he a ee wl : ee , ee, iar rit TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY TO THE SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1907-1908 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1916 ‘4 we paler va a: Up iene i bt 7 ak os TAS i } it bf LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BurEAU oF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D. C., August 4, 1908. Str: I have the honor to submit herewith the Twenty- ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908. Permit me to express my appreciation of your aid in the work under my charge. Very respectfully, yours, W. H. Hoimss, Chief. Dr. CHARLES D. WaALcort, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. aN a tr rus - 0h EASE Waa aan ; ra PT J Ste Pee A 7 i cs ‘4 : 7 oe : st - th ivi pe ese 0 tify ote eh saree} 7 fe a iv Vi en On i 1 ; Tad , ae Ten ae ben: i A Reid Doe tid ti: ee Fi : Wii NOG Heep netiny! ty EE cory Ce iat Deere AL aC ALES le RED ty Mgety eet i LE a be ciipl I ween Pan RIES 1.04) at 7 ei f « Pegi) Pive eed Le A eae . Kf i ei . CONTENTS REPORT OF THE CHIEF Page Systematicmesear ches nsec me se ie seat ace areas ce. Sees te SSUeAReeee 9 Ie Clalim esearch Caeser eae neem 2 = nace eee re 8 ai sinporeimr eee cies - 18 JEROME Ob Exon (ODUINES nob Okan eae Bees be Soper Eao be cood dee oeeeeee 20 (Collars -nasuoascds anes snnose sa see nes Tees Eee Ona ee ese eta ae ao oes 20 Jeo MEDION Ec: panama saane esa Soe e an Ganee As Osby Reno er ERB aod Ser ooeeNenooees 21 Ibiiayqiilnte Mare Neal tse hoe See Se RUS ee Sa aCe aP BA OES a8 San See ee oe 22 EVNUE Us fren GOV eee oe eee See es aor oye e ster mars Sloe a s/o eeinicinmin se oie sare’ 23 Ilnlenis jopboerecceesbaces Go dato Hee Ott Ee Ee oee tee es ee eee ee eee 24 (Clericalbworleseseeene epee sen pies name acre tri stenoses cee mecietecur ses as 24 Jes co odonk doc L ee Se RS aS Ue Se ARO ane Ooo oes Eee eer ee 25 Noteronsuberaccompanyinospapens- serene seem oes eee see eee aa ee ee ei 25 ACCOMPANYING PAPER The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians, by John Peabody Harrington (plates Alleria psp —2 Oe Ato Oridiacram Il) see oss ce cea ae nee eee = oe 29 tg ese te eee on cee eye esis ste ceed nee RiciMicio doe weet gaits dee ae 619 5 a it oe Late?! 2 tT co (ales Pipi i roa RROD OR Eth CEH TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY W. H. Hotmes, CHIEF The operations of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, “conducted in.accordance with the act of Congress making provision for continuing researches relating to the MPeritan Indians under direction of the Smithsonian Institution, were carried forward in con- formity with the plan of operations pee by the Secre- tary May 25, 1907. SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES As in previous years, the systematic ethnologic work of the Bureau was intrusted mainly to the regular scientific staff, which comprises eight members. This force is not large enough, however, to give adequate attention to more than a limited portion of the great field of research afforded by the hundreds of tribes, and the Bureau has sought to supply the deficiency in a measure by enlisting the aid of other specialists in various branches of the ethnologic work. By this means it is able to extend its researches in several directions at a comparatively modest outlay. While seeking to cover in the most comprehensive manner the whole range of American ethnology, the Bureau has taken particular care to avoid entering upon researches that are likely to be pro- vided for by other agencies, public or private. The results sought by the Bureau are: (1) Acquirement of a thorough knowledge of the tribes, their origin, relationship to one another and to the whites, locations, numbers, capacity for 9 10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY civilization, claims to territory, and their interests generally, for the practical purposes of government; and (2) the com- pletion of a systematic and well-rounded record of the tribes for historic and scientific purposes before their aboriginal characteristics and culture are too greatly modified or are completely lost. During the year researches were carried on in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Ontario. Investigations in the field were more than. usually limited on account of the necessity of retaining nearly all of the ethnologic force in the office for the purpose of completing the revision of their various articles for the second part of the Handbook of American Indians and in preparing additional articles on subjects overlooked in the first writing or that are based-on data recently collected. The Chief remained in the office during nearly the entire year, dividing his time between administrative duties and ethnologic investigations. and writing. The completion of numerous articles for the second part of the Handbook of American Indians, the revision of reports and bulletins, and the examination of various manuscripts submitted for publi- cation, especially claimed his attention. Aside from these occupations, his duties as honorary curator of the Division of Prehistoric Archeology in the National Museum, and as curator of the National Gallery of Art, absorbed a portion of his time. During the year much attention was given to the collections of the Division of Prehistoric Archeology in the National Museum, especially to their classification with the view of removal in the near future to the New National Museum Building. In the same connection the Chief carried forward the preparation of his Handbook on the Stone Implements of Northern America. In October the Chief was called on to make an official visit to the Jamestown Exposition for the purpose of exam- ining the exhibits of the Institution and superintending necessary repairs. In April he was assigned the very pleas- ant duty of visiting Detroit, Michigan, in company with the Secretary, for the purpose of inspecting the great collection of art works recently presented to the Smithsonian Institu- ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT HOE tion by Mr. Charles L. Freer. On this occasion he availed himself of the opportunity of examining the interesting col- lections of art and ethnology preserved in the Detroit Museum of Art. In June the Chief was selected to represent the Institution as a member of the delegation of Americans appointed by the Department of State to attend the Pan American Scientific Congress to be held in Santiago, Chile, beginning December 25, 1908, and he began at once the preparation of a paper to be read before the Congress, the subject chosen being “The Peopling of America’. At the beginning of the year Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, eth- nologist, was in the office engaged in preparing reports on her recent researches in the field. Her work at Taos, Santa Clara, and other Rio Grande pueblos was not so well advanced as to admit of final treatment, but progress was made in the classification and elaboration of the data thus far collected. Principal attention was given while in the office to the com- pletion of papers relating to the medicinal and food plants of the Zuni Indians, the pantheon of the Zufi religious system, the symbolism of Pueblo decorative art, and the preparation of wool for weaving among the Pueblo and Navaho tribes. On May 28 Mrs. Stevenson again took the field in the Rio Grande Valley with the view of continuing her investigations among the Taos, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, and other Pueblo groups, and at the close of the year she was able to report satisfactory progress in this work. Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist, was engaged during the year on the Handbook of American Indians, the editorial work of which has proved extremely arduous and difficult. This work is in two parts. Part 1, A—M, was issued from the press in March, 1907, and the edition became practically exhausted in a few months. Indeed, the demand for the work has been so great that the Bureau has found it impos- sible to supply even a third of the copies requested by cor- respondents. ‘The quota under control of the superintendent of documents also was soon exhausted, necessitating the reprinting of an edition of 500 copies (the limit allowed by 12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY law) in order to fill the orders received. The main body of Part 2 was in type at the close of the fiscal year, and about 250 pages had been finally printed, though progress in proof reading was exceedingly slow on account of the great diversity of the topics treated and the difficulty of preparing or of bringing to date numbers of articles relating often to obscure tribes and subjects. It is expected that the second part will be ready for distribution late in the coming autumn. In the editorial work Mr. Hodge had the assistance of all the members of the staff of the Bureau, and especially of Mrs. Frances §. Nichols, who devoted her entire time to the task. In addition the following specialists rendered all possible assistance in their particular fields: Dr. $8. A. Barrett, of the University of California; Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, of Syra- cuse; Dr. Franz Boas, of Columbia University; Dr. Herbert E. Bolton, of the University of Texas; Mr. D. I. Bushnell, jr.; Dr. Alexander F. Chamberlain, of Clark University; Mr. Stewart Culin, of the Brooklyn Institute Museum; Dr. Roland B. Dixon, of Harvard University; Dr. George A. Dorsey, of the Field Museum of Natural History; Mr. J. P. Dunn, of Indianapolis; Mr. Wilberforce Eames, of the New York Public Library; Lieut. G. T. Emmons, United States Navy; Dr. Livingston Farrand, of Columbia University; Miss Alice C. Fletcher, of Washington; Mr. Gerard Fowke, of St. Louis; Dr. Merrill E. Gates, of the Indian Rights Asso- ciation; Mr. William R. Gerard, of New York; Dr. P. E. Goddard, of the University of California; Dr. George Bird Grinnell, of New York; Mr. Henry W. Henshaw, of the United States Biological Survey; Dr. Edgar L. Hewett, of the Archeological Institute of America; Dr. Walter Hough and Dr. Ales Hrdlitka, of the United States National Mu- seum; Dr. William Jones, of the Field Museum of Natural History; Dr. A. L. Kroeber, of the University of California; Mr. Francis La Flesche, of Washington; Dr. A. B. Lewis, of the Field Museum of Natural History; Dr. Charles F. Lum- mis, of Los Angeles; Dr. O. T..Mason, of the United States National Museum; Mr. Joseph D. McGuire, of Washington; Rey. Leopold Ostermann, of Arizona; Mr. Doane Robinson, of the South Dakota Historical Society; Mr. Edward Sapir, ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 13 of the University of Califorma; Mr. Frank G. Speck, of the University of Pennsylvania; Mr. C. C. Willoughby, of the Peabody Museum; Dr. Clark Wissler, of the American Museum of Natural History. I take this occasion to express the appreciation of the Bureau for the valued aid so gener- ously rendered by these specialists, without which it would not have been possible to make the ‘work either as complete or as accurate as it is. Throughout the year Mr. James Mooney, ethnologist, remained in the office, occupied either in the preparation of articles intended for the second part of the Handbook of American Indians or in preparing answers to ethnologic inquiries made by correspondents of the Bureau. His prin- cipal work for the Handbook was an elaborate and detailed study of the numerical strength of the aboriginal population north of Mexico prior to disturbance by the whites. This important foundation study of American ethnology has never before been undertaken in a systematic and comprehen- sive manner, and the result proves of much scientific interest. Contrary to the opinion frequently advanced on superficial investigation, the Indians have not increased in number since . their first contact with civilized man, but have decreased by fully two-thirds, if not three-fourths. California alone, the most populous large section during the aboriginal period, contained probably as many Indians as are now officially recognized in the whole United States. The causes of de- crease in each geographic section are set forth in detail in chronologic sequence in Mr. Mooney’s study. During the year Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, was occupied entirely with work in the office, principally in con- nection with the Indian languages of Louisiana and Texas. He finished the analytic dictionary of the Tunica language and compiled similar dictionaries of Chitimacha, Attacapa, and Tonkawa, All the extant Comecrudo and Cotoname material, as well as the material pertaining to related tribes contained in Fray Bartholomé Garecia’s Manual para admin- istrar los sacramentos (Mexico, 1760), was similarly arranged, and in addition a comparative vocabulary was constructed which embraces the last-mentioned data as well as the 14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Karankawa and Tonkawa. During the months of May and June another dictionary was prepared, embracing all the Biloxi linguistic material collected by Doctor Gatschet and Mr. J. O. Dorsey in 1886, 1892, and 1893. The material in this last work is exceptionally full and complete. The Comecrudo and Cotoname, the material extracted’ from Garcia’s catechism, and the Biloxi, are nearly ready for the press. The languages referred to above, with the addition of the Natchez, include practically all of those in the eastern and southern United States that are in immediate danger of extinction. The information regarding most of them is very limited, and in order that the precious material may not by any misadventure be destroyed, it should be published at an early date. Besides work strictly linguistic, Doctor Swanton had in hand a paper on the tribes of -the lower Mississippi Valley and neighboring coast of the Guif of Mexico. This can not be completed, however, vntil additional researches among the tribes in question have been made. Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, spent July and August largely in the preparation of his report on the excavation and repair of the Casa Grande ruins, Arizona, during the preceding fiscal year, which was printed in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Co!lections for October. Doctor Fewkes was in the Southwest from October 24, 1907, to the end of the fiscal year. From November to the middle of March he was in charge of the excavation and repair work at Casa Grande, for which there was available the sum of $3,000, appropriated by Congress, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The season’s operations at Casa Grande began with excavations in Compound B, the second in size of the great compounds which form the Casa Grande group. This was found to be a rectangular area inclosed by a massive wall; within this are many buildings, the majority of which were once used for ceremonial and communal purposes. On excavation it was ascertained that the two great pyramids in Compound B are terraced and that they contain seven ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 15 distinct floors. The remains of small fragile-walled houses resembling Pima jacales were found upon the tops of these pyramids, and in the neighboring plazas subterranean rooms with cemented floors and fireplaces were unearthed under the massive walls. This compound was thoroughly repaired with Portland cement, and drains were built to carry off the surface water. A roof was built over the subterranean room, the decayed upright logs that once supported the walls were replaced with cedar posts, and other steps were taken for the permanent preservation of these interesting remains. The walls of Compounds C and D were traced throughout; in the middle of the latter compound is a large building, ‘the ground-plan of which resembles Casa Grande. The most extensive structure excavated at Casa Grande is a clan house, a building 200 feet long, with 11 rooms, whose massive walls inclose a plaza. In the middle of the central room of this cluster there is a seat, called by the Pima Indians “the seat of Montezuma’. On the north side there is a burial chamber, the walls of which are decorated in several colors. This room contains a burial cyst in which was found the skeleton of a priest surrounded by ceremonial paraphernalia. The bases of the walls of the clan house were protected with cemefit, and drains were built to carry off water. For the convenience and information of visitors all the buildings excavated were appropriately labeled and placards containing historic data were posted at various points. Although the appropriation was not sufficient for completing the work of excavation and repair of the Casa Grande group, the amount available made it possible to present a type ruin showing the general character of the ancient pueblo remains in the Gila and lower Salt River Valleys. At the close of the work at Casa Grande, Doctor Fewkes was able to make a comparative study of the mounds in the neighborhood of Phoenix, Mesa, and Tempe, and also of the ancient habitations on the Pima Reservation. Several large ruins in the vicinity of Tucson were visited, and an extensive 16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY ruin, known to the Pima and Papago as Shakayuma, was discovered near the northwestern end of the Tucson Moun- tains. Several ancient reservoirs, now called “Indian tanks,” situated east of Casa Grande, along the trail of the early Spanish discoverers, were identified by their historic names. In a reconnoissance down San Pedro River to its junction with the Gila a number of ruins was discovered on both banks of the San Pedro and of Aravaipa Creek. A visit was also made to the imposing cliff-houses near Roosevelt Dam, lately declared national monuments by Executive proclamation. Ruins near the mouth of Tonto River were likewise examined. At the close of April, by direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Doctor Fewkes proceeded to the Mesa Verde National Park in southern Colorado, where he took charge of the excavation and repair work of the cele- brated Spruce-tree House. This ruin was thoroughly exca- vated and its walls were repaired and put in good condition, in order that it might serve as a type ruin of the cliff-dwellings of the Mesa Verde National Park. One hundred and fourteen rooms and eight kivas were excavated; two of the kivas were furnished with roofs reconstructed like aboriginal kiva roofs in Peabody House; an approach to the ruin was graded and drained; and labels were placed at convenient points for the information of visitors. Several large rooms, hitherto unknown, were unearthed, and the structure of the kivas was carefully studied. In order to deflect the water that fell on the ruin from the rim of the canyon, causing great damage, a channel 300 feet long was blasted out of the rock on top of the cliff. Two collections of considerable size were made, one at Casa Grande and the other at Spruce-tree House. The for- mer includes many rare and several unique objects that shed much light on our knowledge of the culture of the prehistoric inhabitants of the Casa Grande of the Gila. The latter includes skulls; pottery of rare forms and decoration; stone and wooden implements; basketry, cloth, and other woven fab- rics; sandals; and bone implements of various kinds. The objects from the Spruce-tree House will be the first large accession by the National Museum of collections of objects ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 17 from the Mesa Verde ruins. Doctor Fewkes completed his work at Spruce-tree House on June 27. Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, remained in the office during the entire year. Much time was devoted to the collec- tion and preparation of linguistic data for a sketch of Iro- quoian grammar as exemplified by the Onondaga and the Mohawk, with illustrative examples from the Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora dialects, for the forthcoming Handbook of American Indian Languages. In pursuing these studies Mr. Hewitt was fortunate in obtaining data which enabled him to supply translations of a number of very important archaic political and diplomatic terms in the native texts embodying the founding, constitution, and structure of the government of the League of the Iroquois. The meanings of these terms are now practically lost among those who speak the Iroquoian languages. As time permitted these texts were studied and annotated for incorporation in a monograph on the above- mentioned phases of the government of the League of the Iroquois, a work which hitherto has not been seriously under- taken because of its cumbrousness, its extremely complicated character, and the great difficulty in recording the native material expressed in tens of thousands of words. In addition to these studies Mr. Hewitt prepared for the Handbook of American Indians descriptions of the early mission towns and villages of the Iroquois tribes, and also brief biographical sketches of Red Jacket (Shagoyewatha) and Thayendanegen (Joseph Brant). He wrote the articles Seneca, Sauk, Squawkihow, and Tuscarora, and has in preparation the articles Woman and Wampum. From time to time Mr. Hewitt was called on to assist also in preparing data of an ethnologic nature for replies to correspondents of the office. During the greater part of the year Dr. Cyrus Thomas, ethnologist, devoted attention chiefly to the preparation of the catalogue of books and papers relating to the Hawaiian Islands. After the number of titles had reached about 4,000 the Institution’s committee on printing suggested some 87584°—29 rTH—16——2 18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY modification of the plan of the catalogue, which necessitated a change in the form of the titles of periodicals—about one- third of the entire list. In connection with this work Doctor Thomas made supplementary examinations of works in the libraries of Washington, especially the Library of Congress and the libraries of the Department of Agriculture and the National Museum, and in those of Boston and Worcester. He carried on also, so far as time would permit, the prepara- tion of subject cross-references. Doctor Thomas continued to assist in the preparation of Part 2 of the Handbook of American Indians, furnishing a number of articles, especially biographies, and assisting the editor in the reading of proofs, particularly with the view of detecting omissions, lack of uniformity in names, and certain other shortcomings. SPECIAL RESEARCHES In addition to the systematic investigations conducted by members of the Bureau staff, researches of considerable im- portance were undertaken by collaborators of distinction. Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist of the Bureau, practi- cally completed his work on the Handbook of American In- dian Languages, and at the close of the year a large part of the manuscript of volume 1 had been submitted to the Bu- reau. This volume comprises an extended introduction by Doctor Boas, and a number of studies of selected languages, by special students, designed to illustrate the introductory dis- cussion. With the approval of the Secretary the first of these studies—the Athapascan (Hupa)—by Dr. Pliny E. God- dard, was submitted to the Public Printer with the view of having it placed in type for the use of Doctor Boas in pre- paring other sections for the press. The highly technical na- ture of the typesetting made this procedure necessary. Field work required in completing the Handbook was limited to a brief visit by Doctor Boas to the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania and to certain investigations among the rem- nant of the Tutelo Tribe in Ontario, conducted by Mr. Leo J. Frachtenberg. ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 19 Dr. Herbert E. Bolton continued his studies relating to the tribes of Texas, so far as the limited time at his disposal per- mitted, but he was not able to submit the first installment of manuscript at the close of the year, as was expected. An outline of the work undertaken by Doctor. Bolton was pre- sented in the last annual report. During the year for the first time the study of native Indian music was seriously taken up by the Bureau. Miss Frances Densmore was commissioned to conduct certain investiga- tions relating to the musical features of the Grand Medicine ceremony of the Chippewa on the White Earth Reservation, Minnesota. The phonograph was employed in recording the songs, and after the close of the ceremony and visits to other Indian settlements, Miss Densmore was called to Washing- ton, where she reproduced her records and engaged success- fully in recording songs of members of the various Indian delegations visiting the Capital. A preliminary report was submitted by Miss Densmore, with the understanding that it is not to be printed until additional researches have been made in the same and related fields. The collection of phonographic records thus far obtained is extensive, and the investigation promises results of exceptional interest and scientific value. During the year arrangements were made to accept for publication as a bulletin of the Bureau a report on certain explorations among the ancient mounds of Missouri by Mr. Gerard Fowke. These explorations were undertaken under the auspices of the Archeological Institute of America, but form an appropriate addition to the work of the Bureau in this particular field. A part of the collections made by the explorer were presented to the National Museum by the Archeological Institute. It is proper that appreciation of the gratuitous labors of Dr. Nathaniel B. Emerson in editing and proof reading his memoir on the ‘Unwritten Literature of Hawaii,” accepted for publication during the year as Bulletin 38, and also the important part taken in the preparation of the “List of Works Relating to Hawaii,” by Mr. Howard M. Ballou, should be acknowledged in this connection. 20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY PRESERVATION OF ANTIQUITIES The Bureau maintained its interest in the antiquities of the country during the year. Bulletin 35, “The Antiquities of the Upper Gila and Salt River Valleys in Arizona and New Mexico,” by Dr. Walter Hough, was issued. The $3,000 appropriated by Congress for the excavation, repair, and preservation of Casa Grande ruin in Arizona, and the $2,000 allotted by the Interior Department for similar work among the cliff-dwellings of the Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado, were expended under the immediate auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, the execution of the work being intrusted to Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, as elsewhere reported. Progress was made in the preparation of a catalogue of antiquities, and valuable data in this field were collected by Mr. W. B. Douglass, of the General Land Office, whose official labors recently brought him into contact with the antiquities of southeastern Utah. During the year, by Executive proclamation, several addi- tions were made to the growing list of national monuments. Three of these are of especial archeologic interest, namely, the Tonto National Monument, situated in the Tonto drainage basin, Gila County, Ariz., including two cliff-dwellings not yet reported on in detail; the Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, in the Gila National Forest in New Mexico, com- prising the group of cliff-dwellings described in the Bureau’s Bulletin 35 (page 30); and the Grand Canyon National Monu- ment, comprising within its limits the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, in which are situated innumerable antiquities, including cliff-dwellings, pueblos, dwelling sites, and burial places. The cliff-dwellings are found mainly in the walls of the canyon, while the other remains are scattered along the margins of the plateaus. COLLECTIONS The collections acquired during the year and transferred according to custom to the National Museum are not equal in importance to those of the preceding year. They com- ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 21 prise 14 accessions, the most noteworthy being collections of stone relics from the Potomac Valley, by G. Wylie Gill and W. H. Holmes, respectively; a collection of ethnologic material obtained from the Tahltan Indians of British Columbia, by Lieut. G. T. Emmons, United States Navy; a collection of stone implements from Washington State, by C. W. Wiegel; and relics and human bones from ancient burial places in Missouri, by Gerard Fowke. PUBLICATIONS During the year Mr. F. W. Hodge continued his labors as editor of the Handbook of American Indians, to which pub- lication reference has already been made. The general edi- torial work of the Bureau was in charge of Mr. J. G. Gurley, editor. The edition of the Twenty-fifth Annual Report, contain- ing papers by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes on his explorations in the West Indies and in Mexico, was received from the Public Printer in September; Bulletin 30, the “Handbook of American Indians,” Part 1, in March; Bulletin 33, “Skeletal Remains Suggesting or Attributed to Early Man in North America,” in November; and Bulletin 35, “ Antiquities of the ‘Upper Gila and Salt River Valleys in Arizona and New Mexico,” in February. The Twenty-sixth Annual Report was in the bindery at the close of the year. At that time Bulletin 34, “ Physiological and Medical Observations among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico,” by Dr. AleS Hrdli¢ka, was for the main part in stereotype form, while Bulletin 38, “Unwritten Literature of Hawaii,” by Dr. Nathaniel B. Emerson, the manuscript of which was transmitted to the Public Printer early in the year, was largely in pages. The manuscript of Bulletin 39, “Tlingit Myths and Texts,” by Dr. John R. Swanton, and of a section of Bulletin 40, “Handbook of American Indian Languages,” Part 1, was also transmitted to the Public Printer. In addition to the work required in connection with the foregoing publications, Mr. Gurley devoted a portion of his 22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY time to reading proof of Part 2 of the Handbook of American Indians (Bulletin 30). He was assisted in the general edi- torial work of the Bureau by Mr. Stanley Searles, detailed for the purpose for about two months from the proof-reading force of the Government Printing Office, and in the prepara- tion for the press of the Handbook of American Indian Languages, by Miss H. A. Andrews, whose work was done under the personal direction of the editor, Dr. Franz Boas. The distribution of publications was continued as in former years. Fifteen hundred copies of the Twenty-fifth Annual Report, and a like number of Bulletins 33 and 35, were distributed to the regular recipients, most of whom sent their own publications in exchange. There was greater demand for the publications of the Bureau than during previous years. The great increase in the number of public libraries and the multiplication of demands from the public generally resulted in the almost immediate exhaustion of the supply (3,500 copies) allotted to the Bureau. During the year the Bureau received from outside sources a number of the earlier issues of its reports and was thus able to respond to numerous requests from Members of Congress for complete sets, except the First Annual, the edition of which is entirely exhausted. About 1,000 copies of the Twenty-fifth Annual Report, as well as numerous copies of other annuals, bulletins, and separate papers, were distributed in response to special requests, presented largely through Members of Congress. LINGUISTIC MANUSCRIPTS The archives of the Bureau contain 1,659 manuscripts, mainly linguistic. The card catalogue of these manuscripts, begun in the preceding year and completed during the year, comprises more than 14,000 titles, which give as completely as possible the stock, language, dialect, collector, and locality, as well as the character and the date, of the manu- script. While it was not possible in every instance to supply all the information called for under these heads, the catalogue is found to meet all ordinary requirements of ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 23 reference. There were several important additions to the collection of manuscripts during the year, mainly through purchase. Prominent among linguistic students who have recently submitted the results of their labors to the Bureau are Mr. Albert B. Reagan, who is making important investi- gations among the Hoh and the Quileute Indians of Wash- ington, and Mr. J. P. Dunn, an authority on the Algon- quian languages of the Middle West. Owing to the number and bulk of the Bureau’s manu- scripts, it is not possible to place them all in the fireproof vault, and about half the material is arranged in file cases, convenient of access. These manuscripts may be classified as: (1) dictionaries and vocabularies, (2) grammars, and (3) texts. By far the greater number are vocabularies, of varying length and completeness. Usually they give the Indian name and English equivalent without recording the derivation or current usage of the term given. Of greatest value are the several dictionaries, among them a @egiha (Siouan) dictionary, prepared by the late Mr. J. Owen Dorsey, containing about 26,000 words; the Peoria dictionary of Dr. A. 8. Gatschet; an Abnaki dictionary in three thick folio volumes, prepared by the Rev. Eugene Vetromile, by whom it was deposited with the Bureau; and a dictionary in five volumes, of the Choctaw tongue, by the Rev. Cyrus Byington. ILLUSTRATIONS The Division of Illustrations was, as heretofore, in charge of Mr. De Lancey Gill, who was assisted by Mr. Henry Walther. Illustrations for Bulletins 37 and 38 were revised, and a large number of edition prints for the publications was examined. During the year 2,810 photographic prints were made for use in illustrating publications, for corre- spondents, and for the cataloguing of negatives, which is now well in hand. A large number of prints of Indian subjects were acquired by purchase and filed for reference and for future use as illustrations. The photographic work included the making of 366 negatives, 310 of these being portraits of Indians of visiting delegations. The importance of the col- lection of portraits thus being brought together is indicated 24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY by the list of tribes represented, and is especially emphasized by the fact that these delegations usually consist of the best representatives of the tribes and hence may serve as types of the race. The negatives are 65 by 83 inches in size. _ The tribes represented are as follows: Apache (Apache proper, Arizona and New Mexico; Chiricahua Band held as prisoners in Oklahoma), Arapaho of northern Wyoming and southern Oklahoma, Cheyenne of northern Montana and southern Oklahoma, Chippewa (White Earth, Red Lake, and Mille Lae Bands), Choctaw, Coeur d’ Aléne, Creek, Crow, Eskimo of Labrador, Flathead, Iowa, Kickapoo, Omaha, Osage, Oto, Pawnee, Pima, Potawatomi, San Blas (Argona tribe, Rio Diablo, south of Panama), Shoshoni, Sioux, Teton Sioux (including Brulé, Ogalala, Hunkpapa, and Tihasapa), and Yankton. LIBRARY The librarian, Miss Ella Leary, made good progress in accessioning and cataloguing the newly acquired books, pamphlets, and periodicals. In all there were received and recorded during the year 392 volumes, 800 pamphlets, and the current issues of upward of 500 serials, while about 600 volumes were bound at the Government Printing Office. The library now contains 14,022 volumes, 10,600 pamphlets, and several thousand numbers of periodicals relating to anthropology, most of which have been received by exchange. The purchase of books and periodicals has been restricted to such as relate to the Bureau’s researches. CLERICAL WORK The clerical force of the Bureau consists of five regular employees—Mr. J. B. Clayton, head clerk; Miss May 8S. Clark, stenographer; Miss Jeanne W. Wakefield, stenographer (ap- pointed through transfer from the United States Civil Service Commission in place of Miss Lucy M. Graves, resigned November 1, 1907); Mrs. Frances 8. Nichols, clerk; and Miss Emilie R. Smedes, stenographer, indefinitely furloughed but assigned to the pay roll for limited periods during the course of the year. ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 25 PROPERTY The property of the Bureau is comprised in seven classes, as follows: (1) Office furniture and appliances; (2) field out- fits; (3) linguistic and ethnologic manuscripts and other docu- ments; (4) photographs, drawings, paintings, and engravings; (5) a working library; (6) collections held temporarily by col- laborators for use in research work; and (7) an undistributed residuum of the Bureau publications. W. H. Hotness, Chief. NOTE ON THE ACCOMPANYING PAPER . The accompanying paper on the Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians, by John Peabody Harrington, forming the body of this report, comprises some of the results of the research undertaken jointly in New Mexico ‘by the Bureau of American Eth- nology and the School of American Archeology of the Archzeological Institute of America in 1910 and 1911, other results being the papers on the Physiography of the Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, in Relation to Pueblo Culture, the Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, and the Ethnozoology of the Tewa Indians, either published or in press as bulletins of the Bureau. Still further results of the joint investigation of the Tewa Indians and their environment are in preparation for publication at the pres- ent writing. Mr. Harrington has devoted much time during the last few years to study of the Tewa Indians of New Mexico, especially those of the pueblos of Santa Clara and San Ildefonso, and his knowledge of the structure of their language has served him well in the preparation of the present memoir. The task has been perplexing, as the Tewa people are notably conservative in all matters pertaining to their religious and social organization, making it extremely difficult to obtain information bearing on this phase of their life and requiring the utmost discretion in dealing with questions relating thereto. Nevertheless Mr. Harrington has succeeded admirably in his quest, as 1s shown by the results of his ethnogeographic studies. The scope of the paper is set forth briefly in the author’s introduction; consequently more need not be said here, except to emphasize the importance of the contribution in the light it sheds on the concepts of the Tewa people with respect to the cosmos, their symbolism of natural phenomena, their periods of time, and their mode of thought with reference to the application of geographic nomenclature within the restricted limits of the universe as it is known to them. F. W. Hopes, Ethnologist-in-Charge. DeEcEMBER, 1913 rein "Se efi: ath ar 7 7 7 7 ee COMPANYING PAPER ECD RENO G HOG RAE ERY (OR “THE -TEWA INDIANS BY JOHN PEABODY HARRINGTON CONTENTS TROT WTTO RG ogee ho Soe es BSR SESE Se OS EBLE SE Sea So enn eee ae ONG Ul GPO yee es eee ee oa aoe ie Poa e ees aoe come es Cosmopraphiytessassecc=e2 = 32 sss a= ana bees Pe fort As bi WN oer ixenlel=s- saccsesdees ove nee Be SES ESTEE CLO eee eee eee eer ee The cardinal directions and their symbolism. .........--.---.--.-------- (Cardinaltcol Oras ae sees eee oe see eee te a eens eee caine ordinals Corn Mard ens ss ses Senses as oe ee are -esie ecient Gardinallemamrial sae 65sec ts aes te ew er ee eee chee ae Gardinalljbirdssjrstacee tena cine ine ye a a ae Men cencreie.2 ho ce @ardinalignalkcesssecssees sere as asa eee ctero Ree eters arte seieete sects 2 Gandinaltshel latepaaa tees ae a arses re or es ec en we eee Wardinaillitrees= sas ais 8 Ao ee so So te ne cerape eee nch ee ROS ere Gardinalimountainssee sacs 22s ne eee ce Cora See ee ee oes Cardinalisacredaw ater lakesssseas--ssese oa eae Saeetee ete Nein Otherieardinaladentin#catlonss sss esnenecre ere er ares see cates = 2s. The'sky:-<2.:t an ois cc eee eee [24] Nambé:Northisheeti-ce-e-ccememere ceinsinecoss ccc dee eee bo oo CONTENTS 33 Place-names in region mapped—Continued. Page [ol Gunde orshiee teemer eer ase tec eset h se eee eer <7 [2bllesuquevshectsaee ey cece e ak acae ween ss 22 ce eee eeeremeeee 385 [27] Jemez sheet..........- a arc a2 2 i, dic ae ae oe eee 390 [28] kGochitiisheetaseee seen snes. 28 ooo. e ee ee eee 409 (ZolFSowthemisheetie 42 serene certs coco 2c as 2 oie eee 457 Unmapped places aoa snack bAseee ah ceca ce cae nicl ot oo. soe Sos eee 558 Unilocated "places; notim region*mapped - 2-2 -2-s2--2-5-222--62se05-ee ees 571 IMiVvthicgplaGestaernee en tne se Seen omer Sas t ac tecat soe vais cece 571 VilES Namesioitribesiand! peoples: s-s-= semester cee ence cnt oss enescen nee 573 sValilis Namves(ofimineralls= 22 saeco = Ges) oece o2 nee cies ees = Sap Sse Saeees eee 579 Bib lop tarp yer me pect see aaa ate era tee atone ter atte as) tats Sle ctaee\a aie wee eisee Sees 585 TbIstOlsp lace nam esyese et memerse area eters tele aici taasuiesc\c ses ss cieaine 588 87584°—29 ETH—16——3 ee ee eae aie, te “i Fi . 7 ee) aE St, Seer 8 7 ” A 1 et PLATE ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES 1. a. Gallinas ‘‘Bad Lands’’ in the Chama drainage. 6. Scene near the headwaters of Santa Clara Creek, the slender truncated cone of Pedernal Peak in the distance. - - - - 2. a. Ancient trail leading up the mesa to Tsipiy p’eywi Ruin. b. Tsi- (Wn Opty Is Wihi\.- 3 oo55 5 Sooadebens te see esHeee Be aae epee 3. a. Presese’onwi Ruin. b. The large white rock near Rwonwi Ruin, from which the ruin probably derived its name.............-.. Ava litho imeeyepMesaeretyots set-ta Ase s sts Asam See hans hae ce sete se 6. “Tent rocks” near Potsuwwi’onwi Ruin, showing entrances to exca- rs 5 patedudiw clings tps see see so ee tem ee aes eine cts a aiere ses, ace 7. “Tent rocks’”’ near Potsuwi’onwi Ruin, capped b rojecting frag- 0 PP y pro) g menteroldharderstutateacsce As Seeks terete ate ese eeepc eene Ss 8. “Tent rock ’’ near Potsuwi’oywi Ruin, capped by projecting fragment Oluhard eniilitar eet eee Soc tesitine eee acces aster asic sees sacle 9. Scene on Sxkewi’i Mesa, showing the old Indian trail........-...-- 10. Scene on Sxekewi’i Mesa, showing the old Indian trail. ......--..-- iipAnclentideersputiall at NGOCUw Wakao cane ease ee eee forsale = = « 12. a. Black Mesa of San Ildefonso, from the Rio Grande, looking north. b. View from top of the Black Mesa of San Ildefonso, looking southwest. ¢. Tfepiyp a small mesa-like peak, from the fields east of the Rio Grande, looking west...:...-......------------- 13. Mouth of White Rock Canyon of the Rio Grande, looking south . -. . 14. Soda Dam, one mile above Jemez Hot Springs............--------- 15. Gorge of the Rio Grande near the mouth of Frijoles Canyon. looking WHERE No.5 slat S550 SRobseobee oe na scedseee seca oon odo Seceeoore 16. Ruined cave-dwellings in the northern wall of Frijoles Canyon, ICM POR DLE OREN S os cea bes ono ead sas Ban SOS SE aeRe ener 17. Fields in the lower part of Frijoles Canyon, below Puqwige’ onwi Ruin. SPMD e Painted! Cavielresnre cia \stste cps cis eran at ein Paras Satie Malate ere aici afels =.cia me 19. a. Cochiti Pueblo. 6. Santo Domingo Pueblo..........-...--..-- 20. a. San Felipe Pueblo. 6. Santa Ana Pueblo .............-.-.--.-- 21. a. SiaPueblo. 6. Scene near Cabezon, N. Mex., Cabezon Mesa on the Map 1. oe wb MierrapAtmarillairepioni: eee sees tis = Woe afoot anine eee Se ge = ep bedernaleMoumpalmy re Omar ese re era caresses etoy ie oem (eter sists tenses MPA OL CUI R eR Lone mee seas eet oases a otto cic cia ete lore ae eai ers 0c. 2. d-easected ee cece eee moos ses Page 107 120 129: 140 147 36 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Map"6: Upper ‘Ojo Calientemesion tes psease a= pemeeate 5405-2 eee 157 7. Lower! Ojo ;Calientemerionae sees aera nee enna: 32152. ee 168 8. Taos: YO R10 55 ry ee erate ae re ee eer a aes ah 20 ccc 172 9: Velardewegion? actrees eee ance ae es 197 10. Old Santivanttestonmsee ete = eae ee oe eee 205 11. ‘San Jiuanirer om eese ee feed te eves eee ene nee fs eee 208 12. ‘San, Juan elliresiones soos s sn eno eee ioe 3 eee 219 13. Chamita:resionsseep.seeaa 4-1 So te eee eee = ce ae 223 14. SantayClaraswWestiregion: -jescaer-1- eySee eee ane noe eee 231 To. Santa, Clara ghlasteres ions snc. sehen ase seer pees ee ae 22 ee ee 249 16:; San TidefonsomNorthwestirerion'. 3-22 2- secs eaaeelat ances eee 260 17. San Ildefonso Southwest region...........- OMe. SESS as dave ss eee 278 1giBlack Messmerion 2.x << 15-pageus le ae ee ro ee 289° 19 San, tld efonso'repion?=.28) Sioa aac ae eee ae oe te ee 300 20S Buckmanyretion 2. 2h icc. 2 sete soe eye tee eee eee he eee 322 ZV ACONATEPION ss - 6 one Soe tee hese ae ae eee aCe nee eicee 329 22a Sanitaikie Moun talnen ep Ones ecse s- aeee eaeeeee ee eee 338 235s NAIDOC TERION © «212 -0(s\cs. hes, Serpe ee re eee EE ee ee es SS ee 357 2iaNam be North region. =<: ous 2 = 32a se ee eee aes Gee eee oe, 370 25. Cunday6 region..2 . 220.2. Opa ‘the world’ ‘the universe’. The word is perhaps akin to Taos papy ‘sky’. °Opa includes everything that is. It is thought of as being alive and is worshipped as ’ Opasey rp ‘Universe Man’ (Copa ‘world’; seyp ‘man in prime’). The Milky Way is said to be its backbone (see p. 51). The world is represented in Pueblo art in various ways. Bandelier’ writes: Here [among the Tewa], as well as among the Queres [Keresan stock], we must distinguish between the heavens and the sky. The latter is a male deity called O-pat-y Sen.”’ This statement is incorrect; ’ Opasey is not the Sky but the World. THe CarpinaL Drrecrions AND THEIR SyMBOLISM The Tewa distinguish six cardinal directions or regions, namely: north, west, south, east, above, and below. They are usually named in the order here given. Tewasymbolism assigns series of colors, per- sons, animals, plants, and inanimate objects to these cardinal directions. Divinities in some instances are multiplied that one may be asso- ciated with each direction. These cardinal identifications are not regarded as merely general information, but rather as a portion of secret ritual: therefore it is difficult to obtain information about them. The names of the cardinal directions are clearly descriptive in ori- gin. In the names of the four horizontal directions the postpound is pije when ‘in’ or ‘to’ the region is expressed, p‘a’ge when ‘from’ the region is expressed. P2jesi (ui ‘from’) sometimes takes the place ofp'age. The names are used as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. Pimptje ‘in the north’ ‘to the north,’ pimp'a’ge ‘from the north’ (piy ‘mountain’; peje ‘toward’ ‘direction’; page ‘from the direction of’). Tsimpije ‘in the west’ ‘to the west’, tsdmp'age ‘from the west’ (tséy pr unexplained, but ef. tsa’ndi”* ‘yesterday,’ and ni’ otsdnnd ‘it is a little cloudy’; pzje ‘toward’ ‘direction’; p'a’ge ‘from the direc- tion of’). > Ahompije ‘in the south’ ‘to the south’, ’wkomp'age ‘from the south’ (akon ‘plain’; pije ‘toward’ ‘direction’; p'a’ge ‘from the direction of.’ ) 1 Final Report, pt. I, 1890, pp. 311-12; see BIBLIOGRAPHY, pp. 585-87 of the present memoir. 41 42 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [ETH, ANN, 29 T’ampije ‘in the east’ ‘to the east’, Camp‘q’ge ‘from the east’ (any ‘sun’; pije ‘toward’ ‘direction’; p'a’ge ‘from the direction of’). ’Opakesi ‘in or to the top of the world or above’, ’opakesip'a’ge ‘from the top of the world or above’ (opa ‘world’; ke ‘on top of? ‘top’; p'a’ge ‘from the direction of’). > Opanuge, ninsogenuge ‘in or to the place under the world or down where the earth sits’, ‘opanugesi, opanugep'a’ge, ninsogenugest or ninsogenugep v ge ‘from the place under the world or down where the earth sits’ Copa ‘world’; nuge ‘below’ ‘under’ ‘down’