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PUBLIC DOCUMENT . . . r»*^Jl±±JL.-^- ■ ■ No. r>l

ANNUAL REPORT

Board of Cattle Commissioners

OF THE

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

In accordance with Section 51 of Chapter 491 of
THE Acts of 1894.

COLL

January 10, 1895

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1895.

/s?f

II OF ya^^/i^MHrp^T mum

GOV DOC

COLL

HEFORT

To the Honorable Senate and House of Bepresentatives.

In accordance with the requirements of section 51 of chapter
491 of the Acts of the year 1894, the Board of Cattle Commis-
sioners beg to present the following report of their work for the
year 1894.

In the report which this Board presented to your honorable
body in January of last year, which report was printed as House
Document No. 50 of that year, we recommended, among other
things, further legislation in relation to the perfecting and codi-
fying the laws in relation to the suppression of contagious dis-
eases among domestic animals. That report was referred to the
joint committee on agriculture, and the Board was requested,
by them, to prepare a draft of a bill embodying the suggestions
made. Such a bill was drawn by this Board and submitted to
the committee at a public meeting held by it on February 7,
and was printed as House Document No. 207.

A large number of public hearings were given by the com-
mittee on agriculture upon the matters contained in the bill sub-
mitted by this Board, and upon other bills relating to similar
matters submitted by other persons. All of the points sug-
gested in the various bills were carefully gone over in public
hearings, and were fully discussed by every person who desired
to express any views upon the matter ; and the several bills
were most carefully and exhaustively examined by the com-
mittee, who reported, March 22, 1894, a bill embodying, with
some slight changes, which will be hereafter referred to, the
bill submitted by the commission. The reported bill was
printed as House Document No. 803. This bill, after being
thoroughly considered by both branches of the Legislature,
became, with some slight clerical changes, a law, by receiving
the approval of his Excellency the Governor on the 20th day
of June, 1894, and was enacted to take effect upon its passage.
The law is chapter 491 of the Acts of the year 1894.

4 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

Immediately upon the passage of the act the Board undertook
the organization of the work required by the new law. It first
printed a pamphlet edition of the act, and distributed it to the
city and town authorities, to all the inspectors and to other
interested persons throughout the Commonwealth, and copies
of the same were furnished to all persons who desired them.
Many copies were sent to the proper authorities of various
States, in response to numerous requests.

Under section 36 of this act the Board of Cattle Commission-
ers was increased from three to five members, and it was felt
by the then existing Board, that, in view of the importance of
the work before it, no important steps should be taken until
the new commissioners had been appointed. The old Board,
however, undertook the preparation of drafts of letters of
instruction, blank forms of returns, records and other similar
matter called for under the act.

On the twenty-sixth day of June his Excellency the Governor
sent to his council the name of Frederick H. Osgood of Brook-
line, to be a member of this commission for the term of three
years, and the name of Leander F. Herrick of Millbury, to be
a commissioner for the term of two years. Both of these
appointments were confirmed by the governor's council on the
third day of July. The newly appointed commissioners ac-
cepted their duties and took the oath of office. Dr. Osgood
joined the Board at a meeting held by it on eluly 12, and Mr.
Herrick on July 19.

At these meetings the Board prepared and approved letters
of instruction to the city and town officers, the several Boards
of Health and the inspectors appointed under the act, upon the
duties thereby imposed upon them. At the same and subse-
quent meetings the Board examined and adopted the several
forms of letters that had been prepared, the blank forms for the
use of the inspectors in making the necessary returns and records
of their doings, and all other forms incident to carrying out the
provisions of the new act, copies of all of which are appended
hereto.

In accordance with the requests received by this Board from
several of the cities and towns, a form of application and per-
mit for license to slaughter neat cattle was also prepared and
approved. In order to secure uniformity in the keeping of

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 5

these records and the making of returns, the Board prepared
and caused to be printed all of these various forms, at the
expense of the Commonwealth, and furnished them without
charge to all the proper authorities.

In 1876 an act was passed providing for the appointments of
inspectors of provisions and animals intended for slaughter,
which law was substantially embodied in chapter 58 of the Pub-
lic Statutes. This was a permissive act, simply providing that
the mayor and aldermen of cities and the selectmen of towns
may annually appoint one or more persons, who may inspect
all provisions and animals intended for slaughter. Under this
act, which was taken advantage of by the cities and towns only
slightly, it was found to be impossible to organize any sys-
tematic inspection of the herds of cattle in the State, and in
1892 (chapters 195 and 400) the law was so amended as to pro-
vide that the same authorities " shall annually in the month of
April appoint one or more persons to be inspectors of provi-
sions and of animals intended for slaughter, or kept for the
production of milk." Under this latter act, however, no pen-
alty was provided for the failure of the cities and towns to make
the appointments required by the act, and it was found neces-
sary to again strengthen the law. Accordingly, in 1893 (chap-
ter 306) a penalty was provided for cities and towns failing to
appoint inspectors as required by law, and further, the inspectors
were, by this act and for the first time, brought under the partial
control of the Cattle Commissioners, by giving the Board the
right to make appointments where cities or towns failed to do
so, and the power to remove incompetent inspectors.

This latter act was approved May 3, 1893, and immediately
after its passage this Board undertook to collect the names
and addresses of the various inspectors ; to instruct them
in their duties, in so far as they related to the matter of the
suppression of contagious diseases among the domestic animals ;
and to see that, so far as possible, animals intended for slaughter
or kept for the production of milk were inspected as thoroughly
as circumstances would permit.

The first attempt to collect the names and address of the va-
rious inspectors was begun on May 12, 1893. Up to about
Oct. 15, 1893, only about one-half of the cities and towns in the
Commonwealth had complied with this requirement ; so that

6' CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

upon Oct. 27, 1893, the Board issued a farther order in rela-
tion to the matter, a copy of which may be found in the report
of last year (House Document No. 50). At the time the re-
port of this commission was made, last year, two hundred and
seventy-nine cities and towns had appointed inspectors in ac-
cordance with the law, and seventy-three had failed to report.

From this small beginning, and in the face of many discour-
agements, the organization of this corps of inspectors has been
developed, until now all but four of the cities and towns have
made the necessary appointments. Up to the passage of the
law of last year the interest among the inspectors in their work
was far from uniform ; since the passage of that act considera-
ble interest in the work has been manifested by them and by
most of the cities and towns throughout the State, — so much
so that it was determined to hold a convention, at which all of
the inspectors might meet with the commission and with each
other, in order that they all might have a better understanding
of the work which was beiniz: done throughout the State.

The commission accordingly called a convention, which was
held at Worcester on Thursday, the twenty-fifth day of Octo-
ber last past. This convention was attended by two hundred
and ten inspectors, representing one hundred and fifty-three
cities and towns. In addition to these inspectors and the com-
mission, there were present the secretary of the State Board of
Agriculture ; several members of the last Legislature ; the Hon.
J. H. Walker, member of Congress from Worcester ; repre-
sentatives of the sanitary live stock boards of various States ;
the veterinary adviser of the Dominion of Canada, Prof. D.
McEachran of Montreal ; veterinarians and many others inter-
ested in the work, — a number reaching to fully three hundred
in all. Hon. Henry A. Marsh, mayor of the city of Worcester,
extended a cordial welcome to all of those who were present.
The meeting, although the first of its kind ever held in this
State, was very successful and profitable to the commission,
and, it is hoped, to the others who were present. A report of
the proceedings is a})pended hereto.

Shortly before the close of the last session of the Legislature
the commission received a letter from the State Board of Live
Stock Commissioners of Illinois, requesting the Commonwealth
to send representatives to a convention proposed to be held at

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 7

Washington, D. C, during the month of June, wliich was re-
ferred to his Excellency the Governor, who instructed the sec-
retary to co-operate with the other boards in holding such a
meeting. This convention was held on June 19, 20 and 21, at
the Department of Agriculture in Washington ; and Hon. Levi
Stockbridge, chairman, and Dr. Charles P. Lyman, secretary,
of this Board, were directed by his Excellency to attend the
convention on behalf of this Commonwealth. Many interesting
subjects were discussed ; among them tuberculosis, glanders,
and the matter of obtaining uniform State laws for the suppres-
sion and prevention of the spread of contagious and infectious
diseases among domestic animals. The papers on the subjects
and the discussions following them covered, in a very interest-
ing and instructive way, many of the questions in which this
State is now deeply interested. Among them there was a con-
sideration of the best methods of obtaining co-operative action
in the several States between which an interchange of domestic
animals is naturally and more or less constantly taking place ;
the best methods of handling and suppressing outbreaks of
glanders among horses ; and, incidental to the matter of stamp-
ing out contagious diseases, a consideration of the subject of
indemnifying the owners of animals that are seized and de-
stroyed for the public good.

On the subject of tuberculosis two valuable papers were pre-
sented; that of J. H. Kellogg, M.D., of Battle Creek, Mich.,
is a very exhaustive consideration of the subject from a sani-
tary stand-point, discussing as it does, among other things, the
existence and extent of disease amono; mankind and among;
neat cattle, the activity of its contagious principle and the
methods by which it is spread. The second paper on the sub-
ject, by M. R. Trumbower, Y. S , of the Sanitary Live Stock
Board of Illinois, is an interesting and instructive discussion.
The remarks of Dr. D. E. Salmon, chief of the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry, which followed these papers, are especially worthy
of attention. All of these papers and remarks contain a fund of
valuable information upon this subject. A copy of the proceed-
ings of the convention is appended to this report.

Prior to September 1 of this year all inspections of animals
suspected of being tuberculous were conducted by this Board
upon the basis of a physical examination, and the results had

8 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

been far from satisfactory, — so much so, indeed, as to convince
them of the entire futility, and danger even, of relying further
upon this method for determining the presence of that disease
in neat cattle.

While the Board, as a board, had been proceeding in this
way, Drs. Lyman and Osgood of the Board had been making
a long series of experiments with tuberculin, for the detection of
tuberculosis among this class of animals ; and upon September
20 Dr. Osgood presented the result of these investigations to
the Board. In view of this reported experience, the Board
were satisfied that the use of tuberculin was a reliable method
of detecting the disease among neat cattle ; and that the time
had arrived at which a more scientific method should be used,
both for the protection of the owners of cattle and the public,
in properly determining the existence of this disease ; and that
a plan should be adopted, if possible, for the substitution of the
tuberculin test in place of the physical examination, which had
been heretofore uniformly used. In order to do this, it was
felt that not only should animals as reported by the several
inspectors be tested with tuberculin, but that systematic regu-
lations should be promulgated and enforced throughout the State
for quarantining animals until tested ; for regulating the impor-
tation of animals from without the State ; for providing a mar-
ket, as at Watertown and Brighton, at which tested animals
might be purchased by those desiring to have them ; and for
the systematic examination of all neat cattle throughout the
State. After a most thorough and careful consideration of the
matter at this meeting. Commissioner Osgood was requested by
the Board to formulate a definite plan for the accomplishment
of these purposes. The report of this commissioner was sub-
mitted to a full meeting of the Board, held on October 4, and
was adopted Ijy a unanimous vote. The system then adopted
embraced : —

First. — The test, with tuberculin, of all suspected cases
reported by the local inspectors.

Second. — The regulation of the importation of all neat stock
into this Commonwealth from all points without its limits.

Third. — The quarantining of all such imported animals until
tested with tuberculin, and either condemned or certified as
sound.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 9

Fourth. — The establishment of regular quarantine stations,
at which all animals brought within the limits of the Common-
wealth should be delivered in quarantine.

Fifth. — The forbidding of the importation of all neat stock
within the limits of this Commonwealth, unless delivered at
these points except upon written permit to the Board.

Sixth. — The branding, in a distinct way, of all animals that
had successfully passed the tuberculin test.

Seventh. — A systematic examination, by the use of tuber-
culin, of all animals within the State, beginning with the coun-
ties of Nantucket, Dukes and Barnstable.

The first announcement of this policy was made at the conven-
tion held at Worcester, the 25th of October ; and subsequently
the Board, upon November 20, issued orders and regulations
covering the same, to take effect upon the twenty -fifth day of
November, a copy of which orders will be found appended
hereto.

Prior to the adoption of the tuberculin test by the Board, as
the best known method of examining animals suspected of being
affected with tuberculosis, the work of the commissioners in
relation to the examination of cattle consisted in keeping a
corps of inspectors throughout the State in as perfect a condi-
tion as circumstances would permit ; instructing them regarding
the interpretation and enforcement of the law, as far as it
applied to their duties in inspecting animals and slaughter
houses, or otherwise in connection with the commission ; in
directing the times at which the examinations of herds should
be made ; and in keeping proper records of the results of the
work done by them. Besides this supervisory work, in all
cases of animals reported by the several inspectors, or by other
persons, as suspected of being affected with a contagious dis-
ease, the several members of the Board made a personal exami-
nation of the suspected animals so reported, reliance always
being placed upon physical examination ; a,nd, as a result of
such examination, each animal was either condemned as dis-
eased or freed from quarantine and certified as sound. In addi-
tion to tliis, the Board, as far as possible, inquired into such
breaches of the law as came to their attention, and took such
steps as were necessary or practical to prevent their occurrence
in the future.

10 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

Upon the adoption of the orders, which took effect on the
25th of November, a very great addition was made to the work
of the commission. These duties may be subdivided into four
distinct heads : —

First. — The attending to the inspection of all animals re-
ported by the local inspectors as suspected, and the testing by
tuberculin of all such as are reported to be tuberculous.

Second. — The quarantining of all neat cattle which are
delivered at the quarantine stations at Watertown, Brighton or
Somerville, and the testing with tuberculin of such of them as
are not to be immediately slaughtered at the Brighton Abattoir,
or which are not to be immediately transported to points with-
out the limits of this Commonwealth, which calls for a weekly
service extending over three days.

Third. — The systematic examination with tuberculin of all
herds within the State, which includes the test by tuberculin,
the destruction of all deceased animals, the disinfecting of the
contaminated premises and the branding of all animals found
free from disease.

Fourth. — The granting of permits for the transportation of
animals from without the limits of this Commonwealth to vari-
ous points within the State, where they are immediately quar-
antined, and the testing of the same with tuberculin in the same
manner as already described.

The detail of this work and its result is fully described in the
latter portion of this report.

On the first day of October of this year the term of office of
Hon. Levi Stockbridge, who had been the chairman of this
commission for many years, expired. At a meeting of the Board
on September 25, Professor Stockbridge announced that he had
tendered to his Excellency the Governor his resignation as
commissioner ; and his long service on the commission ended
with the appointment of Charles A, Dennen of Peppercll to be
a commissioner for the term of three years.

The Board desire to express their appreciation of the careful,
conscientious work which Professor Stockbridge has done, both
actively in the field and by his influence in shaping legislation
for the suppression of contagious diseases among the domesti-
cated animals in this State. Professor Stockbridge was first
appointed cattle commissioner by Governor Bullock, in August,

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 11

1868, and, through all the changes that have taken place in this
commission, he has served continuously as chairman of the
Board from that time until his resignation was accepted. By
the withdrawal of Professor Stockbridge the commission feel
that they have lost the services of a valuable man, — on account
of his great experience in the work which the commission is
doing, on account of his faithful attendance to his duties, on
account of his genial disposition, and on account of the great
confidence which he inspired in the agricultural community and
in all others with whom he came in contact in his work.

Upon the eighteenth day of October his Excellency the Gov-
ernor sent to the council the name of Charles A. Dennen of
Pepperell, to be a commissioner for the term of three years.
His appointment was confirmed by the council on the twenty-
fifth day of October, and immediately thereafter Mr. Dennen
took the oath of office and entered upon the duties of the office.
On the same day the resignation of Professor Stockbridge was
accepted Commissioner Dennen was first present at a meet-
ing of the Board held on October 30, and at this meeting
the vacant chairmanship was filled by the unanimous election
thereto of Dr. Frederick H. Osgood.

Taking up now the several classes of work referred to here-
tofore, we submit here, first, a report upon the work of the
local inspectors throughout the State and the work of the com-
mission in connection with the same.

Under section 1 of chapter 491 of the year 1894, it is pro-
vided that the mayor and aldermen of cities and the selectmen
of towns shall within thirty days after the passage of this act,
and thereafter annually in the month of March, appoint one or
more persons to be inspectors of animals and provisions. These
inspectors are selected by the town and city officials, and receive
from the city or town of their appointment such compensation
as may be by them decided upon. Under the provisions of this
section there have been appointed, by three hundred and forty-
nine cities and towns, three hundred and ninety-four inspectors.
While these inspectors are required to carry out and enforce all
orders and regulations of the Board of Cattle Commissioners or
any of its members, they are not in any sense the appointees of
this Board, nor is the Board generally consulted in the matter
of their selection. The power is given to this Board to appoint

12

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

such inspectors when the cities or towns fail to make the appoint-
ment ; and the Board is further given the power to remove any
inspector when, in its opinion, the inspector neglects or refuses
to be sworn, or properly perform the duty of his office, and
in such case the Board is given the right to appoint another
inspector in his place. While this power is vested in the Board,
it has not as yet been exercised, and therefore the inspectors
throughout the State to-day are city or town appointees.

In 1894 it was demanded for the first time that the general
occupation of the inspectors should be forwarded to the Board,
together with the name and address in each case ; and it may
not be without interest in this connection to give these. So far
as they have been received, they are as follows : —

Farmers,

136

Retired sea captain.

Veterinary surgeons,
Cattle dealers.

58
10

Meat i^eddler,
Cabinet maker,

Butchers,

Doctors of medicine.
Health officers.
Grocers,

8

20

4

3

Market gardener, .
Insurance agent, .
Carpenter, .
Stone mason,

Provision dealers.
Traders,

2

2

Street commissioner, .
Electrician, .

Painters,

2

Lumber dealer.

Chief of police, .
Cow doctors.
Blacksmiths,

2
2
2

Truckman, .
No occupation.
Grain dealer.

Keeper,

Occupation not given.

Wood and coal dealers

1

124

5

Total, .

394

The work of the inspectors in connection Avith the Board of
Cattle Commissioners may be divided into two classes : first,
the examination of animals for the detection of contagious dis-
ease ; and, second, the inspection of carcasses of animals which
have been slaughtered under the provisions of the law. In
regard to the examination of animals throughout the State, their
work may be again divided into two classes, — that in rehition
to neat cattle and that in relation to other animals. It is the
duty of the inspectors, under the act, to make "regular and
thorough inspection of all neat cattle within the limits of their
several cities and towns." These inspections arc made in such
a manner and at such times as the commission designates. In
the circular letter of "Instruction to Inspectors," which was

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 13

issued by the commission soon after the passage of the present
law, it is ordered " that two thorough examinations of all neat
cattle be made in each year, — one during Octol)er, or as soon
as possible after the animals come in from pasture ; the other
during March, or just before the animals are turned to pasture ;
they are also ordered and advised to make inspections of any
herds, or of any animals, within their district, whenever any
emergency arises, or whenever in their judgment it is better for
them to do so." Under this order the inspectors throughout
the State made examinations from time to time of suspected
animals up to the time of the regular fall inspection. This was
begun about the 1st of October, and up to December 15, at
which time the returns were required to be sent in, reports
had been received from 243 towns, covering the examination of
131,968 animals.*

In addition to this regular work, a new duty was imposed
upon the inspectors under the law of 1894, requiring them to
make, from time to time, inspections of all other domestic ani-
mals within the limits of their several cities and towns when-
ever they have knowledge or reason to suspect that such animals
are, or have been, exposed to any contagious disease. Of
these inspections the commission receive no returns except in
cases where the animal has been quarantined as suspicious.
Upon making all inspections of neat cattle, it is the duty of the
inspector, if in his opinion the animal is free from contagious
disease, to deliver to the owner or person in charge a certificate
of its wholesome condition. Copies of the form of this certifi-
cate will be found appended hereto. Under this provision, up to
December 15, there had been issued by such inspectors certificates
of soundness of 21,273 herds, all of the certificates, of course,
being based upon the physical examination by the inspector.
Wherever an inspector suspects, or has reason to believe, that
any animal inspected by him is affected with a contagious dis-
ease, it is made his duty to immediately quarantine the sus-
pected animal, he being given the power to do so. This power
was first given under the law of 1894 ; prior to that, all quaran-
tines had to be imposed either by the Cattle Commission or
some of its members, or by the local boards of health. This

* The total number of neat cattle assessed in the State in 1894 is : cows, 182,477 ;
other than cows, 41,059; total, 223,536.

14 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

machinery was found cumbersome, in that it required local
boards to act as a board ; and also practically defective, because
the local authorities treated the inspector as the agent of the
Board, whereas he was an independent officer ; and consequently
most quarantines imposed were found to be imperfect. The
change in the law of last year has been found to be very bene-
ficial in correcting this evil.

The method of imposing quarantines was also changed by the
law of 1894, which required, for the first time, that the quaran-
tine should be in writing ; that a copy of the order should be
delivered to the owner or person in charge, or left at his last
and usual place of abode, or that the same should be posted
upon the premises ; thus leaving no room for doubt in the mind
of the owner as to whether or not his animal had been placed in
quarantine. Whenever the inspector imposes a. quarantine, it
is his duty to immediately send an exact copy of the order to
the Board of Cattle Commissioners, and to notify the local
board of health, at the same time, of the establishment of the
quarantine ; this gives a double check upon the work of the
inspector ; and this copy returned to the commission, with
the statement upon the reverse side, by the inspector, showing
the method of imposing the quarantine, is in itself good evidence
in any tribunal that a quarantine had been properly imposed.
In this way the work of quarantining has been thoroughly sys-
tematized. Under this power, prior to December 15, the in-
spectors have imposed quarantines and made returns of the
same to the Board as follows : neat cattle, 2,584 ; horses, 230 ;
swine, 25 herds.

While the inspectors are given the power to impose quaran-
tines, they are not given the power to remove them ; all such
quarantines can only be removed by order of the local boards
of health or by the cattle commissioners. In addition to the
power given to the inspectors to impose quarantine, the local
boards of health have similar powers. The boards of health
have not generally been called upon to exercise this power
except in a few instances where horses suspected of being
glandered were concerned.

Upon the receipt by this Board of a notice of quarantine
upon any animal, it becomes the duty of the commission to act
In the matter. In view of the great mass of work coming under

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 15

this head, the Board soon found that the matter of inspections,
by them, of suspected animals, could not be eflSciently performed
unless some regular system was adopted ; they were therefore
obliged to establish the rule that the commissioners should only
act in the matter of inspecting suspected cattle where the ani-
mal had been quarantined by the proper authority. This rule
was arrived at not only because of the large number of cases
which called for their personal attention, but also from the fact
that, unless the animal was securely quarantined, they were
lia])le, upon arriving at the place where it had been located, to
find that it had been removed or that it was otherwise beyond
their reach, — this has occurred many times after travelling long
distances.

Prior to October 4, the existence of the contagious diseases
in these animals was determined by the commission upon a
physical examination ; and, as before stated, in the cases of
tuberculosis the results were found to be exceedingly unsatis-
factory both to the commission and to the owners of the ani-
mals. The symptoms were so unevenly shown that animals
which were apparently sound were released, and in some cases
afterwards found to be affected with the disease ; in others, ani-
mals which appeared to have the symptoms of the disease were,
after slaughter, and upon post-mortem examination, found to be
free from tuberculosis, but affected with bronchitis, pneumonia
or other non-contagious disorder ; and in this way throughout
the State a large number of mistakes occurred, notwithstanding
the fact that the greatest care was taken to prevent them. In
fact, we were simply repeating the experiences of all other
countries that had tried to do anything towards the removal of
tuberculous animals from among its herds, and we felt that the
ultimate result was sure to be extremely unsatisfactory to all
parties concerned ; and consequently, as has already been stated
in this report, the Board determined to adopt the uniform rule
of subjecting all animals suspected of being affected with tuber-
culosis to the tuberculin test.

The Board further felt, in view of the fact that the law passed
last year provided for the payment of compensation to the own-
ers of animals so slaughtered, and placed in the hands of the
commission a considerable sum to be applied for this purpose,
that, as representing the interests of the Commonwealth as well

16 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

as those of the farmers and the people at large, it was, while
pursuing this method, needlessly frittering away the State's
money ; because, while the State could, in the opinion of the
Board, properly and justly expend large sums of money to
eradicate this disease, any method based upon physical exami-
nation, as then pursued by the Board, would only result in the
expenditure of a considerable sum without obtaining a result
which was commensurate ; for, while the commissioners might
successfully pick out here and there throughout the various
herds in the State animals where the disease was well marked,
there were liable to be left in the same herds a laro;e number of
incipient cases, not capable of detection by ordinary means, and
that therefore no efficient check to its spread would be made.

The Board, as has already been stated, determined, after a
most careful and exhaustive consideration of the subject, and
relying upon actual tests, to do away entirely with the physical
examination, as a method of determining in the last instance the
existence of the disease, and to substitute in its place the tuber-
culin test in all cases of neat cattle suspected of being affected
with tuberculosis. Under this branch of the work no animal
is so tested except where it has already been reported to the
Board by a local inspector as tuberculous, and quarantined as
such, — the inspector, of course, relying upon physical exami-
nation.

The other branch of the work of inspectors, in connection
with this Board, relates to the examination, at the time of
slaughter, of the carcasses of all neat cattle, including calves,
that are butchered throughout the State. In the report which
we submitted to your honorable body in January, 1894, we
called your attention to the fact that tuberculous cattle were
being slaughtered in different parts of the State by unprincipled
butchers, and that the meat from them was being sold to unsus-
pecting persons for food. We then also stated that in our
opinion this was one serious obstacle to the eradication of the
disease, for controlling which no adequate provision of law then
existed. We consequently recommended that some legislation
be framed to control the matter of the slaughter of cattle, and
providing for uniform inspection of the carcasses. In conse-
quence of this, sections 17-23 inclusive of the Act of 1894 were
passed, which provided briefly as follows : that all persons en-

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 17

gaged in slaughtering neat cattle should apply to the mayor
and alderman or to the selectmen for a license to conduct the
business, which should designate the class of animals to be
killed, the time at which the animals were to be slaughtered
and certain other facts relating to the business. Upon receipt
of this application, a proper license may be issued by the
city and town authorities. It is then made the duty of the
local inspectors to be present at the time of the slaughter of
all neat cattle at such establishments, and to examine at
that time the carcasses of all such animals. If the carcass is
found to be free from disease, it is allowed to be sold ; other-
wise it is seized by the inspector and destroyed. In addition
to this, provision is made for the inspection of all neat cattle
slaughtered by persons not regularly engaged in the business,
it being made their duty to cause the carcass of such animals
to be inspected by one of the regular inspectors at the time of
slaughter, " unless said animal has been duly inspected, under
the provisions of this act, within six months prior to such
slaughter, and a certificate of health has been delivered to the
owner or person in charge thereof." The inspection herein re-
ferred to is the inspection by the local inspectors, which, as
before stated, is based upon the physical examination, and
under this provision more or less tuberculous meat will find its
way into the market.

Under the provisions for licensing slaughter houses, there is
nothing requiring that cities and towns shall make any return
to the Board of Cattle Commissioners concerning the number
of licenses issued ; and the Board would recommend that the
act be so amended as to require that each city and town shall,
on or before the first day of June in each year, make a return
to the Board of Cattle Commissioners, in such form as the Board
shall provide, giving the names and addresses of the proprietor
or proprietors of every slaughter house, canning, salting, smok-
ing or rendering establishments, or of every establishment used
in the manufacture of sausages or chopped meat of any kind,
which are engaged in the slaughtering of neat cattle ; and the
names and addresses of all of such as have made application to
slaughter neat cattle, and the names of all of those to whom
licenses have been issued.

In General Order No. 1, issued by the Board this year, all

18 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

inspectors were directed to make regular monthly returns, show-
ino; the number of animals that had been examined at the time
of slauo-hter, the number which had been found to be free from
any contagious disease, the number condemned and the causes
of the condemnations. All the information which the com-
mission now have as to which towns have complied with this
section of the law is based upon the returns made by the inspec-
tors in conformity with this order. Up to December 15 the
inspectors in 164 of the towns and cities had made returns,
showing that 39,072 had been examined, 236 of which were
condemned as being affected with tuberculosis.

In all cases where tuberculosis was found present, so far as
the commission is informed, the carcasses have been destroyed
or disposed of otherwise than for food, as the law requires. As
this portion of the law is entirely new, the commission has not
felt that it was wise to vigorously push prosecution for breaches
of its provisions, although in some cases, where offences have
been flagrant, prosecutions have been successfully maintained.

This whole division of the work, coming from the local inspec-
tors, entails upon the commission an amount of labor which has
been as great, if not greater, up to the present time, than that
in any other branch of their duties. The returns have to be
examined and tabulated ; suspicious animals visited, examined
and disposed of under the law, as each occasion demands ;
numerous interviews must be held with inspectors and town
officers, coming from all parts of the State ; innumerable letters
are received connected with the special work, to many of which
careful answers must be given covering particular and peculiar
cases ; and in many other ways the efforts of this large corps of
inspectors must be directed.

Before leaving the matter of the inspectors, it should be said
that they are also given the power to inspect meats, fish, vege-
tables, fruits or provisions of all kinds throughout the limits of
their city or town, and also of veal found, offered or exposed
for sale within such limits. This work of the inspectors is con-
ducted entirely in connection with their local boards of health ;
and, while it may form a more or less considerable portion of
their work, it is not brought under the supervision of this com-
mission, and consequently they can not make any statements
as to the nature and extent of this work.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 19

In addition to the large corps of local inspectors appointed
throughout the State, the Board also has under its control a
corps of agents, directly assisting them in their work of examin-
ing suspected cattle. Under section 43 of the act the Board is
given the power to " appoint from time to time such officers,
agents or assistants as are necessary or expedient to carry out.
the purposes of the act."

Prior to the adoption of the tuberculin test by the Board,,
this power was not exercised by the commission. As soon,,
however, as they determined to use this test, it was found nec-
essary to have a corps of skilled assistants, especially drilled in
the method of using tuberculin, in order that the returns upon
which the Board are obliged to act should be as accurate and
reliable as it is possible to make them. They have accordingly,
from time to time, appointed agents and assistants for this
work, until upon December 15 there were thirty-three such
agents and assistants so appointed and employed by the Board,
who receive, while actually engaged in the work, their expenses
and a compensation varying from $1.50 to $5 a day.

At the time of the adoption of the tuberculin test, as the proper
method of examining all animals suspected of being tuberculous,
the Board were of the opinion that, while its efforts in this
direction, as based upon the mere examination of animals re-
ported by the inspectors to be tuberculous at isolated points
throughout the State, would result in the destruction of actually
diseased animals to a considerable extent, it would be of but
little service in really cleansing the herds of the State from the
disease ; because the animals so examined and selected for the
test were only such as appeared to show external symptoms of
the disease ; and also because the Board felt, from its experi-
ence with the test, that other animals, apparently healthy, were
being allowed to go free and spread the contagion. Thus in
the end the percentage of diseased animals would be but slightly
decreased.

They were further impressed with the fact that not only were
the public interested in the destruction of diseased animals, but
the farmers and dairymen were equally interested in having, if
possible, some means of assisting them in their purchase of
cattle, so that they might be able to replace the animals de-
stroyed with others which had successfully passed the test..

20 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

The Board, therefore, felt that the best method of protecting all
parties and eradicating the disease was only to be obtained by
a thorough scientific examiDation of all neat stock throughout
the State. They therefore decided to begin a systematic exami-
nation of all animals in the State, county by county; taking
proper precaution, as fast as all the animals in each county had
been examined, destroyed or marked, to prevent, by quaran-
tine regulations, the importation within its limits of animals
which had not already been so examined.

In determining where they would begin this work, they took
into consideration the natural conditions of the State ; and,
feeling that the seaboard formed of itself a practical quarantine
from the importation of animals, they determined to begin with
counties bordering on the sea. They first, therefore, selected
Nantucket, Dukes and Barnstable. The reason which led to
the selection of these counties, only, in their first order, was
that they are comparatively small, contain but few animals,
presumably as healthy as any in the State, and that the small
appropriation would be practically exhausted by the time the
examination of the cattle within these limits could be completed.

Accordingly, as a part of their general order of November
20, which is hereto appended, they issued General Order No. 5,
relating solely to those counties. This order briefly quarantines
all neat cattle within the counties until examined, requires that
all the cattle within the limits shall be subjected to the tuber-
culin test, and forbids the bringing into these counties any neat
stock which has not been branded by the commission as free
from tuberculosis.

This order was imposed at the same time the State was quar-
antined, and the regular systematic examination and branding of
cattle at Brighton, Watertown and Somerville was introduced.
In this way, not only were these counties freed from the disease
by the eradication of all sources of contagion within their limits,
but at the same time the inhabitants of these counties were fur-
nished with a market where they could be sure of purchasing
animals which have successfully passed the tuberculin test. At
the time of making this report the commission have completed
the examii>ation under this order of all animals in the island of
Nantucket, and they are very glad to say that the result in the

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 21

island has been very satisfactory ; that of six hundred and
sixty-five animals examined only six have been found diseased,
and this disease was found in the bodies of animals which had
either been imported to Nantucket from the main land or in
those that had been in cohabitation with such animals ; and
that, while the farmers had lost so few cattle, it has apparently
resulted in a considerable increase in the value of their stock,
as the cattle there are now held at prices nearly thirty-three per
cent, higher than before this examination was begun.

The field work was placed in charge of Commissioner Den-
nen, who with a corps of eight assistants went to Nantucket,
and, after conferring with the local inspector, divided the island
into sections, selected for convenience, having due regard to the
distribution of the cattle as far as could be ascertained. The
examination of every animal on the island was then proceeded
with, following minutely the detail given in this report under
the head of the tuberculin test.

One of the main difiiculties which has been met with by the
commission is that of obtaining a sufiicient number of compe-
tent men to perform the work in the field. The Board has
always followed the plan of selecting only such persons as are
thoroughly competent, and who have had considerable previous
experience in the application of the test. It should be remem-
bered that a carefully conducted post-mortem examination is
made upon the body of every animal which is condemned and
killed ; and the Board are very happy to say that these exam-
inations have demonstrated the high quality of the work per-
formed by these agents.

The commission has heard complaints from time to time that
not only were they subjecting the animals to a new and unusual
test, but that they were being condemned by men of inexperi-
ence, and that the owners were suifering from the mistakes of
these agents. An examination of the method pursued by the
Board w^ill show to any such persons that these complaints are
without foundation. Not only is the greatest care used, as
already stated, in selecting the agents to apply the test, but in
no case have the agents passed upon the existence of the dis-
eases or condemned the animal as a result of the test. These
agents simply tabulate the result of their own work, and in all

22 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

cases this is examined and checked by the commission, the ex-
istence of the disease being always determined by it, and the
condemnation order issued by some one of its members.

Brighton and Watertown.

The Board, as a part of this systematic endeavor to stamp
out tuberculosis in the State, has also undertaken to regulate
the sale of neat stock brought within its limits, so as to insure,
as far as circumstances permit, that such cattle are free from
tuberculosis.

The animals which are brought into this State for sale are
delivered here in two ways ; a majority of them, in the opinion
of the Board, are brought in by the several transportation lines,
the larger proportion being delivered at the markets at Water-
town and Brighton. In addition to these there are, of course,
a considerable number of cattle driven into the State on the
hoof, to be delivered at various points, concerning which, up
to November 25, there were no records.

As far back as 1892 this Board were in receipt of frequent
reports that neat stock brought to the Brighton and Watertown
markets for sale within a very short time thereafter showed
themselves to be tuberculous, and so, worthless for beef or dairy
purposes ; although it was claimed that the buyers of this stock
had paid good prices, and had endeavored, as far as circum-
stances would permit, to ascertain their soundness before sale.
The Board was requested to examine into the matter, and ascer-
tain if it was not possible for them to establish some system for
the protection of those desiring to buy such stock, so that they
might be assured, as far as possible, that the stock so purchased
by them in this market was free from tuberculosis. The Board,
recognizing the reasonableness of this request and the impor-
tance of the work, has made every possible endeavor to assure
the health of the animals sold at these markets. The matter
was referred to in the report filed by this commission last year ;
and again the commission desire to state that they have been
greatly assisted by the hearty co-operation of the Board of
Health of the city of Boston and the town of Watertown.

Prior to the report of last year, both of these boards appointed
a special inspector, to be at these markets and examine all cattle
offered for sale thereat. In addition to this, at the request of

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 23

this Board, during the early part of the present year, the Board
of Health of the city of Boston appointed an additional inspector
at Brighton, to assure the prompt and thorough examination
of the stock; notwithstanding which this office continued to be
in receipt of complaints from buyers that the neat stock pur-
chased at these markets was still found to be more or less tuber-
culous. It had been therefore pretty thoroughly demonstrated
to the satisfaction of this Board by something more than two
years of actual experience that the health of the stock sold
thereat could not be determined to any appreciable degree by
means of physical examinations.

With the adoption of the tuberculin test the Board determined
to inaugurate if possible some practical method, whereby all of
the cattle coming to these markets should be subjected to that
test before being offered for sale. Whether or not, in view
of the circumstances under which these animals have to be
examined, such a result can be obtained by the tuberculin test
still remains to be proved.

In connection with this use of tuberculin at these markets, it
should be remembered that the test is a purely scientific method
of determining the existence of the disease by measuring the
reactions caused by its injection, as shown by the temperature
of the animal at given periods after the inoculation.

In the case of an animal under normal conditions, where it is
free from excitement, where it is only being fed at the times
designated by the person applying the test, where it is allowed
to drink water only under the same circumstances, — in fact,
where all conditio^ are entirely within control of the examiner,
the temperature table shows a regular and consecutive variation,
which can be relied upon to determine the result. Like every
other scientific test, experience shows that a manifold number
of unforeseen conditions may come in to complicate the result ;
and it is only after a careful study of these conditions and a
thorough consideration of the effect produced by them that
their values can be eliminated in arriving at a satisfactory
result. The whole experience of the commission with tuber-
culin has shown this to be true ; and they have found that, while
animals under a normal condition, when subjected to this test,
will always show a well-defined result, upon which the existence
or the non-existence of the disease can be practically demon-

24 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

strated, other animals, when subjected to abnormal conditions,
will so far vary the results as to materially complicate the prob-
lem of determining the existence of the disease.

This scientific method, it must be remembered, is compara-
tively new ; and, while it has been carefully studied in its nor-
mal aspects and under more ordinary conditions, the nature and
effect of abnormal conditions cannot as yet be thoroughly tab-
ulated. Hence it is that while in the opinion of this Board
tuberculin is a reliable test under ordinary conditions, extra-
ordinary conditions, frequently unknown to the person apply-
ing it, so far complicate the matter as to cause errors to creep
in to a certain extent, which errors, in the opinion of the Board,
are not due to the tuberculin, but to the unappreciable cir-
cumstances. While this agent as a test of the existence of
tuberculosis has been used to a considerable extent by other
scientists and boards doing the same work, under normal con-
ditions, but little is known as to the effect upon it of the ab-
normal conditions met with at these markets ; and the Board
cannot, therefore, rely upon the researches of others, but must
depend entirely upon its own experience in the field in giving
to these extraneous circumstances their proper place in deter-
mining the result in any given case. There has been no field
where the effect of the environment has been so much felt as in
the matter of the application of this test to neat stock brought
into the stock yards at Brighton and Watertown.

The cattle which are sold at these markets are not resident
cattle, but are brought to it from more or less distant points,' a
great proportion of them coming from withc^t the limits of the
Commonwealth. As these cattle are brought there for the pur-
pose of sale, it goes without question that they are not delivered
at the market except at as near to the time of sale as circum-
stances will permit, the owners not desiring to incur any una-
voidable expense for care and food. The commission have
therefore endeavored to arrange that the quarantine shall cover
the shortest possible period of time that an application of this
test will permit. These cattle are collected from diflterent locali-
ties and brought together for the first time. They have been
put into crowded cars, have suffered the excitement attending
an unusual journey, have probably received their food and
Water at irregular periods, and in every possible way have been

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 25

subjected to conditions utterly foreign to their ordinary exist-
ence. Neat stock are not mere machines, but are excitable
animals, materially affected by unusual conditions. Another
sisfuificant fact in relation to the cows brouo-ht to these markets
is that they generally are or are about to be new milch ; and it
is within the knowledge of all who have had practical experi-
ence in this direction that this greatly increases their nervous
sensibilities, and experiment shows that this actually has a
direct effect upon their internal temperatures. Added to this
is the fact that great popular interest has been shown in the
matter of the tests applied at Brighton or Watertown, and that
consequently at the time wdien these animals are being exam-
ined there is usually a large crowd of interested and curious
people present, who are anxious to thoroughly understand the
test and its w^orking in the field.

Although the commission, even with its slight experience,
has recognized the fact that the presence of these spectators
has to a greater or less extent rendered it more difficult to
obtain satisfactory results, they have felt that the public should
be accorded every opportunity to witness their methods and the
effect of tuberculin upon the animals subjected to the test ; and
they have, therefore, accorded to all persons who desired every
reasonable opportunity to watch the proceedings throughout
their several stages. An examination of the tests at these mar-
kets has proved to tlie satisfaction of the commission that all
of these abnormal conditions have very materially complicated
the temperature tables, as a result of which they have made a
few mistakes in arriving at their conclusions.

The first test of cattle at Brighton and Watertown, under
the circular of November 20, was made upon the twenty-first
day of November, and has continued weekly since that date.
The examinations begin about Tuesday noon and continue until
Thursday evening of each week, the entire time of Commis-
sioner Herrick being given to this work in the field upon these
days, as is a portion of the time of two other commissioners.
Another full day of Commissioner Herrick's time is consumed
at the ofiice in attending to the business resulting from those
examinations. In addition to this, the Board employs some
ten or twelve assistants in performing the tests and in the vari-
ous parts of the work.

26

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

The result of the work at these markets is shown in the fol-
lowino- table : —

Brighton, Watertown and Somerville.

Nov. 21.

Nov. 28.

Dec 5.

Dec. 12

Dec. 19.

Dec. 26.

Number examined, .

270

187

194

308

303

170

Number condemned,

26

25

16

18

14

11

Number tuberculous.

23

18

8

17

13

10

Number not diseased,

3

7

8

1

1

1

Number held for re-test, .

1

1

3

5

19

10

An examination of this table, covering the first six weeks of
the work and bringing the matter up to the time of writing this
report, will show that about 6.21 per cent, of all animals offered
for sale at the markets have been shown to be tuberculous. It
will also be seen that in judging of the healthy condition
of 1,432 animals 21 mistakes have been made, as proved by-
post-mortem examinations ; and that fewer errors of this sort
occurred in the last three weeks than during the earlier expe-
riences. For themselves, the commissioners feel that, in view
of the facts that have been given regarding the conditions under
which the examinations have been made, these results are not
by any means discouraging.

By this system of examination of all neat stock at Brighton
and Watertown the commission have practically reached all of
the cattle brought into this State by the regular transportation
companies. As has already been stated, there are other animals
brought in from time to time, records of which, up to the estab-
lishment of these orders, could not be obtained. As to these
animals, the Board required, as a part of General Order No. 3,
that every person desiring to bring neat stock into Massachu-
setts from points without its borders should obtain a special per-
mit ; and further, that as soon as the animals had crossed the
line and had arrived at the point designated they should be
placed in quarantine, there to remain until subjected to the
tuberculin test. Under this provision the Board has issued 17

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 27

permits for 166 animals. All of the animals which have entered
the State under these permits have been placed in quarantine
and examined. All were found free from tuberculosis.

In considering all the statistics based upon the work resulting
from the general orders of November 20, it must be remem-
bered that they have been in practical operation but a short
time, and that the figures are based upon not more than about
one month's experience.

Summary.

Whole number of neat cattle reported by inspectors and by others

under section 29, chapter 491, Acts of 1894, 3,295

Whole number of neat cattle examined at Brighton, Watertown

and Somerville, 1,432

Whole number of neat cattle examined in Nantucket, . . . 665

Total, . . . . . 5,394

Of these all were examined with tuberculin, as a result of which there
were found tuberculous —

From inspectors and others, 810, or about 24.58 per cent.
From Brighton examinations, 89, or about 6.21 per cent.
From Nantucket examinations, 6, or about .9 per cent.

In considering these results, it should be remembered that
among the first lot are a jrrea.t number of animals that were
selected by the inspectors, upon physical examination, as being
suspicious, so that it is not right to consider the per cent,
indicative of the probable extent of tuberculosis among the
herds of the State.

The figures coming from the examinations made at the mar-
kets are valuable, for they show, almost absolutely, the whole
number of the diseased animals ; and they are the first reliable
statistics of the kind ever obtained, so far as we are aware,
under any similar conditions.

Nantucket is the only part of the State that has as yet been
examined, herd by herd, taking in all of the animals. The
results are exceedingly satisfactory, but, inasmuch as the ani-
mals here are naturally isolated, the result cannot be consid-
ered as an indication of the average percentage of the disease
in the rest of the State.

28 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

"TUBERCULOSIS."

Tuberculosis in cattle is a subject of equal importance, not
only to the agriculturist but to the public generally. Its eradi-
cation from the animals from which we derive so large a portion
of our nutrition is of the utmost importance from the stand-
point of public health. The insidious nature of the disease
has much to do with the comparative slowness with which pro-
fessional and public attention has been directed to it.

In the middle ages tuberculosis in animals was recognized as
contagious, and laws were passed prohibiting the use of the
carcass for food, which laws have remained in force in Italy and
Spain up to the present time. In the sixteenth century it was
confounded with syphilis, and at the end of the eighteenth
century with glanders. The propagation by contagion in herds
was recorded in Germany by Ruhling in 1774 and by Krunitz
in 1787, and more recently by Spincla, Zanngers and others.
In France the same was claimed by Fromag, Huzard, Lafosse,
Dupont and Crucel.

The manifest tendency of the disease to run in families, and
to develop under special unwholesome conditions of life, serves
to weaken the belief in contagion, and in central and western
Europe such belief had become practically extinct among medi-
cal men, when their attention was recalled to the subject by
scientific inoculation of tuberculosis in rabbits and guinea pigs
by A^illemin in 18G5.

No practical addition to our knowledge of the disease was
made until Koch discovered in 1882 the bacillus tuberculosis,
since which the identity of the disease in man and animals has
been fully established.

Prevalence.
Owing to the facts that up to within a very short time we
have been unable to make a reasonably sure diagnosis, and that
we have had no systematic inspection of our abattoirs and
slaughter houses, there are no available statistics as to the
prevalence in our immediate vicinity. All we can do is to
reason by analogy from such statistics as are obtainable. The
following abattoir statistics, showing the percentage of tuber-
culous animals, are of value in this connection : Prussia, 6.3

1895.] PUBLIC t)OCUMENt — No. 51. 29

per cent, ; Berlin, 12 per cent. ; Dresden, 14.4 per cent. ;
Bromberg, 26.2 per cent. ; Upper Silesia, 9.5 per cent. ; Mid-
lothian, 20 per cent. ; Yorkshire, Eng., 22.8 per cent. ; Dur-
ham, Eng., 18.7 per cent. ; London, 25 per cent.

In England, during an outbreak of contagious pleuro-
pneumonia, extending over a period of sixteen months (1890-
91), there were slaughtered as being affected, or having been
exposed, 12,000 animals, all of which, under the direction of
the department of agriculture, were subjected to a critical post-
mortem examination by skilled veterinary surgeons for the
purpose of ascertaining the prevalence of tuberculosis, from
which were derived the following results : cows, 16.09 per
cent. ; bulls, 1.53 per cent. ; cattle over one year, 2.77 per
cent. ; cattle under one year, 1.2 per cent. Of the 12,000
examined, 12.2 per cent, were found tuberculous. In some
herds the rate was as high as 75 per cent., and only a few herds
were entirely free. Earl Spencer's herd of Jerseys, contain-
ing twenty odd animals, were tested by tuberculin, and all
reacted. Post-mortem examination of the entire lierd con-
firmed the diagnosis. (Report P. H. Brice, M. S. (P.)-)

At a recent conference of the sanitary association of Scot-
land, Professor Wright presented estimates that tuberculosis
in cows causes an annual loss to the owners of dairy stock in
Scotland of £440,000 sterling, or $2,200,000. (Veterinary
Journal, page 391, November, 1893.)

Professor Jansen of Tokio Veterinary School, in his report
of the contagious diseases of the domestic animals in Japan,
says it has never been witnessed among domestic cattle, though
it prevails among those imported into the country, especially
in the Devons, Ayrshires, Americans and their crossings with
the indigenous breed. According to the abattoir statistics, he
says fifty per cent, of the American cattle and their crossings
are tuberculous. (Flemming's Journal, page 45, January,
1894.)

Any reliable estimate of the percentage of tuberculous ani-
mals in a o;iven area can not be o-iven, for reasons before men-
tioned ; but that it exists to an alarming extent none deny.
From our experience the percentage is variable in different
herds, bearing a direct ratio to the surroundings and con-
ditions under which such animals have been perpetuated and

30

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

kept. In one instance a herd of five cows, kept especially to
furnish the children with a pure milk supply, all reacted, and
the post-mortem examination showed that they were tubercu-
lous. In a herd of sixty-four animals, carefully selected, and
kept under apparently the best conditions for a private milk
supply, sixty of the sixty-four reacted, all of which were
killed, and the post-mortem examination confirmed the cor-
rectness of the diagnosis.

In the examination of a herd of 23 animals 17 were condemned.

15

5

9

3

93

14

21

7

21

19

28

10

17

11

10

2

26

3

25

3

67 '

12

22

13

15

5

9

9

39

14

39

24

33

4

64 '

40

38 '

30

103

19

63 '

53

Upon post-mortem examination all were found tuburculous.

We have had numerous other instances where in large herds
of cattle the percentages have averaged from 100 per cent,
down.

The following table, prepared by " Rockl," is of interest
in this connection : of 51,427 cattle slaughtered in 1888-89 in
abattoirs and butcher shops in Germany, the percentage of in-
fection according to age was as follows : up to six weeks old,
0.6 per cent. ; from six weeks to one year, 0.6 per cent. ; from
one year to three years, 11.4 per cent. ; from three years to
six years, 33.1 per cent. ; over six years, 43.4 per cent.
(Report of P. H. Brice, M.D., to the Provincial Board of
Health, Toronto, page 25.)

AG RlCi

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — NoV^-S:i££-

The prevalence of consumption in the human being is so well
recognized that it is not necessary to set down here, at length,
any statistics. The mortality of human beings throughout the
world from all causes shows of the entire death rate one in
every seven is from consumption. While this is the general
average throughout the world, statistics show that this 'rate is
greatly increased in special occupations and among special
classes of people, and further shows that the denser the popu-
lation the greater is the percentage of deaths from tuberculosis.

An excellent table of this sort has been prepared by Dr.
Lagneau in the statistics of 662 cities in France, which show
that the closer the people are packed together in cities the more
frequent is this disease. These tables show the number of per-
sons annually dying from consumption out of every one thou-
sand inhabitants in cities of different populations as follows : —

95 cities with less than 5,000 inhabitants, .

332 cities of between 5,000 and 10,000 inhabitants,

127 cities of between 10,000 and 20,000 inhabitants,

50 cities of between 20,000 and 30,000 inhabitants,

•46 cities of between 30,000 and 100,000 inhabitants,

11 cities of between 100,000 and 430,000 inhabitants,

Paris, with 2,224,704, inhabitants, ....

1.81 per cent
2.16 per cent.
2 71 per cent.
2.88 per cent.
3.05 iDer cent.
3.65 per cent.
4.91 per cent.

This table shows that this disease is more frequent where the
population is denser, and where, therefore, the inhabitants are
subjected to poor sanitary conditions.

Public Health.

The danger to the public health from the prevalence of tuber-
culosis in our neat cattle is due to the fact that when the flesh
or milk from such animals is consumed by man it may, by the
introduction of the germ, transmit the disease.

Direct experiment with the milk or meat of tuberculous
animals cannot be made upon man, but such, however, have
been made upon the lower animal, conclusively showing its
infectious character. Among many hundred that have been
made the following may serve as an example : —

Hiershberger inoculated rabbits in the abdominal cavity with
the milk from thirty-nine tuberculous cows, in which the udder
was sound, and produced tuberculosis in fourteen cases. Bangs
inoculated from sixty-three tuberculous cows, selected for their

32 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

sound udders, and found the milk of nine of them infected. A
careful microscopic examination revealed tuberculosis in the
udders of three of the cows, leaving six that gave infected milk,
in which, even after death, and with all scientific appliances, no
tuberculosis could be found in the udder. Another case is
recorded where the owner of a very valuable herd of cattle,
finding that a large proportion of them were tuberculous, with-
drew his milk from the market and used it for fattening his
pigs, of which he had a large number. The result was that the
pigs, almost without exception, became so infected with the
disease that it was necessary to slaughter the whole herd.

An example of this came under the direct observation of the
Board, where thirteen animals were quarantined on a farm
removed from all other animals, and which had responded to
the tuberculin test. These animals were used for experimental
purposes during the past eight months, among which experi-
ments one was the feeding of milk to four calves, which had
been demonstrated to be free from disease, by the test. The
calves have since been slaughtered and found to be tuberculous.

The communication of the disease from cattle to man can
only be shown by accidental cases, many of which have been
recorded. Doctor Treom describes the poor, emaciated, dis-
eased animals furnished to the tribes of north-western Indians,
— how they eat the liver, tallow and entrails, raw and fresh,
and how the carcass is dried, pounded, packed in skin to be
eaten later uncooked, even though these animals died of dis-
ease. The Indian mortality of consumption is fifty per cent,
of all deaths, at several points; while at Crow Creek, Dak.,
fifty out of the total Indian population of twelve hundred die
yearly of consumption and scrofula. (1 Amer. Practitioner,
quoted by Law, ibid., page 131; 2 Holder, Medical Record,
Aug. 13, 1892, quoted by Law, ibid., page 131. Scrofula is
usually of tuberculous origin. L.) Dr. Washington Mat-
thews spent twenty-one years among the Indians. He states
that their food is the primary cause of tuberculosis among
them, and that when the supply of fresh beef is liberal the
death rate from consumption is highest. (Census of 1880.)

The question of infection of tuberculosis being conveyed by
the milk is often of even greater importance than is infection by
flesh. Doctor Brush, who is a physician and cattle breeder,

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 33

in his paper on the "Coincident geographical distribution of
dairy cattle and tuberculosis," read before the New York State
Medical Society, Feb. 5, 1894, calls attention to the fact that
in lands like Egypt the indigenous inhabitants retain immunity
while associating for a long time with consumptive immigrants ;
while on the other hand, in regions like Australia and the
Sandwich Islands the inhabitants have become infected after
the introduction of dairy cattle. The best dairy cattle breeds,
he argues, are the tubercular breeds, while others not classed
as dairy cattle are exempt from tuberculosis, owing to their
vigor and health. Again, in all dairy countries the prevalence
of tubercular consumption is a settled fact, while the only coun-
tries at all in doubt are those where the dairy products are sup-
plied from other sources than our domestic cow. Referring to
China, he spoke of the pure Chinese as a people who did not
use milk, while the Tartars in that country were meat and milk
consumers ; and therefore the observations of medical men are
confusing, and they confess that they cannot understand why
the disease prevails among the dominant Tartar class, and not
among the poorer Chinese, who, according to all preconceived
notions, ought to be tubercular. The doctor then contrasts the
conditions in Spain and Morocco, where the climatic condi-
tions are about the same: "Morocco, where there are no
European dairy cows, is exempt from tuberculosis ; while in
Spain and Portugal, where dairying is carried on in the
European style, tuberculosis prevails."

The danger from the use of meat of tuberculous animals
is small in comparison with the danger from milk, owing
largely to the fact that beef before being eaten is subjected
to a greater or less degree of heat, whereas milk is taken
largely in its natural form, and is used generally in the un-
cooked state. This, however, cannot be said of all the prod-
ucts of the dairy, the butter and cheese being fully as danger-
ous as the milk. To what extent the milk of tuberculous
animals contains the bacilli of consumption is an exceedingly
difficult question. One fact is, however, absolutely certain,
that the bacillus has not infrequently been found in such milk.
Reasoning from this stand-point, we must believe that the dan-
ger is considerable with milk from tuberculous cows, and should
never be used. Numerous experiments have been made by

34 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

scientific observers, proving that the milk is often alfected,
even though the disease has shown no localization in the milk
glands.

Hirschberger experimented with the milk from twenty tuber-
culous cows, and in fifty-five per cent, of all the samples exper-
imented with he found the bacillus of tuberculosis.

Dr. Demme records the case of four infants in the Child's
Hospital at Berne, the issue of sound parents, without any
tuberculous ancestry, that died of intestinal and mesenteric
tuberculosis, as the result of feeding on the unsterilized milk
of tuberculous cows. They were the only cases in which he
was able to exclude the possibility of other causes of the dis-
ease, but in these he was satisfied that the milk was alone to
blame. (Law : Cornell University, Experiment Station, Bulle-
tin 65, page 137.)

The infant son of a college mate of one of us, a comparatively
strong and healthy child of twenty-one months, visited his uncle
for a week. While there he drank the unsterilized milk of a
cow which was soon after condemned and killed in a state of
generalized tuberculosis. A few weeks after his return, the
child began to fail, and died three months after the fatal visit,
a mere skeleton, with tabes mesenterica, or consumption of the
bowels. Both of the child's grandfathers had died of tubercu-
losis when over sixty years of age, as well as two grand-aunts
and one grand-uncle. The child never saw but one of these,
and him but two or three times, and for short intervals only.
A second child brought up on sterilized milk is in robust health.
Both parents are in excellent health. (Private letter to J. L. H. ;
also reported by Law, ibid., page 137.)

In the practice of Dr. Stang of Amorback, a well-developed
five-year-old boy, from sound parents, whose ancestors on both
sides were free from hereditar}^ taint, succumbed after a few
weeks' illness, with acute miliary tuberculosis of the lungs and
enlarged mesenteric glands. A short time before, the parents
had their family cow killed, and found her the victim of ad-
vanced pulmonary tuberculosis. (Law : Cornell University,
Experiment Station, Bulletin 65, page 137.)

In the spring of 1890, Dr. Gage, city physician of Lowell,
Mass., had as a patient an infant which died of tubercular
meningitis. Its parents were healthy and surroundings good.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 51. 35

It had never been fed on anythinpf but the milk of a single cow.
The cow's milk was microscopically examined, and found to
contain the bacillus tuberculosis. Guinea pigs inoculated with
her milk developed the same disease, A second child fed upon
the same milk was developing symptoms similar to those dis-
covered in the child that died. Dr. Gage could find no way to
prevent the sale of the milk, unless he bought and paid for the
cow out of his own pocket. So far as he knew, she was still
being used as a milk supply a year later. (Ernst : Hearing
before Committee on Public Health, Mass. Leg. of 1891;
Publications Massachusetts Society Promotion Agriculture,
page 19.)

May 30, 1879, a cow died of generalized tuberculosis in
Providence, R. I., the lungs, most of the abdominal viscera,
muscular tissue and udder being tuberculous. The milk had
been used in the family. In August the baby was taken sick,
and died in seven weeks of tubercular meningitis. Post mor-
tem showed tubercular deposits in the membranes covering
the brain and some in the lungs. Two years later a two-year-
old child in the same family died of tubercular bronchitis ; and
seven years later a nine-year-old boy, "delicate" for years,
died of " quick" consumption. So far as known, the family on
both sides were rugged and healthy. (Ernst : Report to
Massachusetts Society Promotion Agriculture.)

Olliver, at a meeting of the Academic de Medicine of Paris,
stated that a patient of his, a young woman twenty years old,
of vigorous health and without constitutional trouble, had acute
tubercular meningitis (inflammation of the membranes of the
brain, of tubercular origin). She had been educated at a
boarding-school where thirteen pupils had been ill with, and
six had died of, tuberculosis within a few months. The milk
supplied to the school was from cows kept on the place. Upon
examination, these animals were found to have tubercular ulcers
upon their udders, and after being slaughtered were found to be
generally tuberculous. (Bacteriological World, August, 1891,
translated from Allgem. Med. Cent. Zeit. ; also La Semaine
Medical, Paris, Feb. 25, 1802.

Tuberculosis localized in the mammary gland is of not un-
common occurrence in cattle. Milk from such animals is found
to contain the bacilli, and is capable of producing the disease.

36 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

Unlike other aflections of the mammary gland, tuberculosis
does not at once change the appearance and quality of the milk
secreted. It is a fact that for months after the disease has
appeared in the gland the milk is to all appearances normal,
and may be sold and consumed without arousing the least sus-
picion. Authorities are, however, not fully agreed as to whether
the milk from tubercular cows in which the udder is not involved
should be considered dangerous ; but the results of experiment
have been positive in a large number of cases where no recog-
nizable disease of the udder was manifest.

Professor Ernst and Dr. Peters, from the result of their ex-
periments, conducted under the most exacting conditions and
with every possible precaution against contamination, found
that the proportion of positive results in a lot of cows aft'ected
with a high degree of general tuberculosis was eighty per cent. ;
in a lot affected with only a moderate degree, sixty-six per
cent. ; and in a lot in which the disease was localized in the
lungs, thirty-three per cent.

The bacilli could onl}" be demonstrated microscopically in one
specimen of the milk, showing that inoculation experiments are
the most certain guide as to whether the milk is infectious or
not. In conclusion Dr. Ernst says : —

First, and emphatically, that the milk from cows affected with
tuberculosis in any part of the body may contain the virus of
the disease.

Second. — That there is no ground for the assertion that
there must be a lesion of the udder before the milk can contain
the infection of tuberculosis.

Third. — That, on the contrary, the bacilli of tuberculosis
are present, but with no discoverable udder lesions.*

In Bulletin No. 3 of the United States Bureau of Animal
Industry (1893) is the report of the inoculation of guinea pigs
with milk from six tuberculous cows, where the udder was not
visibly diseased, in which positive results were obtained in two
cases and negative in four. J. J. McKenzie reports forty per
cent, contained bacilli in animals where no lesions could be
found in the udder by post-mortem examination.

Some authorities, however, still contend that the udder is
diseased when the milk is infected, but that the disease escapes

* Many of the preceding examples are collected in Vermont Bulletin No. 42.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 37

observation. However this may be, if such is the case, the
mere fact that the udder may be diseased and the disease not
recognizable simply casts suspicion upon all milk from tuber-
culous animals. When we consider, therefore, the prevalence
of tuberculosis among our cattle, and take into account the
hidden character of the disease, a certain amount of suspicion
rests upon all milk while these conditions exist.

The State Board of Health of New York, in its recent report
on this matter, says : —

There can no longer be a reasonable doubt that tuberculous cattle
are extensively distributed through the dairies of the State, forming
centres of infection in their respective herds ; that the milk from such
cattle is bad, and, in many cases, though not acting perniciously upon
all who partake of it, is still sufficiently dangerous to warrant as
earnest precautions and as effective prophylactic measures as in the
case of small pox, typhoid and cholera.

While this Board does not for a moment contend that animal
tuberculosis is the main cause of consumption in the human
family, it is, however, an element of danger that should be
removed.

The Tuberculin Test.

As so many descriptions of tuberculin and the method of
using it as a diagnostic agent in tuberculosis among neat cattle
have been recently published by the agricultural experiment sta-
tions throughout the various States and in the newspapers from
Maine to California, it hardly seems to be desirable in this report
to give a minute description of its nature and manufacture.

Briefly speaking, tuberculin is a product of the bacillus tuber-
culosis. It is prepared by making what is known in the labor-
atory as a pure culture of the bacillus in a proper fluid medium.
These cultivated bacilli are allowed to arow for a certain lenoth
of time, during which they produce their peculiar product,
w^hich is known as tuberculin. This tuberculin mixes with the
medium in which the bacilli have been orown, and at this stao;e
the fluid is .sterilized, that is to say, it is subjected to a tem-
perature of 212° F. for a sufficient length of time, to absolutely
kill any germs that may be in it. The mixture is then put into
a porcelain filter, wdiich is not unlike a rather large candle in
appearance. The contents of the filter are then, in a proper

38 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

way, subjected to an exhaust pressure of sufficient force to strain
the purely fluid parts of the contents out through the porcelain.
This filtered fluid does not contain any of the bacilli. The fluid
is next properly evaporated, which drives ofl' the surplus water
and concentrates the tuberculin. When this concentration
reaches a certain point the fluid is carefully bottled, under con-
ditions which absolutely prevent the introduction of any germ,
in order that it may be kept unchanged. When the fluid is to
be used it is properly diluted to a certain standard and again
carefully bottled.

In making the test, a very small quantity of this tuberculin
is injected under the skin of the animal, three drops of the
concentrated tuberculin, or thirty drops of a ten per cent, solu-
tion, from whence it immediately enters the blood. Experience
has shown — and this is the value of the test — that if this very
small dose is injected into an animal which already has tuber-
culosis, it is sufficient to produce a fever in the animal ; that if
the animal is free from tuberculosis, — that is, if the living
bacilli of tuberculosis are not in its system, — the dose injected
is not sufficient in quantity to make any impression whatever,
and is promptly eliminated.

Whether or not the fever has been created in a given animal
by the tuberculin is demonstrated by the proper use of the
clinical thermometer and a careful study of the tabulated results
obtained ; and so accurate are its results, that we have been
able to make hundreds of consecutive examinations upon ani-
mals, under ordinary farm conditions, without a single error.

Our method of making the test is invariable : a sufficient num-
ber of preliminary examinations are made with the thermometer
to ascertain accurately the normal temperature of the given
animal, these examinations being made at, as nearly as possible,
the same time of day in all cases. The normal temperatures
having been ascertained and recorded, the injection of tuber-
culin is made in the evening. Eleven hours after the injection
we commence taking and recording the trial temperatures.
These are taken each two hours until the test is finished. The
time required to properly complete this part of the test varies
considerably ; it may roughly be stated a.i from six to thirty
hours, with an average of about twelve hours. It may be of
interest to show the behavior of the thermometer in one of these

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

39

cases, as recorded upon the clinical chart such as is commonly
used in the work of this Board. Such a chart is as follows : —

TIME
OF DAY

107

106

Id

q:

<

u
a.

2,

LJ

05'

04'

03

102

101

100

CLINICAL CHART.

7RM.

6 AM

QAM.

10 A.M.

I2M.

2RM.

4RM.

6RM.

8 P.M.

^ — -■

. — ^

1— J

^

-^

^^v^

' — -

-....^ ^

/

v^

/

\

/

\

/

\

/

\

/

/

/

/

V

\

\

\

THE INJECTION WAS MADE AT 7P.M.

This animal was condemned and found tuberculous.

Inquiry is frequently made as to how many degrees of rise
are considered to surely indicate the presence of the disease in
a given animal This question is one that cannot be easily
answered in an off-hand way, and it is not safe to condemn an
animal unless the temperature table has first been carefully
studied. The reaction caused by the tuberculin is so plainly
marked in by far the greater number of the cases under the
usual conditions^ that the animal may be condemned or re-
leased with absolute certainty, providing the necessary care has
been observed in making up the table. On the other hand, a
careful study of the tabulated tests appended to this report will
show the exact nature of many of the difficulties and the com-
plexity of some of the problems submitted to the examiner.
While the testimony of those who have had the most experi-

40 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

ence in using tuberculin, as a diagnostic agent among neat
cattle, is universally and emphatically in its favor, there are
those who, upon the slightest sort of experience or upon theo-
retical grounds, or upon no grounds whatever, condemn it as
being so uncertain in its action that it is practically useless ;
and they advance the most senseless arguments to defend this
position, as, for example, "Koch, when he invented tubercu-
lin, did not intend it for this work, but as a cure for consump-
tion in human beings " This is true ; but when it was being
used for this purpose so largely, just after its discovery, it was
noticed that in every consumptive patient to which the agent
was administered there was a decided rise in temperature after
a few hours.

This fact was seized upon by Professor Gutman of the Vet-
erinar}'' Institute of Dorpat, Russia, w^ho experimented with the
agent on cattle, and found the high reaction in tubercular ani-
onals to be fully as constant ; since which time tuberculin has
been used with almost uniform satisfaction in the detection of
tuberculosis in cattle. "Bollinger says tuberculin is a most
valuable aid to diagnosis in the case of cattle suspected of tuber-
culosis." (London Veterinary Journal, February, 1891.)

Satisfactory results have been reported by the imperial sani-
tary office of Berlin, by the Toulouse Veterinary School and by
the Copenhagen Veterinary School.

The Belgium minister of agriculture issued a circular Nov.
22, 1 892, giving official sanction to test inoculation for tuber-
culosis. Professor Dukerhorf says : " The results are absolute
and gratifying, and show that tuberculin is a reliable agent for
determining the presence of tuberculosis in cattle." (Journal
Comparative Medicine, October, 1892, page 637.)

The conclusions arrived at by the Paris Congress of 1893 for
the study of tuberculosis were: "That, notwithstanding the
negative results, which are happily very rare, it is an undeni-
able fact that the use of tuberculin constitutes by far the best
means of detecting the existence of tuberculosis in the domestic
animals." (Page 411, F. Journal, December, 1893.)

The value of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent in our own country
is vouched for by the Bureau of Animal Industry, Professor Law
of Cornell, Professor Pierson of the University of Pennsylvania,
Drs. Peters, Faust and Cooper Curtis, inspectors for the New

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 41

York State Board of Health, and J. J. McKcnsie of the Pro-
vincial Board of Health. The experiment stations of Canada,
Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wis-
consin and Minnesota have used it with convincing results.
Quotations might be made from the reports of many investiga-
tors, American and foreign ; but the following, taken from the
Vermont Bulletin No. 42, may suffice : —

' ' We shall now stop publishing reports on tuberculin in the
Berlin Veterinary Weekly unless they contain some new facts
or views. Since the publication of the reports of the extensive
experiments of the royal health office, we may regard the ques-
tion of the value of tuberculin in the diagnosis of tuberculosis
of cattle as settled. The proof which has been presented to our
readers is more than sufficient. The results are absolute and
gratifying, and show that tuberculin is a reliable agent for de-
termining the presence of tuberculosis in cattle."

It will therefore readily be seen that the use of tuberculin as
a means of detecting the existence of tuberculosis in cattle has
become general, notwithstanding the fact that for the purpose
for which it was originally intended it has fallen into entire
disuse.

It is only comparatively a few years (1882) since the fact was
discovered and generally accepted that tuberculosis — that is,
consumption — is a contagious disease, and that it is due in all
cases to the presence of a particular germ, the bacillus tuber-
culosis.

Among people who have not given the matter of this disease
any special study or attention, there is a misapprehension to a
greater or less extent as to the nature of the disease and its con-
tagion. In order that a given subject may become afflicted with
tuberculosis, generally speaking, there must be two conditions ;
first, the presence of the bacillus ; and, second, a receptive con-
dition of the individual. No matter what the condition of the
individual is, it is impossible to have the disease unless the germ
is present. Practically speaking, it is also true that in a great
majority of cases the presence of the germ wall not produce the
disease unless the subject is in a condition which is favorable to
the germination of the bacillus. Because of the existence of
the germ, we are enabled to determine, by the use of tubercu-=
lin, the presence of the disease in the individual.

42 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

While the commission, by destroying tuberculous animals,
are removing the sources of contagion, and thus to a greater
or less extent removing the dangers of causing consumption
among human beings, from the very fact that this same disease
exists in human beings, where the same methods cannot be pur-
sued, no system for eradicating the disease can be perfect
unless the other element in producing this disease is also con-
sidered and dealt with ; that is, not only should the animals
which are afflicted with this disease be destroyed, but methods
should be adopted which shall reduce to a minimum the number
of animals which are in the receptive condition.

Experience has shown that sound, healthy cattle may be in
the presence of the germ without contracting the disease ;
whereas other animals, subjected to the same conditions and
presumably not subjected to any greater amount of this conta-
gious principle, have become well-marked cases of tuberculosis.
The reason for this is plain that it is due to the condition of the
animal exposed to the contagion. If, therefore, greater care is
taken to preserve the general vigor of neat stock, it will have a
very material effect upon the percentage of tuberculous animals
throughout the Commonwealth. It must be remembered in
this connection that, scientifically speaking, tuberculosis or
consumption is, except in possibly extremely rare cases, not
directly inherited. Theoretically speaking, therefore, every
animal which is born, if the conditions are otherwise equal, is
given an equal opportunity of escaping this disease ; but the
great difficulty with this is, that if the calves are born from
tuberculous parents two conditions are apt to be present : first,
that their organisms lack vigor, because the constitution of the
parents has been sapped by the presence of this disease in
them ; and, second, because from the moment of their birth,
when weak, not only from their inherited condition, but from
the mere fact of, their tender age, they are exposed to the
influence of the contagious germs present in the body of the
mother ; hence it is that such a large number of cases of tuber-
culosis are apparently inherited, and hence the danger of
breeding from tuberculous stock.

Another large class of tuberculous patients comes from the
treatment of animals in dairies, due to not observing proper sani-
tary arrangements ; not taking sufficient care as to the quality

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 43

and quantity of the air which the stock is allowed to breathe ;
not giving them sutlicient sun-light and exercise ; feeding the
animals with too large a quantity of stimulating grain, in order
that the milk supply may be increased to its utmost limit ; by
too frequent breeding ; and all causes of a like nature which
tend to reduce the vigor of the parent stock. The reasons why
the neat stock in this State is subjected to these conditions,
which we have before referred to, is principally due to the fact
that a large proportion of the stock in the State is kept for
dairy purposes, where the owner desires to make them yield as
large an annual profit both in milk and calves as possible.

Having this one object in view, and without a due considera-
tion of the effect of this upon the health of the stock, the dairymen
have been for years advised to treat the animals in the way be-
fore described. It is another noteworthy fact that tuberculous
cows are exceedingly apt to yield large quantities of milk ; and,
as this is the object for which a great proportion of the cows
are kept, it follows that the calves of these diseased animals
are very apt to be the ones that are reared for future dairy pur-
poses.

It is another fact of comparatively recent discovery, but of
undoubted truth, that the use of milk and meat from diseased
animals as food is a source of a probable large proportion of
the consumption which exists in mankind.

The difficulties of the situation from the stand-point of the
veterinarian have heretofore centred around the fact that many
animals having every appearance of perfect health, with bright
eyes, smooth coats, good appetites, giving large quantities of
milk or putting on fat easily, — in fact, performing all their func-
tions apparently perfectly, — were very frequently found in the
slaughter houses or, when they died from accident, to be tuber-
culous ; and it was a well-known fact that an animal might be
tuberculous and still not present the slightest external symp-
toms of it to the most skilled observer. Under these circum-
stances, it was obvious that, in the light of the experience at
that time, unless all the animals in the herd where tuberculosis
was known to exist were killed, there could be no certainty
that all of the centres of contagion in that herd would be
removed.

These were the conditions at the time when the peculiar

44 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

property of tuberculin, to which we have already referred,
was discovered. In view of the manifold difficulties and errors
which arose with the use of the physical test, it does not seem
to be a good argument to say that tuberculin should not be
used as a test because it is occasionally found to cause an error
in the diagnosis ; nor should this fact, if fact it be, be allowed
to interfere with its general use in proper hands, as a means
of identifying tuberculous animals. Any intelligent man must
readily agree with the commission in thinking that it is better
that an occasional animal which is free from the disease should
be destroyed (as the law provides that when an animal is de-
stroyed, and is found, upon post-mortem examination, to be free
from the disease for which it was condemned, the owner shall
receive a reasonable sum from the Commonwealth) than that
many of those having the disease should be allowed to live to
sow the germs of this incurable disease broadcast, not only
among others of their kind, but among human beings. There
is no doubt whatever that very many of the errors which have
been charged to tuberculin should rather be placed to the lack
of experience, errors in judgment, or the occasional careless-
ness of those making the tests. This is to be expected. It is
an inseparable -condition attending the situation, which, as the
experience ripens and extends, will become a factor of less and
less importance, because it will be of less frequent occurrence,
and should be thoroughly considered before attempting to ar-
rive at the conclusion that the remedy is valueless.

Before leaving the subject of tuberculin and its application
in the field as a means of determining the existence of tubercu-
losis, it may be of value in this connection to consider some of
the objections which have been raised against it.

The commission is not unmindful of the fact that the applica-
tion of this test to the extent that it has been used in Massa-
chusetts is comparatively new, that it has been used in localities
throughout the State more or less scattered, and where the com-
munities have not followed closely the several steps which have
led up to its adoption, and they are, therefore, not surprised
that its introduction into general use has met with diverse
opinions as to its merits. The commission, however, is very
glad to say that, as a whole, its adoption has met with popular
approval; that by far the greater number of criticisms have

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 45

been in favor of the method established ; not only have favor-
able criticisms been met with throughout the length and breadth
of this Commonwealth, but the matter has been followed out
with keen interest in the adjoining States, and has there met
the almost universal commendation. The criticisms have usu-
ally come from persons not having a full knowledge of the
subject, or from those who, owning apparently healthy stock
which have not indicated the slightest external symptoms of
being tubercular, and which are apparently performing all the
functions of their lives with at least their normal regularity,
have had such cattle, after being tested with this agent, con-
demned and killed as tuberculous. It is not to be wondered
at that such persons should look with considerable doubt upon
the efficiency of an agent which was apparently robbing them
of their property.

It is now proposed to briefly take up some of those objec-
tions to the use of tuberculin which have recently been put
forward, and to answer the argument contained in them.

Aeguments.

It is said, "The intelligent physician of to-day does not
need tuberculin or any other drug to enable him to make a cor-
rect diagnosis of tuberculous disease in the human subject ; "
from which it is argued that there is no need to use the agent
for this purpose in the bovine species.

This is a fallacious argument, for it is not true that the intel-
ligent physician of to-day can in all cases correctly diagnose
the existence of tuberculosis in the human being by means of
a physical examination. Tuberculosis, whether in the human
being or in animals, is a germ disease, and may be located in any
organ or tissue of the body ; it is true that in perhaps a majority
of the cases the lungs are affected, and that it is a comparatively
easy matter to diagnose a case of pulmonary tuberculosis. Un-
der these circumstances, with a human being, the practitioner
is able, by using the stethoscope, to accurately examine all
parts of the chest and the action of the different respiratory
movements at his own will ; he has to deal with a voluntary
agent, who is able to assist him in his work very materially.
Such an agent can be directed to breathe in, to breathe out, to
arrest the motion of breathing, to couo-h when he is asked, to

46 • CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jani

make diiferent sounds, and to otherwise exercise the functions
of his lungs and vocal chords. In addition to this, it is a
simple matter for the practitioner to obtain specimens of the
sputum, which may then be easily subjected to a laboratory
examination, that the presence of the bacillus may be deter-
mined ; in other words, every facility is given to the practitioner
to assist him in properly arriving at a conclusion. If, however,
the seat of the disease is in other portions of the body, as, for
instance, in some of the organs contained within the abdominal
cavity, it is oftentimes very much more difficult to arrive at a
positive diagnosis ; in fact, cases have gone on for years, and
Iiave been treated by skilled practitioners for dyspepsia and
other intestinal disorders, and not until after a post-mortem
■examination has it been known that the origin of the trouble
was tuberculosis.

When, however, the examiner turns from the human being
to the animal, an entirely different problem is presented. Here
again actual experience has shown that it is only in a portion
of the cases that the disease takes the form of pulmonary tuber-
culosis. Even in this case the examiner is met with a multi-
tude of obstacles. He has not an intelligent voluntary agent
to deal with, who can assist him in his examination by any of
the methods before described. The examination of the lungs
is made much more difficult because these organs are deeply
seated, covered by large masses of flesh, and the wdiole body is
closely covered with hair.

In addition to this, experience has shown that, while in a
very large number of cases the disease is firmly established,
yet the evidence of it in the lungs may be so slight as to make
it impossible for the examiner, under the conditions presented,
to detect its existence. In fact, the lungs of a neat creature
must be very considerably diseased before the fact can be ascer-
tained by physical examination.

The commission has found, upon post-mortem examination,
animals with well-marked lesions of tuberculosis in various
parts of the body, while the lungs were entirely free. An
extremely instructive case of this sort was met with recently.
An animal responded to the tuberculin test, and was condemned.
Upon post-mortem examination the only lesion of the disease
which could be detected was situated underneath the skin,

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 47

deeply along the outer side of the left hind leg, extending from
the gambrel to the pastern joint. Here numerous collections
of the peculiar product of the disease were found scattered over
the entire length described. In this case, for instance, it would
have been impossible to pronounce the animal a case of tuber-
culosis had it not been for the tuberculin.

Another argument frequently adduced against the use of
tuberculin is that the disease is not any more prevalent to-day
than it was fifty years ago. What the conclusion is to be drawn
from this statement, it is difficult to say. It is not claimed by
the commission that the tuberculin is a proper agent because of
the increased prevalence of the disease ; but, even if the disease
does not exist to-day any more than it did fifty 3'ears ago,
there is no reason why every effort should not be made to seek
out and remove that which does exist, now that science has
placed means for doing so in our hands. In regard to the state-
ment of the existence of the disease, as compared with fifty
years ago, it is impossible to say whether it is true or false.
No reliable statistics have ever existed, or do exist, to show the
prevalence of this disease among animals ; and it is only since
the discovery of the peculiar faculty of tuberculin that the
problem of eradicating the disease from among neat cattle could
be seriously considered.

If tuberculin is as efficient as this commission, and others
who have used it in large quantities, believe it to be, it simply
puts in our hands an accurate means of determining the exis-
tence of the disease. As this agent has not been used before,
and as its use has proved conclusively that the disease may exist
to a marked extent in animals which show no external symp-
toms of it, it is not a proper comparison to place its declarations
beside those coming from a simple physical examination, except
to say that it is a much more reliable method in determining the
existence of the disease.

Another argument used against tuberculin and the present
policy of the State in endeavoring to eradicate the disease by
the destruction of the centres of contagion, is contained in the
statement that, " while tuberculosis was on the increase (in the
bovine race), consumption, the same disease in the human race,
was on the decrease."

In the first place, as there have never been any statistics, it is

48 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

impossible to say whether or not tuberculosis is on the increase
in the bovine race. We are simply finding more cases of it
because we are using a better means of detecting it.

It is true, however, that in certain localities statistics show
that the percentage of deaths from consumption in the human
race are on the decrease. The cause for this decrease is ap-
parent to any person who has properly studied the problem.
Statistics show that the deaths from consumption in these locali-
ties (where statistics have been accurately kept) were for a cer-
tain time on the increase, and then within very recent years
they began to decrease. This decrease was coincident with the
adoption by boards of health and other proper authorities of the
theory of the contagiousness of the disorder, and the consequent
strenuous efforts made to eliminate this element of its spread by
scattering broadcast among the people full information as to the
better methods of preventing the extension of contagious dis-
eases and of maintaining health. The fact that, with the adop-
tion of this view and these methods, this most insidious disease
has commenced to decrease in frequency, is most encouraging.

It is further stated (as an argument against the eradication
of this disease by the methods adopted by the commission) that
"In three of the Southern cities, where milk is used but little
as a beverage, and consequently, to follow the arguments of the
commissioners and scientists, the death rate from consumption
should be low, it was 162 in Nashville, 144 in Charleston and
121 in New Orleans, — greater than in many of the largest milk-
consuming centres of the North." This is based upon the
erroneous supposition that it is claimed by this commission and
those interested in this work that the source of consumption is
in all cases directly traceable to the use of milk. This is one
of the many sources of infection. It is a mere distributer of the
germs of contagion, and, as has already been stated, in order to
produce the disease there must be a receptive condition of the
individual. Conditions of life in the South are far different
from those in the North ; and until all of the different condi-
tions have been carefully studied and given their proper place
in the consideration, the mere statement of the percentage of
death rates within the limits of these Southern cities is of no
value whatever.

It is further stated that ' ' the germ or tuberculosis is pos-

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 49

sessed of great vitality, and the thorough disinfection of barns
is an impossibility ; as a result, as has already been the experi-
ence of some, when barns are restocked the disease will in all
likelihood spread afresh. What use, then, in spending enor-
mous sums of money and burdening the State with an expense
that will not result in permanent good ? "

No fair deduction can be drawn from these facts, because,
until the new stock which are put into such barns have been
proved to be free from the disease by the use of tuberculin or
other proper method, which has never yet been adopted, it is
impossible to say whether the existence of the disease in the
stock is due to the germs contained in the building or is already
in the body of the new animals which have been introduced.

It must be remembered that this work is comparatively new,
and it has not been proved that it is impossible to properly dis-
infect buildings so as to remove the germs. Not only is the
Board endeavoring to eradicate the sources of contagion by
the destruction of the animals aifected, but it is also endeavor-
ing to disinfect the premises where the contagion has been
found and from which all the diseased animals have been
removed. As a matter of fact, within the experience of mem-
bers of the commission it has happened that a large herd of
cattle were examined with tuberculin ; that a number of the
animals, being all that were found diseased, were removed and
killed ; that the barns were thoroughly disinfected ; and that
the animals which had been destroyed were replaced from time
to time by others which had been subjected to the tuberculin
test, and found to l)e sound, before being allowed to enter the
stable. After a period of nine months the entire herd was
again examined with tuberculin, and not a single case of tuber-
culosis was found among them.

It has further been stated, by a person of some prominence
in the veterinary profession, that "the real tuberculosis is
only found in a few worn-out cows. For years such cows
have been killed whenever found, and it does not necessitate
any injection or other test to spot them. I venture to say that
no cow that has been killed by the State agents for the past
year has been a sufferer from tuberculosis."

If ' ' the real tuberculosis is only found in a few worn-out
cows," it is true that it does not necessitate any injection or

50 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

other test to " spot them." Such cases are simple, and a per-
son having no more than a small amount of skill may easily
detect them by physical examination. That the statement is
not true, however, will be at once granted by any person who
has given this matter any attention, for they must be satisfied,
as a matter of principle, that any germ disease must have its
incipient and early stages.

As to the statement that " no cow which has been killed by
the State agents the past year has been a sufferer from tuber-
culosis," statistics of the commission absolutely show its falsity.
In the first place, up to the fourth day of October of this year
all animals killed were condemned upon a physical exami-
nation ; and yet this writer admits that tuberculosis may be
determined by such physical examination. As to those which
have been killed relying upon tuberculin as a test, any person
who has followed out the work of the commission and has been
present at the post-mortem examinations (which are always
performed publicly) can attest to the incorrectness of this
statement. The public are always offered every facility to be
present at the post-mortem examinations ; in fact, the owners
of the majority of the cattle that have been killed have them-
selves, or through their agents, been present ; and the com-
mission is very glad to say that in all but a few of the instances
it has been able to clearly demonstrate to the satisfaction of
such owners, who are clearly the persons most interested in
proving the inaccuracy of the test, that the disease has been
present and sufficiently well marked to be recognized by the
ordinary individual with the ordinary means of observation ;
and the commission has had in its experience many cases where
it has been obliged to destroy neat stock of persons who were,
up to that time, most hostile to the use of this test, who, hav-
ing been present at the post-mortem examinations, and seeing
for themselves the internal evidences of the disease, have
become its strongest advocates.

Another argument against the use of tuberculin is a statement
as to its inaccuracy, based upon the earlier work of this com-
mission in testing animals brought into the Brighton and A^^ater-
town markets for sale. It is true, as has been shown previously
in this report, that niistakes were made in condemning the ani-
mals there, based upon the tuberculin test ; but this error was

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 51

not due to tuberculin, but to other causes which have been
ah'eady discussed.

Another argument adduced against the use of this agent is,
*' Some who are as good authority as any declare the injection
of tuberculin to be dangerous, as well as useless." We have
already shown that it is not useless in detecting the disease ;
that it is dangerous is yet to be shown by actual facts. With
the thousands and thousands of doses of tuberculin that have
been used in this way in this State and through this country
and in Europe during the past four years, there is yet to come
the first authentic account of any injury that has been done with
it to healthy animals, when its use has been in competent hands.
A statement of this importance should not be given weight un-
less it is accompanied with facts proving its accuracy. No such
facts have ever yet been brought forward by any person ; and
these statements usually emanate from sources that have given
the matter but little attention. An examination of the method
by which tuberculin is prepared will show that it is impossible
for it to produce the disease, and that it has not done so, the
experience of the commission and many others in the field have
clearly proved.

It is further said, " To kill a good, healthy cow, because it
may have a small tubercle the size of a pea somewhere in the
system, is worse than a blunder." Can it be said that a cow
which is tuberculous, though there may be but "one tubercle
the size of a pea," is a good, healthy cow, and incapable of dis-
seminating the disease to others ? Tuberculosis is a contagious
disease, and if an animal has one tubercle in it, who will say
that the blood is not already contaminated? Experience has
satisfied this commission that there is but one course to pursue,
and that is to destroy all of the animals in which tuberculosis
is present, regardless of the degree.

It is further said that ' ' The worst thing that can be said
about the tuberculin test is that it is no judge of the degree of
the disease, and that, while its indications are correct in a great
majority of cases, it frequently says that the disease exists when
it is in such an incipient form that the animals are apparently
well and capable, under usual conditions, for many years of
useful service." The use of the tuberculin is merely for the
purpose of detecting the existence of the disease ; in the opinion

52 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

of the commission, the degree of the disease is of no impor-
tance. An animal where the disease is present is not capable,
in the opinion of the Board, of any years of useful service. To
be sure, it may live for years, it may perform its ordinary func-
tions to a profitable extent, if the owner is allowed to sell its
products, but it is nevertheless a source of menace to the health
of the community. There is, therefore, but one course to pur-
sue with such an animal, and that is to destroy it.

A great majority of the objections to the work of the com-
mission in connection with the destruction of animals is based
upon the question of what remuneration the owner shall receive
for the animal destroyed. This question will be taken up at
length in another portion of the report.

Milk from Tuberculous Cows.

One of the main purposes indirectly to be accomplished by
the work which the commission is now doing in destroying
tuberculous cattle is to purify the milk supply of the State.
Some complaints have come to the attention of the commission
in relation to the milk supply of the State in its relation to
tuberculosis, which are worthy of attention. It is said,
*' Why, then, should the tillers of the soil be taken during their
dull moments of toil and placed in the balances with the entire
remainder of the State's individual wealth, and so be made to
stand one-half the loss of their cows, and also taxed to help
the State pay the other half, and at the same time allow any
kind of milk sent into the State from other States for general
family use ? Is our tuberculosis any more deadly than that of
Vermont or New Hampshire, or does Massachusetts owe her
farmers a grudge, and intend to put them into the pauper
list?"

So far as this complaint is intended to apply to the work of the
Cattle Commission, they can only say that directly the whole mat-
ter is without their control. There is no law in this State which
puts into the hands of the Board of Cattle Commissioners the
right to regulate the sale of milk within this Commonwealth,
whether such milk be derived from cows within the State, or
whether it be brought, as milk, into the State, having been
derived from cattle without its limits. The question of the
regulation of the milk supply within this State, in connection

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 53

with tuberculosis, is a matter worthy of the attention of your
honorable body.

So far as this Board is aware, the only restrictions placed
upon the sale of milk are those in connection with its being up
to a certain standard in quality. This matter is entirely within
the control of the boards of health, and the Board of Cattle
Commissioners have nothing to do with it. There is no law in
this State regulating the sale of milk from tuberculous ani-
mals, and no steps have been taken heretofore by the State to
test milk sold in the markets for the purposes of ascertaining
whether it contains the germs of tuberculosis ; that such milk,
derived from a tuberculous cow, may contain such germs, has
been demonstrated beyond question ; and that it thus may be a
source of danger to the public health is equally true.

As a practical question, it is extremely difficult to ascertain
surely in any given specimen of milk whether or not the bacilli
are present. There are two methods used for testing milk for
these germs, — one a microscopic examination of the milk, the
other the inoculation of other animals, usually guinea pigs, with
specimens of the milk, to see whether they will develop the
disorder. It is impossible to test the milk of this State, in any
appreciable quantity in comparison with the daily consumption,
in either of these ways ; and the only practical method of assur-
ing the delivery of milk that is free from tuberculosis is to go
to the fountain head of the matter, and see that the cows from
which the milk is derived are themselves free from disease.

As this commission has no control over the cattle without the
limits of the Commonwealth, it naturally follows that, as the law
is to-day, it can only purify that portion of the milk supply
which is derived from the cows within the limits of the Com-
monwealth ; and there is, therefore, a great deal of justice in
the complaint that, while the dairymen of this State are sub-
jected to a rigorous inspection of their cattle, which will in the
end insure the production of milk that is free from the germs
of tuberculosis, it is also true that large quantities of milk is
being sold in this State from cows over which the State has no
control, because they are kept outside its limits, and which are
as likely to be tuberculous as are the cows of Massachusetts.

If the work of the commission is to continue, as it is now
carried on, it may be said that it is not unlikely that the milk
brought from without the limits of the State will be even more

54 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

liable to be contaminated than it is at present ; because, under
the quarantine orders now established, all neat cattle brought
into this State from without its limits, except those that are in
transit or for purposes of immediate slaughter, are subjected to
a rigorous examination, which results, if they prove to be tuber-
culous, in their destruction without compensation. As a conse-
quence, onl}^ the better class of cattle from the neighboring
States are being brought into this State for sale. Assuming
that the average condition of the cows in the neighboring States
is the same as throughout this Commonwealth, the natural re-
sult of this will be that the poorer cattle, including the known
consumptives, will be left at home, to become to some extent
the natural sources of our foreign milk supply.

A careful consideration of this matter will show that no abso-
lute protection in this direction can be afforded to our people
unless the sale of milk and similar products within this State,
but derived from animals from without its limits, is regulated
in some more efficient manner.

One difficulty of this problem is the question of how far any
proper regulation to correct this evil would be an unlawful
interference with interstate commerce. The possibilities of suc-
cessfully enacting such a law is shown by the fact that the
supreme court of the United States has recently sustained the
law of this Commonwealth regulating the sale within its limits
of oleomargarine colored in imitation of butter which has been
manufactured without its limits.*

On the other hand, the difficulty of the problem may be
appreciated by considering the fact that the same court held that
the following statute of Indiana was unconstitutional, as an un-
lawful interference with interstate commerce, f

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of
Indiayia, That it shall be unlawful to sell, or offer or expose for sale,
in any incorporated city within this state, beef, mutton, veal, lamb or
pork for human food, except as hereinafter provided, which has not
been inspected alive within the county by an inspector or his deputy
duly appointed by the authorities of said county in which such beef,
mutton, veal or pork is intended for consumption, and found by such
inspector to be pure, healthy and merchantable ; and for every such
offence the accused, after conviction, shall be fined not more than two
hundred dollars nor less than ten dollars.

* Commonwealth v. Plumley, December, 1894 t Miunesota v. Barber, 136 U. S. 313.

1895.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

55

Glandees.
While the main work of the commission has been devoted to
tuberculosis, considerable work has also been done on the mat-
ter of glanders and farcy. Almost the entire time of Commis-
sioner O'Connell has been consumed in going over the State in
response to the numerous calls of the local inspectors and others
to examine reported cases of glanders and farcy. The method
pursued in the case of this disease is the same as heretofore.
During the past year the office has received reports of two
hundred and thirty animals suspected of being affected with
glanders or farcy. All of these have been attended to, and as
a result one hundred and sixty animals have been condemned
and destroyed. This disease has been found in the past year in
the followino; cities and towns : —

Amesbury,

Arlington,

Ashland,

Bedford,

Belmont,

Boston,

Brookline,

Brockton,

Cambridge,

Canton,

Chelmsford,

Chelsea,

Chicopee,

Concord,

Dudley,

East Bridgewater,

Everett,

Enfield,

Foxborongh,

Franklin,

Gardner,

Grafton,

Greenfield,

Harvard,

Haverhill,

Holyoke,

Hopkinton,

Huntington,

Lawrence,

Leominster,

Lexington,

Ludlow,

Lynn,

Maiden,

Marlborough,

Melrose,

Methuen,

Millbury,

Needham,

Newton,

Northampton,

Northborough,

North Westport,

Norwood,

Peabody,

Eock Bottom,

Salem,

Somerset,

Somerville,

Stoneham,

Stougbton,

Southbridge,

Springfield,

Stow,

Swampscott,

Taunton,

Tewksbury,

Westborough,

West Boylston,

West Bridgewater,

Westport,

Whitman,

Worcester.

In the report of the commission of last year the attention of
the Legislature was called to the fact that there was no adequate
provision for inspecting animals suspected of being affected with
glanders or farcy, the law of that time as to the inspection of
animals applying only to tuberculous cattle ; and they recom-
mended that the law be chano-ed so as to direct that the local

56 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

inspectors of cattle should also examine any horses that for any
reason they may at any time suspect of having glanders or
farcy. This recommendation was favorably acted upon by the
Legislature, and was incorporated in section 4 of the Acts of
1894, which provided that the inspectors "shall also make,
from time to time, inspections of all other domestic animals
within the limits of their several cities and towns, whenever
they have knowledge or reason to suspect that such animals are
affected with or have been exposed to any contagious disease ; "
and the Board feel that the fact that glanders is now reported
from a larger number of localities is because the local inspec-
tors have been on the lookout for this disease. The owners of
horses killed as being glandered receive no compensation for
animals destroyed, the law in this respect being the same this
year as heretofore.

The great difficulty in getting rid of glanders lies in the
fact that it does not always declare its presence in the animal
certainly and surely, and that, even when an animal is known
to be affected, he is not reported or otherwise safely disposed
of, because he is very frequently able to work satisfactorily,
and the owner does not care to become a public benefactor to
the extent of the amount invested in the animal. This, how-
ever, probably always arises because the danger to the lives and
property of others is not fully appreciated by him. There is
considerable reason for believing that before much longer, and
by the help of an agent called mallein, we shall be able to make
as safe and sure a diagnosis in the presence of this disease as
we are now able to make in the presence of tuberculosis ; and
when this time comes, as it probably will in the very near
future, this problem will become infinitely less complex, and we
shall be able to afford Massachusetts horse owners a practical
immunity from a disease which has for years been a very costly
one to them.

There have been no outbreaks in this State, so far as the
Board has knowledge, of other diseases mentioned in the act,
except some small amount of hog cholera, of which twenty-five
outbreaks in as many herds have been reported and quarantined.
Whenever notice of an outbreak of this kind is received, a letter
is written to the inspector of the town in which it has occurred,

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 57

giving him full directions as to how the herd should be man-
aged. The sick animals are ordered to be carefully separated
from the diseased ones, certain other sanitary precautions are
advised, and the matter is then left to the management of the
local inspector and the owner of the herd in which the out-
breaks have occurred. As this is a curable disease, the commis-
sion believes that such a procedure as this one is all that is
required.

Laboratory.

Since October, 1892, the Board have constantly felt the need
of having a pathological examination made of certain portions
of animals that have been sent to them from the diflerent
inspectors throughout the State ; questions that could not be
answered except as a result of laboratory examinations of such
portions ; and it has been their custom since that time to refer
all questions of this sort to Professor Whitney at the patholog-
ical laboratory of the Harvard Medical School. As the work
has gone on, the number of these examinations that it was
found necessary to have made increased considerably, so much
so that under former arrangements the entailed expense was
becoming considerable. In view of this fact, together with the
fact that a great deal of valuable time was lost in sending
specimens over to the laboratory and in receiving replies con-
cerning them, it was determined by the Board to establish a
laboratory which should be entirely under its own control, and
the third floor of the building in which their offices are located
was obtained, and has been fitted up for this purpose.

Payment for Animals Destroyed.
One of the most important provisions in the law enacted by
the Legislature in 1894 relates to the payment of compensation
to the owners of neat stock which are destroyed by order of
this Board as afl'ected with tuberculosis. This provision in-
volves a radical change in the policy of the State in these
matters, growing out of a better understanding of the hardships
which the agricultural citizens of this State might suffer when
radical measures for the suppression of this disease were put
into operation, in consequence of the enactment of the law of
1894. The portion of the law of 1894 relating to this matter

58 CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.

is contained in section 45 of chapter 491 of the Acts of 1894,
which is as follows : —

When the board of cattle commissioners or any of its members, by
an examination of a case of contagious disease among domestic
animals, becomes satisfied that the public good requires it, such board
or commissioner shall cause such animal or animals affected therewith
to be securely isolated, at the expense of the owner, or shall cause it
or them to be killed without appraisal or payment. Such order of
killing shall be in writing and may be directed to the board of health,
inspector, or other person, and shall contain such direction as to
the examination and disposal of the carcass, and the cleansing and
disinfecting of the premises where such animal was condemned, as
such board or commission shall deem expedient. A reasonable sum
may be paid out of the treasury of the Commonwealth for the
expense of such killing and burial. If it shall subsequently appear,
upon post-mortem examination or otherwise, that such animal was
free from the disease for which it was condemned, a reasonable sum
therefor shall be paid to the owner thereof by the Commonwealth :'
provided, however, that whenever any cattle afflicted with the disease
of tuberculosis are killed under the provisions of this section, one-half
of the value thereof at the time of slaughter for food or milk pur-
poses, and without taking into consideration the existence of such
disease, shall be paid to the owner thereof out of the treasury of the
Commonwealth, if such animal has been within the state six months
continuously prior to its being killed, provided such person shall not
have, prior thereto, wilfully concealed the existence of tuberculosis,
or by act or wilful neglect contributed to the spread of such disease.

The portion of this section which provides for the payment
of tuberculous animals without taking into consideration tlie
existence of the disease was new to the laws of this Common-
wealth. As this act came into operation the 20th of last June,
this report of the commission also embraces a period from Dec.
15, 1893, to June 20, 1894, when it was operating under a
law, being chapter 306 of the Acts of 1893, which provided,
in section 2, —

When any member of the board of cattle commissioners, by an ex-
amination of a case of contagious disease among domestic animals,
becomes satisfied that the public good requires it, he shall cause such
animals to be securely isolated at the expense of the owner, or he
shall cause them to be killed without appraisal or payment ; but may

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 59

pay the owner or any other person an equitable sum for the killing
and burial thereof, and maj^ also pay a reasonable sum for the ani-
mal destroyed, should it appeal' by post-mortem examination or other
wise that said animal was free from the disease for which it was con-
demned.

Under this law of 1893, which specifically mcluded tuber-
culosis as among contagious diseases, the entire work of the
commission in this matter was in response to calls from the
local inspectors to examine animals which were reported as
quarantined, suspected of being diseased. In this way it con-
demned as tuberculous 529 animals, for which no compensation
was paid to the owner. Since the passage of the act of 1894 the
commission has approved the payment for 810 cattle, condemned
and destroyed as tuberculous, in the total sum of $15,280.45,
making an average payment of $18.86 per head. As this was
simply the payment of one-half of the value for milk or beef
purposes, which had either been agreed upon or valued by arbi-
trators, as provided in the act, it means that the total actual
value for milk or beef purposes of these animals was $37.72,
and that the difference between this value and that paid by the
State, on the theory that the animals at the time of slaughter
are worth to the owner their value for milk or beef purposes,
has been borne by the owner of the animals destroyed.

This section of the law of 1894 is somewhat restricted in
the matter of the payment of compensation, and, as this com-
mission has experienced in its application in the field more or
less misunderstanding as to its meaning, and under what cir-
cumstances the owner receives compensation, it feels that it
should make an explanation as to the construction placed upon
it by the commission in practice.

It must be remembered, as before stated, that prior to the
passage of this act no compensation under any circumstances
was paid to the owner for animals destroyed as affected with
any of the contagious diseases mentioned in the act.

The act of 1894 leaves the law, in all cases except tuberculo-
sis, unchanged ; and therefore, in case of animals destroyed as
affected with any of the other diseases mentioned in the act,
there is no appraisal, and the owner receives from the Com-
monwealth no compensation ; as, for instance, in the case of a
horse destroyed as affected with glanders or farcy, no discretion

60 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

is vested in the commission, and in no case does the owner of
such animal receive any payment for such animal, even though
the horse may be one of great value, no matter how long he
may have been owned within the State, or how innocent such
person may have been in its purchase, or how careful he may
have been to guard against its exposure to such contagion.

As to all cases, however, of animals destroyed under the
provisions of this act where it is subsequently shown by post-
mortem examination or otherwise that the animal condemned
was not afflicted with the disease for which it was destroyed,
the owner receives the actual value of it from the Common-
wealth. While this provision for payment of the actual value
of such animal has been the law for two years prior to the
passage of the 1894 act, no provision was made in these acts
as to how the owner could recover the value of such an animal
if the commission or one of its members maintained that the
animal was diseased. The commission in its report of last year
therefore recommend that some simple provision be made
which should give the owner the right to appeal from the
decision of this Board, and have the matter of the existence of
the disease determined by a disinterested tribunal. An ade-
quate provision for this purpose was therefore made in section
46 of this act, by a petition to the superior court ; and thus
every person is given a fair opportunity to appeal from this
Board to determine in every case whether any animal de-
stroyed by it is actually diseased or not. The commission
deem it important that the existence of this provision be kept
in mind, because, since the adoption of the tuberculin test by
it, which has been discussed in this report, complaints have
been brought to the attention of the commission that it is using
an unreliable test, and, relying solely upon it, animals which
are in fact entirely free from the disease are being killed, and
that thus the owner is receiving only half of its value for
limited purposes, or even in some cases no value whatever ; yet
no owner of any animal destroyed has, up to the making of
this report, ever brought any action under this provision to
review the decision of this Board, and this in itself the commis-
sion feel is a strong endorsement of the accuracy of this test.

This provision as to the payment for tuberculous cattle
authorizes the payment of ' ' one-half value thereof at the time

1895.1 . PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 51. 61

of slaughter for food and milk purposes, and without taking
into consideration the existence of such diseases, if the animal
has been within the State six months continuously prior to its
being killed."

Again, sections 17 to 22 of the law of 1894, which have been
fully discussed previously in this report, provide for the inspec-
tion of animals which are slaughtered for food. In the case of
these inspections, the existence of the disease is pronounced
only upon a post-mortem examination of the carcass after death
by the local inspectors. If the carcass is found to be tubercu-
lous, it is immediately destroyed by the inspector without this
Board's examining such carcass to pronounce upon the exist-
ence of the disease. While this Board does not, therefore, act
directly in the matter, it is true, of course, that the matter of
these inspections is conducted under the general supervision of
the Board, and in such manner as this Board directs. The
owner of all such carcasses destroyed receives no payment from
the State for them, although the animal may have been within
the State six months prior to its being killed, although it may
have been born and bred here, and although the owner may
have exercised every precaution and taken every step reasona-
ble and proper to ascertain the existence of the disease. Under
this section of the act this Board has received the reports of the
destruction of two hundred and fifty carcasses as tuberculous.
This number is not a fair criterion at all of the number of such
carcasses throughout the State, for the reason that the returns
of such inspections to the ofiice are very imperfect ; but the
comparatively small number of such carcasses destroyed leads
the commission to feel that the result of the passage of this por-
tion of the act has been satisfactory, and that those persons who
previously have been in the habit of slaughtering tuberculous
cattle and selling the meat from the same have been obliged to
abandon this business.

This act does not permit the payment for cattle destroyed by
order of this commission unless the animal has been within the
State six months continuously prior to its being killed. Under
this provision the commission have required that before the
payment for any such animal should be approved the owner
should make oath to the fact of such six months' residence.
The form of this oath will be found appended as a part of Form
for killing tuberculous cattle.

62 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

There are many farmers in this State who pasture their cattle
during portions of the summer across the line in neighboring
States ; in which case, although the person may have owned the
animal for years, although it may have been bred in this State,
no compensation is paid unless the animal has been in the State
six months continuously since its return from such pasturage.

The act further provides that the owner shall only receive
compensation for such animals if he " shall not have prior
thereto wilfully concealed the existence of tuberculosis, or by
act or wilful neglect contributed to the spread of such disease."

The Board as yet have not refused the payment for any cattle
destroyed as tuberculous where otherwise they came within the
provisions in this section ; because it is extremely difficult to
ascertain whether the owner has wilfully concealed the existence
of tuberculosis, or by act or wilful neglect has contributed to
the spread of the disease. It is true, of course, that to a cer-
tain extent the owner by bringing cattle from different points
together into one herd does ' ' by act contribute to the spread
of the disease," if in fact any such animals are diseased ; but
this commission has not felt such a literal construction was the
intention of the Legislature, but rather that this provision was
intended merely to prevent the owner receiving compensation
where he fraudulently or wilfully exposed his animals to conta-
gion for the purpose of obtaining payment from the Common-
wealth.

In regard to the amount of the compensation which is paid
for animals destroyed as tuberculous, the commission feel that
a word of explanation should be given. The act provides that
where the animal is in fact tuberculous ' ' one-half of the value
thereof at the time of slaughter for food and milk purposes, and
without taking into consideration the existence of the disease,
shall be paid to the owner thereof," etc. The majority of the
cattle destroyed as tuberculous by this commission have no
greater value than for food or milk purposes ; but, on the other
hand, there are many herds of cattle in this State in many of
which tuberculosis has actually been found present, and where,
therefore, many of the cattle have been destroyed ; and there
are also many others where the commission have reason to be-
lieve a systematic examination by tuberculin, such as contem-
plated by them, will prove the disease to be present where the

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 63

animals have a value greatly in excess of that for food or milk
purposes. These are fancy-bred, high-grade and registered
animals. In case such animals are destroyed by the commis-
sion, while they may possibly have a health value of $500 or
even $1,000, the owner receives one-half of the value, without
taking into consideration any of these special elements.

While this is the basis of valuation in case the animal proves
to be diseased, a different basis of valuation is adopted where
the animal is found free from disease. The reason for this
difference is as follows : If the animal is diseased, the owner
only receives such a value therefor as is provided by the
statute. It is a value based only upon the milk or beef basis;
but where the animal is not diseased, the statute simply pro-
vides that " a reasonable sum therefor shall be paid to the
owner by the Commonwealth."

The reason for this distinction is that, if the animal is free
from disease, it is property taken for the public good, and the
owner, under the constitution, is entitled to the value thereof ;
and in ascertaining that value, as in the case of all other prop-
erty, all facts tending to give the animal a market value must
be taken into consideration, — its pedigree, breed, elements of
peculiar value and everything which would have influence upon
the mind of a buyer in determining the price which he would
pay. Hence, in practice, where the animal is free from disease,
the appraisal is entirely disregarded.

Some doubt has arisen in practice as to the exact method of
determining the value of tuberculous animals under the pro-
vision of the act. The act provides that "one-half the value
thereof at the time of slaughter for food or milk purposes, and
without taking into consideration the existence of such disease,
shall.be paid," etc.

When this section was drawn, it was the intention of the
commission, and it was also understood to be the intention of
the agricultural committee and the Legislature, that this
should simply mean that the basis of value of the animal for
payment by the State should be the animal with all her
apparent infirmities as she stood at the time of slaughter,
simply disregarding the fact that she was then afflicted with
the contagious disease of tuberculosis. Appraisers, however,
have very largely placed a different construction upon this

64 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

clause of the statute, claiming that this means that the basis of
valuation for such payment is the value of the animal as she
would be had she never suffered from the disease. Take, for
example, the case of a tuberculous cow which has been sub-
ject to the disease for years, whose tissues have been destroyed
by it, which has become a bad cougher, has ceased to yield
milk to any great amount, is so thin as to be practically value-
less for beef purposes, which in fact is in the last stages of the
disease, and is what is known as a " frame," — such an animal
in the market, for milk or beef purposes, if the disease was not
known, would bring possibly five to seven dollars ; whereas, if
we are to assume as a basis of valuation for payment by the
State that not only the actual existence of the disease at the
time of slaughter is to be disregarded, but also the effects pro-
duced upon the animal itself because of its having been long a
subject to it, the animal would be valued at forty or fifty
dollars, because, had she never had the disease, she would be a
good, fat cow. The commission feel that this latter is not
the fair construction to be placed upon this act, or the wise
policy to be pursued where compensation is to be paid upon a
health basis ; and they therefore recommend, if this section is
to be construed to mean that the State is to pay for the animal
as though it had never been diseased, that it be so amended as
to limit it so that the valuation to the State shall not be differ-
ent from that of the animal in the open market.

We have thus briefly stated the provisions of the law of 1894
under which this Board has acted since June 20, and the prac-
tical construction placed upon the act by this Board in its appli-
cation to the work which it has been conducting since that time.

The matter of the payment by the State to the owners of ani-
mals destroyed, on a basis of health, is so new to the law of
this State, and, on account of the great increase in the destruc-
tion of animals and the different class of animals which are
reached through the tuberculin test, is so important, this com-
mission feel that your honorable body should carefully consider
the matter of this payment, and determine, in view of this com-
plete change of conditions, the question of what payment should
be made to the owners of animals destroyed as best for the
interest, not only of such owners, but for all of the citizens of
the Commonwealth. This matter has been given considerable

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 65

attention not only in this State but by other States, and the
policy pursued in this direction has varied considerably. There
are, briefly speaking, four solutions of this problem which have
been adopted or seriously advanced : —

First. — The destruction of all animals found actually in-
fected, without any appraisal and without the payment of any
compensation.

Second. — The payment to the owner of the actual value of
the animal at the time of slaughter, based upon an appraisal
which shall take into consideration the existence of the disease
and all other elements of value.

Third. — The payment of one-half apparent or health value
of the animal on a limited basis, disregarding the fact that it is
aflfected with tuberculosis.

Fourth. — The payment of the full value of the animal, ascer-
tained in the same manner.

The Board, in order that it may assist as far as possible,
your honorable body in arriving at a conclusion as to which of
these methods you will adopt, have endeavored to gather to-
gether as much material as was practicable bearing on the
subject. This may be divided into three classes : —

First. — The history of the law in this State on the matter
of compensation of animals destroyed as affected with a con-
tagious disease.

Second. — The arguments which are advanced for and against
the several propositions.

Third. — The laws of other States and jurisdictions bearing
upon the matter of the suppression of these diseases.

History or the Law in this State.

The law of this State on the matter of compensation directly
applying to tuberculosis is extremely recent, for the reason that
until 1892 tuberculosis was not treated by the Board of Cattle
Commissioners as a contagious disease, and was not specifically
included among the list of such contagious diseases under the
laws of this Commonwealth. This State, however, has for more
than thirty years enacted laws for the purpose of suppressing,
from time to time, outbreaks of contagious diseases among the
lower animals within its limits.

The first serious attempt to cope with any such diseases was

66 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

in connection with the suppression of contagious pleuro-pneu-
monia. This was imported into this State about the year 1857,
and spread so rapidly and became such a serious menace to the
health of the neat stock that in 1860 this State found it neces-
sary to legislate on the subject. In that year it passed an act
(chapter 192) authorizing the governor to appoint three com-
missioners, who " shall have full power to cause all cattle be-
longing to a herd in which the disease has appeared or may
appear, or which may have belonged to such herds since the
disease may be known to have existed therein, to be forthwith
killed and buried," etc. Section 2 of this act provided : —

The commissioners shall cause all cattle in the aforesaid herds not
appearing to be affected by the disease to be appraised before being
killed at what would have been their fair market value if the disease
had not existed, and the value of the cattle thus appraised shall be
allowed and paid out of the treasury of the Commonwealth to the
owner or owners thereof.

On account of the fact that contagious pleuro-pneumonia
spread so rapidly, and from the knowledge of its dissemination,
it was felt that the only safe course to be pursued to stamp it
out was not only to destroy the animals which showed upon a
physical examination that they were suffering with the disease,
but also to destroy all others which were brought into the
sphere of contagion ; feeling that it was much better for the
public welfare that healthy animals might possibly be slaugh-
tered, than that those which had within them the seeds of dis-
ease should be allowed to go at large and thus scatter the germs.
No reliable agent was known or used to determine with accu-
racy the existence of this disease in any given animal. Reliance
had to be solely placed upon the external symptoms of the dis-
ease, determined by physical examination. Under this act,
therefore, from the external evidence, the animals destroyed
were divided into two classes, — those which were evidently
diseased, and those which were apparently sound but possibly
might have the disease within them. In regard to these two
classes the State adopted a different policy as to the payment
of compensation.

In the case of animals which could be demonstrated as
affected, no compensation was paid. In such animals, how-

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 67

ever, the disease had so advanced and its development was so
rapid that in the natural course of events the animal would
soon die from the effects of the disease itself.

In the case of the animals which were destroyed because of
their possible exposure to infection, the State paid the full
health value. The reason for this distinction as to the payment
was not that in one case the public good required it and the
other not, or that in one case it was a hardship upon the owner
and in the other case not, but was upon the basis that in the
case of the animal diseased it was a public nuisance and menace
to the public health and to a vast amount of money invested
in the neat stock throughout the State, and was so affected with
the disease as to become actually worthless. In the other class
of animals, however, it was impossible to demonstrate the exist-
ence of the disease, and it could not be proved that in any
particular case the animal was actually infected, and therefore
that that particular animal was a public nuisance. The destruc-
tion of such an animal was fairly within the clause of the con-
stitution which provides that " whenever the public exigencies
require, that the property of any individual should be appro-
priated to public uses, he shall receive a reasonable compensa-
tion therefor."

This law in the case of contagious pleuro-pneumonia gave
greater powers to the commission than those vested by the
present law in this Board, for that authorized the destruction
of animals simply because of their exposure to a disease,
whereas in the case of the present law this Board must deter-
mine in each case the existence of the disease ; and yet the Legis-
lature considered that when the State was threatened with so
great an evil as that, the adoption of so rigorous a policy was
the only practical means of stamping out the disease. The
result has justified their expectations. By the adoption of
these measures this dreaded disease was absolutely stamped out
in this State, and for twenty-seven years not a case has been
known within the limits of the Commonwealth.

Different measures were adopted in other States, where it was
attempted to eradicate the disease by the destruction only of
such animals as plainly showed that they were affected with the
disease by a physical examination. This method only resulted
in its wider spread, and it finally took years of persistent effort,

68 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

tlie expenditure of vast sums of money, and finally the adoption
of Massachusetts methods, before the disease was stamped out.
As a result, not a case of this disease exists on this continent.

About two months after the passage of this contagious pleuro-
pneumonia act, the same Legislature, on June 12, 1860 (chap-
ter 221), authorized an increase of the Board of Commissioners
from three to five, and gave them power over " pleuro-pneu-
monia or any other contagious disease now existing among the
cattle of the Commonwealth." The law was not otherwise sub-
stantially varied, and the rule as to compensation was left
unchanged, except that it was provided that "the appraised
value of such cattle shall be paid, one-fifth by the cities or
towns in which said cattle were kept, and the remainder by the
Commonwealth."

After the passage of this act the law remained substantially
unchanged until 1878. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia had long
before this been stamped out in the Commonwealth. Tuber-
culosis at this time had not been considered by scientists as a
contagious disease, and therefore was not so considered or
treated either by the law or this commission. Prior to this
the powers of the commission were limited to diseases in cattle.
As a practical question, therefore, there were no diseases in the
State calling for their active intervention or over which they
had control for years before the matter of glanders was taken up..

In 1878 (chapter 24) an act was passed providing that : —

The selectmen of towns, the mayor and aldermen of cities and
the cattle commissioners of this Commonwealth shall have and may
exercise the powers and shall be subject to the duties for the preven-
tion of the diseases known as farcy and glanders among horses, asses
and mules, and for the prevention of contagious and infectious
diseases among domestic animals that are now conferred or im-
posed upon them by the laws relating to the prevention of contagious
diseases among cattle.

Otherwise the law was left the same as previously. No
special provision was made in this act as to the matter of com-
pensation. As cases of glanders were to be destroyed under
the same circumstances as pleuro-pneumonia, the act called for
the destruction of animals actually diseased without the pay-
ment of compensation, and apparently authorized the destruc-

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUME

tion of animals which had been exposed to the disease, and
where the disease could not be proved to exist ; but in such
case full health value would have to be paid, as in the case of
pleuro-pneumonia.

In the following year, 1879, the matter of compensation for
glandered horses was given special attention, and an act was
passed (chapter 160) which provided : —

Section 1. In all cases of glanders or farcy, the appraisal of the
animal so diseased shall be based on its value in its diseased condition,
and the appraisers shall be the following persons : first, one member
of the board of commissioners on contagious diseases among cattle ;
second, one veterinary surgeon selected by said commissioner ; third,
one reputable person who may be selected by the owner of the
animal if he choose to do so, otherwise the two appraisers above-
named shall select the third.

This was the first act in this Commonwealth distinctly pro-
viding that diseased animals should be appraised, and that the
value of such appraisal should be the actual value on the as-
sumption of its having the disease. The commission operated
under this act for two years. Experience showed that a glan-
dered horse, if the existence of the disease was taken into
consideration, had absolutely no value, and that therefore the
machinery of an appraisal yielded the owner no benefit, and
merely caused delay and unnecessary expense to the State.

Accordingly, in 1881 (chapter 184) this act was repealed,
and in its place was substituted : —

Section 1. In all cases of glanders or farcy, the commissioners
on contagious diseases among cattle, having condemned the animal
infected therewith, sJiall cause the same to be Mlled without appraisal,
but may compensate the owner thereof in such equitable sum as shall
pay for the killing and burial of the same.

The entire matter of contagious diseases was again considered
by the State at the time of the passage of the Public Statutes,
and the law on the matter was codified into chapter 90. This
act gave the mayor and aldermen of cities and the selectmen of
towns the right, —

... in case of the existence in this Commonwealth of the disease
called pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, or farcy or glanders among

70 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

horses, or any other contagious or infectious diseases among domestic
animals, —

to quarantine the suspected animals, to cause them to be
examined by a veterinary surgeon or physician, and if adjudged
to be infected, to cause them to be killed. Section 3 of the act
provided that such boards —

. . . may cause all such animals to be appraised by three compe-
tent and disinterested men under oath, at the value thereof at the time
of the appraisement^ —

and such value was to be paid one-lifth by the city or town and
four-fifths by the Commonwealth.

While, therefore, the law of 1882 theoretically authorized the
payment of the diseased value, as has already been stated,
practically, if the disease was taken into consideration, such
value did not exist.

In 1885 (chapter 148) the law on the matter of compensation
was again amended by providing in section 3 that, when the
mayor and aldermen in cities or the selectmen in towns destroy
an animal that is affected with contagious disease, —

. . . they may cause all such animals except those infected -with
glanders or farcy to he appraised by tlu'ee competent and disinterested
men, under oath, at the value thereof at the time of appraisement^ and
the amount of the appraisement shall be paid as provided in section
one. They shall cause cdl animals infected with glanders or farcy to be
killed ivithout appraisement, but may pay the owner an equitable sum
for his services in the killing and for any reasonable expense incurred
by the burial thereof.

As a result of this act, therefore, appraisal in the case of
glanders and farcy was done away with ; in the case of all other
diseases the actual value, if any, at the time of slaughter, was
paid. As, however, the main efforts at that time were directed
to the stamping out of glanders and farcy under the law as
practically operated, no compensation was paid.

In the same year (chapter 378) an act was passed creating
the present Board of Cattle Commissioners, except that it has
since been enlarged by the act of 1894 from three members to
five. The Board then created until 1887 worked under the laws

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 51. 71

contained in the Public Statutes, as amended by the act already
cited.

In 1887 the entire matter of contao;ious diseases was aijain
given attention by the Legislature, and resulted in the passage
of an act (chapter 252) repealing the previous laws. This act
of 1887, with some slight amendments, was the law under
which this commission worked until the passage of the act of
last year. The sections of this act relating to compensation are
12 and 13 : —

Sect. 12. The commissioners, when in their judgment the circum-
stances of the case and the pubUc good requke it, may cause to be
killed and buried any domestic animals which are infected with or
have been exposed to contagious disease, and except as provided in
the following section shall cause such animals to be appraised by three
competent, disinterested men, under oath, at the fair value thereof in
their condition at the time of appraisement, and the amount of the
appraisement and necessary expense of the same shall be paid as pro-
vided in section one \_i. e., one-fifth by the city or town and four-fifths
by the Commonwealth].

Sect. 13. When the commissioners, by an examination of a case
of contagious disease among domestic animals, become satisfied that it
has been contracted by intention or negligence on tlie part of the owner
or the person in his employ or by his consent, or by the nse of food
materials liable to contain the germs of contagion, they shall cause
such animals to be securely isolated at the expense of the owner, or
they shall cause them to be killed loithout appraisal or payment, and in
cdl cases of farcy or glanders the commissioners having condemned the
animal infected therewith shall cause such animal to be killed ivithout an
appraisal, but may pay the owner or any other person an equitable sum
for the killing and burial thereof.

Under this law, as before in the case of glanders and farcy,
the appraisal was dispensed with and no value was paid. In
all other cases, provided the disease was not due to his wilful
or negligent act, the owner received the actual value of the
animal, taking into consideration the disease. But here again
it must be remembered that substantially the only disease then
being considered was glanders and farcy.

This law remained unchanged until 1892. In this year for
the first time tuberculosis was treated as a contagious disease.
Under all the laws prior to this, although in theory tuberculosis

72 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

was included because it was a contagious disease, as a matter
of fact it was not so treated by this Board. We have already
stated that tuberculosis in cattle is identical with consumption
in a human being. The true nature of this disease and its com-
municability was not discovered until 1882, when Koch first
found it to be a germ disease. No government attempted to
include it among contagious diseases in animals until France so
placed it in 1887.

In 1892 this Board came to the conclusion that it was a men-
ace to the public health, and that steps should be taken to
prevent its further spread ; and accordingly it recommended to
the Legislature of that year the passage of an act which should
provide some systematic method of locating the animals which
were aifected by the disease ; and accordingly an act was passed
entitled " An act to prevent the spread of tuberculosis " (chap-
ter 195), which provided for the appointment of inspectors
throughout the State, giving them power to —

. . . inspect all animals kept for the production of millv, and shall
report to the board of cattle commissioners all suspected cases of
tuberculosis Avhich come to their notice, among animals intended for
slaughter or kept for the production of milk.

This act further amended section 13 of the act of 1887 by
providing that, —

In all cases of tuberculosis^ fi^'t'cy or glanders, the commissioner
having condemned the animal infected therewith, shall cause such
animal to be killed without an appraisal, but may paj'" the owner or
any other person an equitable sum for the killing and burial thereof ;
and may also pay a reasonable sum for the animal destroyed, should
a post-mortem examination prove that said animal was free from the
disease for which it was condemned.

The law which was in force at the time this act was passed
authorized the destruction of diseased animals without appraisal
or payment ; it was but natural, therefore, that, as soon as it
was realized that tuberculosis was a contagious disease, which
should be eradicated if possible, the same policy should be
adopted as in the case of glanders, especially because at this
time the methods ' pursued in determining the disease were
identical with those of glanders : that is, in both cases reliance

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 73

was solely placed upon a physical examination. The animals
condemned by the commission were those reported by the local
inspectors as affected with the disease, and therefore consisted
only of animals where the disease had so far advanced as to
give external evidence satisfying persons of ordinary skill that
they were affected with the disease. When the disease had so
far advanced as to give these external symptoms, it had in a
great majority of cases so destroyed the tissues of the body
and so robbed the animal of its vitality, that, looked at from
every stand-point, not only because of its danger to the public
health but as a mere money-making machine, it was practically
valueless. It was but natural, therefore, that the law should
dispense with the unnecessary machinery of appraisal, and that
such animals should be classed in the same category with
glandered or farcied horses.

For the first time in the laws on this matter this act provided
that, where it should subsequently appear that the anunal was
free from disease, the owner should receive the full value.
This change in the law was the result of a decision of the
supreme court in this State in a case where this Board ordered
a horse killed in Rehoboth as affected with glanders under the
provision of the law, without appraisal or payment. The
owner claimed that his animal was free from the disease, and
sued the constable who acted under the authority of this Board
for the value of the animal, claiming that he had no right under
such an order to destroy an animal which was actually sound.
The court in this case carefully reviewed the law, and stated
that this section which authorized the destruction of glandered
horses without compensation " by implication declares horses
with the glanders to be nuisances, and we assume in favor of
the defendant that it may do so constitutionally, and may
authorize them to be killed without compensation to the owners ;"
but the statute does not declare all horses to be nuisances, and,
as a result, the court decided that, while the Legislature might
properly cause animals actually diseased to be destroyed, it
could not deprive a man of a healthy animal for the public
good without paying the value ; that, as to the destruction of
such animals, it came within the provision of the constitution,
and that, as it was taken for the public good, the owner must
receive the value. (Miller v. Horton, 152 Mass. 540.) ■

74 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

In 1893 (chapter 306) both of the previous compensation
sections were consolidated into one which provided, —

Sect. 2. When any member of the board of cattle commissioners, by
an examination of a case of contagious disease among domestic ani-
mals, becomes satisfied that the public good requires it, he shall cause
such animals to be securely isolated at the expense of the owner, or he
shall cause them to he killed loitlwut appraisal or payment, but may
pay the owner or any other person an equitable sum for the killing
and burial thereof, and may also pay a reasonable sum for the animal
destroyed, should it appear by a post-mortem examination or other-
wise that said animal was free from the disease for which it was con-
demned.

This act also, for the first time, defined the contagious dis-
eases : —

Sect. 3. Contagious diseases within the meaning of this act shall
include glanders, farcy, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, tuberculosis,
Texas fever, foot and mouth disease, rinderpest, hog cholera and
rabies.

This law placed all diseases on the same footing, did away
with the appraisal in every case, and required that in no case
should an owner receive any compensation.

From this brief examination of the history of the law prior
to the passage of the act of last year, it is apparent that the
general tendency of the law had been uniformly in the direction
of the payment of no compensation. This Board did not adopt
the tuberculin test until long after the passage of the laAv under
which it is now operating. When, therefore, this commission
made its report to the Legislature in 1894, its experience was
entirely based upon physical examinations, condemning only
such animals as clearly demonstrated that they were affected
with tuberculosis, and which generally had ceased to have any
apparent earning capacity ; and when, therefore, it advised a
thorough revision of the law relating to contagious diseases
among domestic animals, it did not feel that it could recom-
mend a change in the law on the matter of compensation, until,
at least, it had ascertained by experience the practical efiect of
the law which it recommended.

In the bill submitted by it, therefore, the matter of compen-

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 75

sation was left as before, except that it recommended the making^
of some adequate provision whereby the owner should have hy
a simple method the power, if he so desired, to appeal from the
decision of this Board to some disinterested tribunal, which
might determine whether or not in each particular case the
animal condemned was in fact affected with the disease.

In addition to the bill submitted by this Board three other
bills were submitted, bearing on the matter of the compensation,
to be paid to the owner. One of these bills provided : —

Sect. 11. A reasonable sum may be paid out of the treasury of
the Commonwealth for the expense of such killing and burial
and one-half of the actual value of the animal for food or milk
purposes, if in health. ... If the cattle commissioners or their
agents or owners of such animal or animals cannot agree on the fair-
cash value, it shall be determined by appraisal of three disinterested
persons to be mutually agreed upon ; but no payment shall he made
on any animal not owned toithin the state six months prior to its being
killed, or to any person who has wilfully concealed the existence of
tubercidosis, or ivho, by act or wilful neglect, has contributed to the
spread of the disease.

The second act provided in section 2 that it shall be the duty
of the commission, —

. . . also to cause a disinterested appraisal of the animal or animals
affected with the said disease in accordance with such rules and
regulations by them as hereinafter authorized and provided, and also
to cause the said animals to be destroyed, and to pay the owner or
oivners thereof one-half of their value, as determined upon the bctsis of
health before infection, out of any moneys in the treasury not other-
wise appropriated : provided, hoivever, that no appraised value shall be
more than one hundred dollars for any animal killed; and provided,
further, that in no case shall compensation be allowed for an animal
destroyed under the provisions of this act which may have contracted
or been exposed to such diseases in a foreign country or on the high
seas, or that may have been brought into this state ivithin one year
previous to such animal showing evidence of such disease; nor shall
compensation be allowed to any owner who in person or by agent
knowingly or wilfully conceals the existence of such disease or
the fact of exposure thereto in animals of which the person mak-
ing such concealment by himself or agent is in whole or in part
owner.

76 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

The third bill provided, in the case of all animals diseased,
that —

If it appears that the animal killed b}^ order of the board was
diseased, a sum may be allowed by said board to the owner not ex-
ceeding half the amount which would have been allowed if said
animal had been free from disease.

There was, therefore, before the Legislature of last year no bill
or petition requesting the payment of full health value. This
Board, however, in its report of that year, recommended that, —

If indemnity is to be paid at all, it should be full. Half measures
produce generally half results ; and if it were possible to limit the
expenditure in this direction to within proper bounds, it might safely
be considered that the benefit to the community would offset its cost
to them.

After a careful consideration of our report and these several
bills, the committee on agriculture reported the law which sub-
sequently became chapter 491 of the Acts of 1894.

Arguments foe axd against Compensation.

First. — The destruction of all animals found actually in-
fected, without any appraisal and without the payment of any
compensation.

Those in favor of this position assert that the policy of this
State for the past thirty years until the passage of the act of
last year is in favor of this proposition. They further say that
such a course is constitutional, because, by the destruction of
diseased animals without compensation, the State is not depriv-
ing any person of his property without compensation ; that such
a diseased animal has no actual value ; that, because the beef
and milk products from such an animal are a great source of
danger to human beings, the owner should not be allowed to
keep it ; that the Legislature may properly declare that such
an animal is a public nuisance, and require it to be destroyed
without compensation ; and in support of this they cite the
decision of the supreme court in the case of the glandered horse
before referred to,* where the court stated that it assumes that
the Legislature may constitutionally declare such horses to be
public nuisances, and "may authorize them to be killed with-

* Miller v. Horton, 152 Mass. 540.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 77

out compensation to the owner," and claim that, as this course
has been held constitutional, it is unwise to depart from it.
They further say that in matters of public health the policy of
the State generally has been for the owners to bear all the bur-
dens ; citing the laws requiring that persons infected with con-
tagious diseases may be quarantined and required to pay the
entire expense, that lunatics may be confined at their own ex-
pense or that of their relatives, that owners of property may be
required to bear the expense of disinfection, that owners of
orchards attacked by the gypsy moth ma}^ have them destroyed
without payment, or that owners of houses may have them
pulled down under the same circumstances, to prevent the
spread of lire. They claim that, in the case of diseased ani-
mals, the reason in favor of the destruction of such animals
without compensation is, that there is no cure or preventive
which can be successfully used when once the animal is aifected ;
that not only will such disease ultimately destroy the animal,
but that such animal will be the centre of infection, and spread
the disease among others not only of their kind but among
human beings ; and that therefore the loss which the owner
suffers is not due directly to their destruction by the State, but
to the fact that the animal has contracted the disease, and that
such destruction by the State is merely the removal of a worth-
less thing. They further assert that, while the public gain a
benefit by the destruction of such animals, the direct benefit in
the first instance, at least, is to the owner of such stock ; because
if such diseased animals are allowed to remain they will event-
ually contaminate the whole herd, with the result, therefore,
that the owner loses not only the one or two affected animals,
but possibly all the animals in his barn ; and that when the
State undertakes, without expense to such owner, a careful and
thorough examination of his stock, and by that examination to
remove all sources of contagion and thus enable the owner to
save the lives of all the balance, it is bearing its just proportion
of the expenses ; and, finally, they assert that, as these diseased
animals are in fact worthless, the payment of anything to the
owner for such animal is not a compensation for property de-
stroyed, but is a gift by the State in exchange for something
which is worthless, and will encourage the surreptitious intro-
duction into this State of diseased animals from other localities ;

78 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

■and that thus eventually the State will afford a market where
the owners of such worthless stock may receive a very large
profit, and, because of this fraudulent introduction, the State
can never eradicate the disease.

Those who oppose the destruction of tuberculous animals
without compensation principally favor the payment to the
owner of a sum of money based upon a health value ; and their
reasons for advancing this will be stated under these head-
ings. In addition, however, they assert that, while many of the
animals which are destroyed as tuberculous are in fact worth-
less, a large number of them, especially of those which are de-
tected by the tuberculin test, have to the owner a real value,
because they have, under existing laws and in practice, an earn-
ing capacity at least equal to that of healthy stock ; that if the
State did not destroy them, under proper sanitary conditions
and where the disease was in its incipient stage, they might
possibly recover ; and in support of this they cite the hospital
statistics of post-mortem examinations showing that a certain
percentage of human beings who die have within them lesions
of consumption which are entirely healed ; that certainly these
cows would under favorable conditions live for many years,
during which they would produce a substantial income to their
owners not only from the sale of milk, which in many cases is
unusually copious, but also from their calves, which are born
free from tuberculosis (it having been demonstrated that it is
not an hereditary disease) , and which therefore might grow up
under healthful conditions, fed upon milk where the germ is not
present, and become perfectly healthy cattle in every respect.

In answer to this, however, those who favor no compensation
assert that, while in theory such calves may possil^ly grow up
to be healthy, in practice they are the first to become diseased,
because they inherit a weakened constitution and thus fall an
easy prey to the disease to which they are constantly exposed
through its presence in their parents.

Second. — The payment to (he oioner of the actual value of the
animal at the time of slaughter, based upon appraisal which
shall take into consideration the existence of the disease and all
other elements of value.

Those who favor this proposition assert that by the adoption
of this rule justice would be done not only to tlie owners of the

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 79

cattle destroyed but to the public at large. They assert that
these animals which are destroyed by the State are in fact the
property of the owner, and have a substantial value, for the
reasons already given ; that by the destnuction of such animals
the State is depriving the owner of his property, and in conse-
quence he should be reimbursed as others are whose property is
taken for the public good, by receiving from the State the exact
value thereof; that the policy of the State has always been to
provide, in every act which deprives a man of his property,
that he should receive the value, and that he should have an
easy means whereby that value could be determined by a disin-
terested tribunal ; that if this were done the owner would re-
ceive from the State whatever the animal was really worth,
taking into consideration its capacity to yield milk, the fact that
the offspring of such animal are free from the disease and may
therefore grow up to be healthy animals, and all other elements
which go to make up the value of such property ; and they fur-
ther assert that this is the policy which has been adopted by a
large number of other States where the same work is being
performed, citing the laws of Ehode Island, Connecticut,
Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, Iowa, Missouri, Indiana and
Kansas.

Those who oppose this proposition assert that, as a matter of
fact, in the appraisal of such animals upon their actual value the
fact must be taken into consideration that the animal is affected
with a contagious disease ; and that whenever competent per-
sons are called upon to value such an animal, taking into con-
sideration the fact of such contagion, it will always result in
arriving at a value which is substantially nothing, because such
value, after all, must be what purchasers would pay for such
animal in the open market under all the circumstances, knowing
the fact that the animal has this contagion and is liable to spread
it among other stock with which it is brought in contact, and
that the product of such animal is dangerous to the public health ;
and they assert that in fact no purchaser could be found who
would be willing to pay anything for such animal ; and they
cite in this connection the experience of the State under the
laws which authorized the payment of the actual value of glan-
dered horses, which resulted in an abandonment of the law and
a final adoption of a provision which provided for no compensa-

80 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

tion, because in experience the appraisal was found to give no
value to the owner, and simply put the State to unnecessary
expense and trouble.

Those who favor this proposition say, in answer, that the
experience of the State in the case of glanders was in connec-
tion with an entirely different disease, which quickly proves
fatal ; that the animals destroyed had no value because they
yield no food product ; that, in so far as it applies to the expe-
rience in the past in the case of tuberculosis, that experience
was based entirely upon the destruction of animals in the
advanced stage of the disease, based upon a physical examina-
tion ; and that, when animals are to be destroyed relying upon
the tuberculin test, a different class of animals is reached, many
of which are to all*external appearances sound.

Third. — The payment of one-half apparent or health value
of the animal on a limited basis, disregarding the fact that it is
affected with tuberculosis.

Fourth. — The payment of the full value of the animal, ascer-
tained in the same manner.

Both of these propositions are supported and opposed in sub-
stance by the same class of persons and upon the same arguments,
based upon the expediency or non-expediency of paying to the
owners a portion or all of what they may have more or less inno-
cently invested in the stock destroyed.

Those who fa\'or this payment on either basis assert that, as
a question of expediency, such payment should be made, and
that otherwise the law works a great hardship upon the farming
and agricultural community without their receiving any com-
mensurate benefit. They assert that, while it may not have
been a serious hardship to this class to have their animals,
destroyed as tuberculous, relying only upon a physical examina-
tion, with the introduction of tuberculin as a means of deter-
mining the existence of this disease the conditions entirely
change.

For the first time, in tuberculin there has been placed in the
hands of the State a reliable agent for the detection of this disease.
They cite the fact that by the use of this agent very many ani-
mals throughout the State are being condemned and destroyed as
tuberculous which have every external appearance of being sound
and healthy, which have been yielding large quantities of milk»

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 81

wliich are still apparently in full health and vigor, and which
would, if allowed to live, yield to the owners for many years
a material return ; that, while such animals may have within
them the seeds of this disease which may ultimately sap their
vitality, they exhibit no external symptoms of it ; and that,
were it not for the intervention of the State and the demonstra-
tion of the existence of the disease by the tuberculin test, not
only could the farmer receive a full return from the animal, but
such an animal in the market, judged by all means which are
within the power of the ordinary buyer, would frequently sell as
freely and for as high a price as other animals in which the dis-
ease does not exist ; and that therefore the State is merely pay-
ing to the owner what he could obtain in the open market
for his animal had not the State stepped in and pointed
out its latent defects ; that this tuberculin test is a purely
scientific method, which can be safely and successfully used
only by those who have peculiar skill, a scientific training and.
a more or less extended experience in its use ; that therefore it
is entirely without the reach of farmers and dairymen as a,
means of assisting them in determining whether the stock
they have purchased is sound and free from the disease. Not
only is it without their power to use it, but, because of its
recent introduction and because the reliability of it has only
been comparatively recently demonstrated, it has not been
wjthin the control of veterinarians ; and they assert, therefore,
that the agricultural class has not had the power, either them-
selves or by the calling in of others, to gain the benefit of
the knowledge derived from its use ; that these owners of
stock have used every reasonable precaution that ordinary
business men would bring to bear to ascertain that their stock
is as healthy and free from disease as circumstances will per-
mit ; that this disease is not only not of recent introduction,
but has been existing and spreading among neat stock for years
without any steps having been taken by the State to stamp it
out, and therefore that it is in no sense their fault that this
marvellous agent should suddenly find that their cattle are
afiected with this insidious disease ; that not only have the
agricultural class bought from time to time these cattle in good
faith, as sound, but that in fact they have invested large sums
of money in this stock, and that to-day it is their main source

82 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

Oi livelihood ; that, while the value of a single cow may be
small, the aggregate capital invested by this class in such cattle
is large; that there are to-day in this State 223,536 head of
neat stock, which, upon the average value for milk or beef
purposes, as found by appraisal of animals destroyed by the
commission, of $37.72 a head, means a total investment in such
cattle of $7,657,405; that, inasmuch as the commission, as
based upon its work in the field during the past six months,
has found that there are probably ten per cent, of the stock
throughout the State tuberculous, this means a destruction of
perhaps $765,740 worth of such cattle on a health basis ; and
that, if the agricultural class are obliged to bear this entire loss,
it means not only a ruin of their business in the State, but a
consequent loss to the public, because it will drive the dairy-
men from the State, and thus cut off the local source of milk
supply upon which the citizens depend, and which can, while
such cattle are within the State, be so regulated through the
systematic examination of all cattle within the limits that the
public will be assured of a healthful supply of milk; whereas,
if this business be driven from the State, this milk must come
from cattle kept without the limits, where the Commonwealth
cannot regulate the healthiness of the stock from which it is
derived, and therefore the State will fail to accomplish one of
the principal objects hoped to be obtained by this work, —
i. e., a supply of milk free from this source of contagion.

They assert that the policy of paying for the animals found
by the tuberculin tests to be affected does not substantially vary
in practice from that which was adopted in the case of pleuro-
pneumonia ; that in the case of that disease, animals which
showed upon physical examination that they were diseased
were destroyed without payment, while animals which did not
so externally exhibit the disease were only destroyed upon pay-
ment to the owner of the full health value ; that when tubercu-
lin is used, many animals reached and destroyed are those
which, if a physical examination were relied upon, would not
be detected, and would only be destroyed upon the theory that
the contagion cannot be eradicated except by the destruction of
all of the animals in the herd which have been exposed to it ;
and that, as in such case the owner would receive the full health
value, he should not be deprived of that value because the

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 83

existence of such disease is demonstrated by this agent which
the daiL-yman has not himself the skill to apply. And, finally,
they assert that the policy of seeking out these disseminators
of contagion by the use of tuberculin, and destroying them, is
a broad public-health policy adopted by the State for the pur-
pose of protecting, as far as possible, the lives and property of
its subjects ; that the real reason which leads to the destruction
of these animals is because the food products derived from them
are a source of danger to its citizens ; that this danger extends
to all those who consume these products, and that therefore it
is a measure in which all are equally interested, and the benefit
of which will be reaped by everybody, without distinction as
to class or calling ; that, inasmuch as this is a public measure,
in which the public generally are vitally interested and
w^iere the benefit is shared equally by all, the same policy dic-
tates that it is equitable and just that the entire expense or loss
derived therefrom, whether it be due to the cost of the admin-
istration of the law, to its enforcement, or to the loss which the
owners of the animals suffer by reason of this destruction for
the public good, should be borne equally by all ; and that the
only method of doing this is by having the State pay full in-
demnity and bear the entire expense, which thus will be equi-
tably distributed through the medium of taxation of all its
citizens.

They further assert that, by the adoption of a policy of pay-
ing to owners a fair value for their animals, the State encour-
ages such persons to bring forward all diseased animals, and
that thus a great assistance will be afforded to the commission
in its work by the hearty co-operation of the agricultural class,
who thus will feel every encouragement to assist in the stamp-
ing out of this disease ; whereas, under a system which provides
for destruction without indemnity, unscrupulous men will use
every endeavor to dispose of as yet incipient or occult cases of
tuberculosis, and thereby plant the infection widely in new
herds, and that as a result the State will never be able to
thoroughly eradicate the disease.

Those who oppose the payment of any remuneration on the
health basis assert that it is a payment to the farmer by way of
a gift of a sum of money, which is not the value of the ani-
mal destroyed, but is in the nature of an insurance against the

84 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

existence of the disease ; and that in fact it makes the State an
insurance company, as far as farmers are concerned, in con-
nection with tuberculosis, in the same sense that any live stock
company takes risks upon animals which they underwrite,
without, however, the farmers having to pay any premium, and
without the State's having the opportunity to first examine the
animal, to determine whether it is sound, before assuming the
risk.

They claim that the payment to a favored class of persons of
a sum of money by the State for animals destroyed, not based
upon their actual value, and only when the owner has con-
formed to certain regulations of the State, is unconstitutional,
because it is in no sense a reasonable compensation paid to an
individual for property appropriated for public uses within the
meaning of the constitution ; and because, as the money which is
paid is raised by taxation, it is not a payment necessary for "the
protection and preservation " of the citizens of the Common-
wealth, or otherwise, within the purpose for which State gov-
ernment has power to raise money by taxation.

They assert that it is not true that animals which are tuber-
culous in any degree have a real value to the owner, which can
be regarded by the Commonwealth ; that such alleged value
depends upon the right of the owner to sell the milk or meat
derived from such an animal ; that by being allowed to retain
such an animal he reaps the benefit onl}^ so long as he is
allowed to sell its diseased products ; that, if the State should
examine all the neat cattle within its limits, and, instead
of destroying those diseased, plainly brand them as such,
and then should pass sanitary laws, which would be but just,
that the meat and milk from such tuberculous animals should
not be sold in the open market, from that moment the animal
would cease to have any earning value, and if after that the
State should go through and destroy such animals upon any
equitable system of appraisal, the owner would receive no
value for the same ; and therefore he should not, under existing
laws, receive a payment from the State because he is prevented
by means of the destruction of his tuberculous stock from sell-
ing diseased meat and milk ; that the public reaps the benefit
from the destruction of such animals in the same manner that it
does from laws which prevent the sale of adulterated food and

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 85

other similar products, or from those which in any way restrain
the doing- of a wrongful or criminal act ; that, while apparently
the loss by the destruction falls on the agricultural class, the
loss is not due to the destruction, but due to the existence of
the disease ; that, while it may be a serious loss to the agri-
cultural class to lose their animals through tuberculosis, it is
simply a loss which is incident to the trade which they have
seen lit to carry on ; and that, if they have had the misfortune
to invest in materials of their business which either are at the
time of such purchase, although unknown to them, or which
subsequently become in their possession, worthless, from causes
over which the consumer of their products has no control, the
policy of the State no more dictates that it should bear this loss
than that it should bear the loss which others suffer by reason
of business reverses.

They assert that a policy involving the payment to the farm-
ers of a portion of or the whole of the value of such animals,
upon a basis other than their actual worth, considering the
disease, is an encouragement to these owners to be careless
about the sanitary conditions under which their cattle are kept ;
and that this would result in the unnecessary exposure of the
stock to the ravages of the disease, and so reduce their power
of resistance as to make them an easy prey to it. And they
cite in this connection numerous statistics tending to show that
the percentage of this disease among the human race increases
directly in proportion to the density of the population of the
locality where they dwell, and that where the sanitary condi-
tions of such people are the poorest, there the percentage of
consumption is the greatest. They further assert that, inas-
much as the majority of the cattle in this State are kept for
dairy purposes, any law which pays to such persons the full
health value of their tuberculous stock will eventually cause
the majority of these animals to be purchased by the State ;
because, they say, by keeping his cattle in close, heated quar-
ters, where they have an insufficient supply of pure air, where
they are fed upon rich food materials and where they are bred
offcener than once a year, the owner receives the greatest annual
return, but that this treatment results in so wearing out the
constitution of the animals that they die at an early age and are
rendered highly susceptible to tuberculosis ; and if in the end

86 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

the farmer can receive from the State the full health value of
such animals, the law would defeat itself, because it would be
much more profitable to do this than to keep his animals under
normal conditions, where, while they may last longer, the
owner can receive nothing for such animals on their death.

They further assert that such payment will result in the im-
portation of diseased animals into the State for ti^e purpose of
selling them to the government, stating — what is undoubtedly
true — that such animals may be bought for a few dollars, and
that if they can sell them to the State at $37.72 a head, or even
$18.86 a head, they would obtain such a large profit that it
would encourage this illicit trade, which it would be practically
impossible to prevent.

In answer to this last argument, those who favor the propo-
sition assert that if, coupled with the law providing compensa-
tion, a minimum limit is imposed of residenceship of such
animals before the owner can receive compensation, the danger
of the loss of the total value of the animals if found and de-
stroyed within that limit of time would so discourage the intro-
duction of such animals that but few would be imported ; that,
by means of proper quarantine regulations such as have already
been established, all such animals can be stopped and examined
at the State line, and if found tuberculous will be destroyed;
and that, by a system of branding animals within the State
which have been found free from the disease, the introduction
of such animals into the State without the brand would imme-
diately expose the practice, and that thus as a result there
would be but little danger from this source.

As between the half indemnity and the full indemnity, those
who favor the half indemnity assert that under the circum-
stances it is a more just and equitable distribution of the burden
and benefit ; that, while the farmer reaps the benefit with other
citizens resulting from the State's obtaining a pure food supply,
he reaps an additional benefit by having the State remove from
his herds, without expense to him, this source of contagion,
which is liable ultimately to destroy them ; and that therefore
he should bear a greater share of the expense than he would by
simply paying his proportion of the taxes ; and, further, that
by paying one-half indemnity there would not be sufficient in-
ducement to unscrupulous persons to practise fraud upon the
State for the purpose of obtaining this amount.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 87

Those who favor the full indemnity assert that half measures
do but little good ; that, by a system of one-half indemnity,
unscrupulous persons are encouraged to so over-value their
animals as that they will in effect receive the full indemnity,
while the honest and conscientious dairyman would be placed
at a disadvantage ; that the theory of paying compensation is
based upon the assumption that the owner has invested his
money in good faith in the stock destroyed ; that as the State
does not make him whole by paying one-half only, and, as the
loss from this means may be large to him, it encourages him to
secrete his animals, to prevent their being tested and possi-
bly destroyed, and to otherwise thwart or hamper the State
in its work of stamping out the disease ; whereas, by the pay-
ment of full compensation, the owner suffers no loss, he is
merely given the opportunity of replacing his unsound animals
with sound ones ; that therefore it will be for his benefit to
assist the State in every way in stamping out the disease, that
thus every agriculturist throughout the State will be on the
lookout to detect and report the disease ; and, as a result of all
this, while the State will pay out a greater or less sum by way
of indemnity to the owners for the animals destroyed, it will
render the performance of the work very much easier, and thus
to a greater or less extent so far reduce the administrative
expense that in the end the cost to the State will be but little
if any more than would result from the attempt to perform the
work without remuneration to the owner, and at the same
time will not discourage a business in which so many of its
citizens are so largely interested.

As a part of the proposition of paying indemnit}^ on the
health value, those who favor it also approve the adoption of
some restriction as to the residence, as was done in the case
of the act passed in the State last year, which requires that the
animal must have been owned in the State six months prior to
its haying been killed. Against the adoption of this six-
months rule it is argued that it works a hardship in many
cases ; and that there is no greater reason why a farmer who
buys stock in good faith, believing it to be sound, and pays
the full price for the same, after having exercised every
precaution, should receive nothing from it when subse-
cjuently found to be infected, because it has not actually been
within the State six months ; while his neighbor, who has

88 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

raised his stock upon his own farm, and has possibly thereby
perpetuated the disease through interbreeding and exposure to
the contagion, should receive from the State the full value for
the same. It is further claimed that this rule works an injus-
tice upon farmers living on the border line, who pasture their
cattle in the neighboring States during the summer.

As against this, however, it is claimed that, while these per-
sons would lose the value of such animals if destroyed within
six months after they have returned from such pasturage, inas-
much as this State is endeavoring to stamp out the disease
from cattle within its limits, and thereby to place in the power
of the agricultural class the means of keeping their cattle
healthy, if anyone of such persons sees fit to remove his cattle
from the State and expose them to possible contagion under
circumstances over which the State has no control, he should
take the risk of the loss which has resulted from his own acts ;
they further assert that, by the adoption of proper quarantine
regulations and examination, as now established by this Board,
such cattle would upon their return be properly tested and
destroyed at the border before entering the State, and thus the
farmer would lose such cattle even without a limit of residence-
ship.

In the matter of payment of compensation on a health basis,
the State of Nebraska is paying full health value.

The following States are paying for tuberculous animals a
limited health value : Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont, New York and New Jersey.

In the following States a limit of ownership within the State
is required : Three months, Rhode Island, New York, New
Hampshire; six months, Massachusetts, Vermont, Nebraska;
three years, Maine.

As bearing on this matter of the payment of compensation,
the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, in its Bulletin
No. 42, of July, 1894, on Bovine Tuberculosis, sums up the
matter as follows : —

The arguments for and against the iudemuity system may be
summed up briefly as follows : —

1. The indemnity system encourages the disclosure of the exist-
ence of disease and favors its more complete eradication, while the

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 89

absence of some such system leads to the conceahnent and dispersion
of disease. In many cases the comparatively small expenditure for
indemnity distributed among many tax payers is truer economy than
the losses in life and money caused by animal diseases which have
been concealed.

2. The indemnity system recognizes the rights of property.

3. Since the pnblic is benefited in being guarded against disease,
it should bear its share of the cost of that protection.

On the other hand : —

1. The indemnity system is apt to encourage disease. The stock
owner is less careful if he can rely on the State to purchase his in-
fected animals, even though at a low rate.

2. Diseased animals are often collected at a low figure from other
owners and other States for the purpose of getting indemnity from
the State.

3. It is liable to become a burden to the tax payer.

4. The State essentially insures breeders and owners against their
mistakes and misfortunes. While it is hard to lose property in any
form, a diseased animal is a nuisance. There should be no question
'between a loss of dollars and the not improbable ruin of the health
of human beings.

From the stand-point of disease eradication only, there is no ques-
tion that a liberal indemnity promptly paid is preferable to any other
course.

Prof. James Law, of the New York Tuberculous Commis-
sion, in Bulletin 65, April, 1894, of the Cornell University,
Agricultural Experiment Station, Veterinary Division, gives
the following views : —

Insufficient Indemnity a False Economy.

In conclusion, it is right to emphasize the importance of a due con-
sideration of property rights. Sanitary laws which in any way ignore
or disregard the rights of property have within themselves the seeds
of defeat. If within our municipal abattoir the butcher cannot con-
duct his business as well and economically as in his own establish-
ment, he or his competitors will evade the law in some way. If the
stock owner is not fairly reimbursed for his animals slaughtered and
for other losses sustained for the protection of the public health and
of the country's herds, unscrupulous men will find ample means of
trading off the as yet incipient and occult cases of tuberculosis, and

90 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

thereby planting the infection widely in new herds. Compensation
must stop short of making the sanitary bureau a profitable customer
for tuberculous animals at sound prices, but it must be so liberal
as to enlist the ready co-operation of the stock owner in having every
infected beast safely disposed of. Cases of advanced generalized
tuberculosis may in all justice be listed at a low rate, as they are in
every sense unfit to live, and are an expense, a danger .-^nd a nuisance
even when dead. Cases, too, that have just been imported from
another State or country, and which are either manifestly diseased
or taken from a tuberculous herd, may fairly be excluded from in-
demnity, and above all from a liberal indemnity. But in nearly every
herd the majority of the stock condemned are to cdl outward appear-
ances sound' animals^ and the owner has had no suspicion concerning
them until this has been betrayed by the tubercidin test. But for that
he would have gone on utilizing the animals in perfect good faith,
and his customers would have received the dairy products in all con-
fidence as to their wholesomeness. Had he wished to sell these ani-
mals for the dairy or for beef, he would have found plenty of purchasers
at sound market rates. If the stock were thoroughbred and their
progeny of a high prospective value, he could have continued to.
breed from them for years, — since calves are rarel}^ born tubercu-
lous, not once in many thousand births, even from tuberculous par-
ents ; and thus he might have largely pi'ofited by raising them on the
milk of healthy cows. Then, again, in country districts the owner
must bear the cost of disposing of the carcass by burning or burial
in some place to which other animals do not have access. Further,
the essential work of disinfecting the premises is at present put on
the shoulders of the stock owner. Once more, if the stock owner is
a dairyman, his trade is injured by the condemnation of animals in
his herd. Customers vjill suddenly change to other dearies, creameries
will be closed against his milk, and health officers are likely to quarantine
the product, at least between the condemnation and slaughter. Apart
from this, his home supply of milk is lessened, and to keep his cus-
tomers he must go into the market and buy milk from others.

It is quite evident that in many cases of dairy herds and of valu-
able thoroughbred animals an indemnity amounting to even the sound
market value of the animals killed comes far short of reimbursing the
owner for his actual losses.

These considerations should be taken fully into account, before
adopting any proposal to fix a maximum sum or rigid rule for esti-
mating; values.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 91

Laavs of the Several States on Compensation.
Full Value on Health Basis.

NEBRASKA.

[Consolidated Statutes of Nebraska, Chapter 2.]

Sect. 142. The governor is hereby authorized to employ four
agents, one of whom shall be a competent and skilled veterinarian,,
who shall be a graduate in good standing of a recognized college of
veterinary surgery, and who shall be known as the state veterinarian,
and shall receive two thousand five hundred dollars per annum for his
services ; and three of said agents shall be practical stock men who
are actually engaged in stock raising, and shall each receive five dol-
lars per diem, and shall be known as the live-stock agents of the
state of Nebraska, and each of said agents shall receive their actual
travelling expenses by them incurred and paid while in the discharge
of their duties as such agents.

Sect. 148. When, in the opinion of the live-stock agents, it shall
be necessary, to prevent the further spread of any contagious or in-
fectious disease among the live-stock of this state, to destroy animals
affected with or which have been exposed to any such disease, it shall
determine what animal shall be killed, and appraise the same as here-
inafter provided, and cause the same to be killed and the carcasses
disposed of as in its judgment would best protect the health of the
domestic animals of the locality.

Sect. 149. Whenever, as in the seventh section of this act (148)
provided, the live-stock agents shall direct the killing of any domestic
animal or animals, it shall be the duty of the agents to make a fair and
faithful appraisement of the said animal or animals, and in making the
appraiseinent, the contagious disease with which the animal is affected
or to which they have been exposed shall not he taken into consideration.
The amount of the appraisement shall in no case exceed seventy-fice
dollars per head for horses and mules, and twenty dollars per head for
cattle., provided that no animal or animals shall be appraised except
those affected with contagious or infectious diseases of a malignant
character, or such as have been exposed thereto.

Sect. 153. When any animal or animals are killed under the pro-
visions of this act, by order of the agents, the oioner thereof shcdl be
paid therefor the appraised vcdue as fixed by the appraisement, as here-
inbefore provided. The rights of indemnity on account of animals
killed by order of the live-stock agents under the provisions of this
act shall not extend to the owner of animals which have been brought
into the state in a diseased condition, or from a state, county, terri-

92 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

tory or district in wliicli tlie disease witti whicli tlie animal is infected,
or to wliicli it lias been exposed, exists ; nor shall any animal be paid
for by this state which may have been brought into the state in viola-
tion of any law or quarantine regulation thereof, or the owner thereof
shall have violated any of the provisions of this act, or disregarded
an}^ rule, regulation or order of the live-stock agents or any member
thereof ; nor shall any animal be paid for by the state which came
into the possession of the claimant with the claimant's knowledge
that such animal was diseased or was suspected of being diseased or
having been exposed to any contagious or infectious disease ; nor
shall any animal belonging to the United States be paid for by the
state : jirovided^ further^ that in no case shall compensation be allowed
to the owner of any animal or animals when, b}'^ reasonable diligence,
he, his proper agent or employee, could have protected said animal
or animals from being exposed, or to any owner who in person or by
agent conceals the existence of any contagious or infectious disease
among his stock ; and provided^ farther, that no remuneration shall he
paid by the state for animals slaughtered for contagious or infectious
disease in any case where the owyier or his representative is not the first
to notify the proper authorities of the existence of such disease or a sus-
picion of the same among his stock; that no remuneration shall he p)Ciid
for horses or mules found diseased or suspected of glanders lohen such
horses or mides have heen imported, into the state and have not been in
the state over six months.

One -half Value on Health Basis.

MAINE.

In chapter 177 of the Laws of Maine, 1889, an act was
passed authorizing the appointment of three Cattle Commis-
sioners. Section 2 of this act directed the commissioners —

also to cause the same to be destroyed, and to pay the owner or own-
ers thereof one-half of their value as determined upon the basis of
health before infection, out of any of the moneys appropriated by the
legislature for that purpose : provided, hoiuever, that no app>raised val-
ue shall he more than two hundred dollars for any animal with pedigree
recorded or recordable in the recognized herd books of the breed in which
the animal destroyed may belong, nor more than one hundred dollars
for an animal that has no recordable pedigree. Provided farther, that
in no case . . . shall compensation be allowed for any animal de-
stroyed under the provisions of this act . . . that may have been
brought into this state loithin one year previous to such animals show-
ing evidence of such disease.

1895.] PaBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 9a

This section 2 was aDiended ])y chapter 194 of the Acts of
the year 1893 to read as follows : —

Sect. 2. That it shall be the duties of the said commissioners to
cause investigation to be made as to the existence of tuberculosis,
pleuro-pneumonia, foot and mouth disease, and any other infectious
or contagious diseases ; and such commissioners or their duly consti-
tuted agent are hereby authorized to enter any premises or places,
including stock yards, cars and vessels within any county or part of
the state, in or at which they have reason to believe there exists any
such disease, and to make search, investigation and inquiry in regard
to the existence thereof. Upon the discovery of the existence of any
of said diseases the said commissioners are hereby authorized to give
notice by publication of the existence of such disease and the locality
thereof, in such newspapers as they may select, and to notify in
writing the officers or agents of any railroad, steamboat or other
transportation company doing business in or through such infected
locality of the existence of such disease ; and are hereby author-
ized and required to establish and maintain such quarantine of
animals, places, premises or localities as they may deem necessary to
prevent the spread of any such disease, and also to cause the
appraisal of the animal or animals affected with the said disease, in
accordance with such rules and regulations by them as hereafter
authorized and provided ; and also to cause the same to be destroyed
and to pay the owner or owners thereof one-half of their value, as
determined upon the basis of health before infection, out of any moneys
appropriated by the legislature for that purpose : provided, however,
that no ajypraised value shall be more than one hundred dollars for an
animal with pedigree recorded or recordable in the recognized herd book
of the breed in which the animal destroyed may belong, nor more than
fifty dollars for an animal which has no recordable pedigree ; pro-
vided, farther, that in no case shall compensation be allowed for an
animal destroyed under the provisions of this act which may have con-
tracted or been exposed to such disease in a foreign country, or on
the high seas, or that may have been brought into the state within
three years previous to such animal's showing evidence of such disease,
and the owner or owners shall famish satisfactory evidence as to the
time such animal or animals shall have been owned in the state; nor
shall compensation be allowed to any owner who, in person or by
agent, knowingly and wilfully conceals the existence of such disease
or the fact of exposure thereto in animals of which the person mak-
ing such concealment by himself or agent is in whole or part owner.

Maine relies upon the owners reporting cases of tuberculosis,

94 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

and does not make any systematic inspection of the animals in
the State.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.
[Laws of New Hampshire, Chapter 33.]

Section 1. The owners of cattle killed by order of the state
board of cattle commlssiouers shall recover of the state one-half the
value of such animals upon a basis of health, such value to be ascer-
tained by a disinterested ayjpraisal, provided they have been mvned
in the state three months at least before the disease was detected.

New Hampshire relies upon the owners reporting cases of
disease, and does not conduct a regular inspection.

VERMONT.

The Revised Statutes of Vermont were amended Nov. 27,
1894, by an act, No. 102 of the Laws of Vermont. The
important sections of this amendment are as follows : —

Section 1. Section 4021 of the Revised Laws is hereby amended
ISO as to read as follows : When bovine tuberculosis or any conta-
gious disease exists in the state among cattle or other domestic
:animals, the board of agriculture may quarantine all infected ani-
mals or such as they suppose have been exposed to the contagion,
may prohibit any animal from passing on or over any of the high-
-ways near the place of quarantine, may enter upon any premises
where there are animals suspected to have bovine tuberculosis or any
contagious disease, may employ such expert help and means as they
deem necessary to a thorough investigation of such diseases, may
make all investigations and regulations they deem necessary for the
detection, prevention, treatment, cure and extirpation of such dis-
ease, but shall not apply the tuberculin test without the consent of the
owner of the cattle, but in quarantine regulations against cattle imported
from without the state the tuberculiyi test may be applied; and they
may condemn or order killed any cattle or other domestic animals
believed by said board to be infected with bovine tuberculosis or any
contagious disease, and may order the bodies of the same buried or
burned, as in their judgment the case may require ; may forbid the
sale or removal from the premises of any dairy product from cows
that are believed to have bovine tuberculosis. Any person who shall
knowingly violate or refuse to comply with any order or regulation
of such board, made under the authority of this section, shall be
fined not more than two hundred dollars or be imprisoned not more
than two years, or both.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 95

Sect. 3. The value of all cattle or other domestic animals killed
by the written order of the board of agriculture shall l^e appraised by
one of said board of agricultui'e and a disinterested person selected
by the owner of the condemned animals ; but if these two cannot
.agree upon the amount of the appraised value of the animal, they
shall select a third disinterested person, who, together with them,
shall appraise the animal, such appraisal to he made just before the
killing^ and on a basis of health. The limit of the appraisal of cattle
shall be forty dollars. A post-mortem examination shall be made, and
if the animal be found affected with bovine tuberculosis, or any disease
■dangerous to the public health, the oicner of the animal shall receive
one-half oj the appraised value ; hut if no bovine tuberculosis or disease
■dangerous to the public health be found, the owner of the animal shall
receive the full amount of the appraisal, and in addition shall receive
the slaughtered animal. The amount which the owner is entitled to
Teceive shall be paid by the state to the owner of such animal or ani-
mals upon a written order, signed by the member of the board in
-charge, and countersigned by the secretary of said board. No
indemnity shall be paid to the oimier of condemned cattle or other
domestic animals that have not been owned and kept in the state for at
least six months previous to the discovery of the disease. Any person
who shall knowingly violate or refuse to comply with any regulation
made by such board of agriculture, under the authority and provision
■of this section, shall be fined not more than two hundred dollars, or
Imprisoned not more than two years, or both.

MASSACHUSETTS.

[Section 45 of Chapter 491 of the Acts of 1894.] •

Section 45. When the board of cattle commissioners or any of
its members, by an examination of a case of contagious disease
:among domestic animals, becomes satisfied that the public good
requires it, such board or commissioner shall cause such animal or
animals affected therewith to be securely isolated at the expense of
the owner, or shall cause it or them to be killed without appraisal or
payment. Such order of killing shall be in writing and may be
directed to the board of health, inspector or other person, and shall
contain such direction as to the examination and disposal of the car-
cass, and the cleansing and disinfecting of the premises where such
animal was condemned, as such board or commission shall deem
expedient. A reasonable sum may be paid out of the treasury of
the Commonwealth for the expense of such killing and burial. If it
shall subsequently appear, upon post mortem examination or other-
wise, that such animal was free from the disease for which it was

96 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

condemned, a reasonable sum therefor shall be paid to the owner
thereof by the Commonwealth : 2')rovided, hoiuever, that whenever
any cattle afflicted with the disease of tuberculosis are killed under
the provisions of this section one half of the value thereof at the
time of slaughter for food or milk purposes, and without taking into
consideration the existence of such disease, shall be paid to the owner
thereof out of the treasury of the Commonwealth if such animal
has been within the state six months continuously prior to its being
killed, provided such person shall not have, prior thereto, wilfully
concealed the existence of tuberculosis or by act or wilful neglect
contributed to the spread of such disease.

NEW YORK.

The laws were amended by chapter 674 of the General Laws
of New York, enacted May 12, 1894.

Section 1. Section sixty-two of the public health law is hereby
amended to read as follows : —

Sect. 62. Destruction of Domestic Animals affected with Tuber-
culosis or Glanders. — Whenever the state board of health may deem
it necessary for the prevention of the spread of tuberculosis in cattle,
such board may cause to be killed any animal affected thereby, or
which, by contact with diseased animals or by exposure or infection
or contagion therefrom, such board may determine is liable to con-
tract or communicate such disease ; but no such diseased animal shall
be so killed on account of tuberculosis unless first examined by a
veterinary practitioner in the employ of the state board of health,
and, if desired by the owner, appraised as hereinafter provided. A
local board of health shall, pursuant to rules and regulations pre-
scribed by the state board of health, cause to be killed every horse
affected with glanders found within its jurisdiction, but no horse shall
be so killed on accou,nt of glanders until the value thereof be appraised
as hereinafter provided.

Sect. 2. Section sixty-three of said act is hereby amended to
read as follows : —

Sect. 63. Compensation to Oumers. — To determine the value of
such animal, the comptroller shall designate some competent disintei'-
ested person, residing within the judicial district in which such ani-
mal may be, to act as appraiser, with an appraiser to be selected by
the owner of such animal, who shall promptly fix a time when they
shall view such animal and shall proceed to appraise the value thereof.
In case of a disagreement between the two appraisers, the third
appraiser shall be selected by them, and the estimate of the value
of either two of them shall be final. The animal shall he appraised

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 97

at its sound value : provided^ however^ no single unregistered animal
shall he appraised at more than sixty dollars, and no horse affected with
glanders shall be appraised at more than fifty dollars. Each appraisal
shall be in writing, signed by the appraiser or appraisers agreeing,
and shall be delivered by them, if any animal be suspected of tuber-
culosis, to a veterinary practitioner in charge of such animal, and if
the animal be a horse affected with glanders, to the secretary of the
local board of health having jurisdiction thereof. Upon the delivery
of such appraisal such animal shall be killed as hereinbefore provided ;
and if it be killed on account of tuberculosis, the veterinary practi-
tioner in charge thereof shall forthwith make a post-mortem exam-
ination of the animal, and if it shall he discovered on such post-mortem
examination that the animal teas affected by tuberculosis, the oioner of
the animal shall be entitled to receive one-half of the appraised value :
provided, however, that not more than sixty dollars shall be paid for a
diseased registered animal and not more than twenty-five dollars shall
he paid for a diseased unregistered animal; but if such examination of
the animal killed on account of tuberculosis discloses that the animal
was not affected with tuberculosis, the owner shall be entitled to receive
the full appraised value. The written appraisal of the value of an
animal killed on account of tuberculosis, and a written statement of
the result, of the post-mortem examination thereof, signed by the
veterinary practitioner in charge thereof, shall forthwith be transmitted
by such veterinary practitioner to the secretary of the state board of
health, who shall file the same in his office. The secretary of the local
board of health having jurisdiction in the case of a horse affected with
glanders shall, in case such horse is killed, upon receipt of the written
appraisal, signed by the appraiser or appraisers, as hereinbefore pro-
vided, forthwith make and sign a certificate of such fact, and transmit
such appraisal and certificate to the secretary of the state board of
health, who shall file the same in his office. Upon receipt from the
veterinary practitioner in the case of an animal killed on account of
tuberculosis, or from the secretary'- of the local board of health hav-
ing jurisdiction in the case of a horse killed on account of glanders,
such secretary of the state board of health shall forthwith make a
written certificate, signed by him, setting forth the name and post-
office address of the owner of the animal killed, and the amount
which such owner is entitled to be paid on account of the killing of
such animal, and shall forthwith transmit such certificate to the comp-
troller, who shall issue his warrant upon the treasurer for the payment
to such person of the amount so certified, and shall mail the same to
such person at his post-office address as it appears by such certificate.
1^0 compensation shall he allowed to any person who shall have wilfully
concealed the existence of tuberculosis or glanders among his animals,

98 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

or upon his premises^ or who, directly or indirectly, "by act or wilful
neglect shall have contributed to the spread of such diseases or either of
them ; and no compensation shall he made under the provisions of this
act to any owner for animals killed unless the animal or animals shall
have been actually owned and possessed by the owner thereof within this
state for a period of three months prior to such condemnation. The
appraisers, to be appointed as aforesaid by the comptroller, shall hold
office during the pleasure of the state board of health. Each appraiser
so appointed shall receive as compensation the sum of five dollars per
day for each day actually employed, and shall also be paid his actual
necessary disbursements ; but no claim for services or disbursements
shall be allowed or paid unless accompanied by a verified detailed
statement thereof.

NEW JERSEY.
[Chapter 317 of the Laws of 1894, approyed May 22, 1894.]

Sect. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate in General Assembly in the
State of New Jersey, That the president of the state board of agri-
culture shall appoint five persons of the citizens and tax-payers of
this state, who, together with himself and the secretary of the state
board of agriculture, shall constitute a commission, who shall, at the
request of two members of the state board of health, or the state
dairy commissioner, or any owner of suspected animals, investigate
the existence of tuberculosis or cause the same to be investigated,
and if any such disease is found to exist, to enforce such regulations
in relation to the same, as the said commission may adopt.

Sect. 2. And be it enacted, That when any animal or animals
shall be slaughtered by direction of said commission, the value of the
same shall be ascertained and appraised by three disinterested free-
holders, resident in this state, who shall make and sign certificates
thereof in the presence of a witness, who shall attest the same.
Such appraisement shall be made on the basis of the market value of
the animal or animals slaughtered just prior to the time when they
became so diseased, and shall be limited to the sum of one hundred
dollars for registered animals and to forty dollars for all others ; owe-
Jialf of the valuation so ascertained shall be paid by the state on the
presentation of such certificate with the approval of said commis-
sion endorsed thereon, to the owners.

A-Ctual Value in Diseased Condition.

RHODE ISLAND.

Chapter 1082 of the Laws of Rhode Island, 1891 and 1892,
and chapter 1206 of the Laws from May, 1892, to January,
1894, provide for a State Board of Agriculture.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 99

Sect. 8. The board may appoint one cattle commissioner in eacli
county of the state, whose duty it shall be to visit and inquire into
the condition of any domestic animal in their respective county,
whenever there is reason to suspect that any such animal or the car-
cass of any such animal is affected with tuberculosis or any other
contagious, infectious or communicable disease ; and the commission-
ei's in their respective connties are anthoi'ized to quarantine any sucii
animal or the carcass of any such animal nntil inspected by the
veterinarian employed by the board.

Sect.. 10. Whenever any animal shall be suspected by either of
the cattle commissioners to be affected with tuberculosis, the com-
missioner of the county where the animal is found shall immediately
notify the state board of agriculture, who shall promptly fix a day
when the appraisers duly appointed, as hereinafter provided, shall
visit the suspected animal with the veterinarian, and upon confirma-
tion of the disease and after appraisement of the value as hereinafter
provided, the affected animal shall be killed and the carcass disposed
of in such manner as shall not be detrimental to the public health.
Any one having reason to suspect that any horse or other animal is
affected with glanders, farcy or any contagious or communicable
disease, shall immediately report the same to the secretary of the
state board of agriculture, who shall notify the veterinarian employed
b}^ the board, and said veterinarian shall promptly examine the sus-
pected animal, and if it is found to be affected with glanders, farcy or
any contagious or communicable disease, the veterinarian shall cause
the said animal to be killed and the carcass to be disposed of in such
manner as shall not be detrimental to the public health.

Sect. 11. For the purposes aforesaid, the board may appoint
some suitable person as appraiser, whose duty it shall be to act with
one of the cattle commissioners of each county, which two persons
shall constitute the board of appraisers of the county. In case of
disagreement between the two appraisers, the veterinary surgeon
shall act as a third appraiser, and the estimate of value of either two
of them shall be final : provided, that not more than fifty dollars shall
he allowed for any single native animal, nor more than seventy-five
dollars for any single grade animal, nor more than one hundred dollars
for any single registered animal; and written notice of the amount
of the appraisal, signed by the board of appraisers, shall be imme-
diately given to the owner or claimant of said animal ; and provided,
farther, that any party aggrieved by any award made under the pro-
visions of this section ma}' appeal therefrom to said board within five
days after the receipt of said notice.

Sect. 13. The state shall pay to the owner of any animal hilled
under the provisions of section ten of this act one-half of its ap^rraised

100 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

value ; but if upon a post-mortem examination it shall be found that
the slaughtered animal was not affected with tuberculosis, then the
animal so killed shall be paid for at its full appraised value : pro-
vided, that the state shall not pay for any diseased animal so killed if
the animal has yiot heen in the possession of its present oimier three
months previous to the day of slaughter.

Sect. 14. When any person shall be shown to have knowingly
brought into this state an animal suffering or suspected to be suffer-
ing with tuberculosis, or to have concealed the existence of such
disease in any animal owned by him, such person shall not be en-
titled to any compensation for the animal slaughtered under this act,
and shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction
shall be fined for such offence not exceeding one hundred dollars.

JSTote. — The Board of Agriculture of Rhode Island state that
they pay one-half limited appraised value.

CONNECTICUT.
[General Statutes of Connecticut, 1888, Chapter 101.]

This act provides for a State Board of Agriculture, to have
general charge of the matters.

Sect. 1694. There shall be a state board of agriculture, consist-
ing of the governor, four persons appointed by him with the consent
of the senate, and one person from each county appointed by the
incorporated agricultural society therein, or, if there are more of such
societies than one in any county, then by all or in rotation by each,
as they may agree.

Sect. 1702. The state board of agriculture, or in case said board
shall appoint commissioners on diseases of domestic animals under
the provisions of section 1700, then said commissioners may, when
in their judgment the public good shall require it, cause to be killed
and disposed of afterward as in their judgment may be expedient
any animal or animals which in their judgment are infected Avith or
liave been exposed to and are liable to communicate to other animals
any contagious disease.

Sect. 1703. The commissioners shall cause all animals, before
being killed under the provisions of the preceding section, to he ap-
praised at their actual value at the time of appraisal, either by agree-
ment in writing between the commissioners and the owner or keeper
of such animals, or, in case they cannot a,gree, by three appraisers
acting under oath, one of whom shall be named by the commission-
ers, one by the owner or keeper of such animals and the third by the

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 51. 101

two so named, a majority of whom may make such appraisal ; and in
case the owner or keeper of such animals neglects or refuses on
application of the commissioners to name an appraiser, or the two
appraisers named as before provided cannot agree upon a third, then
any justice of the peace of the town in which such diseased animals
are, shall, upon application of the commissioners, name such appraiser ;
and the appraised value of such animal, if killed, shall be paid to the
owner thereof and one dollar shall be paid to each appraiser, and one
dollar to the justice, if any be called to act, by the state, upon the
approval of the governor.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Pennsylvania is acting under an act approved May 9, 1889.
The matter is vested in the Board of Agriculture.

Sect. 3. When it shall be necessary or expedient to kill any
animal or animals to prevent the spread of contagious disease, it or
they shall first be appraised by sworn appraisers, who shall have due
consideration for the actual condition of the animal or animals at the
time of appraisement ; and the owner or owners shall be entitled to
receive from the secretary of the state board of agriculture a certifi-
cate of value, which may be paid from current appropriations and by
a subsequent appropriation by the legislature : provided, that the
amount of such certificates issued in any one year shall not exceed
the sum of twenty-five hundred dollars.

This Board is informed by the secretary of the Board of
Agriculture of Pennsylvania that " An act is now before the
Legislature of that State, which passed three readings and final
passage in the Senate two years ago, and passed the House up
to and including the second reading, all without a single nega-
tive vote or word of objection, and it has been endorsed by the
agricultural bodies to which it has been offered."

Section 5 of this proposed act provides —

that when it shall be deemed necessary to condemn and kill any ani-
mal or animals to prevent the further spread of the disease, and an
agreement cannot be made with the owners of the value thereof, three
appraisers shall be appointed, who shall under oath or affirmation
appraise the animal or animals, taking into consideration their actual
value and condition at the time of appraisement and such appraised
value shall be paid in the same manner as other expenses under this
act provided for : provided, that not more than twenty-jive dollars shall

102 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

he paid for any infected animal of grade or common stock, and not more
than sixty-Jive dollars for any infected animal of registered stock.

ILLINOIS.
[Laws of Illinois, 1887, P. 8.]

Section 1. That the governor shall, with the advice and consent of
the senate, appoint three practical stock graders, not more than two
of whom shall be members of the same political party, who shall
constitute a board of live stock commissioners, etc.

Sect. 2. When the board, upon the written report of a state vet-
erinarian or any of his assistants, determine that any animal is affected
with or has been exposed to any dangerous, contagious or infectious
disease, the board or any member thereof may agree with the owner
upon the value of such animals or property ; and in case such agree-
ment cannot be made, said board or the member acting in behalf of
the board may appoint three disinterested citizens of the state to
appraise such diseased animal or exposed animals or property. Such
appraisers shall subscribe to an oath in writing to fairly value such ani-
mal in accordance with the requirements of this act, which oath,
together with the valuation fixed by said appraisers, shall be filed with
the board and be appraised by them.

Sect. 9. All claims against the state, arising from the slaughter
■of animals as herein provided for, shall be made to said board of
■commissioners under such rules and regulations as they may pre-
scribe. It shall be the duty of said board of commissioners to
determine the amount which shall be paid in each case on account of
animals so slaughtered, ivhich, in case of animals of the bovine species,
shall be based on the fair cash market value thereof for beef or for use
for dairy purposes, not to exceed seventy-five dollai's per head, and
in cases of equine species, on the fair cash market value thereof, not
exceeding one hundred dollars per head, and report the same to the
governor ; and the governor shall endorse thereon his order to the
state auditor, who shall thereupon issue his warrant on the state
treasurer for the same.

This Board is informed that the Board of Illinois pays com-
pensation in cases of glanders only.

OHIO.

[Revised Statutes, 1892, Volume 2.]

Sect. 7466. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of
Ohio, That the governor shall, with the advice and consent of the

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 103

senate, appoint three persons, who shall constitute a board of live
stock commissioners, who shall hold their office in the order in which
they are named ; the first for one year, the second for two years and
the third for three years, and their successors in office shall be ap-
pointed for three years each. They shall meet as soon as practicable
after their appointment, and after taking the oath of office shall elect
from their number a president and seci'etary.

Sect. 7473. "When, in the opinion of the commission provided for
by the act of which this is supplementary, it shall be necessary, to
prevent the further spread of any dangerous contagious or infectious
disease among the live stock of the state, to destroy animals affected
with or which have been exposed to any such disease, it shall be de-
termined what animals shall be killed, and shall appraise or cause the
same to be appraised by disinterested citizens, as heretofore provided,
and cause such animals to be killed and their carcasses to be disposed
of as in the judgment of the commission will best protect the health
of the domestic animals of the locality : provided, that no animals
shall be appraised except cattle affected with contagious pleura-pneu-
monia, or cattle, sheep, or swine affected with foot and mouth disease,
or such as have been exposed thereto ; nor shall any animal be slaugh-
tered under the provisions of this act unless first examined by a com-
petent veterinarian in the employ of the commission, and the disease
with which it is affected or to which it has been exposed adjudged to
be a dangerous and contagious malady.

Sect. 7474. In case of the destruction of any animal under the
provisions of this act, the compensation to be paid for the same by the
state shall be cornputed upon the basis of the actual value of the diseased
animal, if any, at the time of slaughter ; for any animal that has been
kept in the same building or enclosure, two-thirds of such value; and in
case of other animals destroyed for extinction of such disease, the full
value of the same, without reference to the suspicion of contagion: pro-
vided, that no compensation shall be made to any person who may
have brought animals into the state affected with such contagious
disease, or from a district in which such contagious disease existed,
or who may have wilfully concealed the existence of such disease
among his stock or on his premises, or may have by wilful neglect or
purposely contributed to the spread of such contagion ; and in ap-
praising animals to be slaughtered as herein provided, no allowance
shall be made on account of such animals being thoroughbred or pedi-
gree stock.

104 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

IOWA.
[Laws of Iowa, 1884, Chapter 189.]

Section 1 provides for the appointment of a State veterina-
rian, who shall have charge of the matter.

Sect. 6. Whenever, in the opinion of the state veterinary sur-
geon, the public safety demands the destruction of any stock under
the provisions of this act, he shall, unless the owner or owners con-
sent to such destruction, notify the governor, who may appoint two
competent veterinary surgeons as advisors ; and no stock shall be
destroyed except upon the written order of one of the state veterin-
ary surgeons, countersigned by them and approved by the governor ;
and the owners of all stock destroyed under the provisions of this
act, except as hereinafter provided, shall he entitled to receive a rea-
sonable compensation therefor^ hut not more than its actual value in its
condition token condemned, which shall be ascertained and fixed by the
state veterinary surgeon and the nearest justice of the peace, who, if
unable to agree, shall jointly select another justice of the peace as
umpire ; and their judgment shall be final when the value of the stock
does not exceed one hundred dollars, but in all other cases either
party shall have the right of appeal to the circuit court, but such
appeal shall not delay the destruction of the diseased animal. The
state veterinary surgeon shall, as soon thereafter as may be, file his
written report thereof with the governor, who shall, if found correct,
endorse his finding thereon ; whereupon the auditor of the state shall
issue his warrant therefor upon the treasurer of the state, who shall
pay the same out of any moneys at his disposal under the provisions
of this act : provided, that no compensation shall be allowed for any
stock destroyed while in transit through or across this state, and that
the word " stock" as herein used shall be held to include only neat
cattle and horses.

MISSOURI.
[Revised Statutes of Missouri State University, Article 2.]

Sect. 9. Whenever a county court or its legal substitute shall
find, from the evidence presented by any citizen of the state, as
provided in section 8 of this act, that said citizen is the proprietor of
any animal actually affected with glanders or mal de coit, or contagious
pleuro-pneumonia ; that the animal is in quarantine under this act ;
that said animal became so diseased accidentally, and not, however,
by any inhuman, gross or wilful neglect or scheming on the part of
the said proprietor ; that said diseased stock was not already diseased

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 105

when it came in the possession of said proprietor ; that said diseased
stock came already afflicted with said disease from another state,
or any territory, or from any other country ; that said diseased
stock had not been exposed outside of Missouri three months prior
to its importation in this state to any of the said contagious or
infectious diseases, — it shall be the duty of said court to appoint
three disinterested parties, who shall be stock owners, to go and
appraise said diseased quarantine stock. Said appraisers shall bring
with them a sheriff, shall at once proceed to the locality where
said quarantine stock shall be, and there make an appraisemeyit,
taking into consideration the condition of the said stock and said disease
loith which it is afflicted, and determine its value, and immediately
report the same in writing to said court : provided that in no case shall
the appraised vcdue he more than one hundred dollars for any one
animal, etc. Said court upon receipt of such appraisement shall
report the same to the governor ; the governor shall endorse thereon
his order to the state auditor for payment of the same ; thereupon the
said auditor shall issue his warrant for the same to the state treasurer.

INDIANA.

[Revised Statutes of Indiana, 1894, Volume 2.J

Section 2871 provides for the establishment of a State Live
Stock Sanitary Commission.

Sect. 2880. Whenever said commission shall direct the killing of
any domestic animal or animals, it shall be the duty of the com-
missioners to appraise the animal or animals condemned, and infixing
the value thereof the commissioners shall he governed by the value of
said animal or animals at the date of appraisement.

Sect. 2882. When any animal or animals are slaughtered under
the provisions of this act by order of the commission, the owner
thereof shall be paid therefor the appraised value as fixed by
appraisal hereinbefore provided for : provided, however, that the right
of payment for animals slaughtered by order of the commission under
the provisions of this act shall not extend to the owners of animals
which have been brought into this state in a diseased condition, or
from a state, territory or district in which the disease with which the
animal is affected, or to which it has been exposed, exists ; nor shall
any animal be paid for by the state which has been brought into the
state in violation of any law or quarantine regulation thereof, or the
owner of which shall have violated any of the provisions of this act,
or disregarded any rule or regulation or order of the live stock
sanitary commission or any member thereof, made under the pro-

106 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

visions of this act ; nor shall any animal be paid for by the state,
which came into the claimant's knowledge that such animal was
diseased or suspected of any disease, or having been exposed to any
contagious infectious disease.

KANSAS.
[General Statutes of Kansas, 1889, Volume 2.]

Section 6802 provides for the appointment of a Live Stock
Sanitary Commission for the State of Kansas.

Sect. 6805. When, in the opinion of the commission, it shall be
necessary, to prevent the further spread of any contagious or infec-
tious disease among the live stock of the state, to destroy animals
affected with or which have been exposed to any such disease, it
shall determine what animals shall be killed and appraise the same as
hereinafter provided, and cause the same to be killed and the carcasses
disposed of as in its judgment will best protect the health of the
domestic animals of the locality.

Sect. 6806. Appraisement. — Whenever, as in the fourth section
of this act provided, the commission shall direct the killing of any
domestic animal or animals, it shall be the duty of the commission-
ers to appraise the animal or animals to be killed, and shall make an
inventory of the animal or animals condemned ; and in fixing the
value thereof the commissioners shall he governed by the value of said
animal or animals at the date of appraisement : provided.^ that no ani-
mal or animals shall be appraised except those affected with con-
tagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle or foot and mouth disease, or
such as have been exposed thereto.

Sect. 6810. When any animal or animals are killed under the
provisions of this act by order of the commission, the owner thereof
shall be paid therefor the appraised value as fixed by the appraise-
ment hereinbefore provided for : provided, the right of indemnity on
account of animals killed by order of the commission under the pro-
visions of this act shall not extend to the owner of animals which
have been brought into the state in a diseased condition, or from a
state, country, territory or district in which the disease with which
the animal is infected, or to which it has been exposed, exists. Nor
shall any animal be paid for by the state which may be brought into
the state in violation of any law or quarantine regulation thereof, or the
owner of which shall have violated any of the provisions of this act,
or disregarded any rule, regulation or order of the live stock sanitary
commission, or any member thereof. Nor shall any animal be paid for
by the state which came into the possession of the claimant with the

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 107

claimant's knowledge that such animal was diseased or was suspected
of being diseased, or of having been exposed to any contagious or
infectious disease. Nor shall any animal belonging to the United
States be paid for by the state.

The following is a copy of the order issued in the Dominion
of Canada as to the use of tuberculin : —

His Excellency, in virtue of the provisions of the "Animals' Con-
tagious Diseases Act," and with a view to preventing the introduction
of the disease of tuberculosis among neat cattle imported for the im-
provement of Canadian stock, and by and with the advice of the
Queen's Privy Council for Canada, is pleased to order that the fol-
lowing regulations for the guidance of all of38cers in charge of ani-
mals' quarantines within the Dominion shall be and the same are
hereby adopted : —

Regulations.

That all neat cattle arriving in such quarantines be tested by the
Koch tubei'culin lymph, in order to detect the presence or otherwise
of the disease of tuberculosis in any of its stages among them.

That no animal found by the reaction test of the lymph mentioned
to be affected by that disease be allowed to leave the precincts of the
quarantine unless for the purpose of returning such animal to the
place whence it came, the owner to have the alternative of taking
back any animal found to be affected with tuberculosis or having it
slaughtered without compensation. The department of agriculture to
furnish tuberculin lymph for the purpose of making the necessary
tests.

(Signed) John J. McGee,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

Recommendations .

The Board have thus endeavored to give, thoroughly and
impartially, the history of legislation in the matter of com-
pensation for diseased animals in this State ; they have also
collected and presented many of the arguments, both for and
against such payment, which have been advanced ; and they
have presented herewith portions of the laws of many of the
other States bearing upon the matter.

In conclusion, the Board desire to state, as a result of their
study of the matter, that they are impressed with the practical
weight of many of the arguments that are advanced in favor

108 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

of paying a full value, on a limited basis, for all animals
destroyed for the public good. In arriving at this conclusion
they have been very largely governed by the fact that, by
using tuberculin as a means of diagnosis, they are now con-
demning and finding diseased animals that to all external
appearances are perfectly healthy and sound, and that have
a full earning capacity for their owners.

Without desiring to discuss further the policy involved in
the adoption of such measures, they feel that if your honorable
body can constitutionally and safely enact a law authorizing
a payment for animals condemned as tuberculous, which
will fairly enable their owners to replace them with healthy
stock, it will practically result in a benefit to the community
at large which will be commensurate, at least, with its cost.
As a result of their experience in this work during the last
two and one-half years, the Board are thoroughly satisfied that
tuberculosis is widely scattered among the neat stock through-
out the Commonwealth ; and that it will be impossible to stamp
it out unless some vigorous policy is adopted which shall also
provide for a thorough and systematic examination upon a
scientific basis of every head of neat stock within its limits.

The efiicient performance of this work will necessarily in-
volve the expenditure of a considerable sum of money ; but
the benefit which will be derived therefrom will, in the opinion
of the Board, be greater ; and they feel that the State can well
afford, in accomplishing this end, not only to pay the adminis-
trative expenses, but, if it is necessary in order to stamp out
this disease, to also pay whatever may be required to fairly
indemnify the owners of the animals which are destroyed as
a result of this policy. They believe, further, that if the
farmers and dairymen lose the cost of these animals, or any
considerable portion of it, it will be a serious blow to the
agricultural interests of the State. They feel that if the valu-
ation of the animals can be properly limited, so that the owner
shall not receive any greater sum from the State than he would
receive if the animals were sold in the open market, as they
stand with all their faults, but under the assumption that both
buyer and seller are ignorant of the existence of tuberculosis,
as disclosed by the tuberculin test, there could be but little
encouragement to practise fraud upon the Commonwealth. It

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. .51. 109

is further believed that if such a policy as this is instituted it
will encourage the hearty co-operation of owners in the work ;
and, as a result, the administration will be easier, more effi-
cient, and will possibly cause but little increase in the ultimate
expense over that of the present method. If coupled with this
a limited time of ownership is required, and a proper quaran-
tine maintained against all animals coming into the State, there
will be but little danger of the introduction of diseased animals
from without its limits for the purpose of obtaining the com-
pensation paid by the State.

If full indemnity upon this plan is adopted by the Common-
wealth, the burden will be divided fairly between the commu-
nity at large and the farmers, who not only pay their share of
the tax, but in addition have to take upon themselves the cost
of maintaining the animals during the necessary quarantine,
and who also sufter to a considerable degree from the attending
interruption to their business.

FREDERICK H. OSGOOD, Chairman,
CHARLES P. LYMAN, Secretary,
MAURICE O'CONNELL,
LEANDER F. HERRICK,
CHARLES A. DENNEN,

Board of Cattle Commissioners,

APPENDIX.

Report of Proceedings of the First Convention of Cattle
Inspectors of Massachusetts, held at Continental Hall,
Worcester, Oct. 2^ and 26, 1894.

Present: L. Stockbridge, Chairman, Dr. Charles P. Lyman, Secretary,
Prof. F. H. Osgood, L. F. Herrick, Maurice O'Connell, Cattle Commission,
and cattle inspectors from all parts of the State.

Among the invited guests and speakers were Prof. D.
McEachran, of Montreal, Canada ; Dr. Noah Cressy, of Hart-
ford, Conn. ; Hon. William R. Sessions, Secretary State
Board of Agriculture ; Hon. J. H. Walker, M. C, Worcester;
Henry A. Marsh, Mayor of Worcester.

The meeting was called to order at 11 o'clock a. m., Oct. 25,
1894, L. Stockbridge in the chair.

Tpie Chairman. Gentlemen of the Convention, Inspectors:
This meeting will please come to order. I have the pleasure
of introducing to you his Honor Mayor Henry A. Marsh, of
this city, who will make a few remarks on the subject which
interests us all.

ADDRESS BY HON. HENRY A. MARSH.

Mr. Chairvian and Gentlemen of the Convention : A very pleasant
duty has been assigned to me this morning, and it gives me pleasure
that I am able to discharge it. It is to extend to you a cordial and
hearty welcome to our city, — tlie heart of the Commonwealth.

We have here a city of which we may be justly proud, a city that
has unusual transportation facilities, a diversity of manufacturing
interests ; it is a city of homes, a city full of educational
institutions.

I believe in such conventions as this. It seems to me that a great
good can be accomplished by them ; that such gatherings are both
pleasant and profitable, for you make pleasant acquaintances, you
renew old friendships, and above all, you come together to confer
upon a subject which has engaged your thoughts.

In the recent law which has been enacted in this State, there are
some provisions which are not fully understood, — some questions

114 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

concerning the new act relating to contagious diseases in animals,
which, perhaps, have already occurred to you, and perhaps, Mr.
Chairman, have been solved hj you.

One question is whether swine are cattle within the meaning of the
law; (and I may say here that one of the local questions of to-day
relates to the keeping of swine at the city farm). Another question,
How far do boards of health in cities have authority in the appoint-
ment of inspectors independently, where boards of aldermen have the
authority to appoint them and fail to do so ? Doubtless these are
among the many questions which may have occurred to you, and you
may have reached a solution of them, or may reach a solution in this
convention.

I am exceedingly sorry to say that I have received a telegram
stating that his Excellency G-ov. Greenhalge will not be able to be
present this morning. He told me yesterday afternoon that he ex-
pected to be here. I wish that you might hear his earnest words ;
but I would like to read to you, very briefly, what he said at the
Athol Fair, as showing his interest in the good work that is being
done by the Cattle Commission.

After the informal reception at the president's tent, Gov. Green-
halge addressed the people from the judge's stand. He said that
there were three important factors connecting the State with local
agriculture, and they were : the Board of Agriculture, the great
Agricultural College at Amherst, and the Cattle Commission ; there
was also a fourth which is necessary, and that is the farmer himself,
the citizen of Massachusetts, with all his belongings, his wife, and
daughters. He spoke especially of the Cattle Commission, which is
doing a valua,ble work in its attempt to exterminate the disease of
tuberculosis, which is more important than the discovery of the north-
west passage. The improvement of the cow means the improvement
of man, for upon the cultivation and development of the cow depends
the life of your wife, your child, and 3'ourself.

I am now informed that the governor will-probabl}^ be here, but
late in the afternoon, when you will hear him express his views in his
own bright way.

I hope the sessions of your convention will not only be profitable,
but so agreeable that, as you take your departure to your several
homes, you will carry away with you nothing but pleasant impressions
of your visit to our beloved city.

The Chairman. Gentlemen: It is proper at this moment
that I should say a very few words for the Cattle Commission,
in relation to the callino- of this meetino;.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 115

You are, all of you, — if you are cattle inspectorB, — aware of
the herculean task that the Cattle Commissioners have assumed,
in which you are sharers.

In these modern times — quite modern, too — we have come
to recognize, more and more, certain diseases as communicable,
as contagious diseases, which a few years ago were not so rec-
ognized; and among them, especially, is the disease of con-
sumption. I prefer at this time to call it " consumption," the
name we know it by in its most terrible ravages upon the
human family, for then we know what it is.

We recognize to-day that disease as contagious ; as commu-
nicable from man to man ; from man to animal ; from animal
to man, and from animal to animal. We are all in the same
boat — the human family and our animals — in relation to the
dissemination and perpetuation of this disease. But the
human, as controlling the situation, is the first factor, and to
protect the human family from the wonderful ravages of this
disease and from its being communicated from one to another,
we have had laws enacted which give the power and right to
seize animals and destroy them, for the protection, first, of
man, and second, for the protection of other animals which are
not affected. To accomplish this object, certain laws have been
passed by the Legislature, — the best we could devise, and I
will say, also, the best that our wise legislators could devise, —
and it is in enforcing these laws that we ask the co-operation
of all the cities and towns in the Commonwealth, in the appoint-
ment of wise and judicious cattlemen in every city and town
to work in co-operation with the Cattle Commission, that we
may move onward in an attack upon this disease, harmoni-
ously.

There are many questions, a great many questions that sur-
round us ; there are a great many doubts about it, but, in order
that we may accomplish the most good, it is desirable that all
doubts should be removed, and therefore it is necessary that
there should be perfect harmony between the Commission, who
are the final arbitrators in these cases, the boards of health in
cities and towns, and the inspectors of cattle all through the
State. This convention was called that we might understand
each other and that you all might know what the Cattle Com-
mission are doing and the methods under which they proceed,

116 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

and work in harmony with the Commission, with the other
inspectors and boards of health in the State.

At a suitable and proper time, I shall endeavor to call upon
these gentlemen invited to be present, of whom, I am thank-
ful to say, I see so many ; I shall call upon you inspectors
and members of boards of health to state your diiSculties and
let us know what obstacles bother you in enforcing the law,
that the Cattle Commission may do everything in its power to
explain and give instruction as to what we know about this
disease, and thus be of mutual assistance to each other.

At some point during these deliberations here, tlie future
work of the Commission will be mapped out by its members.

I now have the pleasure of introducing to you Dr. Charles
P. Lyman, of the Board of Cattle Commissioners, who will
read a paper upon this subject which cannot fail to interest you.
Gentlemen of the convention. Dr. Charles P. Lyman, of Boston.

DR. LYMAN.

Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Convention : I am quite well aware
that the chief part of our interest and work, at this time, is embraced
in the subject of tuberculosis ; that we have really come here to
discuss that very important disease, as affecting neat cattle, in all
of its various phases ; but the Commission has decided that something
should be said about the other diseases that are mentioned in our
Act, and it has fallen to my lot to be the one to address you upon
them, the privilege of treating tuberculosis having been assigned to
Prof. Osgood, of this Board.

I shall detain you but a very short time, for I know that you will
prefer to discuss experiences regarding our work, after two years of
trial, rather than to listen to descriptions of diseases that may be
read in many of the excellent books that are published on the sub-
jects, notably, those issued by the United States Bureau of
Animal Industry, and that are free to all for the asking.

If this is done fairly and freely, as it should be, we shall all of us
go home, I am sure, feeling that our time has been profitably spent.

The diseases which we are now to consider are all of them conta-
gious, and it should be a thoroughly recognized fact that, being so,
they are absolutely dependent for their origin upon a specific germ,
as it is called. This germ may very well be likened to a seed.
Each of the diseases has its special germ, that is, a glanders germ
cannot produce any other disease than glanders, any more than a

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 117

seed of corn cau grow into any plant other than a corn stalk ; and in
the same way, glanders cannot be produced in a horse unless the
seed of glanders has been planted in him, any more than a corn
stalk can grow unless the seed corn has, in some way or other, o-ot
into the land from whence it has sprung. This simile may be car-
ried still further ; we all of ns know that corn will grow much more
readily upon some kinds of soil than it will upon others ; further,
that there are some soils and some climates in which it cannot be
made to grow at all. So it is exactly with the germs of contagious
disease ; some horses will contract glanders very much more easily
than will others, under the very same circumstances ; some, a few,
will not take it at all, under ordinary exposure. This simply means
that, for some reason, the system of such an animal is not a good
field, at the particular time, for the propagation of that germ ; for it
is just as necessary that the disease germ be planted upon proper
soil, as it is that grain is so planted. There are, perhaps, many steps
in this preparation of the animal body that cannot be fully described ;
but we do know that very oftentimes the necessary state of the sys-
tem is brought about because the animal has been subjected to influ-
ences under which it is impossible that a healthy, vigorous condition
of body can be maintained. These influences can be roughly stated
to be confinement in damp stables, or those without good sunlight,
want of proper exercise, a too confined air space, the breathing of
air that is contaminated with the gases of decomposing animal and
vegetable matters, as from a manure cellar, long exposure to cold or
heat, too little food, food that is not sufficiently nutritious, food that
is over stimulating, and so on.

It is further a fact that certain animals can withstand these debili-
tating influences for a much shorter time than others. These, we
say, are predisposed to disease. This predisposition to disease is
often an inherited quality, and for this reason it is not profitable, or
desirable, to raise stock from any but sound, vigorous parents.

The contagious diseases of animals named in the Act are glanders
and farcy, contagious pleuro-pneumouia, tuberculosis, Texas fever,
foot and mouth disease, rinderpest, hog cholera, and rabies.

Of these, three, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, foot and mouth
disease, and rinderpest, have no foothold in the United States at the
present time, and I suppose that they are named in the Act so that
they may be dealt with promptly if any of them should, unfortu-
nately, at any time, come to us from abroad.

Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia, as we all of us know, and many
of us remember, was landed here years ago ; was fought hard and

118 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

long by the Cattle Commission of the State, and was exterminated,
and it is a matter of historical fact that Massachusetts was the first
country in the world to stamp out this disease ; she was also the first
country to institute the only measures for its extirpation that have
ever proved successful ; and in all of those countries where conta-
gious pleuro-pneumonia has ever gained a foothold it still exists,
unless they have adopted and courageously continued to apply the
Massachusetts doctrine for its extirpation.

I want this remembered to-day, for again it happens that Massa-
chusetts is to be the first country, so far as we are aware, to under-
take, systematically, to purify its herds from another contagious
disease, the ill efi'ects of which are more far reaching and grave
than were those of contagious pleuro-pneumonia.

Foot and Mouth Disease has never but once gained a foothold
in New England, and then it was quickly recognized and entirely
stamped out, within a few days, under the management, largely, of
Dr. E. F. Thayer, since deceased, then of the Massachusetts Cattle
Commission. The contagious principle of this malady is strong, and
quick in its effects ; the diseased animals are easily recognized, and
therefore its extirpation is an easy matter when compared to the
management, in this respect, of either contagious pleuro-pneumonia
or tuberculosis.

Rinderpest has never reached us, and, as matters now stand, it
seems scarcely possible that it will ever do so. It apparently has its
home in the extreme easterly parts of Europe, from whence it is occa-
sionally extended into some of the more westerly countries of that
continent.

It has reached Great Britain upon two separate occasions, causing
there each time tremendous losses, for its death rate is from sixty per
cent to ninety-five per cent, and nearly all of the exposed animals
develop the disorder.

Here again, however, the very openness of its methods of extension,
the clearness with which diseased animals are recognized, the rapidly
following death, and the shortness of its incubative period, render its
management and extirpation comparatively easy ; although its ravages
must always be great, for a little time after its introduction.

Texas or Spanish Fever we are all of us more or less familiar
with, and although our losses from it here in New England have
been somewhat large in the past, at times, the now very excellent
laws of the general government upon the subject, the efficient Bureau

1895.] PUBLIC D0CUMP:NT — No. 51. 119

of Animal Industry, in the National Department of Agriculture, and
our experience of the efficiency of both of these during the last few
years, seem to offer almost a guarantee that we shall not have again
to deal with this cattle scourge to any great extent at any rate.

Hog Cholera continues to make us more or less frequent visits,
and, at times, to cause heavy individual losses. If it is realized tliat
this is surely a contagious disease, and that it may as surely be pre-
vented by proper isolation of the herd from all sources of outside
contamination, its occurrence will be still less frequent. If, unfortu-
nately, it is introduced, its ravages may be very much lessened by a
prompt and thorough separation of the sick from the well animals ;
putting those that are healthy into new temporary quarters, quite
away from the buildings, and thoroughly accessible to pure air and
sunlight. This sorting out should be made twice a day, for the first
few days of the outbreak, and continued at proper intervals, so long
as any new cases occur among those that were taken from the pens
in which the disease made first its appearance.

Glanders and Farcy shows its contagious principle upon the horse
family only, although it is communicated to man, with fatal results,
by inoculation.

The disease is one, that is, its germ is identical, although from long
usage the effect of the germ upon the respiratory tract is called glan-
ders, and upon the more superficial lymphatic vessels and glands,
farcy.

Glanders is characterized from the nostrils, a swelling of the
lymphatic glands under the jaws, and the presence of ulcers upon
the membrane, covering the partition which di^ddes one nostril from
the other.

Farcy is shown by a swelling of one or more of the legs, with
lameness, and the appearance of small hard bunches under the skin
of the swollen limb, or other parts of the body, which, after a little
time, open into unhealthy looking sores, having little or no tendency
to heal. Public stables, mangers, watering troughs, and hitching
posts are the common carriers of the disease, although it can, of
course, be conveyed in many other ways, upon occasions.

The great difficulty in getting rid of glanders lies in the facts that
it does not always declare its presence in the animal certainly and
surely, and that even when an animal is known to be affected he is
not reported, or otherwise safely disposed of, because he is, very fre-
quently, able to work satisfactorily, and .the owner does not care to
become a public benefactor to the extent of the amount invested in

120 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

the animal. This, however, probably always arises because the dan-
ger to the lives and property of others is not fully appreciated by
him.

There is a considerable reason for believing that before much
longer, and by the help of a substance called mallein, we shall be able
to make as safe and sure a diagnosis in the presence of this disease
as we are now able to make in the presence of tuberculosis, and when
this time comes, as it probably will in the very near future, this prob-
lem will become infinitely less complex, and we shall be able to afford
Massachusetts horse owners a practical immunity from a disease
which has, for years, been a very costly one to them and incidently
to save the lives of a few men.

The Commission should have its own laboratory for this and other
investigations, which it is now able and willing to make as soon as
the proper appliances can be furnished.

Rabies is a most distressing disease, usually spread from and by
dogs, although, at certain times and places, cats have been wide and
sure disseminators of it. It is inoculable to man and all warm
blooded animals, with practically always fatal results following a
most distressing and painful illness. There have been two outbreaks
in Massachusetts during the last twenty years. Its symptoms are so
fully described on the reverse side of the dog licenses in this State,
and these are so accessible to you all, that nothing need be said in
that direction. There is one thing that should be impressed upon the
minds of all those whose position may make it necessary for them to
consider measures to be undertaken in the face of an outbreak of the
sort, which is that when a dog, supposed to be mad, has bitten any
human being, the animal should, if at all possible, be securely con-
fined, rather than killed, until the nature of the disorder can be ascer-
tained beyond all doubt. This is occasionally as important as the
life of the bitten individual.

Of the treatment of bitten people nothing need be said here. The
world knows of the discoveries of Pasteur in this direction, and what
is claimed for them. Without entering into a discussion of the merits
of this preventive treatment, one way or another, it would seem that
common humanity demands that a bitten person be allowed this chance
for his life, remembering always that bites upon uncovered parts of
the body are much more likely to be followed by bad results than when
the teeth of the dog have first bitten through cloth, and so been wiped
to some extent just before entering the flesh.

Outbreaks of rabies, with all their dire results, may be surely and
sharply limited by a law which demands that secure muzzles shall be

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 121

applied to all of the dogs that are iu the district over which the trouble
extends ; that directs that all unmuzzled dogs shall be killed, after a
certain proper time of notice, wherever found ; that the muzzles shall
not be removed until a full month, at least, shall have passed after
the last known case has been properl}' disposed of, and then only at
the direction of the proper authority, who should also be given all of
the power necessary to compel a full compliance with these provisions.

Whenever, with us, any law of this kind has been proposed to the
Legislature, it has met with great opposition. We have been told
that there is no such disease as rabies ; that the application of muz-
zles would drive certain dogs mad ; that the misery of the poor muz-
zled dog was so great that infinitely more suffering would be caused
than prevented by such an inhuman law. These opinions, and they
can be nothing more than the opinions of those who have had no
opportunities for intelligent observation, are scarcely worth discussion
here.

Rabies is an old, well recognized, and dreadful disease, which can-
not be caused by anything except its own virus. As it now stands,
I should consider, under Sect. 37 of Chap. 491 of the Acts of 1894,
that this matter had been definitely put into the hands of the Board
of Cattle Commissioners, and that, under Sect. 38 of the same. Act,
they would be at libertj^ to make an order enforcing these very regu-
lations ; and were another outbreak to occur now, I should consider
It my duty to do all that I could to urge the Commission to take such
action.

An interesting discussion by the inspectors and others pres-
ent on the subjects of this paper followed.

The Chairman. The time is come when we should hear the
paper on " Tuberculosis," and I have the pleasure of introducing
Prof. F. H. Osgood, of Boston.

DR. OSGOOD.

Mr. Chairman^ Gentlemen : Tuberculosis is a general term applied
to a class of diseases of which consumption in the human family is
the common type. It is the most fatal of all the disease to which man
is subject — one seventh of the entire death rate of the world is said
to be due to it. It is also the most widely distributed and destructive
disease found among cattle. It is a contagious diseases capable of
being transmitted from man to the lower animals and vice versa; and,
like all other contagious diseases, it is due to a specific virus, the
bacillus tuberculosis which is a vegetable parasitic micro-organism,
measuring about one seventh-thousands of an inch in length.

122 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

When this bacillus finds lodgment in an animal, under favorable
conditions, it multiplies with great rapidity. As a result of such
multiplication in any of the internal organs, small nodular bodies are
formed, called "tubercles." As they grow older, a process of soft-
ening takes place and the tubercles become j^ellow and cheesy. This
cheesy mass may soften to the consistence of cream, or, from the
deposition of lime salts in it, ma^^ become hard. These tiibercles
may and do occur in any organ of the body. The idea which so
many have that tuberculosis is purely a lung disease is radically
wrong. This disease may be transmitted from animal to animal, or
animal to man ; first, by inhalation of dust charged with the bacilli,
second, by the ingestion from the meat or milk of tubercular animals,
and third, by inoculation through a cut or wound.

In view of the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Massadbusetts,,
and the dangers of its being communicated from animals to man,
there is no doubt that its prevention and control are among the most
important sanitary questions before the public at the present time.

Viewed from an agricultural standpoint it assumes equal proportions. '
I quote significant facts from a paper read before the Massachusetts
Veterinary Association, in May last, by the Hon. William R. Ses-
sions, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, where it is shown
that the dairy is easily the most important branch of farming in
Massachusetts. The vState census of 1885 gives the latest reliable
figures. By that, the value of dairy products was $13,080,526 ; hay,
$9,676,893; other staple products, $4,578,763; fruit, $2,386,290 j
vegetables (potatoes are included in staple products), $2,762,941;
animal products, $5,398,439. The hay crop is quite largely depend-
ent upon the dairy interest, and the animal products are so largely
dependent upon the dair}^ as to be almost a part of it. The veal
product is certainly a dairy product, and most of the veal of the
State is grown on the skimmed milk of our dairies.

Again it is shown that the neat stock of the State is rapidly
decreasing ; that this decrease began simultaneously with the agitation
of the prevalence of tuberculosis among our cattle, and its attendant
danger to human life and health. That for thirty years, prior to
that time, the cattle industry had steadily increased until 1890, when
200,658 cows and 62,549 neat cattle other than cows were assessed.

In 1893, there were only 186,806 cows and 47,528 neat cattle
other than cows, a decrease of 28,873 in three years. The number
of cows had been previously steadily increasing for thirty years, from
149,090 in 1861 to 200,658 in 1890.

These facts are alarming from such a source alone, but especially
so when they emanate from one who knows by actual experience

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 51. 123

whereof be speaks. The iusidious nature of the disease has had
much to do with the comparative slowness with wliich professional
and public attention has been directed to it ; but the annual loss to
the cattle breeders of the country from tuberculosis if it could be
computed, would prove to be something enormous. If it be true
that the spread of tuberculosis has had such a detrimental effect
upon such a vital branch of agriculture, we feel sure that eft'orts to
rid our cattle of this disease cannot but excite the deep interest of
farmers, and enlist their hearty co-operation in the application of
scientific methods to the desired end.

From the standpoint of public health, the eradication of the disease
in the animals from which we derive so large a portion of our nutri-
tion is of the utmost importance. The subject had not been consid-
ered of enough importance in our own State, until 1892, to receive
even passing attention from the Government, at which time a bill
was passed, entitled " An Act to More Effectually Prevent the Spread
of Tuberculosis among Cattle." Under the provision of this Act, an
earnest endeavor was made by the Board to do all in their power
towards the suppression of the disease, but the Legislature not being
sufficiently informed upon the subject to fully understand or appre-
ciate the importance of radical measures, the officers, upon whom the
enforcement of the law depends, were prevented, by lack of efficient
legislation, from carrying on the work so as to obtain the best results,
but the Legislature of 1894 realized more fully the importance of
the subject, made provision by enlarging the Commission, increasing
its powers, and adding to the appropriation, making possible the
adoption of a new policy, which it is believed will prove efficient in
the suppression of the disease.

You who are constantly brought into contact with these cases,
both before and after death, and see the loathsome condition of the
internal organs, will appreciate fully the importance of such meas-
ures. But one important duty you owe to the community is to
inform the owners of such animals of the dangers arising therefrom,
taking pains to i^oint out clearly the leisons at the time of slaughter,
that State and municipal authorities in your respective districts may
become familiar with the facts regarding our dairy animals and its
bearing, not only upon the industry of agriculture, but its relation
to the public health. Whatever be the opinion regarding the best
remedy for such a state of affairs, certain it is that the longer its
application is delayed the greater will be the undertaking ; the result
of experience has shown that radical measures must be adopted, if
its extension is to be checked.

Since the discovery, a dozen years ago, of the "bacillus tubercu-

124 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

losis," by Koch, and the demonstratiou of the identity of the disease
in man and the lower animals, a growing interest has been mani-
fested in the question of the meat and milk suppl}^, especially in onr
large cities. This interest has given rise to the establishment of an
inspection service, which, notwithstanding its superficial character,
has revealed many startling facts respecting the prevalence of tuber-
culosis among our milch cows and beef cattle, so that, at the present
time, there is little or no question concerniug its quite general preva-
lence. Numerous investigations have shown that the products of the
dairy are, in some sections, to a most astonishing extent infected
with the "bacillus tuberculosis," which, remember, is responsible
for the loss of more human lives than any other one germ. Many
of the fatal troubles in infants have their origin in tubercular infec-
tion. So thoroughly is the contagiousness of the disease now recog-
nized in the human family, that the boards of health of several
States have considered the matter of sufficient importance to send out,
in great numbers, pamphlets warning the public with reference to the
necessity of destroying the sputum of consumptives, and carefully
disinfecting the premises which have been occupied by them. Is it
not quite time that attention should be given to two important causes
of this disease, viz., the use of infected flesh and milk, and the con-
tact of consumptive human beings with healthy animals ? Tubercu-
losis, whether occurring in man or animals, should be classed with
other contagious diseases, and treated in a manner consistent with
known facts relating to its power of contagion.

CAUSES.

The causes are exciting and predisposing, both of which seem in a
manner to be essential, owing to the fact that the bacillus is so
exacting as to suitable conditions.

The immediate or exciting cause is a contagion, the "bacillus
tuberculosis," and without which it is just as impossible for an
animal to contract the disease (tuberculosis) as it is to raise a potato
or an onion without having placed the respective seeds in a suitable
soil. In addition to this there are many accessory or predisposing
causes which are important, especially when we consider the possi-
bility of re-infection of dairy stock from the human family, which Ave
must face and provide against. While the preponderance of
evidence points clearly to the conclusion that tuberculosis is not as a
rule congenital, it is undoubtedly true that it may be, and is so occa-
sionally ; but while this direct communication of the disease from the
parent to the offspring is of rare occurrence, it is unfortunately
true that a strong predisposition is ver}'^ often so communicated ;

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 51. 125

hence the dauger of breeding from such auuuuls. We should, there-
fore, lose no opportunity of doiug whatever we can to enable the
breeder and agriculturist to raise a class of animals that will be free
from any predisposition to this disease, and of pointing out to tliem
how to so care for their cattle that they may reduce to a minimum
the chance of their contracting the disorder even when they are occa-
sionally exposed. This can only be done by the employment of all
of those measures that are known to be efficacious in keeping our
animals up to their full vigor and health, that each function may be
performed to its full, and in harmony one with the other. It is an
undoubted fact that the excessive development of one function,
regardless of the general economy, will surely lead to disaster.

An animal is not at all times an equally favorable subject for the
development of the bacilli, for we often observe at post mortem
examinations old points of infection, where the nodule had become
calcified or encysted, pointing to the belief that at time of infection
the system was in such a condition as to furnish a suitable breeding
ground for its multiplication and spread, but the tone of the system
being improved by the early removal of the predisposing cause, a
boundary has been gradually set against further invasion. If we
expect to keep our animals in health, we must provide not only food
and water in sufficient quantity, but we must equally avoid giving
them in excess. We must cease to look upon the cow as she is at
present considered, as simply a milk machine into which we must
crowd all the food it is possible for her to consume, and which in the
end is but poor economy, for we awake to the fact that the machine
has been run beyond its limit, and is prematurely worn out.

The experiment stations founded by the Government for the pur-
pose of fostering our live-stock and dairy interests have taught the
farmer that they will get more milk and butter from a given amount cf
food if the animals are kept tied up and not allowed exercise ; but this
teaching is contrary to all physiological and hygienic laws, for it consti-
tutes an enormous drain upon the system which we can never replace.

The amount of disease due to sanitary neglect is enormous ; defec-
tive and insufficient ventilation, light, and drainage, damp or poorly
constructed stables are often the unsuspected roots of many diseases,
because they so undermine the constitution of the animal as to render it
a suitable breeding ground for any contagion that may gain access to it.

We know that among the traditions which have been handed down
to our farmers for generations was one that the warmer and darker
our cow stables were kept the greater the return in milk. Aside from
the fact that such stables are usually dirty and ill ventilated, and as
such lower the general health, we also know that nothing is so favor-

126 CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.

able to the prolongatiou of the life of the bacillus tuberculosis as
darkness, and nothing more destructive than sunlight. Such facts
should be brought to the attention of all. The importance of pure
air and exercise is clearly seen when we compare any of the statistics
which show the very high percentage of infection in milch cows con-
fined in city dairies, where they are constantly housed, with those
showing the relative freedom of young cattle, or with the cattle on
our Western plains who lead an outdoor life.

It is a well-known fact to you all that the progress of the disease
is much more rapid in winter, when the animals are housed, than dur-
ing the summer months, when the barns' are open and animals frequently
out. Too early in and in and unbreeding are also important factors,
as they undermine the strength and vigor of the animal as well as that
of the progeny.

SYMPTOMS.

So slow and insidious is the course of the disease that the symptoms
may be present but unperceived for a long period of time, even for
years. We to-day recognize the fact that symptoms of disease may
be present in tubercular animals, but that it is nevertheless a fact
that there are no symptoms of the pathognomic of the disease, and
that a positive diagnosis can only be made by the aid of the micro-
scope, inoculation experiments, or the tuberculin test. As no organ
or tissue of the body is exempt from invasion, it naturally follows
that any deviation from health in our neat cattle is sufficient to arouse
suspicion. Our experience proves that when we have cleaned out
tuberculosis from a herd, as we have done in a number of instances,
there is little further need of a doctor to that herd. On the other
hand, there are diseases of the various organs that may cause a cough
with short hurried respiration, or symptoms which appear to be exactlj^
those of tuberculosis ; such a diagnosis is made, the animal is
destroyed, and it proves that the symptoms were produced as a result
of a nail which, having been swallowed, had gained entrance to the
second stomach, and from there penetrated the pleura where it had
caused adhesion, but no tuberculosis was present ; and so on, indefi-
nitely, could I illustrate, had I the time, and from these very facts,
that there was no practicable method of making a positive diagnosis,
the disease had been able to get the foothold it has at the present
time, but fortunately, owing to the advance of modern science, we
have at the present time an agent, " tuberculin," b}'^ the aid of which
we are enabled to make a positive diagnosis, which method is practi-
cable, and upon which test our future actions will be based.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 127

TUBERCULIN.

Dr. Koch, who was the first to discover the baciUus, in 1882, was
also the one to bring to the attention of scientists, in 1890, what he
hoped would prove to be a cure for the disease, under the title of
"Koch's lymp," since known as "tuberculin," but, as you all know,
this proved a failure, owing to the fact that it immediately increased
the intensity of the disease in consumptive patients, manifested by a
rapid elevation of temperature.

As a result of this one invariable fact, Prof. Gutman, of the
Veterinary Institute of Dorput, Russia, experimented with the lymp
upon cattle, and found the high reaction in tubercular animals equally
■constant ; since which time, tuberculin has been used with almost uni-
form satisfaction in the detection of tuberculosis in cattle.

Tuberculin is the sterilized and filtered liquid in which pure cul-
tures of the "bacillus tuberculosis " have been grown. This germ,
like all others, develops, as a function of its life, a chemical poison,
or ptomaine, peculiar to itself. It is prepared by growing the tuber-
cle bacillus in a pure culture until highly concentrated and until a
large amount of its ptomaine is developed. Glycerine and carbolic
acid are then added, and the mixture is filtered through a porcelain
plate to remove the germs. The filtered fluid is heated to a suflficiently
high temperature to destroy the vitality of any germ which may have
passed the filter. It is then evaporated at a low temperature, in a
vacuum, until concentrated. The test with cattle is made by inject-
ing the fluid under the skin back of the shoulder by means of a ster-
ilized hypodermic syringe. The syringe, skin, and hair at the point
•of injection are first carefully disinfected in order that no disease-pro-
ducing germ may enter the system by this means. The normal tem-
peratures are taken before injection. The presence of tuberculosis
in an affected animal is indicated by a rise in temperature, usually
beginning ten hours after injection, but occasionally not until as late
as from sixteen to eighteen hours. The fever is sometimes accom-
panied by uneasiness, with rigors, chills, and diarrhoea. Careful
observation and trained intelligence is essential to the interpretation
•of the results of the tuberculin test, since apparent reactions some-
times occur which will mislead the unskilful or careless examiner.
The test is too delicate for ordinary hands.

Thanks to the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington, from whom
we have obtained an excellent quality of tuberculin, we have been
enabled to make something over one thousand tests, a tabulated list
of which we have here. Throughout these tests, we have never made
an autopsy, when a positive reaction had been obtained, that the

128 CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.

diagnosis was not confirmed. As a result of this work, we are ready
to base our future action upon the I'esults of the tuberculin test.

In order to better accomplish the desired result we have formulated
a general order, which I will read to you in closing.

(The general order of Nov. 20 here read will be found
printed in the appendix.)

After a highly interesting discussion on tuberculosis and the
order of the Commission on the subject, the chairman w^as
obliged to leave and Dr. Osgood was asked to preside.

Dr. Osgood. There are representatives of the board of
health here to-day, — especially I call to mind a representative
of the Canadian government, who has charge of the matter of
contagious diseases throughout the provinces of Canada, —
members of the board of health of some of our Connecticut
towns, and also Congressman Walker, of Worcester, whom I
will ask to say a few" words, after which some of the other gen-
tlemen will address you.

ADDRESS OF HON. JOSEPH H. WALKER.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen : I do not know for what purpose I
was called upon. I think I have about as much right to appear here
as a farmer as most of you ; but I suppose that the Commissioners
may want some word said in reference to the approval of the laymen
of the Commonwealth, — men who are not inspectors, — men, women,
and children who are interested in the results of your work. I have
to say, Mr. Chairman, members of the Board of Cattle Commissioners,
and all who bear the official responsibility of diseases among cattle,
that you may rest assured that any expense that may be caused by
your official action, that is demanded in the interest of the public,,
in a conscientious effort to stamp out this disease among cattle, will
be thoroughly approved by the people without any reference to cost.
Though it takes one half or three fourths or the whole of the animals
out of the Commonwealth, let us clean them out and begin over, and
substitute for them something else.

{A voice.) Who will pay for them?

Walker {continuing). The State ought to pay for them.

Now the farmers are responsible, to a certain extent, for diseases
in their herds, because it is their business to know whether their ani-
mals are diseased or not, just as it is my business to know about
boots and shoes, whether they are good or not.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 1211

The Commouwetiltli, imder auy consideratiou, is bouucl to pay a
considerable amount of losses that come to the farmer because of- it,
and I believe the people in this Commonwealth will justify and sus-
tain the Legislature in compelling the Commonwealth to pay whatever
taxes may be necessary to bear a very large share of loss that comes
from this action.

I do not wish to detain you, but I wish to say that I believe, from
what I know, that the people of the Commonwealth will bear out this
Commission, and say : Go ahead and clean out this disease at any
cost. Exterminate tuberculosis, and the results will soon reimburse
us for the original outlay.

Chairman : I see Mr. William R. Sessions, Commissioner
of Agriculture, whom we shall be pleased to have say a few
words. Gentlemen of the convention, Mr. William R.
Sessions.

ADDRESS BY WILLIAM R. SESSIONS.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen : I need not tell you that this is a
question in which I am very much interested, because you all know
that to be the fact. When I received the invitation or notice of this
meeting, — invitation, also, — I had my doubts about the feeling of the
community being ripe for such a convention, and came down here
expecting to see a comparatively small audience, and I confess I am
agreeably disappointed, and the Commission has proved itself nearer
right than I supposed it was. Before coming here, I would not have
dared to say what Congressman Walker has just said, that the State
will back up its Commissioners, but I think I would be warranted in
saying so to-day, after seeing the desire of the men to know their duty
and power, and their desire to exercise it.

T find here no criticisms or carping about the law, which I ex-
pected, and I am satisfied that the Commonwealth is ready for them
to go forward, those who know about this tuberculous element, and
I am not fearful that the Commonwealth will not back up the Legis-
lature in this matter.

Last winter, when this law was proposed, with fear and trembling
I advocated it.

I thought the State ought to pay part, at least, of the original
value of the animal slaughtered. I haven't changed my views. In
conversation with some examiner I said I hoped it would, that I
thought it would be a very great assistance to them, and would make
cattle owners helpers and allies of this Commission. All men
are selfish. They will conceal and obstruct as much as possible. I

130 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

congratulate your Commission upon tlie plan which they have un-
folded to us to-da^^, and I approve of it. It is a plan which has
involved a great deal of study, — one which, from one hearing, I am
unable to pick any flaws in. It is quite evident that they are
honest in their endeavors to fulfil the law. They have had a great
deal of experience in this business and are much better able than we
to decide what is the best plan, and they have shown b}' their conduct
to-day that they are ready and anxious that every one interested in
the matter should express their views and propose amendments, etc.
I do not wish to further take the time of the meeting, but will say
to the Commission, " God speed." I believe you are on the right
track.

Dr. Osgood. I have now the pleasure of introducing to
you Prof. D. McEachran, Dean of Montreal College, the most
prominent veterinarian in Canada, and Chief Cattle Inspector
for that government. Gentlemen of the convention, Prof.
McEachran : —

ADDRESS BY PROF. D. McEACHRAN.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: When I was honored by an invita-
tion by such a representative bod}" as the Board of Cattle Commis-
sioners of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to be present at
their deliberations to-day, I did not expect to have the pleasure of
meeting such a large concourse of representative stockmen and
inspectors as are here assembled.

Being charged as I am, as Chief Advisor of the Government of
Canada, with great responsibilities in dealing with the often difficult
problems relating to animal diseases, I naturally embraced this
opportunity of learning what this deliberative body proposed to do in
dealing with a subject of such vast importance as the main question
before you to-day, viz., tuberculosis in cattle, and I assure 3^011 that
I have not been disappointed, for I have learned from the able papers
read by Profs. Lyman and Osgood and the able address of your
worthy chairman, Prof. Stoekbridge, whose name and fame are so
long and favorabl}^ associated with the promotion of agriculture and
live-stock interests, that j^ou have been fortunate in having a Board
not only well qualified to carry on this great work, but who are
determined that it will be done and done thoroughly.

We have heard to-day that Massachusetts was the first State in the
world to deal effectually with pleuro-pneumonia, a disease that has
not only lingered for more than half a century in European countries

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 131

aud in portions of this country, but has cost millions annually in
ineffectual efforts to stamp it out, and more than that, brought ruin
to the agriculturists of these countries.

I feel proud that I have been privileged to assist at this meeting,
which will be an historical one, for I feel satisfied that a body such
as this will carry out with equally satisfactory results the difficult task
of stamping out a disease of far more importance and infinitely more
destructive than pleuro-pueumonia itself.

To do this they will need your hearty co-operation. I heard a
remark in this hall to-day, by a gentleman sitting near me, that "They
have bitten off more than they could chew." That is a very expres-
sive remark, but, gentlemen, I do not agree in that sentiment.

It is true that in the carrying out of the necessarily arduous work
they will have many difficulties to overcome ; but history repeats
itself, and a people who led the world in ridding their herds of such
an insidious disease as pleuro-pneumonia will not fail to back your
Cattle Commissioners in stamping out tuberculosis also.

You have heard to-day many plain facts about tuberculosis. I need
only to repeat a few of them. This disease is very contagious ; its
coutagium is peculiarly subtle ; an animal coughs, the sputum dries,
it is carried by the air, is inhaled, and the bacilli enter the respiratory
organs of a healthy animal, and it, in turn, becomes diseased. A
diseased bull is introduced to a herd, co-habits with healthy cows, and
they become diseased. A healthy calf is given the milk of a tuber-
culous cow, aud it becomes diseased. Healthy cows are placed in
barns previously occupied by tuberculous cattle, and they become
tuberculous.

It is not only communicable from animal to animal, in these and
A^arious other ways, but it is communicable from animals to man in the
same manner. Milk is the food which the medical man prescribes for
the invalid ; the fond mother feeds her darling child on milk, which
may be teeming with tuberculous bacilli. Milk forms a portion of
the family meal on nearly every occasion, and yet, just think of it,
gentlemen ! with this disease so prevalent among dairy cows, the con-
sumer is never certain that that milk does not contain the active germs
of this incurable death-dealing malady.

Statistics show that consumption is on the increase. You have
heard to-day that one death in every eight is due to consumption.
Consumption in man is communicable to animals. A consumptive
patient is sent to live on a farm. He coughs, expectorates, and the
sputum is eaten by poultry or pigs, or dries and is inhaled by cattle,
and tuberculosis attacks these animals.

Facts such as these cannot fail to arouse in the minds of an intelli-

132 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

geut people a determination to back up these gentlemen who are about
to rid the land of such a plague.

From some of the questions asked here to-day by delegates I infer
that some of you are under the impression that this is purely a lung
disease, and that cough is an invariable symptom by which it can be
recognized. Such is not the case. It is true that the tubercles often
form in the lungs. You may find them from the size of a millet seed
to " the size of a hen," as was stated by one of the speakers this
morning. They occur with equal frequency in other tissues, especially
the glands, both externally and internally about the neck and throat,
below the ears, between the jaws, in the udder, the mesenteric glands,
thoracic glands, and pleura ; in fact, they may be found in any tissue
in the body. In advanced cases they are large and numerous, and
many, unless closely searched for, may be overlooked. I want to
impress this upon you, as I understand many of you are inspectors
working under these Commissioners.

You have heard from Prof. Osgood that a test, viz., tuberculin,
or Koch's lymph, is now in daily use for determining the presence of
tuberculosis. This is an attenuated virus, rendered sterile by heat.
The bacilli are killed in the process, but the poison which emanates
from them is contained in the liquid.

It has been discovered that this liquid, when injected under the
skin, will almost invariably cause a rise in temperature in a tubercu-
lous animal ; whereas, it gives no reaction in the case of a healthy
animal.

The discovery of this test has made it practicable to deal with this
disease in the manner now proposed by your Commissioners.

I have been working on this subject for twenty- seven years, during
which time I was aware of its contagious and destructive character ;
but I was also well aware that no living man could diagnose the
disease by mere clinical examination, except in advanced internal
cases or well-marked external ones. Therefoi'e, although I had it put
on the list of contagious diseases, in the Animal Contagious Diseases
Act in 1886, three years in advance of Great Britain or France, till
this test was discovered I could not advise the Canadian govern-
ment to undertake the task of stamping it out, on account of our im-
perfect means of diagnosing it. Now, however, there is less excuse
for any government allowing this plague to exist, not only a menace
to public health, but actually a death-dealing plague throughout the
land ; and I trust that, before long, the Canadian government will
follow your common-sense example, while yet this disease exists only
to a limited extent, as it does in our country, and while it can be
eradicated for a small sum compared with the benefits to be derived

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 133

from the expenditure, or what it will assuredly cost if action is longer
delayed.

Now, gentlemen, as yon are representatives from nearly every part
of the Commonwealth, allow me to suggest that you do what you can
to help the Commissioners, by telling your neighbors what you have
learned here to-day about this disease. I believe that the education
of the people on this subject should precede any radical measures for
stamping it out, and this Commission will greatly simplify its work
by printing in the plainest English the facts concerning this disease,
and let ever^^ stock owner or breeder — nay, every household — learu
by this means the danger of longer tolerating such an insidious plague
in their midst.

I was pleased to hear from Prof. Lyman, to-day that pleuro-
pneumonia no longer exists in the United States, and I believe it to
be true. It is equally true that it does not exist in Canada ; that it
never did exist in Canada except when it was imported to the Quebec
quarantine in 1886, where it was effectually stamped out.

I repeat, it is true — the opinions of the Imperial OtTicial Veterina-
rians notwithstanding. Were it not true, I feel convinced that I
would soon be contradicted in such a large gathering of inspectors,
practising in a State so closely bordering on our frontier.

In conclusion, Mr. Chairman and Commissioners, allow me to
thank you for this opportunity of being present, and please accept
my congratulations on the praiseworthy action you are taking in this
matter, and my sincere good wishes that the work so well begun will
be carried to a successful termination.

Prof. Osgood. I see that we have with us to-day a repre-
sentative veterinarian from Connecticut and W'Ould introduce
Dr. Noah Cressy, of Hartford.

ADDRESS OF DR. NOAH CRESSy!

Mr. Chairman, Members of the Cattle Commission of Massachusetts,
and Gentlemen : If ever I enjoyed a professional Pentecost equal to
that of old and rejoiced because of it, it is here to-day. Long ago
when I first advocated that tuberculosis was contagious, even the
worthy chairman of your Commission, long experienced with it, and
in the actual practice of examination, doubted it, as did a majority
of the profession,* etc.

* It is to be regretted that, because of Dr. Cressy's speed in delivery, the
stenographer is unable to furnish a lull report of his remarks, as they were
excellent, much to the point, and iu view of the doctor's long experience,
verv instructive.

134 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

Prof. Osgood. We desire to have the pleasure of listening
to a few words from C. A. Dennen, of Pepperell, the nominee
of the governor to fill the vacancy made by the resignation
from the Board of Commissioners of Prof. Stockl)ridge. Gen-
tlemen, I have the pleasure of introducing C. A, Dennen.

ADDRESS OF MR. C. A. DENNEN.

Mr. Chairman and Brother Lisjjectors : I did not expect to be called
on here to-day to speak. I don't know what to say, but I am very
mncli pleased indeed to be able to be present with you and hear the
remarks that have been made, and listen to these very able papers.
I am also very glad indeed that I have had opportunity to see more
or less of this disease, from the fact that from twenty to twenty-
five years I butchered, and I have seen it in all its stages for tliat
period of time. As I have listened to the paper read by Prof.
Osgood, I could not help thinking how many cases that I have seen
and known that have been so thoroughly illustrated by him, and one
particular case came to m}^ notice within a day or tAvo. Some three
years ago a neighbor of mine in the town of Pepperell said : "I
would like to have you come and see my cow. I have got a very
nice cow ; I bought it at the Lawrence Farm." (You all know the
repntation of this farm for breeding cattle.) "She is a nice cow,
but she is not very well, and I would like to have you look her OA^er
and tell me what you think ails her, and what I can do for her." I
looked at her and I told him I should bury her the first thing I
did. He asked me, "What is the matter?" And I said, "Con-
sumption." He buried that cow within three or four days. He
raised a calf from that cow. When he buried the mother he put the
daughter in the mother's place ; after a time lie came to me again and
said she was sick, and he would like to have me come and see laer. I
went, and I said as to her the same that I had said as to her mother :
"Bury her," I also advised him to be very careful not to put
another in her place before he had thoroughly disinfected it. Not
satisfied with my judgment, he went to Surgeon Towles, and he told
him practically the same as I had, that the cow had tubercidosis.
He raised a calf from that cow and put lier in the place of tlie
grandmother and mother. Niglit before last he sent for me and
said: "My other cow is sick, and I would like to have you see
her." I placed that cow in quarantine.

I sent an order, or copy, into the oflice, with tlie remark tliat the
grandmother, mother, and daughter had tuberculosis ; that two had
died and the other was almost dead.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 135

It seems to me that if this is not hereditary (all the profession say
it is not), it is hereditary as far as this: that the system has a
tendency to consumption from the mother or grandmother, and it
crops out.

In these cases, the bacillus was taken probably from the stall
where the cows were tied.

Since I have been inspector in Pepperell, we have taken forty-six
cattle out of that town and killed them. Out of the forty-six, we
made a mistake of one, and found forty-five diseased, and most of
them were badly diseased. In the one in which we could not
discover tubercles in the lungs or any part of the bod}^, the lungs
had adhered to both sides of the chest so that I could not pull them
off without tearing them, which was the reason we got the sound
that we did. We had taken three cows out of that barn before and
killed them.

Out of the forty-six, I do not think there was but one case that
was not tuberculous ; found two with tubercles on lungs, but in many
cases found them all over the bod}'.

Other interesting remarks were made 1)y Dr. Madison Bun-
ker and Dr. Geo. Brigham.

De. Ward, of Northfield. I wish to make one motion
before we adjourn. Tliat this convention of cattle inspectors
extend to Drs. Lyman and Osgood a vote of thanks for their
able papers and also the gentlemanly manner in which Ihey
have answered the numerous cjuestions which have been pro-
pounded.

Motion seconded and carried.

The meeting then adjourned for a practical demonstration of
the tuberculin test.

F. H. OSGOOD,

Acting Gliairman.

136 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jim.

Proceedings of the National Live Stock Sanitary Conven-
tion, held in Washington City, D. C, on Tuesday,
Wednesday, and Thursday, June iq, 20, and 21, 1894.

TUESDAY'S SESSION.

The convention met in the annex of the Agricultural Building in
"Washington, D, C, at 10 o'clock a. m., Tuesday, .June 19, and in
the absence of Hon. J. A. Potts, of Missouri, was called to order by
A. M. Brownlee, Secretary of the Illinois State Board of Live Stock
Commissioners.

On motion and second, Hon. Levi Stockbridge, Chairman of the
Massachusetts State Cattle Board, was elected Chairman, and A. M,
Brownlee, Secretary.

Members present were enrolled as follows : Dr. E. D. Salmon,
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States ; Dr.
Robert Ward, Chief Veterinary Inspector of Maryland ; Frank G.
Wrightson, President, and J. E. Beasman, Secretary of the Live
Stock Sanitary Board of Maryland ; Dr. M. Stalker, State Veterina-
rian of Iowa ; Thomas J. Edge, Secretar}' of the Penns^dvania Board
of Agriculture ; Franklin D3^e, Secretary of the State Board of Agri-
culture of New Jersey; Chas. P. Lyman, F. R. C. V. S., Secretarj'^
of Massachusetts Board of Cattle Commissioners and Dean of the
Veterinary' Medical Department of Harvard University ; Levi Stock-
bridge, Chairman of Massachusetts Cattle Board and ex-President
Massachusetts Agricultural College ; Dr. T. J. Turner, State Veter-
inarian of Missouri ; C. D. Bartlett, Chairman, J. H. Paddock,
Commissioner, A. M. Brownlee, Secretarj^, of the Illinois State
Board of Live Stock Commissioners, and Dr. M. R. Trumbower,
State Veterinarian of Illinois ; H. H. Hinds'and J. E. Barringer, of
the Live Stock Sanitary Commission of Michigan ; George C. Pritch-
ard, State Veterinarian of Kansas, and E. N. Turner, Chairman of
the Kansas Live Stock Sanitary Convention.

Letters and telegrams of regret were received from Robert J. Kle-
berg, Secretary of the Texas State Sanitary Commission; Benj.
Mclnnes, State Veterinarian of South Carolina ; Dr. Neil B. Jones,
of Ohio, and others.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 137

The President read the call for the couvcntion, which was as fol-
lows : —

Mexico, Mo., June 8, 1894.
To the Live Stock Sanitary Boards and Commissions of the States of the
United States, —

Gentlemen : Responses to a circular sent out some days ago calling
a Live Stock Sanitary Convention to meet in Washington City, D. C,
on June 19, 20, and 21, are sufficiently numerous to show the widespread
interest in said convention, and justifies the belief that the majority of
the boards of the United States will be represented. The call is there-
fore reiterated, and the convention will be held on the above date. The
delegates will find at the Arlington Hotel full information as to place of
meeting and programme. The convention will be called to order at ten
o'clock A. M., on Tuesday, June 19, and officers will be elected. The
Honorable Secretary of Agriculture, J. Sterling Morton, has been invited
to make the opening address, and Dr. Ilobert Ward, State Veterinarian
of Maryland, will respond.

The following subjects will be taken up in order and discussed: —

First. Uniform State laws for the suppression and prevention of the
spread of contagious and infectious diseases among domestic animals.
Paper by Dr. T. J. Turner. State Veterinarian of Missouri, and discus-
sion.

Second. Uniform quarantine line. Discussion led by Mr. White, of
Kansas.

Third. The tick theory in regard to the communication of Texas
fever. Discussion led by Hon. Robert J. Kleberg, Secretary Texas Sani-
tary Cattle Commission.

Fourth. Actinomycosis. — Discussion led by Leonard Pearson, B,
S. v. M. D., University of Pennsylvania.

Fifth. Tuberculosis. — Papers by Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Superintend-
ent Battle Creek (Michigan) Sanitarium, and Dr. M. R. Trumbower,
State Veterinarian of Hlinois.

Sixth. Glanders. — Papers by Dr. Robert Ward, State Veterinarian
of Maryland, and Dr. [N^eil B. Jones, of Ohio.

While the convention has been called for three days, the time and all
other matters will be left to be settled by the delegates when they meet.
As the questions to come before the convention are very important, I
hope that all States will be represented.

This call is made in pursuance of authority given me as president of
the Cattle Convention held at Kansas City in 1893.

Respectfully,

J. A. Potts,
Of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture.

Dr. Salmon said that the Honorable Secretary of Agriculture,
J. Sterling Morton, could not be present, as he was attending a
Cabinet meeting.

Dr. Robert W^ard, of Maryland, made the opening address. He

138 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan,

said Maryland had received the call for this convention with great
satisfaction. They had often wished for such a convention. of State
boards, as it would lead to co-operation which would be of great
value and would materially reduce the cost of State inspection. He
had found that there was great necessity for work in unison. He
spoke at length of the work of stamping out pleuro-pneumonia, and
explained the great good they received through the hearty co-opera-
tion of Dr. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and
hoped that the work of this convention would result in such hearty
and effective co-operation of the State boards and the United States
Bureau as would enable the combined forces to stamp out tuberculosis,
glanders, and other dangerous and contagious diseases.

Dr. Turner, of Missouri, moved that a committee of three be
appointed by the Chair to consider the question of a permanent
national organization, and that said committee make their report to
this convention.

The motion prevailed, and the Chair appointed Dr. T. J. Turner,
of Missouri, Dr. Chas. P. Lyman, of Massachusetts, and Dr. M.
Stalker, of Iowa, as such committee.

Mr. Paddock, of Illinois, moved that the convention proceed with
the consideration of the subject of "Uniform State Laws," and the
convention so ordered.

The following paper was read by Dr. T. J. Turner, of Missouri : —

UNIFORM STATE LAWS FOR THE SUPPRESSIOX AND PREVEN-
TION OF THE SPREAD OF CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS
DISEASES AMONG DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention: After the statement
of the subject, which is in reality one fit for debate rather than a thesis,.
the following question propounds itself to each one here assembled: Is
such uniformit}^ necessary? It is, peradventure, accepted by this body
that, were all the State laws uniform throughout, then but one law regu-
lating these matters would exist, and that the execution of it would be
much easier, cheaper, possibly much more efficacious. Yet, however,
there are, likely, good and sufficient reasons for the diversity of these
laws.

Few State laws are in harmony to the extent of uniformity with those
of other States; and justly so, too. They are different from the fact that
different people need different laws. Not laws, the intent of which are
different, but which in detail differ in order to meet the requirements of
its special people. Can we hope for unity or uniformity in detail of
sanitary live-stock laws when such divergence is found in all others? All
intent on the one paramount idea, the suppression and prevention of the
spread of these dread maladies, each at this time must use its own ideas,
make its own laws as best fitted to its own people and their interest.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 139

Although we recognize that our desire for complete uniformity is
perliaps a thing of tlie far distant future, let us not despair of attaining
the desired goal, but rather strive the harder since its possession seems
so difficult.

How are we to accomplish this end? Let us look at the territory the
Union covers, from ocean to ocean and from Maine to the Gulf. Within
these confines are forty-four States and four Territories. Each and
every one of these areas should have lawssuch as we are at present dis-
cussing. How many do you suppose have any such laws; and how many
have such an officer as the State Veterinarian? Out of the whole number
of States and Territories, judging from responses to a circular letter
written Dec. 26, 1893, there are only from twelve to fifteen that have
State Veterinarians at all, and only from sixteen to eighteen that
have any laws relating to live-stock sanitation. There is but little differ-
ence in the general tone of the laws of any of the States I had the good
fortune to obtain.

First, then, there should be instilled into the minds of the citizens of
these various States the great benefit to be derived not onl}^ to its
citizens in a financial way, but also its advantages to the general health
and welfare.

I would note just here, too, the close connection that exists between
sanitary laws for the human family and those for live-stock, which makes
this almost one common cause and the veterinarians and M. Ds. brothers
in it.

From what source is this education, as it were, to come?

As the veterinarians are scattered east, west, south, and north, so do we
find ever-increasing interest in these matters. From them, then, as being
competent judges, should the people learn much. Their road will be no
smooth one, but if they be men let them struggle on and persevere until
success is their reward.

Again, experience in the advent of a dreadful malady among the stock
of a State will be a very helpful card to the promoter of these interests.
The veterinarian heralds the news far and wide, and ere many moons
have passed we have a sanitary live-stock law, made possibly for this
immediate purpose. Let that be, but remember that the people now
have been awakened and ai-e thinking. The next legislature has met
and adjourned and a new and improved law stands in place of the old.
Thus we have another State or Territory in line toward the final goal.
While in new States and Territories these, or allies, are at work, let
those States and Territories that long before entered the list be doing nil
in their power to further the ends for Avhich they are striving. Each of
the States which now^ has its own laws regulating such matters has in view
the control and management of these diseases, as that only concerns its
own people.

Let us be more generous (if possible without personal injury), and
make laws that, at the same time they aid us, may also be aiding our sister
States. States, as men, are very apt to become narrow in their views and
jealous of their own interests, whether such are threatened or not, and
to take steps that may unnecessarily do great, and possibly irreparable,.

140 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

injury to some one else. At times also they, as men, are apt to consult
their own interests only, and neglect entirely to consider the effect upon
others.

To illustrate, this year certain counties in Arkansas were admitted to
be safe counties by the Federal Government, and cattle from these areas
were allowed ad libitum anywhere north or west of the scheduled coun-
try. Missouri thought three of these counties likely dangerous and
excluded them. Arkansas thought an injustice had been done her, and
it may be so; at any rate, those counties are now admitted (information
upon inquiry seeming to justify it), and time alone can prove the wisdom
of the first or last act.

Again, Kansas has under certain conditions quarantined against Mis-
souri cattle from certain southern counties for no plausible reason on
earth. ISTo cattle from Missouri territory have ever, either in the past or
present, been capable of producing splenic or Texas fever.

All of her territory has always been north of the Federal quarantine
line, so that Kansas's supposed precaution does her no special good, hav-
ing quarantined against a territory as free from contamination as any
within her own confines, and she has done Missouri an injustice before
the public. Thus, for supposed or imaginary danger injury is often done.

Again, in all matters possible, it is well, it seems to me, to follow the
Federal rules, for by so doing often much is simplified. If in uniformity
lies our hope and salvation, the hope of uniformity must be centred in
co-operation, — first, if possible, State with Federal Government; second,
State with State; next. State Sanitary Live Stock Board, Commissioners,
or whatever the power to execute these laws, with the Health Board of the
State ; and the co-operation of the Live Stock Sanitary Board with the
municipal laws of the various cities of the State.

The following general laws might with all propriety be uniform, they
being of vital importance to interstate traffic.

There should be a law compelling the examination of each and every
animal brought to one State from another for breeding purposes, and a
certain standard, also fixed by law, should be required ere the animal is
allowed to enter.

If we are able to form uniform laws for this interstate traffic, then a
certificate from one State to another will be of great value. Few States
require certificates or examinations of such stock, and as a result thereof
we have had these apparent idiopathic outbreaks of pleuro-pneumonia,
contagiosa, etc.

Bearing in mind that all the dangerous contagious and infectious dis-
eases have been imported to this country, and that the trend of the live-
stock traffic is from Avest to east, does it not seem that by united effort
on our part all these maladies might be greatly decreased if not entirely
destroyed?

Again, a compulsory disinfection of cars in Avhich all live-stock, for
such purposes, has been or is about to be shipped should be had.

The executors of these laws should also be the same in each State, as
near as possible, for this may make a vast difference, as, for example, if
a State Board of Health has this power the members are likely to pay more

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 51. 141

especial attention to that part of live-stock sanitary law which affects the
human family more directly.

If I were to suggest the, to me, ideal mode of regulating this matter,
the live-stock sanitary conditions should be under the management of the
State Board of Agriculture, or some department of it, who should have
the power, and be compelled under the law, to employ a competent
veterinarian, to be chosen according to his professional merits, and not,
as it has been my misfortune to see, an applicant with almost the sole
recommendation that he was a stanch and hard-working Democrat or
Eepublican. This veterinarian should, by virtue of his position, be a
member of the State Board of Health.

Having secured this, proper laws should be made governing this
officer, and his duties assigned. He, being chosen according to his
merits, should have the power, subject to the approval of the Board, to
appoint deputies and assistants to aid him in carrying out his work. Then
the law governing the State Veterinarian and the State Board of Health
should be so couched that where the power of the one ceases the other
shall begin ; and this might also apply to the municipal meat and dairy
inspection laws, for really the inspection of the animal alive might and
would aid materially the inspection of milk and other food products, in so
far as any danger from the contraction of disease from its consumption
is concerned. If each State would do this it would scarcely matter as to
the detail work; for though it may suit in Illinois for the veterinarian to
appraise, condemn, and destroy glandered animals, in other States the
value might best be fixed by law, and so on in reference to other diseases
and their managements.

Having touched only slightly on a few facts and brought this subject
before your body, I now leave the discussion of the subject in your
hands, and would suggest that each State here represented may give to
the others some exceedingly interesting facts, and by this interchange of
opinion we may be able to advance our individual cause, and do a jjublic
good.

Dr. Lyman, of Massachusetts, said he was exceedingly interested
in this subject. It w^as most important. He had no doubt but that
all desirable uniformity could be accomplished. Some States had no
laws ; some had A^ery imperfect ones. All could be improved. Uni-
formity in the detail of local work was not the question. Laws could
be passed in all States which in effect would be the same. Massa-
chusetts had an early incentive to action. Her Cattle Commission
w-as created to stamp out pleuro-pneumouia. Laws were then passed
which were fundamental. Others had been added. The Legislature
this year had undertaken the codification of all of these laws, and had
passed a bill, which is now being engrossed. The bill creates a com-
mission of five members, and empowers them to deal with tuberculosis
and kill cattle diseased with it. Each town is to appoint a local in-
spector, amenable to the Board of Health and to the Cattle Commis-

14-2 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

sion. This will make a force of some four hundred men, who are to
1)6 organized and put to work. The doctor then read a brief sum-
mary of the purposes to be accomplished and the methods adopted in
the act now about to be enacted b}^ the Legislature of Massachusetts
of the year 1894, entitled " An Act to codify, consolidate, and extend
the Laws relating to Contagious Diseases among Domestic Animals."

Dr. Tm-ner asked if estimate had been made of the expense of this
system.

Dr. Lyman answered that very carefiil estimates had been made.
It seemed hard to take cattle without paying for them. The legis-
lature paid one half of the value of the animal, in cases of tubercu-
losis, and this value is simply the value of the animal as a milk or
food producer, and not a fancy stock value. So far, about four per
cent of the animals examined by the inspectors had been found to
be affected with tuberculosis. No indemnity is paid in Massachusetts
for other diseases.

Dr. M. Stalker asked if animals affected with Texas fever would
be destroyed and paid for by Massachusetts.

Dr. Lyman said that they would not be paid for under the present law.

Thomas J. Edge, of Pennsylvania, said the secretary of the State
Board of Agriculture of his State has all the power in the premises.
They only pa}^ for glandered horses destroyed by the State. The high-
est price paid was twenty dollars. They have been working in tuber-
culosis. Out of a herd of one hundred and thirty-four cattle, one
hundred and five were condemned. He considered money paid for
diseased animals well spent. If the State does not pay, the State will
have to do all the work of hunting out diseased animals. If the State
pays, the owners will report such cases to the proper authorities. It
■costs less to pay for them than to hunt them up. A nominal price
should be paid.

Dr. M. Stalker said they were more concerned about results than
Tmiform State laws. Iowa has not an independent Cattle Commis-
sion. He had been the State Veterinarian for ten j^ears. The theory
of the Iowa legislature was that no value should be attached to a
diseased animal, but permits a nominal price to be paid. The theory'
is that a man whose horse dies of colic should not be taxed to pay
for another man's horse who is killed because of the glanders. Ani-
mals are placed in quarantine and held until owner agrees to let
animal be killed without compensation. All exposed as well as all
diseased animals should be destroyed. In Iowa, no work is being
done on tuberculosis.

Being asked if work in Illinois on tuberculosis or other contagious
diseases would not be much less expensive and more effective if all

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 143

adjoining States were doing the same work, the doctor said that it
-would, but that State Boards could work independent of the action
in other States.

Dr. Edge, of Pennsylvania, said in his State the corporations paid
the tax, and the owners of animals did not object to payment for
those destroyed.

Dr. Lymau moved that the convention take up the subject of tuber-
culosis to-morrow morning, and the motion was agreed to.

On motion, the convention adjourned until 2 o'clock p. m.

At 2 o'clock p. Bi., the convention was called to order by the Pres-
ident, and Dr. Robert Ward, Chief Inspector of Maryland, delivered
an address on glanders, using a set of diagrams prepared by him for
the Agricultural College of his State. He said that glanders was the
most dangerous disease known. It had been, known for many gener-
ations. Great outbreaks of glanders were to be found where all
great armies had congregated. The cavalry used by the armies of
Constantine the Great in the 14th century, and at the seige of Naples,
was scourged with this disease. At the conclusion of the Afghanistan
war, sixty-three thousand horses were left dying on the field, most of
them affected with glanders. In the Crimean war, glanders were rife.
During the War of the Rebellion, many thousand horses died of this
disease and left us a legacy of glanders. The disease is due to the
bacillus mallei. It is a mistake to suppose that glanders can be
developed cle novo. The statement that under certain conditions
glanders can develop without infection is not true. There must be a
germ. This disease is peculiarly dangerous from the fact that inau
is subject to it, and can easily become infected with the incurable
disorder by contact with a diseased animal. Glanders and farcy are
identical. If all cases are carefully investigated it will be found that
they arise from infection. When the glanders virus is exposed to
the sun or heat, it is destroyed. In damp, dark stables it will hold
its vitality for many years. Underground stables ai'e hard to dis-
infect. The doctor gave a very exhaustive description of the disease,
illustrated by diagrams, and spoke of the great value of mallein in
diagnosing the disease. He cited several cases w^hich had come
under his personal observation of men who had contracted this dis-
ease by handling affected animals. He said last year in Baltimore
sixty horses had been destroyed in one stable. They now took
radical action and destroyed all cases.

Dr. Trumbower spoke of a case on record where a mare had been
stabled with a mule. The mule was found to be in an advance stage
of glanders and was killed. The mare was hunted up. Showed no
trace of glanders. She was destroyed. Was the action justifiable?

144 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

Dr. Ward said it was. The mare was dangerous.

Dr. Trumbower spoke of the State law in Illinois. Since 1876,
glanders in his State had decreased about one hundred per cent. The
State pays for animals killed. The average price is thirty dollars.
As a result of this payment, there are more cases reported to the State
Veterinarian.

President Wrightson, of Maryland, spoke in regard to the policy
pursued in his State of paying for glandered animals. He said it
worked well. They had no trouble. The State Veterinarian placed
the valuation. The average price was ten dollars. It was a good
thing to pay for them. The assistant State Veterinarians were
encouraged to report all cases by allowing them veterinarian fees on
all cases reported until case was developed or disposed of. An
officer was sent in all cases to see that the premises were thoroughly
disinfected.

Dr. Lyman said he had been greatly interested in the discussion.
Dr. Ward had been so thorough in his lecture, and had taken so
much pains to bring charts, and so completely explain the subject
that he felt very grateful to him. He was much interested in the
described marks of this disease in the nostrils. Was cicatrix there
a sign of glanders ? He had examined a large number of railroad
horses. Their nostrils showed cicatrixes of all sizes and shapes.
Some crescent, some stellar, others large scars with straight line run-
ning out. Examined another lot of horses thai had no glanders
among them. Found the same scars. He thought it was better to
pay for the horses ; but some objected, and Massachusetts had given
up paying for glandered horses and now pays only for killing and
burying.

Dr. Ward said that in Maryland, if a man purchased a horse and
the horse developed the glanders, the purchaser could recover from
the seller if it was demonstrated that the horse must have had the
glanders when sold.

Prof. Stockbridge said in Massachusetts the case is always against
the buyer, and he cannot recover unless he can prove that the seller
knew that the horse had glanders.

On motion and second, a vote of thanks was given to Dr. Ward
for his able lectui'e.

On motion, convention adjourned to meet at 10 o'clock a. m., on
Wednesday morning.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 145

WEDNESDAY'S SESSION.

The convention was called to order on Wednesday at 10 a. m., by
President Stockbridge.

The committee made report on permanent organization, which after
amendment was adopted as follows : —

Your committee appointed on permanent organization would respect-
fully report as follows: —

We recommend the formation of a National Live Stock Sanitary
Association, to be composed of a representative of the Bureau of Animal
Industry of the United States, members of the different State Live Stock
Sanitary Boards and Commissions, their secretaries, the State Veterin-
arians, and other State officials having control of the matter of diseases
of live-stock.

The officers of the Association shall be a President, Yice-President,
and Secretary, who shall be elected by the Association, and who shall
serve one year, or until their successors are duly elected and qualified.

The present convention shall proceed to perfect said organization and
elect officers for the ensuing term.

A committee of five shall be appointed to draft a constitution and by-
laws, and said committee shall report at the next meeting of this
Association.

That said Association shall meet annually.

That a committee of one be appointed on railroad and hotel accommo-
dations.

That the time and place of the next meeting be determined by the
present convention. That the President and Secretary elected at this
meeting shall prepare a programme for the next regular meeting.

T. J. Turner,
Chas. p. Lyman,
M. Stalker,

Committee.

On motion of Dr. Lyman, the question of organization was laid on_
the table, temporarily, and the subject of tuberculosis taken up.
Dr. Trumbower, of Illinois, read the following paper : —

TUBERCULOSIS.
relation of the disease in the milk and flesh of animals

TO THE same malady IN HUMAN BEINGS.

By J. H. Kellogg, M. D., of the Battle Creek {Mich.) Sanitarium.

Since the discovery, a dozen years ago, of the bacillus tuberculosis
by Koch, and the demonstration of the identity of tuberculosis in man
and lower animals, particularly the classes of herbivorous animals which

146 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

are largely used as food ia all civilized countries, a growing interest has
been manifested in the question of milk and meat supplies, especially
in the larger centres of population. This interest has given rise, particu-
larly in France and England, to the establishment of an inspection
service, which, notwithstanding the superficial character of the methods
of inspection employed, has revealed many startling facts respecting the
prevalence of tuberculosis among milk cows and beef cattle. Special
investigations which have been made in this country from time to time
have recognized similar facts, so that at the present time there is little
or no question concerning the quite general prevalence of tuberculosis
among animals the flesh of which is used for food, or which are em-
ployed for milking purposes. Numerous investigations have shown that
the products of the dairy are in some sections to a most astonishing ex-
tent infected with the microbe which is responsible for the loss of more
human lives than any other, not excluding the organisms which give
rise to those dreaded maladies, small-pox and j^ellow fever.

The increasing prevalence of tuberculosis in human beings, and the
fact that the jiroportion of deaths from this disease seems to vary in
direct ratio with the density of population, increasing at a given point
with the age of the community, are subjects which have received much
attention from sanitarians, especially within the last decade.

According to Dr. Lagneau, the statistics of 662 cities in France show
that the closer people are packed together in cities, the more frequent is
this disease. This fact is clearly presented in the following table, which
shows the number of persons who annually die from tubercular phthisis
to every one thousand inhabitants in cities of different populations: —

Ninety-five cities with less than 5,000 inhabitants, 1.81.

Three hundred and thirty-two cities with between 5,000 and 10,000
inhabitants, 2.16.

One hundred and twenty-seven cities with between 10,000 and 20,000
inhabitants, 2.71.

Fifty cities with between 20,000 and 30,000 inhabitants, 2.88.

Forty-six cities with between 30,000 and 100,000 inhabitants, 3.05.

Eleven cities with between 100,000 and 430,000 inhabitants, 3.63.

Paris, with 2,424,703 inhabitants, 4.90.

The fact that in older populations, like those of New England and
England, the proportion of deaths from consumption to deaths from all
causes rises as high as twenty or thirty per cent, while in the newer
communities of the West the proportion falls to eight or ten per cent, is
an evidence that conditions exist in intimate connection with life in a
civilized community which favor the development of this dread disease.
The revelations of the post-mortem rooms connected with metropolitan
hospitals in this and other countries have shown that sixty per cent of
hospital patients who die have suffered at some time in their lives from
infection by the bacillus tuberculosis, as evidenced by the characteristic
lesions which have been left behind. The great majority have, of course,
recovered from the disease, — thanks to the favorable conditions and the
natural recuperative powers of the body, — but this fact is nevertheless
evidence that infection of the human race in civilized communities with

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 147

the bacillus tuberculosis has come to be at the present time exceedingly
common. Indeed, it may be said that such infection threatens to be-
come universal.

It is an inevitable conclusion, from these facts, that the causes of
tubercular infection, whatever they may be, must be wide-spread and
intimately connected with the conditions of civilized life. That tubercu-
losis is an infectious malady is a question which we shall not undertake
to discuss, as the purpose of this paper is only to bring before this con-
vention this highly important question for the purpose of inviting an ex-
change of views and discussion of the possible relations which exist
between this malady and the use of cow's milk and the tiesh of animals.

The reports of some recent observers have seemed to lull into a sense
of security those who had previously been aroused to a sense of the dan-
ger referred to. For instance, Perroncito, an Italian observer, fed eigh-
teen young pigs for a period of four mouths on the flesh of tuberculous
€ows, but found on killing the animals no tuberculous lesions. His inoc-
ulation expeiiments practised upon guinea-pigs, rabbits, and oxen with
muscle juice obtained from tuberculous pigs were also negative. These
experiments have been seized upon as proof that there is little or no
danger of contracting tuberculosis from eating the flesh of tuberculous
animals. The experiments, however, do not agree with those of other
equally competent observers, and, in fact, are upon their face rather
calculated to give rise to suspicion, since they seem to prove too much.
The evidence afforded by these experiments would be that tuberculosis
is not capable of being communicated either by feeding or by inocula-
tion, whereas laboratory experiments have shown, in many 4iundreds of
instances, that the disease is highly infectious in character, and may be
communicated by inoculation with the utmost certainty.

That consumption is in some way connected with the cow is thus
very ably argued by Dr. F. R. Brush, who calls the cow " the wet nurse
of consumption ": —

" Scrofulous females in the human race usually secrete an abundance
of milk, because in scrofula there is an unusual tendency to glandular
enlargement and activity. As the mammary is the highest type of gland-
ular structure, it is stimulated to increased action. A scrofulous cow
is usually the largest milker, and the closest kind of consanguinity has
"been practised by cattle breeders, with the object of producing a scrofu-
lous animal, not because she is scrofulous, but because the particular
form she represents are the largest yielders of milk. We find, too, that
consanguineous breeding has been alleged as one of the causes of tuber-
culosis in the human race, where it can never be conducted with so close
and intimate blood relations as in the dairy animals.

'' The absence of phthisis in high, dry, mountainous regions has been
accounted for by reason of the altitude and absence of moisture in the
atmosphere ; but here occurs a somewhat curious fact, namely, that the
cow does not thrive in the high, dry, mountainous districts, but in the
low, swampy, moist region where the succulent and moist grasses grow,
is the place where the cow flourishes, and it is in these regions also that
tuberculosis abounds in both bovine and human subjects."

148 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

That tuberculosis may be communicated through the milk of tuber-
culous animals, at least under certain circumstances, is strongly sug-
gested if not absolutely proven by the disproportionate frequency with
which enteric consumption occurs in young children. A case recently
reported in medical journals illustrates very clearly the possibility of in-
fection by tuberculosis through the alimentary canal. Four infants were
cared for by a tuberculous nurse, who fed the little ones with a spoon
and was in the habit of tasting the milk herself to test its temperature
before each feeding. A.11 four of these children suffered and died from
enteric consumption, — a very clear case of infection.

In a recent paper read before the New York Veterinary Medical
Society, Jan. 9, 1894, published in the Journal of Comparative Medicine,
Dr. James Law, of the Cornell University, states as follows : "In the
case of calves sucking phthisical cows, they have done badly and proved
unthrifty though they took the whole of the milk furnished by their
respective nurses, and they have thriven better when weaned and put
upon solid food alone. I have followed some such calves until they grew
up and were slaughtered, and have made pos^moriem examinations and
found them bearing old calcified tubercles, pointing back to the time
when they sucked the infected and poisonous milk."

Much other important evidence might be given upon this point. We
will take time only to state briefly a few facts. It has been clearly estab-
lished that the tubercle bacilli are very liable to be distributed through-
out the body by the blood vessels, and that general infection is most
likely to occur from the lungs,

Steinheii experimented with the flesh of human beings who had died
from tuberculosis, using the Psoas muscle. Nine bodies were examined.
Injection was made in each case into two guinea-pigs. In one case both
guinea-pigs died of sepsis. In each of the other cases the experiment
succeeded, fifteen of the sixteen guinea-pigs developing tuberculosis as
the result of the inoculation,

Ernst has shown in a most convincing manner that the milk of cows
whose udders are not affected by tuberculosis may contain the microbes of
tuberculosis, and that these microbes are present and active in the milk
of a large proportion of cows affected with tuberculosis, although they
may have no lesion of the udder which can be discovered,

Hirschberger has proven that the milk of tuberculous cows is infected
in at least fifty-five per cent of the cases,

Bollinger showed that a pure culture of tubercle bacilli gives positive
results in inoculation experiments in a dilution of 1-400,000, thus show-
ing that milk may be infectious when the bacilli are so scanty as to be
indiscoverable with the microscope without an extremely exhaustive
examination. This shows that inoculation is really the only method of
determining the infectious or non-infectious character of the milk,

Hirschberger made inoculation experiments on guinea-pigs with sam-
ples of milk obtained from twenty tuberculous cows. He obtained
positive results in eighty per cent of his experiments in cases in which
the disease was far advanced, and in thirty-five per cent in cases in
which the tuberculous process was confined to the lungs. The milk was

181);").] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 149

found to be more infectious at certain times than at other times, the
increased infectiousness being due to tiie presence in the milk of spores
which had been set free from some focus of tuberculous disease and
absorbed by the blood, and thus carried by the blood to the mammary
gland and secreted with the milk. A most painstaking microscopical
examination made of .the milk, even in the successful cases, failed to reveal
the presence of the tubercle bacilli, except in a single instance, showing the
unreliability of this mode of examination.

The following case is cited by Plirschberger as a very convincing illus-
tration of the infectious character of milk from tuberculous animals:
" The owner of a very valuable herd. of cattle," says the author, " find-
ing that a large proportion of them were tuberculous, — so large a pro-
portion, indeed, as strongly to suggest infection by association in the
sheds, — withdrew his milk from the market and used it, unfortunately,
without boiling, for fattening his pigs, of which he has a large number,
and on which he prides himself not less than on his cows. The result
has been that the pigs have, almost without exception, been affected with
the disease to an extent that has necessitated the slaughter of the whole
stock. Another point of practical interest is that he has not been able
to discover nodules or other indications of localized tubercles in the
cows' udders, — a condition still held by some to be necessary to render
the milk capable of transmitting the disease."

But we will not dwell longer upon this point, and we think it a mistake
to base this whole matter upon the possibility or the non-possibility of
the transmission of tuberculosis from animal to man through the use of
the flesh or the milk of the infected animals. It is well enough known
that the thorough cooking of meat and the sterilization by heat of milk will
easily destroy the tuberculous microbes, although the same cannot be said
of butter and cheese, two of the most largely used products in the dairy.

An important fact which seems to have been overlooked until recently
is that to which Prof. Law has called attention in the paper above
referred to. Since Prof. Koch's famous experiments with tuberculin,
which created so profound a sensation in the medical world a few years
ago, it has been well known to physicians that the substance known
as tuberculin, the toxic product of the tubercle bacillus, is capable of
producing most piofound effects when introduced into the system of a
human being or an animal in the slightest degree affected by tubercu-
losis. It is this toxine which gives rise to the febrile action in tubercu-
losis. In a tuberculous animal, tuberculin is being constantly produced in
quantities exactly proportionate to the number of bacilli actively present.
The rapid elimination of the poison through the kidneys and other
excretory organs saves the patient from profound toxic effects, although
the steady wasting of the tissues which has given rise to the significant
name of " consumption," the rise of temperature, the coliquative sweats
and diarrhoea are all evidences of continued toxaemia. When, however,
the amount of this extremely powerful poison which is constantly present
in the system, and to which the body accommodates itself to a certain
extent, is increased by the hypodermic injection of even a small quantity,
the tolerance of the system which had been gradually acquired is over-

150 CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.

borne, and the toxic effect is manifested in what is termed a reaction.
These effects can be easily watched, if the tubercular lesion is super-
ficial, as in lupus, and are manifested in a marked change in color and
swelling up, and finally in death and sloughing of the affected parts.
If the affected tissues happen to be upon the surface of the body, or if
in the lung located close to a large air tube, suppuration of the diseased
tissues and a complete clearing away by sloughing uitiy occur, and all
of the infecting microbes may be carried away with the sloughing mass.
Thus recovery may result. But if the tubercle foci are not thus favora-
bly located, but instead are located in the depths of the tissues, in the
cecftre of some dense organ, then the effect of the tuberculin may simply
be to break down the wall of resistance which nature has thrown up
around the tubercular mass, and thus set free the myriads of active
microbes which had previously been restricted to a small area, and so set
up a general infection of the whole body, convertiug a local and com-
paratively harmless lesion into a general infection and hopeless disease.
It was the possibility of such results as these which led to the abandon-
ment of the use of the tuberculin in the treatment of consumption by
the great number of enthusiastic physicians who, like myself, seized
eagerly upon this much praised panacea for the most destructive of all
human maladies.

From the above briefly stated facts, it is apparent that the evil results
which follow tuberculous infection are not chiefly due to the bacillus
itself, but to the toxic products produced by it.

Now, the important fact to which Law has called attention is this,
namely, that even though the milk or the flesh of a tuberculous animal
may be proved to be free from tubercle bacilli, and hence not capable of
giving rise to tubercular infection, or if the infected flesh or milk shall
have been sterilized so that it no longer contains living bacilli, still these
animal products are, nevertheless, cajDable of producing most potent mis-
chief through the toxic products of the bacilli which they contain.

In the blood and lymph of ever}^ animal suffering from tuberculosis
there must be circulating a variable amount of the extremely toxic sub-
stance called tuberculin. The milk, as well as the juices of the flesh, of
such an animal must always contain a certian proportion of this poison.
It is thus apparent that whoever makes use of the flesh or milk of such
an animal is thereby introducing into his system more or less of this
extremely active and dangerous poison. That the effects of poisoning
through this source are not everywhere recognized is no evidence that
such effects are not produced, as Prof. Law very well says : "It is the
scrutiny and not the facts that is wanting." We have not been looking
for facts from this source, and so have not seen them. But that effects
must be produced there seems to be little, if any, room to doubt. Prof.
Law says, " In my experience wilh tuberculous cows, cases have come
to my knowledge in which invalids drinking the milk of such animals
have suffered very obviouslj^, and have improved after such milk has
been withheld." The same fact has been noted by Prof. Law in relation
to calves, as stated in the quotation which we have previously made from
this eminent authority.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 151

Dr. A. IST. Bell, editor of the " Sauitariau," a number of years ago
undertook a research in relation to the influence of the milk of tubercu-
lous cows upon infants. He found that a great number of infants sup-
plied with milk from a certain dairy were sickly, puny, and in every way
unthrifty. Investigation showed that a large number of the cows in this
dairy were tubeiculous. This observation agrees entirely with that
made by Prof. Law. I have made no personal observation of this sort,
but a laboratory observation which I made a year ago seems to have
sufficient bearing upon this question to be worth relating. In the course
of a series of experiments for the purpose of studying, by the method of
Bouchard, the relation of the toxicity of urine to various maladies, I
made use of the urine furnished by a consumptive patient. The experi-
ment consisted in the injection of carefully filtered and neutralized urine
into one of the veins of the ear of a rabbit which had previously been
carefully weighed, its temperature taken, etc. A careful note was taken
of the amount of urine required to produce death, and of all the symp-
toms. One of the most pronounced symptoms was found to be a notable
rise of temperature — the temperature of the rabbit increased from three
degrees to five degrees F. within five minutes from the time the injec-
tion Avas begun. The temperature was taken per rectum both before and
after the intravenous injection, and the greatest care was taken to secure
the highest degree of accuracy possible.

The observation AVfis not anomalous, as similar facts have been observed
in the injection of the urine of patients suffering from typhoid fever and
other febrile maladies.

The fever of a consumptive is due to the presence in the circulation of
tuberculin. The fever in the rabbit was due to the presence in the cir-
culation of tuberculin, which had been exerted by the consumptive
through his kidneys. It will be admitted that the milk of a tuberculous
cow must contain a much smaller proportion of tuberculin than does the
urine of the same animal; nevertheless, since the fluid portion of the milk
is made up from the plasma of the animal's blood, it is evident that it
must contain at least as large a proportion of this extremely soluble and
poisonous product as is found in the animal's blood, perhaps even a
larger quantity, the readiness with which toxic substances of various
sorts are excreted by the mammary gland being too common an observa-
tion to require more than mention.

This matter is certainly one of the most profound importance. Tuber-
culin is not destroyed by sterilization nor by any culinary process. If
present in the animal when alive, it will certainly be present in its flesh
and milk, and those who make use of these infectious substances as food
must run an enormous risk of injury. From the results of the post-mo^--
tem study, to which I have already referred, and by which we have
learned that in large cities, at least, about one half the poor population
are more or less affected by tuberculosis at some time in their lives, it is
evident that an equal number of those who make use of the flesh or milk
of tuberculous animals are likely to suffer the greatest injury thereby
and through the intensification of the tubercular process or the diffusion
of the circumscribed disease.

152 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

Since sterilization affords nothing in the way of protection, it is evident
that inspection is the only precaution to which any value can he attached,
and this inspection must be thorough-going ; it must include not only an
ocular inspection of animals, but the injection of tuberculin.

So thoroughly impressed was I with the importance of this method
that, after reading Prof. Law's paper, I immediately proceeded to secure
a careful investigation of each one of the one hundred and twelve animals
which furnish milk for the hospital and sanitarium of Avhich I have
charge. The astonishing thing to me is that I should so long have re-
mained apathetic to a question of so great importance. It has, indeed,
many times occurred to me that the milk of tuberculous animals must
contain more or less tuberculin, but I had never given the matter suffi-
cient thought to become impressed with its importance. Prof. Law has
certainly become a public benefactor in presenting this subject so forci-
bly and lucidly, and it is to be hoped that live-stock commissioners and
veterinarians everywhere will recognize the importance of this phase of
the question which has heretofore been utterly neglected.

There is still another feature of the question to which it seems to me
sufficient importance has not been attached, namely, the infection of
human beings with tuberculosis by contact with tubercular animals aside
from the use of their flesh or milk as food. That tuberculosis is usually
contracted by the reception of germs into the air passages is a point upon
which there will probably be no controversy. The reception of the mi-
crobes in the form of dust, by respiration, is unquestionably the most
frequent form of contagion. A case which once came under my obser-
vation may be worthy of mention, although it seems hardly necessary to
add to the vast amount of positive evidence which has accumulated within
the last ten years. On inquiring the history of the case of a lady suffer-
ing from tuberculosis, who came under my care some five years ago, I
was informed that her husband had died of the disease some two years
previous. For the last few months he was confined to his bed, and
expectorated enormous quantities. The family resided upon a ISTebraska
farm, and were entirely ignorant of the nature of the disease, not being
instructed bj^ their physician. The housewife being busy with her house-
hold duties, and burdened with the care of several small children in addi-
tion to that of her invalid husband, often neglected to wash the cloths
upon which he expectorated. She simpl}'- dried thera and rubbed them
up in her hands to restore pliability, thus reducing the infectious matter
to powdered form and diffusing it through the atmosphere of the room in
the most effective manner possible. She naturally contracted the disease
herself, and when seen by me was in the very last stages of the disease
and died a few weeks later.

The " British Medical Journal " recently reported the following case,
which indicates the tenacity of life in the bacillus of tuberculosis under
ordinary conditions : —

"A family of nine inhabited a house occupied ten years previously
by two tuberculous patients. A short time after, although the whole
family had been in splendid health, three among them showed symptoms
of tuberculosis. They used the same bedroom as the former tenants.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 153

Dr. Ducor had pieces of wall paper examined, and dust from the ceiling
and walls was also examined. In both cases the tubercle bacillus was
found. The former occupants had been uncleanly in their habits ; the
sputa had dried on the walls, and the bacillus, as M. Vignal has shown,
retained its vitality, and was not destroyed by infection."

A recent number of the "Journal des Connaissances Medicales " reports
some cases of tuberculosis which were contracted by the new occupants
of an apartment contaminated by expectorated matters of a tuberculous
patient who had died there two years before.

Sawisky, who has investigated the length of time tliat dried sputum
retains these infectious properties reports that virulence was retained for
two and one half months. He found this to be true even when the sputa
was exposed to the sunlight, tlie destructive effect of sunlight upon mi-
crobes, which is well known, being only observed in the bacillus tuber-
culosis when the sputum was spread out in very thin layers.

Flick showed by a map of the city of Philadelphia which located every
house in the fifth ward in which tuberculosis had occurred within the last
twenty-five years, that the disease chiefly prevailed in a series of infected
houses which constituted less than one third of all the houses in the ward
but furnished more than half the deaths. It was also observed that a
large percentage of all the cases of mesenteric tuberculosis in children
occurred in these houses.

Another fact in addition to those which laave been cited, showing the
danger connected within infected apartments, is the extreme liability to
disease of nurses who care for consumptive patients. Cornet showed
from the statistics of eighty-seven thousand nurses, that sixty-three out of
every one hundred of them died of tuberculosis, the proportion of deaths
from tuberculosis up to flfty years being seventy-three per cent. Is it
not reasonable to suppose that the dairyman who cares for a cow suffer-
ing from tuberculosis is at least equally as liable to contract the disease
from the cow?

A point of importance to which we wish to call special attention is the
fact that the sputum of tuberculous cattle and the apartments occupied by
such cattle are as dangerous a source of infection, and more so, than those
occupied by human beings.

Dr. Bell noted in his observations, previously referred to, that healthy
cattle which were placed in stalls which had previously been occupied by
tuberculous animals soon became infected with the same disease. Doubt-
less the source of infection among animals is the same as that which pre-
vails most frequently among human beings, namely, the inhalation of the
expectorated matters of the infected animal reduced to powder and float-
ing in the air as dust.

The extent to which tuberculosis jorevails among cows and other
domestic animals is a subject concerning which we are at present con-
siderably in the dark, since no sufficient thorough-going investigation has
been made to give us definite and accurate information. Tlie superficial
examinations which are made in connection with slaughter houses and
packing establishments have shown a percentage of infected animals as
ihigh as two or three per cent.

154 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan,

Jorisseune, who claims for the veterinary surgeons of Belgium the
honor of first calling attention to the clanger in the use of the milk of
tubercvilous cows, states that out of every hundred cows four are tuber-
culous.

It is evident that safety from this source of danger to human life can
be found only in a thorough inspection, not only of all cows and cattle
furnishing food for human consumption, but of all domestic animals
which are subject to this disease. The astonishing thing is that there
should he so little interest in relation to this question. Tuberculosis is a
disease much more rapidly fatal in its effects, much more actively conta-
gious, than the much dreaded leprosy of India and the South Sea Islands,
and is almost equally fatal when it has obtained a foothold in the human
system.

Another interesting fact is found in the pathological resemblance of
the two specific microbes characteristic of these diseases. The appear-
ance of the two germs is almost identical. Indeed, their resemblance
is so close that a bacteriologist of some note has recently come forward
with the assertion that they are absolutely identical — in other Avords, that
the disease known as consumption, or tuberculosis, is only another form
of the disease commonly known as leprosy. Certain it is, consumption
is a disease much more to be dreaded than leprosy. A malady which
destroys more than one sixth of all who die in this country must have
some cause Avhich is very general, very potent, and withal very subile.
It is not to be wondered at that there has been much discussion wiih
reference to the nature of this cause. If it had been very easily discerna-
6Ze, it would long ago have been fully recognized and would have been swp-
pressed.

It is the firm belief of the Avriter, hoAvever, that the Avonderful devel-
opment in bacteriology and physiological chemistry which the last decade
has witnessed has brought to us a solution of this question, and that it
only remains for sanitarians to grap^Dle Avith it resolutely and to urge upon
national. State, and municipal authorities everyAvhere the duty of under-
taking a thorough-going and unrelenting crusade against a disease Avhich
is annually responsible for more deaths than Avar, pestilence, and famine
combined — a disease Avhicli has been aptly denominated "• The Great
White Plague," and Avliich is in the light of modern researches as j) roper
a subject for public health measures, restriction, quarantine, and isola-
tion, as small-pox, yellow fever, or cholera.

The Boards of Health of several States have considered the matter of
sufiicient importance to send out, in great numbers, pamphlets Avarning
the public with reference to the necessity of destroying the sputum of
consumptives and carefully disinfecting the premises Avhich have Ueeu
occupied by them. Similar steps have been taken in England. The
health officer of the city of Manchester, England, advertises himself as
ready to disinfect, free of expense to the owner, apartments which ha\''e
been occupied by consumjotives.

More than two yeai's ago the government of Prussia took cognizance
of the importance of this question, and issued an admirable publication,
including a series of rules relating to the prevention of this disease.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 155

Tubercular midwives were forbidden to practice their profession. Town
corporations were recommended to provide disinfectini^ apparatus for
the disinfection of infected houses and clothing. It is certain!}' high
time that attention should be given to two of the most important causes
of this disease — the use of infected flesh and milk and the contact of
human beings with infected animals. Consumption should be classed
with other contagious diseases, and treated in a manner consistent with
known facts relating to its contagiousness. State and municipal author-
ities should require a careful inspection of the meat and milk supplies of
all public institutions.

I considered it my duty to make an investigation of "this sort in rela-
tion to the milk supply of the institution of which I have charge. The
investigation was made under the supervision of the State Veterinarian
of Michigan, who employed the tuberculin furnished by the Department
of Agriculture in Washington, in accordance with the rules laid down
by the Department for such investigations. Although not a single case
of tuberculosis was found among the one hundred and twelve cows exam-
ined, I shall continue the application of the test, and hereafter will admit
to the establishment no milk which is not furnished by animals which
have been subjected to the tuberculin test. The fact that occasionally
instances are found in which large herds of cattle are entirely free from
tuberculosis, renders all the moi'e important a thorough investigation of
this matter, as it emphasizes the contagious character of the malady and
the possibility of the complete eradication of the disease.

Co-operation on the part of national, State, and municipal govern-
ments in making investigations of this sort obligatory, and furnishing
facilities for such investigations, would, I believe, result in the saving
of many thousands of lives annually, and might within a few years almost
wholly eradicate a very important and rapidly increasing cause of tuber-
culosis in human beings.

Dr. Salmon said it was not necessary to say that tuberculosis was a
harmful disease. This was so fully accepted that it was no longer a
question. It was unquestionably contagious. It is disputed that liirds
have the same tuberculosis as warm-blooded animals have. Such
facts are yet to be proven by experiments by competent persons. The
question of the effect of tlie milk and flesh of tuberculous animals on the
consumers is a very grave one. There is tuberculin in such food, but
whether there is enough to affect the consumer is yet to be determined.
It is evident that tuberculin taken into the stomach will not produce the
same effect as if it is injected into the blood. Such products are decom-
posed in the stomach. The conclusions are at present premature, and
ought not to be accepted until more fully demonstrated. There is danger,
of course. We do not know how much depends on cooking. Meat and
milk of tuberculous animals does contain tuberculin. At present we do
not know the exact danger. Live-stock Boards must take cognizance of
such diseases. The situation in regard to tuberculosis is that we do not
know how prevalent it is. State laws should be uniform, and by general
inspection we should determine the extent of the disease. We do not
know what per cent of the cattle is affected. It was supposed that three.

156 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

or four per cent of the cattle about Washington were affected. This
must be inaccurate. We now know better. Out of one herd of one hun-
dred head, eighty were affected. Fhysical examination cannot he de-
pended upon. But a true test can be made hy use of tuberculin. We
7nust cut loose from old methods and take tubercidin: What is needed
is a tuberculin test of all animals xmthin a certain district, followed by
post-mortem examinations. We must first determine the extent of the
infection, and then proceed by co-operation between tlie different organi-
zations. Dairy cows are mainly affected. The test is expensive ; two
days are required to fully determine. What shall be done with the milk
during the test ? There will be tuberculin in the milk, and if the ani-
mals are tuberculous, fever will result. Experiments show that the milk
is seriously affected while the test is being made. Milk should not be
used. At least one milking will be destro3^ed. When the test is made
what shall we do ? Eighty per cent of the affected will re-act, but the
test is not infallible. The inspector is embarrassed by this. Another
thing, animals may react, and on post-mortem show no lesions. Tuber-
culin is a wonderfully active agent. The worst feature is that some
animals do not react, and still are tuberculous. This is discouraging,
for such animals may be left in herd. On a second test these animals
may react. We are reasonably sure of getting all by a second test, and
by physical examination. The question of slaughter and compensation is
a grave one. It does no good to find diseased animals unless they are
destroyed. They must he paid for. It is practically impossible to exter-
minate disease without compensation for slaughtered animals. Usual
experience shows that to push the work and succeed payment must be
made. How much shall be paid ? If some States pay more than others,
the diseased animals will be run into the States paying the highest price.
The question of re-stocking herds is one that must be considered. The
State Boards must co-operate with each other, and with the national
authorities. The municipal Boards and town Boards should also co-
operate. They have poxver to stop sales and to break up affected dairies.
The national Government has made an appropriation which will be used
to determine the extent of the disease in the vicinity of the Department.
The State Boards will be aided by the experience of the Department.

The following paper was read by Dr. M. R. Trumbower, State
Veterinarian of Illinois : —

WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH TUBERCULOUS CATTLE?

Much has been written lately about the control of tuberculosis among
cattle. This subject has been treated generally from an ideal stand-point.
We all know what ought to be done, but the difficulty is to make others
believe as we do, and aid us in securing State legislation to that end.
Prof. James Law, of Ithaca, N. Y., presents an ideal solution of the ques-
tion, comparing favorably with Bellamy's "Looking Backward" — it
looks well in print.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 157

We, however, are living in a time when business melhods are the rule,
and dollars and cents control the market.

Before we can hope to accomplish much in the eradication of tuber-
culosis, and for the protection of consumers of milk and meat, we have
to create public sentiment favoring and demanding State laws in further-
ance of this object. If we ask too much in the beginning, before the
public appreciates the necessity, we only defeat our object. We must
ask for something practical, and at the same time avoid antagonism from
those who are sensitive about individual supremacy in the control of
private and legitimate business.

We must first educate the public. We should have representatives,
chosen on account of their familiarity with the subject, to attend breed-
ers', farmers', and dairymen's conventions and instruct them about the
nature of this disease; how it maybe transmitted by co-habitation, as
well as to persons who use milk or meat from such diseased animals;
how breeders should protect their stock and breeding interests by taking
proper precaution that no affected animal be purchased or sold by them.

We must interest local and municipal Boards of Health, and other
public health officials, physicians, etc., in protecting their citizens against
the use of milk or meat of tuberculous cattle. So long as they remain
oblivious to this question we cannot expect to accomplish much in
Aveeding out tuberculous animals from dairy herds.

The owner will not permit it, and if we fail to obtain support from
those who ought to be alive to the necessity, we shall fail in accom-
plishing anything except to make our action odious. I am doubtful
about the general government being able to enforce special laws that
would give it control of the measures necessary to apply, for the States
are very jealous of their rights. States can, however, secure valuable
and very important aid from the general government by co-operating
with it. Interstate traffic, which plays a very important part in our meat
and milk product, can be controlled only by the general government.

What State legislation do we want?

The State should make provision that all cattle kept for breeding
purposes be inspected at the request of the owner, and if found affected
with tuberculosis the owner shall obtain a fair valuation from the State,
and destroy such diseased animals in a manner as the law shall direct.

Dairymen who furnish milk to cities should be compelled to have
their herds examined by a veterinarian, chosen for competency by proper-
State authority. These inspections should be made at least every
three months, and all suspected animals isolated, and the sale of milk
from them prohibited. Each State should issue a bulletin containing
full information regarding bovine tuberculosis, giving symptoms which
would enable a farmer, breeder, or dairyman to suspect or recognize this
disease. The owner should report all cases to the proper State authority.
We must have a definite knowledge of the prevalence of the disease
before we can hope to obtain necessary legislation to control it.

Citizens should be taught not to purchase milk from any dealer who
is not registered by the local Board of Health; all such milk must be
obtained from inspected and certified herds. By the inspection of these

158 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

breeding and dairy herds we will obtain statistics, so that when we ask
our legislative bodies to take action aiid make appropriations we will
have important and weighty arguments to present. So long as the
existence of tuberculosis among cattle is only a common rumor, agitated
by veterinarians and State Sanitary Boards, our lawmakers will regard
us as simply wishing to obtain more money to spend foolishly or
otherwise.

When we ask for State enactments to control this disease we shall
have to ask for a very large sum of money, and provide for competent
inspectors for each county.

Ephemeral actions such as have prevailed in a few States accom-
plished very little. They do not reach far enough, are too irregular, and
reach too few animals.

Breeders and dairymen should pay the expense of examination, for it
will be to their interest to have their herds examined.

We cannot expect to obtain State appropriations to pay a large corps
of inspectors, but I believe we can obtain appropriations to pay for
condemned cattle.

Inspectors should pass an examination and be subject to appointment
and removal by the proper sanitary officer of the State. The State law
should prescribe the fees for examination, so that no extortion may be
practised upon the owner by an inspector.

Persistent effort on the part of those whose duty it is to keep this
subject before the people will eventually be rewarded by success.

Dr. Trumbower said his paper was written from the stand-point of
the Western States, where this subject has been but little agitated.
Tlliuois, Iowa, and Missouri are not yet at work, while some of the
Eastern States have been at work for years.

Dr. Robert Ward read the following extracts from the reports of
the State Live Stock Sanitary Board of Maryland : —

In concluding our report, this Board desires to direct your attention
to the sad record of mortality from that dread disease, tuberculosis,
or consumption, among the citizens of Baltimore, and the fact stated that
out of one hundred and fifty causes for the deaths reported, one seventh
of the whole results from this one disease, and it may not be out of
place to add that Dr. Biggs, of New York, in his report says, the high
mortality from this disease in this city, over six thousand in 1892, is
indubitable evidence of the necessity of bringing it under the sanitary
surveillance of the Department. The same number of cholera patients in
one year would cause alarm. The affinity of bovine tuberculosis to the
same disease in the human family must not be lost sight of because the
dairy products, milk and cream, as well as the flesh, hold the germs
giving rise to the disease, therefore, not only should a system of dairy
cows' milk inspection be advanced, but a more than careful examination of
the dairy cows individually, as the factors of the milk, be advanced also.
As we before remarked, the extirpation of this disease of bovines must
be a national orovernment affair, for all States are more or less afflicted.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 159

By reference to the tabulated statement of the work of the Bureau
given herewith it will be seen that, while the post-mortem examinations
have shown a steady decrease in the number of cases of contagious
pleuro-pneumonia, it has been the reverse with tuberculosis.

When it is remembered that the Bureau has not been allowed by law
to slaughter and pay for tuberculous animals as such, but that the cases
of tuberculosis mentioned in this report (with but few exceptions) are
those of animals slaughtered because they had been in contact with con-
tagious pleuro-pneumonia, or were such as were found at slaughterhouses
while investigating for that disease, the number of such cases will appear
still more significant.

This Board has fully realized the importance of a suppression of this
disease, but having seen clearly that the funds placed at its command by
the legislature were entirely inadequate to accomplish that end, they have
thought best to jiurchase and slaughter at the expense of the State in
such cases only as were more than usually urgent.

In the opinion of this Board the suppression of tuberculosis is more
important than that of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, for, while the latter
■disease affects animal only, the former destroys human life.

It is a fact now well admitted by scientific and medical authority, as
vrell as by the veterinary profession, that tuberculosis can be communi-
cated from animals to man. As the meat is generally well cooked before
being eaten, it is probably not so often contracted from it, but the milk
of tuberculous cows being seldom boiled is a more fruitful source of
disease.

In the report of the Commissioner of Health for Baltimore City, for
the year 1888, is the following statement : —

Total combined mortality (human) from all causes, 8,936.

Mortality from consumption, 1,151.

Ratio to total mortality, 12.88 per cent.

From consumption, 16,332.

Ratio to total mortality, 14.31 per cent.

When it is known that this report gives about one hundred and fifty
•different causes for the deaths reported, the fact that nearly one seventh
of the whole results from tuberculosis is truly startling.

In an address lately delivered by the Chief of the Bureau in Maryland,
occurs the following : —

In Baltimore the inspectors under the Bureau of Animal Industry
examine most of the cattle killed at the slaughter houses where they kill
cows. At these slaughter houses there have been killed from the first
dny of January, 1889, to the first day of August, 1889, 6,525 cattle. Of
this number 2,655 were steers and bulls, the most of which came from
outside the State of Maryland. The balance were cows, almost all of
which came from the dairies inside the quarantine limits of six miles
from the City Hall of Baltimore. Of these cows, numbering 3,875, 120
were found to be tuberculous. It must be remembered that these 120
cases were found in slaughter houses among cows killed for beef. In
our inspection of the stables in Maryland, most of the work has been done
within a radious of six miles from the City Hall. The only herds exam-

160 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

ined outside of that radius are those that are rumored to be diseased and
which are inspected with a view of finding pleuro-pneumonia. Since the
first of January, 1889, tuberculosis has been reported in 122 stables.
These stables contain 1,611 head of cows, used to supply a portion of milk
to the city of Baltimore. Of this number, 182 head were reported to be
badly tuberculous, or 11.3 per cent of all the cows contained in the 122
stables.

It is probable that in many cases, if a careful inspection for tuberculosis
had been made of all the cows in these herds, that there would have
been found a much larger proportion of tuberculosis than. I have indicated.
When we consider that the milk from the 182 or more diseased cows is
mixed with the milk from the remaining cows in these stables, it will
be seen that the diseased milk sold is not that of the 182 cows alone, but
of 1,611. Estimating two gallons per day as the product of each cow,
there are at least 3,222 gallons of milk sold in Baltimore City each day
that contain the germs of tuberculosis.

Prof. W. H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University, in an address on
" State Medicine," delivered before the American Medical Association, at
Newport, June 28, 1889, says : " It has been abundantly demonstrated
by numerous experiments that the milk from tuberculous cows is capable
when ingested of causing tuberculosis. The milk may be infectious not
only in cases in which the udder is tuberculous, but also when the tuber-
culous process is localized elsewhere. How serious is the danger may be
seen from the statistics of Bollinger, who found, with cows affected with
extensive tuberculosis, the milk infectious in eighty per cent of the cases,
and in cows with moderate tuberculosis, the milk infectious in sixty-six
per cent of the cases, and in cows affected with slight tuberculosis, in
thirty-threie percent of the cases." He further makes the statement:
"There is reason to believe that many of the so-called scrofulous affec-
tions in children are due to infections from milk derived from tuberculous
cows."

It was stated on the floor of the Senate last winter that statistics showed
that five hundred thousand children die annually in our cities in the United
States, from the use of diseased milk.

From a sanitary point of vieio there is no disease in the whole category
of diseases that is of the same importance. The financial interests of the
people are second to the interest of health.

Accepting these statements as true, there can be no doubt of the
importance of this subject to every citizen of this State. It is clearly
within the province of this legislature to enact such laws against the sale
of tuberculous meat and milk as may be necessary to give them elficient
protection.

Dr. Lyman moved to take up the question of j^ermanent organiza-
tion, and the motion prevailed. Dr. Turner moved that the report
of the committee be read by sections and that the convention proceed
to take such action as might be necessary to perfect organization,
which was done.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 161

Moved by Dr. Lymau that officers be elected. Seconded by C. D.
Bartlett, of Illinois.

Dr. Turner, of Missouri, nominated Hon. Levi Stockbridge, of
Massachusetts, for President. He was elected by acclamation, and
at once declined.

J. A. Potts, of Missouri, and Robert "Ward, of Maryland, were
then placed in nomination for President. Dr. Turner and Franklin
Dye were appointed tellers, and after a number of ballots Mr. Potts
was declared elected President. Dr. Ward was then elected Vice-
President by acclamation, and A. M. Brownlee, Secretary. Moved
and seconded that the officers elected constitute an Executive Com-
mittee to make all arrangements as to time, etc., for next meeting.
The motion prevailed.

Motion that the Chair appoint committee of five to draft constitu-
tion and by-laws, and report at next meeting.

The Chair named the following gentlemen as said committee : —

J. A. Potts, of Missouri ; Dr. Robert Ward, of Maryland ; A. M.
Brownlee, of Illinois ; Dr. George S. Bailey, of Maine ; J. E. Bar-
ringer, of Michigan.

A. M. Brownlee moved that the next meeting be held at Chicago.
Seconded, and motion prevailed.

The time of next meeting and all other details were left to the
Executive Committee.

On motion, the subject of " Tuberculosis " was again taken up.

Dr. Lyman, being called for, said he came to the convention as a
questioner. Was very much interested in Dr. Salmon's talk, and was
anxious to hear from him concerning the best methods of disinfecting
the premises. Dr. Sq,lmon occupied a position which enabled him to
collect facts from a great many sources, and his testimony on this
point would be valuable.

Chairman Stockbridge said he had in mind a New England barn,
roomy and one hundred years old. Full of tuberculosis. Occupied
by a herd of Jerseys. Animals becoming diseased constantly. He
asked Dr. Salmon how such a barn could be disinfected.

Dr. Salmon said the work would be difficult. The floors should be
torn up, and all wood- work and lining taken out and burned. Sul-
phuric acid and bi-chloride of lime used as a whitewash. The thor-
oughness of disinfection depends on construction of barn. Bi-chlo-
ride of mercury is quite reliable, but very poisonous. Enough may
be left to do damage. Sulphuric acid is good, but dangerous in in-
experienced hands. Barns should be dry and carefully cleaned.

Mr. Hinds, of Michigan, wanted to know in how low a tempera-
ture the tuberculosis bacilli would survive.

162 CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.

Dr. Salmon said the bacillus was not affected by a low tempera-
ture. He will live in ice. Summer time is the best for disinfecting.
Dry heat kills him. A month or tvjo of dry hot weather ivill serve to
disinfect an iinocciipied ham.

The chairman said the air in tuberculous barns was full of bacilli.
Would burning sulphur kill them ?

Dr. Salmon said sulphur did not do much good. A spray should
be used and the disinfectant thrown through the barn, and all parts
be thoroughly sprayed.

Dr. Ward spoke of a herd of Jerseys infected Tvith tuberculosis and
pleuro-pneumonia. The herd was destroyed and the barn left empty
for some months. Another herd was then put in. He was requested
to examine the herd for pleuro-pneumonia. Did so. Found tubercu-
losis. Herd must have been infected from barn. A fine Jersey cow
was killed. Typical case of tuberculosis. Specimens sent to Johns
Hopkins University. The cattle were sent to slaughter house in Bal-
timore and thirty head were killed. Two thirds showed tuberculosis.
Ordered mangers taken away and floor taken out. Dry manure
burned. Lining taken out. Disinfected with quick-lime, chloride of
lime, and carbolic acid. This occurred in August, and the barn was
empty until next spring. There was no more trouble. Saw the man
some days ago. He said : "We have no more trouble. We don't
keep those rotten Jerseys."

Dr. Lyman asked the value of steam delivered direct from a boiler
through a proper hose and nozzle.

Dr. Salmon said that he thought well of it, if it could be properly
applied ; that the difficulty would be in making the application ; he
would have some experiments made in this direction by the Bureau.

Dr. Lyman asked how long after tuberculin test before second test
should be made.

Dr. Salmon said second test should be made within two or three
months. After second test and taking out all diseased animals, then
a year might elapse. With two tests and physical examinations, all
diseased animals should be got out. Then one examination a year
would suffice. In using tuberculin a two-degree reaction is sufficient
to condemn an animal.

Mr. Hinds asked about the temperature. If animals are driven
half a mile and put up, their temperature will be above normal.

On motion, Franklin Dye was elected Vice-President.

Convention adjourned, to meet at 10 a. m., Thursday .

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 163

THURSDAY'S SESSION.

The convention was called to order at 10 a. m., Franklin Dye in
the chair.

On motion and second, it was ordered that the Secretary have five
hundred copies of the proceedings of this convention printed for the
use of the various Boards.

The subject under consideration being " Uniform Quarantine Line,"
Dr. Turner, of Missouri, asked Dr. Salmon how the Government de-
termined the quarantine line.

Dr. Salmon said by inspection and experience. If cattle from a
■certain county or section infect other cattle, careful examination of
the cattle in that region is made. The doctor said these questions of
uniform quarantine line and uniform State laws were very impor-
tant and should be carefully considered. We have seen how difficult
it is to get uniform laws. We have had great hinder ance in our work
because of the diversity of laws. If each State has its own quaran-
tine line there is great difficulty in shipping cattle. It is almost im-
possible to ship aci'oss different States. At one time the Texas cattle
trade was almost destroyed. When new diseases break out, new
Tegulations will be put in force in the different States. These regula-
tions conflict. Trouble occurs. A party shipped cattle from Texas
to Dakota. He had a certificate of good health from the United
States authorities. Yet he was compelled to have his stock exam-
ined by the State Veterinarian. This is a question of interstate
■commerce. A certificate by a United States Inspector should be
sufficient, and should be accepted by all the States. The power to
regulate interstate cattle trade should be exercised by the general
government. Then each State could take care of its internal matters
and be safe from all danger from outside shipment. If one State
^ays liberally for diseased animals and others do not pay, the dis-
eased animals will be run into the States paying the highest price.
So the price paid should be uniform. We have worked for ten years
to complete government inspection. Have done much, but the work
is not complete. We must secure from the general government such
service as we have a right to expect, and we must have uniformity
and co-operation. The States should be protected from invasion by
United States inspection.

Mr. Hinds approved of Dr. Salmon's position. Interstate com-
merce laws should deal with these questions. He at one time had
<charge of inspection at Chicago, and knew of the difficulties of the

164 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

Texas fever question. In shipment, the G-overnment should control,,
but States should control the sale and shipment inside the State-
lines, Different States have different environments, different legis-
latures. Difficult to secure uniform laws. Never had case of pleuro-
pneumonia in Michigan. Michigan laws are the best. Have been;
able to protect stock to a wonderful degree.

Dr. Trumbower said there were two points in this Texas fever
question. It should be controlled by reference to the effect produced
by Texas cattle, regardless of the tick theory. It was a question of
practical communication of disease. The Government excluded cer-
tain counties in Arkansas, not on account of the tick, but for other
reasons. The States should conform to the line as laid down by the
Government. The tick theory is not in it. The question should be
" Will cattle from a certain district communicate the fever?" We;
have had no cases in Illinois save such as could not be guarded,
against. Mr. Mitchell, vice-president of the Chicago & Alton rail-
road, lost six head 'of cattle last summer. Their only chance for
infection lay in droppings from the cars in which southern cattle
were being shipped. He thought Illinois had best laws. States
should have uniform laws. Should pay same price for diseased ani-
mals. No State can do satisfactory work without paying. The
States should trust the general government. The Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry will do right. In regard to paying for diseased
animals. Boards should have wide range. If you can't trust your men
don't appoint them.

Dr. M. Stalker said that forty-four States would not adopt uniform
laws. They should act in harmony with the general government.
Co-operation was better than uniformity. What would be considered
good policy for one legislature would not be considered good for
another. Legislatures have not given the subject much attention.
In one direction might approach uniformity. In Iowa no special leg-
islation had been passed in regard to Texas fever. All parties who
ship diseased cattle are held responsible for damages. Railroads are
made to pay. This acts well in Iowa, and has prevented many out-
breaks of fever. Iowa had no pleuro-pneumonia when it was in all
adjoining States.

Mr. Dye said possibly one reason why the general government had
not succeeded fully in its plans was because of the lack of co-opera-
tion on the part of the State Boards. New Jersey was a great stamp-
ing ground. Cattle were passing through continually, and the State
was peculiarly liable to infection. New Jersey wants co-operation.
The objective point in religion is to save the soul. Objective point
in uniformity is to suppress disease.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 165

Dr. Stalker said each State here represented thought its laws were
the best. They were like the different denominations in religion.
Neither would give way to the others. How then was uniformity
possible ? The States might co-operate, but did not think they would
pass uniform laws.

Dr. Ward spoke of the great difficulty they had in the war against
pleuro-pneumonia, in regard to the admission of Dr. Salmon and his
staff. He advised co-operation. He was censured. The question
of States rights was raised. In 1888, Maryland passed a law con-
taining clause g■i^'iug State Board power to co-operate with the Bureau
■of Animal Industry in the suppression of contagious or infectious
diseases. They were now very anxious to get rid of tuberculosis.
To do this, general work should be done in all the States.

Dr. Stalker said they had a co-operative clause in Iowa laws.

Dr. Trumbower said Illinois wanted co-operation and uniformit3^
General laws might run through all the States. Each State would
have her own peculiar interests to look after, but the fundamental
laws should be the same.

Mr. Turner said Kansas was much interested in the quarantine law.
Eighty thousand Texas cattle were now feeding in Kansas . Kansas has
ber own quarantine line. They were firm believers in the tick theory.

Dr. Salmon said on the subject of uniform laws the gentlemen are
not far apart. He was sure that those who brought up this subject
iad not in mind a uniform wording of the laws, but simply general
uniformity. Every one must recognize the influence that State Boards
and veterinarians exert. Laws are practical^ drafted by such Boards,
and the Boards will have more influence when their recommendations
are more just and equitable. Conventions like this are important and
highly instructive. Boards must get together and discuss these ques-
tions, and mature opinions will be obtained on these matters. States
should determine what diseases are dangerously contagious and infec-
tious. Some look after glanders, but no other diseases. Individual
action is not so good. Illinois may have glanders law, but horses
are shipped in from all adjoining States. If there is not competent
inspection for glanders in those States, Illinois is constantly liable to
glanders infection from outside soui-ces. Our Department this year
has appropriation for sheep-scab and tuberculosis. There must be
uniformity of laws for the suppression of such diseases. Mr. Hinds
has said that we would not again have an emergency like that created
by pleuro-pneumonia. I am not sure of this. There is danger now
of radical individual action on the part of the States concerning tuber-
culosis and other threatening diseases. This association should
secure uniformity if possible.

166 CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.

On motion and second, it was ordered that the question of Uniform
State Laws be made a special order on the programme for the second
day of the next meeting of this association, the discussion to be led
by Dr. Salmon.

The Secretary said that at a convention held at Kansas City last
year, Mr. Kleberg, of Texas, and others were appointed a committee
to confer with the Bureau of Animal Industry in regard to a series of
experiments to determine if Texas cattle cleansed of ticks had power-
to communicate Texas fever, and he would be glad to hear from Dr.
Salmon as to what had been done.

Dr. Salmon said that the subject was important and interesting..
So far as the Department had been able to determine, the tick is the
only known instrument of communication. Have made enough ex-
periments to demonstrate that the tick does communicate the fever,.
and have not been able to discover any other means of communica-
tion. Have only had one case in which ticks were not a known fac-
tor. It is very difficult to get rid of ticks. Have had cattle carefully
picked ever}^ day or ever}^ other day. The small ones are so minute
it is extremely difficult to get all of them. There are several varie-
ties of ticks. The ticks from North Carolina are free from the disease.
Recently the attention of the Department has been called to a new tick
from Texas. It has been seen only once before in the United States.
It is found in the ears of cattle. It is a new tick and creates a new
disease. It seems to be a close relation of the Persian tick, which
commnnicates a peculiar fatal disease. It causes an enormous swell-
ing of the brisket and runs its course in a week. Mr. Kleberg has
made very ingenious dipping vats, seven or eight feet deep, having a.
trap door. The cattle are dropped off and go under. The}^ swim
out and stand on a dripping floor. Two thousand can be dipped in a
day. The vats are filled with a liquid preparation which, it is claimed,
kills all the ticks. Mr. Kleberg does not know what the preparation
is. If claim is correct it will be a great thing for Texas. It will
solve the question, as cattle could be dipped, and shipped anywhere
without danger of infection. The Department has been asked to co-
operate. Hope soon to be able to send a man to Texas to investigate.
It is important to kill all the ticks, and they^ are hard to kill. They
withstand the attack of strong acids and corrosives. Department has
not discovered a substance which will kill the tick without injury to-
the cattle. Mr. Kleberg's solution, as near as we can determine, is
some preparation of coal tar. It is a matter which requires a careful
investigation. If correct it will be a good thing for Texas. If we
find that the preparation kills the ticks, then dipped cattle will be
shipped north, and brought into contact with northern cattle, and in-

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 167

vestigations made to determine if the power of communicatiug the
fever vanishes with the ticks.

Dr. Stalker. Does the tick give the fever to the cattle, or do the
cattle give it to the tick ?

Dr. Salmon. Don't know. We do know that the tick will give
the fever to northern cattle, and that this power is transmitted
through three or four generations of ticks. The Texas fever parasite
is found in the blood of Texas cattle, and remains there for some
time after the animal is shipped north. Can't tell which has it first.

On motion and second, it was

Resolved, That this convention extends its hearty thanks to the
Secretary of Agriculture, Hon. .J. Sterling Morton, for the use of this
hall, and to Dr. Salmon for his very able assistance in our discus-
sions.

And on motion and second, the convention adjourned to meet in
Chicago at time to be designated by the Executive Committee.

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, Chairman.

Attest : A. M. Brownlee, Secretary.

The following letters of instruction, orders, regulations,
forms and records were issued and prescribed by the com-
mission under the law of 1894 : —

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
BoAKD OF Cattle Commissioners,
Secretary's Office, 50 Village Street, July 13, 1894.

To the Mayor and Aldermen of Cities and the Selectmen of Toions, —

Gentlemen : Herewith please find copy of a law passed by the
present Legislature and signed by the Governor on June 20, 1894,
codifying and consolidating all past laws relating to contagious
diseases among the domestic animals of the State, to which we
respectfully beg your early and earnest attention.
You will especially notice the following points : —
By Sect. 59 certain laws relating to the subject-matter of con-
tagious diseases among domestic animals are repealed, as are all in-
consistent portions of other laws on the same subject.

Under Sect. 1, it becomes the duty of city and town governments
to appoint, this year before July 20, and following years during the
month of March, one or more inspectors of animals and pro^^sions,
and to provide for their receiving reasonable compensation for their
services.

Under Sect. 59, inspectors already appointed under Chap. 58, in

168 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

the absence of any other appointment, will retain their office for the
balance of the term, subject to the provisions of this act ; but as the
duties under the new act are materially increased, you should make a
re-appointment of the same man or of some other person, A new
oath of office should be taken, in either case.

You are further required to send to this office, at once, the name,
address, and former or usual occupation of the appointee or
appointees.

Sect. 2, besides providing a penalty for failure to comply with the
provisions of Sect. 1, gives to the Cattle Commissioners power to fill
vacancies so caused ; to remove inspectors who are, in their opinion,
incompetent ; to appoint others in their place ; and to fix the com-
pensation of their appointees, which is to be paid by the city or town
for which each appointment is made.

Sects. 17 to 23, inclusive, are all new, and relate entirely to the
business of slaughtering cattle. They arc especially intended to pre-
vent the further killing of tuberculous cattle for food purposes, — a
practice which has prevailed to some considerable extent in the imme-
diate past, and which it is hoped will now be reduced to a minimum.
The Board, believing that this trade is a menace to the public health,
asks your hearty co-operation, and trusts that you will see that both
the letter and the spirit of these sections are complied with ; and
further, that you notify all persons engaged in the business of
slaughtering cattle within the limits of your city or town of the pi'o-
visions of this act, and request them, if they deske to further con-
duct such business, to make application, under the provisions of Sect.
17, which should be strictly complied with in every particular; and
the following form of application is suggested : —

Application for License to Slaughter Cattle under the Provisions
OF the Acts of the Year 1894, Chap. 491, Sect. 9.

I of hereby make application for a license for

myself and to carry on the business of slaughtering cat-

tle within the limits of the city (or town) of for the year

ending April 30, 189 .

In support of this application I state the following facts: —
The names in full and addresses of all owners and persons carrying on
said business are as follows : —

Names. Addresses.

The slaughter house or establishment where the business is to be con-
ducted is described as follows and the location of the
same is

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 169

The business to be carried on thereat and the products thereof to be
sold for use for food are as follows: —

(Give details in full.)

The estimated number of cattle to be slaughtered per week thereat
are

I (or we) intend to slaughter cattle at said establishment on the fol-
lowing days: —

(Signed)

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

ss. Then personally appeared the above-named
and made oath that the foregoing statements by him sub-
scribed are true, except such matters as are stated upon estimation, and
as to them that they are true to the best of his knowledge and belief.

Before me,

Justice of the Peace.

Note. — If blank applications for licenses under this section should
be printed by your city or town, it is suggested that the provisions of
Sects. 17 and 22 be printed upon the back of these forms.

If licenses are printed, it is suggested that Sects. 19 and 22 and 23
be printed upon the back thereof.

Care should be taken that the licenses are issued in strict com-
pliance with Sect. 18 of the law, and in accordance with the applica-
tions. Records of both must be carefully kept.

Immediately after the expiration of the period within which licenses
are to be issued within the provisions of this section, you are re-
quested to forward to this ofHce a list of all persons licensed under
the provisions of this section, giving the names of the owners and
persons licensed, and the place where the business is to be conducted ;
and further, to send us, from time to time, the names and addresses
■of all persons that you have reason to believe are conducting the busi-
ness of slaughtering contrary to the provisions of Sects. 17 to 23 of
this act.

Your attention is also called to the provisions of Sects. 29, 31, 32,
and 34 to 40, inclusive.

In closing, the Commission request you to take such steps as you
deem necessary or expedient to inform persons within the limits of
your city or town of the provisions of this act and the importance of
its being faithfully complied with.

For the Board,

CHARLES P. LYMAN, Secretary.
60 Village Street, Boston.

170 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan..

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,
Secretary's Office, 50 Village Street, July 13, 1894.

To Boards of Health, —

Gentlemen : We desire to call your careful attention to the act
passed by the present Legislature and signed by the Governor on
June 20, 1894, codifying and consolidating all the laws relating to
contagious diseases among domestic animals in this State ; and
especially to Sects. 24 to 35, inclusive.

Under the law now in force, inspectors of animals and provisions-
are to be appointed, as heretofore, by the mayor and aldermen of
cities and selectmen of towns (see Sect. 1), except that in cases
where no appointment is made, or the appointee fails to properly
perform his duties, they may be appointed by the Board of Cattle
Commissioners. (See Sect. 2.) Under the provisions of Sect. 28,
these inspectors, besides having specific duties provided by this
statute, are made the agents of your Board for all purposes desig-
nated in the act, but beyond this 3^ou are given the power to appoint
additional agents and assistants whenever, in your judgment, such a
measure becomes necessary to aid 3^ou in enforcing all the provisions
of this law that relate to your Board.

You are given the general care and supervision of the matter of
suppression of contagious diseases of animals within the limits of"
your cit}^ or town (see Sect. 27), and you are expected to see that
the law is carried out within such limits. In this connection your
attention is called to Sects. 24 and 25. You will kindly note, par-
ticularly, that any regulations made by you under this authority shall
he spread upon your town records, and that a certified copy of them shall
he immediately sent to the Cattle Commissioners. All such regulations
will remain in force until terminated b}'^ your orders or by superseding
regulations made by this Board.

While it is made the duty of each inspector to examine all of the
animals within his district, and while this officer is given the power
to quarantine all suspected animals, without further orders from you,,
it is also made your duty to see that all cases of contagious disease
among domestic animals, within the limits of your city or town, are
immediately detected, and that the quarantine is properly placed.
You will notice that all quarantines imposed by inspectors are obliged
to be upon the premises of the owner of the suspicious animal, but
that quarantines imposed by yom- orders may be upon such premises
or any such other place or places as you may designate. The
expense of quarantine, when imposed by you upon premises other-

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 171

than those of the owner of the anunal, are to he paid by the
town, assisted by the Commonwealth. (See Sect. 27.)

All quarantines imposed by inspectors or by your Board are to remain
in force until removed by your Board or b}^ the Board of Cattle Com-
missioners, or any one of its members. (See Sects. 8 and 26.)
Hereafter all notices of quarantine are required to be made in writing
(see Sects. 7, 8, and 9), and forms of such orders, with the returns,
will be furnished to your Board upon application here. Full instruc-
tions have been given to inspectors, so far as we have their addresses,,
as to the manner of serving and returning these orders of quarantine.
In case you should appoint additional agents, as provided for, it will be
your duty to see that these instructions are fully carried out by them.

It is made the duty of ever}^ person ha\dng knowledge or reason to
suspect the existence of a contagious disease within your city or
town to give written notice to your Board. (See Sect. 29.) Upon
the receipt of this notice, it is the duty of your Board to cause such
animal to be inspected by the regular inspector or by some competent^
veterinarian specially appointed by your Board. In all such matters
you are requested to act as a Board and not individually, and it is
suggested that, if you deem it advisable, a vote be passed by your
Board, instructing your clerk that, upon the receipt of any such
notice, he shall notify an inspector within your city or town to imme-
diately examine the animal and quarantine it if necessary. If such
examination is made by any person other than a properly appointed
inspector it should be remembered that he has no power of entrance
or quarantine, except by specific vote and authority from your Board.

SLAUGHTER HOUSES.

Your special attention is called to the provisions of Sects. 17 to
23, inclusive, in relation to slaughter houses and the inspection of
cattle at the time of slaughter. There is no specific duty required of
your Board in this matter, it being the duty of the town or city
officers to issue licenses and of the inspectors to attend to all inspec-
tions ; except that if there is more than one inspector in your city or
town, it is your duty to properly divide the work among such
inspectors and designate which inspector shall attend to each
establishment slaughtering cattle. (See Sect. 20.)

Under Sect. 10, inspectors are authorized to make inspections of
carcasses, meat, fish, vegetables, etc., and under Sect. 12 to make
inspections of veal. In all of these matters, other than animals, car-
casses, and meat, the inspectors will act entirely for your Board, and
will not report to this Commission, except when evidence of contagious,
disease is found existing in meat or carcasses.

172 CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.

PENALTIES.

It will be your duty to see that the provisions of this law are car-
ried out within the limits of your city or town, and that prosecutions
are duly instituted in all cases of failure so to do, or for bi'eaches of
the provisions of the act ; and in this connection your attention is
called to the following sections : —

Sect, 13, under which penalties are imposed on persons interfering
w^ith proper inspections.

Sect. 14, where power is given to issue search warrants.

Sect. 15, under which penalties are imposed on persons selling or
■offering for sale diseased meat and produce.

Sect. 22, where penalty is imposed for violations of the law as to
slaughter houses and killing cattle without causing them to be
inspected.

Sect. 29, where penalty is imposed for failure to give notice to
your Board of the existence of contagious disease.

Sect. 34, under which penalties are imposed for disobeying your
orders or those of inspectors duly appointed by you ; for breaking
quarantine or driving diseased animals within the limit of your city
or town ; and other similar offences.

Your attention is also called to Sects. 3, 31, 32, 42, and 57.

In closing, this Board earnestly requests your careful examination
•of this act, and your earnest efforts to see that it is enforced, as far
as possible, within the limits of your city or town; and you are
requested to send to this office any information that you may
receive of persons who are disobeying the provisions of the law, and
especially such slaughter houses or similar establishments that you
liave reason to believe are slaughtering cattle without causing them
to be inspected. Please also forward us the names of all veterinary
•surgeons or those regularly practising medicine among animals that
you know of.

For the Board,

CHARLES P. LYMAN, Secretary.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

BoAKD OF Cattle Commissioners,
Secretary's Office, 50 Village Street, Boston, July 19, 1894.

To Inspectors of Animals and Provisions, —

Gentlemen : Herewith you will find a copy of a law passed bj'' the
present Legislature and signed by the Governor on June 20, 1894,
codifying and consolidating all of the laws relating to contagious dis-

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 173

eases among domestic animals in this State, to whicli we desire to call
your careful attention. This law, together with such regulations and
instructions as you may receive from time to time from the Cattle
Commissioners and the Board of Health of your city or town, will
constitute the basis of your work as inspectors in the future.

The law under which you were appointed has been repealed. The
officers of your city and town have been instructed to reappoint you
under the new act, or to make some new appointment. In the absence
of such appointment you will continue to hold your office for the bal-
ance of the term for which you were appointed, unless you are sooner
removed, but after June 20, 1894, all inspectors will be subject to the
provisions of this act.

Under Sects. 3 and 42, it is made your duty to carry out and
enforce all regulations and orders issued by the Board of Health of
your city or town, or by the Board of Cattle Commissioners or any
member thereof in the discharge of his or their duties.

It is your duty, under Sect. 4, to make regular and thorough
inspections of all neat cattle within the limits of your city or town.
These regular examinations are to be made in accordance with Order
No. 1, as follows : —

Order No . 1.

At a meeting of the Board of Cattle Commissioners, held on July 12,,
1894, it was

Voted, That hereafter inspectors be ordered to make two thorough
examinations of cattle in each year, — one during October, or as soon as
possible after the animals come in from pasture ; the other during March,
or just before the animals are turned to pasture. Eeports of the results
of these examinations, upon the proper blanks (Form N'o. 1), must reach
this office on or before the fifteenth day of December and the fifteenth
day of May in each year.

That inspectors be also ordered and advised to make inspections of any
herds, or of any animals within their district, whenever any emergency
arises, or whenever in their judgment, because of numerous changes or
otherwise, it is better for the service for them to do so.
By order of the Board,

Charles P. Lyman, Secretary.

Under Sect. 5, you are to keep a complete record of all inspections
made by you, upon the stub accompanying Form No. 1, and to make
regular returns of all such inspections to the Board of Cattle Com-
missioners, as directed in the certificate.

Under the provisions of Sect. 6, it is made your duty to give a cer-
tificate to the owner of all healthy herds examined by you. This cer-
tificate should be made upon Form No. 2.

Under Sect. 7 of this act, you are given the power, and it is made

174 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

your duty without any order from the Board of Health or of this
Commissiou, to quarantine all animals which you suspect or have rea-
son to believe are affected with a contagious disease, which diseases
are defined under the act to be as follows : glanders, farcy, contagious
l^leuro-pneumouia, tuberculosis, Texas fever, foot and mouth disease,
rinderpest, hog cholera, and rabies (see Sect. 37).

It is also your duty to quarantine any animal whenever you are
directed so to do by the Board of. Health of your city or town, or by
this Board or any of its members ; and all quarantines imposed by
you must be upon the premises of the owner, or of the person in
whose charge the animal is found, unless you have specific directions
to the contrary from this Board or from your Board of Health.

All quarantines imposed b}^ you are to be by an order in writing,
upon Form No. 3, blanks for which will be furnished you upon appli-
cation to this office. All of the blank spaces in this form should be
carefully filled out by you at the time of its delivery, giving as accu-
rate a description as possible of the animal, so that it may be properly
identified.

You will note that this form is in duplicate, with a notice attached
thereto. You will also notice that there is a blank stub, to be filled
■out by you whenever a quarantine is imposed.

The original order of quarantine is to be filled out and signed by
you and served as required in Sect. 8 ; that is, you will fill out the
blank after the word "To" with the name of the person to whom
you deliver the same. If the owner is known to you, and resides
within the limits of your town, deliver this in hand to him, otherwise
to the person in charge of the animal, " and in every case be careful
to state accurately whether the person to whom you delivered the order
is the owner or the person in charge, or if it be served by posting, see
that the return properly shows this." If you cannot by reasonable
means ascertain either of these, you may post the order upon the
premises where the animal is quarantined, but this should not be done
except where it is impossible to reach the owner or person in charge,
unless you receive special orders from your Board of Health or from
this Commission or any of its members to do so. In all cases fill up
and sign the duplicate blank order of quarantine exactly as you fill
Tip and sign the original. Do not neglect to properly and fully fill out
blank return of service which is printed upon the back of the dupli-
cate order of quarantine. This duplicate, together with your return
of service, should be sent immediately by mail to this office (see
Sect. 9), and a record of the facts of your quarantine should be care-
fully filled in the accompanying blank form, which will serve as your
record. The notice attached to the form of quarantine should also be

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 175

■filled out carefully, siguecl, and delivered to the Board of Health of
your city or towu. You have uo power to remove any quarautiue
imposed by you, except upon written order of this Board or auy of
its members, or of the Board of Health of your city or town.

When you have forwarded notice to this Board and to the Board of
JHealth, and have served the order upon the owner or person in charge,
as above directed, it will be your duty to refrain from giving any
information regarding the matter to any person whatsoever.

All orders of this Board under the provisions of this act supersede
those of your Board of Healtli (Sect. 40).

Under Sect. 10, you are authorized to inspect the carcasses of all
slaughtered animals, all meats, and such other food products as are
therein designated. You will act in conjunction with your Board of
Health, except as to animals and meats inspected for the purpose of
■detecting contagious disease. Whenever, upon the inspection of any
carcass, which within the meaning of this act is defined to be the
dead body of an animal before any of the vitals or other portions of
the body are removed, you find that any portion of the body of the
carcass is affected with tuberculosis or other contagious disease, you
■will condemn the whole of the same, see that it is properly buried
or otherwise safely and effectually destroyed, and send a notice of
the facts to this office (see Sect. 11). If, however, at the time of
seizure, the owner of the property notifies you in writing that he
desires to appeal to the Board of Health, you will immediately notify
said Board of such appeal and will retain the custody of the carcass
until such appeal is decided, which decision will be final.

In the matter of inspections of veal, as provided in Sect. 12, you
"will act entirely with your local Board of Health.

Power is given you, under Sect. 13, to enter, for the purpose of
making inspections, upon any premises where animals,- carcasses,
meats, etc., are kept, and any person who interferes with this right of
entry will be subject to a heavy penalty for so doing. If this right
is denied, you should first demand entrance to the premises or the
disclosure of the secreted animal or article ; and then, if still refused,
you should at once enter a complaint before the proper officer, under
Sects. 13 and 14 (see also Sect. 57). Do not in any case use force.

Your attention is further called to Sects. 17 to 23, inclusive.

An important branch of your duty will be the examination of cattle
■at the time of slaughter, under the provisions of these sections. You
■are urged to see that there are no infractions of this law, and when-
ever you have any knowledge that any person is carrying on an estab-
lishment for the slaughter of caii^e-without obtaining a license, or that
any person is slaughtering, for his own use, cattle without inspection,

176 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan..

contrary to the provisions of Sect. 21, 3^011 will immediately notify
this office and yonr Board of Health of the fact, giving details as
fully as possible.

Every licensed slaughter house is obliged to state the days on which
it is intended to slaughter, either in its application or by subsequent
written notice, of which j'Ou are directed to keep yourself informed.

By Sect. 20, it is made your dut}^ to be present on the da^^s of
slaughter and inspect at the time of slaughter all cattle killed at such
establishment. "Where practicable, arrangements ma}'- be made
between j^ou and the proprietor as to the times of day when it will be
necessary for you to be present.

It is also your dut}'^ to be present at such establishment to inspect
animals slaughtered on days other than those designated, when yoii
have received reasonable notice of such slaughter.

You will also inspect at the time of slaughter, as defined by Sect..
21, cattle slaughtered by persons not regularly engaged in the business,
whenever j^ou receive reasonable notice from them of their intention
to slaughter. You should keep a careful record and make proper
returns of the same to this office upon the prescribed blanks. In the
inspection of slaughtered animals, whenever the carcass is found to
be diseased you will proceed as directed in Sect. 11.

You will note the provisions of Sect. 22, as to penalty inciu'red by
persons who fail to cause their animals to be properly inspected, or who
deal with meats of animals not properly inspected.

Your attention is further called to the provisions of Sects. 27, 29,
and 30, also Sect. 35, and you are requested to call the attention of
veterinarians within the limits of 3'our cit}^ or town to the provisions
of Sects. 29 and 35.

The Cattle Commission hereafter will consist of five members in-
stead of three. Their names you will find affixed to this circular.

Your attention is also called to the pro^-isions of Sects. 38, 39, and
40.

Under the provisions of Sect. 45, this Board, or any one of its
members, are authorized to kill animals affected with a contagious
disease when they deem that the public good requires it. These ani-
mals will be killed upon written orders issued by this Board, or of
one of its members, which orders may be directed to you or to other
persons or to Boards of Health, and it is your duty to strictly obey
the directions contained in such order, both as to the killing and as
to the disposal to be made of the carcass. You will see that all
orders of Boards of Health regarding the cleansing dnd disinfecting
of premises are promptly and thoroughly carried out.

Whenever you receive an order from the Commission to destroy an

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. . 177

animal, you may kill it yourself or cause it to be killed by some other
person in your presence.

When the auimal has been killed, you will make, or cause to be
made, such jJosi-??M>ri!e??i examination as directed by the order under
which it has been destroyed, and you will dispose of the carcass in
the manner therein directed.

As soon as you have completed the slaughter, inspection, aud fin-
ally disposed of any animal condemned by order of this Commission,
3^ou will make your return upon the back of the order in accordance
with the form therein contained, being careful to fill out all of the
blanks intelligently, and return such order to this office.

No compensation is to be paid to any person for any animal killed,
except in the case of cattle affected tuith tiihercidosis, and then only tuhen
such animals are killed by order of this Commission or one of its mem-
bers.

In cases where the carcass of an animal is destroyed by your
orders, upon an inspection after slaughter, no compensation is to
be paid.

When animals are killed by order of this Commission, or one of its
members, as affected with tuberculosis, the owner is entitled to re-
ceive from the State one half the actual value thereof at the time of
slaughter, for food or milk purposes, this valuation to be made as
though the animal were not affected with tuberculosis, but cdl other
diseases and infirmities are to be taken into consideration.

You will receive a special blank for animals condemned as tuber-
culous (Form No. 4, which will be furnished by the Commissioners
at the time) , and you are directed to strictly carry out the requirements
of this blank. In the absence of a Commissioner, whether you act as
an appraiser or not, you will take charge of the matter of the appraisal
and returns for this Commission. Before the Commissioner leaves,
he will name in writing upon this blank the arbitrator selected by
him. He will then cause the owner to name in writing upon the
blank the arbitrator selected by him, and these two will name in writ-
ing the third. When all three arbitrators have been selected, you
will cause them to be sworn before a justice of the peace, and at the
same time you will cause the owner to sign and swear to the state-
ment made by him upon the blank.

If you have reason to believe that the owner has wilfully concealed
the existence of tuberculosis, or by act or wilful neglect has. contrib-
uted to spread such disease, you will state such facts to the office,
together with your reasons for so believing.

As soon as the certificate of appraisal has been made, signed, and
sworn to, and the animal has been killed and disposed of, and all

178 . CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

other requirements have been fulfilled, you will fill out the return
upon the blank and forward the same to this office, together with a
certificate of the expense of such appraisal and of the killing and
burying, if any.

Forms for the records to be kept by you and of the returns to be
made will be hereafter furnished you. These records should be care-
fully kept on the stubs accompanying these forms, clearly and dis-
tinctly ; and they must be open, at any reasonable time, to inspection
by your Board of Health, or by any member of this Commission.

You are further earnestly requested to thoroughly read, examine,
and make yourself familiar with the law.

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, President,
CHARLES P. LYMAN, F.R.C.V.S., Secretary,
M. O'CONNELL, D.V.S.,
FREDERICK H. OSGOOD, M.R.C.V.S.,
LEANDER F. HERRICK,

Board of Cattle Commissioners,

Address correspondence to 50 Village Street, Boston, Mass.

Form No. 1.

CERTIFICATE OF INSPECTION OF CATTLE.
(Section 5, Chapter 491, Acts of 1894.)

Town or city of , month, , day, , 189 .

Kame of owner, . JSTumber of cattle, . Cows

in milk, . Bulls, . Cows dry and cot fatting,

Fatting, . Young, . Oxen, . Are they free from

contagious diseases? Have you cause to suppose that any of these

animals have tuberculosis? How many animals are now in

qaarantine?

Remarks : Ins2)ector.

This blank to he filled out and sent to 50 Village Street, Boston.

[The inspector's records consist of a stub duplicating this certificate.]

Form Wo. 2.

CERTIFICATE OF INSPECTION OF CATTLE.

(Section 6, Chapter 491, Acts op 1894.)

Town or city of , month, , day, , 189 .

I hereby certify that I have this day examined a herd of
cattle said to be owned by Mr. , of Street,

, as follows : —
Cows in milk, . Bulls, . Cows dry and not fatting,

. Fatting, . Young, . Oxen,

In my opinion there is no evidence of tuberculosis or other contagious

disease in any of said animals.

Ins2Jector.
To he given to the oioner or person in charge.

[The inspector's records consist of a stub duplicating this certificate.]

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 179

Form 17^0. 3.

ORDER OF QUARANTINE.

(Section 7, Chapter 491, Acts of 1S94.)

ORIGINAL.

{To be delivered to owner or person in charge.)

Town or city of , 189 .

To , owner (or person in charge), —

You are hereby notified that, by virtue of the powers and authority in
me vested by law, I have caused to be isolated and placed in quarantine
in upon your premises, to wit, , the following ani-

mals, , under suspicion of having the disease known as ,

a contagious disease under the law.

You and all other persons whom it may concern are hereby forbidden
to remove the same from said for the purpose of slaughter,

orfor aii}^ other purpose whatsoever, or otherwise to break said quaran-
tine until the further order of the local Board of Health, the Cattle Com-
mission or any of its members.

If the above animal be a milch cow, you are warned of the danger of
using the milk, and are forbidden to sell or otherwise dispose of it in any
market.

l7is]jector.
[stub.]
order of quarantine.

Town or city of , 189 .

To . Animal, . When quarantined, . Where quar-

antined, . Disease, . Order of quarantine delivered to

Owner, . Person in charge, . Left at house, . Posted,

. When delivered or posted, , day, , hour, . Copy

sent to Cattle Commission, . iN'otice sent Board of Health,

Eemarks:

Form No. 3.

ORDER OF QUARANTINE.

(Section 7, Chapter 491, Acts of 1S94.)

DUPLICATE.

{To he sent to Cattle Commissioners, 50 Village Street, Boston.)

Town or city of , 189 .

To , owner (or person in charge), —

You are hereby notified that, by virtue of the powers and authority in
me vested by law, I have caused to be isolated and placed in quarantine
in upon your premises, to wit, , the following

animals, , under suspicion of having the disease known as

, a contagious disease under the law.

You and all other persons whom it may concern are hereby forbidden to
remove the same from said for the purpose of slaughter, or

for any other purpose whatsoever, or otherwise to break said quarantine
until the further order of the local Board of Health, the Cattle Commission
or anv of its members.

180 CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.

If the above animal be a milch cow, you are warned of the danger of
using the milk, and are forbidden to sell or otherwise dispose of it in any
market.

Inspector.

RETURN OF SERVICE.

City or town of

On the day of , 189 , at o'clock in the

noon, I delivered in hand to — left at the last and usual place of abode
of* — , to me personally known to be the owner — the per-

son in chargef — of the animals thereby quarantined — I posted upon the
within-mentioned , being the premises where said animals are

quarantined J — the original order of quarantine, of which the within is a
true and perfect copy.

The duly appointed and qualified inspector

of animals and provisions for said city or town.

[stub.]
NOTICE OF QUARANTINE.

189 .

To the Board of Health of the

City or Toion of , —

Sirs : I hereby notify you that I have this day quarantined in ,

upon Street, beiug the premises of , the owner (or

person in charge thereof), the following animals, , under sus-

picion of having the disease known as ; and I at that time duly

delivered to the said the order of quarantine prescribed by

law, and have sent a copy of said notice, with my return of service of the
same, to the Board of Cattle Commissioners.

Inspector.

Form No. 4.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSAOEU SETTS.

BOAED or CATTLE COMMISSION'EES,
50 Village Street, Boston.

ORDER FOR KILLING TUBERCULOUS CATTLE.

(Chapter 491, Acts of 1894.)

189 .
To , Inspector for the Town or City of , —

The now in quarantine upon the premises of Mr. ,

said to belong to , was reported to this Board as suspected of

having tuberculosis.

INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTOR.

*If delivered personally, strike out the words "left at the last and usual place of abode
of." If left at the house, strike out the words "delivered in hand to." In either case
write in the name of the iserson in full.

t If such person be the owner, strike out the words " the person in charge " ; otherwise,
strike out the words "to me personally known to be the owner."

Jlf the order of quarantine is posted by you, strike out all the words beginning "I deliv-
ered in hand to," etc., up to the words " I posted upon the within-mentioned," etc.; other-
wise, strike out the words " I posted upon the within-mentioned , being the
premises where said animals are quarantined."

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 181

I have this day examined the said animal and am satisfied that it is
affected with said disease of tuberculosis, which is a contagious disease
under the law, and that the public good requires that the animal be killed
forthwith. After the value of the said animal has been determined, by
agreement between the owner and this Commissioner or by arbitration,
as appears by the writing hereto affixed, you will cause said animal to be
destroyed in your presence with all possible despatch, and you will cause
the carcass to be inspected by , who is hereby appointed for

that purpose, and thereafter you will dispose of the carcass of the same
as follows:

You will also cause the premises where said animal has been kept to
be cleansed and disinfected.

When you have completed your work as above directed, you will
return this order, together wiih the return hereto appended as to the
valuation and ownership of said animal, with a return of your doings
thereon, to this ofiice.

Commissioner.

Town or city of , 189 .

I, , of Street, hereby certify that on the

day of , being the day when the above-described

was ordered to be killed by the duly appointed Cattle Commis-
sioner, I was the sole and only owner of the said ; that to my
own actual knowledge the said animal has been within the State of
Massachusetts six months continuously prior to its being killed, the same
having been owned by me for . I further certify that I have not
wilfully concealed the existence of tuberculosis, or by act or wilful
neglect contributed to spread such disease.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
ss. 189 .

Town or city of

Then personally appeared the above-named , to me person-

ally known to be the person signing the same, and made oath that the
foregoing statement by him subscribed is true.

Before me,

Justice of the Peace.

I, , of , hereby certify that I am personally ac-

quainted with the above-named , and that I know the above-

named animal and that has owned the said animal

for months continuously prior to the above order of killing ; and

that to the best of my knowledge and belief he has not wilfully concealed
the existence of tuberculosis, or by act or wilful neglect contributed to
the spread of such disease.

182 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

AGREEMENT FOR VALUE.

We, the owners of the above-mentioned , ordered to be killed as

affected with tuberculosis, and jthe Cattle Commissioner con-

demning the said animal to be killed, hereby agree that the value of the
said auimalat the time of slaughter, for food or milk purposes, and with-
out taking into consideration the existence of tuberculosis, is S

Owner.

Commissioner.

ARBITRATION.

I, the Commissioner condemning the above-mentioned to be

killed as affected with tuberculosis, hereby select of

as one of the arbitrators to value the said animal, as by law required.

Commissioner.

I, , owner of the above-mentioned ordered to be

killed as affected with tuberculosis, hereby select of

as one of the arbitrators to value the said animal, as by law required.

Owner.

"We, and , being the two above-selected arbitra-

tors, hereby select of as the third arbitrator to

value the said animal, as by law required.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
ss. Town or city of , 189 .

Then personally appeared the above-named three arbitrators ,

and , and made oath that they would faithfully

and impartially discharge their duties as said arbitrators, and value the
said animal in conformity with the law.

Before me,

Justice of the Peace.

189 .
We, being the duly selected arbitrators to determine the value of the
condemned animal, having been duly sworn, upon oath return that in
our opinion the value of said animal on the day of ,

being the day of slaughter, for food or milk purposes, and without taking
into consideration the existence of tuberculosis, was %

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 183

RETURN OF KILLING.

Town or city of , 189 .

On the day of , at ■ o'clock in the

noon, I caused to be killed in my presence the within-named
and after the same had been killed I caused the same to be inspected by
and thereafter disposed of the said carcass as follows :

Expense of killing and burial . . ^

Arbitrators

Magistrate

Total "i

Inspector.

RETURN OF POST-MORTEM.

189 .

I inspected the above-described animal after the same had been
slaughtered, and upon such inspection I found as follows :

In my opinion the animal was affected with the disease of

Form No. 5.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

BOARD OF CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

ORDER FOR KILLING ANIMALS OTHER THAN TUBERCULOUS

CATTLE.

(Chapter 491, Acts of 1894.)

189 .
To , Inspector for the Town or City of , —

The now in quarantine upon the premises of Mr.

said to belong to was reported to this Board as having

a contagious disease.

I have this day examined the said animal and am satisfied that it is
affected with the disease known as , which is a contagious

disease under the law, and that the public good requires that the animal
be killed forthwith. You are therefore ordered and directed to cause
said animal to be destroyed in your presence immediately, and you will
cause the carcass to be inspected by , who is hereby appointed

for that purpose. You will then cause the same to be disposed of as
follows : . You will also cause the premises where the

animal has been kept to be properly cleansed and disinfected. As soon
as you have performed the above duties, you will return this order, to-
gether with a return, upon the back thereof, of your doings thereunder,

to this otfice.

Commissioner.

184 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

RETURN OF KILLING.

Town or city of , 189 .

On the day of , at o'clock in the

noon, I caused to be killed in my presence the within-named ,

and after the same had been killed I caused the same to be inspected by
and thereafter disposed of the said carcass as follows :

Expense of killing and burial,

Inspector.

189 .
I inspected the above-described animal after the same had been
slaughtered, and upon such inspection I found as follows :
In my opinion the animal was affected with the disease of

Form No. 6.

RETURNS OF INSPECTIONS OF SLAUGHTERED ANIMALS.

(Section 5 of Chapter 491 of the Acts of 1S94.)

Town or city of , month, , day, ,189 .

Since the day of I have made the following

inspections: —
Carcasses slaughtered at licensed slaughter houses,
Carcasses slaughtered by other persons, under Sect. 21,
I found free from contagious disease ; tuber-

culous ; affected with other contagious diseases, as follows:

Owned or in the possession of ,

Disposed of as follows :
Kemarks :

Inspector.
To he filled out and sent to 52 Village Street, Boston, once a month.

Form N'o. 9.

APPLICATION FOR LICENSE TO SLAUGHTER CATTLE.

(Undek the Provisions of the Acts of the Year 1S94, Chapter 491, Section 17.)

Town or city of • , 189 .

I, , of , hereby make application for a license for

myself and of , of i of » of

to carry on the business of slaughtering cattle (including calves) within
the limits of the town (or city) of , for the year ending April

30, 189 .

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 185

In support of this application I state the following facts : —
The names in full and addresses of all owners and persons carrying on
said business are: * —

NAMES. ADDRESSES.

The slaughter house or premises where the business is to be con-
ducted is located at 'No. Street, in the town (or city) of
, and consists of

The business to be carried on thereat and the products thereof to be
sold or used for food are f

The estimated number of cattle to be slaughtered thereat per week are
cattle, calves.

I (or we) intend to slaughter cattle at the said establishment on the
following-named days, and at the designated times of day in each
week : ; and I further certify that the above-designated days

and times of days are selected in good faith, and that, in my judgment,
it is necessary to slaughter on as many days and at the times above set
forth in order to properly carry on the business to be conducted at said
establishment.

Applicant.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

ss. 189 .

Then personally appeared the above-named and made oath

that the foregoing statements by him subscribed are true, except such
matters as are stated upon estimation, and as to those, that they are
true to the best of his knowledge and belief.

Before me,

Justice of the Peace.

LICENSE TO SLAUGHTER.

Town or city of , 189 .

In accordance with an application duly made, of which the above is a
true copy, , of , and , is (are) hereby

licensed to carry on the business of slaughtering cattle within the limits
of this city (or town) for the year ending April 30, 189 , unless this
license is sooner forfeited or rendered void, upon the days, times, and
conditions, and at the premises described in said application.

NOTE. — Instructions to Cities and Towns. Applications are to be made in
duplicate, and, if granted, one copy is to he returned to the applicant; the other retained
by the Board granting the license.

* State in each case whether the persons named are the owners of the premises or are
the persons engaged in the business.

t State whether the product is to be sold as sides of beef, or carcasses of veal, or
whether it is to be cut, and if so, to what extent. If it or any part of it is to be sold as
chopped beef or as sausages, state the fact.

186 CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,
Secretary's Office, 50 Village Street, Aug. 22, 1894.

To the Mayor and Aldermen of Cities and the Selectmen of Towns, —

Gentlemen : We desire to call your attention to the following order,
which was made at a meeting held this day: —

Order No. 2.

Under authority given us, in Sect. 39, Chap. 491 of the Acts of 1894, it
is hereby ordered that the appointment of butchers as inspectors of meat
and carcasses, in their own slaughter houses, cannot be allowed.

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE,
MAURICE O'CONNELL, D. Y. S.,
FREDERICK H. OSGOOD, M. R. C. V. S.,
LEANDER F. HERRICK,
CHARLES P. LYMAN, F. R. C. Y. S.,

Board of Cattle Commissioners.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,

52 Village Street, Boston, Nov. 20, 1894.
To whom it may concern, —

The development and spread of tuberculosis among animals have as-
sumed such proportions and constitute so great a menace to the health of
the community that the Board of Cattle Commissioners have determined
to adopt a fixed policy for the eradication of the disease, in general terms
as follows: —

First. Quarantine regulations upon cattle entering from without the
borders of the Commonwealth.

Second. Regulation of cattle traffic at Brighton, Watertown, and
Somerville, which shall include all animals from within and without the
Commonwealth.

Third. Systematic inspection of all herds in the State, beginning at
the Cape ; followed by extermination of diseased animals, disinfection of
contaminated premises, and fixed quarantine regulations.

Careful investigations conducted by the Board in the use of tuberculin
enable them to conscientiously add their endorsement to that of all careful
investigators who have experimented with it since its discovery in 1891,
who agree: —

First. That tuberculin is a reliable agent for determining the presence
of tuberculosis in cattle.

Second. That tuberculin properly prepared and carefully handled can
have no injurious effect upon healthy animals.

Third. That it is the only known means whereb}- a positive diagnosis
can be made in the early stages of the disease.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 187

In consideration of the above-stated facts, all the herds in the State will
be systematically examined and subjected to the tuberculin test ; and for
the efficient work of eradicating the disease it is essential that every
tuberculous animal in whatever stage shall be found and destroyed.

The extermination of the disease from a given herd must be followed
by thorough disinfection of contaminated buildings and the careful ex-
clusion of the herd from new sources of infection, each district to remain
under quarantine regulations till the State is covered. Such regulations
shall allow the entrance or exit of all animals which, after being tested,
have been branded with the seal of the Commission, or until otherwise
ordered by the Board.

The cost to the State will be more than repaid in dollars and cents
from the increased demand and value of the products dei'ived from this
source. Sanitarians, as well as all other intelligent people throughout
the United States, look to Massachusetts as a State always at the front
in all matters of public health and welfare.

The importance of the subject is abundantly demonstrated. The dairy-
men throughout our Eastern States, experienced as all of them are with
tuberculosis, are watching and waiting for a market where they can go
and be assured of purchasing animals free from tuberculosis.

Every intelligent, thinking man in New England to-day is asking him-
self the question, " Where can I procure my milk, butter, and cheese
with the absolute knowledge that I am not giving to my family the germs
of consumption ? "

The Commission believe it useless to kill animals found in the State
affected with this disease, without so regulating the traffic as to prevent
the entrance of diseased animals from without, and having knowledge of
the fact that under existing conditions animals affected with the disease
are being constantly brought into our State and sold to our farmers,
butchers, and dairymen, thereby disseminating the contagion. The Com-
mission realizing at the same time the importance of the cattle industry
in this Commonwealth, have been impelled to adopt the regulation
described hereafter, believing that it will not unfavorably affect honest
interstate traffic in cattle ; that it will so materially increase the value of
sound animals, which alone can be sold in Massachusetts, as to more than
compensate owners for the loss sustained by seizure of those affected
with tuberculosis.

The Commission, having thus set forth the reason for their action, hope
to enlist the cordial sympathy and co-operation of the community, whose
vital interests are so much involved in the eradication of tuberculosis
from our neat cattle.

During the past year, the Legislature of this Commonwealth passed an
act codifying and extending the law in relation to contagious disease
among domestic animals, being Chap. 491 of the Acts of 1894, and the
Commission desires to call especial attention in this connection to Sects.
37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 53, 34, and 47.

Now, therefore, the Board of Cattle Commissioners, by virtue of the
power and authority conferred upon them by law, and especially by the

188 CATTLE COMMISSIONEKS. [Jan.

sections above mentioned, and for the purpose of accomplishing the
objects herein stated, have adopted the following order for the purpose
of regulating the importation of cattle within this State and the quaran-
tine and examination thereof: —

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,

52 Village Street, Boston, Nov, 20, 1894.
General Order No. 3.

First. All the States and Territories of the United States, the District
of Columbia, Canada, Great Britain, and all other localities without the
limits of this Commonwealth, are hereby declared infected districts.

Second. It is hereby ordered that all neat cattle brought within the
limits of this Commonwealth from any of said localities on or after Nov.
26, 1894, are hereby made subject to quarantine until they have been in-
spected and released by this Board or one of its members thereto duly
authorized.

Third. Except as hereinafter provided, no such neat cattle shall be
unloaded, except in case of accident, for any purpose whatsoever within
this Commonwealth, at any place or places other than at such quarantine
stations as are herein designated, or which may hereafter from time to
time be designated by this Board, unless upon written permit signed by
the Board of Cattle Commissioners or one of its members.

Fourth. The Union stock yards at Watertown, the Boston & Albany
stock yards at Brighton, and the premises of the New England Dressed
Beef and Wool Company in Somerville are hereby designated as quar-
antine stations.

Fifth. All neat cattle entered at any quarantine station, except as
hereinafter provided, are hereby declared quarantined, and shall so re-
main, at the expense of the owner or consignee, for a period of not less
than twenty-four hours, or until they are released by the Board of Cattle
Commissioners or one of its members, during which time they shall be
subjected to the tuberculin test. This test shall be made only by the
Board of Cattle Commissioners or one of its members, or a duly author-
ized agent thereof, and without expense to the owner.

Sixth. Every such animal which, in the opinion of this Board or any
of its members, is affected with tuberculosis, will be condemned and
slaughtered as provided in Sects. 45 and 53 of said Chap. 491 of the Acts
of 1894.

Seventh. All animals which upon such inspection shall be adjudged
free from tuberculosis and other contagious diseases shall be branded
with the seal of the Commission. This brand will be placed upon the
right hip ; and all neat cattle so branded shall be free to all markets in
this Commonwealth.

Eighth. All neat cattle passing through this Commonwealth, con-
signed from points without its limits, for exportation from this State will
not be examined as herein provided, but such animals shall remain in
quarantine until transported without the limits of the Commonwealth.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 189

Ninth. All neat cattle brought within this Commonwealth, consigned
directly to the Brighton Abattoir for slaughter, shall be confined by them-
selves for identification, and shall not be released except after an exam-
ination as above provided, or for immediate slaughter.

Tenth. It shall be the duty of every person or persons, corporation
or corporations, desiring to drive or cause to be driven any neat cattle
into this State from any point without its limits, to notify in writing the
Board of Cattle Commissioners of his, their, or its intention so to do,
which notice shall state the town or city within this Commonwealth
through which it is the intention to enter, and the time when the drove
will arrive within such city or town. After crossing the border, all such
cattle are hereby declared quarantined upon premises which shall be
defined in the permit, within the limits of such city or town, at the ex-
pense of the owner or consignee, and shall there remain until they have
been examined, and released or condemned by this Board or one of its
members. No neat cattle shall be driven within this State from any
point without its limits, except as herein provided.

Eleventh. JSTo person shall sell or offer for sale, or have in his posses-
sion, except under quarantine, within the stock yards in Brighton,
Watertown, or Somerville, any neat cattle which are not branded as pro-
vided for in Sect. 7, except as provided in Sects. 8 and 9 of this order.

Twelfth. It is further ordered that a copy of this order shall be sent
to each city and town throughout the Commonwealth, and that every
town shall cause a copy thereof to be posted in two or more conspicuous
places within its limits, and shall cause a copy of the same to be published
once a week for three successive weeks in a newspaper published therein,
or if no newspaper be published within the limits of said town, then in a
newspaper published within said county ; and that each such city shall
cause a copy of the same to be published twice a week for three succes-
sive weeks in a newspaper published within its limits.

Thirteenth. This order shall take effect upon Nov. 26, 1894.

FREDERICK H. OSGOOD, Chairman,
CHARLES P. LYMAN, Secretary,
MAURICE O'CONNELL,
LEANDER E. HERRICK,
CHARLES A. DENNEN,

Board of Cattle Commissioners.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,

52 Village Street, Boston, Nov. 20, 1894.

To the Managers and Agents of all Railroads whose lines or routes enter
or lie within the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, —
By virtue of the power and authority in us vested by law, and especi-
ally under Sects. 24, 34, 38, 47, and 53 of Chap. 491 of the Acts of the
year 1894, you are hereby notified that tuberculosis, which is a conta-

190 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.

gious disease and is so recognized under the laws of this Commonwealth,
exists among cattle of the several States and Territories of the United
States, the District of Columbia, and Canada, and such localities are, in
the opinion of this Board, infected districts.

Your attentii)n is called to General Order 'No. 3, issued by this Board
under date of 'Nov. 20, 1894, and you are hereby further notified that in
order to prevent the importation of diseased animals, and as a means of
suppressing such disease within this Commonwealth, this Board has
passed the following order : —

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,

52 Village Street, Boston, Nov. 20, 1894.
General Order No. 4.

First. No neat cattle brought within the limits of this Common-
wealth from any State or Territory of the United States, the District of
Columbia, or Canada shall be unloaded, except in case of accident, for
any purpose whatsoever, within this Commonwealth at any place or
places other than at such quarantine stations as may from time to time
be designated by this Board, except upon a written permit signed by the
Board of Cattle (commissioners or one of its members.

Second. The Boston & Albany stock yards in Brighton, the Union
stockyards in Watertown, and the premises of the N'ew England Dressed
Beef and Wool Company in Somerville are hereby designated as quaran-
tine stations.

Third. All neat cattle brought within the limits of any of said quaran-
tine stations are hereby declared quarantined.

Fourth. This order shall take effect on JSTov. 26, 1894.

FKEDERICK H. OSGOOD. Chairman,
CHARLES P. LYMAiN", Secretary,
MAURICE O'CONNELL,
LEANDER E. HERRICK,
CHARLES A. DENNEl^,

Board of Cattle Commissioners.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,

52 Village Street, Boston, Nov. 20, 1894.
To the Boards of Health and all Owners of Neat Cattle in the Counties of
Nantucket, Dukes, and Barnstable, —
The development and spread of tuberculosis among animals have
assumed such proportions and constitute so great a menace to the health
of the community that the Board of Cattle Commissioners have deter-
mined to adopt a fixed policy for its eradication from our neat cattle; and
your especial attention is hereby called to Sects. 37, 38, 24, 39, 40, 45, 40,
34, and 47 of Chap. 491 of the Acts of 1894.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 191

Under the jDrovisions of this act, and as a part of a general plan for
exterminating the disease in the State, the Board proposes to undertake
a systematic inspection of all herds in the State, by districts hereafter to
be designated, beginning at Cape Cod with a district comprising the
counties of Nantucket, Dukes, and Barnstable.

The plan of operation will be the examination of all cattle in the dis-
trict by the tuberculin test, followed by the extermination of all diseased
animals, disinfection of contaminated premises, and fixed quarantine
regulations.

The extermination of the disease from a given herd must be followed
by thorough disinfection of contaminated buildings and the careful exclu-
sion of the herd from new sources of infection. Each district is to
remain under quarantine regulations until the whole State is covered.
Regulations will be made to allow the entrance or exit of all animals
which, after being tested, have been branded with the seal of the Com-
mission.

It is believed that the cost to the individual of carrying out the regula-
tions hereinafter setforth will be more than repaid by the security afforded
him in purchasing cattle, and by the increased demand for, and value of,
the products derived therefrom, without considering the removal of this
source of danger to the health of himself and family.

When the fact is taken into consideration that the average ratio of
deaths from tuberculosis in the human family is fourteen per cent, or one
death in eight of the total mortality, and that tuberculosis is a preventa-
ble disease, the importance of the subject will be fully appreciated.

Having thus briefly set forth some of the reasons for their action, and
hoping to enlist the cordial sympathy and co-operation of the community
whose vital interests are so much involved in the eradication of tuber-
culosis in our neat cattle, the Board of Cattle Commissioners hereby
promulgate the following order: —

COMMONWEALTH OP MASSACHUSETTS.

BoAKD OF Cattle Commissioners,

52 Village Street, Boston, Nov. 20, 1894.
General Order No. 5.

Under and by virtue of authority in us vested by law, and especially
under Sects. 24, 38, and 39 of Chap. 491 of the Acts of the year 1894,
you are hereby notified that in the opinion of this Board all neat cattle
throughout said counties have been exposed to tuberculosis, a contagious
disease under said act, and that in order to suppress and prevent the
spread or further introduction of said disease it is necessary that all such
cattle should be quarantined and tested with tuberculin. Therefore the
following regulations have been adopted: —

First. From Nov. 25, 1894, until such time as they shall have been
released by this Board or one of its members, all neat cattle in Nantucket
County are hereby ordered quarantined upon the premises of their
owners.

Second. After Nov. 25, no neat cattle (including calves) will be

192 CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.

allowed to enter said county unless such neat cattle have been branded
with the seal of the Commission.

Third. All neat cattle within such limits will be subjected to the
tuberculin test. This test shall be made only by the Board of Cattle
Commissioners or one of its members, or a duly authorized agent thereof.

Fourth. Every such animal, which in the opinion of this Board or any
of its members is affected with tuberculosis, will be condemned and
killed, and such compensation will be paid therefor as is provided in
Sect. 45. of said Chap. 491 of the Acts of 1894.

Fifth. All animals which shall be adjudged free from tuberculosis and
other contagious diseases will be branded with said seal.

Sixth. All neat cattle branded as herein specified shall be free to all
markets in this Commonwealth.

Seventh. All premises upon which tuberculous animals have been dis-
covered shall be thoroughly disinfected as directed by this Board.

Eighth. It is further ordered that a copy of this order shall be sent to
each town in the counties of Nantucket, Dukes, and Barnstable, and shall
be published by each town therein, by causing a copy thereof to be
posted in some conspicuous place within its limits, and by publishing a
copy thereof once a week for three successive weeks in a newspaper pub-
lished in said town, or if there is no such paper published therein, then
in a newspaper published within the county within which said town is
situated.

Ninth. Boards of Health will see that all orders of this Board regard-
ing the disinfection of premises are enforced within twenty-four hours
after the receipt of the same.

This order shall take effect upon the twenty-fifth day of N'ovember, 1894.

FREDERICK H. OSGOOD, Chairman,
CHARLES P. LYMAi^, Secretary,
MAURICE O'CONKELL,
LEAXDER F. HERRICK,
CHARLES A. DEXNEN,

Board of Cattle Commissioners.

TABLES SHOWING TUBEECULIN TESTS AND
KESULTS.

The following tables show the tuberculin tests, by the commission,
of cattle examined by them during the past year, giving in detail the
time of injection and the temperature of the animal at that time, the
recorded temperature changes after injection, the action of the com-
mission upon the test, and where the animal was condemned, the re-
sults of the post-mortem examination.

These tables have been divided into the following heads : —

Quarantines issued by Local Inspectors, being the record of exami-
nation by tuberculin of animals suspected as being tuberculous,
reported by local inspectors to this Board.

Other Herds, being sundry examinations of herds throughout the
State.

Brighton, Watertown and Somerville, being the record of the exam-
ination of all animals brought into the Brighton, Watertown and
Somerville markets for sale.

Nantucket, being the record of the examination of all neat cattle
within the island of Nantucket under the order of November 20.

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215

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

217

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

245

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247

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102.2 102.1

102.2

50

'<

"

102.1

102

102

102.2

102

101.2

102

-

102

103.4 103.4

102.3

51

•<

"

103.2

102.2

102.1

102

101.3

101.3

101.2

-

101.2

102.2

102.1

103

52

"

"

102

102

101.4

101.2

101.3

101.1

101

-

101.3

101.4

102.1

102

53

"

"

101.3

101.4

102

102.2

102.2

102

102

_

101.2

102

102.4

102.2

54

'<

"

102

102.1

101.3

102.1

101

101.2

101

_

102.4

103

103.4

106

55

"

"

101

101.3

101.2

101.3

101.2

101.2

101.2

-

101.3

101.1

101.4

102.2

56

•'

"

101

101

101

101.2

101

100

100

_

100.4

101.1

101.2

102

57

"

"

101.4

101.4

102.1

102.1

102.2

102.2

102

-

102

102.1

102

102

58

"

"

102.4

102

102

102

101.2

101

100.2

-

101.3

102.2

104

105

59

"

"

102.1

102

101.2

101.4

101.4

101

101

_

101.1

102

102

102.2

60

•<

"

102

102

02

102.2

102.2

101.3

103

_

101. 3|

100.1

103

103

61

'<

"

102.4

103

102

102.2

102.2

102

102

-

102.4

101.2

102

102.2

62

'<

"

102

101.4

101.2

101.3

101

101.1

101

_

100.2

101.2|101.2

102.1

63

<•

"

102.2

101. 3i

101.11102

101.4

101.3

101.2

-

101. 3i

102 1102

102.3

64

«'

"

102.1

102

101.2 M. 4

101.3

101

100

-

100.4

102.1 102

102

65

"

«'

101.2

101

101.1 101.2

101.1

100.2

101.1

_

100.1

101.2101.1

102.3

66

"

"

102

102.1

101 102

101.4

101

101.1

-

101

102 il02

102.1

67

"

"

102.2

102.1

01.1 102

102

100.1

101

-

102

101.4 102

102

68

«<

<<

103

102.31

02 |101.4

102.3

101

101.2

-

101

lul.3 101.2

102.1

69

**

**

102

101.3

101.4101.4

1

101.4

102

101

-

102

101 ilOl.3

102.1

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

Other Herds — Continued.

251

Temperatures after Injection.

a

9 am

100
100
100.3

98
101.1
101
101
106.2
105
102
101.1
100.4
101
100.4
102.4
101.4
100.4

10am

100.2

too

100

llAM

101.2 101.
100.2101
100.2 1
.3 100.2 100.

101.21102

101. 2' 102

101.11101.4 101

106 106

104.1 104.3 104

101.2 101.1 102

106.2

100.1
107.1
107.1
101.2
101.3
101.1

100.2
101.2
101.2
100.1
102.1
100.4
100.3

100.3 100.4

101

100.3

101

102.2

100.4

101

100

107.1

107

100.2

100.3

100.4

108

107. 2

101.4
99.4

10o!2il01.1
101.11101 100.1
101.2 101.3 101.3

IOO.4I1OO

106.2 106.1

100

106.3

106

:i04.3

104.1

101.1

101.3

104

105.1

101.4

104.4

105

104

105.3

105

107

103.1

102.3

102

102.2

102.1

106

107

103

104

103

102

103.1

106.2

102.2101

102
102
107
103
102

105

104

105

101.4

101.2

105.1

104

102

105.3

106.2

105

105.2

105.4

106

101.1

101.4

102.2

102.2

101.2

105.2

106

101.4

102.3

102

100

105.1

106.2

107

103.2

104.4

101.1

101

106

105

101.1

106

108.3

105.1

106.1

106

106.2

102

101.3

102.1

102

101

100

103.3

105

102

103.3

102.4102.2 103.1

102.2il01.1

102.4

103

101.2

102

101.3

102
102

102
102
401.

105.4 105

106.1

101.2 101

103
102

100.4 101.
105.4 105,

105
101
102
102,
105.
102

105,

103.
101.

106
102
101,
2 101,
1 104
102

103.2 !03.4

101

102

101

101.1

103.1

101.1

102.41102 101.4
103 101.4 102

101
102
101
102
102
102
102
106
104
101.
101
2 101.
100.
101.
102
100.
101.
101.
106
106.
101.
102.
100
101.
101
101.
106
106.
102
104.
100
100.
106.
104
101
107
107
106,
107
105,
106,
101,
101,
101,
102
102
106
106,
101,
102.
102
101
105
105
101
101
101
104
102
104
104
101
102
101
100
101

ion

10:

102

101
101
101
101
102.
104.
102
105.
104.
102
101
101.
101
101.
102.
100.
102.
102
106
106.
102
102
100.
101.
100.
101.
105
106.
102.
105
100.
101.
105.
104.
101.
106.
106.
107
106
106
1U5.
102
101
101
102
101
106
106
102
103
102
102
105,
104,
102
101
102
105
102
104
105
101
1IO2
2 101
4 101
|101
.4101
.2 102
101

101.3
101
101.2
102
101.1
101.3
102
105.2
106
102.1
100.4
101.4
101.2
101.2
103
102
101.1
102.1
.1
105
101.1
102
100
102
102
101.1
104.2
106
103.1
105^
100.3
102
106
105.4
101.2
105.4
107
106.3
105.3
104
105.1
101.2
102
102
103
101.4
105.3
106.2
102.1
103
102.2
102.1
105
104.2
102
102.1
102
105
103
105.2
106.2
101.3
102.2
102.2
102
102.1
102.2
102.1
101.3

102.

101.

102

102

102.

102

102.

105

104.

102.

101

102.

101.

102

103

102

101

102

106

103.

102

102.

100

102

101

102

104.

105

103.

104.

101

102.

105.

104.

102

105.

105.

106.

104.

103.

104

102

102

102.

103

102

106

105.

101.

103.

103

102

104.

104

101.

102.

102.

104.

102

104.

105.

102

102

102

101.

10-.^

102,

102.

102

102

101.2

101.1

102.1

102

101.4

102

104.1

101

101

102.1

102

103

102 . 4

102

101.1

102

104

101.1

102.1

105
102

105
100
102
102
102,
101.

105

102

103

103.1

102

103.4

102

101

104
102.1

105

101

102

101

101

102

102.1

102

101.4

Condemned.
Released.

Condemned.
Released.

Condemned.

Condemned.
Released.

Condemned.
Released.

_ 1

Condemned.
_ 1

Condemned.

_ 1

Condemned.
Released.

Condemned.
Released.

Condemned.
Released.

Condemned.
Released.

_ 1

Condemned.
Released.

9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
82
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
58
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65

1 Reteat on March 4.

252

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

Other Herds — Continued.

COUNTY.

Date.

Temperatures before Injection.

Tempeuatures after
Injection.

ja

J,

. 1 .

^

S

■i

a

a ' a

Ch

a

a

a

a

S

0

■<

©

N

iC c^

©

«

<

■i

<

■i

©

to

^

« a

r*

rt

<o

N

«

0

11

5 am

6 am

lAM

8 am

1

Middlesex,

Feb, 3, 4,

101.2

101.4

101.2

102

101.4

101.1

101

-

101

102

101.4

102.3

2

"

■ '

100.3

101. 3'101. 4:102

102

102.2

102

_

102.4

101.4

102.4

102.3

3

<<

"

101.2

101.2 101.2

101.1

102

101

101

_

101.2

102

102

102.2

4

"

"

103

102

101.2

102

102.1

102.1

101

-

101.2

102.1

102

102.2

9 am

llAM

12 N

2 pm

4 pm

4 am

8 am

9 am

5

"

Feb. 10, 11,

102.2

102.1

101.3

101.2

101.2

_

-

101.1

101

101

101

101.2

6

"

102.1

102

101.3

101.2

101

-

-

IOI.2I1OI.2

101.3

101.4

102.1

7

• '

102.3

102.2

102.1

102.1

102

-

-

100.3 100

101.2

102

103.4

8

"

102

101.3

102.3

102.1

102

_

_

101 100.3

101.2

100.4

102

9

'•

102.4

102

101.3|102

102

-

-

101.2101.2

101.2

101.1

102.2

10

<<

102.1

101.1

100.4'101.2

101.4

_

_

100.3,101

101.3

102

102.1

11

"

102.3

102.2|I02

102

101.3

_

_

101.1100.4

101.2

103

102.1

12

"

102.3

101.2

101.3

101.2

102

_

-

100.4 101.1

101.4

102

103

13

"

102.2

102

102

102.1

102

-

_

101.3 100.2

101.2

101.2

103

14

"

102.3

103

101.3

102

102.1

_

_

101 102

101.2

101.3

102.2

15

"

101

100.3

101.4J101.1

101.2

-

_

ioi.rioo.3

101

101

101.2

16

'<

102

101.2

101.11102

101.3

_

_

100.3'101.3

102.1

101.3

102.1

17

"

103

102.1

101.4,101.2

101.2

-

-

101.2,101.4

102

102

102.1

18

"

102.1

101.3

IO2.3I1OI.4

101

_

-

101.2101.1

102

101.3

102.3

19

"

101.4

101.3

101.1

102

101.2

_

_

IOI.3I1OI.3

102

101.3

102

20

"

102.1

101.3

101.3

101.3101.2

_

-

100.3

101.2

lOl.ltlOl.2

102.1

21

"

102

101.3

100.4

102.2 102

-

-

103

102.4

102.1

102

102

22

"

102

101.4

101.4

102.1 101.4

_

-

102

101.3

101.3

102

102.2

23

"

102.1

102

101.2

102 102

_

-

101.1

101.1

101.2

102

102

24

"

102.3

101.2

101.1

101.3 101.3

_

-

101.2

101.2

102

101.4

102.2

25

"

102.1

101.4

101.3

102 102

-

-

101.1

101.1

102.1

102.2

103.1

26

"

103

102

102

102 102

_

_

101.3

101.3

102

101.2

102.2

27

"

101.4

101.4

100

102.2 102.1

-

-

102.1

101.3

102

102

103

28

'•

103.2

103.1

103

102.2il01.2

-

-

103

103.2

104

104

105

29

"

103

102.4

102.3

103 I102.2

_

_

102.4

102

102.1

103

103.2

30

"

102.4

102

IOI.3I1O2 IIO2.2

-

_

102.1

102.1

102.1

102.2

102.2

31

"

102.1

102.1

102.21102.3:102.3

-

_

104

103.2

103

103

103.2

32

"

101.4

101.4

102

101 101.1

_

-

102.1

101.2

101.2

102.2

101.1

33

• •

103

102

102.1

101 102.2

_

-

102.4

101.4

102

101.4

101.1

34

"

101.3

101.4

101.3

101.2 102.1

. _

_

102.1

101

102.2

102

102.3

35

"

102

101.2

101.3

101.11101.2

-

-

101.3

102

102.3

103

101

36

"

102.1

102

102

102.2:102.1

_

_

101.2

101.2

102

102

101.2

37

"

103.2

103.4

103

103.1|102.3

_

_

104

104

103.2

1U2.2

102.2

38

"

102.4

102

101.4

102.1103

_

_

101.1

102

102.1

102.1

103

39

"

102.2

102.4

102.1

103 102.2

-

_

101.2

101.3

101. 1

101.4

102.2

40

"

103.2

103.2

104

104 104

_

_

102

102.1

102.3

102.2

103.1

41

"

103

102.2

102.2:103 103.1

_

_

102.3

102.2

I02.1IIO2.2

102.1

42

"

103

102.4

102.3

103.1 103.1

_

_

103

102

103

103

102.4

43

"

101.4

101.3

102

102.1 102.2

_

_

101.2

101.1

101.2

102

101.1

44

"

101.1

101.3

101.3

102.1,102.3

_

_

101.2

101

102.1

103

103

45

'<

102.2

102

101.2

IO2.II102

_

-

101.2

101.2

103.1

103

103.2

46

"

101.3

101.1

101.4

101.4;i01.3

-

-

101

102.1

101.4

102.2

103.2

47

"

102

101.4

101.3 100.1J101.2

-

_

102

102

103

105

105

48

"

102

102

103 102 101.2

-

-

101.2

101

101.1

101.1

101.4

49

"

102.1

101.4

102 102.4 102.2

-

-

102.2

102.4

102.2

102.3:103

50

"

103

103

103.2 103.1,103

-

_

102.2

101

102.3

102.3^01.2

51

"

103

102.2

102.2 103

102.1

_

-

101.4

102.2 102

102 I102.2

52

«

102.3

102.1

102.3

102.2

102.2

_

_

102

101.1]102.3

102.4,102.2

53

"

102.4

102.4

102

102.2

103

_

_

102.2

102.3

102.1

103 102.4

54

"

102.4103

102.4

102.4

102.3

_

-

102

102

102.2

103.2 103.4

55

"

102. i; 1(12.1

102

102.2

102.1

-

-

101.1

102

102

102.1 103

66

<<

102.1102.2

102.3

102.4

102.1

_

_

102.2

102

102.1

102 !l02.2

57

«'

100.3

102

102.3

102.2

102.1

_

_

102

102

103

102.2101.1

58

<<

102

102.1

102.2

102.1

102.1

_

_

101

101.2 102.1

102.2 101.3

59

"

103.2

103

102.4

102.2

102

_

_

101.1

101 102.1

100.2 100.1

60

'<

103.1

103

103

101.1

101.2

_

_

101

101 102

102 jlOl.4

61

<•

_

_

_

_

102

_

_

103.1

103.1 103.2

103.2:103

62

"

100.1

101.1

101.4

101.2

103

_

-

102

102.1,100.3

101

102

63

"

-

-

-

_

103.1

_

_

102.4

103.31103.2

102.2

103

64

"

-

-

_i

-

103

-

-

102

101.4 101.3

102.2

102.2

2pm

3 pm

4pm

5 pm

6 pm

7 pm

8 pm

6am

7am 8am

9 am

10am

65

"

Feb. 3,

101.2 101.3

101.4

101.3

101

101

100.3 103

101 {102.4

lu2

100

66

"

"

101.1101

101.2

101.1

101.1

100.4

100.3 101.3

101.3 102.2

,02.1

100

1 Calf.

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

Other Herds — Continued.

253

Temperatures after Injection,

Result.

a _

o t:

»

S

■i

r-

S

is

a

a

a

»

a

a

a

D^

a

W4

w

B^

>:,

^

Ik

Ai

!U

CM

^

(C

e

w

o

"

- ! H

M

M

>*

m

<0

t«

X

9)

rt

t.

9 am

10am

llAM

102

101. 1

101

100.4

101. s

101.2

102

102.1

102

_

_

-

_

Released.

_

1

104

105

105

105

105

104.4

104

103.4

_

_

_

-

-

_i

_

2

103

104.3

105.1

106

104.4

106

105

104.2

103

_

_

_

_

CoDdemned.

*

3

103

102

102.1

101.4

101.4

101

103

103

102

-

-

-

-

Released.

-

4

10am

llAM

12 N

103.2

102.4

102

101.4

102

102

_

_

-

_

_

_

-

><

-

5

102.1

102.1

101.2

102

101.1

102

_

_

_

-

_

-

-

<«

-

6

102.4

103.4

102

101

102

102.2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

<•

-

7

101.2

102

101.1

101.4

101.2

102

_

_

_

_

_

-

-

'«

-

8

102

102

102.1

102

101.3

102.3

_

_

_

-

_

-

-

<«

-

9

102

101.3

101.2

101

101.2

101.4

-

-

_

_

-

-

-

•'

-

10

101.2

101.2

101.2

101.2

102

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

««

-

11

102.1

101.2

102

101.3

101.4

102

_

_

-

_

_

-

-

"

_

12

101.4

101.2

102

100.3

102

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

<i

-

13

102.4

102.4

102.3

102.1

102

102

_

_

_

_

_

-

-

«

-

14

101.4

101.3,101.4

101

101.2

100.4

_

_

_

_

_

-

-

"

-

15

102.1

101.4 102.1

102.1

102

101.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

«

_

16

102.4

101.4^101.1

102.1

102

1U2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

'«

-

IT

102

102

101.3

101.1

103

102

_

_

_

_

_

-

-

"

-

18

101.4

102

101.2

101.2

101

101.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

<<

-

19

102.1

102

101.4

100.4

102

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

"

-

20

102

101.4

102.1

101.3

102

102

_

_

_

_

_

-

-

"

-

21

102

102

102

102

102.1

101.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

"

-

22

102.3

102

102

102

102

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

•<

-

23

102 llOl.l

101.2

lul.2

101.4

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

<•

-

24

102.2

102

102

101. 1

102

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

>'

-

25

102.1

101.4

102

101.3

101.3

102.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

"

-

26

102

102.1

102.1

102

102.3

102.2

_

_

_

_

_

-

_

"

_

27

105

104.4

104

103.2

103.1

102.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Retest.

-

28

104.1

102.4

102.2

102.1

102.2

103.3

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

"

-

29

102.2

101.4

1112

102.3

102.3

103

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Released.

.

30

103

103.1

102.4

103.1

103.2

103

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

'>

-

31

102

102.2

103

102

101

101.2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

"

-

32

102

102.3

102.1

102.1

101.4

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

>'

_

33

103

102.4

102.2

102

102

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

"

-

34

101.2

101.4

102

101.4

100.4

101.2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

««

_

35

102

102.4

102

102

101.4

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

"

-

36

103

102

102.2

102.2

102.2

102.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

"

_

37

102.3

102.4

102.4

103.1

103

103

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

"

_

38

102

102

101.2

101.4

101.2

101.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

"

-

39

104

103.3

104

103.2

102.4

102.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

<<

_

40

102.2

104.1

102.4

102.3

102.2

102.1

_

_

_

.

_

_

_

<•

-

41

103

103

102.2

102.4

103

103.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

"

-

42

101.2

101.2

101

101.4 101.2

101.1

_

_

_

- _

_

_

-

"

-

43

102.2

102.4

103.2

103.2

104.2

105.2

105

_

_

_

_

_

-

_i

_

44

104.3

106

107

106.4

105.4

105

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

Condemned.

*

45

104.1

105

106

106

105.2

104.2

104.3

_

_

_

_

_

_

_i

_

46

106

105.2

105.4

104

105

105

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Condemned.

*

47

102.1

103

101.3

102

102.4

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Released.

_

48

103.1

102.2

103.2

103.1

102

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

<<

_

49

103

102

102

102.2

103.1

103.1

-

_

_

_

_

_

-

"

_

50

102.3

102

103

102.1

103

102.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

<<

_

51

101.3

101.3

101

102

102

102.4

101.3

_

_

_

_

_

_

«'

-

52

102.2

102.2

102.4

103

102.1

102.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

• '

-

53

105.2

104.1

103.2

102.2

102.2

102.3

102.2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_i

_

54

103.21104.1

104

102.3

103

103

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Condemned.

*

55

102.2

102.1

102.1

102.2

103

102.2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Released.

_

56

101.2

102

102.4

102.2

102.1

102.2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

"

_

57

102

103.1

103.4

102

102.4

102.3

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

"

_

58

101.1

101.2

101

102

102

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

■ •

_

59

102.1

102.1

102

101.3

102

102

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

'<

_

60

102.4

103

103.1

103

103.1

103

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_2

_

61

101

101.3

101.4

102.4

102.4

102.2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_1

_

62

103.3

102.2

104

105

103.2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Condemned.

*

63

102.2

103

103.1

103

102.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Released.

-

64

llAM

12 N

IPM

100.2

101.4

101

101

101

101.3

102

102

_

_

_

_

_

• •

_

65

100

100.2

101.2

102

101

101

101.1

101.2

-

-

-

-

-

**

-

66

1 Retest on March 4.

2 Killed on physical examination.

254

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

Other Herds — Continued.

COUJTTY.

Date.

Temperatures before Injection.

Temperaturks after
1n.jection.

^

65

a

a

i,

g

a

H

g

a

■<

■<

9

W

c

ft,

«

M

■i

■i

■i

-<

e

«

«.

«

p*

p^

e

b-

ce

0

2 pm:

3 pm

4 pm

5 pm

6 pm

7 pm

8 pm

1

Middlesex,

Feb. 3,

101

101.4

102.1

101.2

101

101.2

101.3

102

102

102.2

102.3100.3

2

11

101.3

101.4

101.4

101.4

101.3

102

101.2

102.1

101.4

102

103 1 98

3

II

102

102

102.2

103

100.1

102

102

101.3

102

102.1

102.2 101.1

4

11

101.3

101.4

101.4

101.4

101.3

101.4

101

101.1

101.2

102.1

102

101

5

II

101.4

102

101.3

101.4

101.4

101.3

101

101.1

101.3

102

103

102

6

II

101.2

101.4

101.4

101.2

101.3

102

102

101.2

102.4

102.3

102

101.1

7

11

102.1

100.4

97.3

102.4

100

100.4

101.3

I1OI.2

102

102

103

100.4

8

II

101.3

101.3

102

102

101.3

101.1

101.4

102

102

102

102

101

9

11

101.4

102

102

102

101.1

101.2

101

101.3

102

102.2

102

100.4

10

II

102.3

101.2

101.4

103

103.1

103

102.4

102.4

102.1

103

103

102.4

11

II

101.1

101.1

102.3

101.3

101.1

100

100.2

101.1

100.4

101.4

102

101.4

12

II

102

102.1

102

102

101.2

101

101.3

101.2

101.4

101.2

102

100.1

13

II

101.21101.4

102 jl02

102.1

101.3

101

102

102

102.1

102.3 100.4

14

II

102.2,102

102.2102.2

102

101.3

101

101.1

101.3

102

103 1101.2

15

11

102

101.4

102

102

102

101.3

101

101.2

102.1

102.1

102.3101.3

16

11

101.1

101

101.1

101.2

100.2

101

101

101

101.1

101.2

101

101.1

17

II

101.4

101.1

101.1

101.4

101

100.4

100.4

101.3

101.4

102

102.1

101.1

18

n

101.2

101.1

101

100.1

101.1

100.4

101.2

101.3

102

103.1

102

101.2

19

• 1

101.4

101.2

100.4 102

101.1

101.3

101

102

102

102.2

102.2 100

20

11

IOI.2IIOI.4

101.3!l02

101.1

100

100

99.4

100.4

101

102.1 101.1

21

II

101.3

101.1

101.1

101.1

101.2

100.3

101

101.2

101.3

101.4

101.2

101.3

22

II

101.1

101.1

101

101.3

101

100

101

101.2

101

102

102

101.4

23

11

101.3

101

102.1

101.1

101.1

101.2

101.2

101.2

101.3

102

102

103

24

11

101.2

101.3

102

101.3

101.1

101.1

101.1

101

101.2

102

102

102.3

25

II

102.1

102

102

102.1

102

101

101.2

101

101.2

102

101.2

102

26

II

101.1

101.2

102

101.2

101.2

101

100.4

101.2

101.4

102.1

102

102.2

27

II

101.4

102

102.1

101.3

101.2

101.4

100.4

101

102.1

102.3

102.2

102.1

28

II

101.3

101.3

101.3;101

101

101.1

101

102

102.2

102.1

102.2

103

29

II

102.1

102.1

101.3 101.2

101.3

101.1

101.2

101.2

102.2

102.1

103

103

30

101.2

101.2

101.4,101.3

101. 1

101.1

101.1

101.3

101.4

102

102

102

31

100.3:101.3

101.3 101.2

101.2

101.2

101.2

101.3

101.1

101.4

102.2

102.2

32

"

101.2

101.2

101.2

101

100

100

100

100.4

101.1

101.2

102

102

Sam

IOam

12 N

2 pm

7 pm

IOpm

12 m

33

"

_

_

_

_

103.1

-

_

102.3

102

_

102.3

_

34

II

11

_

-

_

_

103.1

_

_

102.3

102

_

102.3

-

35

II

11

_

_

_

_

102

_

_

101.2

101.2

-

101

-

36

II

II

_

_

_

_

102.1

_

_

102.1

102.1

-

103

_

37

II

II

_

_

_

_

101.4

_

_

102

102

-

102.4

-

38

II

II

_

_

_

_

102

_

_

102.3

102.2

-

102.1

-

39

II

II

_

_

_

_

101.2

-

_

101.3

101.3

-

101.2

-

40

II

II

_

_

_

103.1

_

_

102.3

101.3

_

102

-

41

II

II

_

-

_

_

102.3

_

_

102.1

101.4

_

102.3

-

42

II

11

_

_

_

_

101

_

-

101.2

101.1

-

102.1

-

43

II

11

_

-

_

-

102.4

-

-

101.3

102

-

102

-

44

II

II

_

_

_

_

100.4

_

_

100.4

101.3

-

102.1

-

45

II

II

_

_

_

-

102.2

-

-

101.4

101.4

_

102.3

-

46

II

11

_

_

_

_

101

-

_

101

101.4

-

102.3

-

47

II

Mar. 3,

102

102.2

102.1

102.1

-

-

_

102

102.3

103

103

103

48

II

101.4

1U1.4

101.1102.3

-

_

_

102

102.1

100.3

101

102

49

II

11

102.2

103.2

100

101.4

-

-

_

102

101.3

102

102.3

102.4

50

II

Sept. 2,

_

101.2

-

-

-

_

_

-

-

-

-

101.1

51

II

May,

-

102

-

_

-

-

-

-

-

102

102

102.4

52

II

Sept. 1,

-

101.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

100.2

53

II

May,

_

102.3

_

_

-

-

-

-

-

102.1

102.2

102.2

54

II

"

_

101.3

_

_

_

_

_

-

_

103.2

101.3

103

55

II

Sept. 1,

_

101.4

-

.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

56
57

"

Sept. 7,

-

103.2
103

-

-

:

:

-

:

-

102.1
101.4

~

102
102

58

11

11

_

103.1

_

_

_

_

_

-

-

102.2

-

102

59

II

11

_

102.2

_

_

-

-

-

-

-

102

-

102

60

• 1

■ 1

_

102.3

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

101.4

-

101.4

61

11

II

_

104

_

_

_

_

_

-

_

102

-

101.4

62

11

11

_

103

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

102

-

102.1

63

II

11

_

103

_

_

-

_

_

_

-

102.2

-

101

64

"

"

-

104.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

102

-

101.3

1

IOam

11am

IPM

2pm

3 pm

4pm

65

'1

Mar. 3,

102.2 102.1

102 101.3

101.2

101.1

102.2

102

102.1

102

102

102

66

II

11

102.1

102

101.2|101.2

101.3

102

101.4

101.1

102

102

102.2

103

67

''

"

101.4

101.3

101.2 101

101.3

101

101.2

100.2

101.2

101.2

102.2

102.2

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMEJN'T — No. 51.

Other Herds — Continued.

255

Temperatures after Injection.

Eesiilt.

3
11

1^

^

<

>q

a

S

\ »

1^

»

S

»

s

la

»<

a

M

n

tt

a.

».

Pi

b

3h

04

a.

it

e

94

rt

M

H

N

M

^

n

(D

t.

(X)

»

H

fM

1

100

100.5

101

101

101

101.2

102

101.

-

Released.

1

99. C

100.1

100. i

102

101

102

102

102.

-

_

- 1 -

_

"

_

?.

101. i

!lU2

102

102

102.5

101.;

102.:

2102

_

-

_

_

_

"

_

3

101.:

101.^

101.^

102

102

102

102.5

I 102

_

_

_

_

_

<•

-

4

101.1

101.

11)2

101. S

102

102.-

102.5

101

-

_

_

_

_

"

-

.">

100. L

100.3

100.'

101

101

100.-

101

101

_

_

_

_

_

• '

_

6

101.2

101

101.1

101.'

101.2

101.'

102.-

102.-

_

_

_

_

-

"

_

7

101.2

100.3

101

100.2

101

101.2

101.'

102

_

-

_

_

_

"

-

8

100.;

101

101

101.1

101.. •I

101.2

102

103

_

_

_

_

-

"

_

9

102.1

102.2

103

102

102.3

103

103

102.'

_

_

-

_

-

Retest.

-

10

100.-

101.2

100.3

100.1

102

102

102

102

-

_

-

-

-

Released.

-

11

100. "i

100

100.2

101. 1

102

102.1

102

102

_

_

_

_

_

'<

_

12

100.3

101

100.3

101.2

102.1

101.1

101

101.1

_

_

_

_

-

"

-

13

101.4

102.2

101.2

101.1

102

101.1

102

102.1

-

_

-

-

_

Retest.

-

14

m.A

100.3

101.1

102.1

102

102

102.2

101.2

_

_

_

_

_

Released.

_

1.5

100.2

101.1

101

100

100.1

100

100

101.2

_

_

_

_

_

"

_

Ifi

101

100

101

101. "l

101.2

102

102

101.1

_

_

-

_

-

"

_

17

101.3

101.3

101.]

101

100.2

102

101

102

_

_

_

_

_

"

_

18

100.4

100

101.2

101.3

101.1

101. 1

102

101.2

_

_

_

_

_

"

_

19

101.4

101.1

102.1

100

100. 'l

100

101

101.1

_

-

-

_

_

"

-

20

101.2

101

101.2

100.4

101.1

102

102.1

102.1

_

-

-

_

-

"

-

21

102

101.1

101

101

101.1

101.2

102

102

_

_

_

_

_

"

-

22

101.1

102

102

101.3

102

101.2

102

100

_

_

_

_

_

Retest.

-

23

101.4

101.3

101.2

101.1

101.4

102

102

102

_

_

_

_

_

Released.

_

24

102.2

102.1

101

101.1

101.3

102

102.2

102

_

_

_

_

_

<•

_

25

102.2

102

102

102

102.4

103

103

102.4

_

_

_

_

-

• '

-

26

101.2

101.1

101.3

102

101.2

101.4

102

101.3

_

_

_

_

-

"

-

27

101.4

101.2

101.1

101.2

102

102.1

101.3

102

_

_

_

_

_

Retest.

-

28

102

102

101.2

102

102

102.2

103

103.1

_

_

_

_

_

Released.

-

29

100

100.4

101.1

101.2

102

102

102.1

102

_

-

-

-

-

"

-

30

101.1

101

102

101

102

102

101.2

102

_

_

_

_

_

■•

-

31

103

102

101.1

101

101.1

102.1

102.1

101.2

-

-

-

-

-

**

-

32

102

Retest.

33

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

"

_

34

100

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Released.

-

35

102.3

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

"

-

36

102.2

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

-

-

-

«'

-

37

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

<<

_

38

101

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

_

-

"

_

39

102.2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Retest.

-

40

102.1

_

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Released.

-

41

101.4

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

_

"

_

42

101.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

<•

_

43

101.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

"

-

44

101.1

_

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

_

-

-

"

-

45

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

i<

_

46

103

103

[02.3

102.3

102

[02

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

•<

-

47

101

101.3

101.4

102.4

102.4

102.2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

'<

-

48

102.2

102.1

[02

102.2

[02

[02

102

_

_

_

-

_

-

"

-

49

-

_

101.4

_

_

[03

_

102.3

_

_

_

_

_

Retest.

-

50

102.4

103

_

103.2

103

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

Released.

-

51

-

_

102

_

_

[02.4

_

102.2

_

_

_

_

_

Retest.

_

52

103.2

102.3

_

[03.3

103

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Released.

_

63

103.3

105.2

_

[04

103.3

_

_

_

_

_

-

_

_

Condemned.

D

54

-

-

[01.3

-

102.2

[02.3

-

103.3

-

-

-

_

-

Retest.

-

55

-

[01.4

_

[01.3

_

101.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

"

-

56

-

102

_

101.4

_

102

_

_

_

_

-

_

_

Released.

-

57

_

102.1

102

_

102.2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Retest.

-

58

-

102

_

[01.4

_

101.3

_

-

_

_

-

_

-

Released.

-

59

-

[01.2

-

101.2

-

01.2

_

-

_

_

_

_

-

"

-

60

_

[01.2

_

101.4

_

102.1

_

_

■ _

_

_

_

_

Retest.

-

61

-

[01.4

_

102

_

101.4

_

-

_

_

_

-

-

Released.

-

62

-

[01.2

_

102.3

_

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

"

-

63

-

100.4

-

101

-

101.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Retest.

-

64

103.3

102.2

101.2

101.4

102.1

102

102.1

„

65

102.3

102

[02

102

102

103

102

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

"

-

66

101.1

101

101.3

101.3

101.1

101.3

102

101

-

-

-

-

-

Released.

~

67

256

CATTLE COMMISSIONEES.

[Jan.

Other Herds — Continued.

COUNTY.

Date.

Temperatures before Injection.

TEMPERATURKS AFTER

Injection.

i

1^

a

^

■i

!5

S

S

u,

^

S

s

a

rt

^

-<

0

«

^

^

«

«

■<

' -i

<

<

0

CC

iH

M

e

H

r*

e

t'

ce

A

F«

10am

llAM

IPM

2 pm

3 pm

4 pm

1

Middlesex,

Mar. 3,

102.2

101.3

101.2

101.1

101.2

102

101.3

101.3

102

102

102.3102.4

102.2

102

101.3

101.2

101.3

101.4

102.1

100.4

102.1

102

102

103

3

<<

101.2

101

100.31101.1

101.2

101.2

101.2

100.1

101.2

101.1

102.3

101.2

4

11

102.1

102.1

101.2101

102

102

102

101

102

102

102.1

102

5

II

102

102.1

101.3 101.1

101.2

102.2

102

102

101.4

102

102

101.3

6

(I

102.1

102.3

102 102

102

101.4

102.2

101

101.3

101.2

102.1

102.4

7

<i

102.4

101.3

101.3 101.4

101.3

101.4

101.3

102

101

101.3

102.1

103

8

<i

102

101.4

101.2 101.2

102

102

101.4

101

102

101.4

102.3

102

9

<<

103

102

102 101.2

102

102.1

102.4

101.2

102.1

102

102.2

103

10

i<

Feb. 10,

102.1

101.3

101.2 102.2

_

_

_

101.1

101

101

10 L

101.2

11

It

102

101.3101.2:101

_

_

_

101.2

101.2

101.3

101.4

102.1

12

11

102.2

102. 1|102. 1,102

_

_

-

100.3

101

101.2 102

103.4

13

II

101.3

102.3102.1

102

_

_

_

101

100.3

101.2

100.4

102.2

14

;i

102

101.3

102

102

_

_

_

101.2

101.2

101.2

101.2

102.2

15

II

101.1

100.4

101.2

101.4

_

-

_

100.3

101

101.3

102

102.1

16

i<

102.2

102

102

101.3

-

_

-

101.1

100.4

101.2

103

102

17

ic

101.2

101.3

101.2|102

-

-

-

100.4

101.1

101.4

102

103

18

• I

102

102

IO2.1I1O2

_

_

_

101.3

100.2

101.2101.2

103

19

11

103

101.3

102

102.1

_

_

_

101.2

101.2

101.3,102.2

102.4

20

■ (

101

101.4

101

101.2

_

_

_

101.1

100.3

101

101

101.2

21

• 1

101.2

101.1

102

101.3

_

-

-

100.3

101.3

102.1

101.3

102.1

22

11

102.1

101.4

101.2

101.2

_

_

_

101.2

101.4

102

102

102.1

23

11

101.3

102

104

101.1

_

-

_

101.2

101.1

102

101.3

102.3

24

11

101.3

101.1

102

101.2

_

_

_

101.3

101.3

102

101.3

102.2

25

((

101.3

101.3101.3

101.2

_

-

-

100.3

101.2

101.1

101.2

102.1

26

11

101.3

100.4 102.2

102

_

_

_

103

102.4

102.1

102

102

27

"

101.4

101.4 102.1

101.4

-

-

-

102

101.3

101.3

102

102.2

1
9 am 10aM|11AM

12 N

IPM

2 pm

3 pm

28

.1

•1

102.1 102

101.2

102

102

-

-

101.1

101.1

101.2

102.3

102.1

29

II

II

102. 3 101.2

101.1

101.3

101.3

_

-

101.2

101.2

102

101.4

102.2

80

i(

II

IO2.1I1OI.4

IOI.3IIO2

102

-

_

101.1

101.1

102.1 102.2

103.1

31

II

II

103

102

102

102

102

-

-

101.3

101.3

102 101.2

102.2

32

II

II

101.4

101.4

100

102.2

102.1

_

_

102.1

101.3

102 102

103

33

11

II

102.4

102

101.3

103

102.2

-

_

102.1

102.1

102.1 102.2

102.2

34

<i

II

101.4

101.4

102

101

101.1

-

-

102.1

101.2

101.3102.2

101. 1

35

• 1

II

103

102.1

101

102.2 103.4

_

_

103.4,101.4

102 101.4

101.1

36

i<

II

101.3

101.4

101.3

101.2!l02.1

_

_

102.11101

102.2 102

102.3

37

II

II

102

101.2101.3

IOI.I1IO2

-

_

101.3

102

102.3

103

101

38

II

•1

102.1

102

102

102.2 102.1

-

-

101.2

101.2

102

102

101.2

39

II

II

102.4

102

101.4

102.1103

_

_

101.1

102

102.1

102.1

103

40

II

II

102.2

102.4

102.1

103 102.2

-

_

101.2

101.3

101.1

101.4

102.2

41

11

II

103

102.4

102.3

103.1103.1

-

_

103

102

103

103

102.4

42

II

II

101.4

IOI.3I1O2

102.1102.2

-

-

101.2

101.1

101.2

102

101.1

43

II

II

102

102

103

102 102.1

_

_

101.2

101

101.1

101.1

101.4

44

II

II

102.1

101.4

102

102.4102

-

_

102.2

102.4

102.2

102.3

103

45

II

•1

103

103

103.2

103.1103

-

-

102.2

101

102.3

102.3

101.2

46

II

II

103

102.2

102.2

103 [102.4

-

-

101.4

102.2

102

102

102.2

47

II

II

102.3

102.1

102.3

102.2:102.2

_

-

102

101.1

102.3

102.4

102.2

48

II

II

102.4

102.4

102

102.2

103

-

-

102.2

102.3

102.1

103

102.4

49

II

II

102.1

102.2

102.3

102.4

102.1

_

-

102.2

102.3

102.1

102

102.2

50

II

II

100.3

102

102.3

102.2

102.1

-

-

102

102

103

102.2

101.1

51

II

II

102

102.1

102.2

102.1

102.1

_

-

101

101.2

102.1

102.2

101.3

52

II

II

103.2

103

102.4

102.2

102

_

-

101.1

101

102

100.2

100.1

53

II

■1

103.1

103

103

101

101.2

-

-

101

101

102

102

101.4

54

II

II

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

103.1

103.1

103.2

103.2

103

55

"

"

103

-

-

-

-

-

-

102

101.4

101.3

102.2

102.2

8 am

12 N

2 pm

5p.M

10pm

12 M

4 am

6am

56

II

Nov. 24,25,

_

_

_

-

102.3

-

-

102.1

103

103.1

-

104

57

II

II

_

_

_

_

102.3

_

-

102.1

102.1

102.1

-

102.2

58

II

II

_

_

_

_

102

_

-

103.4

103.1

103.2

-

103.2

59

II

II

_

_

_

_

103.1

_

_

102.2

102.3

102.3

-

101.4

60

II

II

_

_

_

_

103

_

_

102.1

102.1

102.2

-

102.2

61

II

•1

_

_

_

_

102.4

_

_

102

102

102.1

-

101.4

62

■ I

II

_

_

_

_

102.4

_

-

102.2

103

102.4

-

102.1

63

II

•1

_

_

_

_

102.2

_

_

102.3

102

102

-

102.1

64

II

II

_

_

_

_

102.4

-

-

102

102

102.4

-

102.1

65

II

II

_

_

_

_

102.1

_

_

102

102

102.2

-

102

66

II

•1

_

_

_

_

103

_

_

101.3

102.3

102.2

-

102.2

67

"

"

-

-

-

-

103.2

-

-

102.3

102.1

102.3

~

102

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 257

Other Herds — Continued.

Temperatures after Injection.

Result.

a

II

g

1

g

■i.

>5

s

S

s

S

a

s s

s

s

t,

s

^

ti

t,

Ph

f^

a^

t,

tu sC,

^

p^'

e

ti

1^

"

H

N

M

f

«

(S t-

90

es

H

m

(S

102

102

102

102

102

102.2

102

102

Released.

1

102

101

101.2 101. 2101. 1

102.2

102.1

101.2

_

_

_

.

_

"

_

2

102

101.1

103 100.4

101.1

102

101.1

101.2 -

_

_

_

_

<<

_

3

102

103.1 101.3il01

101.3

102.1

102

102

_

_

_

_

_

'<

_

4

101.3

101.1'101.2 100.4

101.3

102.2

102.1

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

<i

_

5

102

101.4 101.3,102.2

102

102.1

102.2

102

_

_

_

_

_

<•

_

6

101.4

102

101 102

101.4

101.3

102

101.4

_

_

_

_

_

li

_

101.1

101

100.4!l01.3!l01.2

102.2

102.1

102

_

_

_

_

_

<i

_

8

102

102.1

101.41101.4:101

103

103

102

_

_

_

_

_

Betest.

_

9

103.2 102. 4il02

101.4 101.2

102

-

-

-

_

_

_

_

_

10

102.1 102.1 101.2

102

101.1

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Released.

_

11

102.4 103.4102

101

102

102.2

_

-

_

_

_

_

_

Retest.

_

12

101.2 102

101.1

101.4

101.2

102

_

-

_

_

_

_

_

Released.

_

13

102 102

102.1

102

101.3

102.3

-

_

_

_

_

_

.

■ I

_

14

102 101.3

101.2 101

101.2

101.4

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

u

_

15

101.1 101.2 101.2101.2

101.2

102

-

-

_

_

_

_

_

i<

_

16

102.1101.2102 101.3

101.4

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

It

_

17

101.4 101. 2'102 100.3

102

102

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

ii

_

18

102.4 102.3 102.1102

101.2

102

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

Retest.

_

19

101.4 101.3 101.4 101

101.2

100.4

-

_

-

-

_

_

_

Released.

_

20

102.1'101.4 102.1 102.1

102

101.4

-

-

-

_

_

-

_

"

_

21

102. 4,101. 4J101.1 102.];i02

101.3

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

• 1

_

22:

102

102

101.3 101.1 103

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

i<

_

23

101.4

102

101.2'101.2 101

101.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

IC

^

24

102.1

102

101.4 100.4J102

102

-

-

_

_

_

_

_

«

_

25

102

101.4

102.1

101.3

102

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

11

_

26

102

102

102

102

102.1

101.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

"

-

27

102.3

102

102.1

102

102

102

,,

28

102

101.1

101.2

101.2

101.4

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

•<

_

29

102.2 102

102

101.1!102

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

11

_

30

102.1

101.4

102

101.3

101.31102.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

■ •

_

31

102

102.1

102.1

102

102.3:102.2

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

It.

_

32

J02.2

101.4

102

102.3

102.3103

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

<>

_

33.

102

102.2

103

102

101

101.2

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

■ (

_

34

102

102.3

102.1

102.1

101.4

102

-

-

-

_

_

_

_

Retest.

_

35

103

102.4

102.2

102

102

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

36

101.2|101.4

102

101.4

100.4

101.2

-

_

_

-

_

_

_

Released.

_

37

102

102.4

102

102

101.4

102.1

-

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

38

102.3

102.4

102.4

103.1

103

103

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

It

_

39

102

102

101.2

101.4

101.2

101.4

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

•1

_

40

103

103

102.2

102.4

103

103.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Retest.

_

41

101.2

101.2

101

101.4

101.2

101

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

Released.

_

42:

102.1

103

101.3

102

102.4

102.1

-

-

_

-

_

_

_

_

43

103.1

102.2

103.2

103.1

102

102.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Retest.

_

44

103.2

102

102.2

102.4

103.1

103.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

45

102.3

102

103

102.1

103

102.4

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

<i

_

46

101.3

101.3

102

102

102.4

101.3

-

_

_

- _

_

_

_

Released.

_

47

102.2:102.2

102.4

103

102.1

102.4

-

-

-

_

-

_

_

_

48

102.2

102.1

102.1

102.2

103

102.2

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

i>

.

49

101.2

102

102.4

102.2

102.1

102.2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

11

_

50

102

103.1

103.4

102

102.4

102.3

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

i<

_

51

101.1

101.2

102

102

102

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Retest.

_

52

102.1

102.1

102

101.3

102

102

-

-

-

-

_

_

_

Released.

_

53

102.4

103

103.1

103.1

103.1

103

-

-

-

-

-

_

_

Retest.

_

54

102.2

103

103.1

103

102.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

~

-

55

_

102.3

_

102.4

.

_

_

_

i,

56

-

102

-

102.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

_

-

_

Released.

_

57

-

102.3

-

102.1

_

-

-

-

_

_

_

_

_

"

_

58

_

101.4

-

101.3

_

_

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

■i

_

59

-

102.2

-

102

-

-

_

-

_

_

_

_

_

"

_

60

-

102.1

-

102.1

-

-

-

-

-

_

_

_

_

<<

_

61

-

102.3

_

102

_

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

It

_

62

-

102

-

102

-

-

-

-

_

_

_

_

_

It

_

63

_

101.3

_

101.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

<t

^

64

-

103

-

102.3

-

-

_

.

_

_

_

_

_

It

_

65

-

103

-

101.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

It

_

66

~

102

~

102

~

~

~

-

-

-

-

-

-

•*

-

67

258

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan.

Other Herds — Concluded.

COUNTY.

Date.

Temperatures before Injection.

Temperatures after
Injection.

s

^

s

S

■i.

«

S

s

. A^

•&

a"

a

a

s

■<

■<

«

M

t,

ii

e

«

■i

<!

■i.

<

e

an

rN

M

e

«

(9

t»

«

e>

»■

5 pm

4 am

6am

1

Middlesex,

Nov. 24, 25,

_

-

-

-

103.1

-

-

103

102.3

102.2

-

102.2

2

<•

-

-

-

-

102.3

-

-

101.4

102.2

102.3

-

102.1

3

•1

_

_

_

-

103.1

_

-

102

102.1

102

-

102.3

4

• <

_

_

-

-

103.3

-

-

104

104

103.1

-

102.4

5

'<

_

_

-

-

103.1

-

-

103

102.2

103.3

-

103.2

6

<<

-

_

-

-

101.3

-

-

101.4

101.1

101.2

_

101.2

7

"

_

_

_

_

103

_

_

102.4

102.2

102.3

-

102.1

8

<<

•1

.

_

-

-

102

-

-

101.4

103

102.1

-

102.1

9

"

"

-

-

-

-

101.3

-

_

101

102

102.3

-

102.3

10

<<

<<

-

-

-

-

102.4

-

_

102

102.2

102.3

-

102.3

11

"

"

5pm

103

102.3
5am

103

103.3

103.3

12

<•

Dec. 19, 20,

_

-

-

103.3

-

-

-

101.2

102

-

102

-

13

<'

"

_

-

-

101.1

-

-

-

101

101.4

-

102

-

14

"

"

_

_

_

102

.

_

_

101.3

102.2

-

103

-

15

••

«

_

_

-

102.3

_

-

-

103

102.2

-

103

-

16

<<

"

_

_

-

103.3

-

-

-

102.3

102.2

-

102.3

.

17

<•

•'

_

-

-

102.4

-

-

-

102.21102

-

102.3

-

18

<>

i<

_

_

_

102.2

_

_

_

101.2

101.4

_

102.2

_

19

<<

<i

_

_

-

102.2

-

-

_

101.3

102.1

-

102.2

-

20

<•

<<

_

_

-

101.3

_

-

_

101.2

101.4

_

102

-

21

<<

"

-

-

.

101.4

-

-

_

101.2

101.4

-

101.4

-

22

"

•'

-

-

-

101.1

-

-

-

101.2

102

-

102

-

23

•■

«<

_

_

_

101.3

_

_

_

101.3

102

_

102

_

24

<•

<•

_

_

-

102.1

_

-

_

101

102.2

_

102.3

_

25

• •

«

_

_

-

101.2

_

-

_

101

102

-

102.2

_

26

«'

•'

. _

_

-

101.2

-

-

-

101.3

102.1

-

102

-

27

•<

1'

_

_

_

101

_

_

_

101

102.3

_

102

-

28

'■

<<

_

_

-

101.3

_

_

.

101.1

102.3

-

103

_

29

•<

"

_

_

-

102.2

_

-

_

102

102.4

-

102.3

-

30

<<

"

_

_

-

102

_

-

_

101.2

101.4

-

101.4

-

31

<<

"

_

_

-

100.3

-

-

.

102.4

102

-

102.1

-

32

<«

<<

_

_

-

102.1

-

-

_

102

102.3

_

102.3

_

33

•1

'<

_

-

-

101.2

_

_

_

102

102.3

-

102.2

-

34

«<

<<

_

_

-

101.4

_

-

_

102

103

-

102.2

-

35

<<

"

-

-

-

100.3

-

-

_

102.1

102.4

-

102.2

-

36

"

>'

_

_

_

101.2

_

_

_

102

102.2

_

102.3

-

37

"

<<

_

_

-

101.2

_

_

_

102.1

102.1

-

103.3

-

38

"

"

102.1

6 pm

8 pm

■

"

102.1

102.2

■

102.2

■

39

•'

Nov. 9,

-

_

_

_

_

101

_

_

_

101.4

-

-

40

«'

•'

_

-

_

_

-

101.2

_

_

-

101.3

-

102

41

"

•<

_

_

_

_

101

_

_

_

_

_

101,2

-

42

"

<<

_

_

_

_

100.3

_

_

_

_

-

101.1

-

43

*

'

-

-

-

100

-

-

-

-

101.4

-

~

101.2

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

Other Herds — Concluded.

259

Temperatures after Injection.

Result.

II

a

a

■i,

!5

a

s

a

s

S

S

^

a

a

c^

a

H

ei

til,

0^

CM

Oh'

p."

c^

e.'

0^

s^

o

ei

i^

H

m

rt

M

M

f

«

O

»»

at)

0)

H

w

&<

102.4

101.3

Released.

1

_

102.3

_

102.2

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

"

-

2

_

102.1

_

102.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

"

-

3

_

103

_

103

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

"

-

4

_

103.3

-

102.3

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

"

.

5

-

101

-

101.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

"

-

6

—

102

-

102

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

"

-

7

_

102

_

102.2

-

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

"

-

8

—

101.4

_

102.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

"

-

9

_

102

_

102.3

_

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

"

-

10

-

103

-

103

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

~

"

-

11

103.2

103.2

103.4

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

12

102

_'

101

-

101.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

13

103

_

101.4

_

102

_

-

-

_

-

-

-

-

-

14

103.1

_

10:i

-

103.1

_

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

15

102

-

102.3

-

103

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

16

102

_

102.2

_

102

_

_

-

_

-

-

-

-

-

17

102

_

102

_

102

_

_

-

_

-

-

-

-

-

18

102.3

_

102.2

-

102.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

19

101.3

_

102

_

101.3

_

-

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

20

102

_

102

_

102

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

21

102.2

-

101.3

-

102.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

22

102

_

102

_

102

_

_

-

_

-

_

-

-

-

23

302.2

_

101.4

_

102

_

_

_

_

-

-

-

-

-

24

102.2

_

101.4

_

102.2

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

25

102.1

_

102

_

102

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

-

-

26

101.4

_

102

_

101.4

-

-

-

_

-

-

-

_

-

27

102.3

-

102.2

_

102.3

-

_

-

_

-

-

-

-

-

28

102.2

-

102.2

-

102.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

29

101.2

_

101.3

-

102

_

_

_

_

-

_

-

_

_

30

102.3

_

102

_

102.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

31

102.2

-

102.4

-

102.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

32

103

_

103

-

103

_

_

-

_

_

-

-

-

-

33

102.1

_

102.1

-

102.3

_

-

-

_

-

-

-

-

-

34

102

_

102.2

_

102.2

_

_

_

-

_

-

_

_

-

35

102

_

102

-

102.1

-

_

-

_

-

_

-

-

_

36

102.3

_

103

-

103

-

.

-

_

-

-

-

-

-

37

102.2

-

102.3

-

102.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

38

102.2

102

101.2

„

39

_

_

101.2

_

_

102.1

-

_

_

-

-

_

-

"

_

40

_

100.4

-

-

_

101.1

_

-

-

-

-

_

-

"

_

41

-

100.3

-

-

-

99.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

"

-

42

-

-

-

101.4

101.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

*'

-

43

260

CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

[Jan»

52i

O

I— I

•suojsai
ra9}aom-;soj

titiiriiii-iFCQiiic^iiiiiiiiiiiiriri

pi^

Released.

Condemned.
Released.

Condemned.
Released.

i.

o

H
U

K
H

K
H

S
»

•HSI

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

•H-J 01

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

•MM 6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

•K-d S

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ 1

■IfJ i

1 1 1 1 1 [1]^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2

•H-d 9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

■K-j e

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 1

•Jfd f.

1 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1

o

•K-d £

1 1 1 1 1 !• 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r

•Wd g

1 1 1 1 1 "• 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1

•K-d I

CO(N IM COtJICOC^ CO <M r- C^ ^ CO rji M rH rH CO i-I Cq (N CO IM Ol t(I rH

•NBl

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r

•K-V XI

eO—li-l CJ IN CO C^ r-i ^ -( C^ !-■ coco r-lrHi-lr-. cq ■* IM IM CO (M « <M

•KV 01

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

•K-V 6

ffq <M <N il Tj<01-*COr-l Tl-TJi COCOr-li-l CO ^ N ■* (N ■* CO

•K-V S

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

•K-V i

■HllMrHe^-*INCO(N -*^'-t '^^ ^ 'T'1'^ COrHCOCO-H-*COi-<

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

•K-V 9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

-H-Vfi

•*r^ <MCOt-1 CO IM -^CO I->(M (M -* i-l ■* J- f-l CO CO (M (N r-(

sio||3SSS§S|S§SS§S§SS§S|SSSSSSS|S

o

t>

Ed
•-5

z

K
O
b

P5

rH rH COtNCOC^CO «M r-" CO i-" C^ -^ -i« CO <M ^ C^ <M (N

o

•A

i

IN

>
o

o

n
o

|. r r . r . - r = = :.:. r c : d ..:. r :.. c :

n

1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 261

iiiQiiitii##iitiOiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiit

a 5

H..

OJ

a 5

"

ir-

o o
0P3

'■

"

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a
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Conde
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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

279

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.

281

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1895.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 283

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