the last number taken up being 102074, in Vol. xxt. Entries were also made during the same year in Vols. XVIII and Xx. During the six months ending December 31, 1889, 1,159 additional en- tries had been made in Vol. XXII. With a view to economy of time two other catalogue books are kept for the use of assistants working in other offices of the department. This series therefore comprises in all twenty-four volumes. ; BIRDS’ EGG SERIES. This catalogue comprises six volumes, containing 23,908 entries. Vol. 1, Nos. 15 to 2300, 1858 to 1859; Vol. m1, Nos. 2300 to 7900, 1859 to 1864; Vol. 111, Nos. 7900 to 12900, 1864 to 1867; Vol. rv, Nos. 12900 to 17975, 1867 to 1878; Vol. v, Nos. 17975 to 22550; Vol. vi, Nos. 22551 to 27450. On January 15, 1890, the entries had been carried as far as 23908. FISH SERIES. This catalogue is contained in nine volumes. ‘The title of the first volume is “ Museum Catalogue of Foreign and Domestic Fish embraced in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, from the years 1856 to 1861.” Vol. 1, Nos. 1 to 3600, December 15, 1856 to 1861; Vol. 11, Nos. 3601 to 8700, 1861 to 1872; Vol. 111, Nos. 8701 to 16150, 1872 to 1876; Vol. Iv, Nos. 16151 to 21100, 1876 to 1878; Vol. v, Nos. 21101 to 25925, 1878 to 1880; Vol. v1, Nos. 25926 to 30725, 1880 to 1882; Vol. vi1, Nos. 30726 to 35700, 1882 to 1884; Vol. vill, No. 35701. The last entry is dated April 15, 1889. Vol. 1x begins at 40601. On December 10, 1889 (the last date of entry prior to January 20, 1890), the entries had been carried as far as 41594. MARINE INVERTEBRATE SERIES. In this department volumes or parts of volumes have been assigned to particular families or orders. The catalogue comprises about twelve volumes. Porifera and Pretozoa.—First entry February 28, 1881; last entry February 22, 1890. Number of entries, 6,193. Crustacea.—The first volume of this series ,containing Nos. 1 to 2000, was destroyed in the Chicago fire. The first entry in Vol. 11 is dated November 30, 1872, and is numbered 2001. On January 22, 1890, the entries had been carried as far as 14646. Radiata.—First entry (No. 1) is dated November 19, 1880. On Jan- uary 22, 1890, the entries had been carried as far as 17377. Bryozoa and Ascidia.—First entry (No.1) is dated February 11, 1882. On January 22, 1890, the entries had been carried as far as 2842. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Jie, Vermes.—First entry (No. 1) February 28, 1881. Number of entries up to January 22, 1890, 4780. REPTILE AND BATRACHIAN SERIES. Cataloguing in this department was commenced in 1856. This cata- logue consists of four volumes. Vol. 1, from 1 to 2900, covers the period between January, 1856, and July, 1858. Vol. ur, from 2901 to 7875, covers the period between July, 1850, and March, 1873. Vol. 111, from 7876 to 13885, March, 1875, to October, 1884. Vol. Iv, is now in use. On January 20, 1890, the entries had been carried as far as 15619—to the end of June, 1889, to 15525. INSECT SERIES. The Department of Insects has a special catalogue in which are recorded all the additions to the collections since May 18,1883. A single entry may include several hundred specimens. Up to the end of June, 1889, 486 entries had been made. No attempt has been made to aftix catalogue numbers to the immense amount of material belong- ing to the Department of Agriculture. The material has been classified according to relationship, the several orders, families, genera, etc., be- ing kept in separate trays. The force of this department is now en- gaged in the preparation of a catalogue based on relationship, in which will be indicated the number of examples of each species in the Museum collection. BOTANICAL SERIES. As has already been stated in connection with Vol. x11 of the Eth- nology series, Nos. 53926 to 54015 of that volume were taken up in cataloguing (July, 1881) a collection of Japanese plants received from the University of Tokyo. This is the first collection of plants entered under a consecutive series of numbers. RECENT PLANT SERIES. In 1865 the Herbarium of the Smithsonian Institution, already of great extent and value, which had for many years been under the care of Dr. John Torrey in New York City, was placed under the care of the Department of Agriculture, with the understanding that the appointment of the Botanist of the Department of Agriculture (to be charged with its administration) should be subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Constant additions have been made to the Herbarium since that time by the Smithsonian Institu- tion, and the collection has been also greatly increased through special efforts made by the Botanist of the Department of Agriculture and his assistants. 20 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. In 1881, when Prof. Lester F. Ward took charge of the collection of fossil plants in the Museum, he found that the separation of the fossil plants from the recent plants caused him much inconvenience in con- nection with the identification of the former. Since that time, there- fore, it has been customary to retain in the Museum such accessions of recent plants as were needed by Professor Ward and other students in connection with their paleo-botanical work. A second collection of recent plants has thus been formed in the Museum building. It became evident that the existence of two herbaria, each a part of the National Herbarium, and each entirely separate in administration from the other, was undesirable. Dr. George Vasey, Botanist of the Department of Agriculture, has therefore, at the request of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and with the consent of the Secretary of Ag- riculture, accepted the position of Honorary Curator of the National Herbarium. The Secretary of Agriculture has also agreed to the prop- osition of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution that, as soon as proper accommodation can be afforded to the National Herbarium in one of the buildings of the National Museum, the portion of the Her- barium now in the Department of Agriculture may be transferred and combined with the collection now in the Museum building. In Dr. Vasey’s report covering the remainder of the fiscal year (March 1 to June 30, 1889,) he states that no catalogue of the plants contained in the Herbarium has yet been made, but that they are properly ar- ranged in orders, genera, and species, and are labeled so as to be read- ily accessible. hs In March, 1889, the catalogue of recent plants received in the Na- tional Museum, contained 175 entries. No idea, however, of the extent of the collection can be formed by this statement, since the first two entries comprised 25,000 specimens, these representing the Ward and Joad collections. With the beginning of the fiscal year 1889-1890 a new catalogue will be opened by Dr. Vasey for the entry of recent plants. FOSSIL PLANT SERIES. The cataloguing of fossil plants was first systematically commenced in the year 1881 (?) by Prof. Leo Lesquereux, of Columbus, Ohio. Several entries of fossil plants are found in the early volumes of the “ Fossil Series ” of catalogues. There is an extra catalogue kept, in which is entered the material that had accumulated in the interval between the time at which Professor Lesquereux discontinued the work of cataloguing and the period at which it was resumed by Mr. Knowlton. This catalogue is only provisional, the specimens when identified being re-entered in the regular catalogue of the department. GRAPHIC ART SERIES. The Section of Graphic Arts has a special catalogue, in which up to January 7, 1890, 3,233 entries had been made. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 21 FOOD AND TEXTILE SERIES. In the custody of this department are two volumes of a special cata- logue. In these, special series of numbers have been set apart for the various kinds of material placed in the department. The two volumes contain about 9,900 numbers, about two-thirds of which have thus far been utilized. It will be observed that a part of Vol. x11 of the Eth- nology series (Nos. 54751 to 55550) is devoted to the entry of a collection of foods and other specimens. This appears to have been the first set of numbers devoted to the cataloguing of this material. TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINEERING SERIES. To this section a special catalogue has been assigned. The first en- try is dated March 10, 1885, and has reference to the locomotive “ John Bull,” the gift of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Up to the end of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889, 125 entries had been made. In this section the work of cataloguing has never been carried on system- atically, owing to the pressure of other work. LIVING ANIMAL SERIES. This department has a special catalogue. The first entry is in Octo- ber, 1887. On June 30, 1889, 341 entries had been made. FORESTRY SERIES. The cataloguing of specimens in the forestry collection has not yet been commenced. CATALOGUE ENTRIES DUEING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. A catalogue entry, as explained in previous reports, may relate to a single specimen or to several hundred or even several thousand speci- mens, as frequently happens in regard to mollusks, plants, marine in- vertebrates, fossil and other groups of objects. The total number of entries made by the curators of the several departments in the Museum catalogue books during the year is 23,442, as shown in the accompany- ing table: Table showing the number of catalogue entries made during the year. ‘Total Departments. No. of entries. Arts and Indusiries: Materia: Medica). 2. - --n- ..awec cannes cnnman nec nn wenn ener n ween aren cecee nner cccescanerss 433 Eee Ee ete ete eed aay mans me gh oneimcek hea fate nenecewcevadscdnwes 35 SRO Nee a ee et nt Bee en Ah vient wlece wbesessnwnhacpmanteaccnacpesers 78 Animal products ....--....--------.----- Fee Re Salts sie ac scans sine mn'ase map w.nin « 22 323 Coins, medals, paper money, etc......--.----.--- ene e ee eee ee eee ee nee e cere cere neces 22 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Table showing the number of catalogue of entries made during the year—Continued. Total Departments. No. of entries. JOR Wye eon cond B65 ase aOOD en DUS SAO aaa CoDSoc UOCUndeSeHe cos EcHabuoSSASs ongesoSeemonoSebtase 721 IN irae eae he IEW MESA Soc conadgas sor coade S00 sen smo SDaU Lost obSS bono anoonasonceSccoees 634 PrehistoricvAMthropology = ce cne cece sates eee ela aee aires ee see meeenlae ieee ee eee rae eters 1, 400 GAH EB Sa OS geo CeOC EOC OES OS AGRA AROACOD ACE carrot Eon Sok A GoUMo paseuceswedabeadasenedad 635 ISTE seem noacHdogeroscec b ctewecewatiee sind Spmease teens cence ssaiec oceeeet eae e eee eRe Eee er 2, 971 IBILAS HOPS). seicie’o ice sisicis's = aisie sie leis aicielsinte- teisieieet-lno sine yews mele cisiecaslelere (eet nem er eeieeeraits 118 Reptiles and Batrachians..-..-..-- teanss Luvciste te ave odleme ges sOeccecsebemmmme ste e ates seameres 784 IGN OSs icaic a coves meedicie Seo ack wat cesioes tectemesinmecceace eet eee One eee eee eee ee ae eres 1, 476 OR) Dt) 6: Wee a ee ee a Se ee a Ome Sac aias Carator of the Department of Reptiles, resigned on February 9, and Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, Assistant Curator of birds, was on March 1 appointed Curator of the Department of Reptiles. Dr. George Vasey, botanist of the Department of Agriculture, was appointed honorary Curator of botany in March, and in that capacity controls the botanical collections in the National Museum and in the Department of Agriculture forming the National Herbarium. Prof. Paul Haupt, Honorary Curator of the Section of Oriental Antiquities, has been designated representative of the Smithsonian Institution at the Eighth International Congress of Orientalists, to meet in Stockholm and Christiania from September 2 to 13. Prof. Otis T. Mason has been detailed to visit the principal ethnological museums in France, Ger- many, Denmark, and England for the purpose of making arrangements for exchange of specimens and incidentally of studying the methods of installation adopted in them. Mr. Thomas Wilson will also visit the principal archeological museums in France for similar purposes, and will attend the meetings of the International Anthropological Congress. Mr. J. B. Smith, Assistant Curator of the Department of Insects, resigned in April to accept a professorship in Rutger’s College, New Brunswick, New Jersey, and the position of entomologist of the State Agricultural Experiment Station, and Mr. Martin Linell has been appointed aid in this Department. THE ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF. The administrative affairs of the Museum are under the direct charge of the Assistant Secretary. The arrangement of the administrative of- fices is as follows: Department of accounts, W. V. Cox, chief clerk. Department of correspondence and reports, R. I. Geare, executive clerk. Department of registry and storage, 8S. C. Brown, registrar. Department of property and supplies, J. Elfreth Watkins, engineer of property. Department of publications, A. Howard Clark, editor of Proceedings and Bulletin. The care of the buildings, the supervision of the mechanics, watchmen, laborers, and cleaners, and many related matters, are under the charge of Mr. Henry Horan, superintendent of buildings. Mr. C. A. Steuart is assistant superintendent. The preparation and mounting of specimens for the exhibition series consumes the time of several skilled employés. Casts of specimens have often to be made, when ~~ ee REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 29 ~ the original objects can not be retained in the Museum. Protographs of objects not infrequently supply the place of the object itself in the exhibition cases. The work incidental to such preparation is now of great importance and a department or prep- aration has been formed as here indicated : Department of preparation: Taxidermists, W. T. Hornaday in charge, Joseph Pal- mer, William Palmer, Henry Marshall, George Marshall, A. J. Forney. Osteologist, F. A. Lucas. Photographer, T. W. Smillie. Draughtsmen, W. H. Chandlee and W. H. Burger. Modeler, J. W. Hendley. General preparators, E. H, Hawley and T. W. Sweeny. Statements of the work accomplished in these departments during the ‘year are given further on in this report. CLASSIFID SERVICE OF THE MUSEUM. In response to a resolution* of the Senate asking for a schedule of the classified service of the officers and employes of the National Museum, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution addressed the following letter to the Hon. John J. Ingalls, president pro tempore of the Senate, transmitting a schedule which, upon very careful consideration, seemed to represent the actual needs of the service. *U.S. SENATE, October 9, 1888. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. * * * Mr. WILSON, of Iowa. Lofter the following resolution, and ask for its present consid- eration : Resolved, That the Regents and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and Di- rector of the United States National Museum be, and hereby are, directed to formulate and transmit to the Senate at their earliest convenience, a schedule of classified sery- ice of the officers and employés of the National Museum, arranged according to duty and salary, as the same is required for the proper working of the Museum. Mr. Hoar. From what committee does that come ? Mr. WILSON, of Iowa. From none. It is a resolution that I introduced in order to get the information, Mr. Hoar. I should like to inquire for information—I have no doubt it is all right —have we authority to impose directions on the Regents of the Smithsonian Institu- tion and the Director of the National Museum? Mr. WILSON, of Iowa. The resolution relates mainly to the National Museum, which, I suppose, we have a right to call upon for information. It might be different as to the Smithsonian Institution, but as the resolution relates to the Museum, I presume we have that authority. There is no reason why we should not have it. Mr. Hoar. We have authority to give such directions to the heads of Departments, which rests on unbroken usage from the beginning of the Government, but I am not aware that one House of Congress has aright to order an executive officer of the Goy- ernment to do anything for its convenience, especially that we have such control over the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. It may be there is such authority re- served by statute. I shall not interpose an objection to the resolution, because I know personally the officers referred to would be anxious to communicate the information, and it is the desire of the Senator from Iowa, The PRESIDENT pro tempore. If there be no objection to the present consideration of the resolution, the question is on agreeing to the same. The resolution was agreed to. 30 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, March 2, 1889. Sie: In response to the Senate resolution asking for “a schedule of the classified service of the officers and employés of the National Mu- seum,” I have the honor to transmit the accompanying schedule, which represents the present actual necessities of the service. The service for the fiscal year of 188788 was reported upon in a let- ter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, dated December 1, 1888 (H. R. Mis. Doc. No. 55, Fiftieth Congress, second session). In this the aggregate expenditures for service were shown to have been $122,750.47, of which sum $97,493.32 was paid from the appro- priation for preservation of collections, $19,203.79 from that for furni- ture and fixtures, and $6,053.36 fiom that for heating, lighting, and electrical and telephonic service. A schedule of the number of persons employed in the various depart- ments of the Museum was also given in this letter (pages 4, 9, 11). This schedule should, however, be regarded only as an approximate one, since many of the employés were actually engaged only a part of the year, and others were temporarily transferred to the pay-rolls of the Cincinnati Exhibition and were engaged in special work in connec- tion with that exhibition. It is estimated that the aggregate expenditures for services for the present fiscal year (1888—’89) will be $129,710, of which amount $103,000 will be paid from the appropriation for preservation of collections, $20,000 from that for furniture and fixtures, and $5,710 from that for heating, lighting, and electrical and telephone service. In the schedule herewith transmitted it is shown that for the proper working of the Museum the amount required for services would be as follows: Hor salaries Ofscienititichassishanus = see conser ee soir aeiiee | ee eee $56, 300. 00 HMorcleriGal forces : 322)s\isjesuisis sieve ncte a olecwle os ene a ee lnieie cine aie = sare neers 36, 920. 00 For services in preparing, mounting, and installing the collections.---..- 22, 060. 00 For services in policing, caring tor, and cleaning the buildings..---..... 36,740.00 For services in repairing buildings, cases, and objects in the collections... 14, 163.50 For salaries and wages in designing, making, and inspecting cases and other appliances for the exhibition and safe-keeping of the collections. 18, 337.50 For services in connection with the heating, lighting, and electrical and telephonic service ..----.---..-.---.---- -2-+ +--+ ++ 2-22 ee 2-2 eee eee 6, 620. 00 For services of miscellaneous employés, ineluding draughtsmen, messen- EI Wdasace copa da cons co Soe po QGae Lon ess Unoo booed GagSaanooNss esas 7, 980. 00 INCA oo56 66dea5 Seed S000 0a66 sabSSS Hodosssnceae hooSS8 soon So agssoeeC 199, 121. 00 The increase in the total expenditure, as indicated, is due partly to the addition of a number of officers to the scientific staff, and also to the necessity for a few additional clerks, and a considerable number of watchmen, laborers, cleaners, and messengers, whose services are essen- tial to the safety of the collections, as well as to provide for the clean- liness and proper care of the buildings and for the comfort of visitors. The rates of pay indicated are in most cases considerably lower than are customarily allowed for a similar service in the Executive Depart- ments. In the schedule now presented, expenditure for services only is taken into consideration. No attempt has been made to present the needs of the Museum in regard to the purchase or collecting of specimens, the purchase of gen- eral supplies, preservatives, materials for mounting and installing col- i ay ee REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. a1 lections, books, exhibition cases, furniture, fuel and gas, the main- tenance of the heating and lighting appliances, freight and cartage, traveling expenses of collectors and agents, ete. Vor these various purposes the expenditure in the last fiscal year amounted to $45,249.53, and that for the present fiscal year will, it is estimated, amount to about $48,000, a sum very inadequate to the needs of the service. It does not include the expenditures for printing the labels and blanks, and proceedings and bulletins of the Museum, for which the appropri- ation for many years past has been $10,000, and for which I have asked $15,000 for the coming fiscal vear. I must not omit to call your attention to the fact that owing to the peculiar constitution of the Museum as a scientific establishment, it has hitherto been possible to secure a special economy, owing to the fact that its officers and employés are not scheduled as in the Executive De- partments. In thus presenting, in obedience to the request of the Senate, a schedule of a durable organization of the service, I wish to remark, emphatically, that there are pressing needs in other directions—needs that merit the serious consideration of Congress, in order that the National Museum may be enabled to maintain a satisfactory position in comparison with those of Huropean nations. I have the honor to be, your most obedient servant, S. P. LANGLEY, Secretary. Hon. JOHN J. INGALLS, President pro tempore of the Senate. \ a2 REPORT OF NATIONAL’ MUSEUM, 1889. Schedule of the classified service of the officers and employés of the United States National Museum, arranged according to duty and salary, as required for the proper working of the Museum. Designation. Cempensa- tion. Scientific staff. Secretary Smithsonian Institution, director ex officio ....-..-.-..--------++++------e0e--- Assistant secretary Smithsonian Institution, in charge of National Museum..-..--..--- Curator and executive officer Five curators, at $2,400 Tie) ub Ssh HUBS P ANN) so ocps conobe cedmoopgocor ceconadrncogHasaoSecsoos dassopeckdboon sos Four assistant curators, at $1,600 Four assistant curators, at $1,400 Four aids, at $1,200 Six aids, at $1,000 Special service by contract ... 2-5... on. ence eee nes sone Clerical staff. (Hine OB aabgocsensasosncoocaboeg dodunpescoconsecened douasooaoSnsocsascdEasdsogcedsecar Four chiefs of divisions: Correspondence; transportation, storage, and record ; publica- tions and labels; installation; at $2,000 One disbursing clerk* One clerk of class 4 Two clerks of class 3 Three clerks of class 2 HO MrelerksiOMCLASS ili ccc misriceieisise = eeeioee eee eee eee eater ee aie aca woe tee eevee Four copyists, at $900 Four copyists, at $720 Six copyists, at $600 Sino Rafe) Clay ORS Ee Ne ag gaqodnadoo sasN6d 5900 se 59200005 snon esos dss seagsoqsuacdSs ssesceu os IPNOGO SLA PEN = [2 CNS SSRI O OOO OSBEO SS DeOSao roe. 1, 565. 00 (UGG PEATE TRAE POG ENE 6 Sa eRe cot ae SOIC SDC SOO ICOOS CSE CR OCDE Reha dob SURED E a eEs ae 626. 00 ONSetOne- ONiLer ANON AsON, Al papel Gaye ceases selon seaclee wc scia ess emlisclacinetsie'e << oa (cise o> 626. 00 SEGnigileananorens ati ge700) PO Ck Vie amet alam nian anita miele aim cine aie dela aim mimo cleinniclanl> aaeaise 4, 695. 00 SieasculGuslaNOLeErspab pa Pol Uae =m aces Once aele aoe eice ane et nurwernmecccemeao see sisces 3, 7A6. 00 SUPA R GIA CN LP COUT Se Re Bop boonoconcoue coDdod SoEEEOOOds sop Cceooeecccoossases 1, 800. 00 14, 163. 50 3 Furniture and fixtures. aes LOSE ST OPE CEE hf oC hasan s conn OSU SoS EE SpE DEP Se Censor RCS Ee CHOP ER Se San COS bECOre Seen 2, 000. 00 MOPTNCSTAO I WIS Gitta aren reas aie mie mw atin wletn etm aiminml cies miami =m\n l= =| vimvielmiwivic meiuiel=/= mime micintwininiai=nic mala = == 900. 00 UNG GS RAR A ghc4e noddebEss hg 365 aS Sao Det ehe be toc CHOCO MOSS CeCe nh SUcune ect osecobC Mech nora 7 720. 00 PNG COBYAS bee seae dine ea aia eae ale aon einlolnimin wine tela ww mies mielslatvinleielmiaiialaln =/sin' =) ainienisieiin sae sis 5 600. 00 (TEG DACA ioc sec nod Seeded Sane ec noo Se andossonecose sossase0s50055 Sons eSaossasesassnssen 480. 00 Six carpenters and cabinet-makers, at $3. .......-----.---- 2-2-2 2-222 en nee nnn cee scenes 5, 634. 00 BRTRR EN PANTIEOLS AU oie nla oc argt ot aiaain mala felatml aims onl isimn wil stn slum sol einioim an) siswinicjaim'nc)=\=ie pen o> 1, 978. 00 TOES EG UA Sen GRE THE? H A Baebes GaSe cricecr BcOCertor touce Hobe OR GSe Bose redo or proces ase 1, 565. 00 Two skilled laborers, at $2.....- wtdcsacucaccastes csc sececmc Ace onisieae meee elem cacincele sc 1, 252. 00 SENREELADOLOLSS ait Sle OU mee earls aot ar miaeiremee ea cis Seine ciate ee cialctsee rates sees ee simee 1, 408. 50 SYNE OIEL oye 1D. COW Eh ooce see done poanpo cdo Sco csene sooo seososen csgsedocoseesosssees: 1, 800. 00 18, 337. 50 Heating, lighting, and electrical service. i Oi ONION OM ose ca weie Oa ola cians a ei ete ele elatn/lel=iaim =J~id niniclawenieiv.- wie - t.oe'sinwnemecn=en/elee=imn'veceni'e 1, 400. 00 One aASIsLAan ON CIN Cela tee eels naan amiec eae oe sivioiwn oie els oie cieieisieie'es Sie eee 1863 | (18) SUT eee ()) (4) CO) ae ae Th bx Dippesas Socss ses zs} 00) ee an ee 927 eaeee ee 5 Rare | Semone 04» PRU ceen leer ieceslo nance em a aha ee. fol ee gyal tse os: oA Pe ae |e ee 1 it eee 1885 (60) 278 pica ied eco ase $40). eee il eee Be ss 2. 1882 (6) 40) [bye (CW) hl See 956) (2852 o 4) sc oe eee a eee 1884 | (25) Bale one (1) (24) 4035 |Laen eee 49; | eeu oe 2 4 Re, CCS ae Sees AaB. even Mo tO 138 100 2 4 Dy (ae oe eae 1884 | (54) | 1,279] *(2) (Ga ie 1: 336 h eens BRIAN dha Ss SE So PciBap ale. kc rl Nese a au a roll as Gi ee pe eee SS a rere PBBSa) opt BED teen ceaae sees (32) 414 7 8 | 1 0 aS Eee 59 ae Sasi samen i etal eee es ch) a a eee ee eee, ae ree ees 1886 (32) pe eee (1) (48) Z6Br lisse sea Pleas ae ers 1h eee TN peeecces Meee em a hee a a, TN fe ea te ce {by es eee WASSOil oc. 22k LOB WA less sacar] secce see PANES lesa cee Mele nee ere oe eee eal Ss Meee, 25-24% sya epee ea G) | (7) | 698 120 SGyI2) eee rp ay stz24 2on=3 25 baB89 |e o4: 2. TT Giga e recess Fey (eee es eek -25, eee Pe Tile aS. See meee [S88 | pees iT eee ae (1) (94) OSGi lt. ace AMM eres oe Die ee «ewes 5 TSAO) ea DONG lesen (1) (148) STO oeeecse Tae We cae Ch sist SSIS 5 Sl Po a We E97 | * Table of statistics. t Abbreviations and errata. 2 As ie a! op —— Year. No. of bulletins. | Pages. Year. No. of bulletins. | Pages. 1875... | 2 bulletins (1, 21).........--..-.. 170 || 1883... 2 bulletins (20, 26) .....--.++-++- | 538 1876....| 4 bulletins (3, 4, 5,6) ........-.- | 462 || 1884...| 2 bulletins (25, 27) ....-..---.+5- 1, 739 1877....| 4 bulletins (7, 8, 9,10)...........| | 528 || 1885...| 4 bulletins (23, 28, 29, 30) ....... 1, 616 Taeh Jel WUNetiiE (1). .ck scx castes oeees 238 | 1886...) 1 bulletin (31) .--..--.------+--- 368 Pees 3 WOletine (13.14) 15). oc =. c5ccee Gena aay l Dulletin (S2)icerc o. oleae -5-on- 98 PHR0 sous). 2 bulletins (17, 18): ..<-s~.0<.-<-- 366 | 1889...) 5 bulletins (33, 34, 35, 36, 37)....| 1, 704 1881....| 2 bulletins (21, 22)............-- 360 | RENE NESE feo oe “10, 555 1882....| 4 bulletins (11, 16, 19, 24)........ 1,770 1 D8 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. (3) The PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.—This series was begun in 1878 and the twelfth annual volume—that for 1889—is now being printed.* In the first eleven volumes were printed seven hundred and sixty scientific papers in addition to thirty-four administrative papers printed from time to time in the appendix. The total of pages in the first ten volumes, excluding the appendices, is 6,112, 410 of plates, or 6,522 pages, constituting 4063 signatures. Of Vol. xt there have been printed 671 pages of text with 60 plates. The total number of pages when the volume is complete will be about 725+120 plate pages. In the table here introduced is shown the number of pages, text fig- ures and plates, in Vols. 1 to x of the “ Proceedings.” | | Appendix to volumes. No. poate, Ante. | Text. | Inter. pees. Total. Bea von fears Fi es eer | | Plates. |Figures| Pages. | I | 1879 4 BAN Resodooa ease 524 16 540 | 5 Silgscccsenite seeeee II | 1880 4 499 4 1 508 | 20 Eytan Telcos. er ae TIT | 1881 6 BSO Mls see tee eet 596 | 4 (NW) aseeace Dike Perera sees TV | 1882 alt ey Gayl ee Ieaoces | 542 4 546 13 AI Sees Se 146 V | 1883 | 12 T0Sa|eeosae oe Ie ah eye clk 24 | 740 52 1D ea eee VI | 1884 | 8 AGL eeeeode 1 470 56| 526 6 14 4 68 VIL | 1885 | SPORE | ee Sere 1 600 Bul 608 eee | neeanee Ae 70 VII | 1886 | 8) 6701 ee dl 1 |) see cen? Wap aastotete fer steal naa 2 6 | Classification and arrangement of the materia medica collections ...-.........---------- 2 7 A classification of the forms in which drugs and medicines appear and are administered | 7 & | Memoranda for collectors of drugs for the materia medica section of the National Museum. 2 9 | Circular in reference to the building-stone collection. ............-..--..------e--ee eens: 6 10 | Two letters on the work of the National Museum...-..-...-.2 222-22 eee ne--e ene ese enon | 10 11 | A professional classification of the food collections .....................--..------------- 22 12 | Classification of the collection to illustrate the art of taxidermy -...........---.--.------ 2 Pe Ouuuine of sv scheme of Musenm classification <0-2 .) ioc. lecc ei ccc ere te pce ceecactecvinn 4 14} Circular requesting material for. the library...-.. 0.22.2... 2: 22. cccn ccc me neces ceevec-sneee| 3 15 | The organization and objects of the National Museum..................--------222--eeeee S POMEElans tor Lie mataliatiom Of COlSCHONS]7 <6 — ous e sce man fan sac aw ceca s occ ctaecceccessccs 2 17 | Contributions and their acknowledgements ....-..--. 1.20.2... 2-2-2 eee cence cece eee nes 1 18 | List of publications of the United States National Museum .-....-...............2..-22--. 12 19 Classification of the materia medica collection of the U.S. National Museum and eata- GS eieee ls SPOON OMS Meee ates 6 ciclo De ome eer sete aie ees aaa e wae onion caine evens ac usisince seca 45 20 Request for specimens of drugs and information concerning them .........-...-....-..--. 1 21 | Cireular relative to contributions of aboriginal antiquities to the U.S. National Museum. 5 22 | Brief directions for removing and preserving the skins of mammals...........-....-..--. 7 26 40 41 | +Catalogue of the contributions of the section of graphic arts to the Ohio Valley Cen- REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Title. Instructions for taking paper molds of inscriptions in stone, wood, bronze, etc..--..----- Plan of a collection to illustrate the textile industries of the United States, to be exhib- ited at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition, 1884-85 at New Or- MT CR Sore cease soonest anon noid anqoh acne eae CUSe a ndoe ous crd bemasecusado~maecqsseces Preliminary plan for a collection of the building and ornamental stones and rocks of the United States, to be exhibited at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Expo- sition, 1884-85 at New Orleans Plan for a collection of the gems and precious stones of the United States, to be exhib- ited at the Cincinnati Industrial Exposition and the World’s Industrial and Cotton | Centennial Exposition, 1884-’85 at New Orleans. .--.-..-......-.---2--..-+.2-2----.--s- Directions for collecting and preserving and transporting tortricids and other small MOS Hoe sae see aie sare oes eset e Seettat = akeleiate seiawe c622)5.55 e6 aeamiee = = Cae Ose hae eee eae Direchions forsMOUNGleXpPLOLAb] OM eee eee rate ete lalate ete rela tate ae Provisional plan for a collection of mammals to be exhibited at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition of 1884—’85 at New Orleans .....-..........--.-..---. } A list of birds the eggs of which are wanted to complete the series in the National | Museum, with instructions for collecting eggs .-- 2-5. =. 22-22-65 sense eee se ees cee cee ese | Plan to illustrate the mineral resources of the United States and their utilization, at the W orld’s Industriai and Cotton Centennial Exposition of 1884—'85 at New Orleans. ..-.--- Classification of the materia medica collection of the U.S. National Museum, and cata- logue of specimens. ..-..--.-------------------+---+--2+--- +--+ +++ ---2 eee ee eee eee Notesionithe preparation Of (SOLO LOTS mates = meee ete eae ane ee eee ae eee | Circular for the guidance of persons desiring to make exchanges of birds or birds’ eggs WalN (NOONE RH OONL AHR bi CoS SoS omsecpeasceneassoSsasess esos SS AAR OE Tae Ne *Concerning the lending of type specimens. ..------------- ------.--------..------------- | tennial Exposition, Cincinnati, 868 27. ace c MIB WATG Cou o> 2.0 edo ce. ] 1 (1) ike Oillmitencetes| css oes 3 6 INGE) Sopa Se pesnerposes 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 9 6 Georgia.....-------------- 1 1 4 1 0) 6 0 | 8 9] LSU ecocnc eer Eso eeeen 1 eso Kee accel emcactstd Doco tec EE ey See le) peice 1 Dilinols .-..---..--..--..4-- 1 1 | 1 fi 1 27 4 12 48 __ SS eee 1 1 1 1 | 14 5 6 a0 indian Tecritory--..-....... 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Towa ..-.-2---++20-2-0 02+ 1 1 1 1 1 22 ¢ | 7 40 RBS GUS caremdie cect: 1 1 1 La 1 12 2) 5 24. PMO NTUO KY rentals em sinem acin as 1 Z (1) 1 1 | 14 0 3 21 CTE OT De ie arin Bere ase 1 2 (1) | 1 1 | 9 3 2 19 Maine .......-......--.--.. 1 0 1 1 0 | 3 6 2 14 Lite vag ott Be aes ae eee 1 1 1 1 ] 12 2 2 21 Massachusetts...-..-....-. 1 1 1 1 1 | 9 10 11 35 LU Re eee ee 1 1 1 1 0 | 9 2 10 25 IMUNNGBOLD ..~ 2... ave cece nan 1 : 1 1 1 1 | 6 3 2 16 MMAR SIMRO DL sat ce oi van - 1 1 9 1 0 5 4 17 ICG UE ee a 1 1 2 1 l i6 6 9 7 Li SS Eos ee eon 1 ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 RNODTARES oe 4025 .k- 5050-02 1 Hii.) 1 ol 6 2 3 4 64 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. | Sod 2 | 2 ae | € | 38 hae ae 3 S os "= PIS Sean ae tule ie 8 oi Be = 2 a Panett dl ip ates o a = Ee eee Ne aca sae = le a eS alee Nea AE 2 eal ei ES sa 1 1 (1) 0 0. 1 1 3 7 New Hampshire -..-....-.-. i 1 (i) 1 0) 0 2) 3 | 8 New Jersey ......----.--- 1 | i J 1 0| 3 | 4 | Tate aeeds New Mexico........--..--- 1 1 0 1 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 5 Nowa Wioubeessaseece-s- cere 1 0 2 1 1 | 22 | 13 24 | 64 North Carolina ......-.--.. 1 1 1| 0. 0 | 8 | 4 | 5 20 Onigg te eel APU ls 1 | 1 (1). 1 0, egakl ett tton| tena 61 Ores oni ete See ete i | 1 1 | 1 0 | 6 | 3 | 1 14 Pennsylvania....-.2....-- 1 1 1 1 | 1| 25 | 14 | 18 62 iuhodewMsland sass eenee 1 1 1 1 | 0 | 0 1 3 8 South Carolina ..........-. 1 | 1 ale 1 | 0) q | 4 | 5 20 MICNNESSCO ac een eemecrecicie oes 1 | 1 (1) st] 0 | 18 5 | GY 31 SPoragees Oe eee oo 1 | 1 (1) 0 | 0 | 7 | ne | 7 20 LAH eeren ee sss ece ce ee =. 1 | 1 0 0 0 0 0) 0 2 \Vi@on\n th ioe casSeecoecesupae 1 | ] (1) 1 0. ah 3 2 9 avincimiae so 06. once ec 1 | 1 3 | 1 0 7 | 2 3 18 Washinetom:.+-..<.scce © LE Bo ob aoe OA Ie PS: SES AOR RN Sens ee 23 39 | 62 EERE "Gye S82 SSS 3 SRS REE SO DCO C EE Boos JOD OSES EC COe aCe D ODS CaCnSGAE 6 0 | Reap MlesiaAnteb aac NlaNg =a ace mine wa ce sec teccacisasaceseecdes 0 16 16 UIGUYiGe. ta. op5ee cé gectenecse thc SaaS boas CESS EOE cease ated ese poeaeeneee 23 20 | 43 WATINT Se oe conor Bad acs aS secSrgen cones soe deddes goes soe Sco eT eae 7 3 10 IEEE es cee ey ee ee he ao ta arch Naar arava iam aie nine oe macs clel= =\.-tanin~.o\ co eisieelee cue sicawe cs Sanit eaieceses 84. 00 SEPANG West l) OR CN abe rears os sare ati mice ahead cnis ie ma Sago sete ome 61. 00 Prin storare.cases (for smallomammals) ws... 222.5 sesc soceees-ccedee ccs 72. 50 EEO UUGISDOLAPOCaSeG (LOTTA WAN O'S) 2.020 325 -o ht ee aoe cis one acl eis Sent sae 49. 85 Re-enforcing and altering unit-table and slide-screen cases............-..-- 45. 00 IMAG CARY CABO LOMO A PANOSO WAPO + 2, ccoccs suo ses cate coe atoces cess bees 228. 75 Pn AOCAMVECACG Ol OLS DU AMipsc terns nea oe ean: teenie den sce Sek ls a cin lae ste 107. 00 PM sop Ave CARO OMONOSSIIM PTOUDES ste beac rt calcece ct Salles See ec oc cute - 95, 00 Limanogany case for prairie-dog group... 2:2 --2-. 2.56 pose en od on code coeeses- 80. 00 1 mahogany case for cave-hear skeleton -............0-.-----+ --c- --oeeeee 76. 00 PmaAMOpAn Case fOr NOTH-DiLIPTOUD)«- cues. ceec ce ones cee n-ne enec cneaceee 53. 00 Ber aINGOn Maal COVELEU CABO lo ncad kU ak cos c vette Joc ans bocce yncc cece sews 45. 00 1 fire-proof safe for disbursing clerk ........ Fee tee Mas PG oars ace ee Lene 74 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. : Zicares for livimovanimals 4... 7 ose seme ae Peer ee eis Sel aee ee eee eon ep LOUNeO Prames, stands, miscellameous wo d- wor kage cise eee ae eae 1, 966. 92 DLA WeLS UAVS, WOKES se) = aaj eer tein etn oslo ieiee = ee aioe seia eee ee 1,518. 33 Apparatus and photographic instruments .....---- Sot eae rae teiae Stara iter ale 615. 21 Glassyjarsvand Wile. 56229 selec eee. she etn ae sees eee ee ae eee aa 80. 20 Officefarniture 1... 222s SSS ee ae seers ince se ee sateen ieee eceeaa tere 395. 05 @hairs Gfor halls) 25s8- seb = eee see eo ee eae fee he eee eer ane eye eee Oar Tools; hardware yang appliancesss- 22s s>ee see a= Sees eats eee ere ol ord a Eyed) 0) eee eee ney et ke eral a eae Ae art a ee eS ee 2, 153. 67 (CTE eee ann be ee ae ee een NEN ne aE SUAS mampureeee et crnt, so seee 989. 19 Paints ;ors; varnish, andibrushesi: 2+ o> s-s-sa5 sconce sen so ee eeeineet ae oa 865. 86 Me talleworker (trom | DTalss= thre GC) eens te tne erate oleate aie errata ene et erar meena 1, 652. 58 Slate sbnickastomesam dina te terete tees te ene dt eee eee 543. 61 Cloth plush pete (imingstomcases)teeeeewelctee ey ea= =e ea 167. 65 uly ber POOds See Ss saree a ore ote tape se ie eles sare Soe ealcleles oil alone ee Spe eee iat 421. 88 TPravieline exp CNSOS wie see een cee ate ee ee ae aol ee neeetaelaty= 21. 47 A detailed list is here given of cases, furniture, ete., which have been made or remodeled in the Museum work-shops during the year ending June 30, 1889: 11 mahogany pier cases (remodeled). 5 mahogany unit cases (remodeled). 1 mahogany alcove case (remodeled). 1 mahogany wall case (remodeled). 1-mahogany wall case (extended). 6 mahogany slide-screen cases (remodeled). | 2 mahogany cases (repaired). 2 large oak cases for domestic fowls (re- modeled). 1 pine wall case (remodeled and extended). | 3 pine cases (remodeled). 1 pair of storm doors (remodeled). 5 pedestals (remodeled). 1 walnut corner book-case. 2 oak book-cases. 1 pine book-case. 1 oak ease, with desk. 1 cherry glazed case. 1 sample card-catalogue case. 7 pine storage cases. 3 pine wall cases. 1 half unit-table, with drawers. 1 pine sample case for new style drawer slides. 11 mahogany table-tops for bent-wood legs. 43 bases. 4 pedestals. 2 shields. 48 mahogany frames. 24 mahogany label frames. 20 pine frames. 3 oak frames. 1 ash frame. 1 oak counter, with drawers and railing. 2 large. double storm-doors. 13 index boxes. 13 panels (to go between columns). 8 screens. 4 stands. 2 diaphragms. 1 sample unit-drawer. 1 shelf stack. 2 heavy pine tubs for trees and plants. 5 cages for living animals. 1 pen for deer. 1,000 blocks, beveled. 1 table for circular saw. 35 copper tanks. 20 tin insect-boxes. During the first half of the year ending June 30, 1889, the time of the -Museum carpenters was occupied to a considerable extent in making much needed and important changes in different parts of the building, whereby the number of rooms which could be used for office work was increased, and the space available for study series of specimens, stor- age of books, documents, etc., largely extended. Partitions were built in the third floor, northwest pavilion, and extra ceilings were put in; in the southeast pavilion a ceiling with flooring REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 5 above was built, thus giving an additional room for the accommodation of the Entomological Department. Much new shelving was put up in the different departments, the stationery room was re-arranged, new files and boo«-cases were built for the Department of the Library, and a large number of cases, bases, frames, pedestals, etc., was built and re- remodeled. In various places repairs have been found necessary in the flooring of the Museum, on account of the dry rot, which is becoming so exten- sive as to be a serious detriment. The bases of the cases standing directly upon the floor have also been found to be so much injured by the prevailing dry rot as to make it necessary to raise them upon blocks, pending the time when the bottoms of the cases can be repaired and strengthened, and, when practicable each article permanently raised upon casters. In order to prevent so far as possible any accumulation of dampness, which might cause this decay, the trenches below the building have been thoroughly cleaned, and have received several coats of whitewash, but the fact that the floors throughout the building were laid in the damp conerete renders this precaution of little avail. It has, however, been taken every year since the Museum has been oe- cupied. . HEATING AND LIGHTING. The appropriation for heating and lighting for the fiseal year ending June 30, 1889, was $13,000. The services of telephone clerk, engineer and firemen for this year amount to $5,455; $4,188.43 has been spent for coal and wood; $1,188.57 for gas; $625.24 for electric work ; $800.16 for telephones ; $120 for rental of call boxes; $638.81 for heating repairs; making a total of $12,996.01, which leaves, May 1, 1890, an unexpended balance of $3.99. The average amount paid this year on the monthly roll for heating and lighting is $453. The greatest number of employés in any month is 9; the smallest, 6; the average, 8. The highest salary is $120, paid to the engineer ; the salaries of telephone clerk and firemen being uni- formly $50; the average salary is $59.08. The number of telephone calls made during the year is 31,377. ELECTRICAL SERVICE. A change, which proves satisfactory, has been made in the electrical service, by substituting for the clocks formerly used others which are run by the Gardiner system, and which, being connected with the U.S. Naval Observatory, are automatically regulated each day at noon. An important improvement in the engine-room has been the repairing of the boiler, many of the tubes of which had become defective by long use. New ones were obtained, and put into position by the regular firemen, who, being practical mechanics, were able to accomplish these repairs at a saving of a considerable expense to the Museum. 76 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. LIST OF MUSEUM EMPLOYES. The following is a list of the employés of the U. S. National Museum, June 30, 1889, classified under the appropriation from which paid : EMPLOYES PAID FROM ‘‘PRESERVATION OF COLLECTIONS” APPROPRIATION. Name. Occupation. | Name. Occupation. = - — = = | = -- a We Adler, Cyrus.........| Assistant curator. NEL stip 1ei Stella ee Stare fernyateree Laborer. Anderson, M.D...... | Laborer. WJeichwaky lets IS) Bose aeaq Do. PA‘shley,/Wi. ME. 22-2 : | Watchman. | awe, (EL cose. Preparator. Ashford, E. W ...---- _ Copyist. | Hendley, Ji. Wi-----=- Modeler. Bannister, W.F:..... | Laborer. | MERGss’#At a Ves sneer Cleaner. Bean, BrAt sae esaes:. | Aid. | AG Ree a eee eee | Laborer. IGA GINO) cae aeceobe Attendant. I Eiiichogk= Rees sees se Curator. BeckervHidiccs scene | Tpye-writer. Holnead, C,H ..--...| Watchman. Berres, Joseph -..---. | Skilled laborer. i Horan, Henry.-.----- | Superintendent. BONG hOdeesseee eee | Laborer. Horan, J. H.-.------. | Watchman. BONG Se dbesceectse seer Messenger. i Hornaday, W. T ..--- | Chief taxidermist. Brelsford, W.H.--.-- | Watchman. | Hough, Walter ..-.-- | Aid. Brockett, Paul -..---- | Messenger. Helen ey PAC Coreen | Messenger. BLOWN yd Heese a= Watchman. Wedienerech Cnlslo = koaasoas | Clerk. Brow Md Ces esos eer Registrar. HOUW 12s) ence meccece | Aid. Brow As Hi. seses | Preparator. Kall Ons sreeateeses | Preparator. Buckner, Benjamin -.. Laborer. | ahaa Vio ce coabpene | Disbursing clerk. Burger, W.H..-.---. | Draughtsman. | Kenvion)C.1P 22.5.2: | Skilled laborer. Burnside, H. W ...--- | Clerk. | Kimball, W.H....--- | Clerk. Cahill, John.......-... | Laborer. Koehler) Si Rifs- ------ | Curator. Calvert, R.A .-...--- | Watchman. MathamSshse.seee | Copyist. Chandlee, W. H ....-. | Draugbtsman. || Laws, John.:....-.-- | Laborer. Chase, William .-...-. | Laborer. ine)]; Me WSs... esac Aid. Clark, A. Howard --.--) Curator. TCAs an AU eee | Assistant curator. WOOKSNE Sess sane | Laborer. | Luscombe, C.R.----. | Skilled laborer. Cooper, W.B....-.---- | Skilled laborer. | duyles: Tsaae.os-—-- as Laborer. Cornell, May ...-....-. Copyist. | Maione, FP. E.------ <2 | Attendant. COX EW's Wicisistes ocisiciiee Chief clerk. | Marbury, E.M.......) Copyist. Wayvde PACs ic. sa- cei | Cleaner. | Marron, Thomas....-. | Do. De Ronceray, M. FE...) Copyist. Marshall, George ....| Preparator. SD eve vig dba eleists mt --| Curator. Marshall, Henry ..... | Taxidermist. Digos! CAW cescm<.cc Messenger. Miason7.On i esesessee | Curator. Diges, MiScs 2s. -- Copyist. | Merrill, G. P .--....-- | . Do. Dorsey, James ....... Laborer. || Merrimon, W.B ..--. | Copyist. Dunne, Peter ........ | Watchman. ||: Montis, i. @\s22e. 2-2 \- Do: Durand, John .....-.. | Agent. || Moore, G. C ...---.-- Messenger. Marl Ry 20.5 sec | Acting curator. | Neale: GruiG secaecestee Laborer. Kord, Patrick: <<... .:. | Laborer. Nelligan, DAS 2222525. Watchman. Homey; A Hos./s25- 27 | Preparator. || Newhall, W. H...---- Clerk. GallaherwkecAy seer , Copyist. | Noa Je Micssoeen sar Do. Gallaher Ber sescce | Clerk. | Palmer, Joseph ..---- Modeler. Gant, James ........- Watchman. | Palmer, William ...-. Preparator. Gattionsd2 BSc... -2 Laborer. Peels ates seer Watchman. GeaneR ile: tse . Executive clerk. || Perkins, H.S ........| Copyist. Goode, G. Brown..... Assistant Secretary. | Peps WS eee ase | Laborer. Graham RaD seeee-=2 Skilled laborer. | TEP ST WU. pAsemcteislatarr Attendant. Gurley, RAR sees." Aid. Pollock MoBie=s- 6 Watchman, Hargrove, J.O....-.. | Messenger. | Posey, Kate-----.---- Cleaner. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 7 EMPLOYES PAID FROM “PRESERVATION OF COLLECTIONS” APPROPRIA TION—Cont’d. Name Occupation. Name. Occupation. es nage | AVG Gah TOGO) ic Coon ccc. oo Preparator. Stimpson, W.G...... | Aid. Queen, he Dire 2-2. Watchman. | Sullivan, Roger -....- | Laborer. Rathbun, M. J ..-.-.- Copyist. || Sweeny, I. W.-.--.-- Preparator. Redman, G.F .....-.. Laborer. ebablen asian eee =e Ty pe-writer. Rembert, Esau. ..--- Do. | Prue, aWe sces asses Curator, TGs hp OS ee rr | Copyist. || Turnbull, T. R..--.-- | Clerk. Hees) Widi- so-so <5 Clerk. Twine, David ......-. Messenger. Rideway, R:.--=...-. | Curator. Upham. Pence e a5 Clerk. moan, Oliver 22-5. ~-« | Laborer. | Wassem, Harriet ....| Attendant. Rosenbush, C .-.--.-.. | Copyist. || Weeden, W.C .....-. Watchman. Scollich,J. W.-----.- | 'Taxidermist. White, George ...... _ Laborer. Scudder. N.P........ | Clerk. | Whiting, E.E.......- Clerk. Sessford, J.S..---.--. Do. |) Walson)d).jBy ..ces.ccncce =. 6. 30 || 624 | F.C. Brown, services.........-...- 60. 00 BiAIeWV AN BUOLTROISNE faces cece mace. 28. 50 || 625 | Mrs. E. A. Bruff, specimens ....... 50. 00 573 | Bonfils & Co, specimens....-.---- 10. 00 || 626 | C, C. Carroll, supplies..--.....-... 57. 00 574 | J. J. Desmond, travel ............- Gn00 1627 || Sn, Cassino, DOOkSs...-5--...--.,.- 2.50 575 | H. Romeyn, specimens .........-. 10. 00 || 628 | Washington Critic Co., supplies -. 10. 40 576 | W. Wesley & Son, books.....-..... 7.13 || 629 | J.C. Parker, stationery...-...--.. 14. 86 577 | J. & A. Churchill, specimens...... 11.92 || 630 | Wood & Forsyth, specimens...... 1.50 84 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR PRESERVATION OF COL- LECTIONS, 1888—’89—Continued. No. Ttems of expenditure. Amount. | No. Items of expenditure. Amount, 631 | Photo-Engiaving Co., supplies - - $61. 06 | 649 | Southern Pacific R. R., freight... $2. 12 632 | Moss Engraving Co., stationery -- GUD) RW Beat OY Soe ee poacace cee sso secesr oc 212 633 | Evening Star Co., supplies ------- 112550)}/651)| (B&O! RAR. treighti---s.<)2--— 2. 15 634 J.G.&J.M. Waters, supplies. -- ASO0N G52 |: Pel Olse seegece sweetie ce ee ssees 72 635 | J.B. Kendall, supplies........---- 1.50 | 653 | Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. 636 | M. Joyce, supplies.--..-.--------. 12. 00 | Jp, MRIEIN psoremomoe SoonadSsouss -91 637 | H. Harkness, supplies .-------.... 10) NOSEa Reed Of Sack sa ceiseee ans eee eee 1.78 638 | Chapman & Taylor, stationery -. - -10) 655 | W. H. Lowdermilk & Co., books-- 9. 05 689 | A.C. Bancroft, freight........-.-. 10. 63 || 656 | Leggatt Brothers, books ......---.- 5. 00 640 | E. Godey, supplies. ..........----. -90| 657 | A.S. Clark, books .....-..-.- eae 2. 65 641 | Alaska Commercial Co., supplies . 100. 08} 658 | P. L. Jouy, specimens...-..-....-.. 349. 15 642 | Alaska Commercial Co.,specimens 30.50 } 659) -A'shiton: “Rodd yboolksi=----eeee eens 3. 30 643 | S. F. Peckham, specimens......... 23.03} 660 | R. Hitchcock, specimens. --..-..-- 200. 00 644 | J. T. Durney, specimens....---.--. 2. 35 i 661 | Emile Deyrolle, supplies. .-.------ 13. 91 645 | I. Rey, specimens .....-..--..-... 15. 68 || 662 | George Bird Grinnell, specimens 65. 00 646 | W. Wesley & Son, specimens ..... 75. 83 (663 Emile Deyrolle, specimens..----.. 169, 29 647 | S. R. Sturdevant, specimens.----.. 12.06 | 664 | William Wesley & Son, books --.-. 259. 66 618 | Southern Pacific R, R., freight. -- 34. 50) ; | DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR FURNITURE AND FIX- TURES, 1888-’89. No. Items of expenditure. Amount. || No. Items of expenditure. Amouut, 1 | Pay-roll, July, 1888, services....... $1, 130.03 |) 28 | Patrick & Carter, repairing engine $3. 75 ZOE ALC yASOL VICES saeieem sae eae 42.00|| 29 | Wood & Forsyth, label frames. --. 9. 00 3 | J. W. Duval, services....-..------ 9.00 || 30 | Pay-roll, November, services-....- 1, 862. 66 4 | Church & Stephenson, lumber. -- 185 93]| 31 | W. Bruce Gray,drawings for cases. 170. 00 5 | Pay-roll, August, 1888, services...} 1,499.00}; 32 | John C. Parker, letter-press- .-.--. 8. 50 Go| Ws. eed’ services! sac se a5/e1 oo 49.00), 33 | John A. Baker, crank-wheel -.---- 3.50 ANIL. RAD SCLVICCS).--1-\- 252 == 60.00}, 34 | Woodward & Lothrop, plush ----- 17. 00 8 | Melville Lindsay, rubber stopples.- 23. 04 || 35 | George Ryneal, jr., putty.-..---.. 1. 90 9 | Excelsior Varnish Works, varnish 3.00); 36 | E. E. Jackson & Co., stands...----. 50. 00 10 | W.J. Walker, services......-.---- 16500) 037 | Wi dh. Gait, tacks osssssesses eee 19. 20 11 | Pay-roll, September, 1888, sery- || 38 | Eimer & Amend, rubber stepples 207. 60 LCOS sate oS- eet se Soseceeeeoss 1,526.50 || 89 | George P. Clark, rubber truck- 12 |, F. P. May & Co., hardware.-..----- Lie 96 | valreel bands! i2ss see se eeeeecme 10. 66 13 | D. Ballauf, wooden cylinders...-... 5.00 |) 40 | Hayward & Hutchinson, fire-set -- 10. 50 14 | Church & Stephenson, lumber. --. 156.84|| 41 | ELF. Brooks; lam pisses o= = 11.00 15 | G. B. Clark & Son, slate.--.--- rear 22.75)|| 42 | Church & Stephenson, lumber. - -. 371. 39 16) | BSG. Wiheplericacezs-2.) ssss4.<2 10.00|) 43 | H. Rosendale, hammers..-...--..--- 4.50 17 | Fritz Noebe, services ....-..--.--- 12.00|| 44 | W.B. Moses & Son, desk..-...-.--- 33. 00 S| deelvs Lem bly classises- ec ascce 15.00|| 45 | F.P. May & Co., hardware. ---..... 54. 61 19 | C.J. Fanning,slate-roofing armory 112.09 |) 46 | Excelsior Varnish Works, hard- 20 | W. H. Hceke, plush.......---..--. 3.00 oll finish eee se sre aaa ake 11.50 21 | B. H. Shoemaker, plate glass...... 26.50|/ 47 | T. H. McAllister, stereopticon . - -- 225. 00 22 | Pay-roll, October, services.---...- 1, 830;'66,||| 48 \) Be WeiDevourd Comsas—.o--- se 76. 80 23 | Julius Lansburgh, chairs.--....- 4.50 || 49 | G. Ryneal, jr., glue, white lead, ete 26. 20 249 |e At Belt, POsts=-22s.-5.5!-.5-° 5322. 110.00 | 106 | Albert Martin, services.--.....-.- || 107 | George A. Mills, folding screens... 422, 64 108 | Smith & Wardwell, mirror..-...-.-. 56.45 } 109 | Excelsior Varnish Works, paints BEE 33 | 110 | F. W. DeVoe & Co., paints.-...... } I) Wet Gait nackeices--oe cess ae. 69. 92 | 112 | L. Sehmid & Sons, wire supports... 55. 35/113 | William Busching, services. --...- 3.00 114 | Church & Stephenson, lumber . --. 13: 68 |} 115 | °C. Schneider, locks ee ehes she? 201536))| 116) |) J..: Watkins: travel. 2225222552: = 14.11 | 117 | Z. D. Gilman, paints .--.----..-... 57. 88/118 | George Ryneal, jr., paints .....--. || 119 | W. B. Moses & Son, desk .--..--.- 17. 70\| 120 | F.P. May & Co., hardware ....... #1412) 15 | W. 1b. Willams, mavand cnars. --. 64.33 |138 | L. H. Schneider's Son, hardware -. 59.00 | 139 | Jacob Naylor, iron-work .........- 15. 00 | 140 Cincinnati Corrugating Co., iron. - \|141 | E.G. Wheeler, lead ........-...-.. 85.00 | 142 | George Ryneal, jr., paints ......-. 37.30), 143 | E.E. Jackson & Co., frames and) 118. 80 Dlockaves ctr eee he ee 42. 00 144 | E E. Jackson &Co., blocks........ 42.00), 145 | Wood Brothers, drawers........-. 9.00 || 146 | I. W. Devoe & Co., paints ........ 6.75 147 | Robert Boyd, iron and tin.--....--. 50.00 || 148 | H. Hollander, spittoons ..-.......- 235. 00 || 149 | ¥. P. May & Co., hardware .....-. 270.10 | 150 | G. A. Mills, mahogany tables...-.. 42.00 | 151 | Wood Brothers, drawers.......... 9. 00 | 152 | F. P. May & Co., hardware........ 15.00 || 153 | B. H. Shoemaker, plate-glass...... 85 AND FIX- Amount. $1, 514.45 85.53 15. 00 177.5 1, 250. 154.$ 25 ave 172, 86 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR FURNITURE AND FIX- TURES, 1888~’89—Continued. Now Items of expenditure. Amount. || No. Items of expenditure. Amount. |- Le abies 154 J. W. Barker, copper tanks. .-.--- $87. 50 || 200 | George Ryneal, jr., white lead... $20.25 155 L. H. Schneider’s Son, hardware... 13.17 || 201 | Pay-roll, June, 1889, services ...-.- 1, 351. 33 156 Wm. H. Butler, oils and brushes -- 48. 25 || 202 | M. G. Copeland, awnings.-...-.... 24. 00 157 | N. V. Randolph & Co., paper-trays- 75.81 || 203 | James Hughes, plastering.....--- 125. 00 1583) Bi vé& PR. RR. Coz) travel =---e = - 7.25 || 204 | Chester Steel Casting Co., steel. -- 100. 36 159 | Pay-roll, April, 1889, services..--.] 1, 231.08 || 205 | F.H.Ganter, metal frame ........ 20. 00 160 | Church & Stephenson, lumber.--.| 333.94 || 206 | L. H. Schneider’s Son, hardware. - 140. 95 161 Curry & Burchette, mahogany 207 | Woodward & Lothrop, cloth, sheet- COlNMNS 2eeee nee ee sae err 950. 40 TIAN senna ods soe eb ceee eee 69. 11 162 PD. Shannahan, brushes ...-.------ 17.51 || 208 | Franklin & Co., engravers’ loops. . 2.50 163 G. A. Mills, mahogany tables-.--. 1, 250.00 || 209 | H, Rosendale & Co., tools...-...-. 6.75 164 Wood Brothers, unit drawers..--. 429.55 || 210 | F. W. Pilling, cages. .......-..... 160. 80 165 | Holbrook Brothers, plate glass....) 353.09 || 211 | H. Hoffa, stand ...........-.....-. 2.00 166 Geo. A. Mills, mahogany cases - a 1, 200. 00 || 212 | F. A. Belt, walnut ...............- 48.75 167 J. B, Hammond, unit boxes. .----. 81.00 || 213 | George W. Dant, brick-work. .... 23. 50 168 Pay-roll, May, 1889, services -.- --- 1, 304. 33 || 214 | The F. F. Adams Co., traps-.-.-..- 9. 00 169. Church & Stephenson, lumber .--. 92.10 || 215 | W. E. Gavit, brackets. --..-..-.... 306, 63 170 | C.F. Carter & Co , hardware...... 12.55 || 216 | L. Schmid & Sons, wire frames. ... 13.00 171 | F. A. Schneider, hardware .-.-...--- 32.03 || 217 | Church & Stephenson, lumber. ... 138. 09 172, | EF. P. May & Co., hardware ...-.-. 12.50 || 218 | Robert Boyd, metal work......... 118, 42 173 T. Somerville & Sons, brass-.....- 20.81 || 219 | E. J. Pullman, hawk-eye camera. .- 25. 00 174 SS. Corbett, tin storage cases .-.--- 72.50 || 220 | L. H. Schneider's Son, hardware. - 28. 52 175 L. H.Schneider’s Son, hardware - - 50.93 || 221 | W. Bruce Gray, drawings.--..--. 65. 00 176 John Schmitt, insect cabinets. ---. 250. 00 || 222 | Charles Becker, paint .-.-........ 4, 25 177 Wood Bros., book-cases...-.-.--.-- 112.50 || 223 | M.W.Beveriage, pitchers, dusters, 178 M. W. Beveridge, brushes, buck- ObCiaccsc a ceachcestesccese seceeee 13.73 GUSNOLC Mee crac eee Seine eee 116. 62 || 224 | Barber & Ross, wire and tacks... .70 179 Lansburgh & Bro., sheeting, etec.- 20. 66 || 225 | Wood Bros., pine drawers.....--. 273. 90 180 William H. Butler, glazier’s dia- 226 | George White & Sons, machinists. 10. 00 | mond and turpentine -.....----- 23.00 || 227] F. P. May & Co., hardware and 181 | E. G. Wheeler, lead......-. Sea 4.00 Metals. ssa See ee ee Soeeee 55. 74 182 | G. A. Mills, mahogany table cases- 84.00 || 228 | George Watts, dusters.........-.. .75 183 | S. Bache & Co., plate glass..-.---- 247.50 || 229 | Thomas Somerville & Sons, brass- 184 | E. J. Pullman, photo-outfit......-. 49. 98 WOLK coe sae eee ea eeeee reece ee 4.10 185 | Robert Boyd, hardware....----<-. 3.25 || 230 | Belt & Dyer, walnut bird-stands. . 34,10 186 | L. Eisinger, painting............-. 4.00 || 231 | Wood Bros., pine drawers.....--. 140. 30 187 | Barber & Ross, tools.-......-..--- 1.95 || 232 | E. E. Jackson & Co., pine storage 188 | Yale and Towne Manufacturing DOX@S pee eeeeee aca eeen eae 31. 00 | Cor, locks: #3%220 eee eee 8.05 || 233 | E.G. Wheeler, old lead ........... 2. 50 189 E. KE. Jackson & Co., mahogany 234 | L. H.Schneider’s Son, hardware. -- 1.55 | “caseiand pine case <-o.--- sae. TSORS5all QD lee Or aeeesceie sels aaa iatste asin 1,65 190 | B. H. Shoemaker, erystal and 236 | J. E. Watkins, travel.......--..--. 5.45 |) “plate glass): see. iscintes ane seeites 157.10 || 237 | F. P. May & Co., hardware........ 2. 00 LO) Brock Bros tinlcasen assesses -t=- 9.55 || 238 | Wood Bros., trays and drawers. .. 205. 00 192 | J. Lansburgh, walnut desk ..-.---- 35.00 || 239 | W. Fisher, book-fasteners......--- 14,48 193 T. H. McAllister, photo-supplies.- 13.13 || 240 | J. M. Queen & Co., glass vials...-. 42. 50 194 | E: Miller, crystal glass..----.---.. 13. 50 || 241 | E. E. Jackson & Co., caseS..-..--- 345, 50 195 E. £. Jackson & Co., mahogany 242 | E. E. Jackson & Co., case .-...--- 45. 00 CASES eS: (eee Re sans peaeeeeee 2, 360.00 || 243 | Thomas W. Smith, case.-----..--. 53. 00 196 E. KE. Jackson & Co., mahogany 244 | Chas. T. Carter & Co., solder...-... 1.50 CAUSES te Ce eet cesshaoceceseees 403.75 || 245 | James W. Queen & Co., vials...-. 20. 00 197 | Church & Stephenson, lumber.-...| 220. 53 || 246 | George A. Mills, case..-.--..----- 82.24 198 |G. A. Mills, repairs to irons and SS lWetensearcek ee a. eae ie Vala 20. 60 Totaleeccee seeboteseaeeeetas 39, 995. 10 199 | W. H. Douglass, brass-work....... 8. 70 Soo NO fF WIS & | el el coool co one oS — ht oO of em _ J 18 | Gas Company, gas REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Items of expenditure. | Pay-roll, July, 1888, services ..-.-. Gas Company, gas.......-. 22.2. Pay-roll, August, 1888, services. --. Gas Company, gas -.............-. Pay-roll, September, services . --.- B. Brown, telephones Wm. E. Hodge, coal Gas'Company, gaq -...-..-.--.---. T. Somerville & Sons, heating re- TOOT eos ee Sh aa eens Raao satepceo W.C. Robinson & Son, oil A. H. Young, heating repairs Pay-roll, October, services .-..-.-- Chesapeake and Potomac Tele- phone Co. telephones......-..-. Gas Company, gas Pay-roll, November, services.-..--. Mutual District Messenger Co., Nie ir We See Aeoesor SEeCGRE Oe W.E. Hodge, coal A.B. Smith, wood Royce & Marean, electric work... Mutual District Messenger Co., box rent Pay-roll, December, services..-.... Mutual District Messenger Co., box rent Gas-Light Company, gas.-......... | Mutual District Messenger Co., box rent Pay-roll, January services T. Somerville & Sons, heating re- Gas-Light Company, gas Chesapeake and Potomac Tele- phone Co., telephones.......-.. Mutual District Messenger Co., box rent W.C.Lewis & Co., heating repairs W. E. Hodge, coal Pay-roll, February, services Gas Light Company, gas M. E. Pierce, telephones T. Somerville & Sons, heating re- Amount. 00 51 00) $530. 65. 530. 70. 64 465, 00 . 00 15 88 95 23 | 00 5. 00 | . 86 | 3, 64 . 000 - 00 | . 39 | 00 - 00> - 00> 88 . 00 00) ie 2) © a —} No. Items of expenditure. C. K. Ditto, services | Pay-roll, March, services.......... Wm. E. Hodge, coal Royce & Mavean, electric work-.. Mutual District Messenger Co., box rent Gas Company, 2as -2.-0. 22.2. cscs A.H. Young, heating repairs.-.--.. Kennedy Bros., wood M. E. Pierce, telephones.-.......-.- Chesapeake and Potomac Tele- phone Co., telephones. ........-. Mutual District Messenger Co., Samuel Emery, coal box rent Pay-roll, April, services.......--.- Gas Company, gas William E. Hodge, coal A.B. Smith, wood Pay-roll, May, 1889, services...... - _ T. Somerville & Sons, heating re- Dail G} Sos tees ccoeaciance leone Gasi Company casees seen aaeeeee Mutual District Messenger Co., box rent John K. Ward, heating repairs... - Mutual District Messenger Co., box rent:..Js.25- etc Sane ae See F. Miller, heating repairs..... --. W. W. Tupper & Co., heating re- PALES Ge eeneeer sat acseceeee eee Pay-roll, June, 1889, services. ----- J.C. Ergood & Co., oil | ‘Gas: Company, fast == coe sts ot Mutual District Messenger .Co., DOXQREN boc neaeeens so scao nee Chesapeake and Potomac Tele- phone Co., telephones........-. Browning & Middleton, candles. . | Royce & Marean, electric bell, ete. T. Somerville & Sons,heating re- SIS Sette ete tions neeacich cee tees Jno. K. Ward, heating repairs. . -.| | E. I’. Brooks, glass globes, etc....| Royce & Marean, electric work ..-! 87 DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR HEATING AND LIGHT- ING, 1888-’89. Amount. $15. 425. 24. tie 00 00 85 24 . 00 13 - 00 - 00 00 . 00 . 00 . 00 .10 . 00 - 61 . 33 00 00 i) 88 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTS. This department of the administrative work is under the charge of Mr. R. I. Geare, executive clerk. The office force includes a stenographer, a type-writer, an indexer, a record clerk, and a messenger. There has been prepared for the signature of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and of the Assistant Secretary in charge of the Museum, 5,349 official papers, including 2,323 letters on miscellaneous Museum matters; 263 reports on material transmitted for examination; 1,138 acknowledgments of specimens given or lent to the Museum; 374 letters transmitting specimens to museums, colleges, schools, and indi- vidual investigators. In addition, nearly a thousand letters in regard to Museum publications have been written. A special feature of the Museum correspondence is in connection with requests for technical information upon various subjects. The letters prepared in reply usually embody datasupplied by the curators to whom the letters have been referred. For the benefit of persons interested in the details of the adminis- trative work of the Museum, as well as for the purpose of placing them on record for reference in future years, the following statement of the contents of letters asking for information, received during the year, has been prepared by Mr. Geare. It is needless to say that the publication of the details of office business in such minuteness will not form a reg- ular feature of the Museum report. STATEMENT OF LETTERS ASKING FOR INFORMATION. AxppotTt, Dr. C.C. (Trenton, New Jersey), having found the young of the genus Tylo- surus in the Delaware River, desires to know if their occurrence in those waters is common. Apair, J. M. (Glen Ella, Louisiana), sends description of a coin and desires in forma- tion concerning it, also an opinion as to its value. ALGER, Mrs. C.J. (Burlington, Vermont), desires information regarding the occur- rence of rust on small fruits. ALLEN, J.C. (White Gate, Virginia), sends description of a fossil for determination of the species. ALLEN, RicHARD (Hartford City, Virginia), desires information concerning the bibli- ography of the Stone Age in New Jersey. AMERICAN CARBONATE COMPANY (New York City), makes inquiry regarding the oc- currence of magnesite in large masses. ANDERSON, Dr. JOHN J. (Brooklyn, New York), desires to be informed where photo- graphs of certain ruins in Arizona may be obtained; also as to the origin of the name “ Montana” as applied to the Territory. ARNETTE, A. R. (Gaylord, Virginia), makes inquiry in reference to the bibliography of Herpetology. Austin, W. W. (Palmyra, New York), desires information regarding the publications of the International Congress of Anthropology, held in June, 1888. BaLpwWIN, Miss ANNIE F. (Cincinnati, Ohio), desires to be informed as to the com- mercial value of certain minerals, and where they may be obtained. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 89 Banas, C. (Wolverton, Minnesota), sends sketch of a stone implement concerning which he desires information. Bartow, Miss EMiILy (Rock Creek, Wyoming), asks for information concerning the Yellowstone National Park, BaTEMAN, GEORGE W. (Cincinnati, Ohio), makes inquiry regarding the bibliography of African exploration. BELELING, A. H. (Florence, Alabama), desires a determination of a fossil plant from a description of the same which he sends. Benepict, W. H. (Port Henry, New York), desires information regardiig crustacean tracks in Potsdam sandstone. BenzON, HANS (Indianapolis, Indiana), desires to know where he may sell to the best advantage a collection of bird eggs, also an opinion as to the value of the same. Biss, W. C. (Montgomery, Alabama), seeks information concerning the technology of petroleum and the petroleum products. BLackMaR, F. W. (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland), desires refer- ence to a book treating of the scope and finances of the Smithsonian Institution. BLANKINSHIP, J. W. (Drury College, Springfield, Missouri), seeks information regard- ing mounds and ‘“ Mound Builders.” Bopecker, J. K. (Williamsport, Pennsylvania), makes certain inquiries concerning Government publications. Bors, CuristiaNn (Royal Swedish and Norwegian Consulate, New York City), inquires where skins of the Musk Ox may be obtained. Bourne, GEORGE S. (South Hutchison, Kansas), seeks information in reference to mushrooms. Boyer, H. 8. (Sunbury, Pennsylvania), desires information regarding a a two-headed snake. Brown, C. A. (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands), desires reference to an account of a species of mullet oceurring in the Gulf of Mexico; also sends photograph of a fish for determination of the species. Brown, Rev. H. M. (East Aurora, New York), desires information regarding a coin, an electrotype copy of which he sends. Brown, M. E. (Orange, New Jersey), makes inquiries regarding musical instru- ments. Browne, F. C. (Framingham, Massachusetts), desires information concerning a pre- historic stone implement, a plaster cast of which he sends. BrumpBauGu, G. M. (Normal College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania), makes inquiry concerning cases and boxes used in the Museum for the display of mineralogical collections. tr BuGser, Epwarp B. (Los Angeles, California), desires reference to a work on Ornithology that will assist him in determining the birds of his locality. Burrows, D. B. (Malvern, Arkansas), asks the title of a publication relating to the birds of Arkansas. Bort, R. C. (Chatham, Ontario), makes inquiries concerning Government publica- tions. Burron, Miss Susan 8. (Litchfield, Ohio), seeks information regarding the value of coins and other currency. CALLENDER, ALEXANDER (Eureka, Illinois), desires information concerning a coin, a description of which he sends. CANTWELL, Lieut. Joun O. (U.S. Revenue Marine Service), makes inquiry regard- ing the composition of certain spesimens of supposed jade. CHAMBERS, WARREN (Chicago, Illinois), asks questions regarding the longevity of toads and as to the credibility of accounts of their having been found alive in- cased in solid rock. CHITTENDEN, C. E. (Scranton, Pennsylvania), asks an opinion as to the use of a stone implement, a sketch of which he transmits, 90 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. CHRISTIAN, THOMAS (Richmond, Virginia), makes inquiry as to the most effectual method of arranging arrow-heads for purposes of exhibition. CLARKE, T. D. (Seattle, Washington), asks for information regarding the cultivation of oysters. COCKERELL, THEODORE D. A. (West Cliff, Colorado), sends an impression of mark- ings upon a knife found near West Cliff, with a request that they be deciphered. Cooper, b., Jr. (Wheeling, West Virginia), desires information regarding a colonial note, a description of which he sends. CoorrrR, BARKLEY (Wheeling, West Virginia), desires information concerning or- ganization of Museum work in connection with the Smithsonian Institution. CowLes, Rev. SYLVESTER (Randolph, New York), asks information concerning a stone implement, a sketch of which he transmits. Cox, Puitip (Neweastle, New Brunswick), makes inquiry as to the most effectual method of collecting and preserving fish, and concerning the bibliography of Ichthyology. CuRTIN, PaTRICK (Grangeville, Idaho), seeks information regarding certain impres- sions on rocks, a description of which he sends. Davis, J. A. (Eureka, Illinois), desires information regarding a coin, a photograph of which he transmits. DreckEeR & Bonirz (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) desire to be informed where pure gypsum may be obtained in large quantities. DENISON, H. R. (Platteville, Wisconsin), desires information regarding a stone im- plement, a photograph of which he sends. DEVAULT, J. J. (Seattle, Washington), transmits a coin for determination. DEvRON, Dr. G. (New Orleans, Louisiana), desires a translation of an inscription on a tombstone, a photograph of which he transmits. Dose, ARTHUR (Toronto, Canada), desires reference to a book relating to Alaska. DopGe, CHARLES K. (Port Huron, New York), desires reference to some work on the grasses and sedges of the United States. DRESSER, WILLIAM (Santa Ana, California), desires information regarding the phe- nomena of putrefaction. DuMBLE, Dr. E. T. (Austin, Texas), desires information as to the cost of cases used for exhibition and storage purposes in the Museum. Dunn, W. S. (Washington, District of Columbia), inquires as to the rapidity of growth in turtles. Dyer, Lieut. G. L., U.S. Navy (Hydrographic Office, Navy Department), inquires as to the density of water in certain harbors, and as to the surface tension of cer- tain liquids. EarLre, EDwArpD M. (Malvern P. O., Jamaica), makes inquiry regarding the preserva- tion of fish for purposes of study. EpGERTON, Hon. A. P. (Hicksville, Ohio), for D. W. H. Howard, of Winameg, Ohio, makes inquiries regarding prehistoric stone implements. EMERSON, Mrs. ELIZABETH (Palma Sola, Florida), desires the determination of a shell from a description which she sends, also an opinion as to its value. Fain, W. J. (Dallas, Georgia), sends description of a stone, and inquires as to the probability of its containing diamonds. Footer, Kate (Guilford, Connecticut), desires information regarding the looms used by the Indians of Alaska in weaving blankets. FRASER, W. Lewis (Century Company, New York City), makes inquiry regarding the existence of structures analogons to the Irish round towers in the canons of the western United States. FuLrorp, R. H. (Cincinnati, Ohio), seeks information regarding the domestication and hybridization of the American bison. GALLINAN, GUSTAVE W. (Columbus, Ohio), desires information in reference to cork and pins for mounting insects for purposes of exhibition, - REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 91 GARNER, J. P. (Linwood, Maryland), makes inquiry regarding the geological charac- teristics of Maryland. Garner, R. L. (Norfolk, Virginia), desires information regarding certain archeolog- ical objects in the Museum. Gisss, Dr. Morris (Kalamazoo, Michigan), desires information regarding a tooth, a sketch of which he transmits. Gitrry, Henry H. (Washington, District of Columbia), makes inquiries regarding locked elk-horns. GNIFFKE, Henry B. (Florence, Alabama), desires information regarding the produc- tion of asphalt in the United States. Goins, ALForD (Prides P. O., Alabama), desires information regarding rocks, sketches of which he sends. Goopkr, James §. (Springfield, Ohio), asks for information regarding the cultivation of fish. Goopnur, F. D. (Cincinnati, Ohio), desires information regarding basket work among the American Indians. Goutp, A. C. (Boston, Massachusetts), desires certain information regarding fish and game Jaws in the District of Columbia. Grapy, W. C. (Richmond, Virginia), asks for the determination of a bird from a de- seription which he sends. Graves, W. H. (Kingman, Kansas), desires information regarding the technology of the salt, sugar, paper, and linseed-oil industries. GREEN, LOREN W. (Charlestown, New Hampshire), makes inquiry regarding the skinning of small mammals. GRINNAN, A. G. (Madison Mills, Virginia), desires the address of some specialist in cryptogamous botany. Grow, Mrs. GEORGE (Plainsfield, Wisconsin), makes inquiry regarding the varieties of Asiatic, or so-called ‘‘German,” carp. GurEspE, Mons. L. (Point-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe’, inquires where specimens of Scar- abeus hercules may be obtained. HAPFELVINGER, Frep. (Washington, District of Columbia), desires information regard- ing an old guitar in his possession. HaybEn, H. B. (Raton, New Mexico), inquires as to the commercial value of agatized bone. Heprick, Rev. Joun T., S. J. (Woodstock College, Howard County, Maryland), desires certain information for his guidance in making exchanges of entomo- logical material. HickMAN, THOMAS (Mount Jackson, Virginia, ) desires information regarding a coin, a description of which he sends. Hieut, JAMes L. (Dallas, Georgia), requests an opinion as to the value of a stone implement, which he describes. Hii, Joun W. (Symsonia, Kentucky), requests an opinion as to the value of certain coins. Hiss, P. H., jr. (Baltimore, Maryland), asks information regarding the preservation ‘of fish for purposes of study. Howimes, Prof. J. A. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina), asks what methods have been adopted by the Musenm in labeling its exhibition series of minerals. Hopkins, G. F. (Minneapolis, Minnesota), makes inquiry regarding the genealogy of the Hopkins family. Howarp, D. W. H. (Winameg, Ohio), through Hon. A. P. Edgerton, of Hicksville, Ohio, makes inquiries regarding prehistoric stone implements. Hut-Crn, Dr. H. J. (Louisville, Kentucky), desires the name of a fish, a description of which he sends. Hunt, A. (Knickerbocker Ice Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), desires in- formation regarding asbestos. oo REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Hutson, Georce (Morganfield, Kentucky), desires information regarding a rock sup- posed to contain fossil remains, a description of which he sends. JACKSON, WILLIAM H. (Pigeon Cove, Massachusetts), sends drawing of a skull, probably of a species of whale, regarding which he desires information. JARDIN, E. (Brest, France), makes inquiries regarding the flora of the Arctic regions of America; also in regard to Arctic explorations. Jarnetr, W. E. (Edwards Station, Kentucky), desires information in regard to a coin, a description of which he sends. Jounson, H. D. (Collegiate Institute, Strathroy, Ontario), desires information re- garding a plant which he describes. . JUILLERAT, CHARLES E. (New York City), desires an opinion as to the value of a book which he describes. KEENEY, Hosier (Breckenridge, Missouri), desires information regarding the coloring of beverages. KELLEY, GEORGE (Santa Ana, California), makes inquiry regarding the Museum sys- tem of labeling shells. KING, Rey. Josepy E., D. D. (Fort Edward, New York), desires information regard- ing fish-culture. Knox, JoserH J. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), desires information regarding an albino bird which he describes. Kouter, A. (Elgin, Illinois), makes inquiries in regard to the bibliography of Ento- mology. Konopak, C. R. (Toledo, Ohio), makes inquiry regarding the value of certain paper currency. KuEBEL, S. S. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), desires ¢ ‘rtain information in regard to lubricating oils. Kurtz, WiLiiAM C. (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania), inquires as to the value of certain mementos, examples of the so-called ‘‘ Washington buttons.” Lairp, Hon. JAMES (United States House of Representatives), desires information in regard to certain guns exhibited in the Museum. Lercn, Dr. Orro (San Angelo, Texas), desires to know if the Smithsonian Institu- tion will identify certain material for him. Lester, Mrs. EULALIA (Kinsley, Kansas), desires information in regard to the flora of western Kansas. Lester, J. Erastus (Providence, Rhode Island), desires the address of some reliable antiquarian book-seller in Washington. LIMBERGER, W.B (Randolph, New York), requests a description of certain bird eggs, to aid him in the determination of some specimens. Lisman, Dr. W. A. (Carlisle, Indiana), asks information regarding a metal ring said to have been found embedded in a block of bituminous coal. LOGAN Rey. JoHN A. (Acadia Mines, Nova Scotia), makes inquiries in regard to the mythology of the aborgines of North America. LostrErR, JosePH J. (Fulton, Kentucky), requests information as to the best methods of collecting and preserving natural history objects. Lownpes, W.C. (Baltimore, Maryland), requests an opinion as to the value of a medal which he deseribes. Lucas, #. A. (Trenton, New Jersey), desires certain information regarding snakes. Lunan, J. H. (Terre Haute, Indiana), desires to know if a reward has been offered for a practical method of welding copper. Lynn, J. C. (Kearney, Nebraska), describes certain bones concerning which he de- sires information. — McLain Brotuers (Wheeling, West Virginia) desire a determination of a reptile which they describe. Mann, B. PickMAN (Washington, District of Columbia), desires certain information in reference to mollasea of the genus Psyche. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 93 Masters, MARK (Gibbon, Nebraska), requests certain information regarding the Incas of Peru. MATHESON, WILLIAM J., & Co. (New York City), desire the determination of a snake from a description sent. Mayo, Grorce W. (Richmond, Virginia), requests certain data in regard to zoologi- cal gardens in the United States. MeiGs, General M. C., U.S. Army (Washington, District of Columbia), requests an opinion as to the genuineness of a whistle, supposed to have been taken from an Indian mound near Columbus, Georgia. ad MiLier, C. Bb. (Prescott, Arizona), requests certain information regarding vanadinate of lead. Mitus, Hon. R. Q. (United States House of Representatives), requests information re- garding a colonial note of the State of Maryland. Mitts, W. C. (Newcomerstown, Ohio), desires information regarding aboriginal sculpture in America. Monror, J. P. (Ringgold, Tennessee), sends sketch of a chain said to have been taken froin an Indian mound, and requests an opinion as to its genuineness. Moorg, C. R. (Birdsnest P. O., Virginia), desires information regarding the publica- tions of the Smithsonian [Institution relating to prehistoric anthropology. Morton, Mrs. Exiza H. (Portland, Maine), makes inquiry regarding the government of Alaska; also regarding the “American Geographical Society.” Morrirt, A. C., jr. (Red Bank, New Jersey), requests certain information regarding a col. Myer, Mrs. A. B. (Newportville, Pennsylvania), desires information as to the rights of a discoverer of mineral wealth on lands other than his own. NorTHROP, GEORGE J. (Marquette, Michigan), makes inquiry as to the occurrence of intestinal worms in fish. O'HARE, DANIEL (Washington, ‘District of Columbia), incloses a copper coin concern- ing which he desires information. OLIVER, CHARLEs (Under Secretary, Department of Lands, New South Wales), makes inquiry regarding the existence of epidemics among wild rabbits in the North- western United States. OSTRANDER, CHARLES F, (Rye, New York), makes inquiry regarding the ravages of insects on elm and on apple trees ; also as to the best liquid for the preservation of insects for purposes of study. Parsons, Francis H. (U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey), asks for information regard- ing an Indian mound. Puitiirs, BARNET (Brooklyn, New York), desires information regarding the occur- rence of luminous beetles in the vicinity of New York City. Puttiirs, Miss E. J. (Chagrin Falls, Ohio), desires information regarding publica- tions of the Museum. Prencre, Tuomas H. B. (Dexter, Maine), makes inquiry regarding Indian mounds. PILLING, J. C. (Washington, District of Columbia), desires information regarding the internal administration of the Smithsonian Institution. Piras, E. (Dunreith, Indiana), desires information regarding prehistoric stone imple- ments; also in reference to the bibliography of the Mollusca. RaGspae, G. H. (Gainesville, Texas), desires information regarding the coloration of certain species of Ancistrodon ; as to the depth to which meteorites usually pene- trate; and regarding the superstitions in connection with the so-called “ mad- stone.” P RANSON, RoBeRT (Canaveral, Florida), inquires as to the proper method of making plaster casts; and desires to know if sharks are viviparous. REYMERSHOFFER’S Sons, J. (Galveston, Texas), transmit an analysis of the water from their artesian well and desire an opinion as to its suitability for refining sugar. 94 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. RICHARDS, President J. HAVENS (University of Georgetown, District of Columbia), makes inquiry regarding the form of cases in use in the Museum. RICKERTSON, F. A. (Allen, Michigan), makes inquiry regarding mounds and ‘‘ mound, builders.” Ritey, A. T. (Santa Monica, California), desires information regarding supposed bones, a description of which he sends. Ritcuir, W. W. (Punta Gorda, Florida), makes certain inquiries in regard to the re- moval of the remains of Washington. RoBeERrtT, Dr. T. (St. Charles, Lowa), wishes an identification of a coral which he trans- mits. ROGAN, JAMES W. (Rogersville, Tennessee), asks for information regarding certain rocks which he describes. ROMAIN, CHARLES E. (Crockett, Texas), desires information regarding the Marsu- pialia. ROMERO, Senor Don MATIAS (Mexican Legation, Washington, District of Columbia), desires information regarding a plant, a description of which he sends. ROUSER, GEORGE A. (Georgetown, Texas), desires information regarding a coin anda Colonial note in his possession ; also regarding the dating of coins. ROWLANDS, WALTER (Boston, Massachusetts), makes inquiry regarding works of art in the Museum. RuNNALLS, Dr. H. B. (Arkansas City, Kansas), desires information regarding the bib- liography of Ornithology. Rust, H. N. (South Pasadena, California), desires information regarding the manner of grooving stone implements. SAVAGE, JOHN W. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), desires to know what kind of wood is best adapted to the manufacture of spools. SavaGeE, M. F. (New York City), wishes to know where Santa Barbara arrowheads may be obtained in exchange. Sawyer, C. M. (Mechanics Falls, Maine), asks for name of some work on the birds of New England. SCHEEL, WILLIAM H. (New York City), desires information regarding mineral rubber. SHARP, CLARENCE 8. (National City, California), makes inquiry regarding the bibli- ography of Ornithology. SHEMWELL, R. L. (Oak Level, Kentucky), asks the value of certain old coins which he describes. Skinner, E. S. (Lake Forest, Illineis), desires information regarding mermaids SLEVIN, I’. E. (San Francisco, California), makesinquiry regarding certain papers published by the Smithsonian Institution. SLouau, Rey. J. S. (Pioneer, Ohio), desires information regarding stone implements, sketches of which he sends. ; Smiru, J. T. (Hazelhurst, Georgia), desires information in regard to a reputed anti- dote for snake-bite. SmitH, L. H. (Strathroy, Ontario), transmits a plant for determination. SPEEL, FRED. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), desires an indentification of a fish from a description which he sends. SPRAY,SAMUEL J. (Salida, Colorado), wants reference to a book on the birds of North America ; also to know where he may sell to the best advantage certain mammal skins. SPRINGER, Mrs. R. M. (Forest City, Dakota), desires information regarding certain impressions in limestone, a description of which is sent. STERNS, FREDERICK & Co. (Detroit, Michigan), makes inquiry regarding the chemi- cal composition and therapeutic uses of Cascara amarga. STEPHENS F. VY. (Marco, Florida), makes inquiry regarding the occurrence of the crocodile in Florida. STIZENBERGER, Dr. Ernst (Konstanz, Germany), desires information regarding the distribution of lichens. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 95 Stone, Dr. Soton B., U. 8. Army (Fort Shaw, Montana), makes inquiry regarding the formation of septa in native carbonate of iron. STONEBRAKER, JoserH R. (Baltimore, Maryland), desires information regarding fish- culture, and the construction of fish-weurs. SrurucK, Rupor (Goldendale, Washington), desires to be informed as to the best means of preventing the ravages of certain insects, specimens of which he trans- mits. SucHeETET, M. A. (Bréauté, Seine-Inférieure, France), makes inquiry regarding a di- rectory of American naturalists. TANNER, W. W. (Worcester, Massachusetts), makes inquiry regarding the bibliog- raphy of Indian dialects, Taprpry, E. P (Bridgeton, New Jersey), desires directions for the preparation of whitewash such as is used on light-houses in the United States. TEED, C. F. (Elmira, New York), desires information regarding a slate implement, a description of which he sends. TeETOR, HENRY DupLEY (Public Library, Cincinnati, Ohio), makes inquiry regard- ; ing certain astronomical instruments; also in reference to a portrait of the Indian chief ‘‘ Little Turtle. ” TitFoRrD, H. J. (Louisville, Kentucky), desires information regarding a petrified oyster, a description of which he sends. Topp, JOHN F. (Gove City, Kansas), desires an opinion as to the probability of min- erals being found on certain lands which he describes. Vaisz, ARANKA ( Buda-Pesth, Hungary), asks general questions regarding entomolog- ical matters in the United States. Van ANTWERP, BRaGG & Co. (Cincinnati, Ohio), desires information regarding analyses of foods. VANCE, Hon. Rospert B. (Washington, District of Columbia), makes inquiry regard- ing a mint token, a medal of the ‘‘ Indian Peace” series. VAN Hyatt, P. (Fall River, Kansas), desires information regarding fossil plants. Voice, The, Editor of (New York City), desires information regarding the use of spirituous liquors as an antidote for snake-bite. WASHINGTON, WILLIAM HERBERT (Bar Harbor, Maine), makes inquiry regarding the dialect of the Passamaquoddy Indians. Warts, B. F. (Lakeland, Kansas), requests information regarding a deposit of graph- ite. WEIDEMEY®R, J. W. (New York City), inquires whether the Museum possesses cer- tain photographs and autographs. We tsna, W. W: (San Bernardino, California), desires information regarding slabs of stone with characters engraved thereon. Wernsr, E. A. (St. Louis, Missouri), makes inquiry regarding the value of certain Egyptian coins. WHEELER, Mrs. 8. A. P. (Avalon, California), desires reference to a work on the birds of the Pacific coast, especially of California. Wuite, JAMES J. (Palm Beach, Florida), desires reference to some comprehensive work on Conchology. Wurrer, T. Arritur (Navasota, Texas), desires information regarding a coin, an im- pression of which he sends. Wurrson, Prof. B. F. (Barnesville, Ohio), desires reference to a work on American birds. WILDER, Rev. S. P. (Janesville, Wisconsin), desires information regarding the “ buf- falo bug,” and suggestions as to the best means of preventing its ravages. WiLtiAMsoN, C. W. (Los Angeles, California), desires information regarding Smith- sonian publications. WINCHELL, Prof. N. H. (Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Min- neapolis, Minnesota), desires to know where a copy of Catlin’s painting ‘‘The Falls of St. Anthony ” may be obtained, 96 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Wise, W1LLIAM F. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), asks for information regarding asup- posed fossil which he describes. Woop, J. P. (Valentine, Nebraska), desires information regarding a tooth and a bene which he describes. Woops, Miss Eva H. (Pinckneyville, Kentucky), desires information in regard to a coin, a deseription of which is sent. Wricut, Prof. Ramsay (University of Toronto, Canada), makes inquiry regarding State Museums in the United States. YounG, M. J. (St. Clair, Missouri), makes inquiries regarding a check-list of the birds of North America. Statement of technical letters prepared during the year, arranged geographically. Number, ; Number Locality. oi let | Locality. opt written. | written. Alabama... ----+ 00. ee-- 20 -en-- 5-2-2 e- nee VN Nie D8 any OSI wsctise deoncsborcooesoea: 2 JNnIvARIEY Gonae coaconnb ce nopaicecbodecnscos BF akiekrei Gray caoeisaccHocdcocba: sopenp Je 4 Arkansas. -.--- -.scee seen ns cocnns------- (P| BSiCw SGaed ee hase A Sonouc ascoesocunsn oss 41 Malitonniaseesceee eeee eee cose lama Jai North: Garolimaece case sesesece ce eee 5 (Gi ined ie pSosentucoueaneosooconeEToonaes 10) || Ohio essence Sossces ca neeeene scenes cers one 20 Connecticut ..-.------------------------- 8) ||| (OEY Hoare Secdasascecconsancatesacc 2 IORI 6c coce seen oocusS oN Soeboreooonbooms Z|) (etennenyatn ihe ce So oesenssorssccescops: 36 District of Columbia ..-.--..---.-.--.. a 37,)||eRhode: Islan dia. s-caeeere essa ee eee WV OTid Wooo eee = selene aw leisintelnelciwsiele\sivivinm|= = 7 | South Carolina Sa-ccsscosteocemacecioeeine 2 Georgia. .---------+-----------------2---- (3 ||) WEB IEEEEE Sassoon ccossocodasede coches se 13 Ne seeceuseacobconen pooo ceomeoosoge Serie PA |WWel bbe econo cance obo osons bosscsonoscas 25 Mlinoiseeee este te Sotielcane demaceeeneecee 0 With 52 Sc eecoce we ate cess cemecinimeeeee 6 IndianTerritory ------------------------- 1 ||| Vermont: - 225 <- = 2s cmceces-meenn we mnieins 26 Indiana...--. spo oacareoonsoapcusercecose: A Nate es cooceqoneabha soseuessasescen: 29 MG Pi isnb basse costs acdaddesrasoocansscsse5c | Washington ..--------+--+-+++++++++---- 8 TAME Th oa seciesononeneesosocgpodocosnpace 19 |} WS ta V ONO ota le mem wien lne alae amare : 16 Kentucky--.--------------------------.--- 12)\| Wiis COMBINE -s-\-1211 Sodeddmawhe eee se ee 5 TTI hee oooosoevoosocneos sscbossoebsSo0 5 || Wyoming.-...---.. Sioa eases eee 3 Maine ....-. Beacons COS a DOD OC Con oSUSe AM) UN p ea bee ge peessocaScseesoenecceneso: 1 Maryland. .---..--------------2e++-+----- LOM Gana daeracssen sees sear Eee sece een 7 Massachusetts.----..--------«5-----+---- (f \|) dike NOG) -Geeece boeaae cc sseSnosccsacessese 2 MWitelin} gait) «oe gor ene sea Sasso Seas sees OlllaGormanyje-e eae eee oe senere peceeee 4 WEMTGROUD sscepescea seopoccsooesnsconese Rullisen enter Ese eases coceropossoaroer 1 Mississippi ..-----------------+---e------ OF Ih JERE Ay = Soo Seno shocodesseScessoSstass: 1 IM ESO botee caacasoeeoudcaDSoncuonQcanasEes 12 || Mexico ..-----.------+------+-e00------- 1 WRATTION eo eee ao enmcorm..coLgododsoneds GuleScotland Sen cesses oeeters eeteee aemterstat 1 ING 55 eascooosbeoecooonoassecocsos: 5 aWiestuln dies tccsseamccecreeee ease sees a 2 INO Vt Binoy cote ia aie eieleteta stetatalelel=lmteleinlm cle ielvin'=) = 1 Isr ors ea A ded ts Cee aie dee) Seo age One of the reasons for the great increase in this branch of the Museum work is, that the letters addressed to the Smithsonian Institution relat- ing to anthropological and zoological subjects are, almost without ex- ception, referred to the Museum. Letters of this class are received daily from the Secretary, and the majority of the letters in reply are prepared for the Secretary’s signature. The Museum receives a large number of offers to make explorations in various parts of the world, and to collect specimens for the collec- i REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. IT | tions. ‘Thirty-five offers of this kind, each of which necessitates con- siderable correspondence, have been received during the year, and are briefly shown in the following statement : Max BaupELor (261 West Madison street, Chicago, Illinois) offers ‘‘to make a study of every subject concerning the history and civilization of the Republic of Honduras.” Miss FausTIne Butter, A. M. (1620 Rush street, San Francisco, California), desires to make explorations and collect specimens along the Pacific coast from Mexico to Alaska. Dr. JouN M. Crawrorp (registrar of the Pulte Medical College, Cincinnati, Ohio, and now United States consul at St. Petersburg, Russia), has kindly consented to make special ethnological researches in Finland, and to collect specimens, par- ticularly musical instruments. Mr. J. CRAWFORD (through the Department of State) offers to collect from the De- partment of Nueva Segovia in Nicaragua, mineralogical and other specimens, and to procure for the Museum such portions of the exhibit made by the Nicara- guan Government at the Paris Exposition as may be desirable. Mr. JEREMIAH CURTIN (through Maj. J. W. Powell, Bureau of Ethnology) offers to collect ethnological specimens in connection with an expedition to the Hupa Valley. Vinat N. Epwarps (Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts) offers to collect sea birds. L. L. Frost (Susanville, California) offers to collect ethnological and archeological specimens. iE. C. GREENWOOD (Brownsville, Texas) offers to collect birds in Texas. B. M. HAaywarp (Weybridge, Vermont) offersto continue his explorations in northern Mexico, and to collect birds for the Museum. Dr. A. E. HE1iGHWAY (Cincinnati, Ohio) offers to make explorations and collections in Central and South America. Ensign W. L. Howarp, U.S.N. (Office of Naval Intelligence) offers to collect in Alaska mammals, fishes, and ethnological objects. Prof. O. B. JENKINS (De Pauw University, Greencastle, Indiana) offers to collect and present to the Museum a series of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands. F. M. Lames (Nestockton, Oregon) offers to collect minerals. James LISLE (Gordon, Nebraska) offers to collect ethnological specimens. GEORGE W. McGiumpuy, A. B. (professor of Zoology, Botany and Geology at Ozark College, Greenfield, Missouri) offers to make explorations in southwestern Mis- souri, and to send specimens of the fauna and flora of that section. E. W. Martin (Medina, Ohio) offers to collect bird skins in his vicinity. C. S. Mason (Engineer’s Office, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad Com- pany, Toledo, Ohio), offers to collect iron ores in his vicinity. A. J. MILLER (Evansville, Indiana) offers to collect specimens of natural history geology, and archaeology in Central America. §.CLairk MITCHELL (Dolores, Colorado) offers to continue his explorations in Colo- rado and Arizona. SoLon ORR (Melrose, Silver Bow County, Montana) offers to collect specimens from the lava beds of Idaho. HENRY DU R. PHELAN (11 Van Ness Avenne, San Francisco, California) offers to make general explorations and collections. Rey. Steruun D. Peer (Mendon, Illinois) proposes to make mound explorations in his vicinity. THomas I. B. Prerce (Dexter, Maine) offers assistance in the exploration of mounds in his vicinity. H, Mis, 224, pt 2——7 98 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Rev. Fred. H. H. Post (313 Church Street, Salem, Oregon) proposes to make explora- tions, etc., near Anvik on the Yukon river, Alaska, and to transmit collections to the Museum. W. W. RockuiLt (Peking, China) offers to secure ethnological specimens in China and Thibet. CHARLES Ruby (acting steward, U. S. Army, Fort Assiniboine, Montana Territory) offers to collect specimens of birds and mammals in his vicinity. EpwIn Russ offers to make collections in southwestern Oregon. Prof. IsrarL C. RussEx (U.S. Geological Survey) offers to make collections in Alaska of zoological, botanical, and ethnological specimens. JAMES A. SINGLEY (Giddings, Texas) informs the Smithsonian Institution of his in- tention to spend the spring months in southwestern Texas, for the purpose of col- lecting shells, birds, and eggs. H. L. ScavLeM (176 Prospect Avenue, Janesville, Wis.) offers to collect mammals in the vicinity of Janesville. Vix SmitH (Lyon Post-office, Madison County, Montana) offers to collect specimens of living animals for the National Zoological Park. Dr. JOHN SUNBERG (405 Montgomery street, San Francisco) desires to act as agent of the Smithsonian Institution for the purpose of collecting specimens in the re- gions of the Persian Gulf, and the Euphrates Valley. Lieut. E. H. Taunt, U.S. Navy (909 Sixteenth street northwest, Washington, District of Columbia) offers to continue his work of collecting material for the Museum in the Congo Valley, South Africa. TaLcorT WiILLIAMs (1833 Spruce street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) informs the Smithsonian Institution of his proposed trip to Morocco, and offers to make scien- tific researches in botany, geology, and ethnology. It has been found impracticable to accept several of these offers. Among those which have been accepted, and which have resulted most favorably to the Museum, may be mentioned the explorations of Mr. Talcott Williams, Dr. John M. Crawford, Mr. Jeremiah Curtin, Mr. W. W. Rockhill, Prof. I. C. Russell, and Lieut. E. H. Taunt. Special reference to the results of their work is made under the head of “* Exploration.” A special feature of the routine work of this department is the method of indexing letters written. A card has been prepared on which is written the name and address of each correspondent, together with the number of the letter-books and pages in which all letters to a given person have been copied, including the date of each letter. By this means can be ascertained at a glance the amount of correspondence with any person. This has been found exceedingly convenient. More than five thousand of these cards have been filled up during the year relating to letters written since 18587. These cards are arranged alpha- betically and kept in long boxes divided into compartments, one or more of which are devoted, as required, to a single letter of the alphabet. Cross references are made under the name of the Government depart- ment or private establishment with which the person addressed may be connected. For instance, all letters written to any official in the Treas- ury Department are recorded on cards headed “Treasury Department,” and another card is filed under the name of the person addressed. This is particularly convenient in the case of the Government depart- ments where changes of officials are more or less frequently ocurring. i AES 20 REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. = 3a The principal records kept in this department may be classified under the following headings: 1. Card index of letters written. | 6. Museum record of events of special 2. Index of letter-books. | moment. 3. Offers for sale, gift,and exchange of | 7. Index of applications for scientific | specimens. work, 4. Offers for collection and exploration. 8. Requisitions for publications. 5. Index of requests for information, | 9. List of publications promised when issued. In this office is prepared for publication in the annual report (as See- tion Vv) a complete list of accessions to the Museum during the year. This is now arranged alphabetically under the name of the sender. Two indexes are furnished; the one by Museum departments showing at a glance the number of accessions to each department during the year; the other by locality, indicating what material has been received from each locality both in this and in foreign countries. A similar list with corresponding indexes is prepared of the material submitted for examination and report. This is published in another part of the annual report. The bibliography of papers published during the year by the officers and collaborators of the Museum is prepared in this office and forms Section rv of the annual report. The data required for the preparation of Section I of the annual re- port is compiled in this office. In addition, the general preparation of the annual report, as well as the supervision of the proof, has also been made a part of the work of this office. PREPARATION OF LABELS. There were received from the Government Printing Office 3,188 forms of labels, classified as follows: Materia MedIGA a <-< <0 6 o-oo nea ccee 741 | Oriental antiquities .............. 182 Metallurgical ...--....-....-..--- Saiz botanicals] Se joo 20 .c eee 267 PIGS asc 2 sed c2oece sbsee Sack Clow inane aninaldsss eee ee 19 Hoods and textiles.22--.-- >. "92 2. DUS Parclieolopical a= sss eee ane Sas = ETE) EV S55 5258 oes sSES-0 79 | Pn OlO MCRL SSS ok testi 206 | To fia Aes YY. bet hiets F187, 3, 188 UGH OA RUONCK!. <5 o 0 cacs ca selena 121 | Of each form, twelve copies are printed on proof paper for catalogue purposes and twelve copies on colored board. This gives the total number of copies of labels printed, 96,512. In addition to this there have been printed on the small press at the National Museum 803 forms of labels, classified as follows: Materia medica... .....----....----. | iarisportaion: ul 21 Boods and textiles = .2-..-.--.....-. AICI of tuk Se ik Sg aaa 39 a ea alae re eion inno, AU IR ERAE TI ON 9 ip fone 1a doch sind cle wie woe 7 SERROLO GION) Ce sec ace oc dwee don «5 145 Graphie aptad ebay oe WU jotir) ily > ok SWUGING BONOS!: 2. -.cc - 15322 's ase 166 Oriental antiquities ............-... 19 Fy te ara Ga Ae eS 803 100 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. This places the total number of label forms printed for the National | Museum during the year at 3,991. BUILDINGS AND LABOR.—POLICE AND PUBLIC COMFORT. The staff employed for police and inspection has remained under the charge of Henry Horan, superintendent of buildings. From the reports of the superintendent are quoted in brief the follow- ing statements, which will serve to show in part the character of ime work accomplished by the laboring force during the year : 1isss. July.—During the first part of the month the mechanics and laborers were occupied in making preparations for the shipment of exhibits to the Cincinnati Exposition, which were finally shipped in twelve car-loads. Later in the month twenty-two boxes, containing the photographic exhibit, were forwarded by freight. This com- pleted the work of packing and shipping the exhibit from the Smithsonian Institu- tion. On July 9, the work of preparing material, packing and shipping an exhibit to the Marietta exposition was begun. This was completed on July 14. On July 16, additional mechanics and laborers, who had been hired for work in connection with the Cincinnati exposition, were discharged. In order to afford better light in the main hall of the Smithsonian building, one end of each of the galleries was cut off.. The fence inclosing the buffalo yard was painted. Newsteps were made and placed in the annex east entrance leading to the basement. Storage-cases for specimens were built for the Department of Ethnology ; two card- catalogne boxes for the executive clerk’s office, and two cases for the metallurgical department. August.—Scattolding was erected in the main hall of the Smithsonian building to facilitate the preparation of the walls and ceiling for painting. The painting of the exhibition hall of the Department of Fishes was finished. In the carpenter and paint shops, the following work has been completed: Construction of one large storage- ease for unit trays, one frame for mounting tiles, cutting and fitting glass for cable- frames, putting mahogany casing around plaster casts; making pedestals for the de- partment of mammals; construction of two large tubs for holding trees in the rotunda. New mahogany label-frames were made. Mahogany panel ends have been put in four door-screen cases in the department of lithology. The alteration of the galleries in the main hall of the Smithsonian building has been continued this month. The following work has also been completed: Putting new floor in the café; shel- lacing and painting wall cases; extending wall-cases and polishing specimen blocks for the department of comparative anatomy; repairing broken cases and making fraines for the department of ethnology. For the executive clerk’s office there has been made one case of drawers with shelving, and one case for letter-books. The refitting of doors to cases in several departments has been continued from day to day. September.—Several repairs in different parts of the Museum building and in the Armory building were rendered necessary by the results of a severe storm which oc- curred on September 10. The cases formerly occupying the wall space at the south entrance of the Smithsonian building, were removed to the northeast court of the Museum building. A great many blocks for specimens have been painted and ebon- ized for the various departments, and the work of fitting shelves to cases has been continued. The platform in the lecture room has been repaired, and a large book-case made for the Department of Buildings and Labor. Five pier upright cases have been remod- eled for the Department of Ethnology, and several catalogue boxes have been made for the executive clerk’s office. Oak frames for transparencies have been made. The office of the engineer of property has been furnished with a brass wire screen. The extension and remodeling of the bird cases still continue. October.—The stained glass in the circle over the south entrance of the Smithsonian building has been removed and replaced with plain glass. The radiators in the southeast court were removed from the walls to make room for wall cases, and were placed further back towards the center of the hall. This work necessitated some ex- cavating in connection with the fitting of the steam-pipes. A new shed was built for the collection of living turtles and other specimens. Repairs were made to the floor in the southeast court. Oneof the upper rooms of the north tower in the Smith- REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 101 sonian building has been assigned to the Department of Mollusks, and shelving has been erected therein for the storage of trays, etc., belonging to that department. The halls and galleries in the Smithsonian building have been sconred and cleaned, and the furniture placed in order after the confusion incident to the painting of the walls. The mechanics have also been occupied on the following work: making five hundred blocks for the exhibition of medals; making frames for Assyriau slabs, and mahogany shelves for the Department of Mammals; remodeling pier cases, and fitting them with shelves; fitting drawers and locks to cases; making drawers for storage cases ; fitting mahogany table tops to wooden pedestals; constructing a platform for the steam-steering machine in the Department of Transportation and Engineering; making one case of pigeon-holes for the section of fisheries; fitting shelves to a chart case; beveling one thousand blocks forthe Department of Minerals; making a desk and case of pigeon-holes for the registrar’s office; making frames for plaster casts ; painting the window frames of the Museum building; painting walls in the lecture’ room; kalsomining the east front of the annex building; ebonizing blocks for the Department of Minerals. November.—Early in the month the Superintendent left Washington with six skilled laborers for Cincinnati for the purpose of packing and returning to the Museum the exhibits and cases sent to the Exposition. A force of men has been engaged in clean- ing out the sheds at the Armory and re-arranging the vast amount of material there stored. The tender belonging to the engine ‘‘ John Bull” was brought over from the Armory and placed at the east entrance of the Museum building. The lecture hall was cleared to make room for the return of the exhibits from Cincinnati, which began to arrive on the 26th. On December 15, all this material was safely housed, and the superintendent with his men returned to their duties in the Museum. The work of unpacking and returning the exhibits to their proper departments occupied the time of the entire laboring force for many days. After most of the above work was com- pleted, the Graphic Art exhibit, recently returned from Cincinnati, was installed in the lecture hall. During the latter part of this month many of the cases in the Anthropo- logical hall were re-arranged. Thecarpenters completed remodeling pier cases for use in the Department of Artsand Industries. The following work was also accomplished : One book-case, with shelves, was made for the Department of Botany ; changing doors in unit tables in the Department of Botany ; making two oak book-cases for the Executive Department; constructing pigeon-holes for the Department of Building Stones; also counter, drawers, and pigeon-holes for the office of the engineer of prop- erty; adjusting locks and doors in floor cases in the southwest hall. The painters have been engaged in covering and painting diaphragms, lettering screens, and var- nishing picture frames; painting tubs for plants in the rotunda; painting the walls of the public comfort room ; glazing windows in the Smithsonian and Museum build- ings ; painting walls over the stairway in the east pavilion; finishing in hard oil a large book-case for the executive clerk’s office ; painting cases for the Department of Property and Supplies. December.—Ashscreens to be placed on the top of the casesin the southwest court have been made. The west hall has been re-arranged and the lecture hall put in order for the meetings of the American Historical Association. Eleven door screen cases have been furnished to the curator of birds. These will take the place of the old white cases in the center of the hall, which will be condemned as soon as the specimens have been removed. Theold storm door at the north entrance to the Museum building has been removed to the east entrance, and larger and more serviceable ones have been placed at thenorthentrance. The following work has also been accomplished ; Con- struction of base for statues; painting trays; repairing Japanese clock; construction of card catalogue shelves for cases ; putting strips in case for medals; painting bases ; making two large walnut bases; setting glass in the antelope case, and finishing and shellacing pedestals; painting pedestals and putting locks on cases in the Department of Botany. The fence around a part of the Armory building has been repaired and the sash glazed and painted. The windows and sereens in the lecture hall have been glazed and painted. For the Department of Ethnology a large oak frame for a map of Asia has been made. A Kensington case has been polished ; frames for plaster casts have been made; a skeleton frame for the west hall has been constructed ; four boxes have been made for the library; cases for the models of the Zoological Park have been made, and a card catalogue case was constructed for the office of the engineer of property. The work on the bird cases in the Smithsonian building still continues. The upright cases have been extended back as far as the wall. 1889. January.—The work of constructing an additional room for the entomological lab- oratory over the ladies’ reception room was begun the latter part of December. This work was continued during this month and completed in the early part of February. Forthe Department of Prehistoric Anthropology a number of wing frames have been 102 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. glazed and trays painted. Several cases in the exhibition hall of this Department have been painted, and ten mahogany table frames have been made for the various sectionsin the Department of Artsand Industries. Trays have been repaired and la- bel frames made for the Department of Botany. A large number of wooden blocks have been ebonized, one book-case made, and one case altered in some of its details. For the Department of Lithology mahogany table frames have been made and wing frames glazed. The old storm doors have been placed at the east entrance. The walls on the stairway leading tothe basement of the Smithsonian building have been painted. The floor in the ladies’ retiring room has been repaired. The walls at the north en- trance to the Smithsonian building have been painted. Cases have been painted and glazed for the Department of Anatomy. The floor in one alcove case in the Depart- ment of Ethnology was lowered. Frames for maps were made. For the Department of Engineering a case with sliding drawers has been made. Boxes for copper tanks ‘were made for the Department of Fishes. A base for a memorial stone transmitted by the Washington Monument Commission was made. In the Department of Insects a sky-light was made. The floor and wall cases in the Department of Metallurgy were painted. and several shelves fitted. Frames for glass to cover models, and stor- age cases for use in the south west pavilion were made. Forthe Department of Meso- zoic Fossils several slope-top cases and frames were made and drawers fitted to the cases. A number of blocks were ebonized for the Department of Minerals. The al- teration of the old doors and hanging new doors to bird cases was attended to. A large number of picture frames were painted and cleaned. Frames for maps were made. Glass was put in bird cases, and the inside and outside of the cases were painted. For the Department of Paleozoic Fossils a number of shelves were painted. February.—The removal of the office of the curator of textiles from the third to the second floor was completed, and the office of the curator of naval architecture was removed from the second to the ground floor in the east tower. The removal and re- arrangement of cases stored in the Armory building was completed. A wire fence to inclose the large mineral masses on the west side of the Museum building was con- structed. Two skylights were placed in the roof over the entomological laboratory. Painting the walls and ceiling in the ladies’ retiring room was begun. The re-ar- rangement of the eases in the north and west halls has occupied a great deal of time. The skeletons of whales, one of which was returned from the Cincinnati Exposition, have been hung in the osteological hall. Other work accomplished this month is as follows: Several shelves for wall cases were made, and two hundred and forty-seven trays painted for use in the anthropological hall. Bases for the walrus and sea-lion were made for the Department of Mammals. An iror bracket fur the whale skeleton in the Department of Comparative Anatomy was painted. For the Department of Ethnology several screens and cases were painted. A base was made for the Japanese Buddha, a slope base for Assyrian slabs, and one for totem posts were made. Glass for label frames for the Engineer of Property was cut. A base for four ash screens for the exhibition of a collection of busts was made. A wall case in the entomelog- ical laboratory was constructed. Several screens to be placed at the entrance to exhibition halls, and screens and shelves to go behind and over radiators were made. Glass was put in bird cases in the main hall of the Smithsonian building. Diaphragms and strips were made and placed in door-screen cases, and a number of cases were painted. For the Department of Paleozoic Fossils four boxes were made and a desk repainted. March.—During the early part of this month almost the entire force was required to remain after the regular hours in order to complete the re-arrangement of cases in the exhibition halls. On March 2, eight of the force were sworn in as special police- men, this being thought advisable for the better protection of the collections during the inauguration season. Several of the laborers, carpenters, and painters were re- quired to do duty as watchmen on this occasion. The arrangement of the Lorillard collection of casts, recently removed to the Smithsonian building was begun. This work occupied a considerable force of laborers for several days. In the Department of Ethnology a base with high back to accommodate plaster casts was made. Sam- ple drawers for unit cases were made. Label frames were made for the Department of Botany, and a platform placed over the stairway in the south balcony. In the De- partment of-building stones a number of partitions were placed in paper boxes, and a file case and drawers made to holdthem. The wallin the north hall of the National Museum was painted. The collection of Mexican casts was moved from the Museum building to the Smithsonian building. The interior of the long wall case in the south- east range was painted, the wall case was glazed and label frames made. Locks were put on cases and doors for the Department of Ethnology. Two sample unit drawers were made and partitions put iv drawers in the Executive Department. Stretchers were made for some of the Washington relics. For the Department of Marine Inver- tebrates locks and keepers were put ona book-case. The cases in the hallway of the northwest pavilion were painted. Locks were fitted to doors and cases in the De- ment of Metallurgy. Piers and frames were painted, and several cases glazed. A REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 103 small case was made for the Department of Birds, and the inside and outside of several cases in the bird hall were painted. Shelves to slope cases were made for the Depart- ment of Paleozoic Fossils. April.—The ledges of a large number of windows were lined with tin to prevent the rain from beating in. In the Department of Antiquities, pedestals and shelves were constructed and two hundred thirty-seven trays were painted. Locks were put on cases in the Department of Mammals. One end of the wall case in the south hall was made moth proof, A tin collecting case was made for use in the Department of Botany. Locks were put on chart cases in the Department of Building Stones. For the Departmeut of Buildings and Labor a mail box was made for the Superintend- ent’s office. The walls in the northwest pavilion and in the lecture hall were painted. ‘The third floor of the northwest pavilion was titted up for the oftices of the executive clerk. Glass was reset in a case for the Department of Anatomy. In the Department of Ethnology packing boxes were made, and mahogany tables for speci- mens of Japanese lacquer were constructed. Shelving was constructed around a portion of the executive clerk’s office. Two copper tanks were made for the engineer of property. Locks were fitted to several unit cases. Blocks were ebonized for the display of food specimens. A base and screen for an exhibit of woods wasmade. In the section of Historical Relics a frame was made for a portrait of Washington. A number of screens in the Department of Metallurgy were strengthened and painted. For the Department of Minerals two tanks were made, a number of blocks ebonized, casters put on ten unit-table cases, and doors and trays eased. A number of blocks were painted for the section of Materia Medica. For the Department of Ornithology tanks boxes were made; the inside of cases in the bird hall were painted, and asmall mahogany case made for a group of birds. Several floor cases were fitted up, and old book-cases repaired. For the Section of Graphic Arts 36 double boxes were finished. May.—The northwest basement has been thoroughly cleaned, and several coats of whitewash have been put on the walls. Awnings have been fitted to the windows in both buildings. For the collection of Animal Products a storage case was built; this holds about one hundred and fifty trays. Case drawers and trays have been planed and eased. In the Department of Antiquities casters were put on a large walnut case; fifteen heavy bases made. Wing trames for use in the Section of Ori- ental Antiquities were repaired, four pedestals cut down, and the inside of cases painted. For the Department of Mammals a stand for porpoise casts was made, and casters were put on unit table cases. The prairie-dog and elephant cases were glazed and the bases of table cases made moth-proof. One hundred and seventy-six trays were made for the Department of Botany. A number of relief maps were lettered for the Department of Building Stones. The sky-lights in the carpenter’s shop and leaks in the roof were repaired. ‘Twelve label-frames were made and sectional cov- ering put on steam-pipe in the exhibition hall of the Department of Comparative Anatomy. Six pine shelves for storage were made, and several pamphlet boxes re- paired. Twelve copper tanks and twenty tin insect-boxes were made for the Engi- neer of Property. Twenty drawers were fitted to storage cases in the Department of Metallurgy. Casters were put on two unit cases in the Department of Minerals, and a number of wooden blocks for specimens were planed. Three sliding screen cases in the Section of Materia Medica were reduced to half their original thickness. Door screen cases were glazed. Casesin the exhibition hall of the Department of Birds were painted, and shelving and floor cases fitted up in the south tower of the Smithsonian building. Drawers and locks were fitted on two unit cases, and one box made for the Department of Birds’ Eggs. For the Section of Textiles three label- frames were made, one hundred blocks painted, and one hundred and forty-two trays eased. In the Department of Ethnology casters were put on ten mahogany cases, one map lettered, and twenty-seven trays eased. June.—The basement rooms under the north entrance have been thoroughly cleaned. On June 6, four extra laborers were engaged to help in clearing the storage rooms at the Armory building for the use of the Fish Commission. This occupied the time of six to eight laborers for many days. The installation of the collection of prints and engraving has occupied the time of several carpenters, painters, and laborers. A window was cut in the wall in the third floor of the northwest pavilion. The east window in the second floor of the natural history laboratory was enlarged. The painting of exhibition cases, shelves, drawers, and trays in the halls of the Department of Birds and Prehistoric Anthro- pology has continued from month to month, owing to many changes in the original plans. Shelving was placed in the shed in the Armory building, and doors and trays to cases eased in the Department of Building Stones. Repairs were made in the roof of the Museum building. The walls and stairway at the north front of the Smithso- nian building were painted. The roof of this building was repaired. Nineteen French ventilators were painted. Two hundred and six trays were eased and three lights of glass 60x90 inches were fitted in slope cases for the Department of Ethnology. Eighty-five trays were eased for use in the Department of Metallurgy. ‘Three old sliding screen cases were changed into three door screen cases for the Section of Materia Medica, 104 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. In the Department of Birds the interiors of several cases were painted Jight buff, thirty-two new shelves for mahogany floor cases were fitted up, and locks weré put on unit cases. In the Department of Paleozoic Fossils thirty-nine trays and two hundred and thirty-one new drawers to unit table cases were eased. A large number of shelves for cases were repaired for the Section of Textiles. THE WORK OF THE MUSEUM PREPARATORS, The preparation of specimens for exhibition in the Museum and for the study series has been satisfactorily continued. The work of mod- eling is in charge of Mr. W. T. Hornaday, chief taxidermist. TAXIDERMISTS AND MODELERS, The operations of the department in preparing groups of mammals have been greatly hampered by the vast amount of other necessary routine work, but considerable progress has been made with several groups which it is expected will be completed during the coming year. These groups are: Gray Squirrels.—Part of this group was completed for the Cincinnati Exposition, but owing to lack of space it was not sent. It has now been decided to increase its size, incorporating in it all that it is pos- sible to exhibit of the life history of the squirrels, thus making it more comprehensive and instructive. Red Squirrels —What is stated of the gray-squirrel group applies to this group also. Red and Gray Foxes.—Some work has been done on these groups, but more material has yet to be collected. Rabbits.—Material has been collected for this group, and it will be one of the first finished. Moose.—Considerable work has been done on this large and important group. The manikins for three of the six animals of which this group will be composed, have been made, and it is the intention to bring it to completion at an early date. The group will occupy a special case of the same dimensions as that containing the group of buffaloes. In addition to the work mentioned above, a portion of the necessary materials for several other groups have been collected and designs drawn. These groups will include the Rocky Mountain Goat, Rocky Mountain Sheep, Musk-ox, Beaver, Raccoon, and Woodchuck. The Opossum and Prairie-Dog groups have been put in their new cases and the Orang-outang group retouched. The Antelope group was sent to the Cincinnati Exposition. When a new case for this group has been made, it isintended to add several specimens of different ages, and to rearrange it for exhibition. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 105 The following is a list of specimens mounted during the year: Primates. Chiroptera. 16166. Semnopithecus siamensis. | 13251. Rhinolphus hipposideros. 16167. Cercocebus wthiops. 13499. Jacchus vulgaris. 16170. Lemur flavifrons. Rodentia. 15325. Dasyprocta isthmica. 16228. Lepus campestris. 16359. Lepus campestris. 16235. Mus decumanus. Carnivora. 16177. Felis minuta. 16182, Sciurus macrourus. 16176. Felis marmoratus. 16183. Sciurus maximus. 16324. Felis domesticus (angora). 16184. Sciurus punctatissimus. 16121. Lynx maculatus. 15980. Scinrus bicolor. 16179. Melivora ratel. 14685. Sciurus niger. 16288. Bassaris astuta. 16316. Sciurus hudsonius hudsonius. 16238. Urocyon virginianus. 14433. Sciurus hudsonius douglassi. 16175. Nandina binotata. Marsupialia. 16171. Otogale crassicudata. f 16174. Hemigalea hardwicki. 12881. Didelphys myosurus. 16187. Dendrolagus ursinus. EE Miscellaneous. 16075. Cariacus clavatus. Male. Three Ptarmigans, 16076. Cariacus clavatus. Female. One Crow. Sixty fresh specimens of mammals received during the year and fifty alcoholic specimens were skinned and preserved. Of the sixty fresh animals skinned, thirty-three were collected by the taxidermists, fif- teen were received from the Department of Living Animals, and twelve from the Mammal Department. Thirty-eight skins were also received, dry and alcoholic. There has been some progress in making up into good dry skins the duplicate material on hand. A beginning has also been made in reducing the number of alcoholic specimens by working them over into dry skins for the reserve collection. The following statement relates to dry skins which have been made during the year: API RLOS otce oe pias = 20 oS wo Setalstain ine ee cic ee LO EN DEM U D tete are tetera eietete tore stertate eters 2 WAENIV OTR es ot ec ce hos we cose sts a 33. |"Marsupialiattcs)--cccee. cts ceeees 4 RN ULAtE eet. ctoeteeees sist Le ISE eect er 2r -—— CRTODUOL Reece secc oe. den woken se 14 | Totaliyseeae. rade ©, Siste Salons Shee eee 174 PRO GUGM roe le iced ys aeisie @ Gan cooee oe 109 | A number of porpoise casts sent to the Cincinnati Exposition having been returned more or less injured, it was decided to put them in good condition, and also to overhaul others on exhibition and in storage. This work has been done almost entirely by Mr. Joseph Palmer and Mr. A. H. Forney. A list of these is as follows, about a dozen remain- ing to be completed another year : 106 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 13342. Common Dolphin (Delphinus del- | 12480. Blackfish (Globicephalus melas). phis). 12761. Grampus (Grampus griseus). 13343. Common Dolphin (Delphinus del- | 12839. Grampus (Grampus griseus). phis). 13355. Grampus (Grampus griseus). 14936. Common Dolphin (Delphinus del- | 12302. Common Porpoise (Phocena com- phis). munis). 15030. Spotted Dolphin ( Prodelphinus pla- | 13200. Common Porpoise (Phocena com- giodon). MuUnNis). 12939. Striped Porpoise (Lagenorhynchus | 13359. Common Porpoise (Phocena com- acutus). | munis). 12305. Striped Porpoise (Lagenorhynchus | 13428. Common Porpoise (Phocwna com- acutus). munis). 12306. Striped Porpoise (Lagenorhynchus | 13738. Pygmy Sperm Whale ( Kogia brevi- aculus). ceps). 13727. Bottle - nosed Dolphin (Tursiops | 14677. Gray, Whale (Rhachianectes glau- tursio). . (2 specimens. ) cus). (Model. ) 15171. Bottle-nosed Dolphin (Tursiops | 12988. Pacific Right Whale (Balena ja- tursio). (Young.) ponica). (2 models.) MISCELLANEOUS WORK OF THE TAXIDERMISTS. Collection of domestic animals.—For many years it has been custom- ary to include in the exhibits of the Mammal and Bird Departments such specimens of domestic animals as may be received. During the past year it has been decided to form a separate collection under the above name, and the various specimens on hand have been brought together, renovated, and exhibited in a large wall case in the Section of Animal Products. The collection is composed as follows: 6 mammals (llama, sheep, dog, cat, ete.), 31 ducks and geese, 86 domestic fowls; a total of 12 specimens. These have all been thoroughly cleaned, poisoned, and placed on new stands. A number of other animals have also been received for this collection and will be placed on exhibition as soon as they are mounted. In connection with the return of the exhibi ts from the Cincinnati Ex- position considerable work was done by the taxidermists. Mr. A. H. Forney was sent to Cincinnati to unpack and install the exhibits of mammals. This consisted of some sixty boxes, with over one hundred and fifty specimens, which, on their return, were unpacked, cleaned, and, when necessary, repaired. The space in the Museum occupied by the taxidermic exhibit was needed for the collection of domestic animals, and it became necessary therefore to remove it. This has been done, but the collection does not show to good advantage in its present position. New and larger cases are desirable. When more room is obtained, it is intended to make the collection far more complete than at present. The following gentlemen have been instructed in taxidermy during the year, especially in the art of making good dry skins: Mr. William Taylor, of San Diego, Texas; Lieut. Emory H. Taunt, U.S. N., repre- sentative of the United States in the Congo region; and Mr. Harry Perry, who expects to spend several years in Honduras. —= REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 107 A tanned skin of an albino buffalo calf was received from Lieut. Colonel Kellogg. It was cleaned, poisoned, and placed on exhibition in the fur collection. Five boxes of specimens were packed for ship- ment. Nine mounted mammals have been repaired, poisoned, and put in good condition. Two seals and a large walrus were placed on new stands. Casts have been made of six bodies or parts of bodies of mam- mals received in the flesh. These are often of great assistance in mounting, since they furnish the best idea of the size and shape of the species. Quite a number of these are now on hand and form a very interesting and instructive collection. Congress having provided for the fitting up of the Armory building for the use of the Fish Commission, the third floor of that building has been reserved for the modelers and taxidermists of the Museum. It became necessary therefore to remove this department from the second and fourth floors to new rooms on the third floor. This department now occupies three rooms in the Armory building, a shed outside, con- taining the collection of pickled skins, and a number of storage rooms in the Smithsonian basement, containing molds and easts. MODELING AND PAINTING. Mr. J. W. Hendley has continued his work during the year. For the Department of Transportation he has made two lay figures, an In- dian hunter on snow shoes with gun in one hand and three birds in the other, and an Eskimo seated on a sled. He has repainted a Japanese carrying-box. For the food collection he has cast and painted a beef- steak, a platter of butter, two loaves of bread, and repaired a num- ber of articles. For the Department of Ethnology he has repaired and cleaned seventy small statuettes, cast and painted thirteen implements, made ten casts of Assyrian seals, together with numerous flat impres- sions of the same. For other departments: Eight casts of fossil shark’s teeth, nine casts of fossil bones, casts of contents of two jars of phos- phorus, repaired and painted cast of skull of the fossil bull (Bos urus), made fourteen casts of a rare trilobite, and of numerous minor objects. Mr. Joseph Palmer has done very little taxidermic work during the year, most of his time having been taken up in work on the series of porpoise casts, and in casting and setting up large casts of antique objects. A statement of the most important work accomplished is as follows: Several weeks were spent in changing and repairing the orna- mentation of the columns in the Smithsonian building. A complete set of casts was made from the molds of Assyrian antiquities, taken at the Fairfax Seminary, Virginia. He repaired and set up for exhibition a series of Assyrian and Egyptian casts, received from Berlin, twenty-five large and small specimens ; repaired and painted a bust of the King of Siam, and made a cast of the Indian chief Osceola; made a mold and 108 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. cast of the Siloom inscription, and made a cast of the memorial medal- lion of Prof. Joseph Henry. Only a few molds of animals have been made during the year, but these have been very important. A Bottle-nosed whale (Mesoplodon bidens) was received whole, and a complete mold of both sides was made, as also a separate mold of the head with the mouth open. The largest of the specimens of the Gala- pagos tortoises, collected by the Fish Commission steamer Albatross, died in the Department of Living Animals, and a mold was made from it. These molds are stored with others, and will be cast in due time. OSTEOLOGICAL PREPARATOR. Mr. F. A. Lucas, Assistant Curator in the Department of Compara- tive Anatomy, reports that the work of the past year has been very largely devoted to the preparation of material, and to the care of that already in the collection. The enlargement of the large exhibition case in the osteological hall, and necessary alterations in the small case, have necessitated the mov- ing of the entire series of specimens on exhibition and their complete re-arrangement. The preparation of a much-needed card catalogue of alcoholic birds has been commenced and is well advanced, and a large amount of work has been done in classifying and caring for this valuable portion of the collection. Some work has been done in the preparation of specimens of soft anatomy, and some on invertebrate material, while the greater portion of one month was passed in arranging vertebrate fossils, and in pre- paring them for exhibition. The cast of a skeleton of Dinoceras, received from the Yale College Museum has been mouted. At the close of the Cincinnati Exposition the entire labor of packing all the zoological material there exhibited by the Departments of Mam- mals, Birds, Insects, and Comparative Anatomy was performed under Mr. Lucas’s direction, and the collections reached Washington in good condition. The skeleton of a whale exhibited at Cincinnati was, on its return, again hung from the ceiling of the Museum. Another whale skeleton acquired by the Museum has also been put in place, and a third has been moved to a new location in the osteological hall, and there sus- pended from the wall on a plan devised by Mr. Lueas. The following table gives a summary of the material received and of the work of preparation during the year: REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 109 Sep Reptiles and Ba-| 4; Mammals. | Birds. Foanhianel | Fishes. a = oh aac) eee A 33 | | Sires ie a Sa a S| | # | Total. a | 28 see hat een seat sat ara Bi) ae aS ic S aS s = aS = 3 = o = ® = D = 2 = eo) om 2 = 2 2/2 /ss)2|2|52/2/3 |$8| 2 | z LD v2) Ay ® ZL 7p) Ay 7) mM | Ay @ 7) M — ————— = _ |-—— _ —- Received fresh..... --.|...... 1 ae Boe iSseone 25 | ercics| Coo see Och calles mete | 2 48 loan Glsse se sasn =e 519 12 9 | 5 47 | 1 7 | Si jweset 1 | 2 606 Mounted* 2-0. -24-.2-2: 10) WapeGn|os-5 eee eee eta eee lion's a SN bes Bees 26 J ee a ee eee ee ee eee ee otal eassechonaen| 529 29 9 | 5| 6 1 7 Tl 5 Til Tied 680 | | | | PHOTOGRAPHER. Mr. T. W. Smillie reports that 253 negatives have been added to the permanent files. Of these, 88 related to ethnology, 116 to prehistoric anthropology, 11 to mammals, 3 to osteology, 21 to transportation, 10 to graphic arts, aud 181 to miscellaneous subjects. Thirty-nine trans- parencies were also made. The number of prints made during the year is 2,199, distributed as follows: ethnological, 190; anthropological, 138; mammals, 22; osteo- logical, 3; transparencies, 77; graphic arts, 10; miscellaneous, 1,759. In addition to this 25 enlargements have been made; 39 cyanotypes have been printed, and a collection of misceilaneous photographs, 113 in number, have been mounted. The following special work for the U. 8S. Fish Commission has also been performed: Negatives made, 22; silveralbumen prints, 22 ; cyan- otypes, 476. The usual routine work of numbering and filing negatives, making up outfits for expeditions, ete., has been continued. By request of the Postmaster-General and by order of the Assistant Secretary, a number of samples of canceling inks have been tested for the Post-Office Department. The illustrating of the lectures given in the National Museum has been conducted by means of the stereopticon operated by the photog- rapher and his assistants. A collection intended to show the uses of photography was pre- pared for exhibition at the Cincinnati Exposition. This collection in- cluded valuable contributions of photographs from Prof. E. C. Picker- ing, of Harvard University, Mr. J. W. Osborne, of Washington, and from several officers connected with the Government service, notably, the Geodetic and Coast Survey; the Light-House Board; the Army Medical Museum, and the proving ground at Annapolis. At the close of the Exposition this collection was returned to the Museum and is now being prepared, in connection with additional material which has since been received, for permanent exhibition. It is intended that the scope of this exhibit shall be enlarged so as to take the form of an LE) REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. historical collection in which shall be shown examples of every photo- graphic process that has been invented, together with the appliances used, beginning with the photograph of the solar spectruin, as made by Scheele in 1777, and showing each step in the evolution of photog- raphy from that time to the present day. Considerable material has already been gathered which will be incorporated in this collection. The first camera made inthe United States has been acquired by purchase. A stereoscope, containing daguerreotypes and transparencies by the old albumen process on glass, was presented by Mrs. E. J. Stone. The Scoville Manufacturing Company of New York, presented a series of cameras showing the latest improvements, and from the Eastman Dry-Plate Company of Rochester, New York, has been received a Kodak camera, together with a series of enlarged photographs, illus- trating its use. The following students have been instructed in photography: Lieut. EK. H. Taunt, U.S. N., Mr. W. H. Perry, Miss Frances B. Johnston, Dr. T. H. Bean, Mr. Howard, and Professor J. B. Daish. In the year 1887, Mr. Smillie was transferred from the U. 8. Fish Commission to the National Museum as chief photographer. From that time the photographic work of the Fish’ Commission has been done in the Museum on the following conditions : The Commissioner furnishes an assistant, as well as the material and apparatus necessary for the work of the Commission. The work of the assistant is under the supervision of the photographer of the Museum, who makes the requisitions for material, and keeps a record of the work done. In return, the assistant paid by the Fish Commission is expected to assist in work for the Museum, when not occupied in the interest of the Commission. COLORIST. Mr. A. Zeno Shindler has spent a considerable part of the year in repainting a collection of fish casts for the Cincinnati Exposition. He has painted for use in the Department of Birds two maps, repre- senting the two hemispheres. For the Ethnological Department he has painted eighty-five photographs of Indians, and also sixty-four photographs of Indians and negroes of Surinam, from the collection of Prince Roland Bonaparte. Life-size busts of the King of Siam, King Kalakaua of the Sandwich Islands and Miss Fairchild, have also been painted. In connection with the formation of a collection of oil paintings repre- senting the races of man, the following types have been finished : Eskimo Dyak of Borneo; Apache (Arizona); Niam Niam (Africa); Chief of the Clallam Indians, Washington; Aborrigine of Australia; portrait of the Secretary of the Chinese Legation in Washington, REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. LUD DRAUGHTSMEN. Beginning with the year 1884, the report of the National Museum has consisted of a separate volume, and a section of each report has, since and including that year, been devoted to the publication of papers illustrative of collections in the National Museum. Many of these papers have been illustrated by both photographs and drawings. The former have been made by Mr. T. W. Smillie, photographer. It has been more satisfactory in certain cases to have drawings of the ob- jects prepared in the Museum, especially in connection with the illustra- tion of the following papers: In Report for 1884: ‘‘ Throwing-sticks in the National Museum”, by Otis T. Mason (17 plates) ; ‘“‘ Basket-work of the North American Aborigines,” by Otis T. Mason (64 plates); ‘A study of the Eskimo bows in the U.S. National Museum,” by John Mur- doch (12 plates); “The West Indian Seal,” by Frederick W. True and F. A. Lueas (3 plates). In Report for 1886: ‘ How to collect Mammal skins for purposes of study and for mounting,” by William T. Hornaday (9 figures). In Report for 1887: ‘‘ Cradles of the American Aborigines,” by Otis T. Mason (45 figures); ‘‘The Human Beast of Burden,” by Otis T. Mason (54 figures); ‘“‘ Ethno-Conchology--A Study of Primitive Money,” by Robert E. C. Stearns (9 plates and 22 text figures); “The Extermination of the American Bison,” by William T. Hornaday (12 platesand 1 map). In the Report for 1888: “The Indians of the North- west Coast,” by Ensign A. P. Niblack (70 plates and 48 text figures) ; “Fire-making apparatus in the National Museum,” by Walter Hough (8 plates and 60 text figures). Illustrations for papers on “ Eskimo Strike-a-Light,” by Walter Hough; “ Skin Serapers,” by Otis T. Mason; and ‘‘ Easter Island,” by Paymaster William J. Thomson, U.S. Navy, are now being prepared. The drawings for the greater part of these illustrations have been made by Mr. W. H. Chandlee and Mr. W. H. Burger, both of whom are in the employ of the Museum, and have been especially assigned to the Department of Ethnology, from which department have emanated the larger proportion of illustrated papers, A great deal of time has been occupied in piece work connected with general administration and covering the entire field of draughting, em- bracing topographical and architectural work, tracings and sketch maps, engrossing, lettering, table designing, sketching of articles temporarily in the Museum, coloring of maps and charts, and artistic color work. For these purposes the following mediums were required: oil-colors and water-colors (transparent and opaque), pens and ink, lead pencils, cray- ons (Conté and lithographic), charcoal, and lamp-black. G.—ACCESSIONS. The total number of accessions to the Museum during the year was 1347. A table showing the number of accessions to the Museum each year, 112 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. beginning with 1881 (the first year of occupancy of the Museum build- ing), is here given: oe Accession | A ooes (inclusive.) SOT 1881.22 02. enn enn ee ne eee rete tn nnn nae mente ce cece enn ens necene 9890-11000 1111 NS82 ee scclericnnenciseniecuecisneceelsc === nivmninsemm=l=nlonn ane aw nln~ ain ilnioleinisiloelewiels'a i= 11001-12500 1500 DOSS ea se arene aie Se eee Se lnleiolwmiwie ol ole imlniejelsieinelmielmi=ialalw)alolntninl=tni=sel=lainl@\a) mies) =imiswleisintelato 12501-13900 1400 Ieee oneoe erase aacnoSo Seago CCU SHOUD COUR CESCObEmobocuocsnTasbegernoconasqae5a0 13901-15550 1650 1885 (January to June) ....--.------- ene ee one eee ne een ee ene ences 15551-16208 658 VBBS— "86 ooo 2 cow cee ce wen ne enn on iw een an wee e nen ne sannne so0e05 16209-17704 1496 1886='87 ...--- 2-2 = er ee ne ne nn ee een ee ween ene ne cen e nee eeee 17705-19350 1646 WS87H188) 2 cocaine wine ccc w ce coe nme cmencesecuscresnneean= se c==aseiwesuiee s<=\-~ s/s“ ~ a(n 19351-20831 1481 MBS 8189 ee aoe ae = aerare cine inrewinjn wie sleiwjols vielen cjcewinin a)«'w nla wl=\n\eminle) o[='=siei=/= (0 =\mlal=Iminiaielnii> 20832-22178 1347 TWD Bybee eosoenacabeone son oEDOdcOCodan pb conTossooSDSoHoToecosd|laosscopcep O56 12289 The decrease in the number of the accessions this year may be ac- counted for in part by refusals of collections which have been necessi- tated owing tolack of both storage and exhibition room. A geographical statement has been prepared, showing the sources of the more important accessions. : GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW OF THE MORE IMPORTANT ACCESSIONS. During the year, material has been received from nearly every part of the world, although as usual the greater number of the accessions have come from the United States. The following statement has refer- ence to the most important accessions. These have, as far as possible, been arranged under the localities from which they were gathered rather than the place of residence of the sender. AFRICA. Madagascar.—Two linen table-covers, a silver watch-chain, a gold breast-pin, an ivory carving, and a small basket were deposited in the National Museum by President Cleveland, to whom they had been pre- sented by the Queen of Madagascar. Egypt.—Miss Alene Solomon, of Washington, District of Columbia, gave two Egyptian scarabs. Dr. James Grant-Bey, of Cairo, Egypt, sent several water-color sketches of ancient lamps, two fragments of leather cover (fac-simile) of the catafalque of Isi-Em-Kheh, a queen of the twenty-first dynasty, 1000 B. C., and a fragment of mummy cloth, with characters of the “Ritual of the dead.” A series of casts of Assyrian and Egyptian antiquities were trans- mitted by the Royal Museum at Berlin. Oberlin College, at Oberlin, Ohio, presented seventeen bird-skins chiefly from Africa, many of them new to the collection. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 113 AMH RICA. BRITISH AMERICA, British. Columbia.—A. collection of ethnological objects from Van- couver and Queen Charlotte Islands, was purchased by the Museum from Mr, James G. Swan, of Port Townsend, Washington. Nova Scotia.—Mr. George P. Merrill, of the National Museum, col- Jected and transmitted to the Museum specimens of gypsum obtained at Hopewell. New Brunswick.—A collection of Middle Cambrian fossils from the St. John formation, was purchased from Mr. G. F. Matthew, of St. John. Canada.—Mr. H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, sent rare specimens of lepidoptera. CENTRAL AMERICA. - Costa Rica.—The Museo Nacional de Costa Rica sent two valuable specimens of birds, through Senor José C. Zeledon. A large collection _of bird-skins was sent through the same source, for study and compari- son, a portion of which were donated to the Museum. = MEXICO. Chihuahua.—Mr. E. Wilkinson, of Mansfield, Ohio, sent an egg of the Cactus wren. - Two living Mexican wild-cats and three living chachalacas were re- ceived from Capt. Henry Romeyn, of Fort Ringgold, Texas. UNITED STATES. Alabama.—Dr. J. 8. Taylor, of Mobile, sent fragments of pottery from Baldwin County. A number of birds, birds’-nests and birds’-eggs were presented by Dr. William C. Avery, of Greensborough. The Shelby [ron Company sent a variety of minerals. Alaska.—The Alaska Commercial Company, of San Francisco, Cali- fornia, presented a bidarka. From Lieut. George M. Stony, U. S. N., were received a deer-skin coat, trowsers, boots, skull-cap and sleeping-bag, from Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. A picture of a crab caught at Sitka was sent by Commander L. A. Beardslee, U.S. N., of Little Falls, New York. Arizona.— A collection of pottery, stone and vegetable fiber objects, gathered at Flagstaff, and pottery from Moqui, were presented by Col. James Stevenson, of the Bureau of Ethnology. Mr. William W. Price, of Tombstone, sent a set of eggs of the Sulphur- bellied fly-catcher; also four birds’-eggs, new to the Museum collection. A collection of fishes, reptiles, and batrachians was received from Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, of Fort Snelling. H. Mis. 224, pt. 2—— 114 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. The Drake Company, of Sioux Falls, Dakota, presented four slabs of agatized wood from Chalcedony Park. California.—Prof. J. S. Diller, of the U. S. Geological Survey, col- lected rock specimens which were transmitted to the Museum by the survey. He also presented a White-footed field mouse from Mount Shasta. A medicine stone was received from Mr. H. W. Henshaw, of the Bureau of Ethnology. Dr. H. C. Yarrow, U.S. A., Washington, District of Columbia, sent an ancient bowl found in Deep Creek Valley. Mollusks, crustacea and sponges from San Diego, were given by Mr. Henry Hemphill. Highteen new species of fishes from the Gulf of California were re- ceived from Profs. O. P. Jenkins and 6b. W. Evermann, of Green- eastle, Indiana. Mr. C. R. Orcutt of San Diego, sent shells from Lower California. Stone relics were presented by Mr. Stepben Bowers, of San Buena- ventura. Colorado.—The U.S. Geological Survey transmitted one hundred and sixty-nine mineral specimens collected in Colorado by Messrs. Cross and Hillebrand, of the Survey. Rocks, minerals and petrified wood were received from Lieut. Charles Ra Ponds Uis.0N. Mr. Henry Zahn, of Denver, sent a piece of geyserite. Messrs. D. R. C. Brown and Elmer T. Butler, of Aspen, presented a miniature model of Aspen Mountain. A fine collection of birds, nests, and eggs was received from Mr. Denis Gale, of Gold Hill. Connecticut.—Prof. O. C. Marsh, of Yale College, sent the skeleton of a cormorant for study and comparison. Minerals were received from Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, of Hanover, New Hampshire, and from O. C. Farrington, of New Haven. Miss Ellen Oakford, of New Haven, lent seven etchings for exhibition at the Cincinnati Exposition. Delaware.—The Jackson & Sharp Company, of Wilmington, sent cy- anotype prints of different classes of railway cars. District of Columbia.—Nu merous campaign and Grand Army badges were received from various residents of the District. Mr. A. C. Winslow, of Washington, presented the original key to the Treasury of the United States when organized under General Wash- ington’s administration. Mrs. E. J. Stone, of Washington, sent a map of the city engraved in 1818, and a fac-simile of the original Declaration of Independence. Two Indian arrow-heads were given by Mr. David Fitsgerald, libra- rian of the War Department. Illustrations of various military and naval uniforms were received from Mr. Paul Beckwith, of the National Museum, REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Ita Mr. Robert Ridgway, of the National Museum, presented a collection of bird-skins. The U.S. Geological Survey transmitted fossil fish through Mr. H. W. Turner, by whom they had been collected. M. Celeste Moritz, of Washington, presented two living White rats. Two living Prairie dogs were given by Lowell C. Williams, of Wash- ington. Mr. Walter Hough, of the National Museum, presented a set of waffle-irons and a wooden lock. The U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey sent, at the request of the Smithsonian Institution, photographs illustrating the method used in mounting photographic prints, for exhibition at the Cincinnati Exposi- tion. A Sparrow-hawk and a Wood thrush were received from Mr. B. W. Mitchell, of the National Museum, Mr, George H. Boehmer, of the Smithsonian Institution, gave a bronze medal, commemorative of the centenary celebration of the Royal Batavian Society of the Academy of Sciences. Mr. D. Ballauf, of Washington, sent a model of a locomotive for ex- hibition at the Cincinnati Exposition. Dr. G. Brown Goode, assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institu- tion, presented six campaign metallic badges, four lithographs of army hospitals in existence from 1862 to 1869, two silhouettes and eight en- gravings. An interesting addition to the photographic exhibit prepared for the Cincinnati Exposition was a collection of cyanotype prints, showing the lights and flames used in the light-houses on the American coast. These were contributed by the U. S. Light-House Board. Dr. J. L. Wortman, of the U.S. Army Medical Museum, presented four living rattlesnakes. A cast of the head of President Lincoln, taken sixty days before his death, by Clark Mills, was received from Theodore A. Mills, of Wash- ington. A collection of land, marine, and fresh-water shells was presented by Messrs. J. D. and F. B. McGuire, being a part of the collection of the late J. C. McGuire. Mr. John Graham, warden of the city jail, gave a collection of knives, razors, tweezers and a sand-bag, made by prisoners in the District jail. Mrs. Thomas C. Cox, of Washington, deposited General George Wash- inton’s shaving table. This table was presented to General Washing- ton by the first French minister accredited to the United States. The Department of Agriculture sent a collection of animal parasites. A Secchi meteorograph was deposited in the Museum by the Chief Signal Officer. Madame Veuve A, Collin presented a bust of the late President Gar- field, 116 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Florida.—Lieut. J. F. Moser, of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, sent birds, shells, insects, snakes, and fishes collected at Cape Sable. Dr. J. C. Neal, of Archer, presented a collection of ethnological ob- jects. Shells were received from General IF’. E. Spinner, Pablo Beach. Mr. Frederick W. True, of the National Museum, gave field mice, muskrats, snakes, and insects. Three living rattlesnakes were received from Mr. James Bell, of Gainesville. Georgia.—A large corundum crystal was sent by Mr. N. P. Pratt, of Atlanta. Mr. M. Hamilton, of Savannah, sent, for experimental purposes, a plant supposed to be antidote for snake bites. Pottery fragments, from Stalling’s island, were received from Mr. ©. C. Jones, of Augusta. Mr. Alfred Chisolm, of Savannah, presented an albino Red-wing black- bird. Illinois. —Mr. A. J. W. Copelin, of Chicago, sent photographs of loco- motives. Stone implements were received from Mr. W.S. Strode, of Berna- dotte. Mr. Otho C. Poling, of Quincy, gave specimens of birds’ eggs. Mr. C. K. Worthen, of Warsaw, presented three specimens of Oche- todon and twelve mammal skins and skulls. Indiana.— Prof. B. W. Evermann, of Greencastle, presented a collec- tion of thirty species of fishes from Deer Creek and the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers. Mr. Robert Ridgway, of the National Museum, collected several speci-: mens of bird skins. Twenty leaf-shaped implements were sent by Dr. KE. C. Black, of Wheatland. Stone implements, taken from mounds south of Cherokee, were re- ceived from Mr. J. V. Ward, of Cherokee. Iowa.—Mr. C. R. Keys, of Boe sent specimens of land and fresh-water shells. A collection of Devonian fossils were received from Prof. A. H. Con- rad, of Shenandoah. Kansas.—A collection of invertebrate fossils was received from Dr. W.S. Newlon, of Oswego. Mr. B. F. Cannon, of Russell Springs, sent specimens of nickel ore. A skull of a Flathead Indian was presented by Mr. W. Meinhold, of Paola, Kentucky.—Specimens of limonite and iron ore were sent by Mr. T. W. MacGill, of Franklin. Mr. ©. F. Very, of New Albany, Indiana, presented ethnological ob- jects from Grayson County. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. sb b Louisiana.—Mr. G. Kohn, of New Orleans, presented several speci- mens of terrapin. Fifty rude stone implements were received from Mr. George William- son, of Grand Cane. Maine.—Mr. George P. Merrill, of the National Museum, collected spec- imens of granite from Red Bank, pebbles from Cape Elizabeth, and diabese from Tenant’s Harbor. A collection of minerals was sent by Mr. N. H. Perry, of South Paris. Dr. H. C. Yarrow, U. 8. A., Washington, District of Columbia, gave a sword-fish head. Mineral specimens were purchased from Mr. W. P. Hayden, of Ray- mond. Maryland.—Mr. James A. Millhollana, of Cumberland, sent a draw- ing of the boiler-plate bridge, constructed in 1846 for the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad Company. A broad-winged hawk was presented by Mr. Harold P. Stabler, of Sandy Spring. e Mr. Robert Ridgway, of the National Museum, sent a collection of bird skins. A living tortoise was received from Mr. Howard Tabler, of Seabrook. Mr. George Marshall, of Laurel, contributed birds. A ground dove from Broad Creek and three snake-eggs from the Potomac River were donated by Mr. Thomas Marron, of the National Museum. Rear-Admiral Daniel Ammen, of Ammendale, deposited a carriage used by General U.S. Grant, in Washington, prior to his election to the Presidency of the United Baie, and by him pyccenned to Rear- roe Ammen in the summer of 1870. Massachusetts—Rock specimens from Newbury were collected by Mr. George P. Merrill, of the National Museum. A series of albertypes (seventy-four) were presented by the Forbes Lithographic Manufacturing Company, of Boston. Kighteen phototypes were received from the Boston Photogravure Company and eleven heliotypes were presented by the Heliotype Print- ing Company, of Boston. Mr. G. W. Field, of Brockton, donated an Ibis and two Snake-birds. Silver prints and lantern slides were sent by the Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge. Mr. James P. Tilton, of Newburyport, sent fragments of pottery from Plum Island, A mink was presented by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards, of Wood’s Holl. A whale skull was received from Mr. William H. Jackson, of Pigeon Cove. Mrs. Anne E. Douglass, of Cambridgeport, presented plaster busts of governors of all States in office January 1, 1860, with the exception of Oregon and California. 118 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Michigan.—A collection of bird skins, containing several species new to the Museum collection, was purchased from Mr. W. H. Collins, of Detroit. Mr. C. A. Thompson, of Quincy, sent a specimen of stone carving from a mound near Coldwater. Minnesota.—Mr. C. Bangs, of Wolverton, sent specimens of copper implements found in Wilkin County. Mr. James Rigby, of Minneapolis, presented a model of a car-wheel. The State Normal School, at Winona, sent insects, crustacea, plants, and shells. Mississippi.—A collection of Indian pottery and several stone objects, from Prentiss County, were transmitted by the U. 8. Geological Survey. Mr. Charles E. Chidsey, of Scranton, sent sixty-eight specimens of pottery. Missouri.— Mr. J. E. Callaway, of Ravenna, sent an interesting speci- men known asa hair ball. These balls are found in the fourth compart- ment of the stomachs of cattle, and are composed of hairs licked from the surface of the body. Rocks were received from Mr. Erasmus Haworth, of Oskaloosa, Iowa. Mrs. Clara B. Davidson, of St. Louis, donated a saber presented to General J. W. Davidson, U. S. Army, for gallant conduct during the capture of Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1863. Montana.—Col. J. I. Allen, of Stillwater, sent photographs of Crow Indians. Among the most important acquisitions from Montana were two buf- falo skins purchased from W. T. Hornaday, of the National Museum, on his return from the buffalo expedition to Montana. Mr. Ellingson Knute sent samples of ore. Dr. Thomas J. Reed, of Great Falls, presented two living Sparrow- hawks. ; A fine living wolf was received from Mr. C. A. Dole, of Glendire. Nevada,-—A large collection of rocks (embracing about two thousand specimens) of the Comstock Lode and Washoe District, Nevada, col- lected by Messrs. S. F. Emmons and G. F. Becker, was received from the U. S. Geological Survey. New Hampshire.-—Four mammal skins, two insects, a turtle, and a woodchuck, were presented by Mr. Loren W. Green, of Charlestown. Mr. G. P. Merrill, of the National Museum, collected for the Museum granite from West Concord. Minerals and rocks were received from Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, of Hanover. New Jersey.—Three arrow-heads were received from Mr. Charles Mead, of Sayreville. Mr. G. P. Merrill, of the National Museum, collected for the Museum serpentine and associated minerals. A specimen of Sowerby’s whale was sent by Capt. J. L. Gaskill, keeper of the U.S. Life-Saving Station at Absecon, New Jersey. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 119 New Mexico.—Maj. J. W. Powell, Director of the U.S. Geological Sur- vey, transmitted fragments of pottery from Jemes Valley, also pottery and stone objects from Abiquiu. Large collections of pottery and stone objects from various parts of New Mexico, were sent by Messrs. James Mooney, James Stevenson, W. H. Holmes, Arthur P. Davis, Dr. Washington Matthews, and Mr. Victor Mindeleff, of the Bureau of Ethnology. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt presented a hawk, a living rattlesnake, a Long- - billed Marsh wren, field mice and pocket mice, and the skin of a Red- tailed Hawk, from Fort Wingate. Hight batrachians were collected by Dr. Shufeldt and John G. Morse, of Fort Wingate. H. W. Bremen, of Silver City, sent a root supposed to be an antidote for snake bites. New York.—The Central Park Menagerie sent a stork and three eggs of the Black swan. W. W. Worthington, of Shelter Island, sent specimens of arrow- heads and flakes. A valuable and interesting collection of photographic apparatus and prints was received from the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company, of Rochester. W. W. Adams, of Union Springs, sent shell beads. From William A. Hakes, of Binghamton, were received pottery frag- ments and stone objects from Broom County. Rocks were collected by G. P. Merrill, of the National Museum, from Keeseville and Stony Point. Fred Mather, of Cold Spring Harbor, presented two Mandarin ducks. Harper Brothers, of New York City, donated illustrations of the rail- way passenger-car. The skeleton of a Black whale was purchased from H. A. Ward, of Rochester. The Scovill Manufacturing Company, New York City, donated five photographic cameras and one extension tripod. Miss Anna Randall Diehl, New York City, deposited a collection of oriental seals. Eight watches of different designs were purchased from Tiffany & Co., New York City. Dr. Sanderson Smith, of New York City, presented seven rare min- erals. Two specimens of Algean marble were sent by E. Fritsch, of New York City. An important and interesting contribution to the Department of Graphic Arts, was the gift of 157 engravings, illustrating the various mechanical engraving processes, from Prof. C. F. Chandler, of Colum- bia College, New York City. Photographs of street cars were received from the John Stephenson Company, New York City. 120 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. KE. M. Lewis, of Bedloe’s Island, presented birds which had been killed by flying against the statue ‘“‘ Goddess of Liberty,” in New York Har- bor. J. M. Falconer, of Brooklyn, gave an engraving, ‘‘ The Building of Brooklyn Bridge.” A lithograph of alandscape by Tudot was received from S. P. Avery, New York City. A large collection of minerals, containing 1,371 specimens, collected by S. L. Penfield in Jefferson, Louis, and St. Lawrence Counties, was transmitted by the U. S. Geological Survey. North Carolina.—J. M. Spainhour, of Lenoir, presented a specimen of asbestus. G. P. Merrill, of the National Museum, collected peridotite, chromide, and nickel ores from Webster. He also presented photographic nega- tives of views taken at Webster. The observer of the U.S. Signal Service at Charlotte sent flexible sandstone. E. S. Bowers, of Webster, presented amethysts, two sapphire corun- dums, and a brown star sapphire. Several fine mineral specimens were sent by D. A. Bolman, of Bakers- ville. William H. Gaskill, keeper of the Life-Saving Slvston , Cape Lookout, sent a sunfish. Ohio.—From the Cincinnati Society of Natural History was received a collection of bone, shell, and stone implements gathered from graves in Madisonville. William H. McGinnis, Member of Congress, of Youngstown, sent stone implements, flakes, arrow and spear heads. Coleoptera and lepidoptera were donated by Charles Dury, of Cin- cinnati. A large collection of stone objects and pottery, containing 4,710 speci- mens, was deposited by Warren K. Moorehead, of Xenia. Thomas Wilson, of the National Museum, presented a collection of bone, shell, and stone implements from Anderson Township and Cler- mont County. Selenite crystals were received from C. 8. Mason, of Toledo. Carey Bell, of Utica, sent a stone axe. Oregon.—Livingston Stone, sent a specimen of fungus which was found growing in a fir log near Clackamas Station. Three water lizards from Fort Klamath were received from Capt. G. S. Carpenter, U.S. Army. Pennsylvania.—A specimen of stone pestle from Cohocksink Creek was received from George W. Haig, of Philadelpina. The Zoological Society of Philadelphia presented a Sheath Bill and a Cockatoo. : Ki. L. Pintard, of Philadelphia, deposited a file of the “Philadelphia Photographer ”, 1867-1887. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. i 3 | Two stone implements found near New Brighton, were given by Thomas Wilson, of the National Museum. Fred Speel, of Philadelphia, sent a Toad-fish. Four ethnological objects were received from George C. Fryer, of Philadelphia. James D. Middleton collected and transmitted through the U.S. Geo- logical Survey, pottery fragments from Irvine, Warren County, Penn- sylvania. A east of a supposed human face found in the Hamilton sand-rock was received from IF’. W. Gibson, of Falling Springs. E. F. Schafirt, of Media, presented a skeleton of a Rose-breasted Cock- atoo. George P. Merrill, of the National Museum, collected copper and ser- pentine rock, from Cornwall, and slate from Franklin and Bangor. The Baldwin Locomotive works, of Philadelphia, presented several photographs of modern locomotives. Several silver prints from negatives taken in an anthracite coal mine were received from E. B. Harden, of Philadelphia. William Bell, of Philadelphia, presented two photographic cameras. Rhode Island.—A valuable collection of petroleum and related mate- rials was received from Prof. 8. F. Peckham, of Providence. This col- lection was made in connection with Professor Peckham’s work for the Tenth Census, by a special arrangement with Professor Baird. Silas Carr, of Providence, sent a collection of minerals. Eight etchings were received from Samuel Coleman, of Newport. Miss M. Francis, of Newport, sent a type-writer invented by the late Dr. Samuel Ward Francis in 1857. George A. Lewis, of Wickford, presented fishes. South Carolina.—A metal copy of the original memorial tablet de- signed to commemorate the services of the Charleston Relief Committee during the earthquake in 1886, was presented by Tiffany & Company, of New York. Tennessee.—W. WD. Dreher, of Knoxville, sent an Indian axe. A. §. Oldham presented two sets of buckhorns found in Lauderdale County. Pottery fragments were received from General G, P. Thurston, of Nashville. Campbell Brown, of Spring Hill, presented flint implements from that place. Texas.—G. H. Ragsdale, of Gainesville, sent a collection of fossil shells and bird skins, also a Pouched rat. A living Civet cat was received from I. N. Hasbrouck, of Brownwood. William Taylor, of San Diego, sent a stone implement from that place. y Vermont.—A collection of stone objects was received from Prof. G, H. Perkins, of Burlington. 122 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. G. P. Merrill, of the National Museum, collected granite in Crafts- burg. Prof. H. M. Seely, of Middlebury, sent specimens of calciferous fos- sils. Virginia.—Thomas H.Tolson, of Shamrock, presented a White-headed Eagle. ' Two living Black bears, captured in Virginia, were presented by the Hon. J.S. Miller, Commissioner of Internal Revenue. M. M. Wakefield, of Annandale, sent a Great-horned owl. Four living Angora goats were presented by the Misses Grace and Maud Parsons, of Natural Bridge. Robert Ridgway, of the National Museum, collected bird.skins in Vir- ginia. Stone objects from Chain Bridge were sent by Dr. L. W. Gill. Four living rabbits were presented by C. Edgar Uber, of Falls Church. Millard Burch, of Ballston, donated six living Night herons. Alexander Hunter, of Washington, gave a confederate army jacket. A Hog-nosed snake was received from Col. W. Shutt, of Hillsboro. Dr. Hugh M. Smith, of the National Museum, sent four birds from Back River. Rey. R. Ryland, of Richmond, sent samples of light wood from Rich- mond, and a living mink from Langley. The following objects, formerly the property of General Washington, were received from Lawrence Washington, of Marshall: 1 pitcher portrait of Washington (china- | 1 colored picture in frame, view of old ware). church near Limerick. 1 statuette of Necker. 1 colored picture in frame. 1 journal of household and personal ex- | 1 portrait in frame, ‘‘Madonna with penses of Washington, March, 1793, to | Book.” March, 1797, in writing of secretary 1 portrait in frame, ‘‘St. John.” or steward. | 1 engraving, ‘‘ Louis XVI.” 1 sword-bJade. _ 1 picture in frame, ‘Fall of the Bastile.” 1 spy-glass. 4 engravings in circular frames. 1 mirror. Washington.—From the U. S. Geological Survey were received speci- mens of native platinum. Five eggs of the Short-nosed owl were received from Godfrey Koenig, of Sassin. West Virginia.—A peculiarly colored duck egg, laid the night after the duck was seen eating the shells of dyed Easter eggs, was received from W. H. Lewis, of Jefferson County. Greenland Thomson, of Morgantown, sent several ethnological ob- jects. A canteen of 1863 was received from Col. Frank Thomson, of Morgan- town. Edward P. Whaites, of Alderson, presented a memorial medal of George Washington. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY, 123 A flint-lock pistol and lantern were received from Col. Ashbel Fair- child, of Morgantown. Mrs. L. I. Hough, of Morgantown, sent a basket formerly used in making bread. A coffee-biggin was donated by Mrs, Casselberry, of Morgantown. Two living vipers were sent by Alexander McVeigh Miller, of Alder- son. A Dutch oven and an old brass candlestick were sent by Miss Emma Protzman, of Morgantown. : Wisconsin. chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, 1887, was presented by F. L. Phillips, of Madison. H. P. Hamilton, of Three Rivers, sent pottery fragments. Pottery from Yellow Lake was sent by Gerard Fowke. H. Eggers, of Milwaukee, presented two patent boomerangs. Wyoming Territory.—Two fine living elk were received from Hon. W. F. Cody (Buffalo Bill), of North Platte, Nebraska. Emile Granier, of Atlantic, deposited a polished agate. A Western porcupine from Fort Bridges, was received from Dr. C. Hart Merriam, of the Department of Agriculture. WEST INDIES. Cuba.—A collection of ores, forming a valuable addition to the metal- lurgical exhibit in the Museum, was received from Hon, Otto E. Reimer, United States consul to Santiago de Cuba, through the Department of State. Guadeloupe.—The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, sent a collection of fishes. A collection of bird-skins was received from L., Guesde, Point-a- Pitre. SOUTH AMERICA. Argentine Republic.—Walter B. Barrows, of the Department of Agri- culture, presented a collection of reptiles, insects, and land shells. Brazil_—A_ collection of bird-skins, comprising one hundred and eighty-seven specimens from Bahia, were purchased from Prof. Leslie A. Lee, Thomas Lee, and Charles H. Townsend, of the U. 8. Fish Com- mission. Prof. Orville A. Derby, National Museum, Rio de Janeiro, sent, in exchange, several specimens of ores and one meteoric specimen. Specimens of iron ore, coal and coke, from Rio Grande de Sul, were received through the Department of State. Peru.—Woven fabrics from Ancon were presented by G. H. Hurl- but. Uruguay.—Thomas H. Brooks, of Montevideo, sent the skin and bones ofa Sea-lion from the coast of Uruguay. 124 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Venezuela.—A valuable collection of beetles collected in Venezuela, were sent by Ernst C. Colby, of Curagoa. Photographs of Indians of the Goajira Peninsula were received from the Department of State, through the Hon. T. F. Bayard. The Zoological Society of Philadelphia presented a deer, in the flesh, from South America. The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, sent a collection of fishes from South America. Maj. J. W. Powell, Director U.S. Geological Survey, presented two feet of a Harpy eagle. ASTA. China.—The Chinese Minister, at Washington, sent a beautifully mounted, carved, temple urn, of the Shang dynasty, B. C. 1762, and an ancient jade audience-ring. A very valuable collection of religious objects from northern China and Thibet used by the Lama priests in their religious ceremonies was deposited by W. W. Rockhill. These consist of prayer wheels, Budd- histic books, libation bowl, prayer beads, images of gods, ete. He also presented a scroll picture, in colors, of life in Chinese Turkestan. P. L. Jouy, of the National Museum, presented a Chinese bow and five arrows. Corea.—A large and valuable collection of Corean birds, comprising five hundred and forty-seven specimens, was purchased from P. L. Jouy of the National Museum. India.—Mrs. W. Scott, of London, England, presented specimens of Tusser silk cocoons from Sadra. The Royal Botanical Garden, Seebpore, sent in exchange an exceed- ingly valuable collection of mounted plants from India. Persia.—Rev. J. L. Potter, of Drakesville, New Hampshire, sent a complete suit of a Persian Mohammedan priest, from Teheran, Persia. A cast of aseal of Darius, King of Persia, and two casts of Babylo- nian seals were presented by Isaac Myer, of Philadelphia. Japan.—A very interesting collection of Japanese birds, containing one hundred and nine specimens and seventy-four species, from southern Japan, was presented by T. Ringer, of Nagasaki. Among them was a fine male specimen of the true Sommering’s Pheasant (Phatrianus serri- tillans) and a Spoon-billed sandpiper (Hurynorhynchus pygmeus). A collection of ivory figures was purchased from Tiffany & Com- pany, New York City. A collection of bronze and wooden figures was purchased from Ed- ward Greey, New York City. A Buddhist rosary and two birds were received from P. L. Jouy, of the National Museum. Harry VY. Henson, of Yokohama, sent a bird from Hakodate. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 125 Japanese musical instruments, two Japanese masks, porcelain ware, and a palanquin were purchased from the First Japanese Trading Company, New York City. The Tokyo Library and Tokyo Educational Museum presented a very fine collection of Japanese plants. Jerusalen.—A shofar, or ancient Jewish trumpet, made of ram’s horn, was presented by David Sulzberger, of Philadelphia. An alabaster model of a Mosque in Jerusalem was deposited by the Rey. J. P. Newman, of New York. HUROPE. Austria.—The Royal Imperial Natural History Museum, of Vienna, sent, through Dr. Aristides Brezina, a collection of meteorites, and also sent in exchange one hundred and seventeen specimens of build- ing stones. Three meteorites were received, in exchange, from Baron Braun, of Vienna. A collection of twenty-four bird skins was received, in exchange, from Victor Ritter von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, of Salzburg. Chevalier Schmit von Tavera, minister from Austro-Hungary, pre- sented an ethnological map of Hungary. Denmark.—A collection of fishes representing sixty-seven species, from northern seas, was received, in exchange, from the Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen. A silver cross of the ‘‘ Order of Danenborg” was presented by Paul Beckwith, of the National Museum. France.—The Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, sent, in exchange, one hundred and ninety-five specimens of modern and antique marbles from Europe and Africa. The Musée de St. Germain, Paris, sent, in exchange, molds of bronze implements. Thomas Wilson, of the National Museum, presented minerals from Brittany. A collection of five hundred specimens of stone implements from various localities of France was purchased from E. R. Reynolds, of Washington, District of Columbia. Germany.—C. Kickhoff, of New York, sent samples of alloys from Germany. A collection of bird-skins was purchased from Dr. E. Rey, of Leipsic. Great Britain. —F rom the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, was re- ceived a collection of vegetable economic products, including textiles, foods, gums, materia medica, botanical and ethnological specimens. I. W. Webb, locomotive superintendent of the London and North- western Railway Company, Crewe, sent photographs of Trevithick’s engine and boiler. 126 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. The State Department sent a collection, made by W. F. Grinnel, United States consul at Bradford, England, of woolen, worsted, sill, and cotton fabrics. Three casts of Meiolonia from Lord Howe Island, was sent by the British Museum. A collection of ethnological objects was received from Edward Lovett, of Croydon, near London. Italy.—The Royal Museum, Florence, sent, in exchange, through Prof. Henry H. Giglioli, one hundred and fifty fishes, two hundred and thirty- four birds, thirty-two reptiles, and twenty-four mammals. Seven European bats were received from Angelo Senna, of Pavia. A. A. Blair, of Philadelphia, sent crystallized hematite from the Island of Elba. Norway.—A complete model of a Viking ship was purchased for exhi- bition at the Cincinnati Exposition, from Albert Cammermeyer, of Christiania. A Killer whale was received, in exchange, from the Zoological Museum, Royal University, Christiania. Roumania.—A. L. Montandon, of Bucarest, sent, in exchange, speci- mens of coleoptera and hemiptera from eastern Kurope. Russia.—A military medal from the Crimea was received, in exchange, from Paul Beckwith, of the National Museum. The Museum of Natural History, at Tiflis, sent through Dr. Gustave Radde, a collection of Caucasian and Transcaspian bird-skins. Scotland.—D. Bruce Peebles, of Edinburgh, sent pith of the rush used as a lamp wick. Switzerland.—The Musée d’Ethnologie, Gener a, Sent, in exchange, a very fine collection of Lacustrian pottery, vase, bronzes, bracelets, and collars. OCHANICA. AUSTRALASIA. Australia.—Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, of Melbourne, sent a col- lection of Australian plants. New Zealand.—A collection of fishes, representing forty-one species, was received from the Otago University Museum, Dunedin, through Dr. T. Jeffery Parker. An interesting collection of birds, rocks, minerals, shells, and ores was received from Prof. T. F, Cheeseman, curator of the Auckland Museum. A valuable collection of New Zealand woods was received, in ex- change, from the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. New South Wales.—The Department of State presented a case con- taining samples of Australian wools ¢gollected by the United States consul at Sydney. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 12a POLYNESIA. Hawaiian Islands.—A collection of ferns containing one hundred and ten species, from the Hawaiian Islands, was received from G. W. Lich- tenthaler, Bloomington, Illinois, in exchange for ferns from Costa Rica. Valdemar Knudsen, of Waia, presented two petrels. H.—SPECIMENS SENT FOR EXAMINATION AND REPORT. A large number of specimens are received each year for examination and report. A separate record of these is kept. When specimens thus received are worthy of addition to the collections, they are entered on the accession record, and receive a number in the accession series. No less than three hundred and forty-seven lots of specimens of this kind were received during the year. In each case the specimens are exam- ined by the curator to whose department they relate, and he submits a formal report upon them. A copy of this is transmitted to the sender. A list* of these specimens received is here given together with an index arranged by localities. It should be stated, perhaps, that the object of printing this list is the same as for printing the list of letters asking for information, which has been already explained on p. 88. ADAMS, WILLIAM W., Mapleton, New York, Fragment of supposed meteorite. 306, ’88 (XVI); copper spear-heads, from Michigan and New York. (Purchased.) 147 (22229), ’88 (111. ) AIKEN, J. Cuap., Jonesborough, Tennessee. Larva of insect. (Returned.) 140 8B (X), AInswortH, W. P. H., Taylorsville, Mississippi. Minerals. 182, ’88 (xv1). ABA, A., Norwalk, Florida. Larva of insect. 244, ’88 (x). ALLEN, J. A., American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York. Birds, from Brazil. (Borrowed for study and returned.) 406, ’89 (v, A). ALLEN, J. C., White Gate, Giles County, Virginia, Chartfrom Virginia. (Returned.) 203, 88 (xvu). Bird skins. (Borrowed for study and returned.) 289, ’88 (V, A). es ALTSCHUL, M., Hampton, Virginia. Rock. 183, ’88 (xv). Fossil shark teeth (two specimens), 188, ’69 (x11). Cenozoic fossil (fragment). 188, ’88 (XIU, B). AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL History, New York City, New York. Bird skins from Brazil. (Returned.) 3635, ’89(v,a). Birds. (Borrowed for study and re- turned.) 468, ’89(v,A). Birds (12). (Borrowed for study and returned.) 474, 789 (V,A). AMES, FisHER, Lakeside, Michigan. Fossil coral. 301, ’88 (xv1). APPLETON, JNO. W. M., Salt Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. Insect. 460, ’89 (x). ASHLEY, GEORGE, New Flat Fork, Virginia. Ore. 298, '88 (xvur). Askew, H. G., Tyler, Texas. Shells, from Texas. 473, ’39 (1x). At Ler, W. York, Washington, District of Colurabia. Tripoli. (Returned.) 238, 788 (XVIII). Avery, Dr, WILLIAM C., Greensborough, Alabama. Bird skins. 449, ’89 (v, A). * Entries having double numbers indicate that the specimen was first sent for exam- ination and report, and was afterwards added to the collections, 128 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Ayres, Col. E. W., Washington, District of Columbia. Bog-ore. 197, ’88 (xviit). Bascock, Dr. S. E., Chester, South Carolina. Limonite; oxide of iron. 262, ’88 GXVib): Bacon, N., Talcott, West Virginia. Argillaceous sandstone. 404, '89 (xvuI). BaKER, DANIEL, Buckeystown, Maryland. Specimens of building stone, 34% (21671), 89 (XVII). BARBOUR, THOMAS P.; San Antonio, Texas. Mineral. 282, ’88 (XVI). BaSINSKI, J. & BROTHERS, Miles City, Montana. Plant, 164, ’88 (xv). Baxter, R. F., Glen’s Falls, New York. Rock. 319,’e8 (xvi1); ore. 339, ’89 (XVIII). BreaucHamMp, W. M., Baldwinsville, New York. Stone implements. (Returned.) 469, ’89 (111). Berry, Hon. J. H., United States Senate. Iron ore. 185, ’88 (XVIII); copper ores. 256, ’88 (XVIII). BEWERTHEIM, A. T. & SONS, San Louis Potosi, Mexico. Topaz crystal. 456, ’89(xv1). Bisikovy, N. A., Albuquerque, New Mexico. Ores. 314, ’88 (XvuiII). BILLET, GEORGE, Shocks Mills, Pennsylvania. Iron pyrites. 278, ’88 (XVI); min- erals. 297, 68 (XvV1). Bissic, FRANK, Payson, Arizona. Ore. 169 (21089), ’88.( XVIII). BLuME, Epwarp L., Mount Savage, Maryland. Quartz and limestone concretion. 356, 789 (XVII). Boarp, A., Jackson Court-House, West Virginia. Silver ore. 152, ’88 (XvIIt). BruFe, Mrs. J. G., Washington, District of Columbia. . RRS ee eee ee saan ctete cheers at sleriet tase RE aes 1. 00 Pee Uh lay OL Ul Wee ye enle a oioi nite ania cis eee onthe sale Sei nlaiaie mets cle a15 He OOMSINUSICAMINSELMINGNU. cccne scene soccaciccome eee e Seis wee career mene 2. 00 (ECG yiplleyeete Celene mee tee eR Ae Ee ade ee ee a Seem ort - 40 GNM DTEGe ste cee Hie teres sees ce erent eres tS Cals orate = batamoeeens . 60 1 Rabab and parts be Giubneite Su ae eres ei es pe ee wey OC) PRIETO Ri estecie a eis Acenso xs = rags & oie rier inrclne oh oicia is Sale oe ae . 10 Duboga-folley drum ...-... -,..-. epee toe Sn Fs a aoatags Mae airs Sy et RD RAW AINE LG-BUIGK BE sce pak haw cn cs cakloaece CE Pe Ta re eo a Pa ee ee . 04 RIOW=VOKG)ccecer se cek tae by a eS a Soe ele ees Beas BRST Bee doe BE 3.00 0.14 H. Mis. 224, pt. 2-—10 146 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, The list which I will also send later will give careful notes on each article. The notes on the musical instruments may not be sent until I return. When transportation, ete., is paid, the sum in my hands will be exhausted, and an account of the same will be duly transmitted, I am, very respectfully, yours truly, TALCOTT WILLIAMS. Hon. 8. P. LANGLEY, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. At the request of Mr. Williams the examination of the contents of his collections will be deferred until he arrives. In the next report.a complete list of the collection will probably be published. Mr. W. W. Rockhill, formerly of the American Legation of Pekin, has recently undertaken a journey through Thibet, with a view to making a special study of the ethnology of that region, having already made him- self familiar with the customs of the natives. The Smithsonian Institu- tion has supplied him with a barometer and other instruments desired by him for his journey. His previous investigations have resulted in an exceedingly valuable collection of objects, illustrating the religious oc- cupations and amusements of the various peoples in different parts of China, Thibet, and Turkestan. Among those from Thibet are a number of prayer-wheels, a divination bowl made from a human skull, a sprink- ler for holy water, a Lama’s drum, a bell and score-book used in re- ligious worship, an exercising flute made from a human femur, a rosary of one hundred and eight beads made from bones of human skulls, a charm box and sacred books, images and scroll pictures of gods. From Western China and Mongolia are earved rosaries, and figures of gods supposed to preside over medicines, riches, ete. From Northern Tur- kestan is a scroll picture showing the occupations and sports of the people. Dr. James Grant Bey, who some years ago established a sanitarium at Cairo, Egypt, attended the International Medical Congress held in Washington in 1887, and was much interested in the work of the Na- tional Museum. He has, since his return to Egypt, devoted his leisure time to special studies of the arts of the ancient Egyptians. Several very valuable collections have been received from him, among which are the following objects: Fifteen fragments of the Egyptian “ Book of the Dead” in Hieratic, seven water-color sketches of ancient lamps, many ancient coins of various sorts, a modern Arabic almanac for the year Hegira 1300, containing autograph, two gold ornaments of Thoth- mes III, flower of the Nymphaea cerulea, the lotos of Upper Egypt, a beetle from Thebes, and many other objects of value and interest. Mr. Jeremiah Curtin was sent, during the summer, by the Bureau of Ethnology to the Hupa Reservation in California, in order to study the languages and mythology of the tribes of Indians inhabiting the reser- vation. The Smithsonian Institution was fortunate enough to secure the assistance of Mr. Curtin in investigating their arts and industries REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 147 as well. A small sum of money was placed in his hands for the pur- chase of objects to complete the series of the Museum collection from this region. Dr. John M. Crawford, United States Consul-General at St. Peters- burgh, expects to make extensive ethnological researches in Russia and Finland, and has generously offered to allow the National Museum to participate in the results. Dr. Crawford is well known as the author of the English translation of the Finnish epic “The Kale yala,” as a philol- ogist and a student of Scandinavian antiquities. His acquirements in these directions led to his being appointed Consul-General at St. Peters- burgh, from which place he would be able to carry on his studies of the Finnish race, and related peoples. Letters of introduction to several correspondents in Russia and Finland, have been furnished by the Smithsonian Institution in order to facilitate his work. Rey. Frederick H. Post, late rector of St. Paul’s Church, Salem, Ore- gon, has recently assumed charge of the mission of the Episcopal Chureh at Anvik on the Yukon River, Alaska. He is. very much inter- ested in the study of natural science and history, and has offered to serve the Smithsonian Institution in collecting information relating to the tribes of the Upper Yukon, and also in transmitting to the Museum specimens of the mammals and birds of that region. It is probable that Mr. Post will, next vear, be furnished with an outfit of alcohol, guns, and ammunition. Lient. J. F. Moser, commanding the U.S. Coast Survey steamer Bache, has continued his explorations for the Museum and has sent a collection of fishes, mollusks, insects, and marine invertebrates from the vicinity of Cape Sable, Florida. Prof. O. P. Jenkins, of De Pauw University, Indiana, proposes to visit the Hawaiian Islands during the summer for the purpose of collecting fishes, and has kindly offered to present a duplicate series of specimens to the Museum. To aid him in this undertaking the Smithsonian Insti- tution has supplied him with seines, giving lim also a letter of intro- duction to the curator of the National Museum in Honolulu. During the summer of 1888, Mr. George P. Merrill, Curator of Geology, made a collecting trip to North Carolina, Pennsylvania, New York, Ver- mont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Maine. Large collections of rock were obtained for the Museum. Mr, Thomas Wilson, Curator of Prehistoric Anthropology, visited mounds in Ohio, and made interesting collections. - In August Dr. W.F. Hillebrand, of the U. S. Geological Survey, vis- ited some of the Western States ana Territories, partly with a view to making collections of minerals. These will eventually be incorporated with the Museum collections. In order to further the work of those who have expressed their willing- ness to collect specimens for the Museum, as well as those who have been sent out as collectors by the Museum, outfits of apparatus, tanks, al- 148 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. cohol, ete., have been supplied. During the year the outfits here indi- 3 cated have been furnished to the following-named collectors: 1sss. August 3.—Mr. W. A. Stearns, of Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, was supplied with a large outfitof tanks, dredge-nets, tin tags, pig bladders, bottles, vials, cheese-cloth, heavy paper, and a double-barrel shot-gun, for use in collecting natural history speci- mens for the National Museum in northern Labrador. It has been found necessary to postpone this expedition until next summer. December 19.—Lieut. J. F. Moser, commanding the U. 8. Coast Survey steamer Bache, has been furnished with tanks, packing-boxes, jars, etc. He has transmitted a collection of fishes, mollusks, insects, and marine invertebrates to the National Museum from the vicinity of Cape Sable, Florida, and has kindly signified his will- ingness to make additional collections, as opportunity may offer. 1889. January 15.—Capt. W. L. Carpenter, who for many years has sent to the Smith- sonian Institution collections of natural history specimens, is uow stationed at Pres- cott, Arizona. He has kindly promised to continue his efforts in behalf of the Museum, in collecting fishes, reptiles, marine invertebrates, etc., for the preservation of which tanks and alcohol have been furnished. January 18.—Lieut. E. H. Taunt, of Washington, District of Columbia, has offered to collect mineral specimens in connection with his eruise to the Congo River, South Africa. He has been supplied with a photographic apparatus by the Smithsonian Institution, February 4.—Dr. L. F. H. Birt, of Greytown, Nicaragua, Central America, having in the past sent large collections of mammals, reptiles, fishes, birds, ete., to the National Museum, has been supplied with tanks and alcohol for the continuance of hisservices. Dr. Birt proposes to direct his attention later to the fishes and crustacea of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of this country, the results of which he will share with the Smithsonian Institution. March 28.—Lieut. W. L. Howard, of San Francisco, California, offered to collect fishes and ethnological objects in Alaska for the Smithsonian Institution. To aid him in this undertaking the Institution has supplied him with tanks, alcohol and trade-supplies. May 22.—An outfit of alcohol, a gun, and ammunition was supplied to Mr. I. C. Russell, of San Francisco, California, to aid him in his Alaska Expedition. The Alaska Commercial Company also afforded facilities to Mr. Russell, introducing him to its agent at St. Michael. May 27.—Hon. Charles Bartlett, United States consul at Guadaloupe, West Indies, sent a number of brilliantly luminous insects, among them the ‘“Cuenjo” (Pyropho- rus noctilucus) for purposes of analysis. A number of insect-boxes were sent to him, and also to Senor José C. Zeledon of San José, Costa Rica, and Senor Ferrari Perez, City of Mexico, for the same purpose. June 8.—Tanks and alcohol were sent to Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, of Tacoma, District of Columbia, in which place, he states, the opportunity is excellent to collect a num- ber of embryo birds, many of which will greatly assist him in working out the mor- phology of the group. Dr. Shufeldt kindly offers to collect specimens for the National Museum. June 11.—An outfit of tanks, alcohol, and shellac was sent to Mr. Frank Burns, of — the U. 8. Geological Survey. James Mooney, of Cherokee, North Carolina, was supplied with tanks and alcohol. No collections haye as yet been received. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 149 Mr. C. R. Orcutt, of San Diego, California, has, from time to time, transmitted to the National Museum valuable collections of fishes, reptiles, fossils, marine inverte- brates, ete., from California. During the past year he has been supplied with tanks, alcohol, jars, and a seine for this purpose. Mr. W. Harvey Brown, of the National Museum, was appointed naturalist to ac- company the United States Eclipse Expedition to South Africa. Being in the employ of the Smithsonian Institution he was furnished with a large outfit of tanks, alcohol, jars, oil, linen, and tools. It is probable that the next report will contain an account of the results of this expedition. June 13.—Prof. O. P. Jenkins, of De Pauw University, Indiana, intends to visit the Hawaiian Islands, and has been supplied with seines to aid him in collecting fishes, a duplicate set of which he has expressed his intention of presenting to the National Museum. December 29.—Dr. John I. Northrup received an outfit of tanks and alcohol to use during his visit to the Bahama Islands, where he expects to collect plants and ani- mals, especially marine invertebrates and fishes. He offers to present a duplicate set of specimens to the Smithsonian Institution. K.—REPORTS UPON THE PARTICIPATION OF THE SMITH- SONIAN INSTITUTION AND THE NATIONAL MUSEUM IN THE EXPOSITIONS HELD AT CINCINNATI AND MARIETTA IN 1888. Letter from the Assistant Secretary to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, relating to the participation of the Institution in the Cin- cinnati Exposition. MAY 7, 1888. Sir: I have the honor to report that all work in connection with the participation of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum in the Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States, held in Cincinnati in 1888, has now been completed. All objects sent to Cincinnati have been returned to their proper places and damages suffered by specimens and furniture have been repaired to as great an extent as has been found practicable under the arbitrary and un- usually stringent rulings of the Treasury officials in charge of the dis- bursements and account. I transmit herewith a report (Appendix A) upon the Smithsonian participation in the Exposition, which has been prepared by Mr. R. Edward Earll, who was placed in charge of the administrative work at Cincinnati, it having been impossibie for me to be absent from Wash- ington during the continuance of the Exposition, and who performed the responsible and difficult duties of his position in an exceedingly efficient and faithful manner. In his report a history of our work is given, and also a history of -what was done by the various departments of the Museum and by the Bureau of Ethnology. In addition to what is stated in this report, ref- erence should be made to the willing and efficient aid rendered by the _ curators of the Museum, who prepared a very instructive and impres- sive collection in a remarkably short time, notwithstanding the fact 150 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. that the work was done in the hottest part of the summer. Prof. Otis | T. Mason contributed a comprehensive ethnological collection, Mr. Thomas Wilson a synoptical series of objects, illustrating prehistorie anthropology, the remains of primitive man in the new world and the old being shown side by side. Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, who was detailed for this work by the director of the Bureau of Ethnology, prepared a display of the arts and architectures of the Pueblo Indians of the south- west. Dr. Cyrus Adler selected from the treasures of the section oi Oriental Antiquities an exhibit of Biblical archeology. The history of transportation by land and water was happily and suc- cessfully shown by Mr. J. E.Watkins, who received most important aid from the Baltimore and Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad Companies, anda supplementary display of models of ships and boats was arranged by Capt. J.W. Collins. Mr. 8. R. Koehler, with great energy and en- thusiasm, brought together a most instructive collection, illustrating | the history and methods of the graphic arts, supplementing the collec- tions already in the Museum by loans from his private collection and from those of his friends and correspondents. Mr. T. W. Smillie gathered a similar collection to illustrate the history and present condi- tion of the art of photography. .Mr. F. W. True, assisted by Mr. F. A. Lueas, prepared a collection showing the classification of mammals. Mr. W. T. Hornaday, by means of specimens and pictures, preached a sermon upon the extermination of the native animals of North America. Mr. Robert Ridgway exhibited an attractive collection of birds; Prof. C. V. Riley, aided by Mr. John B. Smith, prepared a collection showing the classification of North American insects. Dr. R. E. ©. Stearns and Mr. Rathbun contributed a few cases from the departments of Mollusks and Marine Invertebrates. Mr. F. H. Knowlton prepared an exhibit from the botanical collections, and Mr. W. 5S. Yeates, under the super- vision of Professor Clarke, arranged a case of North American gems and precious stones. eee se eooto. | eee eeee 125 Botany: 22 sa. vasonssinisse ects ese emcee eee eee eee 90 Miamerailogey sets. cicc20 aos cure eee sea ae eee cee eee 60 The first four car-loads of exhibits reached the exposition on the 28th of June, but, as the annex in which they were to be placed was not com- pleted, they were temporarily stored on adjoining space in the main building. Two days later the workmen completed the annex and the boxes were at once moved into it. Forty-five men, including the Wash-~ ington party, were soon at work unpacking and arranging the exhibits, REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 161 and while it was wholly impossibie to have everything ready for the opening day an effort was made to have the installation as far advanced as possible, and by working early and late the work was rapidly ad- vanced, so that by 10.30 on the morning of July 4, when at the request of the Commissioners work was temporarily suspended, enough had been accomplished to give the visitor an idea of the character of the exhibit, and of what might be expected when finally completed. Equal activity prevailed in the other departments, and though none had their collections permanently installed, the progress made was very gratify- ing. After the opening ceremonies were over, work was resumed, and as the articles arrived, they were rapidly put in place, but owing to soot which filled the air and settled upon the exhibits in such quantities as to seriously injure them, and also to the tendency of the visitors to handle the specimens, it became necessary to put many articles under glass, which otherwise would have remained uncovered. In this way the work of installation was somewhat prolonged, and it was more than four weeks before it was fully completed, though the public was ad- mitted to all of the Government departments during the progress of the work. The private exhibits in the various classes were as a rule in place on the opening day, and all of the available space was occupied. The Exposition, while in every way creditable to the management, did not receive that support from the public which its merits justified. The attendance during the first two months, possibly owing somewhat to the warm weather and the demands upon the time of the agricultural classes during the harvest season, was very light. However, as the weeks passed, it gradually improved, and during the months of Septem- ber and October was fairly satisfactory; but the lack of co-operation on the part of the railroads unquestionably had a marked influence on the attendance of people residing at a distance. Thinking that possibly the high price of admission had kept many away, it was decided to con- tinue the exposition for a few days beyond the 27th of October, which was the time set for closing, and to reduce the entrance fee to 25 cents, thus giving all classes the opportunity of seeing and studying the exhibits. But this did not result in any marked increase in the number of vis- itors, and when the doors were finally closed to the public on November 8, the turnstiles showed a total attendance of only 1,055,276, or an aver- age of 9,593 daily, as against a daily attendance of 55,061 at Philadel- phia in 1876. It was, however. considerably in excess of the daily attendance at New Orleans in 1885, which averaged (Sundays included) only 6,438. When it is remembered that Cincinnati is in the center of a very prosperous country, with a population of nearly five millions of people within easy access, the figures are certainly far below what might reasonably have been expected. Yet it should not be inferred that the Exposition was a failure, for the visitors as a rule appeared to be greatly interested, and the collections were studied with very great H. Mis. 224, pt. 2-——11 162 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. care by various classes, notably by students from the institutions of learning in Ohio and adjoining States, and the educational influence upon these can not be overestimated. Governmental participation in the expositions of the past has usually been urged on the ground of the great educational value of such under- takings to the intelligent visitors. No one who has given the slightest thought to this subject or who has observed the crowds in their examina- tion of the collections, will for a moment deny this, nor will they fail to dis- cover that the exhibits ofthe General Government attract by far the most attention. If these departmental exhibits, when properly installed in Washington, were accessible to all, there would certainly be no excuse for ever sending them to other localities ; but as such a vast majority of the people of the country never visit the National Capital, the prac- tice of sending educational collections to the larger centers of population is perhaps justifiable. On November 8, the day set for closing, a party of eight arrived from Washington to assist in the work of packing the exhibits. It consisted of Mr. F. A. Lucas, who was to superintend the packing of the natural history collections, and Mr. Horan, who, with six skilled workmen, was to assist in the general work. A number of local mechanics and laborers were also employed and the work of packing was vigorously pushed. Five car-loads of exhibits were ready for shipment on the 20th of the month, and others were forwarded at intervals during the next two weeks, the last starting on December 4. They arrived with less than the usual amount of breakage, and by the middle of the following Feb- ruary, a very large percentage of them had been unpacked, repaired, and returned to their places in the Museum collections. In accordance with the provision of the law, the President on July 11, authorized the sending of an exhibit to Marietta, Ohio. Most of the material for this exhibit was sent direct from Washington, though a few articles were forwarded from the collections at Cincinnati. This collec- tion was under the direction of Mr. W. V. Cox, chief clerk of the Mu- seum, who has prepared a detailed report on the subject. 3. REVIEW OF THE SMITHSONIAN EXHIBIT. The collective exhibit of the Smithsonian was, as already intimated, made up of separate collections prepared by the curators of several of the departments of the Museum. The general display may be divided into three groups, namely: Anthropological exhibits, natural history col- lections, and series belonging to the department of arts and indus- tries. A detailed description of the separate exhibits, or in fact, even a list of the objects exhibited, would extend this paper far beyond the proper limit. It, however, seems desirable to give a brief statement of the general character of the exhibits of the various sections. Such a statement will be found in the following pages, When fuller informa- PLATE I. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Earll. *HLYON DNIMOOT ‘SLISIHX4 NVINOSHLINS SHL JO M3lA TWYANSS PLATE Ik Earll Nationa Report of ‘HLNOS ONIMOOT ‘LIDIHXA NVINOSHLINS, SHL 4O M3IA AWYSN35 a os. 0 ~ REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 163 tion is desired, it can be found in the reports of the curators, under whose direction the separate exhibits were prepared. SECTION OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. Mr. Thomas Wilson, Curator of Prehistoric Anthropology, was re- quested to prepare an exhibit which should illustrate the methods em- ployed in the study of prehistoric man, and the present state of our knowledge of his manners and customs, and of his geographical distri- bution during the different periods. To accomplish this purpose, he selected about two thousand specimens which would best represent man’s progress during the early centuries of his existence. These included objects from all parts of the world. They were arranged in continuous series in cases placed end to end to represent the stream of time during the prehistoric ages. The entire series of cases was divided longitudi- nally, each separate division being devoted to a different country or group of countries. At the top was Great Britain, next below came France and Belgium, then Italy, Switzerland, the Scandinavian countries, Asia, Africa, Oceanica, and at the bottom the United States. Perpendicular divisions were also made to represent the various epochs of prehistoric civilization. By this arrangement it was easy to compare the progress of man in the different countries, and to show the variations in the im- plements used in each. Special attention was given to demonstrating that our own country was inhabited during the earliest periods. This was done by the exhibition of large series of specimens similar in all important particulars to those belonging to the earlier epochs from the Old World. The collection began with the Chellian epoch, when man used but one implement, a crudely chipped stone, and followed down through the different divisions of the stone age, then through the age of bronze to that of iron, showing clearly the steps in human progress from a lower to a higher civilization. Charts showing the distribution of pre- historic man and the location of his settlements during different epochs were exhibited ; also drawings and models of the Swiss Lake dwellings; a Skeleton of the cave bear; and a series of crude stone, ivory, bone, and metal implements, used by Indians of modern times, to illustrate the various methods of fastening them to handles. SECTION OF ETHNOLOGY. The Curator of Ethnology, Prof. O. T. Mason, was asked to prepare an exhibit to illustrate in a general way the leading characteristics of the different races of men; and to show the tribal relations of the North American Indians and the progress made by them in civilization. His exhibit occupied more than 1,100 square feet of floor space, and at- tracted much attention. It was divided into two series, namely: the general ethnological exhibit, which ineluded all of the principal races of men, and the collections illustrating the life and habits of the various 164. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Indian tribes. The first series contained diagrams showing the classi- fication of mankind into races, and maps indicating, by colored areas, the distribution of the various races over the face of the earth. These were followed by models in plaster of the heads of many of the semi-civilized people of the Old World, and by full-sized figures showing the character- istic costumes of the various nationalities. The exhibit relating to the North American Indians was naturally more extensive. It inelu‘led a large number of hand-colored photo- eraphs showing both profile and front views of prominent members of each of the more important tribes. The life and habits of these Indians were iliustrated by means of carefully selected collections of their im- plements, utensils and costumes. Among the specimens shown were war-clubs, bows, arrows, spears, tomahawks, scalping-knives, cooking utensils, samplesof weaving, dressed skins and agricultural implements. Collections illustrating the art, religion, and pastimes of the Indians were also exhibited. In the center of the space occupied by this department was a collec- tion showing the chemical composition of the human body. The series was based upon a man weighing 154 pounds, the exact quantity of each of the various solids, liquids, and gases being represented. On the opposite side of the same case were series showing the daily income and expenditure of the human body, and the amount of food required during a day of twenty-four hours by a man of moderate work, based upon the latest investigations by physiological chemists ; also a series showing the chemical constituents of a pound of wheat bread. Adjoining the general ethnological exhibit was a collection prepared by Mr. Walter Hough, to show the development of the lamp. It was not limited to the United States, but contained objects from various other countries as well. The series began with the fire-fly cage from the West Indies and the candle-fish of the Eskimo, and ineluded the more interesting forms of torches, candles, lanterns, and the various stone, metal, and glass lamps adapted to both animal and mineral oils and to electricity. : EXHIBIT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. In addition to the exhibit made by the department of ethnology in the National Museum, already referred to, the Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, Maj. J. W. Powell, was requested to furnish a sappiemental exhibit which should illustrate the methods employed by said Bureau in the study of the North American Indians. This exhibit, which was prepared by Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, related chiefly to the Pueblo In- dians and the mound-builders. It contained plaster models from life, by Theo. A. Mills, of six of the leading members of the Zuni tribe. These were dressed in their characteristic costumes, including the orna- ments worn by them. In an adjoining case was a relief map of a sec- tion of the Zuni country showing the location of their settlements. Next came a series of scale models and photographs of many of their REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 165 dwellings, both ancient and modern. Among these were some of the most noted ruins as well as several of their most populous villages. The largest model, which was about 15 feet square, represented the vil- lage of Zuni on a seale of 1 to 60, all of the important details being carefully reproduced. The arts and industries of these people were represented by cases containing large collections of their textiles, bask- etry, pottery, agricultural implements, and household utensils. The mound-builders were represented by several carefully prepared models of noted mounds from different parts of the country ; among these were the Great Elephant Mound of Grant County, Wisconsin, and the Large and Small Etowah Mounds of Bartow County, Georgia, with samples of pottery and other articles taken from them. EXHIBIT OF BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY. Owing to the wide-spread interest in biblical studies, Dr. Cyrus Ad- ler, Assistant Curator of the Section of Oriental Antiquities, was called upon to prepare an exhibit which should enable Bible students (of whom it is estimated that there are already more than four millions in the Sunday-schools of the United States) to see something of the results of the work of the numerous specialists who have devoted their time and energies to the study of the people of Bible lands, and to be- come familiar with some of the interesting objects which have been col- lected and studied, with a view to the better understanding of the lan- guage, history, art, social life, and religion of these people. Nearly all of the most interesting objects secured by archeologists are in for- eign museums, and the time was too short to have casts of them made and forwarded ; but by the co-operation of a number of people in this country who had articles in their possession, and by the liberal use of photography, it became possible to get together considerable material, which with the articles already in the possession of the Museum made a very instructive exhibit. The collection was not confined to the Is- raelites, but included all of the people with whom they came in contact. ‘ Owing to the unparalleled conservatism of these people,” says Dr. Ad- ler, “ proper names, dialectic forms, architecture, costumes, and, what is more surprising, considering the changes of faith, even religious practices have persisted in the East through thousands of years,” and the collections therefore properly included many objects still in use. The exhibits were arranged by countries, including Assyria and Baby- lonia, Egypt, Elam, and Palestine. They contained objects from a period beginning 3800 years B. C., and continuing to the present time, including royal seals and impressions of same, casts of obelisks and tablets containing pictorial and historical inscriptions, photographs of the Egyptian pyramids, sphinxes, sculptures, mummies of noted kings, with specimens of plants, shells, lamps, and costumes collected in the several countries named. Among the more interesting objects were the easts of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser II, the Rosetta Stone, the Moabite Stone, and the Siloam Inscription. 166 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSETIM, 1889. SECTION OF MAMMALS. The Curator of the Department of Mammals, Mr. F. W. True, was asked to prepare an exhibit which should illustrate the principles on which the present classification of mammals was based. The family was selected as the division which would best represent the general theory of classification, and it was decided to send a collection which should include one or more characteristic specimens of every known family. As quite a number of the families were not represented in the museum collection it became necessary to secure specimens from other sources, and when such could not be obtained, to represent the family by means of pictures. Owing to the fact that classification rests partly on external and partly on internal characters, both skeletons and stuffed specimens were included. The families, excepting only a few of the larg- est forms, which from their size had to be separated from the systematic series, were arranged in zoological order in one continuous case 140 feet long, beginning with the highest order, man, and ending with the lowest or egg-laying mammals, thus affording excellent opportunities for study and comparison. The collection naturally included many animals with which the publie had thus far had little opportunity for becoming ac- quainted. Among these were the gorilla, chimpanzee, aye-aye, panda, walrus, coney, tapir, saiga, antelope, almiqui, shrew, tana, chinchilla, coypu, whale, porpoise, manatee, aard-vark, pangolin, armadillo, ant- eater, duck-bill, and many other forms seldom found in expositions in this or any other country. MAMMAL EXTERMINATION SERIES. Adjoining the systematic mammal collection was a special exhibit pre- pared by Mr. W. 'T. Hornaday, Curator of Living Animals, to direct the attention of the public to the rapid destruction of many of the larger animals which are fast disappearing from the country, and are already in great danger of extermination. The series included the bison, or American buffalo, moose, elk, antelope, mountain goat, mountain sheep, walrus, elephant-seal, and the beaver. The bison was the object of special attention, and a large series of pictures were shown to illustrate the numerous methods employed by both Indians and whites in its de- struction. In the center of the exhibit, upon a sod-covered pedestal, was a Skeleton of a bison from which the hide had been removed, show- ing the condition in which the carcasses are left upon the plains by the hide-hunters; and on adjoining screens were specimens of the various grades of commercial hides, with a schedule of their past and present market values. There was also on exhibition a very instructive map of North America, showing by colored areas the original territory covered by the buffalo, and its narrowing range from time to time during the past quarter of a century, due to the destructive agency of man. In the rear of the exhibit was a case containing samples of the hides of PLATE III. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Earll. “LIDIHXQ NVINOSHLINS ‘SSaINaS NOILVNINYSLXA WWI IAI REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 167 other animals which have been eagerly sought by the hide-hunter, and an exhibit of the different weapons used in the destruction of the va- rious species. SECTION OF BIRDS. An instructive exhibit of birds was prepared by the Curator of Birds, Mr. Robert Ridgway. It consisted of an extensive collection of finely mounted and carefully labeled specimens of the birds of North America, and of smaller series of the principal birds of foreign countries. The collection of North American birds was very complete, including examples of every known genus excepting onlyafewof the larger water birds and birds of prey, which were omitted for lack of space. They were arranged in proper sequence, thus affording an excellent oppor- tunity for the study of the latest scientific classification. In a few in- stances, where the birds were too rareand valuable to warrant the send- ing of specimens, they were represented by means of original water-color paintings by the curator. The coliection of foreign birds, though much smaller, consisted of the characteristic types of various countries selected for the purpose of showing something of the bird fauna of the principal zoo-geographical regions of the earth. Among those represented were the Australian, Indo-Malayan, and Ethiopian regions, and the principal birds of Europe. Another series which attracted much attention from the exposition visitors was a collection of the principal birds of litera- ture, with the names by which they are known in poetry and appropriate quotations from the leading authors regarding them. . . . id The composition of the human body, its daily income and expend- iture, and casts, in plaster, of the articles of food ordinarily used as a day’s rations, were shown, as well as specimens of the different chemi- REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Portrait, Van Dyck. The Good Shepherd, Champaigne. The Three Ages of Man, Sassoferrato. The Abbess, Rembrandt. Portrait of Himself, Rembrandt. The Temptation of St. Anthony, Teniers. Village Festival, Teniers. Old Woman at a Window, Gerard Dow. Winter Scene in Holland, Van Ostade. War, Salvator Rosa. Christ appearing before Mary Magdalene, Le Sueur. f The Field, Potter. Group of Sheep, Potter. Cows and Sheep, Potter. Wandering Musician, Jan Steen. Study from Nature, Metzu. A Dead Calm, Van de Velde. Marine View, Van de Velde. Louis XIV, Rigaud. “Gilles” or ‘‘ Pierrot,” Watteau. The Chocolate Girl, Liotard. Pastoral Subject, Boucher. The Village Groom, Greuze. A Portrait, Greuze. Portrait of M. Rabuti, Greuze. : Picture from the Musée du Louvre,Greuze, The Horatii, David. Madame Recamier, David. The Marquise d’Orvilliers, David. Portrait of the Artist and her Daughter, Vigée Le Brun. The Burial of Attala, Girodet. Daphnis and Chloe, Gerard. CEdipus and the Sphinx, Ingres. Joan of Arc, Ingres. Arab Hunter, Vernet. The Wreck of the Medusa, Gericault. Willows at Marseilles, near Beauvais, Corot. The Princes in the ‘Tower, Paul Dela- roche. The Forest at Fontainebleau, Sunset, Rousseau. The Shore at Antibes, Meissonier, Napoleon, Meissonier. A Shepherd, Millet. | The Reaper’s Repast, Bida. | The Return of the Gleaners, Breton, | Tobit and the Angel, Doré. ee pea *& REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 185 cal elements and compounds of the body, so far as possible to science to obtain or represent them. ‘This exhibit, which is explained by the accompanying list of objects Shown, and by copies of the large descrip- tive labels, attracted perhaps more attention than any other sent by the Museum, curious and interested crowds being seen at all times ex- amining it. In addition to the collections from Washington, Mr. J. E. Watkins, Curator of the Department of Transportation in the National Museum, who was in attendance at the Cincinnati Exposition, was telegraphed to bring from his department at that Exposition such models, engrav- ings, and paintings as could be spared, illustrative of the methods of transportation adopted by the early settlers in America, and of the early navigation of the Ohio River, together with the means of reach- ing the Ohio Valley from the sea-board, from aboriginal times to the introduction of the locomotive. This exhibit, which was placed in the center of the hall and directly in front of the entrance, proved very attractive, so much so, in fact, that it was found necessary to protect it with a railing from eager but not unfriendly hands, that frequently took the birch-bark canoe on im- promptu journeys around the room, and sometimes tried to set the ma- chinery to work in the models of the antiquated steam-boats on exhibi- tion. The transportation exhibit may be briefly described as follows : (1) Type of birch-bark canoe used on the Ohio River by the Indians. (2) Engraving of ship Sally Constant, which brought the first settlers in Virginia to Jamestown, among whom were many of the ancestors of the pioneers of the ‘‘ Northwest Territory.” (3) Boat similar in construction to that built by Captain Devoll in 1787, and known as the Mayflower of the Ohio. Captain Devoll having been a constructor of whaling ships in Massachusetts, the lines of the hull are similar to boats of that time constructed in the east. (4) The Orleans, 1812, the first steam-boat on the Ohio River; con- structed in 1811 at Pittsburgh. Fulton and Livingstone, having met with success in introducing the steam-boat on the Hudson, four years later transferred their sphere of labor to the western waters. This boat was on her way to New Orleans during the earthquake of 1812, and, reaching there safely, contiaued to run between that point and Natchez until July 14, 1814, when she was sunk off Baton Rouge. Her ma- chinery, however, was saved, and with a new boiler was transferred to another boat, which was called the New Orleans. The Baltimore and Ohio Railway in 1828 began to lay its tracks from Baltimore toward the Ohio River. The steam locomotive at that time was not in successful operation, and many experiments were mede in the construction of cars and in the application of power. Models illus- trating these experiments were also shown. (5) Closed passenger-car with weather-boarded sides, and windows Similar to those in dwelling-houses; built to be drawn by horses. 7 186 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1886. (6) Double-deck, stage-body car, also to be drawn by horses. (7) Horse-power tread-mill car. This car was driven at the rate of 12 miles per hour by a single horse in the tread-mill, which was geared to the wheels by a band. (8) Sail-car, with which experiments were made with a view to utilize the power of the wind, as in boats. (9) First car drawn by a locomotive on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- way. (10) Engraving of first train of cars drawn by a locomotive in the State of New York, on the line of communication between Boston and New York. (11) Engraving of the first passenger-car on the Camden and Amboy Railway; used on the route from New York to Philadelphia. (12) Model of canal packet-boat; used on the Pennsylvania Canal on the through route from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. (13) Model of canoe used by the Haida Indians. (14) Indian of the Northwest returning from the hunt with a bunch of ptarmigan. The full-sized figure illustrates the manner in which snow-shoes are used to aid individual movement. In the Exposition Hall, besides the exhibits sent by the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum, was the interesting display of the State Department. This embraced copies of the most important treaties made by the United States, a faec-simile of the Declaration of Independence, photographs of several historical pictures of much in- terest, and pictures of most of the Presidents of the United States. Tne U.S. Geological Survey had an attractive exhibit of photographs and transparencies, one of the finest of the latter being a view of the Grand Canon of Colorado, looking west. The photographs of dwellings in the Zuni villages, showing the mode of entrance to the houses, and giving an accurate idea of many features in the life of a people just now the object of so much interesting ears attracted the attention of ethnologists and others. In the armory bailding of Marietta the roan display proper was to be seen. Here one could find relics of the mound-builders and of the Indian tribes who disappeared at the coming of the white man. Then there were precious heirlooms of the first families of the Northwest ter- ritory, in the shape of antique furniture, clocks, books, deeds, pictures, needle-work, old china, silver, pewter, spinning-wheels, and watebes. There were Washington relics, there were La Fayette relics, there were many articles that had belonged to General Israel Putnam, and to his grandson, the Israel Putnam who was one of the pioneers of Ohio, and there were relics of many other of Ohio’s most distinguished chil- dren, civil and military; there were also many articles that had been the property of Burr and of Blennerhassett. The historian and the relic hunter alike were attracted by this remarkable collection. APPENDIX C. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF JAMES STEVENSON. James Stevenson was born in Maysville, Ky., December 24, 1840. His father, who settled in Kentucky early in the century, was a Vir- ginian, and, it is believed, probably of that hardy Scotch-Irish family of Indian fighters and riflemen to which belonged Col. Hugh Steven- son, of the Berkeley Riflemen, and his brothers, Col. Richard and Col. Valentine Stevenson, all soldiers of the Revolution. He was a vigorous, active boy, and at an early period showed an enthusiasm to explore the Rocky Mountain region and to see the Indian in his home. He read all the books of travel and adventure he could borrow, and at the age of thirteen he ran away from home and joined a party of the Hudson Bay Fur Company’s traders, bound up the Missouri River. Dr. F. V. Hayden was a passenger on the same packet, on his way to explore the fossiliferous regions of the Upper Missouri and Yel- lowstone. He noticed that Stevenson had taste for natural history, and invited him to join him in his work. The boy showed tireless energy in collecting objects of natural his- tory and ethnology along the buttes, mesas, and river benches of the Mauvaises Terres, and in time became an explorer of intrepid courage and indefatigable zeal. He remained in the region of the Upper Missouri and the Yellowstone mouth for three years, and became acquainted with the Crows, Black- feet, Gros Ventres, and other Indians, up to that time little changed by intercourse with white men, and acquired a knowledge of their customs and characteristics. In 1857 the Pacific Railroad surveys of the Government having been fairly begun, Stevenson, still an assistant of Professor Hayden, was attached to Lieut. G. K. Warren’s party, and subsequently to that of Lieut. F. W. Reynolds. At this time he made a useful collection of fossil mammals and reptiles, and another illustrating the zoology and botany of the ‘‘ Bad Lands.” ‘The labor and exposure incident to ex- ploration at that time can not be properly appreciated in these days of rapid and luxurious travel. In 1861 James Stevenson enlisted as a private soldier in the Thir- teenth Regiment, New York Volunteers, and remained in the service until 1865. He took part in all the heavy battles of the Army of the 187 188 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Potomac and won an officer’s commission. After the war he again joined Professor Hayden in his exploration of the Upper Missouri, under the auspices of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Soon after the return of peace, the Pacific Railroad project was taken up by Congress. Among the Western members of the House who be- came its advocates was General John A. Logan, who took the lead in combating the statement that the Territories had no coal. He main- tained that coal existed in abundance, and that it could be located by a proper geological survey of the region. Stevenson was his principal authority for his statements, and urged upon him the necessity for such surveying works. After consultation with Professor Baird, General Logan, in the winter of 1867, proposed an amendment to the sundry civil bill authorizing the organization of a geological survey under the direction of Professor Hayden, and by a vigorous effort secured its passage. The legislation of 1867 was the beginning of the geological and geo- graphical survey of the Territories. Stevenson was made the executive officer of the new organization, and retained this position during its entire existence. His tastes were rather toward ethnology than geology, and his win- ters among the Blackfoot and Sioux Indians were occupied in part in studying their customs and their dialects. From 1868 to 1878 he took part in al! the adventures of the Hayden survey; with it he explored almost all of the Territories, and hada share in bringing to light the hidden marvels of Yellowstone Park, and in urging its retention as a public reservation. He followed the great rivers of the continent to their sources, and discovered a new path across the Rocky Mountains. He ascended the Great Teton, and veri- fied an Indian tradition of the presence of a stone altar upon its top. His frontier experience fitted him for understanding thoroughly the requirements of explorers in the field. He was a good judge of char- acter and showed much tact in planning and expediting the operations of the mixed trains engaged in the survey work. He led working par- ties of experts trained in topography, geology, and natural history over the unexplored regions of Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, and Dakota.* When the various geological and geographical surveys were consol- idated in 1879, Mr. Stevenson became associated with the operations of the Bureau of Ethnology, under Major Powell, and continued his - investigations of the Indians. When Clarence King resigned the direct- orship of the new geological survey and Major Powell was selected to succeed him, Mr. Stevenson was appointed the executive officer of the latter organization. In this new trust the had charge of outfitting and * His work was chiefly in the following regions: 185153, Upper Missouri. 1859- 60, Wyoming and Montana (then Nebraska), with Reynolds. 1866, Bad Lands in Dakota, with Hayden, 1867, Nebraska, with Hayden. 1868, Wyoming,-with Hay- REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 189 supplying its parties in the field and of its business operations in the East. His relations with the members of both Houses of Congress, dur- ing the many years he appeared before that body in the interests of the U.S. Geological Survey and other scientific organizations, were always pleasant, and the members of Congress, of both parties, had faith in his integrity. Senator Edmunds once declared on the floor of the Senate, when some Senator proposed a reduction in the salaries of the director and executive officer of the Geological Survey, that Mr. Steven- son was ‘one of the best workers in the world.” In 1879 he began the exploration of the prehistoric cliff and cave dwellings of Arizona and New Mexico, unearthing an extended series of buried ruins and making a large invaluable collection of ancient pottery, costumes, weapons, and ceremonial and industrial utensils, now in the National Museum. He made a study of the religious prac- tices of the Zuni tribe of Indians and the history and folk lore of the Navajos and the Moquis. In this latter work he had a faithful assist- ant in Mrs. Stevenson, who made an especial study of the domestic and religious side of the Indian character. It was a source of regret to Mr. Stevenson that his duties with the Survey prevented him from completely publishing the investigation he had planned, and it remains for his widow to complete for publication the results of the work which they began together. In 1886, while exploring some of the highest mesas of Arizona and New Mexico, he was attacked by that singular disease of those regions known as “mountain fever,” from which he partially recovered after his return to the East. In spite of the remonstrances of his friends he spent the season of 1887 among the ruins in the Tewan Mountains of New Mexico and at the pueblo of Sia, where he found a rich field for study. He discovered that the Sia, like the Moki, hold ceremonials with the rattlesnake (a secret most jealously guarded by these Indians), and he succeeded in obtaining one of the ancient vases in which the snakes are each year gathered. His collection of idols and fetishes from Sia is the rarest yet obtained from any pueblo. When he came East in November he was suffering from valvular heart trouble, and, after a brave fight for life, died in New York City July 25, 1888. The full story of his useful life would fill a book. His resources when leading a party through a wild district were limitless, and he was always ready to meet, by quick action and apt understanding, any acci- dent or miscarriage in the field. One of his associates tells the follow- ing incident, which illustrates the readiness of his faculties: den. 1869, Colorado and New Mexico, with Hayden. 1870, Wyoming and Utah, with Hayden. 1871, parts of Utah, Idaho, Montana, and Yellowstone Park. 1872, parts of Idaho, Wyoming, and Yellowstone Park. 1873-76, Colorado, under Hayden, 1877, Wyoming and Utah, with Hayden. 187s, Yellowstone National Park, with Hayden, 1879~87, among the Navajos and Pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona and Mission Ii.dians of Southern California, under Major Powell. ii 190 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. In July, 1871, the Hayden survey reached the shores of the Yellowstone Lake, and as it came into camp for the first time on its banks, the beautiful sheet of water courted navigation. No provision whatever had been made for building a boat—the thought had not entered the minds of Dr. Hayden or Mr. Stevenson when they out- fitted for the exploration, and nothing therefore was taken into the luggage of the party and its pack-train for such a contingency. As the members of the party gazed with delighted eyes upon the broad expanse of this big mountain lake, a general desire to sail out to the islands upon its waters was loudly expressed, coupled with regret that no fit means for so doing was available, rafting being wholly inadequate. Stevenson said nothing, but quietly took the cook’s axe, called two of the packers and went with them into a thicket of young birch and spruce trees, where he speed- ily trimmed out the ribs and gunwales of a double-ended and skiff-shaped boat. He lashed these into place and then took one of the cargo covers—a large square sheet of heavy canvas—with which he neatly covered this rude frame. A small mast was stepped, and a pair of oars adjusted as they were hewn out, together with a large steering sweep. He began this work about 2 o’clock in the afternoon; just before nightfall or dark (about 9 o’clock then and at that place) the little boat, some 13 feet in length, was launched, and Mr. Stevenson pushed out from the shore for a brief trial trip. The boat was a perfect success, and by its aid a complete hydrographic survey was made before the party left that region. In ways like this he overcame the many-unforeseen obstacles which arise in the path of a scientific exploring party. Climbing mountains, winding through forests and caiions, crossing ugly, treacherous streams and arid plains, in heat or in cold, in rain or in sunshine, or meeting hostile savages, Mr. Stevenson was always in the front, always ready, and always genial, and always the quiet and resolute master of the sit- uation. Three descriptive and illustrated catalogues of archeological and ‘ pueblo collections were prepared by Mr. Stevenson and were published by the Bureau of Ethnology. He also prepared for publication papers relating to the myths, ceremonials, and sand paintings of the Navajo Indians, and to the archeological remains of the southwest. The death of James Stevenson was a positive loss to the institutions to which he devoted his life, viz, the'U. S. Geological Survey, National Museum, and Bureau of Ethnology, and to scientific explorations. No offers however flattering could allure him from his life’s work. He labored from a love for truth, and was ever ready to lend his aid to any movement for the advancement of science. His modesty and un- selfishness won for him the esteem of all who knew him. APP HN DEXx ]. LISTS OF INSTITUTIONS AND FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC LIBRARIES TO WHICH IT IS DESIRED TO SEND FUTURE PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 191 [-—LISY OF INSTITUTIONS UNDER STATE CONTROL, AND OF COLLEGES OF LIBERAL ARTS, TO WHICH IT IS DESIRED TO SEND FUTURE PUBLICA- TIONS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. {The Reports of the Commissioner of Education are, as a rule, the authority for the official name of au institution, and for the number of volumes in a library. Libraries the names of which are printed in italics contain more than 10,000 volumes. ‘The figure [1] after a name indicates that it already re- ceives regularly the Smithsonian Report; [ii] that it receives the Report anid the Smithsonian Mis- cellaneous Collections ; (iii) that it receives the two preceding and the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. ‘The letter D after a name indicates that it is one of the 400 libraries known as deposit- ovies of public documents, and thus receives regularly all public documents published by the Govern: ment. The letter X after a name indicates that it is one of the 800 libraries officially designated to receive certain classes of documents, including the publications of the U.S. Geological Survey. | Note: This list is not intended to indicate the distribution of Smithsonian publi- cations, but shows incidentally what publications of the Institution are sent to the libraries mentioned, ALABAMA. STATE LIBRARIES. Alabama State and Supreme Court Library. Montgomery. D STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Alabama Historical Society (1851). Tuscaloosa. Li] STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College (1872). Auburn. [1i] D Agricultural Experiment Station (Agricultural and Mechanical Col- lege), Auburn. Canebrake Agricultural Experiment Station (Agricultural and Me- chanical College). Uniontown. University of Alabama (1819~21). (University P. O.) Tuscaloosa. [iii] D Law Department, University of Alabama. ‘Tuscaloosa. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Howard College. (Kast Lake P. O.) Birmingham. . [iii] D Selma University. Selma. Southern University. Greensborough. [iii] D Spring Hill College. (Spring Hill P. O.) Mobile. [ii] D STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Alabama Normal College for Girls. (White.) Livingston. [i] Florence State Normal School. (White. ) Florence. x Huntsville State Normal and Industrial School. (Colored.) Huntsville [i] Jacksonville State Normal School. (White. ) Jacksonville. D Montgomery State Normal University. Montgomery. ‘Troy Normal School Troy. xX Tuskegee State Normal School. (Colored. ) Tuskegee, [i] ARIZONA. STATE LIBRARIES. Territorial Library. Phanix, [i] D STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCIIOOLS. University of Arizona (1889), Tueson, College of Agriculture (University of Arizona). Tucson. H. Mis, 224, pt. 2 13 193 194 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Territorial Normal Scbool. Tempe. - ARKANSAS. STATE LIBRARIES. Arkansas State Library. Little Rock, STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Arkansas Historical Society. Little Rock. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Arkansas Industrial University. (3868-’72.) Fayetteville. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (Arkansas Industrial Uni- versity). Fayetteville. Substation Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (Arkansas In- dustrial University). Newport. Substation Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (Arkansas In- dustrial University). Texarkana. Substation Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (Arkansas In- dustrial University). Pine Bluff. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Arkansas College. Batesville. Cane Hill College. Boonsborough, Little Rock University. Little Rock, Philander Smith College. Little Rock. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Branch Normal College of Arkansas, Industrial University, Pine Bluff. CALIFORNIA. STATE LIBRARIES. California State Library. Sacramento. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. California Historical Society. San Francisco. California Academy of Science. (1854.) San Francisco. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of California. (1868-’69.) (Berkeley P.O.). San Francisco. Lick Observatory (Astronomical Department, Univer- sity of California). Mount Hamilton. [iii] College of Agriculture of the University of California (1866-’68.) (Berkeley P. O.). San Francisco. Agricultural Experiment Station of College of Agricult- ure (Berkeley P. O.), San Francisco. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Hesperian College. Woodland. Napa College. Napa City. Pacific Methodist College. Santa Rosa. Pierce Christian College. College City. Saint Augustine, College of. Benicia. Saint Ignatius College. San Francisco. Saint Vincent’s College. Los Angeles. San Joaquin Valley Collage. Woodbridge. Sanla Clara College. Santa Clara. University of the Pacific. San José. University of Southern California. Los Angeles. iii] lit] Li] [i] [i] [1] [ii] [iii] [ii] bd bd : COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Trinity College. Hartford, Wesleyan University. Middletown. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Cedar Street Training School. New Haven, ; Connecticut State Normal School, New Britain. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Chico State Normal School. Chico. Los Angeles State Normal School. Los Angeles. Normal Department of Girls’ High School. San Francisco, State Normal School of California. San José, COLORADO. STATE LIBRARIES. Colorado State Library. Denver. Colorado Supreme Court Law Library. Denver. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Colorado State Historical Society. Denver. Colorado Scientific Society. Denver. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Colorado (1875-77), Boulder. State Agricultura] College of Colorado (1879), Fort Collins. Agricultural Experiment Station (State Agricultural College). Fort Collins, State School of Mines (1874). Goiden, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Colorado College, Colorado Springs, University of Denver, Denver. CONNECTICUT. STATE LIBRARIES. State Library of Connecticut. Hartford. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Connecticut Historical Socicty (1825). Hartford. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. (1799.) (Yale University.) New Haven. (No library.) STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Yale University (1700). New Haven. Divinity School of Yale University. New Haven. Law School of Yale University. New Haven. Medical Department of Yale University. New Haven. ‘Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University (1847 and L864). New Haven. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. New Haven. [1] Storrs Agricultural School (1831). Manstield. Storrs School, Agricultural Experiment Statiou. Storrs. [i] — Welch Training School, New Haven. (i) [iii] iii] [iii] 195 D Xx 196 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, DHLAW ABE. Delaware State Library. Dover. [iti] D STATE HISTORICAL AND SCLENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Historical Society of Delaware (1884). Wilmington. EG] STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Delaware College (1234). Newark. [iii] x Agricultural Experiment Station (Delaware College). Newark. [i] IOVS DI SWKOWh psy Choi OU) MSI Ue. - NATIONAL LIBRARY. Congressional Library (1800). Washington. NATIONAL HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Smithsonian Institution. Washington. American Historical Society. Washington. National Academy of Sciences. Washington. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Catholic University of America. Washington, Columbian University. Washington. Georgetown University (Georgetown P. O.). Washington. Howard University. Washington. NORMAL SCHOOLS. Miner Normal School. Washington. Washington Normal School. Washington, FLORIDA. STATE LIBRARIES. Florida State Library. Tallahassee. D STATE HISTORICAL AND SCLENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Historical Society of Florida. Saint Augustine. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Florida State Agricultural and Mechanical College (1234). lake City. Agricultural Experiment Station (State Agricultural and Mechan- ical College). Lake City. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Rollins’ College. Winter Park. NORMAL SCHOOL, Florida State Normal College. De Funiak Springs. Florida State Normal School. Tallahassee. GHORGIA. STATE LIBRARIES. Georgia State Library. Atlanta. [iii] D STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Georgia Historical Society (1839). Savannah. [(ili] D REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS, University of Georgia (( 1784], 1301). Athens. Medical Department (University of Georgia). Augusta. Atlanta University (colored) (1869). Atlanta. Georgia State College of Agricultural and Mechanie Arts (the Univer- sity of Georgia) (1872). Athens. Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station. (State College of Agricult- ure and Mechanic Arts). Athens. Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College (1880.) Milledgeville. North Georgia Agricultural College (1873.) Dahlonega. South Georgia Agricultural College. Thomasville. Sonthwest Georgia Agricultural College (1879). Cuthbert. West Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical College (1882). Hamilton. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Bowdon College. Bowdon. Clark University. Atlanta. Emory College. Oxtord. Mercer University. Macon. Pio Nono College. Macon. IDAHO. STATE LIBRARIES. Idaho State Library. Boisé City. ILLINOIS. STATE LIBRARIES. Illinois State Library. Springfield, STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Illinois State Historical Society and Natural History Museum. Sprinetield. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Illinois (1865). Urbana. State Laboratory of Natural History (University of Illinois). Normal. College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois (1867). Champaign. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois. Champaign. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Augustana College. Rock Island. Carthage College. Carthage. Chaddock College. Quincey. Eureka College. Eureka. Ewing College. (Ewing College P. 0.) Ewing. Hedding College. Abingdon. German-English College. Galena. Ilinvis College. Jacksonville. Illinois Wesleyan University. Bloomington. Knox College. Galesburgh. Lake Forest University. Lake Forest. Lincoln University. Lincoln. s [ iii | Li] [iii] [iii] iii] Les D D 12) 198 REPORT OF Lombard University McKendree College. Monmouth College. Northwestern College. Northwestern University. Shurtleff College. Saint Francis Solanus College. Saint Ignatius College. Saint Joseph’s Diocesan College. Saint Viateur’s College. Westfield College. Wheaton College. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Galesburgh. Lebanon. Monmouth. Naperville. Evanston. Upper Alton. Quiney. Chicago. Teutopolis. Jourbonnais Grove. Westfield. ~ Wheaton. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Cook County Normal School. Illinois State Normal University. Southern Illinois Normal University. Indiana State Library. Indiana State Law Library. (Englewood P.O.) STATE Normal. Jarbondale. INDIANA. LIBRARIES. ‘ Indianapolis. Indianapolis. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIEVIBS. Indiana Historical Society (1832). State Academy of Science (1885). Indianapolis. (Unlocalized.) STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Indiana University (1820-26). Bloomington. Chicago. Department of Geology and Natural History (Indiana State Uni- versity). Indianapolis. [1] Purdue University (1874). La Fayette. School of Agriculture, Horticulture, and Veterinary Science (Purdue University). La Fayette. Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana (Purdne University). La Fayette. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Butler University. (Irvington P. O.) Indianapolis. Concordia Coilege. Fort Wayne. De Pauw University. Greencastle. Theological School (De Pauw University). Greencastle. Earlham College. Richmond. Franklin College. Franklin. Hanover College. Hanover. Hartsville. Hartsville. Moore’s Hill. Ridgeville. Terre Haute. Saint Meinrad. Merom. Notte Dame. Moore’s Hill College. tidgeville College. Rose Polytechnic Institute. Saint Meinrad’s College and Abbey. Union Christian College. University of Nolre Dame du Lac. Wabash College. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Indiana Normal College. Covington. Indianapolis Normal School. Indianapolis. Indiana State Normal School. Terre Haute. Crawfordsville. [ii] Lit] Li] [iii] Ci] Li] [i] [11] Liii] [i] [i] [ii] [iii] [iii] fii] [iii] [ii] [iii] [i] Li] [iii] Li] [it] Li] [iii] [11] [ii] [iii] [iii] Lit] Dp D Swno dD D a —— = REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. ro LAIN, ERT ORY. STATE LIBRARIES. Cherokee National Couneil Library. Tahlequah. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Cherokeé National Female Seminary. Tahlequah, Cherokee National Male Seminary. Tahlequah. IOWA. STATE LIBRARIES. Towa State Library. Des Moines, STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. State Historical Society of Towa. Iowa City. Iowa Academy of Sciences (1875). Iowa City. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. State University of Iowa (1847-60). Iowa City. Law Department (State University of Iowa). Iowa City. Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (1858). Ames. Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. Ames. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Amity College. College Springs. Central University of Iowa. Pella. Cornell College. Mount Vernon. Drake University. Des Moines. German College. Mount Pleasant. Griswold College. Davenport. fowa College. Grinnell. Iowa Wesleyan University. Mount Pleasant. Lenox College. Hopkinton. Norwegian Luther College. Decorah. Oskaloosa College. Oskaloosa. Parsons College. Fairfield. Penn College. Oskaloosa. Simpson College. Indianola. Saint Joseph’s College. 5 Dubuque. Tabor College. Tabor. University of Des Moines. Des Moines. Upper Iowa University. ; Fayette. Western College. Toledo. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Iowa State Norinal School. Cedar Falls. West Des Moines Training School. Des Moines, KANSAS. STATE LIBRARIES. Kansas State Library. Topeka. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Kansas State Historical Society. Topeka. Kansas Academy of Sciences (1868). Topeka, Lid iii] [ii] [ii] 199 va xX mr D 200 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Kansas (1861-66). Lawrence. Kansas State Agricultural College (1863). Manhattan. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Manhattan. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Baker University. Baldwin City. College of Emporia. Emporia. Highland University. Highland. Kansas Weslevan University. Salina. Lane University. Lecompton. Ottawa University. Ottawa. Saint Benedict’s College. Atchison. Saint Mary’s College. Saint Mary’s. Washburn College. Topeka. STATE NORMAT. SCHOOLS. Kansas State Normal School. Emporia. KENTUCKY. STATE LIBRARIES. Kentucky State Library. Frankfort. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Kentucky Historical Society. Frankfort. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Kentucky University. Lexington. Agricultural and Mechanieal College of Kentucky (18565). Lexington. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station (Agricultural and Me- chanical College), Lexington. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Berea College. Berea. Bethei College. Russellville. Central University. Richmond. Centre College. : Danville. Eminence Coliege. Eminence, Georgetown College. : Georgetown. Kentucky Classical and Business College. North Middletown. Kentueky Wesleyan College. Millersburgh. Murray Male and Female Institute and Western Kentucky Normal School. Murray. Ogden College. Bowling Green. Saint Mary’s College. Saint Mary’s. South Kentucky College. Hopkinsville. LOUISIANA. STATE LIBRARIES. State Library of Louisiana. New Orleans. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Louisiana State Historical Society. Baton Rouge. [iii] [ir] [iii] [i] iii] Li] [iii] D D D D D REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS, Tulane University (1847). New Orleans. Fisk Library of Tulane University. New Orleans. New Orleans Academy of Science (Tulane University). New Orleans. Southern University (colored) (1880). New Orleans. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College (1873). Baton Rouge. North Louisiana Experiment Station (Agricultural and Mechanical College). Calhoun. State Experiment Station (Agricultural and Mechanical College). saton Ronge. ; Sngar Experiment Station (Agricultural and Mechanical College). Kenner. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Jefferson College. (Saint Mary’s.) Convent. Saint Charles College. Grand Coteau. Centenary College of Louisiana. Jackson. Keachi College. Keachi. College of the Immaculate Conception. New Orleans. New Orleans University. New Orleans. Straight University. New Orleans. Thatcher Institute. Shreveport. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. New Orleans Normal School. New Orleans. Louisiana State Normal School. Natchitoches. MAIN EK. STATE LIBRARIES. Majne State Library. Augusta. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Maine Historical Sociely (1822). Portland. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts (1865). Orono. Maine State College Agricultural Experiment Station. Orono, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Bowdoin College. Brunswick. Bates College. Lewiston. Colby University. Waterville. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Eastern State Normal School. Castine. Madawaska Training Schoo). Grand Isle and Fort Kent. Normal] Training and Practice Class. Portland. State Normaland Training School. Farmington. State Normal School. Gorham. MARYLAND. STATE LIBRARIES. — Maryland State Library. Annapolis. \ STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Maryland Historical Society. Baltimore. Maryland Academy of Sciences (1822), Baltimore. [iii ] [iii] Li] [iii] [i] [iii] [iii] [iii] [ili J Li] [iii] iii] (iii) [ii] 201 D 8) D D D D 2()? REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Maryland Agricultural College ([ 1856 ], 1859). Agricultural College P.O. Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station (Agricultural College). Agricultural College P.O. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Baltimore City College. Johns Hopkins University. Mount Saint Mary’s College. New Windsor College and Windsor Female College. Rock Hill College. Saint Charles College. ‘ Saint John’s College. Washington College. Western Maryland College. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Maryland State Normal School. MASSACHUSHTTS. STATE LIBRARIES. Massachusetts State Library. Baltimore. Baltimore. Emmitsburg. New Windsor. Ellicott City. Ellicott City. Annapolis. Chestertown. Westminster. Baltimore. Boston. STATE -HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Massachusetts Historical Society. American Academy of Arts and Sciences (i780). Boston. Boston. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Harvard University (1636). Cambridge. Astronomical Observatory, Philips Library. Cambridge. Botanic Garden and Herbarium (Harvard University). Cambridge. Bussey Institution, Agricultural and Horticultural. Jamaica Plains. Harvard Divinity School. Cambridge. Harvard Medical School (Harvard University). Boston. Episcopal Theological School of Harvard University. Cambridge. Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University Cambridge. [i] Law School, Harvard (Harvard University). Cambridge. Museun: of Comparative Zoology, Harvard (Harvard University). Cambridge. [iii] Natural History Society, Harvard (Harvard University). Cambridge. Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology. Cam- bridge. [iil] Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1863~65). Boston. [iii] Massachusetts Agricultural College (1856). Amherst. Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station. Amberst. Hatch Experiment Station. Ambherst. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Amherst College. Amherst. Lawrence Observatory. Amherst [1]. Boston College. Boston. Boston University. Boston. Clark University. Worcester. Smith College. Northampton. Tufts College. College Hill. Wellesley College. Wellesley. {iii | [iii] [iii] aia [iii] [iii] [ii] [it] iii] [iii] [iii] [iil] (i) [ii] [i] [ii] [iii] [iiJ [ii] [iii] [ii] [iii] [iii] D D acti REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. MWilhams College. Observatory (Williams College). Williamstown. Lyceum of Natural History (Williams College). Museum of Williams College. Williamstown. College of the Holy Cross. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Boston Normal School. Fall River Training School. Haverhill Training School. Lawrence Training School. Massachusetts Normal Art School. Massachusetts State Normal School. State Normal School. State Normal School. State Normal School. Westfield State Normal School. MICHIGAN. STATE LIBRARIES. Michigan State Library. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC Historical Society of Michigan. Willhamstown, [111] Williamstown. Worcester. [iii] Boston. Fall River. Haverhill. Lawrence. Boston. Worcester. = [i] sridgewater. [ii] Framingham. Salem. Westfield. Lansing. [iii | SOCIETIES. Detroit. [i] STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Universitu of Michigan. Dental Department (University of Michigan). Law Department (University of Michigan). Medical Department (University of Michigan). Observatory (University of Michigan). Michigan Agricultural College. Experiment Station of Michigan Agricuitural College, College. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Adrian College. Albion College. Battle Creek College. Grand Traverse College. Hillsdale College. Hope College. Kalamazoo College. Olivet College. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Training School for Teachers. State Normal School. MINNESOTA. STATE LIBRARIES. Minnesota State Library. Ann Arbor. [iii] Ann Arbor. Ann Arbor. Ann Arbor. Ann Arbor. Agricultural College. [iii] Agricultural Adrian. [iii] Albion. [iii] Battle Creek. [i] Benzonia. Hillsdale. [iii] Holland. Kalamazoo. [iii] Olivet. [ii] Adrian. Ypsillanti. [i] St. Paul. [iii] STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Minnesota Historical Society. Minnesota Academy of Natural Science (1873). St. Panl. [iii] Minneapolis. [i] 203 D D D D 204 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Minnesota. Minneapolis. College of Agriculture of the University of Minnesota (1868). (St.Anthony Park P. O.) Minneapolis. State School of Agriculture of the Univer- sity of Minnesota. (St. Anthony Park P. 0.) Minneapolis. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota. St. Anthony Park. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Augsburg Seminary. Minneapolis. Carleton College. Northfield. Hamline University. Hamline. Saint John’s University. : Collegeville. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. State Normal School. Mankato. State Normal School. Moorhead. State Normal School. Saint Cloud. State Normal School. Winona. MY © SSSR ISS) 0 2) 2) STATE LIBRARIES. Mississippi State Library. (Smithsonian publications transferred to the Agricultural and Mechanical College.) Jackson. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Mississippi Historical Society. Jackson. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Mississippi (1874). (University P. O.) Oxford. Agricultural and Mechanical College of Mississippi (1880). (Agricult- ural College P. O.) Starkville. Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station. (Agricultural College P. O.) Starkville. Aleorn Agricultural and Mechanical College (colored). Rodney. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Kavanaugh College. Holmesville. Mississippi College. Clinton. Rust University. Holly Springs. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. State Normal School. Holly Springs. Tougaloo University. Tougaloo. MISSOURI. STATE LIBRARIES. Missouri State Library. Jefferson City. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIITIES. Missouri Historical Society. St. Louis. Saint Louis Academy of Sciences (1857). St. Louis. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Missourt. Columbia. Law Library of University of Missouri. Columbia. Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy (1870). (University of Missouri). Rolla. Agricultural and Mechanical College of the University of Missouri (1870). Columbia. Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Mis- souri. Columbia. [iii] [ii] i] Li] [ii] [i] Li] D D D D D oe REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Ceutral College. Fayette. Central Wesleyan College. Warrenton. Christian University. Canton. College of the Christian Brothers. St. Louis. Drury College. Springfield. Grand River College. Edinburgh. La Grange College. La Grange. Lewis College. Glasgow. Morrisville College. Morrisville. Pritchet School Institute. Glasgow. Saint Louis University. St. Louis. Saint Vincent’s College. Cape Girardeau. Southwest Baptist College. Bolivar. Washington University. St. Louis. Westminster College. Fuiton, William Jewell College. Liberty. : STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Missouri State Normal School (1st District). Kirksville. Missouri State Normal School (2d District). Warrensburg. Missouri State Normal School (3d District). Cape Girardeau, Saint Louis Normal School. St. Louis. MONTANA. STATE LIBRARIES. Montana State Library. Helena. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. HLlistorical Society of Montana. Helena. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. College of Montana (1883). Deer Lodge. NEBRASKA. STATE LIBRARIES. Nebraska State Library (1851). Lincoln. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. State Historical Society of Nebraska (1878). Lincoln. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Nebraska (1369). Lincoln. Industrial College of the University of Nebraska (1869). Lincoln. Agricultural Experiment Station (University of Nebraska, Lincoln). COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Creighton College. Omaha. Doane College. Crete. Gates College. Neligh. Methodist Episeopal College of Nebraska. York. Nebraska Central College. Central City. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, Nebraska State Normal School. Peru. IN HVA DA... STATIC LIBRARIES. Slate Library of Nevada. Carson City. [ii] Lit j ID DD D D 1) 1) 1) DD) 206 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. State University of Nevada. Reno. Li] School of Agriculture of the Nevada State University (1387). Reno. Nevada State Agricultural Experiment Station (University of Nebraska). Reno. NEW HAMPSHIRE. STATE LIBRARIES. New Hampshire State Library. = Concord. [ili | STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. New Hampshire Historical Society (1823). Concord. — [iii] STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Dartmouth College. Hanover, [111] Chaudler Scientitic Department of Dartmouth College. Hanover. Thayer School of Civil Engineering of Dartmouth College. Hanover. Shattuck Observatory (Dartmouth College), Hanover. New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. Hanover. [ii] New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. Hanover. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. City Training School. Manchester. New Hampshire State Normal School. Plymouth, NH W JHRSHY. STATE LIBRARIES. State Library of New Jersey. Trenton, [iii] STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES, New Jersey Historical Society (1845). Newark. [iii] STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. College of New Jersey (1746). Princeton. [iii] Green, J. C., School of Science (College of New Jersey). Princeton. [i] Halstead Observatory (College of New Jersey). Princeton. [i] Museum, E.M., of Geology and Archwology of the College of New Jersey. Princeton. [ii] Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church. Princeton. [iii] Rutgers Scientific School of Rutgers College. New Brunswick. [i] New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station (Rutgers College). New Brunswick. New Jersey State Agricultural Experiment Station (Rutgers College). New Brunswick, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Rutgers Cotlege. New Brunswick. [iti] College of the Sacred Heart. . Vineland. Saint Benedict’s College. Newark. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. New Jersey State Normal School. Trenton. [il] Newark Normal School. Newark. Patterson Normal Training School. Patterson. NEW MEXICO. SPATE LIBRARIES, Territorial Library of New Mexico. Santa Fé. [1] D D D REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 207 STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Historical Society of New Mexico. Santa Fé. [i] STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of New Mexico (1881). Santa Fé. [ii] Agricultural College of New Mexico, Las Cruces, NEW YORK. STATE LIBRARIES. New York State Library. Albany. [ili] D New York State Law Library (New York State Library). Albany. D ; STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. New York Historical Society (1804). New York. [iii] D New York Academy of Science (1817). New York. [iii] STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Cornell University. Ithaca. [iil] D Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. Ithaca. College of Agriculture of Cornell University (1888). Ithaca. New York Agricultural Experiment Station. Geneva. [1] COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Alfred University. Alfred Centre. [ii] Observatory, Alfred University. Alfred Centre. Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute. Brooklyn. x Canisius College. Buffalo. [ii] College of St. Francis Xavier. New York. [iii] College of the City af New York. New York. [iii] D Columbia College. New York, [iii] D Observatory, Columbia College. New York. School of Mines, Colambia College. New York. [ii] Hamilton College. Clinton. [iii] xX Litchfield Observatory, Hamilton College. Clinton. Hobart College. Geneva. [iii] xX Madison University. Hamilton. [iii] Manhattan College. New York. [i] Niagara University. (Niagara University P. O.) Suspension Bridge. Li] Saint Bonaventure’s College and Seminary. Allegany. [i] Saint Francis College. Brooklyn. Saint John’s College (formerly epeiiam): Tremont. [iii] D Saint Lawrence University. Canton, [il] D Saint Stephen’s College. Annandale. — [ii] Syracuse University. Syracuse. [iii] D Union College. Schenectady. [iii] D University of Rochester. Rochester. [ili] D University of the City of New York. New York. [iii] Scientific Department (of the Universitv of the City of New York). New York. Vassar College. Poughkeepsie. [iii ] x _ Wells College. Aurora. [iJ STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Brooklyn Training School. Brooklyn. Female Normal School. New York. _ State Normal =chool. Albany. [iii] x State Normal and Training School. Broekport. — [i] X State Normal and Training School. Buffalo, 208 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. State Normal and Training School. Cortland. [ii] State Normal and ‘Praining School. Fredonia. fil State Normal and Training School, Geneseo. State Normal and Training School. New Paltz. [i] State Normal aud Training School. Oswego. — [i] x State Normal and Training School. Potsdam. X Syracuse Training School. Syracuse. Teachers’ Normal Training Class, Rochester. Teachers’ ‘Training Class of Albany. Albany. NOBYWVE CAROLINA... STATE LIBRARIES. North Carolina State Library. Raleigh. [it] D STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill. [iii] D Elisha Mitchell Science Society (University of North Carolina). Chapel Hill. [i] D.¢ Law Department of the University of Nerth Carolina, Chapel Hill. Medical School of the University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill. College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts of North Carolina. Chapel Hill. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh. [i] STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. siddle University. Charlotte. Davidson College. Davidson College. [ili] North Carolina College. Mt. Pleasant. Rutherford College. Rutherford, Shaw University. Raleigh. frinity College. Trinity College. [ii1] Wake Forest College. Wake Forest. [11] x Weaverville College. Weaverville. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. New Berue State Normal School. New Berne. Plymouth State Colored Normal School. Plymouth. State Colored Normal School. ; Fayetteville. State Colored Normal School. Salisbury. IOV Mse IDWANe Old hyate STATE LIBRARIES. North Dakota State Library. Bismarek. [i] D STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS, University of North Dakota (1883~-’84). Grand Forks. D North Dakota Agricultural College (1890). Fargo, OHIO. STATE LIBRARIES. Ohio State Library. Columbus. [iii] D Ohio Stale Law Library. Columbus. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. Cincinnati. [iil] STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECIINICAL SCHOOLS. Ohio State University (18735). Columbus. — [ii] Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (Ohio State University), Co- lumbus. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. Antioch College. Ashland College. Baldwin University Belmont College. Buehtel College. Observatory (Buchtel College). Akron. Calvin College. (Brooklyn Village P. O.) Capital University. Denison University. German Wallace College. Heidelberg College. Hiram College. Kenyon College. Marietta College. Miami University. Mount Union College. Muskingum College. Oberlin College. Obio University. Normal Department of the Ohio University. Ohio Wesleyan University. Otterbein University. Rio Grande College. Scio College. Saint Joseph’s College. Saint Xavier’s College. Twin Valley College. University of Cincinnati. University of Wooster. Urbana University. Wilberforce University. Wilmington College. Witlenberg College. (Mount Union P. O.) STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Cincinnati Normal Sehool. Cleveland Normal School, Dayton Normal School. Geneva Normal School. ORHKWGON. STATE LIBRARIES. Oregon State Library. Cleveland. Yellow Springs. Ashland. Berea. College Hill. Akron. Cleveland. Columbus. Granville. Berea. Tiffin. Hiram. Gambier. Marietta. Oxford. Alliance. New Concord. Oberlin. Athens. Athens. Delaware. Westerville. Rio Grande. Scio. Cincinnati. Cincinnati. Germantown. Cincinnati. Wooster. Urbana, Wilberforce. Wilmington. Springfield. Cincinnati. Cleveland. Dayton. Geneva. Salem. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Oregon Pioneer and Historical Society. Astoria. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Oregon. Oregon State Agricultural College (1833). Oregon Experiment Station. Corvalles. Kugene City. Corvallis. (Oregon State Agricultural College.) COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Christian College. Corvallis College. H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——14 Monmouth. Corvallis. [iii] [i] Liii] [i] [iil] [iii] [ii] iii] [iii] [iii] [ii] Li] [iii] [iii] [iii] [iii] (iJ Li] Ciii] [iii] [ii] [x] [1] [iii] [iii] [iii] 209 D D 1) 210 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. MeMinnville College. McMinnville. ° Tualatin Academy and Pacitic University. Forest Grove. Philomath College. Philomath. Willamette University. Salem. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Ashland College and Normal School. Ashland. Gregon State Normal School. Monmouth. State Normal School. Drain. PHNNSYLVANTIA. STATE LIBRARIES. Pennsylvania State Libraru. Harrisburg. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Historical Society of Pennsylvania (1824). Philadelphia. Academy of Natural Sciences. Philadelphia. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Pennsylvania (1751). Philadelphia. Stillé Medical Library. Philadelphia. Pennsylvania State College. State College. Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station (Penn- sylvania State College). State College. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Allegheny College. Meadville. Observatory of Allegheny College. Allegheny. Bryn Mawr College. Bryn Mawr. Bucknell University. Lewisburg. Catholic College of the Holy Ghost. Pittsburg. Dickinson College. Carlisle. Franklin and Marshall College. Lancaster. Geneva Coliege. Beaver Falls. Grove City College. Grove City. Haverford College. Haverford. Observatory, Haverford College. Haverford. Lafayette College. Easton. Pardee Scientific Department. (Lafayette College.) Easton. La Salle College. Philadelphia. Lebanon Valley College. Annville. Lehigh University. South Bethlehem. Sayer Observatory. (Lehigh University.) South Bethlehem. Lincoln University. (Lincoln University P. O.) Oxford. Muhlenberg College. Allentown. Pennsylvania College. Gettysburg. Pennsylvania Military Academy. Chester. Saint Vincent’s Abbey and College. Beatty. Swarthmore College. Swarthmore. Theil College. Greenville. Ursinus College. (Collegeville P. O.) Freeland. Villanova College. Villanova. Washington and Jefferson College. Washington. Westminster College. New Wilmington. Western University of Pennsylvania, Allegheny. STATI. NORMAL SCHOOLS. Cumberland Valley State Normal Sehool. Shippensburg, Central State Normal School, Lock Haven. Lili] i] D.€ D REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Keystone State Normal School. : Kutztown. Pennsylvania State Normal School of the Fifth District. Mansfield. Pennsylvania State Normal School of the Second District. Millersville. Pennsylvania State Normal School of the Sixth District. | Bloomsburg. Philadelphia Normal School for Girls. Philadelphia. Southwestern State Normal School. California. State Normal School of Clarion. Clarion. State Normal School, Edinborough. Edinborough. State Normal School. Indiana. Teachers’ Training School. Erie. Teachers’ Training School. Reading. West Chester State Normal School. West Chester. RHODE ISLAND. STATE LIBRARIES. Rhode Island State Library. Providence. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Rhode Island Historical Society. Providence. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Brown University (A764). Providence. Agricultural and Scientitic Department of Brown University. Prov- idence. Rhode island State Agricultural School (1888). Kingston. Rhode Island State Agricultural Experiment Statiou. Kingston. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Rhode Island State Normal School. Providence. SOM DEL, GACEOl EN As, STATE LIBRARIES. South Carolina State Library. Columbia. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. South Carolina Historical Society. Charleston, STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of South Carolina (1801). Columbia. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts of the University of South Carolina (1879). Columbia. Sonth Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station (University of South Carolina). Columbia. Clatlin University and South Carolina Agricultural College and Mechan- ics’ Institute (1872). Orangeburg. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Adger College. Walhalla. Allen University, Columbia. College of Charleston. Charleston. Erskine College, ; Due West. Astronomical Observatory of Erskine College. Due West. Furman University. Greenville, Newberry College. Newberry. South Carolina College. Columbia, Wotford College. Spartanburg. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, Winthrop Training School for Teachers, Columbia, Li] [ii] Li] {i] [i] Li] [iii] [ iii} [ili ] [ii] [iii] Li] 211 D D D D D D D Oe REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 SOUTH DAKOTA. STATE LIBRARIES. South Dakota State Library. Pierre. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of South Dakota (1883). Vermillion, South Dakota Agricultural College (1889). Brookings. South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Brookings. South Dakota School of Mines (1886), Rapid City. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Pierre University. (East Pierre P. O.) Pierre. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. South Dakota Normal School. Madison, State Normal School, Spearfish. THNN ESS HE). STATE LIBRARIES. Tennessee State Library. ashville. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Tennessee Historical Society, Nashville. STATE UNLVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Tennessee (1806). Knoxville, Nashville Medical College (University of Tennessee). Nashville. State Agricultural and Mechanical College of the University of Tennes- see (1869). Knoxville. Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station (University of Tennes- see). Knoxville. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES, Bethel College. McKenzie. Carson College. Mossy Creek. Central Tennessee College. Nashville. Chattanooga University. Chattanooga. Christian Brothers’ College. Memphis. Cumberland University. Lebanon. Fisk University. Nashville. Grant Memorial University. Athens, Greeneville and Tusculum College. Tusculum. Hiawassee College. Hiawassee. King College. Bristol. Maryville College. Maryville. Milligan College. Milligan. Roger Williams University. Nashville. Southwestern Baptist University. Jackson. Southwestern Presbyterian University. Clarksville. University of the South. Sewanee. Vanderbilt University. Nashville. Observatory of Vanderbilt University. Nashville. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. State Normal College, University of Nashville. Nashville, [ii] Li] [ii] [iii] [i] [iii] Li] [i] [ii] iii] [ii] lii] [iii] at [iii] {iti ] D D Dp D D OK REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. THXAS. STATE, LIBRARIES. Texas State Library. Austin. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Texas. Austin. Agricultural and Mechanicéal College of Texas. College Station. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. College Station. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Austin College. Sherman. Baylor University. Waco. Hope Institute. Italy. Mansfield Male and Female College. Mansfield. Salado College. Salado. Southwestern University. Georgetown. Trinity University. Tehnacana. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Prairie View Normal Institute. Hempstead. Sam Houston Normal Institute. Huntsville. UTAH THRRITORY. STATE LIBRARIES. Utah Territorial Library. Salt Lake City. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Deseret (1850). Sait Lake City. Utah Agrieultural College (1888). Logan City. VERMONT. STATE LIBRARIES. Vermont State Library. Montpelier. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Vermont Historical Society. Montpelier. State Cabinet of Natural History (with State Library). Montpelier. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. Burlington. Vermont State Agricultural Experiment Station. Burlington. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Middlebury College. Middlebury. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Johnsou State Norma! School. Joblnson. Castleton State Normal School. Castleton. Randolph State Normal School. Randolph. VIRGINIA... STATE LIBRARIES. Virginia State Library. Richmond. Virginia State Law Library. Richmond. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Virginia Historical Society (1831). Richmond. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECUNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Virginia (1819). (University P. O.) Charlottesville. Leander McCormick Observatory (University of Virginia), Univer- sity P.O. Virginia Military Institute (University of Virginia). Lexington. [i] [i] [iii] [iii] [iii] [iii] (i] iii] [iii] Li] fii] [i] [iii] [iii] [iii] [iii] BD) D I) }) ~ 1B) D D D D 214 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (1872). Blacksburg. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. Blacksburg. Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (1868). Hampton. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Jimory and Henry College. Emory. Hampden-Siduey College. Hampden-Sidney. Randolph Macon College. Ashland. Richmond College. Richmond. Roanoke College. Salem. Washington and Lee University. Lexington. School of Civil Engineering and Mining (Washington and Lee Uni- versity). Lexington. William and Mary College. Williamsburgh. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. State Normal School of Virginia. Farmville. Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute. Petersburg. WASHINGTON. STATE LIBRARIES. Washington State Library. Olympia. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECIINICAL SCHOOLS. University of Washington (1862). Seattle. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Whitman College. Walla Walla. Washington College. Tacoma. WHST VIRGINIA. STATE LIBRARIES. West Virginia State Library. Charleston. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. West Virginia Historical Society. Morgantown. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. West Virginia University and Agricultural College. Morgantown. West Virginia Experiment Station. (University of West Virginia.) Morgantown. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. Bethany College. : Bethany. West Virginia College. Flemington. - STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. Fairmont State Normal School. Fairmont. Glenville State Normal School. Glenville. Marshall College State Normal School. Huntington. Shepherd College State Normal School. Shepherdstown. Storer College. Harper’s Ferry. West Liberty State Normal School. West Liberty. WISCONSIN. STATE LIBRARIJS. State Library of Wisconsin. Madison. Li] [iii] [iii] [iii] [ii] [iJ [ii] D o Pa D i State Historical Society of Wisconsin. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Madison. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. Madison. 7 re fm : University of Wisconsin. Washburn Observatory of the University of Wisconsin, Department of Agriculture of the University of Wisconsin (1866), Mad- ison. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Wisconsin, Madison. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES Beloit College. Beloit. Smith’s Observatory, Beloit College. Beloit. Galesville University. Galesville. Lawrence University. Appleton. Milton College. Milton. Northwestern University. Watertown. Racine College. Racine. Ripon College. Ripon. (St. Francis P. O.) NORMAL SCHOOLS. Seminary of Saint Francis of Sales. STATE Oshkosh State Normal School. River Falls State Normal School Whitewater State Normal School. Wisconsin State Normal Schoel. Wisconsin State Normal School. W YOMING, STATE LIBRARIES. Wyoming State Library. Madison. Milwaukee. Oshkosh. River Falls. Whitewater. Platteville. Milwaukee. Cheyenne, STATE HISTORICAL 4ND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. Wyoming Academy of Art, Science, and Letters. Cheyenne. STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. University of Wyoming. ‘ Laramie City. iii] [iii] [iii] [i] [iii ] (i) [ii] Li] [i] [i] [1] [iii] Lit) [i] [aii] 215 D 216 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1839. {f.—LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL LIBRARIES IN THE UNITED STATES TO WHICH IT TS DESIRED TO SEND FUTURE PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. { This list includes all libraries known as Government depositeries, all libraries officially designated to receive certain classes of publications, including those of the U.S. Geological Survey, all additional libraries of over 10,000 volumes, a representative library in every city of over 10,000 inhabitants not otherwise supplied, and, in brackets, the State institutions, colleges of liberal arts, and State normal schools mentioned in the preceding list, all being arranged alphabetically by States and towns. IL.te use of small capitals in the names of towns signifies that the population was more than 10,000 by the census of 1880. The figures at the right of an institution indicate the number of volumes in its library, compiled chiefly from the published reports of the Commissioner of Education. The names of all libraries containing more than 10,090 volumes are printed in italics. As in the preceding list, D indicates that the library is a Government depository; X, that it receives the publications of the U. S. Geological Survey; [i], that it receives regularly the Smithsonian Report; [ii], that it receives the Report and the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections ; |iii], that it receives the two preceding and in addition the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowled ge. | Nore.—This list is not intended to indicate the distribution of Smithsonian publi- cations, but shows incidentally what publications of the Institution are sent to the libraries mentioned. . ALABAMA, Abbeville. [South East Alabama Agricultural School. ] Atheus. [North Alabama Agricultural School. ] Auburn. [Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College. ] 1,500 [ii] D Birminghaw. Alabama Club. ie [Howard College.] (East Lake P. O.) 5,000 [iii } 1) Young Men’s Christian Association. Xx Courtland. Publie Literary and Law Library Association, D Demopolis. Marengo Institute Library. xX East Lake (see Birmingham). Florence. : [State Normal School.] (White.) 1,000 x Greensborough. [Southern University. ] 1,470 [iii] D Huntsville. [State Normal and Industrial School.] (Colored.) 800 [i] Jacksonville. [Jacksonville State Normal School.] (White. ) 500 D Livingston. {[ Alabama Normal College for Girls.] (White. ) 250 [i] Marion. Judson Female Institute. 3,000 Xx MostiLe. [Spring Hill College.] (Spring Hill P. O.) 25,000 [ii] D MONTGOMERY. [State and Supreme Court Library. | 17,626 D [ Montgomery State Normal University] (formerly at Marion). 400 State Board of Health. 3,000 [i] D Young Men’s Christian Association. D4 Selma. [Selma University. ] 400 Young Men’s Christian Association, 1,000 xX ibe. . REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Spring Hill (see Mobile. ) Troy. Troy Normal School. 50 Tuscaloosa. : { Alabama Historical Society. | 500 Pierson Library. 1,500 | University of Alabama.] (University P. O.) 7,000 Tuskegee. [Tuskegee State Normal School.] (Colored.) 3,000 Uniontown. ; {[Canebrake Agricultural Experiment Station.] (Agricult- ural and Mechanical College. ) Wetumpka. Pablie Library of Wetumpka Academy. ARIZONA. Phenix. Pheenix Publie Library. | Territorial Library. } 5,000 Tempe. {Territorial Normal School. ] Tombstone, Tombstone Public Library. 400 Tucson. Free Publie Library. 800 | University of Arizona. ] { College of Agriculture of the University of Arizona. | ARKANSAS. Altus. Central College Institute. Arkadelphia. Ouachita College Library. Batesville. {Arkansas College. | 800 Boousborough. . {Cane Hill College. | Conway. Public Library. Young Men’s Christian Association. Evening Shade. Evening Shade High School. Fayetteville. {Arkansas Industrial University. ] 6,000 Fort Smith. Publie School Library. La Crosse. La Crosse Academy. LITTLE Rock. Architects’ Society of Architects and Surveyors. { Arkansas Historical Society. ] [Arkansas Stale Library. | 20,000 {Little Rock University. ] 1,000 {Philander Smith College. ] 500 Pine Bluff. { Branch Normal College of Arkansas Industrial University. ] 739 Li] [ii] {iii ] [i] 217 D 8) 218 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. CALIFORNIA. Alameda. Alameda Free Library and Reading Room. 5,150 Benicia. [College of St. Augustine. ] 3,700 Berkeley (see San Francisco). Biggs. Public School Library. Chico. Chico State Normal School. College City. [Pierce Christian College. ] 200 Gredley. Publie School Library. Los ANGELES. Los Angeles Public Library. 3,964 [Saint Vincent’s College. ] 3,000 [State Normal School. ] 1,300 [ University of Southern California. } 1,000 Marysville. Marysville City Library. 4,000 Monterey. Monterey Library Association. Napa City. [Napa College. ] 700 OAKLAND. Free Public Library. 10,7338 Petaluma. Petaluma Publie Library. 3,500 SACRAMENTO. [ California State Library. | 61,612 Sacramento Free Library. 11,778 San Buenaventura. Ventura Publie Library. : 2,500 San Diego. San Diego Public Library. 1,600 San Diego Society of Natural History. 458 SAN FRANCISCO. Bancroft Library (Pacifie Library). 45,000 Bibliotheque de la Ligue Nationale I'rancaise. 13,000 [California Academy of Sciences. | 10,000 [California Historical Society. | Mechanics’ Institute. 40,000 Mercantile Library Association. 55,000 {Normal Department, Girls’ High School. ] Odd Fellows’ Library Association. 40,131 [Saint Ignatius College. ] 10,000 San Francisco Free Public Library. 65,000 San Francisco Law Library. 25,500 Sutro Library. 110,000 Theological Seminary of San Francisco. 16,000 [ University of California.] (Berkeley P. O.) 33,170 {College of Agriculture of the University of California. ] (Berkeley P. O.) [i] [i] [iii] [iii] [i] [iii] [iii] [i] [i] [iii] [iii] [iii] [iii] iii] [iii] [11 j [iii] Li] iii] [iii] REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. San José. [ California State Normal School. ] San José Free Publie Library. { University of the Pacific. ] San Mateo. San Mateo Publie Library. Santa Barbara. Santa Barbara Free Public Library. Santa Barbara Society of Natural History. Santa Clara. [ Santa Clara College. | Santa Cruz. Free Library. Santa Rosa. [ Pacific Methodist College. ] Free Library. STOCKTON. Free Publie Library. Vacaville. California Normal College. Woodbridge. [San Joaquin Valley College. ] Woodland. { Hesperian College. | COLORADO. Boulder. | University of Colorado. | Colorado Springs. { Colorado College. | DENVER. Chamber of Commerce. [Colorado Scientific Society. ] [Colorado State Historical Society. ] Denver Publie Library. [State Library. ] High School Library. { University of Denver. | Durango. Durango Club Library. Fort Collins. [State Agricultural College of Colorado. ] Golden. [State School of Mines. } LEADVILLE. Young Men’s Christian Association. CONNECTICUT. _ BRIDGEPORT. { Bridgeport Public Library and Reading Room. Canaan. Douglas Library. DANBURY. Danbury Library. Danielsonyille. Peoples’ Library Association. DerBy. (No library.) 3,000 6,500 2,800 4,500 2,600 12,000 3,000 1,000 1,200 8,147 2.500 1,000 400 2,100 6,000 8,000 1,000 900 1,000 600 16,550 {iJ Li] Lil | [ii | [i] [iii] Li] [iii] 219 1D D D 220 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, A ARTEORD, [ Connecticut Historical Society. } 21,000 [ii] Hartford High School. 1,500 xe Hartford Library Association. 36,500 [iii] x Hartford Theological Seminary. 42,000 [iii] State Library of Connecticut. 15,000 {iii ] D [| Trinity College. | 28,000 [iii] Watkinson Library of Reference. 40,000 Mansfield. [Storr’s Agricultural School.] (State.) (Storrs P. O.) 939 [i] MERIDEN. Young Men’s Christian Association. 4,200 Middletown. Berkeley Divinity School. 17,387 [ Wesleyan Oniversity.1 35,000 [iii] x NEW Britain. Public High School. 420 [i] x {State Normal School. ] 4,000 [ili ] New HAVEN. American Oriental Society. 3,000 [iii] [Cedar Street Normal Training School. ] 1638 [Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.} (No library.) Linonian and Brother's Library. 298 000 New Haven Young Men’s Institute 12,000 [iii] New Haven Publie Library. D. Peabody Museum. (Yale University.) [i] [Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. ] 6,000 [ii] xX [Welch Normal Training School. ] 400 [ Yale University. | 130,000 ili] D New Lonpon. New London Public Library. D NORWALK. Library Corporation. 1,800 x Norwicnu. Otis Library. 15,640 [ii] D STAMFORD. Fergurson Library. 5,000 x Storrs (see Mansfield. ) WATERBURY. Silas Bronson Library. 36,500 iii] D Willimantic. Dunham Hall. 2,000 DHLAWARE. Dover. [| Delaware State Library. } 15,000 [iii | Dover Library. 1,890 Scott Library. ; 1,600 Milford. Milford Library Association. 800 Newark. [ Delaware College. | 8,000 [iit] New Castle. New Castle Library Company, 4,000 [iii] Seaford. Seaford Publie School. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY WILMINGTON. { Historical Society of Delaware. | 6,500 [i] Shields Library Association. 758 Wilmington Institute. 15,632 {iii |} DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. WASHINGTON. { American Historical Society. ] Army Medical Museum. 76,735 [i] Bureau of Education. 17,000 fii] Bureau of Ethnology. [iil | {Catholic University of America. ] [iii] Columbian Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. 3,000 [iii] [Columbian University. ] 8,000 [iii] [ Congressional Library. ] 565,134 [iii] Cosmos Club. [i] Department of Agriculture. 18,000 [ili] Department of State. 22,625 Li] Engineer Department, U.S. Army (Office Chief of Engineers). [iii] [ Georgetown University. } 35,000 [iii] [ House of Representatives. | 125,000 [i] { Howard University. ] 13,000 [ii] Interior Department Library. 8,000 [ii] Metropolitan Club. [i] [ Miner Normal School. ] 75 {National Academy of Sciences. ] Navy Department Library. 17,000 [itil Quartermaster-Generai’s Office. [ii] Rotunda of United States National Museum. [i] Signal Office Library. 10,540 [ii] { Smithsonian Institution.| (Books deposited in Congressional Library.) [iti] Surgeon-General’s Office. 76,733 [ iii ] Treasury Department Library. 18,000 [ii] United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. 4.500 [i] United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. [ iii ] United Slates Geological Survey. 17,255 [iii ] United States National Museum. 13,000 [iii J United States Naval Observatory. 12,000 [ iii | United States Patent Office (Scientitic Library). 50,000 [iii] United States Senate. 30,000 War Department Library. 17,500 [iii] Washington High School Library. [iii] | Washington Normal School. } FLORIDA. De Funiak Springs (Lake De Funiak). De Funiak Springs Library. 500 [i] [Florida State Normal College. } ASO ~ De Land. John B. Stetson University. _ Jacksonville. Jacksonville Library Association. 500 Lii] Lake City. [Florida State Agricultural and Mechanical College. | 222 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Milton. - Santa Rosa Academy Public Library. Pensacola. Pensacola Public School Library. Saint Augustine. [Historical Society of Florida. | Tallahassee. _ [Florida State Library.) [Florida State Normal School. | Florida University. Winter Park. [ Rollins College. } GHORGIA, Aeworth, Acworth Literary and Library Association. Americus. Americus Library Association. Athens. [ University of Georgia. | ATLANTA. [ Atlanta University. } [Clark University. | [ Georgia State Library. } Young Men’s Library Association. AUGUSTA. Young Men’s Library Association. Bowdon. [ Bowdon College. } Cave Spring. _ Georgia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Cedartown. Cedartown Library. CuLUMBUS. Columbus Publie Library. Conyers. Rockdale Library. Crawfordsville. Stephens’ High School. Cuthbert. [Southwest Georgia Agricultural College. ] Dahlonega. [ North Georgia Agricultural College. ] Gainesville. Gainesville College Library. Young Men’s Library Association. Griffin. Granthier Club Library. Hamilton. [ West Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical College. ] Hawkinsville. Hawkinsville Library and Literary Association, Jetterson, Martin Institute, 4,000 ii] 12,500 2,200 [il 1,500 484 1,909 13,000 [iii] 6,000 2,000 45,000 [iii] 115343 4! [ang 5769 2 Ly 350 fi] 1,200. [ii] 6,000 [i] 500 [i] 1,400 D D D D REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. MAcon. [ Mercer University. | 10,000 [ Pio Nono College. ] 600 Public Library and Historical Society. 10,000 Wesleyan Female College. 2,500 Milledgeville. [ Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College. ] Newnan. College Temple. 15,000 Oxford. {Emory College. ] 5,000 Perry. Perry Public Academy. Quitman. Brook County Library. Rome. Young Men’s Library Association. SAVANNAH. [Georgia Historical Society. | 15,250 Thomasville. Thomasville Library Association. 300 [South Georgia Agricultural College. ] Waynesboro. Waynesboro Library Association. West Point. . Young Men’s Library Association. 1,200 IDAHO. Boisé City. {Idaho State Library. } 5,000 Camas. Camas Library. Lewiston. Lewiston Public School Library. Murray. Murray Library. HELIN OLS: Abingdon. { Hedding College. | 1,300 Alton. Alton Public Library. 6,000 AURORA. Aurora Free Public Library. 6,333 De LLeVILLe. Believille Public Library. 9,702 ISLOOMINGTON. Bloomington Library Association. 9,661 {Illinois Wesleyan University. ] 3,408 Bourbonnais Grove. [Saint Viateur’s College. | 2,000 Cairo. Cairo Public Library. 2,650 Carbondale. {Sonthern Ilinois Normal University. | 8,260 arrollton. Carrollton Library Association, iii] [i] [iii] [iii] [i] Lii] [iii] [ii] 224 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Carthage. : [Carthage College. } 3,000 [i] Champaign (see Urbana). [Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illi- nois. | CHICAGO. Chicago Academy of Sciences. 4,500 [iti] Chicago Historical Society. 12,024 [iii | D Chicago Law Institute. 19,000 Chicago Public Library. 119,570 [ui J D Chicago Theological Seminary. 7 .5U0 [ili] [Cook County Normal School.] (Englewood P. O.) 5,000 [i] D Englewood High School Library. (Englewood P. 0.) 1,300 xX Married Men’s Sodality and Railroa:l Library. x Newberry Library. [ili] D [Saint Ignatius College. | 12,000 [i] Young Men’s Literary Association. xe Young Men’s Christian Association. 3,900 [ii] Cobden. Cobden Library Association. 1,796 x Danville. Danville High School. [il] Danville Publie Library. 4,000 [i] xX Decatur. Free Public Library. 7,322 [i] x Elgin. Elgin Publie Library. 8,223 [i] D Englewood (see Chicago). Huareka. [ Kureka College. ] 4,500 - [ii] I; vanston. [ Northwestern University. | 26,000 [iti] De Ewing. [ Ewing College. } ; 1,000 [i] x Freeport. Freeport Young Men’s Christian Association. xg Galena. ; | [German English College. ] 500 GALESBURG, Galesburg Pubtic Library. oa [ Knox College. ] 6,600 [iii] {Lombard University. ] 6,600 [11] Gnothantie Library. Greenville. Greenville Public Library. Hillsborough. Hillsborough Public Library. Ilyde Park. Hyde Park High School Library. 400 JACKSONVILLE. [| Illinois College. ] 9,000 [iui] Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. 7,284 [it] JOLIET. Joliet Business College. 11,000. REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Kankakee. Kankakee Ladies Library Association. 2,000 Knoxville. Saint Mary’s School. 900 Lake Forest. [ Lake Forest University. ] 5,672 Lebanon. {McKendree College. } 6,500 Lincoln. { Lincoln University. ] 3,000 Macomb. Macomb City Free Public Library. : 2,059 Monmouth. { Monmouth College. ] 2,000 Warren County Library and Reading Room. 11,196 Morgan Park. : Baptist Union Theological Seminary. 25,000 Mount Carroll. Mount Carroll Seminary. 5,000 Mount Morris. Mount Morris College (Cassel Library). 12,000 Mount Sterling. Mount Sterling Library Association. Mount Vernon, Mount Vernon Supreme Court Library. 7,000 Naperville. [| Northwestern College. ] 1,200 Normal. [Illinois Museum of Natural History. ] (University of Illinois. ) [Illinois State Normal University. ] 3,000 Oak Park. Scoville Institute. Olney. Olney Publie Library. 2,500 Ottawa. Ottawa City High School, 1,100 Paxton. Paxton Library. PEORIA, Peoria Publie Library. 25,350 QUINCY. { Chaddock College. ] 300 Quiney Library. 6,400 [Saint Francis Solanus College. ] 2,230 Rantoul. Rantoul Literary Society. B00 Ravenswood. : Raveuswood Public Library. Rockrory. Public Library of Rockford. 13,100 Rock IsLanp. [Augustana College. ] 7, 900 Rock Island Public Library. 8; 057 Shawueetown. Shawneetown Public Reading Room. ‘ H. Mis. 224, pt. 9—==15 M [i] [1] [iii] [i] [i] [i] iii] [iii] [in] Li] [i Li] [i] [iii] Li] Lii 226 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Shelbyville. Shelbyville Public School Library. 600 SPRINGFIELD, [Ilinois State Historical Society and Natural History Mu- seum. | [Lllinois State Library. | 40, 000 Springfield Public Library 8, 000 Streator. Streator High School. Sycamore. Sycamore Public Library. Teutopolis. , [Saint Joseph’s Diocesan College. ] 2, 000 Upper Alton. [Shurtleff College. ] 6, 300 Urbana (see Champaign). [University of Illinois. } 15,539 Vandalia. Vandalia Public Library. Westfield. [ Westfield College. ] 2,500 Wheaton. [ Wheaton College. ] 2, 500 INDIANA. Aurora, Aurora Public Library Association. | 2, 000 Bloomington. [Indiana University. ] 5, 000 Brookville. Brookville Society of Natural History. 2, 000 Covington. [Indiana Normal College. ] 1, 200 Crawfordsville. [ Vabash College. | 23, 000 Crown Point. ; Crown Point Publie School Library. 500 Danville. Central Normal College. 1, 300 I VANSVILLE. Willard Library. 10, 000 Fort WAYNE. : Catholic Library Association. 4,700 LConcordia College. ] 2, 000 Fort Wayne Public School Library, 5, 500 Frankfort. Frankfort Public Library. 1, 200 Franklin. { Franklin College. ] 5, 000 Greencastle. [| De Paww University.] (Formerly Asbury University. ) 13, 000 Ifanover. [ Hanover College. ] ; 6, 000 Ilartsville. [ Hartsville College. ] 1,000 Huntingburg. \ Petoka Township Library 634 [ij iii] [iii] [i] [iii] [it] [iii] iii] [i] [ii] [i] [i] [iii] [iii] i] REPOKT OF ASSISTANT Huntington. Publie Sehool Library. INDIANAPOLIS. [ Butler University.] (Irvington P. O.) [Indiana Historical Society. ] Indiana State Law Library. [Indiana State Library. ] Indianapolis High School Library. [Iudianapolis Normal School. ] Indianapolis Public Library. Medical College of Indiana. Irvington (see Indianapolis). Kokomo. Kokomo Free Library. La FAYETTE. La Fayette Public Library. [Purdue University. ] SECRETARY. 5,000 3,000 1,200 14,500 23,000 200 39,590 2,000 8,600 2,300 [School of Agriculture, Horticulture, and Veterinary Sci- ence.] (Purdue University.) La Porte. High School Library. La Porte City Library. Puble Library and Natural History Society. LOGANSPORT, American Normal College. Marion. Marion Public School Library. Merom. {Union Christian College. ] Moore’s Hill. [ Moore’s Hill College. ] Muncie. Muncie Public Library. New ALBANY. New Albany High School. New Harmony. New Harmony Working Men’s Institute. Notre Dame. [ University of Notre Dame du Lac. } Plainfield. Plainfield Central Academy. RICHMOND. { Earlham College. } Morrison Library. Ridgeville. [Ridgeville College. ] Rising Sun. Natural History Club. Rockville. Rockville High School Library. Saint Mary’s. Saint Mary’s Institute. Saint Meinrad. [ Saint Meinrad’s College and Abbey. ] 820 700 1,200 6,111 #,000 25,000 5,000 13,500 12, 508 [i] [iii] [iii] [iii] [ii] Lit] [ii] Lit) [ii] [iii] Li] [iii] Li] [i] Li] {iJ |i] 227 228 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. SoutTH BEND. Young Men’s Christian Association. 1, 000 Spiceland. Spiceland Academy Library Association. 1, 200 TERRE HAUTE. | Indiana State Normal School. ] 4, 000 [ Rose Polytechnic Institute. ] 4, 212 Valparaiso. Northern Indiana Normal School. 5, 000 Vincennes. Vincennes University. 4, 000 Wabash. Noble Township Library. 650 Washington, Washington Public School Library. INDIAN THRRITORY. Tahlequah. [Cherokee National Council Library. ] 2,100 [ Cherokee National Female Seminary. ] 600 [Cherokee National Male Seminary. ] 1,000 IOW A. Ames. [Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanical Arts. ] 800 Audubon. Audubon High School Library. Bloomfield. Bloomfield Library. 400 Boone. Public Library Association. BURLINGTON. Burlington University. 3,000 Cedar Falls. Public Library. 2,600 [Iowa State Normal School. ] 1,760 CEDAR RaPips. Grand Lodge of Masons of Lowa. 10,000 Charles City. Charles City Free Public Library. Clarinda. Clarinda Young Men’s Christian Association. Clinton. Clinton Public School Library. 2,800 College Springs. [Amity College. ] 1,000 CouNCcIL BLUFFS. Free Public Library. 5,300 DAVENPORT. Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences. 10,000 [Griswold College. ] 3,000 Library Association. 10,500 Decorah. [Norwegian Lutheran College] 4,300 [i] [i] [it] Li] [iii] [i] > Li] [iii] Li] [i] [iii] iii] [i] wn 4 Ph ‘ REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Des MoINrEs. [ Drake University. | [ Iowa State Library. ] | University of Des Moines. ] [West Des Moines Training School. ] Poblie Library. DUBUQUE. [Saint Joseph’s College. ] Young Men’s Library Association. Fairfield. Jefferson County Library Association. [Parsons College. ] Fayette. | Upper Iowa University. ] Grinnell. { Iowa College. | Hopkinton. { Lenox College. ] Hull. Pattersonville Institute. Humboldt. Humboldt College. Independence. Independence Free Public Library. Indianola. {Simpson College. ] Towa City. {Iowa Academy of Sciences. ] [ State Historical Society of Iowa. ] [State University of Iowa. | KkOKUK. Keokuk Library Association. Le Mars. Northwestern Normal Institute and Business College. Missouri V:lley. Missouri Vailey High School Library. Mount Pleasant. [German College. ] {Iowa Wesieyan University. ] Mount Pleasant Publie Library. Mount Vernon. { Cornell College. ] Osage. Cedar Valley Seminary. Oskaloosa. [Oskaloosa College. ] [Penn College. ] Pella. [Central University of Iowa. ] Shenandoah. 22,000 22,904 2,000 40 5,800 2,000 13,000 8,500 2,400 2,500 12,250 200 585 2,000 4,030 7,500 650 2,000 2,000 2,000 Western Normal College and Shenandoah Commercial Insti- tute. (Private.) Tabor. [ Tabor College. ] 3,006 6,000 [ii] Li] iii] iii] [iii] [1] [iii] [ii] [iii] [i] [i] (iJ no 230 REPORT OF NATIONAL Toledo. | Western College. | Washington. Washington Public Library. Waterloo. Waterloo Library Association. MUSEUM, 1889. 3,200 KANSAS. ATCHISON. Atchison Publie Library. [Saint Benedict’s College. } Baldwin City. { Baker University. ] Dodge City. > Dodge City Library. Emporia. [College of Emporia. ] [Kansas State Normal School.] Garnett. Garnett Library Association. Harlan. 2 Gould College. Hiawatha. Morrill Library. Highland. { Highland University. ] Holton. Campbell University. Independence. Mdependence Ladies’ Library Association. Lawrence. | University of Kansas. | Lawrence City Library. LEAVENWORTH. Public Reading Room. Lecompton. [ Lane University. ] Manhattan. [Kansas State Agricultural College. ] Mankato. Mankato High School Library. McPherson. McPherson City Library. Newton. Newton Library. Oswego. Oswego College for Young Ladies. Oswego Public Library. Ottawa. [ Ottawa University. ] Paola. Paola City Library. Saint Mary’s. [Saint Mary’s College. ] Salina. | Kansas Weslevan University. 1 2,894 5,000 3,000 700 2,000 603 10,000 4,000 1,160 3,100 8,000 159 Li] [i] [it] [iii] [ii] [i] [iii] 4 “4 Is) A tee Sir! sae er ~~ ne REPORT OF ASSISTANT TOPEKA, [Kansas Academy of Science, ] | Kansas State Historical Society. } [ Kansas State Library. | Topeka Free Public Library. [ Washburn College. | Trey. Troy Publie Library. Wichita. Garfield College. LORNA CSN Ashland. Ashland Reading Room Association. Bardstown. Saint Joseph’s College. Berea. [ Berea College. ] Bowling Green. { Ogden College. ] Burkesville. Alexander College. Cecilian. Cecilian College. Clinton. Clinton College Reference Library. Columbia. Columbia Christian College. COVINGTON. Covington High School Library. Covington Law Library Association. Danville. [Center College. ] Danville Theological Seminary. Earlington. Catholic School Library at Saint Bernards. Eminence. [ Eminence College. ] Farmdale. Kentucky Military Institute. Frankfort. Kentucky Geological Survey. [Kentucky Historical Society. ] [ Kentucky State Library. ] Frenchburg. Frenchburg High School Library. Georgetown. [ Georgetown College. ] Georgetown Public Library. Glasgow. Glasgow Normal School. Hartford, Hartford College. Hopkinsville. [South Kentucky College. ] Jackson. Jackson Academy Library. SECRETARY. Lii] 24,121 [ii]: 23,988 [iii] 5,000 [ii] 800 4,000 G00 [i] 1,000 2,000 2,000 5,000 [iii] 10,000 2,000 Li] 33,900 [i] 8,000 [iii] 1,500 [i] 1,000 1,000 D D 232 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. LUXINGTON. [State College of Kentucky.] (Agricultural and Mechanical.) Hamilton Female College. 500 { Kentucky University. ] 13,400 Lexington Library. 15,000 LOUISVILLE. Louisville Library Association. 10,000 Louisville Trade and Labor Assembly. Male High School. Polytechnic Society of Kentucky. 40,533 Sonthern Baptist Theological Seminary. 8,500 Madisonville. National Institute Library. Mayfield. Western Kentucky College, Maysville. Limestone Lodge Knights of Pythias. Millersburg. [ Kentueky Wesleyan College. } 1,500 Murray. [Murray Male and Female Institute and West Kentucky Normal School. } 45 NEWPORT. Odd Fellows’ Library. 3,600 North Middletown. [Kentucky Classical and Business College. ] 200 Princeton. Princeton Collegiate Institute. 800 Richmond. {Central University. ] 7,000 Russellville. [ Bethel College. ] 2,000 Saint Mary’s. [Saint Mary’s College. ] 5,000 Vanceburgh. Riverside Seminary. Versailles. Versailles Publie Library. LOUISIANA. Baton Rouge. College Institute. [ Louisiana State Historical Society. ] [ Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. | 18,085 Calhoun. { North Louisiana Experiment Station.] (Agricultural and Mechanical College.) Convent. [ Jefferson College.] (Saint Mary’s.) Grand Coteau. [Saint Charles College. ] 8,000 Jackson. {Centenary College of Louisiana. ] 2.000 Keachi. : | Keachi College. ] 200 [i] [iii] [ii] [i] [iii] [ii] Li] [ii] [iii] [i] [iii] iii] oy ba va REPORT OF ASSISTANT Kenner. [Sugar Experiment Station. ] (Agricultural and Mechan- ical College.) Monroe. Monroe Public Library. Mount Lebanon. Mount Lebanon College Library. Natchitoches. - { Louisiana State Normal College. ] NEW ORLEANS. City Public School and Lyceum Library. { College of the Immaculate Conception. | Howard Memorial Library. [ New Orleans Normal School. ] New Orleans Law Asseciation. New Orleans Publie School and Lyceum Library. [New Orleans University. ] Soulé Commercial College and Literary Institute. [Southern University.] (Colored.) [State Library of Louisiana. | {Straight University. ] { Tulane University of Louisiana. ] Shreveport. { Thatcher Institute. ] Winsted. Gilbert Seminary. MAIN E. Augusta. [ Maine State Library. ] BaNGOn. Bangor Public Library. Bangor Theological Seminary. BIDDEFORD. Biddeford Public Library. Brunswick. [ Bowdoin College. ] Bucksport. East Maine Conference Seminary, Calais. Saint Croix Library. Castine. {Eastern State Normal School. } Dexter. Dexter Town Library. Ellsworth. Ellsworth City Library. Farmington. [State Normal Training School. ] Gorham. [State Normal School. ] Grant Isle and Fort Kent. {Madawaska Training School. ] Hebron. Hebron Academy (MWamlin Library.) j SECRETARY. 400 500 17,000 13,000 200 10,00C 17,000 2,000 1,964 0) 21,000 400 15,500 250 41,000 23,955 17,000 4,000 35,000 3,200 4,000 1,300 2,300 2,560 1,712 1,687 200 600 [iil] [ii] 233 Nr <<. D D 234 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Kent’s Hili. Maine Wesleyan Seminary and Female College. 4,515 Kittery. Rice Publie Library. 2,700 [i] LEWISTON. { Bates College. ] 9,237 Li] Manufacturers and Mechanics’ Library Association. 9,085 [ii] Norway. Norway Public Library. 1,200 Orono. [ Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanie Arts.] 6,500 [iii] PORTLAND. CUMBERLAND. (No publie library.) Easton. aston High School. [ Maine Historical Society. ] 10,000 [iii] [Normal Training and Practice Class. ] 216 Portland Public Library. 31,000 [iii] Portland Society of Natural History. 1,300 [ili] Saco. York Institute. 1,100 [ii] Waterville. [ Colby University. | 21,000 [iii | MARYLAND. Agricultural College. {Maryland Agricultural College. ] 2,000 [iii] Annapolis. { Maryland State Library. | 75,000 [ili] [Saint John’s College. ] 6,000 [iti] United States Naval Academy. 26,893 [iii] BALTIMORE. Archiepiscopal Library. 15,000 [Baltimore City College. ] 5,000 Calumet Club. Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore City. 40,888 [iii | [Johns Hopkins University. ] 30,000 [iii] Library Company of the Baltimore Bar. 10,000 Loyola College. 12,000 Lil] {Maryland Academy of Sciences. | 800 [ii] Maryland Historical Society. 20,000 [iii] Maryland Institute for the Promotion of Mechanic Arts. 20,515 [iit ] {Maryland State Normal School. 2.516 [ii] Mercantile Library Association of Baltimore. 40,000 [iii] Mount Clare Library. Odd Fellows’ Library. 21,952 Peabody Institute. 83,000 [ili] Saint Mary's University and Theological Seminary of Saint Sulpice. 26,000 [iii } Catonsville. Catonsville Library Association. 3,000 Charlotte Hall. Charlotte Hall School Library. 1,000 Chestertown. { Washington College. | 2,000 [iit] College of Saint James. College of Saint James (High School), 6,000 [iii] REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Ellicott City. [ Rock Hill College. ] [Saint Charles College. ] Smmittsburg. {Mount Saint Mary’s College. ] Hagerstown. Hagerstown Library Association, Ilchester. Mount Saint Clement’s College. New Windsor. ; [New Windsor College and Windsor Female College. | Reisterstown. Hannah Moore Academy. Sandy Springs. Sandy Springs Library. Westminster. [ Western Maryland College. } Westminster Library. Woodstock. Woodstock College. MASSACHUSETTS, Amherst. [ Amherst College. } { Massachusetts Agricultural College. ] Andover. Andover Theological Seminary. ATTLEBOROUGH. Attleborough Free Public Library. Beverly. Public Library. Boston. [American Academy of Arts and Sciences. ] American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. American Congregational Association. American Statistical Association. Boston Atheneum. Boston Chamber of Commerce. [ Boston College. ] Loston General Theological Society. Boston Library Society. Boston Medical Library Association. { Boston Norinal School. ] Boston Publie Library. Boston Social Law Library. Boston Society of Natural History. | [ Boston University. { Massachusetts Historical Society. } { Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ] { Massachusetts Normal Art School. ] Naval Library and Institute (United States). New England Historic-Geneéalogical Society. [State Library of Massachusetts. Bridgewater. ; [State Normal School. } ' 6,309 9,900 8,000 10,600 3,000 1,000 67,000 40,000 4,400 42,938 2,400 10,211 18, 000 7,273 yee 50 25,4 150,261 10,000 15,000 26,000 15,000 434,837 19,500 30,000 12,000 31,000 4,117 300 2,390 20,778 60,000 4,000 [ii] [iii] iii] [ii] [iii] Ui] iii] [iii] [i] iii] iii] [ii] [iii] [ii] [iii] [iii] [ii] iii] [iii ] [iii] [iii] [iii] Lit] A wn Kho D 236 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Brockton. Brockton Public Library. 10,341 Brookline. Brookline Publie Library. 30,842 CAMBRIDGE. Cambridge Public Library. 18,000 [ Divinity School, Harrard.|] (Harvard College.) 17,400 | Harvard University. | 239,500 [ Law School, Harvard.] (Harvard College.) 21,600 { Museum of Comparative Zoology.| (Harvard College. ) 17,600 Porcelain Club. (Harvard College. ) 10,000 [ Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology. ] (Harvard College. ) 795 Cambridgeport. Cambridge Publie Library. CHELSEA. Chelsea Public Library. 8,646 CHICOPEE. Chicopee Town Library. 8,300 Clinton. Bigelow Free Public Library. 13,000 Coliege Hill. [ Tufts College. ] 22,000 Concord. Concord Tree Public Library. 19,643 Cummington. Bryant Free Library. 5,300 Danvers. Peabody Institute and Library. 12,000 Dedham. Dedham Public Library. 8,920 FALL RIVER. Fall River Publie Library. [Fall River Training School. ] 300 FITCHBURG. Fitchburg Public Library. 17,000 Framingham. Framingham Town Library. 12,000 [State Normal School. ] 2,000 GLOUCESTER. Sawyer I’ree Library. 7,000 HAVERHILL. Haverhill Public Library. 39,268 { Haverhill Training School. ] 50 Hingham. Hingham Publie Library. 5,800 Hingham Centre. Hingham Publie Library. 5,800 HOLYOKE. Holyoke Public Library. 11,000 Ipswich. Ipswich Public Library. 10,000 Jamaica Plains. [Bussey Institution. (Harvard University.) Agricultural and Horticultural. ] 2,700 [iJ [ii] [iii] Liiiq [iii] [ii] [iii] [iii | [ii] [iii] iii] [iii] iii] [ii] [ii] * REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Lancaster. Lancaster Town Library. LAWRENCE. Lawrence Public Library. [ Lawrence Training School. ] Leominster. Public Library. Lexington. Carey Memorial Library. LOWELL. Lowell City Library. Middlesex Mechanics’ Association. LYNN. Lynn Free Public Library. MALDEN. Malden Public Library. MARLBOROUGH. Marlborough Free Public Library. Medford. Medford Public Library. Middleborough. Middleborough Public Library. Milton. Milton Public Library. Nantucket. Nantucket Atheneum. Natick. Morse Institute. New Beprorp. Free Public Library of New Bedford. NEWBURYPORT. Newburyport Public Library. NEWTON. Newton Free Library. Newton Centre. Newton Theological Institution. Nortu Avams. North Adams Public Library. NorTHAMPTON. Northampton Pree Public Library. [Smith College. } North Easton. Ames Free Library. Peabody. | Peabody Institute. ‘PirrsFieip. Berkshire Atheneum. QUINCY. Thomas Crane Public Library. Randolph. Turner Free Library. Roxbury. ‘SALEM. Essex Institute. ‘5 Peabody Academy of Science, € Fellows’ Athenzeum (formerly Roxbury Athenwum). 10,800 10,000 30,000 20,000 34,411 10,724 8,600 10,260 3,955 10,000 13,647 50,000 23,282 23,309 18,000 5,777 20,000 5,000 11,059 25,507 16,000 14,000 10,000 37,000 5,000 iii] [iii] Liii ] [ii] iii] [iii] [ii] [iii] Li] [ii] [iii] [iii] Lili] dD 238 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. SaLeEM—Continued. Salem Atheneum. | Salem State Normal School. } SOMERVILLE. Somerville Public Library. Southbridge. Southbridge Public Library. South Hadley. Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. South Natick. Historical and Natural History and Library Society. Spencer. Spencer Public Library. SPRINGFIELD. City Library Association. TAUNTON. Public Library. WALTHAM. Waltham Public Library. Watertown. Free Public Library. Wayland. Wayland Free Public Library. Wellesley. [ Wellesley College. | Westfield. Westfield Atheneum. [ Westfield State Normal School. ] WEYMOUTH. Tuft’s Library. Williamstown. | Williams College. | Winchester. Winchester Public Library. WOBURN. Woburn Public Library. WORCESTER. American Antiquarian Society. [Clark University. | Free Public Library of the City of Worcester. [ College of the Holy Cross. ] { Massachusetts State Normal School. ] Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Sciences. Worcester Society of Antiquity. MICHIGAN. Adr: | Adrian City Training School for Teachers. ] [ Adrian College. ] Agricultural College. [ Michigan Agricultural College. ] Albion. [ Albion College. ] Alma. Alma College. 19,000 5,000 12,637 10,180 11,000 965 6,000 55,000 24,434 13.000 15,791 10,000 30,321 14,000 2,000 9,114 34,000 6,300 23,789 80,000 63,941 14,000 6,329 1,200 10,000 4,000 5,000 7,474 5,621 [iii] [i] [ii] Lit] [iii] Liii] [ii] iii] li] iii] [i] [iii] [ii] [iii] [iii] [iii] [ili] {iil} Li] [ii] Li] [iii] [iii] iii] REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Aun Arbor. [ University of Michigan. | Battle Creek. [ Battle Creek College. ] Battle Creek Public School Library. Bay Ciry. Bay City Public Library. Beuzonia, [Grand Traverse College. ] Big Rapids. Big Rapids Public School Library. Cassopolis. Cassopolis Public School Library. DETROI?. Detroit College. Detroit Scientific Association. { Historical Society of Michigan. ] Public Library of the City of Detroit. East SAGANAW. Hoyt Public Library. Escanaba. Escanaba High School Library. Grand Haven. Akley College. GRAND Rapips. Grand Rapids Public Library. Hillsdaie. [ Hillsdale College. ] Holland. [| Hope College. | Houghton. Houghton Historical Society and Mining Institu Jonia. Tonia Publie School Library. JACKSON. Jackson Publie Library. Kalamazoo, [Kalamazoo College. ] Kalamazoo Publie Library. Ladies’ Library Association. Lapsing, [| Michigan State Library. | Lapeer. Lapeer High School Library. Manistee. Manistee Public School Library. MuskreGon. Muskegon Public School Library. Olivet. [| Olivet College. | Orchard Lake. Michigan Military Academy. Petoskey. Ladies’ Library Association, 60,201 1.300 7,000 10,000 1,665 59,653 6,531 800 17,000 7,060 6,923 500 500 5,338 3,376 11,419 3,290 46,000 500 4,007 14,700 650 335 iii] [i] Li] [i] Li] [i] [iii] [ii] [iii] [i] [ii] Li] 209 D D D D D D 240 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Pontiac. Ladies’ Library Association. Port Huron. Ladies’ Library Association of Port Huron. SAGINAW. Saginaw Publie and Union School Library. St. Clair. Union School Library. Sault de Ste. Marie. Sault de Ste. Marie Public School Library. West Bay City. Sage Public Library. Wyandotte. Wyandotte Public Library. Ypsilanti. [State Normal School. } MINNESOTA. Albert Lea. Albert Lea College for Young Ladies. Alexandria. Alexandria Public Library. Collegeville. [Saint Jolin’s University. ] Duluth. Duluth Chamber of Commerce, Duluth Public Library. Young Men’s Christian Association Reading Room. Faribault. Faribault Publie Library. Hamline. [ Hamline University. ] Mankato. [State Normal School. } MINNEAPOLIS. [ College of Agriculture of the University of Minnesota. ] Minneapolis Public Library. [Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. ] [ University of Minnesota. ] [ Augsburg Seminary. | Moorhead. | Moorhead State Normal School. ] New Ulm. New Ulm Turneverein Library. Northfield. [Carleton College. | Saint Anthony Park. (Sec Minneapolis. ) Saint Cloud. Saint Cloud City Library. [State Normal School. ] SAINT PAUL. { Minnesota Historical Society. ] Saint Paul Public Library. [ State Library. ] Saint Peter. Gustavus Adolphus College. 925 3,000 4,000 300 12,000 1,000 7,938 1,025 9,500 31,000 21,000 1,000 1,064 8,000 1, 600 6, 000 12, 338 11,500 14, 142 2, 000 [ii] Li] fi] [i] Li] [i] [i] [i] [iii] i] [iii] [ii] [ii] [iii] [ii] iii] nw oe /. poke Kw OKO REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY, Stillwater. Stillwater Library Association. 2, 600 WINONA. [State Normal School. } 5, 0UO Winona Free Library. 3, 000 MISSISSIPPI. Agricultural College. (See Starkville.) Blue Mountain.’ Blue Mountain Female College. 443 Brookham. Whitworth Female College. 600 Buena Vista. Buena Vista Normal College. Carrolton, Carrolton Female College. 700 Carthage. Carthage High School Public Library. Clinton. Central Female Institute. 2, 000 [Mississippi College. ] 2, 000 Columbus. Columbus Public Library. 1, 895 Female Ludustrial College. Daleville. Cooper Normal College. 3, 500 Giltsborough. Giltsborough College. Greenville. Greenville Public Library. 2, 200 Grenada. Grenada Female College. Harpersyille. Harpersville Publie Library. Holly Springs. [Mississippi State Normal School. ] 3, 000 [Rust University. ] 1, 000 Holmesville. (Kavanaugh College. } Jackson, [Mississippi Historical Society. ] [State Library.] (Smithsonian publications transferred to Agricultural and Mechanical College. ) 40, 000 Jefferson. Jefferson Academy. Natchez. Natchez Library Association. 3, 100 Oxford. [ University of Mississippi.] (University P. 0.) 12, 000 Rodney. [Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College.] (Colored.) 1,353 Starkville. [Agricultural and Mechanical College of Mississippi. ] 2, d42 Summit. Lea Female College. 300 H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——16 [iii] Li] Li] {i] Li] [iii] [i] [iii] Li] 241 £s D Xx D D 242 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Tougaloo. [Tougaloo University. ] VicksspurG. (No public library.) Washington. Jetferson College. (Academy, ) West Point. West Point Male and Female Academy. MISSOURI. Albany. Albany Public School, Avalon. Ayalon College of the United Brethren in Christ. Bolivar. [Southwest Baptist College. ] Boonville, Kemper Family School. Cameron. Cameron Library. Canton. [Christian University. ] Cape Girardeau. [ Missouri State Normal School. ] (Third District. ) [ St. Vincent’s College. | Carthage. Public School Library. Chillicothe. Chillicothe High School Library. Clinton. Baird College. Columbia. [Agricultural and Mechanical College. } [ University of Missowri. | Denver. : Denver Public Library. Edinburgh. [Grand River College. ] Fayette. [Central College. | Howard Female College. Fulton. | Westminster College. ] Gallatin. Gallatin Publie School Library. Glasgow. [ Lewis College. | [Pritchett School Instifute. ] HANNIBAL. Hannibal Public Library. Independence. Independence Young Men’s Christian Association. Jefferson City. [ Lincoln Institute. ] [ Missoura State Library. | Kansas CITY. Kansas City Public Library. e 2, 000 1,000 14,520 850 18,000 12,000 Lit] [i] [i] iii] [i] li] [i] iii] Lit] lop leh I REPORT OF ASSISCANT Keytesville. Keytesville Library. Kirksville. SECRETARY. [ Missouri State Normal School.] (First District.) 1,127 La Grange. [La Grange College. ] Liberty. { William Jewell College. ] Marionville. Marionyille Collegiate Institute. Morrisville. [ Morrisville College. ] Nevada. Nevada Public School Library. Parkville. Parkville College. Rolla. { Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, University of Missouri. ] SAINT JOSEPH. 600 400 1,500 Mechanical and Scientific Library Association. Saint Louis. [College of the Christian Brothers. ] Law Library Association of St. Louis. Missouri Botanical Gardens. [ Missouri Historical Society. | [Saint Louis Academy of Sciences. | Saint Louis Labor Library. Saint Louis Mercantile Library. [Saint Louis Normal School. ] Saint Louis Public Library. [Saint Louis University. | Saint Theresa’s School. { Washington University. ] Sedalia. Sedalia Natural History Society. Young Men’s Christian Association. Springfield. { Drury College. | Knights of Labor Library. Warrensburgh. [State Normal School.] (Second District.) Warrenton. [ Central Wesleyan College. ] 5,000 14,320 3,000 4.000 10,000 65,657 500 60,000 25,000 8,000 500 600 20,000 1,500 3,600 IVEOIN TAIN, A... Deer Lodge. [College of Montana. } Helena. [ Historical Society of Montana. ] | Montana State Library. ] 1,000 5,000 4,000 NHK BRASKA,. Beatrice. Beatrice Publie Library. Central City. { Nebraska Central College. ] 300 Li] [i] [iii] [ii] Li] [ii] Li] D D 244 REPORL OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 2) Crete. { Doane College. } Franklin. Franklin Academy. Fremont. Fremont Normal School Library. Fremont Reading Room Library. Hastings. Hastings College. Humboldt. Brunn Memorial Public Library. LINCOLN. Industrial College cf the University of Nebraska. [State Historical Society of Nebraska. ] [ Nebraska State Library. | | University of Nebraska. | Nebraska City. Ladies’ Library Association. Nebraska Institute for the Blind. Nelich. [ Gates College. ] Norfolk. Norfolk Publie Library. Omaha. [Creighton College. ] Omaha Public Library. Peru. [State Normal School. ] York. { Methodist Episcopal College of Nebraska. ] NHVADA. Carlin. Carlin Library Association. Carson City. | State Library of Nevada. | Paradise. Paradise Public Schooi Library. Reno. Reno Library Association. [School of Agriculture of the Nevada State University. | [State University of Nevada. ] VIRGINIA CITy. Miners’ Union Library of Virginia City. Wadsworth. Nevada Engineers and Mechanics’ Library. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Claremont. Fiske Free Library. CONCORD. Concord Public Library. | New Hampshire Historicai Society. ] ! New Hampshire State Library. ? Dovern. Dover Public Library. 349 24,398 8,382 1,743 400 3,000 5,300 14,237 3,250 ibericige 18,000 1,000 4,000 4,857 11,900 10,300 20.000 7,153 [ii] Li] Li] Li] [i] iii] [iii] i el a ete Bd co REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY, Great Fails. Great Falls Manufacturers and Village Library. Hanover. { Dartmouth College. | {New Hampshire College of Agriculture. ] Keene. Keene Public Library. MANCHESTER. Manchester City Library. {Manchester City Training School. ] NASHUA. Nashua Publie Library. Plymouth. {New Hampshire State Normal School. ] Portsmouth. Portsmouth Antheneum. Portsmouth Free Publie Library. Rochester. Rochester Publie Library. -NHW JHRSEHY. Burlington. Burlington Library. CAMDEN. Microscopical Society of Camden. Delanco. Delanco Library. ELIZABETH. Elizabeth Publie Library and Reading Room. Hightstown. Peddie Institute. HOBOKEN. German Academy of Hoboken, Stevens Institute of Technology. JERSEY CITY. Jersey City Publie School Free Library. St. Peter’s College. Long Branch. Long Branch Free Reading Room and Library. Lakewood. Lakewood Publie Library. Lawrenceville. Lawrenceville High School. ‘Madison. Drew Theological Seminary. Morristown. Morristown Library and Lyceum. Mount Holly. Burlingtou County Lyceum of History and Natural Science. Newark. Newark Library Association. { Newark Normal School. } |New Jersey Historical Society. ] [St. Benedict’s College. ] New Brunswick. ai [ Rutgers College. } [Rutgers Scientific School of Rutgers College. } w r _ _ Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church in America. 7,500 67,000 6,000 28,660 140 8,560 10,000 340 4,500 1,200 5,000 5,000 1,600 1,450 18,000 11,000 4,800 27,523 140 8,114 2,930 19,000 28,000 [iii] li} [iii] [iii] Li] D D 246 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM 1889. Newton. Dennis Library. , 6,445 ORANGE. New England Society of Orange. 705 Passaic. Passaic Free Publie Library. PATERSON. [ Paterson Normal Training School. ] 1,200 Paterson Free Public Library. 7,000 Princeton. : [ College of New Jersey. | 60,000 i. M. Museum of Geology and Archeology of the College of New Jersey. Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church. 48,000 Rahway. Rahway Library Association. 9,043 Salem. Salem Library Company. 9,000 TRENTON. [New Jersey State Normal School. ] 500 [State Library of New Jersey. ] 31,000 Vineland. [College of the Sacred Heart. ] 5,000 Vineland Public Library. 1,500 NHW MEXICO. Las Cruces. [Agricultural College of New Mexico. } Las Vegas. Las Vegas College. 3,000 Santa Fé. [ Historical Society of New Mexico. | St. Michael’s College. 1,300 [Territorial Library of New Mexico. ] 7,570 [ University of New Mexico. ] 300 NHW YORK. ALBANY. Albany Catholic Union. New York State Agricultural Society. New York State Library. (See New York State Library. ) 37,300 [ New York State Library. | 128,871 New York State Museum of Natural History. 1,C00 [New York State Normal School. ] 5,000 [ Teachers’ Training Class of Albany. ] Young Men’s Association. 17,000 Albion. Albion Union School. 625 Alfred Centre. { Alfred University. ] 5,000 Allegany. [St. Bonaventure’s College and Seminary. ] 6,358 Annandale. [St. Stephen’s College. ] 5,500 AUBURN. Seymour Library Association. 9,439 Theological Seminary of Auburn. 16,417 [ii] [ii] [iii] [ii] [iii] [ii] Li] [ii] [iii] [i] [i] [ii] [iii] iii] Lili] [iii] i] [ii] [i] [ii] [ii] [ii] oli ois) REPORT OF ASSISTANT Aurora. { Wells College. ] Bath. Bath Library Association. BINGHAMTON. Binghamton Library Association. Brockport. [State Normal and Training School. BRQOKLYN, Adelphi Academy. SECRETARY. [ Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute. ] Brooklyn Institute. (Youths’ Free Library.) Brooklyn Library. [ Brooklyn Training School. | Columbian Club. Eastern District School Library. Long Island Historical Society. Packer Collegiate Institute. Saint Augustine Mechanical Library. Saint Francis’s College. | Saint Peter’s Library. Young Men’s Christian Association. BUFFALO. Buttalo Catholic Institute. Buttalo Historical Society. Buffalo Library. Buffalo Mechanics’ Institute. Buttalo Society of National Sciences. { Butfalo State Normal and Training School. ] { Canisius College. Grosvenor Library. Canastota. Union School and Academy. (District No. 9.) Canton. [St. Lawrence University. ] Catskill. Catskill School Library. (District No. 1.) Cattaraugus. Cattaraugus Union Free School, Cazenovia. Cazenovia Seminary. Clinton. { Hamilton College. ] Cobleskill. Union School Library. COHOES. Cohoes City Library. Corning. Corning Library Association, Cortland. Franklin Hateh Library Association. [State Normal and Training School. ] Dansville. Union Schoo! Library. Ellicottville. Ellicottville Union Free School, 2.600 5,500 3,000 7,000 1,846 3,000 90,000 7389 17,000 41,000 4,929 3,000 7,854 4,000 8,237 53,000 6,000 3,300 14,500 31,000 500 ‘9,400 1,672 3,000 20,000 2,000 8,600 2,220 1,000 247 [i] [ii] D 1) [i] [i] x x [iii] [iit] D x [ili] D [ii] xX Ie D X Li] Lid} NS D [iii] [ii] [iii] D x [ii] D xe x x [ iii} x D [ii] x [ii] xX x 248 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. ELMIRA, Young Men’s Christian Association. Fordham (see Tremont. ) Fredonia. [State Normal and Training School. | Geneseo. [State Normal and Training School. ] Wadsworth Library. Geneva. [| Hobart College. } Gleus Falls. Union Free School Library. Hamilton. [ Madison University. } Havana. Cook Academy. Herkimer. Union Free School. Hornellsville. Hornell Library Association, Hoosick Falls. High School Library. Tludson. Franklin Library. Tthaca. [ Cornell University. ] [College of Agriculture of Cornell University. ] Cornell Library. Jamestown. City Public School Library. KINGSTON. Kingston Academy. Lima. Genesee Wesleyan Seminary (formerly Genesee College). LOckPORT. Loekpor& Union School Library. LONG ISLAND City. Fourth Ward School Library. (Astoria P. O.) Macedon Centre. Macedon Academy. Malone. Mead Library (District School Building). Monticello, Monticello Free School Library. NEW BRIGHTON Natural Science Association of Staten Island. Ne WBURGH. Newburgh lree Library. New Palz. [State Normal and Training School. ] NEW YorK CITy. American Geographical Society. American Institute of the City of New York. American Institute of Mining Engineers. American Museum of Natural History. American Numismatic and Archeological Society. 3,890 2,500 4,000 10,000 18,000 7,300 4,674 54,840 13,851 1,145 4,100 600 320 18,000 13,000 2,000 6,094 1,000 fii] [iii] [ii] [iii] iii] be REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. New York Ciry—Continued. American Seamen’s Friend Society. 38,592 American Society of Civil Engineers. 16,375 Apprentices’ Library. 69,537 Astor Library. 223,284 Bar Association of the City of New York. 21,230 Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church. Central Park Menagerie. Century Club. 4,536 Chamber of Commerce. [ College of the City of New York.) 23,878 College of Pharmacy of the City of New York. 3,500 { College of St. Francis Xavier. ] 22,000 { Columbia College. | 93,144 School of Mines of Columbia College. Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. 20,000 Free Circulating Library and Ottendorfer Branch. 21,624 General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 19,000 Grand Lodge Free and Accepted Masons. 10,000 Harlem Library. 12,000 Harmonic Social Club. 10,000 Lenox Library. 25,000 Maimonides Library, L. O. B. B. 26,840 { Manhattan College. ] 10,000 Mercantile Library Association. 210,431 Metropolitan Museum of Art (Central Park). 1,371 New York Academy of Medicine. 30,000 [New York Academy of Sciences, ] 8,000 New York Apprentices’ Library. 69,537 {New York Female Normal School. ] [ New York Historical Society. | 75,000 New York Hospital. 16,00 New York Law Institute. 34,000 New York Press Club. : 2,000 New York Society Library. 80,000 New York Turnverein Bibliothek. 4,860 School of Mines. (See Columbia College. ) Union Theological Seminary. 50,000 University Club Library. 2,907 | University of the City of New York. } 10,000 Saint James’ Library. Saint Mary’s Library. Xavier Union of the City of New York. 13,746 Young Men's Christian Association. 33,111 Niagara University (see Suspension Bridge). OGDENSBURGH. Ogdensburgh Educational Institute. 7,350 Oneonta. Union School (District No. 5). 600 OSWEGO. Oswego City Library. 8,634 [Oswego State Normal and Training School. } 1,475 Peekskill. Field Library. Lit] [i] 249 Dp: i) D D til a 250 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Plattsburgh. Railroad Yonng Men’s Christian Association. Potsdam. [State Normal and Training School. ] POUGHKEEPSIE. Poughkeepsie City Library. Vassar College. ROCHESTER. Court of Appeals. Public School Central Library. Reynolds Library. [ Teachers’ Normal Training Class. | Rochester Theological Seminary. { University of Rochester. | ROME. Central New York Institution for Deaf Mutes. SCHENECTADY. [ Union College. ] Sing Sing. Mount Pleasant Military Academy. Skaneateles. Skaneateles Library Association. Spriveville. Griffith Institute. Suspension Bridge. De Veaux College. [Niagara University ] (Niagara University P. O.) SYRACUSE. Central Library. Court of Appeals. [Syracuse Training School. ] [Syracuse University. ] Tremont. [ St. John’s College] (formerly Fordham). TROY. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Troy Female Seminary. Troy High School Library. Troy Young Men’s Association. UTICA. Oneida Historical Society. State Lunatic Asylum. Utica City Library. WATERTOWN. Watertown Public School Library. West Point. United States Military Academy. Whitestone. Engineer School of Application of United States Army. YONKERS. Yonkers Public Library. NORTH CAROLINA. Chapel Hill. 14,240 15,000 12,000 14,249 14,000 24,038 12,000 497 9,000 15,889 10,420 1,441 3,500 10,479 5,000 30,827 4,600 Elisha Mitchell Science Society. (University of North Carolina.) [ North Carolina College of Agrienlture and Mechanic Arts.] 2,000 [ University of North Carolina. ] 8,000 [ii] [iii] [i] [iii] [iii] [in] [ili] [iii = Varies : a sides i : nak ei a oat (sta eased seaelasbieib ig tan ae ; ~— 4 ag ; * at Bees oa i a ers Sd a a ; ee a Le a is “Wine es . cama ae pean, SEOTION HI. ' REPORTS OF THE CURATORS OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM UPON THE PROGRESS OF WORK DURING THE FISCAL | — YEAR ENDING JUNE 380, 1889. Yn tay - ne > ae 5 - r} 7 = ae — 7 - > PS = =. ee ie - 7 | a +. = 5 “= == com = =. _ a 7 ieee ee oa a ms hug ree bh aio = | eter Las i 2 = cS J Dy ‘ = us at ee = -_ % ran ee rs eae | ; a ee es : we oo a ce as A ay REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY IN THE U. 8S, NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, By Ottis T. Mason, Curator. Among the collections secured during the year, the following are worthy of especial mention : Dr. Washington Matthews’s type set of Navajo blankets upon which his paper published in the third annual report of the Bureau of Eth- nology is based. A small lot of specimens from the Klyoquot Indians well authenti- cated by James G. Swan, to be used in labeling older objects from the same locality. Antiquities and sketches from Egypt, by Dr. James Grant Bey, of Cairo, Egypt, accompanied by letter giving full information. The entire contents of an Indian grave, presumably Choctaw, by Dr. W. A. Whitten, Moline, Mississippi, to be exhibited as a polyor- ganic museum unit. A valuable series of religious objects from Thibet, collected by Mr. W. W. Rockhill. Each specimen was secured by Mr. Rockhill himself and is well authenticated. A lot of objects from Mr. Edward Lovett, in England, especially use- ful in the illustration of the first steps in our modern inventions. Mr. James Mooney, having spent two summers among the Cherokees, in western North Carolina, studying their dances and ceremonies, con- tributes excellent series of dance paraphernalia, with full information. From Mrs. Col. James Stevenson the Museum has secured some rare pieces of old Pueblo pottery, and her own private collection of Zuni arts, with detailed instructions for labeling and mounting. Col. J. I. Allen, of Stillwater, Montana, has sent a rare collection from that almost inaccessible region. Special mention is made of these accessions, because they fulfill the requirement of the curator with regard to accurate information. During the year new sections have been organized in the exhibition series. In order to interest a large number of scholars not hitherto specially attached to the institution, efforts were made to gather in the National Museum fac-similes of all the inscriptions, seals, ete., in the country, relating to what is called in England “ Biblical Archeology,” or 281 232 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. - the study of countries lying within an 800-miie radius around Palestine. So rapidly has this plan developed that a new section was formed under the curatorship of Dr. Paul Haupt, with Dr. Cyrus Adler, as assistant curator. Both of these gentlemen are connected with the Johns Hop- kins University, Baltimore. A report of this section will be made by Dr. Adler. Another exhibit organized may be called the ethnic series. In it by means of charts, colored maps, life-size lay figures, busts, miniature lay figures, painted portraits, and colored photographs, it is designed to teach the visitor the spread of various types of mankind, and to show just how these types appear. Great care has been bestowed upon this section. I’rom Paris have come M. Hebert’s reproductions. Many pieces have been prepared by our own workmen. The Bureau of Eth- nology contributes photographs of all Indian delegations visiting the city. The Austrian minister has given a set of maps. This series is so installed that a public-school teacher may bring her class to the Museum and give to them a practical lesson in ethnology. In another section of ethnic installation the curator is enabled to ex- press lis reuewed obligation to the U.S. Navy. Ina former report men- tion was made of the great help rendered by Lieut. T. Dix Bolles, U. 8. Navy, in the installation of the Eskimo collections. During the last year the curator was aided by Ensign Albert P. Niblack, U.S. Navy, in arranging the specimens from the strip of our continent lying be- tween Mt. St. Elias and Vancouver Island, along the Pacific coast, partly in British Columbia and partly in Alaska. This region is sometimes called the Northwest coast of America. The only objection to this title is the fact that in the Wilkes’ narrative the same term is applied to the strip from San Francisco Bay to the Straits of San Juan de Fuca. There are several distinet linguistic stocks here, the Koloshan, the Haidan, Tsimsian, Haeltzukan,.and Salishan, but the region forms one of these unique areas in which the arts, the modes of life, even the philosophical and religious conceptions have been enided and molded by surroundings. Ensign Niblack was on duty in the Museam from October 3 to March 22. He was ordered to the Smithsonian to prepare a report on the Coast Indians of Alaska and Northern British Columbia from notes made in connection with the survey of Alaska in 1885, 1886, and 1887, such orders being in pursuance of a plan formed by the Navy Department in 1881, to further the progress of scientific research by enlisting the interest of naval officers on their cruises in making such collections and notes as might prove of value. The ethnological ma- terial in the National Museum from southern Alaska offered a fine field for illustrating the ethnographic character of these Indians, and in connection with the photographs and sketches taken in the field, form the basis of the illustrations of the report. Two charts also accompany the report, one representing the Indian stocks, as defined DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. © 283 by the most recent investigations in British Columbia, and the other the location of the different tribes of the Koloshan and Haidan stocks about Dixon Entrance, which arm of the sea forms the natural boundary between Alaska and British Columbia. fn connection with this latter chart it may be well to state that it outlines the hunting and fishing grounds of the different tribes as far as obtainable by the writer. The report itself does not deal with the linguistic character- istics, the religious beliefs, or superstitions and traditions of the Indians. Otherwise it aims at a somewhat systematic general ex- position of the habits, customs, arts, industries, and characters of the Indians composing the Koloshan, Haidan and Tsimshian stocks and in connection with the accompanying illustrations will serve as a de- scriptive catalogue of the collection in the National Museum from this region. In the selection of the material for illustrations from the Museum collections, characteristic specimens were formed into an ethnographic collection illustrative of these Indian stocks, similar to the Eskimo collection now so graphically arranged in the Museum. General descriptive cards were written to temporarily explain. the significance of the collections until such time as the individual cards may be prepared from the report. From the narrative of early voy- ages the primitive customs and characteristics of these natives are contrasted with those of the different periods in the past century. Much new material is presented, notably the illustrations of ancient wooden and leather armor, the preparation of tobacco, details of house and canoe construction, several methods of hunting and fish- ing, the significance of totemism, the steps in the development of the arts of painting and carving and outline of their principal ceremonial institutions. This report will undoubtedly form the basis of any further ethnological research in that region, and the section will be an object lesson to explain the report. Another series of objects arranged for public inspection in the Museum is designed to teach the history and elaboration of a single group of industries, namely, those connected with the protection and manipula- tion of fire. Mr. Walter Hough, my assistant, has devoted much time to this study, and has been able to gather the fire-making tools of nearly all the tribes of our aborigines from the farthest north to Cape Horn. By study and correspondence he has also found out the methods of applying these, until he can, with the simplest savage device, himself create fire. Collections have also been made of tinder-boxes, tinder- wheels, strike-a-lights, stick-matches or ‘‘spunks,” early friction matches, lighters, etc., and the series is now nearly complete for this country. Mr. Hough has also devoted much time to the arrangement of the il- lumination collection, with a view to filling up the lacunv and showing the elaboration of lighting apparatus. While the collection and instal- lation of ancient and foreign lamps has been attended to, special atten- tion has been given to procuring the earlier forms in our own country 284 ‘REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. from colonial times down to the era of kerosene. Study has been made of the ancestry of the older American lamps, and the forms have been traced to Germany, England, Scotland, and other countries—the shapes of lamps in the different sections of the United States mlepending on the country from which the immigration came. Models have been made of candle-dipping apparatus and other objects that could not be procured, or were unsuitable for exhibition. Germane to this subject is that of heating. This collection, though smaller, has been exhibited and has received several important addi- tions within the past year. A series to illustrate this whole subject, both by countries and in its elaboration, was sent to the Cincinnati Exposition of 1883. A series of antique lamps was contributed to the exhibition of Biblical Archee- ology, also shown at Cincinnati. The curator has given especial attention to the study of transporta- tion on the backs of men and women, to aboriginal hide dressing, to aboriginal cradles, and to the evolution of common tools, the knife, the hammer, the saw, etc. To interest the boys who visit the Museum, a series of *‘ jack-knives” has been arranged for public inspection, and the interest which such a case excites is shown by the gifts made constantly to the series. In the latter part of the year the curator commenced to collect for publie reference a card catalogue of the resources of anthropology. By this is meant nota bibliography of anthropology, but a guide catalogue to the resources of the science, so that a special student, a lecturer, or a college professor can be put at once into communication with the chief sources of information. For this work a student at the National Deaf Mute College, who has spent his leisure and his holidays with me, has been specially detailed. By this means the literary resources of the department will be made as useful and instructive as the material. For the purpose of educating people in correct methods of anthropo- logical study great care was taken in the preparation of exhibits for the expositions at Cincinnati and Marietta. At the former place were shown a series of charts giving the classi- fication of the human species by Heckel, Topinard, Friedrich Miiller, Welcker, de Quatrefages, and W. H. Flower, a map of the world painted to show the distribution of the chief types of humanity, large elass cases fitted up with groups of Zuni and Ute Indians in costume, and three hundred painted portraits of individuals belonging to the various races of men have been prepared by Mr. A. Z. Shindler. Another series to which great attention was paid was a set of vit- rines, each devoted to the natural history of a separate art or aseparte thing. All the tools and specimens of partly finished work belonging to the basket-maker, mat-weaver, root-digger, bread-maker, tanner, shoe-maker, bow and arrow maker, ete., were so mounted and illustrated as to teach ‘file process of the art. DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 285 Another series was made to teach the lesson of geographical distri- bution. For instance, three hundred arrows were so mounted and labeled as to help the visitor to trace the effect of environment on the arrow. In the same way were treated other implements. At Marietta another lesson entirely was taught. Here the object was to make the ethnic concept supreme. The Makah Indians, living at the northwest corner of Washington, were selected, and specimens of their handiwork so arranged as to show their homes, dress, handicrafts, arts, social life, and religion. The life history of a single group was made manifest. The curator has during the year, at the request of the Director of the Museum, made three tours of inspection, to examine the Valentine col- lection in Richmond, the Western Reserve collection in Cleveland, and to study the public and private museums in the vicinity of Boston. The first named is an enormous private gallery in the vicinity of Richmond illustrating the aboriginal life on the James River. It is worthy of a more public installation. In the same collection are about one thousand articles from North Carolina made in soft micaceous mate- rial absolutely sui generis. The curator was greatly interested in the ingenuity manifested in the design and fabrication of these pieces. The Western Reserve collection at Cleveland is located in the upper story of a building, and should be more attractively exhibited. There are in this hall many pieces of great value. It is especially rich in the archeology of Ohio. The Peabody Museum at Cambridge exhibits in every room the training in anatomy of its two distinguished curators. If we omit the National Museum, there is no other place in our country where arche- ology is more richly illustrated. In the shell heaps of the whole Atlantic coast, the palwolithic relics of New Jersey, the results of care- ful dissection of mounds and graves in the Ohio drainage, this museum leaves little to be desired and presents a great deal worthy of im- itation. . Irom these tours of inspection the curator returns impressed with the great service which may be rendered to science by the co-operation of great museums and by friendly assistance rendered to local collee- tions, and would recommend the preparation of a directory of anthro- pological and archeological resources in America. In lieu of costly expenditures for the purpose of collecting, the cura- tor has found it convenient to have in various out-of-the-way places local agents and referees, from whom, by patient questioning and care- ful collecting, he has been able to gather material under circumstances which confer great value upon it. In this way a cradle, a bow and ar- row, a weaving-stick, a fire-drill, and so forth, may be followed up until the student has received complete information from reliable source. Especial mention may be here made of Col. J. I. Allen, Montana; Charles Willoughby, Quinaielt; J. G. Swan, Port Townsend, Wash- ington; L. Frost, and N. J, Purcell, California; Lieut, T, Dix Bolles, 286 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. U.S. Navy; John Durand, Paris; Dr. James Grant Bey, Egypt; Lady Edith Blake, Nova Scotia. Another method adopted for enriching the department of ethnology has been a number of exchanges with museums. During the year alarge series of objects from our modern Indian tribes was sent to the Peabody Museum in Cambridge, for which our collection will receive accessions from the explorations of Professor Putnam. Exchanges have also been conducted with the Cincinnati Art Museum, with Dr. Gosse, of Geneva, Switzerland, with the Royal Ethnological Museum in Berlin, and with Mr. Edward Lovett, in England. ' ADDITIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. Greenland.—Snow shovel, 4 arrow points, fid, comb; Dr. C. Hart Merriam (21589). Water tube, harpoon head, belaying pin, kayak scraper, ice knife or kayak, throwing stick, knife. Theodore Holm (21418). Sitka.—Caribou-skin jerkin, buckskin ceremonial shirt, deer-skin shirt, bucksin shirt ornamented with bear’s claws. Max B. Richardson (21596). Queen Charlotte Island.—Dancing shirt of bear skin, very fine; design, the totem of the bear. J. G. Swan (20957). Fort Rupert, British Columbia.—Nimpkish Indians. Jointed sword (dancevr’s), powder bags (3), wythe of cedar (rope), spoons (4), salmon gaft hook, knife for carving (4), prepared kelp, seal spear heads and leaders (2). J. G. Swan (20957). Vancouver Island.—(Kuyoquats.) Basket of spruce root, cloak, blanket orcloak, cedar bark mat, prepared cedar bark. J. G. Swan (20957). Vancouver Island.—Brass bracelets. Dr. F. Boas (21890). Washington Territory.—Colispel Indians. Camas roots. Dr. E. L. Morgan, (20945). Alaska.—Woman’s knife. Dr. Cyrus Adler (22145). Rattle, food dish, trap. U.S. Fish Commission (21734). Montana.—Stillwater photos of two Crow Indians (20979). . Child’s moceasins (21549). Crow Indian medicine shield, medicine case, bone breaker, robe flesher, lariat, sheep- skin robe, peace pipe and case, arrow with two scalps, girl’s deerskin dress, par- tlesche wallet, broken sword from Custer’s battle-field. Col. J. I. Allen (21558). Bow made by Yellow Belly. Capt. Charles Bendire, U. S. Army. New Mexico.—Zuni sacred blanket, blue blanket, eagle fetish, medicine stone, red paint, grooved axes (3), celt, sacred paint mortars (3), rubbing stones (2), hafted axes ground and chipped (2) (Moki); sacred meal trays (27), tray baskets (10), bowl-shaped baskets (2), basket materials, wooden images (3), dance sticks (1 pair), wooden bird, head dress, rattle, lance armlets (2 pairs); (Pueblos), Arrow heads, spear heads, knives, awls used as amulets in dance, and for drills, ete, (25); (Apaches), baskets (3); Mrs. T. E. Stevenson (21665). Arrows, Apaches (2); D. Fitz Gerald (21110). Arizona.—Apaches, part of fire drill, Capt. John G. Bourke, U. 8. Army (22093) ; Navajos, Cap holder and powder charger, silver chain, spindle, blankets (5), the large blanket, blankets of coarse and fine diagonal weaving and fine and coarse straight weaving (types used to illustrate Dr. Matthews’s paper on Navajo weaving in the third annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1885, p, 385); Dr. Washington Matthews, U.S. Army (20888). California.—San Luis Obispo, charm stone; H. W. Henshaw (21792). Maine.—Swedish wooden shoes; William Bartlett (21523). Massachusetts,—Salem, earliest friction match; F. W. Putnam (20904), Niagara Falls,—Basket; W. H. Chandlee (21749). New York,—Foot stove; F. S, Hawley (21741), New York.—Broadalbin; glass camphene lamp, wheel tinder box and pistol cartridge box; F, 8, Hawley (21276), DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 287 Wisconsin.—Milwaukee ; Patent boomerangs, H. Eggers (20974). Pennsylvania—Philadelphia; Shaving and splint matches; Geo. G. Fryer (21108). Maryland.— Russian lamps (2), whale oil lamps (2), Camphene lamp, J. T. Durney (21960). Globe candlesticks (2), cut-glass camphene lamp, flat candlestick and extinguisher, student lamp, Diacon lamp, James Russel & Son (21959). Foot stove, Joseph Elias & Son (21958). Candle snuffers; T. W. Sweeney (20973). Stone with socket; E. P. Valentine (21486). Washington.—Camp candlesticks; Paul E. Beckwith (21313). Flint-lock pistol, (21535). Old balances; Peter Burger (20972). Gas-lighting attachment; C. A. Stewart (21558). Sand bag, knives (6), tweezers and razor; John Graham (21270). Luminous match safe, pair of old bellows, pocket match box, model of candle-dipping apparatus, model of ‘‘ endless,” or ‘‘ Confederate candle,” used in South during the war; W. Hough (21731). Bust of Geronimo; Theo. A. Mills (21729). Virginia.—Plantation hoe; Frank Burns (21372). Light-wood; Rev. R. Ryland (21851). West Virginia.—Waiffle tongs (21131), wooden lock (21131), pottery lamp for burning grease; Walter Hough (21459). Bread raising basket; Mrs. L. S. Hough (21137). Coffee biggin; Mrs. Dr. Casselberry (21132). Dutch oven and brass candlestick; Miss Emma Protzman (21133). Muffin rings (3), cake patty and wooden lock; Greenland Thompson (21135). Canteen of 1863; Col. Frank Thompson (21154). Horse pistol and old lantern; Col. Ashbel Fairchild (21136). North Carolina.—Photographs of houses and of the inhabitants of North Carolina; G. P. Merrill (21246). Cherokee baskets (3), moccasins, stone for polishing pottery, scratchers used in ball play (2), cupping horn, glass lancet, arrow heads and stone knife (3), conjuring stones (3), ball uniforms (4), masks (2), rattles worn on the knee (1 pair), bullet molds, spoon, pipes, Bureau of Ethnology; James Mooney (21449-21450). Georgia.—Brass hammer, iron chisel and hatchet, Henry Horan (21381). Mississippi.—Objects found in a Creek or Seminole grave, bottles (3), cups (2), san- cers (2), iron spoons (5), pewter spoon, brass kettle, bits (2), scissors, semi-lunar breast ornaments (4), silver crosses (3), silver amulets (2), silver wristlets (3), silver open-work brooches (15), gorgets (3), glass beads, small buckles, trinkets (10), brass padlock, silver earrings (1 pair), ear-drops (11); Dr. W. A. Whitten (20377). ; Mexico.—Pottery owl; Mrs. T. E. Stevenson (21664). Aztee idols (3); W.H. Doane (20647). Photos of Caribs, ‘‘ Les Habitants de Suriname ;” Prince Roland Bona- parte. Bohea.—Rice sieve; Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). South America.—Venezuela, photos of Goajiro Indians (4); Hon. T. F. Bayard (21344). Rio Negro, quiver of poisoned arrows for bow-gun, basket ; Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). Patagonia, horse bolas and guanaco bolas; Thomas Lee (21468). ; England.—Toaster and warming-pan one hundred and twenty years old; Mrs. E. J. Stone (21419). Spring candlestick; Goldsborough & Co. Snuffers, tinder-box, early English cup, liquor pot and base of cup, rush dipped candle, horn lantern; EK. Lovett (21292). Scotland.—Iron Jamp, ‘‘ Crusie” (3); E. Lovett (21292). Cruisgean or iron lamp; Charles Stewart (21706). Belgium, Antwerp. Hanging lamp (old style), Flemish tinder box ; E. Lovett (21292). Germany, Nurnburg. Box of night-light tapers (old original); George G, Fryer (21,- 108). Meerschaum pipe; L. Luchs (21891). Ttaly.—Etruscan pottery lamp, oil lamp seventeenth century; Goldsborough & Co, Egypt.—Fragments of leqthev coyer (fac-simile) of the catafalque of Isi-em-kheb, @ queen of the twenty-first dynasty 1000 B, ©, (21417), Water colors of ancient 288 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, lamps (7) (20975), Piece of mummy cloth with ritual of the dead; Dr. James Grant Bey (20730). Small pottery figures and scarabs (26), shubti or respondents (2), stucco mask from female mummy ; 8. Prentiss Knut (21919). Wreathes from mummies, Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20483). Morocco.—Knife ; Henry Horan (21146). Jast Central Africa.—Spoon, Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). Africa.—Fire drill, South Africa, fire stick (Bushman); F. W. Putnam (145). Persia.—Teheran, suit of a Persian Mohammedan priest (12 pieces); Rev. J. L. Potter (21866). Afghanistan. —Pulley, Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). East Turkey.—Complete costumes Koordish soldier (18 pieces); Rey, A. N. Adrus (21666). India.—Model of the Taj Mahal, (tomb of Nourmahal); Bishop J. P. Newman (21043). Madras. Sling; Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). Cup; E. Lovett (21292). Ceylon.—Betel nut for chewing; R. Hitchcock (21689). Rice strainer; Royal Gar- dens, Kew, England (20488). Assam.—Tinder; Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). Turkestan.—Scroll picture giving scenes in city life in Chinese Turkestan; W. W. Rockhill (21260). Mongolia.—Mongol Buddiist manuscript book ; W. W. Rockhill. Thibet.—Lama’s score book, book with pictures of Buddhist pantheon ; mani-Kanbum. Thibetan religious books (2), almanacs, burial service, skull libation bowl], priest’s drum, exorcising flute, prayer beads, priest’s bell, charm box, hand prayer wheel, table prayer wheel, gift handkerchief, images of Dolma (Jam- by-ang), Lok-yo-ma god of medicine, Kun-kar-yi-jin-norbu god of riches, Wu- pamed Thibetan form of Buddha, picture of Pal-dan-hlamo one of the chief protectors of Thibet, picture of the five gods of hell, picture of the three chief gods of Thibet, picture of Tsong-ka-pa, the founder of Lamaism and of the chief Lamas, picture of the Mongol Lamaist pantheon, aspergil, inkstand, photo of Lama priest, photos in western China (3); W. W. Rockhill (21251). China.—Rosary of nuts, rosary of carved seeds, Chinese Buddhist book ; W. W. Rock- hill (20261). Kin or moon guitar, Ur-heen and bow, flute, tambourine, San-heen or banjo, mandolin (21317). Woman’s costume; Mrs. W. W. Rockhill (21518). Canton, compound bow and arrows (5); P. L. Jouy (21264). Jade audience ring, Chang Yen Hoon (21964). Strike-a-light, G. G. Fryer (21108). Corea.—School book, writing book, and tract on western innovations; Ensign J. B. Bernadou, U. 8S. Navy (21599). Japan.—Bronze Buddha, bows and arrows in holder, fire engine (20852). Seated figures (3), Nio; Daikohu, god of wealth, foxes called man’s servants (2), shoki, the demon slayer; Ed. Greey (21176). Head of royal arrow, Hieromich Shugio (21737). Scepter of Indra; W. W. Rockhill (21261). Buddhist rosary, P. L. Jouy . (21264). Yesso.—Fire-making set (Ainos); F. W. Putnam (145). Siam.—Bamboo pipe-stems (2); Royal Gardens, Kew, England (21488). Borneo.—Sandals ; Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). New Zealand.—Sandal; Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). Sandwich Islands. —Necklace; E. P. Thorn (21315). Hawaii or Oahu, adze blades (2); Mrs. T. E. Stevenson (21664). Admiralty Islands.—Spear heads of obsidian; Mrs, T. E. Stevenson (21664). Solomon Island.—Adze blades (2); Mrs. T. E. Stevenson (21664). New Guinea.—Jade celt ; Mrs. T. E. Stevenson (21664). Motu Group, net bag, neck- lace, Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). Australia.—Hatchet; Mrs. T. E. Stevenson (21664). Orkney Islands,—Rush pith wicks; D, Braco Peebles (20965). REPORT ON THE SECTION OF ORIENTAL ANTIQUITIES IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, By Cyrus ADLER, Assistant Curator. The word “oriental,” as usually understood in museum administra- tion or in philological or archeological circles, covers a broad field. India, China, Japan, Siam, Armenia, Persia, Phoenicia, and Cyprus, Palestine and the Jews, the Samaritans, Arabia and Mohammedanism, Syria and Egypt are included within the range of the American Orien- tal Society, or of the Royal Asiatic Society. The scope of the Interna- tional Congress of Orientalists, held in 1889, is indicated by the follow- ing division into sections : First. Semitic and Islam: a. Languages and literatures of Islam. b. Semitic languages, other than Arabic; cuneiform texts and inscriptions, ete. Second. Aryan. Third. African, including Egyptology. Fourth. Central Asia and the Far Kast. Fifth. Malay and Polynesia. Much of the material which would find place in a department estab- lished with such a scope, had been collected for the Museum and in- stalled in other departments before the organization of a section espe- cially devoted to Oriental Antiquities was contemplated. The establishment of this section was due originally to a desire to collect in the National Museum copies of the smaller Assyro-Babylonian objects preserved in this country. These objects (principally seals) are of much importance in connection with the history of the Assyro-Baby- lonian religion and art, and the Museum has devised a plan for copying them which facilitates their study and exhibition. It is hoped that among other results there will grow from this work a catalogue of all the Assyro-Babylonian objects preserved in this country. The Section of Oriental Antiquities, in view of the limitations upon its scope and resources, is practically devoted to Biblical Archeology— to the history, archeology, languages, arts and religions of the peoples of Western Asia and Egypt. Material is chosen which especially illus- trates Biblical history, and labels are prepared from this point of view. 289 H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——1? 290 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. The first six weeks of the fiscal year (which included a stay of two weeks in Cincinnati) were devoted to the arrangement and labeling of the exhibit of Biblical Archeology for the Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley. The last two weeks of August, as much time as could be spared from the work at the Johns Hopkins University during the winter, and the latter part of May and June were spent in arranging, labeling and putting on exhibition specimens acquired, in cenducting correspondence with a view t» increasing the collection, in gathering a working library for the use of the Section and of properly accredited Orientalists visiting Washington, in the preparation of a report on the progress of oriental science in America during 1888, and in the trans- action of the business connected with the meeting of the Eighth Inter- national Congress of Orientalists at Stockholm. ; The collection of casts of Babylonian and Assyrian seals has grown satisfactorily during the year. While attending the exhibition at Marietta, Ohio, in July 1888, Mr. W. V. Cox, chief clerk of the Museum, and Mr. J. Elfreth Watkins, Curator of the Section of Transportation and Engineering, noticed a Persian seal; they secured an impression of this object, which was for- warded along with the name of its owner, Maj. E. C. Dawes. The cor- respondence which followed, resulted in Major Dawes offering his small collection for copy, accompanied by the information of the expected return to this country of their collector, the Rev. Dr. J. H. Shedd. Dr. Shedd also sent a small collection for copy and gave information of the existence of a collection made by himself, but sold some time since; through the instrumentality of Mr. A. Van Name, Librarian of Yale College, this collection was traced to the hands of Prof. O. C. Marsh, of New Haven, who placed it at the disposal of the Museum for copy. The small but valuable collection of Miss M. W. Bruce, of New York, to which attention was first called by Madame Zenaide A. Ragozin,* was secured for copy through the instrumentality of Madame Ragozin. Itincludes three cylinder seals and six contract tablets. President D. C. Gilman, of the Johns Hopkins University called atten- tion toa communication from Prof. Spencer I’. Baird, under date of Jan- uary 29, 1864, in which he referred to objects ‘‘ collected at Babylon and Nineveh, by my old pupil, Rev. Israel 8S. Diehl.” A careful search revealed no trace of their whereabouts, but with the assistance of Bishop Newman, it was found that they were in possession of Mrs. Anna Randall Diehl, of New York, who deposited the collection of seals in the Museum, The manner of obtaining these small objects has been dwelt upon to show how they are scattered throughout the country, and how the kind assistance of friends of learning is necessary to rescue them from their hiding places. * Media, in the Story of the Nations series, page 251, SECTION OF ORIENTAL ANTIQUITIES. 291 Prof. Paul Haupt, Honorary Curator of the Section, spent the sum- mer of 1888 abroad, and visited the Royal Museum of Berlin, and the British Museum. From the former he made a selection of casts of Assyrian and Egyptian objects, illustrating the collections in the Royal Museuw of Berlin, the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities at Turin, Italy, the Louvre at Paris, the Boulak Museum at Cairo, Egypt, and the British Museum. The National Museum is indebted to the officers of the Royal Museum of Berlin for courtesies in its transmission, and for excellent packing, whereby the entire collection arrived in good con- dition. : Two Egyptian searabei, the gift of Miss Aline E. Solomons, Wash- ington, a series of Egyptian photographs, and the Egyptian ethno- graphie series prepared by Mr. W. Flinders Petrie, have also been added to the collection. Labels have been prepared for all the Assyro-Babylonian seals men- tioned above, as wellas for those received during the previous year. Only a portion of these objects has thus far been placed on exhibition. The labels included a statement of the material of the original when known, a history of the original, translation of the inscription, and sig- nification of the representation where it could be determined. Labels were also prepared for the series of Assyrian photographs from the British Museum, the Bonfils photographs, and the Assyrian and Egyp- tian objects from the Royal Museum of Berlin, In February space was assigned the section in the west hall, and on March 2 the collection was installed, the larger slabs on frames especially constructed for the pur- pose. There have been no published researches on the specimens collected, though the collection of casts of Assyrian and Babylonian seals has been studied with a view to future publication. It may not be im- proper in this connection to call attention to the proposed edition of the “ Life and Writings of Edward Hineks” by the Semitic Seminary of the Johns Hopkins University. In July the Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution consented to make the Institution a depository for papers and manuscripts sent to this country to further the prosecu- tion of the work. Prof. F. Max Miiller, of the University of Oxford, under date of September 27, forwarded manuscript letters of Dr. Hincks in his possession; and under date of October 29, he kindly offered to permanently deposit these letters in the Smithsonian Institution.* The Museum secured an interesting Persian astrolabe. After a pre- liminary examination it was submitted to Dr. C. Johnson, jr., Fellow- elect in Semitic languages, of the Johns Hopkins University. Heis now engaged upon it, and presented a study, suggested by this instru- ment, at the May meeting of the American Oriental Society, entitled, * The Chaldean Astronomy.” *Cf. Dr. Cyrus Adler. Note on the proposed edition of the life and writings of Edward Hincks, Amer, Orient, Soc. Proc., October, 1883, p. 61, 202 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. The catalogue of the section is kept by the Department of Ethnology. The number of specimens on exhibition (including one hundred and fifty photographs) is about four hundred and twenty-five, with an equal number in the reserve and study collections, which include a collection of paper squeezes from the Boulak Museum. We are indebted for co-operation and assistance, in addition to the persons already named, to the Hon. Oscar Straus, ex-United States minister at Constantinople; Prof. Howard Osgood, of Rochester, New York; Dr. James Grant Bey, of Cairo, Egypt; and Prof. D. G. Lyon, of Harvard University. REPORT ON THE SECTION OF TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINEERING IN THE U.S, NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, By J. ELFRETH WATKINS, Curator. The routine work in the Section of Transportation and Engineering during the fiscal year 188889, was interrupted by my absence from the Museum during almost the whole month of July, at the Ohio Valley Centennial Exposition, at Cincinnati, where several series of models, photographs and drawings were placed upon exhibition, to illustrate the successive stages in the development of the art of transportation from aboriginal times to the present era of the steam-ship and the loco- motive. It is believed that this was the first attempt in the history of expo- sitions, to present an object-lesson of the development, step by step, of our great systems of transportation. While this first effort must be regarded as an experiment, it is gratifying to know that it met the approval of those interested in pre- serving the history of engineering science. This is particularly true of the objects in the fourth series alluded to below. The exhibit was arranged in seven series. The first was intended to show the methods adopted by the aborig- ines and early settlers, and contained objects of special local interest to the residents of the Ohio Valley and of the old Northwest Territory. The second contained only objects illustrating the development of (1) the American; and (2) the English locomotive. It is believed that this series contained a larger number of objects than had ever before been assembled to show the history of the locomotive. In the third, illustrating the development of the American passen- ger car, the objects were arranged according to dates, rather than as a series showing the progress of development. This arrangement was made necessary owing to the large number of experiments that were made before the present type of American car* came into general use. i “Many of the objects in this series were illustrated in ‘‘'The Re lniion of the Rail- way Passenger Car,” by J. Elfreth Watkins, Harper's Weekly, August 25, 1888. 293 294 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. In the fourth series were exhibited forty-five models,* illustrating the development of the American rail and track. In addition to these models several rail sections that had been in service prior to 1835 were shown, attached by the original fastening to the stone blocks which were used by early railway constructors. In selecting objects for the fifth series, devoted to the development of the American steam-boat and modern steam-ship, many illustrations of early attempts at invention, which may be regarded as chimerical, were omitted. This series was intended to show the beginnings of ma- rine steam engineering, together with a very few types of modern steam- ships. The sixth series contained maps, showing the beginning and extension of the American railway system from 1830 to 1888 ; and in the seventh, palanquins, sledges, elephant howdabhs, etc., illustrating methods of transportation in foreign lands, were assembled. The arrangement of objects in the aleove assigned to the Department of Transportation and Engineering at Cincinnati was completed about the last of July, when, upon returning to Washington, my attention was directed to the rearrangement of the few objects which remained upon the floor of the Museum. Late in November, 1888, many of the objects in the exhibit alluded to above were returned from Cincinnati, requiring a rearrangement of the exhibition series, which was completed early in March. Since that date the work of correspondence and the care of the objects which have been added to the collection have engrossed as much of my atten- tion and time as could be spared from other duties in the Department of Property and Supplies, the present organization of which, I trust, will permit me to devote more effort to the extension of the Section. At the annual convention of the American Society of Civil Engineers held at Seabright, New Jersey, June 20-26, 1889, the following preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted: . Whereas the authorities of the Smithsonian Institution have established in the National Museum at Washington a department devoted to the preservation of the history of American Engineering science: Resolved, That the American Society of Civil Engineers hereby expresses its grati- fication at the establishment by the Smithsonian Institution, with the authority of the General Government, of a department in the National Museum for the preserva- tion of objects of interest bearing upon the history of American engineering, and recommends that American engineers co-operate with the Smithsonian Institution in furthering the objects for which the Department of Engineering has been established. Resolved, ‘That copies of this resolution be sent to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and to the Curator of the Engineering Department of the National Museum. JOHN BOGART, Secretary American Society Civil Engineers. *Tllustrations of these models may be found in the ‘‘ Development of the American Rail and Track,” by J. Elfreth Watkins, read before the annual convention of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Seabright, New Jersey, June 21, 1889. SECTION OF TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINEERING. 295 Among the important accessions received during the year the follow- ing may be noted: A handsome Japanese kago, presented by Tokugawa lyenari, eleventh Taikun of Japan to his daughter, upon her betrothal to Prince Hosokawa a Daimio of Higo, 1835, obtained through Hieromich Shugio. This kago is made of wood, beautifully lacquered and elaborately embellished with crests of the Tokugawa and Hosokawa families. The interior is handsomely upholstered and decorated. A model of a Japanese jinrikisha (light-covered vehicle with two wheels, drawn by a man or boy), together with the small painting which accompanies it, gives an excellent idea of the manner in which this popular conveyance of Japan, which takes the place of the London cab is used. Among the objects especially prepared for the Cincinnati Exposition which have found a permanent place in the collection, is a series illus- trative of the history of transportation before the advent of the loco- motive, of which the following are worthy of note: Apache squaw with carrying basket (full-size figure), illustrating an aboriginal form of burden bearing, since known as “ toting” by the negroes of the Southern States. Pack-mule (mounted specimen), illustrating means adopted by early settlers to transport freight across the Alleghany Mountains, the pack-saddle and manner of packing being in accordance with prevail- ing methods among the mountain “ packers.” Ohio River flat-boat (model), The Mayflower of the Ohio. It was upon a similar boat that the earliest settlers journeyed down the Ohio River and disembarked at Marietta. Steam-boat Orleans, 1812 (model), the first steam-boat on the Ohio River. This boat was built under the direction of Robert Fulton and Nicholas Roosevelt. Conestoga wagon, 1785-1830 (model). Wagons of this type were used in the transportation of emigrants and freight from the Bast across the Alleghanies to the Ohio and Mississippi Valley. Stage coach (model). Type in use between Pittsburgh and Phila- delphia in 1825. Canal passenger packet-boat, 1846 (model). Type used on the Pennsylvania Canal, Columbia to Hoilidaysburg, on the through line, Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. Through the courtesy of Mr. William J. Latta, general agent, and Mr. F. W. Webb, foreman of the Pennsy]- vania Railroad Company, at Philadelphia, the last three models noted above were constructed at the Philadelphia shops, being a repro- duction in miniature of the vehicles and canal packet-boat exhibited by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in the trades’ parade at the Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Adoption of the Constitution, in Philadelphia, October, 1887. The series illustrating the history of the American locomotive has 296 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. been very materially strengthened by the addition of several valuable models, among them being: Trevithick’s locomotive, 1804 (model). This was the first steam ioco- motive to help man, and was designed and constructed by Richard Trevi- thick. It ran for several months in 1804 between Panydarren Works and the Glamorgan Canal, near Aberdare Junction, Wales, hauling cars laden with coal and pig iron. John Stevens’s experimental locomotive, 1825 (model.) The first locomotive built in America of which there is a reliable record. The original locomotive built by John Stevens had a multi-tubular boiler,* and was experimented with on a circular track at Hoboken, New Jersey, during the years 1825, 1826, 1827, and 1828. This model was constructed in the National Museum workshops, from information fur- rished by Mr. Francis B. Stevens (a grandson of John Stevens), a dis- tinguished mechanical engineer of Hoboken, New Jersey, who rode upon the locomotive when he was a boy, and who was thoroughly familiar with its construction. Locomotive Best Friend, 1830 (model). The first locomotive con- structed in America for actual service on a railroad. Built at West Point Foundry, New York, for the South Carolina Railroad. Made trial trip January 15,1531. This modelis constructed from the original drawings in possession of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Locomotive John Bull. Camden and Amboy Railroad. India ink drawing (on mat 30 by 40) from tracings of the original working draw- ings which accompanied the locomotive from Stephenson’s Works, New Castle-on-Tyne, showing how the locomotive appeared when set up at Bordentown, New Jersey, August, 1831. The tender built at Borden- town shortly afterward, was improvised from a small four-wheel con- struction car, a whisky hogshead being used for a water-tank. The connecting-rods shown were never used, owing to sharp curves in the road. Locomotive Sandusky (model). Driving wheels, 4 feet 6 inches; cylinders, 11 by 16 inches. The first locomotive in the State of Ohio, 1837. This, the first locomotive built by Rogers & Co, (then Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor), at Paterson, New Jersey, was originally built for the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company, but, not being accepted by them, was purchased by J. H. James, of Urbana, Ohio, president of the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad. It was shipped by canal October 14, 1837, and when it arrived in Sandusky, November 17, 1837, not a foot of railroad had been laid in the State. The gauge of the wheels of Sandusky, 4 feet 10 inches, thus became the established gauge in the State of Ohio. This model was also con- structed in the Museum workshops. * The original multi-tubular locomotive boiler, constructed by John Stevens in 1825, for this experimental locomotive, was deposited in the U. 8. National Museum by the authorities of the Stevens’ Institute, Hoboken, New Jersey, in the last fiscal year, and is referred to in my annual report for 1887-88. SECTION OF TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINEERING. 297 The handsome model of the locomotive Old Tronsides, built by Matthias Baldwin in 1832, constructed at considerable expense by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, and presented by them to the Museum, is one of the most valuable accessions of the year. This model, accurate in every detail, a faithful miniature of the early handiwork of the founder of the company which has sent locomotives to every quarter of the globe, will be a great aid to the future historians who may wish to place upon-record the facts connected with the beginnings of loco- motive building in America. The original ‘+ Jronsides” hauled the first passenger train in the State of Pennsylvania. Through the courtesy of the Steel Street Railway Company of Johns- town, Pennsylvania, who presented the Museum with fourteen sections of street rails, and three sets of joint fixtures, it has become the pos- sessor of a nucleus of a collection, which it is to be hoped may soon be expanded until it shall illustrate the history of the street railway—pre- eminently an American invention in the beginning, which has since been carried to every part of the globe. It is highly important that the his- tory of a system which has had so much to do with the growth of every American city should be preserved. It is to be desired that other friends of the Museum will add to this nucleus by collecting early forms of street rails and track appliances. Through the kindness of Mr. Ff. W. Webb, of the London and North- western Railway, of England, whose numerous contributions have been acknowledged in previous reports, the Section has been enriched by a series of graphic photographs of the exterior and interior views of the railway carriages occupied by the Queen of England, and other members of the royal family, in their journeyings by rail, to different parts of the kingdom. The arrangement and decorations of these carriages, especi- ally that reserved for H. R. H. the Prince of Wales, are in marked con- trast to the palatial Special” cars used by American railway officials and men of wealth. Among the railroad relics received isthe bell of the old locomotive Rahway, cast in 1838. This bell was one of the first alarm-bells ever placed upon a locomotive, the bells which preceded it being generally used to communicate signals to the engineer by the conductor or brakeman. For this bell, as well as for a section of track, consisting of rails and wooden joint blocks, in use for many years on the New Jersey Railroad between Jersey City and New Brunswick, the Museum is indebted to Mr. James R. Smith, of Newark, New Jersey, one of the oldest supervisors op the Pennsylvania Railroad system. Another valuable relic is a section of the first heavy iron rail rolled in America, a gift of the Baitimore and Ohio Railroad. This rail is N shaped in section and was rolled for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, in 1844, by the Mount Savage Rolling Mill in Alleghany County, Maryland. To commemorate this event the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia awarded a silver medal in October, 1844, to the pro- 298 REFORT O# NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1899. prietors of the Mount Savage Rolling Mill. A duplicate of this medal has been promised by that Institute for the collection. A number of valuable drawings illustrating the development of marine steam-engineering have been added to that series, among them being : Print of Jonathan Hull’s steam-boat, 1757, from draught published according to act of Parliament, 1737. This is the first feasible propo- sition for navigating boats by steam on record. tumsey’s steam-boat, 1787. This is the boat in regard to the con- struction of which General Washington wrote to Rumsey after seeing his boat driven by the tide against the stream, and of which there is a piece of the original chain-gearing in the collection. Steam-boat constructed by John Fitch, 1787. This boat carried pas- sengers, who paid fare, between Philadelphia and Burlington, on the Delaware River. Engine and propeller wheels of steam-boat constructed by John Stevens, with twin serews, in 1804; on mat 30 by 40 inches, made from the original engine in the Museum of the Stevens Institute, Hoboken, New Jersey. The Clermont, Fulton’s first American steam-boat. This steam-boat made the first trip from New York to Albany in August, 1807, and re- mained in continuous service for several years. Steam-boat Phoenix, the first steam-boat to navigate the ocean and the first vessel built with wave lines. The engine and hull were con- structed under the direction of John Stevens, at Hoboken, New Jersey. This vessel was launched about fifteen days after the Clermont, aud made the ocean trip from Sandy Hook to Cape May, on the way from New York to Philadelphia, early in 1808. Fulton’s first ferry system, being an enlarged fac-simile of original drawing made by Robert Fulton, 1812. This was the system in use at Fulton Ferry, New York City, for many years. : Steam-ship Savannah, the first steam-ship to cross the Atlantic, 1819. This vessel sailed from Savannah May 22, 1819, under command of Capt. Moses Rogers, and arrived in Liverpool, June 20, 1819. The original log of this voyage in the handwriting of Sailing-Master Steven Rogers is aiso preserved iu the collection. . Among the relics relating to early steam-boats which have recently been obtained, may be noted: Fac-simile of draught of letter from John Stevens, of Hoboken, New Jersey, to Robert Hare, jr., of Phila- delphia, written November 16, 1805, describing the steam-boat with twin screws, which is illustrated in the drawing alluded to above. Also an original copy of the Philadelphia ‘“ Federal Gazette and Daily Advertiser,” published Monday, July 26, 1790. This paper con- tains an advertisement of the time-table of Fitch’s steam-boat, showing the leaving and arriving time at Philadelphia, Bristol, Burlington, and Bordentown. Deposited by Richard G. Stevens. SECTION OF TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINEERING. 299 During the year an entire re-arrangement of the exhibition series was attempted, under the following temporary Classification : (1) Objects and implements for burthen-bearing by man and animals. (2) Objects and implements of human and animal traction (street- railway ears excepted). (3) Originals, models, and drawings of stationary steam-engines. (4) Originals, models, and drawings of locomotives. (5) Models and drawings of passenger and freight cars. (6) Originals, models, and drawings illustrating the development of the American raii and track (steam railways and _ horse railways.) (7) Models, relics, and drawings showing the beginning of the steam- boat and development of marine steam-engineering. (8) Maps showing beginning and extension of the American railway systems. (9) Electrical machines (telegraph and motors). (10) Air-ships, ete. Owing to the nature of things, the study series is composed almost entirely of drawings and other graphic illustrations, in arranging which the same general classification has been temporarily adopted as pre- vails in the exhibition series. I cannot close this report without calling attention to the necessity for additional space, in order to accommodate the normal growth of the Section. From personal intercourse and correspondence with a number of prominent engineers and railway constructors, I feel satisfied that the collection could be rapidly increased by the addition of valuable ob- jects, if the space could be found to exhibit them. In no country in the world has there been such a revolution in the methods of con- structing bridges as in America, yet we are compelled to refuse to ex- hibit models of the early structures, now rapidly going out of use, owing to the crowded condition of the exhibition series. And the same statement holds good in regard to historic locomotives, cars, and other bulky objects, it being possible to devote only 600 square feet of floor space to the locomotive and railway ear. So much progress has been made in solving problems that have arisen in connection with electric propulsion, both on land and water, during the last few years, that it would seem proper to begin to collect objects illustrating the early history of the devices which have gradually been developed into the motors, etec., now practically successful and in commercial use. Such a collection, if properly made, would also require considerable space for exhibition, and must therefore be delayed for the present. REPORT ON THE SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. By 8S. R. Korauer, Curator. Although this section was organized in January, 1887, no oflicial re- port has as yet been made. The report now submitted embraces, there- fore, the period between January 1, 1887, and June 30, 1889. It will be advisable to preface the general review of the work done within this period by some remarks explanatory of the principal aim which has been kept constantly in view in the formation of the collec- tions of the section of graphic arts, in consonance with the general plan laid out for this section, from the beginning of the present organi- zation of the Museum. This aim being of a peculiar character, on the one hand, and the notions held by the mass of the people concerning the nature and functions of art being, on the other, of the vaguest kind, it is often found difficult, even by persons interested in art, to grasp it. The concisest way of stating it will be to say, that the aim of the sec- tion of graphic arts is to represent art as an industry. This must not, however, be understood as implying the application of art to industry. The expression must be taken in its literal sense, as conveying the idea that art productions of all kinds, from the great frescoes of the most distinguished painters to the slightest illustration produced by the latest photo-mechanical process, are here to be considered, primarily, from their material, that is to say, their technical side. Art thus takes its place in the scheme of the Museum, side by side, and on terms of equality, with the other great industries,—agriculture, the fisheries, mining, transportation, etc.—and the artist is recognized, not merely as an ornamental appendage, whose useless labors may be ignored with impunity, but as a valuable member in the social organization of mankind, whose creations answer to a human want, and whose material necessities it is quite as important to understand and minis- ter to as those of the farmer, the wool-grower, the fisher, the engineer, the weaver, and so on. This view of the matter does not in the least degrade art, as those are apt to think who approach it exclusively from the esthetic side. Itsimply recognizes the fact that art stands upon a material basis, in common with all other branches of human activity. It appears from what has thus far been said that the ultimate aim 301 302 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. of all art—the expression of ideas by artistic means—is not consid- ered directly in the scheme of the section of graphic arts. These ideas and their development in the progress of time, are, nevertheless, also illustrated, or eventually will be, for, in pursuing the study of the technical means employed in the graphic arts, it is necessary to inquire into their historical evolution, and this can not be done by a mere bringing together of the tools and materials used at different times. It unavoidably involves an examination of the results, and these latter tend to show that the tools and materials themselves were influenced by the ideas which sought expression. An historical col- lection of specimens illustrating the progress of the graphic arts is, therefore, quite as much a necessity as a collection of tools and mate- rials, and it is obvious that such a collection will furnish the oppor- tunity also for the study of the intellectual aspect of art. The appar- ently purely material and unintellectual starting point of the scheme laid out for the section of graphic arts, thus leads in the end to a much broader, as well as profounder, illustration of the subject in hand than can possibly be provided in ordinary museums of art which ignore means and deal with results only. Naturally, in endeavoring to bring together a series of examples illustrating the technical activity of the artist, it is found much easier to acquire prints of all kinds than draw- ings and paintings. This difficulty it has been sought to overcome in a measure by adding a collection of photographs from paintings, ete. These, however, can give but a very inadequate idea of technical pecu- liarities, while, on the other hand, they add largely to the illustration of the progress of ideas as expressed in art. For the sake of completeness it may be well to state here that the section of graphic arts confines itself strictly within the limits indi- cated by its name, that is to say, to drawing and painting and the various methods of producing pictures to be multiplied in the press, or, in other words, to the various methods of delineation on surfaces. As comparatively but little material (308 numbers in all) had been collected at the time when I took charge of the section, the first thing to be done, in the almost total absence of means wherewith to make purchases, was to solicit contributions from artists, publishers, and private persons. The measure of success attained is shown by the list of donors and depositors printed as Appendix A. Of the 2,894 entries in the catalogue up to June 30, 1889, only 294 represent objects purchased, at a cost of $2,368.23,*—mostly old prints and such tools, ete., as could not be obtained as gifts. Among these purchases (occa- sioned principally by the Ohio Valley Centennial Exposition, at which the section of graphic arts was represented by a special exhibition) there are some very fine and important examples of engraving and etching, such as Rembrandt’s “ Christ Preaching,” known as ‘“ Le petit *In this statement the collection of photographs acquired before I was appointed, is not inclnded, as it has not yet been registered, SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS. 303 La Tombe,” B 67, certainly one of the most beautiful impressions of this admirable plate in existence; very good impressions of Diirer’s “ St. Jerome in his Chamber,” B 60, and ‘The Great Horse,” B 97; ¢ fine proof of Nanteuil’s ‘“* Pompone de Belliévre,” R-D 37; a splendid proof, before the coat-of-arms, of Wille’s ‘ Satin Gown,” Le BL55; a subscriber’s impression, before any of the later retouches, of Miiller’s ‘‘ Madonna di S. Sisto,” after Raphael, etc. It will be quite impossible to speak here at length of the many valuable gifts received during the period under review. Some idea of their importance may be gathered from the details given in the list of donors and depositors, which in- cludes also the material received previous to my official connection with the Museum, such as the collection illustrating the etching process, given by Mr. Peter Moran; the collection illustrating the technical processes of lithography and chromo-lithography, given by Messrs. L. Prang & Co.; the exhibit of the Photo-Engraving Company, and that illustrating the process of electrotyping made by Messrs. W. H. Whit- comb & Co. Two items must, however, be emphasized here as being of special importance and fitness in the U.S. National Museum. I allude to the plate, with a set of trial proofs, of Asher Brown Durand’s ‘“ Ariadne,” after Vanderlyn, given by his son, Mr. John Durand, and to the collection of proofs from plates engraved by John Cheney, given by his sister-in-law, Mrs. Ednah D. Cheney. Generally speaking, special stress has been laid, in the historical division, upon a good representation of American art, and the list of donors again will show that these efforts have been liberally seconded by artists, publishers, and other friends of the Museum. The time from January, 1887, to February, 1888, was given up wholly to the collecting of specimens and the preparation of cases. During the months of February and March, 1888, these specimens were placed on exhibition on the western side of the northwest range. The extent of the collection at that time, and the arrangement adopted, are shown by the placard which was prepared for display in the hall, acopy of which is annexed to this report as Appendix b. Part of the month of May, the month of June, and part of July of the same year were devoted to the preparation and installation of the ex- hibition of the section of graphic arts at the Ohio Valley Centennial Exposition at Cincinnati. To avoid the almost total depletion of the exhibition cases at the Museum, the greater part of the specimens shown at this exhibition was borrowed for the purpose, and the lack of specimens, representative of the work of the past, necessitated the pur- chases above alluded to, which were paid for out of the special appro- priation made by Congress to defray the expenses of the Smithsonian Institution arising out of its participation in the Exposition. A more detailed account of this exhibition will be found in the catalogue, printed in the “ Proceedings United States National Museum, Vol. x., Appen- dix.” The rapid growth of the collection, from 936 entries in the cata- 304 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. logue on March 31, 1888, the time when the first arrangement of speci- mens in the Museum was completed, to 2894 on June 30, 1889, making necessary a re-arrangement and expansion, the whole of the northwest range was given up to the section of graphic arts, the casts from Mexi- can sculptures, ete., which had occupied its eastern half having been removed to the Smithsonian building, and the exhibition as it stands at this writing was put into place during the months of May and June, 1889. As arranged at present, the eastern side of the hall is occupied by the technical exhibition, illustrating the older processes of producing pictures for multiplication in the press (relief engraving, intaglio en- graving, lithography, and the substitutes devised to take the place of these processes), aids in drawing used by engravers and by draughtsmen for photo-mechanical processes, methods of reducing and enlarging, and the modern photo-mechanical processes (phototyping, photogravure, photolithography, collographic processes, Woodburytype, ete.). On ‘the western side are shown the specimens iliustrating the various methods of drawing and painting, with the monotype, and the histor- ical collection of relief engravings, intaglio engravings, lithography, and color printing. Asan appendix there have been added some speci- mens showing the industrial applications of printing. The collection of photographs, illustrating the history of painting, 1s also displayed on this side of the hall. The arrangement adopted has already, how- ever, Shown itself inadequate, and a re-arrangement and filling up of gaps is impending, although the lack of space will preclude any con- siderable further expansion. It has been impossible, of course, to place on exhibition all the ma- terial collected, and the large number of specimens left over has been roughly arranged, under technical headings, in two storage cases. AS the collection grows, it is to be hoped that this mass of interesting and valuable material may be made available to students. For the present, all that can be done is to provide for its safe-keeping. The culling and arrangement of duplicates, to be used for exchanging, also remains to be attended to. It is not to be expected, however, that this feature will attain the same proportions in the section of graphic arts which it has attained in other departments of the Museum, dealing with the prod- ucts of nature. During the period covered by this report only one specimen has been obtained by exchange. A most valuable subdivision of the section, specially important from its practical bearings, is that devoted to patents relating to all the graphic arts, including the modern photo-mechanical processes. Under the direction of Mr. J. W. Osborne, of Washington, who has given his advice and time gratuitously, lists of such patents issued in all coun- tries are now being made, and many of them have already been pro- cured. But the completion of this work and its utilization by the public must be deferred to the future. A pressing necessity, finally, is the labeling of the specimens ex- SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS. 305 hibited and the preparation of an elementary manual for the use of visitors, without which the collection is practically useless. All that can be said concerning this matter is that a number of essays have been made which, it is hoped, will lead to a result before long. The present state of the collection, so far as the number of entries on the catalogue shows it, has already been alluded to. On June 30, 1888, there were 1,671 entries, showing that the additions during the fiscal year just ended were 1,223, making a total of 2,894 on June 30, 1889. Of these entries 26 were loans which have been returned. These are=more than offset, however, by the entries which represent series consisting of several specimens, so that the number of specimens actu- ally constituting the collection may safely be said to be considerably over 3,000. How many of these are on exhibition and how many in the reserve collection it is impossible to say, as the specimens on exhi- bition have not yet been numbered. The varied character of the col- lection can in a measure be ascertained from the lst of donors and depositors which accompanies this report.* Unfortunately this list does not include one of the most important gifts received during the year, the collection, namely, of Mr. J. W. Os. borne, which has not yet been registered, although many of the most important specimens in it have already been placed on exhibition. This collection contains, besides a very full record of the development of Mr. Osborne’s own photolithographic process, specimens by many of the earliest experimenters in the same and similar directions, such as Fox Talbot, Paul Pretsch, Poitevin, Asser, ete., together with fine ex. amples of lithography, engraving, ete. The condition and extent of the section of graphic arts has been thus far, and still is, such as to preclude the possibility of special researches upon the material belonging to it, and it is to be feared that it will be < long while betore the opportunity for such researches can be offered, Papers by collaborators there are none, since there are no collaborators. My own activity as a student and with the pen during the period em. braced by this report has necessarily been quite limited, as my time has been taken up almost entirely by the routine work and the purely man- ual labor which my position in this museum and as curator of the print department at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston have forced upon me. A list of the few papers, etc., that [ have published during the year will be found in the Bibliography (Section IV). Several papers were published during the time of my connection with the Museum previous to the fiscal year of 1882-89. These are noticed in the Museum report for 1887-838. To the preceding report upon the administration of the collection up * The accessions to this collection, mentioned in the List of Accessions (Section V of the report), refer to those only which were received during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889. A complete list of donors and depositors, from January 1, 1887, to June 30, 1889, is given in the Appendix. HA, Mis, 224, pt. 2——20 306 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. to June 30, 1889, I beg leave to add some suggestions concerning the future. The first and most important point to be kept in view, if the growth of the section of graphic arts is not to be arrested, and if it is the desire vo build it up normally and properly proportioned in all its parts, 1s the necessity of an adequate yearly appropriation. The appeal to artists, publishers, and others has, indeed, been liberally responded to, but it goes without saying that a collection depending almost wholly upon gifts can not possibly attain to the logical development, the complete- ness, and the superlative quality which alone would answer the ends sought, and be worthy of a great nation claiming to occupy the first rank in material welfare and in intellectual attainments. An even cursory examination of the collection as it now stands will show that it is deficient in many respects, and that in a number of cases specimens have been admitted without regard to quality simply because they illustrated some technical point and could be had for nothing. It is vain to expect gifts of valuable drawings, paintings, and old prints, except upon rare occasions and at long intervals. Such specimens must be bought, and it is, moreover, necessary that the curator should be in a position to secure them whenever and wherever they offer. Really desirable specimens rarely have to wait for a purchaser, and such oppor- tunities must therefore be quickly seized when they occur. While, as has been pointed out, the principal aim of the section of graphic arts is to represent art as an industry, there are yet other possibilities within its grasp that should not be lost sight of, and of which it may, indeed, be said that they are the natural outgrowth of its activity. The attempt to illustrate the technical processes of graphic art and the historical development of these processes unavoidably leads, as has already been shown, to the formation of a collection em- bodying the results reached, that is to say, to a collection of drawings, paintings, and prints. It will probably be advisable to restrict the acquisition of drawings and paintings, for the present at least, to only such examples as are absolutely necessary for the elucidation of strictly technical details. There is less call, lrowever, for such a restrictive policy in the case of prints. A print collection is very far from being simply a means of ministering to wsthetic desires. It may be put to almost unlimited practical uses, and is quite as much an educational apparatus as a collection of books. Indeed, it might be claimed that it is often a much more powerful educational instrument, since prints present to the eye what books endeavor merely to construct in the mind. A print collection, therefore, is not only strictly within the province of the Smithsonian Institution; it is, indeed, one of the means of instruction which it is in duty bound to provide as an institution for the dissemination of learning. This universal value of print collections, the artistic aspect of which is only a subordinate feature, has long been recognized in Kurope, and it is about time that their importance should SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS. 307 be realized also on this side of the water. It will, of course, be a long time before we can hope to equal such great national collections as that of the British Museum with its uncounted treasures, the French collec- tion with its more than two millions of specimens, or the Print Cabinet at Berlin with over a million and a half, but this conviction ought all the more to spur us on to make at least a beginning as soon as possible, more especially as the prices of prints are going up with unpleasant rapidity, and as a most favorable opportunity for such a beginning is just now offering. In saying this l have in mind the Sewall collection, which is for sale in New York, and which ean be bought at a figure representing about one-third of what would be its value if the speci- mens composing it had to be bought in open market. The collection contains about eighteen thousand prints, representing all periods and schools, and is the result of forty years’ collecting. I would respect- fully recommend that a special appeal be made to Congress to secure this collection for the U.S. National Museum. I would furthermore suggest that what is left of the Marsh collection, bought by Congress in 1849, be definitely turned over to the Section of Graphic Arts. Un- fortunately the largest and most desirable parts of this collection, including all the fine Diirers, Rembrandts, ete., which the original inventory enumerates, have unaccountably disappeared, but there still remain several volumes of single prints, and, presumably, the various gallery works, etc., belonging to it, which, if added to the present col- lections of the section, would considerably increase their interest. The prints in question ought, however, to be taken out of the volumes into which they have been pasted, and ought to be carefully examined and mounted on separate sheets, so that they ean be classified scientifically, As at present arranged, these volumes are not much more than picture books for the gratification of idle curiosity. In a print collection, the property of the people of the United States, America ought, as a matter of course, to receive the fullest share of attention. It has been my constant endeavor, as before stated, to give due prominence to American art in the collection in my charge, and in these efforts I have been liberally seconded by artists, publishers, and others. But again, by mere reliance upon gifts, the aim to be followed cannot be reached, and this aim ought not to be less than to make the division of American the first of its kind among the institutions of the United States, so that all investigators may in the future turn to it with the just expectation that here they will find the best and richest mate- rial for their researches. It would seem possible to take an important step towards the attainment of this end without cost to the nation as represented through government. Under the copyright law two copies of each copyrighted print, book, etc., are deposited in the Congressional library. I would respectfully recommend that Congress be asked to pass a law directing that one copy of each copyrighted print, illus- trated book, etc., now in the Congressional Library be turned over to 308 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. the U.S. National Museum, to be there deposited in the section of graphic arts, and that all similar matter henceforth received be simi- larly divided between the Congressional Library and the U.S. National Museum. Another need of the section of graphic arts is a special library. Even in the present embryonic condition of its collections, books of reference are often wanted which ought to be at hand for immediate use if they are to be of any use at all. The Marsh collection again offers a nucleus of great value, and I would venture the further sug- gestion that the books belonging to it be turned over to this section. Thus placed they will do good service, whereas at present they do lit- tle or none. The attention given to such a special library ought not, however, to stop here. In accordance with the original aim of the section, it is quite indispensable that it should collect all technical and historical treatises relating to the graphic arts, and more especially the former. So far as American productions of this kind are concerned, the direct aid of Congress might again be invoked here. It is desirable also, and indeed necessary, that a number at least of the journals dealing with the graphic arts should be kept, including those in which the developments of the modern photo-mechanical processes are recorded. It stands to reason that the plans for the future so far outlined can not be carried out, unless considerably more room can be devoted to the collections, and unless the service can be provided which will make it possible to throw them open for the use of students. It will be quite impossible, and, indeed, would not be desirable if it were possible, to exhibit all the material collected and to be collected, Rooms will, there- fore, have to be set apart in which the portfolios and cases containing the reserves can be kept, with the possibility of expansion in the future, and providing also the necessary space for tables for visitors, and, in connection with these, public rooms, special workrooms not accessible to ordinary visitors, in which mounting, restoring, classifying, ete., can be carried on. Before a definite plan is adopted for the arrangement of these rooms, it would of course be necessary to make a thorough study of similar institutions in Europe, so as to assure the adoption of the system which actual experience has shown to be the best. That such collections, liberally administered, might be made of the greatest use, both educationally and practically, does not admit of the slightest doubt. Their educational value has already been dwelled upon, and I may, therefore, confine myself to a few closing remarks upon their practical use to the busy portion of mankind to whom art really is an industry. To these workers the section of graphic arts night easily be made a central bureau of reference. It is already beginning to assume the character of an archive, in which are deposited the records of the labors of inventors within its sphere. Thus it has in its keeping the original Saxton engraving machine, and its collections com- SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS. 309 prise as full records as it will ever be possible to gather of the develop- ment of the Osborne photo-lithographic and of the original Ives half: tone process, while several other inventors have promised to prepare similar records of their achievements. That such material, together with the patents now collecting, must be of inestimable value to future inventors is self-evident. With a view to the further extension of the practical utility of the section, all makers of machinery and tools, and manufacturers and dealers in materials used in the graphic arts are encouraged to send not only specimens of their wares, but also their circulars and catalogues, and the latter are given or sent to applicants for information to whom they promise to be of interest. Few such ap- plications have, indeed, been received so far, but it is to be hoped that as the character and aims of the section of graphic arts become more widely known, the facilities which it offers, or hopes to be able to offer, will be utilized more freely. It will, I think, need no further argument to show that the section of graphic arts may be made not only a valuable institution for the scholar and the student, but that it may become practically useful to the large body of men and women who depend upon the graphic arts as a pursuit, quite as much as the Bureau of Education, the Depart- ment of Agriculture, or the Fish Commission are helpful to the teacher, the farmer, and the fisherman. APPENDIX A. LIST OF DONORS AND DEPOSITORS, SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS. Air Brusu Company, THE, Rocktord, [linois.—Specimens of work done by the air-brush ; 2 numbers. ANDREW, JOHN & Son, Boston, Massachusetts.—Proofs from wood-engravings, ex- ecuted by the donors, or in their establishment ; 21 numbers. Avery, 8S. P., New York.—Engravings, etchings, lithograph, process prints, books, catalogues, ete. ; 31 numbers. BALDWIN & GLEASON COMPANY (LIMITED), New York.—Specimens of printing on celluloid, executed in the establishment of the donors ; 20 numbers. Brerstapt, A., N. A., New York,—Proof of an engraving by James Smillie, from a painting by the donor. BosBett, ALFRED, Brooklyn, New York.—Relief engravings printed in colors, exe- cuted by the donor; 5 numbers. BoBBETT, WALTER, Brooklyn, New York.—A series of proofs of a relief engraving in colors, showing the various stages, etc., by Albert Bobbett ; 23 numbers. Boston Boxwoop Company, Boston, Massachusetts. —A rough section of boxwood. BosTON PHOTOGRAVURE COMPANY, THE, Boston, Massachusetts.— Gelatine prints, ex- ecuted in the establishment of the donors; 18 numbers. BoussoD, VALADON & COMPANY, Paris and New York.—Process prints of various kinds, executed in the establishment of the donors; 15 numbers. Brown, Miss H. Louisa, Boston, Massachusetts. —Lead pencil, India ink, sepia and water color drawings, soft-ground etchings, lithographs, etc., by various artists ; 12 numbers. BuEnrinG, Frep., president of the Lithographer Publishing Company, New York.— India rubber reducing and enlarging machine, invented by the donor, with speci- mens of work done by its means; 5 numbers, 310 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Bureau, THE, OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING, Washington, District of Columbia (de- positor).—Illustrations of the process of engraving and transferring bank-notes, including plates and a steel roller; 6 numbers. CASSELL & COMPANY (LIMITED), London and New York.—Wood-engravings, after Gustave Doré; 12 numbers. CastLe, Dr. FRED. A., New York.—Proofs from wood blocks, engraved by Dr. Alex. Anderson, in the possession of the donor ; 6 numbers (37 specimens). CENTURY COMPANY, THE, New York (depositor).—Drawings, proofs of wood-en- gravings, and process prints made for the Century Magazine, and wood-engray- ers’ tools and materials ; 94 numbers. CHANDLER, Pror. CHARLES F., Columbia College, New York.—Process prints of various kinds; 137 numbers. CneENEY, Mrs. Epnau D., Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.—Proofs and prints, mostly from plates engraved by John Cheney ; Memoir of John Cheney, written by the donor; 28 numbers. CuurcH, F. S., N.A., New York.—Drawings, proofs from etchings, and an oil sketch by the donor; 8 numbers. CLosson, WILLIAM B., Lancaster, Massachusetts.—Proofs of wood-engravings by the donor; 6 numbers. Crosscur & WeEstT.—(See Ives, F. E.) DANA, WILLIAM JAY, Boston, Massachusetts.—Proofs of wood-engravings by the donor; 10 numbers. Day, BENJAMIN, New York.—Apparatus for using Day’s Rapid Shading Mediums, with specimens of work done by its means; 7 numbers. Der VINNE, THEO. L., The De Vinne Press, New York.—Tableau, illustrating the over- laying of wood-engravings. DONALDSON, THOMAS, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Etchings by American artists, from the ‘‘American Art Review ”; 17 numbers. DouGaL, W. H., Washington, District of Columbia.—Proofs and prints from plates engraved by the donor; 8 numbers. DuRAND, JOHN, Paris, France.—Copperplate, ‘‘ Ariadne,” after Vanderlyn, engraved by the late Asher Brown Durand, N. A., and working proofs from the same; 10 numbers. Fatconer, J. M., Brooklyn, New York.—Proofs from original plates by the donor (etching, dry point, roulette work); Baxter oil prints; 5 numbers. FARRER, Henry, New York.—Proofs of etchings by the donor; catalogue of New York Etching Club, 1888, with illustrations; 18 numbers. FILLEBROWN, F. E., Boston, Massachusetts.—Proofs of wood-engravings executed by the donor; 8 numbers. ForsBes LirhHOGRAPH MANUFACTURING COMPANY, THE, Boston, Massachusetts.—Al- bertypes, executed in the establishment of the donors; 74 numbers. GEBBIE & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Photogravures, executed in the estab- lishment of the donors; 11 numbers. GirrorD, R. Swatn, N. A., New York.—Proofs of etchings by the donor; 14 numbers. Goops£, Pror. G. Brown, Washington, Distriet of Columbia.—Wood-engrayings, process work, silhouettes, ete.; 68 numbers. Engraving by Claude Mellan (de- posited). GUTEKUNST, F., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Illustrations of the process of gelatine printing, including negative, film, etc., executed in the establishment of the donor; 10 numbers. Haigut & DupLeEy, Poughkeepsie, New York.—Specimens of color printing exe- cuted in the establishment of the donors; 17 numbers. HarRPER & BrotHeEerRs, New York.—Proofs of wood-engravings executed for Harper’s Monthly, Harper’s Weekly, and Harper’s Bazar; 35 numbers. Hart, CHARLES HENRY, Philadelphia, Pennsylvanias—Engravings, etchings, litho- graphs, mezzotints, and aquatint; 33 numbers. SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS 311 HEINEMANN, E., New York.—Proofs of wood-engravings by the donor; 10 numbers. HELIOTYPE PRINTING CoMPANY, THE, Boston, Massachusetts.—Heliotypes, helio- chromes, photolithographs, ete., executed in the establishment of the donors ; 48 numbers. Hitt, Joun Henry, Nyack Turnpike, New York.—Etchings by the donor ; aquatints by John Hill; 4 numbers. Hircucock, Pror. RomyN, Washington, District of Columbia.—Photo-collotypes ; 6 numbers. Hor, Roperr, & Co., New York.—Ilustrations of presses built by them ; 3 numbers. Hoskin, Roser, Brooklyn, New York.—Proofts from wood-engravings by the donor; 11 numbers. HouGu, WALTER, Washington, District of Columbia.—Old German etchings; 2 num- bers. HOVENDEN, THOMAS, N. A.—Proofs of etchings by the donor ; 2 numbers. Ives, FREDERICK E., (Crosscup & West), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Illustrations of the original ‘‘ Ives Process,” including models of machinery, etc.; book: ‘¢A New Principle in Heliochromy ; ” 69 numbers. JUENGLING, F., New York.—Proofs of wood-engravings by the donor ; 27 numbers. KAPPES, ALFRED, A. N. A., New York.—Charcoal-drawing by the donor, KETTERLINUS PRINTING HousE, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Ilustratious of ruling and etching on lithographic stone, including a stone; 16 numbers. KIMMEL & VoratT, New York.—lIllustrations of the printing of intaglio plates (etch- ings, ete.), including tools and materials; 41 numbers. KLACKNER, C., New York.—Proofs of etchings and engravings published by the donor; 5 numbers. KOEHLER, 8S. R., Roxbury, Massachusetts.—Etchings, engravings, lithographs, pro- cess work, etc. ; 107 numbers. Kurtz, WiLu1AM, New York.—Specimens of half-tone process work by the donor; gelatine prints by Tessié du Motay ; 20 numbers. Linton, W. J., New Haven, Connecticut.—Illustrations of the history of wood- engraving, in originals and in photographs; proofs from wood-engravings by the donor; 122 numbers (202 specimens). LOWELL, JOHN A., & Co., Boston, Massachusetts.—Proof of an engraving by S. A. Schoff, published by the donors. Marsh Collection. U.S. National Museum. (Depositor.) Wood-cuts and mezzotints; 8 numbers. MAvuRER, Louis, New York.—Drawing by the donor. MILLER, Cuas. H., N. A., New York.—Drawings, sketches, and proofs of etchings by by the donor; 13 numbers. MILLER, WILLIAM, New York.—Proofs of wood-engravings by the donor ; 22 numbers. Moran. Mrs. Emity K., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.— Proofs of etchings by the donor; 10 numbers. Moran, Mrs. M. Nimmo, New York.—Proofs of etchings by the donor; 4 numbers. MORAN, PETER, Philadelphia.—An etched plate in its various stages, etching tools and proofs of etchings by the donor; 55 numbers. Moran. THOMAS, N. A., New York.-—Proofs of etchings by the donor; 6 numbers. NicHoison, W. L., Washington, District of Columbia.—Etchings by William Nichol- son, R.S8. A.; 2 numbers. Nicout, J. C., N. A., New York.—Proofs of etchings by the donor; 5 numbers. NieMEYER, Pror. Joun H., New Haven, Connecticut.—Water-color sketch by the donor. O'NEILL, Joun A., Washington, District of Columbia.—Engraving by S. A. Schoff. OsBorNE, J. W., Washington, District of Columbia.—Specimen of printing on metal. (Also a large collection of process work, etc., not yet registered. ) PARRISH, STEPHEN, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Proofs of etchings and dry points _ by the donor; 12 numbers, 312 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. PARSONS, CHARLES, New York.—Wood-cut by Dr. Alex. Anderson. PENDLETON, J. 8., New York. (Depositor.)—The Saxton Engraving Machine, in- vented by the grandfather of the depositor, together with plates, specimens, etc.; 6 numbers (most of them including several specimens). PHOTO-ENGRAVING COMPANY, THE, New York.—Illustrations of the process of photo- engraving, inciuding plates, etc.; specimens of the work done in the establish- ment of the donors; 63 numbers. PHOTOGRAVURE CoMPANY, THE, New York.—A photo-gravure plate, and photo- gravures executed in the establishment of the donors; 9 numbers (including series of six and more specimens each), Portrait Collection of the U.S. National Museum. (Depositor.)—Engravings, mez- zotints, etc.; 8 numbers. PranG, L., & Co., Roxbury, Massachusetts.—Ilustrations of the processes and his- tory of lithography and chromolithography; wood-engravings; a drawing; specimens of stenochromy ; 473 numbers. RapDTKE, LAUCKNER, & Co., New York.—Proof of a dry-point by William H. Lip- pineott, published by them. Ross, CHARLES J., Burlington, New Jersey.—Specimens of the papers for process- drawing made by the donor, with drawings upon them, and impressions from the blocks made from these drawings; 23 numbers (49 specimens). ROWLANDS, WALTER, Allston, Massachusetts\—Engravings of various kinds; 24 numbers. Roy.e, Joun, & Sons, Patterson, New Jersey.—Photographs of routing-machines made by the donors; 2 numbers. RussELL & RICHARDSON, Boston, Massachusetts.—Proofs of wood-engravings made by and in the establishment of the donors; 20 numbers. Sarony, NAPoLeon, New York.—Lithograph made by the donor. SARTAIN, JOHN, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Illustrations of the process of mez- zotinting, including a plate and tools; proofs of mezzotints by the donor; 16 numbers. Scnorr, 8. A., Newtonville, Massachusetts.—Proof of an engraving by the donor. School of Drawing and Painting, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts.— Drawings by pupils of the school in lead pencil, crayon, charcoal, etc.; 12 num- bers. SCHRAUBSTADTER, C. JR., St. Louis, Missouri.—‘‘ Star Engraving Plates,” with tools, ete. ; 9 numbers. SELLERS, JOHN & Son, New York.—Engravers’ tools and materials; 8 numbers. SHARP, GEORGE B., New York.—Plates of various metals for the use of engravers and etchers; 4 numbers. SHIRLAW, WALTER, A. N. A., New York.—Drawings and proof of an etching by the donor; 4 numbers. SMILLIZ, GEORGE H., N. A., New York.—Pencil drawings by the donor; trial proof of an engraving by James Smillie; 3 numbers. SMILLIE, JAMES D., N. A., New York.—Drawings, sketches in oil and in water-colors, and proofs of etchings bythe donor; 10 numbers. SMILLIE, T. W., Washington, District of Columbia. fossils; 3 numbers. Somers Broruers, Brooklyn, New York.—Specimens of lithographic printing on metal exeeuted in the establishment of the donors; 17 numbers. STEARNS, Pror. R. E. C., Washington, District of Columbia.—Specimens of color- printing ; 15 numbers. STRUTHERS, JOSEPH, & Co., New York.—Proofs from blocks made by the wax process in the establishment of the donors; 6 numbers. (Each number consisting of a series of specimens. ) STUART, FREDERIC T., Boston, Massachusetts.—Set of working proofs from a plate engraved by the donor; 8 numbers. Specimens of medal-ruling over SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS. ake TUCHFARBER COMPANY, THE F., Cincinnati, Ohio. —Specimens of lithographic priut- ing transferred to metal and to glass, made in the establishment of the donors; 3 numbers. Unknown donors or depositors.—Two engraved plates and a Japanese wood-block, with impressions from them ; 7 numbers. VAN ELTEN, KRUSEMAN, N. A., New York.—Lead-pencil drawings and proofs from etchings by the donor; 9 numbers. WALKER, CHARLES A., Boston, Massachusetts. —Monotypes and proofs from etchings by the donor ; trial proofs and finished impressions of engravings by various en- gravers; 30 numbers. Wuirprte, H. C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Phototypes from ‘‘ etchings on glass” by Hamilton ; 25 numbers. Wuitcoms, W. H., & Co., Boston, Massachusetts.—Illustrations of the process of electrotyping, including plates, materials, ete ; 15 numbers. Whitney, E. J., Brooklyn, New York.—Proofs of wood-engravings by the donor and by other American engravers, from Dr, Alex. Anderson to the present time; 150 numbers (318 specimens). WILSON, JOHN, & Son, The University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.—Impres- sions from a wood-engrayving to illustrate certain technical points; 2 numbers. WILson, THoMAS, Washington, District of Columbia. (Depositor.)—Drawings by old artists; miniatureson ivory; chromolithographs; 35 numbers. Wo rE, M., Dayton, Ohio.—Fine-line plates for half-tone process made by the donor, and impressions from blocks made with their aid; 9 numbers. YEATES, WILLIAM S., Washington, District of Columbia.—Engraving. TEMPORARY LOANS FOR THE OHIO VALLEY CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. E. J. Watney, Brooklyn, New York.—4 specimens. THE CENTURY COMPANY, New York.—5 specimens. Miss M. Louise MCLAUGHLIN, Cincinnati, Ohio.—2 specimens. Miss E. D. HAE, Boston, Massachusetts.—2 specimens. 8S. P. AvERY, New York.—8 specimens. GEORGE R. HAtm, New York.—1 specimen. JOHN SARTAIN, Philadelphia.—2 specimens. H. WUNDERLICH & Co., New York.—2 specimens. C. KLAcKNER, New York.—4 specimens. CHARLES A. WALKER, Boston, Massachusetts.—7 specimens. H. DesparpD, New York.—6 specimens. CHARLES H. MILLER, N, A., New York.—6 specimens. Miss BLANCHE DILLAYE, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—7 specimens. SAMUEL CoLMAN, N. A., Newport, Rhode Island.—8 specimens. Miss ELLEN OAkForD, New Haven, Connecticut.—7 specimens. Mra. M. 8. TWACHTMAN, Cincinnati, Ohio. —4 specimens. Mrs. E. L. GETCHELL, Worcester, Massachusetts.—6 specimens, Miss G. D. CLEMENTS, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—4 specimens. Miss H. FRANCES OSBORNE, Salem, Massachusetts.—5 specimens. WILLIAM Kurtz, New York.—15 specimens. I. GuTeKkunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—5 specimens. Crosscup & West, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—6 specimens. THE PHOTO-ENGRAVING CoMPANY, New York.—24 specimens. THE PHOTOGRAVURE COMPANY, New York.—22 specimens. H. E. Syi_vester, Boston, Massachusetts.—8 specimens. S. R. Korn Ler, Roxbury, Massachusetts.-445 specimens. 314 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1839, APPENDIX B. DESCRIPTIVE LABEL SHOWING THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE COLLECTION ILLUS- TRATING THE GRAPHIC ARTS. It is the aim of the Section of Graphic Arts to illustrate all the methods and proc- esses ever used for the expression, graphically upon plane surfaces, of artistic ideas, or forthe representation of natural and other objects. It therefore embraces drawing and painting, as well as the various methods of engraving, so far as the latter have been used for the production of prints. The field is a vast one, and the present collection must be looked upon as only a fragmentary attempt to illustrate the main points in the scheme. The collection is arranged as follows: First ALCOVE.—Drawing, painting, and the monotype. Case 1.—Drawing in lead-pencil. Case 4.—Pen and ink. India ink. Water- 2.—Drawing in crayon (chalk). color. 3.—Drawing in charcoal. 5.—Oil-painting. The monotype. Swinging screens placed against the wall: Drawings by artists of the seventeenth century, ete. SECOND ALCOVE.—Engraving in relief on wood (and on metal). Case 6.—Tools and materials used by the modern wood-engraver. Electrotyping. Overlaying. Positive and negative impressions. Original drawings, with the engravings made from them. 7.—Original drawings, with the engravings made from them, continued. 8.—Some specimens of old relief engraving down to end of eighteenth century. (Knife work, black line, on wood. Graver work on metal). 9.—English relief engraving on wood (and on metal?), from Bewick and his predecessors and followers to the middle of the nineteenth century. (Mainly white-line work. ) 10.—Modern English wood-engraving. Somespecimens of modern German and French work. 11—Wood-engraving in America from Anderson to the present time. Swinging screens placed against the wall: Wood-engravings by American engravers. TuirD ALCOVE.—Intaglio engraving on metal. Case 12.—The tools and materials used for etching and engraving, mezzotinting excepted. (Illustrations of printing and electrotyping metal plates to be added.) Some specimens of old engraving. 13.—A set of progressive proofs from an engraved plate forwarded by etching, with the plate. 14.—Engravings by American engravers. 15.—Engravines by American engravers, continued. Bunk-note engraving aad the transfer process. 16.—Stippling. Mezzotint. Rouletting used to produce tints, 17.—Modern mixed methods of engraving. Machine ruling. Machine engrav- ing. Placed against the wall: The Saxton engraving machine. FourtH ALCOVvE.—IJntaglio engraving on metal by means of mordants, i. e., etching. Case 18.—An etched plate in its various stages. A set of working proofs from an etched plate finished with the graver. Positive and negative impressions from anetched plate. The printing of etchings. The materials on which etchings are printed. SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS, 315 19.—Some specimens of old etched work. Original etchings by American painters. 20.—Original etchings by American painters, continued. 21.—Original etchings by American painters, continued. 22.—Original etchings by American painters, continued. Reproductive etchings by American etchers. 23.—Soft- ground etching. Aquatinting. Dry-pointing. Swinging screens placed against the wall: Original etchings by American painters. Firta ALcove.—Lithography. Case 24.—Tools and materials. 25.—Lithographie machinery. Papers used for printing in lithography. The principal styles of lithography. 26.—The principal styles of lithography, continued. 272 | 28.— \ Illustrations of the history of lithography. (To be supplied later.) 29.— | Swinging screens and frames on the wall: A series of impressions showing the pro- gressive stages of a chromo-lithograph (chromo). Stxra ALcove.—Mechanical and photographic engraving processes. Case 30.—Mechanical processes. 21.—Photo-engraying processes producing relief plates. 32.—Photo- engraving in intaglio (photogravure). Nearly all the tools, specimens, efc., shown were given by artists, publishers, and other friends of the Museum. Labels giving concise technical descriptions, with titles and names of donors, will be added as soon as they can be prepared. THE HISTORY OF PAINTING. A collection of photographs, autotypes, ete., illustrating the history of painting, is displayed in the swinging screens on the table cases in the northern part of the hall. The collection is as yet neither complete nor definitely arranged. REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE U, 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. By THOMAS WILSON, Honorary Curator. The general character of the work for the year ending June 30, 1889, has been much the same as in former years, although there have been changes and much extra work. Implements of the usual character have been received and have been examined, classified, arranged, en- tered and numbered, as formerly. To this customary routine were the added duties incident to the Cincinnati Exposition (which opened July 4, 1888, and closed November 15, 1888), the investigation of paleolithic implements and of rude notched axes, and other matters, involving a great increase of the clerical work of the office. The number of imple- ments received, to be catalogued and displayed, has been largely in- creased, and likewise the number of objects sent for examination and report. The reception of three hundred new trays during the year gave an opportunity long desired, to place specimens in trays instead of loosely upon the shelves and bottoms of the cases. In November 1888, the work of repainting the trays and cases was begun, requiring the re- moval and changing of position from case to case of every tray and specimen in the entire collection. This work has been continued until the present time. It is now almost finished. During the last two and a half months of the year, carpenters and laborers have been at work putting new shelves in the cases, wherever possible, to utilize vacant space (this work is not completed); placing shelves in the window-seats for the reception of the stone images from Central America and the West Indies, twenty of which are thus dis- played; and placing casters under the tall upright cases, seventeen of which are thus arranged. This has been preparatory to the pro- posed re-arrangement of the cases in the Museum, placing four rows of cases instead of three, as before, and making three aisles, one of which is the center, instead of four aisles as heretofore. By this ar- rangement much space is gained. The cases which before approached the center of the hall, and so nearly covered it, are now retired towards either end of the hall, leaving a large space in the center which affords room for re-arrangement and better display of the Pueblo village mod- els and the Mexican architectural sculptures (Lorillard and Abadiano 317 . 318 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. collections) which have heretofore been so much crowded as to do them injustice. The main aisles among the cases are slightly narrower than before, but by the substitution of single for double cases, as heretofore employed, the lateral aisles have been widened so as to afford ample relief against any crowd, however large. I am satisfied that we could manage without crowding the 29,000 persons who visited the museum on the 5th day of March 1889, and that this arrangement of cases is an improvement. 2 IMPORTANCE OF THE SCIENCH OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. Prehistoric anthropology is a new science. During the past eighteen hundred years the Christian, and, consequently, the civilized world, has, untilthe beginning of the nineteenth century, lived on in the behef that maw’s appearance upon earth dated no more than 4,000 years before the commencement of our era, and was without knowledge of prehistoric man, nor did it have a suspicion of his existence. The wise men of Denmark in the early part of the nineteenth century, while investigating and studying the Runie characters and legends engraved upon their ruined stones, and in their sagas, discovered evi- dences of ahuman occupation of their country earlier than any of which they had heretofore known or suspected. This occurred about 1806, and in 1836 Mr. Thompson the renowned Danish archeologist (who founded, and for fifty years directed, the prehistoric museums at Copenhagen) published his first memoir in regard to prehistoric civili- zation, which he named after the material principally employed for cut- ting implements, ‘The Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron.” . These divis- ions have ever since been universally accepted. In 1854 Dr. Ferdinand Keller recognized at Meilen on Lake Zurich, Switzerland, certain evidences which developed into our present knowl- edge of the Swiss Lake-dwellers, although it has since been proved that lake-dwellings existed in many other countries of Europe. Beginning with 1841, M. Boucher de Perthes, residing at Abbeville, on the river Somme, discovered certain flintimplements rudely chipped in the shape of an almond or peach-stone, withthe cutting edge at the point. He found them deep in the gravelly terraces of the river Somme, and in such position and association as to foree the conclusion that they were the handiwork of man and of an antiquity before unsuspected. His labors were continued with varying success in the gaining of con- verts until the year 1859, when, by agreement, a committee of fifteen gentlemen, supposed to be best qualified for the task, and in their departments certainly the most learned men of France and England, met on the ground for the purpose of making personal investigations. After discussion, dispute, and difference of opinion, of which I need not speak here, it was finally decided that M. Boucher de Perthes was cor- rect in his theory, and that these implements were the work of man and of an antiquity heretofore unknown. DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 319 Here was born the new science of prehistoric anthropology, and since then it has not only been recognized as a science, but whenever and wherever it has been studied and understood, it has increased in dignity and importance. KNOWLEDGE OF PREHISTORIC MAN EARLIER IN AMERICA THAN EUROPE, I have said that the civilized world had, until the beginning of the nineteenth century, lived without knowledge of prehistoric man, and without even a suspicion of his existence. This is more true in Europe than in America. The knowledge of prehistoric man began on this continent several hundred years before it did in Europe. Columbus formed his acquaintance on the discovery of America. The white man upon arriving beheld the prehistoric man face to face, and had ample opportunities for knowing, studying, and finding out everything that was discoverable from contact with him. Though many books have been written about the prehistoric man of America, and their authors have described him as they saw him, yet we know but little of his true nature. The scientific study of this subject has begun only of late years, and we are still ignorant concerning his history or life prior to the discovery of America in 1492; whence he came, to what race he be- longed, or what were his habits, customs, or monuments. We are even wanting in knowledge of those things peeuliar to him since that time, and which have been manifested to us in every period of our contact with him. The study of his language, sociology, religion, mythology, has but justcommenced. Many have written descriptions of their visits to the Red Man of North America, have given histories of their travels, and have written entertaining books on the subject. But these have largely been fugitive, isolated, and without connection with any other than the tribe visited, the voyage described, or the travel undertaken. Nor was there any connection proposed between those writers who might have taken up the same line of investigation with other tribes or in other parts of the country. I would not dwarf or belittle the labors or discoveries of our pioneers ; but, conceding for them all that their friends can claim, they have done but little toward giving an accurate or com- prehensive anthropologice and ethnologic history of the North American Indians. As to their history in prehistoric times, before Columbus, no attempt was made by these historians. - Collections have been made of the implements of the North American Indian, and large prehistoric museums established in nearly all parts of the United States, beginning back a hundred years or more, which are and will be of great interest and value in writing such a history. But in the majority of these cases the work has been that of collectors, sometimes for commerce, but more often to gratify that thirst for things of antiquity which seems a part of the second nature of mankind. A study of anthropology will be searcely claimed by any one as the motive on which these collections were based. So, while we have had an earlier knowledge in America 320 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. of prehistoric man, it has not attained to the dignity and importance, as a science, which it has in Europe. The Smithsonian Institution, National Museum, Bureau of Ethnol- ogy, Peabody Museum, and several other institutions whose names will occur to the reader, are exceptions to this statement. There are many private persons who should also be excepted, and the number, I am gratified to say, who are giving serious attention to this matter and are doing faithful and valuable work in this connection, is increasing each year. I have considered, as part of my duty, the endeavor to awaken and elevate the public mind to the importance of the new science of prehis- toric anthropology, and, so far as possible, prevent the search for In- dian relics aS a matter of commerce, and cause collectors to regard these objects in their true light as aids to science; not as gewgaws and trinkets. Inthe performance of this duty I have, during the past year, deliv- ered ten public lectures; distributed from my office several hundred copies of circular No. 47, descriptive of the prehistoric exhibit at the Cincinnati Exposition, that has a bearing in this direction, and have writ- ten (not yet published) a study of prehistoric anthropology which, be- ing intended for general distribution, it is hoped will not be without its effect. There has been also prepared a circular (No. 49) containing in- formation for the guidance of explorers and collectors. IMPORTANCE OF THE SCIENCE OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY BETTER RECOG- NIZED IN EUROPE THAN IN AMERICA. Despite the fact that the discovery of prehistoric man in Europe was so many years, possibly so many hundreds of years, later than his dis- covery in America, lam compelled by the facts to declare that Europeans, because of their interest in the new science, have established prehis- toric anthropology on a broader basis and a firmer foundation, and bave given to it more thorough and scientific treatment than has been done in the United States. If I make a coniparison in this regard between the two countries to the detriment of our own, it will only be that we may benefit thereby, may take warning and so redouble and direct our efforts, using the opportunity and material which we have in such im- proved methods and increased endeavors that in future years the dif- ference will not be to our disadvantage. If the following statements will direct the attention and increase the energy of our scientists to proper exertions in this regard, I shall feel amply repaid for my labor. Our acquaintance with the aborigines of this country began with Co- lumbus in 1492, but the real history and our first actual knowledge of them began no earlier than 1600, probably 1604 or 1608—now only two hundred and eighty years ago. Americans, therefore, of the present day are removed from the prehistoric man of the whole country only by that period, nor is it even so long, for this was the commencement of DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 32 our knowledge. The authors at that time saw him face to face, and were thus enabled to describe him and write his history. He has con- tinued with us ever since, and we have from that time to the present had full and ample opportunity to increase our information concerning him by investigation, examination, and personal contact. In France and England, in fact over all Western Europe, the period when the last possible contact with prehistoric man could have taken place, the time when all our knowledge concerning him, acquired from observation, was gained, ended with the invasion by Cresar. So that, while the American goes back no further than two hundred and eighty years to study the prehistoric man of his country, and has had him pres- ent ever since, the Frenchman, the European, has to go back nigh two thousand years, and his opportunities of personal contact ended at that time, if it had not done so before ; for it is not at all certain that the Gaul of that epoch is to be considered as prehistoric. He may have been related to him, possibly his descendant, but it appears certain that the prehistoric bronze age had ended in that country, and the irou age begun, from four hundred to nine hundred years before the advent of Cresar. I have said this much to show the difference in the respective oppor- tunities for the study of prehistoric man between Europeans and Amer- icans. The territory of France is about 200,000 square miles; that of the United States is about 5,600,000—eighteen times larger than France. Mile for mile and acre for acre, the United States will yield as much to the student of prehistoric archeology as will that of France ; yet with this difference in area of equal fruitfulness, the United States Govern- ment is far behind that of France in its interest and assistance given to this science. Compare the National Museum of France, to wit, that of St. Germain, with the department of the National Museum of the United States. The St. Germain Museu is installed at St. Germain-en-Laye, a few miles out of Paris—the palace of that name, built by Francis IL I have not the exact dimensions, but it is in the form of a triangle; the frout or shortest line is, I should say, 400 feet long. It is given up en- tirely to the officers of the institution and to the chambers and living apartments of the officers. The other line of the right angle has been fire-proofed throughout and completely restored, and is now occupied with the halls of exhibition. This restoration is being continued upon the other wing. The work began in 1879 and is not yet completed. The building is four stories high, and there are now twenty-five halls filled with prehistoric objects and open to the public. One entire story is devoted each to the paleolithic and neolithic periods of the stone age and one to the bronze age, while the basement contains the heavy stone, principally architectural monuments, of the Roman occupation. Except the latter, the display made, the objects shown, the epochs, periods, or ages represented, are the same as those now crowded into my hall. Withall her wealth of antiquity eighteen times greater than Hi; Mis, 244, pt. 2——21 322 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. that of France, the United States devotes to the objects and implements of her prehistoric races less than one-eighteenth part of the museum space occupied by France. In the management and direction of this museum and of matters per- taining to this new science there exists about the same difference. The director of the museum is a member of the institute and approxi- mates in the dignity and importance of his position to that of the Secre- tary and the Director of our entire National Museum. The work of the Bureau of Ethnology is committed into the hands of a commission of savants of which M. Henry Martin, the great French historian, was, and M. Gabriel de Mortillet, Député, is, the chief. I shall not attempt to compare the work of this commission with its representative in the United States, but I may indicate the difference when I say that the monuments belonging to the prehistoric age, which are attached to the soil and part of the real estate which have been purchased, restored, and are now owned by the Government of France, are to be numbered by the score, if not by the hundred. The department of prebistoric anthropology in the British Museum has for its curator an eminent man of science, who receives a salary of £1,500 per annum, equal to $7,500. The Museum of the Irish Academy of Dublin possesses a greater value in prehistoric gold ornaments alone than it has cost the United States for our entire Museum, with all its specimens, services, manage- ment, and furniture. The Prehistoric Museum of Antiquities at Edinburgh, Scotland, is also extensive. It is devoted exclusively to the antiquities of its own country, and forms a complete museum in itself. It has at its head for curator, and for assistant and secretary, Professor Anderson and Dr. Arthur Mitchell, names which stand as high in their science as do any others of their country in any science. The Prehistoric Museum at Copenhagen is so extensive and so rich that it might be classed as one of the wonders of the world. It occu- pies the entire palace of the Prince, has eight exhibition halls, with a full corps of professors, curators, etc., who occupy the highest ranks 1 in science, The riches this museum are almost beyond computation ; 10,000 polished stone hatchets and axes, the contents of 11 workshops, one alone of which furnished 200 hatchets, 583 percoirs, 4,000 scrapers, 1,426 arrow-heads, trenchant transversal; 51 cases of bronze imple- ments and ornaments; and gold objects so numerous and valuable that, though kept on exhibition during the day (under lock and key, of course), are taken out each night and stored for safety in an immense steel safe. Stockholm has a national museum devoted entirely to prehistorics, for which the government has organized a bureau and erected a fine museum building, with Messrs. M. M. Hildebrand and Montelieus as professors DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 323 The University of Lund devotes the basement story to its prehistoric museum, with Professor Soderberg for its professor and lecturer. The university at Upsala, one of the oldest and finest in all Europe, is engaged in the same direction. The university at Christiania, Norway, has also the same kind of ar- rangement. Rygh aud Undset are its professors. An idea can be had of the importance with which prehistoric science is viewed in this coun- try, when I say that the numismatic museum of Christiania possesses a finer collection of United States coins and medals than does our Na- tional Museum, and still their desire to keep their own antiquities is so great that they refuse to exchange them for those of any foreign country. The mention of these Scandinavian museums with the names of some of their professors will give but a faint idea of the dignity which has been accorded to the science of prehistoric anthropology in those coun- tries and the attention which it has there received. These countries are entitled to and they have maintained a leading place in the science. So much so that he who was its acknowledged head in Europe and the world, Worsaae, was taken into the King’s cabinet and served the later years of his life as minister of public instruction. I need not mention the great prehistoric museums of Germany: that at Berlin with Virchow, probably the leading anthropologist of the world, at its head; that at Munich under the direction of Dr. Johannes Ranke, and so on; dotted over the country in every city from the Bal- tic to the Alps. Much might be expected from Switzerland, for it is the land of the prehistoric lake-dwellers; and she has not disappointed our expecta- tions. Berne, the capital, has no less than three governmental prehis- toric museums; one, belonging to the republic, was purchased by it lately from Dr. Gross, of Neuveville, for the sum of 60,000 franes. The canton and the city each own a museum of no mean extent, where are gathered and displayed all objects found in the neighborhood. The other cities and cantons of Switzerland are equally alive to the im- portance of this science and equally active in its study and pursuit. Geneva, with Dr. Gosse at its head, Lausanne, with Morel-Fatio, Yver- don, Neuchatel, Bienville, Steen, Constance, Zurich, are all active, en- ergetic, and industrious in gathering the objects in their vicinity and in the general increase and diffusion of knowledge concerning their prehistoric ancestors aud people. The same story may be told with regard to Italy. Genoa, Pisa, Turin, Milan, Verona, Vicenza, Parma, Regio, Bologna, Imola, Marzebotta, F lor- ence, Arrezzo, Cortona, Perugia, Chiusi, Corneto, all possess extensive museums, and Rome has three or four great governmental establish- ments, organized with presidents and professors, and approaching the dignity of institutes and colleges, with museums attached, all devoted to the study of antiquities almost if not quite prehistoric. 324 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. This list might be extended indefinitely. Austria, Hungary, Poland, Russia, are all interested in this new science, and are devoting them- selves to the spread of its knowledge and to the increase of their museums. I have failed largely in my purpose if before this time I have not convinced the reader that the United States, both government and peo- ple, have not been aroused to an appreciation of this new science, and have not attached to it the importance to which it is entitled and which it receives in other countries. The International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Arch- ology holds its tenth session in Paris during August (1889). These congresses were organized and have been holding their regular meet- ings since 1865 or 1867. They have had members, delegates, from all adjoining countries; they have usually met in the capital of the coun- try, and never twice consecutively in the same country, with a number of members varying from 500 to 1,500, according to the contiguity of the place of meeting. Their bulletins formed volumes of several hun- dred pages, that at Stockholm over a thousand, yet no scientific organ. ization from the United States has ever had any representative, and since the meeting at Paris in 1878 there has not beena single American present, in any capacity, at any of the meetings. The same comparison, continued with regard to the means of instruction in the different countries, America aud Europe, would make about the same showing. Each of the countries of Europe may, I think, fairly claim that they are equal to, if not ahead of, the United States in their appreciation of and assistance to the science of prehistoric anthropology ; even little Switz- - erland, with a territory of 16,000 square miles, would say she was not behind us. France, with her area of 204,000 square miles, would un- doubtedly claim superiority over the United States. The area of the United States is greater by far than that of all Europe, and its arche- ological area, acre for acre, is equally rich in specimens, and would afford a proportionate number and a proportionately good opportunity for the study of the history of the prehistoric man; and yet, Lrepeat, every country in Europe, if it but knew the exact status in the Unjted States, would claim that it was superior in interest and study of the science of prehistoric anthropology. In the means of education in this new science the same comparison holds good between Europe and the United States. In the societies of the different countries, established for the advancement of science, a section is devoted to anthropology, as is done inthe United States. But the ten different countries of Kurope make ten different societies there against one ip America. In France, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, Scotland, and possibly in England, though I can not say cer- tainly, there have been courses of lectures organized and conducted in connection with the societies of anthropology and the museums (such as comprise my departinent) in nearly all the principal cities. I may men- DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 325 tion that of Paris as the most extensive and complete, yet the others are of no mean proportion. In Paris the organization comprises seven lecturers, and they provide one lecture each day during the entire col- lege session, from October until June, each being on the subject of an- thropology. The lecturers are paid for their services, and they earry on their work with an earnest diligence for which we ean find no par- allel in the United States. The good effects of these lectures and of this education is manifest in the interest taken in the society, which numbers at Paris near seven hundred members, with an annual income of 20,000 or more franes, and with a capital of over 50,000 franes. Enlarging upon this question of the comparative want of interest on the part of the United States Government and people, I might remark the number of scientific missions which have been sent out by these European governments in pursuit of this science. In 188485 France sent Dr. Poussie to Australia and India to make studies in ethnology, Le Bon to India to study primitive architecture, Juies Monsier to make archeological researches iti the Caucasus, Monsieur Brau to Malacea and Sumatra to make ethnologic collections, Gauthier to Turkey and Per- sia for researches in natural history and anthropology. Ernest Chan- tre, curator of the prehistoric museum at Lyons, was sent by the gov- ernment to make anthropological researches in the Caucasus. He has just published his report in five large volumes, quarto, with 440 figures and 140 chromo-lithographie or heliographic full-page plates. M. Cartailhac was sent on a like mission to Spain and Portugal. His re- port is published in one large volume, with 450 engravings and four plates. The most extensive and complete works, with the finest illus- trations concerning our own country, do sometimes come from the hands of these foreigners thus sent out. Wiener reports Peru, Lucien Briart the Aztecs, while the most comprehensive work on the subject, entitled ‘ Prehistoric America,” is written by a Frenchman, the Mar- quis Nadaillae. The curators of European museums are being continually sent to visit andl examine other prehistoric museums than their own. In a report just received, published by the keeper of the National Museum of An- tiquities at Edinburgh, Dr. Anderson, and his assistant, Mr. Black, is to be found a note of some of these visits. ‘In connection with most of the principal archeological museums on the Continent provision has been made for enabling the officers and attachés of the museum (who had been at their ocenpation as experts) to enlarge their knowledge in the lines of their specialties by travel and research.” In 1842~45 Wor- saae was sent from Copenhagen through Sweden, Norway, North Ger- many, and Russia; in 1846-47 to Great Britain; and the result was the publication of his “Danes and Northmen in Britain,” which is still the standard work. Mr. Undset, a young attaché of the Christiania Museum, was sent to Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France, and Britain, as a result of which he published his Norse Antiquities. Since then he has traveled 326 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. over Kurope and published his report, ‘The Iron Age in Europe,” the standard book on that subject. In 1878279 Dr. Sophus Miiller, a young attaché of the Prehistoric Museum at Copenhagen, was sent through Germany, Austria, and Italy, returning through France and Britain. He studied the zoomorphic ornament in Europe, and he has published the most complete monograph on the subject which has yet appeared. Dr. Montelius, keeper of the National Museum at Stockholm, was sent throughout Europe to study the fibula of the bronze and iron ages. Sweden and Norway each set aside $560 annually for similar purposes. The report of Dr. Anderson, which I have just mentioned, was the result of sundry voyages made throughout Scotland, visiting the local archzo- logic museums, for the expenses of which an annual appropriation of $200 has been made. The closer we examine and study the policy of the European govern- ments and compare their achievements and those of their people and institutions with those of the government and. kindred institutions of the United States, the greater the contrast.- Take the laws of the vari- ous European gevernments for the preservation of, by obtaining title to, mounds, earth-works, caves, dolmens, and other prehistoric monuments. The most of the European countries have passed such laws. In England Stonehenge belongs to the government, and Abury is now in the same line, if the transfer has not been actually completed. Denmark, Sweden, and Norway own great numbers of prehistoric monuments. In France they are to be counted by the hundreds, while Italy probably surpasses all others. In Italy these matters have received most serious considera- tion at the hands of the government, and a complete system of laws are now in force providing for the proper investigation of these monuments; their preservation, and the conservation of the objects found therein. Any person in the kingdom making a discovery of archelogical objects is required to make it known to the proper department of the government at Rome. If he would excavate, he must also notify the Government, and it will send an inspector, who will supervise the excavation, keep a diary of all work done and a register of all objects found. This he does from actual observation, for he is required to be on the ground every day during the progress of the work. At Corneto-Tarquini the excavations have been continued practically for twelve years past by the same band of workmen under pay of the town, with a permanent Government in- spector. Antiquities discovered in Italy can not be removed from the Kingdom, certainly not from the Roman provinces, without first sub- mitting to the inspection of the Government officers, who claim the first right of purchase. Not until after they have declined to purchase will a permit be given for exportation. I do but state it fairly when I say that the United States, so far from having any such governmental control over or interest in any of the pre- historic antiquities, whether monuments or otherwise, has no serious thought of such control. Neither the Goverament nor any of its officers DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. S27 or institutions have ever, to my knowledge, even considered a proposition for the purchase of any of these prehistoric monuments; and if they or any of them have ever supervised an excavation, it certainly has not been with a view to purchase the objects that they might be displayed in any of the museums. By our law no officer or institution has either power or authority to purchase real estate, whether it be a prehistoric monn- ment or not. No such power has ever been proposed to be given by Congress, and we stand to-day in this position upon this subject, that the Smithsonian Institution, which may fairly claim to be the representative scientific institution of the Government, can not purchase any one of our numerous prehistoric monuments for the purpose of its preservation (as was done in the case of the Serpent Mound in Ohio) for want of the necessary legal authority. More than that. it can not accept and hold the title of any such monument, however great its value and necessity of preservation, even if such monument shall be presented as a gift.* I will not attempt to complete the comparison of labors performed and interest taken in the science of prehistoric anthropology between the two countries Europe and America. That will be known by American readers without citations. I make two remarks concerning American investigations and publications that, with a few exceptions, are easily recognized. The work has been done by piecemeal, a little here and a little there, devoted to a single locality or a single view of the subject, isolated, divided, without connection or harmony either in investigation, publication, or comparison, without any comprehensive or general system by which the workers, each performing his own labor, should assist. The duty of investigating prehistoric man in the United States clearly belongs to the scientists of our own country. It is the history of our own people and country, depending upon investigations made upon our own soil; a studying, and, if need be, the excavation of monuments erected upon territory belonging to us. If it is to be done at all, it should be done by us. ‘True, there is no law nor any legal obligation by which we can be required to make these investigations or perform this labor, and naught but national pride and our own self-respect will compel i. Weshould apply'to science the Monroe doctrine of politics. We should recognize and declare our ability to do this work and our inten- tion to perform it, that we may contribute to the science of the world, a history of our prehistoric people. If the work is not done by us, or insufficiently performed, it should not be because the matter was neg- lected or forgotten by either our Government or people, but for the rea- son that we decided it was not worth the effort, and in this we must jus- tify ourselves in the eyes of the world. The sciences of astronomy, chemistry, metallurgy zoology, and paleontology may have certain de- mands for recognition, but their claims rest upon other countries with equal weight as upon ours. Our couutry is under no greater obligation * Since the above was written the legislature of Ohio has authorized the purchase of the prehistoric earthwork of Fort Ancient, Warren Connty. 328 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 in respect of these and similar sciences than are other countries of the — world. But in respect of the prehistoric anthropology of this coun- try it is different. The duty weighs heavier and solely upon us. The Smithsonian Institution and National Museum stand as beacon lights to the American people in respect to science, and are the great representative scientific institutions of our country. In this regard they represent the United States Government; they stand for it and speak for it. They have the ear of its Executive and of its legislature, and exercise an influence with the Government not possessed by pri- vate individuals or organizations, and therefore a certain responsibility rests upon them whether they will or not. As a means of correcting the defect mentioned, 1 would respectfully suggest the giving of greater attention to the dissemination of informa- tion among the people. This can be done through publications, by means of lectures, and by the organization in kindred societies for con- cert of action and more extensive preparation at their meetings for the presentation of this subject in its proper light. 1 also suggest the preparation of series of specimens illustrating the science of Prehistoric Anthropology, accompanied with descriptive letter-press and catalogue; these to be distributed to all institutions of learning in the United States, receiving in exchange such implements and objects as are possible. Perhaps the most important factor of all would be the endeavor to in- crease the knowledge and interest of the executive and legislative of- ficers of our Government, so that the science of Prehistoric Anthropol- ogy could be certain to receive in the future their countenance, support, and assistance. IMPORTANT ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR. Dr. E. C. Black, Wheatland, Indiana, sent twenty leaf-shaped imple- ments from a cache or deposit. He states that they were found while plowing the side of a elay hiJl in an old field in Harrison Township, Knox County, Indiana. The land had been in cultivation eighteen years, and its being a hill-side indicates that the implements were buried in the ground for a purpose. (Accession 21076.) The Cincinnati Society of Natural History (through Horace P. Smith, 108 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio), forwarded a collection from the cem- etery at Madisonville, Ohio, consisting of flint knife, drills and scrapers, rude and fine spear and arrow-points, chisel and gouges, per- forators, scrapers made from the leg-bones of deer (peculiar to Madi- sonville), bone beads and needles, animal teeth such as bear, beaver, porcupine, woodechuck, elk, lynx, and raccoon. Also perforated unio valves, carbonized maize and ashes from altar mound number 3; 203 specimens. (Accession 21206.) C. T. Wiltheiss, Piqua, Ohio. Six flint flakes and points, 1 perforator, 17 rude implements more or less leaf-sbaped (flint), 14 disk-like imple- ments of slate (Plate V), 11 polished stone hatchets, 2 grooved axes, 1 Report of National Museum, 1889 —Wilson PLATE V. 13946 », » DISC-LIKE IMPLEMENTS OF SLATE. (Cat. No, 139184, U.S. N. M. Piqua, Ohio. Collected by C. T. Wiltheiss.) ar aga pe are DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY, 329 notched ax (granite), 5 pieces of slate rudely worked, and 2 unfinished ceremonial objects of slate; 56 specimens. He says, “* The implements wash out of the east bank of the Miami River, on the bottom-lands, from a stratum of yellow clay covered by a layer of black Joam 3 or 4 feet in thickness.” The thirteen disks are so well shown in the plate as to render descrip- tion useless, except to say that they are the same on both sides, are quite flat and thin. Their edges are not defined nor sharp enough for them to have served in their present condition as a cutting implement. and there is no trace of service by which their purpose can be surmised. One has a slight notch in its edge, but it appears to have been acci- dental. Others (not shown) are of different forms, one with a rude hammered or chipped edge, another with a rude notch indicating a possible handle, but the entire series is unusual. (Accession 20511.) G. B. Frazar (West Medford, Massachusetts) sent a collection of hammers, paleolithic implements, arrow and spear points, knives, ete., found on the Mystic, in Medford, Vest Medford, and Arlington; also at Spy Pond, Arlington, Massachusetts. This coilection is quite interest- ing, and important from the fact that there were but very few speci- mens of the paleolithic class from Massachusetts in the Museum. (Ac- cession 21751.) Mr. P. L. Jouy, U.S. National Museum, contributed a collection from the prehistoric graves in Corea, in which are included stone daggers, arrow and spear heads, knives, chipped and polished hatchets, polished jade, Megatama or curved jewels, amber heads, and a polished stone ornament. These objects are rare and unique, and are the only speci- mens of prehistoric stone implements that have been received from Corea. They are a valuable contribution to prehistoric archeology. (Plate VI.) (Accession 21859.) From W. D. Dreher, Knoxville, Tennessee, was received a grooved ax found between Loudon and Kingston, eastern Tennessee. ‘This is one of the finest specimens ever received by the Museum. (Accession 22057.) Mr. Warren K. Moorehead, Xenia, Ohio, forwarded a large and val- auble collection of prehistoric antiquities, mostly from the Ohio River Valley, for exhibition in the Museum. The collection deserves special mention. It is the result of years of work in the field, and when the specimens were obtained from other sources he has the exact locality where found given, so that the identity of each specimen is secured. It would be impossible to give a complete catalogue of the collection in this report, but it contains examples of almost every object known to American archeologists in the localities which he has investigated. The objects from mounds are mounted separately. Each specimen is numbered, and Mr. Moorehead has a complete catalogue to which refer- ence can be made at any time; 4710 specimens. (Accession 21695.) The Musee @’Ethnologie, Geneva (through Dr. Hi. J. Gosse, director), 330 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. sent a collection of Lacustrien pottery and bronzes, including vases, weights, etc., of clay; bronze bracelets, buttons, pins, rings, instru- ments, ear-rings, collars, fish-hooks, razor, hatchet, lance-head, sickles, knives, and pieces of wire. (Accession 28577.) From Halbert Rust (Jeffersonville, Indiana) was received a large col- lection of stone and bone implements, etc., embracing nuclei, paleo- lithic implements, notched axes, hammers, scrapers, perforators, a:row or spear points, polished hatchets, grooved axes, pestles, fragments of pottery, bone implements, fragment of human skull, bones and teeth of animals, jaw-bones of drum-fish, awls or needles made of fish-spines, fresh-water shells, and an encrinite bead; 756 specimens. (Accession 21498.) He states that the largest number and most desirable of the speci- mens were found in a burial place near Clarksville, Indiana, evidently deposited with the bodies of the owners. Some were on the surface and at various depths below it, while others were taken from the graves or gathered on the slope of the shore line after heavy rains or high waters. I have never found a whole vessel of pottery or fragments larger than those sent. Many of the stone implements have been little changed from the stone as it was created, while others have been skill- fully wrought and smoothly finished. Nearly all the pieces of bone have been worked. The shells are part of such as I found quite plenti- fully with the human skeletons. Dr. F. A. Steinmeyer (Bonaparte, Van Buren County, Iowa), sent five paleolithic implements, which were found in the vicinity of Bonaparte atadepth ranging from 2 to 5 feet under the soil, which was clay. They were in their original position, and the deposit appeared to be accidental. (Accession 20684). Livingston Stone (Baird, California) sent two rude stone axes, whieh he says were formerly used by the Win-ni-mim Wintum Indians, McCloud River, California. They were—i. e., this kind of ax—in actual use among these Indians during the life-time of the older mem- bers of the tribe, and were the only axes used by them before the ad- vent of the white man 40 or 50 years ago. The larger one was em- ployed to cut down large trees, and the smaller one for brush and small trees. ‘They are simply pieces of stone so cloven as to leave a comparatively sharp edge. (Accession 21035). One of the earliest, possibly the very earliest announced principle having a bearing upon the discovery of prehistoric man, was that by the three Scandinavian savants Nilson, Thomson and Forehammer, in the early part of the nineteenth century, wherein they declared that rude implements belonged to an earlier civilization than those more highly finished. The ruder theimplements, the greater their antiquity. It was in the application of this principle by these three wise men that the discovery of prehistoric man was made. I will not deny the cor- rectness of the principle—but it has been misapplied and misconstrued— Report of National Museum, 1889.—Wilsor PLATE VI. STONE DAGGERS, ARROW AND SPEAR HEADS, KNIVES, ORNAMENTS, ETC (Cat. Nos. 140902-140913, U.S. N. M. Prehistoric graves in Corea. Collected by P. L. Jouy.) DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. ao Wl until I know of none which has been productive of greater error in the study of prehistoric civilization. Correct enough if applied to a whole people or to a series of their arts and industries, but it has been distorted by superficial investigators who apply it to a single object. ‘These investigators passing upon an implement, especially one of stone and rude in construction, declare it to be of great antiquity, simply because it is rude, and this without regard to the locality in which it was found or the objects associated therewith. This has resulted in the propagation of great errors in regard to ancient civilization. If one wanted a common illustration of this error, let him consider tools of different trades—say carpenters, blacksmiths, tinners—and compare those used by workers in a complete establishment with those of a country workman who did only rough work. I am impelled to make these observations in studying these two rude stone axes received from Mr. Stone (Catalogue Nos. 139793, 139794). Only one, the largest, is illustrated ; from it one can easily understand what the smaller one is like. (Plate VII.) Now these implements were made with less work and in a shorter time than probably any other. They are of the extremest type of sim- plicity and rudeness, and yet they are probably the most modern of any implement of similar type in the Museum. The one illustrated appears to have been a part of a large solid bowlder projecting from the earth with a worn and rounded edge at the top. A ‘heavy blow projected against the side of this rounded edge would knock off a large spawl, which became at once the completed ax. The rounded edge of the bowlder served for a grip, while the opposite side was the edge. Itis8 inches long, 65 wide, and 2 thick, and weighs 44 pounds. Its material is diorite, The smaller one is 4 inches long, 24 wide, 2 thick, and weighs one-half pound. Its material is indurated shale. Thus we have a veritable ax actually used for cutting trees so rude and simple as to be made at a single blow, and is withal quite modern. This implement, for all its rudeness, has no relation to paleolithic im- plements. The paleolithic age or period has sometimes been called the age of chipped stone, because its stone implements were made by chip- ping, and in contradistinetion of the neolithic age or period wherein most of the implements of stone were smoothed or polished. But these descriptions are only fortuitous. The term “ paleolithie ” in connection with prehistoric archeology means the ancient stone age; ‘ neolithic” means the recent stone age, while the term “ eolithic” has been given to the dawn of the stone age, said to belong to the tertiary geologic period. These prefixes eo, paleo, and neo are Greek, and refer to com- parative periods of time, and not to the implements, nor their kind or manner of making. While the principal implements of the paleolithic age were of stone, yet all were not so. Important implements of that age have been found in great numbers made of horn and bone. Har- dad REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. poons, fish spears, all manner of points, needles, spoons, ete., were thus made, and they were allsmoothed and polished; yet they belonged tothe paleolithic age quite as much as did the rude chipped stone implements. The rude stone axes sent by Mr. Stone are not paleolithic, do not be- long to that age, and have no relation with or resemblance to any pale- olithic implements. They belong no more to the paleolithic age than would a split bowlder or piece of stone chipped to an edge by a hunter who, loaded and armed with all the scientifie appliances of the nine- teenth century, having lost his hatchet, and being overtaken by night, should improvise and make such an implement to cut the needed brush for his fire or boughs for his bed. This implement, rude and: simple as it is, has no resemblance to the true paleolithic implements—not in form, shape, mode of manufacture, kind of chipping, nor the formation or sharpening of its edge. Any one acquainted with them would recognize the difference at once and could not be deceived. From William Taylor (San Diego, Duval County, Texas) was re- ceived a rude flint implement, found near top of Equus beds, one-half mile from San Diego, where species of Mylodon, Glyptodon, and three species of Equus and Elephas have been found. (Accesion 21181). From the U.S. Fish Commission (Washington, District of Colum- bia) was received archeological specimens from Patagonia, Straits of Magellan, Lower California, and California, collected by the Fish Com- mission steamer Albatross during her voyage from Virginia to Cali- fornia in 1887-88. The localities from which the specimens were obtained are as follows: Port Churruca, Elizabeth Island, Saint Martas Island, and Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan, Pichilingue Bay, Gulf of California, Margarita Island, Lower California, and San Celmente Island, Calitornia. The greatest number of objects coileeted at any one point was at the Kitchen Midden, Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan. The stone implements of flint and obsidian number four hundred and forty-five and include hammers, rude implements of paleolithie type, leaf-shaped implements, serapers or knives, arrow and spear points, pitted stones, pebbies slightly worked, and a large number of chips and flakes. Bone implements were also found, such as perforators, knives, etc. The bones of animals and birds received have been identified as follows: Whale (species not identified), Sea Lion, Otaria jubata; Sea Bear, Arctocephalus; Penguin, two species, Aptenodytes and Spheniscus; Cormorant, two species, Phalacrocorax .albiventris; and Phalacrocorax magellanicus; Steamer Duck, Tachyeres cinereus and Gull, Larus. A large number of bones are in such a fragmentary condition that it is almost impossible to identify them with any degree of accuracy. The shells (426) belong to the following species: Patella, Mytilus, and Voluta. The specimens obtained at the other localities mentioned are perhaps of equal importance, and should, in the future, be made the subject of a more elaborate report. (Accession 21699.) - Report of National Museum, 1889.—Wilson. PLATE Vil. RUDE STONE AXE—SIDE AND EDGE VIEW. (Cat. No. 139793, U.S. N. M. MeCloud River Indians, California, Collected by Livingston Stone.) nie le += DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. Doo Thomas Wilson (U.S. National Museum) gave a collection of bone, stone, and shellimplements, embracing hammers, rude pieces of worked flint, chips and flakes, leaf-shaped implements, scrapers, arrow-points, pertorators of stone and bone, fragments of pettery, and valves of unios from Hahn’s field, one mile east of Newton, Anderson Township, Ohio, on site of mounds 1, 2, 3, and 4, Group C, Metz Exploration ; 64 specimens. w t < = a ae 7 —- i 336 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. known that the llama belongs to South America and to the southern part of North America. Among the discoveries of Mr. Cushiug, in charge of the Hemenway expedition on the Salado River, were rude pict- ures and outlines of animals which can only be likened to the Hama if they represented any living animal. Dr. Washington Matthews has made an investigation into this natter, and his report with these figures is in train for publication. It was, | believe, his opinion that no traces or evidence of the existence of the llama in North America farther north than the Salado River had ever been found. It is not intended by these observations to make any assertion with regard to the truth of these matters, but only to offer them in the way of suggestion, as affording subject for consideration. (Accession 21794.) REVIEW OF SPECIAL RESEARCHES. The continuation of researches as to the existence and frequeney of occurrence of paleolithic implements in the United States has been continued, and the department is still in receipt of letters from persons whose attention was called to the subject by Circular No. 36. During the year 14 accessions, numbering in all 3031, were received — in this department for examination and report. On December 10, 1883, a circular letter in regard to a rude chipped stone ax or adze was sent to a large number of contributors to this department, and responses have been received from fifty-two persons, which will be given in a future report, when fuller information has been received, (Plate X.) The examination of steatite bowls, trays, and plates affords an inter- esting study. They have been investigated on the Pacific better than on the Atlantic slope, though some ardent, intelligent seekers have made discoveries which unfortunately have not been published. The most common form is oval, boat-shaped, with handle at the ends. They are blocked out rudely at the quarries and then carried away to be finished leisureiy. The marks of pecking and cutting are shown in Fig. 1, Plate XI, as is the partly wrought handle at the end. This specimen is broken, as are nearly all found in the quarries. Fig. 2 is a rude notched ax, said to have been found in a quarry along with Figs. 3 and 4, all from Gooch- land County, Virginia, and presented by G. W. Reed. The latter are an adaptation of the common polished grooved stoye ax (No. 4), being more pointed than usual. They were evidently to be used with a handle, aud may have served to fashion either the inside or outside of the bowl. Figs. 2 and 3 may have been used in quarrying. These, with the many others of the same type and the numberless other industrial and art objects of the same culture, seem to fix the epoch of the steatite implements as neolithic and late Indian. The two implements, Figs. 5, Pennsylvania, 6 District of Columbia, have no groove, and probably were held in the hand. Their points are peculiar, and with Fig. 4 may Report of National Museum, 1889.—W ilson. PLATE IX. bl tang ies tenn BA 3 + STONE CARVINGS REPRESENTING THE LLAMA. Fig. 1. Puasrer Cast. (Cat. No. 140897, U.S. N.M. Original from Peru. Collected by W. E. Curtis.) N. Fig. 2. PLaster Cast. (Cat. No. 30046, U.S. M. Original from a mound in Miami County, Ohio. Collected by Dr. J. F. Snyder.) Report of National Museum, 1889.—Wilson, PLATE X. RUDE NOTCHED AXES. 1. From Georgia. (Cat. No. 19225, U. S. N.M.) 2, From North Carolina. (Cat. No. 140057, U.S. N. M.) From Tennessee. (Cat. No. 65725, U.S. N. M.) From Virginia. (Cat. No. 139029, U.S. N. M.) From Virginia. (Cat. No. 1387592, U. S. N. M.) 3. From Virginia. (Cat. No. 1073, U. S. N. M.) From Virginia. (Cat. No. 1073, 1 From New York. (Cat. No. 140046, U. S. N. M.) Ut me Co ft 10 x He te- <2 wees z is ra ae th Report of National Museum, 1889.—Wilson. PLATE Xl. FRAG 1. , , } 1. ) 6. MENT OF POT-STONE VESSEL AND SPECIMENS OF TOOLS FOUND IN ABORIGINAL QUARRIES. From District of Columbia. (Cat. No. 99245, U.S. N. M. From Virginia. (Cat. No, 58426, U. S. N. M.) From Virginia, (Cat. No. 58429, U. S. N. M.) From Virginia. (Cat. No. 58430, U. S. N. M.) From Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 35485, U. S. N. M.) From District of Columbia. (Cat. No. 99240, U. S. N. M.) DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 30 have served to dig out the inside of the bowl, to which they seem adapted, and which the marks shown on Fig. 1 would seem to identify. Steatite has been found in quarries on the Atlantic slope from Massa- chusetts to Georgia, while in the interior only the completed utensils have been found and no quarries. PRESENT STATE OF THE COLLECTION. Broughtporward: trom) lastyear.-o- . seac)- os oi - 2-22 sas 4 SouopEUeEn qondod 107,810 Specimens received during the year.........-.-................... 8,369 Specimens sent in exchange ............. ecietbiceese teeascaceee | Oe 7,841 Motslnnmber of specimens mi the collection’ --2222---ccc. --c2-secese cs 225, LID G5L ast entry Juners0;, 1688, catalogue. number =... 22. .-2-26 5 ccc ccs enc see tee 139,619 Bastenthy- J uneis0. Lobo catalogue number 222-2. seca. ses -s J2s-ecuenlsee 141,016 ARCH AZ OLOGICAL SPECIMENS SENT FROM THE U. S. NATIONAL MU- SEUM IN EXCHANGE DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. To Signor Joseph Belucci, Perugia, Umbria, Italy. (Number of Character of specimens. | specimens. RMR NWS SAMUS FECL 9 1) UB ofa ee elaie oc mieletnin eielelasiain'n s/nelacsin'sleisioes\sieio aise ois aciasiatcsiseiaieiviaciensjemiesters | 57 MIBE-ANApPeM FHP IEMON Ge oe en ems aca cee acne Se cee tinese scant cotta mate ce ttene me meee | 1 LG TEBE GNCE| it eee eee Gace Sec nSqsc=oC Bees ose Seer COCs SE eBE Se eeoEs) BCeUsSooseseesescqoR0| 1 METIS OSL SUR ese ta ole tale noc (en ome cle ciejn wine sists = cidericin ies da Silvera c/sinatiwaeeeiswietceeces cect ces | 1 NUP TMRTESA Oe Ss GacsencsSoddas Ba Gd oD DRS Sneed asonSeHsteeto dood ooEceSSEooodSacosomees 2 ENR UCOCR LOM Ge eet rete ae neem tne Sec ciares sa aleicns aa civicle ce sicwasmcwiel atin teceems aces sleamecenerat se 1 Moriaritrom CAliformia ces acAcccecs cocccwisas. scores ssocne coeees stes cuudnedenseteesececece a 1 PAULO REND ITN Cust LDL OLD Beate setae oat ora se (ciayatarale ce eimmratetosreveleie site eleisicie werenre hie toteet ein cele os a olaeeeee 1 BUSI DOAUNNTrOMMOALTONNI R= sees ceca clos wa dee anne vet sc senne oes cect esectees ay cee strings... 3 PLANS PACA ALCON CAlifOTMIa 1s steric, o cot ciclces sale civic ere ce o's alureiselelo crersie ew itreuicecece enon do....| i ic 69 To the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, Cincinnati, Ohio. PLC PAL ELON Abel OUMAY tte orale a ara anc nia e1cieteteiere inieroe eine arc fanieiale pin omtnaicisiceuevictsjcoeates 1 CESS EL Cte REO NED CLT CCS MERI SL co hth ial Stats oe) oie we ais b diniciva ates mia sieiew. clea cone cen new e deme anaes 1 PED UUIP ALONG LOL LSA Le, TOM CAlIOMNIA - 5 occu ccccwarnwonieis sSoumwececiccnslscncissccisiis==aiec 1 PROUCRRMOMLD EAN thon CALIOLNIN & oot cech inca a vase rawmarien culeewarsinacicencicicasis meecee acid 1 Sri boW MisCrpeuoule) COM CAlLOMiadas. os cacms mone cence seimeiee Sate cdta ccleaccaciewc mes 1 SHeianareiass VOAGS CCOM CAULONNIG) majo acca wae owiceie wis eeacniniesele cele ce amas sana strings... 2 ARS ORC SECON A ODUM hoes aoa ok si a tee eee tak toc es Soot Gest eetecus do.422 1 AGI TR Faire OPI RT eas ae, Ree ie eR BEDS Ce A Sa a eee ae er dos 5 PUG NEAA a erONL CML OMNI. curs ma aiiasancues w'apaitins eed eee sass veaciesistamiecee/ cence avicce os aalcn (aR eee ccd etede ste dsnaas bese teak 3 Metate and rubbing-stone, from Pueblo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona ..-...-...---- | 3 Grooved hammer-stones, from Pueblo [Indians in New Mexico and Avizona ......-...-..--- 4 Paint mortar, from Puebl« Indians in New Mexico and Arizona .........-.----..----0e-ee 1 Stone used in smoothing pottery, from Pucblo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona........ 2 Grooved hammer-stone, {rom Pueblo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona..............--. 1 28 oo 22 H, Mis. 224, pt. 2 338 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Yo A, E. Douglas, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York City. Character of specimens. Iivaerrieer of specimens. Rude implements (paleolithic)...-------...------22-+ 22-22 one eee ene ewer nese seen on | 6 To Prof. Henry H. Giglioli, Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy. AATTOW ANG SPEaT POMNtS)- 2. ~ ier cow cco mele mee com ee elena wom =m ol meine oe wm olen elaivin igi ele lainle emis TETIPTEIS PO) og ooaomndbocoescasenS noe vo pe cob Os OnoneS Ode Sodiobs Hobbs Bebe seoESCOseooSSesocee 1ks2\) Celagaas oosopqoeseesoeaoc anecasnoSscoe ns Hoo enaa nous scadenag SU SsoSsonossbepasosasonsease Pitted StONC -sccc coc cas cciclviee sowie wis ae maicinlmlels[el= wlel\elmieinlelninim =i=l=]oim[=\atwlnin=lo\e)ainele]=e vin lmistelelel=|o)=)=lelele liar Polished celts. .....-.----..--------- Sebo eS055050 ob aosbsonoce sdondoossaqndde yadoonESSoaueSs (ORR TGILDRC Ml a noe cee asoconoouueincSds04 senocbdas6 soogeanes sdbosSacednecds cedeedssocseSsnaohss ITN EO TEL shal de) tlie sapandoon acco oSusecnencdebncocsocb cus ononducbcdonshosecedasodssauecscosecc Gaming disk ....---..---.------- +--+ 2-20 ee ee ener cern tenner ener eet e teen ere e ee eee Scrapers .-2-- 22-002 cece cece eee reece eee te ee ener eee eee e etre etree tetera nen ecee rene Perforators ..--.------- eee een n eee ene en ne eee nnn een ee ween ene c wenn nee ee- Knives, ete. -.-..---- Bene els eelelelsteleleisie oialaleinmatelr wie eimielotslel=laial=l=i=lalalniniojolal=lo!etclolsisinieie\~iminio(=\atu)st=l=|=1=1=1= i Mortar, from California .-...------------0--- 2-22-20 e ene eee ne teeter e eee ee nee eee Pestle, from California -.--..--.-------+---+---++ +21 eect eee erent errr terete eee eee Rubbing-stone, from California...-.-.-..------++--+---- 222s ee eee eee eee eee RODD LIC Sceedeaise Pierced club-head, from California ...-..--..--------------- +--+ ---+-2- ++ 2222 - eee eee eee Shell beads, from California .....--..--.---.-------+-------222 222 tense eee eee e eee strings. . Glass beads, from California. .-..--...-.------+---- --+----+ +++ 0 eee e renee ee eee e eens: dor Pot-stone vessel, from California.....--.------- -----------+---++--+eeee ee eee e eee eee ee: Metate, from pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona.......-..--------------+-0+++-0-- 200+ Rubbing-stone, from pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona. _-...--..------+++-++--++-20---- or o Grooved hammer, from pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona ..-..--..---.----------.--+--- Stone for smoothing pottery, from pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona .........--------- Grooved maul, from pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona ..-...--..----------+-+----+-+--- ee or es Od 104 To Louis Guesde, Pointe-a- Pitre, Guadeloupe, West Indies. Arrow or spear points -.--.------------+---++-2+e 225s tree Mia oie etoile lela foyeieleloererarctotetaiers orsle 12 Grooved ax ...--.------2-c nce e enn eee ne meen nnn ee ener nn enn nee eet ee cee een n ene 1 Polished stone hatchet. .--....-------- 220+ +2 eee en enter ee eter teen ee ee eee: 1 Arrow or spear points ..-...---.------- 222+ ene eee e ene ence nen errr ener etree stern | 25 To Wm. H. MeGinnis, Youngstown, Mohoning County, Ohio. Arrow or spear points .-.--- Dn ee ne SeigisO rca noo pac 5 DoT MCU See NOD DS asSSt S009 | 34 DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 339 To Dr. T, Millspaugh, Kendall Creek, McKene County, Pennsylvania. x p : Character of specimens. Number of specimens. SPACES VERO IMGS PRCT NSU ER GH ee er ete ees oe cere lara info ias ere ston a rata eines bcm minis. e we nee 6 To William Ranson, Fairfield, Hitchin, Hartfordshire, England. PEDO Ws OL: SPC Oy BEML LS eat ero area era teta = eras! ticle a(ms av ainta einfarccsml ie caiawich cles miei misisiaiminle elafelniceis sateen 24 1S ETT eas | PN ee Soloed CAGE OR RODE DE SODAS EP AGSo CAE AERC CS CER SEREee RCE ete eee 1 SmI GYGUIESS 22-88 ae ar eR O RON ane SEC RABE SOREGs Ce HACE Ce Coa MEE oe aaa eee ee 1 PIB GO Lies ra from aa amner e th aialactc © cele cial Stata asic fa era)alcloce is oe Se Selo aeiniss ae ees eeeeee 1 OEE Gs CALM A Os tee sees tet nen = Ln Sata wefan rene ee aa) afore oe fette rermte oe fare nemo wel awie'cie sa oeee 1 OBC Cette are sets lere wie te ales sepa aoe e/a Sele wie nies iota Sele ei seals = Meiaicrcrciciciacto carmela Snaraiceviow ws 1 ESUEUIN SB LOMES preteen cctem arate aicis nie ata oicieie ces secicine sis oe oases Scene kgs ae aiweaneeeann 2 LOT EV oo ec as onoone coc Socose de FOnonr CHEE EO ntoenaescece aOadcanctoe SoosDSosoccoooSas SRD L hic dba eo Sena co bas SACS OS DO SOI HOO S OCI REC SECU CEOSNO ACEO CORSE SESOD So ROSO SAS HEEcEeeEioe 1 Shell beads .,.......-..- OSE EEE COD CODE OCT RDCCDEOLOA Hepa panne Benen iaaneeeatem ee ers string... 1 tae To W. W. Worthington, Shelter Island, New York, JRO) OW EE OP TWO LONG) 2 Soc cg cr boc Sc0 0 Sb SB SHODBSEdS COS nOE Soon Hach sc0u nanos sd seasoeouScane | 25 LEGS Cine Be Se Sena ae BES OCOE GF BRO ICSE CC At Rae S EE ee oS eS ee ea eee err | 1 HOUSNSGIR TONG ALCN Ghee mnemonic geen coeiesal ene cas aacinecios «aclecneeceninse saan sios | 1 DRIES DIT) (Spe cosee SouasnS becnon so UO ROBO OaGr Bu SOS CC cuSLdo6 PEE OCOOnE ben eRe nneSSacoconce | 1 Gprooy cd namineneeern ee isonet ec ioninc mone: ae tecat cise suce see ac ceean oisedsseteass ecee | 1 29 To S. H. Zahm, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. PGR SO Be rota ee ne ene ated es a ee ee | 20 _ a “oe oa ¢ aes aig eee neat _ Ger ADD ih a ale ve Se et lire EL REPORT ON THE SECTION OF AMERICAN ABORIGINAL POTTERY IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, By WirtiaAmM H. Houmers, Honorary Curator. Little work has veen required in this section beyond the reception and installation of new accessions. The collections and additions for the year fall considerably short of those of preceding years. Through our official collectors, chiefly agents of the Bureau of Ethnology, 532 specimens have been received. Through purchase we have 151, and through donation 355. Among the more important collections are donations of pottery from a mound near Lake Apopka, Florida, by Dr. Featherstonehaugh, and of pottery from a mound on Perdido Bay, Alabama, by Mr. F. H. Par- sons. The latter collection is one of the most important ever received from the Gulf coast. Researches connected with this section made by the curator were limited to a study of the pottery of the Potomac tide-water region. A paper upon this subject will appear in the July number of the American Anthropologist. The last catalogue number in June, 1888, is 134497, in June, 1889, 135131. 341 REPORT ON THE SECTION OF FORESTRY COLLECTIONS IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, By B. E. FERNOw, Honorary Curator. » The establishment in April of this year of a section of forestry col- lections in the National Museum is an event, significant in so far as it recognizes the existence of forestry as an art worthy of representation in a museum. I believe that there is no such special section to be found in any other great museum of the world, and my report may therefore properly consist in the justification of this new branch of inuseum work, a brief outline of what such forestry collections should contain, and how they are to be classified. Forestry is an art in the same sense as agriculture, and comprises all that part of human activity which concerns itself with the produc- tion of timber and the management of the artificial or natural forest as a crop, or for its beneficial influences upon other conditions of life. The basis of all forestry is of course the growth of trees. Yet its sphere must not be confounded or mixed up with that of the horticult- urist, or the orchardist, or the landscape gardener, who use trees for ornamental purposes or for their fruit. The aim as well as the methods of the forester are distinet from those of these other branches of arbori- culture, and the scope of forestry is as distinctive. Forestry may be said to be the latest art invented by human intelli- gence, and practiced only by fully civilized people with reference to the use of the soil; and its development and extent of application may be fairly considered as a measure, if not of the intellectual, yet, of the cultural development of a country. With the growth of population grow the demands on the products of the soil, and the most profitable use of soils for the production of food and for other necessities—the relegation of the soil to proper uses— becomes the problem of a nation which lives and progresses intelli- gently. We find, therefore, in the most densely populated regions the cult- ural arts most highly developed; and in a country like Germany, it is only wise and providential policy with regard to the use of the soil, which makes the subsistence of an ever-increasing population on a con- 343 344 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. fined and naturally not overproduective area possible. Agriculture and forestry are practiced there on the most scientific methods. Besides the production of useful material for the arts, there has been more or less distinctly recognized from olden times, a certain connec- tion of forest growth with climatic, water, and soil conditions. Lately this assumed or observed connection has been subjected to seientific scrutiny, and while in some respects the claimed influences have not yet been quantitatively determined, or as in the case of the influence on rain-fall even qualitatively defined, yet the most advanced students of the question of forest influences are agreed upon the existence of certain mechanical influences which a forest cover may exercise upon the seasonal flow of water, upon local conditions of atmospheric and soil humidity, and upon all local and climatic hygienic conditions which are determined by the atmospheric movements in the lower strata, and upon which the mechanical barrier of a forest belt must natually bear. The forest, then, has an interest to man both for the valuable mate- rial it furnishes and for its bearing upon conditions of life hydrologic, climatic, cultural, hygienic, and ethical; this last influence is by no means to be underrated in the life of a nation. In our own country the recognition of the value of this natural re- source, the forest, is only just dawning. We are only just realizing that under the clearing for agricultural land, and under the drain for wood and lumber—which now represent an annual product valued at over one billion dollars—and ander careless destruction by fire, and the absence of all application of the art of forestry, the natural forests are being decimated at a rapid rate; no regard being paid to future requirements, no regard to the disturbances which begin to make themselves felt here and there in water-flow, and to other conditions produced by the removal of their protecting cover. The tree-planting on the Western wind swept plains, scanty indeed when compared with the large area in need of such protection, is almost the only sign of intelligent appreciation of the value of forest growth. A beginning has been made to remedy matters, which in a country with our institutions, must consist mainly, in the first place, in educat- ing the masses. This educational work is earried on by associations, by the press, by the Forestry Division in the United States Department of Agriculture ; and now the National Museum, which with its object lessons is the great educator of the people, joins these forces by making the subject of forestry a part of its exhibits. The reasons, then, for forestry ex- hibits and the justification of instituting a separate branch of forestry collections in the Museum are: (1) The importance and singleness of the art of forestry being sep- arate in its aims and methods from all other arts and industries: SECTION OF FORESTRY COLLECTIONS. 345 (2) The absence of an appreciation of the value and character of forestry in our country, which ealls for the education of the people ; (3) The value of object lessons in educating the people, which is the main function of the Museum. While other art exhibits of the Museum are more in the nature of a record of that which has been accomplished, and serve to show the progress of the art through the various stages of its development, and incidentally to serve the educational object of furthering general and special knowledge in the respective branches, I conceive the object of forestry collections at present to be principally educational. Forestry, as an art, being hardly yet known in our country, the exhibits will have to lead up to the art by making known its aims and needs, and by facilitating an acquaintance with the objects upon which it is to be ex- ercised—the forest and its component parts; also by exhibiting the experiences and practices of other countries, in order to stimulate the application of the art in our own country. The sequence in which, therefore, the exhibits are to be secured, will have to be with reference to their educational value in the direction outlined. RANGE OF FORESTRY COLLECTIONS. To define and circumscribe the range within which forestry collec- tions ought to be kept, it will be well to find the fields on which it bor- ders, from which it borrows, and upon which it works. Other museums, like that at Kew, have a branch of economic botany; a part of this field must be occupied by forestry collections. Forest botany is a branch of economic botany, and forms naturally also an object of forestry collections; and such branches of physiological bot- any as apply to tree-growth belong also in its sphere of representation. Technology and chemistry, as far as these bear upon the application of wood in the arts, upon the derivation of by-products from wood, upon increasing the durability of wood-material, ete., come under the consideration of the forestry collector, only, however, in so far as they exhibit or influence the quality of the raw material, io produce which, the art of forestry is called into requisition. While the application of wood in all branches of human art would furnish an endless array of manufactured objects for exhibit, it seems expedient to make use of such exhibits in forestry collections, only so far as they illustrate the capability of the material for a certain class of manufactures. Machinery and engineering find application in the exercise of the art, and as far as they are used exclusively in the transformation of the raw material of the forest, in the production of the forest crop, or bear upon forestry work in general, they must find representation in forestry collections. With these limitations in mind, we may propose a preliminary classi- fication of exhibits under the following sections: 346 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. A. Relation of forestry to other industries and conditions of life in general. ’ B. Description of the objects upon which forestry is to be applied and of the raw material. C. Methods of utilization and application. D. Methods of production and management. #. Bibliography and misceilaneous. Section A wouid serve, so to speak, as an introduction to the subject of forestry. Under it would be classified such exhibits as represent the importance of forests to the industrial and cultural life of the nation, their influence upon soil, water, and climatic conditions, and their eth- ical value, forest conditions of this and other countries, statisties of supply and demand, The value of the application of forestry upon the natural forest areas, the history of the development of the art in other nations and our own, methods of education, may be exhibited in statis- tical tables, charts, maps, ete. Section B would represent not only the nature of the material of which our forests are composed, describing the forest trees by botan- ical specimens, wood-sections, and illustrations (forest-botany), and more especially the economically valuable timbers by slabs and other- wise, but also by maps, charts, and illustrations, the distribution, loca- tion, and condition of forest-areas and the distribution of species (for- est geography). Photomicrographs and veneer sections will show the structure of the various woods; peculiarities of growth and character- istics of the living tree will be made clear by suitable specimens. The aim in this section will have to be not to expand too much in the direction of general botany, but to keep in view that forestry deals with vegetable products for a special purpose mainly, and this purpose must guide in the selection and limitation of the exhibit. The timbers of foreign countries may also be exhibited as far as their knowledge is of interest, as bearing upon the forestal development of our country, or as aiding to make us appreciate our own forest wealth. Section C admits of the greatest expansion, and the limitations above mentioned will have to be specially kept in view in selecting the material for exhibit. Besides the raw material in shape for manufact- ure and partly manufactured, there may be exhibited such complete manufactures as show the adaptability of certain woods to special uses. Here will also be exhibited the tools and machinery (in models, ete.) of the lumberman and the wood-worker, as far as they belong to the history of harvesting the crop and shaping it for the market. The methods of obtaining the so-called by-products of the forest, such as tan bark, turpentine, charcoal, and the various products of dis- tillation, also cellulose and wood-pulp manufacture; processes for sea- soning and preserving timber, ete., must be represented in this section. The exhibits for Section D represent forestry proper, and, since for- estry is hardly yet practiced in this country, will at first have to be SECTION OF FORESTRY COLLECTIONS. 347 largely composed of material obtained from foreign countries where the art of forestry is practised, representing the tools used in forest planting, the maps and plans used in forest management, graphic illus- trations of rates of growth, aud the methods and instruments employed to measure them; instruments used in thinning, pruning, and the re- sults of these operations on the growth. Methods of protecting against insects, methods of reforestation as used to guard against landslides and torrents; a seed collection, specimens of plant material, a root herbarium belong also in this exhibit. Section # would contain whatever of passing interest and curiosity, not at present otherwise classified, may fall into the province of for- estry, and, further, such collection of reference literature, reports, maps, charts, photographs, as will aid the student to understand the relation of forests and forestry to human life, and show its history and develop- ment as an art. The short time since my appointment and other duties have prevented the installation of any exhibits, excepting one. This consists of a series of thirty photolithographs from the work of the French forest administration, illustrating the effects of deforestation in the Alpine districts of southeastern France, and the methods applied to counter- act the torrential action thus produced; two statistical tables give in briefest manner an idea of the forestry interests of the United States; two half-sections of Sitka Spruce from the northwest (228 years old and 7 feet in diameter) show the rapidity and immense dimensions of the growth in that section; while a historic chart adapted to a section of Tulip Poplar (5 feet in diameter) from the Mississippi Valley brings to the mind of the beholder by referring the annual ring-growth to his- torical data, the long periods of time which are required to produce our forest giants in the East and which form the basis of calculation in the art of the forester. The whole exhibit, placed on one panel 14 by 12 feet, is designed to create in the mind of the visitor thé first interest in the subject of forestry and in the forestry collections to come. The material on hand has not yet been classified, except superficially. It consists of parts of exhibits which have served in various exposi- tions, and, while forming a valuable nucleus for the collections, is far from being exhaustive in any one direction. Through the co-operation of the Department of Agriculture, and especially of its. Forestry Divis- ion, it is hoped that the collections will soon be sufficiently ample to justify their installation, REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALS IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. By Freperick W. TRUE, Curator. At the opening of the last fiscal year the preparations for the Ohio Valley Centennial Exposition, which had occupied the month of June, were nearly completed. A number of matters, however, still demanded attention, and the exposition work was not entirely off our hands until a month later. Early in the fall the Curator was called upon.to assist in the routine work of the Assistant Secretary’s office. For this rea- son, and also because for a considerable part of the time the Chief Taxi- dermist was occupied by special work, outside of his regular duties, the progress made in the department during the year was not so great as it would have been under more favorable conditions. The exhibition series received more important additions than, per- haps, during any other year. The collection contains representatives of a larger number of families of mammals than ever before. A por- tion of these specimens were received in exchange, others were pur- chased, and the remainder originally formed a part of the series exhib- ited in the Cincinnati Exposition. The groups of prairie dogs and opossums, the first of a series in- tended to represent the smaller forms peculiar to North America, were placed in new, specially designed, cases. The series of casts of Ceta- ceans, which forms a special feature of the collection of the Museum, was renovated and completed. Attention was directed afresh to the matter of providing better storage-cases for the study-series. New arrangements were made necessary, especially by the fact that the Bureau of Economic Orni- thology and Mammalogy of the Department of Agriculture, had agreed to deposit in the Museum its valuable collection of North American mammals. The new cases are not completed at this date, but it is ex- pected that they will be in use within a few months. Among the accessions of the year are many interesting specimens. Two specimens of the rare Florida muskrat, Neofiber alleni, were pre- sented by William Wittfield, esq. Mr. Loren W. Green presented a series of excellent skins of the northern variety of Tamias striatus, col- 349 350 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. iected at Charlestown, New Hampshire. A second specimen of Ves- pertilio longicrus was received from Judge J. G. Swan. Col. Cecil Clay obtained after much exertion, and presented to the Museum, the skin of a full-grown male moose. It is intended that this individual shall be included in the group of moose now in course of preparation. A small male deer, believed to be Cariacus gymnotus, was presented by the Philadelphia Zoological Society, through Dr. A. E. Brown. This is the third individual of this species received from the Society. Of exotic mammals the most important, so far as the exhibition series is concerned, were the monkeys and lemurs, twenty-nine in num- ber, purchased from Messrs. H. A. Ward, E. Gerrard, and Dr. J. Biitti- koper. The species were all new to the collection. Among the lemurs were several of the most important and most attractive species of Propithecus. A considerable collection of European bats, Vesperugo kuhlii, Vespertilio nattereri, etc., were received from Dr. Senna Angelo in exchange for American species. From the Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, were received in exchange a skin of Ovis musimon, a skeleton of Monachus albiventer, and a number of European bats. Dr. Birt collected in Graytown, Nicaragua, a number of interesting specimens, including the Spiny rat, Hchinomys semispinosus, a form not hitherto obtained in Central America. It is a representative of the Octodontide, a family usually considered strictly South American. Of aquatic mammals the most important accession during the year was a fresh male specimen of Sowerby’s whale, Mesoplodon bidens, which was captured by the crew of the U. S. life-saving station at Atlantic City, New Jersey (Capt. J. L. Gaskell, keeper). This is the second specimen ever taken in American waters and the first fresh specimen ever seen by American naturalists. Among the collections made by the naturalists of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during a cruise around Cape Horn, were a few South American mammals. The most important specimens re- ceived were the skeleton of a porpoise, Prodelphinus longirostris, obtained between Panama and the Galapagos Islands, and several skins of the sea-lions of the Galapagos Islands. Two mounted skins of the West Initian seal, Monachus tropicalis, were received from Prof. H. A. Ward in exchange. As must necessarily be the case each year, the routine work which occupied the most time was the identification, cataloguing, and label- ing of accessions. A new eard-catalogue was made of the skins which have accumulated in the tanks in the taxidermist’s shop. When speci- mens are mounted or distributed the cards corresponding to them are removed from the catalogue, and it is always possible therefore to determine what material is really in the hands of the taxidermist. A large number of alcoholic specimens were measured preparatory to being converted into dry skins, but for the reasons already given the taxidermists were unable to begin work upon them. DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALS. 351 The matter of providing new storage-cases for the study-series was brought to a head by the offer on the part of the Bureau of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy of the Department of Agriculture, to de- posit its collections of North American mammals in the Museum, if suitable cases for their reception were provided. It was finally decided to adopt metallic cases for the entirestudy series. Two largezine-storage cases and a smaller tin case were obtained in Cambridge, Massachu- setts, for trial. As a further experiment one compartment in the large storage base in the Osteological hall was lined with zine and furnished with a dust-tight front, and one of the three-quarter unit tables in the south hall was also made dust-proof. These have proved very satisfac- tory during the short time that they have been in use, and the Curator has recommended that all the bases in the exhibition hall of the de- partment be remodeled in the same manner. The drawers in the large metal-lined compartment already referred to are four times as large as the ordinary unit drawers in general use in the Museum, and are admi- rably suited for the storage of large skins. Considerable attention has been paid to the matter of providing a substitute for the large tin-lined copper tanks which have hitherto been used for the storage of alcoholic specimens of large size. These tanks, besides being expensive, are constantly deteriorating, on account of the fact that the acetic acid and other impurities in the alcohol dissolve the tin linings and attack the copper walls of the tanks. As a result, the tanks soon begin to leak, and the hair and bones of the specimens preserved in them are dyed green by the salts of copper in the alcohol. Inquiries have been made as to whether earthenware jars of suitable form and size could not be obtained in the market. ‘Thus far, however, nothing suitable has been found, some of the jars offered being of too heavy weight, others too expensive, and others still coated with glazes which might be dissolved by alcohol. It will probably be found necessary to have jars manufactured, which shall be of a form and quality especially adapted for the uses of the Museum. A considerable amount of re-arrangement was made necessary in the exhibition hall after the return of the collection exhibited in Cincinnati. The cases now in the hall are not sufficient for the exhibition of the entire collection, and a small number of new ones are greatly needed. Special cases for the groups of opossums and prairie-dogs were made during the year, and the groups were placed in them. Temporary bases for Steller’s sea-lion aud the walrus were made prior to the 4th of March, in order to secure these specimens from injury at the hands of the crowds of visitors who were in the Museum at that date. -_ me ‘ 5 24 369 370 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Accession 21620, a large collection from the Mediterranean; exchange from Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy. Accession 21651, a collection of fishes, principally Selachians, from Australia; ex- change from the Australian Museum, Sidney. Accession 21752, types of new species, Gobius townsendi and Lepidogobius gilberti, coilected at San Diego, California, by C. H. Eigenmann. Large and valuable collections have been received from the U. 8. Fish Commission, made by Prof. D. 8. Jordan and party in Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. : The routine work has consisted, for the most part, in receiving and caring for accessions, preparing papers for publication, attending to correspondence, bottling, labeling, and preserving the collections. Some attention has been shown stadents of ichthyology from this and other cities. The duties of the Curator, as Ichthyologist and Editor of the Fish Commission, have been such as to allow little time for Mu- seum work during this year. Exchanges have been made with the Otago University, New Zealand, and the Australian Museum, Sydney. The state of the collection has been improved ; numbers of specimens have been transferred from tanks to jars, thereby insuring their better preservation. The number of specimens added to this department during the year was about 6,000. There are at least 25,000 duplicate specimens, 60,000 reserve specimens, and 30,000 specimens in the exhibition series. A collection of this magnitude is very difficult to handle and care for. The case and shelf room is inadequate, making it necessary to stand the jars containing the specimens upon the floor, thereby causing much extra labor and confusion. REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS* IN THE U. 8S, NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, By Wo. H. Dai, Honorary Curator. The force of the Department of Mollusks for the period reported on has consisted, in addition to the Curator, of Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, Ad- junct Curator, and Mr. Pierre Louis Jouy, Aid. Assistance in the work on the fossils collected by the Geological Sur- vey and other donors has been rendered from time to time by Messrs. Frank Burns and Charles B. Greene, of the U. 8. Geological Survey, by the permission of the Director of ne Survey. The need of the department for a person who might.be entitled to the designation of an elegant penman, to write labels for exhibition and other purposes, increases annually. The clerical force of the depart- ment is wholly inadequate to conquer the arrears of labeling and regis- tration, a fact which will not seem extraordinary when it is realized that the collection contains at least twice as many specimens as any other department of the Museum, that of these not exceeding one-half are registered and labeled according to the Museum requirements, and that at any time we are liable to receive an accession large enough to employ our entire time for a whole year. The work, asin previous years, has consisted largely of the labeling, determination, and registration of new and old material. This branch of our work, owing to greater demands on our time from other direc- tions, has not progressed as far as inthe previous year. Still, under the circumstances, I believe that as much has been done as our opportuni- ties would allow, and it has been done in a thorough and efficient man- ner. A considerable amount of time has been spentin putting in order the Lea collection of Unionidw for exhibition. Seven cases have been arranged, but the work has been brought to a temporary cessation pend- ing the substitution of new and more presentable cases for those hith- erto in use. It is hoped that early in the present summer these may be far enough advanced to permit of arranging the whole of this unequaled collection of fresh-water mussels of the world. 371 * Including tertiary fossils, 37¢2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Good progress has also been made in cleaning and assorting the fos- sils contained in the Lea collection, mostly fine specimens from the Eu- ropean Tertiaries. ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR. The total number of accessions during the year is forty-six, a number somewhat less than the preceding year. The amountof material re- ceived under the head of these accessious is also less. It would have been wonderful had it been otherwise, since last year’s list included the sixty-three boxes of the Lea collection. The most important accession of the year was the collection of Mollusca and ‘Tertiary fossils made by the U. 8. Fish Commission party on the Albatross during the voyage from Chesapeake Bay, through the western Atlantic, the Strait of Magellan, and the eastern Pacific to the Galapagos Islands and San Francisco, California. This contains a small but precious collection of deep-sea forms, and a large number of shallow-water species of the coasts visited. The latter were particu- larly important on the eastern coast of South America, where the dis- tribution of the Mollusca is little known. The Albatross collections show that some of the Patagonian species reach as far north as the Amazon, and that some of the Antillean species extend southward to Rio Janeiro and even farther south. A special report on this collection is being prepared for the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries. The accession next in importance was received from Messrs. F. B. and J. D. McGuire, of Washington, who presented on behalf of the heirs of the late J. C. McGuire, of Washington, a collection estimated to comprise about two thousand species and perhaps five thousand specimens of shells, marine and terrestrial, from various parts of the world. This generous donation has been retained temporarily in the packages in which it was received until the material now in hand shall have been administered upon ; but, when time shall favor, it will doubt- less add materially to our series. An invaluable faunal collection was received from the Auckland Mu- seum, Auckland, New Zealand, and contains about three hundred species, with exact labels of locality, mostly named. These, with the very full collection received in former years from the Otago Museum, and other material derived directly or indirectly from private collections, makes the New Zealand collection of our department extremely full and nearly exhaustive for the marine forms. Our chief deficiencies from a faunal stand-point are, and have for some years been, among the African and Chinese forms and those of southern Japan. Among the smaller collections received, which are worthy of partic- ular remark, are a small collection from our constant friend and corre- spondent, Henry Hemphill, representing a picked series of certain Cali- fornian species; a small lot containing some very nice things from Cape Sable, Florida, from Lieut. J. F. Moser, U. S. Navy, and two series each, — DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS. ova from Messrs. G. W. Webster and J. J. White, collected in southeastern Florida. These materially enlarge our knowledge of the geographical distribution of many Southern species heretofore only known from the Antilles and the Keys. Among fossils the largest contributor, as usual, has been the U.S. Geological Survey, closely followed by Mr. Joseph Willcox, of Phila- delphia, whose energy in exploring the fossiliferous deposits of Flor- ida has been most untiring. ROUTINE WORK. The routine work of the past year has been largely devoted to the collection representing the fauna of the southeastern shores of the United States and adjacent waters. This part of the collection is now wholly registered, fully labeled, and arranged systematically. A check- list of this fanna is now in process of printing, and when completed will serve as an index to this part of our molluscan collection. From a rough estimate this fauna may be regarded as represented in our col- lection by about fifteen thousand specimens divided among some two thousand nominal species. This is probably the fullest and best ex- hibit of these forms brought together anywhere in the world, though the very completeness of the arrangement shows that it is not without its deficiencies. Dr. Stearns reports that his time has been largely devoted to the land and fresh-water shells, especially of North America, and to the revision and labeling of material heretofore not administered upon. The collec- tion of North American land and fresh-water shells is in complete order for reference, and the forms belonging to the South American and An- tillean fauna are to a great extent availablealso. The material in both these sections of the collection, as well as in the matter of exotic land shells, will be largely augmented when the Lea collection shall be ad- ministered upon and in a state for study. Constant small additions are being made by correspondents of the Museum in different parts of the country. As soon as storage room in the new cases becomes available, a large proportion of the material now piled up for want of space to put it away will be provided for, and work on the remaining arrears be greatly facilitated. A proper series for exhibition purposes will be available at the same time, and for the first time in its history the Department of Mollusks will be able to bear its proper share in interesting the pub- lic by the contents of suitable table-cases. Information or assistance of more or less importance, chiefly in the identification of specimens or supplying data for investigators, has been furnished to the following persons, among others, the work often “requiring in a single instance the available part of several days of labor and the writing of several letters. 374 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Ben” The recipients of this assistance are scattered over the whole country, but, as might be expected, reside chiefly in those localities where libra- ries and collections are least accessible. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. George F. Kunz. Prof. N.S. Shaler. S. Arnheim. J.B. La Penotiere. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. H. G. Askew. Col. M. MeDonald. C. T. Simpson. W.B. Barrows. ; W.G. Mazyck. K. A. Smith. Dr. Stephen Bowers. Thomas Morgan. Dr. V. Sterki. Theo. D. A. Cockerell. Lieut. J. F. Moser. George J. Streator. Dr. A. K. Fisher. Hon. J. B. Moore. M. A. Suchetet. S. S. Greeley. C. R. Oreutt. Prof. J. B. Tilton. General A. W. Greeley. Prof. A. S. Packard, jr. G. W. Webster. Dr. W. B. Hartman. ¥. M. Phillips. W. W. Westgate. Henry Hemphill. H. A. Pilsbry. J.J. White. Capt. E. P. Herendeen. G. H. Ragsdale. Prof. R. P. Whitfield. Prof. A. Heilprin. W.J. Raymond. Joseph Willcox. C.S. Hill. J. M. Rogers. Dr. W. Kobelt. I. C. Russell. SPECIAL RESEARCHES. The limited time for research has been employed by the Curator partly in concluding the investigation of the mollusca of the expedi- tion on the U.S. 8. Blake, under the supervision of Professor Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. The second and conelud- ing part of this report, including the Gastropoda and Scaphapoda, is now printed and forms a volume of about 800 pages with thirty-one plates. Work has also been done on the dredgings of the U.S. Fish Commission in the same region, and on the voyage of the Albatross to California, a report of which is nearly finished. A new systematic ar- rangement of the bivalve shells or pelecypoda has occupied the Cura- tor’s attention, and the correlation of the Tertiary, especially the Plio- cene, fossils of our southeastern Atlantic coast, with the recent fauna of that coast, is in progress, with a prospect of publication during the coming year. Dr. Stearns has prepared for publication a paper, which is now in press, on Shell Money, Prehistoric and Historic,* a subject upon which he has made long-continued investigations. STATE OF THE COLLECTION. In previous reports I have stated why it is impossible to give the exact number of specimens, species, duplicates, ete., contained in the collection. In my last report I estimated that the collection contained 455,000 specimens of all sorts. Since then about 13,000 have been received. The total number of entries in the Museum register, or catalogue for 1887~88, was 11,803; the number for 1888~89 is 6,323. The discrep- ancy is entirely accounted for by the interruptions to our work already * Report of National Museum, 1887, pp. 297-334. Nine plates. { — . N . DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS. 375 mentioned. The total number of registrations to date, omitting dupli- cates and numbers assigned to but not yet reported, as used by Pro- fessor Verrill on the Fish Commission collections, is 88,234, which represents about 265,000 specimens administered upon and available for use. The schedule of registration follows, the number of workers requiring the simultaneous use of several registration books. Volume. From To | Total. Remarks. ca | 2010 0 Oe ee ee a 87, 302 87, 512 210 | Volume not filled. G.Ce Serene ee ee 94, 585 97,300 | 2,715: | Do. | | | Nd Gey SS ne i ae ea | 98, 677 102, 074 | 3,398 | Do. | 6,323 | REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF INSECTS IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. By C. V. Ritey, Honorary Curator. The past fiscal year has been rather a busier one than usual in this department, and has been signalized particularly by the preparation of exhibit collections. During the early part of the year the educational collection for exhibition at the Cincinnati Exposition was completed and sent to Cincinnati, where it remained until December. In August the Assistant Curator was sent North, and examined a number of private collections at New York City, Brooklyn, Albany, Brockport, and Buffalo for the purpose of obtaining exchange material for the Museum. During October and November, work upon a general exhibit collection to be permanently placed on the lower floor of the Museum, was begun and carried on. In December, work on additional Jaboratory space was begun, and was completed in May. A large ad- ditional room has thus been added to the much needed conveniences of the department. During December work was also begun upon an ex- hibit collection devoted mainly to the economie aspects of entomology to be sent to Paris, as a part of the exhibit at the Exposition. As additional help was needed upon this work, Mr. Martin L. Linell, of Brooklyn, was engaged temporarily for this purpose. The work of pre- paring this exhibit continued assiduously to the end of March, when it was shipped to Paris. April 1 the Assistant Curator, Mr. John B. Smith, resigned, to accept the more lucrative position of entomologist of the Agricultural Experi- ment Station at New Brunswick, N. J., and Mr, M. L. Linell was ap- pointed Aid. _ On April I went to Paris as one of the expert Commissioners, and as representative of the Secretary of Agriculture to the Paris Exposition, and during my absence of five months in those capacities Mr. L. O. Howard was Acting Curator, and I would here acknowledge my indebt- edness to him in that connection. _ The number of accessions during the year have been about as usual, but the following more important ones may be mentioned : 377 7 .. 378 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. A series of named Coleoptera and Lepidoptera from Charles Drury, of Cincinnati, Ohio. This lot contains a large lot of species wanting in the collection. A consider- able lot of good material in Lepidoptera, collected in California by D. W. Coquillett, was turned over to the Museum by Professor Riley, from the Department of Agri- culture. Acc. 21256. Twenty-nine specimens of 16 species of Mexican Coleoptera, collected at Guerrero, Mexico, and purchased from L. E. Ricksecker, Santa Rosa, California. Acc. 21347. Miscellaneous lot of alcoholic insects, collected by Walter B. Barrows at Concep- cion del Uruguay, Argentine Republic, South America. Ace, 21385. Collection of insects, chiefly Coleoptera, mostly from Michigan and Louisiana (about 1,200 species and 5,500 specimens), purchased by the Department of Agricult- uce from Mr. Tyler Townsend, and turned over to the Museum by Professor Riley. Acc. 21391. . A series of 5 species of 30 specimens, of Lepidoptera, from David Bruce, Brock- port, Monroe County, New York. All desiderata. Acc. 21389. Miscellaneous lot of insects, from R. P. Speer, Ames, Iowa. Ace. 21464. A series of Coleoptera in alcohol, from E. Van Dyke, Los Angeles, California. Ace. 21557. A miscellaneous lot of insects, mostly Coleoptera, from J. M. Holtzinger, Winona, Minnesota. Acc. 21542. A series of named Coleoptera, from Mr. Henry Ulke, of Washington, District of Columbia. Acc. 21670. A series of alcoholic specimens from Japan, from Mr, Romyn Hitchcock, U. 8. Na- tional Museum. Acc. 21649. A series of Lepidoptera, from G. H. French, Carbondale, Illinois. Ace. 357. A large lot of dried Coleoptera, from G. W. J. Angell, New York; collected in Vene- zuela. These were too much mutilated for scientific study, but a number of the most conspicuous forms are useful for exhibit purposes. Ace. 21743. Twelve specimens of spiders, from Dr. Edward Palmer; collected at San Pedro, Martin Island, Gulf of California. Ace. 11751. A large series of North American Myriapods, from C. H. bollman, of Bloomington, Indiana. Ace. 21787. Thirty-five species of Coleoptera and 22 species of Hemiptera, from A. L. Montan- don, Bucharest, Roumania; collected in Eastern Europe; through Prof, C. V. Riley. Ace. 21846. A number of specimens of the ‘‘Aweto,” a fungus growing from the body of a cater- pillar in New Zealand; through Proft.C. V. Riley. Acc. 21864. A number of miscellaneous alcoholic insects, from C. Carlos, Cape Gracias, Nica- ragua. Acc. 21593. LKighty-four specimens (30 species) of Heteroptera, from A. L. Montandon, Bucha- rest, Roumania; through Prof. C. V. Riley. Ace. 21992. A lot of alcoholic insects, mostly Coleoptera, through C. R. Orcutt, San Diego, Cal- ifornia. Among these were several really desirable species, especially a fine series of Schizopus sallet. Ace. 22108. Four species of rare Lepidoptera, collected in Florida, from W. E. Longley, 117 Wabash avenue, Chicago. Acc. 21112. The routine work during the year, in addition to the special work upon the preparation of insect collections mentioned in the general review, has been: (1) Thenaming of specimens for collectors: Among themostimportant tasks of this kind have been the naming of seventy species of insects from photographic plates for H. G. Dyar, of Rhinebeck, New York; determinations for Prof. O. Lugger, of the Minnesota Experiment Station; Prof, S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist of Ilinois ; Prof. F. M. . ee ee DEPARTMENT OF INSECTS. ato Webster, of the Indiana Experiment Station; David Bruce, of Brock- port, New York; John Dallas, of Fairfield, Connecticut, and C. R. Orcutt, of San Diego, California. (2) The arrangement and selection of material to be sent to specialists for determination. This is a very important item in the routine work of the department and occupies a great deal of time. It has been the policy to assist both specialists and the Museum itself by sending col- lections in particular groups to specialists who happen to be just at the time working upon them. ‘Thus the entire undetermined material in the Myriapoda was selected out, carefully listed, and sent to Mr, ©. H. Bollman, of Bloomington, [llinois, during August. A large portion of the month of October was also spent in collating the Curator’s notes on the lepidopterous family Pyralidi, in collecting the biological material in this family,and in selecting a nearly complete series for Prof. H. C. Fernald, of Amherst, Massachusetts. The material in the Halticid genera CEdionychis and Disonycha was brought together and sent to Dr. George H. Horn, of Philadelphia, who is working up the genera of the Halticide. Advantage was taken of the occasion to look over and rearrange the material in other genera of the family. Again, during April the Staphylinid material in certain genera was carefully selected out and forwarded to Capt. T. L. Casey, of New York City, for study, as he is engaging himself with this group of beetles. (3) The work of arranging in permanent shape all the reference or reserve collection. This is a matter of extremely slow accomplishment. The re-arrangementof the Coleoptera mentioned in the last annual report of this department has been continued, and, proceeding from the family Cicindelide there mentioned as having been completed, the very large family Carabide has been entirely re-arranged, occupying sixty-eight boxes in the reserve collection and eighteen double boxes in the dup- licate series. A beginning has been made with the succeeding families of water beetles, beginning with the Dytiscidie. In addition to this work, which has occupied most of Mr. Linell’s time, Mr. Lawrence 3runer, entomologist to the Nebraska Experiment Station, during a visit to Washington in November, spent a number of days in working over the the Orthoptera of the collection, naming many of the hereto- fore-undetermined species and adding a number of his type species. Dr. 8S. W. Williston, of New Haven, also visited Washington during May, and devoted some little time to work upon the Diptera in the col- lection. (4) The actual care of the collection; its disinfection and preservation from insect pests. ‘This is a matter of considerable time. Twice or three times a year every box of the hundreds now upon the shelves must be carefully examined, disinfected with bisulphide of carbon or benzine in case the work of museum pests is discovered, and the naptha- line cones used as preventives renewed. The entire collection was thus carefully gone over twice during the past year and was found in most admirable condition. 380 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Among the special researches based upon material belonging to the Department should be mentioned the following : (1) A monograph of the Sphingid of North America, by John B. Smith, which has been published during the year by the American Entomological Society of Philadelphia. (2) A paper upon the Acridiide of North America, by Lawrence Bruner, which has been submitted for publication in the Proceedings of the Museum. (3) A paper entitled Notes and Descriptions of Braconide, by Will- iam H. Ashmead, to be published in the Proceedings of the Museum. (4) A paper to be entitled Notes and Descriptions of Ichneumonide, by William H. Ashmead, now nearly completed and to be published in the Proceedings of the Museum. (5) Two papers, with titles corresponding to those by Mr. Ashmead, just mentioned, are in preparation by myself, and include the new material in the Museum collection in these two families of parasitic Hymenoptera not treated by Mr. Ashmead. (6) Several papers by C. H. Bollman, of Bloomington, [linois, upon Myriopoda, which have been submitted for publication in the Proceed- ings of the Museum. (7) A report upon the Insects, Arachnids, and Myriapods collected by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross during 1887 and 1888, submitted to the assistant secretary in charge of the Museum in June, by Mr. L. O. Howard. It will be very difficult at the present time to draw up a table show- ing the present state of the collection, indicating the number of specimens in all orders. This was carefully done in the report of the Department for 1886-’87, and in the report for 1887-88 the statement was made that some 10,000 specimens had been added. During the present year, while several thousand specimens have been added to the collection, the work of rearrangement, except upon exhibit collections, has been so slow that a definite tabulated statement at the present time is impracticable. The work may be said to be just now in a transition state. The most urgent need of the department at the present time is additional help, to permit me to keep the rapid accumulations properly worked up. REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. By RIcHARD RATHBUN, Honorary Curator. The duties of the Curator in connection with the Fish Commission have prevented his giving much personal attention to his department during the past year. The exhibition hall, which has been closed for two or three years on account of the extensive repairs made to the Smithsonian building, has been thoroughly renovated and prepared for the use of the public. All of the collections have received constant care, and their condition in the several store-rooms has been greatly improved. But few accessions were received, owing chiefly to the fact that the Fish Commission, which has been its principal contributor ever since the department was reorganized in 1880, has made arrangements to care for its own collections of marine animals until they shall have been studied and reported upon. This will,in a measure, benefit the depart- ment by relieving it of the routine work incidental to the preservation and assorting of the large unworked collections sent in by the vessels and field parties of the Commission, while eventually it will become the recipient of valuable type series, representing the labors of recognized authorities in systematic zoology. It is expected, moreover, that these collections will be turned over to the Museum from time to time, as the work on the different groups is completed. The total number of accessions recorded is thirteen, none of which were of large size. Lieut. J. F. Moser, U.S. Navy, commanding the Coast Survey steamer Bache, has contributed a small assortment of miscellaneous specimens dredged off Cape Sable, Florida, during the winter of 1887~88. Mr. Henry Hemphill has sent in a number of speci- mens of crustaceans and sponges, obtained from kelp roots, off San Diego, California. Several fresh-water crabs and shrimps have been received from Dr. Louis F. H. Birt, of the Nicaragua Canal Construc- tion Company. They were collected near Greytown, Nicaragua. Mr. Romyn Hitchcock has presented a small collection of crustaceans and sponges from Japan; and Judge James G. Swan, several echini and crustaceans from Port Townsend, Washington. The remaining acces- sions do not require special mention. 381 rye ca O80. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. During the greater part of the year, the west hall in the Smithsonian building, assigned to this department for exhibition purposes, was used for storing the general dried collection, pending the renovation of the | bird hall, in one of the galleries of which it is regularly kept. This work being finished in the spring, the exhibition hall was again made ready for the public, the cases being newly painted on the inside, and the display collections re-arranged by the curator. The alcoholic speci- mens in the basement store-rooms were all gove over during the year, and the following groups, including both the identified and unidentified Specimens, were arranged in systematic order, namely: the crustaceans, worms, holothurians, ophiurans, erinoids, hydroids, molluscoids, and sponges. This places the collection in better shape for reference than ever before, and the remaining groups will be taken up in the same manner during the next fiscal year. The collection of duplicate speci- mens was also revised and the card catalogue of the same completed. A collection of marine forms representing some of the investigations of the Fish Commission was prepared and transmitted to the Cincinnati Exposition during the summer of 1888, as a part of the exhibit accredited to the Commission. It consisted mainly of large showy specimens, but also contained examples of fish food and many microscopic preparations. After its return to Washington, in the autumn, the more interesting por- tions were added to the display series in the exhibition hall. When the collections of natural history, made during the cruise of the steamer Albatross from Norfolk to San Francisco, were received at Washington, jn the winter of 188889, the new Fish Commission laboratory had not been constructed, and these collections were largely assorted and pre- pared for study in the work-rooms of this department, with such assist- ance as we were able to render. The curator has had but one assistant during the year, Miss M. J. Rathbun, on whom have devolved not only the care and preservation of the collections, but also, for the most part, the general supervision of the department, and its excellent condition at the present time is due chiefly to her conscientious labors. The Curator has given a limited amount of time to the study of the Madreporarian corals, and particularly those collected by the steamer Albatross in the Gulf of Mexico and on the voyage from Norfolk to San Francisco. Otherwise no special researches have been carried on in the department. Prof. A. E. Verrill and Prof. S. I. Smith are still con- tinuing their work upon the I’ish Commission collections stored at the Peabody Museum of Yale College, the same being now the property of the National Museum. Prof. Edwin Linton is also giving his attention to the large series of internal parasites of fishes collected chiefly by him- self at the Wood’s Holl station of the Fish Commission. Arrangements have been made with Prof. Walter Faxon, of the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, to report upon the crayfishes added to the department since his memoir published in 1885; and Mr. J. Walter Fewkes has completed a paper on certain of the Albatross medusex obtained in the region of the Gulf Stream. ye ae ae DEPARTMENT OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES. 383 The collections made by the Albatross on the voyage around South America, were, as before explained, partly assorted in the laboratory of this department by Prof. Leslie A. Lee, the chief naturalist of the steamer during that cruise, with the assistance of Miss Rathbun. Sub- sequently several of the groups of marine invertebrates were assigned to different naturalists for study and report, as follows: The echiniand stalked crinoids, to Mr. Alexander Agassiz; the mollusca in general, to Mr. William H. Dall; the pteropods and heteropods, to Mr. James I. Peck; the brachyura and isopoda, to Prof. Leslie A. Lee; the stomato- pods and free medusa, to Prof. W. K. Brooks; the hydroids to Mr. J. Walter Fewkes; the actinians, to Prof. J. P. MeMurrich; the larval cephalopods, to Mr. 8S. Watase; the internal parasites of fishes, to Prof. Edwin Linton; the Madreporarian corals and starfishes to the curator. Notwithstanding the fact that so little special work has been placed upon the collections during the past year, the specimens have been re- tained in an exceptionally good state of preservation, and they are now so well arranged as to be available for reference or study without loss of time in finding all the representatives of each group, although the entire collection occupies the space of five good-sized store-rooms. Over three thousand entries have been made in the catalogue books, as ex- plained in the following table : STATEMENT OF CATALOGUING DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. | 7 |_Entriesto | Entries to | Number of June 30, 1888. | June 30, 1889. Se | | \during year. CSTR URGING sao Se Se SOS Ds cele Se ace ose Ese 13, 110 | 14, 385 | 1, 275 VW) ons esagencsetet osc eeasene BoB bebe aes se ene cee 4,173 4,728 | 555 « 960 | 1,000) ) EUUCOZOANAT ANC ASCIOIINS ccc nol casticisece vcs sainecece sinc +> | a 2,549 2,778 5 269 Echinoderms and Ceelenterates.........--..-..---.-+-------- | 16, 409 | 16, 885 476 \¢ 4, 973 5, 000 ? SOUP es and TOCOZOAMS: = sce im cceciewinin a= be swinccmie cm ite coll. | ) 5, 444 6, 056 | 5 639 | eae Lie plete ee ORE 93 ete ee ee RE (pa POE 23 [aera Es | 3, 214 The following institutions have been supplied with duplicate sets of marine invertebrates from series No. Iv, the character of which has been described in previous reports. Hach set contains about one hun- dred and ten species, the most of which are preserved in alcoho]. The varied character of the material comprising these sets makes them of great value for educational purposes: - State Normal School, Terre Haute, Indiana; University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; The Free Academy, Elmira, New York; W. A. Me- Mullen, Wellsville, York County, Pennsylvania; Brattleboro Society of Natural History, Brattleboro, Vermont; Racine College, Racine, Wis- consin; Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; Straight University, New Or- Jeans, Louisiana; University of Dakota, Vermillion, Dakota; Lombard \ i JA 384 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. University, Galesburg, Dlinois; Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College, Blacksburg, Virginia; East Maine Conference Seminary, Bucks- port, Maine; Rutger’s College, New Brunswick, New Jersey; High School, Stamford, Connecticut; High School, Galesburg, Illinois; Mari- etta College, Marietta, Ohio; Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee; Baird College, Clinton, Missouri; Simpson College, Indianola, Lowa. In addition to the regular sets of duplicates, special collections were sent out as follows: Small lots of unmounted foraminifera to Hills- dale College, Hillsdale, Michigan; to EH. H.Galway, Washington, District of Columbia; and to George 8S. Lewis, jr., Springfield, Massachusetts; one specimen of Geryon quinquedens Smith to A. Milne-Edwards, Paris, France; specimens of seven species of Atlantic coast actinians to Prof. J. Playfair MeMurrich for special study. No field work yielding results of interest to this department was conducted during the year under the auspices of the Museum, but it seems advisable to refer briefly to the marine explorations of the Fish Commission, as has been done in previous reports, for the reason that the materials obtained by that means will sooner or later be represented in the Museum. The Albatross left San Francisco July 4, 1888, on her first cruise to the Alaskan fishing grounds. Work was begun in the vicinity of the island of Unalashka, at the eastern end of the Aleutian chain, and carried thence eastward to the reported position of Pamplona Rocks, south of Prince William’s Sound. Five principal fishing banks were developed in that region, all lying on the submerged continental plateau, and extending to its abrupt outer edge. The names of the banks are as follows: Davidson Bank, Sannakh Bank, Shumagin Bank, Albatross Bank, and Portlock Bank. Many dredge hauls, chiefly with the beam-trawl, were made over this area in different depths of water, and much shore collecting was also done on the adjacent islands and main-land. Leaving this region, a line of sounding and dredging stations was carried down the coast to the northern end of Vancouver’s Island, whence the steamer proceeded through the inland passage to Puget Sound, dredging at intervals on the way. A month was subsequently spent on the outer coast of Washington and Oregon, the cruise termi- nating at San Francisco in October. The total number of hauls made with the dredge and beamn-trawl was fifty, the depth of water ranging from 21 to 1,569 fathoms. In January, the Albatross started on a second cruise, this time to the coast of southern and Lower California, and the Gulf of California. Several months were spent in this region, and one hundred and fifty-five dredgings were made in depths of 5 to 1,005 fathoms. The collections obtained on these two trips are very: large; they have been received in Washington by the Fish Commission, and are partly in course of elaboration. Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner has continued in command of the steamer during the year, with Mr. Charles H. Townsend as naturalist and Mr. A. B. Alexander as fishery expert. On the second cruise, Prof, Charles H. Gilbert, of the Univer- — DEPARTMENT OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES. 385 sity of Indiana, was placed temporarily in charge of the natural history work. During the summer of 1888, the steamer ish Hawk made an investi- gation of the oyster beds of Providence River, and of New Haven, Connecticut, and during the following winter both the steamer Fish Hawk and the schooner Grampus were at work on the western and southern coast of Florida, the former in the interest of the mullet fishery, the latter making an investigation of the red snapper and grouper fishing grounds. On all of these cruises important natural history collections were obtained. H. Mis, 224, pt. 2——-25 ie 4 ‘Fi fe i % | hie 4) wahisal sce if REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, By FREDERICK W. TRUE, Acting Curator. The activities of the past year were exerted chiefly in the direction of reducing the accumulations of osteological material in the preparators’ workshops and storage rooms. : 7 7 7 * a ne mad ‘ ‘s 7 - 7 = 7 a b ~ » oj - - sd = = = q . ~otie BDIAE |: 8 ied Lops 1 Sf SST | p wstaais beta wae : (2988. ae i) Sai SEG Ta | SN a & | 7" Nye a ken a W ‘ | = vo sah Gini oa WP hi) ifs raik'y eA) REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. By GEORGE VASEY, Honorary Curator. In view of the great amount of current work, I have not been able to make a catalogue of the plants contained in the Herbarium, but am only able to state in general, that that part of the Herbarium which is in the Department of Agriculture is disposed in cases which are arranged against the walls of three rooms, occupying in all a wall-space of about 85 running feet; that the cases are 8 feet high and divided into spaces about 6 inches high, 15 inches wide, and 18 inches deep; and that of such spaces there are about 16 in each row, making a total of more than 1,300 spaces or shelves. We estimate that the shelves each contain, on an average, about one hundred sheets, or altogether more than one hun- dred and twenty thousand sheets. These are properly arranged in or- ders, genera, and species, and labeled so as to be readily accessible. We have a large quantity yet to be mounted and added to the collec- tion, besides a great number of duplicates for distribution and exchange. The Department of Agriculture has employed for a part of the year three agents to collect botanical specimens and information respecting the vegetation of little known regions. One of these agents has operated in western Texas, one in California (Southern and Lower), and one in Washington. From these agents we have received a large quantity of of botanical specimens. We have received as additions to the Herbarium through the Smith- sonian Inustitution a valuable set of plants collected by officers of the U.S, Fish Commission steamer Albatross in South America and Alaska; also several packages collected by Lieutenant Pond of the U.S. Navy, in Lower California and the islands adjacent. We have also received through the Smithsonian Institution, a collection of four hundred spe- cies of the plants of Japan, collected by Mr, 8S. Tegima of the Tokyo Educational Museum, Tokyo, Japan. We have made from our duplicate collections distributions to the fol- lowing societies: To the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. To the Herbarium of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France. To the Herbarium of the British Museum, London, England. To the Royal Herbarium, Kew, England. To the Botanic Garden, Natal, South Africa. 399 REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. By EF. W. CLARKE, Honorary Curator. In general the work of the year has followed the usual lines with little variation. The only notable divergence was in the matter of the ex- hibit at the Cincinnati Centennial Exposition, in which the Department was represented merely by a single case of specimens, to illustrate the gems and precious stones of North America. In the preparation of that exhibit a few very choice gems were added to the collection. The growth of the collection during the year has been highly satis- factory, and especially so as regards the quality of the material obtained. ‘Lhe two most important accessions were received from the U.S. Geo- logical Survey, in collections made by Profs. S. L. Penfield and W. F. Hillebrand, respectively. The Penfield coliection was obtained in two seasons of field work in and near St. Lawrence County, New York, and numbers 1,366 specimens, of which a considerable number are dupli- cates. Itis exceedingly rich in black, brown, and white tourmaline, white and green phlogopite, diopside, calcite, albite crystals, oligoclase, danburite, wollastonite, tremolite, ete., and it contained several almost unique specimens. Ofthe latter I may mention a huge mass of green fluorite, superbly crystallized, a large pyrite crystal, a radiated brown tourmaline, and a series of most brilliant peristerite feldspars. Dr. Hillebrand’s collection was made during a six weeks trip to the Far West, in which he visited the eryolite locality near Pike’s Peak ; the Tintic District in Utah: Silver City, Georgetown, and Las Cruces, New Mex- ico; and the Copper Queen Mine in Arizona. The collection embraces the cryolite groups of minerals, a magnificent series of mixite, tyrolite, erinite, and clinoclasite; some very brilliant and unusual descloizite, finely crystallized wulfenites, and some extraordinary azurites and fibrous malachite. On his journey Dr. Hillebrand also made some pur- chases for the Museum, securing among other things a lot of turquoise from Los Cerillos, New Mexico, numbering 363 specimens, mostly dupli- cates. The descloizite from Georgetown, New Mexico, was a new dis- covery, and Mr. Alex. McGregor, manager of the mine in which it oe- curs has since sent the Museum « superb series of 81 specimens, 1n- ; 26 401 H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 402 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. cluding several choice examples of vanadinite. Both of these species are rare. Dr. Hillebrand also secured valuable gifts of specimens for the Museum from Mr. Richard Pearce, of Denver, and from Messrs. J. W. Howell and B. Williams, of Bisbee, Arizona. In addition to the Penfield and Hillebrand collections, the Geological Survey has also con- tributed 37 specimens of wood-opal, collected by Dr. A. C. Peale in Montana. Important gifts of minerals were received from the following donors : From the Australian Museum at Sidney, fifteen specimens of phacolite, embolite, ete. From W. H. Beck, of Washington, fourteen specimens of a new variety of des- cloizite from Montana. From Mrs. A. C. Bidwell, of Clip, Arizona, five specimens of dumortierite. From D. A. Bowman, of Bakersville, North Carolina, specimens of kyanite, beryl, and transparent oligoclase. From one of the kyanites a fine gem has been cut. From W. G. Clark and G. M. Wilson, of Mullan, Idaho, specimens of plattnerite. This rare species has been lost sight of for nearly fifty years, and its new occurrence is quite noteworthy. From the Drake Company, Sioux Falls, Dakota, four polished slabs ofthe Arizona agatized wood. From H. G. Hanks, of San Francisco, four large crystals of hanksite, the types of a published article. From J. A. Lucas, of Silver City, New Mexico, eight pseudomorphs of native copper after azurite. From 8. Scott, of Rapid City, Dakota, fifty-nine specimens of minerals from the Black Hills. . From Hon. John Sherman, a large mass of polydymite from Canada. This rare ore of nickel contained traces of platinum. From Prof. H. L. Wells, of Yale University, a specimen of the new mineral sperry- lite. , By exchange the collection has been moderately increased. Nineteen specimens were thus obtained from G. L. English & Co., of Philadel- phia; 85 specimens from the museum at Auckland, New Zealand; 327 specimens from C. W. Kesler, of North Carolina, and 128 specimens from Joseph Willcox. In addition to the specimens already mentioned, a number of choice minerals were secured by purchase, From J. W. Beath, of Philadel- phia, forty-seven specimens of gems were bought, including one dia- mond in the gangue. From ©. S. Bement, a large mass of crystallized azurite, probably the finest specimen in existence. From I’. H. Butler, of London, two choice crystals of the Egremont calcite. From Dr. F. E. Chatard, a specimen of native silver from Chili weighing eighteen ounces, From G. lL. English & Co., eighteen miscellaneous specimens, including the new species beryllonite, and a unique crystal of galena. From A. E. Foote, three remarkable azurites, a specimen of opal agate, and a choice calcite twin. From Tiffany & Co., four cut specimens of agatized wood, two disks of concentric azurite and malachite, and a fine Siberian tablet representing various small fruits carved in ditfer- eut ornamental stones. DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS. 403 These accessions represent the greater part of the material received during the year. On the debit side, the Museum was impoverished by the withdrawal of the Willcox collection, which had been a feature of the mineral exhibit for over four years. Hight hundred specimens were sent out to complete more than twenty exchanges, and sixteen sets of duplicates were distrrbuted to colleges and schools. The last catalogue number in June, 1888, was 47,837; in June 1889, 48,468. During the year 5,794 individual specimens were catalogued. The routine work of the department has been performed as usual by the Assistant Curator, W. 8. Yeates, with characteristic faithfulness and efficiency. - ea raat ire | cy Weiiies it a a 5 es ¢ ns ee agey aT rh a Ont il il i REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF LITHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOLOGY IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, By GEORGE P. MERRILL. Curator. So far as is to be judged from the mere acquisition of materials, the year just closed has been one of unprecedented activity and progress in this department. This may be accounted for by the fact that (1) the Curator has been enabled to visit in person sundry localities and obtain thence desirable materials, and that (2) the department having become fairly established and with a fair amount of duplicate material, we have been enabled to make a series of profitable exchanges. The U. S. Geological Survey has also furnished much valuable matter, as will be noted later. On July 17 the Curator left on a collecting trip into southwestern North Carolina, returning on the 29th. The main points visited were Webster, Jackson County, and the corundum mines at Cullasaja, Macon County. From these localities were obtained several hundred pounds of necessary material, consisting chiefly of rocks of the pericotite and pyroxenite groups. On August 4asecond trip was made into Penn- sylvania, followed during the summer vacation by excursions into northern New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, eastern Massachusetts, and as far east as Eastport, Maine. The material collected during these trips will be noted under the head of accessions, but mention may be made here of a fine series of slates from Lebigh and Northampton Counties, which were selected with a view to illustrating the efficacy of pressure in the production of slaty cleavage. Blocks were obtained, showing very plainly the emi- nent cleavage at a sharp angle withthe bedding, and also blocks which through lack of homogeneity in various layers, yielded unequally to the compressive force, the finer grained and more uniform portions becom- ing evenly and finely fissile, while the coarser layers were crimped, crushed, or repeatedly faulted in a very instructive manner. A series of photographs was also obtained to illustrate certain physi- eal phenomena, such as could not be illustrated by means of speci- mens. A405 406 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. NOTES ON THE MORE IMPORTANT ACCESSIONS. The more important accessions of the year are ineluded in the fol- lowing list: (1) A large polished block (22 by 21 by 15 inches) of serpentinous lime- stone (ophiolite or ophicalcite) from Thurman, Warren County, N. Y. Gift of R. T. Baxter, of Glens Falls. The specimen is of vaiue not only on account of its beauty as an ornamental stone, but aiso as showing the various stages of alteration from pyroxene into serpentine. This stone has been the subject of a special investigation by the Curator. (See bibliography.) (2) Two samples of Algerian marble, showing fracturing and fault- ing. Gift of ®. Fritseh, 515 and 517 West Twentieth Street, New York City. (3) A collection comprising some one hundred and eighty specimens modern and antique marbles from European and African localities, received in exchange from the Museum of Natural History in Paris. (4) An interesting and valuable series of metamorphic and eruptive rocks of Brazil (269 specimens), received in exchange for other ma- terials from Prof. O. A. Derby, of Rio de Janiero. (9) A series of serpentines and associated rocks from various loeali- ties in New York State, received from G. F. Kunz. (6) A series of peridotites and serpentines from Clickertor and the Cadgwith district, England, in exchange from Mr. R. N. Worth, of Plymouth, England. (7) A series of rocks and general geological material, including spher- ulitic felsite, serpentine, geodes, graphite, fossil footprints, infusorial earth, ete., from various localities, received from Prof. W. O. Crosby, of the Boston Society of Natural History, in exchange for other ma- terials. (8) A polished slab (12 by 14 inches) of green marble from Loudoun County, Virginia. Gift of Mr. G. W. Carter, Washington, D. C. (9) A series of ninety-two specimens European eruptive rocks, re- ceived in exchange for other material from B. Sturtz, of Bonn, Prussia (10) Some forty specimens of siliceous sinters and eruptive rocks froin New Zealand, received in exchange from Prof. T. F. Cheeseman, of the Auckland Museum. (11) Some sixty-five eruptive and metamorphic rocks from Norway, Sweden, and Scotland, received in exchange for other material from Dr. G. H. Williams, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Mary- land. (12) A series comprising one hundred and seventeen dressed 4-inch cubes of building and ornamental stones of Austria, received in ex- change from Dr. A. Brezina, of the Imperial Museum in Vienna. (13) Twelve characteristic specimens lavas from the Hawaiian volea- noes. Gift of Mr. E. D. Preston, of the U. S. Coast Survey. DEPARTMENT OF LITHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. 407 (14) The U. 8S. Geological Survey has furnished much interesting and valuable material, among which should be mentioned (1) some one hundred and fifty specimens of rocks from Utah, Montana, California, and Oregon, collected under the direction of Mr. J. 8. Diller, and com- prising theralites, dacites, quartz basalts, and saxonites, as well as fine examples of rain-eroded limestones, jointed shales, and volcanic bombs with large inclosures of granular olivine; (2) some oae hundred speci- mens of trachyte from near Rosita, in the Silver Cliff region, Colorado, collected by Mr. C. Whitman Cross; (3) a series of sixty-four photo- graphs illustrating the topography of lake shores, glacial geology, the tufa deposits of Lake Lahontan, ete., prepared under the direction of Mr. I. C. Russell; (4) specimens of clay baked by burning lignite beds, and other rocks and concretions from Dakota and Montana, collected by Dr, A. C. Peale; (5) the entire collection, comprising some two thou- sand specimens, of the rocks of the Comstock lode and Washoe district, Nevada, from the study of which were prepared the results embodied by Mr. Becker in his report of the geology of this region (Monograph 111, U.S. Geological Survey), and also in Messrs. Hague and Iddings’ paper on the Development of Crystallization in Igneous Rocks (Bull. U.S. Geological Survey, No. 17), and (6) an instructive series of decomposed rocks, soils, and residual clays, collected under the direction of Mr. I. C. Russell. (15) A large slab (29 by 77 inches) of Triassic sandstone from Tur- ner’s Falls, Massachusetts, with fossil footprints. Selected for the Museum by Prof. C. H. Hitcheook, of Hanover, and obtained from Mr. T. M. Stoughton, of Turner’s Falls. (16) The following materials collected by the Curator, as above al- luded to, may also be mentioned: The peridotites and pyroxenites from near Webster and Cullasaja, North Carolina; peridotite, serpentines, vermiculites, and crushed and faulted slates from Pennsylvania; weath- ered talcose schists from Maine ; serpentines from Massachusetts; gran- ite from Concord, New Hampshire; orbicular granite from Craftsbury, Vermont; norite from Keeseville, New York; serpentines and ophio- lites from Essex County, New York; all the above being collected in quantity to furnish material not only for our own exhibition series, but also for duplicates. ROUTINE WORK. Since the death of Mr. A. J. Forney, which took place October 30, 1888, the department has been without a preparator skilled in stone-cutting and polishing, and hence but little work of this nature has been done. Mr. J. O. Hargrove, who was appointed as a temporary assistant on September 25, has rendered very satisfactory service in trimming band specimens for the exhibition and study series, and has rendered valua- able assistance in the work of re-arranging the exhibition series. The clerical work of the department has been carried on, as during the pre- 408 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. vious year, in @ very satisfactory manner by Mr. W. B. Merrimon. Work was begun early in the fall of 1888 with a view to preparing one hundred sets of rocks, of fifty specimens each, to meet the numerous de- mands from educational institutions, and it was hoped that the entire series might be made ready for distribution before the close of the year. That it is not as yet ready, is due in a large degree to the lack of satis- factory storage space, though there are also lacking certain materials that are essential to the completion of the series. It is hoped that we may be able to obtain these during the coming summer. A re-assign- ment of storage space, it should be noted, has necessitated once more a moving of the entire collection of duplicates and unassorted materials. Twenty-three sets of duplicates, mostly in the way of exchanges, were sent out during the year. They are as follows: July 11.—To Dr. Stephen Bowers, Ventura, California, two specimens of serpentine from Montville, New Jersey. July 30.—To Dr. H. 8. Lueas, Cullasaja, North Carolina, two specimens of serpen- tine from Montville, New Jersey. August 3.—To Mr. W. H. Schreiber, Webster, North Carolina, one specimen of chrome iron ore. October 4.—Vo Prof. W. O. Crosby, Boston, Massachusetts, 100 pounds dunite and pyroxenite, from Webster, North Carolina. October 5.—To O. C. Farrington, New Haven, Connecticut, two specimens serpen- tine from Montville, New Jersey. October 15.—To M. A. Lacroix, Paris, France, five specimens of American rocks. November 8.—B. Sturtz, of Bonn, Prussia, forty-three specimens of miscellaneous rocks from the United States. November 27.—To M. Meunier, Museum of Natural History, Paris, France, a series of one hundred and one specimens, many of them cut and comprising a variety of building and ornamental stones and eruptive and sedimentary rocks. December 6.—To Prof. O. A. Derby, Rio Janeiro, Brazil, a series of one hundred and thirty-one specimens American rocks, mainly eruptive. December 8.—To Prof. E. Haworth, Penn College, Oskaloosa, Iowa, a series of seventy-two specimens miscellaneous rocks, mainly eruptive. December 12.—To Prof. C. C. Nutting, Iowa City, Iowa, a series comprising twenty-six specimens cut and polished marbles. February 8, 1889.—To the Maine State College, Orono, Maine (Prof. F. L. Harvey), a series of sixty-one specimens rocks, ores, and minerals from various sources. February 25.—To the U. 8. Geological Survey (loaned for study), six specimens obsidian, from various sources. March 14.—Transferred to department of animal products, four specimens rock, composed mainly of organic remains. April 8.—To Dr. A. Brezina, Imperial Royal Museum at Vienna, Austria, a series comprising one hundred and sixteen dressed specimens building and ornamental stones in sizes about 4 by 4 by 34-inch, and also one hundred and two specimens mis- cellaneous rocks, ores, and minerals in sizes about 4 by 4 by 1 inch. — May 4.—To Dr. George H. Williams, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Mary- land, eleven specimens miscellaneous rocks, May 4.—To Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, sixteen specimens miscellaneous rocks. May 23.—To Prof. W. 8. Bayley, Colby University, Waterville, Maine, six speci- meus miscellaneous rocks. DEPARTMENT OF LITHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. 409 May 23.—To Professor J. F. Kemp, Vornell University, Ithaca, New York, five specim/ns andesites. Jwee 1.—To Prof. O. A. Derby, tour specimens rocks from Montana, Colorado, and Cetfornia. July 17,—To Rev. G. E. Post, Beirut, Syria, a collection comprising sixty-four specimens typical rocks and ores. July 18.—To Prof. W. O. Crosby, Boston, Massachusetts (Boston Society Natural History), a collection comprising nineteen specimiens recks and geological ma- terials. Special reports on material received for examination and report, and from persons as a rule in no way connected with the Museum, have been prepared as follows: On Accession 183.—A clay ironstone concretion received from M, Altschul, Hampton, Virginia. On Accession 178.—-Clays received from C. W.Mitchell, Lynchburgh, Virginia. On Accession 189.—Limestone and pyrite received from M. V. Wheeler, Clayton, West Virginia. On Accession 166.—Supposed ore received from M. 'T. Oates and B. L. Morris, Rhome, Texas. eet On Accession 201.—Clay marl received from Mary P. Scott, Sioux City, Iowa. On Accession 203.—Chert nodule received from J. C, Allen, White Gate, Giles County, Virginia. On Accession 222.—Rocks and ores received from Dr. J. C. Merrill, Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On Accession 220.—Weathered rock received from Mr. Charles Hallock. On Accession 248.—Received from Mr. John Murray, Sing Sing, New York. On Accession 264.—A siliceous limestone received from E. M. Treakle, Versailles, Maine. On Accession 20678.—A supposed fossil egg received from Dr. E. G. Shellack, Allen, Kansas. On Accession 307.-Rock received from Dr. H. 8S. Lucas, Cullasaja, North Carolina. On Accession 333—Rocks received from Dr. F. W. Taylor, Kingston, New Mexico. On Accession 340.--Abrading material received from E, B. Pike, Boston, Massa- chusetts. On Accession 342.—Carbonaceous limestone received from Daniel Baker, Buckeys- town, Maryland. , On Accession 356.—-Quartz and septarian nodules received from E. L. Blume, Mount Savage, Maryland. On Accession 358,—-Fertilizer (?) received from A. N. Lauderdale, Lampasas, Texas. On Accession 362.—Crinoidal limestone received from J. Voorhees, Wolverton, Min- nesota. On Accession 364,—Calcite received from F. Kidweiler, Harper’s Ferry, West Vir- ginia. On Accession 360.—On lavas from the Hawaiian Islands received from Mr. E. D. Pres- ton, U. 8. Coast Survey. On Accession 367,--Impure limestone and clay marl] received from Mr. R. T. Ellis, Grimm’s Landing, West Virginia. On Accession 380.—Feldspar received from I’. A. Morey, Keeseville, New York. On rock from D. W. Brunton, Leadville, Colorado, and referred by F. P. Dewey, of _ the Museum. " On Accession 404.—Argillaceous sandstone received from M. W. Bacon, Talcott, West Virginia. On a sample of sandstone (building stone) submitted by Mr. Schureman, of Ohio. A410 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. PRESENT STATE OF THE COLLECTION. Concerning the present state of the collection little can be said that would not be a repetition of what has been given in my previous re- ports. The collection of building and ornamental stones, as now in- stalled, fills thirteen door screen cases, one wall case, two large pyra- mids, and the tops of three table cases. The systematic collections illus- trating the composition of the earth’s crust in its least altered form, that is, the collections of rocks and rock-forming minerals, are now, so far as mere number of specimens is concerned, as large as seems ad- visable with our present limited amount of space. They still need, how- ever, more or less sifting out and replacement as new and, for the pur- poses, better material is obtained. In this rock-collection, it should be stated, an attempt is made not merely to show all the kinds of rocks which go to make up any appreciable amount of the earth’s crust, but also toa certain extent their geographical distribution. It is deemed of more importance, for instance, to show basalts from America, Europe, and Australia, even though they may closely resemble one another, than to show an equal number of varieties all from one region. These collec- tions now comprise some 2,000 specimens, and are arranged in one pier- case and seven slope-top table-cases on the south side of the exhibition hall. The collections of dynamic and historical geology have both re- ceived important accessions, but, owing to a lack of proper cases as well as necessary materials to fill important gaps in the series, no attempt has been made to arrange them systematically. In the historical series, I may say, it is not the intention to show rocks of any particular region arranged according to their geological sequence, but to show rather that the various processes of rock formation are not as a rule confined to any particular geological epoch, but, though particularly active at certain periods, have been carried on more or less intermittently from the ear- liest times to the most recent. The preparation of such a collection in- volves a great amount of time and care in its selection, even under the most favorable circumstances. The figures given below regarding the actual number of specimens are to be regarded as only approximate. As has been mentioned in previous reports, the practice of bringing in material in bulk and break- ing or cutting up as occasion demands, renders it impossible to give exact figures, excepting in the cases of the approximately complete ex- hibition series and the monograph collections of the study series. INtmMberOL Specimens iMiTeSCL Vie SC GLES ai jae tare ct ae ayaa ait eee eared telats 23, 500 Number of specimens in duplicate Series: --- 2-2 ec) mclin oaeioee = moana see 3, 500 Mo tallpe nee Baa nee es ee ee ee ee een as ce ements 27, 000 The reserve series is distributed as follows: Oniexhibitionsssa.0 Mee <0. ce Sac= sae oe eine Sele nooner teeta setae terete 7,500 Injdrawers for study and Comparisons oles. aaa ae eetlele tet oleate etal eter ite 16, 000 — = DEPARTMENT OF LIPTHOLOGY AND PITYSIC\L GEOLOGY. 411 The exhibition series comprises : COE INN OWA, a Se 3 = soe a ok SSR SO OTIS O SSE Cee BOER COO DEC oe eerIaarne 2, 500 Eeouomie series (building and ornamental stones and stones used ip sharp- SRS CG CUO) ae en Gage ae 6 Soe pS coee Sse oe DEE oee Sa oSEEnoaaSaer 3, 245 CTR GOMIMIAD Sob oa sedces boedecceee bes oee Seco Peco EES eer ppeececote: 1,755 FAS RE TIAOOUSTONULY 1m JUNE LESS acta. ein wen das soe asesinecs seen sass | O9)000 LLANGth Oars; ipa mold Kew a hctel!) CBee a coo sere GOOd te OSeoIDOUEOo SoS oeaar 70, 691 “ ‘ fs ne ~ = > ad ak 7 > » c e th ip = S ” bis ’ 1 - - : x 5 ’ Ph . . - - “° ~ = « : - % > ; aaa nN . - e ony Soe “4 Pe 7 i ~ : (oe are a, es om ‘ : ¢ P t i eee ; rae i iy enki ane REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY IN THE U.S, NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. By F. P. Dewey, Curator. The chief work of the department for the vear has been the prepara- tion and arrangement of the material for exhibition in the southwest court upon the plan which was commenced during the previous year. At first it was contemplated to prepare only one-half of the court for exhibition and then throw it open to the public, but afterwards it was decided to prepare the whole court before any portion was thrown open. This necessitated some changes in the plan of the work, and especially as regards the disposition of duplicate and reserve material. It also increased the labor of handling the specimens, owing to the crowded condition of both the exhibition and storage spaces. The work was pushed forward as rapidly as possible, and the court was thrown open to the public about the middle of April. In this work of condensing the exhibits to fit the restricted space, it Was hecessary to remove a large number of specimens from the exhibi- tion series for want of space. Although the cases are even now over- crowded, fully one-third of the exhibition series, as it stood when this work of transfer began, has been removed and divided between the reserve and duplicate series. In February the Curator made a visit to Providence, Rhode Island, to examine a very valuable collection of petroleum and related mate- rials which had been made for the Museum by Prof. S. F. Peckham. Arrangements were made for sending the collection to Washington in such shape that a portion of it could be immediately placed upon ex- hibition, in order to continue and complete the collection illustrating the subject of carbon in the systematic series. The latter part of May the Curator joined the party of American en- gineers which visited Europe at the invitation of the English, French, and German Engineering societies, and was absent from Washington during the balance of the year. On this trip the Curator visited the museums of London and Paris and also spent considerable time at the exposition in Paris, The most important accession received during the year was the col- lection of petroleums mentioned above. This collection was made for 413 414 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. the Museum by Prof. 8. F. Peckham, of Providence, Rhode Island, who also prepared the Tenth Census report upon the same subject, and by the connections formed while making this report, he was enabled to gather many specimens, especially those of historical value, which otherwise it would have been impossible to obtain. The collection con- tains three hundred and fifty specimens, and illustrates very fully the occurrence of crude petroleum in this country, and also contains some represeutatives of foreign petroleums. A very complete illustration of the technology of the subject, numbering one hundred and fifty-four specimens and donated by Mr. T. G. MceMasters, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- vania, is included in this collection. The illustrations of petroileums have been further enriched by a col- lection of one hundred and twenty-nine specimens received from Prof. J. J. Stevenson, of New York, in exchange for a collection of ores. While the specimens in this collection are mostly small, it fills several gaps in the Peckham collection and_is a valuable addition. Among the collections received during the year which are especially valuable, should also be mentioned a complete illustration of the quick- silver industry at New Almaden, California. The collection shows a complete series of the different characters of ores, together with the asso- ciates and rocks of the deposit, a complete illustration of the process of extracting the metal, a very extensive and interesting series of views in and about the mines and works, including a few underground pictures which are especially valuable, a large number of publications relating to the history and development of the mines, and a very interesting and instructive glass model of the mine, showing the contour of the sur- face and the excavations made underground in working the mine. A series representing the smelting of pig-iron, by the Shelby Iron Company at Shelby, Alabama. This collection was made uponthe gen- eral plan adopted for the collections at the New Orleans Exposition. An interesting series of photographs of the Jones and Laughlin Works at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, including a view of the Bessemer con- verter, taken at night by the light of its own flame, presented by Gret- ton Bros. A series of iron oxides from New Hampshire, which are used for paints, obtained from Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, in exchange. A large model of Aspen Mountain, Colorado, prepared fur use ina celebrated law-suit to determine the ownership of very valuable mines. It shows the contour and geology of the surface, and, by means of see- tions, the underground geology and mining work. Three serics of foreign ores, one from the Australian Museum, one from the Auckland Museum, in New Zealand, ana the third, represent- ing the occurrence of manganese ores at Santiago de Cuba, presented _ by Tirso Roca y Agusti, and forwarded by Consul Otto IK, Reimer. Two researches have been carried on during the year by the Curator. The first was an examination of the production of remarkably strong DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 415 pig-iron at the Muirkirk Furnace, 14 miles from Washington. The second was an examination of the nickel from Russell’s Springs, Kan- sas, undertaken at the request of the Hon. J. J. [ugalls. The total number of specimens in the department remains about the same as at the end of last year, 51,000, the additions during the year being counterbalanced by the removal of worthless material; 12,000 specimens are on exhibition; 15,000 are duplicates, and 12,000 are in the reserve series. The balance consists of unclassified material which is at present considered as reserve material. One hundred and six accessions have been received during the year, of which 69, containing 111 specimens, were for examination and report. Five special reports were made in answer to questions sub- mitted. In cataloguing the collection, 505 entries, covering 664 specimens, have been made; and 5,459 card catalogue cards have been written. Birshpntry wsdialy,, 1880. +). os cerns te wees c=. 51,540" 59,465: 66,432 68,493 IOP Spier ayab el ds dss) Se Cane Dep eec conecomopp eoog saa" 51,662 59,601 65,584 68,554 Forty-eight boxes of duplicate and reserve material have been placed in general storage, aid fifty-seven specimens have been sent out in ex- change. During the year the Curator has published three articles. The first entitled Pig [ron of Unusual Strength, in the Transactions of the Ameri- can Institute of Mining Engineers,* gives the result of the research into the operation of the Muirkirk Furnace. The second, relating to the nickel ore of Russell’s Springs, Logan County, Kansas, was a prelimi- nary note on the subject, published in the Engineering and Mining Journal,7 and the third, on the same subject, published in the Transae- tions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, t gives the result of the examination of this nickel ore. The clerical work of the department has been ably penton med during the year by Mr. W. H. Newhall, assisted during a portion of the time by Mr. T. Rt. Turnbull. * Vol. xvi1, p. 160. t Vol. XLVI, p. 213, September 15, 1888. { Vol. XVII, p. 636. P Vv f 7 ee REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF LIVING ANIMALS IN THE U. S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, By W. T. Hornapbay, Honorary Curator. The collection of living animals has increased during the year to the to the utmost limit under the circumstances which now regulate its ex- istence. The building in which the animals are exhibited, has for months been filled to its utmost capacity, and the crowds of visitors which daily visited the collection were often so great as to cause general discomfort. The open yards were so completely filled with large animals that it was only by the greatest difficulty that all the specimens were finally accom- modated. Under such conditions, when the accommodations for the collections had been expanded to their utmost limits, it was found necessary to check the increase of the number of specimens, both by declining gifts when possible to do so, and by discontinuing entirely the purchase of specimens. Although the collection of living animals has attracted its full share lof attention from visitors to the Museum, everything else accomplished by the department during the year becomes of small importance in com- parison with the work accomplished in connection with the establish- ment by Congress of the National Zoological Park. Inthe belief that in o other way could the Curator render more valuable service to the pub- ic, he devoted much of his time, during both sessions of the Fiftieth |}Congress, to efforts calculated to induce Congress to establish at once a national zoological garden on a liberal scale. In this, the collec- jtion of living animals played an important part. The crowds of visi- rs which daily thronged a small, illy ventilated and highly uncom- }fortable temporary building, furnished abundant testimony to the eager- ess of American people generally to learn more about our American auna. The valuable gifts of living creatures which came in from all parts of e United States, even faster than accommodations could be provided or them, proved conclusively the readiness of the public to contribute iberally and generally to a national collection of living animals. The emand for ample room and for the best facilities for the care and dis- H, Mis, 224, pt, 2——27 A417 418 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. : play of the collection thus commenced, became very general. In the end it proved to be irresistable; and in comparison with the great re- sult finally reached on March 2, 1889, all other work accomplished by this department dnring the year becomes of small importance. On the part of the Curator there was no opportunity for any special researches upon material belonging to the department. The time and | effort which it was necessary for him to devote to the plan for a Zoo- | logical Park, and also to the department of taxidermy, rendered it im-— possible to accomplish for the collection of living animals anything but the routine work necessary to its existence ; and, but for the valua- ble and energetic service rendered by Keeper Weeden, and the practi- cal responsibilities assumed by him, more important work would have been compelled to suffer neglect. The only work accomplished by the Curator, which in any way par- took of the character of investigation and research, was the prepara- tion of an extended memoir on the extermination of the American bison, with a sketch of its discovery and life history. This publica- tion, which appeared in the annual report of the National Museum for 1887, was rendered necessary by reason of the fact that the fate of al- most total extinction, which has befallen the buffalo, is now threatening all our most valuable quadrupeds, and unless public attention is drawn to the great undesirability of the policy of extermination, our most in- teresting quadrupeds will before long be swept out of existence. In order to still further direct public attention to this universal war of extermination which is now being prosecuted against all our. best game animals, the Curator, by direction of the Assistant Secretary, brought together a large collection of objects illustrating this subject in a graphie manner. This collection was prepared especially for dis- play at the Ohio Valley Centennial Exposition, held at Cincinnati, to) which it was duly forwarded for exhibition. The following editorial de- scription of this exhibit, from Forest and Stream, of September 22, 1888, . may properly be reproduced here for the purpose of still further carry- ing out the object for which the exhibit was made, viz: to draw atten- tion to a subject of national importance: ee ‘‘In the Smithsonian department of the Cincinnati Exposition there is now to be: seen a startling exhibit. It is a collection of objects which have been brought together by Mr. W. T. Hornaday, to illustrate and impress upon the mind of the: observer the fact that nearly all of our most conspicuous and interesting game quad-- rupeds are rapidly being exterminated, and will soon disappear forever. The lesson) it teaches is both impressive and saddening to every lover of animated nature, and} like all the lessons taught by the National Museum collections, it is strictly true. “The most prominent feature of the exhibit is a series of mounted specimens rep-- resenting the species of American mammals which have become extinct (in a wild! state, at least), and alse those which are now approaching extinction. The buftalo, , Californian sea elephant, and West Indian seal are represented as having become ex- tinct in a wild state, with the exception of perhaps a score of stragglers which the hunters have not yet found. In the series of species threatened with speedy extirpa- tion are found the mountain sheep, mountain goat, elk, a fine group of antelopes of} ai ie DEPARTMENT OF LIVING ANIMALS. 419 various ages, the moose, caribou, black tail deer, beaver, otter, sea otter, walrus and grizzly bear. — ‘The story of the great buffalo slaughter is very graphically told. A mounted speci- men and a series of superb photographie enlargements of the various specimens com- posing the large mounted group in the National Museum, represent the species as it once flourished. Opposite these hang another series of pictures, three of which are large oil paintings, illustrating the methods employed in the destruction of the butialo. The first is a representation of the ‘Chase on Horseback,’ which the label declares to have been the only fair and sportsmanlike mode of hunting ever practiced by either reds or whites. Next to this hangs a magnificent oil painting, executed, by special order, by J. H. Moser, of Washington, entitled ‘The Still Hunt.’ This represents the typical still-hunter, who kilied buffalo by the hundred for hides, worth a dollareach. The hunter is lying flat on the ground at the top of the ridge ‘pumping’ bullets from a Sharp’s rifle at a bunch of buffalo, on which he has *‘ got a stand.” a) 16 Li a eye ie Bs Aah ish Peon PLATE XX. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. ODNOHO LV ASNOH LNZIONY bs Pha Prrlib ‘ a ~ ———ae TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 479 are roofed with slabs of rock of sufficient length to span the side walls, showing that no particular care had been exercised to form close joints. Over this stone ceiling the earth was piled in mound-shape, reaching a depth in the center of from 4 to 6 feet, and covered by a sod that afforded ample protection from rain, The floors were the bare earth, and the interiors were damp and moldy from insufticient ventilation afforded by the single contracted opening. An accurate measurement of these remarkable structures gave the average height from floor to ceiling 4 feet 6 inches; thickness of walls, 4 feet to 10 inches; width of rooms, 4 feet 6 inches; length of rooms, 12 feet 9 inches; average size of door-ways, height 20 inches, width 19 inches. In making the survey of Orongo the houses were Scale mYaras. 10 a 40 Fic. 6. ORONGO. numbered from 1 to 49, inclusive, commencing at the inshore extremity (Fig. 6). While in the majority of instances the interior dimensions were considerably below the average given above, several of the houses exceeded those limits, particularly in the length of the rooms. The A480 ‘REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. largest house contained a single chamber nearly 40 feet long; three were over 30 feet, and eight measured over 20 feet in length, with otber dimensions approximately the same as the general average. These rude dwellings were not in all cases confined to a single apartment; some have one and a few have two or three recess chambers opening out of the main room; but they were dark little dens, having no separate light or ventilation. Near the center of this assemblage of houses there is a sort of square court with eight door-ways opening upon it. These might be considered separate and distinct dwellings, though the apartments are connected by interior passage- ways, making it possible to pass froin one to the other. At the extreme end of the point a similar collection of houses opens upon a circular court, and the interiors are also connected. Tn front of each house and about 10 feet from the door-way, small ex- cavations lined with slabs of stone, making holes about a foot wide and 2 feet long and about 20 inches deep, indicated the culinary arrange- ments of the former inhabitants. The modus operandi of preparing the food was primitive in the extreme; a fire was built in the rude oven and removed when the stones were sufficiently heated, a covering of damp earth being placed over the oven to retard the radiation of heat. Thorough examination demonstrated the fact that these peculiar houses were not precisely alike in all respects, though thesame general characteristics prevailed. Those at the extreme point of the ridge (Plate X XI) bear evidence of great antiquity, and much excavation was necessary before a satisfactory examination could be made of the door- posts or stone supports to the entrances, which were covered with hiero- glyphies and rudely carved figures. From houses numbered 2, 3, aud 4 (Fig. 6) on Lieutenant Symond’s chart of Orongo, were taken samples of these sculptures for the National Museum. The large beach pebbles were obtained by digging to a depth of 2 feet below the door-posts, and are of considerable interest both from the dense nature of the material and the fact that these carvings were found frequently repeated through- out the island. The majority of the houses at Orongo are in a fair state of preserva- tion and bear evidence of having been occupied at no very remote pe- riod. The result of the investigation here showed very little of carving on stone, but the smooth slabs lining the walls and ceilings were orna- mented with mythological figures and rude designs painted in white, red, and black pigments. Houses marked 1, 5, and 6 on Lieutenant Symond’s chart were demolished at the expense of great labor and the frescoed slabs obtained. Digging beneath the door-posts and under the floors produced nothing beyond a few stone implements. The houses in this vicinity occupy such a prominent position that they were naturally robbed of everything in the way of relics by the natives, who were beginning to appreciate the value of such things through the importance placed upon them by the foreign vessels that PLATE XXI. Report *§$1SOd-YOOq G3YNLdINOS ONIMOHS “ODNOYO LV 39dIy JO GNA SWS8lxXa SHL LV SSSNOH LN3SIONY AYSA 4O dNOYy PLATE XXII. Wiuseurty “ODNOHO LV SHOOY GsayN1Ld INOS be i TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 481 have called at the island. --------+----: > Pian view of a house & yy : 1. —YY thy crrbirg stores : curbeng GES wot completed made a S1O7€. Fic. 18. SHOWING GENERAL PLAN OF CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORM. ALSO PLAN OF HOUSE CONSTRUCTION WITH DETAILS. Platform No. 10,—Called *‘ Ahutepeu”. Is in such astate of dilapida. — tion that it was impossible to obtain accurate measurements. Portions of an image are here, but it looks as though others might have been rolled over the edge of the cliff, which is only a few feet distant and about 450 feet high, and against the base of which the sea dashes in- cessantly. Platform No. 11.—Called “ Hananakou”. Central sections 48 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 9 feet high; total length, with wings, 248 feet. Thisis an exceedingly fine platform, and contains some remarkably large stones. In the face of the main structure are huge blocks of igneous rock that appear to have once been fashioned into faces and figures, but now so destroyed by the action of the elements and perhaps by the hand of the iconoclast that the features can only be dimly traced. Hard work with PLATE XXIX. Thomsor 12a Report of National Museun 1334 %G ‘3NOLS Wis3d3ad y¥VvINONIO Grak ‘YSLAWVIC NI {SNOL QSHDISM S3NOLG HSLNIO ‘“SSNOLSG G3LLI4 ATYVIINOSd ONIMOHS ‘ZL ‘ON SWHOSLYId « NVHO.,, TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 503 our entire force disclosed beneath this platform well constructed cata- combs and tombs, containing human remains so old that they crumbled into dust upon exposure to the air. The removal of one of the facing- stones revealed a lot of skulls with remarkably broad, heavy underjaws. These were generally too brittle to be handled, and a peculiar feature about the find was the fact that these heads had been entombed to- gether, and the surroundings exeluded the idea of any other portions of the bodies having been interred with them. Only one image is in sight, and the proximity of the platform to the edge of the bluff sug- gests the possibility that other statues may have been thrown into the sea. From the size and character of the work on the structure it is not reasonable to suppose that it was designed to support the one insignificant statue that lies near it. Platform No. 12.—Called **Ohau”. Central section 18 feet long, 9 feet wide, and 6 feet high. “One image thrown down upon its face on the inboard side, 8 feet 4 inches long; extreme width of body 5 feet; length of head 4 feet ; and width from ear to ear, 5 feet 35 inches. Good state of preservation. (Plate X XIX). Platform No. 13.—Called “Ahukinokino”. In such a state of ruin that measurements were not obtainable. Situated close to the edge of the high cliff. Platform No. 14.—Called “Ahutoretore”. Has been so completely destroyed that nothing can be determined about its original size and importance. Excavations in this vicinity produced nothing but a few stray spear heads of obsidian. Platform No. 15.—- Called “ Hangatariri”; 103 feet long, 11 feet wide; and 6 feet high. Invery bad condition, but some of the large cut facing- stones are in position. Four images lie face downward on the island side, and two more have fallen on their backs toward the sea. A few yards back of this structure is a tomb 50 feet long and 6 feet wide, built of stones taken from the platform and those peculiarly cut stones that form the foundations of the image-builders’ houses. At one end is a hard stone slab that appears to have been covered with hieroglyphics, but they are too nearly obliterated to be accurately traced. After a thorough investigation we concluded that it was of comparatively recent date and had no distinetive features of itsown. On the plain, a few hundred yards distant, is an imageof gigantic proportions lying upon its face with the head toward the sea. The indications are that it was designed for this platform and was being moved into position when from some sudden emergency it had to be abandoned. The ground underneath the statue has been dug out by later generations in such a manner that the body of the image forms the roof of the eave. The base of the statue shows traces of rudely sculptured figures, nearly obliterated. In this vicinity are several large caves, with the narrow entrances completely blocked up with loose stones, which were not investigated for the want of time. 504 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Platform No. 16.—Called * Hangaoteo” ; 70 feet long and 12 feet wide. Has the appearance of having been in process of construction when the work was suddenly suspended. Platform No. 17.—Called “ Tumuheipara” ; 40 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 8 feet high. This structure also appears to have been abandoned before completion. The chances are that several days could have been spent upon the extensive plain, back of these images, to great advan- tage and it is regretted that the limited time at our disposal did not allow a more thorough investigation. Platform No. 18.— Called “ Haahuroa”. Central section 40 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 7 feet high, with wings 145 feet inlength. One image lying on the inboard side measures 7 feet 5 inches long and 3 feet 5 inches wide; length of head to shoulders 3 feet 4 inches, and width from ear to ear 3 feet 5inches. The fragments of two other images lie in front of the platform. The huge facing-stones of this structure have been thrown about as though by some great convulsion of nature, and some of them bear evidences of having been ornamented with sculpt- ured figures. - Platform No. 19.—Called “ Akane”. Seems to have been abandoned while in the process of construction. A few faced stones intended for the front of the central section are lying about, but were never placed In position. Platform No. 20.—Called “ Ahuroa”. Is a mere mass of loose rocks, said to have been destroyed in the tribal wars, but it has the appear- ance of having never been completed. Platform No. 21.—Called “ Vaiavangarenga”. In the same condition as the last. No images. Platform No. 22.—Called “ Maiki”. Same as the last; merely a pile of loose stones covering human remains. These platforms may have been robbed to supply the material for the construction of the numerous houses and cairns, the ruins of which cover the hills in this vicinity. Platform No. 23.—Called “ Tanka”. Central section 38 feet long, 48 feet wide, and 12 feet high, the extreme length with wings 120 feet. In very bad condition. One small image lies face-upward toward the sea, much broken. Facing and other suitable stones have been removed from this platform for the construction of tombs and houses. Near at hand is one of those peculiar ways, made by paving the sloping bank with regular lines of smooth, round bowlders, as though intended for hauling up heavy boats or weights. Platform No. 24.—Called “ Punamuta”. In its incipient stage, and important only from the fact that it shows the manner of laying the foundation of the work. Platform No. 25.—Called “ Koteva”. This has been an important structure and was built in the shape of aright angle 60 feet iong, 11 feet wide, and 20 feet high. Portions of the walls have been thrown down, and no images could be found. TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 5OD Platform No. 26.—Called ** Tetonga”. Similar in shape and structure to the last, but of smaller size. From these piles we obtained relies in the shape of obsidian spear-heads, stone implements, and skulls. Platform No. 27.—Called “ Hanghaogio”; 150 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 10 feet high. Three small images have been thrown down and much broken. Platform No, 28.—Called *“* Huarero”. Very similar to the last, but located on the hill-side about three-quarters of a mile back of the bay. The facing-stones show traces of carving, but so nearly obliterated that only these figures could be made out: @) G, and tiey seemed to be often repeated. The fragments of two images lie behind the platform. Platform No. 29.—Called “ Anakena”; 75 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 10 feet high. An image lies upon its face upon the inboard side, 13 feet long and 9 feet across the hips; length of head, to shoulders, 5 feet, and width, from ear to ear, 6 feet 6 inches. This image is in the best state of preservation of any found about the platforms of the island, The traditions state that it was the last statue finished and set up in place. Our guides maintained that this is the statue of a female, and that it was only thrown down about twenty-four years ago. Its size, and proximity to the perfectly smooth landing place at Ana- kena Bay, would insure its easy removal to a vessel. Irom the sand beach at Anakena Bay we passed over hills composeil of volcanic cin- der as light as coke, but very hard. Beyond this are numerous ruins of houses, each with a small stone building connected that was evi- dently designed for fowls. The largest of these was about 8 feet square, and the only opening was a small hole for the chickens to pass through. : Platform No. 30.—Called “ Ahutrature”. Central section 30 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 6 feet high. Extreme length 80 feet. In ruins, with no images, Platform No. 31.—Called “Anateka”; 30 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Extreme length 100 feet. In a very bad condition. Small fragments are all that remain of two images and two crowns. Platform No. 32,-—-Called “ Ahupuapuatetea”. Merely a shapeless mass of uncut stones remain to indicate the site of the structure. Platform No. 33.—Called “ Ahangakihikihi”; 20 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 9 feet high. In ruins. One small image lies on the inboard side in a bad condition. Platform No. 34.—Called ‘ Punahoa”. Although in ruins, this has evidently been a structure of some importance; 175 feet long, 8 feet wide, with the central section projecting 6 feet forward of the main line. The facing-stones are from 6 feet to 9 feet in length by 5 feet and 1 foot in thickness. An image lies upon its face on the inboard side, and measures 32 feet long, 10 feet 3 inches wide; length of head, to shoulders, 12 feet and 6inches. Near this platform we found a peculiar stone nearly buried in the earth. After much digging it proved to be 506 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. nearly spherical in shape and about 8 feet 4 inches in circumference. The natives called it “ Petakula”, and we could only make out that it was a grinding stone of some sort. Platform No. 35.—Called “ Puapau” ; 150 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 8 feet high, with a small platform in front of it. The building of this elaborate structure must have furnished employment for a large num- ber of people. The foundation stones are of hard rock of immense size, all smoothly faced. Four images have been thrown down, two on each side, and all mueh broken. Platform No. 36.—Called “ Hangakouri”. Central section 70 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 8 feet high. Extreme length 300 feet. In a state of absolute ruin and no images. Platform No. 37.—Called “‘Hangahohoonu”. Completely inruins and with one image in a bad condition. Between these last two platforms is a paved way leading to a small channel through the rocks that affords a safe and convenient Janding for small boats. Piatform No. 38.—Called *‘ Mari”. Central section 80 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Extreme length 300 feet, situated very close to edge of the bluff. Platform No. 39.—Called “ Ahurai”. Very large; but, like the last, in a State of ruin. Platform No. 40.—Called “ Tehahitunukiolaira”. Of great size; but, like the last, in a state of absolute ruin; covering human remains. Platform No. 41.—Called “* Naruaanga”. Small and inferior; also in ruins.and no images. Platform No. 42.—Called “ Hangaopuna”; 100 feet long and 10 feet wide. Has two layers of reughly cut stones in the front face, and ap- pears to have been left in an unfinished state. Platform No. 43.—Called ‘*Tumatuma”; 25 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Poorly constructed, and contains nothing of interest but one small image. Piatform No. 44.—Called “ Tokaie”. Larger than the last, but ina bad condition. A much battered head lies just behind the pile, but the rest of the image can not be found. Platform No, 45.—Called “ Vaimangeo” ; 50 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 15 feet high. Extreme length, including wings, 150 feet. In a state of ruin, and has one large image thrown down on the inboard side. Platform No. 46.—Called “ Moukuhoi”; 20 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 5feet high. Extreme length, including wings, 60 feet. Situated very close to the edge of the bluff, and looks as if the destroyers of the struct- ure might have tossed the most of it into the sea. Platform No. 47.—Called “ Moukuroa”. In all respects a duplicate of the last one. Platform No. 48.—Called “ Motuariki”; 20 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 5 feethigh. Extreme length, including wings, 260 feet. This has been a large and imposing structure. The central section, upon which the im- PLATE XXX 1889.—Thomson Museum | Report of National ‘IMINVONOL JO WHOSLV1d LV3aY5D SH1L 4O NOILOZS WHYLNSD Report of National Museum 1889.—Thomson PLATE XXXII. BROKEN IMAGE ON PEDESTAL; THE ONLY ONE ON THE ISLAND FOUND IN ITS ORIGINAL POSITION ON A PLATFORM. RIGHT WING OF PLATFORM OF TONGARIKI. PLATE XXXII. Thomson. 889, 1 Report of National Museum ‘IMINVONOL JO WHOSLV1d JO ONIM 1537 F eneiiiedt a PLATE XXXIII. Thomson. 1889. nal Museum Report of Natio ‘SSDVIN| N371vV43 ONIMOHS IXIYVONO] SO WHOJLV1d 30 ONIM LHSIY 3O MSlA ¥V3Y tea a PLATE XXXIV. nal Museum, 1889.—Thomson. "SSDVAN| NSTIV4 HLIM ‘IMIYWDNOL JO WHOSLV1d JO NOILOSS IWYLNSD 3O MZIA YV3Y TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. | 507 age stood projects beyond the line of the platform, and was higher. In the rear, and extending the entire length of the pile, is a broad terrace, neatly paved with smooth round bowlders. The fragments of three im- ages lie upon the terrace. Platform No. 49.—Called “ Oneonepuhea”. Centralsection is about 45 feet long by 6 feet high. This is a crescent-shaped structure, and the only one of the kind that we saw on the island. It is situated on the extreme edge of the cliff, which at this point has a straight-away fall of over 500 feet to the sea, which dashes against its wall-like base. There is no image in sight, but a large pedestal-stone, inclined at a sharp angle towards the sea, shows where one has stood and suggests what became of it. : Platform No. 50.—Called “Ahutakaure”. Located on Poike cliff, facing westward; is small and unimportant and in a state of complete ruin. On the east slope of the mountain we found an image, the head of which had been broken off, but it lies near by. There is no platform here and no indications that one was intended to be built in the vicinity; so we concluded that the statue was being moved to some distant locality when it was broken and abandoned. Platform No. 51.—Called “ Hangaiti”; 30 feet long and 8 feet wide and 5 feet high. Ina bad condition and one small image broken. Platform No. 52.—Called “Tongariki”; 150 feet long, 9 feet wide, and S feet high (Plates XXX-XXXIV). [Extreme length, inciuding orig- inal wings, 540 feet. This is the largest platform on the island, and was ornamented with fifteen gigantic statues. These have been thrown down upon their faces on the inshore side, and the most of these are broken, the one on the south end being fractured across the middle of the body, leaving the lower section stillstanding. Thered tufa crowns are lying a short distance away and are also much broken. The hard stones of which the sea-front of this platform is constructed are of im- mense size, faced and neatly joined together. One of the foundation- stones in the center of this wall is of red tufa and represents a human head. Our investigations were conimenced at this point by throwing down the facing-stones and working straight backwards through the plat- form. The labor was great, and occupied the most of our force for nearly two days, but the catacombs and tombs underlying the structure were thoroughly examined. Under the central section are small, narrow pas- sages forming a part of the original design, having been built up while the platform was in process of construction, and containing human re- mains. The oldest of these tombs appear to have been sealed up before the structure was completed, and the probability is that they were not intended to be opened, from the fact that there is nothing to indicate their exact locality. The pedestal-stones, all of which are still in place, show that the images were put up.at equal distances and with a view to symmetry, and without regard to the position of the tombs; though 508 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. it is pretty well established that they were intended as effigies of chiefs or distinguished persons. The terrace behind the platform was also used as a burial-place, and contained remains of an ancient date. Suce- ceeding generations have utilized the same places for the same purposes, but there are passages under the platform that have never been opened since the structure was built. The entire plain back of Tongariki Bay is one vast cemetery, containing the decaying remains of thousands of people. Every pile of stones, cave or ruined platform, house or cairn, has been used as a tomb.’ The christianized natives of to-day still re- gard this as a favorite burial-place. They have neither the ambition nor the industry to construct tombs for themselves, but are content to place their dead in receptacles filled with the remains of their ancestors. The recess-angles between the bodies of the fallen images, and the platforms upon which the base rests, are filled with remains of a recent date. Platform No. 53.—Called ‘“One-tea”. Completely in ruins. Three images much broken. Foundation proper about 100 feet long. Platform No. 54.—Called “ Opaarionga”. Small and unimportant. Central section 20 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Remains of one small image. Platform No. 55.—Called ‘‘ Hangatufata”; 125 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Five images thrown AGC broken and in bad con- dition. Platform No. 56.—Called “ Onemakihi”. Central section 40 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Extreme length, including wings, 100 feet. One image much mutilated. Platform No.57.—Called ‘“*Punakape”. Central section 40 feet long, 6 teet wide, and 6 feet high. Extreme length 80 feet. In ruins, and no images, Platform No. 58.—Called ‘“ Moaitutahi”. Central section 150 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Extreme length 250 feet. Only two images remain, but appearances indicate that others have been destroyed. Upon terraces sloping towards the sea from the front are numerous remains of image-builders’ houses. From the back of the structure a nicely paved way, 10 feet wide, extends inland for a dis- tance of 200 yards. Platjorm No. 59.—Called “‘ Hanga-mahihiku”. A mere mass of ruins, and almost devoid of shape. No images. Platform No. 60.—Called “ Ahuakoi”. Central section 75 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 6 feet high. Extreme length, _ feet. In a bad con- dition, and no images. Platform No, 61.—Called ‘“ Hanga-tutuki”. A mere mass of ruins covering human remains. Platform No. 62.—Called “ Ahupoepoe”. In same condition as the last and without images. Platform No. 63.—Called ‘‘ Vaimoai”. Central section 40 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 8 feet high. Extreme length, 90 feet. In bad condition, and no images. PLATE XXXV. -Thomson. 1889 Vi useum n Report »f National "M3IA YW3aY ‘ 08 ‘ON WHOILVId 9 NIM) VONVHVXV TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 509 Platform No. 64.—Called “ Kai”. Same dimensions and geueral appearance as the last, but has one broken image. Platform No, 65.—Called ** Ruruoa”. Central section 150 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 6 feet high. Extreme length, including wings, 275 feet. Two large images, each 33 feet in length by 5 wide. Length of head, to shoulders, 10 feet, and width, from ear to ear, 4 feet. The stones on the front wall of the structure are neatly squared and smoothly faced. ; Platform No. 66.—Called * Mahatua”. Central section 30 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 6 feet high. Extreme length, 100 feet. Two images, much defaced, lie on the inboard side on their faces. Between this platform and the last there is a nicely graded and paved road, with gentle slope from the cliff to the water-edge. Platform No. 67.—Called “ Ahukirirera”. Has been pretty well de- molished. No images. Platform No. 68.—Called “Tehangakiri”. Central section 40 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Extreme length, 250 feet. Here are seven images, three large ones and four small-sized, all in a damaged condition. i Platform No. 69,—Cal\led “ Kirikiriroa”. Has been pretty thoroughly demolished, and has the fragments of one image. Platform No. 70.—Called ‘“‘Onepuhea”. A duplicate of the last one in all respects. Platform No. 71.—Called “ Hanga-tetera”; 60 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 7 feet high, and has no wings. The main stones of sea-face average in size 54 feet long and 14 feet wide. No images. Platform No. 72.—Called “ Hanga-rea”. Has been completely de- molished and the fragments of two images lie among the ruins. Platform No. 73.—Called “Oteu”. Has a small foundation and seems to have been abandoned in an unfinished condition. Platform No. 74.—Called “Tahureue”. Has been destroyed, and the fragments of two images lie in the ruins. Platform No. 75.—Called “ Oroi”. Central section 40 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 6 feet high. Extreme length, 140 feet. In a bad condition and no images. Platform No. 76.—Called “Ahukinokino”. Somewhat smaller than the last, but destitute of all interest. Platform No. 77.—Called ‘‘Papaturei”. A duplicate of the last, and in a demolished condition. Platform No. 78.—Called Tutuira”, A mere mass of ruins, and with no images. A Platform No. 79.—Called “Ue”. Central section 30 feet long, 6 feet wide, 6 feet high. Extreme length, 120 feet. Two images in a bad con- dition. Platform No, 80.—Called “Akahanga” (Plate XXXV). Two hun- dred and fifty feet long, 10 feet wide, and 7 feet high, with no wings. 510 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Thirteen colossal images that once ornamented this remarkable strue- ture have been thrown down and more or less damaged. Their red tufa crowns, also considerably broken, lie near at hand. On the in- land facing-wall there is a ground tier of gray voleanie stone finely dressed, and on this is a tier of tufa stones 44 feet long, 24 feet high, and 8 inches thick each, and these are covered with hieroglyphies. This is known as the King’s platform, and is regarded as one of the most important on the island, on account of the finished work on the structure as well as the numerous sculptures (Fig. 19). The tradition Fie. 19. SCULPTURED ROCK: KING’S PLATFORM. asserts that this was the burial place of Hotu-Matua, the first king, and a long line of his descendants. Our excavations in the vicinity produced nothing of interest beyond a few ancient skulls with lower jaws of extraordinary size and width. From the foundation of image- builders’ houses we obtained fine stone implements and carving tools. Platform No. 81.—Called “Harerora”. Small and unimportant. One image, much broken. Platform No. 82.—Called ‘“ Motuopope”. ‘Central section 252 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Extreme length, 375 feet. Six im- ages in rather bad condition. This structure is important from the fact that the statues have short ears, the only ones of the kind we found on the island. The sketches will show that on all the platforms, as well the images in the workshops as those left in an unfinished state were all carved with long ears. Why there was an exception made to the general rule in the images that adorned this structure, could not be determined. Platform No. 83.—Called ‘‘Anaonero”. Consisting of foundation stones only, showing that the work was abandoned shortly after being — commenced. Platform No. 84.—Called ‘““Huareva”. A mere mass of ruins. Platform No. 85.—Called ‘‘Hoekoe”. Has been completely demol- ished and shows fragments of two large images. Platform No. 86.—Called “Pakaea”. Central section 45 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 7 feet high, with wings extending 250 feet on either side. One image, in a bad condition. TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. ays Platform No. 87.—Called “ Manumea”. A mere mass of ruins. Platform No, 88.—Called **Hanga-tee”. Same condition as the last. Platform No, 89. - Called “ Kope-iti”. Only the foundation-stones in place; probably never finished. Platform No. 90.—Called “ Runga-vae”. Same condition as last. Platform No. 91.—Called “ Kote-one”. In same unfinished state. Platform No. 92.—Called “ Renga-havini”. A mere mass of ruins. Platform No. 95.—Called “ Kote-ara-ara”. In a complete state of ruin. ; Platform No, 94.—Called “Puepau”. In same condition as the last. Platform No. 95,-—Called * Kiraau”. A shapeless roin. Platform No. 96.—Called “Taroe”. Central section 260 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 65 feet high. Extreme length, 350 feet. Eleven images, all mutilated. Platform No. 97,—Called “Ariki-iki”. A shapeless ruin. Platform No. 98.—Called *“ Kone iti”. Same condition as the last. Platform No. 99.—Called ‘‘ Koturara”. In a very bad condition, with one broken image. Platform No. 100.—Called “‘Moturea”. In a state of absolute ruin. Platform No. 101.—Called “ Hanga-paukura”. Shows that it was originally well built, and has six images lying behind it. Platform No. 102.—In a very bad condition, and the name could not be ascertained. Platform No. 103.—Called “ Mataakira”. A shapeless mass of ruins. Platform No. 104.—Called “Anokahi”. Similar to the last, Platform No, 105.—Called “Hanga-hahue”. Ina bad condition, but has been an extensive structure with long wings. Four images. Platform No. 106.—Called “ Tehuteaheru”. A mass of ruins. Platform No. 107.—Called “‘Ahumeamea”. Small and irregular con- struction. One image much damaged. Platform No. 108.—Called “Ahumata-iti”. This structure has been pretty thoroughly demolished and shows the fragments of one image. Platform No.109.—Called “Tahiri”. The dimensions of the structure are not great, but itis remarkable on account of the finished workman- ship. The sea front is built of immense blocks of hard heavy voleanic rock, smoothly faced and neatly joinedtogether. In places, small stones have been mortised into the larger ones. It is surprising that such results could be produced by the rude stone implements that are known to have been the only tools at the command of the natives. Finished surfaces might be the result of grinding with sand and water, but the joints and fittings could only be accomplished by long and patient labor. Some of the facing-stones were estimated at a weight of up- wards of 5 tons. Under the impression that the superior character of the work indicated a platform of more than usual importance, it was thoroughly investigated at the expense of great labor and time. A section of the front wall was thrown down and the stones removed 512 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, until an opening was made clear through the structure. No results having been obtained except a knowledge of how the pile was con- structed from the foundation up, additional efforts were directed towards the two ends. To our great disappointment, we had nothing to show for the great labor expended upon this platform. The only human remains about the place are those of recent date, in shallow tombs on the rear side of the pile. There is a tradition to the effect that this was the last platform built on the island and was intended for the colossal image (70 feet) lying in the workshops on the west side of the crater of Rana Roraka. The legend asserts that when the work upon the platform and images had arrived at a certain stage, a great feast was held in honor of the event by the powerful tribe of Vinapu. The wife of the chief was of the Tongariki clan and during the ceremonies this “lady” was slighted in the division of ‘long pig,” but whether intentionally or otherwise does not appear. Cannibalism was practiced on the island down to the adveut of the first missionaries, and was always an important feature of the ancient feasts. The bodies were roasted in ovens made of hot stones covered with earth, after the manner practiced all through Polynesia, and certain portions were awarded to prominent individuals. Upon this particular occasion the rib-roast, ‘‘tenderloin” steak, or whatever the favorite morsel was which belonged to the aforesaid fomale by reason of her rank, was given to another. The insulted individual immediately sought fie protection of her own clan, who arose en masse to vindicate the Tongariki honor. Long and bloody wars followed. Image-builders and platform-makers were drawn into the conflict from all parts of the island and, in a spirit of revenge, platforms were destroyed and images thrown down when- ever opportunity offered. This is believed to have been the origin of the trouble which has laid waste the extraordinary works of this island. Raed OW : Hebe Tc mein an eee ee aN BESS «2 1: ely te Ax tO ra ae NG ‘Y Renn? f t. thes cae oe “8 a Gy aioe’ ees 7k %, ere. - a tere etme 2 aN She AW, we - Fic. 20 PLATFORM 110. ‘‘ VINAPU.” Platform No. 110.—Called “ Vinapu” (Fig. 20). ) oy ee eo 2H rates Ce ee A Ga raere see ‘i iis iN eae ee \ Ge ee Nae UHI C Ay aa TSAI net onesie era REIN NE WN Pay Py NEPA io ere SOO “~ = > = Se TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. HLH valuables were sent him from time to time, but he invariably replied to all overtures that he was now old and feeble and had but a short time to live, and declined most positively to ruin his chances for salvation by doing what his Christian instructors had forbidden. Finally the old fel- low, to avoid temptation, took to the hills with the determination to re- main in hiding until after the departure of the Mohican. It was a mat- ter of the utmost importance that the subject should be thoroughly in- vestigated before leaving the island, and unscrupulous strategy was the only resource after fair means had failed. Just before sundown one evening, shortly before the day appointed for our sailing, heavy clouds rolled up from the southwest and indications pointed to bad weather. Ina heavy down-pour of rain we crossed the island from Vinapu to Ma- teveri with Mr. Salmon, and found, as had been expected, that old Ure Vaeiko had sought the shelter of his own home on this rough night. He was asleep when we entered and took charge of the establishment. When he found escape impossible he became sullen, and refused to look at or touch a tablet. As a compromise it was proposed that he should relate some of the ancient traditions. This was readily acceded to, be- cause the opportunity of relating the legends to an interested audience did not often occur, and the positive pleasure to be derived from such an occasion could not be neglected. During the recital certain stimu- lants that had been provided for such an emergency were produced, and though not pressed upon our ancient friend, were kept prominently be- fore him until, as the night grew old and the narrator weary, he was in- eluded as the “‘ cup that cheers” made its occasional rounds. y i Das e an Ba Li z W) au Ui RSE ee aed fo Report of National Museum, 1889. PLATE XXXIX. = 3 “” = ° = 1 Report of National Museum, 1889 CN Ss gal ‘TOSuUIOTLL “f “AA toyseudeg Aq poysodep puw paye2foD “puBIS[ daIsVy “WN “S “A ‘eLl6e1 “ON «IWIYVLVIA) VALY ,, ‘LaA1gvVL N3GO0M GNV1S| ¥3LSVQ JO 3SHYSARY ”) tory ¢ i oa a Pheginacn ae Ky! PACA 2 yO CF ee fy ae us é Geen ‘aR 0) ) ell ems TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 521 Tikitehatu: Ki ai Kiroto Hihohihokiteturu Kapu te Paroko. Tikitehatu: Ki ai Kiroto Hiuapopoia Kapu te Hiuakuhara. Tikitehatu: Ki ai Kiroto Maea Kapu te Heraherakitomea. Tikitehatu: Ki ai Kiroto Ruruatikitehatu Kapu te Teririkatea. Atimoterae: mea a mura i hiki te alu mo tunu o te ita. mo haugai it te ariiki. Takoua: Ki ai Kiroto Tukouo, Kapu te Poopoo. KE. Toto te Efi no Kino no naroko no ngaoreno no nga tokutoko ruapapa. Epuoko te nuika no tupa iti no tupa-nui. Uku Ki ai Kiroto, Karori Kapu te Ngaatu. Kuhikia Ki ai Kiroto Taurari Kapu to Ngaatu. Kuhikia Ki ai Kiroto Ruperoa Kapu to Turi. Taaria Ki ai Kiroto Taaria, Kapu te Taueehu. Haiuge Ki ai Kiroto hatukuti, Kapu te Evea. Pauaroroko Ki ai Kiroto Hakukuti, Kapu te Taerongoveteve. Hiuitirerire Ki ai Kiroto Kanohotatataporo Kapu te Roporo. Numia a Tangaire Turuhirohero te toto 0 te o korare. Kamau te Korare taratara te Korare. Turuki te Ua Maanau Manavai roa. Kaunuku raituahea anakihorou eaa e toe tua tanu to tana moko eaha Uaugai e to e ufi e Kumara. ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE ABOVE TABLET. EASTER ISLAND TRADITION. The origin of inanimate things is believed to be the result of the marriage of certain gods and goddesses in accordance with the follow- ing table, God Atua Matariri and goddess Taporo produced thistle. God Ahimahima Marao and goddess Takihi Tupufema produced rocks. ; God Aoevai and goddess Kava Kohekoe produced medicine. God Matua anua and goddess Kappipiri Aaitau produced the Miro tree. God Augingieai and goddess Kia Humutoti produced the paper-mul- berry tree. God Hiti and goddess Kia heta produced the tea plant. God Atura and goddess Katei produced bunch grass. God Ahen and goddess Vaua produced fine grass. God Agekai and goddess Hepeue produced obsidian. God Viri Koue and goddess Ariugarehe Uruharero produced the morning-glory plant. an REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. God Atua Metua and goddess Kariritunaria produced cocoanuts. God Atua Metua and goddess Ki te Vuhi o Atua produced the toro- miro tree. God Atua Metua and goddess Tapuhavaoatua produced Hibiscus. God A Heuru and goddess Hetomu produced the blue leaf plant. God A Taveke and goddess Pouhutuhututerevaimangaro, produced the white ash. God A Hahamea and goddess Hohio produced flies. God Aukia and goddess Moremannga produced roaches. God A Via Moko and goddess Viatea produced boobies. God Tereheue and goddess Viaraupa produced leaves. God A Heroe and goddess Unhipura produced ants. God Tahatoi and goddess Kateapiairiroro produced sugar-cane. God Irapupue and goddess Irakaka produced arrowroot. God Mangeongeo and goddess Herakiraki produced yams. God Ahen and goddess Pana produced calabash. God Heima and goddess Kairui-hakamarui produced stars. God Huruan and goddess Hiuaoioi produced fowls. God A Hikua and goddess Hiuaoioi produced vermilion. God Tingahae and goddess Pararahikutea produced sharks. God A Hikue and goddess Hiuaoioi produced porpoise. God Tikitehatu and goddess Hihohihokiteturu produced rock-fish. God Tikitehatu and goddess Hiuapopoia produced life. God Tikitehatu and goddess Maea produced luck. God Tikitehatu and goddess Ruruatikitehatu produced man. Atimoterae created brook-fish and established them as the chosen food of the gods. God Takoua and goddess Tukouo produced milk-thistle. E Toto discovered the sweet taste of the yam and made it the prin- cipal food of the people. — : Kpuoko created the delicious banana food for the kings. God Uku and goddess Karori produced bullrushes. God Kuhikia and goddess Taurari produced small birds. God Kuhikia and goddess Ruperoa produced sea- gulls. God Taaria and goddess Taaria produced white gulls. God Haiuge and goddess Hatukuti produced wind. God Pauaroroko and goddess Hakukuti produced pain. God Hiuitirerire and goddess Kanohotatataporo produced creeping vines. Numia a Tangaire Turuhirohero was the founder of all things un- pleasant and bad smells. Turuki was the first builder of rock fences and barriers. Kuanuku created death by drowning, death in warfare, death by accident, and death by disease. si TE PIVO TE ITENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 523 TRANSLATION OF EASTER ISLAND TABLETS. EAHA TO RAN ARIIKI KETE. (Plates XL and XLI.) 1. Eaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? E tupu tomo a mata mea e rangi ran e tuatea to ran ariiki kete ma- hua i uta nei. Ane rato mani rata karata te tuatea, karata te rangi ran karata te tupuna. 2. Eaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? EK ura e poopoo e koiro e nohoe e to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei. Ane rato mani rata karata te ura ki kara te poopoo e nehe e riku e kava-kava atu. 3. Eaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? E nehe e rikue kava atua to ran ariiki kete mahuai uta nei. Ane rato mani rata karata te nehe karata riku karata rain kava atua. 4, Eaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? E a hao nei e kahi e atu e ature. Ane rato mani rata karata te kahi kaharta ahi rarata teature ane rato. 5. Kaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? E ufi e tra e kumaro to ran ariiki mahua i uta nei, Ane rato karata te ufi kumara toa e mahua i uta nei, ane rato maru. 6. Eaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? Ii honu e kea e pane te ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei. Ane rato karata te honu te kea te pane. 7. Kaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei ? EK hetu e range e han e nae raae mahua te ran ariiki kete mahua i irunga nei. Ane rato karata te rangi e hon e na e raa.e mahua, 8. Haba te ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei ? Ii anuga nei karata te hehun rangi han na raa mahua. Ane rato karata te hehuu rangi han na raa mahua. 9. Kaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? E ariiki e tapairu to ran ariiki kete i mahua i mua nei. Ane rato karata to ariiki te tapairu. 10, Eaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? E oi e potupotu e ugarara e hata to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei. Ane rato karata main rata e oi e potupotu e ugarara e hata to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei. t ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF TABLET. EASTER ISLAND ANTHEM. What power has the Great King on the land? He has power to make the plants grow and to change the sky to different colors. All hail the power of the Great King who makes us lenient to the 524 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. young plants, to admire the skies of different colors, and to behold the clouds that rise. What power has the Great King on the land? He has the power to create the lobsters, white-bait, eels, ape fish, and everything in the sea. All hail the power of the Great King who gives us the knowledge of how to catch the lobsters, white-bait, eels, ape-fish, and all marine ani- mals. What power has the Great King on the land? He has the power to produce the ferns, creeping plants, grass, bushes, and all vegetation. All hail the power of the Great King who has taught us to love the ferns, creeping plants, and all green things. What power has the Great King over the sea? He has the power to create the mighty fish that swim in the deep water. All hail the power of the Great King who has given us the strength and skill to catch the fish of the mighty deep. What power has the Great King on the land? He has the power to produce the yams, potatoes, and sugar-cane. All hail the power of the Great King who enables us to use as food yams, potatoes, and sugar-cane. What power has the Great King on the land ? He has the power to clothe the turtles in hard shell, the fish with scales, and protects every living thing. All hail the power of the Great King who enables us to overcome the defense of the turtles, fish, and all reptiles. What power has the Great King in the universe? He has the power to create the stars, the clouds, the dew, the rain, the sun, and the moon. All hail the power of the Great King who enables us to appreciate the blessings of the bright stars, the lowering clouds, the gentle dew, the falling rain, and the light of the sun and moon. What power has the Great King upon the land? He has the power to populate the earth, to create both kings and subjects. All hail the power of the Great King who has created the human beings, given authority to kings, and created loyal subjects. What power has the Great King upon the land ? He has the power to create maggots, flies, worms, fleas, and all creeping and flying insects. All hail the power of the Great King who enables us to withstand the attacks of the maggots, flies, worms, fleas, and all manner of insects. What power has the Great King? All hail the unlimited power of the Great King. OUT, ‘ce oM iayseurkeg Aq peusodap pue peve]fop *PpUvIST Jose ‘WN ’S a PLLGOAT “ON ‘98D) «3L3Y IMNYY NVY OL VHV9,, ‘L378vV. N3GOOM GNv1S] ¥31SVy4 40 3SH3ASO ge (if) Sul ) ; noe Co | %9 £ toners Piel Be, “ = fe Hi se} US; Re mse e 4 “HORE, cal “NA 1889.—Thomson Report of National Museum yonder Ch Q ‘uosu0yL “ff AA toysvuseg Aq poysodep puv poyo2[o) “puvys[ oyseq “WON 'S “0 “PLL6GT “ON 98D) A, ny ai at va a, ep * pater ths PLATE XLIV. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson, CN SQ ‘uosmoyL, ff AY Atoysvurdeg Aq ydeasojoyd wow “Lersy jo doysiq: Jo motssessod ur [euLs1io) «WVWYSHOd IL] NVHOH-VON3H-V-3LV,, “GNV1S] ¥S1SVq WOuS La1adv 1 N3d00M 40 3S83A8O “ as ie ae # wo Se ie : ~~ x ~ RES aie cia — 3 ; Sci —— A a —-- ae ee ae a _ —_——_— = ae ae er eae ae r PLATE XLV. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. (- N ‘S °Q) ‘UOSULOTLL, Al “MM Jays RVULAR, dT Aq yd «WWYSHOd ILI NVMOH-VON3UY-V-3SLY ” xSojoyd wot, “Merxy jo doystg, JO uorssessod ul [BULstIO) ‘GNV1S| YSLSV9 WOYS L31dV] N3SGOOM JO 3SY3A3yY PLATE XLVI. son. 1889,.—Thom nal Museum Report of Nati: Coo FY sIaRg ‘ayled Aq WUeT ISBvd VB UTOTT) iaiav i. GNV1Ss}| ¥aLSVQ SO SSYSASY ONV AaSY3SAEO ive PLATE XLVII. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. «SNIDDIH,O,, 3LL3A CITGO ‘umesny OFvIURy Ur [eULsIO) YOO NVITIHOD AHL Ad G3ANIVLEO SATS % Sloe aay ‘ 1309vVL. GNV1S| Y31SVy 4O 3SHSARY PLATE XLVIII. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. CYTO ‘umasnyy osenueg ur peurstO) «SNIDDIH,O,, 3LLSANOO NVITIHD SHL Ad GANIVLEO ‘1319V_L GNVv1S| YaLSVyg 4O 3SYSASO TT eae — ae Tacus ie oetlnist nese rit ees ate | ya eae ae ene peau oe 4 ee er oe ; fy | OR ¢ & fom raat oh ; Vie alee wai 3 | be Bue gr sh ont ee sare a ; BS y = y \ ee diel a (oe UTR Paine Shae i CHOSE eet: eeper ee RY pean eo Coa; bee Tenet SOREN Oe aS | GGG ARS Hee hae (ae el le. He WRC : (ee NULIG B96 ee Ae Hehe ZoAD DB BT ORarhy 3 (AB y ieaws Report of Nationa Museum 1889.—Thomson. on pee LER PLATE XLIX. ve % L wh ae SP as i YmR:. “4 { + ’ } GINS.”’ E AND REVERSE OF EASTER ISLAND TABLET, OBTAINED BY THE CHILIAN CORVETTE “O’HIG 3VERS Oe untiago Museum, Chili.) inalin S o 5 i (Or TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 527 two canoes met and, attracted by the smooth sand-beach, Hotu-Matua landed and named the island ‘“ Te-pito te-henua ” or * the navel of the deep.” The queen landed, and immediately afterwards, gave birth toa boy, who was named Tuumae-Keke. The landing place was named Anekena in honor of the month of August, in which the island was dis- eovered. All the plants landed from the canoes were appropriated for seed, and the people immediately began the cultivation of the ground. For the first three months they subsisted entirely upon fish, turtle, and the nuts of a creeping-plant found growing along the ground, which was named ‘ moki-oo-ne.” After the lapse of a number of unrecorded years, during which the island had been made to produce an abundance of food, and the people had increased and multiplied in numbers, Hotu-Matua at an advanced age was stricken with a mortal illness. Before his end drew near, the chief men were summoned to meet in council. The king nominated his eldest son as his successor (Tuumae-Heke), and it was ordained that the descent of the kings should always be through the eldest son. This important matter having been settled, the island was divided up into districts and portioned out to the children of the king as follows: To Tuumae- Heke, the eldest, were given the royal establishment and lands extending from Anekena to the northwest as far as Mounga Tea-tea. To Meru, the second son, were given the lands between Anekena and Hanga-roa. To Marama, the third son, were given the lands between Akahanga and Vinapu. The land lying to the northward and westward of Mounga Tea-tea was the portion of the fourth son, Raa, and was called Hanga-Toe. To the fifth son, Korona-ronga, were allotted the Jands between Anekena and the crater of Rana-Roraku. To the sixth and the last son were given the lands on the east side of the island. His name was Hotw-iti. The tradition here goes back before the advent of the people on the island, and states that Hotu-Matua and his followers came from a group of islands lying towards the rising sun, and the name of the land was Marae-toe-hau, the literal meaning of which is ‘the burial place.” In this land, the climate was sointensely hot that the people sometimes died from the effects of the heat, and at certain seasons plants and growing things were scorched and shriveled up by the burning sun. The circumstances that led to the migration are related as follows: Hotu-Matua succeeded his father, who was a powerful chief, but his reign in the land of his birth, owing to a combination of circumstances over which he had no control, was limited to a very few years. His brother, Machaa, fell in love with a maiden famed for her beauty and grace, but a rival appeared upon the scene in the person of Oroi, the powerful chief of a neighboring elan. After the manner of the sex in all ages and climes, this dusky beauty trifled with the affections of her suitors and proved fickle-minded. When pressed to make a choice between the two, she announced that she would marry Oroi, provided he would prove his love by making a pilgrimage around the island, 528 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. and it was specified that he should walk continually without stopping to eat, or to rest by day or night, until the tour of the island was completed. Retainers were selected to carry food to be eaten on the route, and Oroi started upon his journey, accompanied for the first few miles by his affianced bride, who promised upon parting, to permit her thoughts to dwell upon nothing but him until his return. The incon- stant female eloped with her other lover, Machaa, on the same evening. Vroi did not hear this news until he had arrived at the farther end of the island; then he returned directly to his home, where he prepared a great feast to which he summoned all the warriors of his clan. The indignity that had been put upon him was related, and all present registered a vow that they wouid never rest until Hotu-Matua and his entire family had been put to death. It appears that Machaa was aman of prudence, and seeing that a desperate conflict wasimminent, he embarked with six chosen follow- ers and his bride, in a large double canoe, and with plenty of provisions sailed in the night for some more genial clime. The great spit ‘‘ Meke-Meke” is supposed to have appeared to him and made it known that a large uninhabited island could be found by steering towards the setting sun. The land was sighted after they had been out two months, and the canoe was beached on the south side of the island. On the second day after their arrival they found a turtle on the beach near Anekena, and one of the men was killed by a blow of its flipper in try- ing to turn it over. Two months after they had landed on the island, the two canoes with Hotu-Matua and his followers, three hundred in number, arrived. The desertion of Machaa did not appease the wrath of Oroi, and war to the death was carried on until Hotu-Matua, after being defeated in three great battles, was driven to the last extremity. Discouraged by his misfortune, and convinced that his ultimate capture and death were certain, he determined to flee from the island of Marae-toe-hau, and accordingly had two large canoes, 90 feet Jong and 6 feet deep, provis- ioned and prepared for a long voyage. In the night, and on the eve of another battle, they sailed away, with the understanding that the set- ting sun was to be their compass. It appears that the intended flight of Hotu-Matua was discovered by Oroi at the last moment, and that energetic individual smuggled him- self on board of one of the canoes, disguised as a servant. After ar- riving upon the island, he hid himself among the rocks at Orongo, and - continued to seek his revenge by murdering every unprotected person who came in his way. This interesting state of affairs continued for several years, but Oroi was finally captured in a net thrown by Hotu- Matuaand was pounded to death. The tradition continues by a sudden jump into the following extraordinary condition of affairs: Many years after the death of Hotu-Matua, the island was about equally divided between his descendants and the “long-eared race,” and between them TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 529 a deadly feud raged. Long and bloody wars were kept up, and great distress prevailed on account of the destruction and neglect of the crops. This unsatisfactory state of affairs was brought to an end, after many years’ fighting, by a desperate battle, in which the “loug ears” had planned the utter annihilation of their enemies. A long and deep ditch was dug across Hoto-iti and covered with brush-wood, and into this the ‘long ears” arranged to drive their enemies, when the brush-wood was to be set on fire and every man exterminated. The trap was found out, and the plan cireumvented by opening the battle prematurely and in the night. The “long ears” were driven into the ditch they had built, and murdered to a man. After the defeat and utter annihilation of the “long-eared race,” the tradition goes on to state that peace reigned on the island, and the people increased in numbers and prosperity. In the course of time dissensions arose between the different families or clans, which led to open hostilities. Kaina, the chief of the Hotu-iti clan, and a descend- ant of the sixth son of the first king, proved himself a valiant warrior, and his possessions were increased by encroachments upon the domain of his neighbors. He died and was succeeded by his son, Huriavai, who inaugurated his introduction inte the office by a three days’ en- gagement, in which the chiefs of two neighboring clans were killed. Several clans now combined forces, and after desperate fighting the Hotu-iti people were defeated, half of them taking refuge in a cave on the face of the cliff on the northeast side of the island, and the rest on the islet of Marotiri. The besieged parties were watched night and day by their vigilant enemies, and were finally reduced to the verge of starvation. fa} Ps y i Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson PLATE Vile OBSIDIAN SPEAR-HEADS. (Cat. Nos, 129722-129730,U.S.N.M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. J. Thomson, U.S. N.) CNS A ‘uosmoys ‘f*M toyseurdeg Aq pozooyfo) “PURIST JoISeA “W'N'S "1 ‘OGLEZT-BELOSL. SON “9WO) “SAVAH UVadS NVIAISEO CN'S QD UOSUIOGL “fA JoysBUAeg Aq poyoT[OO “PURIST 1eISeA “W'N'S D“PELGGI-@ELEZT “SON “JBO) “SAZTY ANOLS “SQVSH-HV3adS NVIGISAO GNV SAZOWY ANOLS PLATE LVII. : z Rt Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. PLATE LVIII. FISHHOOKS. Fig. 1. FisHHook of HumAN Bone. (Cat. No. 129736, U.S.N.M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. J. Thomson, U. 8S. N.) Fig.2. FisHHook oF Human Bone. (Cat. No. 129737, U.S. N.M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. J. Thomson, U.S. N.) Fig.3. FISHHOOK OF STONE. TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 537 Stone adzes.—Called Toki. The collection comprises twenty-five dif- ferent sizes, called by distinctive names which signify the use for which they are designed. Tools of this class were always used in a wooden handle. (Plate LVIL.) Stone knife-—Called Hoe. Ground down to a knife-blade with a point and cutting edge, used principally for fashioning the eyes and faces of the images. (Plate LI, fig. 3.) Ax handles.—Miro Toki. Hard-wood, with natural joint, used for holding stone implements. (Plate LVII.) Fish god.—Called Mea Ika. This rough, ill-shaped stone was one of the objects really worshipped by the natives. Some of them bear evi- dences of tool marks, but it does not appear that any effort was made to carve them into shape or decorate them. These gods were never com- mon, and were possessed by communities or clans, and not by individ- uals. The legends claim that they were all brought to the island by Hotu Matua and the first settlers. (Plate UI, fig. 4.) Bonito god.—Called Mea Kahi. A stone with apparently no distin- guishing characteristics, and nothing to merit the profound religious homage paid to it. It is not clear why the bonito should have the dis- tinction of a separate god from the other fish, unless it be for the reason that it appears in great numbers in these waters, and has always been highly esteemed as an article of food. Fish always constituted an im- portant diet with the natives, and the abundance in. which they were found was ascribed to the faithful and constant adoration of these stone gods. (Plate LI, fig. 5) Fowl god.—Called Mea Moa. A beach pebble with slight traces of tool-marks, but it might readily be passed among other stones without attracting attention. To the fowl god is ascribed the custody of chick- ens, and its beneficial influence was secured by being placed under a setting hen for a short time before the eggs were hatched. (Plate LI, fig. 6.) Stone Fish Hook.—Called Mugai Kihi. These primitive hooks, now very rare on the island, were made of the hardest rock to be obtained, and were ground into shape by long and constant rubbing. (Plate LVIUI, fig. 3.) Bone fish-haoks.—Called Mugai Irvi. In accordance with an ancient superstition, these hooks were manufactured from the thigh-bones of deceased fishermen. The curve was fashioned with a small barb which prevented the escape of the fish. The form is so perfectly adapted to the purpose that the natives still use their old bone hooks in preference to those of European make. A fish-hook of similar design was used by the Indians of Santa Cruz Island. (Plate LVIII, figs. 1 and 2.) Incised tablets.—Called Hokau Rongo-Rongo. Two specimens in ex- cellent state of preservation, showing the hieroglyphics used in the written language. (Plates X XX VIII-XLI.) Double paddle.—Called Mata Kao-kao. Made of heavy wood, bal- 538 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. anced by wide blades ornamented with outlined faces. Used in the ancient canoes in a similar manner to that practiced by the Indians of America. (Plate LI, fig. 3.) Ancient scull oars —Called Mata Kao. Angular float of peculiar shape and unique design attached to a long handle. Used for steering and sculling very large canoes. Very old and highly prized by the islanders as the only specimen of the scull-oar used by their ancestors. (Plate LIX.) Human skulls.—Called Puoko Iri. An examination of these skulls shows very little difference between the crania of the present people and those found in the most ancient tombs. Three specimens obtained from the King’s platform have hieroglyphics engraved upon them, which sig- nify the clan to which they belonged. (Plate L.) Native cloth. Called Hami Nua. Made of the inner bark of the hi- biscus and paper-mulberry trees. The manufacture of the ‘“ tappa” has now ceased altogether. (Plate LI, fig. 7.) Tattooing implements.—Called Ta Kona. Tools used for puncturing the skin. Made of bird bones. Needles.—Called Iri. Both bone and wooden needles used for sewing tappa cloth, and other varieties for knitting meshes of nets. (Plate LX, fig. 1.) Fetish stones.—Called Atua Mangaro. A collection obtained by dig- ging beneath the door-posts of the ancient dwellings. The majority are simply beach pepples; others have been formed by rubbing; and one is a triangular-shaped stone with a face outlined upon it. These were placed beneath the houses, with much ceremony, and were supposed to ward off evil influences. (Plate LX, fig. 2.) Neck ornaments.—Called Hoko Ngao. Carved wood in fanciful de- signs worn during the dance. : Pigments.—Called Penetuli. Natural paints used by being ground down in the heated juice of the sugar cane. Frescoed slabs.—Taken from the inner walls and ceilings of the stone’ houses at Orongo. (Plate X XIII.) = Fetish stones.—Buried under the corner-stones of the houses. POLYNESIAN ARCH AJOLOGY. The most ancient monuments of Polynesia are the lithic and mega- lithic remains, coincident in style and character with the Druidical circles of Hurope, and the exact counterpart of those of Stonehenge and Carnac in Brittany. These earlier efforts of the human art are invaria- bly the remains of temples, places of worship, or of edifices dedicated in some way to the religion and superstitions of extinct generations, whose graves cover every island and reef. The most numerous, and perhaps the most ancient structures, are quadrangular in shape, and are composed of loose lava stones, forming a wall of great firmness and strength. These temples frequently exceed 100 feet in length, with a Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. PLATE LIX. ANCIENT SCULL-OARS. (Cat. No. 129746, U.S.N.M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. J. Thomson, U. S. N.) Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. PLATE LX NETTING-NEEDLES AND FETISH-STONES. Fig.1. NETTING-NEEDLES. (Cat. No, 129738,U.S. N.M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. J. Thomson, U.S. N.) Fig.2. Ferisu-stones. (Cat. Nos. 129765-129772, U.S. N. M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. J. Thomson, U.S. N.) YE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. Boo proportionate width, and were designed to be roofless. They contain remains of altars composed of the same materials as the wall of the main inclosure, generally located at one end, and in shape resembling parallelograms. In many cases, these edifices are in as perfect a state of preservation as when countless numbers of human victims were im- molated upon their altars, though time has obliterated all traces of everything perishable. In the search for prehistoric remains, the diversified character of the many islands that dot the South Sea should be borne in mind. Coral groups and atolls, these wonderful formations produced by the ceaseless work of zodphytic animals, being of comparatively recent creation, were perhaps merely tide-water reefs, when the islands of purely vol- canie character were peopted by lawless and turbulent tribes, constantly engaged in warfare and in making depredations upon each other. Even where there is sufficient evidence of antiquity to warrant the search, the absence of monuments upon the low-lying islands of coral formation, may be accounted for by the lack of suitable material for their construc- tion, or to the destroying hurricanes that occasionally sweep across this part of the Pacific, which are accompanied by a furious sea that breaks completely over the narrow atolls, carrying death and devasta- tion to all things animate and inanimate. The height of the atolls, in many cases, does not exceed 5 or 6 feet above the normal level of the sea surrounding them, and instances are unfortunately abundant, of islands that have been transformed in a few hours, from a scene of tropical luxuriance and with a contented people surrounded by nature’s most bountiful gifts, to one of utter barrenness and desolation. The largest and most important islands of Polynesia are of voleanic character, and bear evidences of having been inhabited from a remote period. Here may be duplicated the Teocallis of Palen- que, Copan, and Uxmal. In some islands these ancient monuments were searched out with great difficulty, having been so completely overgrown with dense tropical vegetation that their existence was not suspected by the indifferent people of to-day. While the islanders never advanced to a high civilization, and their best efforts consist in cromlechs, dolmens, and elevated platforms or truncated pyramids, their handiwork is still preserved, and points with abundant interest to the history of a rude and early age. The primitive Polynesians, like their contemporaries, the Incas of Peru, may be judged in regard to their condition and history, by the monuments they have left, for with the exception of Easter Island, there is no trace of their having possessed a written language. Tribes flourished, were conquered and passed out of existence, without leaving a trace behind them except perhaps, a shadowy tradition. The natives in this genial climate have always dwelt in rude structures of thatch and cane, which after a few years of abandonment would decay and leave no sign behind, unless it be a few broken implements lying about. Among 540 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. them, traditions have always been preserved with care, and it is won- derful to find how the history of a people can be followed in this way for hundreds of years. The Samoans claim a complete chronicle dating through eee generations of the reigning family of Malietoa, and extending over a period of eight hundred years, while the Tongans can chronicle a fairly accurate history of their priesthood through twelve centuries.* The priests have usually been the custodians of the national tradi- tions, and there is sufficient evidence to show that every precaution was taken to have them handed down from one generation to another, pure and unchanged, for oral record was their only means of committing to posterity the deeds of their ancestors. To be intrusted with the traditions, constituted of itself an office of high dignity, and the holder was afforded the protection of a taboo of the most rigorous character. Family records were perpetuated with the national history, but as might be expected, there was a tendency to embellish them when ex- tended back beyond a reasonable limit, with mythological personages and improbable occurrences. Still the extraordinary power of these keepers to preserve unimpaired for centuries, events and facts or even the geneaology of important families, would astonish those who are fa- miliar only with written history, and whose memories depend upon arti- ficial aids. Except in a few cases, the traditions of the natives do not extend back far enough to throw much light upon the ancient monu- ments found upon the islands. This is due in a measure to the fact, that in only isolated localities have the people lived unmolested for any great length of time. The tribes were continually at war with one an- other. From love of conquest, and jealousy, no tribe was safe from the depredations of its neighbor, although living upon terms of supposed friendship. The love of war induced frequent expeditions planned for the destruction of the tribes of adjacent islands, while occasionally a combination was made for more extensive operations against the unsus- pecting natives of a different group. The visitors usually put to death the fighting men of the conquered tribes and absorbed the others. The traditions of both parties were preserved separately for a time, but they naturally tended to merge together, and in this state, a combination of the glories of both tribes were handed down never to be unraveled to their succeeding generations. The monuments of antiquity scattered throughout Polynesia, with the exception of Easter Island, increase in importance as we advance to the westward, commencing with the cir- eles of uncut stones, and advancing by regular steps until we arrive at the more elaborate sculptures. This fact indicates the decline eee 2 These ponentont ATH mone ener n a aay admitted to be true, have received the special investigation of some of the missionaries. The Rey. Shir- ley Baker, now premier of Tonga, assures us that there is no reason to doubt them, and that on the other hand there are many reasons for accepting them as absolute truth. e YE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 541 took place in the social and mental culture of the people as they rami- fied eastward through the various islands of the Pacific. Detachments arriving at the different groups separated into distinct communities as accident or fancy directed ; here they became segregated, and rapidly degenerated in knowledge and in the arts. Starting with the Sandwich Islands, we find that the Hawaiian pre- historic remains are confined to the most primitive forms of structures, such as the remains of the pagan temple at Waikiki, and the enormous heiau at Punepa near I[ole, both of which are notable types of walled inclosures, and also the catacombs of Waimea, which do not greatly differ from some of the places of sepulture in other islands. Farther to the South and West, the Marquesas and Society groups show nothing beyond the primitive works of people who have passed away ages ago, leaving no other sigus of their having existed. The island of Rapa-titi, in mid Pacifie and just outside the tropics, contains evidences of a numerous population at some remote period. The island is remarkably mountainous, though quite small, with pinna- cles rising to the height of 2,000 feet, and precipitous cliffs jutting into the sea. Massive forts command all the principal valleys; they are constructed of stone; built in terraces; and furnished with towers for observation and rallying points.* In the Friendly Islauds are found some interesting relies of antiquity. Near the ancient metropolis of Moa, on the island of Tongatabu, and about 12 miles from Nukualofa, the present capital of the group, are the graves of the Tui-Tongas. These embrace nineteen truncated pyramids, measuring about 100 feet square on the base lines, and rising in three terraces to a height of 25 feet. The stones used in their construction are of coral concrete, and many of the huge blocks are 18 feet long by 54 feet high and 3 feet thick, and weigh fully 20 tons each. The labor of building these tombs was enormous, and whenit is con- sidered that the great blocks were cut from the coral reef about 3 miles distant, and transported to the spot by savages who were ignorant of the laws of mechanics, and who were without appliances, we can not fail to be lost in wonder at the magnitude of the work accomplished. These pyramids are of various ages, extending over a period of twelve hun- dred and fifty years. They are overgrown by a dense forest of fao and banyan trees, of immense size and great age, the roots of which have dis- lodged and thrown down some of the largest stones. The Tui-Tongas were high-priests and their genealogy has been carefully preserved. *In 1867, the French purchased the sovereignty of this little island for a gallon of rum and some old clothes, thus cutting out a prospective American Steam-ship Com- pany that had fixed upon it for a coal depot. Coal is found here in small quantities, and this fact has been adduced in support of the theory of a submerged continent in the Pacific, a fallacy evident to the geologist. Although there are several bays, a landing may be made at any point owing to the remarkable smoothness of the sea. The people bear a close resemblance to the New Zealanders. 542 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. The priesthood was hereditary, descending from father to son. Under the laws of Tonga the high-priests could marry only the daughters of the king. Their sons became priests, and the daughters occupied a position analogous to that of the Vestal Virgins and were not permitted to marry. This long line is now extinct, the last of the Tui-Tongas hav- ing been laid with his fathers in 1865. About 6 miles beyond these tombs, on the eastern shore, stands an ancient cromlech, or more properly speakingadolmen. This interesting monument is composed of three blocks of coral concrete. The two up- rights are 14 feet high, 8 feet wide and nearly 4 feet thick, and weigh over 15 tons each, while the cross-piece is somewhat smaller and weighs about 10 tons. The native tradition is that these larger masses of stone were cut trom the coral reef about 2 miles distant, and that the vertex was brought by one of their large canoes from Wallis Island. While it is possible for this legend to be founded upon fact, there is room for strong doubt, since the same formation exists upon both islands; but the difficulty of handling astone of that size and weight, and of carrying it a distance of 600 miles by sea, would hardly be warranted when it could be quarried on their own shores. Viewed, however, as a trophy, and the cromlech as a sort of triumphal arch to commemorate a victory, (for the Tongans were perhaps the most successful of the ocean rovers of the Pacific) the legend of the stone seems entitled to greater credence than the neglected pile would at first warrant. The traditions do not go back far enough to tell us by whom this cromlech was erected, but simply assert its erection by one of the early kings on the advent of his dynasty, a fact which the disintegration of the stone, due to age, would seem to corroborate. The Samoans formerly erected stone pillars to the memory of their chiefs, but the most interesting relic of former ages, in this group, is the ruins of a heathen temple located in the mountains near the center of the island of Opolu. Secreted in an almost in- accessible gully, this temple was built in the form of an ellipse, meas- uring 57 feet one way by 39 feet the other. The roof was evidently thatched with pandanus leaves, as is the custom to the present day, but three large columns of basaltic rock formed the center supports, while the eaves rested upon the pillars of the same stone placed at intervals of 3 feet apart around the ellipse. Many of these stones are still stand- ing, but the site has been almost obscured by a dense tropical growth. Within a few feet of the old temple is an ancient tomb covered with a large block of stone and marked by an upright basaltic column. Sa- moan legends do not give much information about this ruin, but the Tongan traditions hold that the temple was built by them, after they had conquered the Samoans, and that the tomb is that of one of the Tui- Tongas who accompanied the successful expedition, and who died and was buried alongside of the temple. This conquest took place at least eight hundred years ago, for it was about this time that Malietoa I. was TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 543 made king, for his bravery and success in freeing his country from the Tongan yoke. Plans were made to open this tomb, but for the lack of time could not be carried out, and the observations on this interesting relic were con- fined to one hasty visit. Continuing still farther to the westward, to the island of Tinian, one of the Ladrones, are found two ranges of stone columns, over a dozen in number, and somewhat similar in size and shape to those of the ecromlech at Tongatabu; but the ctirious feature of this ruin is that each column is surmounted by a large semi-globe, flat surface upward, weighing 4 tons. Freycinet supposes them to be supports of wooden ceilings to houses, that long ago have fallen into ruin, but other author- ities assert that they are sepulchral urns. The natives call them “the houses of the ancients.’ Upon the adjacent islands are numerous remains of a similar charac- ter, but in most cases the columns are smaller. In the island of Ponape, Caroline group, are found remains of a higher grade of stone work and which are a puzzle to ethnologists.* Upon the bank of a creek that empties into Metalanien harbor is an inclosure with massive walls built of basaltic prisms 300 feet long and 35 feet high. There is a gateway opening upon the creek composed of enormous basaltic columns laid flat, inside of which is a court inclosed by walls 30 feet high. There are terraces against the wall inside, also built of basaltic prisms 8 feet high and 12 feet wide. The inclosure is nearly square and is divided into three parts by low walls running north and south. In the center of each court is a closed chamber 14 feet square, orna- mented with basaltic columns and roofed with the same stone. On the central ridge of the opposite side of the island, 10 miles distant, are a large number of very fine basaltic columns, and this must have been the quarry for the structure just described, for the configuration of the land is such that roads would have beenimpracticable, and the only dedue- tion is that the material must have been taken down to the coast and thence by water to the location on the creek. This is reported to have been the home of the buccaneers, but it is impossible that they could have put up works of such magnitude. There are other ruins on the island, and also some mounds of consider- able size, 12 feet high and.a quarter of a mile long. On Kusai, and other islands of the group are found ruins, but those of Ponape are by far the most remarkable. Though not properly in the province of the work, a short description by Mr. Wallace of some of the architectural wonders of Java is in- serted. He estimates the date of their construction at five hundred years ago when the island was under the sway of the Hindoos. * From Wallace’s ‘‘ Australia,” 544 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. The road to Wonosalem led through a magnificent forest, in the depths of which we passed a fine ruin of what appeared to have been a royal tomb or mausoleum. It is formed entirely of stone, and elabor- ately carved. Near the base is a course of boldly projecting blocks, sculptured in high relief, with a series of scenes which are probably in- cidents in the life of the defunct. These are all beautifully executed, some of the figures of animals in particular being easily. recognizable and very accurate. The general design, as far as the ruined state of the upper part will permit of its being seen, is very good, the effect be- ing given by an immense number and variety of projecting or retreat- ing courses of squared stones in place of mouldings. The size or the structure is about 30 feet square by 20 feet high, and as the traveler comes suddenly upon it on asmall elevation by the road side, over- shadowed by gigantic trees, overrun with plants and creepers, and closely backed by the gloomy forest, he is struck by the solemnity and picturesque beauty of the scene, and is led to ponder on the strange law of progress, which looks so like retrogression, and which in so many distant parts of the world has exterminated or driven out a highly artistic and constructive race, to make room for one which, as far as we can judge is very far its inferior. The number and beauty of the archi- tectural remains in Java have never been popularly illustrated or de- scribed, and it will therefore take most people by surprise to learn that they far surpass those of Central America, perchance those, of India. To give some idea of these ruins, perhaps to excite wealthy amateurs to explore them thoroughly, and to obtain by photography on accurate record of these beautiful sculptures before it is too late, I will enum- _erate the most important as briefly described in Sir Stanforns Raffle’s History of Java. Near the center of Java, between the native capitals of Djoko-Kerta and Sura-Kerta, is the village of Brambanam, not far from which are abundance of ruins, the most important being the temples of Loro- Jongran and Chandi Sewa. At Loro-Jongran there were separate buildings, six large, and. fourteen small temples. They are now a mass of ruins, but the largest temple was supposed to have been 90 feet high. They were all constructed of solid stone, everywhere decorated with carvings and bas-reliefs, and adorned with numbers of statues, many of which remain entire. At Chandi-Sewa, or the ‘thousand temples,” are many fine colossal figures. Captain Baker, who surveyed these ruins, said that he had never in his life seen such stupendous and finished specimens of human labor, and the science and taste of ages long since forgotten, crowded together in so small a compass as in this spot. They covera span of nearly 600 feet square, and consist of an outer row of eighty-four temples; a second row of seventy-six; a third row of sixty-four; a fourth of forty-four; and a fifth forming an inner parallelogram of twenty-eight; in all two hun- TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 545 dred and ninety-six small temples disposed in five regular parallelo- grams. In the center is a large cruciform temple surrounded by forty flights of steps, richly ornamented with sculpture and containing many apartments. The tropical vegetation has ruined most of the smaller temples, but some remain tolerably perfect, from which tie effects of the whole may be imagined. About half a mile off is another temple, called Chandi Kali Bening, 72 feet square and 60 feet high, in fine preservation, and covered with sculptures of Hindu mythology surpassing any that exists in India. Other ruins of palaces, halls and temples, with abundance of sculptured deities, are found in the same neighborhood. About 50 mileseastward, in the province of Kedu, is the great temple of Borobods. It is built upon a small hill, and consists of a central dome and seven ranges of terraced wall, covering the slope of\the hill, forming open galleries, each below the other, and communicating by steps and gateways. The central dome is 50 feet in diameter; around it is a triple circle of seventy-two towers; and the whole building is 620 feet square and about 100 feet high. In the terraced walls are niches containing cross-legged figures larger than life, to the number of about four hundred; both sides of the terraced walls are covered with bas- reliefs crowded with figures carved in hard stone, which must there- fore occupy an extent of nearly 3 miles in length. The amount of humap labor and skill expended upon the great pyra- mids of Egypt, sink into insignificance when compared with that re- quired to complete this sculptured hill temple in the interior of Java. About 40 miles southwest of Samarang, on a mountain called Junong Prau, an extensive plateau is covered with ruins. To reach the temples, four flights of stone steps were made up to the mountain from opposite directions, each flight containing more than a thousand steps. Traces of nearly four hundred temples have been found here, and many (per- haps all) were decorated with rich and delicate sculptures. The whole country between this and Brambanam, a distance of 60 miles, abounds with ruins, so that fine sculptured figures may be seen lying in ditches, or built into the walls of inclosures. In the eastern part of Java, at Kediri, and in Melang, there are equally abundant traces of antiquity, but the buildings themselves have been mostly destroyed ; sculptured figures, however, abound, and the ruins of forts, palaces, baths, aqueducts, aud temples can be every- where traced, The ruins of the ancient city of Majapahit cover miles of ground with paved roads, walls, tombs, and gateways, while sculptures of Hindu gods and goddesses of hard trachytie rock are found in the forests or in situ in temples. Some of the buildings are of brick of curious con- struction; the bricks are burned and built together without cement, and yet adhere incomprehensibly. H. Mis. 234, pt. 2 33 546 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. LANGUAGE—VOCABULARY. The natives reckoned their time, and in fact do so still by moons or months, commencing the year with August, which was, according to the traditions, the time when Hotu-Matua and his followers landed upon the island. The following corresponds nearly to the English months set oppo- site: INTELEG Ens GG0550 Heaney soqcsn MCN AWE NE Ko) Bo Sa5unnobes soSc08 oc February. Hora-iti (little summer) -.... September. | Tetnupu .......... .----...--March. Hora-nui (big summer)....-- October. Marahaoracsa-e 522s ease April. Pangarourl.-- ==. ==. part of November. | Vaitu-nui (big winter) ...--. May. Kotuti .......November and December. | Vaitu-poto (short winter) ..-June. IaIthl BeSsep eae December and January. Maro or Temaro...... Soreeere July. HOTOP eer seveteies sieiais © isis ie secete January. The natives have recently divided the months into weeks, giving to the days the names of First day (Raa-po-tahi), Second day (Raa-po-rua), Third day (Raa-po-torn), etc. The week is commenced on Monday in order to bring the seventh day on Sunday. The month is divided into two equal portions, the first beginning with the new moon, and the second with the full moon. . The calendar at the time of our visit to the island ran about as follows, the new moon being full on November 26: Kokore tahi (first Kokore).. November 27 | Kokore toru (third Kokore) .December 13 Kokore rua(second Kokore).November 28 | Kokore ha (fourth Kokore) -December 14 Kokore toru (third Kokore) .November 29 | Kokore rima (fifth Kokore).. December 15 Kokore ha (fourth Kokore).. November 30 | Tapume..---...-...-.-.-.-. December 16 Kokore rima (fifth Kokore) -December 1 | Matua ..--.......-.-.-.-...-December 17 Kokore ono (sixth Kokore)..December 2 | Orongo, last quarter ......-December 18 Maharu, first quarter ......- December 3 | Orongo taane ....-.......-.December 19 Ohugereceeccctecetacocs cee December, 45| Mauri iiss: aeeeeseeee sees December 20 Opa ek tack Sess ance ecee December 5 | Marui Kero =222222- 22. a-see December 21 OTHE caedaadanase.cecqoun sa December 26s) (Omutesees eee eee eee eee -. -_December 22 WETS jG pe Gooono Doe oEDBoos December, 7); Tueoy2-seeeenaee ao eeeene December 23 MAPA ssmeeee.nc et svecienee acc December’ 8s sOataceeooee eo eter eee December 24 AMC AM mises =< Sis icjsisleieveiouis December -9 || Oari,new moon’ ..-2--..---- December 25 Omotohi, full moon.........- December 10 | Kokore tabi (first Kokore) .. December 26 Kokore tahi (first Kokore) .. December 11 | Etc., ete., ete. Kokore rua (second Kokore), December 12 The natives of Easter Island speak a dialect of the Malayo-Polynesian language, which is so widely spread in the South Sea and Malay Archi- pelago. Any one who will take the trouble to compare the accompany- ing vocabulary with the same words used by the natives of New Zea- land, Tahiti, Rorotonga, Samoa, and any of the islands of Polynesia, will see that many of the words are identically the same, and others show a slight variation. Not only do the words of this language resemble those spoken throughout the South Sea, but all the dialects possess, in common, the TE PITO TE HENUA, OF EASTER ISLAND. 547 peculiarity of having a dual number of the personal pronouns in addi- tion to the singular and plural. For example, he or she is, ** Ko-ia,” in the Maori it is, “‘ia;” they two, on this island is ‘ rana-a,” in the Maori it is “‘rana;” they, in this dialect is * pouro,” in the Maori, it is ‘‘ratou.” Words are frequently reduplicated to denote the plural of collectives in nouns, the comparative, or superlative degree in adjectives, and re- peated action in verbs. “Iti” signifies little, ‘‘iti-iti,” expresses very little, and the word for small child is * poki iti-iti.” ood, or to eat, is “ Kai,” to eat much or heartily is expressed by “ kai-kai.”. The names of several of the colors are usually duplicated, as red, ‘‘mea-mea;” black, ‘‘ uri-uri;” white “ tea-tea;” vermillion ‘ ura-ura.” An interesting feature of the language is the native name for pig, “ Oru,” which differs from the corresponding term in all of the other Polynesian dialects. It is probably derived from the grunting sound made by the animal. In nearly all of the kindred dialects the uame for pig is **puaka,” a word which is also applied by some of them to all quadrupeds except the rat. The Easter Islanders have given this name to cattle, calling a cow “puaka tamahine” (female puaka), and a bull “ puaka tamaroa” (male puaka). This tends to show that although pigs had probably been introduced on the islands from which the ances- tors of the present inhabitants came, they took none with them in their migration, and only preserved the word puaka in a vague sense, as Sig- nifying a large animal with four legs. When cattle were introduced, they consequently applied the term to them, and coined the new one afterwards, Fingers are called “ manga-manga” and toes, “ manga-manga vae,” or literally the fingers of the foot. ‘‘ Kiri” means covering, and to ex- press the wood shoe they say “ Kiri vae,” or covering, for the foot. ‘+ Ivi” is the name applied to both needle and bone, which probably indicates that the original needles were made of bone. In the pronunciation of words of two syllables, the accent is on the first; in words of three syllables it is generally on the second, and in polysyllabie words it is on the penultimate. Modern articles recently introduced on the island are called by their English names, or some- thing that has a similar sound. It is worthy of note that the word * Atua” is used to signify both god and devil. VOCABULARY. Absent Ngaro. A or and KE. Adieu Kamoi. Age Mata hi. Air Hangu. Abdomen Manava. Aid Hanu. Ankle Kari-kari vae,. All (whole) Ananake, | Arms Kaufa, Ancestor Tupuna, Arm Rima. Artisan Maori. Artery Ua noho toto. Autumn Vaha-tonga. Ash-wood Mari-kuru. Ax Toki. Ape-fish Nohue, 548 Arrow-root Bad Bath Battle (war) Bay Betore Below Bird Bird (tropic) Bitter Black Boat Boy Branch Bring me Brother (younger) Brother (elder) Brown Bury Bull Bush Button Boar Back Beard Bladder Blood Bone Breath Buttock Bulrush Boobies (birds) Basket Calm Canvas Cannibal Cat Catch Caught Care Chief Child Clean Climb Cloak Clothing Cloud CJub (short) Club (dancing) Club (long) Cocoanut Comb Cooking place Correct Cow REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Bias Rake-rake. Hopu. Tana, Paconga. Vaha. Iraro. Manu. Makohe. Kava. Uri-uri. Vaka Poe-poe. Poki-tamaroa. Manga miro. Kotomal. Hangu potu. Atariki. Hiku vera. Muraki. Puaka tamaroa. Miro taka-taka. Herreo. Oru tamaroa. Tua iri. Vere. Taua mimi. Toto. Iri. Hangu. Eve taki-eve. Naatu. Kuia. Kete. Marie. Hecki keho. Kai tangata. Gooli. Kato. Roa a. Ana. Honui. Poki iti-iti. Maita Kia. Kahiti. Nua. Hami. Rangi tea-tea. Para. Ao. Ua. Niu. Tapani. Heumu. Riva mao 4. Puaka tamahini, Cure Cut Cut-grass Cape Coat ' Come here Clay Cry Cattle Crab Calf of leg Chest Chin Clitoris Copulate Convolyulus Calabash Cockroaches Cemetery Cheek Dance Darkness Day Death Defeat Dew Diaper Dirty Docile Dog Drink (water) Dry Dry, v. Dung Dwell Devil Dish-cloth Drinking-cup Dead Ear-ring Earth Eat (food) Eat (heartily) Evening Kel Ear Elbow Eye (or face) Eye-brow Eye-lash Eye-lid Far Feign Female Fire eee eT ns Soe Hakaora. Hauva. Kaverimal. Heihnu. Lukan. Ohogimai. Oone val. Tangi. Puaka. Pikea. Rera. Uma. Kanae. Matakao. Tuki-tuki. Tanoa. Hue. Negarara. Papekoo. Kukunne. Hoko-hoko. Pouri. Raa. Mate. Kio. Hau. Hami Kaufa. Go-0-onea. Mangaro. Paihenga. Kaunu taa-vai. Paka-paka. Haka paka-paka. Tutai. Noho. Atua. Te maro. Rapa-rapa. Heniati. Taringa. Oone. Kai. Kai-kai. Ata-ta. Koiro. Taringa. Turi rima. Mata. Hihi. Veke-veke. Tutu Mata. Konui. Haka kemo. Tamahini. Ahi. a 7 J | ; Fish Fishing Fishing-line Fish-hook Fish-snood Flea Flower Fly Food Fowl Fork Fool Fray Fury Full Fancy Few Face Fat Fore-arm Forehead Finger Finger (index) Finger (middle) Finger-ring Finger (little) Foot For, or to Father Girl Give me Glance Go Go away God Gold Gold coin Good Grass Grave Great Grief Gull Gun Gave Get out Gourd vine Grass (fine) Grass (bunch) Goddess Good-by Greeting Hail Half Handkerchief Ika. Ika kato omai. Eaho. Herou. Ekave. Koura. Pua. Kakaure, Kai. Moa. Manga-manga. Heva. Tama. Pohi. Titi 4. Tangi-hangi. Tae nengo-nengo. Mata. NAako. Paonga. Korae. Manga-manga. Rima tuhi henna. Roaroa tahanga. Rima tuhi # hana. Ko manaroa. Vae. Ki. Metua. Poki tamahini. Karai-mai. Mata ui. Kaho. Rari kau. Atua. Tui-tui. Ohio. Riva-riva-maitai. Mouku. Avanga. Nui. Topa tangi. Kia-kia. Hango. Eaai. Kahoa. Hue. Turumea. Moku. Kirato. Kamoi. Kakoia. Rangi. Vaenga. Rupa. TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. Heaven Heavy Here High Hot House (hut) Hunger Hurry Hush Hat He, she, it Horse - Hen Hair Hand Head Heart Hip Hibiseus Hill Heel Infant Tron-rust I or me Instep Intestines Ice-plant Image Jest Joy Kill Knife Kidney Knee Kelp King Land Lantern Large Laugh Leaf Life Light Light (weight) Lightning Little Lonely Long (far) Lose, v. Limpet (Chiton magnificus ) Leg Lips Liver Lung 549 Rangi. Panghi. Inri-ia. Runga. Vera. Hare. Maruaki. Horo-horan. Gamnu. Hau. Koia. Hoi. Eufa. Ranoho Rima. Puoko. Mokoikoi. Tipi. Moaua. Otu. Rike. Poki porekoiho. Toto ohio. Kovau. Peka-peka vae, Nene-nene. Herepo. Moai. Haka reka. Koa. Tingai, Hoe. Makoikoi. Turi. Harepepe. Ariiki. Kaina. Hera parapa. Nui. Ekata. Raupa, Po-o-te tangata. Maeha. Marma. Uira. Iti. Hoko tahi. Konni roa. Marere. Hemama, Hern. Neutu, Até. Inanga. 550 Lichen Leek Luck Lobster Man Make Male Mat Meet Moon More Morning Mountain Move Mud Memory Modern Mamma Moustache Mouth Muscle Milk-thistle Marshmallow Name Narrow Native Needle New Next Night No Now Nail (finger) Navel Neck Nipple Nose Nostril Obsidian Oar (paddle) Obey Omitted Of Paint Paper Path (trail) Place Pick Pig Pine Pipe Plaiting Plant Plantation Kihi-kihi. Hekekeohe. Hera-ki-to-mea. Ura. Tangata. Haka. Tamaroa. Moenga. Pire. Mahina. Kina. Popohanga. Mounga. Hakaneke. Oone heke-heka. Manuao. Hou anei. Wie Vere ngutu. Haha. Kiko na-na. Poporo-hiva. Mova. Ingoa. Vaka-vaka. Hoa kona. Tri. Hou. Tetahi. Eo: Aita. Anei rA. Mai kuku. Pito. Negao. Matan. Thu, Poko-poko ihu. Mahaa. Matakao. Haka-rongo. Patu. Kia Penetuli. Para-para. Ara. Pahu. Kaverimai. Oru. Koromaki. Puhi-puhi. Tanra. Mea tupu. Kona oka kai. Play Prawn Pitch Population Puffed Pure Physilia utriculus Palm (of hand) Pancreas Penis Perineum Prepuce Pubes Pulse Rage Rat Red Rest River Road Rock Roll, v. Root Rope Rain Rib Salt Sand Sea-urchin See, v. Servant Ship Shirt Shoe Shoot, v. Shooting Short Shoulder Silver Sky Sleep Slip Smoke Smoking Snail Soon Sorrow Speak Spear Spirit (soul) Spring (season) Steal (thief ) Stand up Star REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Kori. Ura. Piarhioa. Heatua. Pupuhi. Putu. Papa Ki. Paraha Rima. Kiko o te ivi tikAé. Ure. Vaha takitua.. Kiri ure. Pukn. Ua naiei. Pohi. Kiora. Mea-mea. Hakaora. Vai tahe. Ara. Maka motu. Katuru. Aka. Huti. Wiak Kava-kava. Kava. Oone. Hetuke. Kui. Pukuranga. Miro. Gahu. Kiri vai. Pakakina. Hango pakakina. Poto-poto. Kapu hivi. Monie. Rangi uri-uri. Han-uru. Kahinga. Au umn. Kangan. Pipi. Anei ra nei. Tangi toka-tangi. Paran vangana. Mataa. Kuhange. Vaha hora. Toki-toki. Komaru. Hetu. — Stone Stone (tool) Stone ax String Sngar-cane Summer Sun Suspenders Swallow, v. Satchel (valise) Shell Sit Sit down Slowly Small Soaked Stocking Stop (halt) Stopped Stuffed Sheep Sow Small univalve Sea-bass Scalp Scrotum Shin Shoulder Sole (of foot) Spine Spleen Stomach Sea-weed Strength Shark -Skin Talk Tame Taro Tattooing Tenderly Thief Thin Thirst Thunder Tobacco To-morrow Tree Trunk of tree Turtle They The Those Thou TE PITO TE HENUA, Kihi-kihi. Tanki. Toke. Huti. Toa. Hora, Raa. Pena. Kahoco. Kete. Pule. Noho. Kano. Koro iti. Iti. Ngare-perepe. Tokin. Maroa. Hakanoho hia. Mea popo. Mamoi. Oru tamahine. Ngingongi. Kodoti. Kiri puoko. Kiri maripu. Paka. Kapu hivi. Pararaha vae. Tua papa. Para. Kopu mau. -Miritoun. Riri. Ninki. Kite. Paran. Mangaro. aro: Ta KonA. Ko viti. Toke-toke, Paki roki. Mate vai. Hatn tiri. Ava-ava. Apo. Miro tupu. Tutuima, Honnu. Pouro. Te. Rana 4. Koe. OR EASTER ISLAND. Together Tendon Testes Thigh Thumb Tongue Toe Tooth Toe (great) To, or for Tea-plant Thread To fight To throw away To awake To smoke To cough Umbrella Under Up Urethra Uterus Valley Vengeance Vermilion Vessel (water) Victor Vine (fern) Virgin Vagina Vein Vulva War Warrior Water (fresh) Water (salt) Wave White Who Whole (all) Wide Widow Widower Wife Wild Wind Winter Woman Wood Worm Write Wet When We Amogio. Na-na. Miripau. Papa Kona. 551 Rima metua nea-nea. Arero. Manga-manga vae. Niko. Manga-manga tumu. Ki. 40h Taura. Kavava. Parue. Karu. E ouo. Etehu. Hemahia. Traro. Runga. Na mimi. Henua. Ava mounga, Kopeka. Ura-ura. Ipu. Matatoa. Riku. Nire. Takapau. Ua. Kannutu. Tana. Tangata Matan, Vai. Vai-kava. E. Tea-tea. Korai. Ananaké. Hakarava. Hove. Hove. Na via. Manu. Tokeran. Tonga. Via. Miro. Koreha. Motu rongo-rongo. Rari. Ahea. Matou., 552 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Waist Kakari manara. Yes Aé. Wrist Kakan rima. Youth Kope tungu-tunga, White-bait (fish) Poopo. You Koe. Year Tau. | Yam Kape. Yellow Pava. NUMERALS. In counting the natives use the fingers of both hands but never the toes. 1 = Ka-tahi. 50 = Ka rima te aanghuru. 2= Ka-rua. 60 = Ka ono te aanghuru. 3 = Ka-toru. 70 = Ka hitn te aanghuru. 4 = Ka-ha. 80 = Ka raru te aanghuru, 5 = Ka-rima. 90 = Ka ira te aanghuru, 6 = Ka-ono. 100 = Ka rau. 7 = Ka-hitu. 101 = Ka tahi te rau ma tahi. 8 = Ka-varu. 102 = Ka tahi te rau ma rua. 9 = Ka-iva. 200 = Ka rna te rau, 0 = Aanpghuru. 201 = Ka rua te rau ma taki. 10 = Ka tahi te aanghuru. 300 = Ka toru te rau. 11 = Ka tahi te aanghuru Ka tahi. 301 = Ka toru te rau ma tahi. 12 = Ka tahi te aanghuru Ka rua. 400 = Ka ha te rau, 13 = Kata hi te aanghurn Katoru, ete. 401 = Ka ha te rau ma tahi. 20 = Ka rua te aanghuru. 000 = Ka rima te rau, ete. 21 = Ka rua te aanghuru Ka tahi. 1,000 = Piere: 22 = Ka rua te aanghuru Ka rua. 2,000 = Ka rua te piere. 23 = Karuate aanghurn Ka torn, ete. 3,000 = Ka toru te piere. 30 = Ka toru te aanghuru. 4,000 = Ka ha te piere. 31=5Ka toru te aanghuru Ka tahi. 10,000 = Ka mano. 32 = Ka toru te aanghuru Ka rua. 100,000 = Ka peka. 33 = Katoru teaangburu Katoru,ete.| 1,000,000 = Ha ra. 40 = Ka ha te aanghuru. | Over one million, mingoi-ngoi. From 1 to 10 the syllables are pronounced as one word, in a multiple of ten the words are distinctly separated. A record of numbers was kept by stringing pieces of bulrush together. tn caliall ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING—A STUDY BASED ON MATERIAL IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. By Otts T. Mason, Curator of the Department of Ethnology. INTRODUCTION. Consider for a moment all the industries included within the word “leather.” It involves everything done to the hides of animals from the moment they are taken off by the butcher until they are manufact- ured and ready to be sold to the consumer. It is important to enter somewhat into detail at this point before deseribing the skin-working apparatus of the American aborigines, so as to bring into a congenital relationship the earliest and the latest manifestation of a great series of industries. The hides of cattle, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, and indeed of all do- mestic animals, the peltries of all wild animals that are of any use what- ever to man, are gathered up in a kind of civilized or wild harvest, as the case may be, by butchers, trappers, hunters, ete., and sent to the tannery or to the manipulators answering to this trade. Here commences a diversity of treatment, ending in the preparation of the hide with the hair remaining, by the farrier; in the production of a soft leather by a process called tawing; or in the manufacture of true leather by the use of tannin in some form. We have done now with the secondary industries. The products of the leather factories are taken up and prepared for consumption by harness-makers, shoe-makers, glove-makers, satehel- makers, embossers, book-binders, carriage-makers, armorers, machinists, musical-instrument-makers, taxidermists, and the like, and passed on through the great Briareus of commerce to those who will destroy them in use. After fully realizing this immense body of industries, we are in a position to appreciate one or two faets respecting savagery, to wit, how largely the products of the skins of animals entered into the activity of primitive men; how necessary it is, in order to reconstruct that eivili- zation, to know what modern savages do with these same substances, and finally to collect the tools and observe the processes of aboriginal 553 554 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. peoples working at this series of trades in order to know the life-history of a great human occupation. The first artisans of this craft were, for the most part, women, who, indeed, were the inventors and fostering patrons of all these simple arts which lay at the foundation of most of our modern peaceful indus- tries. Let us follow the savage woman through her daily cares in order that we may comprehend the significance of her partin the play. The slain deer lying before her cave or brush shelter, or wigwam, shall be the point of departure in the inquiry. «She strikes off a sharp flint flake for a knife. By that act she becomes the first cutler, the real founder of Sheffield. With this knife she carefully removes the skin, little dreaming that she is thereby making herself the patron saint of all sub- sequent butchers. She rolls up the hide, then dresses it with brains, smokes it, curries it, breaks it with implements of stone and bone, with much toiland sweat, until she establishes her reputation as the first currier and tanner. With fingers weary and worn, with needle of bone and thread of sinew, and scissors of flint, she cuts and makes the cloth- ing for her lord and her family ; no sign is over the door, but within dwells the first tailor and dress-maker. From leather especially pre- pared she manufactures moccasins for her husband, which to his speed adds wings. Compared with the tardy progress of her barefooted man in the chase, they are indeed the winged sandals of Hermes, and she is the aboriginal St. Crispin. Out of little scraps of fur and feathers, supple- mented with bits of colored shell or stone or seeds, she dresses dolls for her children, makes head-dresses and toggery for the coming dance, adorns the walls of her squalid dwelling, creating at a single pass half a dozen modern industries—at once, toy-maker, milliner, modiste, hatter, upholsterer, and wall-decker. In order to comprehend the steps in the processes of the aboriginal tanner it may be serviceable to take a hurried glance through a mod- ern tannery. The methods of procedure are somewhat as follows: (1) Salted or dried hides are soaked to make them pliable, washed, and the extraneous flesh taken off with a flesher, an instrument like a drawing knife, sharp on one edge and dull and smooth on the other. Market hides are soaked in fresh water to remove blood and dirt. (2) The cleaned hides are then placed for a few days in a vat of lime water, which opens the pores, loosens the hair and combines with the oily matter in the hide to forma soap. Putrefaction softening is also resorted to for removal of the hair. (3) The hides are then rubbed down with the smooth side of the flesher, the hair removed, and the skin madeas pure and clean as it can be. They are at the same time rendered porous for the reception of the tannin. (4) They are then hung in a series of tan-pits, in which the water is more and more charged with tannic acid until the hide is converted into leather. ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 555 (5) After rinsing, the hides are subjected to scouring in a machine by which one man can go over a hundred a day. But the interesting part remains that Turkey-stone is still the only substance that will do the work. The whole operation at this point is no more than a savage process, except that machinery is used to move the stone. (6) The subsequent processes of drying, oiling, sweating, and press- ing are varied with the uses of the leather. The genius of the inventor has been invoked to substitute machinery for these simple hand proe- esses. After all the problems are the same, to remove the hair with- out impairing the hide, to introduce some antiseptic substance within the texture, to break up the fibrous tissue, and to render it pliable as possible. The subsequent processes of dyeing and preparing for spe- cial uses involve all the accretions of civilization, and produce the com- plexity of the more highly organized processes. ANIMALS WHOSE SKINS ARE UTILIZED BY AMERICAN ABORIGINES. It will help us in getting an adequate conception of the amount of work on peltries by our aborigines to consider for a moment the great number and variety of animals whose skins were necessary to their happiness. The mention of savage skin-working usually recalls the seal, elk, reindeer, musk-ox, buffalo, bear, deer, beaver, and fox, but a moment spent in examining the species of mammals which the fastidi- ous taste of an Esquimo woman demands before her wardrobe is com- pleted will enlarge one’s knowledge. In order to properly estimate the industry under consideration, a list of the animals whose skins are known to have been used by our aborigines is appended. MAMMALS. Felide. Lynx rufus (Giildenstadt). Bay lynx or wild cat. North America. Lynx baileyi Merriam. Plateau wild cat. Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. Lynx canadensis (Geoff. and Desm.). Canada lynx. Northern North America. Felis yaguarundi Desm. Yaguarundi cat. North America, south of the United States, Felis concolor Linn. Puma or cougar. America generally. Felis pardalis Linn. Ocelot or tiger cat. Southwestern North America. Canide. Canis lupus Linn., var. griseo-albus. Gray wolf. North America generally. Vulpes macrotis Merriam. Big-eared fox. SouthernCalifornia. Vulpes fulvus (Desm.), var. decussatus. Cross fox. Northern North America. Vulpes fulvus (Desm.), var. fulvus. Red fox. Northern North America. Vulpes fulvus (Desm.), var. argentatus. Silver fox; black fox. Northern North America. Vulpes macrurus Baird. Prairie fox. Western States. Vulpes velox (Say). Kit fox or swift fox. Western States. Vulpes lagopus (Linn.). Arctic fox. Alaska. 556 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Urocyon virginianus (Schreber). Gray fox. United States generally. Urocyon virginianus (Schreber}, var. littoralis. Coast gray fox. Islands of the Cal- ifornia coast. Mustelide. Mustela pennanti Erxl. Fisher. Northern North America. Mustela americana Turton. Pine martin or American sable. Northern United States. Mustela caurina Merriam. Washington Terr. Putorius erminea (Linn.). White weasel; ermine. Northern United States. Putorius longicauda Bonaparte. Long-tailed weasel. Western United States. Putorius vison Rich. Mink. North America generally. Putorius nigripes Aud. and Bach. Black-footed ferret. Western States (in holes of prairie dogs). Gulo luscus Sabine. Wolverene or glutton. Northern North America. Taxidea americana Waterh. American badger. Western United States and Pacific slope. Mephitis mephitica (Shaw). Common skunk. Eastern United States. Mephitis estor Merriam. Arizona. Spilogale putorius (Linn.). Little striped skunk. Florida. Spilogale interrupta (Rafin.). Little striped skunk. Kansas. Spilogale ringens Merriam. Little striped skunk. Alabama. Spilogale indianola Merriam. Little striped skunk. Texas. Spilogale lucasana Merriam. Little striped skunk. Lower California. Spilogale leucoparia Merriam. Little striped skunk. Texas. Spilogale gracilis Merriam. Little striped skunk. Arizona. Spilogale saxalilis Merriam. Little striped skunk. Utah. Spilogale phenax Merriam. Little striped skunk. California and Oregon. Conepatus mapurito (Gmelin). White-backed skunk. Southwestern United States. Lutra canadensis Sab. American otter. North America generally. Enhydra marina Fleming. Sea otter. Pacific coast of the United States. Urside. Ursus horribilis Ord. Grizzly bear. Western United States and Pacific slope. Ursus richardsoni Reid. Barren ground bear. Arctic America. Ursus americanus Pallas. Black bear. United States generally. Thalarctos maritimus (Linn.). White or polar bear. Northern America, Europe, and Asia. Procyonide. Procyon lotor (Linn.). Raccoon. United States generally. Otariide. Callorhinus ursinus (Linn.). Fur seal. North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. Evmetopias stelleri (Lesson). Steller’s sea lion. Pacific coast. Phocide. Phoca vitulina Linn. The common seal; harbor seal. North Atlantie and Pacifie oceans. Phoca groenlandica (Fabr.). Warp seal. Arctic seas. Phoca fasciata Zimm. Banded or ribbon seal. Pacifie coast, Arctic seas. Erignathus barbatus (O. Fabricius). Square-flipper seal. Aretice seas. Halichoerus gryphus (O. Fabricius). Gray seal. North Atlantic ocean. Cystophora cristata (Erxl.). Hooded seal. North Atlantie ocean. Macrorhinus angustirostris Gill. Sea elephant; elephant seal. Pacific coast. ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 557 Odobenide. Odobanus rosmarus (Linn.). Atlantic walrus. North Atlantic. Odobwnus obesus (Illig.). Pacific walrus. North Pacific. Bovide. Bison americanus (Gmelin). Bison, or American buffalo. The great prairie region (nearly extinct). Ovibos moschatus Blainville. Barren grounds of Arctic America. Mazama montana (Ord), Rocky Mountain goat. Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States and British America. Ovis canadensis Shaw. Bighorn; Rocky mountain sheep. Rocky Mountain region. Antilocapride. Antilocapra americana Ord. Pronghorn antelope or cabree. Plains west of the Mis- sourt from lower Rio Grande to the Saskatchewan. Cervide. Alces machlis (Linn.). Moose. Northwestern United States to Alaska. Rangifer tarandus (Linn.), subspecies caribou. Woodland caribou. Arctic and sub- arctic America. Rangifer tarandus (linn.), subsp. groenlandicus. Barren-ground caribou. Arctic America. Cervus canadensis Erxl, American elk; wapiti. Northern North America. Cariacus virginianus (boddaert). Virginia deer. United States east of the Missouri. Cariacus macrotis (Say). Mule deer. Central North America. Cariacus columbianus (Rich.). Columbia black-tailed deer. Pacific slope. ; Dicotylide. Dicotyles tajacu (Linn.). Peceary. Red River, Arkansas, and southward. Delphinide. ‘Delphinapterus catodon (Linn.). White fish or white whale. Arctic and subarctic seas (ascending large rivers). Monodon monoceros Linn. Narwhal. Arctic seas. Phocena communis Lesson. Harbor porpoise; herri Pacific oceans. Phocana dallii True. Dall’s porpoise. Coast of Alaska. Globicephalus scammoni Cope. Blackfish. Pacitic coast. Grampus griseus (Cuy.). Grampus; cow-fish. North Atlantic. Orca gladiator (Lacépede). Killer whale. Pelagic. hog. North Atlantic and Ww > tn] Physeteride. Physeter macrocephalus Linn, Sperm whale. ‘Tropical and temperate seas. Talpide. Scalops aquaticus (Linu.). Common mole. United States generally. 508 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 Sciuride. Sciurus niger Linn.* Fox squirrel. Eastern United States, westward to the plains. Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin.* Gray squirrel. United States. Sciurus fossor Peale. California gray squirrel. Pacific slope. Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. 'Tuft-eared squirrel. Southern Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Sciurus hudsonius Pallas.* Red squirrel; Chickaree. North America generally. Tamias striatus (Linn.). Chipmunk. Eastern United States. Tamias quadrivittatus (Say).* Missouri striped squirrel. Pacifie slope, eastward to Michigan. Tamias lateralis (Say).* Say’s striped squirrel. Rocky Mountain region, from Mex- ico northward. Spermophilus grammurus (Say).* California ground squirrel. Pacific coast to West- ern Texas and New Mexico. 2 Spermophilus harrisi Aud. and Bach. Harris’s ground squirrel. The Great Basin, Spermophilus leucurus Merriam. Lower California. Spermophilus franklini (Sabine). Gray gopher. Northern Illinois, northward to the Saskatchewan. Spermophilus mohavensis Merriam. Mohave Desert. Spermophilus mollis Kennicott. Short-tailed spermophile. Utah and Nevada, north- ward. Spermophilus neglectus Merriam. Arizona. Spermophilus tereticaudus Aud. and Bach. Round-tailed ground squirrel. Arizona. Spermophilus tridecemlineatus (Mitchell).* Striped gopher; prairie squirrel. The prairies of the United States. Spermophilus mexicanus (Erxleben). Mexican ground squirrel. Southwestern Texas and southern New Mexico, southeastward into Mexico. Spermophilus parryi Rich.* Parry’s marmot. Northern parts of the continent, from the northern States to Hudson Bay and Bering Strait. Spermophilus spilosoma Bennett.* Sonora ground squirrel. Eastern base of the Rocky Mountains north to western Wyoming. Spermophilus cryptospilotus Merriam. Desert spermophile. Arizona. Spermophilus canescens Merriam. Arizona. Spermophilus richardsoni (Sabine). Yellow gopher. Plains of the Saskatchewan southward to the upper Missouri. Spermophilus townsendi Bach. ‘Townsend’s ground squirrel. Plains of the Columbia. Cynomys ludovicianus (Ord), Prairie dog. Great plains east of the Rocky Mountains. Cynomys gunnisoni Baird. Short-tailed prairie dog. Sonoran region. Cynomys leucurus Merriam. Wyoming. Arctomys monas Linn. Woodchuck. Eastern North America. Arctomys caligatus Eschscholtz. Hoary marmot. Rocky and Cascade Mountains from Washington northward. Arctomys flaviventer Aud. and Bach. Yellow-bellied marmot. Rocky Mountains and westward to the Pacific coast. Arctomys dacota Merriam. Dakota woodchuck. Black Hills, Dakota. Haplodontide. Haplodon leporina Rich. Sewellel; Showtl. Pacific slope (especially about Puget Sound). Haplodon major Merriam. Sierra Nevada Showtl. Sierra Nevada Mountains. * The species of rodents marked with an asterisk run into numerous geographical races. Descriptions of most of these will be found in the works of Drs. Coues and J. A. Allen, especially in Monographs U. S. Geological Survey, Vol. X1; also among the writings of Dr. C. H. Merriam, in North American Fauna. published by the U. 8. De- partment of Agriculture. > a - ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 559 Castoride. Castor canadensis Kuhl. American beaver. North America generally. Geomyide. Geomys bursarius Rich. Pouched or pocket gopher. Missouri to Minnesota and Nebraska. Geomys tuza (Ord). Florida salamander. Southeastern States. Geomys castanops Baird. Texas pouched gopher. Texas and New Mexico. Thomomys talpoides (Rich,). California gopher. Northern and western North America. Thomomys clusius Coues. Small-footed pouched gopher. Rocky Mountains. Muride. Cunicuculus torquatus (Pallas). White Lemming. Arctic America. Myodes obensis Brants. Lemming. Aretic America. Fiber zibethicus Cuv. Musk-rat. United States, except the southwestern portion and southern Florida, Hystricide. EBrethizon dorsatus (Linn.) var. dorsatus. White-haired porcupine. Northern United States. Prethizon dorsatus (Linn.) var. epixanthus. Yellow-haired porcupine. Pacific slope and upper Missouri regions. Leporide. Lepus timidus* Fab., var. arcticus. Polar hare. Arctic and subarctic America. Lepus americanus, Erxl. American hare; varying hare. Central United States to Alaska. Lepus campestris, Bach. Prairie hare. Central plains of North America. Lepus callotis Wagler. Jackass hare; jack rabbit. Southwestern United States. Lepus texianus Waterh. Jack rabbit. Arizona. Lepus californicus Gray. California hare. California. Lepus sylvaticus Bach.* Gray rabbit; cotton-tail. United States generally. Lepus arizonie J. A. Allen. Arizona jack cotton-tail. Lepus bachmani Waterhouse. Bachman’s hare. Texas. Lepustrowbridgit Baird. Trowbridge’s hare. California. Lepus palustris Bach. Marsh hare. Southeastern United States. Lepus aquaticus Bach. Water hare. Southern States, Lagomyide. Lagomys princeps Rich. Little chief hare or Pika. Rocky Mountain region from Col- orado and Utah northward to Alaska. Lagumys schisticeps Merriam. Sierra Nevada Pika. Sierra Nevada Mountains. Dasypodide. Tatusia novemeinctus (Linn,). Armadillo. Southwestern United States and South- ward, Didelphide. Didelphys marsupialis Linn. Opossum. United States generally. * The species of rodents marked with an asterisk run into numerous geographical races. Descriptions of most of these will be found in the works of Drs. Coues and J. A. Allen, especially in Monographs U. S. Geological Survey, Vol. X1; also among the writings of Dr. C. H. Merriam, in North American Fauna, published by the U. 8, De- partment of Agriculture, 560 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. REPTILES. Crocodilide. Crocodilus americanus Seba. Florida crocodile. Southern Florida. Alligator mississippiensis Daudin. Alligator. Southeastern North America. Testudinide. Testudo carolina Linn. Florida gopher tortoise. Southeastern North America. Emydie. Malacoclemmys palustris (Gmelin). Diamond-back terrapin. Coast from New York to Texas. Pseudemys rugosa (Shaw). Red-bellied terrapin. New Jersey to Virginia. Pseudemys concinna (Leconte). Florida terrapin. Southeastern United States. SKIN-DRESSING AMONG THE ESKIMO. For the purpose of approaching this industry in its earliest and least complex state a few quotations from early travelers and explorers are introduced. Crantz, in the history of Greenland (p. 167), speaks as follows: i ; ‘For their ‘kapitek,’ or hairy seal-skin clothes, they scrape the seal- skin thin, lay it twenty-four hours in the ‘ korbik,’ or urine tub, to ex- tract the fat or oil, and then distend it for drying with pegs ona green place. Afterwards, when they work the skin, it is sprinkled with urine, rubbed with pumice-stone, and suppled by rubbing between the hands. (2) The sole leather is soaked two or three days in a urine tub; then they pull off the loosened hair with a knife or with their teeth, lay it three days in fresh water, and so stretch it for drying. (3) In the same manner they prepare the ‘ eresak’ leather that they use for the legs of boots and the overleather of shoes, only that it is scraped very thin to make it pliable. Of this leather they also make the sea-coats which the men draw over their other clothes to keep out the wet when they go to sea. It is true it grows as soft and wet as a dish-cloth by the salt water and rain, but it keeps the wet from the undergarments. (4) In the same manner they dress the ‘ erogak,’ of which they make their smooth black pelts to wear on shore, only in working it they rub it between their hands; therefore it is not so stiff as the foregoing, but loses the property of holding out water and is not fit for boots and sea- coats. (5) The boat-skins are selected out of the stoutest seal hides, from which the fat is not quite taken off. They roll them up and sit on them and let them lie in the sun covered with grass several weeks till the hair will come off. Then they lay them in the salt water for some days to soften them again. They draw the borders of the skins tight with 7 / ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 561 their teeth, sew them together, and smear the seams and stitches with old seal blubber instead of pitch, that the water may not penetrate. But they must take care not to impair the grain, for if they do the cor- roding sea-water will easily eat through the leather. **(6) The remnants of this and the other sorts they shave thin, lay them upon the snow or hang them in the air to bleach them white, and if they intend to dye it red chew the leather with some bark of the roots of pine, which they gather up out of the sea, working it in with their teeth. (7) They soften the skin of the fowls about the head and then draw it off whole over the body. The processes of tanning, Hall says, are first to scrape the skin by an instrument called Sek-koon (by the Frobisher Bay Innuits, Teg-se-koon). (Plates LX X, LX X1.) This instrument is about 6 inches long, including the handle, and is made of a peculiar kind of whet or oil stone, or else of musk-ox or rein- deer bone or of sheet-iron. The second step is to dry the skins thor- oughly; the third, to scrape again with the sek-koon, taking off every bit of the flesh; the fourth, to wet the flesh side and wrap it up for thirty minutes, and then again scrape with the sek-koon, which last operation is followed by chewing the skin all over, and again scraping and cross scraping with the instrument. These laborious processes Hall describes as resulting “in the breaking of the skin, making the stiff hide soft, finished like the chamois skin.” The whole work is often completed within an hour. (Narrative of the Second Expedition made by C. F. Hall, pp. 91, 92.) “In Cumberland Sound,” says Kumlien, ‘“ when a seal skin is about to be prepared for drying the blubber is first removed somewhat roughly, the skin then laid on a board, and with the woman’s knife the membrane underneath the blubber is separated from the skin. The knife must be very sharp to do this successfully. The operators always push the knife from them. It takes considerable experience to do the job well. When all the blubber is removed, which will take three or four hours of faithful work, the skin is taken outside, and by means of the feet is roiled and rubbed around in the snow for some time, and by this process they succeed in removing every trace of grease from the hair. When thoroughly washed the skin is put upon the stretchers, if it be winter, to dry; these stretchers are merely four poles, which are lashed together at the corners, like a quilt-frame, the proper distance apart to suit the size of the skin. The skin is seeured in place by seal- skin thongs passed through little slits along its edges and made fast to the poles. When the skin is properly stretched upon the frame it is put above the lamps inside the snow-hut to dry. As the sun gets higher and begins to have some effect the skins are stretched, flesh side up, on _ the southern slopes of snow banks, and are secured by means of wooden ; ' 4 or bone pegs about a foot in length. 2 H. Mis, 224, pt. 2——36 562 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. As the season advances and the snow melts they begin to stretch the skins upon the ground by means of the before-mentioned pegs. The skins are not allowed to rest upon the ground, but are raised a few inches to allow the air to circulate underneath. Skins dry very fast when exposed in this manner. The first days of spring are always a busy time with the Eskimo women. One thing is, they get more freshly-killed skins to prepare, and then they generally have a surplus stock of the winter’s catch, which they could not take care of by the slow process of drying over the lamps in the huts during winter. The skins of the young in the white coats are dried in some considerable quantities, as it takes about fifteen to make a single suit of clothes, and many of them have double suits made from this material. They have no idea of any tan, and prepare the skins by merely rubbing them with their skin-scrapers. We insert a sketch of a very old skin-scraper, such as are now found only in the old graves (Plate Lxx, Fig. 3). It is made of stone, with a wooden handle, which is fastened to the stone by means of a strip of whalebone. Another and a later pattern is made from the scapula of the reindeer. A better idea of its manufacture can be got from the sketch than by a description. Such scrapers are still in use, but serve as a sort of auxiliary to one made from a tin can, resembling a little scoop in shape and having a wooden handle, This is the style of scraper made at the present day, and is by far the most effective instrument of the three. The manner of using these scrapers is to take the skin firmly in the left hand, to put the knee or foot upon the extreme part of it, holding it securely, while the scraper is worked with the right hand, pushing downward with some force. If the skins are very dry when they begin they are somewhat softened by rubbing with the hands, or even chewing the most stubborn parts. They continue using these tools upon a hide till it gains the desired pliability. All the work of stretching, drying, cleaning, washing, and softening the skins falls on the women. “The skins of Phoca barbata are stretched ona frame like those of the netstick, but not until the hair has been removed. The cutting of the hair is one of the nastiest and most disgusting sights one can imagine. It generally falls to the lot of some old woman todo this. The skins are allowed to lie and become somewhat putrid, a portion of the blubber remaining on. The only tool used is the woman’s knife before men- tioned. When about to clean one of these skins the squaw takes off her boots, stockings, and pantaloons, and tucking her feet under her body, lays this dirty, bloody, greasy, stinking skin on her bare thigh, the flesh side down. She then pushes the knife against the hair, cut- ting or rather shaving it off. As her hand becomes too oily to hold on to the skin, she puts her fingers into her mouth and thus cleans them. When properly cleaned, it is dried in the manner already spoken of, ex- cept that the back and belly of the animal are dried separately, as the ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 563 skin is different on those portions of the body, and would cure unevenly. _ When finished it is almost as stiffand dry as a board. This skin is used | mainly for the soles of boots; the pattern is cut from the hide and then chewed till it becomes sufiiciently soft to sew. This last operation is also mainly performed by the old squaws. When they are too old to sew they become oojook chewers as the last resort, and when their teeth fail them they are better off in the grave.” (Ludwig Kumlien. Bull. National Museum, No. 15.) Amongst the Central Eskimo, says Dr. Franz Boas, the latest author- ity, the skin of the seal (Phoca, fetida) is dressed in different ways according to the purpose for which it is intended. In skinning the animal a longitudinal cut is made across the belly with a common buteh- ers knife or one of ancient pattern (An. Rep. Bur. Ethnol VL, Fig. 460). The skin, with the blubber, is cut from the flesh with the same knife. The flippers are cut off at the points, and thus the whole skin is drawn off in a single piece. The woman’s knife, ulo is used to clean and prepare the skins (id. Fig. 461), in which operation the women spread the skin over a piece of whalebone (Asimautang), a small board, or flat stone, and sit down before it, resting on their knees, the feet bent under the thighs. They hold the skin by the nearest edge, and push- ing the ulo forward, remove the blubber and deposit it in a small tub, which stands near the board. As they proceed to the opposite end of the skin the finished part is rolled up and held in the left hand. If the skin is to be used with the hair on it, the tough membrane (mami) which covers the inner side is removed in the same way as the blubber, and after it has been carefully patched and the holes have been cut all round the edge, it is stretched over a gravelly place or on snow by means of long pegs (paukton), which hold it a few inches above the ground, thus allowing the air to circulate underneath it. The skin itself is washed and rubbed with gravel, snow, or ice, and every hole made by the bullet or by the spear or in preparing it is sewed up. I[t very seldom happens that the women in preparing it damage the skin or even the thin mammae. It is particulariy difficult to split the skin neara hole. First, they finish the work all around it and then carefully sever the membrane at its edge. The skin is dried in the same way as the membrane. In the early part of spring, though it may still be very cold, a few choice young seal skins are dried on snow walls which face the south. In order thoroughly to dry a seal skin, one fine warm spring (lay is needed. Ifthe Eskimos are greatly in need of skins they dry them in winter over the lamps. _ skinnes of Mose skinnes, which is the principal lether used to that purpose and for 574 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. want of such lether which is the strongest, they make shoes of deeres skinnes very handsomely and commodious, and of such deeres skinnes as they dresse bare they make stockings that comes within their shoes, like a stirrup stockinge and is fastened above at their belt which is about their middell. A good well growne deere skin is of great account with them and it must have the tale on, or else they account it de- faced. The tale being three times as long as the tales of our English Deere, yea foure times solonge. This when they travell is raped round about their body and with a girdle of their making bound ronnd about their middles to which girdle is fastened a bagg in which his instruments be with which hee can strike fire upon any occasion. Of their several arts and employments ; as first in dressing all manner of skinnes, which they do by scraping and rubbing, afterwards painting them with antique em- broyderings in unchangeable colors, sometimes they. take off the haire especially if it bee not killed in season. (Wood’s N. England Prospect. Prince Pub. Soc, I. Page 101.) DETAILS OF SKIN-DRESSING AMONG THE NAVAJOS. When the author at first contemplated this paper he found that the accounts of the most careful observers were not quite up to his require- ments. He therefore wrote to his friend Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U.S. Army, begging him to define the process as minutely as possible. The result was most satisfactory and was published in the Proceedings of the Museum for 1888. As much of Dr. Shufeldt’s paper as is necessary to complete this narrative is here reproduced, together with the illus- trations. The reader should note especiaily the similarity of the hair scraper to those from Point Barrow, Labrador, the Interior Basin, and the graves of Madisonville, Ohio. (Plates LXI to LX VII.) Dr. Shufeldt employed a Navajo to do the work for him. Ina day or two this Indian returned with a fine doe, an adult specimen of Cariacus macrotis. He had skinned the legs of the animal from the hoofs up as far as the ankles, which he disarticulated partially, so the limbs could be tied more compactly together, and thus be less liable to either frighten his horse or catch in the low timber as he returned home with his game. “The deer which had been captured for me had already been evisce- rated and the skin divided from its chin to its tail, the entire length of the under side of the animal. In a moment with a sharp hunting-knife he divided the skin on the inside of the thighs, from the ankles to the abdominal division, making similar incisions on the inside of the fore- limbs. The legs were quickly skinned, the small tail split up on its under side and the vertebrae removed, while with his knife the hide was started on both sides from the abdominal and throat incision and quickly removed in the direction of the animal’s back. Thus it was that the skin was removed from the entire body and up to the ears first; then as he arrived at the latter, their cartilages were cut through close to the skull, leaving the great ears of this species of deer attached to the hide. When he arrived at the eyes, these were skinned round, much in the same way as a skilful taxidermist manages the eyes in any vertebrate specimen he may be preparing. Upon arriving at the muzzle at AS ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 575 he simply divided the skin all around, posterior to the external nostrils, and the operation of removing the hide was completed. (Pl. LX.) He next proceeded to dig a hole in the ground about as big as a bushel. The bottom of this excavation was tramped hard with his feet and the hide placed therein, hair side up, and immediately covered with. cold water. On top of the hide he placed a camp-kettle bottom side up, and braced it down with the spade. This was to prevent the skin from drying and to keep the dogs from eating it during the night. ‘In the morning he left the camp with an axe to soon return with the trunk of a small pine tree. At its thickest end it was about 6 inches through, and about 4 inches at the smaller extremity. From one side of the larger half he removed the bark, completely exposing the smooth surface of the wood beneath it. He next cut a deep notch in the big end of this stick, so as to assist in bracing it against the limb of a small cedar tree near by, with the smooth surface facing him and the small end of the stick resting firmly upon the ground some two feet from the base of the cedar tree. Around about was plentifully be- strewn some clean short hay, to prevent the hide from being soiled upon the ground beneath. He now returned to the hole where the skin had remained over night, and it was taken out to be washed in clean water, when he proceeded with a sharp knife to remove all super- fluous tissue from its raw side, skinned the ears carefully by removing completely the cartilaginous parts, then cleared away the muscles which had remained attached about their bases, trimmed off the remains of the panniculus muscle, and indeed left nothing but a thoroughly clean hide which received its final dip in clear water. “It was now ready to have the hair shaved from it. The tanner obtained his scrapers from the bones of the fore limb of the deer he had killed, and the ulna and radius of this limb are wonderfully well fitted to perform the work of this natural spoke-shave. These bones, as we well know, are, in a deer, as in many other hoofed animals, quite firmly united together, having a form well known to the comparative osteologist. The shaft of the ulna, which is closely approximated to the shaft of the radius, has its posterior edge thin and sharp, which is still further improved by the tanner scraping it with his knife. The olecranon process, with the deep sigmoid notch, forms an excellent handle at one end, while the enlarged distal end of the radius, with the carpal bones, which are usually left attached, forms a good one at the other. Moreover, the curvature of the shafts of this consolidated bone is favorable for the use of our Indian tanner, who, in using this primi- tive instrument, slings it at either end in his hands, and works with it in shaving off the hair much in the same manner as one of our carpen- ters uses a spoke-shave, only here the sharp edge of the ulna bone takes the place of the knife-edge in doing its special work. (Plate LXII.) ‘“‘ Before proceeding further I should mention that, after removing the hide, on the first day he placed the skinned head of the deer, without 276 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. the lower jaw, in the low ashes of a camp-fire, where the brains were able te become semi-baked during the first night, as these parts too are utilized in the tanning process. ‘Next to shaving off the hair, the hide is thrown over a small log he had arranged against the tree in the morning, being held in place by catching the skin of the head between the notch and the limb, the skin of the hinder parts being always nearer the ground, and as the work proceeds it is deftly shifted about by the tanner. ‘¢ Now all the hair, except on the lower parts of the legs and the tail, is rapidly scraped off with these bone scrapers, including the black epi- dermis. Some tanners use a deer’s rib, or that of the beef, and others a dull hunting-knife, but the bones of the deer’s fore-arm is the usual instrument, and it is quite remarkable to observe how skilfully it is managed, and how rarely a hole is cut in the skin. The shaving is ¢ar- ried to the very edges of the hide all around, and even the backs of the ears are carefully scraped, the entire operation lasting from two to four hours, depending upon the size of the deer. ‘‘Tn appearance the hide now has the same form as when removed from the animal, the hair side is clean and white, the body side devoid of all superfluous tissue, the back of the ears still showing the black epidermal layer of the skin, as it is only from these parts where it is not scraped off with the hair; the hair also 1s left on the skin of the lower halves of the four limbs. “A thorough washing is now given it in several changes of clear, cold water, though sometimes in the last wash the water may be made slightly tepid, and in this it is allowed to stand while the tanner pre- pares the brains of the animal soon to be used in another stage of his work. Picking up the deer’s skull from the ashes where he had left it the night before, he took an ax and split it along the bifrontal suture, cleaving the skull partly in two, then chipping off the parietal bones he was enabled to lift out the brains nearly entire. They were at once transferred to a basin of tepid water, where by gentle manipulation the little slivers of the bone (which had gotten into it while splitting the cranium), the blood, etc., were effectually removed. Next they were placed in a small quantity of tepid water in another basin and put upon a low fire, where they were allowed to simmer for over an hour. At the end of this time the water, then being not so hot but that one could comfortably hold his hand ip it, had come to be of a muddy color, and our tanner, using the fingers of one hand as a sieve, lifted out from the water the little particles of brain in a small pile upon the palm of his opposite hand; then, by rubbing this together between the palms of his hands, it was soon reduced to a pasty mass. This process was con- tinued until all the brains were thus reduced and dissolved, and then the water in which they were had about three times its quantity of tepid water added to it, nearly filling the small basin. ‘“ Returning to the skin, it was now removed from the water where it had been left, carefully rinsed, and wrung out with the hands much as ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 51T - we see washing women wring clothes, and carried over to the tree where the scraping process had been done. Here the tanner selected a small limb about 5 or 6 feet from the ground and passed the head and neck of the hide under and over it, and then carefully folded this latter part lengthwise along the middle of the body surface of the hide, and twisted the whole over and over again until he came to the fore legs. It will be seen that the limb was firmly folded within a loop of the hide, and by pulling heavily upon it I saw that there was no such thing as its slipping. In a similar manner the skin of the fore legs was folded lengthwise inside the hide; then the borders of the abdominal incision were likewise folded in, and in turn the skin of the hind legs, but this latter had, of course, to be thrown in, in the direction of the tree, so as to include them. The borders of the hinder parts were thrown over in such a way as to form a loop like the one around the limb of the tree. During all of this operation the hide was being twisted from left to right, and at its completion looked like a wet hide rope, fast, as we have described, to the tree at one end and looped over a stick about two feet long at its middle at the other. This latter was used as a twister by the tanner, for now he proceeded to wring the hide thoroughly by twisting it over in one direction, causing the water to be rapidly squeezed out of it. (Pl. LXIII.) By continuance of this twisting the skin was finally brought up close to the limb of the tree in a hard coil, where by hooking the turning stick under the limb it was held in that position and allowed to drip for nearly;an hour. At the end of the above-mentioned time the Indian unhooked the stick, un- twisted the hide, and took it down. It had apparently shrunk two- thirds of its size, and looked like a damp, semi-tanned dog-skin. The tanner immediately set to work to pull it into shape as he walked in the direction of his eamp-fire. ‘‘ Spreading out a small buffalo robe, he sat down on it (Plate LXIV) and proceeded to pull the hide vigorously with his hands in every direc- tion. Catching hold of the extreme edges, he tugged away at it until it was nearly its original size. I noticed, however, that he only em- ployed his hands in this part of the operation, and never once resorted to his feet for assistance in the stretching. “ After he was satisfied that the entire surface of the hide was coped and exposed again, he carefully spread it out perfectly flat, with the hair side up, upon the buffalo robe on which he had been sitting; then, taking his basinful of dissolved deer brains, he commenced applying it with his hand to the surface from which the hair had been removed. It is never put on the opposite side of the skin. In doing this he fre- quently rubbed the solution well in, using his open hand for the pur- pose, and as he came to the head, ears, and legs he worked the stuff in ‘with his fingers, and occasionally kneaded it with his knuckles, going over the entire skin on the side referred to until his basin of brains was expended and the whole had been worked in as described. (Plate LXY, H, Mis, 224, pt. 2-——37 578 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1899. ‘‘Upon asking him why he put it only on the hair side, he gave me — to understand that the pores were on that side, and consequently the — brains could get into the skin more effectually, and upon inquiring why he put them on at all, he said, ‘To make it soft. Buckskin that is tanned without using brains is harsh and stiff afterwards, and stiil worse in these particulars if it happens to get wet at any time. “The Navajoes often use beef brains for this purpose, especially when their game is taken far from camp and they do not care to pack the deer skulls home on their ponies. In early days they employed deer brains as a rule, but in some cases the brains of the buffalo, when that animal existed in their country. ‘Finally, as the last step of the process, he commenced, by folding in the edges of the skin all round continuously, to make it up into an ellipsoidal ball, quite firm, though not tightly rolled. He then wrapped it up in the buffalo robe and allowed it to remain out in the sun for about fifteen minutes for the purpose, he said, ‘ of letting the brains go well into him.’ ‘¢Once more in its wet and limp condition it is thoroughly opened, and this time spread out over the top of a sage bush near by with the outer surface exposed to the sun and sufficiently from the ground to prevent the dogs from getting at it, or its being soiled through accident. It was now about 3 o’clock in the afternoon, and very warm, and the skin at once commenced to show the effects of it as the first stages of drying set in. Nevertheless, I was informed that the hide would now be allowed to remain there and dry until dark, when it would be placed up on top of the ‘‘ hogan” for the night, or in the event it rained, to be taken in and hung up on the inside. Next morning I was on the ground at 9 o’clock, and was thoroughly surprised at the appearance of the hide when it was brought out and shown me. Although I was familiar with the making of buckskin, not only as practiced by the Navajoes, but by the Sioux and other North American Indians, I never happened to have seen if in this particular stage, that is, right after the drying on the second day. ‘7 found that it had again shrunken so as to be not more than one- third of its original size, or just after it had been removed from the animal. It was hard and appeared almost brittle, as though it might be broken in two; moreover it was semi-transparent, and easily trans- mitted the light through it, or even prominent objects might be out- lined through it in favorable lights. In color it was of a deep, muddy amber, or a semi-translucent Roman ocher, and one would never have suspected in the world that it was either a deer hide, or that in a few short hours it be converted into the softest and most durable fabric in the country—a tanned buckskin. By the exercise of considerable ingenuity and careful bending he now forced the skin into a large camp-kettle containing water from which the chill had been taken off by the addition of a little warm water, and ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 579 in this it was allowed to soak well for the next three hours, standing all this time out in the morning sun. Some of the Indians insist that this soaking should be done in cold water (spring water), and a new Mexican guide who has been among the Navajoes for many years, being an excellent tanner himself, claims that it is almost the universal practice to soak it in cold water on the morning of the third day instead of in tepid water. However, there was but little difference, for on the present occasion the water was almost cold from the start, and quite so after the skin had been in twenty minutes. This washing, the Indians tell me, was to remove all traces of the brains which were rubbed into the skin on the day before. He next gives it three or four thorough rinsings in clear cold water, and takes it over to the tree to wring it. This is done precisely in the man- ner already described above and shown in the plates. ‘*‘ Likewise it is curled once more, made into a coil, twisted and re- twisted upon itself, and allowed to drip in this condition for nearly half an hour. It is then once more undone and drawn out into shape, as on a previous occasion after wringing. ‘He is very careful now in exposing the entire surface; pulling the edges, stretching the skin of the ears, flattening out the skin that cov- ered the legs, and paying similar attention to the little tail. ‘¢In the mean time he had brought a large square piece of canvas and spread it out upon the ground near where he was at work. It is upon this that the last stages of the operation will be performed. Bringing next a sharp knife, it takes him but a moment to whittle out from a soft piece of pine an instrument that resembled a large wooden awl. This, with the knife, he threw upon the canvas sheet, where they may be distinctly seen in Plate LX VI. To return to our hide, how different it looks after this second wringing; but he persists in pulling away at the edges all around, over and over again, until the whole is manipulated into a shape to suit him. Even this primary handling now has its effect, and in some places the skin begins to grow like buck- skin. At last he sits down on the middle of the canvas sheet, having first thrown aside his hat and removed his moccasins. He wears nothing but his thin Navajo shirt and trousers, while beside him is his wooden awl and sharp knife. (Plate LX VI.) ‘He threw the now limp skin lengthwise over his naked feet and pulled it with both hands iu the direction of his body. Rapidly re- peating this operation, he turned it and tugged at it the other way. But it was most offen thrown over his feet and vigorously pulled towards him. Then he stretched it out with his hands, pulled it this way and then pulled it that, worked at the edges to get them limp and pliant, manipulated the ears and the skin of the legs. But during all this an interesting change was coming ower it, the heat of an August sun was rapidly drying it, it was fast coming to a velvet-like softness throughout, and attaining its original size, it was changing to a uni- 580 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. form pale clay color. The hair side was smooth, while the inside was roughish. Indeed, in a few moments more it was buckskin. “Picking up next his wooden awl, he commenced far forward on the extreme edge of the skin on the right side of the neck, and by succes- sively stretching it over the handle of the awl, cut upon this edge some dozen or thirteen holes with his knife. Then beginning in front, he put the awl in every hole, and by holding on to the edge of the opposite side with his left hand he was enabled to powerfully stretch the skin of the neck transversely. This operation is shown in Plate LX VI. His mark must go on next, so turning the skin of head over, he cut on either side just below the ear on the body or inner surface of the skin a leaf-like figure, with the apex pointing forward and outward. ‘‘This was the last touch of all, and the now finished fabric, if we may call it a fabric, so pliant, so soft, and withal so useful, was spread out on the canvas for an hour in the sun to receive its final drying, after which it passed into the possession of the National Museum. One of these finished skins retains much the same form as the hide had when first removed, though it may be rather longer from the stretch- ing. The backs of the ears are always black; the edges all around are uneven and harder than the rest of the skin; the hair remains upon the distal moieties of the skin of the legs; bullet-holes of exit and en- trance will be usually seen, and there may be an accidental rent or two of small size. ‘The Navajoes value these hides at a price varying from $1.50 to $2, depending upon the size and the need they haveof the money. Squaws, IT am told, never engage in manufacturing them, while the Indian boys learn the art at a very early age.” SKIN-DRESSING AMONG ABORIGINES OF OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD. In Patagonia the skin of the guanaco is dried with the hair on in such a manner that when wet it retains its pliability and softness. This process of preserving skins seems to be peculiar to the Indian tribes, and is not unlike that by which buffalo robes, bear skins, and other articles of luxury and even necessity among us are prepared by the North American Indians. Guanaco skins are cut into pieces of all sizes and sewed into a thousand fanciful patterns, every workman originat- ing a style to suit himself. (Bourne, ‘‘ Captive in Patagonia,” p. 53.) The following is the method among the Fors in Darfur, Central Africa: As soon as the animal has been skinned the skins are scraped and put into water in which okun (the bark of a tree) has been mixed. After several days they are taken out, scraped again with iron knives, and afterwards pegged out under the shade of a tree or under a shed made for the purpose.” They are then rubbed and beaten with flat stones. At times they are also rubbed with butter. (Proe. Roy. Soe. of Edinburgh, 188485, p. 262.) The Wagandas are good tanners and manage to get their skins as ~— ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 581 soft as the best kid leather. In some eases the hair is removed, but generally it is left on. They first dry the skins in the sun, then stretch them on a frame, and the inner surface is carefully scraped with a sharp knife. They are then rubbed for a long time with flat heavy stones until quite smooth. This produces a fine grain. Butter or oil is then applied in considerable quantities and the skin once more placed in the sun. This latter process is repeated several times. Both men and women are employed in tanning. Some skins are dyed after the hair has been removed, others have patterns printed on them, and the thick buffalo hide, from which sandals are made, is ornamented by either a knife or a red-hot nail. Leather rope is sometimes used in house- - building, if so, it is without tanning. Straps, traps, and nets are first tanned. (Proceedings Royal Soc., Edinburgh, 188186, p. 730.) Friendly Islanders remove the hair and entrails of the hog with knives of split bamboo, also used in carving cooked pig. Nutka Sound, iron, knife, chisel, mallet, polisher. (Cook.) In making an opossum rug the Yarra tribe employ some skill and knowledge. In the first place, it is necessary to select good, sound, well-clothed skins. These, as they are obtained, are stretched on a piece of bark and fastened down by wooden or bone pegs, and kept there until they are dry. They are then well scraped with mussel-shell or a. chip of basalt, dressed into proper shape, and sewn together. (H. B. Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, 1, 1878, p. 271.) THE SCRAPER. Whenever the savage has come in contact with the whites he has been quick to substitute iron for stone in his arrow-heads, knives, ete, Not so with his scraper. Indeed the white man keeps up the use of stone, glass, etc., in his modern tannery, In some respects these im- plements are the most interesting example of the history of the civiliza- tion of man. They may not actually be the earliest implement made or used, but they have been the longest in use. We might despair of ex- plaining their extreme antiquity. They commence to appear with the earliest age of man and have con- tinued in use to the present day, and are essentially the same instru- ment now as at the beginning. Their use was all but universal among the prehistoric peoples of North America, but they were equally uni versal in the paleolithicera. They were the principal implement of the early cave dwellers in western Europe and so continued through all the other prehistoric ages. They extend through all time among all peoples and have figured in all civilizations. Neither in form nor substance did it change perceptibly during the prehistoric ages. It is the one endur- ing implement that was also used by prehistoric man. It is therefore of the utmost importance for the archeologist who wishes to rehabilitate a certain ancient culture to consider carefully all the elements of that culture which crystallize around this little implement. He may havein 582 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. his cabinet a few pieces of stone which he labels “scrapers.” At once in looking at them there springs upon the imagination of the philosophic student visions of clothing, houses, beds, furniturs, boats, lines for all conceivable purposes, the paraphernalia of state, ceremony and religion, the garniture of the dead. We may now pay attention to particular examples. Laying aside for the moment flaying, sharpening, cutting, and sewing tools, the reader is invited to look especially at the collection of scrapers in the U.S. Na- tional Museum. (Plates LX VII-XCIIL.) Under this general table have been grouped together all of those aboriginal implements which belong to the tanner’s craft. They are found in all the countries where man has used the depilated skins of animals for any purpose whatever. In the American Continent this region is bounded on the north, only by the line of uninhabited territory. It extends southward through Greenland, Alaska, Canada, and the United States. The warm climate of middle America requires the sub- stitution of vegetable clothing, so that the scraper is no longer a neces- sity. The essential elements of a scraper are its grip or handle and its working portion or blade. Inthe first scrapers the blade and grip were one. Indeed the Little Lake, Concow, and Redwood Indians used for- merly the dried rib of a large mammal, and now think there is nothing better than the rib of a steer without any change of form. (Plates LXXXIV, fig. 3.) This implement is caused to vary in structure by the following conditions: (1) The natural supply of material. (2) The skins to be manipulated. (3) The tribal technique. (4) The culture grade of the people. Even among the Eskimo one can see how in the change of location slate, chert, and jade replace one another. This is a universal law of industries. Again, to prepare a seal-skin for the Bidarka demands a different treatment and tool from those required in producing the soft product of the antelope hide by the Navajo. Not so well as in language, nevertheless, in a marvelous degree, the history of a people is written in their implements and industries. Tribes have their own ways of doing things. A museum curator has reason to be thankful for this every day, owing to the careless manner in which many of his acquisitions are labeled. Again, the nicety of the tool is a sure guarantee of the status of a people. The cylindrical scrapers are variously made. A segment from the hollow base of a walrus tusk, a strip of antler bent into the form of a hoop and properly lashed, or a strip of the same material strained to the form of a horseshoe, has a cable of raw-hide stretched between the calks of the shoe. In all of these, one edge of the cylinder is sharpened to a chisel edge to increase its efficiency. The cup-shaped scraper made of walrus ivory is often labeled in collections as a vessel, but a slight inspection will show that it is a veritable tool. The shape is that of a low oblong pan, not over 3 inches long, 2 inches wide, and 1 inch high. > ae Lap ana ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 583 a This is grasped in the hand, bottom up, and drawn across the hide until a quantity of fat is secured, which is deftly conveyed to the stone lamp or some convenient receptacle. (Plates LXXX-LXXX1I.) In connection with the making of moccasin is the art of tanning deer-skins. It isdone with the brain of the deer, the tanning properties of which, according to tradition, were discovered by accident. The brain is mingled with moss, to make it adhere sufficiently to be formed into a cake, which is afterwards hung by the fire to dry. It is thus preserved for years. When the deer-skin is fresh, the hair, and also the grain of the skin are taken off, over a cylindrical beam, with a wooden blade or stone seraper. ascccsece== Rings... | BOO! ce seeisesacnsecsecosse 2 Do. measose || Antler. ...-.5.ccc.se--cces IBOWiasssies ooo GOlacccastinceneweccenconsre 3 Do. MAQEOD | PEVONY cs-=2-5- 2 ocie tas cee on ae aks Bowen ee Cape Wankarem............ 23 Do. BEGOG UP LVOLY =. 55<..-2-2-2 =. 3 Do. BuO aL VOR ssa ae a ine = Disheeasas| Pointy Barrows s-s-o=se-se-== 3g | Ray. BODDG EDs OO) sesaSuesscssces mses: BEG Cee Sei Open ne aos sae ee ane 33 Do. BOLD OM nea AO ba itae Sateicise is cee sate cic il: Se ROO! sviase S (UO S pcodeadacesonenobeetas 34 Do. PATS ol nee Cie es Se me alls ae Te Aen a aeal See OP erect sae ea enia ences 3g Do. DUS MAT ELOM eos asl sresmicicicicc ss Spoon’ <-=-|) Logiak: River. ----.--.--..- 73 | Applegate. LOTSY)® BAREG Oe Re See Soe eae eet cree Hoop. =2=2-|22-- Ojes= sc soeewscsasenseses 2¢ | Johnson. 127791 |----dO .--------------00---. |e oe doar Rens hinwle sn Mascce ms ecciecs 34 Do. MeOaIs ee UO Svscccascccsosesc-cs<|os0 dodo IEN@ENGOK = cen esce ccs sesce cs 4 | Fisher. ENB ac Ole s com eccueccciseoe oss Spoon .-..| Kotzebue Sound ............ 3} | Stoney. | HIDE-SCRAPERS. [Used for cutting flesh and hair fromadried skin. The handle, blade and lashing indicate environment, skill, and amount of contact with the white race. ] prune Material. Place Length.| Inches. LOSEse WOO WONG, BINOW: ==. wns s% i -ae- co ona = Teljoliin ciccce.ceseceeecn sc 6% 24350 | Wood, slate, spruce root .....-..--.----- Norton Sound ............-- 6% ACO i ee al ae i de St. Michael’s Island......... 9 eeanE Pe WVMOU SILC scans s- 2h anon von ateooen Norton Sound). -<-.----.co-. 43 24689 | Wood, slate, rawhide.......-- mend Qe beta/ tara wea) a fois Giereesteiey-1- 113 RSs ene LO reenact tenants ce masa toet ele Seats tara sara scre Sarco 14 BSUS Nr CaO man's ciesod ano eiclojcsSaiswrracsceceeeels eee seishac sarasee nono a 424 ME Ee OO ana as aianeneeisie e oicicis.2)io'cwaictc Soeoees Pee piktowile ; — a oe e: ass : . é = .s ALBA me oe 4 ase se me Sera? Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXVI. a a aeons x Be P z _— ot Lt A — pw “ ee eee IRR Wy Mee eee Ai Zid G6 Gh aie ee eee ; seq 3h lpossal gull lec to SMU ate Cee ee 3 WEG Bee VEx totaal ~ "wale! Wie ths Le Miullip Livy int ~We- —.), w— & i" Ley Mie, Paes an Wp Aas Pa en 11 mente OY “ =< yeah CMe IE aa URN AP: y ie r Te hen PAI am > ~ I eae ike’ =p W jij} MIEN\NY Yi NAVAJO INDIAN FINISHING DEER-SKIN BY STRETCHING IT. (After Shufeldt.) ie te, 1 Teles ML ie ‘ ¥ i bi att ao Ve are UBB POU Timi yr ee Hie (Sy an a he F Vins iy Th Ae cal ii Fig. (ere vo ra) [3] EXiPIEANAWIIIOIN TOR SPE Amy EE XGV Ali . BEAMING TooL. Made of the tibia of a musk-ox. The bone has been hacked in so as to have the broad inner part of the posterior wing for a rest and the middle of the front portion for an edge. The natural form of the bone lends itself splendidly to this method of treatment. Compare this with Fig. 3, Pl. LXVII, and Fig. 1, Pl. LXXXIV. | Cat. No. 90248, U.S. N. M. Indians of Ungava, Canada. Collected by Lucien M. Turner. . BEAMING TOOL. Made from the leg bone of the reindeer. Only half of the specimen is given, but enough remains to show the absolute similarity between this and the great number of broken implements of the same sort found in the Madisonville cemetery, Ohio. See next figure. The perforation on the lower side is common in many Eskimo tools. Cat. No. 89488, U. S. N. M. ‘ Eskimoof Point Barrow. Collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U.S. Army. . BEamMInG Toon. Made from the leg bone of a deer. The bone has been cut away so as to afford two edges for removing the hair in skin working. This specimen comes from the celebrated cemetery at Madisonville, Ohio, and is here reproduced to show the great similarity of form in various parts of the country. Cat. No. 43076, U.S. N. M. Graves of Madisonville, Ohio. Collected by Dr. C. L. Metz. PLATE LXVII. Report of National Museum, 1 SSS SWANN <2 ES a SS SS SS pe za 7 BEAMING TOOLS. Ci) Fi t=) EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVIII. .1. GrAINER. Of the humerus of the musk-ox. The upper joint furnishes the handle and the hard portion of the bone cut diagonally forms the edge. Fine serrations on the edge furnish the graining surface. Cat. No. 90246, U.S. N. M. Eskimo and Indians of Ungava, Canada. Collected by Lucien M. Turner. .2. GRAINING TOOL. Handle of pine. Blade of iron, finely toothed and lashed to the shaft with a buckskin strip. A thong fastened to the top of the handle passes around the wrist and catches the force of the blow. This is an excellent device for giving emphasis to the work of the tool. Cat. No. 89927, U.S. N. M. Eskimo and Indians of Ungava, Canada. Collected by Lucien M. Turner. . 3. GRAINER. Made from the ‘‘ bit” of a plane and finely serrated. In use this is placed on the primitive bone grainer and lashed with buckskin. Cat. No. 90260, U.S. N. M. Eskimo and Indians of Ungava, Canada. Collected by Lucien M. Turner. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXVIII. ” ~ 1h > = - \ GF 1 nh jelly cof h Sale pURoteca GRAINING TOOLS. Bares Fig. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIxX. . 1. FAT-SCRAPER. Of antler. The antler is first split. form a grip, and from the remainder the core is scraped away and the edge of the hard portions sharpened. Cat. No. 90250, U. S. N. M. Lucien M. Turner g. 2. SCRAPER. Probably for removing fat. Holm’s celebrated work on East Greenland. 3. FaT-SCRAPER. Of antler. scraped to an edge. Cat. No. 90397, Mo tS IN I5 dt Much larger than the examples from the west. About one-third of the piece retains the core to Indians and Eskimo of Ungava, Canada. Collected by Reproduced here from Captain A strip of the horn split off and the lower part Eskimo of Igloolik. Collected by Capt. C. F. Hall. PLATE LXIX. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. FAT-SCRAPERS. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXxX. Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Blade of bone, with edge resembling that of a gouge, fastened to a pine handle by a seizing of sinew. The edge is very smooth and worn, and the specimen must have been used more as a beaming tool. The drawing marked (2) is a precisely similar form dug from the ash-pit graves of Madisonville. The attention of archeologists is here called to the fact that all the specimens from that celebrated cemetery are allied to modern northern implements. Cat. No. 10397, U. S. N. M. Eskimo of Iglulik. Collected by Capt. C. F. Hall. Fig. 3. SCRAPER. Handle of soft wood, faintly and rudely cut in and grooved like the beautiful ivory specimens from Alaska. Thumb groove, fore and middle finger grooves atop; ring finger groove and undercut large; notch for finger, small. “The blade is a dull celt of sandstone let half its length into a socket in the end of the handle. Length, 4 inches. Cat. No. 34084, U. S. N. M. Eskimo of Cumberland Gulf. Collected by L. Kumlien. There are three examples of this type in the National Museum. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. Plate LXX. aN isis 4\\ ) Y iN * Ar Nu ae iy PALO arty dup ANY i es 1 SCRAPERS. EDIPIE/AINT AITO) Ole IRIEZAVInIs Lec. Fig. 1. ScRAPER. Handleof antler. Blade of iron driven into the end of the handle. : The antler shows longitudinally the marks of the sand-saw. Cat. No. 2020, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Anderson River, Canada. Collected by B. R. 208s. Fig. 2. SCRAPER BLADE. Of dark chert. Cat. No. 36290, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Cape Vancouver. Collected by E.W. Nelson. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE XX: 1 2 SCRAPERS. ¥ EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXII. Fig. 1 (a, b, and ¢c), SCRAPER. Long, large-sized handle of spruce. Thumb groove for a large digit, deep and wide. Groove for forefinger, pocket for mid- dle finger, undercut nearly across the béttom. Tailpiece rectangular. thin, and nearly flat. Unlike most other implements of this class the specimen has for a blade a thin scale of sandy shale. Cat. No. 89309, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U. S. Army. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason SCRAPER. SUT Ta ¢ UWNTFTR: PLATE LXXII. a EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIII. Fig. 1 (@ and b). ScRAPER. Of walrus ivory. Thumb groove slight. Fingers sepa- rated by a ridge three and three-quarters inches in length. Undereut quite across and extending into a spoon-shape cavity of the palm rest, which is pierced for a suspending cord. This is a broad, heavy, and effective implement. Cat. No. 89321, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U. S. Army. Fig. 2. SCRAPER. Of walrus ivory. There are no grooves for digits. The under- cut extends quite across and the implement rests on its front and rear edge. The palm rest declines at an angle of 90 degrees and terminates abruptly without horizontal appendix. The blade, of reddish-brown jas- per, is held in its socket by a washer of rawhide. Cat. No. 89313, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U.S. Army. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXXIIl. SCRAPERS. 1 Ae at oN es at hee 7 - ee 7 tl SAIPIEZNINVA III @lF IPIEANIPIS: [LOW Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Of walrus ivory. surface all around its underside. The last two specimens, on the con- trary, touch only at the front and rear. Thumb groove a deep furrow, almost concealing the digit. Finger grooves two slight cup cuttings for the tips. Undercut not extending all the way across, so that the lower margin under the thumb touches the ground all the way from front to rear. Cat. No. 89316, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U. 8S. Army. SCRAPER. Handle of wood. Flat bottomed. The material is so much cut away that the thumb pocket. the upper and the side finger pockets all communicate, and the thumb groove at the end opens into the blade socket. Cat. No. 89310, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U. S. Army. SCRAPER. A clumsy specimen of spruce wood resting upon a flat base, scarcely affected by the undercut. The thumb groove wide and for the first joint a deep pocket. Upper finger groove only for the forefinger. For the middle finger there is a separate undercut pocket and for the last two fingers the undercut is deeply pocketed. The front is precipi- tate, 2 inches high; the rear prolonged into a flat tailpiece, broader than the rest of the implement. There are a few specimens of this class made of wood, unique in form, but there are no others with precipitate front. Cat. No. 89311, U. S.N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U.S. Army. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXXV,. SCRAPERS. EXPLANATION OF PEATE EXXV: Fig. 1 (a and b). ScraPEeR. Handle or grip of wood, with deep pocket grooves for the digits. The thumb is almost hidden in its cavity. On top there are three grooves for the fore, the middle, and the ring finger, respectively, and a very deep pocket into which the ends of all three are concealed. The little finger fits into a deep pocket cn the right side and there is not the slightest shadow of undercut, the lower surface resembling exactly that of a carpenter’s plane. The blade, of drab flint, is neatly inserted into the front and packed with canvas. A blue bead inserted on top in front of the finger pocket is the only ornament. Cat. No. 63848, U. S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. Collected by E. W. Nelson. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXXVI SCRAPER. o AD nae ‘4 : i re ey a scih aie dhs Mio | maar i y wae os ; y SaShT b, a ni at QrVi. ‘ ne } a , aie iy “Ae ; ee or ae . in ; “ q . i ; a i i vl i he aaa ; th Xd eee 1 , vem, i. 7 Ma ii f ie irs, aes ' rm i * ny t i ne i awe® i ) v f i r 7 { i La 4 7 i 7 hyy Lip. 4 ie EXIPEAINAT ON VOIR PE Ate Er EexXexavalilie Fig. 1. ScRAPER. Handle of spruce. Thumb groove fitted to both phalanges of the thumb. Finger grooves slight. Undercut only two-thirds across the bottom, giving the implement a rest along the entire left side. The top is arched high up and there is a slight bell-shaped tailpiece. Blade of black chert, secured with a leather washer into a grooved socket—that is. half the depth of the mortise is cut out on the sides. This would fit a blade of any width. Cit. No. 63847, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U. 8. Army. Fig. 2. SckaAPER. Handleof hard wood. Thumb groove deep and long, over which an ear-shaped projection is carved, as in Plate LX XIV, Fig. 3, from Point Barrow. Finger groove rounded out to give the appearance of a skull and terminating 1 inch behind the stone blade. Undercut not wide and hook-shaped in base outline. The tailpiece is gouged out like the rim of a beli. This form is quite an oddity and leads to the conclusion that each implement was made to fit the hand of the workman. This being the case they reveal as great a diversity in the size of Eskimo hands as exists among the white race. Cat. No. 63849, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U.S. Army. Fig. 3. SCRAPER. Of walrus ivory. Fig. 3. Fat-sCRAPER. Fine old specimen of discolored walrus ivory. Blade, ladle, or skimmer shaped. Two prongs carved to imitate bears’ heads form the most convenient grip. Cat. No. 127896, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Kotzebue Sound. Collected by Lieut. G. M. Stoney, U.S. Navy. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE L.XXX A NAN AN FAT-SCRAPERS. wo ay i" by . ae WN Se oT hk aa St hr aT vrs J ? EUIPIE/INVATFIOIN @lE PILATE IL2O6 Ile Fig. 1. Fat-SCRAPER. A strip of ivory 6 inches long, 1 inch wide, and shaped like a knife blade, one-eighth of an inch thick at the back, where it is also bent and held in position by a rawhide string passed once or twice across through holes in the ends of the ivory and then carefully wrapped around the cross strings. Its use is said to be for scraping fat from seal skins to be put in the soapstone lamps. Cat. No. 63642, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Cape Wankarem. Collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U.S. Army. Fig. 2. FAT-SCRAPER. Made of a section of the lower end of a walrus tusk sawed off like a napkin ring. The inner side being soft and the outer side hard, it is the easiest thing in the world to scrape away the soft part, so as to have an edge like the tooth of a rodent. Used to remove fat from skins before dressing them. This form of scraper is not found in the Museum collection except from Sledge Island and the Diomedes. Cat. No. 44990, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Sledge Island. Collected by E. W. Nelson. Fig. 3. FAT-SCRAPER. Made of a narrow, thin strip of antler bent in form of a horseshoe and held in place by a strip of rawhide passed backward and forward through two holes in each end and then wrapped in a neat coil across. The loop on the outside of the ends is neatly countersunk. One margin of the antler strip is scraped to an edge from within, so as to pre- serve the outer hard portion for work. Cat. No. 4771, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Sledge Island. Collected by E. W. Nelson. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXXXI. FAT-SCRAPERS. EXP EANATEOING OR) Pe Aun EsExXexexchl Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Handle of wood, blade a flat celt of schist let into the lower part of the handle neatly and lashed in place with spruce root. A very large but neatly made specimen. It is an excellent example of transition between the short and the long handle. Place for the thumb is exca- vated; lift margin for the forefinger on the upper surface, and for the other three fingers underneath. The palm of the hand rests against the depressed end. Cat. No. 43927, U. S. N. M. Eskimo of Norton Bay, Alaska Collected by E. W. Nelson. Fig. 2. SCRAPER. With wooden handle of medium length. The grip in its curve with the handle suggests a pistol butt. The shaft is a long triangle and onthe underside excavated to receive the celt-like blade of hard volcanic rock. This blade has a chisel edge and is held in place by means of a thong of raw seal-hide fastened by tucking the end under. The attention of archeeologists is especially called to the mounting and function of this polished blade with chisel edge, as they have many similar pieces in their cabinets. Length, 114 inches. Cat. No. 24689, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska. Collected by Lucien M. Turner. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLaTe LXXXIl ——_ ———— ——— —S— ——— = Yf = ———— YX PTT ae SA a 2 SCRAPERS. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIII. Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Handle of wood, grip cylindrical, shaft triangular, expanding downward to fit neatly the blade of slate, which les in a cut on the under side and is held in place by a neat lashing of fine rawhide string. Cat. No. 129216, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of St. Michaels, Alaska. Collected by Lucien M. Turner. Fig. 2. SCRAPER HANDLE. Of walrus ivory; very old. The noticeable marks are the economy of material, the smallness of the owner’s hand, the slight grooves for thumb and first two fingers, and chiefly the spoon-shaped cavity beneath for the ring and the little finger. Length, 33 inches. Cat. No. 33093, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska. Collected by E. W. Nelson. Fig. 3. SCRAPER. Handle of spruce wood. This is an interesting connecting link between the shaftless type and the long shafted type of the South. The shaft from the point of the thumb is about 14 inches; no finger grooves. Under cut two-thirds across. Grip a straight incline without tail piece. Cat. No. 44086, U.S. N.M. Eskimo of Koyuk River. Collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U.S. Army. PLATE LXXXIll. Report of National Museum, 1889 —Mason Yj ) h My Pe Why iG ih i / /, / Hi: SCRAPERS. EXPEANATRIONS Oy BEATE Ee xXOxexci Ve Fig. 1. Fat-SCRAPER. Made of the radius of the deer. The rounded front portion is cut away so as to furnish a rest on the ridge of the incurved portion, and two edges, one on either side. The hard lower edge of the imple- ment is also ground to a chisel edge like that of a graining tool. Every portion of the implement affording a hard, bony surface has been ground to an edge. Cat. No. 38490, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Mission, Alaska. Collected by E. W. Nelson. Fig. 2. FAT-SCRAPER. Of walrus ivory. Ingeniously carved so as to furnish a grip and a long opening for the thumb. One edge only is sharpened. The implement fits only the right hand and shows that the Eskimo scraped away from himself and not towards himself. Cat. No. 127508, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Togiak River, Alaska. Collected by I. Apple- gate. Fig. 3. SCRAPER. Made of the rib of a deer, with little or no modification of form. The Indians of California are said to use a rib in the same manner. Cat. No. 38244, U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Mission, Alaska. Collected by E. W, Nelson. PLATE LXXXIV. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. Mt pt Ml 1¢ Yy title Yj Wl » SCRAPERS. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXV. Fig. 1. ScRAPER. Handle of pine, quite old, slightly fitted to the hand. Blade of slate lashed to the handle roughly by a leather thong passing through a perforation. Cat. No. 127502, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Togiak River. Collected by I. Appiegate. Fig. 2. SCRAPER. Handle a curved piece of pine wood, pistol-shaped. Blade a ground celt of black chert, edge wedge-shaped, lashed to the handle with a splint of pine root. The blade is made to fit to the handle by a padding of grass. If the unknown may be explained by the known, this speci- men finds a function for many flat, wedge-shaped celts. Cat. No. 38252, U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Lower Yukon. Collected by E. W. Nelson. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXXXV, i 4 a i it ene: | A | i [i q ms ee Hoag EA Z EB i} " ui | i i " ic 1 : i: 2 ia mil laa, ie uy] a: ie SCRAPERS. » a a Hn 3 ; SUG coe: ae ne OCck a * _ , ; ; : =—N be OA eee bite ert 4 i Ree ri: ity ea thn ee: lines hrs : nar ii, & ns 7 a ; ° re) 1 oe a i a ‘ a » OR el y . ; aA, ai Mi Fig. Fig. Fig. ~) SN) EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXVI. . SCRAPER. Handle a long shaft of spruce with a grip formed by a slight natural bend at the upper end. Blade a thin celt of chert, with edge wedge-shaped, but the two sides are very much rounded; that is, in cross section the edge forms a ietter Y with one limb straight, the other curved outward. Cat. No. 38603,U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Cape Vancouver. Collected by E. W. Nelson. FAT-SCRAPER. Made of antler; the handle, one of the prongs, and the spoon-shaped blade scooped out of the columnar portion. This is a dainty iniplement for its work. Cat. No. 37967,U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Chalitmute. Collected by E. W. Nelson. . FAT-SCRAPER. Made of antler and used for removing the fat from bird and animal skins prior to the curing. The fat is preserved for the lamp. Length, 64 inches. Cat. No. 36501, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Kashunuk. north of Norton Sound, Alaska. Collected by E. W. Nelson. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason cea es fet Pah Le i UN HA) Wit UH (UA ee a A ‘ af Mh Vs y ; | | ie os race — = = eo ogee Cp as IN ETAL RRS iit Kt \\ Mh \ J) Sao aia b ) Ny} ‘ SCRAPERS. op ey qeieth t - 3 EXPIEAN AME IOIN Ol sPEAt Es EXeXxaVvalill: Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Handle of wood 15 inches long. Grip a crutch handle mortised to the end of the shaft perpendicularly to the edge of the blade. Bladea long, narrow celt of schistose rock fitted to a shoulder of the shaft and held in place by a neat seizing of spruce root. The crutch handle is con- fined to Big Lake and the region around Bristol Bay. Cat. No. 38838, U.S. N.M. Eskimo of Big Lake, Alaska. Collected by E. W. Nelson. Fig. 2. SCRAPER. Handle a natural curve of spruce wood. Blade a very wide celt of schistose rock, fitted to a notch in the handle, and held in place with a lashing of fine rawhide string. The unique feature of the speci- men is the disproportion between the blade and the handle. Cat. No. 38828, U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Big Lake, Alaska. Collected by E. W. Nelson. PLATE LXXXVII. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. aE = =" ji FiQFEEZ SCRAPERS. So nernte me yi , tae ‘ a | ae . i j I ih rin ee "Wk _ at ae i F yi ty r K Vit Ne . a} q a Ve hs: n 7 ; , ' a “ _ i iia iy is ) oa 2 ae wy Al 7 : br ta . f oY Pte , a : 7 ia 7 a ; - 1 ah i 1 7 : 7 vi ae , fe arc ms) "a , : on . fr ie * i EXPIEANATION SOR Pe EAgbe Eyeeavaliiilie Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Handle a forked stick of spruce with the bark stillon. Blade a celt of hard slate fitted to a notch on the handle and held in place by a lash- ing of rattan. This seizing shows the happy faculty of the Eskimo in grasping every available thing that comes to his hands. Cat. No.55910(e), U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Bristol Bay. Collected by C. L. McKay. Fig. 2. ScRAPER. Handle a natural curved stick of spruce. Blade a very long, smooth celt of schistose rock, set into a notch on the handle, 4 inches long and held in place by a seizing of spruce root. Rather a clumsy piece. Cat. No.55910(e), U.S. N.M. Eskimo of Bristol Bay. Collected by C. L. McKay. o Fig. 8. BEAMING TooL. Made of a strip of hoop iron inclosed between two half cylinders of wood and held in place by seizing of pine root at the end. The iron is ground to an edge along one margin and the wood has been chamfered away to give the edge a chance to work. This is an excellent specimen, showing the hair in the interstices. Cat. No.55912,U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Bristol Bay. Collected by C. L.McKay. PLaTe LXXXVIII. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason oF) ZZ = = LZZLLLLEE, <= = == a a SCRAPERS. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIX. Fig. 1. FAT-SCRAPER. Made of a thin band of antler bentan form of a hoop, ends overlapping but not interlocked. Held in form by a rawhide string wrapped three times around the exterior. A unique specimen. Cat. No. 127792, U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Nakneek, Alaska. Collected by W. J. Fisher. Fig. 2. FAT-SCRAPER. Ingeniously made of a broad, thin strip of the outer crust of antler, wide in the middle and narrow at the ends. This strip is bent in shape of a truncated cone, and one end cut, arrow-shaped, is thrust through a triangular cut in the other end and tangled. Of course all this was done when the horn was softened. This type is confined to Bristol Bay. Cat. No.55911,U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Bristol Bay. Collected by C. L. McKay. PLATE LXXXIX. Report of National Museum, 1889 —Mason FAT-SCRAPERS y se # a ' 1 a r ie at @ th ie | 4 i Ve A " fi Oy ¥ re : ty ( 4 . - A u [ ; ae , ee : i lca * a; oi) i M . ‘ i i 5 > wy 7 ra F i Poe) Ye he a “y D cay Laan vt we pe i #6 lf ve WOE hy Mt ol Shah Rr? Py v 4 i ae le aS: od : , : Da ae alee ’ ane ie thant Al) ‘eg, Staats i ar Hip: REO Fe 0 ate ie Uf rita’ PS fe > he Vy) ear" aan Ay ” Mind ; | { , f itt ’ | he aA x ii ie 1 ao LA Ah * EXC BAN AGH ION Ol > Ann Emer Fig. 1. BEAMING TooL. Made from the tibia of a horse. There has been little or i no modification of the bone. The fibula furnishes a most excellent natural edge for the tool. Cat. No. 19891, U.S. N. M. Piute Indians, southern Utah. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell. Fig. 2. GRAINING TooL. Made of the tibia of the deer. At the middle part. where the bone is hardest, it is cut in two diagonally so as to expose a square edge on the posterior part. Teeth are cut in this edge to soften the skin after treatment. Cat. No. 19894,U.S.N.M. Utes of northern Utah. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell. Fig. 8. GRAINING Toot. Made of the tibia of a horse. The column cut diagonally across the middle or hardest portion so as to furnish a square edge on the posterior side. Very fine teeth have been made along this edge for grain- ing or softening the skin. ; ‘ Cat. No.31316,U.S.N.M. Indians of the pueblo of Isleta, New Mexico. Collected by Dr. H.C. Yarrow and Lieut. George Wheeler, U.S. Army. Fig. 4. GRAINING TooL. Made of iron. An old-fashioned wagon skein, used on wooden axles before iron axles were invented. The upper or inner por- tion shows the holes for the rivets. Its edge is serrated for graining the hide. The buckskin thong is wrapped around the forearm and serves as a brace to hold the tool rigid. The shaft is covered with buckskin to protect the hand. Cat. No. 14196,U.S.N.M. Sioux Indians, Dakota. Collected by Edward Palmer. PLATE XC. Report of Nationa! Museum, 1889,—Mason BEAMING AND GRAINING TOOLS. PR ME i I, ett 10 ee rn ee Coy LT a f A, ! Ue ee Te aR, tn " tea BXIR BAIN Am OING O BaP Anh iE mexcCile Fig. 1. ScRAPER. Of the antler of the elk, with a provision for the blade left in one of the prongs. In modern times steel takes the place of stone blades. Cat. No. 6337,U.S.N.M. Gros Ventres Indians, Dakota. Collected by Drs. Gray and Matthews, U.S. Army. Fig. 2. SCRAPER. Handle of antler. Blade of steel fastened in place with buck- skin thong. Cat. No.11100,U.S.N.M. Crow Indians, Montana. Collected by Col. James Steven- son. PLATE XCl. Report of National Museum, 1889.— Mason ADZE-SHAPED SCRAPERS. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCIl. Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Adze type. Handle of the antler of the elk, the grip being the principal column, and the blade attached to a short section of a branch- ing prong. The blade of the modern tool is of iron, seized loosely with a thong of buckskin so as to be removed easily for sharpening. Cat. No. 11226,U.S.N.M. Piutes of Utah. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell. Fig. 2, SCRAPER. Adze-shaped. Handle of wood cut from a natural knee-shaped stem. The blade of iron is lashed to the flat inner face of the handle, which is not shouldered to catch the blow. Length, 114 inches. Cat. No. 31317, U.S.N.M. Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. Collected by Lieut. G. Wheeler, U.S. Army. PLATE XCIl. ES ————EE ESS : SS ———————— (FS — SS SS SS — a Fata a —_ Ss ee wae = eg == (EO= <-> = 5 ~ aN ee = Ni \\ aw ee nee | 5 iy \ —$< SS ee a = \ dpe =S=S SSTx_= — — = SSS SS a —_—— ‘hy, iy SS — = SF al Museum, 1889.—Mason. Report of Nation ADZE-SHAPED SCRAPERS. e EOS PIE/NINVN IIOIN) Ole IPIL/N INS 2 Ne Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Handle of wood; adze-shaped. Blade of iron, like a plane bit. It is fitted to the handle by a wrapping of buckskin and securely fastened by a rough seizing of buckskin thong and rag. As the blade must be removed constantly for sharpening, the lashing is very rudely done. Length, 12 inches. Cat. No. 6896, U. 8. N. M. Comanche Indians of northern Texas. Collected by E. Palmer. oie) g. 2(a, b, and c). SCRAPER. Handleof wood. Blades of obsidian. The obsidian blades are inserted into holes, one on each side of the curious handle, and fastened by a black mastic made with the gum of the colqual. Handle, © inches. Arusi Galla tribes in southern Shoa. Collected by Henry H. Giglioli and described in Internat, Archiv. fiir Ethnographie, Vol. 11, page 213. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE XCIll. a ADZE-SHAPED SCRAPERS. Corenl) “VANd is THE PUMA, OR AMERICAN LION: FELIS CONCOLOR OF LINNEUS, By FREDERICK W. TRUE, Curator of the Department of Mammals. The Puma is the only large, unspotted, native American cat.* The general color of the fur is tawny, but on the under surfaces of the body it is whitish. The color of the central line of the back is darker than that of the sides and the end of the tail is dusky brown. The ears are black externally, with a central whitish area. The upper lip is white from the nostrils to the middle of the mouth, and at the latter point is a prominent black spot. The nostrils are flesh-colored. Baird com- pares the color of the Puma to that of the Virginia deer, and states that it varies with the seasons as it does in the deer; that is, the summer - coat is reddish and the winter coat grayish.t There is much variation in color among individuals of this species, but it has not been proven that this is correlated with the varying *Nine species of cats are found in North America north of the Isthmus of Pan- ama. These are— The Puma, Felis concolor Linné. The Jaguar, Felis onca Linné. The Ocelot, Felis pardalis Linné. The Tiger Cat, Felis tigrina Erxleben. The Eyra, Felis eyra Desmarest. The Yaguarundi, Felis yaguarundi Desmarest. The Bay Lynx, Lynx rufus (Giildenstidt). The Plateau Lynx, Lynx baileyi Merriam. The Canada Lyux, Lynx canadensis (Desmarest). The Puma, or account of its wonderfully extensive range, reaching from Patagonia to Canada, may perhaps be considered as the most characteristic of American animals, though it is less powerful than the Jaguar. The Jaguar and Ocelot enter the terri- tory of the United States only on the extreme southwestern border. The Eyra, Ya- guarundi, and Tiger Cat have never been found north of the Rio Grande. The Lynxes are common in the United States. The spotted form of the Bay Lynx, found in Texas, and the banded form, found in Oregon and Washington, have been described as sep- arate species, under the names Lynx maculatus and Lynx fasciatus. They are now generally regarded as geographical races of the Bay Lynx, The Canada Lynx is a dis- tinct species. t Baird, Mammals of North America, 1859, p. 83, a ot 592 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. climatic conditions of its range.* The occurrence of albino Pumas in the Alleghany Mountains and in New Mexico has been reported, but not authoritatively.t Burmeister remarks on this point: ‘‘ Very rarely individuals of this Species of a brown, nearly black color have been found, while differ- ences in color between yellowish-brown and yellowish gray are not rare. Iam aware that individuals nearly white and others nearly black have been observed, but I have never seen such myself.” + New-born Pumas are very different in appearance from the adults. Instead of being of uniform color, the back and legs are covered with large blackish-brown spots, and the tail is ringed with the same color.§ According to Dr. W. A. Conklin these markings disappear in about six months after birth.|| The male Puma represented in Plate XCLV is of the following dimen- sions: Head and body, measured along the curves, 53 inches; tail, 264 *There is an early allusion to this matter in Miiller’s translation of Linnawus’s Sys- tem of Nature, published in 1796. After mentioning the discrepancy between Pen- nant’s and Schreber’s measurements of the Puma, this author remarks: ‘‘It is not, however, to be wondered at that different measurements are given, when it is con- sidered that the two animals from which they were taken were born in such very different regions. The climate likewise contributes to changes in their disposition, and hence those living in North America are much less ferocious and much weaker than those which are born in hotter regions. It has influence also upon the color. In the Iroquois country the species is gray, in other regions reddish.” (Miiller, Linné’s Natursyst. Fortsetzung nach 13ten Ausgabe, 1. Theil, Siingethiere, 1796, p. 207.) tSee Forest and Stream newspaper, XVII, p. 110; also, American Field, Xx, 1883, p. 201 + Burmeister: Description Physique de la République Argentine, 11, 1879, p. 132. § This difference between the young and adults in- coloration led the veracious Garcilasso de la Vega intoerror. In his Royal Commentaries he writes: ‘‘A Spaniard whom I knew killed a great lioness in the country of the Antis, near Cuzco. She had climbed into a high tree, and was killed by four thrusts of a lance. They found two whelps in her belly, which were sous of a tiger, for their skins were marked with their sire’s spots.” (Royal Commentaries, 1609, book 8. < Hakluyt Society, X11, 1869, p. 385.) According to Castelnau, young North American Pumas have white spots. Burmeister states that he never saw such individuals in Brazil. || Dr. W. A. Conklin, in Merriam’s Vertebrates of the Adirondack Region. < Trans. Linnean Soc., New York, 1, 1882, p. 35, foot-note. They persist, however, though always more or less indistinct, until the animal has reached its full size, or perhaps in some cases, throughout life. The term spotted, notwithstanding, can not be applied to the species in the same sense as to the Jaguar, Leopard, and Ocelot. It may be mentioned in this connection that lions, which to the eye are unspotted, sometimes appear in photographs as spotted animals. I sub- join some notes on the color of a number of flat skins of Pumas, which I recently ex- amined through the kindness of Mr. F. S. Webster, of Washington. (a) Length without tail, 4 feet 9 inches. Color very pale tawny. Spots apparent on all parts of the body. (b) Length without tail, 4 feet 4 inches. Shows spots of darker tawny than the wveneral color of the body. (c) Length without tail, 4 feet 7 inches. Color very pale. Shows very faint spots. (d) Total length, 6 feet 11 inches. Color gray. Numerous irregular small spots of white snd single white hairs. No dark spots. (e) Total length, 6 feet 10 inches, Color pale tawny. Numerous white hairs. Faint spots on the legs only. : ‘THE PUMA, OR AMERICAN LION. 593 inches; height at the shoulder, 224 inches. Audubon and Bachman give the following dimensions of a male killed by J. W. Audubon at Castroville, Tex., January 28, 1846, From point of nose to root of tail (whether measured along curves, not stated), 5 feet 1 inch; tail, 3 feet linch; height of ear posteriorly, 3 inches.* The male Puma measured by Azara was somewhat smaller, the head and body being 51f inches and the tail 29 inches.¢ The system of measurement is not given. The average dimensions obtained from these three individuals are: For the head and body, 55;'; inches, and for the tail, 504 inches; total, 85 inches. Dr. Edgar A. Mearns has generously permitted me to copy his meas- urements of the nineteen individuals killed by him in Arizona between 1884 and 1888. Measurements of total length are given in seven in- stances. These are as follows: | . oe | total “agit | en = body. hairs. Se Ce Us =| \_ Inches. Inches. Inches. Female, Mogollon Mountains, Arizona..............--------.---- 72.5 | 44.5 | 29.5 Male, 10 miles southwest of Fort Verde, Arizona .........-....-. | 80.0 | 51.2 Stor Male, east slope of Mogollon Mountains, Arizona -.......-...--. | 78.0 | Ls eR | 31.0 Female, east slope of Mogollon Mountains, PAniz ouavecee eee | 60.0 [Ec apes al 25.5 Male, east slope of Mogollon Mountmins, Arizona ..----...--...-. | BENQ WRetas yrs eae 36.0 Neda oe atatere le eres cle ioiee ares eiclanis ces pais Sela yleadete aid acle oS \niwsicSe ele | ice Weaccioeone ce 23.0 ee eer ate a ovate se oe icine son or ersicialnie pisioaiare ote tic earns © cieibliae | 72.0 | BODOCOESODoN 30.0 I have found no authentic record of any individuals measured before skinning of which the dimensions were greater than those of Audubon’s (f) Total length, 5 feet 94 inches. Color grayish. A few very faint spots. (g) Total length, 5 feet 8 inches. Color gray. Shows large spots throughout, and also two bars on the shoulders, and a line of very distinct spots along the spine. (h) Total length, 5 feet 8 inches; color gray; numerous spots, especially on the legs. (i) Total length, 5 feet 5 inches (tip of tail wanting). Similar to ‘“‘y,” but the spots less distinct. (j) Total length, 5 feet 6 inches. Similar to ‘‘g.” (k) Total length, 5 feet 4 inches (tip of tail wanting). Color gray. Shows large dusky spots throughout. (1) Total length, 5 feet 3 inches. Color pale tawny. Spots distinct but pale. (m) Length without head, 4 feet 1 inch. Color a beautiful vinaceous tawny, over- laid everywhere with large dusky spots. A broad, dark spinal band, and very dis- tinct shoulder bars. dicated.) In 1675 Dampier notices a seal-fishery in operation at the Alacrane Islands, north of Yucatan, saying that: ‘“*‘ Here are many seals; they come up to sun themselves only on two or three of the Islands * * * the Spaniards do often come hither to make Oyl of their Fat; upon which account it has been visited by English-men from Jamaica, par- ticularly by Capt. Long: who, having the command of a small bark, came hither purposely to make Seal-Oy], and anchored on the North side of one of the sandy Islands, the most convenient Place, for his design.” Later on Captain Long discovered that although his anchorage might be conveniently located, it nevertheless possessed certain undesirable drawbacks, for one of the fierce “ northers” that sweep across the Gulf of Mexico, came up and blew his bark ashore. He was, however, for- - tunate enough to get the vessel off, and having repaired her “ went merrily away for Trist” with a full cargo of “Oyl.” Sir Hans Sloane, founder of the British Museum, who visited the Bahamas in 1687~88, wrote that these “Islands are filled with seals; sometimes fishers will catch one hundred in a night. They try, or melt them, and bring off their oil for lamps to the islands.” By 1543 the seal seems to have 616 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. been pretty thoroughly exterminated and to have beeome mainly con: fined to the Pedro Kays, some low rocky islets lving about 60 miles south of Jamaica, and it was from this locality that, in the spring of 1846, the specimen was secured which was presented by Gosse to the British Museum, and, as above stated, long remained unique. The West Indian seal has been reported from time to time as occurring at Salt Key Bank, in the Bahamas, on the coast of Yucatan, and: two were even taken on the coast of Florida about 1875, but not until 1883 did a second specimen find its way into a museum. This, animmature female, was taken near Havana, and through the courtesy of Professor Poey secured for the U.S. National Museum. and after a lapse of three hundred and seventy yearsits position among seals exactly detined (Plate XCV). In 1886 Mr. Henry L. Ward visited the Triangles, three littleislets 108 miles northwesterly from Yucatan, and there found, as he had hoped, a colony of seals, from which he secured some forty specimens before a rising norther forced the party to run back to Campeche. Just how plentiful the seals are now Mr. Ward does not tell us, but at some time they must have been abundant, since the writer’s father, who was at the Triangles in 1856, found quantities of skeletons and spoiled hides, indicating the recent existence of a flourishing seal fishery. Whether the West Indian seal is doomed to destruction or notis a little uncertain, for so far as food, climate, and suitable breeding places are concerned, everything is favorable to its existence, and in time it may, like the southern right whale, to some extent fill up its now deci- mated ranks. On the other hand, when a species has been reduced be- low a certain point it seems, like a stone rolling down-hill, to pursue its downward course with continually accelerated speed until the bottom is reached and the species exists no more. AUTHORITIES. A Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, London, 1851. 307-314. On the West Indian Seal ( Monachus tropicalis). EF. W. Trne and F. A. Lucas, Smith- sonian Report, 1884, Part 11, 231-235. Three plates. Notes on the Life History of Monachus tropicalis. Henry L. Ward, American Natu- ralist, March, 18-7. 257-264. The West Indian Seal (Monachus tropicalis). J. A. Allen, Bulletin American Museum Natural History, New York, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1888. 1-34. Plates of stuffed speci- mens and skeletons. THE CALIFORNIA SEA-ELEPHANT. (Macrorhinus angustirostris.) The California sea-elephant so nearly resembles that of the antarctic seas that one general description can easily serve for both. The sea- elephant is aptly so called, both on account of its size and because the male is furnished with a proboscis, which though short is suggestive of its namesake of the land. It is the largest of the seals, greatly exceed- ing the walrus, for an old male sea-elephant reaches a length of 15 to PLATE XCVI. Report of National Museum, 1889.—Lucas CBIMLOFITR, ) Tamory ‘Avg yeqoyslay) UeG “TN “SA ‘TI8el “ON “9e)) SIMPSOMTSNBUD STULYAOLOD IT *LNVHd379 VaS VINNOSINVD SHL ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT, 617 16 feet, or counting from tip of proboseis to the end of the outstretched hind flippers, a length of 20 to 22 feet. When in good condition the an- imal is very fat, old males attaining a circumference of 15 to 18 feet, and one of the last-mentioned size has yielded as much as 210 gallons of oil. The female sea-elephant is much smaller than the male, not exceed- ing 9 or 10 feetin length; the female, moreover, is destitute of a probos- cis, as are also all young, this being the mark of a full grown male. The eolor is gray, with a blackish or olive cast, darkest on the back.* Considering the former abundance of these animals on the California coast, very little has been recorded of their habits or habitat, but the sea-elephant appears to have ranged along the coast of California and Lower California from about latitude 25° to 35°, although in early days it may have considerably exceeded these limits. As just noted above, the other species of sea-elepbant is a southern animal of wide distribution, and the nearest it approaches to the isolated northern species is on the western coast of South America. {t may be that the gap now existing between these points was once filled up, and that since the disappearance of the animals at intermediate localities the northern species has become differentiated from the southern. Or, again, the California species may have originated from a few stragglers who wandered north and being undisturbed increased and multiplied. Prior to 1852 sea-elephants were extremely abundant in the vicinity of Cerros Island, where the sealers erected rough stone huts in order to prosecute their labors to the best advantage. The animals were ac- customed to crawl out on certain favorite beaches, and in spite of their bulky forms and slow mode of progress ascended the ravines for a dis- tance of half a mile or so, congregating in herds of several hundred. In such situations they fell an easy prey to the hunters whose methods are well described by Captain Secammon: The sailors get between the herd and the water; then raising all possible noise by shouting and at the same time flourishing clubs, guns, and lances, the party advance slowly toward the rookery, when the animals will retreat, appearing in a state of greatalarm. Occasionally an overgrown male will give battle or attempt to escape, but a musket-ball through the brain dispatches it, or some one checks its progress by thrusting a lance into the roof of its mouti, which causes it to settle on its haunches, when two men with heavy oaken clubs give the creature repeated blows about the head until it is stunned or killed. After securing those that are dis- posed to show resistance, the party rush on the main body. The onslaught creates such a panie among these peculiar creatures that, losing all control of their actions, they climb, roll, and tumble over each other, when prevented from further retreat by the projecting cliffs. We recollect in one instance, where sixty-five were captured, that several were found showing no signs of having been either clubbed or lanced, but were smothered by numbers of their kind heaped upon them. “It is a difficult matter to accurately describe the color of seals, as under varying conditions they appear quite differently. When alive the hair is close to the body and‘is either wet or greasy, appearing from this cause much darker than it really is. Mounted specimens are frequently stained by grease so that the pelage has a yel- lowish cast. For these reasons authors disagree considerably in their descriptions of the color of these animals. 618 ‘REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 2 By 1860, sea-elephants had become so scarce that their pursuit was no longer profitable, and from that time up to 1880 so few stragglers were seen about Guadaloupe and San Benita Islands that the animal was currently regarded as extinct. In 1880 the schooner San Diego killed thirty sea-elephants at the Elephant Beach, San Cristobal Bay, on the main-land of Lower California, 50 miles south of Cerros Island. In - 1882 forty were killed, and six young ones brought alive to San Fran- cisco, one of which found its way to the National Museum by way of the Philadelphia Zoo. (Plate XCVI.) In 1883 one hundred and ten sea-elephants over a year old were taken, at least fourteen being bulls of large size. In 1884 ninety-three animals were taken by the sloop Liberty, a few females and young being left undisturbed, which were unfortunately all killed later in the season by the crew of the City of San Diego. In October of the same year Mr. Townsend, with the schooner Laura, visited the locality in the interests of the U.S, National Museum; but although three young were seen they were spared in the hope that their presence might induce larger animals to haul out later on. Con- tinuing the search southward the Laura visited all localities in Lower California formerly inhabited by the sea-elephant, and finding none, returned to San Cristobal in December and took fifteen whose skins and skeletons made their way to the National Museum at Washington. It is quite possible that this is the end of the California sea-elephant although afew may still exist to be slaughtered later on. It is greatly to be deplored that this animal should have been exterminated, when it could so easily have been preserved by each year sparing the young and a few adults.” Butit is a curious fact that those most interested in the preservation of any animal are not only indifferent on that point, but are the most strenuous opponents of any measure to effect such a result, and even were it not too late to endeavor to protect the sea- elephants it is not to be supposed that they could be saved from ulti- mate destruction. AUTHORITIES. Marine Mammals of the Northwestern Coast of North America. Charles M. Scam- mon, San Francisco, 1870. History of North American Pinnipeds. J. A. Allen, Washington, 1880. An Account of the Recent Capture of the Californian Sea Elephant, and Statistics Relating to the Present Abundance of the Species. Charles H. Townsend, Pro- ceedings U. 8. National Museum, 1885, pp. 30-93. THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC WALRUSES. The walrus is too well known to require even a passing description, but it may be said that although very similar in appearance the walrus of the Atlantic and that of the Pacific are distinct species, respectively known as. Odobanus rosmarus and Odobenus obesus. The searred and wrinkled appearance, so characteristic of these animals, is well exhib: ited by the head of the Pacific walrus shown on Plate XCVII. AI- Report of National Museum, 1889.—Lucas PEATE XGVilile HEAD OF PACIFIC WALRUS. Odobeenus obesus. (Cat. No. 18713, U.S. N. M. Walrus Island, Pribylov group, Alaska. ) ¥ + ba A 4 > ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 619 though not as yet verging on extinction, the ranks of both species have been sadly decimated, and the animals have been completely extirpated in localities where they once abounded. In Europe the walrus has oc- casionally been met with on the coast of Seotland, and was formerly plentiful on many of the islands adjacent to the northern coast of the continent, and even along the continent itself, reaching eastward to the Lena River,in Asia. In America the Atlantic walius formerly ranged from Nova Scotia northward to about 80 degrees, being abundant in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and occurring on Sable Island and the eastern coast of Newfoundland. The walrus was known in Europe as early as 870 to 890, and appears to have been an object of the chase on the coast of Finmark in 980, while by 1608 it was the object of a regular fishery by the English andothers. In the early part of 1600 Cherie, or Bear Island, lying about 280 miles to the northward of North Cape, Norway, was the scene of operation, and many a ship load—ships were small in those days it should be remembered—of oil and ivory was obtained at this locality. The walruses were accustomed to haul out on shore, and by getting between them and the water immense numbers were killed in a short time, the bodies of those first slain being used as a barrier to obstruct the retreat of the survivors. On one occasion six or seven hun- dred were killed in six hours, and on another nine hundred toa thousand in less than seven hours. Naturally this abundance did not long con- tinue, and in eight years the animals had become scarce and shy, while soon after they were completely extirpated in this locality. Farther and farther to the north, to Spitzbergen and the shores of Greenland, the hunters pursued the rapidly-diminishing herds of walruses, until the pursuit in itself became no longer profitable, and, as at present, the walrus fishery was carried on merely as an adjunct to the whale fishery. So early as 1534 Cartier mentions meeting with walruses in the vicinity of the Magdalen Islands, and it probably was not long before a regular “fishery” for these animals was established on the Island of Ramea, very probably one of the Magdalen group. In 158i the French ship Bonaventure, at lle Blance * slewe and killed to the number of fifteene hundred Morses or Sea Oxen, accounting small and great,” and in 1593 the ship Marigold, in company with another vessel, sailed from Falmouth for the express purpose of hunting the walrus. The Marigold seems to have been well equipped, foramong the crew of thirty were three coopers and two butchers, but owing to delay on the part of her consort the sea- son was lost. An English company located on Sable Island, and at about the same time a French company was established at Miscou, Bay Chaleur. The English company soon came to grief, butits French rival did a flourishing business as long as the walruses Jasted, killing so many that years after the company and its headquarters of New Rochelle had passed away, the bones of the slaughtered animals remained in such quantities as to form artificial beaches. In those days walrus ivory seems to have been in fashion, for a note in Hakluyt tells us that 620 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. “The teeth of the sayd fishes, whereof I have seen a dry fat full at once, are a foote and sometimes more in length; and have been sold in England to the combe and knife makers at 8 groats and 3 shillings the - pound weight whereas the best Ivory is solde for halfe the money.” The Pacific walrus never had so extensive range as its relative of the Atlantic, reaching in seattered numbers to about 55 degrees north, on the American coast and 60 degrees on the Asiatie coast, and extend- ing thence northwards to the limit of ice. Point Barrow on the east and Cape Schelatskoi (157° 30’ east longitude) on the west seem to be the natural boundaries of the Pacifie walrus, the species being unusually abundant at Bristol Bay, Alaska. The existence of the Pacifie walrus was made known not far from 1640 or 1645, but it did not become a regular object of pursuit until about 1860, its immunity being due to the fact that whaling was far more profitable than the pursuit of the walrus. As the whale decreased in numbers the whalemen directed their attention more and more to the walruses, and between 1870and 1880 there was brought to market 1,996,000 gallons of oil and 398,868 pounds of walrus ivory, these amounts representing the destruction of not far from 100,000 animals. Although far inferior to elephant ivory the de- mand for walrus tusks is nevertheless great, and while the price per pound was, in 1879, but 40 or 45 cents, it was worth in 1880 $1 to $1.25 per pound, and in 1583 $4 to $4.50. Being rather a stupid animal, and with due caution readily approached when on the ice, under favorable conditions the walrus is slaughtered in much the same manner as the bison was killed by skin hunters. In making a shot, as it is technically termed, a man provided with one or two rifles and an abundance of am- munition approaches the herd from leeward, and picking off the more wakeful or more suspicious animals first, proceeds to kill the walruses until so many have been secured as can be handled or until the herd becomes alarmed and takes to the water. The Pacific walrus is in greater danger of extermination than its congener of the Atlantic, owing to the fact that the range of the species is restricted, while its haunts ‘are regularly resorted to by the North Pacifie whaling fleet, whose crews, as previously stated, devote considerable time to the chase of the walrus, and have reduced the numbers of this huge animal about one- lialf during the last ten years. AUTHORITIES. Marine Mammals of the Northwestern Coast of North America. Charles M. Seammon. San Francisco, 1874. : History of North American Pinnipeds. J. A. Allen. Washington, 1880. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States. -Section V. Washing- tome S874") = PLATE XCVIII. ® — "NOSIG Nv3ad0OYUNY SHL ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 621 THE EUROPEAN BISON. (Bison bonassus.) The Buropean bison, or zubr* (Bison bonassus), bears a very close re- semblance to its American relative, but is a little taller, not so heavily built at the fore quarters, and lacks the shaggy hair about the head and neck that gives the American bison so fierce an appearance. AlI- though never existing in such enormous numbersas the American bison, the zubr in early days seems to have very generally inhabited the for- ests of Central Europe. Cesar found the animal in Germany and Bel- gium, and some were brought to Rome, where they were slaughtered in gladiatorial exhibitions of the Coliseum. The American and European bison were quite different in their habits, although this was largely due to the physical characteristies of the regions respectively inhabited by the two species, the American species preferring the open plains, where it associated iu immense herds, Teediung upon grass, while the European species was a forest dweller, found in small bands and living very largely on the bark and twigs of young trees. The difference in habits between the two animals is well shown by the fact that the European bison was not found on the steppes of southern Russia, although this region in many respects re- sembles the plains of the western and southwestern United States. At present the European bison is restricted to part of Lithuania and the more inaccessible portion of the Caucasus, this latter region being the only locality where the animal is found in astate of entire freedom. The Lithuanian herd, which has enjoyed imperial protection for many years, dwells in the Bjelowesche forest of the province of Grodno; is watched over by a large number of keepers, and is fed during the winter, while in the Caucasus the zubr is protected by the rugged nature of the region it inhabits and also by an order of the Grand Duke Michael, issued in 1860, forbidding the slaughter of the animal. The specific identity of the Lithuanian and Caucasian bison is still in dispute, but that there is at least a subspecific distinction between them seems prob- able, from the fact that the Caucasian. animal is less thickly haired than the Lithuanian, although living at a greater altitude and exposed to a greater degree of cold. Up to 1500 the European bison seems to have been common in Po- land, where it was looked upon as royal game, and hunted in right royal manner by the King and nobility, as many as two thousand or three thousand beaters being employed to drive the game. In 1534 the ani- mal was still so numerous in the vicinity of Girgau, Transylvania, that *This species is commonly but improperly called the aurochs, but, as Professor Alfred Newton says, ‘‘ the aurochs (ox of yore), Latinized by Cresar in the form of urus, is, or Was, the Bos primigenius, or Bos urus, of scientific nomenclature. “Tt is wholly by mistake that in its extinction as a wild animal its ancient name Was transferred to the bison, or zubr.” : : Sey oe a 622 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. : peasants passing through the woods were occasionally trampled to death by startled bison, and hunts were undertaken by the nobles in order to reduce the numbers of the animals. In spite of this local abundance, it is probable that about this time the bison was in a great measure restricted to Lithuania, and although so late as 1555 one was killed in Prussia, it is almost certain that this was merely a straggler from the main herd. In 1752 a grand haunt was organized by the Po- lish King Augustus III, and in one day sixty bison were killed, besides a considerable quantity of other large game, the Queen, who partici- pated, killing twenty bison, and finding time in the intervals of sport to do some light reading. This achievement was deemed worthy of commemoration by a monument, although the manner in which the battue was conducted renders the performance less remarkable than might appear at first sight. Two huge, strongly built, converging fences were erected, and just by the exit, at the apex of the gigantic V thus formed, was a platform on which the royal party sat at ease and shot the game as it emerged from the trap into which it had been driven by a small army of beaters. For some time after the above event little seems to have been recorded concerning the zubr, so that Desmarest, writing in 1822, says that if any remain in Lithuania they must be very few innumber.* There were, however, over five hundred bison in Lithuania at that time, for in 1820 there was that number, this being a considerable increase since 1815, when there was estimated to be only three hundred. About this time active measures must have been taken for the protection of the Lithuanian herds, for in 18350 ‘‘owing to the better enforcement of the laws” it comprised seven hun- dred individuals. In 1851 a local revolt occurred, the game laws were set at naught, and the number of bison reduced to six hundred and thirty-seven. Order having been restored the bison began to recuper- ate, and according to the official enumeration at the end of each dec- ade, there were in 1840, seven hundred and eighty, in 1850, one thou- sand three hundred and ninety, and in 1860, seventeen hundred. Political troubles, however, were the bane of the bison, and just as the prosperity of the Lithuanian herd seemed assured, the Polish upris- ing of 1863 took place; many bands of insurgents sought refuge in the forests; the bison were left to take care of themselves; and were so’ rap- idly killed off, that the next official count showed only eight hundred and forty-seven. For ashort time after peace was restored, the herd increased to a slight extent, but later on it began to decrease, the enu- meration of 1880 showing but six hundred, a number that has since been lessened, the herd being still upon the wane. The cause of this decrease is not quite apparent, and although it has been ascribed to in- breeding, it would seem as if some other reason.must be sought for, since the wild cattle at Chillingham, England, are still extant, although *Dictionaire Universelle d’ Histoire Naturelle, eee PLATE XCIX. Museun Caasoulaqg "Tad Aq peqeyfoo “purls] sulteg “TW 'N 'S ‘A ‘9961@ ‘ON “4R)) “SDbIB DURA ‘MOD VAS ScHATISLS a, ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 623 from the smallness of the herd they have of necessity been very largely inbred.* That inbreeding has something to do with the decrease of the bison is indicated by the observed fact that many of the females bring forth calves after having been infertile for several successive years, but although it has been suggested that this might be helped by the introduction of animals from the Caucasus, the remedy would be difficult of application as well as expensive. As the herd is, or at least was, divided into ten or twelve bands, each confined to a dif- ~ ferent part of the forest, perhaps some improvement might be effected by judiciously crossing the members of these various groups. The present rate of decrease is slow, and the Lithuanian herd will exist for many years, even if the loss is not prevented. As for the Cau- casian bison, protected as it is by nature as well as by man, it may endure for centuries to come, and improbable as it once may have seemed, be in existence long years after the American bison has ceased to live even in tradition. THE RYTINA OR ARCTIC SEA-COW. (Rytina gigas.) The extinct Arctic sea-cow or rytina, an animal nearly related to the existing Manatee and Dugong, played somewhat the same part in the exploration of the northwest coast of America that the buffalo did in the settlement of the western plains. In the autumn of 1741 Bering, returning from a voyage of discovery to the coast of Alaska, was ship- wrecked on the island now bearing his name, this being the larger of two islands lying about 100 miles from the coast of Kamchatka, and known as the Commander Islands. The survivors of the expedition, who were forced to remain on Bering Island for the ensuing ten months, are frequently, though erroneously, said to have subsisted to a great extent on the flesh of the huge sirenian discovered by them, and described subsequently under the naimne of Manatus gigas. Asa matter of fact, the first rytina taken by Bering’s party was not killed until the 12th of July following the wreck, seal, otters, and later on, fur seals, furnishing a supply of meat. For our knowledge of the external appearance of the rytina, its habits, and the localities it was wont to frequent, we are indebted to G. W. Steller, the surgeon of Bering’s command, and an enthusiastic naturalist, who carried on his researches in spite of the privations attend- ing a wreck, the inclemency of the weather, and the ravages of disease. As the Caribbean seal, described on a preceding page, presents the anomaly of a member of an aretic family Jiving in the tropies, the ry- *The Chillingham cattle «re, in fact, subject to disease due to inbreeding, but this is scarcely to be wondered at, for the herd was once reduced to a single individual, a cow with calf, which proved to be a bull, and from this pair the present herd was built up. j 624 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. tina offers, or rather offered, the spectacle of a creature whose rela- tions are confined to the tropies residing in a subaretic region. In point of size the rytina far exceeded its relatives, attaining a length’ of from 24 to 30 feet and an aldermanic circumference of 19 or 20, weighing according to Steller’s estimates 8,000 pounds. The head was very Small in proportion to the body, the jaws toothless, being provided in lieu of teeth with a thick, horny pad, very similar to that covering the anterior portion of the lower jaw of the dugong. Owing to the peculiar structure of the epidermis, an exaggeration of the condition found in the manatee and elephant, the skin was so thick, rough, and wrinkled that, being dark colored, its appearance was com- pared by Steller to the bark of a tree. Aithough in places the epidermis was an inch in thickness, and so extremely hard as to necessitate the use of an axe in order to cut it, the dermis was only one-sixth of an inch thick. The rytina was gregarious, and found in herds about the mouths of streams, where it lived on seaweeds, especially on the large abundant laminarias. It was stupid, sluggish and comparatively heip- Mav 2.—Bering Island, from a map by Dr. L. Stejneger, showing the principal streams. A. Ary Island near which Pallas’s cormorant is last known to have been taken. B. Spot where Bering’s party wintered. less, being unable to protect itself by diving, and occasionally washed ashore by the breakers. Inability to dive forced the rytina to seek its food in shallow water, and since the storms and ice of winter often rendered it a difticult matter to approach the shore at that season, spring usually feund the animal much reduced in flesh. para Was 1.” ee ae és 5 , y ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 625 - Soon after the return of the survivors of Bering’s party to Kamchatka, expeditions were fitted out for the purpose of wintering on the Comman- der Islands and hunting fur-bearing animals, the great northern sea-cow offering an abundant supply of fresh meat, a great desideratum in those days, when scurvy was one of the greatest and most common dangers en- countered by navigators. The first expeditions were followed by others, the rytina being relied upon to furnish the bulk of the provisions, and vessels sailing for the northwest coast of America were also accustomed to stop at Bering Island for the purpose of laying in a supply of salted sea-cow. At that date there were no cattle in Kamchatka to furnish either fresh or salted provisions, so that the rytina was a veritable god- send to the fur-hunters who improved their opportunities to the utmost. As Dr. Stejneger has shown, it is a matter of record that between 1743 and 1763 nineteen parties of from thirty to fifty each wintered on Bering Island, while others are known to have wintered on Copper Island, and still others simply touched there for supplies. During their stay these parties lived on fresh rytina, while a large part of their occupation consisted in killing and salting down the ani- mal for future use. Small wonder is it tbat a helpless creature of re- stricted range and slow reproduction should have succumbed rapidly to the systematic attacks of man. This slaughter of the sea-cows must have resulted in their extermination, even had it been carried on with the utmost care, but the end was hastened by the method of capture employed by the small parties of hunters who were scattered along the northern and eastern shores, and were compelled to attack and kill the huge beast single-handed. Ordinarily the rytina was taken by the harpoon from an eight-oared boat, the animal after a short struggle being towed ashore and dispatched, but the fox hunters used to cau- tiously approach the creature while lying in shallow water and endeavor to mortally wound it with a lance thrust. It naturally happened that comparatively few would be killed outright, the majority escaping to deep water, there to die of their wounds, and later on to drift ashore, where the body would be found by the hunters. Some, of course, would never reach the shore, while others would be recovered after such a lapse of time as to be unfit for food, the more that the rytina spoiled so rapidly that if not properly cared for within twenty-four hours after death the flesh was worthless. By 1754, only nine years after the discovery of the island, the sea-cow had become extirpated on Copper Island, and by 1763 was probably nearly exterminated on Bering Island, as from that time on records of visits to the place are rare. According to the careful estimates of Dr. Stejneger there were not more than fifteen hundred to two thousand rytinas about the island at the time of its discovery, there being hardly more than fifteen suitable feeding places, so that the work of extermination was not difficult. The last individual of the race was killed in 1767 or 1768, and although Professor Nordenskjéld imagined he had discovered evidence that a H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——40 626 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. specimen had been seen so late as 1854, the animal at that time seen by the natives appears in the light of all testimony on the subject, to have been a narwhal. Up to 1883 two skeletons, one in the Imperial Museum of St. Petersburg, and one in the collection of the Imperial Academy of Helsingfors, and two ribs in the British Museum, were all the remains of the rytina preserved in scientific institutions. At that date Dr. Stejneger visited Bering Island, influenced largely by the hope of securing specimens of this extinct sea-cow for the U.S. National Museum. This hope was fully realized, for in the course of a stay of two years, a considerable series of more or less complete skulls was ob- tained, besides many vertebrae, ribs, and other bones. These were buried at various depths in the sand, and were discovered by probing with an iron rod, rytina bones being readily distinguished by their greater density from those of cetaceans, that are found in the same locality. Many bones were found at so considerable a distance from the water’s edge as to suggest that the land had risen since the extinction of the rytina, a probability that was changed to a certainty by the discovery of a nearly complete skeleton far inland. This interesting find is thus recorded by Dr. Stejneger in the Proceed- ings of the Geographical Society of Bremen : Toward noon it was reported to me that the skeleton of a sea-cow had been found. Conceive my agitation, and the haste with which the spades were seized. We had to walk some distance, and when I reached the spot, I found the report confirmed. From the bank of the brook which ran from the south several ribs protruded. The brook had slowly eaten its way into the hillock of sand, and thus by degrees exposed and washed away the bones. When we began to dig, we saw at once thatit was the tail end which was missing. The distance from the sea was about 500 feet, and the skeleton lay about 10 to 12 feet above high-water mark. Jt was imbedded in a hil- lock of sand, which belonged to one of the inner rows of dunes. The hillock was about 12 feet high, and the skeleton, which was lying upon its back with the head toward the west, was situated at about an equal distance from the base and the grass, covered upper surface ofthe hill. The sand was wet and fine, of the same kind which is still thrown up daily by the sea at the not far distant beach and showed alternat- ing brown and blue layers. Near the bones the sand sometimes was blackish, iridescent, which was due to the fact that the bones were in a very advanced state of decompo- sition. This became evident to me after the first few strokes of the spade. Indeed, the skeleton as such was worthless. The separate bones had not cohesion enough to allow of their being lifted without injury, their own weight being too heavy. Even the ribs, which otherwise are of ivory-like consistency and density, had rotted throughout, and some of the bones were so soft that they felt like ‘‘ green butter soap” to the touch. In order, however, to ascertain all the circumstances precisely, I continued the excavation until all the fragments had been brought tolight. Alto- gether there were found fourteen dorsal vertebre with the ribs belonging to them, the cervical vertebre, the skull, the breast bone, two shoulder bones, two upper arm bones, but oniy one forearm. All the bones were in their natural position, with the exception of the breastbone, which lay outside of the skeleton, near the right fore- limb, while the left fore-limb, consisting only of shoulder blade and humerus, lay inside the thorax. Although none of the bones were of any use to us, nevertheless I did not look upon our labor as lost, since they enabled me to determine, in the first place, the conditions under which many of these skeletons had been destroyed, and secondly that the island had risen, since these remnants had been buried under the sand of the former shore. 1 2 4 | ‘ Ne ae ee oe ee ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 627 Although the skeleton just referred to was unfortunately of no use as a specimen, sufficient bones were obtained to render possible the ‘ ma- king up” of a fairly complete skeleton. (Plate XCIX.) Unfortunately there is one point which even the extensive series of bones collected _by Dr. Stejneger fails to determine, and that is the question as to whether or not the rytinahad any bones in the hand. Steller, who was an exceedingly pains-taking and accurate observer, expressly states that there were none, and none have as yet been found; while, on the other hand, the bones of the fore-arm possess well defined articu- lar surfaces showing that bones were at least present in the wrist. With the exception of a rib from Attu no remains of rytina have as yet been found at any localities save Bering and Copper Islands, but it is probable that these were the last retreat of the survivors of a once numerous race, and that they were discovered in time for man to complete the extermination of a species that, from unknown causes, had long been on the wane. Fic. 21. STELLER’s SEA Cow. Facsimile of figure on chart compiled by Lieutenant Waxell, navigator of Bering’s party. AUTHORITIES. Symbol Sirenologice., Joanne Frederico Brandt, Petropoli, Typis Academia Scien- tiarum. 1846. E scriptis Academiz Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitana. Investigations relating to the date of the extermination of Steller’s Sea Cow. Leon- hard Stejneger. Proceedings U. 8. National Museum, 1884, Vol. vir, 181-189. How the Great Northern Sea Cow (Rytina) became exterminated. Leonhard Stej- neger. American Naturalist, Vol, xx1, No. 12, Dec. 1887, 1047-1054. THE MAMO. (Drepanis pacifica Gmel.) It has long been expected that Drepanis pacifica, one of the most beautiful and peculiar birds restricted in its range to the Sandwich Islands, will have to be counted among the species which have become extinct in recent times. And now that Mr. Scott Wilson has returned from a thorough ornithological survey of the archipelago without hav- 628 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. ing obtained anything but a stuffed specimen from a local collection formed many years ago, it is almost certain that the “ Pacific Sickle- bill” has disappeared from among the living, and that the few speci- mens in the museums, perhaps less than half a dozen, are all that is left of a species that once was common in the ‘ Eden of the Pacific.” Mr. Scott Wilson is also the first one to suggest the probable cause of its extinction, for he saw some of the celebrated feather wreaths, or ‘‘leis,” of the natives composed of yellow feathers taken from this bird, and from the fact that the Hawaiian name of the bird, ‘‘ Mamo,” is the same as that of the costly war-cloaks, he coneludes that the robes in olden times were chiefly wrought of the beautiful golden-yellow feath- ers from its back, which are much deeper in color, as they are larger and longer, than the axillary tufts of the O-o. In order to understand how probable this explanation of the final extermination of the bird is, we shall have to briefly describe these ornamental capes and cloaks. In former times the kings, chiefs, and noble Hawaiians, whenever they appeared in public on special occasions, in peace or war, donned the royal flowing capes or cloaks made of gay birds’ feathers fastened to a groundwork of coarse netting, which seem to have had the same sig- nificance and to have been as eagerly coveted and highly revered as the ermine and purple in feudal Europe. Smaller ornaments, “leis,” or feather-wreaths were used as neck-laces by the ladies. Perhaps the most magnificent of these robes was that of Kamehameha I, the great conqueror who united all the islands under his scepter. Mr. Scott Wilson gives the following description of it: The fabrication of the great yellow war-cloak of Kamehameha I had been going on through the reign of eight preceding monarchs. The groundwork is of coarse net- ting, to which are attached, with skill now impossible to be applied, the delicate feathers, those on the border being reverted. Its length is 4 feet, and it has a spread of 114 feet at the bottom, the whole having the appearance of a mantle of goid.* As only a few feathers on each bird were used, it may be imagined how many thousand birds it required to furnish the feathers of a single robe, and it is a greater wonder that there were enough birds than that the species of the brighter color became extinct. Small bunches of these feathers were received by the kings as a poll-tax from the lower classes of the people, but these were not enough, so the chiefs used to have ‘a regular staff of bird-catchers who were expert in this voca- tion. They made use of the sticky juice of the bread-fruit, called in Hawaiian ‘ pihah,’ and the tenacious gum of the fragrant ‘olapa,’ a com- mon tree in some parts of the forests, smearing the stuff about the branches of a flower-covered ‘ohai.’” It is asserted that the O-o (Moho *The cloak deposited in the U. S. National Museum by Mr. R. O. Aulick is of pre- cisely the same size as this, but is a trifle over one-half composed of red feathers. It was formerly the property of the powerful chief Kekuaskalami, who, on the abolition of idolatry in 1819, rebelled, with the intention of restoring the ancient religion. The rebellion was unsuccessful and Kekuaskalami killed. The cloak was presented to Commodore J. H. Aulick by King Kamehameha 1 in 1841. « ae i Report of National Museum, 1889.—Lucas PLATE C, THE CALIFORNIA VULTURE. Pseudogryphus californianus. (Cat. No. 103375, U. S. N. M. Jolon, Southern California.) ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 629 nobilis), a black honeysucker, with a tuft of elongated yellow feathers under the wing, was caught alive, the feathers pulled out, and the bird then let loose, but as the body feathers of the Mamo (Drepanis pacifica) were the only ones tu be used it had probably to be killed, and this may be the very reason why the former is still a comparatively common bird on the island, while the latter has become extinct. The Mamo was a honeysucker remarkable for its long and curved bill, which earned for it the name “ Sickle-bill,” Drepanis. As already mentioned, it is very rare in museums—we can at present only recall four specimens—and a good description is yet a desideratum. In default of a better we re- produce the original, which was made by Latham a little over a hundred years ago from specimens brought home by Captain Cook’s expedition, during which the Hawaiian Islands were discovered. Length, 8 inches; bill, 1% inches, stout at the base, and very much hooked; color of it brown, with a pale base; the upper parts of the body are black, except the lower part of the back, the rump, and upper tail coverts, which are of a fine deep yellow, the under parts of the body dusky; the shoulders, inner ridge of the wing, and part of the inner wing coverts are of the same yellow; the bastard wing yellow- ish-white at the end; the under wing coverts snow white; the sides of the vent, the vent itself, and the thighs are yellow; the tail and quills black; the legs black- brown. This is not the only Hawaiian bird which has become extinet within historical times. A similar fate has probably also befallen Chetoptiia angustipluma (Peale), of which probably not more than one specimen exists besides the type which is in the U.S. National Museum, and the small tailless Rail (Pennula ecaudata) which is nearly asrare. But still worse, any more of the feathered tribes found only in those wonder- ful islands seem to be near extinction, partly because of the destrue- tion of the forest, partly on account of the introduction of hardier and more aggressive species, such as the detested English sparrow. So gloomy is the prospect that Mr. Scott Wilson exclaims: “ It would not be rash to say that ere another century has elapsed but few native species will remain.” THE CALIFORNIA VULTURE. (Pseudogryphus californianus.) The California Vulture disputes with the Condor the claim of being the largest of the New World vultures, for, while the Condor is a little the more strongly built the California Vulture has a little the greatest spread of wing, large specimens having an alar extent of a little more than 10 feet. It is more plainly clad than the Condor, the general color being brownish-black, slightly glossy above, while the conspicu- ous ruff of soft white feathers that encircles the neck of the great Vul- ture of the Andes is lacking in its northern relative. The tips of the greater wing coverts are whitish, forming a line across the closed wing, and a broad band of white extends along the under side of the wing, 630 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. forming a conspicuous mark when the bird sails overhead. Plate C. This vulture formerly ranged from the Colorado to the Columbia Rivers, between the Sierra Nevadas and the sea, and is said to have been in the habit of ascending the Columbia for a distance of 500 miles in order to feast upon the abundant dead salmon cast up on the banks. While this section of country is the regular habitat of the California Vulture, individuals have been reported from Arizona, or even so far outside these limits as southwestern Utah, though these last may be regarded as stragglers. A few hundred miles more or less would, of course, be nothing to a bird of such powers of flight that it seems to float in the air with as much ease as a fish floats in water, for it would seem as if nature having assigned the vultures to do scavenger’s duty had made some amends by giving them a strong and graceful flight. Like the other members of the family, the California Vulture feeds chiefly on carrion; in spite of its size and strength rarely attacking liv- ng animals, unless they have been so severely wounded as to be unable to walk, and while several have been known to combine forces and at- tack and kill young calves, this is very exceptional. The strength of these birds is shown by the fact that four of them were able to drag the carcass of a young bear, weighing 100 pounds, for a distance of 200 yards, but owing to the structure of their feet and the weakness of the beak and claws their powers of offence are by no means commensurate with their size. The bird seems never to have been very abundant, and although Dr. Newbury speaks of it as com- mon in the Sacramento Valley in 1856, he does not mention it as oceur- ring in flocks. On the Columbia not more than two or three would be seen at a time, and although Dr. Canfield has seen as many as a hundred and fifty gathered around a dead antelope, it is probable that in this case they had assembled from over a great area—brought together by the actions of the bird who first discovered the dead animal. Soaring as they do at great heights these birds command a view over a territory many miles in extent, their keen eyes not only searching the ground below, but keeping a sharp lookout on the behavior of any of their fel- lows that chance to be within sight. No sooner does one bird spy a prospective dinner than another, still farther away, is apprised of the fact by his actions, and in a like manner, number two intorms a third, so that the good news is rapidly spread, and throughout a vast area the vultures come hurrying to one point. It is thus that Canon Tris- tram accounts for the vast ccngregation of vultures at Sevastopol dur- ing the Crimean war, supposing that in this manner “may have col- lected the whole race from the Caucasus and Asia Minor.” The threatened extermination of the California Vulture is indirectly, rather than directly, due to the agency of man, for its suspicious nature has ever rendered this bird difficult to capture, while the breeding places are in out of the way and often inaccessible localities, and al- though the Mexican miners of Lower California are said to kill the bird ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 631 on every possible opportunity in order that they may use the quills as receptacles for gold dust, the destruction thus caused would naturally be but small. The free use of strychnine in ridding the cattle ranches of wolves and coyotes has caused the disappearance of this bird, which has been poisoned by feeding on the carcasses prepared for the four- footed scavengers. The California Vulture is now extremely rare, and in spite of many efforts to obtain specimens of this interesting bird few have been taken of late years, those few coming from southern Cali- fornia, which now seems to be the chief habitat of this Vulture. THE DODO AND THE SOLITAIRE. (Didus ineptus and Pezophaps solitaria.) What the brahma is among domestic fowls the dodo was to a far greater extent among the order of pigeons, a grotesque, aberrant, and gigantic member of the group. The first mention of the dodo* is in an account of the voyage of the Dutch Admiral Jacob Cornelius Van Neck to Mauritius in 1598. The dodo is there called Walckvogel, or dis- gusting fowl, partly on account of the toughness of portions of its flesh and partly because even the best portions of the dodo were poor in comparison with the tender meat of the abundant doves. This curious bird was found only in Mauritius. Another closely related species, the ISEYCHELLES = ALDABRA ® : BOURBON Map 2.—Distribution of didine birds. Solitaire of Leguat (Pezophaps solitaria) was found in Rodriguez, and probably a third member of the family at Bourbon, this last species being known only from the description of travelers, for not even a bone of it has ever come under the ken of naturalists. This peculiar distri- bution of didine birds is analagous to that of the Galapagos tortoises, although not quite so extraordinary, since the islands of Mauritius, Reunion, and Rodriguez are much farther apart than are those of the Galapagos Archipelago, and the chance of animals being accident- ally transported from one to another consequently much less. Mauri- *From the Portuguese Dotido, a simpleton. A 632 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. tius, Rodriguez, and Reunion had also their respective species of large tortoises, but these too went the way of the dodo and its kindred, and only bones remain to tell the story of their former abundance. De Bry, the chronicler of Van Neck’s voyage, says the Walckvégel were “ big- ger than our swans, with large heads, half of which is covered with skin like a hood. These birds want wings, in place of which are three or four blackish feathers. The tail consists of a few slender curved — feathers of a gray color.” | ee. ANI (ere Fic. 22. Facsimile of Piso’s figure of the Dodo.* * This figure was probably made from one of Savary’s paintings, and is found on page 70 of an appendix to a work by Guliemus Piso. The title is as follows: Guliemi Pisonis Medici Amsteleedamensis de Indix Utrius- que Re Naturali et Medica, Libri Quatuordecim: Quorum contenta pagina sequens exhibet Amsteleedami Apud Ludovicum et Danielen Elzeverios. AD CIO IOCLVIII. Jacobi Bontii Medici Civitatis Batavizee Novie in Tava Ordinarii Historiz Naturalis et Medic Indiv Orientalis. Libri Sex. Liber quintus, Caput xvu, p. 70 De Dronte, aliis Dod-aers. ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 633 For a better idea of the appearance of the dodo we are indebted to the pictures of Roelandt Savary and his nephew John, Dutch artists of the first half of the 17th century, from whose paintings* we gather that the dodo was a heavy-bodied, short-legged bird, with a dispropor- tionately large head, and huge, formidable-looking hooked bill. The body was sparingly clad in loose feathers, the wing feathers alone being stiff, the tail resembling a small feather duster. The general color, as noted by De Bry, was gray, or blackish, but the breast seems to have been brown, and the wings and tail yellowish, or dirty white. The bird, so Cause tells us, laid a single egg “ the size of a half-penny roll, in a nest made of herbs heaped together,” the somewhat indefinite size ascribed to the egg beimg qualified later on by comparison with that of the great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus), which it was said to resemble in size. Not being acquainted with mankind the birds of Mauritius, like those of other uninhabited islands, were at first ex- tremely tame, but the dodo seems to have been not only unsuspicious but stupid into the bargain, a fact that rendered its extermination all the easier. It appears to have been customary upon the discovery of any new and edible animal, to give thanks to Providence and straight- way proceed to slaughter the creature, but in the case of the dodo the thanks were omitted, aithough the exterminating process was at once begun. . Although the discoverers of the bird seem to have thought poorly of its gastronomic qualities, and indeed it woul hardly compare favor- ably with doves, tortoises, turtles, and the abundant fishes of Mauri- tius, the next vessel to reach this isle of plenty made sad havoe with the unfortunate dodos. This was the ship of one William Van West Zannen, who stopped there in 1601, and seems to have made things very lively for all living creatures. He writes that “The dodos, with their round sterns (for they were well fattened), were also obliged to turn tail; everything that could move was in a bustle; the fish which had lived in peace for many a year were pursued into the deepest water pool.” One day Zannen’s crew took twenty-four dodos, on another twenty, ‘‘so large and heavy that they could not eat any two of them for dinner.” The abundance of game is shown by the fact that five men not only captured twenty dodos in a day, but also some thirty other birds, and with a good supply salted down, Van Zannen sailed away. Other Dutch ships followed in Van Zannen’s wake, feasted on tortoise and dodo, and, salting down a store, departed, leaving the ranks of the dodos sadly depleted. The last notice of the living Dodo oceurs in a * These were made from birds brought alive to Holland. t This day’s work seems to have inspired the chronicler’s muse, for he records it in a four-line poem, translated by Dr. Strickland: “For food the seamen hunt the flesh of feathered fowl. They tap the palms, the round-sterned dodos they destroy : The parrot’s life they spare, that he may scream and howl, And thus his fellows to imprisonment decoy.” 634° 2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. “A coppey of Mr. Benj. Harry’s Journall when he was chief mate of the Shippe Berkley Castle,” which shows that he was in Mauritius in 1681 and saw “dodos, whose flesh is very hard.” In 1693, a little less than a century after its discovery, the bird seems to have become extinct, for Leguat, the careful describer of the solitaire, makes no mention of the dodo, and moreover remarks that ducks, coots, and turtles of all kinds were then become rare. While man began the work of extirpation it is quite likely that his allies, cats, dogs, and pigs, completed the task, for wherever these animals have been introduced and run wild they have wrought sad havoe among the feathered race by destroying their eggs and young.* The cat and dog are said to be largely respon- sible for the rapid decrease of the New Zealand kiwi, and when this curious nocturnal bird passes out of existence it will, in great part, be due to the attacks of those two animals. Shortly after the dodo became extinct the Dutch, who had so far been the occupants of Mauritius, left the island and in 1715 the French took possession, only to give place to the English in 1810, one result of these various changes being that all knowledge of the quaint and curious bird was so utterly lost as not even to live in tradition, while the few specimens preserved in museums were so little known that some naturalists became skeptical as to the previous existence of such a bird as the dodo. The publications of Duncan, Broderip, and Strickland, however, speed- ily dissipated the slight haze of doubt, and in 1866 Mr. George Clark, of Mauritius, succeeded in obtaining a considerable series of bones, a portion of which served Mr. Owen for his memoir on the osteology of the dodo. These bones were procured from the mud at the bottom of a small marsh, known as the Mare aux Songes,t lying about a quarter of a mile from the sea. (Plate Cl.) At the beginning of the present century this marsh, as well as the land immediately about it, was still covered with large trees whose fruits had doubtless formerly served the Dodo for. food, and in this spot the bird seems to have lived and died in peace, for none of the bones are cut or gnawed, and here it left its remains for the benefit of future naturalists. Curiously enough this is the only place in Mauritius where bones of the Dodo have been brought to light, although various other localities have been tried in the hope of coming upon relies of this interesting bird. The Solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria), while presenting a general likeness to the Dodo, was somewhat more lightly built, and had decidedly longer legs and neck and a smaller beak. For a knowledge of the external appearance and habits of the Solitaire we are entirely dependent on the account of Francois Leguat, who in 1691 founded a colony at Rodri- guez, which endured only for the brief space of two years, owing to the * Dr. Strickland considers runaway slaves to have been the principal agents in the work of destruction, for, hiding in caves and forests, they would have found in these flightless birds just the prey they would have liked. tI. e. Marais aux Songes, songe being the local name of Celidium esculentum. TIBIAS. 1. Trpra oF SOLITAIRE (Pezophaps solitarius). (Cat. No. 18246, U S. N. M.) 2. Tipta oF Dopo (Didus ineptus). (Cat. No. 18248, U.S. N. M.) 3. Domestic TurRKEY (Meleagris gallopavo). \alpy [ ‘ a OLN a) 7 ¥ gos Tee ee Neer C ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 635 fact that Leguat seems to have not thought of providing wives for his colonists. While Leguat’s description has been quoted and requoted, there is no other source from which information may be drawn, and it must once more be used. He writes : Of all the birds in the island the most remarkable is that which goes by the name of the Solitary, because it is very seldom seen in Company, tho’ there are abundance of them. The feathers of the Males are of a brown grey Colour; the Feet and Beak are like a Turkey’s, but a little more crooked. They have scarce any Tail, but their Hind-part covered with Feathers is roundish, like the Crupper of a Horse; they are taller than turkeys. Their neck is straight and a little longer in proportion than a Torkey’s when it lifts up his Head. Its Eye is black and lively, and its Head without comb or cop. They never fly, their Wings are too little to support the weight of their Bodies; they serve only to beat themselves, and flutter when they call one another. They will whirl about for twenty or thirty times together on the same side, during the space of four or five minutes. The motion of their Wings makes then a noise very like that of a Rattle; and one may hear it two hundred paces off. The Bone of their Wing grows greater toward the Extremity, and forms a little round mass under the Feathers, as big as a Musket Ball. That and its beak are the chief Defense of this Bird. ’Tis very hard to catch it in the Woods, but easy in open Places, because we run faster than they, and sometimes we approach them without much Trouble. From March to September they are extremely fat, and taste admirably well, especially while they are young. Some of the Males weigh forty-five Pounds. ’Though these Birds will sometimes very familiarly come up near enough to one, when we do not run after them, yet they will never grow Tame. As soon as they are caught they shed Tears without Crying and refuse all manner of Sustenance till they die. When these Birds build their Nests, they choose a clean Place, gather together some Palm-Leaves for that purpose and heap them up a foot and a half high from the Ground, on which they sit. They never lay but one Egg, which is much bigger than that of a Goose. The Male and Female both cover it in their turns, and the young which is not able to provide for itself in several Months, is not hatch’d till at seven Weeks’ end. All the while they are sitting upon it they will not suffer any other Bird of their Species to come within two hundred Yards round of the Place; But what is very singular, is, the Males will never drive away the Females, only when he perceives one he makes a noise with his Wings to call the Female, and she drives the unwelcome Stranger away, not leaving it till ’tis without her Bounds. The Female does the same as to the Males, and he drives them away. We have observy’d this several Times, and I affirm it to be true. The Combats between them on this occasion last sometimes pretty long, because the Stranger only turns about, and do’s not fly directly from the Nest. However the other do not forsake it till they have quite driven it out of their Limits. After these Birds have raised their young One, and left it to itself, they are always together, which the other Birds are not, and tho’ they happen to mingle with other Birds of the same Species, these two Companions never disunite. We have often remarked that some Days after the young one leaves the Nest, a Company of thirty or forty brings another young one to if, and the new fledg’d Bird, with its Father and Mother joyning with the Band, march to some bye Place We frequently followed them, and found that afterwards the old ones went each their way alone, or in Couples, and left the two young ones together, which we call’d a Marriage. This Particalarity has something in it which looks a little Fabulous, nevertheless, what I say is sincere Truth, and what I have more than once observ’d with care and Pleasure. : 7 i ; - a | | ad Through the efforts of Professor Alfred Newton and his brother Ed. ward a large collection of bones of the Solitaire was obtained from Rodriguez in 1866, these remains forming the basis for a very complete: account of the osteology of the bird. These bones were procured from caves, but owing to the impossibility of securing intelligent supervis-; ion, little can be said concerning their probable age, except that alll seem to long antedate the settlement of the island. It is interesting to note that the wing bones corroborate Leguat’s description of the Soli-) taire, for they show the presence of a rounded callosity at the angle of the wing, just about the size of an old fashioned musket ball. 636 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. AUTHORITIES. The Dodo and its Kindred. H. G. Strickland and A. G. Melville. London, 1848) Article Dodo, Alfred Newton. Eneyelopedia Britannica, volume VII, ninth edi- tion. On the Osteology of the Solitaire or Didine Bird of Rodriguez. Alfred and Edward Newton: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1869, pp, 327-362. THE LABRADOR DUCK. (Oamptolaimus labradorius.) The Labrador Duck was one of the many sea ducks which, during, their southern migration, furnished considerable sport to gunners along, the coast. In size and appearance it was not unlike the familiar Old Wife, or Quandy (Harelda glacialis), to which, indeed, it is nearly re? lated. The body and primaries of the male are black, the rest of the wing, head and neck white, with a black collar and longitudinal stripe on the crown. (Plate CII.) The female is plumbeous gray, slightly: darker on the under side. This duck ranged southward in winter to the coast of New Jersey and Chesapeake Bay, its summer habitat and breed ing ground being, according to Audubon, southern Labrador. It is by: no means impossible, however, that the empty nests ascribed to the Lab, rador Duck may have been those of the Eider (Somateria Dresseri), as they were found on the breeding grounds of that species, and are said to have resembled them in shape and size. While the Labrador Dueck seems to never have been very common, it was not sufficiently rare to attract the notice of collectors, and hence a very small number of speci: mens, about thirty-six, are in existence. Considerable interest is at tached to two of these specimens in the U.S. National Museum, as they were collected by no less a person than Daniel Webster, and figured by Audubon. Webster was an enthusiastic sportsman, and his home at Marshfield, close by Brant Rock, was one of the best localities for sea shooting on the coast of Massachusetts. The ducks in question, how: ever, came from Vineyard Island. The bird, so Audubon tells us, was frequently for sale in the markets of New York and Baltimore, and, according to the same authority, a “bird stuffer” of Camden, New Report of National Museum, 1889. Lucas PLATE Cll. THE LABRADOR Duck. (Male.) ( (Cat. No. 61800, U.S. N. M. ‘amptolaimus labradorius. Collected by Daniel Webster and figured by Audubon. tro ial 4, ae r > Ly eae ne lee ee a eis os * re] erat ae ts ete Th . yeh a Sa ; U i ; ie et ‘i q i Z fi ie Nak ‘ : ; BE Mase ah Geers DW ey: Me eat CE oa te Ni Te TOs 12s | h By 4 ii | hes gi ee PL gets PTR, En . * at me in : \ : cs ’ I Pe My. e Deka slin tet nial Dey Fei A fn i ; | A eee eed f A. oe ‘ i : . | j f , ; ee . i : vA « : 1 : 0 ‘\ wi é : ae hf} I am mul. 6 if y rat Aah ve ie _ mo § i ‘ ne i vy i" { | a : 7 f ; . : in i F) 7 7 iv " ee tal iemath = dl offemme (ime \ Audet : i yet mi ate Lae ) Pe Pree ey Were 2 A) ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 637 Jersey, used to take them like fishes on a long line baited with mus- sels. When interest in ornithology became more general, and collectors and collections multiplied, it soon became evident that the Labrador Duck was extremely rare, and it is now believed to have become en- tirely extinct, no example having been taken since December, 1878. It is a little difficult to understand why the Labrador Duck should have disappeared, for the bird was possessed of good powers of flight, bred in comparatively unfrequented localities at the north, and, as just stated, was not especially sought after. Some epidemic may have swept off the greater part of the race, but this is purely supposititious, as nothing of the kind is known to have occurred. That epidemics do occur among birds is shown by Dr. Stejneger’s account of the Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus) of the Commander Islands, thous- ands upon thousands of which died during the winter of 1876~77, so that masses of dead birds covered the beach all around the islands. As this bird formed an important article of food during the time of year when the fur seal is not slain, fears were entertained by the residents of the island that the bird might become extinct, like Pallas Cormorant. But although the birds were scarce during the summer of 1877, their numbers have since increased, although they have never attained their former abundance. A possible cause for the original depletion may have been the taking of eggs by the Indians, for the Eider, which breeds alohg the southern coast of Labrador, suffers severely from their dep- redations. A small dog is trained to hunt through the bushes near the water’s edge, the favorite nesting place of the Eider, while his master silently paddles along close to the shore to note just where a bird is driven from the nest, and in this manner many eggs are taken. Now if the Labrador Ducks bred over a comparatively small extent of country, near the summer camp of a band of Indians, their original decrease would be readily accounted for. Dr. Stejneger has so clearly shown (Stand. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1v. Birds, p. 151) how the extinction of this or other species might have come about that the account is here quoted in full: It seems to be a fact that when a migratory species has reached a certain low num- ber of individuals, the rapidity with which it goes towards extinction is considerably increased. _ Two circumstances may tend toward this result. We know that when birds on their migrations get astray, having lost their route and comrades, they are nearly always doomed to destruction, that fate not only overtaking single individuals, but also large flocks to the last member. _ Ifthe safety of the wanderers, therefore, greatly depends upon their keeping their correct route, the safety decreases disproportionately the scarcer the species become, ‘since, if the route is .poorly frequented, the younger and inexperienced travelers have less chance of following the right track, and more chance of getting lost, and ‘consequently destroyed. The fewer the individuals, the more disconnected become he breeding localities, the more difficult for the birds to find each other and form ocks in the fall. Finally the number will be reduced to a few colonies, and the pecies, consequently in danger of extinction, and a casualty, which, under ordi- ary circumstances, would only affect a fraction of the members, now may easily prove fatal to the remainder of the species. 638 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. We need only suppose that during one unfortunate year nearly all the broods were: destroyed by inundations, fires, or frost, to perceive what difficulty the few birds left in the autumn would have in wending their way without getting astray. We know that the proportion of birds returning in spring is comparatively small, and the flocks are considerably thinned down. Under the circumstances presumed, there will hardly be birds left to form flockél But birds used to migrate in flocks do not like or can not travel alone; hence they) are forced to follow flocks of allied species, which may take them to Noose far from their home. In that way a few scattered pairs may survive, and breed here and there, a number of years after the rest are destroyed, and such are probably those few Labrador Ducks which have been captured occasionally during the last twenty, years or more. There is a possibility that a few such pairs may be in existence, but, however hardy, their fate is sealed, and perhaps not a single one will get into the hands of a naturalist. AUTHORITIES. The Birds of America. John James Audubon, 1840-1844. Standard Natural History, Vol. 1v. Birds. Chenomorphae, p. 15]. LL. Stejneger, Boston, 1885. THE GREAT AUK. (Alca impennis.) The Great Auk, or Garefowl (Alca impennis), was the largest mem- ber of the Auk family, distinguished not only by its size, but by its flightlessness, enjoying the proud distinction of being the sole bird in the northern hemisphere incapable of flight. The name by which the Great Auk was originally and commonly known in America was Pen- guin, and the southern birds, now known by that title, did not receive this appellation until many years after. Garefowl is of Scandinavian origin, and comes to us by way of western Scotland. In color the Great Auk much resembied its lesser relative, the Ra- zorbill, the head, neck, and back being black, and the under parts white. A peculiar mark of the bird was a large white spot in front of the eye, one old writer with a greater love of the marvelous than of truthfulness stating that this spot was found on the right side only. The wings, although far too small to sustain the bird in the air, formed an admir- able pair of oars, the Great Auk being a most expert swimmer and diver, and performing even longer migrations than many of its relatives that were endowed with the power of flight. (Plate CIII.) Many, possi- bly all, of the Auk family use their wings quite as much as their feet for propulsion under water, and they may literally be said to fly beneath the sea as wellas over it. It has been noted that the inability of the Great Auk to fly was due to lack of development of the bones of the forearm and hand, the humerus being proportionately as long as in other Auks, This modification of structure was directly correlated with the aquatie habits of the Garefowl, for the resistance of water being vastly greater than that of air, a wing especially adapted for subaquatic flight would : I 4 Report of National Museum, 1889.—Lucas PLATE Clll. THE GREAT AUK. Alca impennis. (Cat. No. 57338, U.S. N. M. Eldey Island, off the coast of Iceland.) a a Bs ‘ 2 yey ae veh le ng ie i Mae ne en ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 639 demand less surface and more power than a wing formed for aerial loco- motion. In the case of the Great Auk this demand was met by shorten- ing the outer portion of the wing, while other birds that use their wings in diving obtain as far as possible the same result by only partially open- ing their wings. The Great Auk was confined to the North Atlantic, ranging on the European side from Iceland to the Bay of Biscay, and ‘on the Amer- ican from Greenland to Virginia, these localities marking the extreme limits of the bird’s migrations. CPn oo? fo ao —— Ger ‘ ‘ Map 4.—Distribution of the Great Auk. The heavy, black line shows the summer habitat, and the interrupted line the winter range of tle species. A, localities where specimens have been taken, but where the occurrence of the bird was probably accidental. X, places where remains of the Great Auk have been found in shell heaps. Greenland was the habitat of the Garefowl to a very limited extent, and the same may be said of the coast of Norway, while the southern limits given above were reached only during the winter migrations of the bird. The positively known breeding-places were few in number, those where the bird bred abundantly, being the Garefowl Skerries off the coast of Iceland and Funk Island on the Newfoundland coast. These islands, or more properly islets, were very similar in their general character, being isolated rocks, lying at some distance from shore and difficult of access. Of course the reason for this similarity is apparent. The Great Auk and its eggs formed desirable articles of food, and since the bird was helpless on land, it was easily captured, whence it’ came to pass at an early date that the bird was exterminated at all localities easy of access. Another and more important factor in the extermi- nation of the Auk, especially in America, is to be found in the gregarious habits of the bird and its predilection for certain breeding-places. This habit of the Garefowl is shown by other birds which are restricted in their breeding habitat without any apparent reason, although there may be some unknown cause in the nature of food-supply that might account for it. A good example of this is found in the Gannet, which, although a bird of powerful flight, breeds at only three localities on the eastern coast of America, and in Europe crosses the North Sea to nest in Scot- ~ ¢ : 2 : | 640 REPORT OF NATJONAL MUSEUM, 1889. land, when localities seemin gly quite as favorable exist along the shores: of Norway. There were apparently plenty of suitable breeding- grounds} for the Great Auk in Maine and Labrador, but had the bird bred in small colonies at localities scattered along this wide expanse of territory, it) would have been in existence to-day. The most important European breeding place of the Garetowl was) an islet 25 miles off Reykjanes, Iceland, where, for many years, it led a somewhat precarious existence, several times seeming to have been so reduced in numbers that expeditions in search of birds and eggs were not worth the risk. Still the bird would have existed in this_ locality many years longer than it did, but for voleanic disturbances in- March, 1830, during which the Geirfuglasker sank beneath the sea compelling the existing Garefowl to seek new-breeding places. Most of them appear to have moved to an islet by the name of Eldey, and this being near the coast and more accessible, the few remaining Great Auks were in the course of fourteen years all killed, the last pair being taken about the 3d of June, 1844, this being the last authentic record of the Great Auk in Europe. It was from this locality that most of the skins now extant were obtained, only one mounted speci- men being recorded from American localities, although nearly all skeletons have come from Newfoundland. The history of the Great Auk in America may be said to date from 1534, when, on May 21, two boat’s crews from Cartier’s vessels landed on Funk Island, and, as we are told, ‘‘In lesse than halfe an hour we filled two boats full of them, as if they had bene stones. So that besides them which we did eat fresh, every ship did powder and salt five or sixe barrels of them.” The Great Auk having thus been apprized of the advent of civiization in the regular manner, continued to be utilized by all subsequent visitors. The French fishermen depended very largely on the Great Auks to supply them with provisions; passing ships touched at Funk Island for supplies; the early colonists barreled them up for winter use, and the great abundance of the birds was set forth among other inducements te encourage emigration to Newfoundland. The immense numbers of the Auks may be inferred from the fact that they withstood these drams for more than two centuries, although laying but a single egg, and conse- quently increasing but slowly under the most favorable circumstances. Finally some one conceived the idea of killing the Garefowl for their feathers, and this sealed its fate. When and where the scheme origin- ated, and how long the slaughter lasted, we know not, for the matter is rather one of general report than of recorded fact, although in this instance circumstantial evidence bears witness to the truth of Cart- wright’s statement thatit was customary for several crews of men to pass the summer on Funk Island solely to slay the Great Auks for their feathers. That the birds were slain by millions; that their bodies were left to molder where they were killed; that stone pens were erected; and that for some purpose frequent and long continued fires were built ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 641 on Funk Island, is indisputable. This locality has been but thrice visited by naturalists, the last time in the summer of 1887, by a party from the U. 8S. National Museum, who, by the aid of the U.S. Fish Commission, were enabled to obtain much information in regard to this interesting spot, and to make very extensive collections of remains of the Great Auk. Just when the Great Auk ceased to exist in America is unknown, for there were few naturalists on this side of the water when the Garefowl was being done to the death; but the extinction took place not far from 1840, almost coincidently with the extermination of the bird in Europe. Few birds have received more attention than has the Great Auk since it became extinet, and it has been the subject of humerous papers, both popular and scientific, while its remains bring extravagant prices whenever chance brings them into the market. The lastskeleton sold brought $600, the last skin $650, while an egg brought $1,250, and then was resold for the round sum of $1,500, AUTHORITIES. The Garefowl and its Historians. Alfred Newton. Natural History Review, 1865; pp. 467-488. Relics of the Great Auk. John Milne. London Field, March 27; April 3 and 10, 1875. The Great Auk or Garefowl. Symington Grieve. Edinburgh, 1885, The Expedition to Funk Island, with Observations upon the History and Anatomy of the Auk. Frederic A. Lucas. Report U. 8. Nat’l Mus. ; 1887’-88 ; pp. 493-529. PALLAS’ CORMORANT. (Phalacrocorax perspicillatus.) Pallas’ Cormorant was the largest of its family, and with rich plumage and crests, presented a striking appearance. Above and below it was of a deep, Justrous green with blue gloss on the neck, and rich purplish ~IBERING | aN Ss COPPER’ ATTY S 2 Map 5.—The distribution of Pallas’ Cormorant. on the scapulars. Long, slender, straw-colored feathers were inter- spersed through the plumage of the neck, and the shafts of the tail eathers were white. H. Miss. 224, pt. 2——41 642 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. The specific name of perspicillatus, spectacled, was bestowed upon the bird of Pallas on account of the broad ring of bare, white skin surround ing the eyes. So far as is known, the bird was found only on Bering Island, where it was discovered by Steller in 1741, at the time of Ber: ing’s unfortunate shipwreck, when the bird was largely used for fooc by the survivors. The known history of Pallas’ Cormorant is extremely brief, and has been so well recorded by Dr. Stejneger in the Proceedings of the U. 8: National Museum for 1888, that one can not possibly do better than tc quote his account. Omitting the tecbnical portion, it is as follows : —J It seems as if the very causes which terminated the existance of the Great Auk worked the same result in Pallas’ Cormorant, and it is even probable that if the latte at some early period, also inhabited the other Aleutian Islands, as is most likely, vol canic eruptions may have played a réle in this drama as well as in that of the Great Auk. True, the latter was entirely deprived of its power of flight, but it is evident both from the measurements of the skins as well as of those of the bones, given below, that the wings of the cormorant were disproportionately small. Steller speaks of its great bulk of body and its weight, which varied between 12 and 14 pounds, so that one single bird was sufficient for three starving men of the shipwrecked crew. With this bulk it combined an unusual “ stoliditas,” but it is pretty clear that this stupidity, which made them such aneasy prey, was due more to their slowness of locomotion on land and in the air than to any special temperament or dullness of in- tellect. The natives of Bering Island inform me that the meat of this species was particularly palatable compared with that of its congeners, and that, consequently, during the long winter, when other fresh meat than that of the cormorants was ob- tainable, it was used as food in preference to any other. In brief, all the circumstances combined to make short work at exterminating this bird at its last refuge, for there is no evidence that it has ever been found during historical times in any other locality: than Bering Island. The result was that Pallas’ cormorant, which was found by Steller and his shipwrecked comrades on that desolate island in 1741, and which at that time—that is, before man ever visited its rocky shores—occurred there in great numbers, ‘‘ frequentissimi,” as Steller says, became extinct in about one hundred years: from its discovery. The history of this bird forms an interesting parallel to that of the great northern sea-cow (Kytina gigas). Up to 1837 or 1839 Steller seems to have been the only naturalist who had seen this bird, for, although naming it in his Zoographia, all Pallas knew of the species was: derived from Steller’s observations, whose description he merely quotes. It is, then, safe to conclude that it was not among the many water birds collected by Billing’s. expedition, which brought such rich spoils home from the Kuriles and the Aleutian Island, but which did not touch at Bering Island. In the above mentioned year Captain Belcher, with the Sulphur, visited Sitka, and was there presented by Kupria- noff, the Russian governor, with one of the specimens of this bird in his possession. This specimen is evidently the one now in the British Museum, while the others went to the St. Petersburg Academy, from which one was again secured by the Leyden Museum. Although obtained from the governor in Sitka, there is nothing to indicate: whence came the specimens; but inasmuch as Bering Island at that time belonged to the administrative district of Sitka, at which port all the furs were received from that island before being shipped to Europe; all vessels from Bering Island conse- quently first stopping at Sitka, there is every probability that the specimens in ques- tion were collected on that island. During my cireumnavigation of Bering Island I landed on September 1, 1852, at Pestshanij Mys near the northwestern extremity of the island. Ascending the steep | se z a + in nei Pos % be Report of National Museum, 1889.—Lucas. PLATE CIV. GALAPAGOS TORTOISE. Testudo nigrita. (Dunean Island.? From living specimenin the National Zoological Park. Collected bythe U S Fish Commission steamer Albatross, in 1888.) GALAPAGOS TORTOISE. Testudo elephantopus. (Albemarle Island. From living specimen in the National Zoological Park. Collected by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, in 1888 ) ees ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 643 coast escarpment which is here about 35 feet high, I found near the edge of the ter- rasse a rather extensive deposit of bones of various mammals and birds arranged in thin layers of sand and sod alternating. The average thickness of the deposit was about 2 feet, and the present area covered in the neighborhood of 600 square feet, though it was evident that it was formerly of much greater extent, the ocean having encroached upon the land and carried away great portions of the terrasse. The bones were in fairly good condition, some of the smaller and delicate ones even excellently well preserved, and none of them showed signs of violence. There were bones of the Arctic Fox, the Sea Otter, the Sea Lion, and other species of seals, as well as various kinds of water birds. Among the latter a particularly large pelvis of a Phalacro- corax at once attracted my attention, and as I had had Pallas’ Cormorant on my mind since I started from Washington, I was not slow in concluding that f had to do with the bones of this bird. Had I had time to dig out the whole deposit I should prob- ably have obtained more bones, but with the above suspicion I did as much digging and collected as many bird bones as the circumstances would allow. The bones thus obtained, twenty-three in number, are the only por- tions of the skeleton known to science, all that now exists of Pallas’ Cormorant being four mounted specimens and a handful of bones. There is a slight possibility that Pallas’ Cormorant may yet be found about some of the small, uninhabited islands towards the western end of the Aleutian chain, but this is merely a possibility and nothing more. AUTHORITIES. Standard Natural History, Vol. tv. Birds. Steganopodes, p. 191. L. Stejneger. Contribution to the History of Pallas’ Cormorant. Leonhard Stejneger and Frederic A. Lucas. Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. xu, pp. 83-94. THE GALAPAGOS AND MASCARENE TORTOISES. The Galapagos Archipelago, which comprises fifteen small islands, lying directly on the equator, was so christened by the Spaniards of the sixteenth century on account of the abundance of great, black tortoises (galapago) found there. (Plate CIV.) These turtles, of which there are several closely related species inhabiting various islands of the group, are typical land-tortoises of the genus Testudo, characterized by a high, arched carapace, and club feet. The nearest relatives of the Galapagos tortoises are found in the island of Aldabra, to the north and west of Madagascar, and in the Seychelles (see map 3), whither they were in- troduced from Aldabra. There were—the past tense is painful—closely allied species inhabiting the Mascarene Islands, but these were long since ‘‘eaten off the face of the-earth by gluttonous man” and the place thereof knoweth them no more. The same fate is impending over the Galapagos tortoises, and sooner or later they will live only.in the name of their former abiding place. The Galapagos tortoises and their allies present a doubly interesting instance of the peculiar geographical distribution of animals. Not only are they as a group confined to small islands remote from one another _ and from the continent, but, with one exception, each species of tortoise is restricted to a single island. 644 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. In the case of the Masearene tortoises this is not so singular, as Mauritius, Bourbon, and Rodriguez are some distance apart; but the Galapagos tortoises inhabit islands most of which are in sight of one another, and some separated by only 8 or 10 miles of sea. Abingdon BindloesS Gomer Sve mes Narborough - Seo doh tegable le Barrington el Albemarle Chatham &S Charles Hf, a ee Map 6.—The distribution of Galapagos Tortoises. The exception noted above to the rule that a given island possesses but a single species of tortoise, is Albemarle Island, which has two, but in this instance the island is divided by lava streams whose broken ir- regular surfaces present impassible barriers to such creatures as tor- toises. It is unfortunate, in view of the interest attached to the subject, that the exact locality of many of the tortoises brought from the Gala- pagos Islands should be unknown, the more that unless the problem of their distribution is soon settled it never can be. Dr. Gunther enumerates six species, the first two of which are certainly known to have come from the islands assigned to them, two are in a measure conjectural, and two are unknown. Three, probably four, species are in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, but in this case a little uncertainty hangs over the exact locality they came from, owing to the fact that several were obtained at Chatham Island, whither they were brought from other islands of the archipelago. One very large indi-_ vidual, however, was obtained at Abingdon Island, where the tortoises are probably extinct, the weathered skeleton having fortunately been preserved in a tolerably complete condition. The Galapagos tortoises are vegetable feeders, living largely on succulent cactus, which serves the double purpose of food and drink. They are very fond of water, and although seeming to thrive on the smaller islands which are with- out springs, make long pilgrimages to reach the wells on the upper portions of the large islands. Although the tortoises travel day and night while on these journeys, owing to their proverbially slow rate of speed (three or four miles an hour) it requires two or three days to make the trip. Regular roads, similar to those that would be made by a low-bodied cart, branch out from the springs in every direction, lead-— ing from them to the coast, and it was by following up these well-trav- eled paths that the Spaniards first discovered the watering places. These tortoises are currently reported to be totally deaf, and Porter O ‘ ¥, 4 y ' a ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 645 records that they took no notice even of the report of a gun, while Dar- win states that they seemed quite unaware of any approach from the rear, but would draw in their extremities with aloud hiss as soon as they saw him. Dampier, who visited the Galapagos group in 1680, was per- haps the first to publish an account of the tortoises that supplied him with fresh provisions, as they did many a mariner after him, these creatures being indeed ideal live stock tor sailors’ purposes, requiring little care and no food, yet existing on this diet for three or four months. Dampier does not tell us from what islands he obtained his tortoises, but in his time they must have been abundant throughout the entire Archi- pelago. Occasional mention is made of the Galapagos tortoises by ves- sels which stopped there for provisions and water, and many more touched there without putting their visits on record. In 1813 Porter, of the celebrated Hssex, who visited the islands for the purpose of way- laying British whaling vessels, obtained tortoises abundantly on Hoods, Marlborough, James, Charles, and Indefatigable Islands, but although only shells and bones were seen on Chatham Island, the tortoises must still have been numerous there, since they still exist in that locality. Porter was the first to note the fact that differences existed between the tortoises from the various islands. In 1835, during the now famous voyage of the Beagle, Darwin found the tortoises still numerous on Chatham, Charles, and James Islands, although he notes that the numbers had been much reduced, owing to quantities taken by the whalers and by parties from the mainland, who visited the islands for the purpose of salting tortoise meat and making oil from the fat. H. M.S. Herald in 1846 reported the tortoises extinct on Charles Island, and in 1875 Captain Cookson says that only a few individuals were left on Chatham Island, and that they were much lessened in numbers on Hood, James, and Indefatigable Islands, although plentiful in Albe- marle and Abingdon. Small wonder that the ranks of these slow-grow- ing, slower-paced reptiles should be getting thinned out, when we read that vessels have taken away as many as seven hundred at one time, and that the crew of a frigate captured two hundred in a single day. Of course these figures are exceptional, yet prior to 1870 as many as forty or fifty whalers annually visited the islands, stopping there some time and carrying away a hundred or so of tortoises when they de- parted, the number thus taken from Charles Island alone being esti- mated at 6,000, the total number from all the islands reaching several millions, | In 1829 the Government of Heuador established a penal colony on Charles Island, whose members relied principally upon the tortoises to keep them in fresh meat and the orchilla* gatherers, who visit the *The Spanish name for the orchilla weed (Roccella tinctoria), a widely distributed species of lichen, from which a purple dye is obtained. The lichen formed a portion of the food of the tortoises, and it is rather interesting that, having first aided in their increase, it should later on prove an unportant factor in their destruction, 646 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. islands annually, count upon these animals to furnish them with a large proportion of their supplies. The manufacture of tortoise oil must be credited with having caused the destruction of large numbers of tortoises, and as late as 1875 Cap- tain Cookson found a party of seven engaged in its preparation on Al- bemarle Island. In twelve months they had made 3,000 gallons, a quantity that probably represented an equal number of tortoises, for though 5 or 6 gallons have been obtained from unusually large and fat animals, the average yield is about 1 gallon. Dogs, too, introduced by the colonists, have played their customary role in the extirpating pro- cess, chiefly by destroying the young tortoises, which they watch for and devour as soon as hatched, but also by killing animals of considerable size. With so many enemies, no means of defense, and no power of escape by flight, it is surprising that any tortoises should to-day exist, and the fact that they are not yet exterminated shows how wonderfully abundant they must have been when the islands were discovered. In 1888 the U. 8S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross succeeded in obtaining a iimited number of tortoises, but they were comparatively small, mostly mere infants of 10 or 20 pounds weight, although one specimen weighing about 40 pounds was secured. This is a sad falling off from former days, for in Darwin’s time individuals weighing 200 pounds were not uncommon, while the governor of the penal colony told Darwin that he had seen tortoises so large that it required six or eight men to lift one from the ground, a statement not at all incredible, since a tortoise from Aldabra turned the scales at 870 pounds. The decline in weight is due to the fact that the tortoises are killed while they are still young and before they have had time to attain any con- siderable size. Turtles live to a great age (the specimen from Aldabra was known to be over eighty) and like other reptiles continue to grow throughout life, so that great size is an indication of corresponding age. A tortoise obtained by Captain Cookson, estimated by an old tortoise hunter to be four years old, weighed only 9 ounces, so that the rate of growth would seem to be more rapid in old rather than in young indi- viduals. Probably no more large tortoises will come from the Galapagos group, and though the race may linger for some time longer, it will ultimately become extinct. The story of the Mascarene tortoises is soon told. Van Neck, the discoverer of the Dodo, found them abundant in Mauri- tius at the time of his visit in 1598, and he tells us that some were of such immense size that six men could be seated in one shell. In 1618 Bontekoe, on a trip to Bourbon, took twenty-four tortoises beneath a single tree, a statement which shows how numerous they then were. Rodriguez must, however, have been the headquarters of these ani- mals, for Leguat says: ‘There are such plenty of land turtles in this isle that sometimes you see two or three thousand of them in a drove, so that you may go above a hundred paces on their backs.” or rae aie ee oe aee =A ‘Aqiry urwyduy kq “ssuyy ‘puwy s,unpy ON Jo 48a Aq ynos saytur og paj0a][09 “wnasn]y [BUOEN “S “() G68GS ‘ON WO.y “‘ppoL, "TH 4q Buimvig 2 Cogg ‘d) ‘uveg @ apoon ‘sdaoru0sy;~ueYys sni1ze]oydo77 HSIA-ATIL AHL ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 647 In 1761 vessels were employed in transplanting tortoises from Rodri- guez to the Dutch colony at Mauritius, where they were used in the hospital and in exchange for various commodities with the Dutch East Indiamen who frequently touched there. In the early part of the pres- ent century the race seems to have become extinct, and save the few bones rescued from the marshes of Mauritius and the caves of Rodri- guez, nothing is left to show that these large and formerly abundant tortoises ever existed. AUTHORITIES. Natural History and Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle. Charles Darwin, London, 1876 (second edition). Description of the Living and Extin:t Races of Gigantic Land Tortoises. Albert Gunther. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1875, pp. 251-284. Remarks on the Tortoises of the Galapagos. Commander W. E. Cookson. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876, pp. 520-526. Article: Tortoise. Encyclopedia Britannica. 9thed. Vol. xxi. pp. 455-459. The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Islands. G. Baur. Am. Nat., Dec., 1889 ; pp. 1039-1057. THE TILE FISH. (Lopholatilus chameleonticeps.) The tile fish is the largest member of a small family of fishes (the Latilide), most of which are inhabitants of tropical or subtropical waters, although the tile fish itself ranged northwards to the latitude of Philadelphia. The tile fish was rather brilliantly colored, being pale-violet above and whitish below, with numerous markings of pale yellow. (Plate CV.) In size it varied from five to forty pounds, and it was an inhabitant of moderately deep water, being found at a depth of from ninety to one hundred and twenty-five fathoms. Up to 1879 the tile fish was unknown, and its discovery may be said to have been accidental. In May, 1879, Captain Kirby, of the schooner Wm. J. Hutchings, while trawling * for cod to the southward of Nantucket, took 5,000 pounds of a fish not only new to him but new to science. The greater part of the fish taken on the first haul of the trawls were thrown away, but as the samples that had been kept proved, on being cooked, to be most excellent eating, those subsequently taken were salted down, and when taken to Gloucester a portion was smoked. In July, 1879, more tile fish were taken—this time on hand lines—by Captain Dempsey, of the schooner Clara F. Friend, while trying for cod, but as there were no indications of the latter being present, Captain Dempsey, who natur- ally preferred to deal with fish with which he was acquainted, proceeded to other grounds. In 1880 and 1881, while engaged in exploring the *Among American fishermen a trawl is a line from half a mile to three miles long, having hooks at intervals of a few feet. In England a trawl is a net dragged along the bottom, the mouth being kept extended by a long beam. 648 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. sea-bottom of the southern coast of New England, the United States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk took tile fish on several occasions at depths of from 70 to 134 fathoms. The indications of the apparent abundance of a new and edible fish of large size made Professor Baird desirous of obtaining fuller knowledge of its habits and habitat, in the hope that it might readily be taken in large numbers and prove an im- portant addition to the list of food fishes. Unfortunately the fish com- mission had not yet built the schooner Grampus, so, having no vessel especially adapted for fishery research and prepared to encounter all weather, it was necessary to charter a fishing-smack for the work. Unfortunately, too, bad or threatening weather seemed to have been chartered with the smack, and only a brief and unsatisfactory trial could be made on the tile fish-ground, so that research was of necessity postponed until 1882. In the months of Mareh and April, 1882, ves- sels arriving at Philadelphia, New York, and Boston reported having passed large numbers of dead or dying fish scattered over an area of many miles, and from descriptions and the occasional specimens brought in, it was evident that the great majority of these were tile fish. Nat- urally these fish were not evenly distributed over all the area in which they were seen, Some observers reporting them as scattering, and others as at times so numerous that there would be as many as fifty on the oximatle area oating fish Map 7.—Showing destruction of tile fish. From a map prepared by Capt. J. W. Collins. space of a rod square. As one account after another came in it became apparent that a vast destruction of fish had taken place, for vessels re- ported having sailed for 40, 50, and 60 miles through floating fish; and in one case the schooner Navarino plowed for no less than 150 miles through waters dotted as far as the eye could reach with dying fishes. From careful computations made by Capt. J. W. Collins, it seems that an area of from 5,000 to 7,500 square statute miles were so thickly cov- ered with dead or dying fish that their numbers must have exceeded the enormous number of one billion. As there were no signs of any dis- ease, and no parasites found on the fish brought in for examination, their death could not have been brought about by either of these causes ; ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 649 and many conjectures were made as to the reason of this wholesale destruction of deep-water fishes, such as would ordinarily be unaffected by conditions prevailing at the surface, submarine volcanoes, heat, cold, and poisonous gases being variously brought forward to account for the loss of life. Professor Verrill has noted the occurrence of a strip of water, having a temperature of 48° to 50° Far., lying on the border of the Gulf-Stream slope, sandwiched in between the Arctic current on the one hand and the cold depths of the sea on the other. During 1880 and 1881 Pro- fessor Verrill dredged along the Gulf-Stream slope, obtaining in this warm belt, as he terms it, many species of invertebrates characteristic of more southern localities. In 1882 the same species were scarce or totally absent from places where they had previously been abundant, and this taken in connection with the occurrence of heavy northerly gales and the presence of much inshore ice at the north, leaves little doubt that some unusual lowering of temperature in the warm belt brought immediate death to many of its inhabitants. This is the more probable, as it is a well-known fact that sudden increase of cold will bring many fish to the surface in a benumbed or dying condition, and there are no indications of any shock or earthquake having occurred at the time the dead fish were first noticed. Whether the entire race of tile fish has become extinct, or whether they will later on be discov- ered on grounds to the southward of the localities where they were formerly found, it is impossible to say. Certain it is that none have been taken since the spring of 1882, although in the autumn of that year Captain Collins made careful trials in their former habitat with a view of ascertaining if any remained there. It is no less singular that so large and plentiful a fish should have remained so long un- known than that it should disappear almost as soon asit was discovered. Shounid the tile fish appear no more, it will be one of the few animals exterminated in modern times, for whose extinction man is in no ways accountable. AUTHORITY. History of the tile fish. J. W. Collins. Report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fish- eries for 1882, pp. 237-292, Washington, 1484. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK, AS ILLUS- TRATED BY THE COLLECTION IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. By J. ELFRETH WATKINS, Curator of the Department of Transportation and Engineering. In the brief report upon the section of steam transportation for the year 18387, a statement was made to the effect that considerable in- formation had been secured which it was hoped to use ‘in preparing a series of models to illustrate the beginnings and development of the English and American systems of track. ‘“While illustrated histories of the steamboat and locomotive are numerous, I am not aware that any systematic attempt has been made to preserve the history of the development of the systems of permanent way which, after many years of experiment, are now being reduced to a series of standards depending on the traffic.” (Report of U.S. National Museum, 1887, p. 79.) - These expectations were reaiized to a sufficient extent to warrant the preparation of the series of original rail sections, models, and drawings to illustrate the origin and development of American perma- nent way for the Exposition at Cincinnati in 1888. The interest manifested in that collection led me to present a paper entitled “The Development of the American Rail and Track” at the annual convention of the American Society of Civil Engineers, at Sea Bright, New Jersey, June 21, 1889. This will appear in the transac- tions of that society during the coming year.* At the conclusion of that paper I took oceasion to state that in its preparation ‘‘I preferred to confine myself to a description of such rails as are represented by original sections, models, or drawings in the section of transportation and engineering in the U. 8S. National Museum.” ‘‘T am fully conscious that I have been compelled to overlook many things which are of great historical interest, owing to the fact that our collection is small—only a nucleus in reality.” * See Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, April, 1890, p. 209- 232, 651 652 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Although some additions to the collection have since been made, a large portion of the facts here stated, together with many of the illus. trations, also appear in the original paper. 3 GOOD TRACK AS IMPORTANT AS THE LOCOMOTIVE. As the improved wagon roads in the past made it practicable to transfer the burden from the pack mule to the wheel vehicle, and the traveler from the saddle horse to the light, comfortable, and rapidly moving Carriage, so the development of the iron railway of the nine- teenth century has made it possible for us to enjoy the safety, speed, and comfort of the express train of to-day, drawn by the fleet, and powerful locomotive. In considering the improvement in methods of transportation, I am led to think that there is a tendency to overestimate the benefits aris- ing from the invention and improvement of the locomotive, and to overlook what has been done by those who devoted time and thought to the development of the various systems of permanent way. The improvement made in track construction in England during the first quarter of the century made the introduction of the locomotive there possible. Trevithick’s locomotive of 1804, crude as it was, would have been much more successful, and might have brought him much greater fame as one of the first inventors of the locomotive, had the track upon which it ran been constructed according to modern methods. Long before the locomotive was a practical machine the advantages of the cast-iron tramroad were fully appreciated. By careful calculation a distinguished London engineer, in 1802, found that while it cost 3s. 4d. per ton per mile to transport bulky freight over turnpikes, the cost on iron horse tramroads was only one- tenth, 4d. George Stephenson, while president of the ‘British Carrying Com- panies,” stated “that by the introduction of the horse tramroad the monthly expense of that company for coal carriage alone had been re- duced from £1200 to £300. An edition of “ Woods ‘Preatise of Railroads,” published in 1830, which was one of the earliest and most reliable standard works on railroad subjects, calls attention to the economical operation of the coal railroad, 9 miles long, near Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, then operated by horse power, and states that by this method “it has re- paid its whole cost since 1827.” On a large proportion of the American railways projected before 1830, it was intended that horse power should be used. In Austria the advantages of a horse tramway were also understood. In 1828 thirty-nine miles of the horse railway from Budweis to Lintz— constructed across the mountains which separate the Moidan and the Danube—was opened to traftie. This road was extended 41 miles DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 6538 farther in 1832, and for many years paid a dividend of 5 per cent. upon a capitalization of $10,000 a mile, being subsequently increased to a length of 130 miles in 1839. The modern horse railways in our cities and their suburbs earn hand- some dividends by carrying passengers at a lower fare per mile than the steam railway companies find profitable. THE IRON COAL ROAD. The circumstances connected with the origin of the iron railroad, and particularly the relations which existed between coal, iron and the railway in the beginning, are of the greatest interest. Man’s physical nevessities exert a powerful influence upon the inventive faculties, and the trite proverb arising therefrom is nowhere better exemplified than in the history of the conception, birth, and growth of the railroad. The demand for a new fuel to replace the faggot and the log was the necessity that became more and more urgent as the forest disap- peared to satisfy the demands of a dense population. This condition of affairs directed thought toward devising improved methods for transporting pit coal from the collieries of Great Britain to the adja- cent navigable streams or near seaports. Although coal had been mined in England as early as the middle of the ninth century, it was not until 1259 that Henry III granted the privilege of digging coal to certain persons in Neweastle. By the be- ginning of the fourteenth century it had become an important article of export, and was called “sea cole,” owing to the fact that it was shipped by vessels to various ports. EARLY USE OF IRON. Several methods of iron making were understood and practiced by the ancients. The Bible bears evidence in many texts to the high esteem in which the iron worker was held. Tubal Cain is described in Genesis Iv as ‘‘an instructor of every artifice in brass and iron.” In alluding to the Israelites in Deuteronomy Iv is the statement: “For the Lord hath taken you and brought you forth out of the iron furnace, even out of Egypt.” Processes of making iron were known to the Babylonians and Assyr- ians. The stones in the celebrated bridge said to have been built by Nitocris were held together by bands of iron kept in place by molten lead. “Among the ruins of Sargon’s palace objects of iron and bronze, such as hooks and rings, chains, pickaxes, hammers, plouglshares, weapons, fragments of chariots, and tools of all sorts were picked up.” The Pheenicians, Persians, and even the Chinese were acquainted with processes of forging iron centuries before the Christian era; and in India, in the temple of Kuttub at Delhi, there stands a pillar of solid 654 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. forged iron over 16 inches in diameter and nearly 60 feet high, supposed to have been erected in the third century. But these methods must be included among the lost arts—arts lost in the great abyss of the middle ages, which swallowed up so many of the results of the skill and ingenuity of the ancient world. But among the Greeks and the ancient nations of the Orient, as we learn from Homer, the early historians, and the latest inscriptions and archeological discoveries, iron was once regarded as a precious metal. Homer’s elaborate description of the shield of Achilles, forged by Vul- ran, undoubtedly shows that the art of working iron was fully under- stood in that semifabulous epoch.* Iron first came into use in the arts and manufactures when Spain flourished under the Visigoths, who are said to have derived it from their ancestors, the Scythians, of whose history so little is definitely known. Spanish iron brought high prices for many years. THE IRON INDUSTRY IN ENGLAND. Karly in the fifteenth century many blast furnaces were in existeace in France, and soon afterward they were introduced in Sussex, Kent, and Surrey, in England, and this gave impetus to the iron industry of England. As the processes of extracting iron from various ores be- came more fully understood, the demand increased, and in order to keep up the supply great inroads were made each year upon the forests for fuel. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603) the iron industry increased so rapidly that the consumption of wood became a most seri- ous matter, as iron was then smelted exclusively by charcoal. The destruction of the forests was so rapid that Parliament passed acts in 1558, 1581, and 1584 restricting the cutting of wood for char- coal, and thus the iron industry languished for over a century. In the mean time thought had been directed to the processes of smelt- ing iron with pit coal. Sturdevant’s method, altiiough patented in 1611, was not practicable; and Dudley, who eight years after solved the prob- lem with some success, was so much abused by the charcoal smelters, that fearing bodily injury he too abandoned the business. Nothing further seems to have been done toward using coal for smelting iron ore in England during the seventeenth century. THE IRON INDUSTRY IN AMERICA. As early as 1621 a considerable quantity of iron was produced in Vir- ginia, and that colony led the industry until 1628, when Massachusetts forged ahead. As wood fuel was plenty in America the industry grew so rapidly that Parliament passed an act in 1660 prohibiting the exportaen of eManual of Oriental Antiquities, manent Babson p- 195. DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 655 iron from the colonies except in English ships; and in 1679 a duty of 10s. was imposed by the British Government upon each ton of pig iron exported. In 1750, about 3,500 tons of pig iron having been imported into Eng- land from America, a law was passed by Parliament removing this duty, but prohibiting all persons in the colonies, under penalty of £200, from erecting a forge or working a tilt hammer or a rolling mill. This was one of the “ grievances” that instigated the Declaration of Inde- pendence. The historian Bancroft, commenting on this fact, says: America abounded in iron ore; its unwrpught iron was excluded from the English market, and its people were rapidly gaining skill at the furnace and forge. In Feb- rnary, 1750, the subject engaged the attention of the [louse of Commons. After a few days’ deliberation a bill was brought in which permitted American iron in its rudest forms to be imported duty free; but now that the nailers in the colonies could afford spikes and large nails cheaper than the English, it forbade the smiths of Amer- ica to erect any mills for slitting or rolling iron, or any plating forge to work with a tilt.* In 1761 less than 17,000 tons of iron had been made in all Great Brit- ain and over 4,500 tons had been imported from America. COAL-MINE TRAMROADS. The earliest railways were laid in the coal mines and from the mines to the adjacent water courses. These ways consisted of squared timber rails laid in the ground, held to gauge by cross timbers, to which they were fastened by wooden pins. Roger North in 1672, in his biography of his brother Francis, the Lord Chancellor, describes a wooden railway which he had seen at Newcastle during the reign of Charles II, as follows: ‘The manner of the carriage is by laying rails of timber from the colliery down to the river exactly straight and parallel, and bulky carts are made with rowlets fitting these rails, whereby the carriage is so easy that one horse will draw 4 or 5 chaldrons of coals.” The Neweastle chaldron weighed 5,936 pounds, so that one horse hauled 8 or 9 tons. EARLY AMERICAN COAL MINES. Coal was mined in America as early as 1770 on the James River in Virginia, and was used at the Westham fcundry to manufacture shot and shell during the Revolutionary War. *The exact wording of the act as finally passed was as follows: ‘‘ And that pig and bar iron in his Majesty’s colonies in America may be further manufactured in this kingdom, be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that from and after the 24th day of June, 1750, no mill or other engine for slitting or rolling of iron, or any plating forge to work with a tilt hammer, or any furnace for making steel, shall be erected, or after such erection continued in His Majesty’s colonies in America ; and if any person or persons shall erect or cause to be erected, or after such erection continue, or cause to be continued, in any of the said colonies, any such mill, engine, forge or furnace, every person or persons so offending shall, for every such mill, engine, forge or furnace, forfeit the sum of 200 pounds lawful money of Great Britain.” 656 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Ashbel Welch, in the Presidential address at the annual convention of the American Society of Civil Engineers at Washington in 1882 states that, ‘ About the year 1817 Josiah White and Erskine Hazard commenced the improvement of the Lehigh River, and made other preparations to inaugurate the anthracite coal trade. In 1820 they sent to market 365 tons, which was the beginning of the regular anthracite coal trade of America.” Before 1825 coal mining commenced to be an industry in the Schuyl- kill and Lehigh regions. In this country, as in England, the earliest railroads were built in and from the coal mines at Mauch Chunk, Honesdale, and Pottsville in Pennsylvania and Chesterfield in Vir- ginia to the nearest navigable streams. ~ The first locomotive that ever turned a driving wheel on a railroad on the Western Continent was imported from Kngland in 1829,* for use on the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company’s coal road at Honesdale, Pennsylvania. As the supply of coal was increased by improved methods of mining and cheaper means of transportation, it gradually superseded charcoal in the manufacture of iron. The cost of pig iron was reduced from £16 10s. in 1660 to £3 in 1760, aud the price did not vary much from this until the American Revolution cut off the supply of iron that England had been receiving from the colonies. This was several years before the introduction of good steam pumping engines, which between 1775 and 1790—through the improvements and inventions made by Watt in the engines of Savery and Newcomen—reached such a degree of per- fection that good steam pumps were put in every prominent colliery, and the amount of coal mined reached enormous proportions as the cost of mining it was lessened. TRON FURNACES IN ENGLAND. The following statement shows the growth of the iron industry in England during eighty-five years prior to the introduction of the loco- motive, in 1825: | Year. | Tron. Numer ce Production. — ee = es —— — Tons. 17)» |) Te COE ites C5 Spocub 00 qooood sao aeU DOU oo sod OeaDONS Ses bOoSsodse ne 59 17, 350 1788 pene oe Be BOR OOO EOE T Ae GeCC TOG BOBO Src ep achahe céncaae: | 2 13, 100. Pit CODIE(COKE) evroima oc ccmsjeinia aie ws clalaie Siero ata alas ee ben Re pae erpeee isagdabeacs ssc 53 48 800 rags EON Oe e see otis sian cetiaceus test Abe cals oe eee eee eee 121 124, 879 hiG@lancoplense ree tena N eee can scot ie So actcee Se ee eee Coe eae eres | None. BOR: MBiticoal (coke) ieee cert ee: 2st nc So SHE een | 168 170, 000 DSUGy setae ett ames metals fl a. WES. 1 Sse 7. EE i eae 297 250, 000 QO tsa Layee etek ana eeN TUS OS. Ly o/h aN ae 205 600, 000 * The locomotive ‘‘ Stourbridge Lion,” a full-sized model of which is in the Seetion of Transportation and Eugineering in the U. 8. National Museum, DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 657 Thus, even before the successful introduction of the locomotive, coal, iron, and the railroad had become three equally important factors in the creation of the great systems of transportation, which have made our prosperity and the higher civilization of to day possible. CAST IRON FIRST USED FOR RAILS IN ENGLAND. The price of iron was materially reduced as coal became cheap and abundant, and at length if became possible to use it in the construction of rails. The earliest iron used in track construction was cast in plates 3 or 4 feet long, 2 or 3 inches wide, and one-half or three-fourths of an inch thick. These plates were spiked on top of the wooden stringer rail where the wear was the greatest. As timber was dear in England at the close of the last century, many attempts were made to devise a cast-iron rail that should suit the traftic of the English tramroads. - We have in the collections several models of the cast-iron rails that were used from 1789 to 1816. . A fair impression can be obtained of the crude ideas that the early English tramway contractors had in regard to rails from an examination of the drawings. Fig. 23, cast-iron edge rail, 1789. Patented in England by Williain Jessop, mine engineer, and laid on a road in Loughborough. The rail was fish-bellied, and at first was not supported by a chair, the wood or Ly Zi EWO SEC / SEGATAA, ti, Fig. 23. JESSOP’s PATENT EDGE Rati. (1789.) (From model in the U. S. National Museum ) stone block being hewn to fit the end of the rail. Near the ends the rail had a flat projecting base, in which there were holes for the bolts which fastened them to the wooden block or sleeper. Fig. 24, cast edge rails, 1797, with joints supported by chairs. These were the first chairs adopted, and were cast the reverse of the ends of Fig, 24, EDGE RAILs, LAWSON COLLIERY, NEW CASTLE-ON-TYNF. (1797.) (Frem model in the U.S, National Museum. ) the rail, having two bolts through the stem of the rail at each joint. They were laid on the Lawson Main Colliery Road, New-Castle-on-Tyne, England, by Mr. Barnes, and were at first supported by timber but finally by stone blocks. 1 H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——42 658 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Fig. 20, cast edge rails, 1802; 4 feet 6 inches long. Invented by Mr.. Wyatt, and used on the railway at the slate quarry at Lord Penrhyn’s; estate, near Bangor, North Wales. The general shape of the cross-sec-- END SEC cere WYATT’S HEXAGONAL eee NortTH WALES. (1802.) (From model in the U. S. National Museum. ) tion of this rail was a hexagon. At each end of the rail a dove-tail block, 2 inches long, was cast at the bottom. This was slipped into a chair, which had previously been attached by a bolt to the wooden or stone support. Fig, 26, cast tram rail, 1803, ‘‘ with flange higher in the middle and a) nib under the tread to add strength.” Used on the Surrey Railway,, A - ears oO BELG ee Zijzn en sh Z EA IE. = ———a ZB Be a — qe —§$————_ ay A y OT) -<) = i] =A Mi . Jonas SEC ATAA Fig. 26. TRAM RAIL, SURREY RAILWAY. (1803.) (From modelin the U. S. National Museum. ) England. These rails had a rectangular noteh, half square, in the ends, , the joints being completed by one square-headed iron spike, which was counter-sunk, Fig. 27, cast rail with concave top, 1803. To be used also by road wagons and to be imbedded in common roads. ‘This rail, patented by PERSPECTIVE VIEW GOTT OM VWiEW Fig. 27. WoopHoust’s PATENT CONCAVt RAIL FOR WAGONS. From model inthe U. S. National Museum. ) Josiah Woodhouse, was fastened to transverse cross ties by bolts slipped | into slits through the base. Among the most interesting relics in the collection are two of the cast tram rails, 3 feet long, from the track from Penydarren Works to Glamorgan, near Aberdare Junction, Wales. These rails were a por- | tion of the original track upon which Trevithick’s first locomotive, to help man, ran in 1804, and was a gift of J. W. Widdowson, Esq., Lon- | don and Northwestern Railway of England, to the U. S. National ~~ \ DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 659 Museum. A drawing of these rails with the stone supports, one of which is also in the collection, is shown in Fig. 28. Fig. 28. TRAM RAIL, PENYDARREN WORKS TO GLAMORGAN CANAL, WALES. (1804.) Original in the U.S. National Museum: ) Fig. 29 is drawn from a model of a cast tram rail, designed to be laid without bolts or spikes. Charles Le Cann, of Llannelly, Wales, in 1808, 70 ViEw. SLCTION. LTHRD SPIKE Fig. 29. TRAM RAIL, DesiGNEp BY CHARLES LE CANN, LLANSELLY, WALES. (1801.) From model in the U. S. National Museum. received a premium of 20 guineas from the Society of Arts for the inven- tion of this rail, which was ingenious in construction. Projecting pins, ‘ 660 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. pyramidal in shape, were cast on the bottom of the tram rail at the points where the stone supports came under the rail, the joints being dovetailed into each other; the need of any other form of joint fixture was thus dispensed with. These rails were about 5 inches wide, and weighed 42 pounds per yard. Fig. 30 is from a model of a cast rail patented by Losh and George Stephenson, of Killingsworth, England, in 1816. A half-lap joint was used, through which a horizontal pin was passed transversely and Fig. 30. EvcE Ratt, PATENTED BY LOSH AND SPEPHENSON, LAID ON STOCKYTON AND DARLINGTON RAILROAD, 1825. (1816.) (From model in the U.S, National Museum. ) joined the rails together, at the same time fastening them to the cast- iron chair. A large portion of the Stockton and Darlington Railroad was laid with this rail in 1825. ROLLED IRON RAILS INTRODUCED. Early in this century inventive genius increased the power of the stationary engine and the efficiency of the steam blast and of the ma- chinery for working and handling iron. The puddling furnace, first used in 1784, was radically improved by Henry Cort about the beginning of the century. He also invented and introduced the rolling mill about the same time, so that it became pos- Fig. 31. Lorp CARLISLE’S WrouGHT-IRON RAIL. (1811.) (From model in the U. S. National Museum. ) sible to roll iron rails cheaply. These were at first rolled in lengths of about 12 feet. Drawings from the models of the early English rolled rails are shown. Vig. 31 is a bar rail laid in Lord Carlisle’s quarries, 1811. Fig. 52, wrought iron rail, patented 1820, by John Birkenshaw, of the Bedlington Iron Works, England. DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 661 sleepers. The wedge form is used because the strength of a rail is always proportioned to the square of its breadth and depth. Hence this (wedge) form of rail possesses all the strength of a cube equal to its square. The joints are made with a pin.” Birkenshaw showed great ingenuity in designing the rolls by which these rails were fairly rolled in lengths of 18 feet. Cast bars were soon after dispensed with. The model is made from drawings and specifications; English patent No. 4503, to John Birkenshaw, sealed October 23, 1820. Fig. 53, wrought-iron edge rail with fish-bellied web. These rails were aed by Stephenson in 1529 in laying the Liverpool and Man- SEC THRO CHAIR. Fig. 33. Fish-bELLY RAIL, DESIGNED BY GEORGE STEPHENSON AND LAID ON THE MANCHESTER AND LIVER- POOL RAILWAY. (1829.) (From model in the U. S. National Museum. ) chester Railway. Chairs used at joints; rails 15 feet long; supports 3 feet apart; weighed 35 pounds per yard. Fic. 34 shows a cross section of the original rail laid on the old Port- Peo) age Railroad over the Allegheny Mountains in Pennsylvania. These Fig. 34. ENGLISH ROLLED RAIL, CLARUNCE PATTERN, LAID ON THE OLD PosTaGek RAILWAY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 1833. (From original in the U. S. National Museum. ) rails were imported from England in 1832 and laid in 1833. A seetion of this rail is in the collection. A portion of the New Jersey Railroad (from Jersey City to New Brunswick) was also laid with T rails of the fish-belly pattern, similar to Fig. 33. 662 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. In Fig. 35 the dotted line indicates the depth of the rail between the ties. ‘The plate is from an original rail in the collection which was laid Vie. 35. ENGLISH FISH-BELLY RAIL, LAID ON THE NEW JERSEY RAILROAD NEAR NEWARK, 1832. (From original in the U. S. National Museum. ) near Newark, New Jersey, in 1831. It was the original design to lay the whole Portage Railroad with stone blocks and ‘T rails. THE ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. In 1825~27 a few isolated coal tramroads existed in the mining re- gions in Pennsylvania and Virginia and in the stone quarries in Massa- chusetts. These roads were laid with wooden rails, capped with thin merchant bar iron. About this time the Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of Internal Improvement sent an engineer abroad to exam- ine the English railways. The fully illastrated report made by Wil- liam Strickland, published during the year 1826, shows that rapid ad- vances in track construction had been made in Great Britain during the preceding decade, notwithstanding the fact that comparatively few locomotives were at work and only one railway for general traffic had been opened. This report, without doubt, contained the most trustworthy informa- tion obtainable at that time by American railway projectors. But America presented a very different problem from England to the pioneer railway builders. England was an old country, rich in com- merce and foremost in manufactures, of comparatively small area and very densely settled, having a population of nearly two hundred to the square mile of territory, while the population of the whole United States was less than four to the square mile. In the seven States, Connecti- cut, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, where most of the early railways were projected, the average population was a little over thirty-five to the square mile. | DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 663 ENGLISH AND AMERICAN ENGINEERS, The British railway projectors had the advantage of being able to eall into their service a trained force of civil engineers. Many of these engineers were connected with well-organized scientific societies, or were generally experienced in the construction of public works, and were familiar with what had been done for years on the coal tramroads; men on whose judgment the wealthy capitalist was willing to supply the money for the proposed improvement. England also had numerous machine-shops fairly well equipped with tools and stationary engines, and many coal mines and iron foundries in operation, which made it possible to obtain without difficulty the material for laying the tracks with heavy rails firmly attached by strong chairs to the sleepers that were imbedded in stone ballast. With the exception of making the rail heavier, and using steel instead of iron, and substituting an iron for the wooden cross-tie, and strengthen- ing the splice chair, there has been no great change in the English system of track laying in the last fifty years. Many of the civil engineers who were first called into the service of the American railroads were connected with the Army Engineer Corps, having obtained their training at West Point, the only institution in the United States where engineering was taught during the first quar- ter of the century. In many cases these officers were detailed for a term of years to the “ Board of Engineers for Internal Improvements”* to make surveys for various projected roads and canals. The preliminary surveys for the Camden and Amboy, the Pennsylvania, and the Balti- more and Ohio Railroads were made with the assistance of officers of this Corps. In some cases, however, these surveys were made by canal or road engineers who had obtained experience in canal and turnpike construe- tion. On the railroads then built the curves and gradients were fre- quently sharp and steep, as few cuts or fills were made, and these cheap roads were quickly extended, through a rapidly growing country, with a view to connect the navigable water courses, and to unite witb the steam-boat companies in forming “ through lines.” By the aid of these roads the Western and Southern States rapidly increased in population and commercial prosperity. In 1832 the South Carolina Railroad from Charleston to Hamburg, 135 miles long, which was then the longest railroad in the world, was a continuous trestle work, with rails of squared timber, capped with strap iron, framed to the top of posts, where grading would have been necessary. directly from the President of the United States, 1824-32. 664 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. AMERICA WITHOUT ROLLING MILLS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE) RAILROAD ERA. When the corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was laid in 1828, there was not a rolling mill in all the United State where rails | of the character laid on the Stockton and Darlington Railroad could be | rolled ; in fact, the only rails rolled in America for several years after was the strap rail of merchantable bar iron 24 inches wide and five- eighths of an inch thick, the holes for the spikes often being drilled by hand, = SS Bee = EEO OEE IES SUT KAAIEKY Besaereneces: eee SFG 4 2 Yi, LOT ENGL LG - eee 7 ee Y J LAG tj ZY SY GEC y Yj, i Villdddléijtj0 ° Fig. 36. WOODEN STRINGER AND STRAP RAIL, ALBANY AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD, 1837. (From adrawing in the U S. National Museum. ) On the Albany and Schenectady road strap rail was laid on longi- tudinal sleepers of wood, supported on trenches filied with broken stone. (See Fig. 36.) . sd ms thy Ce ioc pr Se BO NS. INA IR Coe To OO STONE STRINGER AND STRAP RAIL, BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD, 1833. (From original rail and stone block in the U. S. National Museum. ) On the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and the Columbia road in Penn- Sylvania, the strap rail was attached to the edges of stone blocks, which were laid on trenches filled with broken stones; the corners of the stone stringers were chamfered. (See Fig. 37.) oe DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 665 A thick rectangular rail laid on the Baltimore and Port Deposit Rail- road in 1838 is illustrated in Fig. 58, from a drawing in the collection. Stringer 616" with | po 67-=-="4 i WW Woeden Stri nger, 66" Love Fig. 38. THICK RECTANGULAR RAIL, LAID ON THE BALTIMORE AND PorT DEPOSIT RAILROAD, 1838. (From drawing in the U. S. National Museum. Roads, such as the Camden and Amboy in New Jersey, Boston and Providence, Philadelphia aud Germantown, and the Pennsylvania (then under State control), which did not adopt this construction, were com- pelled to obtain their edge rails and rail fastenings from England. The following memorial presented to the Twentieth Congress (H. R. Doc. No. 206) by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, and re- ferred to the Committee on Roads and Canals March 17, 1828, is of the greatest inferest in this connection. ‘ To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in Congress assembled : 2 } U g The memorial of the president and directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company respectfully sheweth: That your memorialists have it in contemplation, and are at this time taking measures, to construct a railroad, with at least two sets of tracks, from the city of Baltimore to the Ohio River, which will, it is estimated, unavoidably require not less than fifteen thousand tons of malleable iron. Your memorialists, taking into consideration the actual quantity of this indispen- sable article now annually manufactured in our own country, and further consider- ing the numerous lines of railroads already projected in different parts of the United States, are confirmed in the opinion that it will be difficult, if not impossible, to pro- cure amongst ourselves a sufficient quantity for these numerous undertakings, and, consequently, that an enormous enhancement of the present price inust be the inev- itable consequence unless supplies to a considerable extent be drawn from abroad ; which enhancement of an article so necessary both in the manufacturing and agri- cultural operations of the country would manifestly be injurious to both these im- portant interests. Your memorialists are persuaded that so enlightened a body as the Representa- tives of the peaple of the United States are fully aware of the vast importance of the undertaking in which this company have embarked. It 1s indeed an enterprise in 666 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. which every section of our country-has a deep and vital interest. Its direct effect upon the prosperity of the nation, if successfully accomplished, and its beneficial influence in perpetuating the happy union of these States, is perceived and appre- ciated by all; at the same time it should not be overlooked that this great work, of such deep national concernment, and pregnant with such important consequences, has been undertaken, and so far conducted, by individual enterprise, and is still almost exclusively dependent upon private resources for its accomplishment. Under these considerations your memorialists take leave respectfully to ask of the National Legislature for the passage of an act authorizing the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company to import from abroad, if it should be found needful, such sup- plies of iron and iron machinery as may be requisite for the construction of the pro- posed road, free of duty. In presenting these views of au object essentially national to the representatives of their country, your memorialists rely on the wisdom and patriotism of Congress to afford such relief as may be deemed proper, either by an exemption from duty or by a drawback upon the material actually used in the construction of the road; at the same time they confidently believe that in granting the indulgence now asked for the best interests of the nation will be substantially promoted, whilst no injury what- ever will accrue either to the manufacturing, agricultural, or other important inter- ests of the country. Signed on behalf of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. P. E. THOMAS, President. The half century from 1825 to 1875 may be called the experimental era of the American railroad, since the experience obtained during that time has finally led to the adoption throughout the whole country cf an almost uniform standard of track construction, depending upon the traffic. To trace the changes in form and the development of the modern American rail during this period is of the greatest interest. THE FIRST RAIL ROLLED WITH A BASE. From an examination of the minutes of the board of directors of the Camden and Amboy Railroad, September, 1850, I find that in the in- structions given to Robert L. Stevens, president and chief engineer of that company, who had been ordered to visit England to inspect and report upon railroad matters there, he was directed to purchase “all iron rail,” which the management of that company preferred to the wooden rail plated with strap iron. Mr. Stevens sailed a few days later, and it was-during this voyage that he designed the first rail ever rolled with a base, whittling several model sections out of wood, which he obtained from the ship’s carpenter. He was familiar with the Birkenshaw rail, with which the best En- glish roads were then being laid, but he saw that, as it required an expensive chair to hold it in place, it was not adapted to our country, where metal workers were scarce and iron was dear. He added the base to the T-rail, dispensing with the chair. Healso designed the ‘hook headed” spike, which is substantially the railroad spike of to- day, and the ‘iron tongue,” which has been developed into the fish- DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 667 bar, and the rivets, which have been replaced by the bolt and nut, to complete the joint. A fae-simile of the letter which he addressed to the English iron mas- ters a short time after his arrival in London was published in the Re- port on the Section of Transportation, 1887 (page 79). It contains a cross-section, side elevation, and ground plan of the rail for which he requested bids. The letter reads: LIVERPOOL, November 26, 1830. GENTLEMEN: At what rate will you contract to deliver at Liverpool, say from 500 to 600 tons of railway, of the best quality iron rolled to the above pattern in 12 or 16 feet lengths, to lap as shown in the drawing, with one hole at each end, and the pro- jections on the lower flange at every 2 feet, cash on delivery ? How soon could you make the first delivery, and at what rate per month until the whole is complete? Should the terms suit and the work give satisfaction a more ex- tended order is likely to follow, as this is but about one-sixth part of the quantity required. Please to address your answer (as soon as convenient) to the care of Francis B. Ogden, consul of the United States at Liverpool. J am, your obedient servant, RoBeRT L. STEVENS, President and Engineer of the Camden and South Amboy Railroad and Transportation Company. The base of the rail which he first proposed was to be wider where it was to be attached to supports than in the intervening spaces. This was afterwards modified, so that the base was made one width, 3 inches, throughout. Mr. Stevens received no favorable answer to his propo- sals, but being acquainted with Mr. Guest (afterwards Sir John Guest), then a member of Parliament and proprietor of large iron works in Dowlais, Wales, he prevailed upon him to have the rails rolled at his works. Mr. Guest became interested in the scheme and accompanied Mr. Stevens to Wales, where the latter gave his personal supervision to the construction of the rolls. After the rolls were completed the Messrs Guest hesitated to have them used, through fear of damage to the mill machinery, upon hearing which Mr. Stevens deposited a hand- some Sum guaranteeing the expense of repairing the mill in case it was damaged. The receipt for this deposit was preserved for many years among the archives of the Camden and Amboy company. Asamatter of fact, the rolling apparatus did break down several times. ‘At first,” as Mr. Stevens in a letter to his father, which I have seen, described it, “the rails came from the rolls twisted and as crooked as snakes,” and he was greatly discouraged. At last the mill men acquired the art of straightening the rail while it cooled. The first shipment, consisting of 550 bars, 18 feet long, 36 pounds to the yard, arrived in Philadelphia on the ship Charlemagne May 16, 1831. The weight of the next ship- ment, several months afterwards, was increased to 42 pounds per yard, 668 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 the rail being 34 inches high. Over 30 miles of this rail was immedi. ately laid down. For sections of rail as designed and rolled see Fig. 39. —— we 3% in, dd eer ath Fig. 39. STEVENS RaIL ROLLED WITH CONVEX TOP AND BASE, DESIGNED BY ROBERT L. STEVENS, 1830, GENERALLY USED ON AMERICAN RAILROADS SINCE 1836. Shaded section shows rail as originally designed, 1830. Section not shaded shows rail as rolled, 1831. (From original i the U. S. National Museum. ) This rail was fastened to stone blocks with hook-headed spikes; at the joints were iron tongues fastened to the stem of the rail by rivets put on hot. This was the standard rail of the Camden and Amboy Railroad, 1831-40. From a letter written by Francis B. Stevens to James M. Swank, esq., special agent of statistics, dated Hoboken, New Jersey, March, 1882, the following extracts are taken : T have always believed that Robert L. Stevens was the inventor of what is called the T-rail, and also of the method of fastening it by spikes, and I have never known his right to the invention questioned. Mr. Stevens’s invention consisted in adding the broad flange on the bottom, with base sufficient to carry the load, and shaped so that it could be secured to the wood below it by spikes with hooked heads, thus dispensing with the cast-iron chair, and making the rail and its fastening such as if now is in common use. In the year 1836, and frequently afterwards, he spoke to me about his invention of this rail. The Camden and Amboy road laid with this rail was opened October 9, 1832, two years after the opening of the Manchester and Liverpool Railroad. Of this I was a witness. This rail, long known as the old Camden and Amboy rail, differed but little, either in shape or”proportions, from the T-rail now in common use, but weighed only 36 pounds to the yard. For the next six or eight years after the open- ing of the Camden and Amboy Railroad it was little used here or abroad, nearly all the roads built in the United States using the flat iron bar, about 24 by % inches, nailed to wooden rails, the English continuing to use the chair and wedges. My uncle always regretted that he had not patented his invention. He mentioned to me upward of forty years ago that when advised by his friend, Mr. F. B. Ogden, the American consul at Liverpool, who was familiar with the circumstances of his invention, to patent it, he found that it was too late, and that his invention had become public property. =z * DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 669 A few years after,* on much of the Stevens rail laid on the Camden and Amboy lLailroad, the rivets at the joints were discarded and the bolt with the screw thread and nut, similar to that now used, was adopted as the standard. (See Fig. 40.) ee STANDARD TRACK OF THE CAMDEN AND AMBOY RAILROAD, 1837. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum made from an engraving in “* Engineering in North America” by G. Stevenson, London, 1837.) Fig. 4l shows how this rail was used on a superstructure on the piling through meadows and marshy ground. ee IG — = = Fig. 41. TRACK OF THE CAMDEN AND AMBOY RAILROAD. RAILS LAID ON PILING THROUGH MARSHES, 1837. (From a drawing in the U, S. National Museurn. ) "See Stevenson’s Engineering in America, 1837, 670 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. The Stevens rail did not come into general use for several years, the next road to adopt it being the Boston and Providence, about 1840. On the Boston and Lowell Railroad, Massachusetts, the fish-bellied! rail was laid in chairs on stone blocks. As late as 1847 the Hudson) River road used the Stevens rail, supported by chairs, but these were: soon afterwards discarded. THE FIRST AMERICAN TRACK. Mr. Francis B. Stevens also informs me that in 1835 he was employed by the Camden and Amboy company to make a profile of the road bed from South Amboy to Bordentown. At that time there were many places (the longest being a piece 2 miles long, from the wharf at Amboy to Deep Cut) where the Stevens rail was spiked to the cross-tie accord- ing to the present practice. ‘This method was at first resorted to as a temporary expedient, on account of the delay in getting stone blocks from Sing Sing. In the meantime it was found that the wood ties were more satisfactory, and in a year or two all the stoue blocks were re- placed by wood ties. Without doubt the Camden and Amboy was the first railroad in the world to be laid according to the present American practice. On other roads the wooden tie was afterwards laid on account of the high price of stone blocks and stone stringers, the use of which was originally contemplated. Speaking of the engineering pravtice in this era, the late Ashbel Welch said in his presidential address to the American Society of Civil Engineers: American engineers have often shown that poverty is the mother of invention. For example, they used wooden cross-ties as a temporary substitute, being too poor to buy stone blocks, and so made good roads because they were not rich enough to make bad ones. CAST-IRON RAILS MADE 1N AMERICA. In Johnson’s ‘‘ Notes on the Use of Anthracite,” he described tests of cast-iron rails made during 1841 at Lyman’s foundry, near Pottsville, Pennsylvania. These rails were designed for colliery railways. They were only 6 feet long. For 3 or 4 inches at each end the rail had a see- tion similar to the Stevens rail; for the remaining 54 feet the rail was somewhat similar to the English bull-headed rail. Previous to the year 1842, when Congress passed the celebrated high tariff law, all imported iron rails were admitted to the country almost free of duty. The tariff on manufactured iron, agreed upon by that Congress, increased the cost of English rails so much that the railways were forced to seriously advocate the erection of American rolling mills for the special purpose of making rails. DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 671 RAILS FIRST ROLLED IN AMERICA. The first rail mill erected in this country was located at Mount Sav- age, Allegheny County, Maryland. The first rail was rolled in the summer of 1844. In honor of that event the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia awarded a medal to the proprietors in October, 1844. The rail was of the 1) form, similar to the Evans (British) patent, and the first few hundred tons manufactured were laid on the Balti- timore and Ohio Railroad, between Mount Savage and Cumberland. ta LD | £A/D ON B30 PR.NEAR Yj Mr SAVAGE J yj, —FIRST RAILROLLEO IN AMERICA— Fig. 42. First RAIL ROLLED IN AMERICA, BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD, 1844. (From a Section of the original rail inthe U. S. National Museum. ) A section of this rail, which weighs 42 pounds to the yard, was pre- sented to the National Museum by the late Colonel James Randolph, for many years consulting engineer of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road Company, Fig, 42 is drawn from the original, and is actual size. 672 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. THE STEVENS RAIL IN AMERICA. Fig. 43 shows the Stevens rail as used on tlie Philadelphia and Read- ing Railroad in 1837 D))), Gi Wy Us Wi Fig. 43. THE STEVENS RAIL SUPPORTED BY CAST-IRON CHAIR. PHILADELPHIA AND READING RAILROAD, 1837. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) The rail was supported by chairs. This method was believed at the time to be a considerable advance upon previous practice, but was soon abandoned on account of the increase in expense which it entailed. The Stevens rail was laid on the Vicksburg and Jackson Railroad in 1840 (sce Fig. 44). In the Southern States the longitudinal planks, o Wz Cf Ourand. 1 Fig. 44. THE STEVENS RAIL AS LAID ON THE VICKSBURG AND JACKSON RAILROAD, IN MIssissirvi, 1841. (From a drawing in the U, S, National Museum. ) which were placed under the ends of the cross-ties on many of the rail- roads, were called ‘ mud-sills,” and this name became historic during the civil war, 1861-’65. The Stevens rail had come into general use in America before 1845, although several railway companies which had imported T-rails from England continued their use on their tracks until the rails were worn ; 7 { y DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 673 out. For this reason the T-rail without base was in use on the Boston and Worcester in 1850 (see Fig. 45), and on the Hempstead Branch of the Long Island Railroad as late as 1855 (see Fig. 46). a (as AeueSTEKO eR % Yee, Boston Fig. 45. Fig. 46. T-Rait, Boston AND WorcCESTER RAILROAD. T-RaliL, HEMPSTEAD Brancu, LONG ISLAND From a drawing in the U, S. National Museum.) RAILROAD, 1855. From modelin the U. S, National Museum. Every American road, however, without exception, replaced the T-rail and strap rail, by rail of the Stevens pattern, as rapidly as their financial condition permitted, continuing to import all rails from Eng- land until 1545. THE STEVENS RAIL FIRST ROLLED IN AMERICA, 1845. In the History of Iron of all Ages Swank states (p. 344) : The Montour Rolling Mill, at Danville, Pennsylvania, was built in 1845 expressly to roll rails, and here were rolled in October of that year the first T-rails* made in the United States, and that the first T-rail rolls in this country were made for the Montour Iron Company by Haywood & Snyder, proprietors of the Colliery Iron Works at Pottsville, the work being done at their branch establishment at Dan- ville, Pennsylvania, 1846. Among other early rail mills were the following, with the date when *As the form of the English T-rail was dispensed with in America, rails of the Ste- vens pattern (called H-rail in 1832) have been known as T-rails for many years. H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——43 674 - REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. they began torollrails: Boston Iron Works, May 6, 1846; Trenton Iron Works, Cooper & Hewitt, proprietors, June, 1846; New England Iron ~ - Company, Providence, Rhode Island, September 1, 1846; Phoenix Tron Company, Pheenixville, Pennsylvania, November, 1846. The rapidity with which American capital was diverted in this di- rection, has for the last forty years been one of the great arguments used by the advocates of a high tariff for the protection of American industries. During the year 1848 a very interesting experiment was tried by the Camden and Amboy Railroad. Arrangements were made with Cooper & Hewitt, at the Trenton [ron Works, to roll a 92-pound rail, 7 inches high, with a base 42 inches wide; 15 miles of the Camden and Amboy road were laid with this rail the following year. The engineer of that company believed that he had at last solved the problem of track con- struction, inasmuch as this rail gave an admirable opportunity for a strong joint. By experience it was found that this rail was too rigid, and produced so much concussion by the train that the ends soon ham- mered out, and where the ballasting was imperfect great damage was caused to the rolling stock; consequently the rail was soon after taken up. Much of this old rail found its way to the cities, where it was bought by architects and contractors for building purposes.* The fact that this rail was rolled successfully resulted in the intro- duction of the “I” beam for architectural purposes, Cooper & Hewitt having done a large business at the New Jersey Iron Works, at Tren- ton, in this line ever since that time. Fig. 47 is drawn from a section Fig, 47. 92-POUND RAIL, 7 INCHES HIGH, CAMDEN AND AMBOY RAILROAD, 1848, From original section inthe U. S. National Museum. ) of this rail in the collection. It was laid between Bordentown and Burlington in 1849. *Among other places, many of these rails were used for ieanies in the United States Mint at Philadelphia, DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 675 PEAR-SHAPED RAILS. The early American T-rails were made of inferior iron, and this was one of the causes that led to the adoption of the section with a pear- shaped head, with which many roads were laid during the next fifteen or twenty years. Sections of four of the pear-shaped rails described in the report of the railroad commission of the State of New York for 1845 are in the col- lection. Cross-sections of these rails are shown. Fig. 48 is a pear-shaped rail. New York and Erie Railroad. TF ifty- six pounds to the yard. In use in 1855. Fig. 49 is a pear-shaped rail. New York Central Railroad. Fifty-six pounds to the yard. In use in 1855. Fig. 50 is a pear-shaped rail. Buffalo, Corning and New York Rail- road. Sixty-two pounds to the yard. In use in 1855, Fig. 51 is a pear-shaped rail. Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad. Sixty-five pounds to the yard. In use in 1855. Y Wi YORK R.A. eg YA, SA Figs. 48, 49, 50, 51. PEAR-HEADED RAILS, 1855. (From models, full size, in the U. S. National Museum. ) RATOGA & SCHENECTADY R.R. The obtuse angle between the lower side of the head and the stem of the rail made it difficult to apply a splice bar of any kind to advantage, and this fact ied to the introduction of the ring joint (see Fig. 120) (one iron ring passing through two slots, one in each stem of adjacent rails and passing around under the base of the rail and held in position by a wedge driven between the ring and the rail stem). Chairs and other joint fixtures attached entirely to the base of the rail were also experi- 676 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 | menied with, but generally without satisfaction, judging from the fact that none have survived. The difficulty in making good joints with the pear-headed rail was overcome, by some of the engineers, by planing away a portion of the head of the rail for a foot or 18 inches from each end. In Fig. 52 is Fig. 52. ERIE RAIL WITH ENDS STAMPED FOR ADAMS’ CAST-IRON BRACKET SPLICE, 1857. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) shown a section of the pear-headed rail, fitted for splice bar, used on the Erie Railroad. On this rail a cast-iron angle splice, containing four bolts and measuring 9 inches in length, was used as early as 1857. On the Pennsylvania Railroad and on the Belvidere-Delaware Rail- road, as will be seen in Fig, 53, the rails in some cases were planed with Fig. 53. 73-POUND RAIL, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, MOUNTAIN Division. UNDER HEAD PLANED FOR SPLICE, 1857. (From a drawingin the U.S. National Museum. ) special reference to the use of a splice bar almost square at the rail head and base, as early as 1857. In 1853 an interesting experiment was tried on the Boston and Low- ell Railroad. After running for some time on the head (pear-shaped) 4 DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 677 of the rail if was inverted. Fig. 54 shows the effect of running on the base for three years. The dotted line indicates the original section. ak tee Sag (| = be i becom) upwards, 62 lbs. i Wig. 54. 62-POUND PEAR-HEADED RAIL, BOSTON AND LOWELL RAILROAD. SHOWING WEAR AFTER TWO YEARS SERVICE, BOYTOM UPWARD. (From a drawing inthe U.S. National Museum. } COMPOUND RAILS. The difficulty in obtaining satisfactory joint fixtures on the Amer- ican pear-shaped section led to the introduction of the compound rail. Leite ’ ee Cross The 33x16 and 7 Feet Long * COMPOUND RAIL, Woon anv TRON. DrsiGNep By B. H. LATROBE, 1841, FOR BALTIMORE AND OHIO. RAILROAD. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum, ) Fig. 55 is from a drawing of a compound rail of wood and iron de- signed by Benjamin H. Latrobe, in 1841, Yor the Baltimore and Ohio 678 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Railroad. The Z-iron was 5 inches high and weighed 45 pounds to the yard. The track consisted of longitudinal under sills, which sup- ported the cross-ties, 35 by 6 inches and 7 feet long. The wooden por- tion of rail was made to fit closely against the stem and under the head of the Z-iron, to which it was joined by five-eighths inch bolts with screw nuts. The iron and wood stringer was laid to * break joints,” so that no splice bars except a base plate was needed at the joits. A section of an ingeniously devised all-iron compound rail laid on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1848 is shown in Fig. 56 A section of the original rail is in the collection. COMPOUND RAIL, BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD, 1848. From original section in the U. S. National Museum. } Several of the railway companies in New York State laid a large mileage of compound rails of various-patterns. Fig. 57 is a drawing of a compound rail weighing 75 pounds to the yard, on the New York Central Railroad in 1855, Fig. 57. COMPOUND Ratt, NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD, 1855. From original section ithe U. §. National Museum. ) Four sections of compound rails in use in New York in 1855 are shown. Fig. 58. Compound rail. New York Central Railroad. Sixty pounds to the yard. Fig. 59. Compound rail. New York Central Railroad. Seventy-five pounds to the yard. Fig. 60. Compound rail. Troy Union Railroad. Sixty-five pounds to the yard. Fig. 61. Wide compound rail.- Troy Union Railroad. Sixty-five pounds to the yard. ; : 4 a a ol ie 3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 679 Full-size models of these rails are in the colleetion. When the track composed of this type of compound rails was new, it is described by those who rode upon it as being the finest track of the period. No satisfactory nut-lock was in use at that time, and as the screw-threads or rivets wore and traffic became heavier, the differ- ent parts of the rails could only be kept together by constant attention, in screwing up the nuts or putting in new rivets. As the rails laid were of iron, the wear of the inner surface was considerable, so that in a little while the track was badly damaged and the old solid rail was substituted. Figs. 58, 59, 60, 61. COMPOUND RAILs, NEW YorkK CENTRAL AND TROY UNION RAILROADS, 1855. (From mode!s in the U. S. National Museum. ) It is still an unsolved question whether or not, with some improve- ment in the section, and made of steel and held together with the im- proved bolt and nut-lock, the compound rail may be the rail of the future. POOR RAILS LAID DURING WAR TIMES. During the next ten years little seems to have been done by American railroad contractors to improve the shape of the rail or joint fixtures ; in fact, during the civil war, iron was so dear that very little rail was rolled. Few new railroads were built and repairs to tracks were only made under the gravest necessity. Almost all the forms of rails which were made during these few years were designed by the proprietors of rail mills, who naturally adopted such shapes as were easy for them to make, and the railroads, when further delay was dangerous, went into the market and purchased such as were offered at the lowest price, without regard to the shape of the rail, the quality of the iron, or whether it was designed for light or heavy traffic. 680 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. _ THE ASHBEL WELCH RAIL. After the close of the war in 1865, it became necessary to relay a — large percentage of the mileage of almost every railroad. Upon many of the roads some rails were in use with which the roads were originally — laid. The late Ashbel Welch, in “A Memoir on Rails,” read before the American Society of Civil Engineers, June 10, 1874, states that ‘during the year 1865 the task presented itself to me of devising or selecting suitable forms of rails for the system of railroads occupying the central part of the State of New Jersey between Philadelphia and New York, of which I was the executive officer as well as engineer. The 62-pound Ashbel Welch rail, which was rolled by the Bethlehem Iron Company during the following year, was 44 inches high, the base being 4 inches and the stem one-half an inch thick; the angle of incli- nation of bearing surfaces both on the top of the base and bottom of the head being 14 degrees. Figs. 62 and 63 are from original sections of the Welch 50-pound and 62-pound rail in the collection. Substantially this form of rail was Figs. 62, 63. ASHBEL WELCH Ralts, Fic. 62, 50 Les. per YARD; FIG. 63, 62 Les. PER YARD, 1866. (From original sections in the U. 8. National Museum.) adopted by the railroads in the Eastern and Middle States previous to the year 1873, although when the rails were first laid the cross-section was strongly objected to. Mr. Welch’s labors in this direction led to his being considered one of the foremost rail designers in America, and in 1873 he was appointed chairman of a committee by the American Society of Civil Engineers to report on the “form, weight, manufacture, and life of rails,” the other members being M. N. Forney, O. Chanute, and I. M. St. John. The report of that committee, presented at the annual convention, June, 1874, was the most exhaustive treatise on the subject of rails published up to that time. In Mr. Welch’s memoir attached to that report, in alluding to his pattern of 1865, he states: “I made one decided mistake in this pattern by not having the outer bottom corners of the head sharp enough, or rather I yielded too much to the feeling against such an unsightly ~ oe ° “ ‘ DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 681 thing as an angle head.” The rail proposed by Mr. Chanute in the same report is not dissimilar to the section of standard 66-pound rail now in use on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and several other railroads, Fig. 64 is from a drawing in the collection. Rat PROPOSED BY O. CHANUTE, 1874. (From a drawing in the U.S. National Museum. ) English engineers had, in the mean tine, given considerable attention to the ©) rail (or ‘box rail,” as it is sometimes called) both in England and in Canada. Imported (1 rails were laid as early as September, 1835, on the Wilmington and Susquehanna Railroad. In 1845 a modification of the > rail was laid on the Drogheda Railway in Ireland—the rail being compressed inwardly at the bottom until the inside corners were made to touch. In America a small quantity of a similar rail was manufac- tured at the Mount Savage rolling mill, called “hollow rail.” This was done by heating the rail after it had been rolled to size and passing it through a set of rods designed for the purpose.* A cross-section of this form of rail in use on the Great Western Rail- way of England is shown in Fig. 65, while in Fig. 66 a cross-section YH WESTERN R.R. CANADA WEST. Fig. 65. Fig. 66. “Box RAIL,’’ GREAT W8STERN RAILWAY OF GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY OF CANADA, ENGLAND, 1858. 1855. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum.) (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) of the |. rail with a metal shoe running the full length of the rail to which it was bolted (thus adding to its strength), as used on the Great “If any of the rail was laid, I fail to find the fact recorded. Z A: be =e) Re Ara ag oer Ie pee thom we 7. > 2s Saas, 2 co. ‘ 682 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Western Railway of Canada, is shown. Both of these figures are from drawings in the collection. The (1 rail was in use in several of our Southern States during the war of 1861~’65. It was found that the © rail was almost certain to fail when laid on cross-ties, and for this reason roads, notably the Nashville and Chat- tanooga, that used it always favored the superstructure with the rail bearing on a longitudinal stringer instead of a cross-tie. beer Sx ati B rr) Fig. 67. BariLow’s “Sappie-Back”’ Ratu, 1856. Laip Wirnovr Sureorts. (From a drawing in the U. 8. National Museum. ) Fig. 67 is from a drawing of Barlow’s “saddle-back rail” in the col- lection. This rail has an extreme width of 13 inches and were designed to dispense with the use of wooden ties or stringers in track construction. The rail was laid in broken stone with tie bars 10 feet apart. Nine hundred miles of this type of rail were laid in England prior to 1858, a mile or two also were laid on the Reading Railroad in the United States. “Between 5 and 6 miles of this rail; closely riveted together, were laid in England in 1856 and were in use for several years without experi- encing any difficulty from expansion.”* Ys jal Wa De. \ Fig. 68. TRIANGULAR WOODEN STRINGER CAPPED WITH IRON, GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY OF ENGLAND, 1857. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) A triangular wood stringer capped with iron was used on the Great Western Railway when that road was relaid in 1857. The rail was held in place by bolts as shown in Fig. 68, made from a drawing in the — *Colburn & Holly, p. 92. a on DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 683 collection. As no splice bars save a thin plate to protect the wood at the end of the rail were used, this rail was expected to become popular, but its use was abandoned a few years afterwards. Previous to 1850 English rails were usually rolled in lengths of 15, 16, and 18 feet; by 1855 the latter length became the universal standard. As improved methods were adopted in iron manufacture, the length was increased in order to reduce the number of joints.* By 1857 rails were made at progressive mills 21 to 24 and 27 feet long and by 1860-65 the 30-foot limit was reached. Although longer lengths have been manufactured at a few mills, the 30-foot rail has been considered the standard for over a quarter of a century. STEEL RAILS. The first steel rails in Europe are said to have been rolled at the Ebbw Vale Works, in Wales, about 1855. The steel was produced by the Uchaturis process. Zerah Colburn states that ‘‘the quality of the steel is said to be equal to that used for razors.” The difficulty in obtaining good iron on this side of the water led the more prosperous American companies to continue to import steel and iron rails from abroad for some years. Fig. 69 is a cross-section of the steel rails rolled at Dowlais, Wales, for the New Orleans, Memphis and Chattanooga Railroad in 1869, from a drawing in the collection. Fig. 69. RAIL ror NEW ORLEANS, MEMPHIS, AND CHATTANOOGA RAILROAD, ROLLED AY DOWLAIS, WALES, 1869. (From a drawing in the U. S, National Museum. ) STEEL RAILS ROLLED IN AMERICA. The introduction of Bessemer steel in America and the conflicts in the United States Patent Office, which finally resulted in a compromise and consolidation of the various interests involved, form a very inter- esting chapter in the history of American manufacture. In Swank’s “ History of Iron in all Ages” I find that ‘the first steel rails ever made in this country were rolled at the North Chicago Roll- ing Mills in May, 1865.” These were experimental rails, only a few “In 1840 it was not uncommon to find eight hundred joints in a inile of single track. Now, 1890, the number is reduced to about three hnndred and fifty. 684 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889.’ being rolled in the presence of a committee of the American Iron and Steel Association. The first steel rails ever rolled in the United States upon order in the way of regular business were rolled by the Cambria Iron Company, at Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in August, 1867. In no one year during the next five years were more than 40,000 tons of Bessemer steel rails man- ufactured in the United States. About 1870~73 attempts were made by several rail manufactures to roll rails that should have a steel head and iron web and flange—“ steel top rail,” it was called, a (eee \ Fig. 92. g. BuLL-HEADED RAIL—STRASBOURG BULL-HEADED RAIL—AVIGNON AND RAILWAY, 1858. MARSEILLES RAILWAY, 1858. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum, ) that the wear of the rail in the chairs made the lower surface rough, this practice was abandoned, and a larger portion of the metal has since generally been put into the head to give increased wearing surface. A section of the rail designed with this end in view, and in use on the Avignon and Marseilles Railway in 1858, from a drawing in the collee- tion, is Shown in Fig. 93. English railway managers continue to lay the *‘ bull-headed ” rail in chairs ina very similar manner to what was done fifty or sixty years \\\) \ iy Wy \ ONDON AON NORTH-WESTERN, WN S&S SS Fig. 94. Fig. 95. BULL-HEADED RAIL—BaTH BRANCH GREAT BULL-HEADED RAIL—LONDON AND NortTH- WESTERN OF ENGLAND, 1858. WESTERN RAILWAY, 1889. (From « drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) (From original in the U. S. National Museum. ) Cross-sections of the rail laid on the Great Western Railway in 1858 is shown in Fig. 94 (from a drawing in the collection), and a cross- section of the rail of the London and Northwestern Railway in 1889 is Shown in Fig. 95 (from an original rail in the collection). ; H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 44, 690 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. STRINGERS AND TIES OF WOOD. The high price of iron led the engineers of many early roads, built upon a small capitalization to design a superstructure composed mainly of wood, as little iron as possible being used. The wooden rail, capped. with strap-iron, previously alluded to, was attached to longitudinal - stringers, and these were kept ‘in line” by cross timbers 4, 5, and some- times 6 feet apart. , On roads laid with English T-rails in chairs, or with the Stevens rail spiked to the support, the necessity for a longitudinal support for the rail did not exist, and the stringer being dispensed with, it became nec- essary to put the cross-ties closer together. Ties have been used from time to time of various widths, lengths, and thicknesses, split, sawed, and hewn, as illustrated in Figs. 96, 97, and 98. va) HI\\Wv% ‘ bi Y) )) i ———— SS SS N . RAN tage <\"h PROSOT E \)) saaeesee = N py \ri Wea . Fig. 97. CROSS-TIE—SPLIT QUARTER Loc. CROSS-TIE—SPLIT HALF LOG. The specifications for cross-ties now require that they be hewn on both sides, as shown in Fig. 98, and that they be cut to exact lengths, 96 or 102 inches. ee ee ) ee CrOss-TIE— WHOLE LOG HEWN BOTH SIDES. METAL TIES. The extensive use of metal ties in foreign countries has led a few — American managers to put down a limited number of experimental iron ties on their roads. About two thousand iron ties of the standard adopted by the London and Northwestern Railway of England, were DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 691 placed in the tracks of the Pennsyivania Railroad Company about a year ago. Fig. 99 illustrates a steel cross-tie* with rail fastenings, in Fig. 99. STEEL TIE AND PERMANENT WAY, LONDON AND NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY, 1885, (From original inthe U.S. National Museum, ) the coilection. It is the opinion of the chief engineer of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad that the iron tie will not be extensively used in America as long as white-oak standard cross-ties can be purchased for $1 or less. An exhaustive report upon the iron cross-ties used by European rail- ways, compiled by Russel E. E. Tratman, of the Engineering News, will be found in the report of B. E. Fernow, chief of the Division of For- estry, in Bulletin No. 3 of the U.S. Agricultural parca * pradented to the U.S. ational Museum = Mr. an W. Webb, Pea hacemos superintendent London and Northwestern Railway, Crewe, England. Compare Plate III (opposite page 124). Report of the U. 8. National Museum for 1886. t Seventy cents is the price paid for a white oak eross-tie 7 by 7 inches, 84 feet long, by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1890. 692 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. METAL TRACK IN ENGLAND AND HER COLONIES. Fig. 100 illustrates the steel cross-tie, riveted chair and wedge in use on the London and Northwestern Railway in 1889. Steel wedges as well as wedges of wood are used to keep the “ bull-headed” rail in place. Fig. 100. METAL TRACK, LONDON AND NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY OF ENGLAND, 1889. {‘Froma drawing in the U, S. National Museum. ) The iron eross-tie on the Midland Railway is somewhat similar tothat — used on the London and Northwestern (see Fig.101). The chair, however, Fig. 101. METAL TRACK, MIDLAND RAILWAY OF ENGLAND, 1889. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) is attached to the cross-tie by bolts and nuts, instead of by rivets as in the former system. The ends of the ties on the outer sides of the double tracks are generally depressed as shown. Between the tracks the ends are left open, so that the ballast may be properly tamped. —=——- mis uae g aes SS Stet Cee Fig. 102. METAL TRACK, NORMANTON LINE, QUEENSLAND, 1889. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) Tron cross-ties are also used on the Nermanton line, Queensland, see Fig. 102, the rail being held in position by an adjustable clip, on the in- side of the base, with nut and screw arranged so that slight corrections in the gauge can be made when necessary. a Fig. 103. Mera ‘‘Pot” Tie SysTEM, MIDLAND RAILWAY OF INDIA, 1889. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum.) On the Indian Midland Railway the east ‘“‘pot” tie has been used with favorable results. See Fig. 103. The gauge is maintained by iron rods es DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 693 extending across the track and held in position by wedges driven into a slot in the end of each tie bar. HOLLAND, GERMANY AND BELGIUM. The “ Post” tie, see Fig. 104, has been used extensively on the conti- nent of Europe. The section varies in depth and width at the center, Fig. 104. METAL TRACK, HOLLAND ‘ Post” TIE, 1889. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) quarter, and ends; being the deepest in the center, an admirable op- portunity is given for ballasting. The rail is held to the tie by an adjust- able clip fastened by bolt and nut. Fig. 105. METAL TRACK, GREAT CENTRAL RAILWAY OF BELGIUM, 1889. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) Theiron ties used on the Great Central Railway of Belgium (see Fig. 105), are also made narrow in the middle, and the rail on this tie is fas- tened with a screw bolt, the head of which has a direct hold on the base ‘of the rail. = oe ade NM > CH. Qurarein Fig. 106. BERGH AND MARCHE METAL TRACK SYSTEM, ELBERFELD RAILWAY, GERMANY, 1889, (From a drawing in the U.S. National Museum. ) The Bergh and Marche system is used on the Elberfeld Railway, of Germany. The fingered fastening slides over the base of the rail, hold- ing it to the tie. See Fig. 106. 694 ' . REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. On the Right-Bank-of-the-Rhine Railway, the Haarman longitudinal system is now in use (See Fig. 107). Tron eross-ties are firstimbedded a ee, —— Gf Ouranes Fig. 107. HAARMAN LONGITUDINAL METAL TRACK, RIGHT-BANK-OF-THE-RHINE RAILWAY, 1889. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Musenm. ) in the ground, and to these the longitudinal iron sleepers are fastened. The base of the rail is held in place by a very complicated system of fastening. FRANCE, EGYPT, SPAIN, ETC. The Vautherin tie, which is used on several French railways, is very similar in shape to that used on the Midland Kailway, of England, the chair being attached to the tie by bolt and nut. See Fig. 108. Fig. 108. METAL TRACK, VAUTHERIN SYSTEM, FRANCE, 1889. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) On the Egyptian Agricultural railroads the Stevens rail is laid on a series of short pieces of stamped iron which are held in place by tie- eee oe c Fig. 109. METAL TRACK, EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURAL RAILWAY, 1889. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) rods. This system is in use through portions of Egypt where the traf. fic and character of the soil make it possible to use this system, which is similar to the “pot” tie system in India. See Fig. 109. DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 695 On the Bilbao and Las Arenas Railway, of Spain, a system (see Fig. 110) is in use similar to the ‘“‘ Post” system as far as the fastenings are 2 4 = md = SS po Fig. 110. METAL TRACK, BILBAO AND LAs ARENAS, SPAIN, 1889. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum concerned. The cross section of the tie does not vary, however, either in depth or width. The bull-head rail is laid on ‘ pot” ties on portions of the Central Railway of the Argentine Republic. This system requires the use of Fig. 111. METAL TRACK, CENTRAL RAILWAY, ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, 1889. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) the chair with wedge fastening, (see Fig. 111). The rails are held to gauge by iron tie-rods. JOINT FIXTURES. Failure of the rail at the joint has from the beginning of railway con- struction directed thought towards the invention of the ideal fixture “as strong at the joint as at any part of the rail,” an ideal which, after sixty years of experiment, has not yet been attained. i ig i | HETTON RAIL, 1824. =! Fig. 112. HALF-LAp JOINT, HETTON Ratr, 1824. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) The miter or “half lap joint” was used on the Hetton Colliery road in England in 1824. Fig. 112 is from a drawing in the collection. 696 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1883. The wooden pin shown secured the chair to a short wooden pile driven into the ground. The rails were 4 feet long. The joint fixtures in the — tracks laid with varions types of T-rails* were chairs slightly longer than those in the quarters and middle of the rail, and the ends of the rail were held in place by wedges, as shown in Figs. 113 and 1134. The 1 cms : - Meg) ry ) 708 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. — taken from Strickland’s report, previously alluded to. Among the early forms of switches used in America was the lever switch, with the heavy ~ iron counter-weight (see Fig. 137) to keep it in position. Sometimes Fig. 137. SwircH WITH ‘‘ BALL’? COUNTER- WEIGHT. (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) the *‘ ball” was omitted, and the lever was secured by a padlock fast- ened to a staple driven into a cross-tie. It is to be hoped that an opportunity may be given to extend the col- lection of frogs and switches in the near future, so that the history of the development of these two very important track-appliances may be preserved. PLATE CVI. Lucas Report of National Museum, 1889 ( ‘souog Jo aouRpunge Surpuodsastoo Sulyousp epeys Jo APISueyUL “YyNY Ivory oy Jo sureutesr Jo uOTeB ‘GNVI1S] YNN4 40 dv) HOLaNS D0] ang seqe orpul nod od pepeys at iL ) MOF ee ADA us a ea 5) MOYpPUT 4c] odvosy Or EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR IN. 1887, MADE IN CONNECTION WITH THE CRUISE OF THE U.S. FISH COMMISSION SCHOONER GRAMPUS* By FrepDERIC A. LUCAS, ‘Assistant Curator of the Department of Comparative Anatomy. In the spring of 1887 the writer was detailed by Professor Baird to accompany the U.S. Fish Commission schooner Grampus ou a cruise to northeastern Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, primarily to obtain, if possible, bones of the Great Auk; secondarily to collect such other specimens as might be obtainable. Two years earlier Pro- fessor Baird had approved a proposed plan of visiting Funk Island, off Cape Freels, Newfoundland, a former breeding place of the Great Auk, in the hope of finding remains of that extinct bird, but the many difficulties in the way preeluded carrying this plan into effect until the building of the Grampus and her projected trip made it feasible. From a scientific standpoint it was extremely desirable to secure bones of the Great Auk, since up to 1887 there were but nine skeletons of that species preserved in museums, only one being in the United States, while the U. S. National Museum possessed but a single bone. Even viewed commercially, a collection of Auk bones would be of considerable value, since the small number of existing specimens had caused them to bring a high price whenever brought into the market.t It was eminently fitting that a search for remains of the Great Auk should be undertaken in connection with fishery researches, since this bird once formed an important factor in the prosecution of the early * This report is supplementary to the paper by Mr. Lucas, entitled ‘‘ The Expedi- tion to Funk Island, with Observations upon the History and Anatomy of the Great Auk,” in the Report of the National Museum for 1888. It was at first intended for publication in the Report of the U.S. Fish Commission. Certain statements con- cerning the Great Auk in Mr. Lucas’s previous paper are repeated in this report, but it is believed that they are essential in this connection for the proper understanding of the narrative. For fuller details concerning the Great Auk and its extinction, the reader is referred to the Report of the National Museum for 1888, and for detailed notes on the birds collected see report of William Palmer, in Proceedings U.S. National Museum, vol. X111, pp. 249-265. t In this connection it may be of interest to state that one of the skeletons col- lected by the Grampus expedition and exchanged for natural history specimens with a London dealer, was sold by him to the Museum of Science and Arts, Edinburgh, for £120, or about $600. 709 710 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Newfoundland fisheries. The very earliest reference to the Great Auk in America occurs in the account of Cartier’s first voyage, in 1534, wherein the chronicler records a visit to Funk Island for the purpose of procuring birds for fresh provisions, and, under the name of Great Apponatz, tells of the capture of a boat-load of this flightless fowl. From. that time onward, so long as the species existed, fishermen and colonists availed themselves of the prodigious store of Great Auks which, after the manner of mankind, they assumed that Providence had provided for their special benefit. The extent to which the Great Auk was used is shown by Anthonie Parkhurst’s statement, written in 1578, that ‘the Frenchmen who fish neere the grand baie doe bring small store of flesh with them, but victuall themseives with these birds” (the Great Auks). Granting that this exaggerates the facts in the case, it seems evident that the birds were very largely employed for provisions, and since, in 1578, there were about one hundred and fifty French ves- sels, aggregating about 7,000 tons, employed in the cod fishery, the de- struction of Great Auks must have been immense. Captain Richard Whitbourne, who was sent in 1615 to establish order in Newfoundland, on his return wrote a book, which was freely distrib- uted in order to encourage emigration to that country, and in this we find the abundance of Great: Auks held forth among other inducements. Says the narrator: “These Penguins* are as bigge as geese and flye not, for they have but a little short wing, and they multiply so infi- nitely upon a certain flat iland that men drive them from thence upon a board into their boats by hundreds at a time, as if God had made the innocency of so poore a creature to become such an admirable instru- ment for the sustentation of man.” In more recent times we are told that the merchants of Bonavista and oth«r localities used to sell salted Auks by the hundred weight for provisions, and Audubon says that the young were used for bait. ¢ Undoubtedly the drain made upon the numbers of the Great Auk for the purposes just mentioned would have ultimately caused its ex- termination, but the direct cause for its rapid extinction was the killing of the birds for the sake of the feathers. This destruction was ren- dered all the more rapid and profitable from the fact that the breeding grounds of the Great Auk, like those of the Gannet, were extremely restricted, so that during the breeding season the entire race was to be found assembled at two or three localities. Whatever may have been the case in prehistoric times, there are no allusions to the Great Auk in the accounts of early navigators that even hint at its occurrence in *The name Penguin was originally applied to the Great Auk, and not to the southern. bird now bearing the appellation, and was the name by which the Great Auk was commonly known in America, t These two statements are taken from works on the Great Auk, and the authority for the first is not given. Still, there seems no room to doubt the truth of either. On the other hand, no reference occurs anywhere to the use of the eggs of the Auk, although they must have been taken by the boat load. ae EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. T11 half a dozen places, while it yet remains to be shown that in the last century of its existence the bird bred at any other locality than Funk Island. The feather-hunters probably went to Funk Island in the spring and resided there until the sea-birds had finished breeding, systematically killing all the Great Auks they could; and this was kept up until, like the Rytina, the Great Auk had been slaughtered out of existence. The extermination took place about 1840, and at that date American ornithology was in its infancy, so that not a single specimen of the Great Auk was preserved out of all the millions that were slain, and there are in existence only two stuffed specimens of the Great Auk from America. Fortunately, the conditions under which the Auks were killed were such as to preserve their skeletons, and the greater part of the bones now preserved in museums are from Funk Island, a source from which others may doubtless be procured. At the time the Grampus expedition was planned, little could be ascertained in regard to the exact conditions under which bones of the Great Auk had been found at Funk Island, neither could anything be learned respecting the character of the island, beyond the fact that it was a mere isolated rock. The voyage, as planned, was from Gloucester to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and thence to the east coast of Newfound- land, stopping en route at St. John’s and Funk Island. From Funk Island the Grampus was to proceed northwards along the coast of New- foundland, and through the Strait of Belle Isle to Mingan, stopping at those localities where it might seem desirable to gather information, collect specimens, or which stress of weather made it necessary to visit. From Mingan we were to return to Canso and thence home. It was expected that there would be no opportunity for collecting until we reached the vicinity of the Bird Rocks, but on account of bad weather the Grampus lay by for a day at the Magdalen Islands, and a small collection was made of its somewhat scanty avifauna, for although birds are quite abundant there, the number of species is small.* Only a single mammal was seen, viz., a Small Harbor Seal (Phoca vitu- lina), scarcely suggesting the fact that these islands were once the seat of a flourishing Walrus fishery, and that thousands of these huge beasts were formerly taken annually, as well as large numbers of Harp Seals. The first reference to walruses in this locality occars in the account of Cartier’s first voyage, in 1534, where, in speaking of Brion’s Island, he says that ‘About the said island are very great beastes, as great as oxen, which have two great teeth in their mouths like unto elephant’s teeth, and live also in the sea.” The writer has been unable to positively identify the Brion’s Island of Cartier, part of his description applying very well to Bryon Island of to-day and part applying equally well to Grindstone Island, the * Dr. Louis B. Bishop, whom we met at the Magdalenes, has published in the ‘‘Auk” for July, 1889, a list of sixty-six species observed by him, and notes that he did not find several species noticed by Mr. Cory in 1878. 2 REPORY OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. ’ northernmost of the Magdalenes. In spite of the distances, courses, and descriptions so carefully recorded in the log-books of the early naviga- tors, it is quite impossible to recognize the small places at which they stopped, and very difficult to definitely locate any. It is also a little puzzling, at first, to see why Cartier and his immediate followers should have’ gone around Newfoundland to enter the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but bearing in mind that at that time Newfoundland was supposed to be a portion of the American continent, if is easy to see the reason for the course pursued. Vessels made Cape Bonavista for a land-fall, and thence ran north to Carpunt (some place on the Labrador coast), at the entrance of the Strait of Belle Isle. Proceeding down the strait, Chateau Bay and Blane Sablon were often visited, two places that still bear the appellations originally be- stowed upon them, and from there the course was to the southwards until the Islands of Birds, Brion’s Island, and Ramea were successively reached. Ramea is another stuimbling-block, and from the manner in which it is described may have been either the Magdalenes or Prince Kd- ward’s Island, Charles Leigh’s account seeming to point to Amherst Island, the southernmost of the Magdalenes, this supposition being the more probable from the fact that the Isle of Ramea was a famous place for walruses. It is now many years since a walrus has been taken in the gulf at all, much longer since one was killed on the Magdalenes, and since the disappearance of the walrus, the sources of prosperity so much dwelt upon by the early voyagers have one by one dwindled away.* The goodly fir-trees have become scrubby spruce, the great cods have become few and far between, the herring industry is comparatively unimportant, and afew short years have sufficed to seriously reduce the lobster fishery. All this means want and distress for the popula- tien of these islands, which, never tco well off at best, has several times been saved from starvation by government aid, and once during the last twenty-five years forced to eat their very dogs. While lying at Grindstone Island we first made the acquaintance of the Gannets, whose headquarters are the Bird Rocks, and had a good opportunity to watch them fishing. The birds are usually associated in small, straggling flocks, and with outstretched necks and eyes ever on the lookout for fish, they fly at a height of from 75 to 100 feet above the water, or occasionally somewhat more. The height at which the Gan- *The following glowing description by Charles Leigh occurs in Hakluyt, edition of 1600, p. 201: ‘Concerning the nature and fruitfulnesse of Brion’s Island, Isle Blanche, and of Ramea, they do by nature yield exceeding plenty of wood, great store of wild corne like barley, strawberries, gooseberries, mulberries, white roses, and store of wilde peason. Also, about the sayd islands the sea yieldeth great abundance of fish of divers sorts. And the sayd islands also seeme to proffer, through the labour of man, plenty of all kinde of our graine, of roots, of hempe, and other necessary commodi- ties.” - rm ae > S EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. 713 net flies above the water is proportioned to the depth at which the fish are swimming beneath, and Captain Collins tells me that when fish are swimming near the surface the Gannet flies very low and darts obliquely instead of vertically upop his prey. Should any finny game be seen within range, down goes the Gannet headlong, the nearly closed wings being used to guide the living arrow iu its downward flight. Just above the surface the wings are firmly closed, and a small splash ofspray shows where the winged fisher cleaves the water to transfix his prey. Disappearing for a few seconds the bird reappears, rests for a mo- ment on the water, long enough to swallow his cateh, and then rises in pursuit of other game. The appetite of the Gannet is limited only by the capacity of its stomach, and a successful fisher may frequently be seen resting on the water, too heavily laden to rise without disgorging a part of its cargo, which it sometimes must do to escape from the pathway of an approaching vessel. The Guillemot (Cepphus columba) breeds in the caves of Entry Island, and a few old birds were seen off Grindstone Island. On the 9th of July the Grampus ran over to the Bird Rocks, and extensive collections were made of the various birds from whose abundance these little rocky islets took their name. They are de- scribed in the account of Cartier’s first voyage, and from the occasional references that occur in Haklayt seem to have been visited now and then for supplies of birds and eggs, a practice still followed by the fish- ermen of to-day. Many birds andeggs are taken annually, and although egging is prohibited by law after a certain date, game laws are easier enacted than enforced, and many eggs are gathered out of season and many breeding birds killed. The principal species of birds inhabiting the Bird Rocks are the Gannet (Sula bassana); Razorbill (Alea torda); Common Murre (Uria troile); Brunnich’s Murre (Uria lomvia); and Puffin (Fratercula arctica). Besides these a few Kittiwake Gulls (Rissa tridactyla) are found there, and Leach’s Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorrhoa) breeds in rat-like burrows on the summit of the Great Kock. The Gan- net has bred here from time immemorial, and the abundance of these great white birds, “ which bite even as dogs,” led Cartier to christen these rocks the ‘‘ Isles des Margaulx,” or Islands of Gannets. Cartier’s account is as follows: * * * We came to these islands, two of which are as steepe and upright as any wall, so that it was not possible to climbe them, and betweene them there is a little rocke. These islands were as full of birds as any field or medow is of grasse, which there do make their nestes, and in the greatest of them there was a great and infinite number of those that wee call Margaulx, which are white and bigger than any geese, which were seuered in one part. In the other were onely Godetz, but toward the shoare there were of those Godetz, and Great Apponatz, like to those of that island that we above have mentioned. We went downe to the lowest part of the least island, where we killed above a thousand of those Godetz and Apponatz. We put into our boates so many of them as we pleased, for in lesse than one houre we’ might have filled thirtie such boats of them. 714 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. In 1597 Charles Leigh wrote that ‘the three Islands of Birds are sandy red, but with the multitude of birds upon them they looke white,” and even as late as the time of Audubon, the Gannets were so numer- ous that the tops of the rocks seemed covered with snow. At that — time they were largely used for bait by the fishermen of Bryon Island, some forty boats being supplied from this source, and some idea of their abundance may be gathered from the fact that Audubon’s cap- tain told him that on one occasion his boat’s crew, in less than one hour, killed six hundred and forty birds with no better weapons than sticks. Up to 1560, however, the Gannets were sufficiently numerous not only to cover the summits of the rocks, but many of the ledges along the sides, and Dr. Bryant estimates that 50,000 pairs were then breeding on the top of the Great Rock alone, although these figures require to be discounted a little. In 1870 a writ of ejeetmant was served on the bird tenantry occupying the summit of the Great Rock, by the erection of a lighthouse, and by 1872 the Gannets breeding there were reduced to 5,000. In 1881 Mr. Brewster found the birds on the Great - Rock confined to the ledges along the sides, although the Little Rock was still densely populated, and the total number of Gannets was esti- mated at 50,000. In 1887 not a Gannet was raised on the Little Rock, although a few were breeding on the little pillar of rock adjacent to it, and M. Turbid placed the number of Gannets at 10,000, considering this an increase over previous years. The Murres, Razorbills, and Puf- fins have probably suffered somewhat less than their more conspicuous comrades, although even among them the decrease must have been very great. Still, their smaller size and consequent ability to breed in crevices of the rock and on ledges too narrow to accommodate a buiky Gannet has been of great service to them, while the Razorbill also seems to be learning by experience the desirability of putting an egg out of sight whenever practicable. The Puffins find safety in their burrowing habits, and breed quite extensively in the decomposed sand- stone at the northeastern portion of the Great Rock, as well as under the overhanging, inaccessible ledges of the northern side of the Little Rock. The little rocky pillar mentioned above is well occupied by birds of various species, while owing to the difficulty of scaling this islet, the little colony is fairly secure. From its size, the precipitous nature of the sides, and the fact that only one landing lies contiguous to the breeding birds, the Great Bird Rock must ever remain the stronghold of this interesting colony of sea-fowl. The Little Rock, although formerly said to be difficult, or even impossible to scale, is now easily climbed, owing to the falling of portions of rock, and as there are two places where landing is comparatively easy, the spot is much resorted to by fishermen, and the birds in consequence lead a very pre- carious existence. There is no regular division of the feathered inhabitants of the Bird Rocks into large colonies according to species, the separation being EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. (als: rather by size, Gannets occupying the highest and broadest ledges, and Murres and Razorbills taking what is left. There is, of course, something of a tendency for little groups of the same species to nest together, but Brunnichs and the Common Murre may be seen occupy- ing the same ledge. While the erection of the light-house on the Great Rock did not directly affect the Murres and Razorbills as it did the Gannets, it nevertheless led to the decrease of the smaller birds in a very curious manner. In foggy weather a cannon is fired every half hour to warn passing vessels of the hidden danger, and this gun, being placed near the northern cliff, is in proximity to the favorite breeding- places of the Murres and Razorbills. The EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. 721 etation, and although holes were dug in many places quite to bed-rock, no bones were thus discovered, nor were any seen at any point of the island. The Great Auk, it is true, may once have bred here, but from the character of the islands this is extremely doubtful, while the prox- imity of the mainland would have made them at all times easy of access and rendered the extermination of the bird an easy matter. To-day the principal inhabitants of Penguin Islands are Field Mice (Arvicola riparia), whose burrows are to be seen on every hand, while paths run- ning from one hole to another cover the ground in places with a perfect network. A little exploration of the more populous districts showed that beneath the surface was a veritable labyrinth of intercommunieat- ing burrows, some old and some new. In some instances Petrels (Oce- anodroma leucorrhoa) were found to have taken possession of deserted habitations of the Field Mice, much as the Burrowing Owl occupies the dwellings of the Prairie Dog, and from the great abundance of burrows it is probable that a considerable number of these little birds breed here. The eggs found were perfectly fresh, and as those collected at the Bird Rocks on July 9, contained well-advanced embryos, it would seem probable that this Petrel raises two broods a year. Although the Petrels were breeding here, none were seen about the islands, nor were any seen around the Bird Rocks, where they were breeding on the summit, so that if the males assist in the work of incubation, they must keep well away from the land until after dark. A few nests of the Arctic Tern were scattered over one end of the island, the eggs being in an advanced stage of incubation; one or two Puffins were seen, and a Sandpiper or two, but on the whole the results obtained were of a negative character. On July 29 we arrived at Canada Bay, where there is a small fishing- hamlet, and where we were led to hope that seals might be found, a hope that was, however, doomed to disappointment, for very few seals were seen at Canada Bay, and these were the ever present Harbor Seal. Cetaceans were quite abundant, the Dolphin (Delphinus delphis), Por- poise (Tursiops tursio), and Puffing Pig (Phocena communis) being fre- quently seen, Tursiops running up the Bras d’Or branch of the bay for a mile or so; but, in spite of their abundance, all these species were extremely shy, and it was found impossible to approach within striking or shooting distance of any of them. Small Finback Whales were also seen occasionally, one of which was accustomed to visit the harbor toward sunset, making his appearance with great regularity. Both land and sea birds were almost entirely lacking, although Mr. Palmer succeeded in obtaining a pair of the rare Welch’s Ptarmigan (Lagopus welchi) during an excursion to the Cloud Hills, which lie on the western side of the bay. On this trip comparatively recent signs of Caribou were also noticed. Two small trout-streams empty into the western side of Canada Bay, the course of each being interrupted by vertical falls, above which no trout were to be obtained. Trout caught in the H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 46 2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. lower part of the larger brook showed very clearly the effect of salt water, being slightly silvery, although, owing to the very small size of the brook, no * sea-trout” were taken. In the Greenland lakes trout are said to feed largely on larve of the mosquito, and from the abun- dance of this insect, as well as the black fly, at Canada Bay, it was very likely to be the case there also. An occasional salmon was seen leap- ing in the inner harbor, but fish of all kinds were scarce, and cod almost totally absent, so great being the dearth of food that dried caplin was a common article of diet. After lying fog-bound for four days the Grampus left Ganada Bay on August 3, and on the morning of the 4th was off Cape Bauld, a locality where, according to reports gathered at Toulinguet, the Penguin (Great Auk) was still occasionally seen. While no reliance was placed on these rumors, as a matter of duty inquiries were made of the crews of severa] fishing-boats, the result being, as was anticipated, that nothing was known of the bird in that vicinity. rounding the northern point of Newfoundland, we entered the Strait of Belle Isle, and on August 4, owing to stress of weather, the Grampus put in to Black Bay, on the Labrador coast. Little or no collecting was done here, owing to the fact that there was nothing to be collected, animals of all kinds being very scarce, although the usual Harbor Seal was present and a few Ravens were seen, but these were too wary to be taken. The Black River, which empties into Black Bay, is a salmon- stream of some importance, the fishing privilege being rented by Mr. William Ellworthy. Sea-trout are said to be abundant in the pool at the mouth of Black River, but owing to the overcast sky and low tem- perature at the time of our visit, they remained in deep water, and only one or two young salmon were taken here. Very small brook- trout abound in a tributary of Black River, and in one pool a number of large trout were taken, the most noteworthy fact in regard to them being that, while all were living under similar conditions, two were brilliantly colored, while the remainder were extremely dull, like the trout taken later on at Mingan. August 11 found the Grampus at Mingan, where it was hoped we might be able to secure specimens of the great Gray Seal (Halicherus gryphus), or, as it is locally known, the Horse-head. This, the largest of the North Atlantic seals, is by no means common in museums, and ap- pears not to be very abundant at any locality, playing but a small part in the seal fisheries. According to Dr. C. Hart Merriam, to whom we are indebted for information as to the whereabouts of the Gray Seal, the Mingan group is the only locality in the Gulf of St. Lawrence where this animal is found, with the possible exception of Anticosti. The Gray Seal occurs on the south side of Harbor Island, on Mingan Island, and at the Perroquets, these last being the most frequented. Like other members of the seal family, it is fond of crawling out upon the rocks, especially on sunny days, when it will lie basking in the sun- EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. 123 shine for hours at a time. The seals do not come on shore at any convenient spot, but at a limited number of chosen localities, and these vary according to the force and direction of the wind. Except in very light breezes the lee-side of the island is selected, not entirely on ac- count of the difficulty of effecting a landing on the windward side, but also because the seal relies very largely upon its acute senses of smell and hearing to warn it of approaching danger from the land. The chosen landing-places are where a shelf of rock, raised but little above the level of the sea, descends vertically for several feet beneath, thus enabling the seal to plunge head first into the water and disappear at once from sight. Before landing, the animal will swim back and forth several times with head raised and eye, ear, and nose on the alert to detect any sign of danger, the wary nature of the creature being well shown by the fact that almost immediately after emerging from the water, the animal turns completely around so as to lie with the head sea- ward and in readiness for an instant dive. The fairer the day and the lighter the breeze, the more readily the seals come ashore, while dur- ing rough weather they not only do not land so often but are more watchful when they do come out. The time for hauling out varies with the state of the tide, and as nearly all the places where the right con- ditions, as noted above, obtain, are covered at high water, it is between the middle of the ebb and middle of the flood that the seals come ashore. The hearing of this seal is extremely acute, as we had a most excel- lent opportunity of ascertaining during the first of our attempts to secure a Specimen. A party had been landed on Mingan Island, and while Mr. Palmer was engaged in searching for birds and botanical specimens, Captain Collins and myself were looking for seals. The wind at the time was blowing rather freshly from seaward, and a num- ber of Gray Seals were discovered hauled out on the lee-side at a spot so situated that there was unfortunately no cover nearer than 150 yards, and even this was accessible only by crossing a patch of shingle some 50 yards wide and in full sight of the seals. Lying flat upon our stomachs we began slowly and painfully wriggling across this open space, the seals apparently taking no notice of our actions. About half the distance had been traversed when the distant report of the small collecting-gun, sounding no louder than a faint crack of a whip, caused the entire group of seals to plunge into the water as promptly as if they had been waiting for some preconcerted signal. Upon com- ing to the surface at a safe distance from shore the seals swam back and forth looking for the cause of the disturbance and diving whenever the pop of the collecting-gun reached their ears. No enemy being visible and everything becoming quiet, they once more returned to shore, clambering out with more ease than one might suppose such creatures would exhibit. No use is made of the hind flippers when on land, progression being effected by the front limbs and the abdominal T24 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. muscles, the hinder portion of the body being bent slightly upward, the hind-legs sticking out stiffly in the rear. These seals are occasionally taken by the Indians for the oil and skin, the animals being either shot while lying on the rocks, or while swim- ming in water sufficiently shallow for the body to be recovered by means of along gaff. As arule one Indian is provided with a seal-skin suit, cap included, and his part of the game is to crawl about the rocks im- itating the motions aud ery of a seal, while Indian number two is con- cealed near at hand with a birch-bark canoe in readiness. No shot is fired unless there is almost a certainty of either killing or mortally wounding a seal where it can be secured, a wounded animal being gaffed and towed ashore. The Harp Seal ( Phoca grenlandica) also occurs at Mingan, and ani- mais were seen that probably belonged to this species, although, as none could be taken, it is impossible to speak positively in regard to the matter. The Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) is common about all the islands and in the channel between Harbor Island and the mainland. A small Pike Whale (Balenoptera rostrata) was accustomed to cruise through the channel with tolerable regularity, but no other cetaceans were seen in the vicinity, although fish were said to be abundant, and Caplin were seen in small schools. An effort was made to kill this whale with a bomb lance while it was busily engaged in pursuing a school of lant, but although the animal at first seemed to pay no at- tention to the boat, yet upon being fired at, although missed, the whale immediately left, showing his senses of sight and hearing to be very acute. The course of the whale could be quite readily traced, the point at which he was about to make his appearance being indicated by a circle of wildly leaping little fish, the nose of their pursuer emerging a second or two later. Several times the animal rose almost vertically, about a third of his length appearing above the water, and on these oceasions the conspicuous white bars across the flippers served to iden- tify the species. The birds were moving southwards, and although young Kider Ducks (Somateria Dresseri) in the down were taken, the Black Duek (Anas obscura) and white-winged Coot (Melanetta velvetina) were seen flying southwards in considerable numbers. The Hider is said to breed here- abouts in the bushes near the shore, but the only young specimens seen were taken, as just stated, at Mingan Island, and had probably been raised there. Large flocks of Bonaparte’s Sandpiper (Actodromas fuset- collis) were gathered around the tide-pools on the northern end of Min- gan Islands and a few Curlew were observed, these being extremely shy. Gulls (Larus argentatus smithsonianus) were abundant, and are said to breed on Mingan, although the only young birds taken were obtained from nests under*the evergreens of Harbor Island. The Gannet for- merly bred in small numbers at the Perroquets, but the continual taking of their eggs by the Indians residing near by, has nearly extirpated EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. G25 them, and but few were seen, none being breeding birds. Putftins ( Fra- tercula arctica), with well- advanced young, and Murres (Uria troile, were found at the Perroquets, and Guillemots (Cepphus grylle), in spotted plumage, near Mingan. The Canada Grouse (Dendragapus canadensis) was occasionally seen at Mingan. These birds were extremely tame, and when flushed from the ground frequently alighted in low spruces, where they would allow themselves to be approached as near as twenty or fifteen feet. The Mingan River is a noted salmon stream, while its tributary, the Manitou, abounds in trout, salmon being prevented by a fall from as- cending this stream for more than 3 miles. The so-called Sea Trout is usually plentiful at the mouth of the Mingan from half flood to half ebb, and many large ones, averaging about two pounds each, are taken in gill-nets by the few Indians residing here. Owing to rough weather and heavy rains few fish were taken during our stay, those at the mouth of the river being the silvery sea-trout, and those up the stream the dull-colored variety. The unfavorable weather prevented our obtaining any of the desired seals, and on August 20th the Grampus proceeded to Percé, reaching that place next morning. Pereé is a place of considerable interest to the naturalist from the fact that Pereé Rock is the abode of a large rookery of Cormorants (Phalacrocorax dilophus), while the precipitous seaward side of Bonaventure Island is occupied by Gannets, this being the third of their breeding-places on the Atlantic coast, and, next to the Bird Rocks, the most extensive. Dr. Bryant in 1860 estimated the number of Gannets breeding at Bonaventure to be 250,000, but this must be considered as entirely too high. Whatever the number may once have been, at the date of our visit it would not apparently ex- ceed 3,000, although this is merely a guess, time being insufficient to make a careful estimate by counting various sections of the colony. Although the cliffs on the seaward side of Bonaventure Island are 250 feet in-height and nearly vertical, it is said that a considerable num- ber of eggs are obtained from the uppermost ledges, some of which may be reached directly from the summit and others by the aid of ropes. The conservatism of the Gannet is well shown by the fact that al- though Pereé Island is only a mile away, and its summit perfectly inac- cessible, not a Gannet breeds there. Favored by a light inshore wind, we were able to approach sufficiently near the base of the cliff to secure” four young Gannets, by shooting them where the character of the eee was such that a bird when killed would fal! into the sea On the 9th of July we had obtained at the Bird Rocka Gannets from one to four days old, very small and almost naked. Here, forty-three days later, the young were very far from being able to fly, and although they had attained a weight of five pounds were still covered with long, soft down, the wings being so feebly developed that if would evidently be some time before they could leave the nest. The instinet L260 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18h to keep still must be strong in the little Gannets, for often but a few inches lie between them and destruction, some of the rocky shelves being so narrow as to cause one to wonder how eggs and young escape being swept off by wind and rain. Perce or Arch Rock, is a vertical mass of rock, 288 feet high, and ap- parently inaccessible, although some years ago an enterprising fisher- man succeeded in reaching the summit,* then as now occupied by birds. The greater part of these are Cormorants (Phalacrocorax dilophus), but a few Gulls (Larus argentatus) mingle with them, and two Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) were also seen. The Cormorants are said to feed largely on the refuse of the fish dressed for drying by the Percé fisher- men, but numbers may be seen in the morning starting outfor more dis- tant fishing grounds. It wasto interceptsome of these birds, and to collect any others that were to be obtained, that early in the morning we started for Arch Island, where long before daybreak the gulls had begun their clamor. The gull is ever complaining about something, and at almost any hour of the night the querulous cry of some wakeful bird may be heard. At the Mingan Islands the gulls and terns had been a decided nuisance, following us everywhere in a clamorous crowd, by ery and action pointing out our whereabouts to the ever suspicious seals. Now we found them circling around the island, along whose lofty suramit the cormorants were arrayed in straggling groups of three or four, craning their long necks over the edge of the cliff. Some were already returning from fishing trips, while others were starting out for their morning work, winging their way with out-stretched necks and heavy wing-beats, their black forms sharply outlined against the morn- ing sky. Fishing-boats were putting off from shore, their black hulls, and red, tanned sails adding to the picturesqueness of the scene, while the bold, red summit of Pereé Mountain shone brilliantly over all. In the role of collector, however, the birds had prior claims to our atten- tion, and before breakfast several cormorants and guillemots (Cepphus grylle) were secured, these last being the first adults of the species taken since leaving the Magdalens. The little guillemots are wonderfully ex- pert swimmers and divers, and in rough water their small size frequently enables them to elude pursuit, even when they do not take wing. On this occasion, however, the water was smooth, the birds could be read- ily discerned whenever they rose to the surface, and pursuers and pur- sued were more on an equality than is usually the case. Although a few petrels and phalaropes (Phalaropus fulicarius) were taken on the homeward voyage, the work of collecting practically ended with our morning excursion at Pereé. Naturally the most valuable por- tion of the collection consisted of the remains of the Great Auk, which, as indicated by the humeri, represented over seven hundred individ- uals. The humerus, however, is by far the most abundant bone, some * See ‘‘ St. Nicholas” for — 1889, p. — EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. 727 portions of the skeleton, like thebreast-bone and pelvis, very rarely be- ing found in a good state of preservation. Still if may be said that the collection made by the Grampus party equals, or exceeds, the com- bined sum of all other Great Auk remains preserved in museums, for besides the large number of individual bones, about ten complete, or nearly complete, skeletons have been made up, one of which has been presented to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge, Massa- chusetts, and one to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Next in importance to the bones of the Great Auk were the pair of Welch’s ptarmigans, secured by Mr. Palmer, these being the second pair ever taken, and the only birds in summer plumage. The rest of the material needs no special mention, although the numerous eggs, embryos, nestlings, skins, and skeletons form a very valuable addition to the collection of the U.S. National Museum, and their importance is enhanced by the fact that all the specimens were carefully prepared. It is very evident, upon comparing our own observations with the accounts of previous observers, that the sea-birds have greatly decreased in numbers, even during the last decade. The gannets have suffered the most; the murres and razorbills next; while the puffins, on the con- trary, may even have increased in numbers, owing to the fact that their burrowing habit makes the task of obtaining their eggs too difficult to be profitable. While regret at the diminishing number of the sea birds is partly a matter of sentiment, and the naturalist in particular can but deplore their loss, there is, however, a practical side to the question, although the relations between fish, birds, and men are so complicated that little can be stated positively in regard to the loss or gain due to the birds. Naturally the sea-fowl do not have the same economie im- portance as in the early days of the Newfoundland fisheries, although they are still used for bait and food, many being killed by the fishermen for this latter purpose, and large quantities of eggs are gathered an- nually. In this manner the birds are of direct value to fishermen, while indirectly they are of much service in pointing out the presence of fish. On the English coast the actions of gannets often show the position of schools of herring, while on our own shores they frequently indicate the appearance of schools of mackerel. Gulls and terns, shearwaters and auks feed largely upon capelin and lant; and as these small fishes are preved upon by schools of cod, their presence is frequently an indi- cation that larger fish are not far off; and if the feathered fishermen are compelled to seek their prey at a distance, the chances are that their hu- man competitors will be obliged to do so also. In this connection it may be worth while to note that when at Fank Island the puffins were apparently doing their fishing at some distance from the island, and that two fishing-boats from Fogo tried for cod in the vicinity without success. Thequestion of tie quantity of fish eaten by sea-birds is one, which must also be taken into consideration ; and while at first sight it 728 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. might seem that the destruction of fish-eating birds could be only favor- able to the fish, it may be said that until much more is known regard-— ing the food of the birds, the exact relations existing between birds and fish can not be determined. The gannet is charged with devouring large quantities of fish, and while the charge is undoubtedly true, it would seem better for the present to protect the bird than to run any risk of exterminating a species which on both sides of the water has de- creased from 20 to 50 per cent. during the last twenty years. So nicely are the economies of nature often adjusted, that interference with them often leads to wholly unexpected results; and it may well be that in de- stroying fishes that feed upon the spawn of larger species, the sea-birds far more than offset the harm they may do by devouring the young of food-fishes. Although the many favors received during the voyage have been duly credited in the report of Captain Collins, I would yet like to add my own acknowledgments for the many favors received during the voyage, especially to the Rev. M. Harvey, and to Commander Wake- ham. In conclusion, I desire to thank Captain Collins, not only for his in- dorsement of the plan at the outset, and for his personal aid and inter- est in every detail of the varied work of collecting, but for the many courtesies received at his hands during the two months’ cruise of the Grampus. oh rs mae ee meee . ; 7 ae , = a i MOM ee ees ma a jag Ais i-! oe “ns ' Y Bird vat Sh ee ae pe: Th ; ; Rae i Fee (Pek pit 1h a Se xe" be ue Wes lh ; : : a : - a, Soe ieee oF Boa ia uy - is Ls “7 be i eh a - Lh “ a _ ~ ; i a - TAR ¥ i 7 F zi ; ie ‘ i e) A Pe ; a a ra a ep - 7 ax, Ale > - — : C am ‘ ra - ‘ 5 2 ae Pee, ao 5 Pell : Ny ? - - cm 7 i o. - a » ee a La n . : a 7 i war RT a ¢ : r) ‘ a 7 oo 7 bd : c Lg t : : 7 - a 2 - a > _ \ 4 1 7 . ” . = or i 7 7 - j - 7 ‘ s - a 7 ‘ 7 U - ei 7 , oo a im oe = - 7 ane! ‘in. ve oh ; ia = ow: te ve “4s aves 7 : a ne v4, ane mo ' Ce dase Sh OP, ie EXPEANATION OF PEATE GV. BRONZE BUDDHA, (TOKUGAWA PERIOD). Dimensions, including base and wooden goko—halo, 70 inches. Figure— base to crown, 3834 inches; width of base, 321% inches; length of head, 13% inches; width of face, 101% inches. Cast in Ise, Japan, A. D. 1648. Japan, 1888. 129,965. Collected by EpwarpD GREEY. The drawing imperfectly conveys the majesty and repose of the original, the modeling of which, with the exception of the hands, resembles that of the Kama- kura figure. Its back is covered with the following engraved inscription. iz oe >] nae = ‘ *k ~ S RR ‘ 1 — i mt ce a + Ts x yj ae KR 4- ~ aes * She ce #8 S| ~ en eb sa) o Fi a + te L ba) & a Ax | a ee ae ; =) ay, : Me a fe “PR Ps & & a ie 5p t 6 7 Bo cone : ee eee Pee es BY 4 : “$ ea + te x a ne b= 49 aR 45, t & Tr) ® wh + 4 Coa oe Ak. me 5- it 4 4 =) m= f c. +P & ogee eet a a = aS ? yea ae aoe & 3 G <- «a = = o = co Dos & & oS 4 e 6 Uy = Bi SE ae rej Beas al z 2 S 2 ry a 1k gq AG = £ o 5 } *F < 5 mT 7 a ya These contain many doctrinal and metaphysical words and phrases, of San- scrit or Pali origin, which may be briefly translated, as follows: the form of the record, names, etc., being transposed in order to render it intelligible to Western readers : ‘¢ This bronze image of ‘The Buddha of Five Wisdoms,’ was made by Saburo- biyoye Katsutane, son of the great caster, Yoshitane Tsuji of the Fujiwara clan, whose title was Tajima no Kami, Anson, who lived at the Port of Yasuno in the Province of Seishiu (Ise). ‘*He respectfully cast it for Shichirouyemon Tadanori Takamine, who lives in the town of Matsuzaka in the district of Jidaka, Seishiu (Ise), whose religious name and the religious name of his wife are given, and ‘who desire the blessings of future life for (the souls of) their Fathers, Mothers, and of six unnamed relatives, and for themselves.’ ‘It was respectfully offered by them to the temple of Joshozan Soan in Yamada, Seishiu (Ise), on the 15th day 9th month of the 1st (rat) year of the Period of Keian— October 30th, 1648, when it was reverently consecrated by Shouz (Rev'd) Kwansei- kudatsu, of the Society of Benren (Distinguished pure Lotus), twenty-first Priest of the temple of Sanyenzan Zojo, in the district of Shiba, Yedo, Province of Bushiu (Musa =:i).” . PLATE CVII. BRONZE BUDDHA. (TokuGawa PERIOD.) = = = =f - =f 7 -_ = i: a « * = = = a Ao ae. he i A y i - pair 7 = i 7 a ; _ = _ es &: * = Xt) Le : 7 ON A BRONZE BUDDHA IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.* By CHARLES DE Kay. The fine arts of Japan have been known in the West for many cen- turies and like the cognate arts of China have received the sincerest form of flattery, imitation. Yet a true knowledge is still to come. Be- tween a barbarian contempt for eastern art and the claim of a recent Japanese art-commission returning from a voyage around the world, that the only living art to-day is that of Nippon, there must be a mid- dle term. We are only beginning to assume toward the oriental mind that attitude of sympathy which is necessary to the understanding of its products. Moreover, we are only on the threshold of the historical and legendary view of the development of the fine arts of the extreme Orient, which forms the second and almost equally important basis for appreciation. So it comes that, notwithstanding the wealth of exam- ples of many branches of the fine arts belonging to the Middle Flowery Kingdom and to Nippon, such matters as porcelain and bronze are still regions largely unexplored. In porcelains the beautiful book of Stanislas Julien is invaluable ; with regard to bronzes from Japan the old writer Kaempfer and the comparatively modern F. von Siebold did excellently for their time and generation, yet have left the field open for separate and exhaustive treatises. One branch of art throws light on another. Thus the French work by M. Gonse and the still more nseful volumes lately published in Lon- don by Dr. Anderson, dealing as they do very largely with the paint- ings or water colors of the Japanese, will be of inestimable service to the man who has the leisure and talents to devote a book to bronzes from Japan. The present sketch, which revolves round the bronze Buddha lately bought for the National Museum, does not presume to speak of more than a few pieces belonging to the two chief religions of Japan, namely, to Buddhism, the popular faith introduced from the main-land about twelve hundred years ago by Koreans and Chinese, who brought with them a transformed species of the great religion born in but ejected from India; and to Shintoism, the former state re- ligion of Japan. The latter appears to have been formed from Chinese * Reprinted by permission of the author from ‘‘ The Chautauquan,” October, 1888. 729 730 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Confucianism, to have absorbed the original spirit and hero-worship of- the Japanese, and to have borrowed something from Buddhism itself, , Bronze work resembles other Sinico-Japanese art in its apparent: lack of distinctiveness, its seeming unity of impression on those who) have not studied it well. As the individuals of an Asiatic or African people seem to be all alike until familiarity with them develops as great _ differences, man from man, as we find in Europe, so a close examina- tion of Japanese bronzes brings one to the point where the work of the. different epochs betrays different characteristics, and individual work- men in metal emerge from the common herd of designers and casters into artists of renown. In the east great respect is paid to tradition inart. Families of artisans have inherited certain waysof work. Re- higion has been powerful enough to counteract the impulse to be orig- inal by deviating from the models of the past. Difficult as the ques- tion must be until some one resident in Japan, having access to the temples and museums under government control, and yet acquainted with the contents of public and private collections in Europe, shall found a system of the history of Japanese bronzes, it is possible to dis- tinguish three grand epochs. The first is represented by the meager yields of grave-mounds. An early wave of conquest appears to have come from the south, favored by the prevailing winds and currents, and brought the men of bronze weapons and implements, before whom the native race, perhaps the hairy people called Ainus, perhaps a mixture of this people with set- tlers from Korea who had iron weapons, gradually receded toward the north. The second is the great religious epoch, started with a wave of Buddhism from Korea about the time that Europe was settling down after the conquests of the heathen, when missionaries were sallying out from Rome on the one side, and Ireland on the other, and things were shaping themselves for Charlemagne to found his empire. To this epoch belong the gigantic Buddhas at Nara and Kamakura. The third period is associated with the political supremacy of the Tokog- awa clan, and runs from about 1600 nearly to our day, say 1868. ‘The Japanese are now in the fourth period, where they are profoundly in- fluenced by the western world in their arts as well as in their polity, and, as many native and foreign observers think, very unfortunately influenced. From considering Japanese bronzes to have a marked family like- ness, one soon learns to note the greatest distinctions among them. In general, one may say that intricate design and bold combinations of high and low relief, technical knowledge in founding, and fantastic subjects, belong to the third or flourishing epoch lately ended. Not that very beautiful, simple, big work is lacking to the present century, but it does not represent the rule. But however we may distinguish, however we may, according to tem- perament or training, prefer on the one hand the big sober work of ON A BRONZE BUDDHA. (31 earlier centuries, or, on the other, the enormously clever design, the bewildering luxuriance of form aud suggestion, shown during the period of two centuries and a half lately elapsed, we can not withhold wonder and admiration from the Japanese for their work in bronze in all epochs. It has the stamp of individuality as most Huropean work has not. Bronzes with us are too apt to look like things turned out of a hopper, like buttons from a mill. The prefusion of ornament which alarms and irritates fastidious people who have formed their taste on masterpieces surviving from the great Greek and Italian epochs, be- comes interesting so soon as the meaning of the various decorative motifs dawns on them. Thus the crane is associated with a certain sage, hero, or saint who is a sort of patron god of knowledge and long- evity. The tortoise is a symbol wishing one long life; the peach blos- som means that the giver desires the recipient to be beloved and to become the parent of lovely children. There is a mighty cosmogony, there is a vast and bewildering hagi- ology, there is a labyrinth of legend, in which Buddhist ascetics, local Buddhas, old heroes of the people, animals endowed with magical pow- ers, and even inanimate things which take on life, are fit subjects for the potter and the founder in bronze. The result is that oneis tempted to say that no country has ever shown bronzes which contain so much human interest by way of subject, so much point with respect to useful- ness in temple and house, so much elegance of finish, beauty of shape, and originality of design as the Japanese. By far the greater part of the bronzes in Japan have to do with the service of atemple. There are many other uses for the metal, of course, such aS coinage, weapons, ornaments for the person, utensils for the house, decorative pieces, boxes, trays, flower-holders, and what not. But the houses of nobles in Japan are far from luxurious, and as a rule the costliest things are appointments of or gifts to a temple. Shin- toism in its purer form had no idols and few altar-ornaments in its tem- ples, but Buddhism in the form which it has taken far from its seat in India, encouraged these luxuries. Japanese writers who belong to the comparatively free-thinking sects which may be allied to Confucianism have always reproached the native Buddhists with using the fine arts to captivate the multitude, deceiving the eye with pictures and statu- ettes and the understanding with monkish tricks. They have taken much the same attitude toward Buddhism that the Reformation took toward Roman Catholicism. On the other hand the same thing was cynically defended on the ground that Buddhist monks were useful in keeping the common peo- ple ignorant and steeped in superstition. Or, the argument was, that it suited a certain phase of mind. ‘ People may go so far as to destroy those who hold to names and pictures,” wrote a Japanese apologist in 1690 in his preface to the Buts-zo-dsu-i, translated by Dr. J. Hoffman into German; ‘yea, to give to the flames the wooden statues of Buddha. But will the silly layman for that understand any better the glorious <2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. purpose of upward endeavor? The Most Illuminated whom mankind worships, and who in his great merey did good to all creatures and brought them to salvation, verily he willed that also the silly common man should strive gradually, step by step, to Perfection.” ‘The book is) a description of native and foreign saints; the writer, apparently by no- means a vigorous or ardent believer in Buddhism, makes a shrewd ap-_ peal to that class of minds in all parts of the world which sees in reli- gious forms a wholesome regimen for the ignorant. ) But since 1874 Buddhism has lost the support of the Shoguns and | feudal upper class, owing to the practical abolishment of their power. They were patrons of Buddhism from policy, if not from conviction, and the bronze gifts to temples have fallen off. Moreover, they were — patrons of bronze work not religious in purpose, and now they, or such as can be said to represent them, dress like Europeans, aspire to Euro- | pean habits, and use foreign furniture. Last, but-not least of all, the full establishment of commerce with the West, before the country was — prepared for it, appears to have had for its first effects a singularly rapid and universal lowering of the artistic quality of all objects of art, because cheap and quickly fabricated articles in enormous quantities © had to be supplied to America and Europe. From these causes of dis- couragement the production of good bronzes, that is to say, bronzes of | a high artistic, not merely a fine technical quality, has undoubtedly fallen away. Some connoisseurs prefer the most important castings in bronze made by the early Buddhists of Japan, owing to their grandeur, simpuiicity, and noble massiveness. Such are the colossal Yakushi in the temple at Nara and the famous Daibuts, or seated figure of Buddha, cast by Kimimaro in A. D.749. In pottery and faience the same taste is likely to prefer the comparatively small and undecorated pieces which the native collectors treasure in silken bags and fondle with the amiable folly of him who is ridden by his hobby. Professor Morse describes these amateurs as aghast at the overdecorated vases which modern Japanese potters fabricate for us, and which the dealers sell us for pieces of the great epochs. Besides the colossi mentioned there are other images in bronze of a larger size, but they have rarely left the country. A seated Buddha of this sort, which was exported to the United States before the Japanese became attentive to the need of preserving the monuments of Japan, had a romantic career of neglect and discovery in New York; it is now in the National Museum at Washington, thanks to the knowledge of Mr. Edward Greey, the author of various translations from the Japa- nese (Plate CVII). ' It has a bronze halo, and differs from the beautiful and impressive seated Buddha at Kamakura in size and in the position of the fore- fingers. These do not touch each other along the two upper joints, but lie one within the other. os e- oa oa 21289 Abbotts. Wr Hickes.eecestecl-eoeeniecsses 21621 Henshaw, H. W.....-. 21171, 21552, 21579, 21792 Agriculture, Department of......--.. 21071 Ellebrand; Dr Weobes-o esas. tae -) 21836 Amorosa, Alphonse.......--.--.----- 21105 Mount Shasta Chrome Company..--. 21166 Army Medical Museum .........--.- 21995 Orcutt, C: R.---. 20983. 22058, 22108, 22156, 22166 ANery,, ARGDUL occ aet)ane see ea 21033 PastonnGeorce Wise ees- see eee eeeeer 21673 Baird Miss ucyerce-se ose eeeaeere 20949 Pond Lieut: Cab cece. sass e= 21272, 21736, 21882 Rallauf, Dit 2. cits keeek ose ee eee we LODO) Price; -Chomasm es sees esac eee 22111 Beckwith, Paul...... 21083, 21111, 21120, 21127, Quicksilver Mining Co...... 20886, 21898, 21955 211638, 21818, 21413, 22120 - District or CotumMprA—Continued. Accession number. Bigcing ly Dis 2scc2s 3s eee ee onic 21126 BUNNIES OT dag Osace-csenecesese sae 21388 Boehmer, George H....:.-2:...-.. 20941, 20943 IBOoTa HWE) ante see acest ceca cuie eee Hoc 21605 IBGlUON diosa. Nets tac certe le eeeree a: 21302 Bennehh Peter ese oc ase eee ee 20992 Bourke, Capt. John’ G42: -2---2-- 2... - 22083 BEACKOLL SE TCO Le conan Sees 21809 Bradford: Harry D2 <- 526. sss. o -22--aa- 22142 Cameron, Gen. John ........ 20950, 21226, 21414 Carpenter). Mrs! JioMs .<..-25 ccc eee 20903 @lresterv As. 5 2 oad Soares Soc 20976 Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S..-.- 21066 Cockerell) Henry ot se foe ~n1 sa sctiserios 21113 ColbarmyAW Boss oc cocci Anee sescee 21115 Coleman, W.D..... Poe Rae oe 21580 Collin, Madame Veuve A .........--- 21172 Cones) Dr. Nilliott, Bio-5.52%.2 22 2--- 21430, 22063 Cox Mrs. thomas! Oss ssseacese see | aeloon Curtice, Dr: Cooper s2eecesc-se-2e se. 20071 Da ROHE 288 oe Pa Meee ee een aerate 21042 Mamante: Halla: 5.22 2ccacgss tenes see 21780 IDEA eID sa Death ee eeoctcerstee sack 20934 Dillons Awa = macs. ose eee ae 20967 MOM Cari Ol eta e esp aicsels asieisarsizicice = 20841 Hdmonds'Georverbs.2- 52-25 sacs 22157 MINSTSIUN AMMO less eae necoae cna 22035 Kish: Commission) U.S)... s.+cess< nn amtetes 21080 Ron abr eeyyi eh ON nsec eee epee 21270 MELON WWtdsac ie sac ce eee cesmeicises 21341 PTAAck Man OW i.5.sa ewes scores 21606 Harding, Miss Ellen M .......-...... 20918 IAT ENOSS PLONL Yi ete asec) oc iae pees 21147 | Hendricks, Eric.-..-.- po nea be tase 22116 feenry, Miss Mio Ato 2 Saye Scere aio en 22059 Henshaw, H. W-...- .. 20857, 21040, 21579, 21785 Hessel, Dr. Rudolph ....-......-.. 20868, 21104 Holm iHe60GOLe. + -as-:.- seuietes cane eae 22153 Hornaday, William IT. 22.5.2. .---.3- 20838 eng h WiC ratte eo ares 21564 } Sly gad ea] SUEY CC:) eee ain an a See 21131, 21731 Huidekoper, Reginald ............... ~ 22086 Wonnson J. Orville”, sees soe eseeces 20998 Johnson, L. A., and Richard D. Wim- CC eaters 5 EES A ey ate os 21615 Library Committee, Joint........2.2. 21433 RemMGnanlespi ies. cs. .scces Ako seee 21983 KntySubrentisss-s.< 08-2206 atone 21919 iNDEX BY LOCALITIES. | Soe Accession number. DIsTRICT OF COLUMBIA—Continued. Laird; Charles *He-5-2. sce seeeece “vera 20843 Light-House Board (Treasury De- partment) sccscs ose se elemces 20856 fansleys Joelos ccc en ees ee eee 21200 Ibu, As Sas sae 22076 Thucas) Wit 3232s. cees eee oethente 21727 Prichsy lise sce a -eicsce eee 21891 Thyones Bvante soe so. ce cee ceee ae eee 21648 McDevitt, DanieliL--s...-ss-c2n scene 21319 McG eorve ee Wio sate can aatee ce cee 21888 MeGuineyhBs assess ogee see ci aes 21513 MeGailire:d > D. and BY Beate cs cscs cee 21253 i eMilansRobertehes = sas-Aos0-45" 21951, 22048 Merriam @Dr Ca rartee tcc eestor 20911, 20970 Vi MerMal tonite acer eeim oe te ceataetetoret 21565 Millis: TheodorevAy jackeorle cheaters ee 21729 Mitchell “BaWe-ccansscee eee one eee POLIS Moonpy, JiQMes ae. sen cae ene eee 21449 Moore, WalliamvAt se ssese ces ae cacao ae ee o80 Moritz Celestene=ac. assoc eeteeeene 21056 Moser: Juche eiage..2cceceks oeaeeeae 20839 Mullet. ickra. S22. anc escmer tects 21674 Murray, DraS. Posse clei anne sice 21693 INASHMD EAR Si. =. Seen teeaee ae 20996 Wewinl an dae Vod eilevsco sate oa mteia eases 21043 INTCHOlSOIG Ws Linseseceseoeea es neeeneee 22089 NOahy Onn ME eo: Sersac esteem mar cientctere 21415 OfuGehole eae sacs. sanadnes Oe esis 22088 Osborne rd: Wi.s jo. = Se ses ooo e 20891, 21477 Palmer, Joseph ..-..-- Hees ae eiecig ose 20901 Patent Office, U. S. (Interior Depart- MONG). co oe Sas sertoacmeeeee eee ees 21323 IROWSLAROVs Le seeaac ne sees Saereta an 21796 ProudhteS:tV cncaeen soc e cece eaae 21438 Putiam ero Wes ee oe eas cet eeeee 21913 RECUR lure tere eeciic ace eeen meee 21918 ReVOLOSE kr iil) Wares -aiaiet ae eens 21546 Richmond, C.0Wi coe ese coerce aaa 21684 Ridoway ROVClteosmeesenee seme 21041 RIO. lun Scr Se He aie wis cecleleie euclee ats mteiniers 21718 Rd NIRS oIA7IO. n= aes ceases ceeeeees 20889 Schmid, Louis...... eee ia Saree ee eens 22134 Schmid, Lonis & Sons....-.- - 20969, 21202, 21380 Secret Service Division (Treasury Department) eae -e ce eee 20926 Shannon. brestoneea ee sececceeosee 21148 Shindler PAS ZenOL- soa-c teseeceee eet 20988 SHOCK Willie saree atom eaceinacaiaen pa eolaae Shoniery Walliams caterer cae 21873 Sional Office USS). 52> os5-2 21058, 21101, 21368 SIP SOM eerste sea yataiclr tale} aera 21471 SIGS OME Waters cles cteiicinis deracien cree sje 21813 Shinra Lika ae daeaeeesoeinetssecaieicis 21054 SMillten Ws Wise oie on acerice conocer. 20925 Smillie, Miss L.E....... Riou eatin 21494 SMIUGD Wit ewe acs one Soci ae siesesiaee 21976 Solomons, Miss Alene......-........- 20963 Starkweather, George B.......-......- 21281 mtearns: Ios C5 c-d- na. ck vs eee wee ets 21999 SLE|DESer, Dri ls.ets ass ances omnes eas 22152 DLORATEN GRAM ie Soares eat a etn 21558, 21769 stevens, Missi Mary..25.-8.0 steamers 21582 Stewart, sames Mi. - 2032522 he sue 20980 StonowMrsrsHid wwccame Ase ce ue ee 21986, 21419 7 ee © 824 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Accession Accession number. number. Districr or CoLuMB1A--Continued. _ Ipawo Terrirory—Continued. StonesEenry, Desens eee eee 21516 | Geological Survey, U.S ......-...---- 21528 Swan, Mrs. J. Thompson. --../-..---. 21905 | Horan, Henrys: 0. senscsn cece tees 21770 Sweeney, pbs Wer sae en pene seer cece 20973 | Merriam Dri Ca Hartiwesseaesoeeeaee 21998 iRaylor, Dre Phomas= sees .ce eee esse 20912 | Miller Leroy (D's. .5.-- 2 ecaee eee eee 21777 Burner Heaw oases ees cee eee 21055. | Peale sD rica. Oicapaeeren cee ee eee 21638 WilkesMenrycces2 sosececoscenteseeee 21670 Pettigrew, Dida J sccc cnc se eee 21584 Upham th Pit sect se se aoenee eee 21365, 22130 Wilson; George Ms s.ce-aceeceneereee 22092 Vian Stephents-sscssecer eee eeeeeee ee 21672 TRINOTSS Wan Doren: Wiacleojt see eee ee 21324 | oe Mesa, : "Atdanis:" Wiebe os snctye reece eee 21521 Wiener: Walliam 2225 sco: see eee 20842 | s : Copelin;fAcd. Wiese ease eae 20898 Warde Johnvl cs cee seceeee nes 22097, 22125 mig ite Ulinois State Laboratory of Natural Ward sProtibestemsieee--ass cesses 22065 | Histo a ee 21803 Washington Camera Club .........-. 20889 eoneler we E. : 22112 WVRbGtS RE te 2e osaee eet taco eee 21563 Tian SteeeSeT teat eee el ; NorcomiG.Hreéan- assess. soe oe eee ee 21839 Weeden iWAG a2 jc cccawecaccecmecsne 21332 3 S ? Wallonia! lowell Cz.0-. 0 ai eet 21129 Polity, OMN ONG esac Cone et carte ie Wilson Chomas 3 ie owe Pie 21950 Queens piece ace eE Sag ey UPC cle Denice ies Sh eee Bane o5i01 99199 D154 Ridgway, Roberbiscs see se eee 21041 4 f TR a oon t a at ear teas Smith DAB Sota oes ee eee 21001 Wimsatt, Richard D. and L. A. John- a Senden DE WAG Hs ae eee 91972 POH So sesers ase aor aa eee ziblS Veliey DrsJdisW oe see ee 22149 MESO Bo Cece specs Asn cess ee Worthon/Csk 1. eee ee 21863, 21868 NWVOOG NE Rincnctoteca osha eee 211718, 21833 Wortmany Dr dees eens eee 21057, 21975 | INDIANA: Weates Hon diesserdisaascaem sense ee 21154 Anderson, Robert .....--..----------- 22007 Yeates, William S......:...-.-..:.-:. 91923 | Beachler-Charles)csscas-ceee eee eee 21130 Black Drv WaGw. osossen ses ceecee toeee 21076 FLORIDA: Bollman, Coe -2 ts. ee eee 21787 Agriculture, Department of. 22002, 22003, 22004 Evermann, Prof. B. W....-<----.22.2. 20853 AVON SZ el roaW ill Ma Mmp One aes eae 22083 Jenkine Prot! O.P ote 20952 Bell aM OSs tases se 21112, 21308, 21339, 21811 Jordan, Prof, David S....-..-----.--- 91285 Blacktord vhs Gass eeee ea ece eerie PAtEPAl Beas HE een eee ae a nee 21440 Boardman, G. A .--... .-----.---.----. 21860 RidewayreRobertseasce-s-esecee eee 21041 Cunningham; HOR sss. sescacea eee: 21173 tistsHalbert..ce. cate eee 29006 Ellis seb rankce bee seceen sece scree: 21493 StrodesWaS tee te ye Museen 20929 18 (e001 dl Jed Wee cre Saree ieee ae -- 21496 at eh Gras SeaWireere eens ane ee es 21241 | Towa: Firiyc ke Dhomas boo a. aoe ae, 21601 | Boston Society of Natural History... 21545 aeKOrdan wero DL Sect eee eee 21628 Burt Grinnell spaces ec ccs 22014 MonpleynwWiek..2. 2a oace senses eee 22112 | Conrad, A. H..-....--.-----+--------- 22046 Merriam, Dr. CU. Hart........--..-.... 21856 | Drew, Frank L.and Charles.......... 21889 Mosers tiemte dhl se -eeaecoesonec eee 21252 Keyes, C.R ......--------.---------- 20961 Nica AD cin Olen ste oon aon Sen ae 20894 | State Agricultural Experiment Sta- Prindle, George S...........-...----. 21744 | tion, Ames, Iowa (through R. “P. Quinn Were nese eee ee cae 21002 Speer) -------..--.---+------------- 21464 SpinnlertGene hy has sea eee 21262 | Wiardiidi Vi ramcsrieme eee 21977 PREG sae We sn a coin cosine Stains rate 21165, 21242 | xansas: Warner, Mrs. AD San Seetiod oat - Tea Beso 22039 Baker Asi a se ae ee 21851 ANG SuaTe (Ee WY sceobé oe os5nqcKee --- 21680, 22001 | Gannon Bake ess Soret e oa ees 21221 White, James J .-.----...--. ----- 21791, 21968 Hay wRoberty<-- sec sec eotaee eee 22103 Willcox, Joseph aiwiaiainlofeletnineg elis/=)-tetetojohe imi 21619 Lesh, Henry PRR sehen shes ire 21179 eS OBEN Meinold; Weillt.) 050s as eaten 21371 Bean, B. A....-..---- 222-21. + 2s ee eee 21560 Newlon, Dra WaSGesvassasteeeeeeee 21286 GhisolmypAlfrediss. cece ss see ee 21754 SHOW RD et eer eee ee ee 29174 CLAM IRON Sa Oise wales cee ae shane laa 21465 kami ton ei bee ee tes. bee ee 20573, 21266 | KENTUCKY: HeiohiwayerA bane seek least 21432 MacGill, ‘T. W ........--------------. 21075 iordin Henry sas.) 2 ics sme east ec 21381 SENN G 18751 ooo aS siee seoscesseeone - 22147 PONESNCOl LOG see oar aaa aa 21827 Very, C.F ....-..-...--.2--.---22- 21167, 21518 Nielsen, William G .........-..-....- 21924 | Younglove, Dr.J. EB ....-...-.-------- 21310 BratitjiN Poor cece acces DIOS | y Gavan Tobias, H ------- +--+ 22s. 225 ces seee es 21318 American Museum of Natural His- IpadoO TERRITORY : | LOLY cise seen ne ere 21987 Clark, Waldo J..... SAO Oo One aoe cis 22095 | Kolin iG. tae 21798, 21799, 21883, 22091 CoopersWilliam cs-eese2-eee eee 22015 | Walliamson George. aes csse seen eae 21902 , INDEX BY LOCALITIES. 825 : Accession Accession number. | number. MAINE: | MassAcHusrerrs—Continued. 4 BantlouteW qian: scat a tap os sal=a 21523 | Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing BAVIOM WV cae ees cae cee .-sasseee-oesceee 20867 Missouri and Pacific Railroad Com- Douglass, Mrs. Anna ED ..:.../...-... 21590 [WELLS Vice eee ee ot tee Me eee Sateen 21003 Wdwards; Vinal Ni..-- 25 --c2ee-asesn-t. seloor POMS ele sewas ccs ame an ere 20875 PEL Gan W yeu cwacinsc avieee's6 Sess ae ete 0GeD | SHOCK Voit idm) Es cc race Me went eoeets 21742 BMS, CHARIOS Henn c thos caeeccsaee 92137 Mreaiele, Wj IMi a Sh se be Soke de mE 21309 \ 826 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. ~~~ Accession | ; number, number. MONTANA: | New MEXICO: : Millen Coljdatsham: -opecweessoee 20979, 21455, | Bremen. Hs Wi sess re ae oe: Ss eK —— oa See Se agit” : 2 Accession pumber. New York—Continued. eat eametnes 21171, 21826 Hakes, William A INDEX BY LOCALITIES. Harper & Brothers ..:......--.--. 21091, 21150 | sienna MAS coc seendeccad coeco cosas 21741 omn HONE y soso. occ os ous sec eisoeys 21770 | [Biaieceil WOM Dee eae’ 6 aS sosodcr 21788, 21845 | lst GeorgrerD se. cen sexs aaa 21100 Leite saree) ee eene es aeons 21738 | DIG Aelia 1 OV est Sa) einen ceaceeaacbee ce 21492 John, Stephenson & Co ....-...-..--- 20968 {Rend Beene sons scabonopeses 22135 ISO Seed od ean ce sesboeeos aac 21703 Keppel, Frederick & Co....-..--.---- 21709 Ketterlinus Printing Honse .----. 21122, 21996 etitelas Waser 2 -ceacs =~ sci ssonin 21626 TRG GG Aig Ree caper caeeeeoeacescr 20958 RaMINTe ks VOM Gsm ne ia ols plein ele ear 21443 Kale loner Cheese siscs cme os asia ae 21013 Renoedleriés ©Osecse c= san eee sonce es elie RSTINIZ GOOLE Oelinee see ies sesame l= 21274, 21409 Rentz eWieaesceoskes 2: 20930, 21024, 21472, 21547 | Lawrence, Walter U ....... -.--..--. 22008 WS MmIS MOM ASE clas deciliter see nee 22010 Shannan (Crd es 2258 eae SSS Seosdase 21970 MMA C ahiging IEG a7 5 commer ooDeao ne saoeae 21766 NiallonepMInss Hi. Wisse e mero oteiialsemtain 21227 Rheyn) IRN yeaa seaconbesenbestons 22028 INCOM WE ee See oe eS eeenosoone 21201, 21305, 21665, 21677, 21804, 22163 MERON, Hr onaues jer cose esece ae ee LULL 22074 Merrill, George P ..--...--.21216, 21232, 21287 827 Accession number. | New YorK—Continued. \Wikidih 8h. aon eeanropsoncosoncons 21374, 21658 Warren iGharles WW. eneeeeee eee 21363 Williams Aluminum Company...--- - 21698 Williams; Dr: George, HL. --=.--2---.--- 21697 Woolsey, Charles Ty - =.):..2.2Suckeneee 21764 Wionthineton Wie Wises ats e eee cee 21205 Wunderlich, H. & Co.... ... 21012, 21708, 21981 BYE CALOS ON Wi cetacean ale sietnic ane 22009, 22011, 22034 BVO UNS SU AGT Ome etista sean isee ere eerae 22013 NORTH CAROLINA: istine) es}; Ooisieoee poococeDsuonsoolec 21151, 22070 Bowman WS Atssssetee eis eieleiiee = simeicteleys 20913 Jey eK ets LAB Ase Soe one apupseaconnas 21250 Brimbkey, H. H.and C.S......-- soadsbe 21691 BRUNO, LRG =a easiectee cies eee 22027 Bureau of Ethnology........-..-..---. 21819 iDpea iN ligl Os Ase ooctedccsandodcpecde 22042 GreelweAt Wieser see sole aoe areata 21058 Geeen River Zircon Mining Company 22032 Hartshorn: (Charles Hessscs-ss-sene- se 21942 Haywood, Howard s.s2sc0-22s2- scan =( 21512 JOLdan weroOleD AViGs sy ceases eee seen 21285 Reslorv Gs W ecistcee ne ratee Ss pee ante 22021 Life-Saving Service (Treasury Depart- AN OM thapsoe yee Se ewe sessile Sale shame 21912 Mio? GhanlesiHiee Secu. cos 21016 McCarthy, Gerald. .....-...-..------- 21724 MRSS Wil a eae cre 22136 Merrill, George P..-...-..--. 21188, 21190, 21246 National Museum, U.S ..-.-.--.----2 21107 eas le See awe a aS ane Nulting, August H., jr .........-.---: 21094 be ann Aes Tm tone GIG far aos ck se oie 21773 ROTO Ness Mein yin = tele aoe 22047 : Rowe: Aw P:2 jos _Socicosassesisessssesee 22043 ORG ty JED -sese Sosecscececcdencenos 20956 : = ‘ Fy BAe a Russell; Maryh as s-\cccseniease -re 21604 Phillips, Phelps & Hovey........---- 22175 Schreiber Ww AH 29096 Photogravure Company ......-...-.. 21026 se Led ape Ee ep iaatew FO oe | 2 Biaiecanuteinie Compare aes eo 21028 Signal’ Service (War Department).--. 21058 Power, Maurice J..-..--- FA ie t 5 21783 eRe hs Dodds 02 ear anr gamea sy es ae | OE TEST Re ee 91423 Spainhour, Dri Jey eo ees nes 21063, 21267 Petive: Pauckrer’@ Coe 20835 Stephenson: di, AD) 2222s cee een 22020 eGR itis Mace Sosy oes 21596 Swan Island Club, Norfolk, Va....... 21462 Rowland, Thomas. -..........-0s-ce«- 20910 Tay Bi Se cei a RS aie aac 5 NS RSHOSES) HEUDEN 22. 2 sa asa aeons 21732 OS STEMS RG IR oso ioe Soka Ee Baranke Gols. ks Lege 21403 NACHE Nats) Sees boocee onscoe 22024, 22025, 22041 _Scovill Manufacturing Company..... 21098 | Onto: PIECLY nO NMS ne aunt one 21716 Baldwin} Commelius:\-- sce se-ce <== 21896 Shirlaw Walters. «s--6--2--4->scee= = 20836 Bell Carevicessscc8 se csgeceweee sees 20914 SIGUA AGO teers ae tetic ates oye ncls 20892 Bethyl ran Geet trey tet hale mela 20951 Smith, Sanderson, Dr ...:-..---..----- 20816 | BTOCE LEE Alice sei rals oreiceetsleters 21199 Snow, Lieut. W. F...-.--------------- 21771 | CONYS 6 yan ten [eee a eceoeaer ane CEACoae mee 21361 Somers. Brothers: . 8 ate. n2 see 21941 Girldisy la Wit ae oy asec aaa eee oe 21296 Solway Process Company..-.-------- 22084 Cincinnati Society of Natural His- Z Standard Mineral Company..-.-..---- 20989 1) hts gpoP ODL Core aE eMS | ae moee Sane 21206 Struthers, Joseph & Co.._.........-.. 20874 @umntiayGQeorce: Higa sosmean sone te 21897 SGOVONBOD sd ee acl am cieaiemn rae amma 21954 Warye Olarlesy. = x- sta j Ettingshausen, Prof. Dr, Constantin MOREA? MON scant s ncec cas coos adetabew -eemet 21434 | Hieron ewe seer. | een ee erer ae 2066 | Cammermeyer, Albert) 22-2. ---e--4-= 20887 DiswShleana eee De eee te 21626 | Christiana University.----------.--=- 21687 AGigi hore Gs jraeise te oes hee nee ae 21050 Collett aerot. Robert) oot omece aaa cae 20916 TESPTITSLT Boel 0 pee aa eye eer ee 21935 | Williams, Dr. George H .-.---.-=- 21571, 21697 TPH. Dyed ae ee ee Ce i oe 2145 Zoloogical Museum, Christiaina .-.--. 20916 Royal Musenm, Berlin .--.-...---.--- 21353 | PORTUGAL: Tavera, Chevalier Schmit von.....--. 21269 | Geological commission of Portugal.. 21855 GREAT BRITAIN: Te British Miseumic.. -ac2 ss. scons ce 21522 Se et Se Burger, Peterkin Ree are aera 91535 Stu rtz, 1 a ESE OC eAG Tain cic ODED 21188 GERTGR MEM Wes Sen cisi samocie eee emesn 21575 | RouMANIA: Gecprards Hawarde 2-225 —ssces oc cisil= = 22071 Montandon Ac jueccoseccessee a aeeee 21846 a ore | Goodehild, ee pect nesisenaduccpoccecne ato | saute Gregory, a Re oes eee eee ee creer eee 22040 | Beckwath. Paulececes,-2s-> seo 21259 Harman, ht. V..... CSCS ESE eRe 20984 Museum of Natural History, T Mis: 2 721927 WAUEIO PED OMAS- =o. ac% mes eee see e- 21892) | Depend ake London and Northwestern Railway |; PCOREAND:: Company 21373 | lderssohn, ven Commas sees eee 21004 NOEs AEC Ree Geese Pe 2137: ay sat a rc Mowot i Ediwardseses. ee ee ee 21292, 22105 ae ae a ee ieee uc cecal See Royal Gardens, Kew, England...... 20488 | roy er Sas gee ge aa aera. Fase : Thomson, James and George.......-. 21327 State, Department of........-.....4--. 21420 | Willi Dr.G H 91571 : ams; rsG-corce He sac. -ee aces 2 StrmofellowselWsdi- sosnscce secs oe ee ee 21806 | cee ores : \Wialcotts@harles: Discs. s-8e.s- 21904, 21916 | SWEDEN: Wiel ale nV see faeces 21157 | TINA SinOM WT Gree cee eee sees eee 21650 Welch Josephs <2 -ss. eens sees nec 22000 | SWITZERLAND : WITS AG tistaas). catake ccs asecets 21656 | Masson: MisseR tcc. 25th esiceeeees- 21688 Wovdwardian Museum, The ........ 21654 Musée d’Ethnologie, Geneva..--. .-. 21577 NViOrib SRvON = INDEX B. BY DEPARTMENTS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. Accession | number. Abbott, W.H...... teats afore eels eyes aisle 21621 Alaska Commercial Company...--..-.--. 21119 American Society of Civil Engineers-..-. 21607 American Society of Mechanical Engi- MACHT neene aoson oe obocebecteacoesSsne. see 21637 Ammen, Rear-Admiral Daniel..........-. 22087 Ancient and Honorable Artillery Com- ME, IBC NS 53555 Se do55 sS5cen sons 21534 PATONG WS) Er. Hla. 2<5;0c 52-5) isaain0 Sito asic 21991 PANSIPLOW CoH Wasinos ce: comin art ts ce else Jetale 21740 PATOL: Silks -c2cn2=.< 2222-21009, 21265, 21447, 21925 Atvars: BonjamioD).,J0is <= cise cnn nie 1 21760 Baird, Miss is Wad= cog DcOc tO o-BO an SeSenG 20949 Tibor a" Oc Re ei Aeron 20948 Baker, Coigate Seapets iatle eee iaciaciate 21675 Baldwin & Gleason Company.....---.--. 22064 Baldwin Locomotive Works .-....-.--. 21068, 21597 SVE EG Dae ae es Sea ae ea 21090 FEVaTUN SNC Sm VV ALL ce Nie aaemminrselecis a -eeicte= 21669 BeanmMonthcl.hiic = 2-== nos taeesaece eee 21139 Beckwith, Paul .-..-21083, 2 D111, 21127, 21163, 21214. 21259, 21321, 21322, 21413, 22120 TERE NUNC teem espe Oeeaeoe eo BOGOR CE ace 20919 Berlin, Royal Museum of.......---..----- 21353 ema Gee 2-2 pee sans eee 20951 Bick Alexander W 2222. cacasceas- sees 21759 obbetts Wialter: <2 <0 ciec0- since ones oe 21548 TERNS ye Att) eee Cope moe ccinaces 20992 Boehmer, George H............. 21121, 21692, 22128 Boston Bridge Works.-..... SS Se ae ae 21279 Boston Photogravure Company......---- 20883 Boussod, Valadon & Co ..2..eccecsnccecs 20999 ben eld eet enaea ore DOSE OOee Aas 21328, 21663 BT ACKOLG: HOC Ss was aiejsicccwleyecs isis le cide Sows 21809 NSEAO Te chOMMs. tans cee anat oc piscsdeenetino 21757 SEA OU, Ave annem cant wsjssacicoys ¢aictac/aass 22044 REGOR \COl, Ave «ction te nsiewciomie ch wees 21807 POCO, AW te cienpcinie sa c.stajaatse doa(aiae 21199, BrOOKS. LE HOMAS Ei. os” 27. wore hasten sisiten ee 21608 Brown, Miss H. Louisa............... «21578, 21805 SES 1G Os ls i OE 21329, 21681 Buhring, Wired seer a cicssaattecaa cca eens 21938 SIS ONMEM Foes os alet sem esc 21772 DOWOLUADT dis Wietsancee seercctccnameens 21492 John Stevenson Company...--...--.------ 21968 Johnson Ovviller sete aoeciase see eaeiete 20998 | Johnson Steel Street Rail Company, Johns- | COMIN Steere cee cise eee eek seieter ates 21337 | Aina Hive, 1D Seeeaosceadsecedu se6on0r Sac 22135 Keppel) Frederick (Co) -<-.< 22.0 co. ssc 21709 | Ketterlinus Printing House ......--.- 21996, 22122 Taira Oe TOSS cisco soosep des skocdesopee 21626 UGobrmeNel) CaO (ene poo ceosedyeoceos - Jnesca0 21443 1eGoeyes WEY WS oe eaSeoacoes saaddoonoodc 20958 Rilackneri@s- 2.5 seals 22047 Ross, Charles\tecc-eaceeetee see eiaee eee 21442 Rowland: Walter .cetencencisecemiceoacoete 21390 Xoyal Gardens, Kew, England..........- 20488 | Royal Museum, Berlin, Germany..--...--. 21353 Ryvnuders: Reubeneceesce--eeie- ee eee 21732 Santainyd ohne sasseseee-e sees 21011, 21463, 22113 Schieffelin, W).Ee és Coven. sesase sees =e 21403 SchoenhofiCarl.os-32¢eeee eee eee ee 21710 Scott; Mrrs:AWe a2 sess ass ssen caeearsiere 21700, 22110 Scovill Manufacturing Company-..-...--. 21098 Secret Service Division (Treasury Depart- Ment) =: sacs sco eae eee ees 20926 Shannon, J. Preston.....-... CenGaqconache 21148 - INDEX BY DEPARTMENTS. 835 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND INDUSTRIES—Continned. Accession | Accession number. | number. SLATES eV UG Ee Anpocooasassccscscsge DSS 20836 | Thomson, James and George......---.--- 21327 SIC ET yA DE aes apessesopsouacoonspeaes DO892 | Mittan wdc O Osan ser eee nase aee ee 21229; 21230, 21301 Signal Office, U.S.......-- ---.--------21101, 22368 | Tuchtarber Company, The F.......... 21939, 22177 SENAY INU Dp Oe eee me omc deCooO 20925i4)) Purnia GivWe accnseccos cecoace qe eeece 21762 RST LLOse ot WY tare.c:5 = aiciSeien ae ciate min sie Siaiereie/s PEM MA abd tern bec ad ORY: Geen eS ear secmed soe 21316 SENT Od EVE ES eR SS Seo seeocror nese ASO Awa chi tintancvorse Mets) s/cee caeieee clement 21020 Sig Ghd Sates a sooeeesSencqpe =soseoer ALA Sey eVGA IS tEDNEM! semen © sae octe cise mclenise metas 21672 Solway Process Company....-..--...--.- PRIDCNS Nn 5 DYE WA 80 aeombnemccicclspeaoCooS 21561 DSOMOrs pO TOuNOlSee ae el ase eee era PALSY 1 Nvemerbroresy, 1ekibny 6S 8 ioe Acorscegosneecbee > 21755 Spitzer, Arthur A.......-........ estccoce DOSA sa Wiallvers Cilnetlesy Aeron oe erate ore etoiatal=iajel= labels 21014 SieiIneckGr Hon. Wis Hl cee aisle mie aimee tml 214383 | Washington Canicra Club ........--..... 20889 State, Department of .21340,21420,21636,21726, 21911 | Washington National Monument Society. 21294 Sitar), 1s DO eon 5o cepa sopsnaaneoceadce miley) ||) WituiGhize Coote se poe Seeendonecesee 21979 RSLOULAT Gay Ose Astras taeints Series ateiniciei = etcetera OAT ||, AWG RtT hd io! Dpseneee Pao SchestoGessoderor 21091 NHOVENS WRACHAEOIUE 2c. we cicn sm celeste eee BOBS OM VWiO Db len Witte eae e aera feces commana ser 21157 SHOtRaIy AMOS ML. acco cles cacleciteacice lat 20980 | Welch , Joseph....---.-.-- ORES cee cones 2200 SHidi@ 51 GES bo Sanco poner ScecricecoreoTcc POG! |) vwwierthermiber dc. COresss--eeceeere ee eeee ee 21124 MPLIN CLL OW: Had) sees naicc ste Selnicts cceeeet 91806 | Whaites, Edward P....-......-.......--. 21223 Strong Locomotive Company ..-...--..--- PATE Nina Gy 18 Ok seo nano oondanoetedaser 21456 Struthers, Joseph, & Co........-..-...--. Panel || Miah yd UES Sos cocoposocssaesesecosos 21005 SULZDOPCST DANIGS 2-2 2. sc enc)--n--cer-ene 22131 NVihatihoins: G: COL COM /- ccs een ae aataal eee 21602 Swan, Mrs. J. Thompson ...-.--..---.---- 21905 | Wilson, Thomas ..---.------------------- 21950 30) INGE 8G We ogpessescodesddaqensssonec APE) | WyiAbrel inp JO) aos sans conbocceonsssecase . 22053 PMO OT NOMAS sere ar eet ancae = PA |) AWA, BN Co oo cenencoosancoodeocs coTocoddc 22121 Thompson - Houston Electric Railway AVWrool serve @ hanes venience eee siete erie 21764 (COM NDING AME Aa paSenocedaeaacpadaa. 21346, 21478 | Wunderlich, H.& Co.......-..-. 21012, 21708, 21981 TLompson, Matthews........-.-..--..--. DGB AVCRTES Wal Sorenceok socoes eaesemenererient 21923 DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. Adler, Dr. Cyrus ........--...------------ 2HAOT Hawley whores ascaonesssceas saver onae 21276, 21741 JME) Ty EA Oo eisiso ioe ooemesocS ea cecseoeeaG 2158 lHenshawa La Wiss 22 oe seceee ee eeeoeee 21792 ZAG op eee 20979, 21455, 21549, 21588, 21748 | Hitchcock, R.---.-.-.--. -----+--+e+----- 21640 OTS PR GVGLAGEN sea Selsieaciclelo aioe wer = =~ 216668 | Prolmenhcodores. 226 -ssece ae eee eee eee 21418 Tails ie \WGUNE il SAO an eos menpoeacho case 215235 el onan EH ennycecse seen aoe see eeee 21146, 21381 leselevalion Let wilee 28 Se eee copecopeeeene 21313, 22173 | Hough, Mrs. L.S.....--.------ --: ae 21137 Bendire, Capt. C. E.-...-----.------------ 21682 | Hough, Walter ....--....------- 21131, 21459, 21731 Bernadou, J. B.......-....--------------- NSE a fariyd Bs Ls eenabecen asso snososac: 21264, 21559, 21841 Billings, Dr.J.S ..-..--------+-----+---+ ZISeoe kent GePrentiss: sense see se eee ete sen cee 21919 Teas! IDR I cree nosenccocossopsapoggae Z1SION MapeeLhOMAsnaces see sacs acee cece ee Gea 21468 Loa (RVC CWea Bo eraGocdecnEnpOnAOLilboc 5. WIRE! | Tevennaitine JO} indy ales anodes cueacopoenEsos sac 21292 Te ari GECTO Y peeenpeseneecouseeac Loncecc PANG PES hed Binal 14 Bie ee so Se en 21891 Bourke, Capt. John G.....-...--.-------- 22093 | Matthews, Dr. Washington ........-.---- 20888 Bureau of Ethnology..............-..... 21400) | sMeinolds Walle ie.2 scsi ccca= Becca es 21371 Lid usps DEGGIE Peosoae 6 cORC SBE RD OIE DO OOeOE hoods Merriam, DriGs, Hart. oo. se.s cesses ese 21589 rss BGAN Kiscsso= soeiass «adn cca sea Alanon | Mills. Th eodkorerAS o- =. s=-.s2--24-seseseeeee ee 21706n) -bbontpson, Col hrankec---c.er ssn one 21184 Stone eMitsn di. oss ace eects 21419 | Thompson, Greenland -.....-....-.---... 21135 Stoney, Lieut. George M..-...-......---. 2126301 Wialentitie sh, Py ee nose close an serait steele 21486 Swan’ sames Gc cecae See ee ea ere ZOGoia Van ODOTENy wWWieclicense cee ces aaeeate acae ee 21416 Tavera, Chevalier Schmit von........-..~ 21269 ' Wolf, Simon .......... ns aaislaia lets vale eee 20861 DEPARTMENT OF AMFRICAN ABORIGINAL POTTERY. ISMN, IDES Abs plocansacococ ree e Q8S7e) Ean bons aeee eee eee ch Meteaeee 21823 Boban rabis-ces eee sees ecient ee 21830 | Jones, Col. C..C.----- Re SSG Chao 21827 Bureau of Ethnology .--.---.---. 21171, 21459, 21815, | Muséo Nacional de Costa Rica.....-.-... 21705 21816, 21817, 21818, 21819, 21820 | Parsons, Francis H........-.....---.2--- 21930 Ghidseyr@harles ibe. -o ssa saen eee 221709 | RaylondDredis Seesees 222s eeee nee fs dacsisbebed 21828 @urtisMWs Biessas5. 22 a- asics ge soeeewias 21825 | Thruston, Gen. G. P...--. ecbsisesseeceeees 21829 Dats eASEb MUL Sees eaciscinenices aaeeeen eee ae 218209) (Rilton; Jamesv bss snc. cee ce se nieeaeaeeee 21824 How ke. Gerard =c--- ..-sscn= es Seto ALIS || Wohl Henry seamen sso one toate ee 20955 Geological Survey, U.S......--- Repeat 208f6e\) Marrow, DESHoC.occsenic ce neta et ee eee Lae Fakes William A. caves ence ccncnecaeeee 21826 | ses DEPARTMENT OF PREIIISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. American Museum of Natural History, HowohsWaltersen-cercesmacteceseceerecas 21439 New York City, New York...........- 21293, |, Etunter, iWilliam.. sae) --sceeese ese 21920, 21943 Anderson eRobertea- son seen cose cen cece 22007 | Jackson, Bib escjomcaecseeece ss, ceeceeeee 21953 Ate miyvalved icale Muse mime sere tee eee 21995 | Jouy, PA MGe Sac ae Seeeee oy eee ee eee 21859 Baldwin Cormelins: =< see eaceen ecco sere: 21896 NGM WS VWihooseor Se nemenie eet Boas sevssees 21562 Baines; C'ssee sei ose se cesee en ceteecsse 21641 | Koushman Hentyis.s-sesesecse esse eeaes 21376 BellA@ar Gy scence oo eae nie ceisomeees 2091457) Wonploy, athena. a= ccecsiee sen a=- eee 21393 TIC TAR ORT OMe sees Ae Br he dt 21076. 4) doring, (Gen. Charles) Geese. see sae ee sce ee 22141 iBoohmer;Georzev =.= ae eee: 20941 209338)! Wovett Wiciwands 22 sacc-= see eco seaee 21292 BOMers eStephenressececee ee ere eee eeee ee 20987) MasonsbrotsOnts- 2 cepa esha aan ae oe Leos Brown, Campbell.-.-.-.-. vin ase tcoelin dee eae 21424 | McGinnis, William H...... See Sercdease 21212, 21240 Garrisilasyiistoscnos coer scinese soem cecten 22014) MeNillan SRobert By sceeee 25> sees 21951, 22048 Cherry, die GO RSeE ar Speacar sae Deeee 21361 | Mead, Charles...--..-------...-----.---ss . 21092 Chidsey= (Charles) H):-- 23-2 -see—. 22a ae QAO? |) MT aaVWa am: 22.2 to o.on.cenw cee wcmee ee ere 21357 Cincinnati Society of Natural History... 21206 | Millspangh, Dr. D. T_............-...---- 20907 Cortisvawabnn os so sen cees oaneeiceee eines 22107) |) Mooreherd WWarkeniKe = encore eee 21695 Payee ls reer tarm oh arclee elses steele Bee ae 21945 | Musée d Ethnologie, Geneva, Switzer- Dean; Miss Mary Owen.--.-.----.-2--.=. 21517 land esse: Se see eee 21577 Diehl, Mrs. Anna Randall.............--- 20964 | Muséede St. Germain. ...... -=--...-=---c 20923 WM OUPIASS; PAC NH ears ce so acacein cafe oe cieclere 21573) le NashaDriP.Sicn=ceccceoeadeseaaaeteseee 20996 PD RGhOr ewe ee cesses co ce usecase eee 22057 Neal rid Cass: scenes oeaneceseae tees 20894 VANS GONNA a cisers ctoinice inlaw meeiicme ene 21:99 :|: Nelson iOsUlssccis..cccsieweeeleseae ese crates 21350 HMeneher Gow lrasat esa eed oe nsec 21437. New lon, dor Wee cnecticenee scceeceeeee Remo aol Margubar Ors Gasper esee eee eer eects PATTI aNiies, MANET hea SssoBpssacsaccgSn6cs4 21504, 21725 Fish Commission, U.S..........-- 216900217345) Bayne DIyAL S snes tee essen eles eames 21335 TBE fel baled DD Se iar SR ens Se acre ae 21360; | Peebles; DaBricevts2e eee edecee eee esc 20965 WUrAZOTS GC.OOhE Ol eae chan ace eee ose etice 178 || PerkinssbroteG.the cecese soenieaceaceeiee 20878 INES iW ALCL wOORN meets. oe hese 2 = eee ee 915 05.cl) leas hicn ceisener-sccs cine sec eee eee 21440 TNS) i Cid bi egcaon a icaae Ace aOeMe a aerte 20977. 21598el) ProudtitisnViecee ree eesee eee a eee 21438 Galbraith and Leslie, Drs.....--......... 21358 | Public Museum of Milwaukee.--...-....- 21909 (Eft de Gis s Sas oe Soo agutsereoseneacueeere 219290) Rey OlGs yBrihyeseeae asa eaters 21386, 21583 GalbsOn Pa Wi es sotermoclessam os eseccs-mc 21168 | Rust,chl. Nicci s225,c2 c0s-0 soc chee eee ao Grant-Bey, (Driv aMmesia-ncie= sass ee 20975" | Rust) Halberts-cs-.sceseies sees eee eee 21498, 22006 gio 7G COLE OW Wicecet emacs sacciemtceecis 21100))| Ryland Revalhinoce.sccee esos cose eee 21051 HATE RSI Cee eee SE ry te eet 20993 .| /Seip.dolnemsesesses onc esceeees eee ease 21359 Harris; .. HM .3h222 scocen Msc oes c= e- 55 21609) || Shrock: diacobpMe-ce a. se-ee. eeeeeeeee eee. 21356 Haywood, HOwaldess seen ecesasee eee ess 215125). Siler. Acids scce ete ee ee ee eee 21349 Etch Cock Rae Beem ceen eee sae ees 21963 | Slocum, Capt. Joshua ......------.--..-.- 21594 Hope: Henry ‘Wis-ctesot AUuie Worthington, WiWi oesesceeees ee eeneenee 21205 Tooker, W. W....-.- --.--+---2--220+- ++: Za006, (eWrioht, James! C....3c.2sces oe eceneseere 21794 Upham, E. P...... Tee cee cere cneininie nla a alsGuyjects0) |v eatman, Ry Hc. ¢s...cecte-c- so. accene 3 22104 Very, Cel peeves So Ate hee sane ee 2) 167, 21518 > Youngleve, Dr Jonnie ese 6 ane 21310, 21402 WVIAC iV iciscies wa sicvcctisiscleclercicas cietieens 21977 | DEPARTMEN! OF MAMMALS. Agriculture, Department of- - -.21071, 22002, 22003, | Lucas, F. A ...........-...-..--..--..---- 22076 22064, 22051, 22055,.22078 | Mather, Fred ......-.......-....-..... 21804, 22163 Auckland Museum, New Zealand.-.....-. ZI69|weMerriam DrsC. Wart. . -sssco-ss- 21325, 21872, 21965 Australian Museum, Sydney.-.--....-..... 21651 | Mooney, James ..-..........-.:.< sawed 21801 eT [ oy] OB MOOI OF ds eA reseeeanddeseacone 21483: | Orcutt. C.dns sees ccaes soso nee seose tees 22058 [RO WwIOie NGO ME Beams alee siara'sic, «si teteistarn ots (cle si ZIS4E aR otti gre ws erAv ac aaeereeene 21647 eA Ka eV AME ee emacs cieveels eisies SLOT) SISSON, CaN cae cianleneloc aces esis heeemisere ce 21813 SORTardeWawWal Gen -- ore wasismcrneeonese ase 2207p | Smithy Wrst. Mis. < Sco secceneceemes tee 21510 Green, Loren W ........-.21036, 21044, 21073, 21543 | Swan, James G .......-..-.0.0000000---- 21739 Sa rinnells Geib ona as oes i ie reieniocas amc ZoLGue eNO DIAS Gere Sales ctenescisecoce ee a nee 21348 EVONS HAW Es) We ccscisarecieeeisin co abisesiaasisie ZW SOs te ZORUC La W lec snm sciernve sista tele se Ssesmeree 21165, 21242 HGssel Drs Up ly, acon cece smcioeemecte 21104 | Ward, HW. A ..-... Seiatctales Soe ieee athe 21085, 21374 It CHCOCK Rinas ccc cites azote cece ceysee aes Z1G498 (ee Wanans Miss eH. Once: se eeseee eee a see 21299 RGTINES LOD OL Ger acccise ease tajaeea saisis PAD SPAT Nay th Cisse Boe epee eooassencaae 21868 aur ThOMBS:s< 0.) 2-5 2a 52 see ane = 21892 | Zodlogical Museum, Christiania, Norway 20916 Life-Saving Service (Treasury Depart- Zoélogical Museum, Florence, Italy ....-- 21620 MONG occ wcsecessceuce Case eek cee eeeens 21862 . Zodlogical Society of Philadelphia...-.-. 21278 DEPARTMENT OF Bibs. PAMMRITI Se eM soc cinic tes cess en eens 22098 Cory, Charlesibssaccotecec tenet eccecs nee 21400 PROLOG DIN at lesceccrecat cle iejs winicis'w aicjeie vieismiaare’s LD OATISOM larson ceuses sees ceeeamaten et 21047 Auckland Museum, New Zealand...-...- 21169 | Dreneuf, M. Hardydu(RiodeJaneiro) .... 20908 Asery, Ors William: C-~- 23. ----- 21460, 21985, 22083 Field & Greenwood. 21401, 21595, 21870, 22082, 22161 SRL ONTs Ola eee eaye oer oo cee es are en ee 2139s | bish) COMMISSION, Wis. aneseese cere e 21699, 21734 Iban: Mae sobs shenarnseecoctboososoede PACH | AN Cire, 1D oes Ue nboobose Seeger Senor 21197, 21790 Levit 10s 10) 9 Us) s PR eee caeme apiece rec 2LaNS) LOO ODIM) ase tains tareeinweles eae ee weeeice ses 21554 IB NGD UOMIS I Gsemeriscs tenes eee eee 21431 | Gmeen LONE! Wissao- - cece vaccine Waticies visas 20897 AS OMEN Alls! Gr Ate nem acina sain some aca micinint= PLSGOM GMOS WOO a orc aaemcaieerceccisireinac oes 21852 ISTH LE oe Sacer nccecmsacobscacssee ZARYIY COG yr is Gin ee oosebecane cabodeccocee soe 21210 GhernmigaG COPE O Kir wena ee lee pn nein =inieels 21614 | Eensitawr skis. We s-02-- 24 -- 20857, 21040, 21552, 21579 ONSET Wits aN) bie Nee ee See or eiic DOA EL On SOT ELGLUV iV, jo ciclcc = oc aiebis ate « amyseeieiee 21037 Wookeroul) MONLY. sos ce Fo newse aso seme 21113 | Isley, UR, bd Se ssostetog nsdeoreocoercaoas 21719 VOMIT AIS, noes: cas oc see cae ceoee en oak 21115 | OMIMINO NS MAT OEL <0 sic oma cme cle mineta are 21444 AU ONIN MASS Ei Vill As ooo ola a's ceiretome ees 21746 | NOUV RE near ace Sem amie orasiniarsie 21035, 21039, 21069 MAILER Va Sie el ge ee Rete 20832 | Kern, Charles E..........-------cs----<«< 21983 CONGR EOS Wis -- ccm ae case + aspect mean 21008 | Knudsen, Valdemar.....-..--s-cecceaenss 21655 838 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, DEPARTMENT OF BiIRDS—Continued. Accession | Accession number. number. Lee, Messrs. L. A. and Thomas........-.. ANCES GMBRO WG; MH sS ssn eee clone ctemsiclene cls eA aCe 21718 MeDevitt Danielilinacsccess seers cen Vole MRvowland. “hhomagueccesseceeees seeec ee 20794, 20910 Marron Whomas= sas eseaase soe etaee eee 21271 | Royal Zodlogical Museum, Florence, Italy. 21620 Marshall, George ...........+.-- ..+---21082, 21114 | Shnfeldt, Dr. R. W.......0----- 21096, 21281, 21233, Marshall bonry-cesscce snes eases 21172 | 21398, 21410 Mathersilirod cae hese ae eee ces 21305, 21677 | Smith, Dr. Hugh M...-....--.-.-----<--- 21084 Merriam Or CanHarth-seessesee 20911, 20970, 21668,-| Stabler. Harold P............-....-..-- 21243, 21572 alsabe2 O84 e998 liStrodes Dra Wi Seeeececas cee eee 21972 MaGehGHEeIR SIR, cam mtaminse siesers cetera 21116, 21536 | Swan Island Club, Norfolk, Virginia .... 21462 MOONE; RAINES > eee ieeiciieeeces see keer 21801 | Paylor: Henry Reed!2------2--4-s-s~eee 21048 WGA, (Ge I MCh Moconodconace aaacnooseas 218394) )Ravlorhhomas)eesese eee aen eee eeee eee 21842 loser: Lieut tbe. sass leet eeecc eee 21142 | Thorne, Capt. P. M., U.S. A... .21427, 21461, 21701 Museo, Nacional, de Costa Rica. ..-.-. 20994, 21225 | Tokyo Library, and Tokyo Educational Museum of Natural History, Tiflis, Rus- | AMuGSemnlsiascseesase ie etasasccsee eee 21586 BAe eee Sesics eee feces c sinsamem em ee ART || RONAEEMOL (Oh I8l Gesooe Skdeeescossr asses 21678 Nav aleACadeMmiyyiWeiS sanssceeaece emt sere 21618 | Tschusi, zu Schmidhoffen, Victor Ritter Oberlini@ollece=caanseess sees eee ee eee PANS) |) WOR oceuciscescda of Socsotmencossssosote 20921 PO Well SO AWie Seti ss cence ceeemelee se meeees 21454 | Wakefield, M.M.-.-----.--------------- 8s 21268 Provincial Museum, The, Victoria, Brit- UNVallace: dOhn:osesnescesene eee eeeeeeee 21072 ishiColumbia=-ssse-e=-see Bee ces Ue Ae 21690) |) Wratren. Drs iBiHie se Sees ceereeeee 21395, 22151 Ragsdale, G. H....-. SRE SB EO SSE ACH GnisoaS 20909n |) Wiayne Arthur eeemeilets cements 21635 Rey eo Dri hase teis esee eisscsestaccleel cone es 21045 |) Wells dis: Granti sence cseeecsest =n eeer ease 21399 Richmond; ©. -W ..:--------- fanrareh rset ere 21684>| Wilkinson, *Eiees-eeeeooseceeaeereeeceenee 21088 Ridgway, Robert... .21041, 21553, 21850,21978, 22081 | Wood, N. K...........-...-...---.---- 21118, 21251 Rin Ceres. See eyo nse eeieete cemreace 21067 | Zodlogical Museum, Florence, Italy .-.--. 21620 Rebinson we MreutwWillbiecscecicericcteces cs 21662 | Zodlogical Society of Philadelphia....... 20937 SECTION OF BIRDS Eaes. Avery Dr -Walliam)i Ce eerctc-.-iete.ac 208515,219445220624 «Green. Oren Wa sescem ccc ce ssa sete eS BROW TOT DCL nm emneltoeiseesesete saree: 21907, 22060 | Koenig, Godfrey.............--....... 22061, 22127 Coues sD rs iiottrescce asses seer ee eee 290639l|| h@wis MW ite ee eeimcccte sens cteteiniemecee. 20873 QamH HIE Okd RB ERE Ss Baecooeesenadenanaseeace 219069) eMarshalleH enn yece=reeecee eee eee 20928 Davisoned sii sss = cscs os sccwassecilelee ccc PASTA e | PUR hieA ONY pesdoceaopkascsiso. saqeeo caceds 20902 HMIMerson, WaillianiOtto.- ces seme ese 21908 | (Price sWalliany \WWis-e-secr > pe aeyn sec OsoDy 20082 WISH COMMISSION Uis9): aceite sees iise PUY SR eds lsscseolsoonn, cseco, socecosbestac 21375 GalewDenisy setts. sence cece oetioce tee chee 21396) | ewWalliamsRoberuiweceeeeeseeeresecemeease 21175 DEPARTMENT OF REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. Alberti Charles cccinie ccccecissioonceeee come 21962" |) Marron; homasiecocsen menses eceeecitaceee 21858 American Museum of Natural History... 21987 | Matheson; wii, cl OO nearest amet 21595 Australian Museum, Sydney .-.---....--- 2iGale| eMearns. Drebd Dane alne scleeeteeaacteoee ster 20877 Barrows Walter Bs. <<. casdoceis sew cine 218d Od aleton eRe Orton eeeseeee ee eetseeeree 20936 LET DS ICAU ANG NSE SoSeeomsetSs. jeseqossc 21483 Mooney. JiamMes cea ee eee aan ee oe aera 21801 Bremen Hs pWisesseceessesoosacna esse 20962)2\; Morse: JohniGeccascs ace ceeecenc cease 20915 (OPA We 18D sae sisGooconloadesddooan dase Zi659 se Moser hioutyditkeecare se ae seme eee ae 21252 Canlosu@ tere. crcienise cme ctseeesiee ci nue ce tenee 21593) | OrcuttiGuinve oe soacasecmese sons eectemecar 22058 @arpenter, (Capt. |\Gisu-cence=secee seseeees 209713) Prentiss: Drs Di We? csscesnaes estes veces 21867 Hsh COMMISSION WU SO lscoses see cea se eae LON9 Oli S4 el a@ Con Ti m\Wiee ieee eee ee eee 21002 Ming Hanlesess se sacedssersisscc-eecsssce=) 20960) RackdaletG wissen eseereeeee reer necererae 21949 Green, Loren W...--. SSuoRG SHonodscaessne 21073 | Royal Zodlogical Museum, Florence, Italy 21620 Hamilton yy Mises j<- 0 o=-s2seee~ ccieeee cee 21266) "Shufeldt, Dr RW seca aee ee eeeneeeee 20915, 20917 Henshuw, H. W.....- eile eeciclewistcicierse INGER Ni isuisy verter IDI Cys ecocecocacconeo ceo 21857, 22152 Hine Cock Rass cmececeoencades cities cer cer 216497) SwantwamesiGzeoccssseeesseeeeeee nearer ee TS9, HWObbsi Charles sses-naesses <-seeee seonbase 212885) Switzer; Mis Miamy ic secricisieociecce seeeee 22119 Holm, Theodore...... pan eee ten cncaskios 221-33.) Ariwe shi Wiessner ook eee nicer 21165 Indian Museum, C:leutta, India.... .---- 20283! WWinrd esters ma.ne cece cere meen aeae 22065 Kohn, G... <<: <. ..c.50--- oe 21198, 21799, 21883, 22091 I Webb diobinisvr.. sess ase ter a meee rete 21235 Iight-House Board (Treasury Depart- | Zodlogical Maseum, Florence, Italy ...-.. 21620 21002 | et ee ee a ee ary INDEX BY DEPARTMENTS. 839 DEPARTMENT OF FISHES. Accession Accession number. number. PAD DOULA NARIGS Ce seeoieceiaciskisiainieem<'... 52 sce eo eee eee 20877 Batter. Grates lats cece aciecasiecee xe 2093T | WMG@Eks S.-i cac somata Sacceceeeee eee 21660 BROT MLOMISON GH ser~ cincins eis teense oe 21485" Moser sieutadachn os esee sees ee ee 21252 Blackford, EugeneG...-.-.. 21540, 21611, 21721, 21784 | Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, Cam- wards VAN AUN seize wie cor cto mere ss cre 21237 rid woe Maggs te aes saree ae eee 21228 SIMONA rin acess ne ceincieaae ioe OShbornscAlenibaaccscsosnesseeoeeeseaneee 21946 LIN ETE Ba gyed by Nae neoesouseogonooe 20952 | Otago University Museum............-.. 21074 Fish Commission, U.S ..--.-...-.-. 21835, 22094, 22146 | Prentiss, Dr. D. W ...... or heen eens 21867 rilentqe nol ©. Mic scccisen es =m sas 2eUlt oa teOn RIG eWay, ATCIIDOD. -c scot ce sooo e mics anieesmeae 21379 We EIS GreOLE G24 - = 2. -oiccecssaeesa-s5s BOD 2191 0M Vian DOLEN) Wicks) [lessee
  • .scss.-h2 Meh See ee PAE) ACC. MWVSTIRE hee eee ree ee See ce 21469 COUT URS LOS 8 Ee Soe emer ince ZAI BS Abe ak nlf IDS Stas et ee aa eeO Ree oem 22165 SOR AG SCE MO Bee BOoE cereperce acre Oa) AGE e Le OHbD Why hed 10) t= eS erste 20942 Cennmobanr des Wri ios.co sod sectee doe Dil eolontanidony AS Wy. ob Spc. oo we oan ene S40 nel ooe OAS NOMI Peis cic ints wiaae Saad Sees tors Oe ZUSHIS WEMOOUCY, SAMS) /.52. 202 socecn eel cencee 21801 IDSC rd Ce ere AP APB eEbEn Aer Derepmorere mrieals 21252 NOROL elsettcd. Lisatees ieee cece sues cae 840 DEPARTMENT OF INSECTS—Continned REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18839. Accession | Accession number. | number. Nemegyei, B. M. de...-..--..--.---------- 21211 | State Normal School, Winona, Minnesota. 21542 — Nolting, August H., jr---..-------------- STO9AN Grows Hy PY eeicsacc nese eee ee eee 22174 Orenbt, Career essen ee eee eer aaa 22108) |S pain HOUT Mele Nga eestor ele ee 21063 Palmer, Joseph ..-...-------------------- 20901 | Sherali Ie ID) 35 ooo so cesec sesscosse 20860 Prindle cle ees eae neers Cees 22164 | Taylor, W .--..--------------++-----+-0-- 22168 IRiekseckenplus Wie sces ose eee ieee CARY YE br Sieh wasteibe dar! poaseecasccosaasuecsnemsos 22178 Iiteyg PRo a Ch WY mecca -cocooasessseaccssc 21864 | Ulke, Henry ...--..--.--...------+------- 21670 Samuel, B ) a ero eR aos seco oooU son > 22147 Van Dyke, Bawini' Co csaccsie poses 21557 State Agricultural Experiment Station, leNVieb ster 1B le ee an meme ee cate aes 21886 Ames, Lowa ..--...--.------------+----- 21464 DEPARTMENT OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES. Beardslee, Wo A 222.22. 22 een ee men 22803ii| HitchCoCk pRasaccse—eeci eco eee 21631 Birt, Dr. Louis F. H.-...---.-----.--.---- 914831) Hoy Dr PiRicsesceer on sere eee = ee eee 2°167 ieee), WEIN, Sb eesoqcs caboose .secsq0e7 20913 | Illinois State Laboratory of Natural His- Collins, Frank’S ---.---..--.------------- PAV O RN Maine BeAadaboccmic acu pesodoaSconossarcas 21803 (Gosden OO) Goa scecchsnono cebeancossDooSss: 22169) || Mooney. James): .2- 355. s2226- 2 ee seseae 21801 Bidmignds. Georporbece.-0 40-22 cee ean ee SDibyp, || Ni@cerey ented hl Ds eideads ene ce> kucacce 212952 pon ret Wisco nce occ a eee 21073 | Russell) Maryol)s. 5. socesso 7k eee 21604 Hemphill, Henry..-.-.------------------- 21289 | State Normal School, Winona, Minnesota. 21542 Henshaw, H. W..-...--------------------- DATS: | ‘Stones Mrsivbia dione. o- aioe sees cee eeeree 21070 Hessel, Dr. Rudolph ......----.---------- QOSGSei es wan, wanes Gye cereetae ecient 21739 DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. AGTETORRANpHoMeels ets. ete as oe o1105 :| *Marsh, Prof O-G..--:.-4-5--0e se eesne 21144 Auckland Museum, New Zealand.....--- ZUG") Marshall Georme yee cece esis ees 20997 Australian Museum, Sydney------------- ili Wiesner eel oo soeoeoobos Seon sosG sdoedr 21201 Birt, Dr. Louis PF. Hi.--.-..---.-.--------- 21483 | Newlon, Dr. W.S.....---..----- ----.--.- 21286 Bosra ys eye on eee nd ee th ROE, 21605) 1! (Oldham wAsiS te. cess sea cesioce ease mee eee 20935 Brooks, Thomas H ..-----.-.----------<-. 21608 | Power, Rev. B.D ooo. 2.2 2 ee enna 21796 Central Park Menagerie, New York -..-- oT202'\| HRagsdalevGwa cess. eece cu asec toe eecee 21234 Clay, Col. Cecil -.--. --------------------- 21747 | Schafirt Bs hysansosceececee rence eet eee 21095 eigen lees aeyeee hae serene see 21404 | Schmid, Louis, & Sons.......... 21202, 21380, 22134 TMGIGL (CS \iif coseecsbacoosesobeseaseocecocc 2093931) Shutbi©olGawi oo 2. sccneeeeaeenenceeas 21971 Mish Gommission, WS sce-<-cce=sc-= a= DIGI 2344 iS lcinin ery iD Hl kere alee eee alae ener ee 21054 Gulesonian 224.00. o cohen UE DAREA'}| eSmnithig1), 0B) aes Soe: | eee es eee 21001 Geological Commission of Portugal .---.- 218554) sstabler James 2252. =.ssee seeemeweremene 21627 Geological Survey, U.S .----------------- 21OSos maVWard) WranikvAcs sec. seu eee leases 21255 13 (oye 0h) 9) soseasete sees ucoacsoasesecer 2VS45 i Wind, len y2At wee eee ee cer eee te ee neee 21658 Indian Museum, Caleutta, India..-..----- PMPASBy |p Mann, WII posskosseuesstaonesban 21975 ARO RGOn), Wi J8l Gocecnasosocbe sen soDSstode 21046 | Yale College Museum...........-....--.- 22171 IVAN HUnsIs) Sy\ Oh) Dy Soe eoseconcecoesoSoGesosmsos 21802 | Zoodlogical, Society of Philadelphia-...... 21209 Tuewis, B. Mi. ... 2. ce ccnececce------0-~- 21247 | DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS. Adams, W.H .....------------++---+-+--- OT 521 | uindstroMmeaDriGpee eases ee eee 21650 IBoMneman ye Gales see aaa = === eee HIRSSO! sp etn evenie (Ce IY 5 ses cconassanctbssvoneesose 21639 Brown, Miss Minnie C ..-..-.....----.---- 21720: | ;Osborn,-As Oi. 3.2 s-se see eeecee eee coe 20956 Conrad, A. H..-..--.--------------------- 220464|RacsdalenG suse sates ene na see e eee 21934 Cope, Prof. #. D).....-..-----.------------ 21881 | Rathbun, Richard...-<. .-----2-2- 2-2... 21352 Curtis, George H..-..-..-.-...-.--..-..-- 21897 | Raymond) Wied. : seh.ccoe~ 5. jee ee 22144 Dawson sit ea MLA MO seein e eee sem 21838 | Shuct, Col: George W ...-...<--.--4------ 21630 Dwight, Wi Boone nn ccnew wer ce civisice <== 21903) 4) \Seeliys daro ts deg Ml ere elee alienate 21716 Fish Commission, U.S..-.------.--.------ 21699. || ‘Stilwell ls Wo dessa o ceeieeoelee se eeueaes 22052 Geological Survey, U. S..21055, 21629, 21861, |" Rurner: Ee Wise soee cao R eee eee cree “21055 21876,,21914 |) Walcott, ©..Dirc-.- -- cea e. 21861, 21876, 21904, 21916 Sood Childuds Gpesec a= aeeea een aes 21657 | Western Normal College. ...........---.- 22046 orl burh po Se ectee ae ma miseesisicne sae esiacre 21738 | Williams, G.J -...------------------+-+---- 21656 atlamme) Aipbe wr Gault -ccneee en eeeesne 21887 | Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge Eng- GakesvArthur 2. = sssesstceemiseeie tees 22143 cellandicsecc «Seen co seeeeeeeeee er ieeinse ae oe eee OO: INDEX BY DEPARTMENTS. 841 DEPARTMENT OF FOssIL AND RECENT PLANTS. Accession | Accession ; : number. number. MEPIS V SV - Vice ccc ecisecsecincecmck esses tes BLTLS. | MONCH) Ls Gaaccccceccscaea ste eseote eee 21503 Basinski, Julius, and Brothers ......---.. 2it23)|) eon Dr oNicholasins.ccc esse actos se neeee 21567 Canterbury Museum, New Zealand .-.-... 2.207) | Lichtenthaler, GW sosssscnt esece eee Lee 21143 PAZATO WMS Minoo on coee Nada cnet re ce 2 wise, \weMoeCarthy Gerald sas. cess ccme se ee eee 21724 MATE SUORS Ace os wicca nacmneec en cter ee ecaas 20976) MASSON ISSR sao soa necne ee ee ae 21688 Christiania University, Norway ..-.-..--- 21687 Miiller, Baron Ferdinand von ......-....- 21539 Relectric meg ie em a5 pene re etcetera ees BOISon MERE KO uD anisiaa CO 45.4445 sn ee eee 21500 rOMinss ram Ss seni sass -sesees-ses See 21441 | Pond, Lieut. Charles F_.........21272, 21736, 21882 Colorado Biological Association. -.-...-- =e cl oro. | asch, Drand diensen@..22s-5. 05 ee eee 21585 Drake! Company, Phe, ..c:.-s--c.<0--5% 21490 | Royal Botanical Garden, Seebpore, India. 21220 Ettingshausen, Prof. Dr. Constantin von. 21434 | Royal Gardens, Kew, England..-......... 20488 Fish Commission, U.S. ............-:- 21699; 21734 | State, Department of................-.... 21782 Sinan 1 Oy ce deere pao nOe Bao nSEc ess 21707 | State Normal School, Winona, Minnesota. 21583 aaniitone is cnscse sass ecees fone tenees 20573, 21266 | Shutt, Col. George W .......-.......---.. 21294 Barayama, WaLO). <=. <<< en onsen sana 21645 | Tokyo Library and Tokyo Museum..-.-- 21961 ENEGH COG Ker lu cance semlscin seas esis aiciniae 21646, 21649 | Wertheimber, L., &Co......-.....2..---. 21124 DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS. PRION SERA GE: soa an laoed mabicc aes Sense eet 21362) \|/ays Roberts-2 ses ves cede ce lose oon 22103 JATTTETIG HS 3 6 PA era rae ee eres 22033; |PHay dent Weaiboscssccesccer orc ses senses 21156 Auckland Museum, New Zealand..-...-. 269) |p HeighwaysAe. 202 see ce so) sane yore es 21432 IBanGrott, HeESt@L.-a—- aq 20-20 a ceasccees 273 | ELS we tt (Gel Orte aes. ee ee ee oe 21751 BOSS THs Ssee cackscasesy coh lc ctoe ee sehioes OTL. | Siillebrands Drs Wek meesencseenas aioe 91502 Beck, W. H., and Lemon, George E ...... PASS P|) BOC OG 5 Crane Sneecteccooastone anes Se 21060 BeEchereerot Ookicns sce cct cete cee aes 2203157] PHutchcoeks Prof. ©..Ho. seaese sees eae 21217 Bement, ClS S.n2 scence tee delss sce nae: 2IGION Pe ELItChCOoCk hn Gast. ee oe ee eee 21667 BidwolltiWirs, ©. Ascsccecessesercase see 21453721625) Howard, Ernest)... .-0-. 25 s2se2e- oes eee cee 21901 PB Paar Al PAG es son occ eews aces noes sea PLGA a2 hte eowell eaWicles cee Saeco enae tea ame 21501 BOW OUR SHS oo ate es acess oo dcles 41151, 22030, 22070 | INES Ore Oe Wire ce ee ete eee eee 21215, 22021 BOWMAN yA shee cicss acts cncumoeeee ZOOL Se | ictinz | GeOrvenb=n cesses aces ae eee 21274 Brau re barons ese sae sascs es cssceeses eee QI 258) WwtacroipAe A=. 7 .ce- eee eee ee ne ae 32118 THEW UIT (Vey LE Ge Se ae a ea es ee VR ep 22027 o am bor Oren Obert hte .6 ee eee eee 22072 * Burt, Grinnell.-.--..... Scametocaceseneeace 22014 | GOO di Gea ee oe te ae Jae 20924 Many SilaSso.220-ss 66 see eeuacee een 220 Tay Pe LOWisiehoOMmasveee tena cease eee meee. 22010 ASG MOrS MD) So « t-ciais-icen cine wie ose ak D902) | MbaGas: IevASsS aha sce ae ete en 21900, 22160 Briepnretin ile aT. Sat c0 52 See u A Oe ati5s, McGregor, ‘Alex 2=....- Le ee 21915 M@hisolmMb hy. Sssssce cc's cts setmeeeeee ee 21302) |e Mislone Nine shen Hi ack = oc eececeee ee ceeee 21227 ferecloayValdoydpsccesee ase bas ee ee 99005) ehanes Henry: ce.sc2s0- aeeee eee eee 22028 alae yPrOt- He iWi ssscsesneccceeseeeee ate PAD 5) me wlasOnN CoS incr acsee ce seer cece oe eee 21239 dopersWalliam: = eect nie a eine en etal 21507 | Standard Mineral Company..........---- 20989 Green River Zircon Mining Company.... 22032 | Sharples, S. P .......--.--------------e--s 21600 (SOG Vor Ie Beater ae ms aSeee ie cece 21341 | Sherman, Hon. John -.:...--.-<2.cels-2% 21643 (CoO Abs poscere Met c sare sbeeeP=ancas 2 ADR SING AIT Pdi ose Cock dee e ce cee~e eee eeReee 22029 Gurley, W..C....... Sopa sie anil te rai aaa SALT Ce tie STATED O LAND Ye Dia VIN = ators aia ne als Se etre aie reiiee 21267 Hanks Veron clenry Gicccscccayeceascaanc ALS 2Ge SERUNCONS His Wreisvicacessiansecetcccie see =s- e834 842 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS—Continued. | Accession | Accession mnmber. | . number. Staphensonyprse Denese eee ese aee 22020 MWihite Dri! AG..uedehe-creeesaseceme eee 21408 Treasury Department, U.S-......--..---. PANT || \N Alles UCSC) 0 Neer c nce sap cobocsmosssoos S- 21363 Vienna, Imperial Royal Natural History | Walliams: Benjamin@e seer ssceee|-soetemee 21632 ATER Ge séea55 soadcoconsnoobeHescepe 21207 |) Wilson, George M.------.---.- 22092 \NV/Ellemhiim (O50 Da SeeccosesecoepsecnScnese 21644, 21916 | Wilson, Thomas .-.....-..-...... 21061, 21822, 22101 \Wpileves) J8hiiait 0) deeehoaccsousuccodcecase 20933 | Yeates, Hon. Jesse J..-.---. nant eae 21154 Wiardiand- How elles 2. ces see eee eee D797, \eWeates: WS) ..=- >= 22009, 22011, 92016, 22017, 22023, WWiarrensi@ harlesmWiee = -aiceceiaetssisisemincts 22073 22024, 22025, 22034, 22041 Wells Hiiiecc sss iee eee eee reser Blosl em wounc SiastO ee scene alesse eerie 22013 AYE VENI sf ee So conmoneeenuo cmacoc Pe GY FA Aris 1a G 7 Sone as caneooeccone nouoTD code 21330 WME DIMEN Gopgaoesecos cssesocsqaes 21642 | DEPARTMENT OF LITHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. Auckland Museum, New Zealand........ S69" | eMiullet; Dicks2s2 22 sese-- wee cosese et eecae 21674 Bare RMN Sono no scacbonsascossecnoos 21671 | Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris........ 20872 lps iG hes 188, 1) es Saeogecooonebaotodesces 20818 | Museo Nacional, Brazil ..-.....--.----2.- 20900 Bayley, W. Se aSeSoe nIASeS soso SU eSSseTeEds 21848 | New England Brown Stone Company.-... 22080 BeckersG corcop tues cert aneeercesee reac ZILGIGH| Paxton; George Bese acct ms misclstemereleateoets 21673 iBentonm Walliams] nese=sees seas seer 21885.) beale- DrwA © sacsecse orclisae eee se seer 21638 Boston Society of Natural History. .----- 215455 | Pond Lieut: Charles yh. - oes seen eee 21272 CarteriGcorceaWeeneerr= eee ae areas ee 21466) | Preston iit D eee cereale see eae eee 21704 ORS IE TERME Wo no criesoose séosccosesse 22148 | Pritchard::A se saaeseceeee sea eee 21423 DartonwNelsoneH=<.sc-95=s2- ssee eee een 219669) (RandsCheodoreDis-=-2ee ee neree ee eee 21331 Emmons, S. F. (See under U.S. Geological Roessler: ‘A; Ris.caccenccsteccseeeaeeeeeee 21926 Survey.) Russell: Te sce ese ccosswesceeteeseostee 21300, 21426 Farrington, 0. C -..---..-----.-----.--.-- 21185 | Shelby Iron Company, Shelby, Alabama.. 21676 Fish Commission, U.S ..-......-..--.---- 21699) | \SiomalkO Mice. (WS. --seceseseeeres see 21058 IM BISON Decesco cocdas ssespacneccs sea coece 20862 iSmithy Dr Sandersones-senseesceese sees 20846 Geological Survey, U.S .....--- ZUTS2NALI9S 21753 al Soubhwick Wl vuere cess eecee anes see aeee 20845 21786)20'789)21966) UStone Solon Acc seeeseeeses= seer ee eeeeee 21652 Grettonvusrotherss:. o-<-cbese csc osesise cs =e 2114s sStouchtonyDsMies ss reece eee eee 91982 Hallock Charles. .52=0ccece<,osieeee seis: 21273" || Stnrtz. Bs. -6 onesie oeee eee eee 21488 Haworth, Erasmus..-.......--...--------. 21236 Vienna, Imperial Royal Natural History IHjtchcocky Erol) CgHeern= asters 21217, 21570 Miaseumrot. =). penne se eee 21524 IS GRO NCTE 1 oSosop assess cemSseseebspHCOnS ZIGTS maya COLE: OreD ease nae eee 21916 Howell tsb tes -4 ee = eee eee eee 281 Allen erof.:Harrison, lectunespy 222 2-5 soe aes aie setae ee ee ee 69 AnMoricn, ACCOssIONS {POM cscccek- = ee ee eee 113 American aboriginal pottery, department of-.-: -..--. .---=- -. 2-2. -22- seco Py | LEPOLbiom whe SechlonlOlk possess sels eee 341 lions Cheypunia, Ores neo ee ee MAGS E eeOD LOnaaoaten Gese 59 railand track, origin ofthe. 2.2.5. see choose See eee 662 Geological Conpress, meetings of the. --...2.---2----2--2 eee ee 70 Historical Association -- 4-255 oa hea seetse ees eee eee eee 5 MCC PO fsthe eer eee eee Eee eee 70 Ornithologists’ Union..-.-.. SS etd Sea ents, ool Sears oN z 360 publications OMUNCr= sone ee eee : 744 Society of Civil Engineers, resolutions adopted by the ....--...-- 294 Ammen, Rear-Admiral Daniel, deposits a carriage used by General Grant--.- 117 Anahoinangaroa Points. 2226 te. .-23 So sos oe oe se eee ee oe ene eee eee 484 tower nears) lscoe eco aoe ee eee Soacasas seseosesas 455 AMA KON AW emer atic see sl cisciss oSecn tet eee eee eee ees RSS ACD Do amesoSs 505 ANAKEN AID AY o's so-so cee et ao eet een ee see eee eee Eero een 450, 489 AMASKOMOLALO dense ea beens viva codes ose bn = Mee eine eae eee eee eee 500 ANBONCTO < Fo asco acest aap) s sais csSs.jocd ose eaten een eee Ee eee ee ee 510 Amaoraka: ...cs-ceetec ce eos oie aes Sk .cS 2 eee eee eee eee ee eee 501 Amateka sss2228 sans seeiee a see ee eee les cs Set Societe eee eee eee 505 Ancient scull-oarsifromplaster Island! 5: --2=2- =. see ee ae eee oe eee 533 Anvell;. GW 7d. insects reccivedstrom oes. 3. aoe ene eee 3738 Ancelo; DriSenna, batsreceiveditromes---. ] oan. eee ee eee eee eee 350 Angle splice-bar 2224.44e35 Ae: ete ee ee eee : 699 INDEX. 847 ; Page. PMN eprom UCtS, iSOCUON OL seis aci-2 sends; modelgontocomotivieres |. sere ee sea aie eee 115 Banes Cy sends copperamplements esas a= =e aes =a ee eae eee 118 Baron, ©.f.) humming-bird purchased:froim ec ==). oc a- Soe nsee ae = eee 307 Barrows, Walter B., insects collected by----.----------=2re---=---=-2 beets 378 sends matural history collectionse-s2—-ei-eeee eee eee 123 Bamilettsebldiwcrds sp ap CLs sO year eyes eet eal ae = el ae ee ee eee 745 Bartlett; Hon Charles, coopenntionyOfsae= 2-55) —. 4) == ee eee eet eee 148 Je CANOES DYE) bial Mite ooogaanos = s5ecoU. abe oad caUbOooouS HaSaSosSEo, cond aacS 447 BatrachiaroL, North Americ¢a.abys borin. COpe) cssece. eee nee ereoee 39 Ba Drs: Giese Seen sere tierce Oe ae Dee was eae ee ne Sees bieeereeios TL DAPCISDYseoee we ca eo sce oS e ea ee epee eee eee re Soeernaoat nee. 745, 746 studies ’chelomians: ccs. Soa ee Soe eee s ee — eee Seeetie eee OO OOO tuntlestands terrapins transmitbed apy cesisan reales 421 Baxter, R.4., ophiohite presented by ---- ---4 ---2\-=-= ae 3 Sc epereisrotiae Mie eee 406 Bayard, Hon. T. F., transmits photographs of Indians.....-...-..--..---:.. 124, 137 Beaming-tools of bone in U.S. National Museum...........-......--.-..--- 5E9 Bean, BartonvA..---. tas aye ta Simla Se oe Ae eae ee Re oe ade ete ee CE Se eee 27,095 309 Bean, Dr. 1. H., honorary curator of fishes: = aso-- ecoee = oe eee eee nea Sola instracteduin photooruphyerees= seas e ee See eee eee 1i0 Papers Dye soe else be Sse Sak Rojee sere sie heb ice osteo 746 NG) WO Rok) faao So geanes oboe sSpSSe aaanoo daseotoen or obe Sedo 369 Beathy J. W., Gems_Obtameditrom: 2 sees ae nee eee oe ee eee Se eee eseaee 402 Beardslee; Commander L.A.,, contribution from\==-o we-- =e ee eee eee 113 BeckeriGihy 2s 55s 6a as eo ae ee eee ey Se See Settee see Ree eee 140 Monographyy soaps ces ese soe Se ee RS Se oie oe 407 rocks collectedsby 22a. = saeco eke 2 wae Sein ne Ce eee eee 118 Beckham. Charles WiAckInte ap apers) Dives so—a sas cena ee eee eee eee 746, 747 Beck awl. mineralsrecelved fromm. seen sce ceee es ao one eee eee eee 402 Beckwith, Paul, illustrations of uniforms from ----.-2--- 2-2-2 --2-25)-seesee 114 presents)a) Danishysilverimed alcasa:-t-5 jose ee ee 125 iBeechey, |Capt:.B. Wiras-ncete sss cem ence se Soc Saseepe ecco alee eee eee 448 IBehneng) ess ee cet Gees oe aes cee alee eee eee eee eee eee abaleseae afer 448 Belomm; ethnolocicalispecimens tromyes -==c1- 4 ss 5 eee eee eee eee 287 Bell, Carey, sends astono ax..-....--------- 3) dre Pint sieiotaays ara (ois eyes hapeeneds 120 Bell James: sends; rattlesnakes... 2-0 sae ea ee ae eee Bane ciaoe 116 Bell, John S., lends photographs of counterfeiters..-......----. .--....----. 138 Bellawalliam.sends: two cameras --- =. a2 = Goa eee ee eee eee 121 BeluccivsionorJoseph.exchance) witht = sass eee e = aero a eee eee eae eee Hovoeil Bement, C.S:, erystallized:azurite obtained from .-seea-----s ese e- s eaeeee x 402 Bendire;:CaptiCharles qh a. sc cco s2:e sees ose e eee ee eee aaa Papers DY -.- 22-260 ee eee eee eee 747 NOPOLW OF. <.<.-j5. 5-550, <1 gee oe at SOS eS 363 Berlepseh)) Countehansimoneseesees-eeeiise = eeeer eee pee eee Ae ee ee 38, 71, 361 DPAPers DY tees ssace seca eee ees TAT Berlin, Royal Museum of, antiquities from the.+......--.....--.-..-2------- 112 INDEX, 849 Page. NESTA ZG bis Mt ae tet te otter orateetc lef ciicois slelelsle's sale seat Gee «chide hae seet Soca tosee 449 meBbosuenLionas -locomotvenrmovelOt Jo. es. coe aes tecces eee cet eee eee 296 EDUCA ACHE OLO MY. ONMIDM Olen ast ositelaae Salacen badass sew meee eae 290 at Cincinnati Exposition ..............-..... 165 blioonaphiv, listrorspapershin thes .cicccs cc ac ees-cce ce ls sce ece eee re coon. 67 ObeoheeNationalevinrseunn tor 1889 ess 95 fee ee aoe ae eee eee 737 Bidarka presented by the Alaska Commercial Company ....-....--....--.-- 118 POE Lie Mind seAs Cr nmMinerals TeceLrved trom sco. sce Joe see seas cee See ee 402 Billings, Dr. John S., sends pottery and stone implements....-..----..._--. 139 Biographical notice of James Stevenson...---..-.--...--- 2-22 2s ee sees anne 187 PENUIEHONIGH LO fs CR ULIOMUES 55 ceo eeeioeif e- ee eis cee ek cobs dees SS se 15 STS PALun CNL Lee Soe eee tee ey eee ne mn ner IPDS Ot oe 27 * arrangement and classification of the collection of .........-..--.-.-- 360 OXCHAN MCR Ol eo ee ee ioe eae eee se oes wees Sena aces hocetb ace 53 exhibitjotnat) Cincinnative xpostblonescss. sa55 scene seeeese sree oe ee es 167 labels forGepantmen tiOfmssc sete esas 2 ccleaner 99 principal accessions to the collection of..............---. 222-2. .eeeee 357 REpopwnonguhe Gopartmenb Ofimecss ves saeco sat ciese ae ee eo eee eee 357 review of work in the department of ...-......-...--...--- Bee erties 38 specialiresearches by; vhe curatorof -.--.csc— 2-2-5 == es ee ae ee (eee 360 PirdseOo re. GOPArunent Of .< salad wees cs isct Sc acc Soe ee Sees ee eee 27 measurementian dsarrangement: Oty sos) 5 «s\n esos see eee aes = 363 TOPOLUOncthe SECON Ole sseee soos tet eee eee 2 sae See eee 363 Revie weOlLewOLrkaA ule SeChlOl Ok setae seine von aseneee seas 33 BeniesroMcatalOrtuesseaeee ese meee eet ces wes eee oa iasteeetaae 18 Dini Oreueet ate mammals collected-Dy. 202 --seee aso niee cece Cae ee one 354 collects mammals in Niearagua.-.---2-. 2-2-2... -2:--.2.2 350 Oubitisengtocesss = heh as cas cette se mn eee ede cake cheers 148 marine invertebrates received from ---. =----.-.---2--2- 41 specimens received from’ .--.-.--:.:.-.2..-, ae 381 reptiles; collectedsbynetee ses eect sae es Oe eae ee 365 senda: birdsinvaleoholl 222 =~ oe seas... aca ok sci eeeaee 388 gendeifishes front Nicaragua. 25 |< 2 seee- - -20 se sa cee 369 ERAHOP PLOWISH... DANCTS;DY¥e-saoaeecicn: sani ee a=. oo agee ect t-te se ekbeie 747 Bison, papers relating to the extermination of the..-.:..---......-.--...--- 418 ipiacke Dr. HC. sends sionedmplementist=+. -..oseits= ssi oe ons = Saat eee 116 APE CINE SISENin Wier mere coco tar are re os mittee ter ea 328 Bia A. A, senaserystallized hemabiteznec-.,-<- .-e-e----=|---e eo e cee 126 ledlp igs) IEE LUA 4 OP NE 6S ie eto nicice deoers COS EIG OC OU BOG Ee iDdGL HHad mee pmcisae 286 Blake, study of mollusks collected by U.S. steamer -...-........-.-.-.-..- 374 LIRA Daal a OY ots Oe cag See eeeee ne SS ee ene Seer eS Sa are eran eed tbs ie Oe: 448 Ochs; ELA Z sD AD OLS Yio spot «lata ta lettre ete eee testa ee eae TaN 747 Boehmer, George H., presents a bronze medal....-.. -- I SO aie oe oa ane 115 BO an pls, SONOS) POULER Vere s cao aia 3 Naa ee reheat Aa she eet eee 143 BOHR, FLCO-GlOVOMLOM a= ien aa oie setae ea ean sees eee ets ore 287 SHON ea OTE eee DID So cio SESE CORA ADOT Gobi ASO SO KS OS OO RCOC BHOUESDE 282, 285 allusion; toworlke obese 2 Sa se eases. ola fe 34 SON rs © Selves Sper ares aya ee a 5 een De eDe Be ee ete Celt on ches ohls e 71, 379 entomolocicali papers: Dyes ase eet ee ne eee ce news 380 insects received from:.-2.24-22.5- Eee Tees one ec aa ere 378 DADOIG Disses ease eee eee ses eS SUS Ts 747 SCNT LD E ML) AC eS CRLCLS PINNING Bet Gt es reer ee ee arate lo icle elle mieten ee ncc ws 120 BONS SH NOOks trom Waster sland se acteaso vasce. psoas sess. Sake hess 537 Bonito god from Easter Island... --....-2.-.----- ss; SEO OK DUO SEDO bStuCaAuain p37 H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——54 850 INDEX. Borneo; sandals trom\22 sce. senor eric a eeeee SOs bO0 OS 00F See Boston society, oteNaburalsbistonyee soe esse oe eee eee eee iBotanicaliseriesiot catalocuesis. = er eae ee eee ele nee eee eae Botany, exchanges im deparumert Ole tee ewes teisem ceo =e ee eee exhibit of section of, at Cincinnati Seosition J59050 SHecS3 6650 Sone labels:for departmentiok tes settee ecieees aime eis onie=e ee eee reportion theidepartmenit(Om cee eee == = ieee eee ae eae eee reviews ob work insbheidepartmentiOlene--o— eee eee eee eee eneee iBoucard, A, birds) skins purchased strom seseiece = eee saab pa eee eee eee Borers, h). Ssosends;mineraley.e t= )- a. on. = sed swine steerer oe eck ere Bowers, Stephen, sendsistone relics =. ..-2s:..-6-- soo ee eee ae eee Bowman.) SAC mineralsimecelvieguLOMbe co. saseer ee eee een eee eee eee Boyles C.5B pees see ee ee eae eee Be Sood soos da 35 akon cadb oe pead oSsc 466 Braconidie, paper by William H. Ashmead ONTHE he seca ce ce seen ace eect Brander Williams. 5 <2 :s cos, -eeciseiys oe cieosishiesier ate teidaice seme ee eee emcee IBM, WC Gobo oS b oo kee sed nene cegaes 2505 sos saan soNsoD S288 cone deas sods onosse Braun Baron, SCUASIMOtCOLIGES =. ome a(o = scree het = slate te kart ener eee eee Brazil sacCessiOns from acc wen Ase ewosacistige seiwslver me infe ieee eis ee eee eee national museum of, exchange with....-...---.---. ie emotes Brazilians bind spRTChase Gyr elissetes sete == oa) ee eee Jeremy; lal, VW op SEIMGIS) Bh MO ne coco sans osegos sss 0ssodosS5e5 S250 554505000 50C TEAL MNT Ea py TST ONY poeses coca seca beep oo ceno couore oooe sccc beaoase iBrezina, Dr. Aristides; exchanv Oawilt hn. case ee eee ee eee eee ee sends'a collection of meteorites.=---. ..2---4--6--s-2- stones received in exchange from .... .--.......--<-- British America, accessions from: ssaee ee eee Saeco) eae einen Columbia. accessions fromyace ace i-e' = « sisicles say- sel sen eee ee Muséum, exchangenwitth 2a ccse ease o seis s een) eles herbarium Of}. 226 2s oiceaielslsisieSetases o lsewe see eee ee plants sent to the: 3 Sosa cisicioen asians ee se eee Bronze Buddha in the National Museum, paper on the, by Charles DeKay. -.- Brooks, Prof. W. K...--. cd ke eg Shieh te OR a clo Eines Dee Brooks: /Bhomas. Hisywsendsuseaglion == a4- oss oc1 oe nee ee eee eee Brown, A. E., male deer transmitted by s23 fas od Ses So eesti ear ek eee Brown, Campbell, sends inigmploments jae 2)ace ace eee eee eee Brown, D. R.-C., sends model of Aspen Mountain). 3-—-5 “soe -peg-2) eee eee Brown, 8. C., registrar ..---. dng Soesod o3e5e4 do eS Sone cee ose bo coc sec case ooge BROWNS Wo IGA O\fioeaced an dces og s6s6 Jo00K6 caso cmos Ssorec Ie roS Sacha soso suppliedwithioutht™ 2s. S2 scrote eee Bruce, David) insects mamed foraeeas-.)-ceseeee sone eee eee eee Bruce = Miss Mi Whe sics. SRB oo oe cats Se ae Seer atta Soe eee eee eee iBraner; lawrence -o2ss 22 assess pee eee ee eis See io eee eee eee eae paper on the Acridiidze of North America, by .-..-...---- Bryozoans catalogued =. <2 c2.6 so. sos so asseiese see a ae eee Building and ornamental stones, installation of the ........---.---.-....-.- stones labels for department) ofes----eee- = ee eee eee eee eee Buildings and labor, operations of the department of........-...----------- Bulletin 34 of the National Museum, published-.......--.....--....---.+.-- Bualletin’s6iotthe NationalsMuseume 22.5225 >-ese eee ae ee eee eee Bulletins of the National Museum, statement concerning the........---.---- of the National Musenm, composition of the..-.-..----..--------- table lof gee oe ete eis ten. ho oe eee eee is) Seldtclore Bull-headed rail... 232225622 = ces ee one d 5 ee ee ee eee eee Burch, Millard, presents nighterong: -.,>.0>-<.- ease ces soeeerie ree ees ere INDEX. 851 Page. Bureaw of Mounnolory, cooperation) Of thes... .5 soon. ciccnwes seecccue secs seeels 143 exhibit of, at the Cincinnati Exposition... -......--. 164 THREES Wind ae Ss Seoccs COdebcon GHECHon og HASSE aoe nn Abs aScinerarcssorern 29 Cates Wa MWe ets arate asl t Posie Seaieiohwla lane's ok Sheena eos cee ail BSCR Sp DMG Ae ete rete ev Selec islateree octane we! layere ete cluer sate: 2o Misa aie Sent eaieets 371 OMG Mp SOMG UO] sae tals Sa.= Sais soa ae da arnieelee = cel eh cares seston 148 BMUSUSIOMR SLL OR OVODN OLG as tee etacieiacla ayo tay oc iaral) fanciers ia) ein sta ae ai oie ee 5 SHEE IATEROS WV ORNS EHHSM DNS ShGe SoS SOo CaS 505 Ae SCOR EHEEBS aaeUBO ees ee etr eer 748 Butler, Hlmer T.; sends model of Aspen Mountain ----....---..-.......----- 114 Pailer gi peminerals obvained frome... c= acc os ee salcs sacle cleo ae wer soiaer ee 402 Buttikoper, Dr:J., mammals purchased from. .22...2 -.2.. 22. 2222 3255-222 350 Beta pashesuroms Pastels All Ce 2 2 Seersqe ein cetioe hr ceus lee Sone us ones coke: 535 Pea OENT ara CCESSl OMSPtLO MM tia \ercroehoe cis Seema perec e arclersteraia netsiciate ctepeicy ata) So wre 114 ChALrM-StOMONLOM 22s wore tees as oasis ene oe ese oe ke eee se SSE 286 sea-elephant, causes of extermination of the .....-.--.-...-.-... 616 vulture, threatened extermination of the ---.-.-.....--.........- 630 RIES Seid IS Cra VE ed 09 9 of: en eee Smeal rae ae 115 Cammermeyer, Albert, model of Viking ship purchased from-..........----. 126 Samp bard .onbasterdsland: vs. 2ois5se 28 Sonne ncn ees toc ccnoslces cee cs ee ae 490 Rye GHsMASheT TSANG paso a0) Fe steno 2s win atas sae S Seti tcs Face tes Boao 488 Mohican, ondiasberislam dl Sate aeseria ee i a oes Se Ses cere 487 Wihitney,oncBaster Island) 22-22. 22222 ees sep e Se eee te eee 489 Bema cleplCOpLeT ay TOM Aa72 22a. ale csay-e ao lsahs 3 op eate so vo eee oe eee 115} PeUNmeneu ba br. “SONGS NIGKOL OTC sce ee 5 an Be Ieee eee wos 21 Me MOS AIT OR) 5 oa emote can atem mat iars tyne ois De AEs jah ae ois 15 DIDS WOR CN sence atk one seen ort. hs eee SoU ES 18 botanical Series) pa) sh ere sate maa aseare vee stan aS See se ses ee 19 BLHNOlO SICAL ROULES <5). aaa see a eae) Soe a ed Cera ames i) MBN OSs oss cite sPEAiods csmectas Peete tk eRe aye Soule sa nece so 18 foods andy textileg-et ts. 5. ce emis ety Sa eeeins Ano ae nae 2] LOTGRUBY SORIBS tiation soon asoretie a se a OCR Gee Ue ben 2 ste wats See e 21 FORA NARGS eres pace a oats oa aay ene tain et Poa ta NNO 20 Pra HIG AMS see ss ees ale eens Sa ncroe «ik SEP ee 21 IRBE Chae dseays parr erage oe Mo ee ee eee Ants ee Sm toate a 19 invertebratedtossilsoe: pogeemian eee eee tenia ween cee Sou 15 livingcanimalss sce ees ne Seer ae eee eh eaise eee ee ees ws 21 Aaa ara na oe ete a rer een ee reine eter ee S| ah Cong 17 TATING AMV ELLGOLAbAs cesses te ee eee see seeks sous cake oe 18 metal luroical/senlene sessed sass beets! 8. tess Lo oe eee 13 MING alo SICA SCLIGs ae ee Melsee ea ee. foto ms yecels sn Shaan es 13 MONS Siesta area eee ee AR AL Ce oasis! rel oie toy, Me 18 Of he Museum'.-s--<-5 5+ -e= RoE. wee oe ne Ae norent, 7 null Rete 8 852 INDEX. Pag Cataloomess ECE Mbp LAM OS eee alo tees alsa aint lee el ee lee eee ee reptiles and batrachians, ....--.-.----- HgS82 so eos SSSer co gores transportation, and enoineering series 2-25. ose ese tee ae Vertebrate series (récenmand toss) eee aan e eee ee rif Catlett, OC papers! Dwe-eree- oer eee e eo eeeeeerr ee =e en eta ene 743° Cenozoic fossils, departmentlofer on eee sree ee a—- ae oaee eeeeeee Census of the collections---.---.--------.--- seiss Sine Seow Sees Gee See ee eee Central America, DIrds) skinsm#rom =) se -s-) 2]. Feb eet ose a eee Park Menagerie, specimens received from the -_.....----..----.-..- 119) Cetaceans, skeletons/ot, obtained =. - 252-22 2- -— eee te eee eee 387) Ceylon, ethnolosicalispecimens fron -- ose. a= ee eae eee 288) Chachalacas from Fort Ringgold, Texas...--. cle st ese eee Eee e er ee ae eee ite @hardlee Ww). Hic s.2c. oe soe kcs pecs ae soe Sanee oes Sone pace eee eee eee ee 29, 11) Chandler yProf, Cor. contribulesven SraviN es 2a... ea see eee eee 119. (Chapman) Prank Mey papers iD yiessesseee see a ~aae ee eeeeeeeee 7 Charleston relief-commibteeta case aaes ses seor =e ke eee eee ee eee Chase Miss Me) seco hice oe ee oer eee ent eee eee Sere Re eee Eee eee Chatard, Dr. F. E., specimen of native silver obtained from...-..-......---- Chatards rai oMe >see =e ceets cate ees 6 Seon Stee a ee eee eee Phage, Profs TF, exchamee with. 2.) <6 25 s2)0 eee ee ee eee } sends collections from Nowe Wealenid Peon een seee 126, 357, 406) Cheney, John, proof, of plates engraved DY 222.7 teste eter @heney Mrs. BdnaltD\)>:.'o5.2 0. us aene eee ge eke eee eee Wherokeeidancelparaphernalia) 22 ss5 Soest ene eae oe Se ee eee ees : C@herrie,'(George K., birds’ skins presentediby- 22-2. ----= =-- nce ee ee ee Chidsey,'Charles -B.:.sends pottery, 22-4... -- oes. eae es eee eee eee Chiltuahua, ergs of cactus wren from). 7-55-22). eae 2 ese nee ee nes China; ‘accessions trom =. 46- 2 ee a) Se eae re ee ee eae ae ethnolocicalispecimens frome ses oe seen see mee oat ee ee religious; Obj echsstromen esse ea eee eons redie Wees Ccicye oe eee Chinese minister at Washington presents a “omnis WED fai epee tena see eee Chisolim;-Alfred;ssendsia-birdis cit sss a. come sak one sche: cersael aes eho eee ee ee Goch wallaves, SHOGIMeNS if LOM ya -cersactee cares aa eee onesies ere ee ; Christiania, Zoological Museum/of-- 222.3... 22 22a. teen ee eens == = DOs COTO OnE €imeinnati Art Museum, exchange with... -.-. 2.2..-252525 i.e. nee eee eon cee 4S ee SX POSsiblon ye = eae ee Ei Few e Pad os Ses 6 act of Congress a5 Gan to thei2.22 52 eee See oe 155) exhibit of mammalsisent to the se-eeesseeeeeae ee 353, joint resolution relating to the... -.-.-...-:-....:---- 157; report by R. Edward Earll on thev.. 22. 2.22.2... 1-2 149° review of Govera:nent >xhibits at the ..-...:......-- 173 Smithsonian exhibit at the-..-..-..2.---.-- 162 statement of d?~:uvsement of appropriation in connec- : tion With tho 222. eae poe oet eee ee ee eee eee es 153 Museum of Naturai ''sto) «,, sxchange with eel Rae Bl 337, Society of Natural History sends areancen crapienenes ace 120 specimens sent by the.. .-...-.-.----- 328° Gircnlars ofthe wluseum, list of thee. o- seieee= hee eae ee eee eee 59) @iviC IMUsSCUMG).s acess Se Secs ee wcwaene ne eeeere nee ee eR SA Oe Sasa 44@ @larlk Ac HO ward oges=ccccc- = cscunssick= poet eee eee ee Ee eee eee 28 editor of Proceedings and Bulletin 22222522222" -.2-- ee = 28; 66 WAPCIS DY 22250. S-- 6 mccain ce seen ee ene eee eter eee 4G Clark, W.G., minerals received from .......--- PE REESE! 2 eet ie 4m i ~ INDEN. 853 r Page. Melarke, Prof. F. W....-- capa 35 AS SGA Dg ES Ee RR ee EMR AO BONE) , 45, 51, 141 : Papersiy tees ena hata de ach ps a re ea 748° LGWOLUO teers eee eee aioe Sach sae | Vaamicte oaiae Setsis sles 401 BSsied service. Othe sWluseuM)ss2= 22-2). 52.6 ss nee Gs Sao paoce cease de eacee 4,29 pm Gicci le a ear eae ee Sit 09 38 eT es oe ld oe eee ee ae ee 37, 141 BP LOR EASUCA N=) Oat ee ett ee ee ince sad So aioe bles Le noe eae aeeeae 298 (On? SMART te, Goah oeb5 dod coc Cec BER NICODE DHE EES SHC BoC GObiSner Se GCSE 435 BSE TE CUMMIEU Manan ees annie 1c omnes am oom en et ose nea 655 Moast and Geodetic Survey [U. S.].----...-.------ A pod tees sce 115, 138 Cocks, A. H., correspondence WG Nc crete Sewers tei ste sisiers 5 ahs) “1Steti ware oro! seer ete dod Body , Hon. W. F., offers to deposit his herd of buffalos.........-......----.-- 421 presents American’ elkes tose ce a222 coe) occ ees - =~ 47, 123, 420 BERLGIONLLES CULALO CUCU qo aed as eee male pse ake aleint oem erorereawlometatiog sialna"e= 6 383 Be Ote uN clem bi pPELIOM Sa. c uss Nae eee see eto ate sm ioe een ae sto ae se Sieors 334 | Bolby, urnest C.,sends beetles from Venezuela 2-2-5 3. sso - 55 2555 - +e oe 124 Rese a OIL OIE Varo aay ele tata) tartare tere tots oes = cae im nis Siaie ave Meee oi ee scare rate 431 AON An Samuel Wends= CLCHIN OSes 3) sc El S55 se waive on) semiewe sain ociee ane 121 ICOULOUS, ATLaN Cement Ol 52450 = is 2-2 Sw oslo Sake Sota rose neers 22 Census Olethemecererts ses sateen soee 22 ln(je jaro sense wave sneer 7 | COUGIIOMNTO LEER er oe cer as ere siele sete Sacto ere ee hapa ects eteions ees 6 | WICTCASCOLs GHEE tes ee eit ce cio ate nie eee ales alae nies ater stsia: eaten 5,6 | PLneipalsourcesio£ ther e--- ees. tbe ease ~ eee ee eee 4 (Collectors? outfits; listiof, sent out durine the year: ----<---. ---.25--- -------- 148 Meamlatt erot. Rowert.: i. 2ii2 -2cs.ence ze He aE See Sat Teen ener 388 ollin, Madame Veuve iN , presents bust of Garfield 5 aS See Naat 115 Serena s™ CUD be em WV ieceoer eee ter eo eae ete = nee meee Weaker be ani bene 27, 142 Beelbitis; Wik, birds skins; purchased: from.=:-2:-s22-5+ = tt Son ceeiea ose 118, 357 MNO ACO VaCCESSIONG Ah Mer ce oe ee cies taco wet esinicle ocean eee cemeieene 114 Bea LOLIN Gs WeOLKYO Le ONG ame, ene aa ae ote o Sota te eee ee Se ods eae Be cee 110 BEeestoOC WacOn MOE! OL .-ceee ker cks-cals ee eee eee te eee eae 295 Bromparative anatomy, department-of:2- 225. 2.22256 22252522 22-52 Reel et Py | important accessions 3 to the collections of --....-.-- 387 progress in preparation of the exhibition series in the department: ofss sss he ee ee AS ee 387 reporpon the departmentiofw.. 22-522 s2 22 =e = 387 review of work in the department of.......-.....--- 42 PSIG POMMN CTA So oa een ee eee est. Set fon aero aie eet ic cise be coe 677 BO UUECULCIIO, ACCESSIONS from) 25 soe eos: Ect e eee oe che con bees t csc cence 114 Sonrad. Prot. AY, Hi. sends: Deyontan fosstls ==) <<. ~--- =e snene scence cece 116 ook, Mrs-sH.D).5)jr.,) presents a capuchin monkey 3222522222220) S22. cae. 420 BO OOLMOM Acciacca eases ce cmun He atececerne Schl Reeeee set ace eae. 47, 422 BO nC Yi. 2 2). oem nnieen eae WSU Ea ee fo ae einen sce melmclne ands dese enn scm 450 Co-operation of the Departments and Bureaus of the Government..---..-.---- 137 MUU TOL PA Dpee ese ett ecy. sthan pice eee ah sase ate sst shar stk LeeLee 70, 365, 366 | DAPCISIDY, cow cose cece wb ce ath eee ermine Ree et Sean ects Chess «c= 748 | LOpules deMith tOc-5 = atch ees etter staee east eae ta A ey 39 /Copelin, A. J. W., sends photographs of locomotives...........----.---.---- 116 Copenhagen, Zodlogical Museum of, exchange with...-.....--..--..----.:-- 53 {LANSMIPS SNES! sss 555 ssc es ictee ec eesees 125, 369 Bagdillet): W.., insects,collected Dys.sessancses sees. .25ss225-25405e-- essen 378 Pometo-Larquini, excavatlonsiat) cass acess sue saee =e occ es Sees Shee s sn zone 326 Borrespondence BUC TEPOLIS OUVISIOMLOl peste cere seeks Uses Pees es oases bee 28 work accomplished in division of.......-..----- 88 854. INDEX. Cory; Charles .B.; papersiby 2.) -secesree soc beseie se ece Sot en ae cee eee birds4skinsiexchanged withvsscs.. 2 peters see eee Costa Rica sbirds) skins*fromesees ase a eee ia ot eee eee eoeeee National Museum) Ofte setae tsne oo os ce Ree e a eee e eater ere bitds?iskins presented bi thess2-— sees Cox, Mrs. Thomas C., deposits Washington’sshaving-table ......-......--.- Cox Ws Vi wsehiek clove wie sae eo ee sett aac crsecicinn Sepa ae seen report ou Smithsonian exhibit at the Mariebhn eosin byis-2 Crawford, Dr. JohnjsMs cooperate Of. s2 se ces 2. es ee eee eee eee reference to collections made by =--5 225 4222-- -2-n2- Crosby, Prof. W. ©:, rocks received in exchange from) _2 22. --c- 2=-4-4-22-5- Cross, C. Whitman, specimens of trachyte collected by.......--..----...-..- Crustacean sicatalooued smecte nee easels eee elec ence eee eee eee CnlbacOres Troms 225 ced okise ce eee ecb os Macainecelees saciceciee sen een eae eee Curators, reports of the 2229. 2cisec= oo seiae joes =. stones see ie See eee ae eee Curtice, Dr Cooper, parasites collected byises == ch -ree wn =e eciseee eee eet Curtin, perenne EOL) (EGON OE Been oo seeseen OO oo Jado SaaS su Sesame sa50 Curtis, Wii, eCuUnO Dy eet >see ae ee ae he ee Stone objects) brouchtirom: Perm Dy enc- oe ea eaten eee Daish, Professor, instructed in photooraplhiy, 222 222 s---ee eee eee Dall} Wim; Healy, honorary curator of mollusks=-22-5-—> --2se- 5 --yes- ela Os (METOSTS. WN 56 So ae cocees daocas 6 dopeas cosseo Saas dococs oocces TEPOLbiOl. = <2) wesicens sesame sielej- Sis eee eS oie ee eee eee specialiresearches of :2j20 sj22 2 cece ee Coe See 2 Dallas John, insectssmamed for. + ..55 62. -sos cee eee eae eee noe Dampier, ‘Capt. William 72227 22s26 fees. st se seem seae ne anaes oe ones Sees WATCON, “Nelson Hi ssos Ma clotieas ase eee cele ec eeee ee eee ee eee eens = Davidson, Mrs. Clara, b-. presents qsabelasss- ceca -5-o-eee eee eee eee eee Dawvadson, Ji. C., presents mestiand eees ofa DIG 2.5... -6 = a5 aoe eee DAIS ATi NUE Esa sees erscce see isee te ane See ciee cee eee Roe arenes Davis Cap tat wi = sos cnieoe ke GaSe he eee Ce ees OE eee eee eee Davison, J. li: Papers, by sc eee aace sic wee oe oe ee eee eee eee Dawes May. HO os voce ie ee alee aa ede Betas aia Shhoy se tee ee eee ereeee Dawson, Hon. N. H.R., transmits historical publications......---..--.----- De Kay, Chartes, paper on the Bronze Buddha inthe National Museum, by B DB PCTS DY = ate be siase che cedars 2 ceeew ee eeee ees eerie Ste see Meland;*AimMags ove ce ot er heh DEN eh Ale eG Se ee eee ee RE Delaware jaccessions from: sc ssh cee ee coe eee ee Stee eee Eee eee Denmark, accessions tromis-6 sosiesmatae ooo ce eee eee ee eee eee eee Department of Superintendence of the National Educational Association, meetings o£ thes Sc). Re Spe Se ge eee a rca rr eat Derby, Prot. Orville As specimens from )...-.. 2-5 eee es cee eee ne ee 54, Development of the American rail and track, by J. Elfreth Watkins... -.-..--- IDS wie yar regis -2 == See. oS ccs eee cee oe eee eee pap A Bene aE ay, papers by.-.--.. dihete bebe oud eos aaa Cee e Wee Oe aoe ase report Of 2.3.5.9 ee EAS eae Saree See Re eee eee erates Dezopry, Me weference tos... = - ee ee eee Saye ei cee eas Sea Diehl; MaissyACwivs. deposits onlental sealsseoeeeeees Gee ee ee neon eee eee eee Diehl Rey IstaelSitas. acess oc en co oe oe Le eee ee ee eee Diller Protea oS Aesecs oc 22 cscs See aise see ete See CoC ee eee 114, DistrictoL Columbia accessionsaronmmthe- see ee ee eee eee ee een eee Dodo; exterminatiomfofiithesc= 262 S2c2S- 3b se ee eo eee ee ee ee eee eee Dole. Ce Ai aoe cee eke Te See BS iwc ee aE ee 47, Dolphins, examinationior£ theyspecies|\of..-<2. soe sec- ee ee eee cee eee . 406 383 110 141, 383 748, 749 363 119, 143 447 141 729 753 449 114 125 70% 429 119 290 114 631 304 INDEX. Wouble paddle from: Master Island. .--.-..2.....-.--- Douelass, Mrs. A. ., presents plaster lists. .-- ae We Gompanyminenais received: trom The. 2 2s. 2e eee = = aera sends stabs cf agatized wood Wats Sei eee Sd Se Oe Reena eee POTN GSTLO Nee ae ee eaae eae cane occ has se osinitot ese ccs eraiiee ate eels arae swe work accomplished by, the==-- 22-2. --.---5--- s- Wreher, Wi. D., erooved ax received from. | .--.-2----- -2 2.- Hroneur-srlardy decbirds| purchased trom: -a.-5 22-35-82. oss see ee Drew, rank andi Charles) presemtiarSWana.c csc 2-8. sc 5 re ee cae nity, CHIPS, Tea TNKS) TIMNVCG OS 5 Goes chohos eseeeete sae daeace Daacooss=e PUES KINIS) POP ALO aes sacs nee a lea letn aloe esol San sac elst se he see 3 rior PAR PADELSEDY ceo aos el esatsa coerce Sate se ne ese cence. S- sees Wuplicates, distribution of..-...--5.-.2- 22.20. -- PaTaAN eASher BLOW IM .o< =. soos sc) -cise 6 Amand OHM. 7 acta -tctac soe: SS ia Ae SO ACEO Te OER OSE Diirer’s ‘‘St. senate in his Champers. BL ies ict Ea dais a Dury, Charles, insects received from. ...-.. -- Val wha es INSeCLS CevenminedstOL 22s o seals isa oclsanso sie secieiesich-2= sles selina Wryereletta GeOne hun nishessCh ants. «aaa. samiees ees tener .n sce 2 cnomenes ees Se enee Meee eee eee 442 Pthnologicalimaterialisent injexchange=-. .- | 25-5466 Goa see eiseeee ee 52 seriesof catalogues.-...-25. 2.02222 seas eatiles Rreeeaeece 9 Ethnology and antiquities of Easter Island, The, by Paymaster William J. Thomson, UsSieN 2b sess cece donc cece sacs 2s ene Sore a ee eee eee eee ae 447 Ethnology, department of.-....-...-..<......- Bc ieeemic eee Seeman eaiatces 27 . INDEX. 857 Page. Biunnolosy, exhibit of, at Cincinnati Exposition... -.2--...--5 s--ce5 seen: - 163 labels for departmentiof .....-.:-..-.-- Salsa Sista RS See ee ee ee 99 REpoOLu ONT ME PAanUMEMb Ob eee. ca cees os oes se ceies Hace el eee 281 TEVIOW Ol works in department Ofe.. 6). 255 sessacei ae oceans le 34 DIO PO mACCESS LON Sr TOME corres ae Oe sro s om ai ciarcic sieicnes ave akticiecye ns eRe 125 European bison, causes of the extermination of the ...........----.-------- 621 BA ORUN AN LO Lb ee Ve eteta ae nian kane ie hae oe custo eye niSindsotw alee cise eee 114, 116, 369 DADETS MD Nees as sae eet a oe a aeons ee nie aeeeee 750 Examination and report, specimens sent for ...-..---..---...----.---- .---- 127 ECM Os OM SPCCUMG US eer aesce yan toe See eheiais a5) Ja) Seite eet Sc) clown setae 52 PSE CULLVOLClOn sete aa Soe SSels oceans eeicisemina ao ejr etme enue «des Vee ooe : 28 Prahibibloni spaces asslon MeN. O face see) yelel= lo-yiow Siete Sin ivreieisio ss 2wyise ners == 22 Bexploravionsan behalf of National Musewm)----.- 2 jo. 22 sces sie 2 eels n-- 143 Newfoundland and Labrador in 1887, by Frederic A. Lucas. 709 Fairchild, Col. Ashbel, pistol and lantern received from..-..----..-.--.---. 123 Behe AG en. Mauclus ene CalllOnsOfes spec =. Saji once Eeieiclaisioce eo cceionee 123 HAE Weaunety OAD be SaMeSpe sen, -maoe esse ciste cls cys cor see censs Lae pyeSacie bees Sere nase 535 Heatherstonehaugh, Dr., pottery received from -.....-.2...-:..2--s2.------ 341 Helsiconcolon (human oreAmerican, S100) spapebOneesa=. «4-2-5 aes 5= Sooo 59: Sena Cet tew Ebon Wass Sohmiey nape ayaa reso s lok he lomnersinjee lc er eetse ioe es ne wees 379 HEC ITUO Wem) Tom Lye ieee te crete ay es eters co ony ars See eR rls ow cians moan odeiea ee enes PH Bla Jel! [SEROUS Dy) Ba cab een SoeOSOO OOS SABRE rODBOeRCRGaUEsEaceec 750 IRS} OOING OP Sacks caeeeg Ss SbUSU UOCOCU GER OSES ane Qounda beSs.ced= 343 Fetish-board from Easter Island ..................---.--- Be a ar Ceres 536 Meush-stonesmromiMastendslan die 255 52 so cn 3. eee es cess Sem nie ee beeeyeys 538 HOW KEN he VWVid LiCl scpic Sars Ss ocien ie aie Ae oa stale Se ee a eps )= cheesiest 42,71, 382, 383 PA PCLAW Ve eee. ee oa ee wnle 2 = eer e imcieeie wee emis 750 Holds Gravis ASGN OG: DITUS es mts one eee cles oS oeracin ssa yeemimme susie mpepuae seis ice 117 BAEStPAMELICAM Taino aie L Lac Kem apa ars Ne iatel ee eretacievap ae a sere Rieke = iain eres ene 67 Japanese Trading Company, musical instruments, etc., purchased from 125 Fish Commission [U, 8.], archeological specimens transmitted by the. ..-... 332 birds?) eros collectedsby the) 2222-2 -s,2- 212 - .-2 se0- se 363 birdsitransmittedh byaiher j-o2 5 a= teesee cece inate 359 Cooperationy ote thems se. cents ate peerne sso oe ae 142 elephant tortoises collected by the -......--...-.-. 420 represented at the Cincinnati Exposition .....-..- 178 skeletons of cetaceans obtained from the ...--. ..- 388 MISHeTICS, BEOUIONT Osa sas ccc mick s tees ess aac ites aioe to ne ege attache name 26 PEIN OS 7 CLG PPD EUINLG WN Uit O fies = arate meet am ey rors ge em aie tein = ches austen cutie Ser al alone ai 27 exchan res Oho oe ome. 2 so oe ces me ie ie Se ite oi ere micio cinalene Hsieh tone 53 report on uheyd epanumMentiObe seas oe wehe ee ae tae onan Snel eal 369 review of work in the department of'.............--c-2------------ 39 BOLIOS Of) CatalOmuese te tomer. sees Sots ays eo a aw de Ho SaSE Ee ase 18 HIS Od: frome BASte Lal aM Oke peta is etee Saat oso spe cian bi ee yteye S ely 537 Fish Hawk, investigation of oyster-beds by the Fish Commission steamer .- . 385 ish hooks pM aAciGlo nite SALOU ie sae geese ec S-n> Sesyoe o's essen ovens) oials 533 iish-net strom: Washer lslan dicm seater ae eis SS ml seps oye ie Snide. 1S aaj cia meer 535 Rutzgerald, David, presentsnarrow-leadsn-..i.--./= == +374 00sec em cleis ies oe 114 858 INDEX Page Bleminge, RB: ii.; sends red foxes 52 aces sick econ = eee eee 420 Bhi t, Diigo Me 32s soc8it. Ses teccee seine Deacet arses oe ou eee Seen woe eee 26, 140 onrence RoyaleZoolocicalyMuseumoles:e-eee see eee ease ee 53, 126 HM orid' a AaCCessiOns tROnsses st acca te oor see oe ears Se eee oe ns eae 116 Blowers:W Hs: Caicos tec Oe e se See sens eee See eee ae eee ee eee 234 Foods, section of (229253 450 Soe so ae oe eee Ree Sak co aie ele sect cidtetnam cette Beer 26 Koods'and textiles, labelsitor/sectionsi@massnsse ee] sce eee eee ee sees eee 99 series oficataloomese-eeeatere oa ee ee eee eee eee 21 Foote, A. E., minerals purchased from ...........- Bee Vane cision esters 402 Forbes Lithographic Manufacturing Company pr ous eine RiVIPGS) weseraecier ii ley Horbes;:Profas:-Ay ansectsimamed tor a2 3: {22a\-senye tee ae eee eee eee: on 378 “Forest and Stream,” reprint of article published in-...-..-..-....-.-.--... 418 INOLESULY, Sec tlON Ole sy ae ae wisicine ee oe are lee eles Dane emer eyes ese eee 27 aS al abbr. siscco~ se Saeepeee eee ae iSe-h net LARUE Dae cen Aan 343 collections ;catalomningvofsthe eases ose eee eee oer 21 esta blishmentiofesectionofe.s se eeeaaee ese eee ener 27, 343 formationvofrbhe:sssseceen occ a eee Pee eee eee eee eee 6 labelsfor thevsns-asisse os cates ase see eee Bae ee eee 99 PANO Of sss 8-525 Goes see eae ce eee Pos eme ne cole anes 345 Feporiion-the sechiomors etee essa sae seers 343 wooknpon het Sessa acto coaieenye Sele cla sates wives 37 Div isionine)epariment otAcriculturess-seeseeeenes eee eee ee 344 exhibitsiinstalled ci s.,53.2 23-7222 cote Se set eS oseeds soe eee teens 347 preliminarysclassiicatlonvOljaariaasaete eee eee eee eee 345 section, Leasonsmoriestaplishino phe esas en. seta ee eee 344 Ite oun eal AM 6 G6 She cscs pecs esdc56 cose oss 0nr nb0000 Sasa booS essa cso 6585 43 SkelOtONI Of ss aes seer cree Se terete rare ae eee seater 383 TORE Jae O Rese Ne aek eee s6 coon Bo oh co eoc eco 50g HOadoSSowe Sonn ssog adds 105 ROT) lg poo bom Soe Hoga neldoo Guu an oU Sorbian Saud Bde Dodugooos Beco mpoC'as 29 death WP sitet eis t oat alee on ee eae a 407 Fort) Rupert; ethnolosicalispecimens from).22- 2222 5-2--.15526- sssnle= see eee 286 IDL OUD OS, CE NE TSNINE NG Ooms 5 os pe occo aeccas Son Sen caneSe ce Sosleces bode 27 review of work in the department of ------..-----..---.------ 44 RenlesiotecatalOmuesseeeeeeeae eee neE haa e eee eee 20 HowkesGerard sendsipotterysesa+ ease se tee te te ae ene eee eee eee eed eae Rowl-cod trom Pastermslant: sare ctec sesso cans a5). 2 2 enna cee era SSE 537 TRINGE,, COMIKCUTOMS COTES 6555 dagons eso bos atis Sanoooo so pEisiog GSAS SSSeisSas GEE 125 Hrancis Missuvil sends lanrolchby pew bel aera. eee m= oes = ane aeis eerie 121 Dieyceie, (Crs [Bin COENEN EMH Of Sooo bs Shon cos Sao $code sdeooS osssSe ssosccos 329 iHrescoed:slabsrtromebasten loland seen s— sae er aeleeescce seiaaere see eiecse 538 Pritsch, 4, sends specimens Of marble 22ssss0 422-5 eee nace en) s ae ee 119, 406 1 OND} ial Dag Dee essa aetna eines SoMa OSMCm Sou Sere odacoqoUauEE coos SOScde 285 medicme-stonercolleched’ byiess=seee nes: eae eee == eee eee 143 Fry, Capt. F. G., skeleton of gorilla purchased from .-.-.--...--.----.----. 383 Bryer, George C., sends ethnological objects! 2-- 32. 52-1222ce6) see see eer 121 Hrench Gar. insectsmrecenvedstrom= ssan-s asec sees ates eee eee ee eee 378 iriendily islands srelics(ofiantiquityQnr- ec.) eee acc aia ee = eee 541 Mirnitunea nd eixbureswa ppropriation for --—- eee eee eeee aero reese 72 for the Museum made in the Museum workshops...--.-.-.-------- if Galapagos and Mascarene tortoises, probable extermination of the.-...--.--- 643 Islands, sketches of Elephant tortoises from ......-.....-.-..---.-- 388 tortoisesifromiuth 4-42 942 -e> -o ee eee eee 142 POLpoises roms ae ee ee eee eer 750 skins oftsea lon trom .-c2- see eee eee ee 5 350 ve ae INDEX. 859 Page. ale; Onis Sends bIrds, Nests, and OF08..... 522. sess cose -ocece cee eoce see e114, 363 CTU PONG EA yc) i RSPR TN Si D0 8 cS a ae ee Oe eee ee ea 750 RASH EO abscess emer eae ona aa ees ae Peete Misys eb eS tiie 43, 387 sends a specimen of Sowerby’s whale.............-..- 37,118, 188 Pas C apis Wy ito b, “ACnOSs a SUMS h 9.5% er rascci Hae) ee Seen os See 120, 138 Se CLOUD CLOLD Med peter Sey ee a vag Sc Sue eae Ae OS 28 chief of division of correspondence............---------- 88 oneMuseumicataloguesyscaae ee sete se a een se eee ee 8 SpPMs 2adedsto whe, cOulectlOMes aaa oacia sontslsisais fa see ee sere e aeons see re aes 401 Genealogy of the Kines of Kastor Tsland@s22---- sc. 522-222 es ce occ ose cece 533 ONOcaleple pALAvOUseee ei ss Roe Ne ee ee eee Moo ee c Seesthe Soeee Lawctere 29 Geneva, Musée d’Ethnologie in, sends Lacustrian objects ...-.....--..----- 126 Geographical index of material sent for examinotion and report .......----- 135 LEV TO We OilsUC COSSIONS TOWEHO! MESO iii) shag eae ee ee ce 112 Geolopical material, distribution ots 25.22 2e8 tesco Se reel ecient nae as 408, 409 exchanPe Olas sn sso sede ws tt Sale eee Nae eee ee ea 54 received for examination and report ...--..-----.---- . 409 Sunvey, (USS:) cooperation Of the... 2. soa sees setae cee Seee eae eac 140 fossilayfromythen ss. o2 4h ssa se cece eet ee aereae cree 393 fossil fishes received from the..............-----. 40, 115 geological material transmitted by the. ......---- 407 minerals transmitted: by tlies. a.--)- + ----eees=— = 120, 401 platinum) received trom: thes. - sos. sess sees Se 122 NOCKS LEANSMILLEO WON aes) eine ao aietee seine 118 transmits minerals from®Colorado ........--...-- 114 pottery and stone implements ...-..-....---.---< 118 Georcia, ACCOsSIONS) {LOM )s25 -c: oo se) sae) Bas ietaera et See Aone oe fica Siete 116 evinolocicalispecimens rome so 2. = semecce scm seats enna ieee 287 Ser iruidy.- COlleCUOMS ILOMEss a taia saree cna oi Saye, te masse a erate a= c Valais isin mare Ree 125 evuhnorraphic MUSCHMS Iss. ao eee Sk aes soa lee Sale noe ese ee 442 Shimolog Cavs pecimen tro Ms sas acess eerste eee eee 287 Garrard, £.,, mammals purchased trom): = 52. oe oe oo Sse ek ner se sisi sale eisiels> 350 Gabsourals Wis SON Gs Cast Ol TaCOts =a oc sero ssiate es eee oiclet teers Sale eee eee 121 Sago roi, nenry Ho exchange With. 2. lo. .ocsae Sano wens Seabee!) Socios 53 skeletonrot seallisemtilysa.-c2e oe at ees < ersten 388 specimens sent in exchange to -.2..----.----22-.26 338 . transmits natural history specimens. ...--......-.- 126 Culbert. erot, ©. rH. sishessCOllectedsDy...cssctsae cael tee eee Rese ne 142 Salle Dry 1s. Wiz, PreBents StONG OD [OCIS .o- sro ons cmc cm a sem pemiee ielaelnr Seles 122 sends stone implementees. sss ss oes reise ace wea es canoe 143 rE ROOO OTC DADOIG DY «con ac oo nein setct o eee anes orale om wiels tate emene stat eaters 750, 751 Cuilmaniask roils Crees cars cvoistsee iesieie eine Seloine sbe,cl-= oto, siSoetwisinisysalsin oe aaks oes 290 IGT el) See cociDO Seno abertene Hee arueecscn concentoaS 69 Goajira Peninsula Indians, photographs of.... .... ....--206---202-0-20- -2e- 124 od NIal. ys CALCU. apPeCLenD Vee = seca soot a1 aroe ane separ aio actos stateiciavete 751 Goodrich, Commander C. F’., photographs obtained through ........-.--.---- 139 (Goodese Ge LOW, -PUperen Dy. ok tee eee tae OL a new oe esa = oclous to's 751 presents badges, lithographs, and engravings.--..--------- 115 eOThe Museums Otte pure Wyss cssoes 2s oes cocis soe. 427 GS, DLVICL, Way PAVOrS Diego xa be ee ee ae teteias we! a com aos ieior= aalaldeutere nes ac cis 751 Goss, N.S., papers by ........... Peet a ae Sick oo ois) S aie ee omsin rece) eaaete 71 MA OSBON DTS SMe Sissies aot eee teenie orale las ne os) bac 8 /co.c ese cca suls sales es 329 Geneva, Switzerland, exchange with.............-----.---- 34, 52, 286 Graham, John, sends objects from the District jail ..............-.--..----- 115 860 INDEX. : Page Graining-tools in Wes. National Musedine =>. ses ses 4. See eee ree 589 Grampus, expedition of the, to Newfoundland and Labrador...--...---. ---- 711 worlot the Kishi Commission schooner: .s25-4 06525 eae es eee 385 Granier; Hmile,deposits;anl agate asec see cece erent een yase oe ee eee 123 GramtiBey; Dr. James. 220-2. Ace a eee ee ce bs pe eee 286,292 @ collectionsmMrom™t sees emesis = 22, seen eee 146 sends Egyptian objects .......----- Be Bee eae aS oat 281 sends ethnological Ob)ectsise=s> 24 2ae Sasser ae 112 Craphicraxrts, almporbnercollectiomote sees = = canes eres eee ae ee 301 arrangement of collection of the section of --.--....--..----- 304 exhibitiof, ab Cincinnatl Exposition: 2c. 222 2-565 -—ee eee 172 exhibit of the section of, at the Cincinnati Exposition -....... 303 labels\forthe section-oh. 2352222 = -[o-ce cee eer ce eae eeee 99 label showing arrangement of collection illustrating the - .--- 314 list of contributors to the collection of -2.2...----.----.----- 309 loans for the Cincinnati Exposition to the collection of ......-- 313 objects purchased: fortheysection ofes-=-2 +---=s2—-- 4-2 aac 302 report onthe section Ofs -- eee eae eet ee esi eee 301 TEVie weOtewOlkoim: Section Ol scars eee eeeiee se -beeeeee 35 SOCHION- OF 2 mesial .2/s soho Sats ee tele 2 Steal Saree BORE he ae 26 series of catalognes< 2522. (25 secu ds aoe Soe eee 21 suggestions relating to the growth of the collection of....---. 306 Great Auk, expedition to Funk Island for bones of the.--.-...---..----- ee 709 extermination Of the sca cases ae osisasinieee o aoe tice sae eee 638 Great britain, accessions from. 7S cet chceeeeen ns e-e ee eee 125 Greely, Gen. A. W., specimens transmitted by .-......-...---.-.---..------ 139 Green, Loren W., presents skins of Tamias striatus............-.---.+------- 37, 349 specimens received from = oss esse Feist 2 Soom Meise Se 118 GreenesCharlesaB. 2-252 chee sactee let c acteise: scene eee os See eee Ene Milaoaee Greenland’ ethnolopical specimens) from. 22225 ase ace stots epee ete 226 Greenivaulits, Dresden. 2.25.2. 5-nis sno se ee Se Sess eee ee eee 435 Greey, Edward, bronze and wooden figures from .........--..--.--+--+---- 124 Gretton Bros: photocrapls presented byncs-- een =) eee eae ee eee eee 414 Grinnel, Hon. W.. F., collection of fabrics from 72-22-22. =s 5 oe teoes case 126 sends wools tromplingland= 22. pees eee eee 137 . Grinnell, George Bird, obtains a Rocky Mountain sheep -...---.-.-----.---- 47,421 Guadeloupe, HSheswroM cas sce = Settee ree eile Se eee ee eee 123 Guesde, A., birds received in exchange from .---2 5.52.2 Siscccsiescce- oa a2 6 358 Guesde, Louis, exchanges. with’... %. 52... «0 sssieds se sie ets oe eee ceieas 52, 53 sends, birds’ Skins = ...cf.j-.0'< no eso Soles eee tee see nee 123 Specimens Senb in exchange’ 0-2 222. coer eats eee eee 338 GunleyDT Re Rae sca eters eos iceiciee aatee sas ee eee eee ae eae 391, 397 EIA COP ean hobo nba ee cosSos cone rn DSabdp ede bosSoosor Geb sac.cosusuesoSac 504 1520) 2) eee ee eeaeS Soames ane See aan ee Bea S oH Mo sepaoes Secoasasbe 284 inoue eilir.spaper Dy je lsc sep nein See nee aioe nee eee ee 407 Haig, George W., stone pestle received from-..---...---.------=----=--=- -- 120 Hakes, William A., sends pottery and stone objects ...-...-.--...+. .------- 119, 143 Hamiltons He des Ssendsspobtteryes..22-ses a> eee eee eae eee eens 123, 143 Elamilton, ave, sendsagplantsc.cthcee. sce cae Ree ee ner een eriena ee raiser 116 Pa mmonG, HOT: - Walia Aye. 2 So) a /csain Sin oie seine eae ee 442 iBPananalko veer sane tee corn eee rece eety Cee eer eee Sener ate eee 502 Hamga-hahtiercc s- 24 --ale =o daeloeele (einmaine os nosis ee Sil Han sahohoont §.-c 2p se ieis oe ioe te eeet= Gale ~nln Soe ote tn Oe ee eee reer oe 506 INDEX. 861 : F Page. RUAN ADU ERE Ds ra cee See rar tad aa welche had Sk Saas Sich onan eta oosees Gost ee 507 ana OML eee: ame neon ute cnet Scat de {Se ete Owed eo? 506 Plana MBEAN Uns saree nee se sale ao St ds cose Stew Saad be saseer su Ee. 508 Hangaopuna.......--.---. ES 2O10S SHAS BRON CS5U OSS eae suesoses Skea 506 UE) 1 oe Se Or Oke ee ee a a Pe ee Be aaah ease saeoe 504 Bee kD US yeeen Cree eae mes Mrs. 35-1), sendsa baskete: -. 2a .- ean ee ee et eee 123 Hough, Walter.-......--- See BE ON A A Date Rene Oe 297 Rene cat Of. Fike ilumination: enllection ho eR? eae ot ORS omnes) [cosa sscgse Goc5 Bee arr ron tens Sao aa a atose 752 presents ethnological objects. ... 22.2252. ie. Sloe seen 115 study of fire-making, heating, and lighting by-...--....-.. bn) 345283 Howard, lient: W.Le, Onbil SONb tOr on ome me sere aaise eee me a= eee ieee 148 Howard, L. O., assistant entomologist, Department of Aeneas ee ee se 41 AChing /CUrStOL-Oh INSECTS sso s\o-c orem elo son -ee = = ee Sa eo na es, MEWOUSION? shits S454 bend o455 das eessese cs st Getcbso esos SOY, WOE GD Howard. Mr:, instructed an plhotosraphye—.--- 2: <2. 0.2: seme eee es erm 110 lowell’ J. WW ., PLOSCR Us MMINGrAIS oe oe elec ee ae oan en re oe ee 402 IGITPIO Mo sigcas se Slecmode DSBS Us Soedsdcoss bc ceabasae, Saseshcodsusnssocdccdc 505 ISlURPREYE oo Aa S5 G5 Coed Sa be S666 be sas5 boo Shen eens te es secesa ss sesh foto sscess 510 Hndson: We H., papers DY <. -s-2 -2-0)ese eee See 2 oe desea oe “ene eee 752,770 Hinman skulls trom Hastersland jeccrics merase eee eee eee 538 Hunter, Alexander, gives a conrederate army jacket.........-----.-2--. .--- 122 Ptinber ON seca cer caset ca «ine cineinwie Sister eaiae eee ere es See ee ee eee 442 Jeliemmngrny \Walllliaien —Se25b Gade soso coed cco nse See S455 cosh oSes Sécccossdeca ness 442 Hurlbut, /G. H:, presents woolen fabries.. 5-2: -- =< 2-2. --1-oe sees eee ee 123, 143 STIS! (CGIGOLS Ot ONC, PO APCES DY emer es ees =e eee ee eee eee 752 lislilnras) be. eye yy co Sse seooes bo5cda saees: »Hesdinabblinestioee bers 407 Tlinots “accessions frome. 52a. es< scm aen Sele Ato ee eee ieee ae eee 116 Illustrations for Museum reports prepared by Messrs. W. H. Chandlee and - VWo 1B ly 1B aei es SoBe cos seceans modu oa05 ceo Sogo ood aons Sbos good a5aScsiseooe 111 imnaves toundion aster dslandte sess - case eet aaa saree eee AC 492 Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg ....--.--...---..----- ---.---- 52 @xehanve withiesssen eee eoss 53 plants sent to the.......-.... 399 incised tablets from -Baster Island... 3... 53-5 e eee eee eee eee eee 537 India collectionsitom err crc eset miele om inn eit ee ane ae ee ee eee 124 ethnological specimens frou Buds choos ope eeeereee yeaa a ae ee eee 288 Tndiana;‘accessions from... ocean ike eee eet eee beeen 116 State: wnilversibyscscca. s22- c: 5 since oo eee thee tee tee eee ere 397 fossile received from the ,....., e222: ova cesperere 393 INDEX. 863 Page, Indian seal, two specimens of, received in exchange’ ie atsistrainsinarecien once eee 350 SELLS ILE GN Td S38 See, SE Ane eS SE ec epee fae er 8 Ae a eR 46 letterstOmeesee set-piece Suess Se ice ee ee hae aye 29-31 Mickelexaminedfor jes secee sete cesneee cena ee 415 Imsect pests, preservation of collection from-...-.: ...-:-.%.......--2-.--2-- 379 insects, arranrenienb of reserve series Of 2-2-2... ..-2-- so Jeoseeoee = ese 379 collection by the Albatross, report on the .-............2----<-.---- 380 department of -,----.--..-. Ssbgeceogescouc qoqccu scoscs aabecdHecade 7 BeGh an oO lene EF ALIB2 Se.) on casero ee See sie Se ok yee iuaa cree eae ee 592 GECHANGOMW UUs stn owes ses Sao ate eset ete 53 plants sent tO, thier 2s steane eat cs sack aes 399 java, Tulus discovered oni the island Of! 32.25. e22- cases seeel segecc~ stele ee 543 ReTIIS, Os ke, HS OS COMOGLOU, UVrin ce sees crmeri sen caats soy ee sel 2 oe ao 114, 369 Offer, Of ASSISLANCOULGIN seem cat AAs ot aoe Sere cee ook aes 147 PAPOER NY neck netee en sear eee Ree ee) 2. Sey ee 730, 753 SOUNGSISOUU UO ee etn teem eee masters ae ise meee te ee ear 149 Jennings, A. H., Kirtland’s warbler presented by..........-.-.-.-.-.------- 35e eTIneN Cr, OXCHAN MO WLU swerve amie cee are ails cae ayes dichage ucts Sera eke 53 Jerusalem, accessions from .........-..... Bee reseths Meeicisvat eye) ert e 125 Jewett, Dr. J. W., sends a collection of drugs - SUNG GREG SEED SUIS Ee Se Der Crm ae 138 * John Bull” locomotive ...--.. SBOE. Hon S BARES GOI CCE REI RE chee pea ee 296 dolne Hopians UNIVEMIly sw -cevines tess ev res cs as stvvgeressststdedvuesewas 406 864. 7 INDEX. UM ao sO (hy Pe sossenooo5ed S/AR NP IIE HESS EE MU ee Oa eae PAPOLS Dy cesorcltoete Meta je rere peters etal epatcrare oes pense eae Johnston, Miss Francis B.; instructed in photography --.--.....--.---.---.. John Stephenson Company, sends photographs of street-cars.....-----.----- Joimib foxxpuress= == a Sevtgoe Sees ektEe eee ee sal ro penne a the ennai and Marietta eepaninon Soke esis Jones and Laurhlin Works, photusraphs| of thetss = 22222 --e = ees eee Jones, b.J., Mexicali ails recolvedsttOMeas=== s-1= ee pele ae eae Jones, (Cole Cr sends pot ler ye eee eo ee ectet aoe tartar te eter ee Jones, U.G > specimens sentinexchanee tO. -o-2.- ss. =o a5 ee ee Jordan, Prof. D.S - as oi Sieh Sa EIS ela ae Saale eos ce See eee Ashes Polleeted tbs vhs Wik Santee i SEU, UE eee eeegere ee PATO) Wi SG 5 Cabs sScosusecoemooSase coo once ce 2eiet fees brANSINLES Cretaceous fOssilsias ek mecses Seer ome eee JIG P.L., aid in department of mollusks ..---- SIS DGS Se ea ee oe arses collection from prehistoric graves presented by ..-..----.------ Japanese birds purchasediromins.-= 5 se0 4 see ate eee oe Koreans birds*purchasedStromes seer. -aise ee eee eee eee presents Chinesesbow- and amrowe a. 2222 oes esc tenia eels Buddhist rosary and birds received: frome:--22---- --2.55-2~ oo Justice, Department of, cooperation of the=-2-.- 222222222652) = ee eee represented at the Cincinnati Exposition --.....---- Xaver) imag JPEN oo eee cee aoe cee oes Sass edeaso be Sogo cannes soseco sacesencscas iQGWURS Sens Bee eRe ee See OS ee Oe Set OS eS OS OSU OSS SoS Kanthimmiga sons, birolish= translation 0 ftssoo-es= =e tea ne ee eee Kaitee, descendant of last king of Easter Island........-.- Uiotekate Sige Bane eae IAN SAS ACCESSIONS SILOM). 2 Soneras ee lis Soe ioe coos ea sao eete ease ce eeeee IRA ORO) A ae oe are ein act enna cial oT ene are cmaete BNR Eom amoes one Brera eee aD ies Mey RobnNP HNL ES ee ae Se Sead o SDS ores SoS easassS55 Ses sesoes< Kellogg, Lt. Col. S. C., deposits a buffalo robe .... .... -.-2... 2252-2 --2 25. - skins'of buffalo calf received from 2 so-2e2- o--e- = eee RCS Ae) AVA KAU OM IRON Sa Soeingesa0 SaoacO seSbco Lore eSbcopioaSads osaoosec Kerns Charies: H;, birds preSenbed iy, vse setatepetnas so yale ehsepeta ten ele Serres Kesler, C. W., minerals received in exchange from........-.....-..--2.----- Kew Botanical Gardens, exchange with....-..---..-..--- past, Se Sees ee Plamtsisentt tOjes-= eso ay Hoon seaar Cans Gacees Soon dans coad tee Killer whale received from the Royal Zodlogical Museum at Christiania. -_-- skeéletonof <0 c.g omcce conte © 26am bed eeice estes =k erie eee eee ts King, Maj. W. R., sends photographs of Hell Gate explosion ....-...-.-..-.. imines platform, sloulils tromeiher 2een oe ces eee eee ee eee ee ere ier KITE INO) Ned pee eA Sees SoAG S Sea eae s cca Dens Doocod ascbU C ojo sas Sloicieseisee DOME he So iSe56 bac 500500 CMS pa BS s50.G00 Oo POR COO UU Kboo JS SSeEISSOS 2 a0S.celscn2 Kirikiriroa-.--- Adelie S niece ise. Wire brtala bee OS wusleeicta wtaatete eis ee alate ors eaten Create Katie eiram Gass soos ~ sss tases ee pee ccc eee eee sae ee tees oe eee RA Voom Ob IMCS err ecinen: cea. Scere net a nee eee ee eee ete ree Know lion; Pte cece cea face eels Races 5S 5h eRe ee ei ee eee eee furlough Of J. 12.2): 256 )oeso aS Seah Se ee ee os Bee wee eee PAPCLSMDY ie dees we is~ essane + reer Pons os G} nas tre re ee ee ren aioe Knudsen, Waldemar wetrels presented by... - 2222s. -e- eee e ee ee eee sends petrels from Waid .20 eee eos s eee ea eet Knute, Ellingson, sendsispecimens of ores ---- -=--=- a= sens sooo ees baie eee INDEX. 865 Page Koehler, S. R., curator of graphic arts -............. See casera doe ew eens 26, 35 Da DOLSIOVEereeee aries ners saree ee eee ree aoe Se eee 794, 755 HG MOR soba SssG Sand Sogn ap Ee Cees Soot Se eco eeemetene 301 Koenig, Godfrey, birds’ ergs received from: ...-.-..-...2.....--20 sees eee ese 122 Kohn; Gustave, assistance rendered by_--. .-. 2.2... .2cessicssec cecaes cree - 366 BGQHUSTLOERUDINS perce erexcis = ye as ot See Se ei oes re rN Ee 117 USOTI@SIIIT, 5066 OSS aS 65 06H 530500 Se 55 SCO ROOTED ORES ME SEIGC eS eRe eee ett ae 511 UNOMESIGE .Sodds dade be Sehc 0 SSS Seo So Ssy Coo ARR ee AO Me NASA Remap es fa. s J 511 CRS aU URC SLE OM oo oe ieerersetey sea cteilelnielaveieie cc kaie tele sicie oie onaic eimiaiducioms ee scieie weereetaa ae 124 DOOKS HOM me weyesarscieise nie aisiaisiet sade Caras Seto oe Sele dd sacks Hause 288 ROU UUOVMOUNULBIN sac 5 201s faelomnierte o clalcis ters sialon cco cciesceis cocee sa cecie 486 UNTURS EDA Sea R36 Gabe BSc QOHnOU Gr > Hr Code CS bCOC ARE AEE CEES ae ieee ae eS 511 UNDGEOMG) Gens DB SCG CO SOO CBE EU SHOR Ce DEED CAP OER DooSGn cotods Dar CRE Emn rE Hse 511 IS@UBIVER cokd SHSSSNESEY Sena BGgS Chbo SA Sep eGe Resp BEnABOR cna Stee SAA annem 504 HRC) GEA ope ra ata eistol= lata islets ee mien Sie eis ais civ eine seca tama ites apo are 511 IM@IZROTIG Sseeer SaCDoD Baa boCr OO Da0 OS DSCC AONESTG ERS p one ce SA oo Sars Bees 449 Hemi zs Gree ky LOCKS TOCCLVOU COM sre csiseacitc «ote sie nivicioene EP aetee eee eee ne ee oe 406 BBABDIA FOE ADV IONIAN: BOGUS tories cuic c= Sec cca > SUE Slye nel aber web Bere erei see 291 preparation Of -.--..--..--~...--3- SSSC50 Sado sobs sdes Seence Sone Ceaae 99 Mabrador duck, extermination of the’... 2... .:2.. 2-2 22000 25-2 bet oeen~ dace 636 Breenixy Ah. An oxphance.wibhosa.s a2. 5225 Sees: lie ue souls see cess eee 54 Lacustrian objects sent by the Musée d’ Ethnologie in Geneva...--..-..---- 126 Mane ley Erot. OaMuel an. . PAPerswWY 2-5 so chesemiociae sate cicl nessa Acetate aoe 755 MANIA LO; HAastOriGlAnt) J. taa2-=enieaaels mie ae) iwcao a wots eee nee a 518 ase Grouse BAY: ose =-~ oes - nie ae 5 Ses 6 S550 esos S5 sono ceso edodSs baa cobsss 450 CMP OM MMOs Vasa tas ofa ers wi dane SoM an aman aerate salet | sueise iciantoele 449 MUU Uwe VV ATMLE DIMA el geseh aya eraye iste cy ola way aiaie'= sek ni o= Slayeeisiclc Sores araainy yas aieion sts tases 295 Lawrence, George N., papers by-.----.------ SECO GORE BOS HOR cE aed Deo Seea 755 Men collechiomok paleozore tossilsyoe ence seats te oer seniate ce eels see ace se eisee one 392 ONLOAD ae sere ee ee aie tase ee eet eee ee ce aren Se 40, 371 Hea, Dr. Isaac; books bequeathed bye sso. oe eines eels Ca sees oc ocean) deer ic 47 fossils;bequeathedyby,- =. sss 2 shwocen cece ess eee eee ee 395 Le Baron, J. F., reptiles transmitted by.----........... pasos ee eee 365 PMB RRECR 3 ert > stot stot oP ue oo eee oe os sae Sein cis R eRe D Ue tae ee teas 69 Lee, J. Fenner, sends engravings of cattle....-.. EOD AES DASE er ones aa 137 Peerage tit LCSIOUA, one 2 toe tas oe cee ee telomeres couse aL EA 2 Sl 71, 123, 383 Brazilian.birds purchased from: -:-2v2s2--.2csec--5----222 358 Lee, Thomas..---.. SSE Een HO SOO CE RP eo Ace SOnicre Seb 5HS CSC OCU TACs Born ee 123 Brazilian birds Serehaeed om Pees rie see eLeek as sas 358 Leidy, Dr. Joseph, papers by.......--....- SPEC G EROS UOCOCA BOs aoe Sou oe 755 exquereux,.,Prot. Leo, papers Dyjestesencecse sacs ce ponty oon sk soil mee sean 755 Letter from Assistant Secretary to Secretary relating to Smithsonian partici- pation in Cincinnati and Marietta Expositions..............--....---.---- 149 ioetversiaskingyfor information’, list-Ob scecseseesscseses cence ncee se hee see 88-96 written on special subjects, arrauged geographically, list of.......-- 96 Mewis, b. M., presents: birds so scccsasseaeeeascscete teed sus can Cte oboe tack 120 Mewis; George. A, presenus. 1SNES-- sayeeees eee Pease cedeebe ce ceccs ok Po 121 Bewis;.VVis i., Guck, presented: by, . 23255 sce teers ce soe ete se tk esse 122 Libraries in United States, list of, to which it is desirable to send publications ae National Museum. 2.54 so2ssace aoe saan ERO Uae e ese kas LUE 216 MDrATy, LePOrsODLOPeravlOns Ole sass cats see esas tsc oot Leute Coen eee 47 Breen baler, GW). ccs ease cen aoe SSS oN Ie He Coe ed SUD EGIL BIR: SB igh) Life-Saving Service, codperation of the. .... Pet ced ena ea 138 Kioht-House Board.[U.'8.],, cooperation of the. .cissiclcces cocveeccdaseccc: 138 866 INDEX. Page. Light-House Board [U.S. ], presents blue-prints of lights and flames. ..---- 115 Topi LW IE WON ID) 55 3 3S6 Soc 5 ood solesbao0 ss05 26500 So obo0secdou sesesnSscosses 41 appointed aid i. .- 30.222 en oeaasee ss. ame ener eHeene 28, 377 | anton, Erotyhd wantescese eee eee eens eee eee eee 42, 71, 382, 383 ON NEW \issco seoacsescceacadoas BOS Ono Sabu poo SEEaee oe 755 TGISIANISICY fei ce le Bae cee eee eke tae ee ete eo ee lala cite ee cine oe eee ee eaters 449 Losici nee menaceni ir oxen ean. Hy-5 GaSe BG On Cod boS bucouEEese se cobs 127 Lists of institutions and libraries enfended to receive publications of Nationa IMMUISCUM Ys asc e eater eerie Semieee cette micleineeisiees wate leer seme seste coc 191 Lithology and physical geology, sleseeinnea Of. a sets osec serccesae eee eee 27 report on the department of ..........---.- 405 review of work in the department of.---.-.- 45 Little Swan Island, subspecies of Capromys from .........-----.------------ Jo4 IDI in re Ry, CAAA) OVE. oS 55 coos55 code cosnee SoobSe soscoaS bose Sbecec 21 departmentio fers sae een sere ecien ee Selaee ee eee ete aerate il important accessions to the collection of.........---..- eee 420 INSU cent qUALlers MOL LN Cgsee eases eee ee eerie 422 labelsforicollection) ofjss--.- 22s 4- co seeeeee Seer 99 RepoLl onthe deparcomenhy Olsenese il sella ee ee eee 407 review of work in the department of.........-.-.---------- 46 Kondon, the Great xhibitionlat, an leas 2s on secsiecee meee eee = = eee 431 hongiley swine.) IMSeClsICOMecte ds byte ae ere ita eae en eae yee tetas 378 Lord Howe Island, castsof Meiolonia from..-..-..-2...s..-.+--- ater infotal oe 2)5 4s NS RULES Eee ee 511 Materia: Medida, section Ol: jc )oace saree cere eels ee oe SO et 26 Ja POLS LonisGCuloMm Oboe =p ses ch eke no - ow coecinwsie ce otcnie aoe 99 Mather, Fred., Mandarin ducks presented by -.--..- ....----.--------. ---- 358 sends; Mand arin duc kspas sats ee hee ecto = nis oem ere sie a cleus eae 119 Matthew, G. F., fossils purchased from....-...--. FERS Che TOC EERE Ore 113 868 INDEX. WET Rs), DS Vey be RO one Hapa accgogjenes a boc sogmotass 9085 Shs adoser lecture by scsesf-2 522520 c2s> encclteoreteseecee tees Mayflower of the Ohio, Thes- te 22-2530 asses sone eee eee sel nee esos eaase ane McCormick, ©. Miss 2spascsa cers secs nes sriseeeses ecto feet ee ces ee eee € McDonald, Col. Marshall, collections transmitted by -----. ---.------.--<.. MeGinnis;, Wim. E1.,-sendsistoneumplememts oasee cs ccs 22. so oe seen eee specimens sentumexchanee) tOl--=---= sa = aor eee ae McGregor, Alex., specimens of descloizite presented by ..---.-.----..--.---.-- McGuire, F. B. and J. D., mollusks presented by .----.-.--------..---.---..- presentishells, so s5 5. Sec totecie ae eee McGuire, J. C., collection of mollusks presented by the heirs of ......-..--- shells bequeathed:by 2222-322 ss02 soos se- eee - MeMasters) DG, -specimens received: from = jnasao «ass la ses eae eee =e MeMurnrich;-RrobicJic Pod 2 os yee Seal a ee ee EEF PRE AE aa RE Mead; Charles, sends arrow-head's 32-2 scness oe cies Se eee ee ee ee aioe eee eee Mearns, Dr. Edgar A., sends natural history specimens -..--..----.-.......- specimens fromvArizonarcass-2-2-- Ges eseos === 2 acencue Medical Congress, meeting of the. ...tetsc2ss 2222) SPOS ade Pea sen see Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons --.-..--....---.....-....- INUSCWIMS) S262 cases Se aa eos Rete eta aaie we et rem ee erase nines Meetings of societies in the National Museum ...--.-...-.....--...--------- Meinhold, W., sends skull of Flathead Indian=- 2225 .- 222 -2 202. 2 --- 2-222 ae Meiolaus, icasts.0f 2225. ccoctee tg cteeins tess sacs eeiean ser selene leet aslo Meiolonia, castsiOf-----22---s.cc2c 426 ‘shaidh os SP A ee a ee Meke-Meke Sess so: osetiGicot ses sosne os ss ctnate senses AS oe Be amoneseneees STS ESTs Del OP is Fla pees See eae Sse ot one sos nos esp oesa asso cos sons birds presented by and exchanged with--...-..-..--.. 358 collectionsspresented! Dyers sss eee ase eee 141, 142 DAPELSID Yes ac Sos ste sense rete ae apo ee alone 756 Sends/a POLrcUupine) so-a ase eee Sie ele tee ee 123 studiesiofarvicoline Mice Dyesss--e-44---eee = see eee 354 Merrill: (George -P <2. a5 2eee atric sinc) sas at See eos eee eae eae er aeee 27, 45, 51 collecting expeditions miade by -2-2-- ©. 22. .-c2--eesceee. 405 collectsieranite cp ee= pecee= sec ealace= one ee eee aces 122 gypsum at Hopewell, Nova Scotia .-..-...-.....-.-----.- 113 MIN OLAS) 2 ein pre taiterer ele Senna Ste te ete 118 LOCKSiANG (OTES) ccs neteee eel = eee = eee eee ere 120 field worl: OF 2. 5 < ces eee = 143 Outviisentstoyeeesne sei eeccten< Clow kmeces Soni smiateeemariaee 148 Moorehead, Warren K,, deposits stone objects and pottery .......---..----- 120 prehistoric objects sentiDy nec = 0a a2ee ssn caus se 329 870 INDEX. Page. Moran, Peter in. ascnyrs- cesses oe tee seeeeene-eeeone Seleciselsaasettenenaa saree 36 presents a collection illustrating the etching process..-..-.-.- 303 NWorcom,G..frean, coose presented (WYec~.—-eee=— ceeree ee eae eee eaes 38 Morgan, Senator J. T., monkey presented by .--.-..-----..:-2--.--.2..--.--- 420 Moritz, Celeste; presents white ats = -—eee- ress re seein seme eee alee ee ere 115 J Morocco; Knife frontiecck see ee oe eee ee eae Se ae Le Ee ee ae 28 Morrill James Ssecsceeeta sae ee eee saeco een ere ee meee pee eee eee 160 Morse; Prot. Hsu. y EChunem bya aeeee es einee eee ce eiiee See Pee eaten ee east 69 Mortillet, MaGabriekidetens 2 eeee sou et ae ee ee Be ee eee 322 Moser; Hieut..J.-b. sbindsipresentedsbiygeeranee eee ese eae renee se eee 358 collectionsmecelvedstrom)ea-c.epeeere see eee eee eee 147 marine invertebrates received from ......--..---.---..- 41 specimensicollected i byiee-sessece see ee eee eee 351 molluskstiransmicted@byac--jo2= ees eee ee eee eee eee 372 Outhtisentston ease oasis ao eee eee ee ene ee ae 148 presents: shells/eaceepeceerec. et errr seer ee eeepc 40 seuds collections from Cape Sable --...-..--..-----...- 116 Motuarikt joes \.ac'stescceess:cciceatons baeeradac ne eee neat ah ays thee ae Ae ee 506 MIG AUK) WH} 12) GAG ado GsCoG0 6 BESOO GOO Bee BbDOBSh6 S6bGoem 6565 S550 GOD Beas GH0G86 510 Mo tureaissseue pesca t cee eel sees (60029 SOS 6085 686059 5506 5556 5058 Hss6,5056 511 MOiKuh Ol p25 oct soit ce teae Sekiieds cess oteiwcioe Same ceesteee eco eee 506 Mo mkuro a ete hace wie wie Socletedmepeieeicn scien ase meee ao ate eee ee ee 506 Miller; Baron! Hy v.on, sends Anstralian plants/252-22es2e= = 22-2 see eres a eee 126 Muilloneiiniedrichiaseememacecr Bic catia pedicle wswdStace eosset eee oe eee 284 Miitler sBroty Bey Miaxeme-isetsemaiacicaionacioseeit essen alesse eee eee eae 291 Millers < Madonna idatS:2Sistoec. joecass sessces a eee een cose ee paar 303 Murdoch; John, jJlectunesbycae- eee jee sens aocisce ste -bnie= Soisc ee eee eee 69 librarian, report! Ofc s-,zccs-csc-seseccecececeeeceneeeeee ee 47 Papersiby-.Sese- s.225 ccc etisecisee=eeeeissee cet eee eee 757 Murray, Dr. 'S. P.;, monkey, received fromoe2e- 6 sc owe ee eens e eee eee 420 Musée a7 Bthnologie Geneva: casscce a: ese oa see epee eee Sates 329 exchanges with :.>- 2c... sce soe pone eeee teens 52 Musée de St. Germain, sends bronze implements....-....--..--....--.-..--.- 125 Muséerdes! hermes) Soe cca cea eeieinicsien/ sae cemisins oe see aie sees aerate 435 MuseumiappropriatiOnsieec coc => scooters ceca sc cs oases eee Cees 72 Catalogues S225 5-2 scies coos Co eeeennice sieslge cree aioe maraetgneee eer 8 collections; classificationiof.--=-+2 .- se. e eee eee ee eee 440 employ.és; dist of =. -@. 2.6 2 ect eased Fee ee 76 of Comparative ZoGlogy sends fishes...--........-..-.--.......- 123, 124, 369 Journalisman Antwerp <2: 22 sin seee ote ee Seen sel eee eee 443 Natural History, Paris, sends a collection of marbles -....-----.- 125 specimens of marble received from the.. 406 Pedagopy an Paris 2-c.-¢ ss ase feoes = cece toe eee eee eee 443 iPracticalubushi@ulturepecens =e seen ee oPoz/S acetate eee eres 443 the City of (Paris '...25.04. .c. 22 Seas See eee 435 significance of the word 22 sa. es oce eee tee eee eee eee 428 Museums; crow bhvofe2=. 25 222..0d 2 costae eee ene ee eee ee eee 436, 437 Of Mine Abs: a5 sce esc nee Shc comes Pelecep eee ee eee 444 Hy Piene es2cee ses cleo nick. cone Bae aS etpaceaee eee ee eee 443 the;future, scopevofithee. +, 354550 ce eee ee eee 432 he, by DraG. Brown Cooder se=sss se eeeee eee 427 organization Ots stesso see cel en bees eee eee aesice 427, 434 Muti Raw Kawi: 252205 staat best Sect tae Oa See eee eee eee eee 483 Myer, dsaacysendsicastsion Persian sealesae-- ees eee ee eee eee o-124 Namie, As: Vaiss acc et cere ie atee oes ec ee eee nee 290 INDEX. 871 Page Nanteuil’s ““Pompone de:Bellidvre,” proof of .... 2.25 2-056 ccccee coec ce ceee 303 NAL O RANG Ges os sion ew ee esas. oe ce ace ais Seales eds Sia’s ttrish ns Bate ereersio eto 5U6 Nar nalsskulliot-sesmecene eae ee ss fone ta sews sence cchae ts ccceca sees veke 388 Nesta eo Obanic! Gard Ns Olmecere sect sisios. = 52s seen eee ee Origin of Easter Islanders, tradition in regard to the .-.---...--.--------:- the-American rail andptrack: 2 sesenacoonee ease ooo ee eee Orkney, Islands; mushipith-wieksromescce. esas eee Sac eee eee eee eee Orleans; steamboat, model ofthe. - 2 2 52 osc .en eee aoe ce eee seen @Onroncowsculptured socks) near se...) asses ceees eons See hea ieee ee . 481 sketehjOf' 2 5) ae sees eice oe cele cees oe Ca cee eller eset teeta 479 Stone, HOUSES AL... cece cccmmetec cea ccroiisicseieee hee eee mee 478-401 Oshornes JW. Soe 2 21 S5Ss eS eS SS Soe ae eee FESS See ee eee se 109 assistance rendered byieeeece a- fees sec cies eee eee 304, 305 Oscood, Prof. Howard's... sce eee op ocecewices cnt ce eee ete ee ere 292 Osteologicalipreparator work ofbhesssosseeee- eee eee eee eee 103 Osteologist.=s25. ses s28\ eae OL Pee ee eb eees od bes Ree eee eee 29 Otago University; Museum... 3:3 <-5-5 5. Ascceem sects Se oe ee eee eae eee 53, 126, 369 Oveues: ce ee selena orm ecr 341 henkins wero G-H. sends SbOne OD|CCIS associ sais acin sae = ear = ellen 121 Peery tHarry, instructed 1m taxidermy...-.0.-s22--2-----<< +2720 --2247 > 5" 106, 110 Pom isola ks Rea ei minrey 5 Boast Sas 55 Seens Anespaneseoo ueEsoT Sop seOsSe 117 Persia yebanolosicea li Ob] CClS MOM am.ciaee: = lta «net vatale anf sola tate i= elmo = ==1=)aa 124, 288 Persian astrolobe obtained for the Museum .-..:-:-......-22--...---.---s-- 291 SOD Choe Sees etre eee aoc OP eb ir bate bee AERA AS MSE eae Coote 290 EGmdi@rh Ih MMO NAG) sob cea sos5n5 case ods G60> Saedeses Saco eatin cs socd a5eo0s 318 TES, WHOOP WOERKOM ace cabo cada ooo pote Coe Eeoees pene psc eou nee cocba5 123 aie, OWN) PN GOR acoso = Sects ees see ane eae aswies Jo cee = emcee eet 291 Phelps, Albert I., fossils from ...-.. ....-- ------ .----- +--+ +--+ 2-2 ---- 22-2 393 SEoL Rh ES DSS Be SB Res a ER Oein eC ORe SHOR O ne Chins asia aera Saar ohebrr 458 EDS LOS ae Se ee ee ee see oro odor Base Sa UCe en ee Baan ae ecm ose 123 Photo-Engraving Company .-.. .-.- .22. .--20- --- 0-2 - ooo = 2 eee econ 36, 303 Bhniecrapner, Work Gf [h@l es escettce. sense ns a2 Senne oe enw -=- 9 -- ae ean 29, 109 Photography, exhibit of, at Cincinnati Exposition ......-------.------------ 171 Photogravure Company of Boston presents phototypes --....-------------- 13% Pickering, Prof. EB. C -.-2 .-..- .2.200 2 -- 92 eee oe 2 eee ee ee eee ee nee ee 109 Pierce, E., correspondence with -..----.-----.----- ---- --++ 2-22 2-002 ------ 354 Pigments from Easter Island ...--......,-----------+ e-- eee eee eee eee eee 538 Pilsbry, Henry A., papers by .---.. ...-.- ------ ---- --2 222 oo ee eee ee eee eee 757 Pintard, E. L., deposits a file of the ‘‘ Philadelphia Photographer” .-..---.- 120 Piantsiadaed: touphe NeLvaniumMisas seer ee eres = eine oie aera ae arte tala ella 399 duplicate sets of, distributed... .. 05.0... 22-2 ns oe oe ee oe os ene ee 399 Platform, general plan of construction of ..-.....---.---.----------++----+- 502 IM qedaetnin eRe PUR Nh oon ce toh onsen e060 Be eeon caoc Boas Hopoud boboee 497 Heoikcen b lalusiesostce eee aera oeine Seta nels aape eek aleeisisic sieie'a2 ann siele'nini= 490 Police ands pu Dic COMPONG = sae ise nto mee ere siaiatne tea iwin'= afaice = )enl= 1 ~'~inloi=ininje 100 Pols, Otho C..sends, birds’ eg @shli.) co tees wlec scam = eine c- - ee 22 2s aslo wo 116 Polynesia, collections from --..-. ---- ee aE Seas sok calc alot aaa 127 Oly hesianL accel eOLO Mya. seer telat wee anistee cen 's => o o\nine gee siniaie so n = 538 Poa lneut. Charles, W.\. 22) s..-canas eo peckene «au lace= eae ns as5\ enna sean ne 114, 399 Porpoise caste, repaired, list Of. - 2 ee -oesene ews clo='vas os o)-eme ds =----2s2----~ 105,106 874 INDEX. Post- Office Department, cooperation of the) 4-255----o2- sess =. 2s eee see sees exhibit of, at the Cincinnati Exposition........--... Bost, Weve Hol, cooperatloniOlie ese ect et eee ee eta eee ee GiE.; rocks and ores:SenltstOmsoe sees ce soca te ee ee eee Potato fetish from master Uslandes seep peemere-ce ee see eee tee eee eeee Potter, Rev. J. l., sends suit of Mohammedan priest-.......--...-...---.-- Pottery, American aboriginal, report on the section of.----........--.-..-.- Poussie, Oreo ste sete te Sade ieee aed Par oe DORI 3a io Sern erate eevee erate Powell, Maj. J. W., coopermion OREN A ae er aie Giles hols Reo p sea cine eee prescnisteet of harpysearlesassac moses meee ae se sce eee sendspottery trom New Mexicoses= tae sieeeie eae Powell, Prof Wi. Bs, lecturetbyicase< 138 Review of work in the scientific departments ....-....... ..-2-- osec---- =e 34 Rev Drak. DILGS Purchased MOMs. 2. oo actos sein a aisje as neater erate yor one 1255,359 Reynolds, E. R., stone implements purchased from ......-..........-------- 125 Hnouersland. tCCessiOns tromMy sane soe se) cae See oe eee eee cca Jee tire * 121 Richardson, ©. Is. COLrespondence with s5..0-ccsccscceeliscecne aseeee = scisees 354 hiehmond. Charles Wis, papersiWyens o- 2s. teas se cewaccseccnasce seme aecose 758 fuigksecker, I. M., msects purchased frome. sees sce. sass case aoe ae coe Se 378 AO Way; MODE bes on sacs ae ocle ease cm cece weeeniag Sena s nan tes oe Sears 27, 38 PBPCLSI DY. oa soon cee Ses ose sees Seiwa cee See aortic aaa 758, 759 TOPOLb Ol ss sk sacs esas es al ae aed mall wane ean sane een ares 357 sends DindstsSKINse sect osee sola see eo see e ere coe 115, 116, 117, 122, 359 hicby,. James, presents:model of car-wheelss2) 22222. t<. 22. cae - seen ce teenie 118 Ripht-whale; skeleton of, parchased-s252-- 22 scscs2<2 soos: ase sce ese aaee eee 387 Taye Or CHATIOS IV sscne). = sce a mas ae eee eete as ages acca ceaade canes aaa es | SL tal PAPCIN Dyes. coos meas ct seca occes soe eseteces sacececces 759-769 TOPOL OLS: cre chat ee eee ce Se eee rae ers ioe aoe Gees 377 hin gery. b.. presets) APANese| DITGHe=- =e etee seca socy cae eno aes Saas sssce 124, 359 Rives, Hon. A. L., sends pictures of Samoan scenery aud life .-....---.-.-.-- 137 ihobinson; Lieut. War, DITds) presented Dy ene se ass == Anes o> cee seee womens 359 DSPCLS Dyae cee tare coe ta oe cnie we cciccc ecscile ss nese 769 hocs,= -+-4-2---22-- es o== 407 Rugsiavspecimens fhOM seer seeer sae eee eae eee eee BBGn COS0S% 126 Rust, Halbert, stone and bone implements from .........-...----2..-.-..e-- 330 Ii t6 IDI OO MLN Sees ene eos eee Sees oaecom san Cape sn aaa Homecd etiss goat 2, 70 Ryland; Rev. hs, sendsspecimens....2-< he fan eae kee eeee ete pees 122 Rytina, or Arctic sea-cow, extermination ofthe == — 22-22-4252 see essse =e 623 Sadigavanteloper as. seeanas see ee esi ae oy ree ee Fane ee ae 353 Salmon eas A .o22 5 Ose 2 wee aibn eeems es were ecese esas case ee eee omnes 454, 460 DF E.,uransmits,a collection of parasites: =. 2-2. -s2ses> see eee 141 Salvin Osbert! : 2252s 228 soesocs el soceca twee es ke ee ee ee ee 38, 71, 361 PAPETS DY soho 5 2 ast Senet s she hose n eet eee eee ee eee 769 Sandwich Islands, ethnological specimens from <~...2-.-.2....-5-.-=------- 288 Sandusky, locomotive, model Gf . 5. 5 25552 4225522525 sas aieesee eee 296 Santiago deiCuba, manranese ores frome. ces = aoe aia eee 414 Saturday lectures list obs aeece = sis ase eee eee een Feb come Sreaaeer 69 Savannah; steamship). -2o. 0 sss des sina eee iclesisayseeis les acjesoneeeeeeeeseeas 298 Saxton jengrayinoamachin@ sass) eiacae eae see Set Sent: 308 schanrtsh. 1. sendsskeletoni of birds se 2 ae .see saosin 12] Schedule of classified service in the National Museum .-...-....--..--.------- 32 Schmidhoffen, Herr von, Tschusi, Zu., exchange with..-.....-.-.-.--.--.---. 53 Victor Ritter, Tschusi, Zu., birds received in exchange from. . 359 Scientific departments, personnel of the. <= ose. -2e=) see le eee eee 26 review Of work in the: sss. oe eee eee 34 societies to which Museum publications should be sent, list of .--- 64 staltofthe Museum ) s22. 0062 4-6 soe.2 -eneeeee ee eee See eee 26 Sclater, DrisPilisa icc os cee chee.) is ase eee ee EEC eae 38, 71, 36L PAPETS Diy eee ae eae ee ses ee ee eee ieee eee 770 Scotland, ethnological specimens from ..-... .... <2 - 2-222 se5 tages oe 287 pithvof Tosh ttrom passer sees ee eee see eee ee eet 126 INDEX. 877 Page Eeoptlinra We, presen tssillk(GOCOONS) camera ces sles oes cece aace cece eet eee anne 124 SIME a SOC elVOUsi holes = a osee Sarees a te etoe he Se ace ee oe 402 PeovillManutacturmers@ompany, mau. tes. 25. sec cicees cecwcce econ ccce pene 110 PLesenisiCAMeLraste sea. sce es aaa sees 119 (VIP: S62 Se eGo CEE Ec St Ree es SN ate Eee, Sia enc en aR 681 Sea-birds’ eggs gathered by Easter Isianders.............-..-......2-2-2-0- 482 Secret Service Division, Treasury Department, codperation of the.....-...-- 138 BoetuiOn a llbraclen steer ie nite as aoe, sisaweeece a Lt eee eA Se 48 eee Pte Ft Nl RONGN LOSSIIS rear e agen cine mate Ss asbet «aaiscn ate cate uee 122 enna, Aneelo, Songs Muropean Dats--<. Jase. ce- one sec ws cncces scecce nwa 126 Sennett, George B., papers by .---...----- de coos nebo Bodo sede cancoasaseedES 770 Reman lecollectiomol prints. ae =e ee ee nes secretes ose cane Sena sccc uae] 307 BHolbyeron Company, presents minerals|2-s- 2) sss sess soos so sccc.s occ esos 113 specimens representing the smelting of pig iron re- cetvediirommthertté.- 5-557 ceecsseeee eee tee Seis 414 Sherman, Hon. John, minerals received from... ---; 2. - -s222-2-6 -soece cons 402 eeeEE LeU eee OE ieee hat repaints cain ale arse eeinemyeen es sae arene 284 COLOLISUAE Ie Ee meee Scene soe seas eas cee oe Ree aeene 110 Shofar, of ram’s horn, presented by David Sulzberger ..-.-..----.........-- 125 Pesto ue Wr: be Wiss DITG, Preseupede Wye. t 15-20). soe oe oo crc cases secre eee 359 collechionsipenbibyesncn cosmo eae oes tae eee ee eee 139 COTFESPON GEN COWL sci. ciate aloe se ates eta ee ieee 354 OutlibisentOse sentient es oe see e cee 148 PAPCLSW DY eee sess whe ote coe ad oe See See eee cares 770, 771 presents a specimen of Hesperomys truei.----..--------. 37 BpeerImens TEcehved from ves, J22 sche ccf seks cane ese 119 Se aIR be CE EAN ECA IIUNG Nip aaa telat cle ele enna a ota ataeral tase = x! oxen len sim eee eerie 35 Japanese kaco- obtainedubyeece=---csessssas ee eee ener e 295 SAGO man O Lap Kae a rcleyaioye als mieininisielnraia =| =e iace oe ate Sictalaietee tie aoe nie ae See eee eee 70 ao ltr: WW. 5 PLOSOIUS! a SUAKG YS Goss oat cscs etee's soe sae pe clece anaes s 122 WOO Tab TECelVed MrOM nyse noel. 2. oe Sea mecemaeeioc 421 Peau ne -BUOM A TLOM te ea tafe e celan ee acento ae aa ee se a asco een eee os 288 Sicard, Commodore M., specimens obtained through..--.....-....--....---- 139 Signal Office (U.S.) Chief of, deposits a Secchi meteorograph .--....----.-- 115 COOPeELavioniomuhbess ses pee se ee ene wee saels Ste cones 139 PuUNnpson Charles! LOrrey, Papers Dynes. oe seisors cece Se seic sen wacede sacle ssses. 771 Bice reshnological specimens trom-=- ss" sen sects soa seis oe Saeis oes sce cies 286 Skin-dressing among aborigines in countries other than North America. ---. 580 thesInGians 2 oss sacoc coo ee once ne pees eae dea ees 566 SPP Lalani PIN S-jOMb a=. os tose swen cals oes a eee Soce se cides Sao - ee Seow eee 698 PANU PO raSald ergon, Presents MiNeLalsee assets ee se ce bees cee eecers 119 PREMIO E SOV) ee reels) ross Se ae dont er sete acta aaits au oe ee noe elect - 29,421 PHOtLOCTApPhOL se asec eee Cer eee eee Reet teen Saaeee tee 109 Smith won weap Me sends; bindas nc] ac Seana cc meee ete meee sate co acree selene 122 Smith, Hubbard l., monkey received from -:22.5--+-2 .s--2- -cocce sees sees 420 Smith, John B., monograph of the Sphingidwe of North America by -...-.--- 380 DADEISIDY Rama eaten ota See ee oe Tonto cleat oe cc tr Tifa TESIONAULOD Ola ses seater ie ee ee aes ohne cowencclaeee 28, 41, 377 (SCUOLA eA WO) et Sot CRP Pe erence ciel ee ee ro oe als Roe see 42,71, 382 Smithsonian exhibit at Cincinnati Exposition, review of the...-....-.----- 162 peseae) SUURGU HI 22 - ojee ae te ete ase Oe eee I ee cals woe as oe yee ee 435 Somianies mInGeOUin es, Ole accers sae ers oases ees Mesias hae oad sauce ct 69 SOGGLDOLOR SPO fe sacs k it aa a a ne ee eee FET Ee riomane 323 HONialravex termination, Ol. Uhes some cece ntae paee eS LRACe oe Soddiceardesaastaaas 631 878 INDEX. Solomon) Island, adze-blad es from recite ate = tele alee a ale wl wale nei Solomons, Miss Aline, presents Egyptian scarabs, ...--.---..--------------- Sommerings pheasant, presented by T. Ringer ..---.---.-.----.------------ Souths America) aAceCesslOms frO Wise se eee ee ele oe ete late ereearoe (te ethnological specimens rom 2 ~ =~ oan eee ime ee eee Sonia! anole pe GOSS VO US le UN ee eel Sowerby’s whale, skeleton Of -.2. 22-5 2-- 6 wn eee oe woe penn nnn aie nen SYOCMTNE Oli 6 Sas se okoo os s4odcuss canes sedeedesic Seccetec specimen of, received from New Jersey coast.---.----.---- Space assigned to Smithsonian exhibit at the Cincinnati Exposition ....... : Spainhour, Dr. J. M., presents specimens of asbestus..-...--.--.------------ Speel, Fred, sends a toad-fish....-----..------.----- ---------+ +--+ +--+ ---- é Speer, R. P., insects received from..-...--..----.---- ---- +----+--52 ---5 == Sphingide of North America, monograph of -..----...---.---------. ------ a SjomaGig, ing 0S hs series Vis) Gees -oos cass cose oos5nssses Ses csoscnocer ae Splice-bars-... ---- .----- --- 222 2222 2 wenn one we a a ene ww ne wee Sponges catalogued ---- ~~. - ne coe ea en oe oe ee Spoon-billed sandpiper, presented by T. Ringer ......-----.----.---------+-- Stabler silaroldvbe send sia hanwiess cesta eee tee ae eae eee ea eter SPIT RGl CANES) COMMING loo S5 S5hobs cascob ee mabe USageon sesesn oesecocsnos Stanford, Senator Leland, presents a prong-horned antelope.....----.----.-- Siyp@anlostes. pose eeeeee = oe oes cote Sate Se eee ine ele o eee eect neea State, Weparbmentiot, cooperabion Obes ss. saclone el seee sere ae me \eaiaeeieae exhibit of, at Cincinnati Exposition.--.--....-.....----- transmits ores and (coals 222-0 = -css5--ce ee - = eee 123 fSueerans}, Itty ID Cscccscsae sasqhess cetaoose5he0 e556 bosde soca co soanSacooge. 27,40, 141 adjuncticuratonofem olluskispaes tse aoe eae aeeaee 371 paperonishellimon cys byesee= ee e= areas een eee sere et 374 DAVOEUS WAY coobocieeanososss doo cbanopasss oSa5ecacceczes cece 771 SHEATHS, Mio Ale, Ouliaohy BEN WO So66 doe condo aSco no ocoUsoasoe sosbesnssana sé565 148 stcelimail sir olledhineAmenic aera. i. scissor ERE PE OO aS AOL BOSE 683 Steel Street Railway Company of Johnstown -... -- Leticia Soh Reece Ss seers 297 Steinmeyer,Dr. F. A., paleolithic implements received from...--.......---- 330 SHE OG ID yes IOC Ph AA See Sabo caeoon sha gees Soom aco mASODUD baGOGe Suse esac 27 appointed curator of reptiles and batrachians ..--... 28, 39 HIDES ON eatoessesceed coed sarees bevaas sSacse FoSes5c 771, 772 e continues his work on Japanese ornithology...--. ae 38 report of ...--- Jonesss 6c G55 Seco asec bast ascesco05 Saas 365 studies in Japanese ornithology by-.---..----.--..--- 360 Stephen: Alexanders M. papers Dy cee. acme elas ocecte ae ake cine = eee ieee ee 772 Sterki, Via Papers DY. <=. cematsos a «ceci ans = acs emia eee se Seeman eee err 772 Steuart, C. A., assistant superintendent of buildings -----..-.....-....-..-- 28 Stevens; Prancis' soeccce so asenicei soem wsivicee ein cserl se cele eee eae eet 296 Stevens’ rail insAmeri¢aiess. a 53h cee tases ssc seer oe tee Re eee eae eee 672 Stevens michardiGe sk a2Gack.s sek Sas a aesioid om sto sele see Seeks See eee eee 298 Stevens’experimental locomotive, model Of.) 2 pos .seee= aoe eee eee eee 296 Stevenson, Col. James 223); foc concen detec acleeee Dee e eR eee eee eee 119 biographical notice of: 3225-2. saceoee see eee wee oes 187 presents specimens from Arizona. ..-- ...--.----.----- 113 sends\ pottery.--: = =n seco Mere ease see eee eae 143 Stevenson, Mrs. Matilda C., Pueblo pottery from --....--...-.-..-----...---- 281 Stevenson, Prof. J. J., petroleum specimens received in exchange from ...--. 414 Stevens? rail firstirolledin America in 1845. --22e ea ecee = eee eee ee eee 673 In MULOPOts< 2s ee eae se ecks iis conic acne eee eee eee nIE See 687 INDEX. 879 Page. StGermain, museum Of, exchanges Wilth=...--4.... aoe See 121 Textile industries.......-.. SE A eas Sere arse psec cies weteeare 26 Theatrical museum sins Pavis esate soso eae eee o clsee ee eee See eeee 443 The development of the American rail and track, by J. Elfreth Watkins. - -. 651 The Ethnology and Antiquities of Kaster Island, by Paymaster W. J. Thomson 447 The Museums of the Future, by Dr.G. Brown Goode:.--..------2222-- 22... 427 The Pama or American: Lion; by Prederick Widrue=--- 22s. .5- sce ona noses 591 Thibet, ethnological specimens from. .......-.--...---.------ see eee 124, 281, 288 Mhompsony.C.cA..ssendsiarstoner CaLving cose a ects seat ea ete eee erento 118 Rhompson,Colphranksswar-relie received trom. as-c.t- see ee eee eee eetenacer = 122 Mhomson Paymaster Williams)... Wiss Ne) Paper WY co see aee elas emeninee 447 Mhurstony Gen. GP. sends povuteryrecccaer--- ee eo see tee eeeeeee eeee 121, 143 PRVeStO fame balls ios Soe si larsioisie aloe Sate urciocrerate era ee rae eelelet herons al erro sates Sep eee 690 WYO O Cec raterevoic clot tol ta etaralcreacwwerencicte ta cetetatceiet cia clere/atretete ate Sateen etatC ter et ete 690 Tiffany & Co., ivory figures purchased from..--....---.-.-- SogS0ad550 pAOSSS 124 minerals purchased froma... --1.c sos eee ee eee eee 402 watches purchased fromms- os ee oes ees een eee ee eens eee 119 Tiflis, Museum of Natural History in, sends birds’ skins ......--.....------- 126 Miletish; destructionsof thesis ene occu See Oe nee tere ene ae eae eee 647 Alton James). Senaspottenye case 01 cee er cece see ee ere eee ee seoe eee 117, 143 MOkalOr aescere occas ere Se se esac ce eres See ae ee eee ee eiaee ehiceie gs ais cies 506 KokyoriducationaleMuseninessso-seeeoeee ee eee reee ee eee eee Cee eee ee 44 plants)from the: 2222) oo osecccos ee eee eee ee eee 125, 399 specimens of Dryobates namiyei received in ex- change fromthe ------ 222-32 ieee eee eee 359 Falson; Thomas H., sends anmeapie <2. jocjeemseetacmen one erent eee 122 WOWSSArIKI <2 a wass oe secs oes Secs Sein a ee eieet oe toee aes Sook Sone eee 490, 507 MapMMang ON = 222 = ac Secistn a sie sates 210, = Sale e come eree oes ee weenie ee eee 284 Mowmsend iC harles E252 isc iciceuciesisrrceeereeen te etal eee erate ere ena eee 123 Brazilian’ birds purchased from +e... --co-6 eee eee See 358 Mammnialsicollecteds by sa- 1-5-1 o ine eee ee ieee 354 INONKeyareCelVeGerOMeeeeee ee eee eee ee eneeee 420 Hownsend,) Drs Taylor ausect collection Ofe-s2eee ssc eesti eee tee eee eee 142, 378 Eranslavlons ot Master slanditabletsieecere.ses ec eee eee eee ee eeee eee ee =e 517-526 Eransporvation and engineering .s.2/o seo seen eee eee eee ee 26 exhibition series in section of.............- 299 exhibit of section of, at Cincinnati Exnosi- WON EAS SoG sHoce Risin cuales) Sere ieee emer 169, 293 important accessions to the section of --... 295 labelsiforidepartmentlofeesseem ae see eee 99 Treportfonuthe section Ofte se esse eee eee 293 review of work in section of....-.-.-.-...- 35 series of catalocuesic.2 seem eee eee tees eee 21 storage and distribution of duplicates..-..-- 50 ireasury, Department, cooperation Of =-e-. eae eee | eee ee eee eee eee eee ee 137 exhibit of, at Cincinnati Exposition ..--.....-....-- 175 Trevithick’s locomotive, modelof.-\.<. 0. -Sccen cece ee eee ee eee 296 roe, Prederick Wereseras--< Sy f5gS 5504550 cane web os aaa eee 27, 42 paper on the puma by.... - pinieorc:d te ieferuioininte write Ort eee eee 591 PAPOUSAD Yi Sisesier acto krey~ 2 cds Bho ee ee eRe CREE eee 72 presents mainmals, snakes, and insect§ -...-.-6sssesss5- 161 a a a ia INDEX. 881 Page. True, Frederick W., report on comparative anatomy by................----- 387 MAM Mals! DY sasaa Ssckeeet ines = Scie 349 Tschusi zu Schmidhoften, Victor Ritter von, birds’ skins received from. ..... 125 PENN VOU Aiea ate ec ras ae icine senna Sass nae BEG DOO ORE CSCS Da nD DESO MES OO ace 506 SRM SUP ALA pate ms tts foarte ee ao cielo soe Saarcleienlare Se Seed E Sens waee® 504 RECS LRG ACLO-pichULe iON = vaso se)- oso fei. acl oie ho) 3e~ Soc ee oes se eaneee 288 TKO YE MCOOLdISh COSUUMGNILOM samen; ict selsan ose Sao ss chee cme eeeEeaee 283 ATRL “he LSS 2 Ss SES 55 cE SASS SEN GOATS SE IE yp tee ey See ca 415 iNorner: Werk. tossileishes collected Dyia.- «sccm scose «ssw cic= coe acces ates 115 SIRO types iets ete tonite oiaets ee ae eit cine ee es fia eels eis eisee esc tls ccisiele seis seec 509 Tuumae-Keke...--. RACER OA AO DIGE DOG can pH OR CSh Ce BARRE eae ee Sp ooor 527 Der eee Oar. PEOSCOs LAD DIGS meester e ete aieic/aamiose sce seaces 122 Lee eee ye ea eee a oe ae em eh ee ee oe cine einen Saticine ps cisioss cece ~ secs 509 ike HOnry, INSOCtS TECCLV.CG TLOWiec: sais ig Swine) Swcicl am ete ere Ses eae Se see eb aes 378 Wnited States, ethnocraphic museums in the... <2 .---- 2c 3 -nc- cnn cee woence 442 important accessions trom the)... --- 2-7. ss0.- see sss so eee -2 113 Mirmeisy, skin'and bones.of .sea-lion from)... 2... 2.2 «22s esecscicosesses So 123 WISIN IEE INVER, Soba Bebotno coin cH COU DSUNCD ROC OCCO GOBCH OOn chore DDeSatescs 504 MAMI re sate nce set sta asc SES Sein nic SE Sha Si ocistels tise Sarbcje Sic arsia}snieauisic cis sales lero’ 450, 453 IM AOC Ota apes ciasaee een ae cites sccae Shee cxsaciel cas Habu RECO CEDOOCe Dan oe pceen Beer 27, 43, 140, 141 PO UELIS? OM eRe AGO OSC GEE AE Sting abise SeOED A! oe Cee acer emeys 773 EEPOLUO fe cteso else rs ele, teres rein woah tiatd ays Sete ciciscat ioe secon 391 Nialkor,, COMMOMOTE Ne) Gases asisiooleisteaare sales eee a clnte armee nice bose ce By MAU ACOsd | DIGS PUTCHASCO MOM acme cs ciwdetionlsc ces coni4 Gee sies vo ects tease 359 Dyalletirom: Master: Island: fits. cece aoe seteee techie tale siow eo ee vee Sa Sekws 536 Walrus, causes of the extermination of the Atlantic and Pacific species. .... 618 - Wapiti, specimens of, presented by Hon. W.F. Cody ...-...-......---...---- 420 War Department, codperation of the .... ...... “eodecmaoocsogeend ScOdocoD ce 138 H. Mis. 224, pt. 2-56 882 INDEX. War Department, exhibit of, at Cincinnati Exposition...........c222...---- Ward jHeyAe soe. Seren dcaseS dueauraces HaUGoU, codoUn gobs ouoUdbud bencdeocode mamma sspurchasedeiromear ss see eee eet ee scene ae ener eee eee sends in exchange skins of Indian seal. .-............-.---202--- skeleton of whale purchasedstrom™:-s--.5- 22 sees eee seen eeeeeeses Wiard>J..Vi.,.sends stoneimplementssse eee=-= 1-2 ae aes) = eee eee eee ere Ward, John T., monkey-faced owls received fromé<.02.te eee eee 421) Ward, Lester F ne oeo ceo056 265500 Sabb esgo Stes cS HOSS CooO DoS SSOSaesS6 ssoned 27, 44, 141 DAPCES Disc steer see eae taialaiel emia s oeeeisee i ee eee 773-775 Wiarren,) Dra Bot, birdsipresembeds Dyrecitaseecesaeeiee so eeeee ae ee eeeeeee 359 WEISS) hy 555406 So50no pooaas ceeceulono oso nua Coun cone cacE 775 Washington, D.C., ethnological specimens from.....-.......-.--.-----+ 2+ 287 Washington, Lawrence, objects which belonged to George Washington, re- COlVOO MOMS so seco sds sede ocle Gewlec ese jac stose toe ne Seether 122 Washington, State of, ethnological specimens from. ...-..----...---..--.--- 286 (State) accessions from..........--..---.---- SSOC OSODOSOOOSOE a 122 IWIATABSESS 525)200 so coe soe cs ceteee Ces aemenee ons Seana ee cea eten ee ce eae ae Senee 383 Watkins, J..dlfreths 22 5 j.225s sare aa eine wae Sesle Ce ee sec one eee eeeeee 26, 290 curator of transportation and engineering -...--.-...... 35 engineer of property +225 sosssesaa oo ss oo See eee aoe 28 paper on the development of the American rail and track, DY 22 g.s se ssed de eds 55sec sce dacsscceeseesemee 651 Papers Dyic-o- s- soe See ee nee se eee eee ee eee 775 report) Of.227 2-57 SCO DI RGIS OSD ROME MOB OSES. GanG Ces 293 Wayne, Arthur T., cross-bills a2 ssicsee Soeacee ee ere ee 378 | WeedW.H.:cun.t-se-ieteekes-scetenseess eee ees oe eeeee eeeome Ee 140° WieedenW.'C..2.23-2 53 sack acoesesss = Sc eae cose bee ese clens sleet ene eee 47 | keeperioflivinevanimalssensseseo cee ee ence ee seeeeee eee 422. Weeleker=--5--5-:-: sosce Sonoda6 S606 Sone Hose cose. consesosSs 284 Wells, J. Grant, ee eeeeis queen ie Sp BBE IS0B0 DADS GOOD eco nboS aces Gane 359 Wells, (Prot.sH. 14. mineral receivedsrom.-)- =-- == = sos = eae serene eee 402 Western Reserve collection at Cleveland ...-.. ..2. ..-. <<. =... 32-2 ---- =< 285 West Indian seal, causes of extermination of the....--.......-..---.---..-- 614 West Indies: ‘accessions trom then. e > teow js sees ae meee eee 123 DVOSb IV ano TMI ACCESSIONS mi ONIN ceo ee aerate tetera eo ee elm ote laa eee eee 122 | ethnologicalspecimens f0Ml >-.---)ssccseceeeass See ase s 287 Whaites, Edward P., presents a memorial medal ..-..-.-..--...---.---.---- 122 Wheeler, Charles L. R., sends cast of stone knife.............----..--------- 143 Wihitcomb:& Co., Messrs.*Wi.H 2222 -e see pea cence ae eee eee eee 36 CIPbiOL cece cee ean as eee eee ee 303 White, Wri GACs cas sec tacicswercctlsepieminiee els een enieees ere See mae aeeee 27, 43, 141 papers by .2<<25ccesth ence see see soeceee neater eee 775, 776 TOporwol so. 31. s-rsetswiesioetee ieee eee eee eee 397 White, JicJis,,mollusks'collected by .--2ccsa- see eee s eee eens 373 shells received from 22 3 ciscen oe ee ee eee eee 40 Wihitheld <:J.8E.,papersiDy---s2 cas. - ace eee eee eon eee eee eee 756, 776 Whitten, Dr. w. A., sends specimens fon an: Indianlerave-s-----eeesecesecs 281 Wilkinson, E., forwande aibiTd seg. 3 22s co ees ee ene eee 113 Willcox polieeuen of minerals withdrawn ...-....... ve eccer vcceen cneeesece 45 : INDEX, 883 ; Page Willcox, Joseph, fossil shells presented by ..--.. £260. 0h. sce ce cew wncues cece 40, 41 3 minerals received in exchange from. ..............------< A402 Beles: satin Gow, impression Of, 2-22 .256. 22. foes. toe. ees 303 SeiRaitis: Dy, MHMOTAIN PRESeTILEU Domne, =< 2h sg oe eaeasesls 2 ael ee oe Se oes 402 = Williams, Dr. G. H., rocks received in exchange from ...........--:.--.s.-- = 406 Williams, Lowell C., presents prairie dogs ..... Eee ee Serle eee ao eee = 115 Sithrams) Calcot; expediuom, Ofc ~~ 2 ces covincese cose soo enaeseetsssewe cece 144 LGUMENU VRRP DOR Olt. << wins ciceen occ e ce noah ee sceeeee 144-146 ; Lefrereuce toe xploravions Of<; (= joes. 3c eco. oe ee 98 - Williamson, George, sends stone implements..--..-.....-.2..2-22..2------ 2 117 SRpEUE SCORE Lech S om Miwate ate eae seine ea sacs oo wcities Se ters caee es cons 5. kee 379 petite Mays GMAELOS eee iai el e aeteeiant leiels niareinjo ste ae ea aien ceisere sens s2cis'e sae 285 VASO Mere Minerals LOCOlVeUmrOMe menace ae assim eae seleeeeieeinn vaiclcietiee 402 0 UE od BSCS a eae Seer oreo 65 SCRE Go Se IHS eOUC EA AINe = See Se eroe Be 27 [DA PRNGY WY 5.356 Soar Gee SUI EOMISHe CIEE Gee seeHibeC Cedars 776 presents archzological objects ....-.....-..-.-....----.120, 121, 333 THTNOT AS ensatls sa, Sho S= oS cice Seay eaten Sen eee 125 LG) OUTROS SSS Se Seo SA IE A I I OE se eS Ese 317 VISIESTMUSCMMA) TMs LILO POsese cis et catia aot mee mere eae ee 28 HIOUMASMNS OMIOs Sa se anise hee Sa Saneesee c 147 SRHUEHGINN Cork. BPCCIMONS COMI Yr sa ca ects eon c's Cn be cioe Rats aa oeee nee 328 Winona, State normal school, collections from ....,....--..-----.-22-+.---2- 118 Sviaxnslow, A.C. presents key’of U.S: Treasury 2:32.55 00-208) Jake ee: Soc 114 Wisconsin, accessions from ........:--...- SooaceOoooaEs HHUS boss aooG caSEOE 123 PALeub POOMETANSA LOM = eae sec wien ones S516 eee 2 Seales 287 Wittfield, William, presents specimens of Florida muskrat..-.............. 37, 349 SteieeeTa ry OCK=| OUULG tee a= ee = oes ose Gn elo cial aie sa 5 win See hae ces ceeen cen e 698 © Ghubs/trom waster (sland, <2. o5.0'< 35 octets sooece tees sates es Seas A 535 images trom Paster lsland’-. 2. < sce. .-actens sesso Oe ee ae gee ee 534 RAPER CHURIO PUR a ainaler vy mena '= an al aataaclelmaeaig Selo ces nee sencse eens 383 eT eae NG oereie = ola lee oem aeln| = ec cee cece ceee eee SeencEm ssa Godan: coNaae 54, 406 VOnunens.© PK presentsh Manuals coSbudsSASecoE 54.69 | 42.52 | 19.82 42.14 | 43.43 Sao SS Fea Sa an ee Po Dial eose oe (Saas MIR ART i. oe OR epee ee oe erage 0.28| 0.06| 0.59 | 0.07 }........ INERT IR SS eS a ee ye Ga an DSO Br de BED Ee OE OF CAB eS sera e oa beseeroe actasion 0. 20 0:97? [eeseeeee MOLLOUS ORIG Cian a = Soainc ac sect e ee sae Se aace alse sao ea 2.39 PRP || Pz) OO? | aeene ‘ \ Ee soot aaa web a tase eg sapere ScCcbnESanbeacabe: Mecrpp ae 0520) | 137339) | Orit 14.12 | 13. Of (a) Olivine, Snarum, Norway; (b) serpentine derived from the same; (¢c) pyroxene, Montville, New Jersey ; (d) serpentine derived from the same, and (111) the theo- retical composition of serpentine. This change, it will be observed, is, in the case of the olivine, simply a process of hydration—an assumption of some 13 per cent. of water. In the pyroxene the process is more complex and consists of a loss in silica, of all the lime which crystallizes out as calcite, and an assumption of nearly 14 per cent. of water. In the series exhibited the derivation of serpentine from a pyroxene, as indicated in analysis 11 above, is admirably shown by the suite of specimens from Montville, New Jersey. In the large mass placed out- side the case the gray core of pyroxene may be observed covered with a thin crust of serpentine and traversed by large and small veins of the 1 The reader is referred to ‘‘ British Petrography,” by J. J. H. Teall (Dulan and Company, Soho Square, London), p. 104, for a most excellent historical sketch of this subject. Also to Becker’s report on the quicksilver deposits of the Pacific Slope. Monograph xu, U. 8. Geological Survey, p. 117. 18 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. same substance, the process having been arrested before completion. The same condition of affairs is shown in the smaller specimens num- bered 39038, 39101, 39110, and 69195 in the case, several of these having been cut and polished to better show the various stages. In many instances the calcium set free has erystallized out by itself in the form of calcite of a blue gray tint. The exteriors of many of the nodules, it will be observed, are grooved and striated like glacial bowlders owing to expansion and consequent crowding in the process of hydration. (See original paper ‘‘On the Serpentine of Montville, New Jersey,” in the bound pamphlets on the table.) Serpentine after pyroxene is also admirably shown in the large polished block from Thurman, Warren County, New York. Serpentine after tremolite is shown in specimens 70131, from New York, and in specimens 70114, 70115, 70119, 70121, and 70122, from Easton, Pennsylvania. The least changed rock is shown in specimen 70122, and the different stages of the alteration are indicated in gradual change in color from light gray, nearly white, to greenish colors. Serpentine after a peridotite is Shown in specimen 70137 from the Lizard, Cornwall, England, and in the deep, bright green rock from near Texas, Pennsylvania (70160). Serpentine after pyroxenite is shown in specimens 38478 and 38471 fronry Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, the first mentioned being the fresh enstatite rock, while the last is the impure serpentinous product to which it gives rise. Serpentine after pyroxene and replacing calcite, giving rise to the mixed serpentine, cal- cite, and dolomite rock, ophiolite, is shown in specimens 70082 to 70084 from Morian, Essex County, New York. From Piutonic or hypogene, we pass to (11) Surface or epigene action, in which section are displayed materials illustrative of the destructive, constructive, and reproductive effects of the atmosphere, of surface water, and of life in its various forms (Geikie p. 301 et seq.) AIR. Pure dry air, as stated by Professor Geikie, has but little effect upon rock masses, and it is only through the aid of dissolved moisture and temperature variations that its efficacy as a geological agent becomes apparent. Nevertheless, there are certain phenomena which, although it may be of slight geological importance, are sufficiently interesting to find a place here. Effects of lightning.—Under this head are exhibited an interesting and instructive series of fulgurites or lightning tubes. Specimens of tubular form like those from Illinois (35905), New Jersey (39313), South Carolina (37414), Florida (38312 and 73263), and Maldonado, South America (38852), are formed by the lightning striking in loose sand, the heat of the flash being sufficient to fuse the sand, and thus form on cooling the frail glassy tubes shown in the specimens. When lightning strikes on solid rock the more common resilt is a mere superficial — . : , PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 19 - fusion, although occasional holes of slight depth are formed, as shown in specimens from Oregon and Armenia.* A more complete descrip- tion of these may be found in the bound volume of pamphlets on the table.t _ Effects of temperature variations.—As is well known, the usual effects of heat upon any material substance is that of expansion, and of cold contraction. In countries like the arid regions of the West the alterna- tions of heat and cold are often so great as to produce very marked disintegration and exfoliation even in the toughest and most solid of rocks. The results of such disintegration are not of such a nature as to lend themselves readily to exhibition purposes. In the specimen shown (a compact andesite from Madison County, Montana), the entire mass of rock has on the surface become by these temperature varia- tions broken into blocks of but a few pounds’ weight each, and the sur- face of the ground on the neighboring slopes is everywhere covered with small chips thus flaked off with beautiful concave and convex sur- faces, as may be observed in the specimen. The high plateaus and mountain tops in this region are invariably covered by loose débris in the form of thin sheets of but a few inches or many feet in diameter which have been thus flaked off. The effects of wind.—The geological action of the wind is due mainly to (1) its efficacy as a transporting agent, and (2) to the abrasive effects of the transported substances. Its efficacy as a transporting agent can be shown only by an exhibition of the material transported and by photographs. Of chief interest in this exhibit are the fine volcanic dusts, such as, after being ejected from the volcanic throat, are drifted by winds, it may be for many miles. Specimen 35800 was gathered at Tryssil, on the coast of Norway, in November, 1875, having been blown by the wind from Iceland. No.36974 is a product of the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. This dust fell at the rate of an inch an hour on board the ship Beaconsfield while at a distance of 800 miles from its source. No. 38588 is from a bed not less than 6 feet in thickness, and which occu- pies the bed of a now extinct lakein Gallatin County, Monanta. The photograph shows the thickness and position of this bed. Other samples shown are from similar beds in Nebraska (37023, 37024, and 38545) and Nevada (77206). Of the coarser materials thus drifted atten- tion may be called to the gypseous sand from near Fillmore, Utah. This, as described by Geologist Gilbert, is first formed as minute erys- tals on evaporation of the water of playalakes. Subsequently the winds sweeping across the dry lake beds gather the sand into drifts. The siliceous and calcareous sands in arid regions or along sea and lake shores are often thus blown into huge drifts or dunes, which them- * The gift of Mr. J. S. Diller, of the U. 8. Geological Survey. tOn Fulgurites, Proc. U.S. National Museum, 1886, p. 83, and Fulgurites or Light- ning Holes, Pop. Sci. Monthly, Feb., 1837, p. 527. See also Geikie, p. 303. 20 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 selves travel slowly across the country, burying everything which hap- pens in their path. The shell sand shown in specimens 20255 and 20256 from the island of Bermuda is thus blown up from the shore, and like huge drifts of snow has buried garden, woodlands, and even houses. Photographs illustrative of the sand dunes of the Lake Michigan region are also here included. The abrasive effects of material transported by the wind is often | manifested in a highly interesting and instructive manner. It can be readily understood that sand sharply blown against any stationary ob- ject would have a tendency to wear it slowly away, a fact which is taken advantage of in the artificial sandblast used in glass and stone cutting. In many sandy regions, and particularly those where dry winds prevail a considerable portion of the year, this abrasive action becomes notice- ably conspicuous. Under this head are here exhibited a small series of rocks thus carved and polished. The most curious of these is the conglomerate (20472) from Nevada, into which. the natural sandblast has drilled irregular worm-like holes. Others of interest are the beautifully polished spece- imens from Montana, collected by Dr. A. C. Peale and G. P. Merrill, (Nos. 38575, 70602), and also the grooved basalt and peculiarly etched pebbles from Arizona (Nos. 37200, 38828, and 39094), collected and de- scribed by G. K. Gilbert while geologist of the surveys west of the one hundredth meridian. Here, tov, is exhibited a large plate of glass from a light-house on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. During a heavy storm this became so abraded all over its exposed surface by windblown sand as to be no longer serviceable, and to necessitate its removal (No. 35537). This series is supplemented by photographs copied from Gilbert’s re- port on the geology of the region west of the one hundredth meridian. WATER. Water as a geological agent acts both chemically and mechanically. The chemical processes involved are grouped by Professor Geikie (p. 317) under the heads of (1) oxidation, (2) deoxidation, (3) solution, (4) formation of carbonates, and (5) hydration. In nature it frequently happens that any or all of these processes are going on at the same time in a rock mass, the general result of the combined forces being spoken of as weathering. In the exhibits one or more typical illustra- tions are given of each of the processes working alone and a larger series illustrative of the more complex process of weathering. Oxidation is illustrated by argillite (73267), in which the iron oxide has segregated in zones of varying color, giving the rock a beautiful banded structure. Deoxidation is shown by sandstone (18927) colored brown by iron oxides, but from which a portion of the coloring matter has been leached out by organie acids. Solution by a fine block of linrestone fluted by the action of rain PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 21 water running down the face of the cliff (70588), and by blocks of gyp- sum eroded by similar means (35590). Many rocks show the effects of solution unequally, owing to the un- equal hardness and solubility of their various parts. Thus the lime- stone from Bear Paw Mountain, Montana (28724), is strongly ribbed by siliceous veins from between which the calcium carbonate has been dis- solved. Similar phenomena are shown in specimen No. 37635. The formation of carbonates is carried on in such a way as not readily to be shown in a series of this kind. The specimen exhibited is an eruptive rock in which many of the silicate minerals have undergone decomposition, giving rise to an abundance of carbonate of lime or eal- cite. Hydration by itself can be best illustrated in the conversion of olivine into serpentine (see p. 16), and is also shown in the derivation of gypsum from anhydrite, but the change in appearance is, in the latter case, searcely suificiently marked to be appreciated. Hydration accom- panied by oxidation, whereby the entire mass of substance falls to frag- ments, is well shown in the pyrite-bearing coals of Virginia, and hydra- tion accompanied by the production of carbonates by the pyrexene altered into serpentine. The general destructive effects of weathering are shown in an inter- esting series of fresh and decomposed granitic rocks from the District of Columbia, in which may be traced all gradations from the compact fresh rock through specimens more or less kaolinized and oxidized to soft pulverulent material, upon which plants may be grown. The prin- cipal changes that have taken place being, aside from a physical disin- tegration, an assumption of water, a removal of the alkalies potash and soda, and a conversion of the combined iron oxides into free hydrous sesquioxides, whereby the rock has charged from a gray to a bright umber red. Other objects of like nature here displayed are residual clays from the Southern States, as described by Mr. I. C. Russell in Bulletin No. 51 of the U.S. Geological Survey.* The exhibit is accom- panied by a few specimens and photographs, showing spheroidal and other types of weathering common to various rocks. Water percolating through the superficial portions of the earth’s crust dissolves certain constituents either directly or sets up a series of chemical changes resulting in the production of soluble compounds which are gradually removed to be deposited elsewhere or perhaps carried down into the ocean. Nearly all spring waters are hard, owing to the amount of mineral matter contained by them, while rain waters are soft owing to the absence of all mineral matter. By the dissolving pewer of water are formed the numerous caverns so common in lime- stone regions. By the deposition of mineral matter held in solution are formed a variety of products, some of which are very beautiful. *On the Subaérial Decay of Rocks and the Origin of the Red Color of Certain Formation. 22 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 Among these, which may perhaps be properly grouped under the head of constructive and reproductive effects of water, need at present be mentioned the exceptionally fine series of stalactites and stalagmites, mainly from the Luray Caves of Virginia; the beautiful siliceous and calcareous sinters from the geysers and hot springs of the Yellowstone Park and the peculiar imitative calcareous tufas from Lake Lahonton, Nevada, as collected and described by Mr. I. C. Russell, of the U. S. Geo- logical Survey. Besides these are many specimens less conspicuous for their size, but none the less instructive. Among them attention may be directed to the agates which were deposited from solution in the cay- ities of trap rocks. In the specimen from near South Boulder Creek, Montana, is shown a small agate still in the cavity which it formed. Other solution products are the rock salts from New Iberia, Louisiana (38461); Stassfurth, Germany, and the cale tufas coating leaves and stems of plants from Soda Springs, Idaho (39136). This series is supplemented by photographs of the tufa deposits about Mono Lake, California, and the geyser and hot spring deposits in the Yellowstone National Park. Running streams carrying fine detritus act ina mechanical as well as chemical manner. in this way are formed such curiously eroded forms as the granite bowlder from Craftsbury, Vermont, in which the finer grained portion has shown greater resistance than the upper coarser part (70099). Objects of this nature are as a rule too large for exhibi- tion as specimens, and recourse must be had to models and illustrations, Here, then, attention may be directed to the large model of the Grand Cation of the Colorado River, and also the ten panoramic views of the same placed high against the north wall of the range, as well as the transparencies in the windows on the south side. The transporting and constructive power of running streams is at present indicated in the series only by a few vials showing the amount of mineral and organic matter contained in a litre of Potomac water during a season freshet. This part of the exhibit has not yet been worked out in detail. The transporting power of ocean currents is shown by a small collection of seeds cast up on the beach at Palisadoes Plantation, island of Jamaica, a part of which are quite foreign to the island, and by fragments of pumice from the volcano of Krakatoa, but which were found floating on the surface of the water at a distance of 1,315 miles from their source. There is need of more material here. The mechanical action of waves as displayed in the undermining and breaking down of rocky cliffs can be shown only by models and illus- trations. A small amount of space is, however, here given to a series illustrating the resultant product of such action. The material selected comes from Cape Elizabeth, on the coast of Maine. The cliffs on the shore are composed of finely fissile schists which are traversed by numerous veins of quartz. The continual ham- mering of the waves from the open Atlantic causes the schist to slowly PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 23 disintegrate and fall to the foot of the cliff, often in pieces of consid- erable size. The quartz veins being hardest and toughest remain intact until the last and often protrude some distance beyond the surface of the schist as shown in the large specimens No. 39036. Once at the foot of the cliff the fragments are alternately thrown upon the beach and dragged back into thé sea by each successive wave and its return undertow until gradually reduced to the pebble form. All stages in the process are shown from the angular fragment as it fell from the cliff to the resultant oval pebble. It will be observed that owing to the fissile nature of the schist its pebbles are always 1n the form of a greatly flattened oval, while those of the massive quartz are more nearly spherical. But of whatever character the material the normal shape of a beach formed bowlder or pebble is oval, and this for the reason that the wave action is a dragging rather than a carrying one; the stone is not lifted bodily and hurled toward the shore to roll back with the receding wave, but is rather shoved and dragged along. Gravity tends to hold the fragments in one position so that the wear is greatest on the side which is down, and this in itself would cause them to assume an oval or fiattened form even were they spherical and of homogeneous material at the start. At the end of this series is put a sand composed of admixed coarse and fine fragments of shell, schist, and siliceous particles, and which was obtained at low tide further out from the shore. This may be re- garded as illustrative of the material now forming as stratified deposits at this point of the coast. Geological action of ice.—Materials illustrating the destructive effects of freezing water are for the time being not separated from those illus- trative ef the general process of rock weathering. Here are grouped only objects relating to the phenomena of glaciation as produced by modern glaciers and during the glacial epoch. The exhibit begins with a series of photographs taken by Mr. I. C. Russell, of the U. 8S. Geological Survey, showing the existing glaciers on Mounts Dana and Lyell, in California, and the morainal embank- ments near Mono Lake (70279-70301). There are also shown scratched and scarred pebbles from the Dana glacier (37206) and a sample of the finely pulverized rock from the foot of the glacier at head of Parker’s Creek, near Mono Lake (37234). A similarly formed sediment is also shown from a glacial stream in Greenland (38856). The work of the ice during the glacial period is shown by grooved, polished, and striated stones from several localities. Among the more striking of these atten- tion may be called to the following: A large slab (30 by 48 inches) of grooved and fiuted limestone from Kelley’s Island, in Lake Erie (38534), and others from St. David’s, Ontario (72833 and 72834). These are the slabs figured on pages 194, 195, and 214, Seventh Annual Report United States Geological Survey for 1885~86. There is also a slab (26 by 30 inches) from Rochester, New York, showing strive in two directions, 24 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. and numerous smaller specimens of smoothed or scratched rocks from the New England States and Greenland. . Forming a part of this series are also photographs of the glacial potholes at Archbald, Pennsylvania (38294), and of alarge drift bowlder on the northern end of Deer Isle, Maine (37413). There are also smaller views showing fields covered with drift bowlders. LIFE. The collections illustrating the destructive effect of life in its various forms are at present writing sadly lacking in desirable materials. A few poorly selected stones bored by mollusks (No. 29644-29649) and a fria- ble sandstone riddled by the holes of a hymenopterous insect (37641) constitute about all that is worthy of mention. The constructive effects are better shown by the diatomaceous earths (37429), marls (36850 and 70034), shell limestones (35814 and 37749), chalk (36013), guano (69281), and the peats and coals (36826). The method of formation of a coral island is in this series shown by a small collection illustrative of the geology of Bermuda. The exhibit begins with a collection of the more common corals and shells of the island, and which by their disintegration have furnished the bulk of the materials of which the islands are composed. These include bottles which, having lain for two years in the water, are covered by a growth of millepora aleicornis, and which illustrate the rapidity of the coral formation. Following these are specimens of the corals and shells common to the neighboring waters, and the fine calcareous sand which, resulting from their disintegration, is thrown by the waves upon the beaches, dried, and drifted inland by the winds. Following these are the rocks which result from the consolidation of these fragmental mate- rials, a consolidation brought about by the dissolving action of water on the calcium earbonate of the shells and- a redeposition of the dis- solved materials at greater depths below the surface to form a cement binding together the grains. Following these are the soils and residual clays; surface and weathered rocks illustrative of the characteristic roughness of the coast; stalactites and stalagmitic masses resulting from the deposition of dissolved lime in the numerous caverns with which the island abounds; the exhibit closing with a series of rocks foreign to the islands, but which occur occasionally as small pebbles, having been drifted from other sources, and presumably entangled in the roots of trees. For most of the materials in this collection the museum is indebted to Prof. William N. Rice and the late Dr. G. W. Hawes. IIl.—STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY: THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE EARTH’S CRUST. Under this head are displayed stratified rocks showing (1) stratifica- tion and its accompaniments, as forms of bedding, surface markings, con- cretions, and such other illustrations as lend themselves readily to PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 25 exhibition purposes; (2) joints in both stratified and massive rocks ; (3) inclination, strike,and dip of rocks (shown only by models and photographs) ; (4) curvature, cleavage, distortion and dislocation, and other modifications of the primary arrangement of the earti’s crust; (5) igneous rocks as a part of the structure of the earth ; and (6) veins and vein materials. Many objects are here displayed of precisely the same nature as under dynamical geology, in the one case illustrating the methods by which certain structures are brought about and in the other the structures themselves. The text-book arrangement has not here in all cases been strictly adhered to, as not being quite adapted to our purpose. (1) Stratification and its accompaniments.—(a) Formsof bedding: This department of the exhibit is at present sadly in need of suitable mate- rial. The few specimens at present on hand are small and poor, and need not therefore be further noted here. (b) Surface markings: These are shown in their several forms as below: Wave and ripple marks are shown in the two large slabs of Potsdam quartzite from Keeseville, New York (58758), and the Devonian sand- stone from Pike County, Pennsylvania (27014), Several smaller slabs from various localities are shown in the cases. To appreciate these it must be remembered that the rocks were lain down in the form of fine sand in the shallow water of an ancient sea or ocean, and which by its oscillatory movement formed in the sand the ripples in the same manner as they may to-day be seen forming on almost any sandy lake or sea shore (Geikie, p. 470). Through the gradual sinking of the earth’s crust the markings once formed became covered by other sand and thus preserved until thoroughly solidified, raised above sea level, and made available to the quarrier, all the slabs shown being obtained in the ordinary process of quarrying stone for building purposes. ‘ Ripple marks are often made by the waves over the finer beach sands where they are low and partly sheltered, and also over mud flats. The flow- ing water pushes up the sand into a ridgelet as high as the force of the wave can make and then plunges over the little elevation and begins another, and thus the succession is produced. The height and breadth of the intervening space will depend on the force and velocity of the flowing water and the ease with which the sand or mud is moved. Rip- ple marks may be made by the vibration of waves at depths of 300 or 500 feet.”—(Dana.) | Mud eracks and rain prints: Like the ripple marks the mud cracks denote shallow water deposits. Laid down as mud, the beds while still soft were exposed by the receding water and dried, cracking irregularly just as the fine clayey mud on the bottom of shallow pools may in any dry season be observed todo. Subsequently the water rose once more and washed fresh sand into the crevices formed. The elevated ridges shown on the large slab of Medina stone from Knowlesville, New York 26 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. (72959), and the smaller slabs from Hummelstown, Pennsylvania (27055), — are then but casts in sand of these old cracks (Geikie, p. 471). The — rain prints shown on the small slabs of Triassic sandstone from New — Jersey indicate that the stone while still plastic was exposed to the pelt- ing action of a shower, the drops leaving their imprint in the soft mud. — Footprints: It has not infrequently happened that animals wading in — the shallow water left footprints in the mud to be covered and preserved in the same manner as were the cracks and ripple marks above referred to. But few of these are shown here, since the subject belongs more properly to vertebrate paleontology. Onthelarge slab pinned against the south wall are two consecutive tracks of the Brontozowm giganteum (H), a huge reptile estimated to have been at least 14 feet in height and which inhabited the Connecticut Valley during the Triassic period. The smaller slabs pinned high against the east wall show tracks of Brontozoum validium and Sillimanium, and Anomepus cuneatus. Qn the small slab from South Hadley Falls, Massachusetts, are shown the mud nests of tadpoles, Batrachoides nidificans of Hitchcock. A large slab of Potsdam quartzite from New York showing faintly the trail of a marine mollusk (Protichnites Loganus), made as he crawled slowly over the soft bottom of the Cambrian ocean, serves further to illustrate the conditions under which these rocks were formed. Coneretions : The peculiar tendency which atoms or particles of like matter often manifest in concreting or gathering in concentric layers about centers is shown by a large and diversified collection of concre- tious. Ashere arranged these are divided into two groups, as follows: (A) Primary concretions, formed contemporaneously with the rock in which they are found, and (B) secondary concretions, or those which are due to segregating processes acting subsequent to the formation of the rocks in which they are found. Each of the groups may be subdi- vided accordingly as the concretions were formed as chemical precipt- tates or are but aggregates of mineral particles bound together by an interstitial cement. (A.) Primary concretions: (a) chemical deposits and (bd) mineral ag- gregates. Under (a) are here included the chalcedonic nodules found in lime- stones (Specimens 38434, 38435, and 37603), the pyrite concretions, such as No. 39053, and the clay ironstones, such as Nos. 12890 and 37303; these last are often found to have cracked interiorily on drying and | consequent shrinkage, and the cracks to have become subsequently filled with carbonate of lime. On being cut and polished such often form beautiful and unique objects, as shown in the specimens from Kansas (12890), Indiana (25100), and New York (39129). To such forms the name Septarian nodule is commonly given. Here also are displayed the fine odlitic and pistolitic concretions such as those of Bohemia (36096 and 36097), Hungary (36099), Cache Valley and Salt Lake, Utah (35305 PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 27 and 35379), and Lake Lahonton, Nevada (35378). Concerning the occur- rence of these last Mr. Russell writes :* “Among The Needles the rocky capes are connected by crescent-shaped beaches of clean, creamy sands, over which the summer surf breaks with soft murmurs. These sands are oodlitic in structure, and are formed of concentric layers of carbonate of lime which is being deposited near where the warm springs rise in the shallow margin of the lake. In places these grains have increased by continual accretion until they are a quarter of an inch or more in diameter, and form gravel, or pisolite, as it would be termed by mineralogists. In afew localities this material has been cemented into a solid rock, and forms an odlitic limestone sufficiently compact to receive a polish. No more attractive place can be found for the bather than these secluded coves, with their beaches of pearl-like pebbles, or the rocky capes, washed by pellucid waters, that offer tempting leaps to the bold diver.” Such forms as these may or may not show a nucleus. It seems safe to assume that such a nucleus at first in all cases existed, though it may be in microscopic dimensions only. A shell nucleus is shown in the clay ironstone concretion from Kansas (73454), and fragmental nuclei of siliceous sinter in the concretionary nodules from the geysers of the Yellowstone National Park (12888). Under ()) are shown concretions composed of mineral particles in a finely fragmental condition, and which have as in the last case segre- gated contemporaneously with the formation of the material in which theyoccur. Here are included a series of clay concretions from the head- waters of the Connecticut River (38425); from the Yellowstone Lake (12895) ; and from various beds of brick and potters’ clay in New Eng- land. In certain of these the presence of a nucleus is plainly evident, those from Orono, Maine (36965), having formed about stems of grasses ; those of Jefferson County, Tennessee (38357), about small shells.t The secondary concretionary forms (B) are likewise susceptible of sub- division on precisely similar grounds. Under the head of chemical de- posits would come such forms as flint nodules in chalk (56012) and the agates formed in cavities in trap rock (69569). Such do not in all cases show a concentric structure and might perhaps be better termed secre- tions than concretions, and classed with mineral veins. Under the * Geological History of Lake Lahonton, a Quaternary Lake of Northwestern Nevada, Monograph x1, U. 8. Geological Survey. "The manner in which concretions of this nature are formed was shown in a very interesting manner a few years ago during the process of the work of filling in the so-called Potomac flats, on the river front at Washington, District of Columbia. For the double purpose of raising the flats and deepening the channel gigantic pumps were employed which raised the sediment from the river bottom in the form of a very thin mud and forced it through iron pipes to the flats, where it flowed out spreading quietly over the surface. The material of this mud was mainly fine siliceous sand and clay intermingled with occasional fresh water shells and plant débris. As this mud flowed quietly from the mouth of the pipe and spread out over the surface the clayey particles began immediately to separate from the siliceous sand in the form of concretionary balls, and in the course of a few minutes these would grow to be several inches in diameter. Such, owing to the rapidity of their formation, contained a large amount of sand and shells, though clayey matter predominated, 28 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. second head are included such forms as thesandstone concretions shown ~ from Arkansas (37600) and New Jersey (38761 and 38427). These are due not to original deposition in concentric layers, but to the oxidizing — and leaching action of meteoric waters acting on nodular inclusions of iron sulphide, or possibly carbonates. The oxide thus formed segre- . gates in zones, and by its cementing action binds the sand grains to- — gether leaving the central portion, formerly occupied by the pyrite, either empty or partially filled with loose sand; such forms are shown intact and broken in halves in specimens 38427 and 37004. A zonal banding or shelly structure closely simulating concretionary structure is common in rocks more or less weathered and decomposed, but which is due not to original deposition or crystallization of mineral matter about a center, but rather to the weathering of jointed blocks, the various chemical and physical forces acting from without inward. This is here illustrated in specimen 38570 from Montana (see also under head of Rock-weathering). Still another form of concretion due to segregating forces acting together with pressure are shown in the so-called cone-in-cones (38838, 39122, and 39175). (2) Joints.—_Jointing on a sufiiciently large scale to be appreciable as a structural feature of the earth’s crast can well be shone only by pho- tographs and models. Here are exhibited a few isolated examples of jointing in both sedimentary and igneousrocks. Special attention may be called to the large basaltic column from the Yellowstone National Park. The exhibit is at present meager, and is supplemented by a few photo- graphs. Jointing in granite and illustrating its utiity in quarrying is shown in a photograph of the Red Beach granite quarries near Calais, Maine (73457). Columnar jointing in voleanic rocks is shown ina pho- tograph of “ Rooster Rocks, ” on the south shore of the Columbia River near Portland, Oregon (73458); in a view near Mount Davidson, Cali- fornia (38283); and two views of the Regla Cascades in Mexico (38301 and 38305). . (3) Inclination, strike, and dip are subjects as yet scarcely touched upon. From necessity these phenomena can be illustrated satisfac- torily only by means of models and photographs. HKmmons’s sectional model of Leadville and vicinity may be referred to here. (4) Curvature, cleavage, and distortion are quite well illustrated in the series of distorted gneisses and schists shown in the cut and pol- ished slabs from Auburn, Maine (39059); Brandon, Vermont (39018) ; New York (39124); the roofing slates from Pennsylvania (70104-70107), and the crushed pebbles already referred to under the head ot ‘“ Effects of pressure.” The sharply foliated schists from Dutch Island in Narra- gansett Bay are also worthy of mention (38608) as well as the large slab of curved slate showing junction with shale (specimens 70102 and 70103 from Pennsylvania). (5) Igneous rocks as structural features in the earth’s crust must on PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 29 account of the large scale on which the work has been carried out be shown only in models and illustrations. Gilbert’s stereogram of the Henry Mountains is one of the most striking objects now in this series, though attention should also be called to Diller’s models of Mount Shasta, California; Becker’s models of the Washoe district, Nevada; Dutton’s models of Mount Taylor, New Mexico, and the High Plateaus of Utah. (6) Veins.—Professor Geikie treats the subject of veins and vein formation under three heads: (1) Mineral veins, (2) Eruptive veins or dikes, and (3) Segregation veins. For the present the known eruptive veins in the collections are grouped with the non-volcanic igneous ejections as dike rocks, and here we have to do witb only the first and third of the above divisions. The term vein is used by the above authority to designate “any mass of mineral matter which has solidified between the walls of a fissure. When this mineral matter has been deposited from aqueous solution or from sublimation, it forms what is known as a mineral vein. When it has crystallized or segregated out of the component materials of some still unconsolidated, colloid, or pasty rock, it is called a segregation vein.” Simple as such a division may seem it is not always easy, or indeed possible to ascertain from a simple examination of the specimens to which of the two groups they may belong. Asarule the mineral veins, which appear to correspond to the fissure veins of other authors, are separated by sharp and well defined walls from the country rock, and may, and often do, show a well defined banded or comb structure as shown in the quartz and rhodochrosite vein from the silver mines at Butte, Montana (38566), and less distinetly in that composed of ruby silver and other silver sulphurets together with rhodochrosite from the Reese River district, Nevada (15136). The segregation type is less dis- tinctly marked, the vein material being welded to the inclosing rock owing to the mutual protusion of* the component materials. This type of vein is quite common in granitic rocks and is wellshown in the large specimens from Rockport, Massachusetts (38757) and Auburn, Maine (39057 and 39058). IV.—STRATIGRAPHICAL OR HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. Under this, the fourth subdivision, is considered the chronological succession of the geological formations, the rocks being arranged ac- cording to the order of their deposition or ejection. From this series fossil forms will to a considerable extent be excluded as belonging more properly to the department of paleontology. Oniy a few of the more characteristic forms from each horizon will be shown. As at present contemplated the main idea is to show that the same geological forces have been in operation and rocks of the same general nature been in process of formation from the earliest time down to the H. Mis, 224, pt. 2——58 30 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. most recent. This collection is now so far from complete that nothings more need be said regarding it here. There are, however, two smaller and less comprehensive collections in this subdivision that should be mentioned. The first of these is a series of some 250 specimens, in sizes about 5 inches square, repre- senting the characteristic rocks of the various geological horizons of New Hampshire, as described by State Geologist Hitchcock and Dr. George W. Hawes, in Vol. 1m of the final reports on the Geology of New Hampshire. This is accompanied by a proportional column pre- pared by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, and showing on a scale of 1 inch to 1,000 feet the relative thickness of the stratified rock formations of the State. The second series is a valuable stratigraphical collection of Canadian rocks as prepared by officers of the Canadian Survey for exhibition at the Centennial Exposition in 1876. This comprises 854 specimens in sizes about 3 by 4 by 1 inch. The following is a complete list of the models or relief maps now on exhibition, many of which have already been referred to: (1) Yellowstone National Park. Scale, 1 inch = 1 mile; horizontal and vertical the same. Modeled by E. E. Howell. Issued by Ward and Howell. Size, 4 feet 74 inches by 5 feet 54 inches. (2) Elk Mountains of Colorado. Scale: Horizontal, 1 inch = 1 mile; vertical, 1 inch = 2,640 feet. Modeled by W. H. Holmes. Size, 2 feet 2 inches by 3 feet 8 inches. United States Geological Survey. (3) Mount Vesuvius and Monte Somma, Italy. Compiled by Thomas Dickert. Size, 2 feet 44 inches by 2 feet 44 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. (4) Geological model of Switzerland. Size, 11 by 24 inches. (5) The Washoe District, Nevada. Scale, 1 inch = 1,666 feet or 1:20000; horizontal and vertical the same. Geology by G. F. Becker, U.S. Geological Survey. Modeled by E. E. Howell. Size 2 feet 54 inches by:3 feet 3 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. (6) Leadville, Colorado, and vicinity. Scale, 1 inch = 800 feet, or 1:9600. Geology by S. F. Emmons, U.S. Geological Survey. Modeled by E. E. Howell. Size 2 feet 74 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. (7) The same in sections. U.S. Geological Survey. (8) Gulf of Mexico. Scale, vertical, 1 inch = 1,000 fathoms; ratio of vertical to horizontal, 0,03. Size, 23 by 32 inches. Issued by Coast and Geodetic Survey. (9) The Yosemite Valley, California. Scale, about 4 inches to 1 mile. Horizontal and vertical the same. Modeled by E. E. Howell from surveys by King and Gardner. Size, 2 feet 5 inches by 4 feet $ ineh. Issued by Ward and Howell. (10) The San Juan Mountains and mining regions. Scale, 1 inch = 1 mile, or 1:63360; vertical scale three times the horizontal. Modeled by T. W. Eglostein. Size 44 by 34 inches. U.S. Geological Survey, Capt. George M, Wheeler in charge. PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMEN? OF GEOLOGY. 31 (11) The Grand Canon of the Colorado of the West and cliffs of southern Utah. Scale, vertical, 1 inch=5,000 feet; horizontal, 1 inch= 2miles, Modeled by E. KE. Howell. Size, 6 feet 6 inches by 6 feet 7 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. (12) Eureka District, Nevada. Scale, i inch=1,600 feet or 1:19200; horizontal and vertical the same. Geology by Arnold Hague, U. S. GeologicalSurvey. Modeled by EK. E. Howell. Size, 5 feet 2 inches by 5 feet 64 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. (13) Uintah and Wasatch Mountains. Scale, vertical, 1: 126720; horizoatal, 1 inch=4 miles, or 1: 253440. Modeled by E. E. Howell Size, 4 feet 54 inches by 4 feet 5$inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. (14) Mount Taylor, New Mexico. Scale, 1 inch=1 mile; horizontal and vertical the same. Geology by C. E. Dutton, U. 8S. Geological Survey. Modeled by E. EK. Howell. Size, 4 feet 35 inches by 4 feet 34 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. (15) Henry Mountains, Utah. Scale vertical and horizontal the same. Geology and modeled by G. K. Gilbert, U. S. Geological Survey. Size 3 feet 104 inches by 5 feet 24 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. (16) Stereogram of the Henry Mountains, Utah, showing the form the country would haveif the eroded portions to the top of the Cretace- ous were restored. Vertical and horizontal scale the same. Geology by G. K. Gilbert, U. S. Geological Survey. Size 3 feet 105 inches by 5 feet 34 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. (17) High Plateaus of Utah. Vertical and horizontal scale the same. Modeled by C. E, Dutton, U. S. Geological Survey. Size, 4 feet 9 inches by 4 feet 10 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. (18 and 19) Mount Shasta, California. Horizontal and vertical scale, L inch=2,500 feet. Geology by J.S. Diller, U. 8S. Geological Sur- vey. Modeled by Victor and Cosmos Mindeleff. Size, 3 feet 4 inches in square. SECTION B.—ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. Under this head is comprised a large and important exhibit, or series of exhibits, selected to illustrate the economic aspects of geological science and the extent to which the resources of the mineral kingdom have been utilized by man. The collections are arranged to show (1) the nature and variety of the mineral resources of the United States and (2) the nature and va- riety of the more interesting and important useful ores and minerals of the world at large. In these collections, as in those of systematic geol- ogy, the specimens with a few exceptions have been selected with the idea of showing as truthfully as possible the average qualities of the material and its mode of occurrence. Care is taken, of course, to pre- sent clean and freshly-broken surfaces whenever possible, and, while exceptionally fine and beautiful materials are by no means excluded, and indeed gladly accepted as rendering the exhibit as a whole more 32 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. attractive, still the typical average material as found at the mine or quarry is deemed of first importance. The size of the specimens in these collections from necessity varies greatly, and whenever space will allow regard is had to the individual characteristic of each sample. When the material is massive and hom- ogeneous throughout the standard adopted is about 5 inches square on the face and some 2 inches thick. It is obvious, however, that such sizes are not applicable to all grades and kinds of materials, and in the exhibits may be seen specimens varying from less than an ounce to over 200 pounds in weight. Material in form of a powder is as a rule exhibited in bottles of from 4 to 10 ounces capacity. The following list will serve to give an idea of the character and va- riety of materials here to be exhibited though, unfortunately, the ar- rangement of the exhibition space is not such as to enable us to carry it out in a manner as systematic as might be desired. (1) Stones used for purposes of building or ornamentation : 1. The erystalline siliceous rocks, both massive and schistose: Granite, syen- ite, diabase, gabbro, diorite, liparite, trachyte, basalt, andesite, gneiss, and the erystalline schists. 2. The calcareous rocks; Limestones and dolomites, both marbles and com- mon varieties ; alabaster. 3. The serpentines and verdantique marbles. 4, Fragmental rocks; Sandstones, conglomerate, breccia, and clay slate. : 4. Minor stones used for decorative work. (See Gein collection.) Precious serpentine, jasper, malachite, agate, etc. (2) Stones used in the manufacture of cements, mortars, ete.: Limestone, both hydraulic and the common varieties, gypsum. (3) Natural abrading and polishing materials. (a) Materials used in the massive form: Grindstones, whetstones, grits, and pumice. (6) Materials used only in pulverulent form; Quartz sand, garnet sand, crude topaz, pumice dust, emery and corundum, black diamond (bort). (¢) Polishing powders: Infusorial earth, tripoli, rottenstone, chalk, ete. (4) Natural fertilizing substances. (a) Phosphatic and alkaline: Apatite, phosphatic sandstone, phosphorites, guano, greensand, bone phosphate, orthoclase and salts of potash. (b) Calecareous and carbonaceous: Limestone, marl, gypsum muck, and vegetable mold. (5) Sulphur and salts used in chemical manufacture. (6) Fictile materials. (a) Clay for brick, tiles, stoneware, potter’s and pipe clay, (6) Kaolin, porcelain clays, and feldspar. (¢) Glass-making materials. (d) Graphite for pencils and crucibles. (7) Detergents, pigments, adulterants, mineral lubricators, etc. (8) Ores of the precious and baser metals; gold, silver, platinum, iridium, osmium, aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, mereury, iron, manganese, tin, nickel and cobalt, bismuth, antimony, arsenicum, chromium, cerium, cadmium, tellurium, uran- ium, ete. (9) Useful substances of the carbon group. (a) The coals; anthracite, bituminous, and cannel coal, lignite, peat, jet. (b) Asphalt and allied substances ; asphalt bitumen, paraffine, elaterite, ozokerite, amber, and other fossil resins. (c¢) Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons; crude petroleum, lubricating oils, illumi- nating oil, naphtha, benzine, paraffine, natural gas, ete, PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 383 According to the plan devised the exhibits of this section form two independent series, which, as may readily be understood, are in part duplicates of one another. These two series are (1) the geographic series of ores and useful mineral substances and (2) the systematic series of similar objects. Owing, however, to the present lack of proper room and cases it has been found necessary to group the materials comprised in this section under three heads, and inasmuch as they must so remain until a new building is constructed or a balcony is placed around the walls of the southwest court it will be best to so describe them here, These three series then are: First. The collections of building and ornamental stones. Second. The geographic series of ores and other useful mineral siub- stances. Third. The systematic series of ores and other useful mineral sub- stances. I.—THE COLLECTION OF BUILDING AND ORNAMENTAL STONES. Under this head are included such stones as are of value in theit' natural condition for structural or ornamental purposes. Artificial or artifically colored materials are excluded. The nucleus of this collec- tion was formed by the materials received from Philadelphia at the close of the Centennial Exposition in 1876. By far the larger portion was, however, collected during the investigations connected with the Tenth Census in 1880, though many important additions have since been made in keeping pace with recent developments. This exhibit comprises mainly materials from the United States, though foreign materials are by no means excluded, and indeed particular efforts have been made toward procuring such as are imported into the United States. The specimens of this collection are as a rule cut in the form of 4-ineh cubes, the various faces of which are finished as follows: Polished in front, drafted and pointed on the left side, drafted rock face on the right side, rock face on the back, and smooth sanded on the top and bottom. Stones not susceptible of a polish are merely smooth-sanded on the front face. The collection is at present arranged by States in fourteen floor upright and one wall case on the north side of the west south range, while larger specimens occupy twa large pyramids in the southwest court and special bases wherever they can in our present crowded condition be placed to the best advantage. This collection now comprises upwards of three thousand specimens and has been described in detail in my work entitled ‘“‘ The collection of building and ornamental stones in the U.S. National Museum: A handbook and cataiogue.”! The following figures relative to the num- ber of specimens may, however, be here given: ! Rep. Smith. Inst., 1885-86, Part u, pp. 277-648, 34 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 UNITED STATES. No. of | Locality. speci- Material. mens. | Alabama ees casa aoeeeaees 13 | Marbles, limestones, and sandstones. INSAD NOY psen5e5a6 sSeoosconccac 4 | Limestones, and sandstones. ‘ IAT KAM GAs Ses aosieset eee 5 | Limestones, quartzite, and syenite. ; Califormages sec a=eee eons 33 | Steatite, marbles, granites, basalt, sandstone, and volcanic tufts. 3 Coloradoee es soceeee ere eee | 26 Tinie stOnes: granites, diorite sandstones, quartzite, and rhyolite uff. Connecticut <2 5.-25-225eoee | 66 | Marbles, granites, gneisses, diabases, sandstones. . DakOta, 2352 so no ee eee eee. 2 | Quartzite. Delaware .:225:5- » 3.2 a4) * ‘ > 4) * yy ey . ; > ‘. : eI : + ; ro. ae}