DME ULL OOD , eB leat iy tuhfes Z GW ?rF ee ea ERS Se ner nate eee Se ea ane ; ORIEL LED NIL DITTO 7 mprigroy TRUST oer) TITTY Op LOO ODD LO I DOOD VV VIVIV IV VY WWy/ Wy L, Y Uf YW Wreonues Mini ras a Ds Pa) ae, ale : Lal psa cee ONS CORTE ail: NSM if ‘ Uy Ve Hae URE a Pet | f Nha het Larne The CA ai * one ( BRih aie A StL MN i! f ' Hiv he vit # LAOS hy Wh DOr ten { TN AL yale bite Cs be die ry ie _ i ny ' ya A i a Way Hi ith i od Lh oy ee = Ea MG i A a ea - is ni ye a lea ite ait ; ae shy y hea ay) 1 : awe A as i ih 4h 7 1 an ; fib et i ie : t f Ys os ca Me Pati at 7 cand?) 7) ne ee a, ¢ on is a Cou / Leese one ae UF = oa] el a ENN Ad ih we * as in os a i ; ruil Send ‘) : DAP y Nees 7 ha eva Tene ia ae en We a a i i ; : Ril an Ve A if, ile : ¢ Te im AN i 1 he Se) 7 kee Ce vi pei: an swt fn iy H A mary joa {! i ae ile i} i tr ot Pn y re ae ied A) a i : aah ae ae ay : Reon st at "er U oy oe ae “a ‘ enn ie a ) yes ia ; ‘ ae 7 Hi : ee ae PPTs aa : ok if A am ¥ a4 (ht a PU A ee f a ae \ ja an ; ny my Ry in Wf i ri ai. tm cea ry oN t 7 an: Gat Did om i 7 f " en . y ae a: ue be ‘de ve i By i, " is sell ul at us aii . ; am by Ms “4 ta v4 o ey ti WY na 6 Mise a at 7 7 i 4 + 7 av a BA : ib f Caen ae rai son _ ory } iN " a Ay res ny ‘An 4 is; he ae Pat HM oy cee : ele: i agri i i if ry ave ; us Wine ‘aA vy Pe ce a Hada a By ma A am aa an” ee oT a 4 Le iii i Pe Ra ™ ie 4s TRG. ; =i a m Pe TA . are vie 2 - io nei ; ay a A ) ria “ae ii “dil, 5 FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY TO THE SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1924-1925 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1928 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. eal $2.75 PER COPY LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BuREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D. C., September 4, 1926. Str: I have the honor to submit herewith the Forty- second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Eth- nology, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1925. With appreciation of your aid in the work under my charge, I am, Very respectfully yours, J. WALTER FEWKES, Chief. Dr. CHarLes D. WaALcorTT, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. III CONTENTS REPORT OF THE CHIEF Page NV SUCMALICACSCALCHES See are ee nes I SS eo ee oe eee 4 pecialeresearchesSaae a. = ea ae Gee mey See noe eee itet. oo Se ese 15 Editorial work and publications.____.......------------------------- 16 UMStLa TIONS ee ees ee ee ee fare a oe en mAs a tae So ae se 17 TET Rey pane ee nee eed a IS DEN Oe aM a le Le Be 18 WolleChLons seem aN ee eee Hes ert ene nae eS old wt ais 18 IMigcellancoUssas== see aan ee see ee mene emer s t h e e 19 ACCOMPANYING PAPERS Social Organization and Social Usages of the Indians of the Creek Con- federacy, by John R. Swanton____-_.__-___--.--.---------------------- 23 Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, by John R. SNS 0) wa Raa a 2s Lae yh y Ree ew oe ee eS eee 473 Aboriginal Culture of the Southeast, by John R. Swanton______________ 673 Indian Trails of the Southeast, by William Edward Myer-_--_---------- 727 Vv ees i \ 48 * eTHAT OD ; WNT) SAE ts ransai’ _ : aes gh? 7 : eo # 7 fe ee cccariowsnste heuer tee oe —— een eege= ee _-pudoinwont Late iat ape cece ope’ ogee Vow ake TG Ce suk Taian, vs . . Wake = Saeed = oma ens : ; = wagiennule ‘ : See wee Fer ene =e . go 0 5 wes oomemee MAGE a Tee oe eS acral) a : .-—aeEe ees bias oe - | St aS 8S ea “ guuncattnn/ SHaGAT eI MATILOOE », Tara sogeata? voit) inlet dank AS Rata WT Sa) te Rowe! Tete, Nese anitenioay vaughn ; ie oe eer aw dy eon Meaney semae) == + MeRRURIEG: - adol tl eras SS adic 18 ery Sod “vt ould es tansy Ui bse Hoi gai ane a - : - eee eee ane shny' gre 1 : er aye oh af ode Tai: nue web) Vina sald wattaunnon WE : 2st TY, aa Ge ob taagetdeed ald Yo bflesd waibal - : : ; 7 ' fs a s * REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF BUREAU * FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY J. WaLTER FEwKES, Chief The operations of the Bureau of American Ethnology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1925, were conducted in accordance with the act of Congress approved June 7, 1924, making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government, which act contains the following item: American ethnology: For continuing ethnological researches among the American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, including the exca- vation and preservation of archeologic remains, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, including necessary employees and the purchase of necessary books and periodicals, $57,160. The policy of the Bureau of American Ethnology in the past has been that of a pioneer, but from necessity the field work of the staff has been both intensive and extensive, mainly reconnaissance. Asa pioneer, the bureau has opened up new lines of research in the study of the ethnology of the American Indians and has blazed a trail for others in several fields. While contributing to science technical monographs on certain Indian tribes, it has at the same time prepared and circulated, through publication, articles of a popular char- acter covering the whole subject. The object has been to furnish reliable data for students wishing accurate knowledge ‘of the American Indians. The aboriginal culture of our Indians is rapidly disappear- ing and being replaced by the white man’s civilization. Cer- tain tribes have already lost almost all their native customs, and others will follow rapidly until little of scientific value remains for ethnological field work. The older men among them, who in their prime knew the native cults and rituals, are passing away, and the younger generation of Indians who are taking their places are almost entirely ignorant of the significance of the rituals or ceremonials. Current fables 1 Dp BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY and metaphoric stories, mainly explaining the characteristics of animals, are now often claimed to be mythologic, although many of them have value as tales, not as myths. The In- dian culture is passing away and soon will be lost. It is the intention of the Bureau of American Ethnology to record it before its extinction. The excavation and preservation of archeologic remains, from which much valuable scientific material may be ob- tained, constitute a task which is only just begun. The bureau has for many years been a pioneer in this work, and in many areas it has been the only investigator. The first publication of the Smithsonian Institution was on an archeo- logical subject, and with the passing years the bureau has followed this line of work with vigor. It is a traditional, sound policy of the institution, as a result of the relatively small allowance for the field study of the Indians, to cooperate, rather than to attempt to compete with those who have a much larger income. This policy has been pursued by the bureau during the past year. The chronicles of De Soto’s wonderful trip through our Southeastern States introduced to the attention of historians a remarkable aboriginal American culture, one of the most advanced in North America outside of Mexico. It was, as has generally been the case, built on agriculture, and the dominant tribal religion of its civilization was a complex of Sun, Fire, and Great Serpent cults. From Tampa Bay to the Mississippi River, De Soto encountered numerous tribes, differing in language and in minor ethnological features, but all belonging to the same culture with a worship charac- teristic wherever agriculture served as a source of food. As time went by and renewed exploration brought Europeans into more intimate contact with the Indians of the Gulf States, historians and others published many articles on their ethnology, but as the tribes were moved west of the Mississippi and the opportunities for the field worker were diminished, the time came for the ethnologist to yield to the archeologist to make his contribution to the subject. Here lies a great field for further studies, with ample work for both the historian and the archeologist. ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 3 The two areas in aboriginal America north of Mexico in which agriculture reached its highest development were the Southwest, or that part of our domain bordering on Old Mexico, and those States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, including the mound builders from the Ohio River to the Gulf. The investigation of the southwestern or pueblo region is at present attracting many archeologists amply furnished with funds, but the Southeastern or Gulf States have been more or less overlooked. The bureau has begun an archeological reconnaissance, as far as its resources will allow, in Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee. Last year special attention was given to the Indian mounds at Muscle Shoals in Alabama. The work in Tennessee, southern Florida, and Mississippi, so auspiciously begun by the late Mr. W. E. Myer, has been continued by Mr. P. E. Cox, State archeologist of Tennessee. Mr. H. B. Collins, assistant curator, division of ethnology, United States National Museum, was allotted a small appropriation for preliminary investigations and reconnaissance along the Pearl River in Mississippi, the prehistoric home of the Choctaw tribe. The results of this work were very satis- factory. Work on the Muskhogean culture, or the antiquities of the Gulf States, promises important results in comparative ways, and will, it is hoped, shed light on the religion of aboriginal tribes of North America. We are able to re- construct, In a way, from historical sources, the main outlines of the Gulf culture, but the documentary references to the material culture of the Muskhogean tribes are incomplete. More information is needed regarding the ritualistic sacra, idols, ceremonial objects, and symbolism on pottery, before we can reconstruct the cultus. The material for this study is now buried in the soil, but intensive archeological work will bring it to light. In essentials, the culture of the prehistoric people of the Gulf States is such as we find universal among agricultural people in America emerging from savagery into barbarism, and the religion has much in common with that of the Pueblos. 4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES The chief spent several weeks in reconnaissance near Florence, Ala., making excursions to several mounds in that vicinity, especially those that will be submerged when the Wilson Dam at Muscle Shoals is flooded. Mr. Gerard Fowke, who had immediate charge of the excavations in two of these mounds, obtained a considerable collection containing unique objects, among which are three rare copper ornaments, the largest ever found in the valley of the Ten- nessee. His report will be published later. The chief at that time visited Montgomery, Ala., where he was most hospitably received. While there he made an examination of the Graves collection, one of the most remarkable in the State. The chief has given advice to the National Park Service of the Interior Department on the new National Monument near Flagstaff, Ariz., which is now called by the Hopi name Wupatki. This monument includes the well-preserved buildings near Black Falls on the Little Colorado, first described and figured by the writer a quarter of a century ago, at which time he recommended that they be made a National Monument, and this has now been done by proc- lamation of the President. ; The most important collection of archeological objects received during the past year was contributed by Mr. J. C. Clarke, of Flagstaff, Ariz., custodian of the Wupatki ruin. It consists of about a hundred specimens of pottery, shell and bone implements, and other artifacts from a burial mound at Youngs Canyon excavated by workmen in the course of construction of a road near the city. These objects were received at a time when material from that region of the Southwest was particularly desirable. The chief has prepared an illustrated report on this collection in which he calls attention to its importance. The collection contains unique specimens and is accompanied by a good catalogue by Mr. Clarke. One of the most interesting of these is a black and white pottery ladle, the handle of which is molded into a cradle containing a clay figure. There is ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 5 also a finely incised head-ornament of bone, recalling those worn by the Bow priesthood at Zuni, and suggesting similar ornaments of the Hopi idol of the war god. The collection shows evidence of cremation and urn burial. The pottery objects are archaic, and the interiors of cer- tain black and white food bowls are decorated with artistic figures similar to those on polychrome ware from Tokonabi, near Marsh Pass, in northern Arizona. It is probable from the pottery that the people who buried their dead at Youngs Canyon were related to a population antedating Pueblos, which was scattered over a great area in Arizona from the Little Colorado north to the San Juan, and from the western boundary of the State of New Mexico. This people had no circular kivas or ceremonial rooms like those at the Mesa Verde, or the San Juan area, but they were fine potters who decorated their ware with artistic geometrical designs. The number of written requests for information on ethno- logical subjects the last few years has more than doubled, and the time of the chief, as well as of the members of the staff, is correspondingly absorbed. During the past year Mr. Earl H. Morris, under the direc- tion of the chief of the bureau, did necessary repair work on the famous tower of the Mummy Cave House in the Canyon del Muerto, Arizona, which once contained three rooms. All woodwork on the first ceiling has been torn out; only the hagegled ends of a few supports remain embedded in the walls. The cleanly peeled poles which supported the second ceiling are in place, and the third ceiling, or original roof, is still intact. It is probably the most beautiful ceiling re- maining in any ruin in the Southwest, its only rivals being the coverings of one or two rooms in the north side of Pueblo Bonito, and in Spruce Tree House, Mesa Verde. This tower has been in a dangerous condition for a long time. There was originally a retaining wall below it, rising from the very brink of the ledge, which held in place the fill of loose rock and refuse upon which the House of the Tower stands. Eventually, through erosion, all but the eastern end of this wall collapsed, probably because of the insecure foundation afforded by the abruptly sloping rock, 6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY and much of the material behind it washed over the cliff. Later, the not infrequent winds which sweep over the cave with unbelievable force blew out the dust and rock pebbles until the southwest corner of the tower was undermined more than 3 feet and the wall eastward weakened almost to the opposite corner. The cracks in the west wall were wider in November, 1924, than they were a year previous. The removal of half a dozen shovelfuls from the unconsolidated mass of earth beneath the front would have loosened the large block just beyond its western end, which prevented the entire collapse of the ma- sonry. In addition to the periodic action of the wind, each visitor who passed from the eastern to the western part of the cave trod this portion of the loose mass below the wall farther down the slope, and sent clods and pebbles rattling over the cliff. Before many years this block would have been loosened and the tower would have fallen. During the repair work buttresses were built beneath and inclosing the large blocks under the west end of the tower, and under the undermined portion of the latter, continuing back to the limit of undermining, and extending well forward of the masonry. At the junction of the two, wedges were driven to knit the new work firmly to the old. From the east end of the buttress a retaining wall was built to connect with the remnant of the old one on the brink of the ledge, and the space behind it was filled, thus providing a platform in- stead of the former steep slope at the southeast corner of the tower. This repair work will temporarily preserve one of the finest gems of aboriginal architecture in the entire Southwest, but it should be supplemented by the addition of ‘“turn- buckles”? anchored to the cliff and by the rebuilding of the southeast corner, which should be bonded to the east and front wall to preserve it for centuries to come. During the fiseal year Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, discovered further material bearing on the social and religious life of the Creek Indians, and this was extracted and incor- porated into his papers on those subjects which are now being prepared for publication by the editor. A study also ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 7 was made of the various smaller culture centers within the region covered by our present Gulf States, and a paper on the ‘Culture of the Southeast”? was prepared as a result of this work. A short paper on the ‘Ethnology of the Chicka- saw’? was begun and carried nearly to completion, and the work of carding references to all words from the publications of early Florida missionaries in the now extinct Timucua language has been continued, and all of the words from three of the five texts and from more than half of the fourth had been extracted by the end of the year. An abbreviated hand- book of the Indian tribes in the United States and Alaska was prepared to accompany a map of the same section. Dr. Truman Michelson, ethnologist, prepared for publica- tion a manuscript entitled ‘““A Sauk and Fox Sacred Pack.” He also wrote the Indian text of one of the great sacred packs of the Thunder gens of the lox Indians and worked out the English version thereof. Doctor Michelson also prepared an Indian text, with English version, of the Owl dance which belongs to the Bear gens. He began translating a Fox text on the sacred pack named “‘Sagimakwawa” which belongs to the Bear gens of the Fox Indians and which was taken care of by Pushetonequa, the last chief recognized by the Govern- ment. He corrected the galley proofs and the first page proofs of the Fortieth Annual Report of the bureau, which made it possible to incorporate some additional material appurtenant to the White Buffalo Dance and Fox mortuary customs and beliefs. Doctor Michelson employed Horace Poweshiek to translate 1,000 pages of Fox texts which con- tain additional information on the Fox society known as “Those Who Worship the Little Spotted Buffalo.” In June Doctor Michelson went to Tama, Iowa, to renew his researches among the Algonquian tribes of that State. He verified the new data on the Fox society named above and some Fox texts on the Buffalo Head Dance of the Thunder gens, obtaining much additional information of this dance and other information on the Thunder gens. A translation of the Fox texts on the Sturgeon gens was obtained, as well as certain information on the Wolf gens. 8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY During the fiscal year Mr. John P. Harrington, ethnologist, was engaged in the preparation for publication of his material on the excavation and early history of the Burton Mound Indian village situated at Santa Barbara, Calif., the prin- cipal rancheria of the Santa Barbara Indians. The Am- bassador Hotel, which had stood on the mound for many years, and had completely barred it to scientific investigation, was destroyed by fire in the spring of 1921. By joint arrange- ment with the Museum of the American Indian, a thorough excavation of this mound was made, and a large and attrac- tive collection of artifacts was obtained, as well as a mass of archeological and historical material. Mr. Harrington com- pleted the elaboration of this material and it was submitted for publication, including maps and numerous photographs. The old Indian name for the Burton Mound village was Syujtun. Mr. Harrington’s work revealed the interesting fact, not previously pointed out, that this rancheria is mentioned four times in the ‘Relacién” of Juan Rodri- guez Cabrillo, who discovered Alta California in 1542. Father Crespi, who kept the diary of the Portolé expedition, writing in 1769, describes this village in some detail. Other early accounts tell that Yanonalit, its chief, had under him 12 other villages besides the Burton Mound. After the Indian population was removed to the near-by Santa Bar- bara Mission, which was accomplished gradually after the establishment of the mission in 1782, the Franciscans erected a massive adobe warehouse on the mound, the old Indian canoe landing place in front of the mound having become “el puerto de Santa Barbara” (the port of Santa Barbara). Ships visiting Santa Barbara used to get water from the large spring on the southern slope of the mound. Joseph Chapman, a young Englishman who had been captured when pirates made a raid on the California coast, purchased the mound from the Franciscans in the early twenties and started a flour mill there. In the forties the mound be- came the property of George Nidiver, famous otter hunter and friend of General Fremont. In the sixties the mound property was owned by Lewis T. Burton, whose name it still bears. The hotel was erected on the site in 1901. The ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 9 shape and extent of the Indian village and graveyards was laboriously worked out by excavation and successive cultures traced, for the site proved to be very ancient. In the cemetery plots most of the bodies were buried in hunched-up positions with the head to the north; that is, in the direction of the mountain range. Many of the graves had been lined with whalebone slabs, some fine specimens of which were obtained. A great variety of belongings, large and small, had been stored away with the bodies, and traces of matting, basketry, and wooden utensils indicated that the archeologist had been deprived of the richest treasures through decomposition in the ground. One complete wooden awl for basketry, such as is described by the early fathers, was recovered. Several of the graves contained caches of large and beautifully finished steatite bowls; these were manufactured at the steatite quarries on South Catalina Island and were brought up the channel for barter in Indian canoes. Screening the earth brought a surprising variety of shell and glass beads. The shell beads have been sorted and classified, and the kind of native shell used for each variety has been determined. In 1924 the Burton Mound property was sold and sub- divided. Extensive grading of the property for new streets and trenching for pipe lines of various kinds was carefully watched and reported on by Prof. D. B. Rogers and Mr. G. W. Bayley, who have cooperated with Mr. Harrington in this work, and yielded new information about the stratification of the mound and acollection of artifacts. A new hotel with cellar excavations is about to be built on the crest of the mound and observation of these operations will doubtless add still further data to that already presented in the report. On completing the Burton Mound paper, Mr. Harrington prepared a report on the archeology of Santa Barbara County, dealing with the sites of the county along both historical and archeological lines. This is a virgin field of research and has already yielded important contributions to our knowledge of the culture sequences of the ancient Cali- fornia Indians of this region, which had the most special- S25 leo BURE: F AMERICAN ET Y 10 AU OF A ICAN ETHNOLOGY ized and highly developed culture of the State. This work illumines the fact that the early population of the channel was dense and that there were numerous wars and tribal shiftings. The section of the coast from which the islands were populated and the comparative ages of rancheria sites are also apparent from this work. In October, 1924, Mr. R. O. Marsh brought to Washington a party of eight Tule Indians from Panama, who remained in the city until January, 1925. This afforded opportunity for studying the language, which is a peculiarly interesting one. Possessing only 18 letters and employing them both short and long, it sounds to the ear more like Finnish than like the average American Indian language. The language may be described as melodious, simple and flexible in struc- ture, yet very rich and extensive in vocabulary. Itis spoken, with slight dialectic differences only, by a very large body of Indians, who formerly held a strip of Caribbean coast more than 240 miles long between the Canal Zone and the south of the Rio Atrato, together with the numerous fertile keys off the coast. Lists were obtained of sociological terms, names of places, plants and animals, and designations of material culture objects. Songs and speech were recorded on the dictaphone. The Indians have been called Tules, Cunas, Comogres, and San Blasefios. Of these names the first is preferable because it is the native name of the tribe. The word Tule means merely ‘‘Indian,” it being understood that it refers to Indians of that peculiar kind and language. It is related to the word tula, meaning 20, that is, all fingers and toes, an entire Indian. The collection of Tule ethnological objects donated by Mr. Marsh to the National Museum was examined with the Indian informants, and the native names of the objects were recorded, together with information about their use. The best informant in the party was Chief Igwa, who is ““capitan’’ over some 10 keys, and is one of the leading men in the councils of the tribe. He has traveled much about the Tule country and knows hundreds of places by name, being a good ethnogeographical informant. The chief prepared a large map showing these places. ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 11 Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, left Washington in May, 1925, for Brantford, Canada, to resume his researches among the Six (originally Five) Nations, or Tribes, of the Iroquois, the Mohawk, the Seneca, the Onondaga, the Oneida, the Cayuga, and the Tuscarora, and also among the Munsee of the Delaware Algonquian group of languages who dwell on the Haldimand grant on the Grand River in Ontario, Canada. Here Mr. Hewitt took up the literary interpretation, revision, and textual criticism of previously recorded volumi- nous Iroquoian texts relating to the constitution of the League or Confederation of the Iroquois Tribes, embodying its laws and ordinances and the rituals of the council of condolence for the deceased, and the installation of new members of the Federal and the tribal councils. With the aid of the two best Mohawk informants available who still retain some definite knowledge of portions of the ancient institutions of the League of the Iroquois, Mr. Hewitt made a free English translation of an important one of these rituals, in addition to the free rendering of the chant of “The Seven Songs of Farewell,’ and thereby recovered the symbolic reason for the very peculiar name of the former. This ritual is called Ka‘rhaw陑hra’to™ in Mohawk, and Ga‘hawé™hi’di’ in Onondaga, meaning, “‘Cast or Thrown over the Grand Forest.’”? When used ceremonially both these chants are separated into two portions, and the four portions alternate in their rendition in such manner that part one of the one chant is followed by part one of the other; and part two of the first is followed by part two of the second chant. But when chanted ‘‘a veil of skins” (shawls or blankets serve in modern times) must be hung across the place of assembly in such wise as to divide the mourning from the other side of the league. Ceremonial or legislative action by the tribe or by the league is taken only through the orderly cooperation of the two sisterhoods of clans for the former, or of two sisterhoods of tribes for the latter. This dualism in the highest organic units of organization was originally based on definite mythic concepts. In either organization one sisterhood represented the female principle or the motherhood in nature, and the 12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY other sisterhood the male principle, or the fatherhood in nature. This dualism is thought to be so important that the language of the rituals and of official courtesy employs terms embodying the ethnic and mythic significance of it. By a searching study of all symbolic terms and phrases occurring in the chants of these rituals, which impliedly might refer to the highest dramatized situation revealed by these two divided chants, the parts of which are recombined as described above, Mr. Hewitt was able to identify beyond all reasonable question the phrase “‘the veil of skins”? with the other phrase ‘‘the grand forest.” The “grand forest” represents ritualistically the totality of the forests which intervene between the lands of the mourning side of the league and those of the other side, represented as symbolically intact in mind. It must not be overlooked that either the mother side or the father side may be the “‘mourning side”’; the designation, of course, alternates between the two sides, depending on the fact of the loss of one or more of the mem- bers of the Federal council belonging to it at any given time. The sisterhood of tribes functioned by the independent action of its constituent institutional units—every several tribe. In turn every tribe functioned through the organic units of its own internal organization—each several clan, to execute its prescribed part in the larger Federal action, which otherwise would not be authentic or authoritative; so that a clan or an individual in a clan, in special cases involving personal rights, might prevent vital Federal action. So personal rights were abundantly safeguarded. Mr. Hewitt purchased a very fine specimen husk mask of the Corn Mother, with a short explanatory text. Mr. Hewitt also made a reconnaissance trip to the Chip- pewa of Garden River, Canada, for the purpose of expanding and deepening his knowledge of certain Chippewa texts, recorded in 1921 by him from the dictation of Mr. George Gabaoosa, of Garden River, and also to obtain data in regard to the derivation of two very important proper names, Chippewa and Nanabozho (appearing in literature also as Nenabojo, Menaboju, and Wenaboju), and also to inform him- self as to the ethnologic value to be placed on the fast-fading ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 13 remains of the ethnic culture of this and cognate tribes in like situations and antecedents. The myth of Mudjikewis, “‘The First-Born (on Earth),’”’ commonly called the story of Nanabozho (i. e., Indbi‘oj7‘o‘), remarkable for beauty and comprehensiveness, details the circumstances which gave rise to the name ‘“‘Nanabozho.” In that recital the name appears as Indbi‘oj7‘o‘ and means, “Created, or Formed, by the Look (of the Great Father Spirit).” The name Chippewa appears in literature in no less than 97 variant spellings, with a half dozen or more unsatisfactory definitions. But to those who first gave the name Chippewa (in its native, not Europeanized, form) to these people picture-writing was ethnically distinctive and characteristic of them, as the well-known birchbark records of these people amply testify. So the name Chippewa signifies literally, “Those who make pictographs,’’ and thus emphasizes one of the distinctive arts of these peoples. The Seneca in Missouri and Oklahoma were visited for the express purpose of identifying them tribally, if the available information made this possible. Since the middle of the eighteenth century these Seneca have not been closely affliated with the Seneca tribe of New York State and Canada. There has been expressed doubt that these western Seneca had the right to this name. But after visiting and interviewing many families of these western Seneca dwelling about Seneca, Mo., and Miami and Picher, Okla., Mr. Hewitt was convinced that they are mainly emigrants from the parent Seneca tribe of New York and Canada and from the Cayuga of these last-named places; naturally, there are also some families of other Iroquoian tribes, such as the Wyandot and possibly the Conestoga. A porcupine clan and a fox clan were reported. The last was a Conestoga clan. Mr. Francis La Flesche, ethnologist, completed his paper on two versions of the child-naming rite of the Osage tribe. The first version belongs to the In-gthon-ga or Puma gens, and the second to the Tsi-zhu Wa-shta-ge or Tsi-zhu Peace- maker gens. Each gens has its own version of the rite and no other gens can use it without permission. This paper 14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY contains 201 typewritten pages and 20 illustrations. Mr. La Flesche spent a part of the month of May and all of June, 1925, among the Osages. In the early part of this visit he and his assistant, Ku-zhi-si-e, a full-blood Osage, undertook the laborious task of properly recording the gentile personal names used by the fuli-blood members of the tribe and by some of the mixed bloods. Superintendent J. George Wright, of the Osage Agency, kindly permitted them to use as a guide in doing this work an annuity pay roll of the third and fourth quarters of the year 1877, which was found in the files of his office. This roll contains about 1,900 Indian names, most of them misspelled. Besides cor- recting the spelling of the names, Mr. La Flesche and his assistant added to the name of each annuitant the name of his or her gens. Ku-zhi-si-e was much amused to learn that his boy name, “‘I-tse-tha-gthin-zhi,”’ was carried on the pay roll as ‘“E-stah-o-gra-she,” and that the boy name of his friend Wa-non-she-zhin-ga was put on the rolls as Me- pah-seah, instead of ‘‘ In-bae-sea,” the correct name. When the work of revising the names on the annuity roll was concluded, Ku-zhi-si-e drove over the hills on his farm with Mr. La Flesche and showed him many wild plants which were useful to the Indians as medicine or food. Some of these plants were woven into large mats for house covering, and into rugs to spread on the floor of the house to sit upon. Wa-non-she-zthin-ga (the chief of the tribe) also took tramps among the trees on his farm with Mr. La Flesche, and showed him a number of trees and explained to him their uses, and gave to him their native names, which he recorded. This man pointed out a tree which he called ‘‘ Zhon-sa-gi,” hard wood. ‘The saplings of this tree he said were used for the frames of the houses. When green the wood was easily cut with a knife or ax, but when seasoned it was very hard to cut. The chief cut a branch from a small tree and carried it with him when he and Mr. La Flesche returned to the house. The chief whittled off some of the bark from the branch and dipped the shavings in a glass of water and the water quickly became blue like indigo. Mr. Paul C. Stand- ley identified this tree as the blue ash, or Fraxinus quad- rangulata. ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 15 SPECIAL RESEARCHES The following manuscripts of Indian music have been pur- chased during the fiscal year from Miss Frances Densmore: “War, wedding and social songs of the Makah Indians,” “Songs connected with Makah feasts and dances,” ‘Music and customs of the Tule Indians of Panama,’ ‘Songs and instrumental music of the Tule Indians of Panama,” “‘Songs for children and material culture of the Makah Indians,” and 17 mathematical group analyses of 167 Papago songs, according to the method of such analyses in previous work. This material (apart from the group analyses) comprises 150 pages of text, numerous photographic illustrations, and the transcriptions of 69 songs, together with the original phono- graph records and descriptive and tabulated analyses of in- dividual songs. The last named are the analyses from which the mathematical analyses are made, these showing the pecu- liarities of the songs of an entire tribe with results expressed in percentages. These in turn form the basis for comparative tables, which show the characteristics of the music of different tribes. Such tables of comparison in “Mandan and Hidatsa Music”’ comprise 820 songs collected among six tribes, and material awaiting publication will add more than 500 songs to this number, including songs of widely separated tribes. It seems possible that these tables may show a connection between the physical environment of the Indians and the form assumed by their songs, as interesting contrasts appear in the songs of different tribes. The final paper on the Makah Indians included a descrip- tion of the uses of 26 plants in food, medicine, and dye. Specimens of the plants had been obtained on the reserva- tion, and their botanical identification was made by Mr. Paul C. Standley, of the United States National Museum. The Makah were head hunters and a detailed account of their war customs was presented. The caste system pre- vailed in former days and families of the upper class had wealth and leisure. The wedding customs were marked by festivity and by physical contests, the songs of which were submitted. . The presence in Washington of a group of Tule Indians from the Province of Colon, Panama, made possible a study 16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY of forms of primitive music which, it is believed, have not hitherto been described. The Tule Indians are unique in that they do not pound on a drum, a pole, or any other object. Their favorite instrument is the ‘‘pan pipe” of reeds. Two men usually play these pipes, sounding alternate tones. The music of these pan pipes was phonographically recorded and transcribed as nearly as is possible in musical notation. An instrument which, as far as known, has not been previously observed, is a reed flute having two finger holes but no “whistle opening.’”’ The upper end of the reed is held inside the mouth, possibly touching the roof of the mouth, and for this reason the instrument is designated as a ‘‘mouth flute.” A gourd rattle, conch shell horn, and bone whistle complete the musical instruments of these Indians. The words of the songs narrate a series of events, such as the preparation for a wedding and a description of the fes- tivity, or the illness and death of a man, followed by “talk- ing to his spirit.””. Chief Igwa Nigidibippi, who recorded the songs, was a trained singer. EDITORIAL WORK AND PUBLICATIONS The editing of the publications of the bureau was continued through the year by Mr. Stanley Searles, editor, assisted by Mrs. Frances S. Nichols, editorial assistant. The status of the publications is presented in the following summary: PUBLICATIONS ISSUED Thirty-eighth Annual Report. Accompanying paper: An Introduc- tory-Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians, by Walter E. Roth. 745 pp., 183 pls., 341 figs. Thirty-ninth Annual Report. Accompanying paper: The Osage Tribe: The Rite of Vigil, by Francis La Flesche. 636 pp., 17 pls., 4 figs. Bulletin 78. Hanapook of the Indians of California, by A. L. Kroeber. x, 995 pp., 83 pls., 78 figs. PUBLICATIONS IN PRESS OR IN PREPARATION Fortieth Annual Report. Accompanying papers: The Mythical Origin of the White Buffalo Dance of the Fox Indians; The Auto- biography of a Fox Indian Woman; Notes on Fox Mortuary Cus- toms and Beliefs; Notes on the Fox Society Known as ‘‘ Those Who Worship the Little Spotted Buffalo”’; The Traditional Origin of the Fox Society Known as ‘‘The Singing Around Rite’’ (Michelson). ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT A? Forty-first Annual Report. Accompanying papers: Coiled Basketry in British Columbia and Surrounding Region (Boas, assisted by Haeberlin, Teit, and Roberts); Two prehistoric Villages in Middle Tennessee (Myer). Forty-second Annual Report. Accompanying papers: Social Organi- zation and Social Usages of the Indians of the Creek Confederacy; Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians; Aboriginal Culture of the Southeast (Swanton); Indian Trails of the Southeast (Myer). DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS The distribution of the publications of the bureau has been continued under the immediate charge of Miss Helen Munroe, assisted by Miss Emma Powers. Publications were dis- tributed as follows: Pte Report volumes and separates_______.-.-.---------------- 3,426 Bulletins and separates _- ee ea nen Ie Ai ee OS Contributions to North American ethnology _.. esos oe eee 38 Him CuON Se Ne ee ee ee ye eee ce eyes 5 Miscellaneous publications__--_-.-.<.-.-.--....--.-------. "427 7,354 As compared with the fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, there was a decrease of 6,609 publications distributed. This was undoubtedly due not to a decrease in applications, but to the fact that only one publication was distributed during the year just ended, whereas four publications were issued in the preceding fiscal year and distributed to the mailing list. ILLUSTRATIONS Mr. DeLancey Gill, illustrator, with the assistance of Mr. Albert Sweeney, continued the preparation of the illustrations of the bureau. A summary of the work follows: Illustrations mounted, retouched, and made ready for engrav- at eae Sab ais seis eae ca = 927 Drawings of objects, maps, ete. - , prepared _- Ee ae 38 Portraits of visiting Indians (2 Kiowa, 8 Tule) Ne Ae ce a Dik Negative films eon feldtexposures.. 22-2 2-. dee ek A 54 Photostat prints from books and manuscripts_-_--.-.-.-.-. 178 Negatives of ethnologic and archeologic subjects_______.___. 273 Photographic prints for distribution and office use__________ 1, 649 18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY On account of the large amount of illustrative work, reclassification of the large collection of negatives has not progressed as rapidly as last year. About 7,000 negatives have so far been catalogued. LIBRARY The reference library has continued under the immediate care of Miss Ella Leary, librarian, assisted by Mr. Thomas Blackwell. During the year 480 books were accessioned. Of these 100 were acquired by purchase, 280 by gift and ex- change, and 100 by binding of periodicals. The periodicals currently receilved number about 975, of which 40 are by subscription, the remainder through exchange. The library has also received 187 pamphlets. The aggregate number of volumes in the library at the close of the year was 26,101; of pamphlets, 15,512; also several thousand unbound peri- odicals. The Library of Congress, officers of the executive departments, and out-of-town students have made use of the library through frequent loans during the year, COLLECTIONS The following collections, purchased or acquired by mem- bers of the bureau or by those detailed in connection with its researches, have been transferred to the United States National Museum: 83522. Small collection of ethnologia purchased by the bureau from Miss Emily S. Cook. 84260. Collection of archeological material secured by Mr. D. L. Reichard for the bureau, from Berryville, Va. 84444. Small stone celt, and a lot of pottery bowl ornaments from Porto Rico, presented to the bureau by Mrs. Alice de Santiago, Barceloneta, Porto Rico. 85018. Collection of archeological material collected for the bureau by Gerard Fowke from mounds near Town Creek, Ala. 85019. Archeological material collected for the bureau by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, from mounds near St. Petersburg, Fla. 85319. Archeological material collected for the bureau by Gerard Fowke, from mounds near Town Creek, Ala., on the site of the Wilson Dam, Muscle Shoals. 85343. Stone bird pipe found near Hydes Ferry, on the Cumberland River, about 7 miles below Nashville, Tenn. ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 19 85344. Five complete skulls and fragmentary remains of about 12 crania collected by Gerard Fowke from Hog Island Mound, near Town Creek, Ala. Five skulls collected by Earle O. Roberts, Harrah, Wash. 85780. Collection of skeletal material secured by Gerard Fowke at the Alexander Mound near Courtland, Ala. 85781. Collection of skeletal material which was unearthed 114 miles north of Boynton, Fla., and sent to the bureau by Mr. E. S. Jackson, of Palm Beach, Fla. 85824. Collection of archeological objects secured by Mr. J. O. Sanderson, of Courtland, Ala., and purchased by the bureau. 85856. Two pipes, one of steatite and the other of marble, collected for the bureau by Gerard Fowke from the Alexander Mound in Lawrence County, Ala. 87297. Collection of archeological material secured for the bureau at Youngs Canyon, about 18! miles east of Flagstaff, Ariz., by Mr. J. C. Clarke, of Flagstaff. 83949. Human remains from Weeden Island, St. Petersburg, Fla., secured by the chief of the bureau during the winter of 1923-24. MISCELLANEOUS Clerical: The correspondence and other clerical work of the office has been conducted by Miss May 8. Clark, clerk to the chief. Mr. Anthony W. Wilding, typist, has been engaged in copying manuscripts and in various duties con- nected with the office of the chief. Miss Julia Atkins, sten- ographer and typist, resigned October 15, 1924. Mrs. A. H. Kitchen was appointed temporarily December 13, 1924, for three months, the appointment terminating March 13, 1925. Miss Mae W. Tucker was appointed temporarily May 1. 1925, as stenographer and typist. Respectfully submitted. J. WALTER FEWKEs, Chief. Dr. CHartes D. WALcoTT, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. et iia 2 rit, maria | Vaeey 108 oF bit et ees resto gar iigeteeansan | > of viet a) es bids plluae’ RI: Mere : ‘alt, tee t sath a eer ne eared on yeriadd. wrt fea ne athe ay {pi ape ih wal Ty i deltidaha Taber vain Cee ube AF OTe SAMs ‘ine YP Weeay 9 hs Pie Sra eaat be ar a on Bang te aes oy Lot te ae ie bt OY GP in: Se Veet ee ‘Msaut eA 8th al? eee ark | Wiebe eect re xi 7 Wid io ad ; Be j a, aa a ye oe) 7 Sant ° i Tete Pe I edt b emg > ie Ce el y te fet Ae ' {1 bene ee DRO ee Es 7 fd rhe a - wer Ai meee 7 . Ths a \ , : cd he 1 WNieexyeen ae nrg f - : ‘ ii | : a) i ete HLL? age mk ty aaany ARES Ee ae ‘a ni ea 7 Tei: ons At i i ae ™ UE! alt: see} cam} iv i otf ri ae eee Ti. nN ; Be ! roa i \eriaetiel is 7 Ge fm » , , .»' -hilne-(nenepe [ : 1 } wt | Ty! ie x i } } I ir H ‘] wf ; eh we Tes ute : — her GEERT apa! : 7 = ' ' Py ' ir _ cae : 7 ‘ ‘7 athe re a ' a ve ' : > *D 7 ae ACCOMPANYING PAPERS 21 Se ee ae ee aap ee eee ee ee ee ee ateinumemasoamenaer: ern ae a cee meena nme stat ene Tm mae CHRUAD DY, /DOAM MOOD SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND SOCIAL USAGES OF THE INDIANS OF THE CREEK CONFEDERACY By JOHN R. SWANTON 23 ee Gh wot AS oy 9 FF 7) RES. Fi PY Det CP AG erage te p BEA WT ACL lll >». .= I i a 9 '/ ‘ weeny ‘i wy - A Pare eds feed. ee ist wh - - ee ee Lane = i —————————— = : 1) =A me 1 = i es & I " 3 ‘i aes CONTENTS Page ImtiLOductiOnsasete as So 2 ee Se le De ee er ecb cae eesee= 31 Native legends dealing with Creek history__._____.__.___.__.__-_------- 33 @riginplegendsiae = sen kao Se eee eee ee a A eee 33 The first meeting between the Creeks and the white people_________ 75 Prophecies regarding the fate of the Indians_____________________- 77 SOCLAMOLPANIZ ALON 2m sana nea ae ee a ee 79 pittreghouSeh ol cir sta are ye ee ee Ao NE he 79 inhewamily sees oe oe ee ae. SOS cic mono eeeeees 79 Generalinemarks2. 4-4. ee oi ee ee See teeae 79 shermsjoterela tionship ee see a eee ee eee ee 80 INain essandatitlest2e= 22 asaeeee ne oe aon oancc esa aseekeaeae 97 Clans sphratricss andy moleticsss= =e 6 eee eee eee 107 Native explanations of their origin. .._._._.____-___-_--------- 107 Description: (Clan sees ene en hoe a en Oa te arene 114 TT SCE CS Meare ean neater re ee eee ee Ne Heo St eee 120 INIOLETI CS miscee = eee we etn On ee ee oh ie eee 156 Generalitemarkse sme == see se ee er eee to eee 166 Distribution with reference to the land and the town__________ 170 Seating in the ceremonial grounds_______________-_---------- 174 AES OS) 0 em ei a a 242 Natural classification of Creek towns___________________-___- 248 Evolution of the Creek Confederacy___.._____._-_-____-_----__-- 259 (QOVErnInen teeeee se ee ee ee ere eee 276 IBROD ELL y= nee aoe ee en a eee dot Oe a oe tke Meta, 334 Grimetand! punishment === == == ee ee eee 338 GeneralecustOIMs ee saan een eee ie eR Fn ee 358 sibenvitalicy.cle sass: = sre Se ne he Nee Re 358 IAaloysumie hare lob loloyiAno = 358 HGCA (lO Deen eee a ee ee EE 2s eee 363 WMarniacch ssh meee ere Se ae ee RS oo Oe 368 Division of labor between the sexes____._________-_-_------_-- 384 Bird 8 eaeceees ee ee a Rehm ee OY re Se 8 ee 388 pRheidiurnalicycleseesc2. one ee ee eee anon ole en Seca eee 398 sihevantualacy. Clos a. mete senate Creer ara a wien = So ae 400 BE a a a pa ee 405 PN OTT CUCU © eee = ae re ee ee Se Ec ae = 443 EU Gn Oe eee eee ree Peer Sek a eee 444 INUGANStOnICOMM Uni Cabo Nee =a a ee ee 446 pr AV ClRAN GeO LCC LIN Siem ears ae sere eee ee hore ayes eer ee ai ee eric 447 Gr 21 Cl Weeeaee eee anny wr a ene es te ceo ee re ee ie 452 OUT ee re eh nes a 453 (CAI CS Sete eae ee a ee eae eo 456 BID MOSTAD y= is eee eee Me ee Se ea oe eens saan al inicdexaseeas ae ee enemy Oe eee oT owe ecm a cmn eee eowe seeuse 859 82517°—28——3 25 | ot AY Pee oes ' z ee er a =n nano Ute ae pee. eer gna deel “Hy Oat ath plu iomek aed tae ; . “ashes aeeeee eee ee ye ,~ uigel (eat 7 ae . aicintehe anaes Dalttte Ss. Vint Alay Ty ne hg sakes basit ald : hye 2 Sch ee ee ted) CA etal Sean ae Sil en eh nisoilge ( = ee ee ee - on OR eer Tale ee en » ne a ne a Se ! - - ay eae ~ a 1 Sam = Ameen Gee Ed Bik SPREE stew ee ee Tea itr oe Se eer | OeaoD ie lo entaT a ; See - ie : _. ot hal ty ma PL i i 7 a -_ i. - 2 L <= my abe ir) five rd (Pal aR Ry (oH ye ; ; ioe Ie dia? is satin on dif aoa } — © vgetieetanet a See a - a 7 7 a ene 4m ‘an ' “ i 2: a vibe ue ee aT Hhiah in - DieMetanen iiss ig eis onsain S ee = Se | _ ee ee | ab hee a eee --p sian) © 9 248: “eo : ee (Panes sti — : ia jh cele easy Z ne : : =| 7 : Ve WY (pel Faby oy ee | ‘tie ; a : ae need Li if ay witd a. ; —_ Lo deere PS Me Yee ao = a 7 — _ cota Te ee 7 a hn: (7s % ; eS ner OS Oh lt el : — 1 ent Re 0:3 . =i aw ne 7 Gael - 2, tig Peon ake . m a ae . iy Care t _& nlil _ ae ae : a ; 8. ene ney ABH vil 7 _ 7 Trtige fi : : ; pitt aif a OO HTTPS Mh e ‘ : : 7 i re 7 7 aaj et ahs }. ry ihn va ‘- a a _ 7 aie | i ' fEUe tle ee ; : a aU aeey = ; : Miah) : ve - 9a ne 0 ssenaty 7 a TBP v 7 ql — ] 7 ¥ ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES muCreek churches andvburiaism t= 12 Soe uae hes eae . Creek Ceremonial or Busk Grounds. a. General view of the Busk Ground of Chiaha Seminole, Seminole County, Okla., in 1912. 6. The Square Ground of Pakan tallahassee near Hanna, Okla., in 1912. c. The North or Chiefs’ Bed of Pakan tallahassee_-___.____.-__-- . Creek Ceremonial Grounds. a. The Square Ground of Eufaula (1912). b. The South (or Southeast) Bed of Tukabahchee. c. Tukabahchee Square Ground from the west entrance___-___-_--------_------- . Creek Ceremonial Grounds. a. Camp at ceremonial ground. b. The Chiefs’ Bed at Hilibi, winter of 1911-12. c. Cabin for the cer- emonial utensils, back of the Chiefs’ Bed at Eufaula__.____________ . Creek Ceremonial Grounds. a. Mound for the War and Buffalo dances in the old Tukabahchee Busk Ground near Melette, Okla. b. The Alabama Square Ground in the summer of 1912, looking northwest. c. The Square Ground of Liwahali Seminole in 1912, TOGKIN Oem OT: bh CAS Umass eee thes Eee pee thas ee ae MS . The Ceremonial Ground of Chiaha Seminole. a. The Chiefs’ Bed, looking north. 6. A view through the square, looking north. c. Wamprsitesnear the:squares aoe Men reL Ue oe ee 2 See . Creek Ceremonials. a. A Seminole home in Oklahoma. 6. Conjur- ing the medicine before a ball game. c. Ball players taking the TLS C11 CLT Ce sean cern eer er mee ena one ET A eS oe TEXT FIGURES . A typical Creek Ceremonial or Busk Ground, showing its relation to thescO wiles CALE REDS anULaIn) een ee ee eee . Ancient pattern of Creek Ceremonial or Busk Ground. (After Bar- TT, TN) a a ge re ee ee ml emt a eo aim ay ey ee . Later pattern of Creek Ceremonial or Busk Ground. (After Bar- SEE 00) ap ee es acta oo . Structure of the roof of a Creek teokofa. (After Hitchcock)_______ . One of the beds in the Alabama Square Ground as it appeared in the early part of the eighteenth century____.__.____------------------ . Plan of the Talladega Square Ground____-_--_--_---------------- . Talladega Ceremonial Ground (including Square) in 1912___________ . Plan of the Abihka Square Ground (near Eufaula, Okla.)_._________ . Plan of the Square Ground of Abihka-in-the-West_____-__________- . Plan of the Square Ground of Kan-teati__....._._.__..__.-_-________- . Conjectural arrangement of the Coosa Square Ground_____________- . Plan of a Creek Ceremonial Ground as given by Swan____________- . Plan of the Otciapofa Square Ground_____.-__-_-_--------_-..---- . Otciapofa Ceremonial Ground in 1912________------___--__--_--__- . Plan of the Square Ground of Tulsa Little River____-___-__--__-__- . Tulsa Little River Ceremonial Ground in 1911__-_- i ea A . Plan of the Square Ground of Tulsa Canadian____________________ . Plan of the Lutcapoga Square Ground (I)___--_-_-_-_-_-_-----_-- . Plan of the Lutcapoga Square Ground (II)____-__---_-_-_-_-_---- ; Plan of the Nuyaka Square Ground_—__.--_-=_ =) = Page 190 212 212 224 224 234 234 172 176 177 180 187 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 28 ILLUSTRATIONS Page ai; Nuyaka Ceremonial Grounding 902 2522s. dan ee eee 319 22. Plan of the Okfuskee Square Ground__=__=_2=___________ 220 23. Plan of the Abihkutcl Square Ground 2) 212 2 sues 221 24, Plan of the Talmutcasi Square Ground__._______.__________1____ 222 25.. Plan of the Tcatoksofka Square Ground_______.-__-______________ 223 26. Plan of the Pakan tallahassee Square Ground (I)______________.___ 224 27. Plan of the Pakan tallahassee Square Ground (II)_________________ 225 28. Pakan tallahassee Ceremonial Ground in 1912...__________________ 226 29. Plan of the Wioguiki Square Ground \(Dj2 2292. be ee a 227; 30) Plan of the Wiosutki Square Ground!(ED)eseo 245285 61 ee pes 228 ol, Wiogutki Ceremontal;Ground yin, 19125" 2) ee oe er 229 32, Plan,of the. Tukpatka square, Ground Ss cee 62s Gls ae ine 230 33. The old Tukpafka Ceremonial Ground as it appeared in 1912_______ Dail 34. Plan ofithe Squarei;Ground of Asilanabi.- Seeee ahh. ten. eat 232 85. The Asilanabi Ceremonial ‘Ground in 1912-2 to2 0 hse ea ee 233 86) Plan of the OkchaljSquare;Groundviotis js. os ee ae Pe 234 37. Okebai CeremonialiGroundyin W912 2a ae ee ee eee lea 235 38. Plan\of the Latogalga squaretGround 2242 232-28 em ele es 236 39, Lalogalea CeremonialiGround)in 10122 229.) 22 a 238 AQ: Planvof the Wiwohka Square;Ground) (De os. 255) Sa. eee 239 41; Plan of the Wiwohka Square Ground (II)__--_-._-22.4-4._-22J._: 240 42. Plan of the Tuskegee Square Ground (I)_____.__.._-___-_---___/__- 241 43. Plan of the Tuskegee Square Ground (I]T)___-________-_22- 22 LLL 242 44, Plan of the Square Ground of Koasati No, 2__________._-_-_______ 243 45, Plan of the Tukabahchee Square Ground (I)____._______-__________ 244 46. Plan of the Tukabahchee Square Ground (II)_____________________ 945 47. Plan of the Tukabahchee Square Ground (IIT)____-________________ 246 48. Tukabahchee Ceremonial Ground in 1912__.___...________________ 247 49. The old Tukabahchee Ceremonial Ground near Melette, Okla., as Tae ey onoxerenaeroL whan MONA Wek Bee ee ee eee eee eae one 248 502 Plant of theAtacinoquanes Grou dy (1) em ee eee ee 249 5, Plan of the Atasisquare Grounds (il)e e222 5 oe ee ee 250 52) Plan of the Kealedy Square Ground! ()ie 222522 2 eee 251 58. Plan of the Kealedji Square Ground (II)___-.-__.---_--=_--__._.. 252 54. Site of the old Kealedji Ceremonial Ground in 1912________________ 253 55, Plan of the Laplakossquare Grounds (255) 9 222 ee ees ee ee 254 56. Plan of the Laplako Square Ground (I])__.---.----..-----.-_--_- 250 57. The Laptako “rallying ground” used before ball games, as it appeared HC WE 6 Ip) rene eo a WE es eT ere oo = ant ee oes ee Oe 256 58. Plan of the Liwahali Square Ground _.......---+ 525 257 59. Plan of the Hilibi;Square Ground _ 3 -=__ =] 2220] - 12 2 eee 258 60. Hilibi Ceremonial Groumdyin 2912 _-- 2. 9-2-2 ee ee 259 61. Plan of the Eufaula Square Ground (I)__--_---_-+-------1.---_-- 260 62. Plan of the Eufaula Square Ground (IJ)______-_.__.._-_-.-._--_=- 261 635 Hutaulay Ceremonial (Groundiiny 19) 2 es ee ee 262 64, Plan’ of thesAlabama Square: Ground (2250 22 2s 2 ene 263 65. Plan of the Alabama Square Ground (IT)....___.----.-._--.--___-- 264 66. Plan of the Alabama Square Ground (IIT)_-__-----_-_-_-__-_--_-__- 264 67. The Alabama Ceremonial Ground in 1912_.__.___-_.-.---_....--- 265 68. Plan of the Kasihta Square Ground (from Hawkins) _-____--_---_-_- 265 69. Plan of the Kasihta Square Ground (from Gatschet)_____---_----_- 266 70. Plan of the Kasihta Square Ground (III)_-_-_-._---_____-__-_..__- 267 (iy Planvot the Kasihta square Grounds(L\V) e222 225-2252 ee eee 268 (2. Planvor the Okmulecensomane Grou le ay eee 269 ILLUSTRATIONS 29 Page . Plan of the Apalachicola Square Ground (Talwa lako) (I)_______-_- 270 . Plan of the Apalachicola Square Ground (Talwa tako) (II)________ Paral wblanvofnexruochitiisquaresGroundes a= 2 8 2. ee eae eet 272 . Plan of the Yuchi Square Ground. (After Speck)_______-_______- 273 ] Planrof the Coweta Square Ground: (1)-2--_._-_--....-.=----2_-___ 274 . Plan of the Coweta Square Ground (II)__-_______________-________ Dio . Plan of the Square Ground of Likatcka or Broken Arrow_______ ~~~ 276 . Plan of the Square Ground of Eufaula Hobayi (I)_______________- 277 . Plan of the Square Ground of Eufaula Hobayi (II)______________- 278 . Plan of the Chiaha Square Ground (I)____________________-____-_ 279 . Plan of the Chiaha Square Ground (II)_________________________ 280 . Plan of the Osochi Square Ground (I)__________________________ 281 . Plan of the Osochi Square Ground (II)_________________________ 282 . Plan of the Square Ground of Ochesee Seminole__________________ 283 . Plan of the Square Ground of Okfuskee Seminole________________ 284 . Okfuskee Seminole Ceremonial Ground in 1912__________________ 285 . Plan of the Square Ground of Tallahasutci Seminole______________ 286 . Tallahasutci Seminole Ceremonial Ground in 1912________________ 287 . Plan of the Square Ground of Hitchiti Seminole__________________ 288 . Plan of the Square Ground of Eufaula Seminole__________________ 289 . Eufaula Seminole Ceremonial Ground in 1912___________________ 289 . Plan of the Square Ground of Liwahali Seminole (I)______________ 290 . Plan of the Square Ground of Liwahali Seminole (II)_____________ 291 . Liwahali Seminole Ceremonial Ground in 1912___________________ 291 . Plan of the Square Ground of Chiaha Seminole__________________ 292 . Chiaha Seminole Ceremonial Ground in 1912____________________ 293 . Plan of the Square Ground of Mikasuki Seminole (I)_____________ 294 . Plan of the Square Ground of Mikasuki Seminole (II)____________ 295 . Mikasuki Seminole Ceremonial Ground in 1912__________________ 296 . Face painting used by the Tuskegee Indians. The spots in solid black represent red; the cross-hatched spots green____________- 297 . Head of a Creek warrior. (After Romans)_____________________- 406 . Arrangement of players at the opening of the Creek ball game_____ 462 . Alabama method of recording scores in the ball game_____________ 464 . Design marked upon a bear skin in preparation for an Alabama fpheate eee olbnove’ joyous = SSeS ee 469 . Preparation of ground for the Creek game of Tcato tcalitcka_______ 470 < ; : "e oa aw 1 Ba onal A ) - ; ' * oA : : fy4' ie ee ¢ a) fastieh: DYED: Lured aunt saltonteghe mad taht oF Cnt ead dig ice O ayprcnheaDyalq iy ds uss ‘a a grdeh iGesciyeese re ac = aN eeTLD. SPENT inode able ly She rT) ee A a OR nate UF wy ail We eee dane. xallt fieera ovaj fe ah dy i eumumeee ~ «oN LTA Dara), ne ee gttes a La eiseevahe: 0 Bas tpeaut Mo Sgetey oI * oe fa om Rene rr) Peay ibe: ‘Recail ¢ eaten ie ayia (Hy Bn Wowk y tte agg ol Wy ee Ue rr Re eee ets he Priston bie ie CAO Le ie LL sy : ers Cll tipke tea Pie eo wie take Py nat * - sual Y- Tele Hetieat eat = Vinee < pes Gavb te Ge sper andl Wend - iis ij TG qed = 1 8 WIT Reeairyiy Gabba roth wi _