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SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

OF THE

State Experiment
Station

OF THE
University of [linnesota,

TO THE GOVERNOR,

FOR THE YEAR 1896.

’ By Orro LUGGER,
Prof. of Entomology,
University of Minnesota.

DELANO:
THE EAGLE, PRINTING CoO., PRINTERS.
1896.

.
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SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

OF THE

State Experiment
Station

OF THE
University of [linnesota,
TO THE GOVERNOR,

FOR THE YEAR/ 1806.

By Orro LUGGER, PGi

Prof. of Entomology, /
University of aa i

N

Xe

DELANO:
THE EAGLE PRINTING CO., PRINTERS.
1896.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

STATE EXPERIMENT STATION, |
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.
January 1, 1897. j

To His Excellency, D. M. Clough, Governor of Minnesota:

Str—In accordance with the law, I have the honor to
present herewith my second annual report as Entomologist
of the Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota
for the vear ending December 31st, 1896.

Very Respectfully,
Your Obedient Servant,
OTTO LUGGER.

Sept.

Oct.
Dec.
Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

bo

He ee
eel eels Nl ell el © 20 Nl el ee Od

66
66

iii

FINANCIAL REPORT.

No. of voucher. Amount.

- To salary and labor during August..........
PON din Car ose O Las alesse eter nat.
BCR PLOSS (A. eh. 5 Yel ecti A sue inti Pea Rees Sat ay
AMBLER Namie Neng tee Rec Reiners eTaee «, soaalers tele
‘¢ jillustrations—O. Heidemann...............
HASTY SLES Roo Ne gO CP dog GSE de ty oe iH
Pelee Nmeos: Stencil INO, Site .t e's sar. occ. ese:
POUL GOW CEMA, 3.5. acegtidbae seer itne eee ss able
BEObCE AMA LUV OEY > oc. 6 i Rakrs sours tise ors Sin wis a sels
‘¢ 2,500 letter-heads and envelopes............
RETEL UP UOANE WEIL s .ns scare clettaeie tise videos saa! fs «
OLS lea MOM AMV ERGs) aie Neuroscus ceoledel darcheleecctavete) he
‘* Noyes Brothers & Cutler for insecticides,
Ghemicallis, .etCh ers aks Weuecce er cvejevel tents wish

‘* telegrams, street-car fare, meals...........
‘* Zimmerman Bros. for process plates......
‘* O. H. Peck for plates and chemicals.......
‘* Zimmerman Bros. for plates, etc...........
‘* Zimmerman Bros. for plates, etc...:........
‘* W.H. Gruenhagen for gasoline...........
PO Jehulseny ISTO Wore len Are Seayeloal 5, S dinate acoore
Peripmoyaylor s: Mayle t's 8.0. (6 score oaece ahs, «
UO"S Tax ouireillsen at(ol bin (21e\ ain em Oo Orb D Oe coo ore
‘* Bailey for stamps ($15.00), telegrams, ex-
[GIRDS EUOs Bac cpio ois Gérard ack Gut re Oe BIO .a\

PeG abe SteCher tm Ol DOOKS se yim Racers risers
‘* salary and labor during September........
** Minneapolis Photo. Supply Co............0..c0066
‘* O. H. Peck for chemicals and plates.......
Pep ON GOS Sewers cestksucin wish. valel ote raic vents is ial avaidie sceysher she
en CAMEOS fOmame aus aerate sce le ctesciet
os ie See eye ire ake ot bine a hee fds ce Sete weeps
pea Gee LE CHEE LOGNDOOK:S am.) eto oleic st> uckeneictars

o Heidemann for illustrations..
Zimmerman Bros. for chemicals, ‘plates, ete
trip to Taylor’s Falls (R. H. Pettit ) ph PUteRAD
expenses during August and September( Rh.
IFLR DULG) areas watt ca tua ueves Sees sre A eveveis cit tefare eve
tripto New Ulm.....................-.-.05-
trip to Mankato, Windom, Worthington. .
sleeper Worthington to St. Paul...........
street-car fare, telegrams and postage.....
Zimmerman Bros. for plates and slides....

Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. for sterilizer. .
O. Heidemann for illustrations.............
Ghee StLECHe Rb etOrMOO OKSpereamcrcrr wee ei ueyeres
Gah stechert for DOOKS-.qe- | eaie ee oes
M.J.O’Neil for Welsbach burner and stan’rd
salary and labor for October...............
O. Heidemann for illustrations............
Zimmerman Bros. for one pkg. opaque....
W. H. Gruenhagen for tools, screws, etc..
Crebi Sbechertn ORDO OKSHadteraciete s.r:
Zimmermann Bros. for plates..............
JOhMe Schmitt. Or WoOXES eer cie seen cyeela'+ 1s clers
O, H. Peck for two bottles Kloro..........

1-5 230.00
6 .20
7 5.89
8 .65
9 55.00
10 15.00
11 17s
1; (lots:
13 15.45
14 20.00
es 6.20
15 6.50
16 16.92
He 4.70
17 4.86
18 9.30
19 6,95
20 1.20
21 eve
22 18.50
a 1235)
23 8.50
24 19.50
25 41.32
1-3 160.00
4 1.90
5 8.08
6 4.60
7 2.60
8 2.00
9 85.01
10 55.00
iW 32.4.2
eZ 5.85
13 4.80
14 8.70
ae ane
15 Ags
ao 1.95
1 16.45
2 2.00
3 7.50
4 55.00
5 4.11
6 13.09
7 225
8-10 142.00
11 55.00
12 50
13 3.15
14 4.20
15 3.24
16 55.00
17 1.00

1895,
Dec.

Jan.
Dee.
1896.

Jan.

Feb.

April
Mar.
April

No. of Voucher. Amount.

New. York Hntomol? Journdlenecre sauce see 18 2.00
salary and labor for November............ 19-20 115.00
R. H. Pettit for meat, expr., etc............ 21 3.85
OX PVESS Ass. Hea retveicrs Sentence ee Pocters 22 1.60
POSUB LC Ak cry. Ge eae IA ENE eee ngte fat 23 5.00
Je Cy Carbuttsorita bloidshaepeemeci eres 1 1.85
W. H. Gruenhagen for hardware.......... 2 3.50
salary and daborstoniDece me encieeeeeree 3-5 180.00
OSCARS SSI ch riteee carers ecu accent Ioan ae coset ote 6 5.00
CY PO=WLbL Or. ae danse mee ie eee 7-8 23.00
Art Engraving Co. for illustrations........ 9 84.00
No. of Voucher. Amount.
Gabe Stechertiorbookse- = aaemece- cesar 10 18.48
ONE Peck forwkarsakipaper = ace seer 11 1.50
bitie:papers 2). ctrisntertertostinn: acum aeneees 12 .30
Minneapolis Photo. Supply Co. for chemi-
Calss lates ete ees tak tsiem iw cree eecnale cee 13 33.54
C. J. Ross, paper for illustrations......... 14 4.93
salary and labor for Jan. 1896............. 15-17 130.00
R. H. Pettit for express, toning-bath, ete.. 18 4.90
Thos. Eusby torvcabinets. css asco. sn wee 19 50.00
POSUADEN Lb Takats amotcepreede toler ae aga hele lesaiites 20 10.00
Bausch & Lomb, cabinet for slides......... 21 7.50
Kep-@ 0) 2)s{s Beers MOS bas TC RG TIRNS Of retro er O oe 22 6.50
expenses during Oct., Nov., Dec. and Jan. 23 8.65
Harrison & Smith, for printing Ist annual
POPOLU! a 515.5 shinesaaweteersos ahetkee atcha temeaten ters a 953.00
IN Vieni.) OUR tre caste Gacoeice eine ae mere 1 4.00
postage for mailing Ist annual report...... 2 30.00
salary and labor forghebs ewer oceans 3-5 180.00
W.H. Gruenhagen, for incubator.......... 6 12.05
Whitall, Tatum & Co. for jars and glass-

Aa f WER’ Seats. occal cunlh jal peptebahegeet ean ue Renee rare ie 24.17
J. A. Schlener & Co. for stationery........ 8 16.05
Jey Guth. tor bindin'a: OOkssnn creer 9 23.95
Zimmermann Bros. for plates, tablets, ete. 10 8.90
Art Engraving Co. for 24 cuts............. 11 15.45
salary and labor for March..............- 12-14 130.00
DY PO WHIEIND .. cine jain oe Beers we Sere etenesers 15 11.80
méat.-meall Cte.) sac..n.demtes as ih oe oe pal (5) 4.60
trip to Chicago to entomological meeting. 17 18.50
street-car Taree. os. stan neet eee a 2.80
Whitall, Tatum & Co. for jars, etc........ 1 9.42
Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. for micro-

SCOPIG ACCESSOLICSie eee ae peer 2 36.98
Qne Mange. cet aie MACE core et ne seen 3 .59
Bausch and Lomb Optical Co. for one Zeiss

Ley RO Re PI em PIS GiScn Maoas no eo CON 4 20.00
SM) Hartiforidrawinosee cae reese eee eee ») 7.00
Noyes Brothers and C utler for chemicals. 6 5.91
Ge Ee Stechert for books# esas ae aece eee 7 47.12
GE. Stechert tors booksie yee seemeee iene 8 14.26
Guth Stechert or bookss-ren-ee senor cee 9 4.58
W. Menzel & Son for caterpillar lime..... 10 5.25
W.H. Gruenhagen for material for gas

MACHINE. A UE. ccc nsje arene eke somata cea ae 1 7.80
Zimmermann Bros. for printing paper, ete. 12 5.00
Art Engraving Co. for illustrations ......, ‘ 18.40

May 2

July

No. of voucher. Amount.

Gubtave Poel for! BOOKS 1. Nacinccs fe atte a seins
Stevens and Robertson for Ross paper....
tn Mislenow fOr pots. Sa7 sakes. eee aatee ws
salary and labor for April... .....05.20%.
bripr tot ROCHEStere 20 nios oc ttignas wees Howe eee
G. Hargesheimer & Sons for chemicals....
ERPRCA Miartech Naam Pee eis ceca cinch:
postage, street-car fare, Ci... ....2--54-----
W. Boss for photo. micr. stand............
SU AIP Bi sistevsss st Shonen dispose eucletmbebesierets ciacichot sich scape evs cece
AAO Mbelays? THUG Na gogaonousovacesanonsacuadet
trip of two assistants to Excelsior..........
rao 00; EMM. 25 usu gate men «lable e aeae. a
Wi. H. Gruenhagen:for jars; ete.:..........
Wile NottiC on for tiubino nse:
Art Engraving Co. for illustrations.......
Harrison & Smith for circulars and labels
Zimmerman Bros. for plates, etc..........
Geli Spechert [or bOOKS: «...vio5.2-.052% sleste ds
GrlimiStechert fOr OOKS sc semen selects:
Grek srechertdfor bOOKSs. cae. tet -
ISTP ACOM NSW: WLI severe se eucecusessseetecesenmcneseent avast.
Lindig Bros. for meal, meat, etc..................
Salary and labor for May.........cccccccessceeseceees
Eire Mitta Pp LOTT OLA WAG. ..scyaeceskesstescaneaserersss
CORPS Greenest aces socks svc weaence depen tasavevaseceebeae
ErUGO Ne Wa Wiltaes.cesseccnsse st cucnssantesssenedecdescrooese
Noyes Brothers & Cutler for pill-boxes, etc
Hertz Bros. for hose and piston..................

Stevens & Robertson for paper and crayons -

DLO RUOMEIXCESTOLEsscvacceresl auvcteessteeeeseccacences cede se
ULM RUOMM LOW EI wescatccosescacsscorssdseotecoccesescaserceeseens
HO te O Wels: sees accontesse-eceeereconessecssedsceewoees:
Hotels iny WD MMGh ys: 22.2 caachetserscwsse cesettoceseerteceoehse
NO te leimelmerhiamiencsncceasctses ecectesseasccessensenetslness
LEIP ONO TEMES ramehitescs.-ccssseccesss-ssecses-6e0 en
ISHEEI0 01] OFS | cenostoceasoacunbsouoon so sucoesdencubonelecasacsudsapoognbor
PNG Mer cli On © Os ceneccteceecassssumecesie ster -sanauane ss
Salary and labor for JUMe.........2.. sss...
ENRON Seeememeecrcctstescecceaisescnsisccscaceactonsrstecnsanceceas
street-car fare, tele., boat, sleeper, bus,etc.
WOSTACE SLAMIPSie..cucenccwerssaecassresecessancseceeesseren=
eee Viewevart fOr Gd rawiMOSyec:.<csescssssttece se eecere
GapE stechert) Lore DOOKSiscccss-<-scce-ecosccrasesnss
G. BH: Stechert' for bOOKS!....-.:....-ce.eec--a5 02.
Ge Hie Stechert for 7 bOOKS?.ss2....2--2+--ce-=-o- 00-0
Geibeestechert for) bOOKSiire-.u..sccss-esnsseeseseos
Otto Heidemann for illustrations................
Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. for objectives
Zimmerman Bros. for slides...............ccss0se0
Artebnoravine CO. LOLNCUtSc-ssssc-ncscteeseoneenees
W. H. Gruenhagen for hardware.................
Lindig Bros. for meat, meal,etce..................
EXPOTERS Baecneractccs siet dcuses sucascteoctocseteracvestecccosessee>
salary, and labor for Sly s.2cc.00...:tecacssos seoasde
GUO SMO bskYs vel IDOL Ubasesertssscnssecousccccsneccarsn sors:

14 Delo
15 1.80
16 5.59
17-20 195.00
on Wales:
21 3.50
22 Beso
3.40

23 ao
1 15.00
2 .65
3 1.50
ne 6.10
4 9.00
5 1.00
6 19.00
Ul 25.00
8 2.10
9-10 46.40
11-12 9.25
13 14.27
8.30

14 6.85
15-18 180.00
19 19.00
20 QD
1 4.90
2 eo
3 4.75
4 Nevill
5 STK
6 5.70
7 4.00
8 3.00
9 4.75
10 3.98
11 15.00
12 31.10
13-16 365.00
17 at)
9.00

1 15.00
2 6.00
3 eae
4 -50
5 6.08
6 4.00
7 55.00
8 24.75
9 1.10
10 24.50
11 9.10
12 2.44
13 4.15
14-17 265.00
18 11.82

$4,985.51

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page
Letter lof: transmittal (0 jo. 2.isc:..iste. ceva eee otros ee I
Min ancial rEpOre so. 2 eed, 2.5 Lao SA Sion rote eee ee creak nc ee ence ee uI
Dable ~of combemter | s.20.05.5 a: sccckesce-cuscds lessee ceeds haa ee ene VI
Dpto Guth on ai eotie ceo dccpiegncaees tech aay earn eg ca Re a 1
Insects injurious im: USOC 35 ie Mei teesicee tte ees, «cele pea eee 3
The. .Chinch=bug tm 21.896 Po oe en cee kee ee ee 3
The, Frit-ily *-(Oscinés' sora SMiaieg 3) ete o05ccs coon se ee ee 6
The Wheat-stem Maggot (Meromyza americana Fitch)... .. 10
The Hessian-fly (Cecidomyia destructor Say)... Lee 11
The Army-worm (Leucania unipuncta Harv.) oo... ececcceeceees 14
The Erratic Army-worm ( Noctua fennica Tausch).. .00.00000..... 20

The White-grubs (Lachnosterna tristis Fab. and L. ru-
Goose, Mel sae) i. bo. scccecczcneauck ee hte Te OC ee 22
The Common Hairy Rose-beetle (Huphoria inda Linn. ) ...... 26
The Potato-beetle ( Doryphora decemlineata Say ) ....cccccccccccceee 27
The Domestic Cricket ( Grillus domesticus Linn. )..... 0.0.0.0... 28

The Box-elder Leaf-roller (Cacecia semiferana Walk.) in
VB OG oie sok Reecst dastthes liv eigs AA RL SE Se ee 3l
The Grape-vine Leaf-hoppers ( Typhlocyba spec. )...0... cece 33
Reportiot Naseer blew tbliiy usr ee sean eee 34
The Celery Tree-hopper (Cicadula 4-lineata Forbes )...0.......... 37
The Lilae-borer (Sesiad ‘syringe Harr.)...... ce ee 38
The Plum-gouger (Coccotorus prunicida Walsh)......0..ccccc.0 38
The Plum-curculio ( Conotrachelus nenumphar Hbst. )....00...... 41
Parasites of Man and Domesticated Animals eee ene, ta i ee eas 44
Introduction ooo flic.c.ceee ose eee 44
I. External Parasités.(CEpizoa)) oor. se ee ee 46
A. Face-mites. Black-heads. (Demodecide® )....... 0.00. ..ccccceccceeeeeceeeee 46
Face-mite of Man ( Demodex folliculorwm Sim. )............ Hosea 48
Demodex of the Dog ( D. folliculorum var. canis)... ccc 48
Demodex of theCat ( D. folliculorwm var. Cati) ........ccccccccccecseees 48
Demodex of the Hog (D. phylloides swis).....cccccccccccccecccesees coos 48
ReMOd 1S 3.5.1.5 eae ea ere ee 49
B. Teh=mites,.(\Sarcopiidee) io. ; tee tate ee ee ce 50
1. Burrowing Mites. <((Sarcoptes) space wy rae ete eae 52
Itch-mite of Man (Sarcoptes scabiei De. G. var. hominis)... 5d4

Remedies 56

Norwegian Itch-mite of Man ( Sarcoptes crustose Fuerst),., 58

vil

Seab of Hog or the Scale-bearing Itch-mite (Sarcoptes

SUH GT CUM ATS Ge SUES) ee Oa tN AIM Ce nea cee Fa aah tsetse se tce fcaees 58
Mange of the Horse ( Sarcoptes scabiet var. COU) a arenas eee 59
RETO GIGS ee ee) eee ee nee ears cin aeeee nese stenerstetateee 60
Head-seab of the Sheep (Sarcoptes scabiet var. 0vi8)..........004+. 60
ERETIMEA TES aa ies eeenee ae Aus cece ceased edi ove Pivine dil sanenlvwsvsioc sa 60
Mange of the Dog ( Sarcoptes scabiei var. CNIS)... ee oe 61
The Small Iteh-mite (Sarcoptes minor Fuerst) ........c.ccceeee 61
3 deiog terol cts) Me a pamngae MM A nc A Oe Caan Anya toes acct oe 62
The Chicken-seab (Sarcoptes mutans Rob. or Knemidokop-
ES VIVIPATUS PUerst )............nsecesesesecnes werencencesses ceereseeesepencenen cores 63
RemIe ONG SH ae Weert eres) ter ateceee eee ce al abn si ace eee te occt 64
2. Skin-eating Itch-mites. ( Psoroptes ) .........c..cccccceeeeeieees cree 64
The Common Mange of the Horse ( Psoroptes communis
NAT NMU CUI e techs seoe este ass saiedaizecedeSacerntsascetseoanaenenesenaeasconer saat 65
The Mange of the Ox ( Psoroptes communis var. DOUTSH meer. 66
LER ES SaVeGIT CIS W ae pa Re eno ene. Paes ernest a a cence Catenion 66
The Common Sheep-seab (Psoroptes communi, Tar. ovis).... 66
ERETIOUING Beer sae) saees oo ar eet catace seer ncro ee Gniavuee sue ceca 71
3. Sucking Itch-mites.(Symbiotes) (Chorioptes )........ccccecee ee aA,
The Foot-mange of the Horse (Symbiotes communis var.
IVE) a a oh Noe Op oe ape Bema ea a Ute recor nse Co os ear eee 76
The Foot-scab of the Sheep (Symbiotes communis var.
BUDS) oie aes Naa ee aia n sands doe ananehe’ sestecenadntn ar hzoaeneareweseaestecransee 76
The Ear Itch-mite of the Dog (Symbiotes auricularum var.
ICONES eet agen cee cas 2 ny che daneeddecccicen Maneve usec: «steer onovenryratenes tae 7
JBYEVGC/SVO NC STs at pele alk Ma npe pana aie aN yp oe Mase oR ch cree la
PSSA TN epee ect ete sak Read tae yn faeane Sees coon cewenashercueatnsncene kaseerctuace 78
C. Harvest-bugs. Jiggers. ( Trombidtide) 0.0... 80
The American Harvest-mite (Leptus americanus Ril. ).. ..... 82
The Irritating Harvest-mite (Leptus irritans Ril. )........ 82
The Harvest-bug of Europe ( Leptus autumnalis Shaw )......... 83
D. Gamasids. ( Gamaside ) oo... seceeseesceseeteesensectseeereenecnsenecneeteeteetees 84
The Chicken-mite or ‘‘Tick’’ (Dermanyssus gallince Redi. )...... 85
TENET OMe EIS oe eat dco tee Hanconooceecon A eres ay rere 5 tele:
(OVEIVETE™ sar HIE) 2-8 pnecbioadeass carencu sobces sche cope aco eberras0scesad BEES eaaosoL000 len cao Dar 87
BE. Ticks. ( Lrodider ).........cccccescecee scsessesesencencneceeee cneneee ¢ sreseeerenseenes sees 89
The Cattle-tick (Boophilus bovis Ril.) ........cccetseeeee eects 91
ATCO Sy ho Se eens eet agsceincpass Seehec mason cnmns Ssoet ce 92
The Common Tick (Dermacentor americanus L. ).........cccce 92
F. Sucking-lice. ( Pediculi) ..... cicce cecesseseseeerereeteeeeeseeeneeseeeeeneeneees 94
The Head-louse of Man ( Pediculis capitis DeGeer).............. 97
The Body-louse of Man ( Pediculus vestimenti each re: 99
The Crab-louse ( Phthirius inguinalis or pubis Leach) ............ 100
The Hog-louse ( Hematopinus wrius Nitzsch )........cceeee 101

The Horse-louse (Hematopinus asini Linn. )......... + eee 102

vili.

The Short-nosed Cattle-louse (Hemuatopinus ewrysternus

BB LIV AS 6) ce) Dota oe ert esty Pra ence ee Dei ears neat hs RAD A ern ae Bac 102
The Long-nosed Cattle-louse ( Hematopinus vituli Linn. )...... 104
The Goat-louse (Hematopinus stenopsis Burm. ) ........ 0... 2... 104
The Sheep-louse (Heematopinus ovis n. Sp. ).......cccccceeeeseeseceeees 105
The Dog-louse (Hematopinus piliferus Burm. ).... 0.0.0... 106

FReMedIOS (ie ss i ee neces Saceena ee pec ee ate core 106
G. Feather- or Hair-lice.( Mallophaga )..........c02. cessessscsssscssseceseseass 108

The Biting-louse of the Dog (Trichodectes latus Nitzsch)...... 110
The Biting-louse of the Cat (T'richodectes subrostratus

INDEZ BODY oa casccoo sein seecns coe eee eaten ote eet ce ee Ce ee 111
The Biting-louse of the Sheep ( T'richodectes —sphceroce-
poluollaus INGtZSCb (occ 3ossescces te vetcaeest ots cS see 111
The Biting-louse of the Cattle (T'richodectes scalaris
INFERS CHY os ces eee ie oak GE sated Serer ee eee 113
The Biting-louse of the Horse and Ass (Trichodectes
pilosus: Giebel rise B sa Bee eee es ee 118
The Biting-louse of the Horse ( T'richodectes parwm-
MULOSUS PIAL SE) oie x. oni escent easel eee bogevsad Momocnce oe eene neg ee 114
The Biting-lice of the Goat (Trichodectes limbatus and
i CLINIC ea a Sosa grat Togave dle sr tesctb seas nc tebais TRL UnO ne: See ne eee 115
Feather-lice infesting Chickens.
roniocotes hologaster Nitzseh., ......:v..ct.ctlenteaecadaceeetonaes 118
Goniocotes abdominalis Piaget... .............:::ccceesceeeesereees 118
Goniocotes burmettit, PAelk.cis.\cscctac200se-8base ese 119
Gontodes dissumilis: NitzSeby....-..2-..cc:. s-c.reiectsee 119
Lipewrus heterographus. Nitzseh..........:......csscessseeotsocsnseees 120
Tipewrus variabilis INitzsel.:....2).:..<<cactee 120
Menopon pallidum Nitzseh\.........c:s.000s ean 120
Feather-lice of Ducks, Geese and Swans.
Docophorus icterodes NitZsed. 2.2... .eescscecsececscseceecensoens 12]
Docophorus cygnt: Denny .e.. ..t6.s05es1 eee 122
Lipewnis tadorne Denny a0. 4.1. 5.28.8 eee eee 122
Tipewrus squalidus Nitzseb...... ......ccc.ccsc.ecssssesesessonesentes 122
Fapewrus onseris: Gurlt’7.,,5.. 42... cater ee 128
Enpeurus jejunius) INibzSCh =, ass eee 123
Ornithobius cygni Denny 75.0224. eckc... DR ee 123
Trinotum luvidum NitZsed. nn... .ccscessescseosseavoussee eases 124
Trinotum conspurcatum Nitzseh. oo... ceceseseeceeeees 124
Trinotum lttwratum Nitzseb ...........ccccssceeeecccsesssedeesesves 124
PTENOUUM SPOOL sideshows eee ees sdheanigdescbucstr ie ae Sena 125

Feather-lice infesting the Pigeon.

Goniocotes compar Nitzpeby 22..c...02..0° ieee eee 125
Goniodes damicornis Nitzseb. i022 22i.e ee. 126
Goniodes: “minor: Piaget nas): ee eee eae 126

Lipewrus dbaculuis Nitzseb......).....ccccsesscnesetsrsserreorusese 126
Colpocephalum longicaudum Nitzsch......... eee 127

H. Fleas. ( Siphonaptera, Pulicidee )
Human hea (euler wrtiians: linn: yee llc dossuseaccieseees
Dog and Cat-flea (Pulex serraticeps Gerv.) cece
Sandoeas (sarcapsylla penetrans: der Veo. sasecavecscosaccsteeteecaces
Hen: flea (Sarcopsylla gallinacea Westwood) 0.0... cc.

lool

J. Other flies. ( Diptera)

L. Bugs. (Hemiptera)

INEM @UNeIpIMSeCtse coset Se Me RE igi! eae I ead Prete ae
die

A. Five-mouths. (Linguatulide)

ix

Feather-lice of Peacock, Guinea-fowl and Turkey.

Goniocotes rectangulatus NitzseD io... ceceeceeceeeeeeeeees
Goniodes , jalcicornis NiZSC Ie, wave. 0. elites fansesrwasr eee
Goniodes numidianus Denny...............c.ccccecccsecseescoeeees
Gontodes: stylafer sINaiba Beh ee 2 ela le a
LipeUTUs umole ICON yg rend Sok ok Sy a eee
Tipeurus. polytarpezius Nitz8 Cb. o..........scscccssecoosstnoteseess
Menopon. -phoestomum, NitZsbe. 0 ...cccsscccsssoveeecosessenee
IMGRO DOI Mie ien SS Grin aera 8 4 ce tid ican aeons

Other Fleas

- Louse-flies. ( Hippoboscidoe, Pupipard).........c.cccc.ceceseoessee sesenes

The Sheep-tick ( Melophagus ovinus Linn. )
The Horse-tick ( Hippobosca equina Linn.)

5

The ‘‘No-see-um’’ or ‘*Punkie’’? (Ceratopogon sp.)

The Water Boatman (Notonecta undulata Say)
The Electric-Light Bug (Benacus griseus Say)

Mb Teale a eaAsbe san CH NOLO) pee ite wearer ene

The Common House-fly ( Musca domestica Linn. )...........00......
The. Blow-fly (Sarcophaga carnaria Linn. ) ..........cccccccccseceeeeeee
The Screw-worm (Campsomyia (Lucilia) macellaria Fab.)......
The Stable-fly (Stomoxys calcitrans Linn.).............cccccccscsecessees
hem seise=tival (Glossina MOnSiGiis) js. ses costes eens
The Blue-bottle fly (Calliphora vomitoria Li)... ceececeecceees
The Horn-fly (Hematobia serrata R. DeSv.).........cccccccc0cc00e coeee
Gad-flies or Breeze-flies. (TADdNIA@) ..........0..ccceccccceecsserecseseoceeee
The Blood-sucking Oscinis (Oscinis pallipes Loew)..............
Buffalo-gnats or Black-flies. (Sinulide@). .... .; ae eeans et eeees
MACvS RGN OPS: OM EGUMOEY) coon 2 ere shoes bev os tba bask adte vaabetSs ogeraeabutesk

Hhesped-pug(Acanthia: lectiularid, VW.) eee. ce tecteek ok

LTA NG OUD GRGTS CLOSES alae, Ene A I eed te Ro Ve

The Tape-worm-shaped Five-mouth (Linguatula teenioides) ...

The Nasal Bot-fly (Gastrophilus nasalis L.) ccc cececeseeeeeeee 217
VCE SCTE 60080 erat a, ee aera) tees eras eens 218
The'Sheep Gad-fly ((tsiris ams Ta)e2 50.4 ee ee 219
The Ox Warble-fly (Hypoderma bovis De Geer) 0... ecco 226
The Striped Warble-fly or Heel-fly (H. lineata Villers)... 226
PVEMEDIGS 52h ssc. stusde as eae hos cectuaae om ree es 226
Qther Botciies. .(Cuterevrayen 2 eee scsceete eee ott ee ee 227
snow-ily ( Chioneo, valga Harr.) o...s..cs:-.asccarsonaseese2ssoeassessepenseOOU
qi

INTRODUCTION.

The second annual report of the entomologist of the
State Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota
respectfully submitted to his Excellency, Governor D. M.
Clough, contains an account of some of the work performed
during the year 1896. Other work onlycommenced or part-
ly finished will be submitted later.

There remains for the entomologist the pleasant duty of
expressing his sincere thanks to all persons that have aided
him in his work but especially so his assistant, Mr. Rufus H.
Pettit, who has assisted faithfully in both the laboratory
work and the preparation of thisreport. Most of the illustra-
tions in it were made by him. Especial thanks are also due
to the different newspapers, who with unfailing courtesy
published all articles written for the instruction of the farm-
ers in regions infested by injurious insects. The Chicago, St.
Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha, the Great Western, the St.
Paul and Duluth, and the Northern Pacific R. R. Companies
also deserve thanks for their liberality in furnishing free
transportation over their roads whenever such was asked.

* y s
chp d

stk vv aie, hie UPR ti Ae ah
* . ny) ;4 A an mi’ 22, 4 gle Ses

INSECTS INJURIOUS IN 1896.

OTTO LUGGER

THE CHINCH-BUG IN 1896.

During the early part of the year 1896 but compara-
tively few chinch-bugs could be found in our state, and ow-
ing to the general wet spring many of those that had win-
tered over successfully became infected with a disease and
died. This happy condition did not, however, prevail every-
where, and some of the counties along the Mississippi and
Minnesota rivers started with a fairly large number of
these pests. Whether it is a coincidence or not one thing be-
came very apparent: wherever large numbers of the disease-
spores had been scattered during 1895, few chinch-bugs sur-
vived autumn, winter and spring; and in some localities,
where the bugs had been exceedingly numerous before, but
few, if any, could be found early in 1896. Numerous letters
that were received from farmers living in such localities
plainly proved that the bugs had gone, had been killed by a
disease, and on that account fewer boxes with disease-
spores were asked for in such places than the entomologist
would have been glad to distribute, if only to make assur-
ance doubly sure. It is a very unfortunate fact that if farm-
ers do not actually suffer losses caused by insects they will
not apply remedies against the few they know to be in their
fields, simply because these can not cause any great dam-
age; they do not bear in mind the wonderful fecundity of
their enemies and how rapidly they can multiply again and
overrun their fields. It is this fact that, among other
things, has assisted the destructive potato beetle in 1896,
and enabled it to multiply so that next year it will again
become numerous enough in many fields to cause losses. It

4 THE CHINCH-BUG IN 1896.

would be wrong, however, to claim that farmers alone did
not take time by the forelock; we all are apt to neglect pre-
cautions, and later have to suffer the consequences.

The climatic conditions of the season of 1896 were such
that the chinch-bug disease worked to the satisfaction of
all who tried it conscientiously, and if it had been more gen-
erally employed in all infested counties, a chinch-bug plague
could have been prevented for a great number of years, as
most of the few found in our fields could have been killed.

Soon after the abundant spring rains had ceased, and
the soil had become dry and warm, a continuous southern
wind set in, and this wind brought with it large numbers of
chinch-bugs. In some cases it actually ‘‘rained’’ chinch-
bugs, and in this manner many localities became again in-
fested. With normal weather the first generation of these
insects could not, however, become numerous enough to
cause any serious losses to the small grains. A circular sent
out at this time awoke many farmers to the fact that
spores of the chinch-bug disease could be had free of charge,
mailed to their post-office, simply for the asking; and num-
erous boxes were mailed in consequence. Where the con-
tents of these boxes were used according to the directions
and thoroughly applied, success followed; at least many let-
ters received at that time so stated, and it was too bad that
many more farmers did not at least try this remedy. Of
course those that expected success by simply putting a
pinch of such spores here and there in their fields did not
succeed, nor did they deserve to do so. No one can expect
success who does not diligently and intelligently work for
it! As long as there was a fair amount of moisture in the
soil, just so long the introduction of disease-spores proved
a success; but as soon as our dry summer commenced the
disease spread only in exceptional cases, and so slowly as to
do but little good. The continuous dry weather assisted
the chinch-bugs very materially, though they caused but
very little injury to the small grains, with the exception of a
few localities especially favorable to these sun-and-heat-lov-
ing insects. In some places the corn was invaded and suf-
fered more or less. As the autumn of 1896 was also a re-

THE CHINCH-BUG IN 1896. 5

markably dry one, everything was in favor of thechinch-bug,
and consequently large numbers are now with us snugly
hidden in such shelters in which they spend the winter.

The counties that suffered most from the insects were
Dakota, Goodhue, Wabasha, Winona and Scott, all, with
the exception of Scott county, located in the Mississippi
valley. Two boxes of spores, with instructions, were mailed
to each applicant and the following table shows how many
farmers applied for them in different counties:

Bite 1B AWE LE STORED NTE eaceqnoccade sooo ac eeoac EE ECae eee caer eee EEE ere otee 16 farmers.
SG ONUIRGO Ua tayo e arate cae wate nel ods cara sacoeise cco neoae tins eetaa ences 62 By
GW aira iC Tan COMIC Yaaers arias toaeenasseteoeseiene tenes codes sddeccun seoaceuneeetaeeeate 15k 2
DENISA) CO UNL Yao enc Se wisc a coa'aacdawess dhatsica donoeeseaairsigenstench« 14. St
AOC ATCO UMM Vir ce eoe cases. ou sass singe aes ie ing cu louse de sues’ shaved tice 194 great
MUSOU CN COME Wt nnee aheceae socccanescsecncesdel «aiechioacusvveeaaesaec rede sees 14 uf
WD OMI SHAS RC OMIM tay aaceae nase yoactace ed faa ee dekcnceshpeutean cameos noes so oseaes 8
1 PuillcoXOWEES (CLONE ena ocdee ec aacey one cee ree te rior consnerDee cee someceacrs 32 Cs
EO OCU es COTE Y,sssecc au tesve-cy stent Cede <dscahacoucuse tet enatectvasnancses 56 a
LCINIVE POI COMM Yr cecceececoe see sclon arts Svan avers osleciestemtesedecesesne cess 36 ‘
ILS (SHRUB. COED TIEN feces koasbheconeecet Gosnncee Baa REC eeeR acre Ronrcenccaaeaes Pp Y
IMO TAMMATING OLLIE sre. ccseach cso cvecdaetccsssecessauesdcctercecrescctancse rece Pari o
WUMISHEAGRCO Mt eenetec cee hoes sok sansa cee tee ra dete eaccaateeeectebs de Ses 27 e
ERCCM COMES ol. s Pret cetnt <coseccac d8S.cn van sawseve de - co ceareaecotucaebe 37 st
SEC LENG OMA taynane se seen cee onthe ctr os siciuah te aantesa use gsiccenseunceieeacaese 8 i
SSC Oita OTE LAV Zane sre sais oe cee eae Ciode's Gorsau occassion se soca atsrtoketeceesoseres NES
Wiel aislincin COtimtiyarcs sauces esac gcse scctcssuciavatesseceeeseeatocrsecetcasedts 235 a
NVicis atm SPOT COMM yareteatsseecusteaes ceeeteetcaetecsraeecnesereestea ences 152 Ps
RIVE fan CHIN RCO CIEE Via seecee oa esearer es concen sectensebtacvaystenboactbanteunceros 187
Mortal si, cct cesses stvesesdooueses 1,233

Farmers living not too far from the State Experiment
Farm called there and received large jars or boxes filled with
spores, and many owners of mills and of drug-stores also
obtained spores in bulk, so that they could distribute them
among farmers living in their neighborhood. Owing to the
liberality of the state, very large numbers of such spores can
be produced very rapidly, and there is now no excuse for not
trying this remedy on a fairly large scale. The spores were
grown as in 1895 in glass jars upon a mixture of sterilized
corn-meal and beef-tea. As long as fresh these spores are
very active, but they can not be kept over winter without
losing their vitality. This was disclosed by a number of ex-

6 THE FRIT-FLY.

periments. The jars containing such spores were kept over
winter in warm rooms, cold rooms, and out of doors; in
either case the spores could not be made to germinate in
spring, and only those that were taken from the bugs killed
by the disease could be successfully utilized to start fresh
cultures.

The question is often asked: does this fungus, the spores
of which are distributed, always kill the bugs? The more
the writer and his assistant have worked with this plant
the less do they feel satisfied with it as a remedy upon which
we can depend. No doubt immense numbers of chinch-bugs
are covered with the fungus in the fields where the disease is
found, but the question naturally arises: does the disease
kill healthy bugs or only those that are already feeble and
that would die whether the disease was present or not?
Notwithstanding the many very favorable reports received
from farmers that have used the spores it remains still an
open question whether it is not after all safer to use the
other remedies proposed in the First Annual Report than
to depend entirely upon the introduction of spores.

Fig. 1 (plate I) shows this injurious insect in its different
stages of growth. Asingle egg is shown inw,as well as others
upon the roots and upon a lower leaf. In / is shown the
very young bug, and in c, d, and ¢ the later stages, while 7
shows the adult and mature insect. All the figures are en-
larged; their natural size is indicated, however, by the hair-
lines near them, and bugs, natural size, are also shown upon
the stems of the infested plant.

THE, FRIT-BEY:
( Oscinis soror Macq.).

During the summer and early part of the fall numerous
letters were received from many parts of the state, in which
the writers complained about minute worms which infested
the stems of wheat just above a joint from three to four
inches above the ground. The specimens received at the
same time showed that, as a general rule, the first and
second joints of the plant were infested. Some farmers com-
plained that their crop of wheat was thus very materially

THE FRIT-FLY. id

reduced. The plants harboring these worms did not indi-
cate their presence until flowering time, but as soon as the
head began to form, the stem above the injured joint wilted,
turned yellowish and soon broke down entirely by bending
over the infested spot. All sorts of explanations were given
at the time, such as too rapid growth of the plant on ac-
count of excess of moisture in spring, lack of strength in the
stem, a blistering hot sun, and numerous other ones. But
when the infested stems were investigated it was found that
the worm had weakened them to such an extent, that when
the head was formed the plant became top-heavy, and broke
down at the weakest spot from force of gravity. This
breaking down was not observed by most farmers, but the
damage became visible after the grain had been cut and re-
moved, when very many heads of wheat were found upon
the ground, which had
broken down before har-
vest, and which conse-
quently were not cut by
the reaper. These heads
were either entirely empty
or filled with berries more
or less badly shrunken.
The bent or partly broken
stems were as a general
rule still adhering to the
lower portionoftheplant.
This bending or breaking
had taken place most fre-
quently above a node or
joint about three inches
from the ground. Just
Fig. 2.—Frit-fly: a, adult fly; 6b, larva or below this breakage, and
maggot; c, puparium, Greatly enlarged, the immediately above the
mark under fly indicating natural size. Origi- — | ;
nal. joint, the culprits were
found. In most cases but one puparium, but in a few cases
two, three, or even more puparia could be detected. Sucha
puparium (fig. 2,c) is the contracted and hardened skin of
the larva or worm; it is of a glossy chestnut-brown color,

8 THE FRIT-FLY.

shading to yellowish-brown toward the smaller end. If
closely inspected it shows faint traces of sutures or segments.
The illustration (fig. 2) shows the different stages of the
insect far better than words can describe them. These seed-
like objects contain at this time (Oct.) whitish larve, or
worms; and no pupe have been detected inside of them up to
this date. The larva, or worm, is also illustrated in fig. 2,
b; it is of a greenish-white color when alive and just removed
from the culm.

These puparia‘are very similar to those of the Hessian-fly
in its ‘‘flax-seed stage’’ and their resemblance has given
color to the belief that this injurious insect had found a
home with us, which unfortunately proved true, as will be
shown later. Judging from the fact that only pupz can be
found at this time it would appear asif this insect hibernates
in that stage. This is really the only one in which it could
well pass our northern winters, being inthat stage well pro-
tected by its old and thickened skin and by the stem of the
plant. The puparia are inserted in the material of the upper
part of the node, inaccessible to any moisture from the out-
side, as the stem above does not break off entirely but sim-
ply bends in a more or less acute angle a short distance over
them, thus preventing the entrance of water. Yet the culm
is sufficiently fractured to permit a free exit of the future fly
in spring.

As shown in the following question from Bulletin No.
23, the insect is not an entire stranger in Minnesota: ‘It
is not always easy or even possible to explain why
any one insect should suddenly appear in large numbers
over an extended area. It is only by a very careful and
long continued investigation that we may sometimes arrive
at a true explanation. Here it is readily found in the fact
that owing to the wet autumn of 1891, and the equally wet
spring of 1892, not much more than one-half of the usual
acreage of wheat was plowed, andinmany places the shocks
of grain had to be left upon the fields. Many inquiries plain-
ly indicated that in 1891 small patches of wheat had been
noticed which showed bleached heads long before harvest,

and no doubt these white culms harbored the insect BB

THE FPRIT-FLY. 9

noticed by anyone. Since the infested culms were left upon
the fields the resulting winged insects were not destroyed,
hence they issued during the spring of 1892 and greatly ex-
tended their domain. The very causes that killed off the
armies of young migratory locusts, i. e. excessive moisture,
protected this new pest.

“From the rather few facts which we possess in regard
to this insect in Minnesota one very important conclusion
may be reached. As the insects hibernate in the culms of
wheat in stubble fields, and very likely remain in that con-
dition until spring, simple remedies are available and can
readily be applied. All thatis necessary to kill the great
majority of these insects is to destroy the stubble at this
time of the year, or as soon as possible after harvest. Two
methods are feasible: burning the stubble, or plowing it
under. Burning can be practiced in some few cases, but in
many fields there is not sufficient material to do it thorough-
ly. Plowing, therefore, is our best remedy, and no field
should be left unplowed that contains such insects, or is
suspected of containing them. A very superficial inspection
of the fields will show the whereabouts of these insects, if
the owner has not already detected the broken culms or
heads. By splitting with a knife the joint just below the
broken culm the dark puparium will be readily seen. Or if
not, the discolored interior of the culm above will indicate
its presence, and closer inspection will reveal the culprit.
All fields that contain infested straw should be plowed, and
this as soon as possible to make sure of the destruction of
these insects; the rest of the fields can be plowed later. In
doing this we shall be sure of one thing: the insects, al-
though well protected against moisture, will come in lasting
contact with the moist soil, the broken tube above will be
filled with earth, and the fly can not escape the next spring to
carry destruction near and far.

“The damage caused by this insect in 1892 was by no
means small. In many places fully one-fourth of the entire
crop of wheat was destroyed, and in a great many more the
losses amounted at least to one tenth. As many places are
badly infested, the total amount is quite large, and if no

10 THE WHEAT-STEM MAGGOT.

steps are taken to prevent it a repetition may become ruin-
ously large in 1893.”’

Most farmers plowed their fields during the fall of 1892
or early in 1893, and consequently the losses in the latter
year were small, and in 1894 but very few of these insects
could be found. Thespring of this year, being very wet,
prevented extensive plowing, and the insects not being dis-
turbed or plowed under again became a pest and caused
considerable damage. The name ‘‘Frit-fly” is a well de-
served one, as the Swedish farmers call the worthless grain
resulting from the attacks of such flies: ‘‘frits.”’

The life-history of this insect is still very obscure in
many points and careful work is required to learn it.

THE WHEAT-STEM MAGGOT.
(Meromyza americana Fitch).

This insect (plate XIV) has again been destructive in
many parts of Minnesota, and it threatens to become in the
future a serious enemy to our crops of small grains. In
some parts of the state the late sown rye, which had made
but little growth during the autumn and which grew slowly
in spring, was greatly damaged, in some cases to the extent
of one-tenth of the crop. Wheat did not entirely escape,
and the plants infested by the insects showed their presence
by their small size and general weakly appearance. An ac-
count of the life-history of this insect was given in last year’s
report, so it is not necessary to discuss now its habits in de-
tail. Many points in this life-history are still obscure; as
yet we do not even know how this insect passes the winter
in Minnesota, or where. In 1896 it could be found in many
regions of the state, and the prominent white ‘‘bald heads”
were not difficult to find. Large numbers of the infested
stalks, especially those of rye, were kept in proper vessels to
see whether parasites were numerous enough to promise
assistance in the near future. But few were discovered,
however, and thus far the only remedy we have is a syste-
matic rotation of crops.

THE HESSIAN-FLY, ap

THE HESSIAN-FLY.
(Cecidomia destructor Say).

This insect, perhaps for the first time in its history, has
caused considerable losses to the farmers of Minnesota.
Contrary to allexpectations it has found a home in our
state, but very likely only for a short time. A large area is
infested, but especially the western part of central Minne-
sota, from Brown’s Valley to the Mississippi river at St.
Cloud. Farther north and south the fly is found in lesser
numbers, and only few occur in the northern part of the Red
River valley and along the Iowa state line. The damage
in some places amounted to more than 25 per cent,in others
to 5 per cent and less, but on an average our farmers lost
from 5 to 10 per cent of their entire wheat crop. This is a
very serious loss and one requiring close attention on the
part of the farmers to prevent in future. The writer is
glad to state that in many places a number of different par-
asites have been exceedingly numerous and active and have
done such good work that the majority of the destructive
flies have been destroyed.

Fig, 3.—Hessian-fly: 1, adult female; 2, abdomen of male; 3, pupa removed
from puparium (flax-seed); 4, puparium; 5, larve; 7, pupariain position. All en-
larged excepitng 7. (After Taschenburg).

As the history of the Hessian-fly has already been given

in last year’s report it is not necessary torepeat it here. An
illustration of its various stages is given in fig. 3. In south-

12 THE HESSIAN-FLY,

ern states this insect is double brooded, and hibernates in
the flax-seed stage in winter-wheat, volunteer-wheat and in
other plants including, possibly, some of the larger grasses.
But this is their habit only in the south: here the insect
must lead a different sort of life, for instead of being double-
brooded it is single-brooded. This could be expected from the
conditions prevailing in the greater portion of our state,
but we have had no proofs thus far. Of all the infested
stalks gathered as soon
as the injury became
visible, not a_ single
Hessian-fly has issued,
and numerous puparia
(the flax-seed stage)
are still unchanged in
the breeding-cages.
This assuredly seems to
indicate that the flies
Fig. 4—Female of Merisus destructor Say. do not issue during the
edad laa autumn, as they do fur-
ther south, but remain in the culm until spring. Another
proof, though not a safe one to depend upon, is the fact that
no larve or puparia could be found in the volunteer plants
of wheat growing near fields that had been badly infested.
The many puparia kept in properly constructed breeding-
cages gave forth, however,
very large numbers of para-
sites. Three different species
were raised, and in such
numbers that in some cases
nearly all the Hessian-flies
had been destroyed in the
puparia. Two of the para-
sites are shown in the illus-
tration. Fig. 4 represents a
female of the most common ; i
ape Fig. 5. gate of Eupelmus allynit
parasite (Merisus destructor French. Enlarged. Original.
Say) and fig, 5 the male of (Hupelmus allynit French). The
female of the latter occurs both with and without wings.

THE HESSIAN-FLY. i133

A third parasite (Polygnotus hiemalis Forbes) was also raised.
It is very small and six of them found sufficient food to pass
through all their metamorphoses in a single puparium of
the fly. In fig. 6 is shown the broken off culm, the
puparium of the Hessian-fly, and the small cocoons of this
minute insect still fastened to it.

To find such numerous parasites is a very hopeful out-
look for those farmers upon whose fields the
straws containing them were gathered, and
it is a very good thing for the entire state
that these parasites are very numerous in
many counties infested with the Hessian-fly.
Straws received from other districts show
fewer parasites, but not a single field was de-
tected in which these useful insects were en-
: tirely absent. Their presence is easily detect-
Fig. 6—Pupa- ed as they make a perfectly circular hole

i fA fl
with Gx conn through the straw to reach the outside of

lareed, ‘Odeinat their prison; such holes are as large as a
perforation made with a sewing necdie.

To show where the puparia are located in the culm of
the wheat-plant, fig. 7 has been pre-
pared. At «are shown the puparia; to
the right three are exposed by remov-
ing the base of the leaf, and above it
to the left their presence over the
first joint is indicated by dotted lines.
It will be seen that the culm breaks
down above the infested place, and in
such a way as to prevent the entrance
of moisture.

If this dangerous insect is_ single-
brooded in Minnesota, a point now al-
most definitely settled, a remedy is very
simple, and, in most years, can be ap- te OME olpabaeaG)
plied without any extra expense or lab- Sera) dadune wecuen an
or. The insects. hibernating in straws ee alae. Ode
usually just over the first joint, remain "*"

in the stubble until early spring, when they hatch and de-

14 THE ARMY-WORM.

posit their eggs upon young growing wheat-plants. The
exact time when this takes place in Minnesota we do not
know at present. To prevent the pupz inclosed in the pupa-
ria from hatching, early plowing in autumn is necessary. In
doing so the stubble containing the insects is plowed under,
and the puparia and enclosed insects are in constant
contact with the moist earth; this will either destroy
their vitality, or the soil will become packed so tightly
around them that the very delicate adult insects can not
issue. Ifthe stubble could be burned soon after harvesting
the great majority of these injurious insects would be de-
stroyed.

It is still an open question whether the growing of win-
ter wheat will increase the danger of introducing the Hessian-
flies and of furnishing them the proper conditions for exis-
tence. Ifthe insect is single-brooded then the growing of
winter-wheat will make no difference whatever; if double-
brooded we furnish the insects with an opportunity for a
second generation.

Notwithstanding the fact that the parasites have done
such wonderful execution and have killed the great majority
of the Hessian-flies, every farmer should bear in mind that
these insects rapidly increase in numbers, and he should not
run the risk of depending upon these small friends but plow
his stubble-fields as early and as thoroughly as possible,
since in doing so he will employ the only method that can
protect him against this pest. Some years ago a female fly,
just leaving the puparium, was dissected, and it was
found that it contained 238 eggs. This shows how rapidly
this pest can increase if conditions are at all favorable.

THE ARMY-WORM.
(Leucania unipuncta Harv.).

Many of thenewspapers published in our state contained
in the middle of July and the first week in August many very
gloomy accounts of a cut-worm which threatened ruin and
destruction to every green thing, but which preferred wheat,
oats, corn and grasses to other plants. Not only our state
but a number of others were equally injured by large armies
of these insects. All parts of Minnesota were infested, even

THE ARMY-WORM. 15

the as yet unsettled region in the far north, and people going
there to cut wild grasses for hay came back very much dis-
gusted, for instead of finding grasses they found multitudes
of such worms. As some of the descriptions given by the
newspapers would fit almost any crawling thing in nature,
Mr. Pettit, the assistant, made a trip to Northfield on July
20th, to ascertain the real character of the worm and to see
the extent of its depredations, as well as what means were
necessary to stop their ravages. In this special case the
army-worms were found in large numbers covering an area
of from four to five square miles near the city, and in scat-
tered patches over at least twenty miles in all directions
from it. Upon some farms they were so numerous and de-
structive that it did not pay to harvest the crop, while on
other farms one-quarter to one-half of it was destroyed.
The grain being almost ripe, the greener portions of
the fields contained the largest numbers of such worms,
though they were also quite numerous in the other parts of
the field. In some cases the oats were already cut and
shocked; this did not, however, stop the depredation of
these worms, for they climbed the shocks and destroyed all
accessible grainin them. Asa general rule the worms com-
menced their destructive work about seven o’clock in the
evening, and continued it until morning. As stated by the
assistant, the general direction of the moving armies was in
most cases toward the north. Mr. Geo. Lyman had a large
field which was completely destroved; to protect his unin-
jured grain in other fields he plowed five ditches between the
uninjured ones, turning the furrows toward the advancing
worms, and in this manner prevented the worms from reach-
ing the fields not yet invaded. These ditches stopped very
large numbers of the army-worms. The same plan was fol-
lowed by a number of other farmers, and whoever adopted
it had good results.

In a number of other places where the plants were al-
ready nearly mature, or were badly rusted, only the husks
were green, and these were greedily devoured by the cater-
pillars, thus exposing the immature kernel. As is usual the
army-worms had already done most of the damage before

16 THE ARMY-WORM.

their presence was discovered. Some fields, that looked very
promising in the distance proved on closer examination to
be very badly injured by having the berries exposed to the
drying influence of sun and wind which shrunk them badly.
A closer inspection of all fields showed at once that the
worms had been at work for some time; in fact they had
eaten up all the foliage and the ground was thickly covered
with bits of leaves and the frass or droppings. In most of
the fields the caterpillars were not forced to migrate on ac-
count of lack of food, as enough of it was still left to enable
the almost full-grown worms to mature. It seems a sort of
instinct that prompts them to move away from such fields
and to move toward new pastures. The armies thus formed
are not composed even of social insects such as the tent-
caterpillar, but are more like a mass of individuals routed
by a common enemy. All worms run away and do so re-
- gardless of their neighbors. When
we look into the matter a little
more carefully we find, as a gener-
al rule, that it is not simply hun-
ger that prompts them to wander,
but that they are frequently har-

eaten nine ee Maen assed by numbers of parasitic in-
worm. Enlarged. After Walsh. sects. Out of ten worms picked
up we may find at least six or more that harbor
in their insidé the maggots of flies or of small
parasitic wasps. In one case fifty worms were picked up at
random and forty of them showed the peculiar china-white
and glossveggs of a flyshown in fig. 8. The adult tachina-
fly (Keorista leucanie Walsh.), a little larger than a common
house-fly, could also be observed in large numbers near the
army-worms. It would dart toward an intended victim
and notwithstanding the fact that this always tried to es-
cape, the fly would succeed in fastening one or more eggs
upon its neck. The maggots hatching from such eggs pen-
etrate into the worm and there feast upon the material
stored up to produce the future wings and other organs of
the adult army-worm or moth. Other parasites were also
very numerous, but their methods can not as readily be ob-

THE ARMY-WORM. 17

served. The one shown in fig. 9 inserts a number of eggs
in the army-worm and the resulting cocoons, which are of
a white color and surrounded with loosesilk, could be found
everywhere in the fields fastened to all kinds of plants, to
sticks and even to loose pieces of sod. The illustration
shows some of these cocoons fastened to a leaf, a single co-
coon greatly enlarged, and also the adult parasite, (4Apan-
teles congregatus Say), which leaves the cocoon by a neatly

Fig. 9.—Apanteles congregatus Say; its cocoons, natural size, and a single
cocoon with loose cap. Enlarged. Original.

made circular opening covered by a tight-fitting lid. When
we dig in the ground after the larger part of the army-
worms have disappeared, we find, besides the red pupa of the
army-worm and a large number of dying ones, also numer-
ous very tough, brown, oblong-oval, silken cocoons from
which the parasite (Ophion purgatum Say) shown in fig. 10
issues in due time. When we visit a field invaded by army-
“worms we soon see that the worms have by no means every-

18 THE ARMY-WORM.

thing theirown way. By watching them after dark we
may see numerous black beetles chasing and grabbing them
with their large and pointed mandibles; and after sucking
them dry, dropping them for other victims.

A large number of birds are attracted to invaded fields
and, though the worms usually hide during the day, they kill
large numbers of them. Our best friends in exterminating
these noxious worms are, however, such nocturnal mammals
as shrews, skunks, weasels, and even gophers, which devour
large numbers. Considering all these facts we realize that
notwithstanding the vast number of worms in such armies
but comparatively few of them reach the adult stage, and it
is the experience of most observing people that one army-
worm season is not usually followed by another one.

The life-history of army-worms is essentially that of the
common cut-worms. In reality they
are nothing but cut-worms crowded
together in large numbers by favor-
able conditions, and doomed, on that
account, to suffer. Army-worms can
be found in every season, but in nor-
mal years they do not act as army-
worms, but lead the life of a common

aia eahletey is ee cut-worm. The adult insects, one of
sual Say, A LUEAL SIZE which is illustrated in fig. 11 (plate
II), fly. m -Minnesota* front .the «middle of June am
late in September, in fact some have been captured
as early as May 19th and as late as Sept. 29th. In some
cases large numbers are attracted to fermenting liquids,
while at other times only solitary specimens can be seen. It
is usually claimed that there are two annual broods of these
insects in Minnesota, but we have been unable to verify this
statement, and only know from experience that we can ex-
pect army-worms in a summer following a wet spring.
Why this is sois not known. The metamorphosis of the
army-worm can be given in a few words: the eggs, which
are deposited early in the night, are thrust by means of a
horny ovipositor between the folded sides ofa blade of grass;
usually fifteen or twenty eggs are glued together. Each fe-

THE ARMY-WORM. 19

male can deposit from 500 to 750 eggs, which hatch in the
course of six to ten days, according to the prevailing tem-
perature. The young larve, which move like geometers on
account of the rudimentary first two pairs of prolegs, feed
as soon as born and, as true cut-worms, only during the
night, so that there may be millions in a field unknown toits
owner. They require in warmer regions about onemonth to
reach their full size. The full-grown caterpillars vary greatly in
color and general appearance, but usually they have four lat-
eral, almost equally broadstripes, of which the upper two are
white, the lower two yellow. The only characteristic fea-
tures of these caterpillars is their possessing a highly pol-
ished head mottled with confluent dark dots and marked by
two darker lines, which commence at the corners of the
mouth, approach each other near the center and recede
again behind. A full-grown army-worm measures 1%
inches. Entering the ground, it transforms inside of a cell
ofearthinto a rather stout pupa of a shiny mahogany-
brown color measuring three-quarters of aninch. With us the
insect hibernates asa partly-grown larva. The food consumed
by the army-worm consists of grasses and cereals, including,
of course, corn. During their wanderings from one field to
another the hungry worms will bite into all sorts of plants,
and may cause considerable damage if they pass through a
- field of flax; here they will bite off the seed-pods without,
however, utilizing the plantsforfood. Thisbad habit makes
the worm also very destructive to oats since in this case
they also bite off the loosely arranged kernels and thus in-
jure more than they eat. The usual way of catching army-
worms is to trap them in ditches and dispose of them there;
this can be done in various ways and one of the most simple
is to partly fill a ditch with straw and when fairly filled
with worms, ignite it after adding some kerosene-oil. An-
other way is to drag through such a ditch a shortlog which
will grind up the worms and at the same time keep the sides
of the ditch in a smooth condition which prevents the worms
from crawling outagain. There areotherremedies by means
of which the worms can be destroyed by fire or by poisoning;
ditching is, however, the best and most simple remedy we

20 THE ERRATIC ARMY-WORM.

have. Instudying the road traveled by the armies of such
worms we can usually detect where the majority of them were
born, and find, as a very generalrule, that this isanoldstraw
stack. It seems to have wonderful attractions for this in-
sect, and this being the case the removal or disposal of these
useless or unsightly objects is anexcellent method to prevent
an undue increase of army-worms. The illustration shows
the adult insect, a pupa in its underground cell, and a larva.
in the act of eating off the chaff from an ear of wheat.

THE ERRATIC ARMY-WORM.
(Noctua fennica Tausch).

As has been stated betore, almost any species of cut-
worm, favored by exceptionally good conditions, may be-
come a veritable army-worm. Early last spring reports.
reached this office that the country about Hinkley was in-
vaded by immense numbers of caterpillars which devoured
every green thing upon the face of the ground. At the invi-
tation of a gentleman from that place, and also prompted
by curiosity to see this new army-worm, the entomologist
paid a visit to the invaded region and studied the worms.
The great majority of these caterpillars which are shown in
fig. 12 on plate III, had already disappeared and only com-
paratively few were still found running about in search of
food (fig. 13, plate IV). The'caterpillars are velvety black with
a number of longitudinal yellowish lines and havea brownish
head. The presence of these worms was painfully evident
as they had devoured everything in the nature of a leaf, and
had, prompted by hunger, even eaten the young bark of such
plants as poplars, willows, cherry, sumach and others (fig.
14, plate IV). All the foliage of the plants that had found a.
home in this region since the great fire in 1893 seemed to be
to the taste of these worms. They preferred, however, such
plants that are bitter, hence the foliage of cherries, poplars,
willows and sumachs was the first to be eaten; after these
plants had been denuded nearly all others were devoured
and only certain grasses fared better. Owing to the rainy
spell numerous pools of water had been formed in which,
like islands, were some young trees, but even these had been.

THE ERRATIC ARMY-WORM. 21.

discovered and defoliated by the hungry worms. After the
wild plants had been denuded the worms made for the gard-
ens and cultivated fields; inthe former they destroyed all
plants, preferring onions, which seemed to be particularly
to their taste; in the latter all the small grains, just appear-
ing above the ground, were eaten and even in large fields not
a vestige of such plants could be found. Naturally the farm-
ers, chiefly newcomers, were greatly alarmed about this in-
vasion and many feared a repetition of the trouble. There
is, however, no reason whatever to be alarmed, as the same
conditions that assisted so much to multiply the worms may
not occur again in many years. Nor was the actual dam-
age done very great, as all the wild plants soon recovered
and in time made a denser growth. The cereals, which had
been cut down to the very ground, assisted by the moist and
warm days following this invasion, not only recuperated
but were in some cases even improved, as they stooled better
than those not cut by worms.

An investigation of these caterpillars showed that most
of them were healthy and but few parasites could be found.
This shows very clearly that this insect had increased very
recently and very suddenly to such alarming numbers. The
only parasite found was a small wasp, the Meteorus vulga-
ris Cr., and even this insect was by no means very common,*
Soon after the visit of the entomologist, in fact within twen-
ty-four hours, all the worms had entered the ground in the
usual way, had made for themselves cells inside of which
they transformed to light-brown pupe. The adult, which is
rather a pretty insect and very different from the common
army-worm, issued about ten days later. The illus-
trations on plate III show the different stages of the in-
sect. Although large numbers of the moths were kept in
captivity and fed with sweetened water, none deposited eggs.
In fact they were exceedingly wild, and though chiefly ac-
tive at night, were also wide-awake during the day.

Judging from experience in the past this moth is not
liable to be numerous in consecutive years. Only once
before has it occured in such numbers as to deserve

_._* A tachina-fly, andtwo other parasitic flies were also bred from these cater-
pillars, viz. Anthrax, alternata Say and Psilocephala hemorrhoidalis Macq.

22 THE WHITE-GRUBS.

the name of army-worm, yet for a number of years
it could not be found in the same region except by a
trained collector. Here in St. Anthony Park it flies in large
numbers from June 29th to Aug. 26th, and as the moths
gathered on sugar during this time are all in fine condition
it shows conclusively that they are constantly hatching
throughout these three months. This insect was also found
in great numbers at Duluth.

THE WHITE-GRUBS.
(Lachnosterna spec.).

During the past few years a number of beetles proved
very destructive to various cultivated and wild plants.
Some of these were old and well-known offenders, while one
species, a rose-beetle, formerly quite uncommon in our state,
appeared in large and destructivenumbers. Most of these beet-
les belong to the well-known family of insects usually called
WHITE-GRUBS, JUNE-BUGS or MAY-BEETLES. The genus Lach-
nosterna, Which comprises beetles of this kind, is a very large
one, and quite a number of species belonging to it occur in
our state. Only two species, however, are very injurious,
both as larve and adults; the smaller, Lachnosterna tristis
Fab., is sometimes found in immense numbers in the vicinity
of oaks, while Lachnosterna rugosa Melsh. occurs throughout
the state. Fig. 15, plate II, shows both species of may-
beetles. Early in June, when we pass a grove of oak trees
at dusk, we sometimes hear sounds that seem to indicate the
presence of bees in full activity, but as no bees fly at night
we soon detect that this peculiar sound is not produced by
them but by the first of the above named beetles. They do
not measure much more than half an inch in length, and are
distinguished from all other may-beetles found in Minnesota
by their pale yellowish-brown color, which has a red tinge
on the head, thorax and legs, and a more yellowish one on
the wing-covers. The insect is quite hairy, especially if
viewed from the side; these hairs in a fresh specimen are
of a golden-yellow color. During the day none of these in-
sects can be found except by digging for them in the ground,
and even then it is merely done by accident. Toward even-
ing, however, they leave the ground and fly to the nearest

THE WHITE-GRUBS. 23

oak-tree, especially white-oak, the foliage of which they seem
to prefer, and here they gather in very large numbers and
their presence is soon indicated by the ragged appearance
of the foliage of the trees. This time of feeding is followed
by a love-feast, and numerous pairs will be found mating if
we goto the trouble of investigating the oak-trees during the
night. Early in the morning all beetles leave the tree and hide
in the ground by digging their way into it to the depth of
one or two inches; here they rest during the day but leave it
at dusk to repeat their destructive operations for a number
of nights. Meanwhile the eggs become large and have to be
disposed of, and for this purpose the females dig their way
among roots of plants and deposit here and there these large
and almost transparent objects. To obtain such eggs it is
only necessary to gather a number of beetles and to put
them ina flower-pot filled with moist and loose soil. A
large number of eggs are laid, which soon hatch into small
and almost transparent larve that feed upon the roots of
many kinds of plants, but especially upon those of grasses.
These young larve are very tender, and resemble an irregu-
lar drop of water surrounded by a very delicate skin. As
they grow older they become whitish, with brown heads
and legs, and possess the well-known form of the so-called
white-grubs shown in the illustration (fig. 16, plate II).
After feeding one or two years, according to the species, they
reach their full size, and now transform into pupz, which
already indicate in a general way the future form of the
adult beetles. Here in Minnesota the pupa is formed late in
summer or early in autumn, and changes soon afterward to
a beetle, which, however, never leaves the ground until
spring. Itis not at all uncommon that such beetles are
plowed up in autumn; when thus exposed they are very
pale in color and very much softer than in spring, showing
that they are not yet entirely mature. If exhumed during
autumn they gradually work their way back into the soil,
but do so ina very slow and awkward manner, and thus
are so much exposed in the shallow and poorly made cell
that they are killed by rain and cold. Ifthe cells they form
around themselves aslarve for hibernating purposes are not

24 THE WHITE-GRUBS.

disturbed, however, no amount of rain or severe cold will
injure them. The old belief that insects go into the ground
simply to protect themselves against cold is difficult to be-
lieve, for if they had to go below the frost-line in Minnesota
they would have to go eight feet deep, and would have to
be equiped with wonderful organs for such a purpose.

A second and much larger species is very destructive in
our state; it occurs both in the wooded and in the prairie
region. Itis Lachnosterna rugosa Melsh., a reddish-brown
smooth beetle with a very rugose thorax. It is shown in
fig. 15, plate II). Thisis the white-grub that causes the
most damage in our state and whose larva is so frequently
mentioned in agricultural and horticultural papers. During
the past season this insect has been especially destructive to
lawns, and has caused a great deal of annoyance to those
in charge of our public parks and cemeteries. In one case
many acres of the most perfect lawns were destroyed in a
cemetery, where large patches of grass turned yellow; when
such spots were investigated it was found that the whole
sod could be lifted from the ground, the grubs having cut
off all the roots. The illustration showing the white-grubs
(fig. 16, plate IIL) was taken from such larve found in the
act of cutting off the roots. They, as well as those of related
species, do not move in the usual way by means of their
legs, but push themselves forward in a peculiar way by
a wriggling motion of their backs. In other words the lar-
ve use their backs for locomotion, and their legs are simply
utilized to pull the roots of plants toward their yery hard
and horny jaws. When we look at the peculiar shape of
white-grubs we can clearly perceive why the legs are not
used for locomotion, nor is much locomotion required, as
they live underground in very short tunnels where they need
to move but little, being surrounded by plenty of food.
Some of our cultivated plants suffer very severely from the
attacks of these insects and this is especially true of such
plants as strawberries, and whole fields of them are de-
stroyed from time to time. As these larve live under the
ground they are not readily reached by insecticides, and
consequently they can not be be poisoned like potato beetles

THE WHITE-GRUBS. 25

and others. Nor can their presence be readily detected, and as
ageneralrule most of the damage is done before we realize the
cause of it. Wesee plants die and then by digging in the
ground we find the culprits. There are a number of reme-
dies, however, that can be used in case we detect the pres-
ence of such white grubs in time; for instance, if we find
yellow spots in the lawn and on examination find the white-
grubs, we can under certain conditions kill them, providing
the soil is not a heavy clay and is not soaking wet. In a
dry and sandy soil the application of a strong kerosene-
emulsion, immediately followed by a drenching with water,
will carry the oil down to where the soft insects are and kill
them by contact. Four or five days after the application
we find the grubs dead and black. In cases where these in-
sects have already killed the sod we can use pure kerosene-
oil and follow this with lots of water tocarryit down. But
after all one of the best remedies is to plow up the infested
fields and give the enemies of the white-grubs a chance to
eat them. All birds and mammals are exceedingly fond of
these fat grubs. Wherever the latter are present in our
prairies they attract large numbers of sea-swallows as soon
as the fields containing them are plowed. Our black tern
makes it a business to follow the plow for the sake of pick-
ing up such delicate morsels, and we see these birds con-
stantly darting to the ground for this purpose. Wherever
crows abound we find them also engaged in this good work
and numerous other birds have the same beneficial habits.
Such animals as skunks, weasels, shrews, gophers and even
field-mice feast upon them. In the more southern part of
the state the mole subsists almost entirely upon the white-
grubs and angle-worms. Whenever we plow orspade in the
garden we should permit chickens to witness this operation
and give them an opportunity to pick up white-grubs, which
they are not slow todo. If hogs are permitted to range in
our fields they soon exterminate white-grubs.

Some people think that stable manure adds to the num-
ber of white-grubs, but this isonly apparently the case. The
larva of another beetle remotely allied to the Lachnosterna
breeds in large numbers in manure heaps. The adult is a

26 THE COMMON HAIRY ROSE BEETLE.

black and shiny beetle (Chalepus trachypygus Burm.), which
lays eggs in heaps of old manure, from which hatch larve re-
sembling very closely the injurious white-grubs, but which
are not injurious to the roots of living plants.

Among the many remedies proposed against the noxious
may-beetles are several that should be mentioned, because
they are of some benefit. It is well known that the winged
beetles are readily attracted to light, and rooms that are
not protected by screens will soon contain large numbers of
such clumsy beetles attracted to them by burning lamps.
To attract these beetles for the sake of killing them it is cus-
tomary to place a burning lamp over a pan filled with wat-
er and kerosene-oil. The insects, attracted by the light, fly
against the protecting glass and, falling in the water, come
in contact with the deadly oil. In this manner large num-
bers of beetles can be caught, but on investigating the in-
sects captured we find that most of them are individ-
uals that have already deposited their eggs, or we find that
only one sex, usually the male, has been captured. At all
events, notwithstanding the number of insects killed, the
benefit is not so great as could be expected’ By beating the
trees at night, and gathering the falling insects into sheets
and bags, large numbers of the recently emerged beetles can
be caught, but such an operation requires very much labor
and is consequently not a practical remedy.

All birds, and most of ourcarnivorous mammals, should
be protected, and not killed on sight, as is frequently the
case at the present time. In fig. 15, plate II, the smaller
beetle is L. tristis, the larger L. rugosa.

THE COMMON HAIRY ROSE-BEETLE.
(Luphoria nda Linn.).

This insect has of late years become very numerous and
injurious in our state. Itis a hairy beetle, gray in color,
spotted with black, as may be seen in the illustration (fig.
17, plate VI), which shows a number of them. Its larva
possesses also the general shape and appearance of the com-
mon white-grub. The adult insect occurs in large numbers
during autumn, and again in spring andearlysummer. The

THE POTATO-BEETLE. 27

beetles flying during autumn are brighter in color, and have
evidently all issued quite recently, while those found in
spring and summer show considerable wear, hence it is
very probable that the species issues in autumn and _hiber-
nates as a beetle, while the true may-beetles, though also
mature at that season, do not leave the ground until spring.

Many complaints have been made about these sombre
looking rose-beetles. In some cases they have eaten off the
flowers of apple, plum, strawberries, blackberries, rasp-
berries and others. They have destroyed the male flowers
of the corn, and have eaten their way into the young ears
of corn, and especially the ears of sweet corn have suffered
severely in many places. Again the ripening fruit of many
plants was eaten into, and when apples and berries were ex-
posed to be dried these insects were not slow to appropriate
a large share of them for themselves. Whenever a tree is in-
jured and is bleeding, large numbers of such beetles congre-
gate and are found in such numbers as to form clusters com-
posed of many hundreds, even several thousands, of indivi-
duals, all intent on obtaining the sweet sap. Not un-
frequently these beetles settle in the flower-heads of thistles,
and feeding there become beneficial.

Poisoning their food is out of the question, and the
only method we possess of reducing their number is to
gather them in nets and bags werever they occur in such
clusters. Jarring the trees upon which they are found in
numbers quite early in the morning over large sheets of
muslin will bring many beetles down, and these can be
readily gathered and disposed of. During the warmer por-
tions of the day they are very active, much more so than
most other beetles, and can not be captured. When drying
fruit for the winter a screen of mosquito netting will pro-
tect it against these and most other insects attracted by
such tempting food.

THE POTATO-BEETLE.
(Doryphora decenlineata Say).
This well-known insect was described last year and it
was shown in that article why it had been so uncommon

»
rai

THE DOMESTIC CRICKET.

Lo 2)

during the last two years. This happy condition of affairs
has ceased toexist and in many places the potato-beetle will
be almost as numerous as ever. Still this is not the case
everywhere, and there may be broad acres where the insects
still appear only in verysmallnumbers. If there is anything
in the common saying ‘‘an ounce of prevention is worth
more than a pound of cure’’ it can now be demonstrated.
By killing the few beetles and their larva as soon as they
appear on the potato vines, we can prevent their increase in
that locality for a number of years. This is necessary, even
if there should be but few insects and not enough to cause
any injury. Knowing that most insects are famous on ac-
count of their fecundity, and that if left alone they soon
increase past belief, a sensible farmer will take time by the
forelock and prevent these enemies from increasing without
let or hindrance. A good farmer will always do so and a
poor farmer ought to be made to do so. This is like having
certain contagious diseases prevailing in a given locality; an
educated farmer will take the necessary precautions and eith-
er prevent the introduction of such diseases among his own
animals or stamp it out as soon as discovered; and a poor
farmer ought to be made to do so by well framed laws thor-
oughly executed.

Of course it is not necessary to repeat here that in such
substances as Paris green and London purple we possess in-
secticides that always are successful if properly applied.

THE DOMESTIC CRICKET.
(Grillus domesticus Linn).

Lovers of descriptions of the domestic life of European
nations always enjoy the remarks about the presence of the
musical insects so commonly found in the older houses and
homes of the middle classes and farmers, and no description
would be complete that did not mention the ‘“‘cricket of the
hearth” which sings all night, filling the air with melody.
Now this reads very well, but not every person is musically in-
clined and what the one calls a sweet song is considered by
the other as a miserable noise. As long as there was no
chance to personally study the value of the music produced

THE DOMESTIC CRICKET. 29

by these insects opinions would vary, but since the domestic
crickets have found a home in some of the houses of Minne-
apolis and elsewhere, there seems to be but one opinion in re-
gard to them,and thisis that they area great nuisance. Agents
whose business it is to
rent houses are especially
hard in their denuncia-
tions of these crickets of
the hearth, called by po-
etic license musical in-
sects Pheysay that
they are very destructive,
that a hcuse invaded by
them could not be rented,
and they have tried all
sorts ofmethods to get rid
of them but have failed
to do so in many cases.
The insects are like the
ee ae ee aa English sparrows; winch
chenburg. have come to stay, and
this regardless of the opinions ofotherinhabitants of houses.

The general history of this insect is very similar to that
of other crickets. They are nocturnal in their habits and
hide during the day in dark cracks and crevices, providing
' such shelters are dry. Their motions are very rapid, and
though they are enabled to jump, their plumpness induces
them to prefer running to jumping. Being lovers of dryness
and warmth they are apt to make their homes near stoves
in kitchens and living-rooms; and in olden times, when the
fire-places were open and built of brick, they found numer-
ous shelters in such places, hence their name ‘‘Cricket of the
hearth.’’ Their mere presence in our houses would not be so
very bad if it were not for the fact that the adult males were
so active in producing love-songs by scraping their upper
wings together, and judging from these long-continued songs
their love is of amost lasting character. These wings are
transformed for the purpose of producing sounds into a sort
of musical instrument. During their love-season, which ac-

30 THE DOMESTIC CRICKET.

cording to some lasts all the year round, they become very
noisy at night and if at all numerous, sleep becomes an im-
possibility to people of a nervous constitution. Their numer-
ous eggs are deposited throughout the warm season, or as
long as the male produces music, but chiefly in spring. By
means of a long ovipositor the female hides the elongated
and yellow eggs in the earth of its home or nest, and the
young hatch in the course of ten to twelve days. The young
crickets resemble the adult ones, and after undergoing a
number of transformations, assume the winged form with-
out having passed through a resting pupal stage. The in-
sect, having been domesticated for so many centuries, has
in course of time somewhat changed its habits, and this ac-
counts for the fact that we can find them in all stages at al-
most any time, though most of them winter as pupe and
adults. Wherever numerous some of them leave the house
during summer, and exist out doors, preferring stone walls
and out-houses for their domiciles, but they all return to the
warmer houses as soon as it becomes cold. During the sum-
mer they are sometimes attracted to the electric light.
Being domesticated they eat many things that the
wild species of crickets, which are more or less car-
nivorous, would not eat. But they have not lost their ap-
petite for the flesh of insects, and if a number of them are
confined over night ina small box but few badly crippled
specimens will be found in the morning; the hind legs, which
drop off quite readily, have nearly all been devoured, and of
the weaker individuals only portions of the skin remain to
tell the story of acannibalistic feast. House-crickets are now
very general feeders, and sometimes cause damage by eating
clothes, especially if these are wet; in fact it seems that they
are attracted by moisture and the general belief that if a
cricket has been killed its relatives will take revenge by eat-
ing the clothes of the murderer is based on this preference.

It is not very difficult to prevent the undue increase of
these noisy and uninvited tenants of our houses and there
are a number of methods by which we can succeed. They
are attracted to such tempting baits as carrots, which can
be poisoned, and which will kill them in large numbers. The

THE BOX-ELDER LEAF-ROLLER IN 1896. 31

safest way, however, is to destroy their homes, not our
houses, but the shelters in them that they prefer to occupy.
The brick pavement under stoves should be laid in such a
manner that the insects can not force their way underneath
which they are so well enabled to do, their legs being formed
for digging. All the cracks should be hermetically sealed,
and especial attention should be paid to the foot-boards
which, as a general rule, do not fit tightly against the walls.
The space between them and the walls should be filled in and
a close fit should be made by means of putty. By taking
away their breeding-places and homes we soon force them to
leave our houses; they are very apt, however, to migrate to
more hospitable people.

The illustration (fig. 18) shows the adult insects as well
as a young cricket. The insect is of a light leather-brown
color and marked with darker brown spots upon the head
and two triangular brown spotsand a band upon the thorax.
Head and legs are lighter colored. As can be seen the male
is distinguished by the musical instrument it carries on its
back while the female possesses a long ovipositor.

THE BOX-ELDER LEAF-ROLLER IN 1896.
(Cacecia semiferana Walk.).

These leafrollers (illustrated on plate XV) which caused
so much damage to box-elder trees in St. Paul in 1895, could
again be found in considerable numbers during the early part
of the year, but as the rainy weather in spring and early
summer was decidedly to their disadvantage and to the ben-
efit of the trees no very serious damage was done. Many
of the trees were attacked, but the foliage had obtained an
early start and as the worms were forced to eat wet foliage
they grew but slowly. Still,if the parasites in 1895 had not
greatly reduced the numbers of these worms most trees would
again have been denuded.

Some experiments with Paris green were carried on to
demonstrate the value of this poison against the insect in
question and experiments with ‘‘Raupenleim”’ (caterpillar-
glue) were also made to test its value against insects of this
nature.

32 THE BOX-ELDER LEAF-ROLLER IN 1896.

As the worms travel about considerably it was thought
that raupenleim, which is a thick, viscid, tarry substance
made during the process of refining petroleum, would pre-
vent the ascent of the young caterpillars from the egg-mass-
es, which are laid on the rough bark, tothe smaller branches.
Rings of raupenleim were accordingly spread around all the
larger limbs and upon as many of the smaller ones as possi-
ble; this was done before the eggs hatched. Foursmalltrees,
about fourteen feet high, and two very large trees, were thus
treated on April 26th. On May 13th, no effect of this ap-
plication could be detected. The failure of the raupenleim to
catch the insects was largely due to the dusty condition of
the streets at that time, as the dust, blown about by the
winds, was caught by the sticky material and soon changed
its surface into a crust over which the insects passed in safety.

On May 1st the eggs began to hatch and on May 7th
the young caterpillars had commenced to curl the leaves and
to eat them. On May 13th four small trees on St. Alban’s
street in St. Paul were sprayed with Paris green and water,
using a level teaspoonful of Paris green to a pailful of water.
A quantity of milk of lime was added, using about twice
as much lime by weight as Paris green. Six hours after
spraying rain fell and continued to do so for several days,
so that the Paris green was almost completely washed off,
but the interval between spraying and the rain was sufficient
to poison and destroy nearly allcaterpillars. A few remained,
however, and on May 25th the spraying was repeated. This
time the Paris green remained on the foliage longer and only
a very few caterpillars escaped death by poisoning, and
these were killed later by a third spraying.

On June 6th two large trees on University avenue were
sprayed with Paris green of the same strength; unfortunate-
ly a very heavy rain fell within two hours after the spray-
ing and it was feared that the work had been done in vain,
but asan inspection showed later, the time had been sufficient
to kill the great majority of caterpillars, and in a few weeks
afterward the trees showed a marked superiority over those
not sprayed.

The above experiments demonstrate that this destruc-

THE GRAPE-VINE LEAF-HOPPERS. 33

tive caterpillar can readily be kept in check by the use of
Paris green and at a very slight cost. But we can not ex-
pect that the owner of a few shade trees will go to the ex-
pense of buying a spraying outfit, even if thisshould be much
cheaper than it is. It seems to the writer that as the city re-
ceives the benefit of having beautiful and shady streets it
should also provide for keeping the trees that make them so
in a healthy and vigorous condition, free from dust and worms.
It would be best to place the Park Commission in charge of
the trees ornamenting the streets, and let them see to it that
they are not defoliated year after year. This need not be an
expensive undertaking as the evil can or should be nipped in
the bud by paying proper attention to the trees and their
needs.

THE GRAPE-VINE LEAF-HOPPERS.
(Typhlocyba spec.).

For a number of years the above insects have been more
numerous than usual and have caused considerable annoy-
ances and losses, and as they seem to be still on the increase
it was considered important to discover methods and means
to prevent their increasing injuries. Not only have our grape-
vines suffered very greatly, but the beautiful Virginiacreepers,
so often utilized to adorn houses in and about the cities, have
also been more or less injured by these leaf-hoppers. A glance
at fig. 19, plate V, reveals how a grape-vine leaf is disfigured
by the numerous insects seen resting onits underside; here are
also shown other white objects, the characteristic empty
pupal skins. A leaf infested with these insects has a mottled
appearance, and in course of time becomes yellow, brown,
and eventually drops off. The larger illustrations show a
larva, pupa, and two different adults.

Early in the season the vine-yards in the vicinity of Lake
Minnetonka were reported to be suffering again from these
insects, and the assistant, Mr. Pettit, made a number of
trips to make some experiments. He visited especially the
vine-yards of Mr. Reel, at Christmas Lake, who kindly as-
sisted him in many ways, and gave him permission to utilize
his vines for all and anyexperimental purposes with the hope

34 THE GRAPE-VINE LEAF-HOPPERS.

of being, perhaps, able to check the ravages of these minute
insects. As most persons growing grape-vines know from
sad experience how these insects look it is not necessary to
describe them in detail; the illustrations show their general
appearance much better than words could express it.
Four different species were found, all about the same size and
shape, only varying in markings. The most common ones
were the two species illustrated, of which one is 7yphlocyba
vulneata Fitch, and the other one 7. comes Say. The former
is a reddish-brown insect marked with white lines and dots
and also with two prominent black lines at margins of upper
wings; the latter is of a translucent white color prettily
marked with red lines and prominent black spots at the tip
of wings and two black lines at margin. The younger stages
of both are very pale and the insects in that period are almost
as active as the adult ones, though lacking, of course, the
wings. They will dodge about in a most amusing way, and
as they, like the adult ones, jump readily they are not easily
captured. Like all insects belonging to this order they are
active and take food as soon as born, not passing
through an inactive pupal stage like beetles and moths. They
take their food by suction, hence the application of such
poisons as Paris green or London purple is of no avail, though
it will kill, by contact, some of the still very tender and
younger specimens, or even adult ones while they are just
shedding their skins and are still very soft and unable to
clean themselves. The only remedies that promise success
are insecticides which kill by contact, as kerosene-emulsions,
tobacco-teas and others. The former, to be of any use at all,
should be applied very early in the morning, when the in-
sects are less active than later in the day. Mr. Pettit tried
a number of different insecticides, and his report is given be-
low. When he investigated the vines he found that the leaves
showed already at that early date, (May 20), considerable
injury; they were somewhat withered and curled, appearing
scorched and very unhealthy.

Report of Mr. R. H. Pettit.—During the spring and early
summer several trips were made to Christmas Lake, and the
following experiments were made

THE GRAPE-VINE LEAF-HOPPERS. 35

“On May 20th a mixture of kerosene and water was ap-
plied with a knapsack sprayer having a special arrangement
for mixing the two liquids without previously making an
emulsion. This liquid was used in the proportion of one
part of kerosene to fifteen parts of water, and the vines were
thoroughly moistened with it. During the spraying the leaf-
hoppers rose in swarms and many fell to the ground, but
the greater part of these recovered and flew away to return
in the course of halfan hour. A few were rendered inactive
and appeared paralyzed for a time but very many of these
recovered in less than half an hour. The mixture seemed to
produce no permanent effect upon the insects, simply be-
cause the integument of these minute beings is very smooth.
To remove the offensive fluid the insects used their spiny
hind-legs very diligently and with success.

A solution of tobacco-soap in the proportion of two
ounces of the soap to one gallon of water, and another one
of one-half pound of whale-oil-soap to the same amount of
water was applied. Mr. Reel reported on June 10th that
neither had been of much use, and that even a few hours
after the application but very little difference could be de-
tected between plants treated and not treated.

On July 3rd another trip was made for the purpose of
trying a tobacco-extract sold as ‘‘Scabcura Sheep-dip.”’
This mixture was applied with a knapsack sprayer in two
different strengths; one row of vines was thoroughly
sprayed using two ounces of the extract to one pailful of
water, and another row was sprayed using four ounces of
the extract. The effect was immediate and at the end of
two hours but very few of the pests could be seen on the
plants. On Aug. 25th Mr. Reel reported as follows: “I am
pleased to be able to report that the grape-vines upon which
you experimented show a much better foliage than
the adjacent rows—although the hoppers appear on them to
some extent, the foliage is not so badly browned. Iam satis-
fied that by spraying in the spring, while the leaves are not
too thick, it might drive them away. The stronger solution
ise by tar the most effective’ one.” The action of
this extract is almost wholly that of a repellant, and

36 THE GRAPE-VINE LEAF-HOPPERS.

but few, if any, of the insects are killed. At the same time
another test was made of the effectiveness of the kerosene
and water spray against the leaf-hoppers which were at this
season largely immature; three strengths were used, viz:
1:10, 1:15, 1:20 of water, and beside spraying several rows
of vines, leaves which were covered with insects, were
picked off and sprayed separately. It was found that when
1:20 was used it killed very few, 1:15 killed many of them,
while 1:10 killed the great majority, but the difficulty of
reaching all the leaves and thoroughly spraying the whole
vine was very great as the foliage was at this time fully de-
veloped and very dense, and the insect invariably hides on
their under side.”’

The above report shows that an extract made of tobac-
co, and sold under the name ‘‘Scabcura Sheep-dip’’ proved
of considerable value, and that if applied early in the season
we possess in it the means of protecting our grapes. Experi-
ments early next year will show better, however, the true
value of this substance.

Prevention is always better than cure, and much can be
done to prevent the undue increase of these insects. They
winter in all kinds of rubbish found in and about the vine-
yards and adjoining woods and fields. All such rubbish
should be collected and burned after the first frosts have driven
the insects into their winter quarters. By doingso many are
killed by the fire, and still more are exposed to theinclemency
of the winter and perish. This burning should be general, as
the insects migrate tosome distance to find suitable quarters
for winter; hence the rubbish or dead leaves in neighboring
woods should also be burned. The neighbors should unite
in this work because if one person in the midst of many vine-
yards should neglect to do his duty he can harbor enough of
these insects to endanger all his neighbors’ vines. If mulch-
ing is used this material will offer, as long as still fairly fresh,
most excellent hiding-places for these leaf-hoppers; and es-
pecial care should be taken to prevent them from utilizing
such places for hibernation. This can be done in various
ways, depending upon the conditions; but everyone recog-

nizing this danger will doubtless find means to lessen or over-
come the same.

THE CELERY TREE-HOPPER. 37

A number of other methods have been used with more or
less good results. By attracting the winged insects with a
light many can be destroyed; hence a brightly burning torch
is slowly carried at night along the rows of vines, which are
at the same time disturbed to start the leaf-hoppers. An-
other plan is to carry a shield covered with a sticky sub-
stance between the vines during the hottest part of the day,
and thus catch the insects that have been driven off the plants
by beating these lightly with a stick.

THE CELERY TREE-HOPPER.

(Cicadula 4-lineata Forbes).

During the early part of July a small tree-hopper resemb-
ling that found on the grape-vine, but very much larger, was
doing considerable damage to the celery
plants in the vicinity of the Twin cities.
As the injury did not seem to be very
widespread and as the insect is probably
to be controlled by the same remedies as.
is the grape-vine hopper, it was not
thought best to carry on very extensive
experiments with it until the success of
the experiments on the latterinsect could
be determined. Raupenleim was tried as
a repellant, but the results were not sat-
isfactory. Probably the bestremedyis a
spray with the tobacco-extract described
in the article on the grape-vine tree-
hopper; this, while it would injure the
sale of the celery if applied late in the
season, would probably prove very ef-

Fig. 20.—Celery tree-hop- ffectual earlier and before the plants are
per. Malarged- Onginal- too far advanced. The culprit, which is
a rather handsome insect, is illustrated in fig. 20. It is of
a bright green color, marked with a few black spots upon
the head, the under-side of which is illustrated to show the
sharp and pointed beak which is inserted into the tissue of
the plant to abstract the sap. Plants infested by many

38 THE LILAC-BORER.

sucking insects of this kind wilted and died; it seemed as ifa
poison was injected by the insect while imbibing the fluid food.

THE LILAC-BORER.
(Sesia syringe Harr.).

In last year’s report were described a number of our most
common and destructive lepidopterous borers. Since that
time another species has become very prominent; it is a
rather beautiful moth resembling very closely a common pa-
per-nest hornet. It greatly resembles the borer so very
destructive to our ash-trees, but confines its operations
to that beautiful, ornamental and hardy shrub, the lilac,
in the older trunks of which it occurs in large numbers and
which it soon kills. An illustration of the living insect is
given in fie.\21) plate IT.

As far as remedies are concerned but very little can be
accomplished beyond a removal of the old wood. The pres-
ence of such borers is indicated by numerous holes and by
the frass or saw-dust accumulating beneath. By coating
the old wood very early in June with a mixture of soft-soap
and Paris green we can repel the female and thus prevent her
from laying eggs upon such plants. The soap will soon
wash away but the poison is left inthe cracks of the bark and
all insects boring though it must necessarily come in contact
with the Paris green and die in consequence.

THE PLUM-GOUGER.
( Coccotorus prunicida Walsh).

There is no kind of fruit that promises so well in Minne-
sota as the plum and wonderful progress has already been
made in the past to improve our wild species, and to create,
by selection, crosses, or other means, new and better varie-
ties, and it seems, when we look at the samples of plums
shown last year at the different fairs that before very long
fruit far superior to all others grown now will be the re-
sult of such painstaking work. It seems to the writer that
the only true road to success has been chosen, viz: to im-
prove the native kinds, which are known to be hardy, and
not to attempt to bring to our state others found in coun-

THE PLUM-GOUGER. 39

tries differing in climate from ours. We have, in im-
proving our native plums, to follow the same steps that
were taken in the past in Europe to change their native crab-
apples into the beautiful, delicate varieties of apples now
grown everywhere. But to grow plum-trees and to harvest
plums are two quite distinct things. A little observation
will almost convince the horticulturist that he is growing
the plums not for his own use but for that of his enemies.
He sees that after a plum orchard is once established these
have taken possession of the same, and seem to consider it
their own. There are few plants in Minnesota that have
more enemies than the plum tree: black knot, plum pocket,
powdery mildew, brown rot, plum leaf-blight, plum rust,
leaf-spot or gun-shot and others are a few of the more im-
portant vegetable foes of this tree, while plant-lice, such as
the plum-tree aphis, the plum gall-mite, many caterpillars,
the plum-gouger and the plum-curculio are the more destruc-
tive insect enemies.

The plum-gouger, fig. 22, plate VI., is the most destruc-
tive of the above named insects in Minnesota. It is a red-
dish-brown snout-beetle, with a peculiar pruinose, almost
velvety,surface andof avery different shape than the better
known but less common plum-curculio. Last spring (May 9)
the plum trees upon and near the Experiment Farm were in full
bloom and promised rich returns. But before long one flow-
er after the other dropped off, and but comparatively few
were left upon the trees, and in some cases none remained.
When studying the cause of this trouble it was found that
this snout-beetle was busily engaged in gouging holes in the
flower (see fig. 22), which in consequence shrivelled and
dropped. A rather suicidal way of doing things, as by acting
in this manner the beetles actually destroyed their future food
and home! As the fruit grows, the female beetle in deposit-
ing an egg does not form the crescent-shaped mark of the
“little turk,’’ but makes for this purpose a deep and small
puncture. Prof. Bruner describes the egg-laying habit of
the plum-gouger as follows: ‘The modus operandi is very
simple, and requires but a minute and a half to two minutes
for the performance of theentire operation. She first spreads

40 THE PLUM-GOUGER.

out to their full extent all of her legs, braces them, and then
draws her beak or rostrum to as nearly a perpendicular
position as possible, then by gnawing and with a twisting
motion soon works her snout into the young fruit until
it is buried a trifle above the bases of the antennz, the latter
being held close against and directed upward along the ros-
trum upon the head while the hole is being made. She now
draws out her beak and deliberately turns about, and after
a few preliminary thrusts of the ovipositor inserts the latter
into the hole just made with the beak and deposits a single
egg that is of the same diameter as the puncture. The egg
is of a dirty whitish, somewhat transparent color, and is
plainly visible with an ordinary pocket lens, being uncovered
and nearly flush with the surface. It soon becomes covered
by a healing of the injured fruit.’’ Eachfemale deposits only
one egg in a young plum; if more are found it is the work of
several females. The larva that hatches from such an egg is
never exposed, hence can not be killed by sprays with arseni-
cal poisons. In entering the fruit a transparent or gummy sub-
stance collects over the puncture, as is well shown in the il-
lustration. Thelarva feedsnot upon the flesh of the plum,but
upon the flesh of the kernel inside of thestone. Hereit under-
goes its transformations from a larva to a pupa and to the
adult insect, which later leaves as soon as strong enough to do
so, and searches for hibernating quarters in and about the
orchard. Many of the plums that contain the worms drop
and should be removed and destroyed, but many others re-
main on the trees long after the beetles have left, and some of
them are even still fit for culinary purposes. There is very
little use in spraying. Jarring early in the season, at the
time the trees are in full bloom, or even a little sooner, will
bring down many of these injurious beetles, andifthis is done
early in the morning they can be readily gathered and killed.
The jarring has to be done in a forcible manner, as the
beetles cling very tightly to the tree.

Another species so closely resembling the above species as
to be almost indistinguishable, is found upon the sand-cherry.
It has similar life-habits.

THE PLUM-CURCULIO. 41

THE PLUM-CURCULIO.
( Conotrachelus nenuphar Ubst.).

We can hardly open an entomological bulletin issued by
any of the eastern, central, or southern states without find-
ing a description of this insect, and of the remedies that will
kill it and save the fruit. Yet as a very general rule more is
claimed for such proposed remedies than is warranted by
facts, and many of the measures have not proved very satis-
factory. This is especially true of the applications of Paris
green and London purple, which, with Bordeaux mixture, are
now-a-days asort ofeure-all. Allthesesubstances are of great
value, but as far as the ‘Little Turk’’ is concerned we have
to depend for success very largely upon other methods, which,
though requiring much more labor, are also much more cer-
tain. Though so well known it is perhaps best to give an
outline of the life-history of this insect which is illustrated
in fig. 23 upon plate VII. As the illustration shows, this
snout-beetle is less than one-fourth of an inch in length, is of
a brown color with four sealing-wax-like elevated excrescen-
ces on the hard wing-covers. The beetles hibernate among
all sorts of rubbish, but prefer accumulated leaves and simi-
lar substances. Early in spring, and long before the buds ot
the plum-trees open, they visit the orchards, and eat the
tender parts of the tree, such as green bark and buds; later
they eat leaves, flowers, and the young fruit. Knowing this
habit we can kill large numbers of the curculios by spraying
the trees before their leaves and flowersappear. This should
be done thoroughly and as the foliage otherwise so very ten-
der as regards arsenical substances is still enclosed, there is
no danger of injuring the trees. When the flowers open we
should not spray; it is more or less useless, and we run the
risk of killing many honey-bees, which are attracted to them
and very important, as without them but few fruits will set.
As soon as the latter have reached the size of a small marble
the female curculio commences to deposit her eggs; she makes
a crescent-shaped cut and then separates and elevates a small
flap into which the egg is inserted. This peculiar crescent-
shaped slit has given the insect the name: ‘‘Little Turk;’’ it
is made, apparently, to deaden the flesh of the fruit, or to

42 THE PLUM-CURCULIO.

delay its rapid growth, which otherwise might injure the en-
closed delicate egg. This hatches in a few days, and the
whitish larva or worm, also shown in the illustration, bores
at once into the interior of the fruit until it reaches its stone,
which it never enters, however, as is the case with the plum-
gouger, which always does so. The work of the larva is al-
so shown. Though we can not poison the larve which are
hidden inside the fruit, asecond spraying about this time will
do some good, as the females continue to deposit their eggs
for a long time and require some food. As such spraying
will kill also many other injurious insects of the plum-tree it
should not be neglected.

By midsummer the larva has reached its full size and
leaves now to pupate; it does so in the earth beneath the
tree, and the pupa soon changes to an adult insect. As soon
as able to move the freshly issued beetles search for hiberna-
ting quarters and are not seen again in the orchard until
next spring.

As will be seen from the above account of the habits of
this insect it is not readily combatted by arsenical poisons,
though two applications of them will do considerable good.
Those who will apply either Paris green or London purple
for this purpose should recollect that the foliage of the plum
is very easily injured by all arsenical poisons, and that it is
absolutely necessary to add at least equal parts of quick-lime
which will neutralize all soluble arsenic and thus prevent in-
jury.

The old remedy of jarring the trees every day or two
over some sheet is after all the most successful one; in doing
so during the day, when these beetles are not very active,
they drop very readily and can be easily gathered and de-
stroyed. The trees should be jarred, not simply shaken. It
seems that by jarring we imitate the vibrations produced by
the hammering of woodpeckers, and the curculios drop to
escape them, while shaking simply imitates the motions pro-
duced by the wind. There are also a number of patented
and unpatented devices to catch these insects by machinery,
which jar the tree, collect the beetles and grind them up.
Morecannot be expected from one machine! ‘‘All fallen fruit

THE PLUM-CURCULIO. 43

should be picked up”’ is a rule that should be strictly fol-
lowed in every orchard. Ifthe owners of trees have no time
for this purpose let them permit turkeys and chickens to doso;
even hogs and sheep may be made useful.

There are many other methods in vogue, and a few of
them are of some use. Shingles laid close to the trunk of a
tree to be protected will offer early in the spring a shelter for
the beetles that have fed upon the trees during the night and
which towards morning leave it—on foot—to hide during the
day. By turning over and inspecting these traps many beet-
les can be found and destroyed.

PARASITES OF MAN AND DOMESTICATED
ANIMALS.

INTRODUCTION.

The edifice of the world is only sustained by the impulse of hunger
and love.—Schiller.

The numerous letters received during the last few years
from farmers, stock-raisers, dairymen, poultry-raisers and
others, show that many of our domesticated animals suffer
more or less from parasites, and as these special branches of
farming receive now more and more attention, a short treatise
on parasites will be of some use.

The term parasitism is used in this treatise in its widest
sense, and the parasites mentioned in it may be living upon
the hosts infested, permanently or only for a short time.

In the struggle for existence animals and plants have
been forced to adopt all sorts of peculiar methods to live;
most of such methods are above-board, but others are at
least dishonest or even worse. The majority of such beings
are like honest farmers and mechanics; they till the soil or
otherwise work for a living. Many, however, are not so
honest, they rob the substance of others and thrive upon
material not produced by them or belonging to them. These,
at first perhaps by force of circumstances, became in the be-
ginning simply occasional beggers or robbers, but as they en-
joyed such an easy life, in course of time their off-spring be-
came so modified in form and structure that they could no
longer take care of themselves but had tolead the dependent
mode of life first adopted by their parents. Most of the so-
called parasites belong to this group of organisms, be they
animals or plants. They lead all sorts of peculiar and dark
existences; some simply utilize the host, or the organism up-
on which or in which they are found, as a means to reach
the source of needed supplies, and in this case the hosts are

*

THE PARASITES OF MAN. 45

simply the carriers of tbe parasites; others live upon surplus
food or upon food not entirely consumed by their hosts; still
others make use of the host himself, by eating part of the
same; and a few not satisfied with being such contemptible
beings, commit even murder by enfeebling and killing the
host that provided them with food and shelter.

Farmers have to fight almost constantly against all
kinds of parasites, since otherwise their hopes of rich returns
for their labors in the fields would come to naught. And yet
how few farmers realize how much they lose year after year
by the inroads of such pilfering beings, simply because these
live a hidden life not easily observed. They, with other ene-
mies such as plant-eating insects, take every year the lion’s
share of our crops, and some vegetable parasites, such as
rusts, smuts, and similar lowly organized plants, not infre-
quently destroy all the plants so carefully planted and culti-
vated by the farmer. Some still smaller parasites, as certain
kinds of bacteria, cause diseases among man and domesti-
cated animals, and frequently to such an extent that they
are swept away or decimated overa large area. Other para-
sites live inside man and his two or four-footed friends, and
cause great losses, by weakening or even killing them. Still
others, less dangerous but equally annoying, and in extreme
cases as bad, live upon the various kinds of domesticated
animals, and cause all sorts of trouble and diseases. And
even man, the crown of creation, is not entirely immune;
even he, not excepting her, has been seen—in other States of
‘course—to scratch himself, or to investigate with great in-
dustry the heads of her promising offspring.

All parasites dwell either upon the bodies of their hosts
or inside of them, for a short time or permanently, and as
they subsist upon substances of great and even vital import-
ance to the latter they cause more or less serious disturb-
ances, even fatal diseases. Such parasites belong either to
the vegetable or to the animal kingdom. It is not the in-
tention to discuss the former, or all of the latter, as being
foreign to an entomological report. Only such parasites will
be discussed as are either genuine insects, or so closely allied
to them as to be usually considered as such. ‘They will be

46 THE PARASITES OF MAN.

described in as few and simple words as possible, and as the
portraits of all species found thus far in Minnesota will be
given, those interested will find no trouble in recognizing them.

We divide the animal parasites mentioned in this report
into two groups:

1. EXTERNAL PARASITES (&pizoa) which live upon
the skin, and

2. INTERNAL PARASITES (Entozoa) which live in-
side of the organs and tissues of their hosts.

I. EXTERNAL PARASITES. (£pizoa).

FACE-MITES; BLACK-HEADS. (Demodecide).
ITCH-MITES. (Sarcoptide).

HARVEST-BUGS; JIGGERS. (Zrombidiide.)
GAMASIDs. (Gamasid@. )

ticks. (/xvodide).

SUCKING-LICE. (Pediculi).

BITING-LICE; FEATHER-LICE. (J/allophaga).
FLEAS. (Siphonaptera).

LOUSE-FLIES. (//ippoboscide).

OTHER FLIES. (//iptera).

Bucs. (Hemipterd.)

OTHER INSECTS.

AT oa moO wb

S

Il. INTERNAL PARASITES. (Entozoa).

A. FIVE-MouTHS. (Linguatulide).
B. BOT-FLIES. ( (stride).

I. EXTERNAL PARASITES (Epizoa).
A. FACE-MITES: BLACK-HEADS.
(Demodecide).

These singular parasitic beings do not exactly fit into any
classification, at least naturalists have disagreed about their
true position until quite recently. But they are no doubt
mites with quite an anomalous structure, so much so in fact
that they might be said to form a sort of transition from
annelids or worms to arachnids or spider-like animals. As
they have many points in common with itch-mites, which

FACE-MITES. 47

are described next, it has been thought best to discuss them
in this place.

Face-mites live in the sweat-glands at the roots of hairs
and in diseased follicles in the skin of the human face, chiefly
about the nose, eyes and chin where they cause the well-
known comedones or black-heads; they also occur in a num-
ber of domesticated animals. Such diseased follicles become
filled with a plug of fatty matter the upper end of which is
usually hardened and blackened. If these ‘‘black-heads’”’
are forced out by pressure the
minute mites may be found in
all stages of development. To
detect..them more. readily it
is necessary to dissolve this fatty
matter in a drop of oil or ether.
The young mites possess six legs,
the adults eight; both are quite
worm-like in appearance, their
elongated abdomen is _ trans-
versely wrinkled; their mouth is
a suctorial beak possessing dag-
ger-shaped mandibles with two
palpi. In the adult parasite the
four pairs of legs are very short,
two-jointed and each armed with
four claws.

These mites cause no harm
to man except marring his

Fig. 24. Face-mite of man, greatly or her beauty, but they Ser S-
enlarged. Original. verely injure dogs, cats, hogs,
sheep, horses and cattle; sometimes they even produce upon
them a scab-like disease called the ‘‘red-mange,’’ and in ex-
treme cases they can cause the death of their hosts. Dogs
and cats sometimes suffer very much from their presence,
and in the case of a dog as many as ten to one hundred and
more mites have been found in a single hair-follicle. In bad
cases the hair falls out, and the skin becomes covered with a
reddish scab, which is very difficult to eradicate, and almost
never without the loss of all the hair; in fact a cureis consid-

48 FACE-MITES.

ered impossible by many veterinarians. The illustration
(fig. 24.) shows the general appearance of an adult face-mite
of man.

There are a number of so-called species found upon dif-
ferent hosts, but all are very similar, and the description
and figure of one is sufficient for all.

The Face-Mite of Man (Demodex (Simonea) folliculorum
Sim.) (fig. 24) was discovered in 1842 by Simon. It is nota
dangerous parasite to man, butif transmitted to adog, as was
purposely done, the mites rapidly increase upon this new
host and in a short time cause very serious trouble. In man
these mites prefer such parts of the face as are free from
hairs. They are very small, the male measuring 0.30 by
0.04 mm., the female 0.40 by 0.05 mm., the heart-shaped
egg is 0.08 mm. long.

-

The Demodex of the Dog (D. folliculorum var. canis) was
discovered in 1844 by Tulk. Itsheadis almost square. This
parasite produces at first small swellings, which gradually
unite in large sores containing 50 to 500 and more mites;
such sores are chiefly found upon the throat, breast, abdo-
men and inner surfaces of the thighs.

The Demodex of the Cat (PD. folliculorum var. cati) was
discovered by Leidy in the noses and ears of cats infested by
Sarcoptes minor. ‘This species is exceedingly small, and in-
fests most frequently the head of its host.

The Demodex of the Hog (D. phylloides suis) was discov-
ered in 1878 by Csoker.

Other species of Demodex occur upon the cow, sheep and
deer.

The Demodex of the dog especially is a very dangerous
parasite, and by no means very uncommon, causing an almost
incurable disease, the red scab or mange; and whenever it
finds a home upon an unfortunate dog the animal soon be-
comes ill and dies. This mite prefers the hairy skin of the
host. Here it causes either a disease of a squamose nature,
in which the epidermis becomes scurfy, the hair drops out,
with little inflammation, or of a pustulose form with intense
inflammation and the formation of pustules in and about the

FACE-MITES. 49

glands of the hair. If purposely introduced from the dog to
the skin of man, it causes an itching sensation, and soon
afterwards asorespotanda scab. As proved by many trials
it is a very fortunate thing that this parasite
does not readily migrate to man. Fig. 25
shows a number of the parasites in the hair-
follicle of a dog.

REMEDIES.—The disease caused by these
parasites upon domesticated animals is not
easily cured, and only in the early stages is
a cure possible. In this case salves or oint-
ments made from salicylic acid, or a mixture of
one part benzine to 4 to 8 parts of soft soap,
do good service. A strong kerosene-emulsion

would also, no doubt, be of great value, es-
modex ofthe pecially if an extract of pyrethrum is added.
Shownin har. An ointment made of half a pound of lard, 2
eras Oa. ounces of tar, and 4 ounces of sulphur, rubbed
3 in before a fire or in the sun, is very effective,
if it isallowed to remain on theskin forsome days. Peruvian
balsam, a salve made of corrosive sublimate (1:100), Creolin
(2: 100), Lysole, Styrax (1: 30 oil), a salve made of canthar-
ides (1: 6 fat) are also recommended. Several other washes
are frequently used which will be given later. Success de-
pends much more on the manner in which the medicinal agents
are used than upon the agent itself, and the strongest ones
may prove perfectly useless if not properly applied. Nothing
short of a thorough rubbing in of the salves will suffice, and
this operation has to be performed many times. Of course the
patient should be well fed, as even after the death of the par-
asites the skin is for a long time in an inflamed condition.
Cleanliness is here also the best preventive, and the diseased
animal must be isolated and its old sleeping place should be
thoroughly disinfected.

There is still another species of Demodex, similar to the
one infesting the dog, that has repeatedly been more or less
injurious to cattle. Mr. W. Faxon first called attention to
the diseased condition of cow-hides received in Boston from

50 ITCH-MITES.

Illinois and Minnesota. Theleatherfrom the hides appeared
disfigured with pits from one to six millimeters in width,
which in many cases penetrated nearly through its entire
thickness.

B. , ItCHEMIEES:
( Sarcoptide) :

In former times, and even quite recently, doctors did a
very strange and unheard of thing; they disagreed among
themselves, and this about the cause of a well-known disease
called the itch. They did so because they could not always,
easily and readily find the itch-mites in the burrows made by
these parasites. Consequently other explanations for the
itch were given such, as ‘‘special fermentations,”’ ‘thickened
bile,’ “irritating salts,” ‘‘drying of the blood,”’ ‘‘melancholic
juices,’’ and other equally convincing ones. During the late
war, when the itch became very common, and for some very
good reasons too, they invented such terms as ‘‘army itch”
or “‘seven-year’s itch.’’ A soldier having the latter disease
could of course not expect to become well in a few days or
weeks, and was consequently sent home to spread the itch
among other people.

Itch-mites are the cause of a disease called acariasis or
itch in man, of mange in horses, hogs, dogs, and cats, and
of scab in sheep and chickens. Wherever this disease occurs
it is invariably caused by these parasites, which burrow in
self-made tunnels in the skin of their hosts, live free upon
them or snugly hidden under scales or hairs. They either
feed upon the blood of their host, or gnaw and destroy the
younger epidermal cells. It has beenclaimed, but not proven,
that these mites inject a poison in the skin to cause a more
rapid flow of blood to the injured spot. Since these mites
live in or upon the skin all internal applications or remedies
are in vain, because they do not reach the source of the evil,
and can not kill the invaders without killing the host.

The itch-mites, a number of which are illustrated, have
flat bodies, with a striated skin, and a roundish or squarish

ITCH-MITES. 51

shape; their eight short legs, which extend but a short dis-
tance beyond the body, are supported by bands of harder
substance (chitin), and usually possess at their ends toes
with suckers. Itch-mites take their food by means of
peculiar nipper or needle-like mandibles, and as they lead a
burrowing life they need and possess no eyes. Neither do
they possess a respiratory apparatus, the respiration being
cutaneous. The different kinds of itch-mites are chiefly dis-
tinguished from each other by the number and position of
the spines, by the hooks on the tarsi, and by the chitinous
bands. Fig. 26 shows the structure of head and leg of a
member of this order of parasites.

Fig. 26.—Head and front leg of scab-mite, ventral view; a, mandibles; b,
antenne; c, maxille; d, membrane joining the antennae; e, e, joints of limb; f claw;
g, ambulacrum or sucker. Greatly enlarged. After Curtice.

Itch-mites are all very small, and for this reason not
readily detected, though some, for instance the one causing
the mange of the horse, can be seen with thenaked eye. Not-
withstanding the small size of the mites causing the itch in
man it was already known to be the cause of that disease as
early as 1197, and it had already been closely observed and
illustrated by Wichmann in 1780. Yet all real knowledge of
this case of cause and effect seems to have been lost, and the
Academy of Science in Paris offered in the beginning of this
century (1812) a prize of $1500 to anybody who could dem-
onstrate its existence. For a long time no one could pro-

>

2 BURROWING-MITES:

or

duce this mysterious being, until at last a certain doctor
Gales mystified and tricked the Academy and pocketed the
prize. He showed to a medical commission selected for this
purpose, a mite which he claimed to have taken directly from
a patient suffering with the itch. He wasawarded the prize,
and received in addition to it a medal for his great discov-
ery; it was shown later that he had palmed off a common
cheese-mite for the itch-mite. Many physicians searched for
the mite in vain, mislead by the book in which Gales had
the audacity to publish descriptions of the parasite. In
1829 another prize was offered by Lugol, and a student of
medicine, Renucci, showed at last in 1834 a way by which
it could be found. He simply utilized a method used in Cor-
sica and elsewhere to kill the mites by removing them with
a needle. -
We can distinguish three groups of itch-mites:

1. Burrowing-mites (Sarcoptes), which make tun-
nels in the skins of their hosts and which live by sucking
blood. All members of this group can successfully migrate
from an infested animal to man, and cause upon this new
host the itch, which disease, however, may again disappear
without the application of remedies.

These mites have a round or slightly oval body, a short
beak margined by two cheeks, short, thick and conical legs,
of which the two posterior ones are quite or nearly con-
cealed beneath the abdomen; the tarsus has often an am-
bulacrous sucker in the form of a simple and somewhat long
pedicel; the male possesses usually no copulatory suckers
and never has abdominal lobes.

2. Skin-eating Itch-mites (Psoroptes), which live
only upon the surface of the skins of their hosts, or among
the crust they form by irritating the skin, and which feed
upon young epidermal cells by gnawing the upper surface of
the skin and hairs. Such mites, if they reach the skin of
man, do not cause the itch.

These mites have the body oval; the beak conical, elon-
gated and destitute of cheeks; the legs are thick, especially
the front ones, and all are visible beyond the sides of the

BURROWING-MITES. 53

body; the ambulatory suckers are carried on a long tri-
articulated pedicle; the male has copulatory suckers and
abdominal prolongations.

3. Sucking Iteh-mites (Syvmbiotes), which live only
upon the surface of the skin, but which penetrate with their
mandibles through the upper skin to suck blood, lymph and
serum. Usually they can not thrive upon the human skin,
though cases have been reported in which species infesting
sheep invaded successfully another host, man.

These mites have an oval body; beak slightly conical, as
wide as long, and destitute of cheeks; the legs long, thick,
and visible beyond the sides of the body; the ambulatory
suckers are very wide and carried at the end of a simple and
short pedicle; the male has copulatory suckers, and more or
less developed abdominal prolongations.

1. Burrowing-mites (Sarcoptes).—This genus con-
tains two sub-genera, one infesting mammalia, the other,
birds. The former contains two species, the common itch-
mite (Sarcoptes scabiei De Geer), and the dwarf itch-mite
(Sarcoptes minor Fuerst.).

The common itch-mite (Sarcoptes scabiei De G.) is found
on man and on a large number of mammals, where it causes
the ordinary itch or mange. The parasite varies according
to the species of mammals upon which it lives, and not alone
in dimensions, but even in secondary anatomical details.
Formerly these varieties were described as so many species.
The following varieties are found upon our domesticated
animals:

MANGE OF HORSE (S. scabtei var. equ).
SCAB OF SHEEP (WS. scabiei var. ovis).
SCAB OF GOAT (S. scabiet var. capre).
SCAB OF PIG (S. scabiei var. swis).
MANGE OF DOG (SN. scabiei var. canis).
MANGE OF WOLF (8. scabier var. lupi).

According to Fuerstenberg this last variety causes the
Norwegian itch mentioned later.

54 THE ITCH-MITE OF MAN.

THE ITCH-MITE OF MAN.
(Sarcoptes scabiei De G. var. hominis).

This mite (fig. 27 and 28) is very minute, whitish,
and barely visible to the naked eye unless moving over a
dark surface. Its body is rounded and soft, in the female
with small roundish scales upon the middle of the back; in
the male with but fewisolated scales; the surface of the body
has radiating lines or ridges. The mites resemble in a
general way a minute tortoise, are very sluggish during the
day, but become quite active during the night in a warm bed,
and can even leap to some distance. The head is distinctly
separated from the rest of the body, and possesses four pairs

Fig. 27.—Itch-mite of Fig. 28.—Itch-mite of man,
man, male. Greatly en- female. Greatly enlarged. Orig-
larged. Original inal.

of jaws which areneedle-like. The mite has eight legs, four in
front and four behind; when young, or as a larva, it has
but six legs. The sides of the body and legs bear long bristle-
like hairs; there are six upon the thorax and fourteen upon
the abdomen. The males (fig. 27) are quite different from
the females (fig. 28), are much smaller, and have bell-shaped
suckers upon the ends of their legs. The female is about one-
sixtieth to one-seventieth of an inch in length (0.45mm. long
and 0.35mm. wide), the male (0.23mm. by0.19mm., and the

THE ITCH-MITE OF MAN. 5D

eggs 0.14mm). This species has been found upon man, ape,
horse, sheep, lion, llama, ferret, and other animals.

The itch-mite lives in self-made burrows just beneath the
epidermis or scurf-skin. These burrows (fig. 29), called by
physicians ‘‘acarian furrows,’’ extend through the deeper
layers of the epidermis to and into thetrueskin. During the
existence of the mites in the burrows, which are similar to
the underground tunnels made by a mole, the mite moults
three times, without, however, greatly
changing in general appearance ex-
cept in size. The eggs, large in com-
parison to the size of the mother, are
elongate-oval, with a smooth skin.
From 20 to 24 eggs are said to be de-
posited at a time, and they hatch in
4. or 7 days. Such eggs, if kept in
moist surroundings, remain good from
three to four weeks. The mites, if re-
moved from the host, can also exist
for a long time if kept moist, but
die in four to six days in dry sur-
roundings. The female mite, as she
progresses in digging a burrow, lays
the eggs behind her, and soon dies.
These eggs can be seen in a regular
row in the burrow (fig. 29).

Fig. Fiske Soler ya anes

eggs showing segmenta- We know the skin of the host is
tion; cto d, eggs showing co

embryo; ¢, empty ege- constantly wearing off and as con-
shells; the black spots are -
exerement, Greatly en- stantly renewed by new growth from
pe, beneath. This being the case the eggs
in the burrow will reach the surface just about in time to
hatch and to permit the young animal to escape. These bur-
rows are from one-twelfth to a quarter of an inch long and
possess a serpentine form. They can be detected below the
surface of the skin as a whitish dotted line, the dots corre-
sponding to the eggs. Over the entrance made by the mite
there is usually a little pimple on the skin containing a wa-

tery fluid. When we try to obtain the mite by puncturing

56 THE ITCH-MITE OF MAN.

this pimple we never succeed, as the parasite is some distance
away in the blind end of the burrow.

The mining and boring operations of the mite cause in-
tense itching and irritation of the nerves of the skin, and
quite often an inflammation, which produces peculiar erup-
tions on the surface. This intolerable itching causes the one
infested to scratch himself incessantly, and the patients have
no rest on that account, and consequently tear and lacerate
their skin in all directions. But not all portions of the body
of man are suitable for these intruders; they need a softskin
to enable them to enter. This is the reason that we usually
find the first indications of the itch between the fingers, where
the skin is tender, and here the peculiar looking burrowscan
be readily detected. The region infested by this unpleasant
parasite of man is so definite, that those familiar with skin
diseases can detect their presence at once.

REMEDIES.—How can we separate ourselves from these
intimate friends? They are hidden beneath the tough layers
of our skin, which have to be removed to reach them; next
we have to apply something that will come in contact with
the intruders, that willkill them but notinjureus; and finally
we have to cure the eruptions and sores caused by such con-
stant scratchings. Of course a great deal depends upon the
length ot time a person has been affected, or in other words
upon the number of mites he harbors, and upon the sensi-
bility of the skin. It is well known that the longer the para-
sites are neglected the more numerous they become. Itisa
good thing, however, that their increase in numbers is quite
slow; if the mites are not destroyed by proper methods they
will flourish just as long as the host lives. To kill them we
must first of all soften and remove the loose epidermis of the
patient. Everyone ought to be familiar with the effect of a
long-continued application of warm water and soap to the
skin; this treatment swells up the scurf-skin, softens the
same, and enables us to scrape or rub it off. Soaking in hot
water and rubbing all parts of the body with strong soft-
soap is the first step to remove this very unpleasant intruder.
Todo this well requires about half an hour’s work. Of
course for very delicate skins this operation can or should

THE ITCH-MITE OF MAN. dT

be greatly shortened. Next it is necessary to kill the para-
sites. For this purposethecommonsulphur-ointment should
be rubbed thoroughly over the body, and if this operation is
performed well all mites that were exposed by the previous
rubbing and came in contact with this medicine, are
killed. Those patients who possess a_ tougher skin
can have this ointment left on over night, when it
should be removed by a.hot bath in the morning.
Of course a thick-skinned laborer needs a very dif-
buca ey Lncatment jwthan) taat. ‘of a delicate. child. it
the patient possesses a very tender skin sulphur-soap
can be substituted. A solution of sulphuret of potas-
sium in water, two or four ounces to the gallon. of cold
water, varying the strength according to the age of the pa-
tient and the tenderness of the skin, is also a very safe wash.
As the odor of this substance is very unpleasant it should
only be used where plenty of ventilation can be had. All
these substances will succeed if thoroughly applied; a few
mites left could soon multiply again and cause fresh trouble.
To prevent this the wash should be applied at least thee
times, at intervals of three or four days, to destroy the
young mites as fast as they hatch. There are many other
remedies, such as sulphur, tar, naphtol, styrax, Peruvina
balsam and others, and specialists of skin-diseases have
a large choice of substances and methods of applications
adapted to the purse of the patient, and to their cutaneous
sensibilities. But we strongly advise anyone suffering from
this nasty disease to apply toa physician, and let him conduct
the treatment. All underclothes should be washed most
thoroughly in very hot water, bed clothes must be
heated to 100° C. for several hours to destroy the mites.
The outer garments, contrary to expectations, do not need
such a vigorous scouring.

As the parasites live intheskin of their hosts, contagion
comes from personal contact, particularly from hand to
hand, and the most high-bred, refined, or cleanly persons are
not exempt.

58 SCAB OF HOG.

NORWEGIAN ITCH-MITE OF MAN.
(Sarcoptes crustose Fuerst.).

This itch-mite is very similar to the common one infest-
ing man, but is smaller and darker. It was first described in
Christiana, Norway, and seems to beconfined to that country,
though it has several times been found elsewhere. It has so
far as known not been found in Minnesota, and it is to be
hoped never will find its way into our state, as it is a very
much worse parasite than the common itch-mite.

SCAB OF HOG OR THE SCALE-BEARING
ITCH-MITE.

(Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis) or (Sarcoptes squamiferus Fuerst.).

This mite is found upon the skin of dogs, hogs, goats,sheep,
and probably of man, whereit producesscab. The upper sur-

Fig. 30.—Scah-mite of Fig. 31.—Scab-mite of the hog ,fe-
the hog, male. Greatly en- male and egg. Greatly enlarged.
larged. Original. Original.

face of the female bears a number of triangular scales, which
are not arranged in regular rows. The first row of scales
commences behind the first spines upon the thorax. Head
and legs are more hairy than in thecommonitch-mite. There
are 6 sickle-shaped thorns upon the thorax, and 13 or 14
pointed ones upon the back.

The length of the male varies from 0.25 to 0.32 mm.,

THE MANGE OF THE HORSE. 59

that of the female from 0.40 to 0.48 mm.; the former is 0.39
mm. wide, the latter 0.835 mm. The eggs measure 0.17 mm.

The illustrations (fig. 30, male and fig. 31, female and
egg) were made from specimens which infested some hogs in
the vicinity of the State Experiment Farm. Thelegs ofthese
animals were in a terrible condition, showing that mites had
been permitted to inhabit them for a long time. The strange
and ridiculous thing about this case was the fact that the
hogs were condemned to be killed as suffering from hog
cholera.

THE MANGE OF THE HORSE.
(Sarcoptes scabiet var. equt).

This itch-mite is found upon the horse, ass, and mule, but
can also migrate to man where it will thrive as well.
Though very small it can be readily detected moving among
the scurf of an infested skin if a strong magnifying lens
is used. Like the other true itch-mites it forms small
galleries beneath the scurf-skin, in which it hides and
multiplies. If the hide of an infested horse is warmed
by the sun, or in a warm stable, the mite becomes very
active, and is found quite readily by those trained
in such work. Prof. Law writes that to obtain speci-
mens “it may be needful to tie the scab on the human
arm till a prickling is felt, when the acarus will be found in
the centre of a minute papule caused by its bite.’? The writer
did not think it absolutely necessary to offer his arm for such
a purpose, and this accounts for the fact thatno illustration
has been made of this parasite. Perhaps some reader may
be inclined to offer his assistance, and after isolating the
mite in the above manner to donate it to the writer so that
a picture can be made.

Like all true burrowing itch-mites they can not exist for
a long time if removed from their burrow and exposed to the
dry air; in moist places they can exist, however, for many
days, even for several weeks.

Horses, etc. inyaded by such parasites show the presence
of them by their restlessness, which is caused by their inces-
sant itching about the heads, manes, tailsand backs. Here

60 THE HEAD-SCAB OF SHEEP.

numerous open sores and scabs make the presence of the
itch-mite very certain and plain.

REMEDIES.—‘‘Remove scabs by.soapsuds and brush, and
apply a tea made by boiling 114 ounces of tobacco in two
pints of water. This application should be repeated after
fifteen days to kill the new brood that may have hatched in
the interval. Cleanliness in the stable is another important
factor, and if a case of this disease has been found in a stable,
all blankets and rubbers should be boiled, and the walls
should be whitewashed with quicklime containing one-fourth
pound of chloride of lime to the gallon.”’

THE HEAD-SCAB OF SHEEP.
(Sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis).

This variety of thecommonitch-miteis very small, almost
invisible to the naked eye. It presents some characters not
found in the other varieties, but they are of very little im-
portance to the flockmaster.

Dr. Cooper Curtice describes this disease in ‘‘The Animal
Parasites of Sheep” as follows: ‘‘Head scab begins on the
upper lip and about the nostrils; more rarely it may show
itself for the first time about the eyelids and ear. In these
places there is less hair and grease, affording the pests better
opportunities of getting at the skin. From these starting
points the scabs spread over the forehead, cheeks, eyelids,
and occasionally over the space under the jaws. In badly
infested sheep the disease may sometimes spread over the
fore limbs, under the belly, around the joints, and especially
between the folds of the knees, hocks and pasterns. Sheep
with coarse dry wool are more likely to suffer than those
with fine, oily, and soft wool. Long wool seems to offer a
barrier to its progress, for the invasion of parts covered
with short wool is much more rapid. The demarkation be-
tween the invaded parts of the head and the healthy wool-
bearing portions is quite abrupt.’’

REMEDIES.—As these parasites thrive chiefly upon the
parts of the sheep and goat that are only covered with short
wool or hair a cure is easy. When found no time should be

THE MANGE OF THE DOG. ; 61
lost to apply the proper remedies, as the presence of such
itch-mites will affect the health of the invaded animals.
Early treatment of such cases is all important, and if the
parasites are detected soon after having found a home upon
the sheep, a thorough application of scab-dips or ointments
will destroy them. In cases of longer standing the scabs
have to be softened and loosened by some kind of grease or
oil before the dip is applied.

A number of different dips will be given later under
sheep-scab.

THE: MANGE, OF THE DOG.
(Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis).

This disease is also caused by the presence of itch-mites,
and can be cured in the same way as in other animals.

THE SMALL ITCH-MITE.
(Sarcoptes minor Fuerst.).

This itch-mite causes the mange of cats and rabbits, and
received the correspending names of S. cuniculi and S. cati.

Fig. 32. Scab-

mite of cat, male. Fig. 33. Scab-mite of
Greatly enlarged. eat, female. Greatly
Original. enlarged. Original.

‘This parasite is considerably smaller, the male measuring
‘0.18mm. in length and 0.14mm. in breadth, the female 0.25
and 0.20, and the eggs 0.10mm. The female has alargenum-
ber of long and very small scales upon the back, the male but
afew. Thorns upon the thorax are not present, while twelve

62 SHE SMALL ITCH-MITE.

can be counted upon the dorsal side of the abdomen. Fig.
32 shows the male, and fig. 33 the female mite.

These parasites attack at first the head, and chiefly the
base of the nose, lips, ears and eyes of the host. On account
of the hairs they make very tortuous burrows, which can,
however, be readily detected in such places. As the para-
sites become more numerous, and thus cause more violent
and frequent scratching, the parts affected soon become
covered with a hard and very offensive looking scab. The
sores gradually extend over the shoulders and even over
the back and sides, and by degrees poor pussy becomes
weaker, and her skin increases in thickness, forming stiff folds
around the neck. Soon inflammation sets in, extends to the
nostrils, obstructs respiration, and at last the head enlarges
beyond all proportions. In time, if not checked, the whole
body becomes thus diseased, and the animal can scarcely
drag itself along. It is really and truly devoured while still
living, and thus suffers until death puts an end to its miser-
able existence.

This disease is much more frequent in cities than in the
country, because thecats have greater opportunities to come
in contact with mangy ones and thus become the abode of
this parasite.

REMEDIES.—The same remedies that relieve man of the
presence of these horrible parasites will also cure the mange
of the cat.

As mentioned before the genus Sarcoptes contains two
sections or sub-genera; the itch-mites of the first, or those
infesting mammals, have been described, and it remains to
mention those infesting birds. A large number of mites in-
fest birds, but do not produce an itch-like disease, as they
simply absorb the blood of their host, and being nocturnal in
their habits cause loss of sleep; both factors together weak-
en the infested bird. But there are several genuine itch-mites
that utilize chickens, turkeys, pheasants, parrots, thrushes,
crows and small birds in aviaries as dwelling places.

THE CHICKEN-SCAB. 63
THE CHICKEN-SCAB.

(Sarcoptes mutans Rob. or Anemidokoptes viviparus Fuerst.).

This mite selects such portions of the skin as are free
from feathers, and causes a peculiar itch upon the
legs of the bird (fig. 35), sometimes extending to the
head (fig. 36), where it forms discolored spots. The
mites possibly reach the combs of chickens when the latter
are scratching these organs, or when they peck at the itch-
ing legs. Combs invaded by this mite show white dots and
lines covered by minute scales, which rub off quite readily;
below them the skin is brownish, contrasting strongly with
the normal red color. Later the feathers
on the head undergo a peculiar change;
they turn whitish, lose their glossy ap-
pearance, and stand on end. Infested
legs are distinguished by greyish-white
spots or scabsof various shapes and
sizes, and by brownish swellings in the
skin, and in extreme cases by a greatly
swollen and scabby appearance. Under
these scales wesee a yellowish substance
Fig. 34, Scab-miteofchick-1N Which are the numerous burrows of
targed Original ©" the mites. The scabs thus formed give
the legs a very peculiar and unsightly appearance—they
look ‘‘chalky.”’

All the actions of the fowls show that considerable itch-
ing takes place, which, however, does not as a general rule
destroy the appetite of the patients. The young and six-
legged mites are fairly active, and one diseased fowl will
soon scatter the infection to all other birds living in the
same roost.

If we investigate, by means of a microscope, a small
piece of the scab caused by these parasites, we find in most
of the burrows small and young mites, and in the blind end of
the burrow large females and males. But we do not find eggs in
such burrows, as we do in the case of other itch-mites. Prof.
Fuerstenberg discovered that these mites produced living
young, and therefore changed the former name of these

64 SKIN-EATING ITCH-MITES.

mites, Sarcoptes mutans, to the second name used above in
parenthesis.

These mites possess a round and very flat body, as can
be seen in the illustration (fig. 34), and they are further
characterized by the absence of spines on their backs. The
average size of a female is 0.314 by 0.307 mm.; of a male
0.230 by 0.165mm. The latter differs not alone in being
much smaller, butialso by possessing a different shape.

The disease can be communicated not alone to other
fowls but even to man and to the horse.

REMEDIES.—Creolin, which is highly reeommended as a
remedy against itch-mites and other parasites, was tried
upon a hen with badly infested legs. The comb and head,
from which the feathers were dropping, showed also the
presence of mites. The right foot was soaked in a ten per
cent solution of creolin, the left was soaked in one of five
per cent, while the head and comb was also washed with
a solution of the latter strength. On the following day,
(March 12th), the treatment was repeated, and again on
April 4. At this latter date a very markedimprovement had
taken place, and the scab and scales so prominent upon the
legs before were fast disappearing, and new feathers com-
menced to grow upon the naked spots upon the head; the
brightly colored comb also showed improved health, being
no longer pale and spotted. But little difference could be de-
tected between the effects of the two applications of different
strengths.

2. Skin-eating Iteh-mites (/%soroptes)—Mites be-
longing to this genus of itch mites are also very small, and
can only be studied by means of a microscope. Their round
or oval body carries a short and thick cylindrical head,
broader than long, with two claw-like mandibles and two
three-jointed feelers. The striated skin carries two long
spines and eight stiff hairs starting from round chitinous
bands. Beside these the female has stiff hairs upon the back
and sides of abdomen, but chiefly two larger and two small-
er spines and two cylindrical projections at the posterior
end. The male has at the end of the abdomen two clasping
organs, each of which bears threespines and a sword-shaped

MANGE OF THE HORSE. 69

organ. The adult animal has eight legs, the young six.
The roundish male has one fine claw on the first two pairs
of legs, two larger ones on the third, and none on the fourth
and last. The mites moult four times.

This genus contains a single species, the Psoroptes com-
munis Fuerst. Besides the characters already given for the
genus it is only necessary to state that it also occurs innum-
erous forms upon a number of domesticated animals, upon
which'lit causes crusts by pricking their skins. The differ-
ences between these forms or varieties are not great, but suf-
ficiently so to give them each a name according to the host
upon which they occur.

THE COMMON MANGE OF THE HORSE.
(Psoroptes communis Var. equi).

This disease caused by parasitic mites is the most
common and longest known of all skin-diseases of the horse,
ass and mule. It can appear upon
any part of the body except the ex-
tremities of the limbs, but it is most
usually found upon the upper part of
the neck, the root of the mane, the
poll and the tail. The mites live in
colonies on the surface of the skin,
hiding under the shelter of hairs, and
their presence is readily discovered.
Fig. 37 shows the two sexes of this
mite. If we take some scabs from the
ee ee eee lvaded parts and put them ¢aupon
ycnlezeed After Meguin-” black paper, we can even with the un-
aided eye see numerous mites moving about actively in all
stages of growth. The mites, in feeding upon the surface
of the skin, make punctures, and these soon form a crust,
and as the parasites multiply rapidly they cause before long
similar symptoms to those produced by the true burrowing
itch-mites. The constant irritation caused by their presence
forces the horse to the most energetic rubbings, which add
to the inflammation of the skin, and the sores and ulcers
thus produced are often impregnated with blood.

66 THE MANGE OF THE OX.

These parasites are very hardy, and consequently any
treatment to remove them must be very thorough to suc-
ceed. They have been known to beable to exist for thirty days
in the moist atmosphere of astable away from the horse, and
fourteen days in dry air; they may even recover after six or
eight weeks when subjected to moist warmth. Fecundated
females possess greater vital resistance than males, and
these more than non-fecundated females. Pastures in which
mangy horses have been kept are dangerous for six to eight
weeks to healthy horses on that account.

REMEDIES.—What will kill itch-mites will also kill these
skin-eating mites, and any of the proposed remedies against
scab-insects will answerif applied thoroughly and repeatedly,
so as to kill the eggs as well as the mites. Not alone the
parts affected, but also the adjacent regions should be
treated. In case of common horses two parts of tar mixed
warm with one part of soft-soap, and well rubbed into the

diseased patches on the skin by means of a brush, will eradi-
cate the mites.

THE MANGE OF THE OX:
(Psoroptes communis var. bovis).

This disease is very similar to the one caused by the mites
upon the horse. It usually commences at the root of the
tail, at the neck or withers, and gradually extends to the
head, back, shoulders and finally invades the entire surface
of the body excepting the limbs.

REMEDIES.—The same remedies indicated for the mange
of the horse are applicable. The disease in either case
can only become serious when it has been neglected, as it
yields readily if the applications are repeatedly made in a
thorough manner.

THE COMMON SHEEP-SCAB.
(Psoroptes communis Var. ovis).
The following description of this itch-mite, and the

different methods of curing the disease caused by its presence,
are copied from the bulletin No. 16 of the Minnesota Agri-

THE COMMON SHEEP-SCAB. 67

cultural Experiment Station, published by the writer in
April, 1891, and which is now out of print.

“It is no longer a theory but a well established fact that
large portions of our state are well adapted to sheep hus-
bandry. A dry region, covered withsmall-leaved plants and
grasses, is essential to success, and no good results can be
expected upon low or swampy lands, nor in very dry and
dusty regions, which are neither good for the animals nor
for their wool. Sheep are the only domesticated animals
which can fully utilize the vegetation of our wild prairies, as
they graze down to the very roots of nearly all plants grow-
ing there. With the exception of the seeds of some species of
grasses (Stipa), that are injurious to them, in extreme cases
even causing death, all other plants areeaten with impunity,
even should they be poisonous to other stock. By means of
sheep husbandry our farmers are enabled to fully uti-
lize much of the cultivated land in the vicinity of their
farms, as well as all the land lying fallow or in stubble.
Many of the most noxious weeds introduced into the exten-
sive cultivation of the soil can only be successfully kept in
check by the use of sheep. Of course wherever the natural
conditions are not in favor of this industry, or where but
scant food can be obtained upon the natural meadows,
farmers must either be satisfied with fewer sheep, or they
must grow food for them. Frequently too many animals
are kept by farmers, who can not take proper care of them,
and naturally the result is a more or less complete failure.
If proper attention is given to it sheep husbandry is one of
the most important branches of farming, and one that pays
well in more than one sense.

For most of our farmers sheep husbandry is still a new
enterprise, and numerous errors in the management of the
animals are the consequence. Simply possessing suitable
land for this business does by no means insure success.
Among the errors usually made one stands out very promi-
nently, 7. e. the farmers are very apt to keep more sheep
than they can properly take care of; or, in other words: the
sheep are left on the prairies to take care of themselves. The
consequences are failure, at least in many cases. No enter-

68 THE COMMON SHEEP-SCAB.

prise can be a success unless proper pains are taken to make
it such. Herding together large numbers of sheep belong-
ing to a number of farmers has the very dangerous tendency
to rapidly spread any disease which by separating the large
flocks into smaller ones would not occur. If, for instance,
one farmer is careless and allows the scab to enter his flock,
his animals, grazing together with others well taken care of,
will soon spread this disease, and thus force all his neighbors
to go to a heavy expense to exterminate it. Concerted ac-

\
SS Dige e

Fig. 38.-Scab-miteo sheep,male; Fig.39.—Scab-mite of sheep,
a, head; b, b, legs; c, c, suckers. female. Greatlyenlarged. After

Geatly enlarged. After Curtice. Curtice.

tion is absolutely necessary to prevent this disease from en-
tering any region, or to stamp it out if once found among
the sheep. Most countries have stringent laws, well en-
forced, to prevent the introduction of sheep that are not per-
fectly healthy. We have as yet no such laws and therefore
it behooves each farmer so much more to be on his guard.
“An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure” is
an old truth, and exceedingly well appliable to sheep hus-
bandry.

Of the three distinct species of scab-mites found upon
sheep the above one is the worst and the losses caused by
it are very great in some of our western states, and as the
pest has found a lodgment in several parts of our own state,

THE COMMON SHEEP-SCAB. 69

great care should now be taken to stamp it out, and prevent
other flocks from becoming infested... Our farmers, and
chiefly those that. are still unfamiliar with the details of
sheep husbandry, can not be too careful in regard to this
disease. Wherever.sheep husbandry has been well estab-
lished for some time, and where farmers have learned to cure
the disease, the losses caused by scab are gradually reduced
by the proper use of remedies, and by the exercise of good
judgment in furnishing their animals sanitary surroundings.
This scab-mite can be more completely and readily extermi-
nated than many of the other parasites of sheep.

The mite is very small, barely visible to the unaided eye;
it has an elongated oval body, resembling in shape a turtle.
Its skin shows numerous small wrinkles, and iscovered with
spines, hairs, scales and wart-like projections. The mature
mite has eight legs, each composed of five joints. The illus-
trations (fig.38, 39 and 26) show the male, female, and the
mouth parts. The male (fig. 38) upper side, is quite different
from the female (fig. 39), ascan be readily seen by comparing
the illustrations. The young larval mite possesses but six
legs. Both males and females make burrows or tunnels in
the skin of their host, but those of the former are always
very short. |

Neither sex lives longer than from three to six weeks, but
during this time the female is almost constantly engaged in
laying eggs. Theseare smooth objects, of an elongated oval
shape, and are deposited in small patches, each containing
from twenty to twenty-four eggs, which hatch in the course
of four to seven days. The six-legged larve undergo three
moults in the tunnels, and reach maturity in about fourteen
days, when they leave their old quarters and start tunnels
for their own use. Gerlach computed that a single female
could produce in three months a progeny of 1,500,000. He
gives the result in a tabular form:

First generation after 15 davs produces 10 females and 5 males.

Second earned Urgent S 100 = 50 a
Third NST UE eee: ar re gy = 1,000 on BOOra iS
Fourth ~°** ee @ Oseter ir: * 10,000 nA 5,000 7
Fifth e STs. £9 SS 2 et OO, 000 “50,000 ae

Sixth ia or 9 Onipi es “1,000,000 *“ 500,000 a

70 THE COMMON SHEEP-SCAB.

This estimate of their rapid multiplication, which is by
no means exaggerated, but is a very moderate one, plain-
ly proves that the farmers keeping sheepcan not be toocare-
ful to prevent the scab from infecting their flocks. Mites,
and their eggs as well, if removed from their abodes and
placed upon a moist piece of blotting paper, or if kept in a
moist atmosphere, can exist from fourteen days to four weeks,
butin dry surroundings they willsoon perish. Thisshows the
necessity of preventing healthy sheep from sleeping upon
moist soil upon which diseased animals have been resting.
All such scab-mites seem to become more active in warm
stables, and thus cause more violent itching. In the case of
the human itch-mite it has been observed that the mites leave
their tunnels at night, if the patient is in a warm bed, and
commence to make new tunnels, hence the increased itching
at that time.

The skin disease caused by the common scab-mite has a
different appearance upon different breeds of sheep. Upon
some breeds, characterized by wool nearly free from fat, the
disease can spread over the wholebody. Starting from small
and isolated spots the scab extends slowly but steadily. In
Merino sheep the disease is not so readily communicated,
and affects mainly spots free from long wool. The firstindi-
cation of the disease is violent itching, which the infested
animals show by rubbing against all sorts of objects and
by biting the infested spots. This itching sensation becomes
more evident when the animals become heated by exercise.
The sensation produced by rubbing against posts, etc., —
is evidently of a pleasant character to the sheep, as is
shown by a trembling motion of their lips, as_ well
as by the rapid opening and closing of their jaws.
The spots of skin infested usually upon the back
—show small yellowish knots, which soon change
to. little .pus balls’ filled with lyniph: Tater une
fluid is discharged and dries, forming small vellowish-
brown scabs. The wool upon the invaded spots becomes
paler and dry, is slightly lifted, but usually remains in posi-
tion, being glued to the skin by the drying lymph. Very
often these first indications are very slight, and escape de-

THE COMMON SHEEP-SCAB. TL

tection. Separating with the hand the wool of infested ani-
mals, the presence of mites will become evident if we find
round spots upon the skin, which appear whitish where the
epidermis is a little elevated, and where the lymph forms
yellowish thin deposits that are easily lifted with the loos-
ened wool. In somecases the animals show painif scratched,
instead of pleasure. The skin of infected animals, if butch-
ered, show upon their under side red points. The disease
always starts from small spots, and spreads but very grad-
ually. If neglected, the scabs become thick and of a brown
color, as if soaked with oil; eventually the skin, entirely de-
nuded of wool, becomes wrinkled, and between the wrinkles
cracks appear. If the further increase of the scab-mites is
not checked the animals become poorer and poorer, and
die before long.

By rubbing against posts and other objects many mites
and their eggs are removed, and thus frequently find lodg-
ment upon healthy sheep. The mites can readily be found,
but not in the early stages of the disease.

REMEDIES.—‘‘ Whatever kills the mite cures the scab’’ may
be said to be the rule that we have to follow to exterminate
them. Internal remedies have no value whatever, except in
cases where the animal infested is weak, and where rich food
is necessary to strengthen the patient.

Creosote, solutions of potash, alkalies mixed with fat,
oil of turpentine, benzine, kerosene, tar, tobacco, hellebore,
mercury, and arsenic kill the mites more or less rapidly.

Vogel made some experiments, under the microscope,
and found that scab-mites were killed as follows:

Within one minute by creosote, carbolic soap and ben-
zine.

Within several minutes by tar and caustic potash solu-
tions.

Within one-quarter to one-half hour by tobacco or helle-
bore.

Within one hour by soft soap.

Within two hours by arsenic.

Within four hours by corrosive sublimate.

In Europe, where all flocks of sheep are given in charge

72 THE COMMON SHEEP-SCAB.

of shepherds who know all the individuals, and who notice,
almost immediately, if anything is wrong with them, the
presence of the scab-mite is quickly followed by the proper
remedy. The shepherds, although they frequently do not
know that a mite is the cause of the trouble, search for
the infested spots, remove the wool already loosened, and,
scraping away the scab, apply a little extract of tobacco,
which they always keep on hand, or apply a gray salve,
made of mercury, to which is added a little oil of turpen-
tine. In this way the young colonies made by the mites are
soon destroyed.

To kill the scab-mites in any given locality, and to pre-
vent infection of healthy sheep, two operations have to be
carried out, and ought to be enforced, ifnecessary, by law; 7. e.

1. Direct destruction of the mites, and
2. Disinfection of stables, etc.

Both are most effectively carried out immediately after
shearing, as at that time the scabs are exposed to view. The
sheep, after being dipped, should be kept away for some
time from their old stables to prevent new infection.

To kill the mites in a thorough manner, it is best to ap-
ply the remedy over the whole surface of the animal, and not
alone to the region showing scab. For this purpose two
baths, or dips, are required, one to loosen the scab, so as to
permit the scab remedy to reach the mite, and the other to
perform the actual work of killing the parasites.

For the first bath, or dip, it is best to make a solution of
two parts of potash, one part of lime, and fifty parts of
water, or, in other words, dissolve in 100 quarts of water
101b of potash and 5tb of lime.

For the second bath, a good dip is composed of 80 gal-
lons of water and 40ib of tobacco. In both baths the water
should be warmed to a temperature of 100° to 110° Fahr.
This second bath should be applied twenty-four hours after
the first one. With proper appliances, each sheep, after shear-
ing, requires about two gallons of either fluid, andin winter,
or when the wool is long, about four gallons.

It requires four men to do the work thoroughly, one to
hold the front legs, one the hind legs, and one thehead. The

THE COMMON SHEEP-SCAB. 73

animal is kept in the bath from three to four minutes. A
fourth man separates with his hands the wool, and thor-
oughly rubs the infested skin, using a sharp brush to remove
the scab. The legs of the sheep arekeptinthe bath, the head
must be well washed and should be immersed several times;
in doing so one man should keep the eyes of the animal
closed with his hands. After the bath the sheep is put in an
adjoining empty box to collect the drippings, which are ad-
ded from time to time to the bath. Of course the’ ani-
mals should be kept in a sheltered place, free from the dis-
ease, after each bath, and should be protected from the
winds until dry.

This bath kills only the mites, but not their eggs, and
consequently—as the egg stage lasts from three to seven
days—another bath must be given seven to eight days after
the first one to kill the young mites just hatched. It is
usually not necessary to give still another bath after this.
The animals still suffer a little from the itching of their skin,
but this will gradually disappear as the sores become healed.
If, however, after a sufficient time the itching does not stop,
then it is necessary to repeat the bath.

Where large flocks have to be dipped tubs merely large
enough to completely immerse one sheep are not sufficient,
and dipping pens or tanks have to be made, through which
the animals to be treated may be driven. Large boilers to
prepare the dip and to heat the water are also necessary.

Disinfection of Stables, etc.—The first step necessary is
to remove the dung from the stables to fields not accessible
to sheep, where it should be plowed under. The earth com-
posing the floor of the stables should be dug uptoadepth of
several inches and should be removed and replaced by fresh
material. Allthe wood work in stables must be washed
with hot soapsuds, and white-washed to a height of five feet.
Posts in or near pastures should be treated inasimilar man-
ner. After leaving the well-ventilated stables in this condi-
tion for two weeks sheep can again be housed in them.

Composition of Dips.—There are a very large number of
dips recommended, and most of them are satisfactory if thor-

74 DIPS.

oughly well applied. A few of the leading ones are here
given.

Australian Dip.—100tb of flower of sulphur, 150tb of
quick lime, and 100 gallons of water. Mix and stir, while
boiling, for ten minutes, until the mixture assumes a bright
red color, then add three gallons of water. Use the dip,
heated to 100°-110° Fahr. twice, at an interval of two
weeks.

Texas Dip.—30tb of tobacco, 7ib of surphur, 3ib of con-
centrated lye, dissolved in 100 gallons of water.

Nevada Dip.—Sulphur, 10tb; lime, 20fb; water, 60 gal-
lons.

California Dip.—Sulphur, 4tb; lime, 1fb; water, enough
to make 4 gallons.

Kansas Dip.—Sulphur, 22tb; lime, 7fb; water, 100 gal-
lons.

Curtice’s Dip.—Probably tobacco and sulphur form the
best combination known for the treatment of scab. To
every hundred gallons of water there should be used 35tb of
good strong tobacco (if stems or other inferior parts are
used there should be more), and 101tb of flowers of sulphur.
This preparation, used at a temperature of 120° Fahr., will
kill all mites, ticks and lice, and leave the wool in a clean
condition. Has to be applied a second time in ten to four-
teen days.

Walz’s Dip.—6tb of freshly burned slaked lime, 6fb pot-
ash, 10 quarts of water; boil an hour, stirring occasionally.
Add pine-oil 8tb, and tar 2 quarts. Make an infusion of 201tb
tobacco in 130 quarts of water; add the lye already made
and stir. This quantity suffices for 100 sheep. Apply by
immersing the sheep, separating the wool and breaking the
scabs. Repeat in eight or ten days.

Law’s Dip.—Take 16tb tobacco, 3 pints of oil of tar,
20tb soda ash, 4tb soft soap, 58 gallons of water. This
quantity suffices for 50 sheep. The tobacco should be
steeped, afterwards the other ingredients should be added
at 70° Fahr.

Zundel’s Dip.—13%2tb tobacco, infuse in 66 gallons of

DIPS: 75

water; dissolve in it Sib soda, add 4tb freshly burned or
slaked lime. Dilute 8ib soft soap with hot tobacco broth,
add it to the rest, then add 4tb crude carbolic acid. Mix.
This quantity is sufficient for 100 sheep.

Roloff’s Dip.—For 100 sheep. Take 20tb of tobacco,
steep it with 66 gallons of water for half an hour; heat it to
95° Fahr. and add 2'%4tb each of pure carbolic acid and
potash.

Mix an infusion of 15tb tobacco with 2¥%tb carbolic
acid and 13%1lb wood tar, pour it into 66 gallons of water
at 125° Fahr., in which 3 tb soda have been dissolved. Use
it at a temperature of 80° or 90° Fahr., and repeat in six or
seven days.

Clement’s Dip.—Arsenious acid 1 part; sulphate of zinc, 5
parts; water, 100 parts. The water is put over the fire, the
chemicals added, and it is allowed to boil for 8 or 10 min-
utes. When cool enough for use the sheep is entirely sub-
merged in the liquid with the exception of the head. Thelabor-
ers should grease their arms with linseed oil, as well as the
udder of ewes, to prevent the action of the astringent on the
skin and on the secretion of milk.

Mathew’s Dip.—1 part arsenious acid, 10 parts alum, 100
parts water.

Scheurle and Kehm’s Dip. 1 pt. arsenic, 12 parts alum,
200 parts of water.

Kerosene-Emulsion as a Sheep Dip.—Prof. Gillette has
made a number of experiments with an 8 per cent kerosene-
emulsion, and says that a dip of this strength could be
safely used. Such an emulsion is much cheaper than any
of the commercial dips,andit isa matter of great importance
to try this remedy very fully.

Patent dips are objectionable because their formulas are
not given, and consequently may be valueless or not strong
enough, and they are usually more costly than they are act-
ually worth.”

3. Sucking Itch-mites. (Symbiotes). (Chorioptes).
Two species of Symbiotes are found in Minnesota, the
Common Symbiotes (Symbiotes communis Verheyen), and the
Auricular Symbiotes (Symbiotes auricularum Lucas).

76 FOOT-MANGE AND FOOT-SCAB.

THE FOOT-MANGE OF THE HORSE.
(Symbiotes communis war. equi).

This mite attacks the heels and lower parts of the
legs, especially the hind ones, and may be present for a
long time, even years, before extending upon the body of the

Fig. 40.—Mite caus-

ing foot-mange of Fig. 41.—Mite causing
horse; oOvigerous fe- foot-mange of horse; pubes-
male. Greatly enl’g’d. cent female. Greatly en-
After Neuman. larged. After Neuman.

horse. Such mites live in colonies, without excavating gal-
leries, and cause only a local mange or scab. The presence of
these, as well as the restlessness of the invaded animals,
shown by stamping and by rubbing one leg with the other,
indicates the necessity of a local treatment with the reme-
dies given elsewhere.

The male of this mite measures 0.34 by 0.30 mm.; the
female 0.42 by 0.27.; the egg 0.16 mm. Fig. 40 shows an
ovigerous, and fig.41 a pubescent female.

The ox and goat are invaded by similar parasites, which
do not greatly differ from the above, nor do they require a
different treatment.

THE FOOT-SCAB OF THE SHEEP.
(Symbiotes communis var. ovis).

This is caused by a smaller mite and is of rare occurrence.
It is not a serious disease, affecting only the feet and limbs
of the animal, and as it progresses but very slowly to other
parts it is easily cured. One sheep in a very large herd may

EKAR-MITE OF THE DOG. 77

be badly affected for a very long time, and yet no other
sheep will catch the disease. The animals invaded by such
mites, show their presence by stamping, scratching and bit-
ing the affected parts. The remedies proposed elsewhere
for the treatment of the common scab of the sheep can be
used with good effect.

THE EAR ITCH-MITE OF THE DOG.
(Symbiotes auricularum var. canis).

As early as 1834 Hering of Stuttgart discovered an
ulcer in the ear of a dog caused by an itch-mite. Since that
time it has been found very often, and
the parasite is by no means uncom-
mon in Minnesota, where it affects all
breeds of dogs, but especially hunting-
dogs. Animalsinvaded by these para-
sites are, in extreme cases, seized by
convulsions, which are frequently mis-
taken for epilepsy, or even for rabies.
Dogs infested with such mites flap
theirears very often and scratch them
violently, showing the irritation pro-
duced by the parasites. They also cry

Hig.42.Ear-miteofdog, loudlyfrom time totime,becomeangry,
nae an es foam atthe mouth; and run*howline
against obstacles, or turn several times in a circle and fall
down asina fit. Such attacks are repeated andthe animals
become unfit for service andsometimes deaf. Ifthe auditory
canal is investigated it is found to be lined with a dark
and ill-smelling substance, in which are multitudes of the
parasites of all ages and sexes. Tlis substance is some-
times so very abundant as to compress and push back the
membrane of the tympanum. The mites (fig. 42) look like
tiny white specks, oval in shape; they are very active, and
if the ear is carefully watched they may be detected running
aboutthe skin. This activity nodoubt greatly adds to their
irritating presence.

REMEDIES.—Wherever this parasite is found the kennels,

78 OTHER ITCH-MITES.

etc., should be carefully disinfected. The ears of the affected
dogs have to be kept clean, the dark substance found must
be removed, and one or the other of the following mixtures
should be injected.

Oli viesOrl verewsct assent neceaeacerase: 100 grammes
Warplitlioh.. ie) tics..inacosrecnse eocleaee 10 i
Pot her, 26 ssh wk dbase dies? cahemoeneacer net 30

Some of this fluid, which has to be kept in a well-stop-
pered bottle, should be injected every day into the external
auditory canal, which is then closed for ten or fifteen minutes
by a cotton plug to prevent the evaporation of the ether.

A mixture of one ounce of olive-oil with one drachm of
ointment of the nitrate of mercury, daily painted over the
internal surface of the ear with asoft brush, has also answered
the purpose. After a week the ear should be syringed out
with tepid water and methylated spirit, about one to ten.

The same or a very similar parasite has been found in
the ear of the cat, where it causes extraordinary symptoms,
the animal being almost unable to walk; in fact, when it at-
tempts to do so it rolls about as if intoxicated, frequently
falling over on its side.

The ferret, which in many places is kept as a domesti-
cated animal, is also affected by this or a very similar par-
asite.

The Itch-mites contain, besides those already de-
scribed, a number of other small mites which infest birds.
Such mites are found upon nearly all birds, and whoever
searches for them will discover new and most remarkable
forms. The two forms, male and female, shown in fig. 43 and
44, were found with others of a still different shape upon the
Purple Grackle. Some of these mites are really beautiful ob-
jects, which pass through wonderful and most complex
metamorphoses. Many torment their hosts, while others
simply dwell upon them without causing any apparent dis-
turbance or injury. In some cases each species inhabits only
one kind of host, even a certain part of it, while others seem
to care but little where they dwell providing the host isa
bird. Every bird possesses one or more.of such parasites,
and cases are known where one bird gave a home to four

OTHER ITCH-MITES. 79

distinct species of mites belonging to three different genera.

As but very few of these parasites cause real injury to
their hosts excepting if they should become very numerous,
it is not necessary to describe them in detail. In extreme
cases they disturb, locaily, the formation of feathers, and
may, by deranging nutrition, cause a fatal consumption.
Proper cleanliness in poultry-houses and bird-cages will
greatly lessen their numbers.

Fig.44. Miteinfesting bird,
Fig.43. Mite infesting bird, female. Greatly enlarged. Origi-
male. Greatly enlarged. Origina nal. ;

There are a number of other mites, belonging to different
families, which can also, in extreme cases, cause itch-like dis-
eases. Such mites are not usually found permanently upon
man and domesticated animals, but only occassionally in-
vade them.

But it is not alone the skin of animals that is inhabited
by mites; even the air-sacs of chickens are invaded by white
mites large enough to be seen with the nakedeye. Such para-
sites ( Cytodites nudus Vizioli) enter the bronchiand may even
reach the interior of air-canals in the bones. If not numer-
ous their presence is not detected, but if favored by suitable
conditions they increase rapidly in number and kill their
hosts. An autopsy revealed them also in the lungs, liver,
and kidney. Another species of mite (Symplectoptes cysticola
Vizioli) causes an irritation in the connective tissues, form-
ing tubercles, inside of which they may be found; they also

80 HARVEST-BUGS.

occur on the abdominal viscera, in the muscles and beneath
the skin.
C. HARVEST-BUGS. JIGGERS.
(Trombidiide).

These mites are soft, bright-colored, and more or less
hairy. They possess a conical sucker composed of two

Fig. 45.—Trombidium locustarum; a, female laying eggs; b, young larva; c,
fresh egg; d, d, egg shells. Enlarged. After Riley.

hooked or styliform chelifers hidden in a tube formed by the
lower lip and the joined maxilla. The palpi are usually
large, the second joint is longest, while the last bears a pe-
culiar appendage which can be used as a finger and thumb.
The eight legs have five or six joints, usually with two hooks.
Two eyes are oftenpresent. The six-leg-
ged larve lead a parasitic life, and not
alone upon insects and spiders, but also
upon warm-blooded animals, which they
torment, and where they can produce
itch-like sores. Thelarve of some of the
species of Zrombidium are, however, ex-

Fig. 47.—Mite from : ; .
housefly. Enlarged. ceedingly beneficial; for instance the

Patents young of the locust-mite check most
effectually the increase of the Rocky-mountain locust. An-
other small and red mite is frequently found upon our com-
mon house-fly, where it becomes the torment of our tor-
menter. May it prosper! In figure 45 is shown a female
Trombidium laying eggs, and a young larva; in fig. 46,

HARVEST-BUGS. 81

plate VII, a fly upon which nine larve of Zrombidium mus-
carum have fastened themselves; and in fig. 47 we have an
enlarged illustration of one of them.

About the very worst pests of man and domesticated ani-
mals ate the HARVEST-BUGS, RED-BUGS Or JIGGERS, which are
illustrated in fig. 48. They are barely visible mites, the

G }

Mw we
Ay MK re

Ng

PW ae SI) Che
| bee ras bef ee :
y} efi

\

aes gy

Fig. 48.—Red-bugs. The American harvest-mite at the left, the irritating
harvest-mite at the right. Greatly enlarged. After Riley.

young stage of a Zrombidium not yet ascertained, of a brick-
red color and are found in large numbers among low grow-
ing plants. They are not common in Minnesota, and it is
to be fervently hoped will remain so forever. Men and ani-
mals, passing through low herbage that harbors them are
attacked by these pests, which, whenever they suceeed in
finding a host, burrow in and under the skin, causing intol-
erable itching and sores, the latter caused by the feverish ac-
tivity of the finger-nails of the host, if that should be a man,
whose energy in scratching, apparently, can not be con-
trolled and who is bound forcibly to remove the intruders.
The writer has been there! Those who have ever passed
through meadows infested with red-bugs will remember the
occasion.

Horses and other animals in pastures suffer mainly on
the lower part of the face; if kept in their stables the inflam-
mation caused by the mites will soon disappear with the
mites themselves. Dogs and cats suffer greatly in regions
where such mites abound, and look as scabby and mangy as
if infested by some itch-mite. Other animals do not escape,
and the parasite has even been found upon the mole, field-

82 HARVEST-BUGS.

mouse, andbat. They are most numefous late in July and

during August, hence the name ‘‘Harvest-mite.”’
As the writer was present when the two following har-

vest-mites were discovered and described, when, in fact, he
had to sacrifice a piece of his skin containing them for the
above purpose, he will quote the describer’s article in ‘‘Col-
man’s Rural World” for June 2, 1876.

THE AMERICAN HARVEST-MITE.
(Leptus americanus Ril.).

‘‘This species is barely visible to the naked eye, moves read-
ily, and is found more frequently upon children than upon
adults. It lives mostly upon the scalp and under the arm-
pits, but is frequently found on the other parts of the body.
It does not bury itself in the flesh, but simply insinuates the
anterior part of its body just under the skin, thereby caus-
ing intense irritation, followed by a little red pimple. As
with our common ticks, the irritation lasts only while the
animal is securing itself, and its presence would afterward
scarcely be noticed but for the pimple which results.

THE IRRITATING HARVEST-MITE.
(Leptus trritans Ril.).

‘This is the most troublesome and perhaps best known ofthe
two causing intenseirritation and swelling on all parts of the
body, but more especially around the legs and ankles. Woe
betide the person who, after bathing in the Mississippi, or
anywhere in this latitude (Missouri), is lured to some green
dressing spot of grass or weeds. He may for the time con-
sider himself fortunate in getting rid of mud and dirt, but he
will afterward find, to his sorrow, that he got hold of some-
thing far more tenacious in these microscopic harvest-mites.
If he has obtained a good supply of them he will in a few
hours begin to suffer from severe itching, and for the next
two or three days he will be likely to scratch until his limbs.
are sore.

“With the strong mandibles and the elbowed maxille,
which act like arms, this mite is able to bury itself complete-

HARVEST-BUGS. 83

ly in the flesh, thereby causing a red swelling with a pale
pustulous center, containing watery matter. If, in scratch-
ing, one is fortunate enough to remove the mite before it
enters, the part soon heals. But otherwise the irritation
lasts for two, three, or four days, the pustulous centre reap-
pearing as often as it is broken.

‘‘The animal itself,on account of its minute size, isseldom
seen, and the uninitiated, when first troubled with it, are
often alarmed at the symptoms, and at a loss to account for
them. Fortunately, these little plagues never attach them-
selves to persons in such immense numbers as do sometimes
young or so-called ‘‘seed”’ ticks; but I have known cases
where, what with irritation and consequent scratching, the
flesh has the appearance of being covered with ulcers; and
in some localities where these pests most abound sulphur is
often sprinkled in foot-gear, as a protection during ‘‘jigger”’
season.

‘““REMEDIES.—‘‘Sulphur ointment is the best remedy against
the effects of either of these mites, though, when that can

not be obtained, saleratus-water or salt water will probably
allay the irritation. Whether anything better than sulphur
can be used as a preventive I have no real knowledge,
and shall be glad to learn from those who have had experi-
ence. Any oily substance will act as a preventive, and, while
kerosene is too offensive, sweet-oil might be tried. I would
also recommend for trial alum-water, made by dissolving
the alum in hot water, at the rate of an ounce or two to the
quart.

“The normal food of these mites must, apparently, con-
sist of the juices of plants, and the love of blood proves
ruinous to those individuals which get a chance to indulge
it. For, unlike the true chigoe, the female of which deposits
eggs in the wound she makes, these harvest-mites have no
object of the kind, and when not killed at the hands of those
they torment they soon die victims to their sanguinary
appetite.”’

THE HARVEST-BUG OF EUROPE.

““( Leptus autumnalis, or Tetranychus autumnalis Shaw).
This mite is very similar to our species. Itissometimes so nu-

84 GAMASIDS.

merous that crops of currants and other berries have been
abandoned. These mites seem to be able to penetrate stockings
and drawers, and other thin clothing, for though generally
most numerous and annoying about the legs, they are found all
over the body. Cats and dogs, from their prowling habits
in field and garden, suffer greatly. They scratch and nip
their skin with their teeth, so much so that they are some-
times supposed to be suffering from the itch, when it is only
from a daily reinforcement of these mites. Fig. 49 shows a
skin infested with these mites, and the imbedded heads after
the removal of the parasites.

“Kirby and Spence mention a similar insect which occurs
in Brazil, abounding in the rainy season, particularly during
the gleams of sunshine on fine days that
intervene, and which resembles a small
point moving very fast. These animals
they say, get upon the linen and cover
it in a moment; afterward they insinuate

themselves into the skin, and occasion
vinie Glin at man a most intolerable itching. They “are
Pe eee a eoriciie with difficulty extracted,and leave behind

them large livid tumors, which subside
inaday or two. An insect very tormenting to the wood-
cutters and settlers on the Mosquito Shore and Bay of Hon-
duras, and called by them the ‘“‘doctor,”’ is thought to be
identical with this. It is also stated on good authority that
still more serious consequences have been known to follow
the bite of a mite, related to the above if not the same spe-
cies, common in Martinique, and called there the dete rouge.
When the English soldiers in camp were attacked by these
creatures, dangerous ulcers succeeded the symptoms just
mentioned, which in several instances became so bad that
the limb affected had to be amputated.”’

D. GAMASIDS.
(Gamaside. )
The species of mites belonging here are either found in
damp places on the ground, or are parasitic onsome animal.
They possess filiform or thread-like feelers, mandibles with

THE CHICKEN-MITE. 85

minute nippers, and no eyes. Their legs possess seven joints,
and the tarsi have two claws witha sucker between them.
Only two genera contain species that are parasitic upon
domesticated animals; these are Dermanyssus and Gamasus.

LHE: CHICKEN-MITE’ OR “TICK.”
(Dermanyssus galline Redi.).

This mite infests domestic fowls, cage-birds, and not in-
frequently torments man and beast. In extreme cases, or
when very numerous, it has even
caused a form of phthiriasis, a
disease otherwise caused by the
presence of immense numbers of
sucking-lice. Three species have
been described, namely, LD). gal-
line upon chickens, PP. avium
upon birds, and PD. hirundinis
upon swallows, but very prob-
ably they are all the same. The
Bird Tick (2. avium) occurs in

Fig. 50.—Chicken-mite or ‘‘tick.”’ large numbers in bird cages, and
Enlarged. Original. i)

is sometimes very annoying to
the birds, robbing them of their sleep, and if not removed
may cause their death.

The so-called ‘‘tick’’ of chickens is very much larger than
all the other mites mentioned thus far, the male measuring
0.60 by 0.20mm., the female 0.80 by 0.28mm., and the egg
0.20mm. As seen in the illustration (fig. 50) the mite pos-
sesses eight legs, of which the first two are longest, not well
shown as the specimen were rather poorly mounted. The
mite is either blood-red, reddish-brown or whitish, the color
depending largely upon the last meal consumed. Chicken-
mites of this kind are most abundantly found in hen-manure,
or behind the frame-work of the hen-house. Large numbers
breed and hide in the nest of chickens, and if an egg should
be broken in such a place it is soon covered with myriads of
them. They occur also in bird-cages, pigeon-houses, and
nests of swallows or other birds. They attack also the skin
of man, horse, dog, cats, and other animals, where they

86 THE CHICKEN-MITE.

cause great irritation, sores, and scabs, and cases are known
where they have settled permanently upon birds, chiefly
pigeons, and upon the cat, killing these animals in course of
time. As they are nocturnal in their habits they are not
often found upon the tormented animals during the day, but
as soon as it becomes dark they leave their hiding-places to

Fig. 51.—Gamasus spec. Mite and leg greatly enlarged. Original.

suck blood. They obtain this by means of very keen
mandibles, and if at all numerous they extract considerable
quantities of it and thus become very injurious, even fatal to
younger or weaker birds. Even when not very numerous
they prevent the fowls from sleeping at night, and not in-
frequently force setting hens to leave the eggs. They have
also been known to enter the nasal cavities of birds, causing
a severe inflammation.

REMEDIES.—Cleanliness is always the best preventive.
The houses and cages must be washed from time to time

THE CHICKEN-MITE 87

with hot water; the perches should be solid, so as to offer no
hiding places. In bird-cagesit is best, however, to use hollow
perches, which act as traps in which the mites congregate
during the day, and from which they can readily be removed
by boiling water. There are a number of other remedies,
such as the use of insecticidal powders, lime-wash, kerosene-
emulsion or kerosene alone, sulphuret of carbon, creolin and
others. Butno matter which of these substances are used they
have to be applied frequently and most thoroughly as the mites
can remain hidden without food for many months. In one
case specimens were kept for ten months in a glass without
food, and the mites, though very feeble, were still living.
Hen manure, swarming with such dangerous foes to the
sleep and rest of all domesticated animals, has to be removed
from stables, or the inhabitants will be infested; in fact
poultry-houses should always be isolated.

The Gamasus shown in fig. 51 was found in large num-
bers in a neglected hen-house, and greatly tormented the
inhabitants. It took a long time and many applications of
kerosene to dislodge it.

Prof. Leidy described in 1872 a mite found in the ear ofa
bull. Many specimens were discovered upon the ear-drum,
and hence received the name of Gamasus auris. Mr. Turnbull
found them repeatedly in similar situations and believes this
mite to be a genuine parasite.

Other mites, as Gamasus pteropteroides, which normally
are found only in musty fodder, occasionally also reach our
domesticated animals and cause all sorts of irritations.
Still others, for instance those found in old flour, cheese,
dried plums and figs, have been detected repeatedly in sores
upon horses and in other places. To show the general ap-
pearance of such mites one of the cheese-mites ( 7yroglyphus
longior Gervais) has been illustrated in fig. 52. This mite,
common enough in houses, enjoyed for some time the
ephemeral fame of being a human creation,as it was claimed to
have been produced by subjecting a volcanic stone, kept
moist with a weak solution of silicate of potash, to a con-
tinuous current of electricity. This mite, if eaten with
cheese, can also cause sickness. Whenever fodder spoils

88 SUGAR-MITES.

mites are sure to be found in immense numbers, and as they
are equipped with all kinds of tools to reduce the fodder to
dust, and as such spoiled material is only found in stables

Fig. 52.—Tyroglyphus longior Gervais.
Greatly enlarged. Original.

not well cared for, it is not so very strange that animals
forced to live in such places will soon show the presence of
such mites by their restlessness and scabby appearance.

Unrefined sugar sometimes swarms with minute mites
( Tyroglyphus (Acarus) sacchari) and Mr. Cameron of Dublin
counted five hundred of them in ten grains of sugar, which
means that one pound of sugar harbored more than one
hundred thousand of these minute beings (fig. 53). This is
a decidedly bad case of adulteration! The disease known as
‘“‘orocer’s itch”’ is said to be caused by the presence of such
mites, which, like the true itch-mites, burrow under the skin
of the hands of persons frequently handling such sugar.

Dr. Packard received a peculiar Cheletus-like mite (fig.
54 shows an allied species) from New Orleans, said to have
been extracted from the human face. ‘Its body is oblong
and square behind; the head is long and pointed, while the

TICKS. 89

maxilla end in a long, curved, toothed, sickle-like blade.
That this creature has the habits of the itch-mite is suggest-
ed by the curious, large, hair-like spines with which the body
and legs are sparsely armed, some being nearly half as long
as the body. These hairs are covered with very finespinules.

Fig. 53.—Tyroglyphus

(Acarus) sacchari. Great- :
ly enlarged. After Pack- Fig. 54.— Cheletus spec. Greatly en-
ard. larged. Atter Packard.

Those on the end of the body are regularly spoon-shaped.
These strange hairs which are thickest on the legs, probably
assisted the mite in anchoring itself in the skin of the host.”

It is quite certain that a number of other mites belong-
ing to various families can exist, for some time atleast, upon
the skin of man and domesticated animals, and these mites
need not necessarily be blood-sucking species. For instance
Crithoptes monunguiculosus has been found in Germany to be
the cause of an endemic disease attacking some laborers who
were loading barley containing such immature six-legged
and dark-red mites. Another mite, Cheletus, was found in
the pus coming from the ear of a sailor.

BRIG KS.
(Lrodidw.)

The ticks or wood-ticks are well known to all people
that live near uncultivated land, and to hunters and others
that are in the habit of visiting forests. They all have
learned that these parasites can be very troublesome to man

90 TICKS.

and beast. They hide among bushes and other low plants,
and holding themselves with some of their legs to blades of
tall grasses, perhaps overhanging a path, they stretch out
the other legs at full length to detect any animal that may
happen to pass that way and to which they attach them-
selves. Once fastened they select a suitable spot to imsert
their peculiar sucking-organs for the purpose of securing a
feast of blood. All ticks are parasitic, infesting chiefly mam-
mals and reptiles, but also birds.

Their body is round or broadly oval, very flat, and pro-
tected by an exceedingly tough integument. When swollen
with blood their legs, which appeared very long in the hun-
gry creature, are now almost useless, and the tick in this
shape resembles very closely a castor-oil bean. When the
brute has reached its acme of happiness, fullness, it with-
draws the sucking-organs and drops to the ground. Fig. 55,
plateIX,shows ticks of various sizes just removed froma dog.

The mandibles (fig. 56) are covered with teeth and have
terminal hooks; their maxilla are small, not reaching beyond
the beak, but bear a peculiar organ called
the glossoid, which is also covered with
hooks. Their slender, seven-jointed legs
have two claws, and those of the six-

legged young mites, pads or suckers. These
Fig.56. Mouthparts parasites crowd together in large numbers
larged. Origina . when still young, clinging like the mature
ticks to the tips ofleaves, with a number of their slender legs ex-
tended, and wait for ‘something to turn up.’?’ When they
succeed in reaching a victim they insert their glossoids and
mandibles into the skin, to which they cling very firmly by
means of the numerous hooks. This operation causes con-
siderable irritation. If pulled out violently, these sucking-
organs and the head remain in the skin and cause bad sores.
To remove the entire animal, we have to apply oil; as soon
as the parasite is touched with this substance it will with-
draw the imbedded proboscis. Animals upon which large
numbers of ticks are fastened can be relieved by means of
kerosene-emulsion.

The eggs of the ticks are deposited in large masses dur-

THE CATTLE-TICK. 91

ing May and June; they hatch early in July, the “‘shell open-
ing like a clam.”

Ticks are quite numerous in Minnesota, but only in the
south do they become extremely troublesome to persons and
animals.

THE CATTLE-TICK.
(Boophilus bovis Ril.).
This is a flat, leathery, reddish and seed-like species with

an oblong oval body (fig. 57). When mature it reaches
nearly half an inch in length. It doesnot occurin Minnesota,

\

Fig. 57.—Cattle-tick. Enlarged. Original,

but is a southern and, originally, a tropical species which is
annually killed by frost north of the Ohio and Potomac
rivers. Generally speaking, the injury caused by this gigan-
tic mite, sucking the blood of animals, would be but small, if
it were not for the fact that it is the chief and perhaps the
only agent that spreads the ‘‘Texas Fever” or ‘‘Red Water.”
This disease is caused by a microbe which enters the veins
and arteries of cattle and rapidly and extensively destroys
the red corpuscles of the blood. The cattle-tick, which sucks

92 THE COMMON TICK.

the blood of diseased cattle, conveys the disease-germs to its
young, whichcarry it to othercattleinvaded by them. In the
region south of the two rivers mentioned above, the disease
is seldom fatal to the native stock, in the blood of which it
always seems to exist; at least it can be artificially inocu-
lated from apparently healthy southern cattle into healthy
northern stock. If native cattle are brought from the
northera regions into the permanently infected region they
are almost certain to contract the disease if permitted to run
at large. Younger cattle may be acclimated and not catch
the disease in its dangerous form. Ifsouthern cattle, carry-
ing with them such ticks, are sent north, tbe latter drop off
when mature and deposit eggs upon the soil of the pastures,
stables and yards; the young ticks, hatching in eighteen to
twenty-four days, thus reach other stock and as they carry
with them the microbe causing the disease and as they are
not slow to bite, they convey this disease, which in from two
to three weeks developes into Texas fever. All these interest-
ing facts were discovered by the careful investigations made
by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

REMEDIES.—Though we do not find this dangerous tick
in Minnesota it is well to know the proper treatment,
especially as this is equally effective against the ticks found
here. Pine tar, one gallon; kerosene, fish-oil or crude car-
bolic acid, one quart; and powdered sulphur, two pounds,
should be thoroughly mixed. This makes an excellent salve
for sores, and will also protect animals against flies; as a pro-
tection fish-oil is better than either kerosene or carbolic acid.
The salve should be thoroughly rubbed in, and this operation
should be repeated from time to time.

THE COMMON TICK.
(Dermacentor americanus L.).

This tick is the only one that is common in our state,and
very common in some localities. It is found especially
numerous upon hunting-dogs. As very little seemed to be
known about the life-history of this tick some full-grown
specimens, swollen with eggs, were put in a moist-chamber.
They were not slow in depositing immense numbers of eggs,.

THE COMMON TICK. 93

(fig. 58, plate IX) which seemed to issue from the wrong

end of the animal. By looking
at fig. 59, plate IX, it will be seen
that the opening of the sexual
organs, }, is situated between the
haunches of the first pair of legs,
and close to the mouth. Many
thousands of eggs were laid by
each female, which hatched in the
course of three or four weeks.
The young ticks remained for

Hig. 61.Vowg tick. Enlarged. SOme time huddled together (fig.
Sere 60, plate IX) and appear en-
larged, as in fig. 61. They show already upon the margin of
the abdomen plates of chitin which enable them to greatly
expand withfood. Male and female ticks are shown in fig.

Fig. 62.—Common tick before and aftera meal. Greatly en-
larged. Original.

55, plate IX, just as they were removed from a dog. The
mouth-parts of this species, described before, are shown in
fig. 56, and the illustration (fig. 62) shows the tick before
and after a meal. The outline of the tick filled with blood

94 SUCKING-LICE.

is simply indicated by a line enclosing a still hungry parasite.
As the dogs infested with such ticks generally drop them
in and near their sleeping places, these become soon badly

Fig. 63.— Tick from Pocket- Fig. 64.—Tick from Pocket-go-
gopher, adult. Enlargea. Original. pher, young. Enlarged. Original.

invaded with the small and hungry ticks, sometimes called
‘“‘seed-ticks,’’ and in this case they greatly torment the animals
in the vicinity of such breeding places. A thorough and re-
peated spraying with kerosene oil will kill these pests. The
ticks were also found upon horses and other mammals, and
even upon a rattlesnake.

Many other species occur in Minnesota. Some are quite
small, as the one upon the pocket-gopher illustrated in figs.
63 and 64, which shows the adult and the young six-legged
larva.

All the parasites described thus far are not true insects,
differing from them by the possession of eight legs when ma-
ture, by never possessing any wings, and by numerous other
characters not necessary to mention in this place.

F. SUCKING-LICE.
(Pediculi.)

This family of insects includes a number of unsavory par-
asites that infest man and quadrupeds. Though those at-
tacking man are not usually mentioned in polite society it is
sometimes not only important to describe them, but even
necessary to give remedies to reduce their numbers. Of course
the time has passed when insects of this or of asimilar charac-

SUCKING-LICE. 95

ter were such a common occurence that few school rooms
could boast of not having such inhabitants. It shows that
civilization after all depends largely upon the free use of soap
and some mechanical appliances as fine-toothed combs.

Lice are true insects furnished with a sucking mouth
(fig. 65). They are very degraded insects, however, and do
not even possess wings, for which they have no use, being
generally surrounded in their dwelling-places by plenty of

Fig. 65.—Mouth-parts of body-louse; a, a, summit of head with
bristles; b, b, the chitonous band; c, hind part of lower lip; d, d.
protruding part of lower lip (haustellum); e, e, hooks turned out-
wards; f, inner tube of suction, with two pairs of jaws shown as
lines on the outside, and a few drops of blood in the interior.
Greatly enlarged. After Schicedte.

food. The small head is conical; the thorax is also small
and indistinctly segmented; the abdomen, however, is large,
flat, round or oval, and contains nine segments. The slen-
der feelers possess five joints; the simple eyes, if they possess
any, are minute; the feet have two joints, of which the last
one forms a strong hook for grasping the hairs while climb-
ing upon them. The mouth forms a very slender, fleshy

96 SUCKIING-LICE.

tube, which is retracted if not in use; inside this tube is a
fine bristle-like organ which can be introduced into the skin
for the purpose of sucking blood. According to Schicedte it
has the following construction: ‘‘the peculiar attenuation
of the head in front of the antennz at once suggests to the
practiced eye the existence of a mouth adapted for suction.
The mouth differs from that of Rhynchota (as bed-bugs,
etc.) generally, in the circumstance that the labium is capa-
ble of being retracted into the upper part of the head, which
therefore presents a little fold which is extended when the
labium is protruded. In order to strengthen this part, a flat
band of chitine is placed on the under surface, just as a shoe-
maker puts a small piece of gutta-percha into the back of an
india-rubber shoe; as, however, the chitine is not very elas-
tic, this band is rather thinner in the middle, in order that it
may bend and fold a little when the skin is not extended by
the lower lip. The latter consists, as usual, of two hard
lateral pieces, of which the fore ends are united by a mem-
brane so that they form a tube, of which the interior cover-
ing is a continuation of the elastic membrane in the top of
the head; inside its orifice there are a number of small hooks,
which assume different positions according to the degree of
protrusion; if this is at its highest point the orifice is turned
inside out, like a collar, whereby the smal! hooks are direct-
ed backwards, so that they can serve as barbs. These are
the movements which the animal executes after having first
inserted the labium through a sweat-pore. When the hooks
have got a firm hold, the first pair of setze (the real mandi-
bles transformed) are protruded; these are, towards the
points, united by a membrane so as to form a closed tube
from which, again, is exserted the second pair of setz, or
maxillz, which in the same manner are transformed into a
tube ending in four small lobes placed crosswise. It follows
that when the whole instrument is exserted, we perceive a
long membraneous, flexible tube hanging down from the
labium, and along the walls of this tube the setiform mandi-
bles and maxillz in the shape of long narrow bands of
chitine. In this way the tube of suction can be made longer
or shorter as required, and easily adjusted to the thickness

THE HEAD-LOUSE OF MAN. 97

of the skin in the particular place where the animal is suck-
ing, whereby access to the capillary system is secured at any
part ofthe body. Itis apparent, from the whole sttucture
of the instrument, that itis by no means calculated for be-
ing used as a sting, but is rather to be compared to a deli-
cate elastic probe, in the use of which the terminal lobes
probably serve as feelers. As soon as the capillary system is
reached, the blood will at once flow in the narrow tube,
after which the current is continued with increasing rapidity
by means of the pulsation of the pumping ventricle and the
powerful peristaltic movement of the digestive tube.”’

All true lice have very similar habits, all are blood-
suckers, but each species inhabits only a certain kind of ani-
mal, some are even restricted to certain parts of the skin.
Some animals harbor several species, and five kinds are
stated to be found upon man, three of which are common
enough under certain conditions.

Whenever lice become very abundant by negligence they
cause great irritation to the skin of their host. Animals
thus invaded try to overcome this constant itching by rub-
bing themselving against fences, trees, and buildings, and
soon wear off their hair and injure their skins. In time lousy
animals become weak and otherwise diseased.

THE HEAD-LOUSE OF MAN.
(Pediculus capitis De Geer).

This kind is probably the best known of all species, and
but few young children in our public schools have had no op-
portunity to observe their actions. Ofcourse the presence of
such parasites is an indication, nay, a proof, that personal
cleanliness is sadly neglected. The old belief that these para-
sites were indications of healthy blood is not true, and it
should surely be no longer fashionable to be thus tenanted,
as it used to be in old times and in some countries. This
parasite is confined to the human head, and only in extreme
cases does it spread over the whole body.

All races of man are infested, and Kuechenmeister reports
that he even found the eggs of this species in the hairs of a

98 THE BODY-LOUSE OF MAN.

Peruvian mummy. The lice infesting the heads of negroes
are darker, but among caucasians also colored varieties are
not uncommon.

This louse (fig. 66) is too well known to require a de-
tailed description; the male is 1 to 1.5mm. long, the female
almost 2mm. The white eggs or
‘nits,’ 0.6mm. long, are elongated
oval, with several little conical prom-
inences at their large ends, which are
open at the top, while the small end
bears a cluster of bristles. About fifty
eggs are glued at their pointed ends
to hairs; in about six days the young
hatch, grow rapidly, and after shed-
ding their skins three times reach their
adult condition in about three weeks.
See re ene iee he es es lice resemble the adult
pee ones except in size; they are also less
distinctly marked. The belief often expressed that a female
louse could become a grandmother in the course of twenty-
four hours is of course absurd.

As the habits of these parasites are so well known, and
the treatment of getting rid of them is familiar to those
most interested in such matters, it is needless to mention
them. Cleanliness and the application of hair-oils, etce., are
good preventive measures. A little benzine is deadly for
such intruders, but being very inflammable it should not be
applied when near a light or fire, otherwise the hairs with
their inhabitants might be removed. Sulphur ointment and
white precipitate are also well-known remedies against these
insects.

THE BODY-LOUSE OF MAN.
(Pediculus vestimenti Leach).
This species has received a number of names on account
of some fancied peculiarities. They closely resemble the
head-louse but are larger, the female measuring as much as.

2mm.to4mm. The smaller males are not as numerous as.
the females. The eggs, 0.8 to 1.0mm. long, 0.8mm. broad,

THE BODY-LOUSE OF MAN. 99

are attached to the clothing, especially along the seams
where these come in contact with the human body. From
about 60 to 70 eggs are deposited by each female. During
the warmer part of the year these lice can increase very
rapidly in numbers, and Leeuwenhoek has estimated that a
single adult female could have in eight weeks a progeny of
5000. This rapid increase accounts for the many authentic
accounts of their sudden appearance. A disease, mentioned
by the very earliest writers, the PAthiriasis, was stated to
be caused by lice and it seems probable that this is the spe-
cies referred to. These parasites prefer the less hairy parts of
the body, as the neck, back,
and abdomen, where they can
cause a sort of eruption; or
they simply redden the skin in
larger or smaller spots, which,
on account of the constant
scratching induced by theitch-
ing presence of the insect,
become sores. Fig. 67 shows
this nasty parasite.

Incases in which thecloth-
ing is seldom changed, as is
usually the case in armies dur-

ing war, these insects, fre-
Breniarced, Gugival, ofman. creat) quently sealled: “Grey-backs,”

increase very rapidly in num-
bers and become a great source of annoyance. Many, if not
most of our veterans can tell wonderful stories about these
parasites; in fact some yarns have been told about them
that require a very strong constitution to stand the strain
in believing them. These lice become also very numerous in
lumber-camps and other places where bathing and a fre-
quent change of clothing are out of the question. Persons
forced to live for a long time in camps can only protect
themselves against these unpleasant intruders by cleanli-
ness, and by changing their underwear as frequently as pos-
sible. The parasites in soiled clothing are readily killed by
boiling or baking it.

100 THE CRAB-LOUSE.

THE CRAB-LOUSE.
(Phthirius inguinalis or pubis Leach).

This parasitic insect belongs to a different genus of lice,
as can be seen by its heart-shaped form and broad thorax,
which is not separated from the abdomen (fig. 68). The
former is composed of two segments soldered together, the
latter of eight flat joints. The first pair of legs are feeler-
like and possess slender tarsi; the claws of the two other
pairs are large and strong, with a moveable thorn, toenable
the insect to secure a strong hold upon the hairs. Thehead,
broad in front, carries five-jointed feelers, and behind them,
upon two projections, the two simple eyes. The end of the
abdomen in the male is rounded, that of the female is bi-
lobed. Owing to the peculiar shape, the strong legs spread-
ing out laterally, this louse resembles a minute crab, hence
the name ‘“‘crab-louse.”’ It is of a whitish color, with a
dusky ill-defined spot upon each shoulder; the legs are red-

Fig. 69.—Crab-louse of
Fig. 68.—Crab-louse of man. Greatly enlarged. man, egg. Greatly en-
Original. larged. Original.

dish, with darker claws. The male measures 1mm. in
length, the female 1.2mm. The pear-shaped eggs (fig. 69),
0.9mm. long and 0.5mm. wide, are glued at their pointed
ends to hairs; about ten eggs are deposited.

This species lives among the hairs of the pubic regions of
man, and, also, though not very frequently, upon the breast,
arm-pits, even in the beard, eye-brows and on the head. As
these nasty parasites cling frequently to linen and other

THE HOG-LOUSE 101

clothing, they occur even in closets of hotels, depots, and
similar much-frequented places.

If these lice occur only in few numbcrs they simply cause
a violent itching; if large numbers are found together they
can cause a sort of scab, aconsequence of the continuous
scratchings by the infested person.

They can be destroyed by simple ointments, emulsions of
_etherial oils, by unguents, or by the sulphuret washes
already mentioned. Red precipitate is most frequently used.

This louse, as well as the body-louse, had formerly a
very bad reputation, and judging from numerous accounts
given in old publications they caused a fearful disease, the
Phthiriasis. According to history Herodes, Philipp II. of
Spain, Max. I. of Germany, and other persons, died from
this disease, but in more recent times no authentic cases
have been observed.

All true lice which infest our domesticated animals have
been placed in another genus of lice, for very insufficient
reasons, however, as they vary but little from those infest-
ing man. The generic characteristics of the genus Hemato-
pinus are: head obtuse or truncated in front, the middle
segments of the abdomen well separated, and the posterior
legs much the longer. Eyes very minute or absent. Lice of
this genus have the same habits as those found upon man,
and are most abundant upon neglected animals, or upon
animals that have been for a long time confined in stables.

THE HOG-LOUSE.
(Hematopinus urius Nitzsch).

This is the largest louse known, measuring from 3 to
4.5mm. (one-quarter of an inch) in length. Its color is
brown, yellowish-brown, or yellow, witha whitish abdomen.
The margin of the head is dark-brown, and each joint of the
feeler possesses in the middle a dark ring. A brown, six-
cornered spot is usually found upon the under-side of the
thorax; the legs are also ornamented with brown rings, and
the claws are quite dark. The spiracles are placed in
blackish. horny plates along the sides of the abdomen.

102 TIE HORSE-LOUSE.

Fig. 70.—Hog-louse. Greatly enlarged. Original.

The louse is sometimes very abundant upon hogs, prefer-
ring as a home the thighs.

Fig. 70 shows this nasty insect. Its claw and tibial
tooth, which act as finger and thumb,and enable the louse
to walk quite well, are also shown.

THE HORSE-LOUSE.
(Hematopinus asint Linn. (macrocephalus Burm.).

This parasite is found upon the horse and ass; it is dis-
tinguished by a very narrow and elongated head, and by
possessing a triangular indentation behind each feeler. In
this indentation is located the eye. The abdomen is short
and oval, and the segments are deeply dentated at the mar-
gin; the whole abdomen is but a little longer than the rest of
thebody. Color yellowish orrust-colored; the thorax brown-
ish, at base of feelers a triangular black spot. Front of
head, claws and horny plates surrounding the spiracles are
dark brown. Length 2 to 3.25mm. These lice infest chiefly
the throat and neck of their hosts (fig. 71, plate VI).

THE SHORT-NOSED CATTLE-LOUSE.
(/Tematopinus eurysternus Nitzsch).
This common parasite of our cattle is 1.4mm. long. Its

THE SHORT-NOSED CATTLE-LOUSE. 103

head is bluntly rounded in front, and broadest: behind the
feelers which are as long as the head. Eyes very small and
difficult to detect. The thorax is very broad, much broader

Fig. 72.—Short-nosed cattle-louse; male, Fig. 73.—Short-nosed cattle-louse; fe-
and tip of abdomen from below. ‘Greatly male abdomen from below, and egg.
enlarged. Original. Greatly enlarged. Original,

than long, and widest where it joms the abdomen. The
head, which is wedge-shaped behind, fits into a triangular
indentation of the anterior margin of the thorax, the abdo-
men is strongly segmented. The louse is light-brown; the
posterior half of head, the thorax and legs are darker; the
abdomen bluish-gray. The elongate oval eggs tapering at
the lower end, and having a cap-like lid at the upper end,
are deposited on the hairs close to the skin. Fig. 72 shows
the male louse with enlarged tip of abdomen seen from be-
low, and fig. 73 the corresponding part of a female and an
egg fastened to the hair of a cow.

This parasite is especially troublesome on the neck and
shoulders of the infested animals, and these parts are fre-
quently worn bare of hair by efforts to dislodge the irritat-
ing intruder.

It is not easily dislodged if once settled in large numbers
upon an animal. Veterinarians seem to prefer Stavesacre
asaremedy. Kerosene-emulsion, or even a mixture of kero

104 THE LONG-NOSED CATTLE-LOUSE.

sene and soft soap, well rubbed in, will quickly and thor-
oughly kill these intruders.

THE LONG-NOSED CATTLE-LOUSE.
(Hematopinus vituli Linn).

This parasite (fig. 74) possesses a long and narrow
body, measuring 2 to 2.30mm. The small head, pointed in
front, shows very plainly the long and projecting beak. A
very small eye is found behind each feeler. The head is
wedged into a squarish thorax. The legs are not of the

Fig. 74.—Long-nosed cattle-louse. Greatly enlarged. Original.

same length, increasing in length from the first to the third
pair. The abdomen is long and narrow, almost spindle-
shaped, not sharply segmented, and lacks the chitinous
plates along the sides. The head and thorax are brown,
the abdomen bluish-gray, the legs brown, darker at the tips.

THE GOAT-LOUSE.
(Hematopinus stenopsis Burm.).

This insect possesses a long head with a wedge-like and
pointed basal end. The feelers are shorter than the head,
the thorax is square, the legs short, with strong and heavy
claws. Head and thorax brownish-yellow, end of feet brown,
abdomen grayish-white or grayish-yellow. It measures

THE SHEEP-LOUSE. 105

2.25mm., and is found upon the goat. This species has not
been found in Minnesota as goats are not numerous in our

state.
THE SHEEP ICOUSE:

(Hematopinus ovis n. sp.).

It seems that no sucking-lice have been found upon the
sheep, at least none have been described as far as the writer
has been able to discover. While looking for other parasites
upon this animal Mr. R. H. Pettit discovered a sheep that
had the hind-legs badly infested by a louse. Those parts
covered by hair or short wool were chiefly invaded, though

Fig 76. — Sheep-louse,
Fig. 75.—Sheep-louse; female and male. Greatly enlarged.
gg. Greatlyenlarged. Original. Original.

some lice were found higher up in the wool. During the
colder days in December the lice also invaded other parts of
the sheep, still preferring, however, the legs, quarters and
shoulders. The work of these parasites had been
noticed some six months previous to their discov-
ery, and they had during all this time not extended
the region invaded, nor had they spread to other sheep.
This would almost indicate that this louse was out of place
upon sheep. This species is on that account less to be feared
than the others already described. Yet they had increased
in the invaded region in immense numbers, which makes it
still more remarkable that they did not wander to the other

106 ‘THE DOG-LOUSE.

sheep confined in the same pen. The effect of the presence of
such multitudes of irritating lice was plainly seen by the
poor condition of the sheep, and by its restlessness. The
illustrations (figs. 75 and 76) show both sexes, and one of
the eggs. The entire skin of this louse is beautifully
chagreened, as indicated in the illustration.

THE DOG-LOUSE.
(Hematopinus piliferus Burm.).

This extremely troublesome louse seems to defy all at-
tempts to dislodge it from its host, the dog; at all events it
is no easy matter to free dogs once
infested by these unpleasant guests.
The louse is about 2mm. long with
a six-sided head and thick feelers.
The thorax shows divisions into seg-
ments and is trapezoidal in shape.
The large abdomen has segments not
strongly marked. The underside of
the parasite is closely covered with
hairs and minute eminences, which
are fewer in numbers upon the dorsal
surface. Legs are about equal in

Hie. 77.Doglouse. Great length and thickness, ~ Headwand
Hyenlerged. “Original: thorax yellow or brownish-yellow,
abdomen yellowish-brown or light yellow. Fig. 77.

The skin of this louse is quite transparent, so that the
food consumed can be detected in the intestines.

REMEDIES.—AII lice infesting our domesticated animals
should be removed as soon as detected, as animals harbor-
ing such blood-sucking and irritating guests become restless
and weak. There are many remedies that can be used.
White precipitate or ammoniated chloride of mercury, used
as an ointment and well rubbed in, is an excellent remedy
for this purpose. Being very poisonous, the dog has to be
muzzled, and the substance has to be washed off with soap
and water after a few days or when no longer required. A
very weak solution of nitric acid is stated to be also a good
liquid remedy.

REMEDIES AGAINST LICE. 107

Tobacco-tea.—This tea, made of one part common to-
bacco boiled in 20 to 25 parts of water, or in 20 parts of
water and 10 parts of vinegar, is a very good wash to kill
lice on dogs and sheep; it should not be used against those
infesting horses or cattle, as these animals are very sensitive
to the use of this remedy.

Gray mercurial ointment should only be used against
lice infesting horses and hogs; cattle are injured by this
poison, and it should only be applied to the parts of the skin
invaded by the parasites.

Persian insect-powder.—This powder, if fresh, is a very
excellentremedy. It should be applied to the skins after they
have been moistened slightly so that it will stick.

Benzine.—1 part to 4 parts of soft-soap and 10 to15
parts of water will kill most lice.

Kerosene-emulsion, to which may be added an extract
of Persian insect-powder, is one of the best remedies known.
If no emulsion can be made we have a good remedy by mix-
ing 8 to 6 parts of linseed oil with one part of kerosene oil.

Carbolic acid.—Very dilute solutions of this substance in
water make a fairly good wash.

Raw linseed-oil.—This will readily kill the lice infesting
the hog. Ifnone of these mixtures or ointments should help,
Arsenious Acid will surely do so, though being a very poison-
ous substance it is not wise to use it except in extreme cases.
A good proportion is the following one: dissolve 16 gr. of
white arsenic and 16 gr. of potash each in 1142 kg. water,
and add to the mixture of both 114 kg. vinegar.

No matter which of the above remedies we may apply it
is always necessary to use them at least twice within an in-
terval of 5to 7 days. This is required soas to killthe young
lice hatching from the eggs or ‘nits’. The latter can be
readily killed by vinegar.

Cleanliness is allimportant. To simply comb and,brush
our domesticated animals, if time permits, is not the
true way of treating them. Besides sufficient food they
should be cleaned at least once every day.

108 FEATHER OR HAIR-LICE.

G. FEATHER OR HAIR-LICE.
(Mallophaga).

These insects have been shifted about in classification
from one place to another. At one time they were asso-
ciated with true lice; later they were considered members of
the orders of Orthoptera and Neuroptera, or allied to the
white-ants, book-lice and similiar insects. At present they
have been elevated to the position of forming an independent
order, the Mallophaga. From the above it will be seen that
they do not merely cause a restless condition to their hosts!
Nor is it strange that they are not easily placed in a classifi-
cation when we consider that these insects lead a parasitic
life, and have their whole organization modified for this pur-
pose.

Feather-lice have an incomplete metamorphosis. They
are produced from whitish, elongate-oval eggs, which are
fastened with some sticky substance to the bars or vanes of
feathers. The eggs are furnished with a circular lid at the
larger end, which is pushed off by the hatching young. It
seems to require several weeks before such eggs will hatch.
How many are laid by a female is not known, but not very
many, as the eggs are very large for the size of the parent.
The writer saw upon several occasions such eggs deposited
by lice removed from their host; the former were keptina warm
place about his person, but would not hatch. The young
lice are always white, without any markings or chitinous
bands.

The adults possess a small, flat, and very tough body,
and there are no traces of wings. The peculiarly shaped
horizontal head is very large in proportion, flat and usually
sparsely haired. The mouth-parts(fig. 83)are located below
the head; the antenne are short, 3,4,or 5jointed. The very
large clypeus forms the principal part of the head, and is
prolonged into a more or less colored plate. The simple eyes
are located behind the antenne. The biting mouth-parts
are dificult to study. The legs are strong, and the shorter
first pair is used to carry food to the mouth. The abdomen
is flat, short, oval to long and slender, and differs frequently
very much in the sexes.

FEATHER OR HAIR-LICE. 109

The food of these parasites, which possess a biting and
not, like true lice, a sucking mouth, consists of epidermal
cells and minute particles of hairs and feathers. If they are
very numerous they cause their host a great deal of incon-
venience and realinjury. This is almost entirely caused by
their sharp claws, which irritate the host, thus making rest
impossible, and not so much by any abstraction of food, as
has frequently been claimed. The ear-shaped crop of these
parasites, filled with food, and located in the abdomen, has
been dissected again and again, but no blood could be found.

These insects remain for life upon the body of their hosts,
though some, like the common louse of the hen (J/enopon
pallidum), are sometimes found walking upon the roosts.
Yet they are by no means stationary, but move about so
rapidly among the feathers and hairs that they are not
readily captured. In this manner they can reach, by actual
emigration, other birds of their kind, since these usually asso-
ciate together. Birds, infested by such lice, though they
would furnish the same amount of food after death as before,
are still no longer suitable abodes for these parasites, for
they require not only food but warm shelters. This is the
reason why dead game-birds and poultry are scmetimes such
unpleasant objects to handle, as the lice are leaving them
for warm places, very much to the disgust of cooks and tax-
idermists.

The order J/allophagais divided into the two sub-orders
Ischnocera and Amblycera; insects belonging to the former
have three to five-jointed, filiform feelers and no labial palpi;
those belonging to the latter-have club-shaped, four-jointed
feelers and four-jointed labial palpi. Of the feather-lice found
upon domesticated animals and birds in Minnesota the fol-
lowing genera: Trichodectes, Docophorus, Goniodes, Gonio-
cotes and Ornithobius belong to the /schnocera, and Calpocepha-
lum, Trinotum and Menopon to the Amblicera. To avoid
unnecessary repetition of technical details these parasites
have been arranged according to the hosts they infest, and
not according to a scientific classification.

We will first describe the hair-lice found only upon our
domesticated animals. All belong to the genus 77ichodectes;

110 BITING-LOUSE OF DOG.

and the parasites belonging here are characterized by pos-
sessing three-jointed feelers, while all others have five-jointed
ones.

THE BITING-LOUSE OF THE DOG.
( Trichodectes latus Nitzsch).

This parasite is found not very commonly upon our
dogs. It shows, apparently, a preference for puppies, and is
said to migrate from older to younger hosts in large num-
bers when opportunity offers. Its hairy head is large, al-
most square, but slightly rounded in front, and of a dark
yellow color, with four brown marginal spots. The three-
jointed feelers are inserted in a depression, behind which is a
dark spot. The thorax is composed of two joints of equal
length, of which the former is the narrower. The legs are of
equal length, thick, with a strongly curved claw upon each

Fig. 79.—Biting-

Fig. 78.—Biting louse louse of cat. Greatly
of dog. Greatly en- enlarged. Original.
larged. After Nitzsch. After Nitzsch.

tarsus. The ten-jointed, elongated-oval abdomen is covered
with bristles, and is light yellow; the thorax is darker.
Length 1 to 1.5mm., seldom 2mm. Fig. 78 is copied from
Nitzsch’s /nsecta epizoa, edited by Giebel.

The early stage of a tape-worm (7wnia cucumerina or
Dipylidium caninum L.) occurs in this louse. The dog, by
crushing this source of irritation with the teeth, can thus
directly become infected by this tape-worm.

BITING-LOUSE OF SHEEP. 111

THE BITING-LOUSE OF THE CAT.
, (Trichodectes subrostratus Nitzsch).

Our domesticated cat is sometimes infested with these
parasites. The insect is 1.2mm. long and is distinguished
from species found upon other mammals by its pointed
head. Below the front of the head is found a deep furrow,
into which fits a hair of the host so closely that it can not
be readily removed. Fig. 79 from /nsecta Epizoa shows this
parasite.

THE BITING-LOUSE OF THE SHEEP.
( Trichodectes sphwrocephalus Nitzsch).

This louse is distinguished by an almost circular, hairy,
and yellow head, with darker margins in front of the feelers.

Fig. 80. — Biting-louse of Fig, 81.—Biting louse of sheep, female; a, head;
b, antenne; c,face; d, cheeks; e,e,dorsal sutures;
sheep, male; n, genital orifice. f, legs; g, prothorax; H, metathorax; i, abdomen;
k, dark traverse bands: /, line of hairs on each
Greatly enlarged. After Cur- segment; m.m, breathing pores; o, female genital
orifice; p, female claspers. Greatly enlarged.

tice. After Curtice.

No eyes are present. The thorax shows two segments, of
which the former is as broad as the head, the second one
broader but shorter. The elongated yellowish abdomen

112 BITING-LOUSE OF SHEEP.

possesses on the first seven segments dark margins. Length
1.7mm.

This insect has not as yet been reportec from Minnesota,
but as the interest in sheep-husbandry is becoming greater

Fig. 83.—Biting-louse of sheep, showing

Fig. 82.—Biting-louse of sheep; head with mouth-parts from ventral side; a,
egg. soon after being laid; a, cap; a, antanne; 5, db. continuation of dorsal su-
b, where the cap is joined to the ture; c, c, ventral suture; d, d, mandibles: e,
egg. Greatlyenlarged. After Cur- maxillz showing through skin; f labrum.
tice. Greatly enlarged.

every year it is wise to look out for this parasite, which can
not be as easily destroyed as many others, on account of the
longer wool of the host. Wherever it occurs it causes great
annoyance to the infested animals, which try to stop the
continuous irritations by as constant scratchings and bit-
ings. Those not familiar with the true sheep-scab are very
apt to mistake this one for the other. During the time of

Fig. 84.—Biting-louse of sheep, anterior leg; a, coxa; b,
trochanter; c, femur; d, tibia; e, tarsi and claws, the
latter grasping a hair. Greatly enlarged. Affer Curtice.

clipping the sheep close attention should be paid to these
parasites. Fig. 80 shows a male of this species, fig. 81 the
female, and figs. 82, 83, 84 show the egg, head and front leg
of this species, as well as the anatomical details.

BITING-LOUSE OF CATTLE. i13

BITING-LOUSE OF CATTLE.
( Trichodectes scalaris Nitzsch).

This louse (fig. 85) is well-known the world over, and is
sometimes so abundant upon cattle as to become really in-
jurious, though not as much so as suck-
ing-lice. They are distinguished by the
herdsmen as “red-lice,’’ while sucking-lice
arecalled ‘“‘blue-lice.’’ They occur in great-
est numbers during the spring of the year,
when they may be found in ail stages of
growth, from the freshly laid egg to the
adult insect. They have a heart-shaped
head, as broad as long, with triangular
dark spots in front of the head and feelers,
which latter are located in depressions. —
eee ne. The sides of head bear bristles. The eyes
ly enlarged. Original are very small. The first segment of
the thorax is narrower than the second; between both, on
either side, is a triangular piece, so that the segments show
lateral corners. The thorax is covered with bristles; the
claws are slender and but little bent, the abdomen elongated-
oval; the edges of segments show corners; the dorsal surface
bears bristles, and brown transverse bands mark the middle
ofeach segment. At thesides of the last dorsaljoint of abdo-
men is a peculiar chitinous appendage. The general color
is reddish-yellow, the abdomen paler than head and thorax.
Length 1.5 to 2mm.

BITING-LOUSE OF THE HORSE AND ASS.
( Trichodectes pilosus Giebel).

This parasite is also a very familiar insect, being found
upon the horse and ass, where crowds of them are usually
found upon the throat, mane, and neck. The species hasnot
as yet been found in our state. The head of this parasite is
rounded in front, and as long as broad. Marginal spots
occur in front and behind the feelers; upon the middle of the
head is also found a dark spot, while its posterior margin is
dark brown. The thick feelers start well forward on the

114 BITING-LOUSE OF THE HORSE.

head, so much so that their base is nearly in line with the
front border of the head. All claws are slender. The first
segment of the thorax is narrow, the second broader but
shorter. The cylindrical abdomen is yellow withdark bands

Fig. 86. — Biting-louse of the horse and ass. Greatly
enlarged. After Giebel.

across the segments.

The whole body is covered with short

hairs. General colorbrown. Length 1.5 to2mm. (Fig. 86).

BITING-LOUSE OF THE HORSE.

( Trichodectes parumpilosus Piaget).

This is a very common parasite upon our horses, especially
upon the younger ones kept in pastures. Their presence be-

Fig. 87.—Biting-louse of
the horse. Greatly enlarged.
Original.

comes decidedly manifest in stables
towards spring, and the irritation
caused by their presence makes the
infested animals very restless, so that,
in their attempts to rid themselves
of their tormenters, they rub off all
the hair upon infested places of their
skins. The neck, base of tail, and
space between the legs are particularly
invaded.

Though resembling both the sca-
laris and pilosus it is readily distin-
guished from both by good and con-
stant characters. Its head is very
decidedly rounded in front, form-

ing a regular semi-circle; the antennz are inserted well
back; the abdomen is more slender and tapering than that
of the scalaris, but less so than that of the pelosus. Head,

BITING-LICE OF GOAT. 115

thorax and legs are reddish-brown, the abdomen yellowish
with a transverse dusky band in the middle of the anterior
portion of the last eight segments. (Fig. 87).
THE BITING-LICE OF THE GOAT.
( Trichodectes limbatus and climax).

Dr. Cooper Curtice, in his excellent work on “The Ani-
mal Parasites of Sheep,’’ describes and illustrates two spe-

Fig. 89.—Biting-louse of the
Fig. 88.—Biting-louse of the goat, fe- goat, male. Greatly enlarged.
male. Greatly enlarged. After Curtice. After Curtice

cies of Trichodectes as infesting the goat. These two species
are very similiar to each other, and are, perhaps, only varie-
ties. His illustrations are very fine, and his figures of the
female of /imbatus (fig. 88)and of the male of climaw (fig. 89)
are reproduced.

The former species, /imbatus, is fairly common in some
localities, but not here in Minnesota. It usually occurs
among the coarse hair along the back and sides of the in-
fested animals and causes much discomfort, and in extreme
cases even a form of scab.

A number of other hair-lice are found upon mammals.

116 BITING-LICE OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS.

Some of them possess a very peculiar shape, as the one found
so commonly upon pocket-gophers. But as most farmers
do not care to assist these injurious animals to rid them-
selves of any parasites that may trouble them, no remedies
have been tried in this particular case, and none are given.
Perhaps it is well, however, to mention how we can kill
these parasites, since by applying the remedy we can kill the
host as well. Locate the gopher, close all openings to its
underground home but one, and pour into this a wine-glass
full of Bisulphide of Carbon, and cover up the hole with a
wet sack. This chemical is very volatile, and the quickly
formed fumes being heavier than the air soon fill all the un-
derground burrows and kill every living being. Thisremedy,
as far as the parasite is concerned, is like burning a house
to get rid of the bed-bugs.

Some pets like the guinea-pig are also infested with bit-
ing lice, and remedies given for sucking-lice should be applied
to kill them.

Besides mammals nearly all birds are infested with
feather-lice, and some so badly as to suffer very greatly; in
extreme cases these parasites even cause the death of their
hosts. Asa general rule each species thrives only upon one
kind of host, but not always so, as some few seem to be
rather general feeders. The same bird can, however, harbor
at the same time a number of different kinds of feather-lice.
As far as our chickens are concerned we have in the United
States not less than nine different kinds that make it their
business to prevent hens from sitting, either as a recreation
or as a business.

All other domesticated birds are also badly uifested, and
to keep these parasites away or in check involves no little
labor, and only very pains-taking poultry-keepers will succeed.
To possess a large number of chickens is one thing, but to
possess healthy and contented onesis quite a different matter.
Cleanliness in every detail is just as important as the food,
and even more so, as most fowls have the run of the farm
and are perfectly abie to forage for themselves.

As all these parasites have very similar habits, and can
be fought in the same manner, only the more important ones.

REMEDIES AGAINST FEATHER-LICE. 117

will be given and figured, since practical people, for whom
the report is written, do not greatly care whether they kill
with Persian insect-powder, a Goniocotes, Goniodes, or Meno-
pon, providing that the insect dies a sudden death.

The remedies we can apply against feather-lice infesting
birds are not numerous, nor can they be applied as in treat-
ing hairy animals. An ounce of prevention in this case is
worth more than a pound of cure. All birds, be they fowls
or caged pets, useful or ornamental, should have access
to a dust-pan filled with sifted coal-ashes. Whoeyer has
watched birds enjoying a bath of this kind knows how use-
fulit must be, and how beneficial and soothing, otherwise
they would not repeat it as often as they do. If birds are
infested with lice they seem to require such a dusting, which
is evidently nature’s remedy against all vermin of this
character, and by means of which they dislodge them. The
frequent use of Persian or Dalmatian insect-powder (Pyre-
thrum) is the very best remedy we possess for the purpose of
killing these parasites. In buying this powder, we should
make certain that it is fresh, as old powder becomes almost
worthless. The active principle of Pyrethrum is an essential
or etherial oil, which is volatile; if the powder is, therefore,
not kept in a tight vessel nothing remains ‘“‘but the dry sub-
stance, the spirit is gone.’”’ This powder, or the better one
produced in California and sold under the name of Buhach,
should be dusted between the feathers of the infested fowls.
Their nests should also be treated in the same way.

Thorough fumigation of the hen-house with sulphur dur-
ing the absence of the chickens is also an excellent rule,
though the very great majority of biting-lice are away with the
birds and not in the roosts. But the fumes of sulphur de-
stroy at the same time also numerous other insects that in-
vade the hen-houses, as well as vegetable parasites. For
this very reason the inside of the hen-house should be white-
washed from time to time, and a thorough spraying with
kerosene should not be omitted. Sand-baths, in which the
sand is slightly moistened with kerosene oil, has also many
advantages. If hen-houses were built in such a manner that

118 FEATHER-LICE INFESTING CHICKENS.

sunlight could reach every nook and corner, all sorts of
parasites would become scarce.

FEATHER-LICE INFESTING CHICKENS.

(Goniocotes hologaster Nitzsch).

This very common and troublesome parasite, the female
of which is shown in fig. 90 and the male in fig. 91, is only
about Imm. in length. It has a nearly square head; its ab-

Fig. 90.—Biting-louse of the Fig. 91.—Biting-louse of the
chicken, female. Greatly enlarged. chicken, male. Greatly enlarged.
Original. Original.

domen is not very conspicuously marked, and the incurved
margins of the segments do not extend very much upon the
dorsal surface, as is the case in many other species, and
which produce the very distinct lines and borders seen there.

Goniocotes abdominalis Piaget.

This very conspicuous parasite is also fairly common
and decidedly troublesome. It is much larger, measuring
about 3mm. in length. The head is almost circular in
front, constricted behind; the thorax is small. Head,
thorax and legs are yellowish, marked with dark margins
and spots. The segments of the abdomen.are marked
with white fascia with black borders, as shown in the
illustration, fig. 92.

FEATHER-LICE INFESTING CHICKENS. 119

Fig. 92.—-Biting-louse of the chicken. Greatly
enlarged. After Nitzsch.

Goniocotes burnettii Pack.

Dr. Packard describes this feather-louse as occurring in
large numbers on the domestic fowl. The illustration (fig.

Fig. 93.—Biting-louse of
the chicken. Greatly en- Fig. 94.—Biting-louse of the chicken.
larged. After Packard. Greatly enlarged. Original.

93) shows its general appearance. It is a slightly yellowish
insect streaked with black markings.

Goniodes dissimilis Nitzsch.

This large species seems to be rather common upon our
chickens; it measures from 2 to 212mm. in length, and is of a
tawny color. It is rather smooth and shining. The para-
site has a large subquadrate head, a short transverse thorax

120 FEATHER-LICE INFESTING CHICKENS.

and a large abdomen, with confluent markings on the sides.
The illustration (fig. 94) shows a female.

Lipeurus heterographus Nitzsch.

This parasite has been described as occurring quite com-
monly in Europe upon the domestic fowl and upon pheasants,
and is very likely to be found here as well. It is illustrated
in fig. 95. ,

Lipeeurus variabilis Nitzsch.

The illustration (fig. 96) shows this peculiar insect, which

is quite common in Minnesota. It measures about 2mm. in

Fig. 95.—Biting-louse of the
chicken. Greatly enlarged. Fig. 96.—Biting-louse of the chicken.
After Piaget. Greatly enlarged. Original.

length, and possesses a very elongated, smooth and shining
body of a whitish color. The black margins of the body,
and the markings of the dorsal surface, distinguish it from
all other feather-lice infesting chickens.

Menopon pallidum Nitzsch.

This is the common hen-louse, so familiar to all interest-
ed in poultry raising, and so injurious to the chickens, and
chiefly so to the younger ones. There is scarcely a chicken,
which, if closely inspected, will not reveal its presence. This
parasite is very active, and moves about the feathers of the

FEATHER-LICE INFESTING CHICKENS. 121

infested fowls with great celerity. But it also leaves its host
quite readily, and passes upon the heads and bodies of per-
sons holding the same, where
it is quite annoying, though,
of course, for only a short time,
as it either soon leaves or dies.
Horses in the vicinity of hen-
houses, in which are kept in-
fested chickens, soon suffer from
the presence of such lice.

The louse is of a yellowish
color, slender, and measures from
1to 14mm. in length. As the
illustration (fig. 97) shows, it
is quite distinct in shape from
the other feather-lice infesting
the same animal.

Fig. 97.— Biting-louse of the Hen-houses once infested
chicken. Greatly enlarged. Origi-
nal. have to be thoroughly cleaned,

and the remedies given elsewhere must be most thoroughly
applied to secure good results.

As all insects breathe by means of spiracles located in
their sides, any kind of oil spread over an insect will kill it
by suffocation, because the spiracles become closed. [If a lit-
tle fat or grease is put under the wings of a hen, close to the
body, most lice will be killed; the same result will be reached
if a small bit of fat is put upon the head of a young chicken
just hatched. But care must be taken not to apply too
much fat, as the remedy would be worse than the evil, by
coating the skin of the young chicken, which would result in
its speedy death. Pyrethrum is in sucha case the only safe
remedy.

FEATHER-LICE OF DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS.

(Docophorus icterodes Nitzsch).

Species of parasites belonging to this genus possess in
front of their feelers a small and moveable tooth-like projec-
tion, and are thus easily separated from other feather-lice.

122 FEATHER-LICE OF DUCKS, ETC.

They occur upon many species of aquatic birds like ducks.
and geese. This species is about 1mm. long. The head and
thorax are of a bright red color with dark bands; the abdo-

Fig. 98.— Biting-louse of ducks, etc. Greatly
enlarged. Original.

men is whitish in the center, and has broad and horny bands:
of a dark reddish color at the sides, which possess a still
darker spot at the margin (fig. 98).

Docophorus cygni Denny.

This small parasite, only 1mm. long, and of a robust
form, is found upon the swan. Its roundish head, the nar-
row thorax, and the legs are bright reddish-brown; the ab-
domen is white in the center, while the harder plates on the
sides are brown.

Lipeurus tadorne Denny.

According to Prof. Comstock this feather-louse is found
upon the goose; others have been found upon the sheldrake.
This parasite is white, with a smooth and shining surface
and of an elongated form; its heart-shaped head, the thorax,.
and the abdomen possess black spots along the margins.

Lipeurus squalidus Nitzsch.

Most species of wild ducks, as well as the domesticated
ones, are infested with this parasite. It is a large insect
measuring about 4mm. in length. Its elongate form is of a
light-yellowish color with a darker border of the thorax and.

FREATHER-LICE OF DUCKS, ETC. 123

Fig. 99.—Biting-louse of Fig. 100.—Biting-louse of ducks, etc.
ducks, etc. Greatly enlarged. Greatly enlarged. Original.
Original.

abdomen, which in the latter, is broken up into little squarish
patches. (Fig. 99.)

Lipeurus anseris Gurlt.

This species is also stated to occur upon the domesti-
cated goose.

Lipeurus jejunus Nitzsch.

This slender pale yellowish-white parasite, with a black
margin and four-sided bands upon the first eight segments,
and with dark legs,is also found upon our domestic and wild
goose.

Ornithobius cygni Denny.
This handsome feather-louse occurs in large numbers up-

on wild and domestic swans. It is a large species, measur-
ing about 4mm. in length, with a slender and flattened body.

124 FEATHER-LICE OF DUCKS, ETC.

Its color is white and very transparent; it is ornamented
with a number of black spots.

Trinotum luridum Nitzsch.

Most of our ducks are more or less badly infested with
this large feather-louse, which measures 4 to 5mm. in length.
It is a well-marked species, as can be seen in the illustration
(fig. 100).

Trinotun conspurcatum Nitzsch.

This species is said to be found upon the goose and

swan.

Trinotum lituratum Nitzsch.

This peculiar animal is not uncommon upon the domes-
tic goose, but has also been repeatedly taken from Green

Fig. 101.—Biting-louse of ducks, etc., and tarsus. Greatly enlarged. Original.

Teals. It is white and almost transparent. The illustra-

FEATHER-LICE INFESTING PIGEONS. 125

Fig. 102.—Biting-louse of ducks, etc. Greatly enlarged. Original.
tion, (fig. 101) which is too dark, shows this peculiar
parasite.

Still another species of Zrinotwm is found on duck; it is
illustrated in fig. 102.

FEATHER-LICE INFESTING THE PIGEON.

It seems that pigeons are very prone to being infested by
parasites. There is no doubt that many species of feather-
lice occur upon them, and it is not infrequently stated that
they can carry bed-bugs from house to house, in fact that
they are to blame for the very existence of these nocturnal
blood-suckers, which, without pigeons, would not have in-
vaded our dwellings. All such statements do not amount
to much, however, as they can not be substantiated by
facts. But there is no doubt about feather-lice infesting
pigeons, as will be seen by the following descriptions of spe-
cies found upon them.

Goniocotes compar Nitzsch.
This parasiteis quite common upon domesticated pigeons.
It possesses a head well-rounded in front, narrow between
the feelers, and broadest near the posterior margin. The

126 FEATHER-LICE INFESTING PIGEONS.

thorax is narrow, the abdomen, in the male (fig. 103)
broadest near the posterior end, in the female (fig. 104),

Fig. 103.—Biting-louse of pigeon, male, posterior end.
Greatly enlarged. Original.

Fig. 104..—Biting-louse of pig- Fig. 105.—Biting-louse of
eon, female. Greatly enlarged. pigeon. Greatly enlarged. After
Original. Nitzsch.

more regular and broadest in the middle. The insect is
whitish, with a brownish margin. It measures a little more
than 1mm. in length.

Goniodes damicornis Nitzsch.

This species, about 2mm. long, and of a brownish color,
has a head well rounded in front and strongly angular be-
hind. It appears to be common upon pigeons. Fig. 105
shows a male of this parasite.

Goniodes minor Piaget.

This species is also found upon the domestic pigeon.

Lipuerus baculus Nitzsch.
Almost every pigeon is infested with this peculiar insect.
Its shape is very striking, and quite different from that of
almost any other feather-louse, being extremely slender, al-

FEATHER-LICE INFESTING TURKEY, ETC. 127

most hair-like. The head and thorax of this parasite, illus-
trated in fig. 106, is bright reddish-brown; the abdomen

Fig. 106.—Biting-louse of pigeon. Greatly enlarged. Original.

is dusky with a series of bright brown patches. It measures
about 2mm. in length.

Colpocephalum longicaudum Nitzsch.
This feather-louse is also described as a parasite of the

pigeon, but seems to be uncommon, at least in the United
States.

FEATHER-LICE OF PEACOCK, GUINEA-FOWL AND
URE Ne
Goniocotes rectangulatus Nitzsch.

This is a small parasite with 4a squarish head rounded
in front, and with a short and oval abdomen. It is a quite
common inhabitant of the feathers of the peacock.

Goniodes falcicornis Nitzsch.
This parasite of the peacock is quite large, measuring

128 FEATHER-LICE INFESTING TURKEY, ETC.

from 3 to 4mm. in length; it is of a bright reddish-yellow
color. The abdomen, quite broad, is yellow, with very
prominent transverse bands extending almost to the dorsal
line. The large head possesses acute and prominent hind
angles; the feelers in the male are large and bear a promi-
nent tooth.

Goniodes numidianus Denny.

A number of these and of a very similar parasite were
taken some years ago from the guinea-fowl, but the speci-
mens could not be found to use for an illustration.

Goniodes stylifer Nitzsch.

This insect has been described a long time ago as being
common with three other species upon the domestic and wild
turkey, where it infests chiefly the head and neck. It can be

Fig. 107—Biting-louse of tur- Fig. 108.-Biting-louse of pea-
key. Greatly enlarged. Original. cock. Greatly enlarged. Original.

distinguished from others by the peculiar hind angles of the
head, which are extended backwards into long styles armed
with stout bristles. The very narrow first segment of the
thorax, and the broader second one, are marked with a dark
margin; the abdomen is pale with dark transverse bands.
The species measures about 3mm. in length. (Fig. 107.)

FLEAS. 129

Lipeurus numide Denny.

This livid-yellow louse is said to occur on the guinea-
fowl.

Lipeurus polytrapezius Nitzsch.

The peculiar species is common wherever turkeys are
kept, and is easily detected, being large enough to be readily
seen, measuring from 3.0 to 3.5mm. in length. It has avery
elongated, flat, and pointed body, which is pale-yellowish,
with a dark margin. Allthe segments of the abdomen, with
the exception of the last, have a grayish-brown trapezoidal
spot on each side, whence the scientific name. This very
active insect prefers the wing-feathers.

Menopon phwestomun Nitzsch.

This parasite infests the peacock, and seems to be very
common. It is illustrated in fig. 108.

Menopon numide G.
This insect is found on guinea-fowls.

He PLEAS.
(Siphonaptera Pulicide).

These insects possess a laterally compressed body; the
thoracic segments are well separated; wings are missing but
represented by two pairs of short and stiff scales, that have
no or very little power of motion; feelers are very short,
composed of three flat and singularly lobed joints, which are
in most species closely folded away in a cavity behind the
eyes, while in some others they are exposed and erect. The
peculiar sucking mouth (fig. 109) is well adapted for piercing
the skin. The mandibles and labium form three slen-
der lancets; the blood is drawn up through the channels
or spaces between them and the labial palpi and lower lip,
by means of a sucking stomach. The large posterior legs
are very powerful, enabling the fleas to leap with remark-
able agility enormous distances compared to their size. The
head is small; the eyes are simple, and in some cases very
minute. The white and worm-like larve are long and

130 THE HUMAN-FLEA.

cylindrical, composed of head and thirteen segments, which
are provided with long hairs; the pupa is inactive.

Fleas, which are degraded flies—degraded by leading a
parasitic life—are not as common in the United States as in
other countries; at least the species attacking man is not
universally found. Other species, however, are sometimes
extremely troublesome, chieflyin warm regions with a sandy
soil; here few persons are found that do not know from per-
sonal experience these active parasites. Portions of the
Mississippi Valley, Southern California, and Florida are not
favorably celebrated on their account, and chasing the
festive flea in these states is said to be a sport not limited by
any game law.

THE HUMAN-FLEA.
(Pulex irritans Linn.).

This parasite, perhaps better known than any other one,
is a very common insect in the old world, being found almost
everywhere, and consequently an intruder and tormenter
that is not readily excluded from houses, no matter how
careful and cleanly the inhabitants may be. Here in the
United States it is not common. In fact most of the com-
plaints made about fleas do not apply to this insect at all,
but to fleas thatinfest dogs, cats, and other animals found in
houses. They will attack man, however, without the
slightest hesitation, though they do not feel at ease upon
this new host, being used to move among dense hair; and on
this account they are always restless upon man, move about
constantly and so cause great irritation.

The old statement: ‘‘who sleeps with dogs rises with
fleas” is wrong, however, as the dog flea is nowhere so
happy as upon the dog. The female deposits in the course
of her existence, about 800 eggs, which are large, pearl-gray
and elongated-oval; from 12 to 20 eggs are laid in the
cracks on the floor, in dark corners, or wherever dead or-
ganic matter accumulates. As a general rule the female
surrounds the egg with some blood, which, though dry long
before the young larval flea hatches, forms part of its food;
dead flies, which are found in such localities, are also eaten.

—

THE HUMAN-FLEA. 131

The eggs hatch in about six days, at least during the
warmer part of the year. The white larve are furnished
with feelers and eyes, a very unusual thing in insects.
Though without feet they move about very rapidly in a ser-

Fig. 109.—Mouth-parts of human-flea. After Taschenberg

pentine fashion; they soon turn yellowish, and later they
gradually become brownish. In about eleven'days they are
fully grown. Theynow form asort of loosecocoon, composed
of particles of dust, inside of which they transform into a

Fig. 110.—Human-flea. Greatly enlarged. Original.

pupa, which is at first of a white, but later of a brown
color. After ten to twelve days more the adult flea (fig. 110)
appears, ready to torment its host, man. In warmer coun-
tries the flea passes all these metamorphosesin much shorter

132 THE HUMAN FLEA.

time. Born, perhaps, in a filthy hut, the flea, depending
upon the great strength of its armor and its power of rapid
motion, boldly attacks even princes born in castles. The
flea is decidedly a republican, who cares for neither titles
nor positions! To realize how great tormenters fleas can
become it is only necessary to enter a house tenanted by
them, and which has not been occupied by man for some
time. To get rid of them sticky fly-paper fastened to the
legs is an excellent remedy, and immense numbers of fleas
are caught while the person thus equipped walks over the
floors of infested rooms.

In some parts of the old world fleas are exceedingly
abundant, and it seems that the more that are killed the
more come to attend the funeral, and their activity, their
energy and their appetites are prodigious. In Tom Moore’s
words—

“You may crush, you may smother, the flea as you will,
But his brothers and sisters will cling round you still!”

We have in our own country also many localities where
a “flea hunt” is a regular occupation of many a mother as
she tucks up the little ones before retiring to rest.

The length of the reddish-brown or pitchy-brown male
varies from 2 to 2.5mm.; of the female from 3 to 4mm.; the
larva measures 3.5mm., and the egg 0.7 to 0.8mm.

It is frequently stated that fleas multiply very rapidly
in saw-dust impregnated with liquid manure, and saw-pits
near mills are said to breed even millions of them. In fact
many people claim that they are here produced in spite of all
natural laws, i. e. by spontaneous generation. Of coursethe
latter is all nonsense, though the fact remains that such
places, being just suitable for the growing larve of fleas, at-
tract the adult ones. Strange to say many fleas obtained
from saw-pits in Minnesota were all specimens of the
human-flea.

It is well-known that fleas have been trained to perform
ina kind of minute circus. Of course such fleas are not
really trained; they are simply forced to act in a certain
manner and the whole performance is a case of cruelty that
should not he permitted. The strength of fleas is best given

THE DOG AND CAT-FLEA. 133

by stating that a single flea has been known to draw, with
ease, a silver cannon weighing 70 times its own weight.

Good and thorough ventilation of the rooms, cleanliness,
and the free and repeated use of insect-powder will drive
fleas from houses infested by them.

The flea infesting man differs greatly from those infest-
ing animals; it has no spines on the head or on the back of
the thorax, while the posterior margins of the segments of
the thorax and abdomen possess rows of stiff hairs pointing
backwards. The peculiar comb-like bristles upon the head
and the posterior part of the thorax found upon the dog-flea
and others are absent.

THE DOG AND CAT-FLEA.
(Pulex serraticeps Gerv.).
This is the well-known flea infesting cats and dogs.

Wherever pets are kept that harbor the above parasites these
latter are certain to cause much trouble, as they seem to pre-

Fig. 111.—Dog and cat-flea. Greatly enlarged. Original.

fer carpets and similar places, in which they conceal them-
selves during the day. In this way they will reach the bodies
of persons walking over them, and tender-skinned children
and ladies are frequently poisoned by their bites. Fleas are
not like mosquitoes or other blood-sucking insects, which
bite but once if not disturbed; they bite as they move about,
literally ‘‘bite on the run.”

134 DOG AND CAT-FLEA

These dark chestnut-brown fleas (fig. 111) are stouter
and thicker in the thoracic region than those infesting man,
which are darker and have a more slender waist. A row of
sharp spines is found on the lower margin of the head, and
another one on the posterior edge of the first segment of the
thorax; both sets of spines are absent in the human flea.

The female flea deposits her eggs among the fur; as these
very small, white, elongated eggs (fig. 112,a) are butslightly
attached to the hair they drop
off quite readily and are thus
scattered; they can be easily
found wherever infested cats or
dogs sleep. The young larve
hatchin a few days, according

Fig. 112.—Dog and cat-flea; @ é
pee lee ver fre dein tcrleee ed: to the season; they have a pale
Original. yellow head and are furnished,

like the iarve of other fleas, with two spines on the last
segment of the body, and with very long hair along the sides.
The footless larve (fig. 112,4) move by means of these spines
and hairs. The pupa, which resembles more the adult stage
than the larval one, has free legs. As soon as the adult flea
is born, it attacks the first living animal to obtain blood.
As the larve can exist upon all sorts of dead organic matter
they even hatch from eggs dropped by dogs or cats in gar-
dens, and these can reach maturity in suchplaces. Such fleas
are called ‘“‘sand-fleas’’, but they are simply the offspring of
cat or dog-fleas.

Fleas pass the winter in all stages; in fact they are al-
ways active and the females seem to drop eggs quite fre-
quently, even during the coldest season, hence many must
perish. During the late cold spell (Nov. 1896) the female
fleas taken from a rabbit dropped their eggs quite readily,
butasit is not likely thatthey woulddo so if these would or
could not hatch, the eggs, perhaps, do not develop until
spring. As fleas increase so rapidly in numbers there may
be a number of broods during a year.

The dog-flea was at one time considered to be different
from the cat-flea, but it is so very similar, and the differences
in the mouth-parts and proportions of the posterior tarsi

THE SAND-FLEA. 135

are so slight, both have been united into one species. The
habits of both are identical. Human blood is to the taste of
both, but is not preferred as being better and richer than
that of the normal hosts.

REMEDIES.—F resh insect-powder, dusted or blown among
the hairs of the infested animals, is an excellent remedy;
it should also be dusted upon the places where they sleep.
As the insect-powder usually bought is very much adulter-
ated or too old, it would be best if we grew in our gardens
the plant from which itis made. This is Pyrethrum roseum,
arather pretty plant, which makes also a nice border for
flower-beds. The flower-heads should be cut off when
fully expanded, and have to be dried in the shade. When
needed these dry heads should be ground as fine as possi-
ble, and excellent results will follow wherever such powder
is used in a legitimate way, 7. ¢. against such insects as can
be killed by it.

THE SAND-FLEA.
(Sarcopsylla peneirans L.).
This is a flea that is not found in Minnesota, being an in-

habitant of Central and South America, where it abounds in
and about indian lodges, wood-cutters’ camps, and similar

Fig. 113.—Sand-flea, female with eggs. Greatly enlarged. After Karsten.

places free from the rank vegetation foundin those countries.
This parasite is known by a numberof names, such as Jigger,
Chigoe, Chique, Biche, or Pique. As it has a somewhat
different form from those mentioned before it has been taken

136 THE SAMD-FLEA.

from the old genus Pu/er and placed in-another one. Both
sexes imbibe blood of man and many other animals, as dogs,
hogs, cats, goats, sheep, cattle and rodents, just like other
fleas; but as soon as the female is ready to deposit her eggs
she penetrates so deep into the skin of man or animal that
only the posterior end is visible. In man she selects the

Fig. 114.—Sand-flea, male. Greatly enlarged After Karsten
space beneath the nails, chiefly of the toes, and here her ab-
domen swells to the size of a pea (fig. 113). The eggs are
deposited from time to time, and forced out of the invaded
place drop to the ground, where they hatch and live like the
eggs and larve of other fleas. The male is shown in fig. 114.

Sand-fleas have been carried from America to Africa, and
with greater intercourse between the United States and
tropical America it is possible that they may also become
much more numerous in our more southern states.

The injuries caused by the female of Chigve to the human
host are not great if the proper pains are taken to remove
the swollen insect from beneath the toes without ruptur-
ing her skin. Yet all sores caused by insects in the tropics
are much more dangerous than elsewhere, and in many cases
the loss of a toe, even of a life, has been the consequence of
carelessness. If the female is left under the toe no serious
consequences take place, as the larval fleasdo not live there,
as is frequently stated.

Length of sand-flea 1 to 1.2mm.; of females swollen
with eggs 5 to 7mm.

THE HEN-FLEA. 137

A simple remedy, or rather preventive, is rubbing the
feet with Peruvian-balsam or Kopai-balsam.

THE HEN-FLEA.
(Sarcopsylla gallinacea Westwood).
This flea (fig. 115) was but once found in achicken-house
in Minnesota. It is common in Florida and Texas, where it

Fig. 115.—Hen-flea. Greatly enlarged. Original.
is known as the “Jigger-flea.”’ It is a peculiar, roundish
looking flea, quite smooth, and of a yellowish-brown color.
As itis assuredly not a common insect with us no detailed
description is given, as the illustration shows its peculiar
shape quite well.
The Pigeon-Flea (Pulex avium Tasch.) is also found in

Fig. 116.—Vlea of the mouse. Greatly enlarged. Original.
the United States, but the writer has not been able to obtain

specimens thus far in our own state, and it is very doubtful
whether it exists here.

138

FLEAS OF OTHER ANIMALS.

A number of other species of fleas are found in Minne-
sota, which infest rats, mice, bats, rabbits, pocket-gophers
and various other wild animals. The following four spe-

Fig.

117.—Flea

Greatly enlarged.

of shrew. Fig. 118.—Flea of bat. Greatly enlarged.

Original. Original.

cies have been found in dwelling places, no doubt brought

there by the hosts they infest.

Fig. 119.—Flea of rabbit. Greatly en-

larged.

Original.

No description is given of
them, as the illustrations
are sufhcient to show their
peculiarities.

The Flea of the Mouse
is shown in fig. 116, the
one infesting the Shrew is
illustrated in fig. 117, and
the one found upon the
Bat an he. 11.8," a venmue
found in houses they are
only accidental visitors,
and as they can not exist
upon manand domesticated
animals they will soon dis-
appear. The flea infesting
the Wild Rabbits, some-

times in very large numbers, is also occasionally found in
the kitchens where this game is made ready for dinner.

This species is shown in fig. 119.

LOUSE-FLIES. 139

I. LOUSE-FLIES.
(Llippoboscidw, Pupipard).

Louse-flies are very peculiar insects, belonging to the
order of flies (Diptera); both their form and mode of repro-
duction are very abnormal. They are parasitic, living upon
the bodies of mammals and birds. Closely allied insects,
with similar life-histories, are found upon bats and the honey-
bee. Some louse-flies are winged, others are not, but in the
latter case we find on each side of the thorax, near the an-

Fig. 120.—Sheep-tick and enlarged foot. Greatly enlarged. Original.
terior angle, a small round spot, indicating where the upper-
wing should be, and near the posterior angle a small pro-
jection which seems to represent the balancers, or remnants
of hind wings. All louse-flies possess a depressed body and
widely separated, short, and stout legs, furnished with
strong claws, which in some cases have teeth. The last joint
of each foot bears a feather-like organ, probably used to coil
around the hair for a stronger foothold, (see enlarged foot
in fig. 120). The head, nearly as wide or wider than the
thorax, is sunk in the same without a distinct neck; the
feelers are very short, apparently one-jointed, with a term1-

140 THE SHEEP-TICK.

nal bristle, and situated in a depression near the mouth.
This is a tubular proboscis, protected on the outside by two
flat and elongated bristly pieces, the labrum. The organs

Fig. 121.—lHead ot sheep-tick. Original. Below uterus-like en-
largement of oviduct. Greatly enlarged. After Leuckart.

used in piercing the skin and in drawing blood are three long
and slender bristles of equal length but unequal size, which
are withdrawn when notin use. A glance at the illustration
of ahead of the sheep-tick, (fig. 121),
will explain this peculiar structure
better than words. The abdomen
is flat and bag-like. The whole in-
sect is densely clothed with hair
and bristles; thesexes resemble each
other, the male being simply smaller.

The life-histories of these para-
sites are very abnormal, as’ they
bring forth full-grown larve, which

Fig. 122.—Young larva and

pipatium, with breathing. SOON change to pupz withouiuinse
ores, of Sheep-tick. Greatly . :
vdlarwed. Orieimal: neatly taking food outside of the mother.

The insect, instead of depositing an egg upon suitable food, as
nearly all other insects are in the habit of doing, retains the
same inside an uterus-like enlargement of the oviduct,(shown
below head in’ fig. 121), where it is hatched. Here it is

THE SHEEP-TICK. 141

nourished by a milky secretion produced in special glands,
also shown in illustration, until the larva has attained its
full size, when it is born. Such a larva is white, but it soon
turns brown and becomes a puparium, as shown in fig. 122.
To prevent this puparium from dropping from the host it is
fastened to it by means of a sticky material. Here it remains
for sometime, when the matureinsect emerges by forcing off a
round lid from one end of the dry and glassy puparium. The
illustration (fig. 122) shows such a puparium; the upper and
pointed end was connected with a membrane through which
the larva obtained food; below are seen the spiracles, and to
the right a young larva removed from the mother fly.

All louse-flies seldom remain attached to the skin longer
than to fill themselves with blood. They areactive and try to
escape by runningina peculiar sideways fashion among hairs
and feathers. Theycan move forward withequal ease, and act
somewhat like acrab. Those equipped with wings fly away
when disturbed, and leave their host, as do those found up-
on birds of prey as soon as the body of the dead bird becomes
stiff and cold.

Only two species of louse-flies infest our domesticated
animals, and the best known of all the external parasites of
the sheep, the so-called ‘‘sheep-tick,’’ is one of them.

THE SHEEP-TICK.
(Melophaqus ovinus Lann).

It is not a true tick, which possesses eight legs, as illus-
trated elsewhere, but a true six-legged insect. It is less than
a quarter of an inch long (4.4mm.), with a short, flattened,
tough and leathery body covered with hairs. The illus-
stration (fig. 120) shows this insect, and some of its struc-
tural details.

It is a veritable pest, especially in spring, to the younger
animals it infests. Sheep always kept in stables are almost
free from such parasites, which seem to require conditions
only found upon pastures. When we consider that a female
of this parasite only produces one offspring at a time, and
perhaps only four to five during her whole existence, it is

142 THE SHEEP-TICK.

difficult to explain the very large numbers of ticks sometimes
found upon a single sheep.

Dr. Curtice who studied the parasites of the sheep most
thoroughly, writes: ‘‘to feed them they were placed upon
the back of my hand. By this means I could, with a lens,
watch them bore into the skin and see the abdomen slowly
enlarge as they drew in the blood. They had some difficulty
in penetrating the thick skin, but usually succeeded by slip-
ping their tube into a hair follicle. At first no itching or ir-
ritation was felt, except a slight twinge when the bills first
penetrated the skin; but little swellings came on a day or
two later which itched for over a week. The itching was
far more persistent than with mosquito bites. They must
in this way cause lambs much discomfort. It was at first
thought that a fluid could be seen running from the parasite
to the hand through the bill, but no more was thought of it
until the elevations began to rise and itch; then it appeared
that the little pests had secreted a poisonous fluid. The
office of this secreted fluid is probably to assist the flow of
blood by keeping it from clotting.’’ It is more likely, how-
ever, that such poison is injected to draw the blood to the
spot inflamed by it.

REMEDIES.—The presence of such parasites must cause con-
siderable itching, and particularly so to lambs with a tender
skin, and if very numerous thevcan cause serious trouble. As
they multiply but very slowly there is no reason why they
should ever become so numerous as is really the case, even in
so-called well-kept herds. If not numerous, tobacco or other
mixtures used for sheep-dips will rid the animals of these in-
truders. Such remedies should be used at shearing time,
when all parasites not removed with the wool can be readily
reached. Fall dipping is advised by many. For this pur-
pose, as well as for dipping at any other time, a kerosene-
emulsion is recommended. This is made in the following
manner: ‘‘Churn fresh skimmed milk and kerosene to-
gether in the proportion of one gallon of milk to two gal-
lons of kerosene, either in a churn or by using a force-pump,
until an emulsion is made. The method of using a force-
pump is to set it in a vessel containing the mixture and to

THE HORSE-TICK 143

force the stream back into the same vessel. The emulsion
will form quicker if boiling hot milk is used. For dipping
use, one gallon of the emulsion for each ten gallons ofwater
is required. Fifty gallons of this dip will suffice for fifty
sheep, seventy will probably answer for one hundred. Much
depends upon the amount of waste on account of the liquor
being carried off by the fleece.”’

Another very effective remedy, much used in Europe,
from where this parasite reached the United States, is the
following one, which seems to be very simple. A small
piece of gray mercurial salve, about the size of a hazelnut, is
well rubbed upon each animal along the back, below the
throat, and between the front legs, immediately after shear-
ing. This application should be repeated after ten days to
destroy any new intruders.

THE HORSE-TICK OR FOREST-FLY.
([Tippobosca egy Linn.).
These parasites are winged, and attack, during summer
and early autumn, horses, cattle, and even dogs. They in-

a7

Fig. 123.—Horse-tick. Greatly enlarged. Original.
fest those parts of the animals which have the thinnest skin
and fewest hairs, as regions about the tail and the belly.

144 THE HORSE-TICK.

Here they insert their beaks to draw blood. It seems that
they irritate the infested animals more by their running over
them than by the absorption of blood, though they must
also cause pain. Horses attacked by such tormenters be-
come very restless, even dangerous and unmanageable. As
the insects are very active they are not very easily captured,

Fig. 124.—Louse-fly from Grossbeak. Greatly enlarged. Original.

for they either fly away or cling so firmly to the skin that
they can not be removed without difficulty, nor can they be
crushed, as they are well protected by a very smooth and
exceedingly tough skin. If these parasites escape, after hav-
ing been captured, they are apt to return instantly to the
horse; but as mistakes are not impossible they have been
known to invade the heads of men, where they are, for a
short time, very unpleasant and unwelcome guests.

This fly measures from 6.6 to 8.8mm. The thorax is
very dark-brown with conspicuous yellowish markings; the
legs are yellowish with brown rings; the abdomenis grayish-
brown. The illustration (fig. 123) shows the structure of
this -peculiar parasite; it was made from a rather poor
specimen.

The whitish larva, when leaving the mother, is already
enclosed in a very thin shell, which turns brown in about
four hours, and bright black in twenty. The adult fly leaves
this puparium in about four weeks.

THE COMMON HOUSE-FLY. 145

The same remedies as those mentioned against the sheep-
tick should be applied in this case.

Some birds, such as hawks and owls, almost always
harbor a number of such winged parasites among their
feathers, and taxidermists are often tormented by them
when skinning such birds. But other birds do not escape,
for instance the louse-fly illustrated in fig. 124 was found
upon a pet Grossbeak.

J. OTHER FLIES.
(Diptera).

A very large number of insects belonging to the order of
Diptera or Flies, which includesinsects that possess but two
wings instead of four, are more or less troublesome to man
and domesticated animals. Some simply irritate them by
running over their bodies; others live upon the moisture
(sweat, etc.), that is found upon the skins of their hosts;
still others suck their blood, and some enter them bodily,
causing sores and even death.

THE COMMON HOUSE-FLY.
(Musca domestica Linn.).

Perhaps this is the best known of all insects, and few
persons are not familiar with their actions. House-flies are,
however, more familiar with us than we are with them,
judging from the general ignorance in regard to their life-
history. As most persons know so very little about this
common insect, the following article of the writer is reprinted
from the Annual Report of the Minnesota State Horticul-
tural Society for 1895:

“Your active secretary gave me a rather peculiar text for
a paper. I do not quite understand why he should have
selected such a theme, as he assuredly knows that ‘there are
no flies on’ Minnesota horticulturists.’’ Or did he, perhaps,
mean that they are constantly on the fly, meeting here and
there in our beautifulstate? But whatever were hisreasons,
I will try to give you the true history, habits, diseases and
other troubles of our great tormenter, the house-fly. Per-

146 THE COMMON HOUSE-FLY.

haps such a paper should have been read at a time when the
supply of flies exceeded the demand for them, and not now
in mid-winter, when, as the commercial papers have it, the
market in flies is dull. To study flies we should have them
about, so that they can be seen, heard, and felt, as lessons
are only well learned by studying the objects themselves.

“The history of the common house-fly has been studied
thoroughly but quite recently. The memoirs of the Swedish
Count DeGeer, published a little over a hundred years ago,
contain the first notice of this interesting insect, while a
fuller account was given in an obscure book by Bouche, a
German entomologist, published in 1834. Both accounts
are far from thorough. Dr. A. S. Packard published his
prize essay upon this insect in 1874, this being the first real
scientific work uponit. About the same time the question
came up: is our fly identical with the house-fly of Europe?
Strange to say, when the question arose in mid-winter, all
our museums were ransacked for specimens for comparison,
and to the great disgust of entomologists it was discovered
that not a single fly could be found in any American collec-
tion of insects. There was a corner in flies—perhaps the
first time in history! Later material was not lacking, and
Dr. Packard could not find any difference between house-
flies from different countries.

‘‘How long this fly has been living in this country there
are no data to show, and it may have sailed on the May-
flower, or buzzed in the cabin of Captain John Smith’s ves-
sel, or even performed its measured flight near the ceilings in
the ancient town of Pemaquid. At all events, the house-fly
is one of the earliest settlers, and is entitled to the liberty it
takes every summer with the upper Four Hundred of New
York. Perhaps it may have been here before America was
discovered; and when Christopher Columbus wiped his brow
upon landing on our shores, it may have been ready to
settle upon his nose. The fly is impudent enough to have
done so, though history does not throw light upon this
subject.

“During the month of August the house-fly is particularly
abundant, and especially so in the neighborhood of stables.

THE COMMON HOUSE-FLY. 147

On placing a fly ina glass bottle she laid, between 6 p. m.
Aug. 12, and 8 a. m. next morning, 120 eggs. They were
deposited irregularly in stacks, lying loose in two piles at
the bottom of the bottle. At 8 a. m. of Aug. 14, several
were found hatched and the maggots were crawling about.
The egg of the house-fly is long, cylindrical and a little
smaller at the anterior end than at the other. It is 0.4 to
0.5 of an inch long, and about one-quarter as thick. The
shell is very dense. The eggs hatch twenty-four hours after
being laid—in confinement they require five to ten hours
more, and the maggots hatched in confinement were smaller
than those reared from eggs deposited in warm manure.
For several days the worms living in this dry manure did
not grow sensibly. Lack of direct warmth, but more espe-
cially the want of sufficient moisture and, consequently, of
available and semi-liquid food, seemed to cause them to be-
come dwarfed. It is evident that heat and moisture are re-
quired for the normal development of the fly, as they are for
nearly all insects.

‘‘The maggots moult twice, consequently there are three
stages of development, and they become sensibly larget at
each stage. After feeding six or seven days the larva is
nearly full grown; its body is long and slender, somewhat
conical, the head and mounth-parts being rudimentary; the
end of the body is truncated, and bears two short tubercles
or. spiracles, which contain circular breathing holes with
sinuous openings, the edges of which are armed with fine
projections, forming arude sieve for the exclusion of dust
and dirt. When aboutto transform into the pupalstate, the
body contracts into a barrel-shaped form, turns brown and
hard, forming a case, within which the larva transforms it-
self into a pupa. Our house-fly having, as a maggot, lived
a life of squalor, immersed in its revolting food, appears
after a short pupalsleep of from five to seven days, asa
winged being with legs and wings of which before there were
no traces, and is animated by new instincts and mental
traits.

“Tf in its winged condition it is one of the most disagree-
able features of dog-days and people wonder why flies were

148 THE COMMON HOUSE-FLY.

ever made at all, it should be remembered that flies have an
infancy as maggots, and the loathsome life they then lead
as scavengers cleanses and purifies the August air and lowers
the death-rate of our cities and towns. Thus, while stables
and other filthy places are tolerated by city and town
authorities, the young of the house-flies, and of flesh- and
blow-flies, with their thousand allies, are doing something
toward purifying the pestilential air, averting the summer
brood of cholera, dysentery, diphtheria, typhus and typhoid
fever, which descend like harpies upon the devoted towns and
cities. It may be regarded as an axiom that where flies
most abound there filth, death-dealing and baneful, is most
abundant, and where filth-diseases such as just mentioned
do most congregate.

“When the fly leaves its pupal case, it pushes away the
front end of it, which opens like a lid, by means of the dis-
tention of the membraneous front of the head, which may be
seen pushing out and in as the fly walks rapidly about.
When free from its prison the fly runs nervously about, as
laboring under a good deal of mental excitement and quite
dazed by the new world of light and life about it, for as a
maggot it was blind, deaf, and dumb. Now its wings are
soft, small, baggy and half their final size. The fluid that
fills them, soon, however, dries up, the skin of the fly attains
the colors of maturity, and it flies off with a buzz suggestive
of contentment and light-heartedness born of its mercurial
temperament. Fig. 125, plate X,shows the fly in all its
beauty.

“When we consider that each female may deposit as
many as one thousand eggs, and that in the course of one
summer we may have from seven to nine generations of flies,
it should not astonish us that these winged tormenters ap-
pear as by magic. The question, why do flies appear sud-
denly and in such immense numbers, may be answered by
the statement that they multiply in a geometrical progres-
sion, and that a single female in suitable seasons and sur-
rounded by plenty of food may producesuch a number of des-
cendants in one year that to express it requires thirteen
figures. But flies have not their own way in everything as

THE COMMON HOUSE-FLY. 149

will appear later. As soon as the nights become cool, flies
try their very best to find shelters for the winter, and no
matter how carefully we may protect doors and windows
with screens they will find an entrance, to the great worry
of our better halves. Sufficient numbers would thus finda
shelter and survive the rigors of a northern winter, if they
did not bring with them at the same time an enemy they can
not escape, and one that will kill the very great majority of
all house-flies at that season. Only a few escape this
“slaughter of the inocents,’’ and these few are the ones that
may be seen during the winter in our houses; others will
find wintering quarters under rubbish, and remain in a
torpid condition until the warm weather of spring coaxes
them back to life. Most flies that escape death in autumn
hibernate in their winged form; a few may also winter over
as pupe, though this is doubtful, at least in Minnesota.

“Have you ever observed a genuine house-fly, one with a
full pedigree? This question seems absurd, but the writer’s ex-
perience has been that really few persons can tell the difference
between a house-fly and other flies so common in our houses.
All flies found upon our walls, upon windows and tables,
are called house-flies, yet at least a dozen species are mixed
up in that congregation, all widely different, more so than
cows and horses. One of the most curious habits of the
genuine Simon-pure house-fly is its peculiar position during
sleep, and once observed it will always be recollected. When
we enter a dark room all flies are sleeping, but only the
house-flies sleep with their heads downwards, the others in
amore normal position. By bringing a light into theroom,
you may ascertain very rapidly the proportion of true
house-flies to that of other intruders. Notwithstanding our
intimacy with the fly, or rather its intimacy with us, how
very little is really known of it by the plurality of tormented
humanity! Those present always excepted, not ten per cent
of our fellow citizens ever know how many legs or wings a
fly has or where it spends its early days in infantile sports.
How many know why it so suddenly appears in countless
numbers to torment the masterpiece of creation, not caring
astraw when or where it attacks him? The ministers in

150 THE COMMON HOUSE-FLY.

church as well as the public speakers, during some of their
most eloquent passages, must scratch their noses as freely as
does the poor laborer who diligently or otherwise digs
trenches for anew gas company. A study of the proboscis
of the fly (fig. 126) reveals a wonderful adaptability for its
uses and misuses. In this proboscis, we see a fleshy, tongue-
like organ, bent up beneath the head when at rest. The
maxillz are minute, their palpi being single-jointed, and the
mandibles or jaws are comparatively useless, being very
short and small, compared with the lancet-like jaws of the
mosquito or horse-fly. But the structure of the tongue it-
self (labium), is most curious.
When a fly settles upon a lump
of sugar or other sweet object, it
unbends its tongue, extends it and
the broad knob-like end divided
into two broad, flat, muscular
leaves which thus present a sucker-
like surface, with which the fly laps
up the liquid sweets. These two
leaves are supported upon a frame-
work of tracheal tubes; these modi-
| fied trachez end in hairs project-
pone eee pete ne ieee ing externally. Thus the inside of
Originai. this broad, fleshy expansion 1s
rough like a rasp, and, as Newport states, “is easily
employed by the insect in scraping or tearing delicate sur-
faces.’ It is by means of this curious structure that the
busy house-fly occasions such mischief to the covers of our
books by scraping off the albuminous polish and leaving
tracings of its depredations in the soiled and spotted ap-
pearance which it occasions on them. It is by the means of
these that it teases us in the heat of summer, when it alights
on the hand or face to sip the perspiration that exudes from
and is condensed upon the skin. The microscope reveals
wonders quite unexpected in such a common insect as the
house-fly, but it will take too much time to describe them
now in detail.

‘The very fact that flies run over our skins in search of

THE COMMON HOUSE-FLY. 151

liquid food is sometimes the cause of diseases. Bad ulcers,
caused by contagious diseases, are visited by flies whenever
they have an opportunity to do so. Being hairy insects,
and having upon their feet sucking-pads, bacteria found in
such sores must adhere, and, if another person is visited in
turn, disease-spores will be carried to his skin, and should
conditions be favorable the germ of the disease thus brought
there will not be slow to act. I had an opportunity some
years agotostudy theeggs ofa tape-worm. These eggs were
counted and covered with a watch-glass. A piece of freshly-
cut beef was put in another part of the same room, the
watch-glass was removed to give the house-flies access to
the eggs, some of which, soon afterward, were detected
upon the flesh, showing that even larger objects than bac-
teria can be carried about by these insects.

The following quotation from John A. Ryder in the
Entomological News for 1892 will no doubt be of interest:

“Cholera and flies.—It may not be amiss to call the at-
tention of the public to the great danger from house-flies as
agents in spreading the contagion should there be an epi-
demic of cholera. I have repeatedly observed that these in-
sects will ride for a number of miles on street cars, and
doubtless also upon other vehicles of transit, such as rail-
way coaches, etc., though I have never made observations
upon any conveyances but the ordinary tram or horse car.
Suppose a case: imagine a cholera victim upon the street or
anywhere else vomiting; the flies present are attracted and
drink until sated, and have their feet and mouth parts
wetted with the vomit containing the germs. They then,
perhaps, fly out into the street, take a place on a horse car,
ride several miles, dismount, fly into another house, where
the family are at dinner, and contaminate the food set be-
fore them with the germs of the cholera carried on the
mouth parts and feet of the insects. Some of the family
sicken and die, yet no one of them will ever, perhaps, suspect
that the flies have carried the germs, as supposed above, for
miles from some other case. The safeguards are to at once
clear away, disinfect with corrosive sublimate solution and
scald the spots where the vomit has been thrown, and to be

152 THE COMMON HOUSE-FLY.

vigilant in the use of fly-screens, fly-traps, etc. During the
late war the late Professor Leidy pointed out, with bene-
ficent results, that the common house-fly was instrumental
in spreading the contagion of hospital gangrene. Why not
beware of this imprudent and ubiquitous little dipter in car-
rying and spreading the contagion of the dreaded Asiatic
plague now menacing us?”’

“During the months of August, September and October,
but mainly during September, it is a very common occur-

Fig. 127.—Disease of house-fly. Greatly enlarged.

rence to find dead house-flies adhering to the walls, window-
panes and other conductors of heat, firmly fixed by their
proboscis and with the legs spread outin quite an unnatural
manner, thus differing from dead flies in general which have
the legs contracted. In about twenty-four hours after death
a kind of fatty substance of a white color is found in the
form of a ring projecting out between each of the rings of the

THE COMMON HOUSE-FLY. 153

abdomen, and in a day or two after the whole will be found
dried, and the surface of the wall or glass lightly covered in
a semi-circle, at about one-half to one inch from the fly’s ab-
domen, with a cloud of whitish powder. This whitish,
fatty substance is found on examination to consist of a vast
number of short, erect flaments growing out from the body
of the fly, between the rings. These filaments contain large
oil-globules, often arranged in a row, and these having been
mistaken for spores gave origin to the name of Sporendo-
nema, applied to this fungus. Mr. Cohn has described its
growth somewhat minutely and changed the generic name
to Hmpusa, or rather Hmpusina, the first of these names be-
ing already appropriated. He states that the vesicle fila-
ments terminate in the abdomen in a continuous, often
branched tube and consist therefore of a single tubular cell.
The upper free end, however, becomes cut off by a septum,
and the terminal cell acquires a campanulate form and a
dark color; when ripe it is thrown off with some force, and
a number of these form the white cloud above mentioned.
Fig. 127 shows these parasitic plants. You have all no
doubt observed this halo or oriole surrounding a dead fly
fastened to the window or looking-glass.

““Mr. Cohn endeavored in vain to make these spores ger-
minate; and nothing like them were found in the cavity of
the abdomen of numerous flies in which the filaments were
traced in their earlier stages. Mr. Griffith inclines to regard
them as peridioles or spore-cases; or they may be stylo-
spores, which after a stage of rest produce an intermediate
mycelial structure, and then give birth to the ripe spores.

‘‘When we turn our attention to the poor sufferer, we
observe no outward signs of the disease in its early stage;
yet watching carefully great numbers of flies we soon detect
some that differ from the rest by a more erect abdomen and
by their awkward way of walking. At first they are rest-
less, constantly running and flying about; if the disease,
however, grows worse, their motions become very sluggish,
and if you approach them with your fingers they either'do
not fly away at all or in a very clumsy way, soon settling
again. Atlast they are unable to walk more than a few

154 THE COMMON HOUSE-FLY.

steps. About an hour before they die, all intentional mo-
tion ceases, and the fly fixes its proboscis firmly to the ob-
ject it happens to have settled upon, only the legs spas-
modically contract and extend in a very unsymmetrical
way, as shown in the illustrations, figs. 127 and 128. The
abdomen gradually swells and shows on its underside a
whitish color; the upper surface of the insect, however, does
not change at all, and no trace is as yet visible of the white
rings between the segments, nor is any white dust to be
seen. Gradually all motion ceases, and the animal is dead.
After death the abdomen still swells, and about eight hours
afterward it is so much distended that the segments are
pulled apart, and the fine connecting skin between them be-
comes visible, and here a white substance is gradually
pushed out from the interior, so that eventually three white
and parallel rings or belts are formed. The first trace of —
loose dust becomes now visible under the insect. The fly re-
mains unaltered in this condition for several days, only
these belts become more prominent, and frequently a white
ring is also visible between head and thorax. The dust
around the dead fly becomes denser, the corpse eventually
dries up, the white belts disappear, and the body shrinks so
that the fly looks like a living one, though wings and legs
are covered with dust (fig. 128, plate VII). Thus far all the
symptoms could be followed with the naked eye, but the
microscope alone can give us an explanation of the whole
process.

“Being afraid that, by this time, you will be thoroughly
sick of the Zinpusa, I will not inflict upon your patience the
history of the microscopic influenza, another disease that at-
tacks our domesticated fly. It goes by the name of /sarza,
was first discovered by Meigen, and has but one good point
about it—it kills flies.

“fo wind up this already lengthy discourse upon diseases
of flies, let me only mention some other enemies—besides.
yourselves—of this troublesome intruder to an afternoon’s
snooze, knowing that it will please you to hear that the life
of the fly is far from being an eternal round of revelry and
pleasure, and that it is troubled in more than one way.

THE BLOW-FLY. 155

Several kinds of true worms (WVematodes) are found in the
house-fly. Sometimes they are very numerous, and if the
detached head of the fly is pressed between two flat pieces of
glass they can readily be seen. As many as seventeen have
been counted in the head of a single fly, and it is no wonder
that this flyshowed all symptoms of insanity, being perfectly
reckless and very erratic in all its motions. It is preyed on

a. ty fi LE nd LX

Fig. 129.—vifferent stages of house and blow-flies. Enlarged. After Taschenberg.

in Europe by two kinds of ichneumon-flies, whose larve feed
inside of their host; also by a fly-parasite( Astoma parasiticum).
It is a pity that these useful parasites have not as yet been
introduced into this country. We already possess, however,
one fly-parasite in this country (Astoma musearum) (fig. 47).
You have no doubt seen small red dots upon the base of the
wings of our fly (fig. 46, plate VII). This red dot is the
parasite just mentioned, and let us hope that it may increase
at the same ratio as all his relatives are inthe habit of doing.
Fig. 129 shows house-flies and blow-flies upon a bone; also
their earlier stages.”’

THE BLOW-FLY OR FLESH-FLY.
(Sarcophaga carnaria Lann.).
Many other flies, although they do not actually bite man
or beast, become a great nuisance and torment by running
over them in search of liquid food, perspiration. Nearly all

156 THE BLOW-FLY.

species of blow-, meat-or flesh-flies belong here. But some of
them are not satisfied with simply trying to obtain food for
themselves, but take care of their offspring by dropping
either eggs or larvee upon the host. Many species of blow-
flies have this habit, and as they produce living young and
as these increase rapidly in size, they can cause trouble, even
death. The viviparous females retain the eggs in spiral
dilations of their oviducts until hatched, when they are de-
posited upon decaying flesh of all kinds. The sexual organs
of the horse, cattle, and hogs, the interior of the ears, but
principally wounds and sores are selected by such flies and
here they drop living maggots in large numbers. Whoever
has observed even fairly fresh meat exposed for but a few
moments in places where blow-flies abound must have seen
the innumerable small heaps of very minute maggots de-
posited upon it. The female flesh-fly (Sarcophaga carnaria
Linn.) can deposit at least 20,000 of these maggots, and as
they grow very rapidly they consume alargeamount of food,
and forcing their way into the festering substance about
them they soon enlarge sores (‘‘living sores’’), and make them
very dangerous. All these flies multiply very rapidly, pro-
ducing many generations during the course of a warm season.
It has beencomputed that a single female, within six months,
can have 508,000,000 descendants. No wonder, then, that
they can devour the carcass of a large animal in a few days,
and that we have so many flies about dwelling-places
and stables not kept clean.

The maggots of these flies grow so rapidly, if food is
plenty, that froma mere speck they grow in two or three
days to half an inch in length. They are whitish, long, soft-
bodied, footless, and are smaller towards the head and
thicker and blunt behind. When full-grown they leave their
odoriferous food and crawl to some convenient spot, force
their way into the soil, where they contract into elongated-
oval, barrel-shaped, and reddish-brown puparia, inside of
which the adult insects are formed. This requires but a very
short time, a few days, and the winged fly issues ready to
start another generation. Fig. 130, plate X, illustrates this
common insect.

THE BLOW-FLY. 157

All blow-flies can become the authors of epidemics. Dr.
Maddoxread a paper before the Royal Microscopical Society,
in which he detailed the results of experiments especially
about the relations between the common-fly and the comma
bacillus. According to the Scientific American the results of
all his investigations lead him to believe that the comma
bacillus from cultures can pass in a living state through the
digestive tubes of some insects, and through this fact, that
such insects are likely to become an important means of dis-
tributing disease, especially to animals that feed upon them.
This is in accordance with the views of Dr. Grossi, that ‘‘in-
sects, especially flies, may be considered as veritable authors
of epidemics and agents in infectious maladies.”

As these flies deposit their eggs on open sores or upon
wet, filthy parts of the skin, serious trouble may be caused.
To prevent this all wet and filthy hair should be cut and the
wounds should be kept clean and rendered antiseptic. A
good lotion for this purpose is made by mixing one part of
carbolic acid with fifty parts of water; or a mixture should
be made of one ounce oil of tar and twenty ounces of sweet-oil.

It is stated from time to time that maggots have been
vomited from the human stomach. Such maggots are the
young of blow-flies or of other similar flies which may have
been swallowed in some way, and as they can exist for some
time in the stomach and intestines they can cause serious
trouble. The mysterious fly-disease (J/yiasis) is caused by
the presence of such maggots in the interior of human beings.

The maggots of Sarcophaga latifrons have repeatedly
been removed from ulcers in the ear, and other cases have
been reported where such maggots had destroyed vision by
penetrating to the eye.

About the very worst of such flesh- or blow-flies is the
Texas screw-worm, an insect that has a very bad reputation,
and what is worse, one that is well-earned. As this insect is
also found in Minnesota, and has already done some harm,
it is best to describe it more in detail.

158 THE SCREW-WORM.

THE SCREW-WORM.
(Campsomyta (Lucilia) macellaria Fab.).

This fly is a flesh-fly with the additional bad habit of
being very impatient, as it does not always wait until the
animal is dead that is to furnish the food for the offspring.
As a general rule, it lives, like all its relatives, upon decaying
animal and vegetable matter in and about which it under-
goes allits transformations. The eggs, about one-sixteenth
of an inch long, of a light yellow color, are deposited by the
female on or near dead animals. The mother must possess
wonderful organs of smell, or of some other sense, which en-
able her to detect such food, even if well hidden or obscured
by other odors. These eggs being quite soft, would soon be
destroyed by the direct rays of the sun, hence they are de-
posited under the carcass, or on its shady side. Such flies
are known to contain as many as 20,000 eggs in their
ovaries. These eggs hatch in one or two days, depending
upon the length of the time that they were retained in the
ovaries by the mother-fly before discovering the proper food
for her young. The dirty-white larva possesses the usual
form of fly-maggots; a ring of bristles between each pair of
segments gives the maggot a fancied resemblance to a screw,
hence the above popular name. These bristles act as legs in
locomotion. The mature maggot is three-fourths of an inch
in length, and about one-eighth of an inch in diameter; it
possesses a tapering head, that contains two pointed black
hooks, which are the mouth-parts used to obtain food. The
posterior end of the maggot is very much truncated. The
maggots grow very rapidly and reach their full size in four
to six days, when they leave the substance upon which they
have fed and enter the ground, where, just below the surface,
they contract into dark-reddish and barrel-shaped puparia,
about one-third of an inch in length. Insidesucha puparium
the fly is formed, which takes about 7 days, when it leaves
both the puparium and the ground to fly about and enjoy
life according to its peculiar fashion. This fly (fig. 131,
plate XI) is a very beautiful insect, a little larger than our
common house-fly, of a bright metallic green color, and hav-
ing prominent dull-red eyes; its back is marked with thtee

THE SCREW-WORM. 159

distinct black stripes running from head toabdomen. When
leaving the pupa the fly is gray, but very soon it assumes
its glittering uniform, and the female is able to deposit her
eggs the second day after emerging.

The above life-history does not vary from that of any
other flesh-or blow-fly. But the screw-worm attacks also
living man, dogs, sheep, cattle, horses, and even fowls, and
if it succeeds in forcing an entrance into the body of such
hosts it causes the most excruciating pains, and not unfre-
quently death. Its poimts of attack are the sheaths of male
animals, the navels of new-born stock, and any abrasion of
the skin. In man those suffering froma severe cold are most
apt to be attacked by these flies, which were formerly called
the ‘‘man-eating flies” (hominivorax) on account of their de-
vouring man. In or near wounds found upon animals, or
in nostrils and other openings, they deposit their eggs which
immediately or very soon afterwards hatch. Theyoung and
active maggots force their way into the flesh, feeding and
growing as they go, and thus rapidly enlarge the sores.
They are soon out of sight and revel now in living flesh, un-
til the wounds enlarge to such an extent, if not discovered
and treated in time, that the infested animal has to die. If
such maggots enter the nostrils of man in numbers they are
very apt to kill him unless steps are taken at once to remove
them.

In regions where such flies are common great careshould
be taken not to expose wounds and sores, as these flies have
been observed to deposit their eggs in them while they were
being dressed. For the same reason persons should
never sleep out of doors, nor unprotected by mosquito bars,
wherever such flies abound.

But it is not in the south alone that these flies occur.
We have them in our state as well, though they have caused
but few injuries, being here in fact rather beneficial as sca-
vengers. Several cases are, however,on record,in which their
larvze have been found in the human ear.* In other cases

fowls suffering from cold were killed by these maggots; they
were eaten alive, so to speak.

*Dr. Howard Mcl. Morton, of Minneapolis, reports two cases which he treated
in 1895.

cy

160 THE STABLE-FLY.

The best way to prevent losses among our domesticated
animals is to give them the proper care they deserve, and to
pay prompt attention to their health. All sores should be
attended to as soon as discovered, and should be carefully
cleaned. By permitting no filth, no matter of what char-
acter, to accumulate, we prevent the increase of such suspi-
cious and dangerous insects. Carcasses of all kinds should
not be simply dragged into the woods, or some distance
away from houses, to decay there, but should be promply
buried, and deep enough that no maggot or the resulting
flies bred in them can ever reach the light of day. Maggots
of all flesh-flies are very tenacious of life, and even an immer-
sion of several minutes in pure carbolic acid and strong tur-
pentine does not kill them; even chloroform and ether do not
kill them at once. Whenever persons or animals become in-
fested with such dangerous maggots a physician should be
consulted without delay.

The use of fresh pyrethrum (insect-powder) is claimed to
be a very good remedy. Ofcourse all maggots that can be
reached with an instrument should be removed by mechani-
cal means.

THE SPABUE-AR EN?
(Stomoxys calcitrans Linn.).

This fly,so frequently mistaken for the troublesome, rest-
less, but otherwise innocent house-fly, is no stranger to our
habitations; in fact it takes possession of our rooms with-
out having been invited. If it behaved as a visitor is ex-
pected to do matters would be all right, but this impudent
fly is not satisfied, like the house-fly, with anything we may
have upon our bill of fare, but it requires more precious food,
human blood, and is not slow to take it whenever it pleases.
We often hear the complaint made that house-flies would
bite most viciously whenever rain was approaching, and
during and after a shower. There is no doubt about such
bites, but they were not inflicted by our domestic friend, the

house fly, but by the above intruder, the stable- fly. As the
name tells it is an insect most commonly found in and near

stables; here, when at all numerous, they cause considerable

THE STABLE-FLY. 161

irritation to the animals confined there and in extreme cases
these become frantic with pain and unmanageable.

The stable-fly (fig. 132, plate XI), found most abun-
dantly late in autumn, resembles very closely a house-fly, but
can be distinguished from it by its pointed proboscis project-
ing in front of the head (fig. 183) and by its feathered feelers.

Fig. 133.—Mouth-parts of stable-fly. Greatly enlarged. Original.

Its general color is gray; the anterior half of the thorax pos-
sesses four darker stripes, while the posterior half is spotted.
The abdomen, with a yellowish-brown cast, has upon the
second to last segment three brown and poorly-defined spots.
It seems as if this fly produced but a few generations each

4..— Tsetse-fly. A modern and Bruce’s original illustration. Enlarged.

year. The maggot,very similar to that of the house-fly, has
a somewhat different head, and can be distinguished readily
by the fact that the two posterior spiracles possess three
openings arranged in a triangle, while the former has but
one. The larval stage of this very annoying insect is passed
in horse-manure, though it has also been found mining in the
leaves of various plants (Taschenberg).

A fly related to the stable-fly, and also similar to the-
breeze-fly, has a particularly bad reputation; it is the TsE-

162 THE BLUE-BOTTLE-FLY.

TSE-FLY (Glossina morsitans), which is said to be so danger-
ous that whole regions in Africa are uninhabitable during
the season in which they are numerous. The mortality
caused by them is no doubt due to a disease disseminated by
their attacks. Bruce, in his travels to discover the source of
the Nile, in 1790 first figured this insect, and a copy of it is
shown in fig. 134, while a more modern one is also given
to the left.

He gives in the books published by hima very interesting
account of its mode of life, and a still more interesting his-
torical sketch of the changes produced by it in the political
history of the countries in which it abounds.

THE BLUE-BOTTLE-FLY.
( Calliphora vomitoria Linn.).

This beautiful fly, beautiful in colors but not in manners,
is known to everybody. It can not be classed as a parasite,
or as infesting man and beast. It is very frequently found
in our houses, usually trying to run its head through the
glass of our windows, and as constantly complaining about
the hardness of the latter by a deep humming sound. But
when we ask those in charge of our eatables they will com-
plain bitterly about this insect which loves meat of all kinds
and is very apt to spoil the same in more than one way. It
is shown in fig. 135, plate XII.

THE HORN-PLY.
(Hematobia serrata R. Desv.).

This insect is a recent acquisition, and one we could well
do without. It reached this side of the Atlantic coast, ac-
cording to Prof. John B. Smith, the well-known entomolo-
gist of New Jersey, either in 1886 or in 1887, and soon
spread westward. In 1892 the writer noticed it in large
numbers in Otter Tail County, and was told that it had
there troubled cattle for some years. Mr. L. A. Foote, of
Worthington, Minn., a very careful observer, told me very
late in the fall of 1895, that it had been common in that
vicinity long before 1886, and to demonstrate that he knew

THE HORN-FLY. 163

the insect he went, in the dark, to his cattle-yard and re-
turned soon after with undoubted specimens of horn-flies.
This would indicate that the insects had been introduced be-
fore, but had remained unnoticed.

Owing to a series of very dry summers the insect is no
longer as common and troublesome in Minnesota as it was
a few years ago. It is confined to cattle which it torments
day and night inthe stable or in the pastures. The flies
burrow among the hair, preferring the region about the
shoulders and the root of the tail, though other portions do
not escape. While biting the flies spread out their wings in
a peculiar way, and do not keep them closed as do the
stable-flies. The flies have still another peculiar habit which
caused them to be called ‘‘horn-flies.’? They cluster about
the horns, especially their bases, and frequently encircle them
as abroad ring. This position is selected to rest, and not to
injure the horns, as has frequently been claimed; in fact their
mouth-parts could not penetrate such hard material, being
constructed simply to suck blood. This blood-sucking habit,
the constant irritation caused byit, and their running about
over the skin, prevent the cattle from feeding, disturb quiet
digestion, and as a consequence cause a falling off in milk
and cream. Some cattle suffer less than others; and if
equally infested with these tormenters some animals will
quietly remain chewing their food while others become
frantic.

The small fly, about 4mm. long (a little over one-sixth
of an inch), is of a dark ash-gray color with a faint tinge of
yellow. As the insect is illustrated (fig. 1386, plate XII) it
is not necessary to describe it in detail.

The life-history of this pest may be summed up as follows:
the white egg, 1.5mm. long, elongate and a little curved,
turns brownish before hatching. The white and footless
maggot, which soon hatches, tapers toward the head and
terminates abruptly behind, where it is furnished with a pair
of black spiracles. When mature it measures about three-
eighths of an inch, and is of a dirty yellowish-white color.

Like all maggots of this family of insects 1t moves by
contracting and extending its body, and is assisted by a

164 THE HORN-FLY.

double row of peculiar fleshy mobile organs on the last six
segments. The larva or maggot is very active and soon
reaches its full size, when it contracts in the usual way and
becomes a reddish-brown puparium, less than half its former
length. The whole life-cycle from egg to fly requires but
twelve to fifteen days.

Tobacco-powder dusted among the hairs is a fairly good
remedy; it will not entirely prevent the fly from settling up-
on the animal, but will repel them before they have had
time to bite. Other remedies will be given later. The true
remedy, however, is to prevent these flies from breeding, and
this is not such avery dificult matter as it might seem. The
larve of this fly can exist only in soft, almost liquid manure.
All that is necessary to do is to accelerate the drying of this
food,a matter not at all difficult in our usually dry summers.
This may be done by spreading all fresh droppings every
day, when the moisture will be absorbed and the food will
become too dry for the maggots. Neither would a general
distribution of such manure destroy the value of the same.
The liberal application of plaster to the manure removed
from the stable, in which eggs were deposited, as well as in
the manure-heap, deprives the maggots of food and at the
same improves the value of the fertilizer. Cleanliness is as
essential in stables as elsewhere, and clean stables do ‘not
possess the attraction for such insects that the neglected
ones do. To make the remedy of depriving the maggots of
appropriate food as effective as possible united and persis-
tent action throughout the invaded region is absolutely
necessary, and it should be put in operation very early in
summer, for if postponed until late it will not be of much
benefit.

All flies mentioned thus far, with the exception of the
horn-fly, can become exceedingly dangerous to man and his
servants, the domesticated animals, in another way quite in-
dependent from their bites. All are buzzards on a small
scale, and remove much of the disease-breeding material apt
to be found near the domicile of man. Beingscavengers they
must necessarily come in contact with dead animals, which
may have been killed by a contagious disease, and thus they

REMEDIES AGAINST FLIES. 165

may carry away on their bodies disease-germs of all kinds.
Settling again upon a healthy being they may communicate
such a disease by contact. In this manner diseases have
been carried about by such flies. Again some of them can
eat the eggs of various parasitic worms, and discharge them
unharmed with their faeces. It has been demonstrated that
several internal parasites of man have thus been distributed.
Dr. Grassi has shown that the eggs of the tape-worm
(Tenia solium) and of Tricocephalus dispar were carried by
the common house-fly.

How to protect man and animals against flies in houses
and stables is not an uncommon question. It is not difficult
at all to prevent all such tormenters as house-flies, stable-
flies, flesh- and blow-flies, mosquitoes and others from biting
us in our homes, or our domesticated animals in their
stables, nor is it very expensive. Persian and Dalmation
insect-powder, or Buhach, is a most excellent substance for
this purpose, and if not too old or too much adulterated
will succeed. It can be applied in several ways; as a powder
or as fumes. The former should be blown in the air; the
latter should be burned upon an old saucer or plate. A very
nice way is to form the finely powdered and slightly moistened
pyrethrum into cones, which after being dried in an ovencan be
ignited at the apex, when they will slowly burn and give off
the deadly fumes. Only a small amount is required, provid-
ing the doors and windows are closed, the quantity depend-
ing upon the quality of the powder. All flies in rooms or
stables will soon show the effects of this insect-powder; they
either die from it, or become too disabled to do mischief for
quite a while.

According to the ‘‘Denver Field and Farm” of April 25,
1896, a machine for catching flies from the backs of cattle,
and so affording the animals relief and comfort, has been in-
vented by a farmer in Madison County, Kentucky. The fly-
catcher is a kind of covered pen or passageway, through
which the animal must walk to secure relief. A few feet
from the entrance there is a’cupola, or dome, in the roof of
the passage-way, made of glass and arranged as a fly-trap.
Beyond this the passage-way is in darkness. The animal

166 GAD- OR BREEZE-FLIES.

walks through the machine, and just as it passes the dome
and enters the darkened part a set of brushes sweep off the
flies, which naturally rise into the lighted dome, and the
steer passes out at the other side free from flies. The flies
are retained in the dome trap. The inventor has experi-
mented with his machine, and finds that animals soon learn
the value of it and know enough to walk through the same
when the flies begin to bite. The device is said to be pat-
ented, but a plan involving the same principle has been in use
among farmers for the destruction of horn-flies for a year or
two past.

GAD-FLIES. BREEZE-FLIES.
(Tubanide).

There is quite a large family of flies the members of
which have gained for themselves a very bad reputation.
They are usually called Gad- cr Breeze-flies. Such flies are
found everywhere, and each climate has its own species, but
all possess the same blood-thirsty character and attack
warm-blooded animals, be they lions in the torrid zone or
reindeers in Lapland,and none escape their attacks, be they do-
mesticated oxen and horses or wild and swift-footed moose
and deer. The family is distinguished by a broad and
slightly flattened body, by a large head depressed from front
to rear, by very large eyes, which are contiguous in the
males, and which are frequently beautifully colored, by a
thick and compact thorax, with a large and elevated
scutellum, and by legs whose tarsi are furnished with three
cushions. The last joint of the feelers is annulated but has
no stylet; the exerted proboscis of the female encloses six
lancet-like instruments, while that of the male possesses but
four; it ends in two fleshy and lip-like lobes and is covered
on the sides by the large two-jointed maxillary palpi. The
wings, which extend horizontally, are propelled by powerful
muscles and contain a larger number of veins than is usual
in flies. The flight of these flies is very rapid and accompanied
by a buzzing sound which greatly alarms animals hearing it.

Only the females of Gad- or Breeze-Flies attack animals;
the males live on the sap of flowers. These insects are most

GAD- OR BREEZE-FLIES. 167

commonly found in the neighborhood of marshes, and our
prairies with their numerous low andswampy places abound
in them. Woods and pastures are also frequently visited by
them. This is accounted for by the fact that the early
stages of this insect are passed below the ground, in wet
soil, and even in water. Their eggs are brown or black,
spindle-shaped, and are deposited in groups upon aquatic
piants and stems of grass. When the sun is very hot in sum-
mer these insects are most active, and thousands of them fly
about, and frequently torment the larger animals to such
an extent as to make them perfectly wild and frantic. The
moose and deer, attacked by such tormenters, lose all fear
of man and plunge into rivers and lakes to escape their at-
tacks; they soon _ be-
come very poor, as
they have no rest to
feed excepting at night.
Even the most rapid
animalscan not escape
these swift tormenters,
which descend upon
m. Sy them and, choosing the
most tender portions
of Jute) oskamescy bury:

their powerful probos-

Fig. 137.—Mouth-parts of Tabanus. Greatly -: : :
enlarged. Original. cis (fig. 137) in it and

do not withdraw it

until satisfied with blood. A slight swelling, which soon
disappears, shows where the skin is perforated. Their flight
is so rapid that they can not only follow an express train
but can make excursions into the country at the same time.
This is frequently seen when one of them settles upon the
window of a fast train in motion, and after awhile darts off
some distance soon to return to its resting-place. It is be-
lieved that such flies are agents in transmitting virulent dis-
eases, when they leave an animal affected with one of them
and introduce their proboscis into the skin of a healthy one.
We have a large number of such insects in Minnesota,
but all possess a very similar life-history, at least as far as

168 THE GAD- OR BREEZE-FLIES.

we know. In our southern counties the ‘‘Green-head”’
( Tabanus lincola Fab.) has a very bad reputation and further
south in the Mississippi valley it is sometimes impossible to
work horses in midsummer without a protecting covering. In
fact cases are on record that horses fastened to a tree ora
fence were bitten to death. This fly is illustrated in fig. 138.

Fig. 138.—Green-head. Greatly enlarged. Original.
“The Black Breeze-fly”’ ( Tabanus atratus Fab.), though found
in Minnesota, is not common, hence causes less trouble to
cattle,whichit prefers to horses. Itslargelarva is found under
stones in water, where it feeds upon other aquatic animals.
The most common of our breeze-flies is illustrated in fig. 139,
plate XIII. Itis ‘‘Reinwardt’s Breeze-fly”’ ( Tabanus reinwardtit
Wied.). This fly, less blood-thirsty than the two mentioned
above, is found in immense numbers in our prairie region.
It sometimes gathers in the small railway stations in such
numbers onjthe window-panes that no light can fallthrough
them, and the writer counted upon one window, and below
it upon the bench, the astonishing number of 2117 flies.
Why they should remain and die in such places is difficult to
explain; at all events these rooms acted as traps, and the
flies had not sense enough to escape by the open door, but
battered their heads against the glass in their vain efforts
to force their way out. The larger breeze- or gad-flies attack
only larger domesticated animals, such as horses and cattle.
The genus Chrysops is distinguished from Zabanus by posses-
sing three simple eyes, which are readily seen on the top of
the head. The scientific name is derived from the beautiful
golden-yellow eyes, with purple lines and spots, which these

THE GAD- OR BREEZE-FLIES. 169

flies possess. As seen in fig. 140, plate XIII, which illus-
trates the most common kind found in Minnesota, the
Chrysops wstuans v. d. Wulp., the insect is also quite orna-
mental in general appearance, being spotted and banded
with pale yellow and white.

A number of different kinds occur in Minnesota; all are
very prettily marked insects, with wings wide apart, and
with a flattened abdomen, square-shaped almost to the
posterior end; the wings are colored with large hyalinespots.

Notwithstanding their beautiful eyes and bright colors
these flies are a great pest, and when at all numerous, stock
of all kinds suffers very greatly. Man does not escape, and
those who are in the habit of bathing in rivers and lakes
know to their sorrow that such flies are always lying in wait,
and are not slow to attack them; they find their victims
even before they have had time to undress, and the long
proboscis of these blood-thirsty tormenters can be felt even
through the undergarments. If they are at all numerous,
bathing becomes a luxury that one can not enjoy at all in
the open air. Animals also suffer greatly from their attacks,
and they frequently make horses so frantic with apprehen-
sion and pain that they willrun away. It seems that some
prefer to puncture the domesticated animals around theeyes,
and one species has on that account been named the ‘‘blind-
ing chrysops.”’

. Like the gad-flies these insects are most numerous in the
neighborhood of their breeding places, 7. ¢. regions with low
and moist places, in which the early stages of these flies are
passed.

There is another family of flies which is reputed to at-
tack man and domesticated animals for thesake of abstract-
ing blood. This family (As7//dw) contains a number of
blood-thirsty flies that resemble wasps, having a brownish-
yellow thorax, a narrow and very elongated abdomen with
variously colored wings, and very long feet, of which the
first pair can grasp the insects they kill. They are very
common in Minnesota, but attack only insects, chiefly such
as move slowly. One species becomes very destructive to
bees, by selecting those that are carrying a very heavy load

170 THE BLOOD-SUCKING OSCINIS.

to the hive; it has received the very appropriate name of ‘‘bee-
killer.’ Their reputation of being tormenters of warm-
blooded animals is badly founded, however; at least the
writer has never observed them sucking blood. If kept be-
tween the fingers these flies are not slow to inflict a very
severe bite. But other flies, for instance the members of the
family Bombylidew, small and very hairy insects with bright
colors, do the same thing, and will not permit themselves to
be handled with impunity.

There are a number of very small flies that sometimes at-
tack man and domesticated animals, and which notwith-
standing their small size, can cause considerable irritation
and inflict no little pain.

THE BLOOD-SUCKING OSCINIS.
( Oscinis pallipes Loew).

This minute fly, illustrated in fig. 141, is a polished black
insect, with yellow face and legs. It is small, as can be seen
by the hair-line in the illustration, which gives the natural
size of the insect with expanded wings. During June, July

Fig. 141.—Blood-sucking Oscinis. Greatly enlarged. Original.

and August this fly is exceedingly abundant in some places,.
and large numbers of them attack such animals as horses,
cattle and dogs. They are very quick in all their actions,
and can not be readily driven off, always returning and try-

THE ‘‘NO-SEE-UM”’ OR ‘‘PUNKIE.”’ Dig/s

ing to find a suitable spot to insert their long proboscis.
They usually select places where they are protected by hairs,
and soon cause the blood to flow over the infested area.
When filled with blood they drop to the ground, being al-
most too heavy to fly. Other flies of the same kind, at-
tracted by the blood, are sure to add to the previous injury,
and soon large sore spots are the consequence, which are al-
ways crowded with new and hungryinsects. They can, when
numerous, make the infested animal perfectly wild and un-
manageable, and those that can reach water invariably
make for it, so as to escape their tormenters. Man does not
escape, though in his case usually only the exposed part, the
head and hands, can be bitten.

This fly belongs to a family of insects which are, as a
general rule, plant-feeders, and some species of Oscinis are
known to be very destructive to our small grains and to our
vegetables. Whether the early stages of this ‘‘Yellow-legged
Oscinis”’ are also passed as vegetable-feeders the writer does
not know, but it is very likely that such is the case.

THE “NO-SEE-UM” OR ‘‘RPUNKIE.”
( Ceratopogon spec.).

This is another fly that is very aggressive, attacking
man and domesticated animals wherever it can. It is well-
named by our Indians the ‘‘No-see-um,’’ being so very small
that it can only be felt but not seen. It is a mere speck of
matter, and it is dificult to understand how this small being
can harbor the vast amount of ‘‘cussedness”’ it is known to
possess. As the illustration (fig. 142) shows, it is well
equipped with a biting mouth, and those that have ever
visited the northern lakes and woods know from experience
that the insect knows how to apply this tool. Whenever
these flies light upon the hands and face they immediately
insert this proboscis in the flesh, and judging from the burn-
ing sensation these bites cause, a large amount of poison
must be injected at the same time. Where these tormenters
abound the finest scenery loses its attraction, and the disap-
pointed visitor leaves the spot with some forcibleexpressions
—if not spoken with his lips they are nevertheless thought.

172 BLACK-FLIES.

Dr. L. O. Howard, the chief entomologist of the Department
of Agriculture, to whom the writer applied for specimens,
writes:—‘‘I have seen specimens in the New York mountains,
but have always found that reflex action was too strong for
scientific instinct, and I have unfortunately smacked and
smashed them instead of putting them in a cyanide bottle
for preservation; there are no specimens in the national col-

t R
Fig. 142.—‘‘No-see-um”’ or ‘‘Punkie.’’ Greatly enlarged. Original.

lection.’”’ Prof. Comstock has kindly furnished a slide upon
which some of these tormenters have been mounted for the
microscope, and from this slide the above illustration has
been made. They are of a yellowish color, have transparent
whitish wings with darker hyaline spots, as shown. Ac-
cording to Prof. Comstock the larve of these minute beings
are found living under the bark of decaying branches, under
fallen leaves, and in the sap flowing from wounded trees.

BUFFALO-GNATS, BLACK-FLIES.
( Sim ulidw.)
The family of S/imulide furnishes a large number of flies

that attack man and domesticated animals.
The flies belonging to the genus S/mu//um possess a heavy

BLACK-FLIES. i713

body, bulging thorax, eleven-jointed feelers, of which the
first two are separated from the rest; the broad abdomen is
rather short; the legs are powerful with broad tarsi; the
wings are broad and short. The body of these insects is in-
vested with a fine downycovering; the males are darker and
more velvety, and possess broader and more hairy legs than
the females. The mouth-parts are very curious, and Prof.
J. B. Smith has demonstrated that the female, which is the
only one that sucks blood, possesses beside the usual! sucking
organs, genuine biting mandibles.

These small flies breed in rapidly flowing water, hence
are very numerous in the northern part of our state where
streams abound. The adult flies are well-known tormenters,
and occur sometimes in such numbers as to prevent travel.
Prospectors, and surveyors, though usually thick-skinned
by living constantly out of doors, have been repeatedly
forced to leave a region thus infested. They even force the
Labrador fishermen to the coast in summer, as it is impos-
sible to live in the interior on account of these tormenters.
Prof. A. S. Packard, in ‘‘Our Common Insects,’’ relates his
experience in the following words:—“During a summer resi-
dence on this coast, we sailed up the Esquimaux River for
six or eight miles, spending a few hours at a house situated
on the bank. The day was warm and but little wind blow-
ing, and the swarms of black flies were absolutely terrific.
In vain we frantically waved our moth net among them and
after making a few desperate charges in the face of the
thronging pests, we had to retire to the house where the
windows actually swarmed with them; but here they would
fly in our faces, crawl under our clothes where they would
remain and bite in the night. The childrenin the house were
sickly and worn by their unceasing torments; and theshaggy
Newfoundland dogs, whose thick coats would seem to be
proof against their bites, ran from their shelter beneath the
bench and dashed into the river, theironlyretreat. Incloudy
weather, unlike the mosquito, the black fly disappears, only
flying when the sun shines. The bite of the black fly is often
severe, the creature leaving a large clot of blood to mark the
scene of its surgical triumphs.”’

174 BLACK-FLIKS.

Such tormenters are also exceedingly annoying in the
northern part of Minnesota, and especially near Lake Su-
perior. ‘‘Neither the love of the picturesque, however, nor
the interests of science, could tempt us into the woods, so
terrible were the black flies. This pest of flies which all the
way hither had confined our ramblings on shore pretty
closely to the rocks and the beach, and had been growing
constantly worse and worse, here reached its climax.
Although detained nearly two days, yet we could only sit
with folded hands, or employ ourselves in arranging speci-
mens, and such other occupations as could be pursued in
camp, and under protection of a ‘“‘smudge-’”” One, whom
scientific ardor tempted a little way up the river in a canoe,
after water plants, came back a frightfui spectacle, with
blood-red rings round his eyes, his face bloody and covered
with punctures. The next morning his head and neck were
swollen as if from an attack of erysipelas.”’

The above quotation, from ‘‘Lake Superior’? by Louis
Agassiz, applies equally well today to the same locality, as
experienced by such energetic entomologists as N. G. Hub-
bard and E. A. Schwartz, who tried in vain to collect insects
while black flies were out in force.

Nor do such flies exist only in the north; they are as
blood-thirsty in southern regions, and whoever has trav-
eled in the tropics will have some very painful recollections
of these pests, which are there usually called ‘“‘sand-flies.”” In
the southern part of the Mississippi Vailey cattle, horses,
mules, and even fowls suffer terribly and many are killed
outright. The common Buffalo Gnat (Simulium meridionale
Ril.) is a very large species which appears more or less sud-
denly in large numbers, and as they gorge themselves with
the blood of animals, these soon succumb. The loss of
blood, together with the terrible irritation of the skin
caused by the poison injected, is sufficient to kill in a very
short time even such proverbially tough animals as the
mule. All domesticated animals know this their worst
enemy, and try to escape, but usually in vain, as the attack
is always made very suddenly and unexpectedly. Farmers
in the region infested by such gnats resort to smudges,

BLACK-FLIES. Ti:

Or

which repel these insects to some extent; dark stables are
also a partial protection, also greasing with strong-
smelling oils.

Nobody can realize the beauty of a southern scenery who
has not been there during plowing-time and when the
buffalo-gnats were out in force. Just imagine a mule coated
with stinking oil, or painted with mud or molasses, pulling
a plow from which is suspended a tin pail containing a
smudge, while the mule is further adorned by another tin-
pail suspended from its neck; the latter contains also glow-

Fig. 143.—Simulium minutum. Female. Greatly enlarged. Original.

ing embers in which are produced such fine odors as can be
made by burning leather and similar substances.

The losses caused by this insect are, in some years, very
‘ great, and the State of Tennessee alone lost in 1874 as much
as $500,000. This southern Buffalo-gnat occurs as far north
as Minneapolis, at least a few specimens have been found
there. Here in Minnesota we have a number of other species
of this family of flies, which cause more or less injury to our
stock. A few of them areillustrated in figs.143 to 151. The
first species seen and felt occurs very early in spring, soon
after the snow has disappeared. It is a very small species,

176 BLACK-FLIES.

which flies with great force so that it can be felt when strik-
ing the face. It seems that it does not care much for human
blood, but it irritates considerably by being of a very in-
quisitive nature, even entering mouth, nose, ear and what is
worse, the eye. If horses are left standing for some time in
the roads, they are apt to become restive, shake their heads
in a violent manner, frequently stamping and snorting at
the same time. If the ears of the horse are inspected we
usually find the cause of their irritation in a large number of
such small flies, which are busily engaged in sucking the

Fig. 144.—Simulium decorum. Female. Greatly enlarged. Original.

blood, and they do so by inserting their powerful piercing
organs into a vein, hence they seem to be arranged in regular
rows. Ifnot occurring in very large numbers they cause but
little harm, and an application of a little grease rubbed to-
gether with a few drops of carbolic acid, soon remedies the
evil, and drives away other intruders. According to
Coquillett, who kindly determined a number of species of
this genus for the writer, it is an undescribed species. On
account of its very small size the name of S7mulium minutum
is proposed. The female insect is illustrated in fig. 145; the
male has not been seen. This species flies from May 15 to

BLACK-FLIKS. LG

June 1, and very likely breeds in the Mississippi river near
Minneapolis, though the earlier stages have, as yet, not been
found.

A little later in the season, but chiefly during June and
July, a somewhat larger species (Simuliwm decorum Walk.)
becomes numerous. A female is shown in fig. 144. This
species occurs sometimes in large numbers, but only females
have been found thus far. This is of course easily explained
by the fact that only the females of these flies are blood-
thirsty; the males remain near the place of their birth, some
running water, and as they have only a rudimentary mouth

Fig. 145.—Simulium irritatum,n.s. Male. Greatly enlarged. Original.

they could not imbibe blood, even if they were inclined to do
so. This fly attacks, by preference, cows, and is sometimes
found in such large numbers as to cause some injury to
them. They are found most usually in the ears, and be-
tween the legs, or wherever the skin of the animal is thin
and not well covered with hairs. Sometimes the cows suffer
severely from their attacks, and being constantly irritated
by these small tormenters they lose in flesh and give less
milk. As seen in the illustration this fly is rather prettily
marked. The front feet are in constant motion, a habit all
species have, and are utilized more as feelers than as legs.

178 BLACK-FLIES.

This species is found active during the whole summer and
autumn, but only in certain places, which can, however, be
very far from the breeding-places, and these insects must pos-
sess some very powerful senses to detect their victims such
long distances.

In our lake regions we find a large number of streams
that flow overrocky bottoms and are obstructed by floating
grasses, and other submerged plants. When we see a place

Fig. 146.—Simuliwm irritatum, n.s. Female and eggs. Greatly enlarged. Original.

in which the water flows more rapidly than in others, we
can be certain to find there the early stages of buffalo-gnats.
By investigating the plants that cause an obstruction, we
find large numbers of larve and pupe fastened to them. In
the more central part of the state we find the adults, illus-
trated in figs. 143 to 146, (the former showing a male, the
latter a female) the most common species, while in the
northern rivers the species illustrated in figs. 147 to 151 is

BLACK-FLIES. 179

the common one. This latter species is a great tormenter to
humanity, and the proverbial patience of fishermen is
severely taxed by their bites. In the northern part of Min-
nesota this species is called the ‘“black-fly.’”” Their bite is
very severe, and the experience narrated by A.S. Packard
would apply to this insect as well as to the one that tor-
mented him in Labrador. In many places fishermen have to
build smudges to drive away some of these tormenters. As
both these kinds seem to be undescribed, the name S. 7rr/ta-
tum 1s proposed for the first and S.
tribulatum for the second species.

All these insects have a very
similar life-history, and the one
given will apply to all. Their pecu-
liar larve (fig. 147) live in swift
currents of creeks and rivers, where
they feed upon small aquatic ani-
mals. To obtain this food they
are equipped with peculiar fans on
their heads, which are constantly
moving in the water, thus cre-
ating a current towards the mouth
proper, and the material thus
brought there is sorted by the oth-
er mouth-organs and either utilized
or repelled. Thelarvze livingin such
aswift current anchor themselves
by a peculiar sucking-disk at the

Fig.147.—Simulium tribulatum, end of their body and by atough sil-
Ona ee kent line, and are thus kept in posi-

tion, which is an upright one, and one in which the face
fronts the current. The larve breathe by means of a pecul-
lar organ situated near the tail, and the different species are
distinguished by these breathing-organs, which are either
very simple as the one shown in fig. 147, or are quite com-
plicated. Only one leg is found upon these strange looking
beings, and this is found upon the first joint, yet by means
of it and the sucking disk at the tail end the larva can move
about like the well-known measuring-worms or geometers.

180 BLACK-FLIES.

Constantly feeding, these larve grow very rapidly, and are
soon ready to transform into pupz. But before they can
do so they have to construct some protection for the inac-
tive pupe, otherwise this would be swept away by the cur-

Fig. 148.—Simulium tribulatum, cocoon. Fig. 149.—Simulium tribulatum, pupa.
Greatly eniarged. Original. Greatly enlarged. Original.

rent. They construct for this purpose a neat little cradle-
like house, made loosely of silk, and open at the top. This
cradle, shown in fig. 148, is built against a stone, or upon
submerged plants. In it the larva fastens itself by a little
loose silk in the closed part, and now transforms to a pupa,
as shown in the illustration, and again, removed from the
cradle,in fig. 149. But a great change has taken place, and
the insect no longer breathes through an organ located near
the tail, but by an entirely different one near the head.
These breathing-organs differ greatly in the different species,
but are always composed of a number of fine thread-like
tubes closed at the end, and which unite near the base in a

BLACK-FLIES. 181

larger tube that communicates with the interior tracheal
system. Gradually the fly forms inside the pupa, and when
ready to issue it leaves its old quarters, and popping to the
surface like a cork runs over it, and flies off to the shore to
harden its chitinous covering. Such larve and pupz abound
in all our northern streams, but only in places where there
is a swift current. Here the eggs are also deposited, and
most frequently upon stones near enough to the surface of
the water to be kept moist, or upon the projecting parts of
submerged objects. The female is, in fact, able to dive, and
can deposit her eggs even under water. These eggs are ar-
ranged in a very neat manner, and are usually white, as

Fig. 150—Simulium tribulatum. Female. Fig. 151.—Simulium tribulatum. Male.
Greatly enlarged. Original. Greatly enlarged. Original.

shown in fig. 146. The adult gnats, that were obtained
from the larve and pupe illustrated, are shown in figs. 150
and 151. The male, as can be seen in fig. 151, varies very
much from the female, fig. 150, being much smaller and hav-
ing very large, brilliant red eyes that meet on top of head;
the markings are also quite different, the body being velvety
black with bright golden-yellow and blue spots; the female
is gray with black markings. This species is the most abun-
dant one, usually called in Minnesota the “black-fly”’ though
quite different from the genuine article.

Very little can be done to destroy this insect in its earlier
stages. The removal of obstructions in the rivers, which
cause an acceleration of the motion of the water, would de-

182 REMEDIES AGAINST BLACK-FLIES.

stroy some of their breeding-places, but when there are so
many this would make but little difference. Any chemicals
to kill the larve and pupe in the water would also kill fish,
as they would have to be used very strong. The only way
we have to protect ourselves and our animals are repelling
substances, such as stinking-oils and smudges. A number of
repellants are sold and some of them are very good, for in-
stance the ‘“‘Black-fly Cream,’’ made in Portland, Maine.
Our fishermen and hunters frequently use a mixture of kero-
sene-oil and mutton-tallow, with which the exposed parts
are greased. For animals any of the strong-smelling oilscan
be used, but repeated applications are apt to injure them or
to remove the hair. Oil of tar is a simple and easily applied
wash. To make it, a quantity of coal-tar is placedin a large
shallow receptacle in which is stirred a small quantity of oil
of tar, or oil of turpentine, or any similar material. After
filling the receptacle with water it is kept undisturbed for
several days, when the animals to be protected are washed
with the impregnated water whenever necessary. Smudges
are best as a protection and the animals soon realize their
protecting influence and crowd to them for shelter, even re-
fusing to leave them when needed elsewhere. As the black-
flies are active only during the day, and the mosquitoes to-
wards evening and night, dwellers in our northern woods
have a bad time of it and sometimes suffer very greatly on
their account. It is easy, however, to drive these tormenters
from houses or tents. By burning inside of them a little
pyrethrum powder (Persian or Dalmatian insect-powder)
upon a piece of bark these intruders are either killed or be-
come so stupefied that they do not bite for some time. This
method is in general use in the houses and stores of the Hud-
son Bay Company, and the writer has always used it suc-
cessfully in his numeroustrips. The fumes of the burning in-
sect-powder are not very offensive, at least not nearly so
much so as the poisonous bites of such insects as black-flies
and mosquitoes.
MOSQUITOES.
( Culicide).
Like the flies belonging to the family of Simulidw just

MOSQUITOES. 183

mentioned, they also pass their early stages in water, and
also, perhaps, in damp and shady ground. Here the adults
are very numerous,though winds may carry them also far from
their place of birth. They subsist on vegetable juices,* but
if opportunity offers the females attack and suck the blood
of all kinds of animals. Members of this family are recog-
nized by their long body, by the fourteen-jointed, filiform and
very plumose feelers, especially in the males; by the bulging
thorax, by the narrow, cylindrical abdomen and thin legs,
elongated narrow wings, lying flat on the body during rest,
and by their humming sound during flight. The wings are
covered, especially along the veins, with scales, some of
which are shown in fig. 154. At least 30 species of these
bloodthirsty insects are found in the United States, and some
of the names molestus, musicus, CAMNOSUS, ELCTUCLANS, PLOVOCANS,
territans and others they received show that their powers of
tormenting man and beast were fully realized by the authors.
Dr. A. S. Packard, in his interesting book ‘‘Our Common In-
sects,’’ describes the mosquito and its mouth-parts in the
following poetical words: ‘‘as she leaps off from her light
bark, the cast chrysalis skin of her early life beneath the
waters, and sails away in the sun-light, her velvety wings
fringed with silken hairs, and her neatly bodiced trim figure
(though her nose is rather salient, considering that it is half
as long as her entire body), present a beauty and grace of
form and movement quite unsurpassed by her dipterous
allies. She draws near and softly alights upon the hand of
the charmed beholder, subdues her trumpeting notes, folds
her wings noiselessly upon her back, daintily sets down one
foot after the other, and with an eagerness chastened by the
most refined delicacy for the feelings of her victim, and with
the air of Velpeau redivivus, drives through crushed and
bleeding capillaries, shrinking nerves and injured tissues, a
many-bladed lancet of marvellous fineness, of wonderful
complexity and fitness. While she is engorging herself with
our blood, we will examine under the microscope the mos-
quito’s mouth. The head (fig. 152) is rounded, with the two

* When sugaring for moths, a method often employed by entomologists to col-
lect large numbers of owlet-moths, the bait is frequently covered with mosquitoes,
all busily engaged in sucking this sweet material.

184 MOSQUITOES.

eyes occupying a large part of the surface, and nearly meet-
ing on the top of the head. Out of the forehead, so to speak,
grow the long, delicate, hairy antenne (), and just below
arises the long beak which consists of bristle-like maxille
(mx with their palpi, mp) and mandibles (mm), and the single
hair-like labrum, (labrum-epipharynx (/7-e) and _ hypo-

Fig. 152.—Head of mosquito (several species, males and females); @, antennz,;
mx, maxilla; mp, maxillary palpi; m, mandibles; /7-e, labrum-epipharynx; h, hypo-
pharynx; /, labium. Greatly enlarged. Original.

pharynx (/), these five bristle-like organs being laid in the
hollowed labium (7). Thus massed into a single awl-like
beak, the mosquito, without any apparent effort, thrusts
them all except the labium into the flesh. Her hind body
may be seen filling with the red blood, until it cries quits,and
the insect, withdraws its sting and flies sluggishly away. In
a moment the wounded part itches slightly, though a very

MOSQUITOES. 185

robust person may not notice the irritation, or a more deli-
cate person if asleep; though if weakened by disease, or if
stung in a highly vascular and sensitive part, such as the eye-
lid, the bite becomes really a serious matter. Multiply the
mosquito a thousand fold, and one flees their attacks and
avoids their haunts as he would a nest of hornets.”’

It is perhaps not necessary to introduce this insect, as
most persons claim a very intimate acquaintance with the
female mosquito, while they hardly know her more retiring
husband, who is also more beautiful, both physically and
morally. There are, however, many peculiar traits in the
history of this aggressive insect, which but few persons are
aware of, and at the risk of repeating well-known facts, the
essential points of its life-history will be given. A glance at
the illustration (fig. 153) will make some of them quite
plain.

Early this spring, 1896,when all plant-life was in the bonds
of winter, no insects could be discovered by those whose eyes
were not trained for seeing such things. Yet a close and
trained observer could readily discover in sheltered nooks
and corners, in cellars and stables, under loose boards and
under stones, a large number of insects that had found win-
ter quarters in such places. Besides a number of different
flies and other insects detected in cellars, a few mosquitoes
could be seen which were pale and by no means such active
beings as they are later in the season. The last snow, which
fell towards the end of April, brought with it immense num-
bers of mosquitoes of a large size and of a pale-brown color
( Culex consobrinus). The writer counted as many as tour to
twenty-one mosquitoes upon a square yard of level surface.
In northern latitudes it is not uncommon to find mosquitoes
even in mid-winter, and thousands appear as soon as the
sun comes out warm. Many years ago the writer saw in
February a very large swarm of mosquitoes in Detroit,
Mich.; they were very annoying for some weeks, when their
numbers gradually became less. Whence did they come?
To treat these emigrants in a hospitable manner, an old
barrel was cut in two and filled with rain-water, to attract
and give them a home for their offspring. Of course such

186 MOSQUITOES.

hospitality should not in such a case become a general prac-
tice, as these insects are apt to take an unfair advantage of
their host. The mosquitoes were not slow to utilize these
artificial ponds and in a manner that will be shown later.
At the same time large numbers of both sexes of these mos-
quitoes congregated upon the windows, and many entered

Fig. 153.—Mosquitoes at home; a, larva; b, pupa; c, adult leaving pupal
skin; d, female depositing egg; e, male. Greatly enlarged. After Brehm.

the houses, as if to indicate to the inhabitants that mos-
quito-screens would soon be of some use. The great major-
ity of mosquitoes entering houses were females, and but very
few males could be detected. Early in May, and through-
out the summer, numerous generations of mosquitoes were
produced in these barrels and in all stagnant water that

MOSQUITOES. 187

possessed certain properties. The water had to be rain-
water full of animal or vegetable matter, and had to be lo-
cated in a depression so that the wind could not disturb its
surface very greatly. Ponds were also utilized, providing
plenty of grass and other plants formed an obstruction
to retard or prevent the waves from disturbing the
surface in too violent a manner. In the middle or in the
deeper part of ponds but few larve or pupze of mosquitoes
could be found. With the arrival of warmer weather those
mosquitoes, that had found a shelter in which to hibernate,
also started into renewed activity, and they also com-
menced to multiply in a very rapid manner.

After a short season of love the female mosquito depos-
ited her eggs upon the surface of the water, and selected for
this purpose almost invariably the very early morning, so
that it was somewhat troublesome to watch this operation,
especially, as all other female mosquitoes not engaged in
such work would try their very best to drive away the in-
truder. They did this not in a very ladylike manner and
their remarks about the intruder were of a most biting
character! Ofcourse the gentlemanly male did not engage
in biting, simply because he can not do so, lacking the neces-
sary organs for that purpose. Selecting a floating object or
a quiet spot where the water is not greatly disturbed, the
female deposits a large number of eggs in the shape of a
raft. In doing so the female supports her body upon the
four front legs, while her two hind legs are crossed, as seen
in the illustration (153 d). In this angle thus formed by
the hind legs, the eggs are formed into a sort of raft as they
pass one by one from the abdomen, and being sticky they
adhere to each other. These small egg-masses look like a
bit of floating soot, and if investigated more closely it will
be found that each contains on an average over 300 eggs,
and that each egg is a very elongated affair, resembling an
old-styled flask with a stopper. Such egg-masses, which
must float upon the surface of the water to obtain the
necessary air and warmth, will always float in the proper
position, no matter how violently we may stir the water.
To enable them to do so a film of air surrounds the eggs,

188 MOSQUITOES.

thus also preventing a direct contact with the water; yet
this film disappears from the exposed surface of the eggs by
evaporation as soon as the raft is in a proper position. In
three to five days these eggs hatch and produce from the
lower ends the well-known ‘‘wigglers,’’ so commonly seen
in rain barrels and watering troughs, This common name
is well-deserved by the wiggling motion of the larve. These
feed mainly below the surface of the water, and move just
below it, as if it were a solid substance. This is a very
queer thing, as the specific weight of these larve is greater
than that of the water in which they move. If they
move away from this surface film of water, they invariably
sink to the bottom, at least they do if not using their swim-
ming plates at the ends of their tails. The larger and
stronger larvee feed near the bottom of the water upon de-
caying vegetable matter, and only rise to the surface to ob-
tain air. Such a larva (a) has a large head and thorax,
while its abdomen is much more slender. Its head, which
usually points downward, possesses vibratile organs for
sweeping minute particles of food into the mouth. In this
shape the larve have to breathe air, but being surrounded
by water this would be very difficult if they did not possess
a cylindrical siphon or breathing-tube at the end of the last
segment. The tail-like breathing-tube is pushed above the
water, and the necessary supply of air is thus secured. As
this does not last very long the larve are forced to repeat
this operation quite frequently. The larval stage lasts but
a very short time in some species of mosquitoes, while in
others it extends over a much longer period. This depends
to some extent upon the season. The writer kept larve
which changed in five days to pup; other larve of a differ-
ent species of mosquito require almost three weeks to reach
their full size. During this period the latter ones moulted
three times. When full grown a very remarkable change
takes place, and a club-shaped pupa with greatly enlarged
head and thorax, is now seen (4). The strange part of this
wonderful change is the possession of two slender breathing-
tubes upon the back of the thorax instead of a single one in
front of the tail. Though the pupa does not require any

MOSQUITOES. 189

food it must be able to save itself when disturbed and it
does so the very moment the surface of the water becomes
agitated, by a few strokes with paddle-like swimming-or-
gans located at the tail. The trumpet-shaped breathing-
tubes contain upon their inner surface a large number of
peculiar hairs, which prevent the water from entering. Like
the larva the pupa has to come frequently to the surface to
breathe air, and if not disturbed always hangs suspended
from the surface-film of the water. In a few days the last
transformation takes place, which is well shown in (ce).
The pupal skin splits open in the back, thus forming a boat,
and the adult and winged mosquito works its way very
carefully out of the many fine skins that enclose its various
members. As soon as the wings are expanded and dry the
insect flies away, now breathing air in the usual manner of
insects by means of fine openings located in the sides of the
thorax and abdomen. We have here the interesting fact
that the same insect has to breathe air in three different
ways and by three different sets of organs, each seen to be
most wonderful in structure if carefully studied by means of
a microscope.

Thus far both sexes were very similar in structure, but
if we now study them in their winged shape we shall find
them quite different. The male (¢) is distinguished by very
large and feather-like feelers, and by rudimentary mouth-
parts. The female (¢ and c) has smaller feelers, and a hard,
long and slender proboscis, decidedly well adapted to suck-
ing blood. Ofcourse in nature but few of these bloodthirsty
females ever have an opportunity to obtain such food, and
they must subsist upon something else. It is suspected, and
‘the experiments made this summer but not yet finished seem
to prove it, that females inbibing such blood die in conse-
quence. Where is the benefit to the species if such is the case?

Regions in which stagnant water abounds are famous,
or rather infamous, on account of the vast number of such
insects, and their presence is easily accounted for. But we
find them many miles away from water and sometimes in
equally large numbers. Where do theycome from and where
do they breed?

190 MOSQUITOES.

There are many other very interesting points in the life-
history of this insect. But what earthly good is it to study
all these details? Where is the benefit to farmers? Asa re-
ply it might be stated that by knowing all these details it is
easy to reduce the numbers of these insects very materially
near our houses; at least this can be done in many cases.
Knowing that the eggs are laid upon the water, that larve
and pupz have to live in it and have to come to the surface
to breathe air, we have an excellent way of killing vast

“T

Y Ses eM
: Saat,

Fig. 154.—Mosquito, male; showing also scales and section through ear.
Greatly enlarged. Original.

numbers. During the summer the writer has kept a sort of
census of the number of mosquitoes raised in rain-water in
two barrels, and two counts will be given to show how
many mosquitoes can be raised near the farm-house, or
where they are most needed! July 6th, 1896, the water in
one barrel was filtered. Itcontained 35 grams of mosquitoes,
each gram, by count, numbering 217, hence 35x217=7,595
larvee and pupz. Besides this 32 egg-masses, each contain-
ing on an average 302 eggs, were found, which would hatch

MOSQUITOES. 191

into 302x32—9,664 mosquitoes. Total number of eggs,
larve and pupe, 17,259. July 22d, 1896, by a similar pro-
cess, 19,110 mosquitoes were counted. At the present time
(Sept.) not so many eggs are deposited, but there are still
immense numbers of immature insects in pools and ditches
and other suitable breeding-places.

It is assuredly not a good thing to breed mosquitoes
near our houses. To prevent them from doing so all that is

Fig. 155.—Mosquito, female. Greatly enlarged. Original.

necessary is to shut them off from a supply of air and there
is an exceedingly simple and cheap way of doing it most
effectually. Many trials have shown that by pouring just
one or two spoonfuls of kerosene-oil upon the water in rain-
barrels, and by stirring the water so that the surface is
equally covered with a film of oil, all eggs, larvae, and pupe
die by suffocation within five minutes. This is surely a sim-
ple way of killing multitudes of such insects, and as the oil
will evaporate very soon, the water is by no means spoiled.
If done very early in the season, and repeated every four-

192 MOSQUITOES.

teen days, no mosquitoes will breed in this water so im-
portant upon prairie farms. Small bodies of water in pools,
ditches and ponds should be treated in a similar manner,
especially early in the season, when the surface is still free

Fig. 156.—Mosquito, larva and eggs; also a single egg. Greatly enlarged.
Original.

from projecting plants. A few gallons, or even quarts,
thrown upon the surface of the water when the wind is
blowing fairly strong, will distribute the oil uniformly
over the whole surface of the pond, and thus kill all the
mosquitoes. Like most remedies against noxious insects
this one should be used in time, or before the enemy has be-
come very numerous. These ag-
gressive insects can be kept away
from houses,barns and cattle in the
field by a smudge, or by strong-
smelling substances, and in regions
where they occur in vast numbers,
such smudges are built in the even-
Fig. 157.—Mosquito, pupa. | ISS. -»Sportsmen!anoind) phere
Pe ta Gases faces and hands with various
compounds composed of mutton tallow and oil of penny-
royal, or of oil of tar. The following mixture is excellent
for this purpose:
Olive oil, 3 parts; oil of pennyroyal, 2 parts; glycerine, 1
part; ammonia, 1 part.
A wash with ammonia usually removes all bad effects of
their bites, at least in most persons. The poison injected by

MOSQUITOES. 193

these tormenters acts very differently upon different persons;
in some it causes large swellings, in others fever and pains
in limbs, and in extreme cases even insanity, while others
are but little annoyed.

We have a large number of species in our state and in
certain years and localities they make such places almost
uninhabitable for man. Prof. Riley remarks in ‘‘Little
Known Facts about Well Known Animals,” that “they
have caused the rout of armies and the desertion of

Fig. 158.—dAnopheles quadrimaculatus Say. Greatly enlarged. Original.
cities, and the hum of an insignificant gnat may inspire more
terror than the roar of the lion.’’ (Historical data are not
given.) ‘‘The bravest man on the fleetest horse dare not
cross some of the more rank and dark prairies of Northern
Minnesota in June. It is well known that Father De Smith
once nearly died from mosquito bites, his flesh being so
swollen around the arms and legs that it literaliy burst.
Those who have traveled in summer on the lower Mississippi
or in the North-west, have experienced the torment which

194 MOSQUITOES.

these frail flies can inflict; at times they drive everyone from
the boat, and trains can sometimes only run with comfort |
on the Northern Pacific by keeping a smudge in the baggage
car and the doors of all the coaches open to the fumes.”’

Prof. Riley wrote the above lines many years ago, and
conditions have greatly changed since. The mosquito is
stilla great pest in some places in Minnesota, sometimes
even killing animals that can not escape it, but the
prairies are rapidly settled in spite of them, and as the land
is gradually better drained mosquitoes become fewer and
fewer. They are very abundant north. In Davis’s straits,
in lat. 72° N., Dr. Bessels, on board the Polaris, was obliged
to interrupt his observations on account of the multitudes
of these insects. A great number were also seen up to the
81st. deg. of latitude. An old writer, writing about the
northern shores of Lake Superior, expresses himself in this
way: “When the mosquitoes disappeared the black-flies
came; the mosquito pumps up a drop of blood and flies
away, the black-fly bites and makes a wound which con-
tinues to bleed.”’

In tropical America these insects are still worse, and
they are the source of such incessant torments that some of
the most beautiful regions of the globe are unfit for a white
population. In the llanos and prairies of Venezuela they
persecute cattle to such an extent that they do not thrive
even on the richest pastures.

Of the many species found in our state a few have been
studied more in detail, as well as their life-history. The illus-
trations (figs. 154, 155, 156 and 157) show a common
species ( Culex pungens Wied.); it is the first seen in the spring
and the last to disappear late in autumn. Fig. 154 shows
the male, and some of the peculiar scales found upon the
veins of the wings; the first three joints of one of the feelers
is greatly enlarged, to show the auditory organ (Johnson’s
organ). Fig. 155 shows the female, fig. 156 the full-grown
larva, a bunch of hairs from the tail, an egg mass and the
enlarged egg; fig. 157 shows the pupa. The color of both
male and female is dark gray with lighter yellowish-white
bands.

MOSQUITOES. 195

Another species belonging to a different genus, is illus-
trated in fig. 158; it is less common, and readily recognized
by the spotted appearance of the wings; it is Anapheles
quadrimaculatus Say.

There are a large number of other species of flies which
occasionally torment man and his four-footed servants, but
it would take too much space to give their history and illus-
trate their forms. Flies, small and insignificant as they
seem, can oppose a stronger barrier to man’s explorations
than lofty mountains or swift streams.

L: BUGS
(Hemiptera).

Bugs or Half-wing insects, have received the latter name
by being characterized by having the basal half of the front-
wings leathery, while the apical half is thin and membrana-
ceous. Below these upper wings is a pair of larger and thin
wings, which are mainly used for flight. The wings, at rest,
are crossed flatly over the back. In this order of insects itis
not alone the adult or winged insect and its larvathat takes
food, but the pupa is equally active and hungry. The beak
is a horny, pointed, tapering, three- or four-jointed tube
(labium), which is inserted beneath the front of the head.
Four stiff bristles (mandibles and maxilla) are enclosed in
this tube, and these are adapted for piercing vegetable or
animal tissues. The setaceous maxillae and mandibles, the
latter armed with recurved teeth, are inserted, and a drop
of poison is injected at the same time, which accounts for
the inflammation caused by the bites of such insects. Bugs
sucking the juice of plants possess usually a long and slen-
der beak; those sucking blood have a curved, short and thick
one. The former can become very destructive, as for in-
stance, the well-known chinch-bug, mentioned elsewhere in
this report. There are also a large number of true bugs that
will attack warm-blooded animals if opportunity offers, yet
but very few make it their business to do so constantly, and
these have in the course of time become veritable blood-suck-
ing parasites.

196 THE BED-BUG.

THE BED-BUG.
(Acanthia lectularia Linn.).

Some persons claim that they have never seen these
parasites; this means that they have either been very for-
tunate, or that they did not use their eyes or their nose, as
bed-bugs are found wherever man has made a home for him-
self. It is a mooted point whence they came originally, but
this, although interesting, makes but little difference at
present, as they are now everywhere.

The illustration (fig. 159) shows how this nasty insect
looks. We see that, being a parasite, and no longer leading

Fig. 159.—Bed-bug. Greatly enlarged. Original.

arambling existence like other bugs, but being a sort of
domesticated animal, it has lost the wings, these being no
longer required, and it possesses simply rudiments of them.
These are indicated in the illustration, and look like a little
chitinous flap on each side of the thorax. The adult bugs, as
well as the younger ones, are well adapted to enter narrow
cracks, having a very flattened shape, and in such shelters
they hide during the day, being active only at night. They
deposit during spring about fifty white and oval eggs,
1.12mm. long, and similar to those shown in fig. 161, in the

THE BED-BUG. 197

joints of bed-steads, cracks in walls, under loose wall-paper,
but especially near iron, be this an old nail in the wall or the
hooks that are used to fasten the bedstead together. These
eggs are very beautiful objects; they are terminated by acap,
which is removed by the escaping young bugs. These latter

Fig. 160.—Mouth-part of bed-bug. Greatly enlarged. Original.

possess the color of innocence, being white and almost trans-
parent; they look, in shape, very much like the old ones, and
are only a little broader in comparison, and have stouter
feelers. As soon as they can attack a victim they become
round and resemble a minute globule of blood. Imbibing
blood whenever they have an opportunity they quickly grow,
and after moulting several times they reach their adult and
sexually mature condition. The organ by means of which

Fig. 161.—Eggs of bed-bugs found in swallow-nest. Greatly en-
larged. Original.

they obtain blood, is a sucking-tube or haustellum. (Fig. °
160.) This is composed of two half cylindrical side-pieces,
analogous with the labium and labial-palpi, and enclosed in
this tube are four sharp and pointed lancets, the transformed
mandibles and maxillary palpi.

The female deposits eggs during the warmer season four
times, and about fifty atatime. In Minnesota these bugs have
only one annual generation, yet judging from their numbers
in certain, not first-class, hotels not hundreds of miles dis-

198 THE BED-BUG.
tant from the ‘‘twin cities,’’ they should have numerous
broods every few weeks. With plenty of food and a warm
temperature, they multiply rapidly; and if things are favor-
able it requires only eleven weeks for the bug to undergo its
transformation from egg to adult. Only the adult insects
hibernate or are able to withstand severe cold. It is not
necessary to describe this insect in detail, as the illustration
shows well the structure of this vellowish-brown parasite.
The disagreeable ‘“‘bed-buggy’’ odor is produced in minute
glands which are situated in the adult bug on the under side
of the body, and in the young one on the back of the thorax.
The peculiar and penetrating odor of these parasites is, to
many persons, even worse than their bites. Those who have
been forced to sleep in a room which had not been occupied
for weeks, and in a bed alive with hungry bed-bugs, know
how interesting these parasites can make it, and how active
they become as soon as the light is extinguished. Like
harpies they attack the would-be sleeper and their bites pro-
duce the sensation of being stung with hot needles; soon the
whole body is in a fever, and big swellings appear wherever
a bug has inserted his beak. If a light is suddenly ignited,
the bugs run away as quickly as they can to their hiding-
places. A glance at the ceiling of the occupied rooms will re-
veal many bugs, which have crawled there with the intention
of dropping down upon the sleeper. Thoughalways hungry
and ready to imbibe blood bed-bugs can also exist for a long
time, even for a year, without any food. Prof. Leunis kept
a female bed-bug in anempty paper-box forsix months; when
the box was opened not only the living female was found,
but she was surrounded by numerous young bugs, which,
like the mother, were white and transparent as glass.

We have a large number of remedies against this insect.
Cleanliness is, of course, the best preventive. Yet with all
care bed-bugs can and will enter houses, because they are so
readily carried with trunks, ete. from infested places, and if
they once find a home they are, on account of their form,
which is well adapted for hiding, and their capacity for fast-
ing, not readily driven away. The free use of benzine, or of
kerosene, sprayed with a hand-atomizer into all suspected

THE BED-BUG. 199

cracks, will kill all insects including the eggs, with which it
actually comes in contact. This spraying has to be repeated
from time to time, and if carefully and thoroughly done the
bed-bugs have no chance to exist in such beds or rooms. If
we paint the cracks in a bed-stead or the wall, the ends of
the slats, and all other suspected places, with one ounce cor-
rosive sublimate dissolved in a half-pint of alcohol and one-
fourth pint of oil of turpentine, we have an excellent remedy.

_ Fig. 162.—Larva of bed-bug found Fig. 163.—Adult of bed-bug found in
in nest ot swallow. Greatly enlarged. nest of swallow. Greatly enlarged.
Original. Original.

All remedies are best applied in early spring, so as to kill all

the old hibernating females before they have deposited eggs.

While traveling, it is well to remember that bed-bugs
are only active during the night and that they abhor light.
So if forced to sleep in a bed suspected of containing such
unwelcome inhabitants it is wise to permit the lamp to burn
all night.

Bugs, very similar to bed-bugs, attack chickens, pigeons,
swallows and bats. Those found in the nests of swallows
not infrequently reach the inside of houses against which
these beneficial birds have built their clay-nests. Such bugs
(fig. 161, 162, 163) resemble very closely the genuine bed-
bug, yet are quite different when studied in detail; they are
much smaller, darker, and can not exist for any length of
time away from their proper home, the nest of the swallow,

200 THE BED-BUG.

where they are sometimes exceedingly numerous. The illus-
tration shows the eggs, young and adult, of this species
(Acanthia hirundinis Senyns).

It is frequently stated that bed-bugs occur in our pine-
woods in a wild condition under bark, etc., and that when-
ever a log-cabin is erected this would immediately swarm
with bed-bugs. Truth and fiction are here sadly mixed! It
is truth that such cabins often contain a dense population of
various insects parasitic upon man, but they have been
brought there by the inhabitants, and did not come with

Fig. 164.—Adult of Aradus spec. Fig. 165.—Larva of Aradus spec.
Greatly enlarged. Original. Greatly enlarged. Original.

the timber from the woods. In many cases, when the writer
asked for the proofs, such insects as are shown in figs. 164
and 165 were sent to him as examples of them. They re-
semble bed-bugs in many ways, especially in their earlier
and unwinged stages, but a trained eye can readily detect .
the very great difference between the two. Two species are
most commonly found in and about log-cabins; the one illus-
trated (fig. 164, adult; and fig. 165, larva) is black, as flatas
the genuine bed-bug, and just as inactive during the day.
It is a species of Avadus. Another species not illustrated, re-
sembles the bed-bug even more closely, being of the same
color and size; this is Aradus cinnamomeus. These insects,

THE BED-BUG. 201

as well as a number of similar ones, livenormally under bark
of dead and living trees; they are true vegetable feeders, sub-
sisting upon the sap of plants. Whenever logs are cut the
sap contained in them and especially that near the surface,
ferments, and this attracts a large number of insects fond of
such fluid. This explains why so many insects can be found
near saw-mills, and chiefly upon freshly cut boards.
Notwithstanding the bad odor of the bed-bugs they have
a number of enemies that are said to destroythem. Prof. C.
Vogt writes that the inhabitants of Switzerland claim that
fleas and bugs were living in a state of war, and that the
fleas had to leave dwellings occupied by bed-bugs, which

Fig. 166.—Water-boatman. Greatly enlarged. Original.
would indicate that fleas are very sensible insects. Prof.
Riley says that little red ants, if invading a house infested
with bed-bugs, make short work of the latter, and tear them
to pieces wherever found. This may be a consolation, but
these ants are far from being good tenants in our dwelling
places.

A number of blood-thirsty bugs are known that make it
their aim in life to destroy bed-bugs. This would be an ex-
cellent trait in the character of any bug, but these are other-
wise so stupid as to treat man and bed-bugs in the same
way by biting both, and as the bite of the Pirate-bug (this
is the name of the bed-bug destroying kind) is very poisonous
and painful, their presence in our houses is not desirable. In
the southern states several bugs, such as the Two-spotted
Corsair and the Blood-sucking Cone-nose or Big Bed-bug,
enter houses for the same laudable purpose but both kinds
make the same lamentable mistake and inflict the most pain-
ful bites which may disable a weak person for many days.

202 THE ELECTRIC-LIGHT-BUG.

As already mentioned, other true bugs sometimes bite
man and animal, but they do not habitually doso. Wecan
not, therefore, call them genuine parasites. Yet a few come
very near to deserving such an appellation, for instance the
bug illustrated in fig. 166. This is an aquatic insect and
usually called a Water Boatman (Notonecta undulata Say).
This is a well-chosen name! When we observe these insects
in their homes we find them floating upon their backs, the
long hind legs, admirably adapted for swimming, are spread

Fig. 167.—Electric-light bug. Slightly enlarged.

apart, as if waiting for the command: pull away. These
white and black bugs have an oval form, and are deeper-
bodied than most other insects, having the convexity of the
surface above. They possess large eyes, and a very power-
ful, four-jointed, elongated beak, which is conical and very
acute, as shown in the illustration at the left. Their bite is
very poisonous, and it is a fortunate thing for bathers that.
they do not attack man unless provoked to do so. They
will not permit any familiarity and bite whenever roughly
handled. Ponds that are drying up, or where all the in-
habitants are crowded into a small space, are good places.
not to bathe in, as the writer can testify.

OTHER INSECTS. 203

The “Electric-light Bug’? or The Giant Water-bug (Ben-
acus griseus Say, fig. 167) is a well-known bug that can in-
flict very severe bites and in handling them the proper pre-
caution should be taken to hold the insect in such a way

Fig. 168.—Lopidea mevia Say. Greatly enlarged. Original.

that it can not use its short beak. Their bite is very pois-
onous, and whenever they bite a fish this almost imme-
diately dies.

Unexpected things are apt to occur, and insects that are
usually found only upon plants may develope a taste for
blood. While camping for a few daysupon an island largely
covered with wild gooseberries, the insect illustrated in fig.
168 was frequently observed upon these plants, where it
seemed to feed, like all its near relatives, upon the sap. But
soon after, the persons living in the camp were bitten very
frequently by these bugs, and their bite caused considerable
pain and swellings of the bitten part. The bugs would imbibe
blood until barely able to fly. But as if to prove their love
for human blood they even invaded the tent, and large num-
bers of them were killed to prevent them from biting. The
insect (Lopidw media Say) is a rather brightly-colored bug,
being yellowish-red marked with black.

204 OTHER INSECTS.

M. OTHER INSECTS.

We find in all orders of insects some species that occasion-
ally attack man and animals and that may injure either
by their bite or by their poison. None of them can, how-
ever, be called true parasites.

Among the butterflies and moths we have a few whose
larve cause great pain if they are handled with the bare
hands. This pain is caused by peculiarly-shaped, branched
spines, which contain poison, or by very fine hairs possess-
ing similar properties.

Among the beetles we have such poisonous insects as the
blister-beetles or Spanish-flies; they are utilized as vesicants,

Fig. 169.—Lemophleus fasciatus, Melsch. Greatly enlarged. Original.
hence can be useful in the hands of a physician. Thereis, how-
ever, one small beetle) Lwmophlwus fasciatus, Melsch.), that
deserves more than a passing notice; it is illustrated in fig.
169. This small and flat insect, of a light-brown color,
highly polished surface, with a light space upon each wing-
cover, is very abundant near saw-mills, especially near those
in which hard wood is sawed. In running over the persons
engaged in mill work they become not simply annoying, but
as they bite often and without any provocation, they be-
come a great nuisance, and the writer has seen very bad
sores caused by them. They seem to prefer the neck of their
victims, and notwithstanding their small size, as indicated
by the line in the illustration, their bite is a painful one.

OTHER INSECTS. 205

Among the bees, wasps, etc., we find a large number of
insects that can inflict a very severe sting. But as a very
general rule they sting only when provoked, in self-defense,
or if they fear for their young. None can therefore be called
true parasites of man. Yet ants, at the time when they
swarm and cover everything with their active bodies, jare
not infrequently called parasites. The ant shown in fig. 170

Fig. 170.—Winged ant, Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. Greatly enlarged. Original.

(Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl.) was captured during September
in an open street-car. Passing through a swarm of these
ants the car was taken by storm, and in a very few min-
utes all the legitimate passengers were stamping, shaking
and investigating their clothes. And not in vain, as the per-
plexed looks of the ladies and of some of the gentlemen
clearly showed. If one of the ants was roughly handled
in putting it off the car it was not slow to retaliate, and
a bite with the formidable jaws shown in the illustration,
and a poisonous sting, soon convinced everyone in that car
that a more tender handling of these intruders was the bet-
ter and safer method of dislodging them.

206 OTHER INSECTS.

As it is not an uncommon occurrence that persons are
bitten or stung by insects, it is well to know what will allay
the pain. Generally speaking all the poison injected by in-
sects into wounds, made either by the sharp mandibles or by
the still sharper sting, is composed mainly of formic acid,
hence any,fluid that will neutralize this acid is of benefit. If

Fig. 171.—Cow-killer, female. Greatly ealarged. Original.

liquid ammonia can be had, this should be rubbed into the
wound and all pain will cease very soon. In absence of this
fluid, moist soil will give relief.

It is always best not to handle insects one does not
know, no matter how innocent they may appear. For in-
stance the insect illustrated in fig. 171, (Spherophthalma
similima Smith), which is so commonly seen running about
sandy spots, should be left alone. Children are very apt to
-atch this prettily marked red and black insect, which re-
sembles a large ant. If they should succeed they will be
stung very severely, and may be sick for many days. This
insect, or rather a larger southern species, has received the
very appropriate name: ‘‘cow-killer,’’ a name indicating its
poisonous qualities.

INTERNAL PARASITES. 207

Il. INTERNAL PARASITES (Entozoa).
A. FIVE-MOUTHS.
(Linguatulide.)

Among the many parasites infesting man, domesticated
animals, certain wild animals, and even amphibians, few are
more degraded in consequence of a parasitic mode of life than
the Zongue-worm, Tonguelets or Five-mouths. According to
the careful researches of Leuckart these parasites are simply
degraded mites forming the order Linguatulidw. This com-
prises arthropods with elongated, worm-shaped and annu-

Ps aalge

so orakenb Dis rrsie xa

o£
eh:
WS

Fig. 172.—Five-mouth. To the left, secondary larva; in center,
male, and bclow a single hook; to the right, a female. Greatly en-
larged. After Brass.

lated bodies, possessing mouths without jaws, and which
are surrounded by two pairs of hooks representing rudi-
mentary legs. In the adults these parasites possess no
hearts, and breathe through their skins. Theannulatedskin
contains numerous glands of uncertain use. The ventral
mouth, surrounded by a chitinous ring, opens into a central,
straight, intestinal tube ending at the posterior end. The
illustration (fig. 172) shows this peculiar parasite, and indi-
cates also why it was not so very strange that formerly it
was considered a tremadode-worm or a fluke. When young

208 INTERNAL PARASITES.

the five-mouths resemble mites, and possess four legs, but
when adult no external organs are visible except two pairs
of small hooks on the head (//f), a mouth (0), and two
minute tactile organs at the anterior border. The hooks
can be withdrawn into little sheaths or pockets, which, with
the mouth, make five openings in the head, hence the name
‘“Five-mouths.’’? They possess no organs of vision. The
sexes are separate; the grayish-white female, 7 to 10mm.
long, is very much larger than the white male, which
measures from 2 to 2.5mm.

The Tapeworm-shaped Five-mouth (Linguatula (Pen-
tastoma) tenioides) is illustrated in fig. 172. ‘The female de-
posits her eggs, about 500,000, in the nasal cavities of the
dog, fox, wolf, and other carnivorous animals, whence they
are expelled with mucus during the fits of sneezing caused
by their presence, and in this manner they reach the surface
of various low-growing plants or water. Protected by the
mucus they keep alive for a number of weeks. If the plants
coated with such eggs are eaten by any herbivorous animal,
the mucus and egg-shells are dissolved, and the embryos,
which were fully formed when the eggs were laid, are liberated
in the intestines of the new host. The embryo is flat on the
lower, round on the upper surface, and constricted and den-
tated at the posterior end. In this larval shape it bores
through the walls of the digestive tube by means of a per-
forating apparatus formed by a style with two hooks, and
thus reaches the liver, lungs, etc., where it becomes encysted.
Here it gradually assumes the pupal shape. During thenext
five months a number of moults take place, and the body of
this secondary larva becomes elongated, broader in front,
and is divided into 80 to 90 segments, which possess a series
of fine points on their posterior borders. (Fig. 172). To-
wards the seventh month these larvae are completely de-
veloped, measuring from 6 to 8mm., and now leave their old
home. Most of them die in their attempts to reach the nasal
cavities of a new host, but some Succeed. Dogs that eat the
viscera of animals containing these parasites are certain to
become infested with them. At all events the larve must
reach respiratory organs to complete their growth, which

BOT-FLIES. 209

they do by throwing off their old skins and replacing them
with smooth and lancet-shaped new ones. The nomadic
males are found not only in the nasal cavity, but also in the
pharynx and larynx, while the females are less active. They
are shown in position in fig. 173.

Generally speaking this parasite is not as common in
the United States as itis in Europe. It has been found in
the nasal cavities of the horse, mule, sheep, goat, hog and
man. The actual and most natural hosts are the dog and
the rabbit. If we prevent our dogs from eating the entrails
of rabbits, sheep, etc., and do not permit them to visit
slaughter-houses, there is little danger of an infection. To

oo a eae Ge ae
is (> eas

&, a <A =

Fig. 173.—Three parasites in position in head of dog.

remove such parasites an injection of dilute ammonia, ben-
zine, etc., is used; but in case of a valuable animal a veterin-
ary surgeon should be consulted. Dogs infested rub their
noses quite often, sneeze frequently, are easily excited, and
become angry and bite. Ifnumerous in the internal organs
the parasites may cause death. The mature parasites cause,
in man, bleeding of the nose, violent catarrh, and intensive
headaches; those encysted in the liver cause other serious
disturbances, and if they migrate, bleeding of the lungs, in-
flammation, and even death. Another species of Five-
mouths is very common in Egypt, where it is found encysted
in the livers of negroes.
Children should never be permitted to kiss dogs!

Be) BOU-PLABS.. GAD-BIBS:
( Estride).

The flies that belong to the above family are only para-
sitic in their larval state; the inactive pupal state is passed

210 BOT-FLIES.

in the soil, and in the winged or adult form they fly about in
search of quadrupeds upon which to deposit their eggs. In
this winged state the flies are very active only during the
warmer portion of the day and delight to bask in the sun,
sitting upon some elevated rock or dead tree. Many species
of Bot- or Gad-flies are known, each living,as a general rule,
in its larval state in some particular animal, and usually
even in acertain organ of that host. Man is not exempt,
and in tropical America tumors caused by one or more spe-
cies of such parasites are not uncommon. Even in more
temperate regions such larve are found from time to time
under the skin of man. Fig. 174 showsalarvaof the Bot-fly
of man(Dermatobia noxialis Goudot)
taken from man. Dr. John Hamil-
ton describes in the Entomoiogical
News a case that came under his
observation. He writes:

“Several years ago I saw, pro-
fessionally, a boy six years of age
who had been suffering for some
months from the glands on one
side of his neck being swollen and a
fetid ulceration around the back
teeth of the lower jaw of the same

He dyaRoliy of man, Sie: Three months treatment
phere ry ep aaa ac ag was of no avail, and the end
seemed near; onedaya white object which was seen to move,
was observed in the ulcer at the root of the tongue, which
on being carefully extracted proved to be a large grub,
which, from having frequently seen them, I recognized as a
full-grown larva of Hypoderma. It was of the usual tawny
color, about half an inch long when contracted, about one-
third that thickness, and quite lively. The caseended fatally.
This boy had been on a farm in Illinois the previous fall,
where probably the egg was in some way taken into his
mouth, and the larva found between the base of the tongue
and the jaw suitable tissue in which to develop, coming to
maturity at the same time with those bred in cattle:

Bot-flies are stout and hairy insects, usually resembling

BOT-FLIES. 211

bumble-bees. Their very small mouth has only abortive
mouth-parts; the feelers are small and are almost hidden in
little depressions or pits. The female fly differs from the
male by possessing a more pointed abdomen, with a very ex-
tensive ovipositor. As is the case with most parasites a
large number of eggs are deposited; the necessity for this is
self-evident, as many of the young larve do not succeed in
entering the host, but perish upon the way. In some cases
the flies are viviparous, and bring forth the larve already
hatched. The more mature larve or grubs are thick and
fleshy; instead of feet they are provided with rows of hooks
or spines, which they utilize in moving about. They breathe
through one or two scaly plates at the end of the body.
Those larvee that live in the stomachs of their hosts have a
mouth furnished with horny hooks, which they use to cling
to the lining membrane; those, however, that live in tumors
under the skin have no such hooks, but possess instead
fleshy tubercles; they seem to live on the pus caused by
their irritating presence. The younger larve are quite differ-
ent from the older ones, and as most of them lead a different
mode of life this is but natural. All these larve or grubs,
when mature and ready to transform, leave their hosts,
drop to the ground, and burrow in the soil, where they con-
tract into peculiar puparia, inside of which the final changes
take place. Because such grubs have to burrow in the soil
few city-horses are troubled with bots, as the grubs which
drop to the ground with the excrement can not burrow
through the pavement, and are killed by exposure and by
other means before they have found such a suitable shelter.
Dr. Williston, our great authority on flies, has observed how
the larve of Bot- and Warble-flies enter the ground,and how
the latter leave the tumors they have produced. He writes in
the Standard Natural History:

‘‘They have the peculiar ability to contract eitherend into
an elongate cylindrical form, which not only serves them in
their egress, but also to bore into the ground. A few days
before they are ready to emerge they begin to enlarge the
opening by this expansion and contraction; when they have
enlarged it sufficiently, a ring-like contraction of the body

212 BOT-FLIES.

that begins at the posterior end and progresses toward the
head enables them in a few minutes to free themselves, which
they usually do in the morning hours. Upon the ground
they creep about until they meet some obstruction, when
they burrow from one to two inches below the surface, and
remain as in the gastrophilus species.”’

The bot-flies which infest domesticated animals have
been transported with their hosts to nearly all parts of the
globe; others are found in wild animals. These flies can be
divided into three groups, according to their mode of exis-
tence: 1, Gastric, or grubs that live in the stomach of their
host; for example the Bot-flies of the horse (fig. 175). 2,
Cephalic, or grubs that live in the nostrils and frontal sinuses
of their host; for example, the Sheep Gad-fly (fig. 181). 38,
Cutaneous, or grubs that cause and live in tumors just below
the skin; for example the Ox Warble-fly (fig. 183).

The Bot-flies belonging to the genus Gastrophilus are
well-known parasitic insects, most of which live in their
larval stages in the stomach of horses. Atleast three species
are found in Minnesota, but as all possess a very similar life-
history only that of the best known species will be given.

THE COMMON BOT-FLY.
( Gastrophilus equi Fab.).

The illustration (fig. 175) shows this wooly insect which
resembles in many ways a common honey-bee. It has a
fawn-colored face, which is covered with a silky down; the
thorax is covered with reddish hairs, and has, very fre-
quently, a black transverse band. The abdomen is yellow-
ish or reddish-brown with irregular darker spots; that of
the female ends in a long ovipositor bent around, as seen to
the left of the figure, while that of the male is obtuse. The
wings in this species are transparent, and have near their
middle a transverse smoky bar and two spots of the same
color near the tip. The fly measures from 12 to 14mm.

During the whole summer these insects can be found, but
principally during July and August, when the females are
most active during the warmer part of the day; they
may be seen buzzing about horses, asses and mules, balanc-

BOT-FLIES. 213

ing themselves in the air with the telescopic ovipositor
directed downwards and forwards. When not disturbed by
the animal the female deposits an egg upon those parts of
the horse most accessible to that animal’s tongue, or upon
the fore-limbs, knees and shanks, and this operation is re-
peated so that many hundreds of eggs can be found upon
the same animal. Horses in stables are not molested. The
egg, one of which is shown on a hair in the illustration, is at
first white, but soon becomes yellowish-white, is conical,
about 1.25mm. long, finely transversely striated and provided
at the upper end with a peculiar cap obliquely truncated.
Such eggs are fastened to the hairs at their narrower end by

Fig. 175.—Bot-fly of horse; male; abdomen of female, and egg. Greatly en-
larged. Original.

means of a sticky material, which secures them so well in
position that they can not be removed simply by brushing,
as has been frequently stated. These eggs soon hatch, the
time varying greatly according to the climatic conditions,
into very active larve, which, crawling over the skin, cause
an itching that induces the horse to lick such places. In
some cases the eggs themselves are removed by licking, and
thus reach the stomach; in other cases the very young larve
crawl into the mouth, being enabled to do so by two
black hooks in the head, which are bent almost at right
angles. In this manner the larve reach the interior of the
horse, where they fasten themselves to the mucous membrane
of the stomach. This is accomplished by means of hooks
found upon the head of the larve; the head gradually sinks

214 BOT-FLIES.

Fig. 176.—Bots in stomach of horse. Natural size. After Heller.

BOT-FLIES. 215

deeper and deeper into the alveolus that is formed under the
influence of the irritation due to these hooks, and the pro-
ducts of the inflammation secreted by the small wound in
the membrane furnish the food for these maggots or bots.
Fig. 176 shows an infested stomach and also the numerous
bots (as many as seven hundred have been counted in ex-

Fig. 177.—Gastrophilus larve; to the left G. equi; near middle G. hemor-
rhoidalis: to the right, G@. nasalis; below larve their last joints from behind.
Enlarged. After Brauer.

treme cases), and the little pits produced by them. These
bots are, when young, flesh-colored, later they are yellowish-
brown.

The larva, after moulting twice, and changing from a
very long and fusiform being into one shaped like those
shown in the illustration, at last reaches its full size, which
takes place after having been in the stomach of its host
about ten months. It now detatches itself voluntarily, and
passing along withthe alimentary matters is finally expelled,
and in this way reaches the ground. It is at this period
still quite active and is enabled to penetrate the ground to
a slight depth where it gradually becomes rigid and motion-
less. After one or two days its old larval skin assumes a
bright brown color, which later becomes darker and darker ;
the skin hardens and shrinks a little, and gradually assumes

216 BOT-FLIES.

the shape of a shining pupal-case, inside of which the true
pupa is formed. The insects remain in this shape for about
one month, when the mature winged and sexual flies force
their way out of the old shell through an operculum, and en-
joy for the first time after a long prison-life the light of day.
To enable the flies to force their way out they possess a
peculiar bladder-like organ on the front of the head, which,
by inflation, swells up and thus can exert considerable pres-
sure. It disappears when no longer needed.

In'fig. 177 are shown the larve of our three bot-flies, as
well as the hooks that enable them to fasten themselves to
the mucous lining of the stomach, and the peculiar stigma
at the’end of the body, through which the insects obtain the
necessary air.

THE RED-TAILED BOT-FLY.
( Gastrophilus hemorrhoidalis Linn.).

This insect was captured upon a horse in St. Anthony
Park, hence there is no doubt of its occurrence in Minnesota.

Fig. 178.—Red-tailed bot-fly. Greatly enlarged. Original.

The specimen, a male, is illustrated in fig. 178. It is at once
distinguished from the above species by the absence of the
black spots in the wings. The face is covered with light-
colored hairs, the thorax is clothed with olive-gray hairs

BOT-FLIES. 217

in front of the suture, and with black ones behind, which
form a well-marked transverse band; the abdomen is cov-
ered with whitish hair in front, with black ones in the mid-
dle and with orange-colored ones behind. The fly is smaller
than the one described before, measuring from 9 to 11mm. in
length.

Judging from the description given of the habits of this
fly it seems that they are almost identical with those of the
larger bot-fly. It is stated that the female prefers to deposit
her eggs on the lips of the horse, and on the long hairs cov-
ering them. This, of course, greatly irritates the animals,
which is shown by their rubbing their lips against the
ground, the fore-limbs, or trees. The eggs are said to be
darker than those of eguz. The adult larve are smaller and
deeper red, and they have also the habit of remaining for
some time in the folds of the rectal mucous membrane, where
they assume a greenish color before leaving the infested ani-
mal. The young larve of this species may sometimes fasten
to the epiglottis and in the pharynx, and thus can become
dangerous to the horse.

THE NASAL BOT-FLY.
( Gastrophilus nasalis Lann.).

This species of bot-fly is illustrated in fig. 179. The up-
per surface of the thorax is clothed with dark hairs inter-
mixed with others of a golden color; the anterior portion is
much lighter colored, and fairly sharply separated from the
darker posterior portion. The shining scutellum is ofadark-
brown, bright-brown, or a chestnut color. The color of
the dense hair covering the abdomen varies in the different
specimens; in the example illustrated it is white on the
second, black on the third, and orange on the last segments.
The wings are hyaline, and small for the size of the fly,
which measures from 12 to 138mm.

The elliptical white eggs are truncated in front, and are
‘most frequently deposited upon the wings of the nose and
-on the lips of horses, hence the scientific name nasalis.
Meigen and B. Clark designated this fly by such names as
-sdlutaris and salutiferus, to express the unfounded belief

218 BOT-FLIES.

that the presence of such bots had a beneficial influence upon
the digestive functions. The larvz, when mature, are of a
light-yellow color, with spines white at base and dark-brown
at the tip. They are distinguished from the other bot-fly
laryz by having only one row of spines at the anterior bor-
der of their segments, of which the tenth one is unarmed.

Fig. 179.—Nasal bot-fly. Greatly enlarged. Original.

They are found only in the pyloric regions of the duodenum,,
and they do not fix themselves to the margin of the anus be-
fore being evacuated.

If but few bots occur in the host they are harmless, but.
if very numerous they assuredly cause some pains, and in
very extreme cases even colic; and where they penetrate
through the mucous membrane into the body cavity, they
cause violent inflammation and death.

RemepiEs: As these larve are exceedingly tough, and
very difficult to kill even if immersed in fluids that would
kill all other insects, and as they are well hidden in the
stomachs of their hosts, all efforts to dislodge them are
more or less useless. Still some veterinarians claim good re-
sults with such substances as Bryonia root, 15 to 20
grammes powdered and given in half a pint of water; or tar,,

BOT-FLIES. 219

8 to 40 grammes in an aromatic infusion; or even benzine.
An application of such substances may have good results,
but an easy cure should not be expected. In fact Neumann
arrived at this conclusion: ‘‘that agents endowed with great
energy, and which arrive in the stomach without undergoing
any modification, act upon that viscus, but scarcely produce
any effect upon the larve. No medication can therefore be
recommended for their destruction and expulsion.” It is a
very fortunate fact that they leave themselves without any
medication, and that it is unnecessary to apply remedies
unless the health of the animal is seriously endangered. If
this should happen mucilaginous fluids should be given to
allay the irritation, and the patient should be well fed to
make up for the loss of nutriment caused by the bots. In
the case of the hemorrhoidalis larvee in the rectal mucous
membrane and the margin of the anus, they should be re-
moved by hand, or by a weak emulsion of kerosene or ben-
zine.

Prevention is the only true method we have to combat
the various species of bots, and this is not a very difficult
one. The eggs are readily seen, and should be removed as
soon as seen. This seems to be simple, but it requires more
labor than most people imagine. To simply use a brush, or
a comb, is not sufficient, since they are so thoroughly well
attached to the hair that a more heroic treatment has to be
resorted to. The writer has found it best to paint the eggs
with pure kerosene, and to do so every day, or whenever the
horse has been out-doors. This oil will kill the eggs, which
soon collapse and gradually disappear. With a little care
the horse can be kept free of bots, which, even if they should
be entirely harmless, are not a necessity to its well-being.

THE SHEEP GAD-FLY.
( Estrus ovis Linn.).

This insect is a well-known parasite of the sheep and ac-
cording to some authors, of the goat. It isthe parent of the
“Grub in the Head” and of the ‘‘False gid.’’ As seen in the
illustrations (figs. 180 and 181) itis a small fly, very rapid
in all its actions, and one which when flying, is not readily

220 SHEEP GAD-FLY.

detected, hence few persons have ever seen it, and judging
from the fact that it is not represented in most of the larger
collections in this country even entomologists have not fre-
quently observed it. Fig. 181 was made by J. W. Folsom
from a specimen in the Cambridge museum. It resembles a
very large house-fly; the upper parts of the head and thorax
are of a dull-yellow color and are covered with little elevat-
ed, round, black spots and still smaller brown specks. The
five-jointed abdomen is velvety and variegated with brown
and yellow colors; the feet are brown; the swollen underside
of the head is white; the eyes are purplish-brown; three eye-
lets are found upon the top of the head, and two very min-

Fig. 180.—Sheep Gad-fly; d, adult; ), larva; c, puparium. After Brauer.

ute feelers in front. As the fly possesses no mouth it can
take no food; and it is only active during the warmer days
of summer, when it attempts to deposit the young larvee in
the nostrils of sheep. Ofcourse these larvae come from eggs
that were already hatched in the oviduct. Both sexes are
nearly of the same size, measuring from 10 to 12mm. in
length.

This parasite is found throughout Europe, Asia, Africa,
and the Americas. Very likely it was introduced into the
United States with the earliest flocks of sheep; more recently
it has been introduced into Chili.

The Sheep Gad-fly flies only during dry and warm

SHEEP GAD-FLY. 221

weather, from May to October; in cold and rainy days it
hides near the sheep-folds and in other protected places.
Like all flies of this order it delights to rest on warm and ex-
posed rocks found in high elevations. The gravid female,
approaching flocks of sheep, scares and disturbs them very
greatly, and they try all sorts of ways to prevent it from de-
positing its young larve or maggots. The sheep lie down,
bury their noses in the dust, huddle together, and even raise
clouds of dust to deceive their enemy. But generally all
their efforts prove of no avail. Just one hundred years ago
Mr. Clark so well described the effects of an attack of the fly,

Fig. 181.—Sheep gad-fly from Cambridge Museum. Enlarged. Original.

that his words arerepeated: ‘‘the moment the fly touches this
part (the nose) of the sheep, they shake their heads and
strike the ground violently with their fore-feet; at the same
time holding their noses close to the earth, they run away,
looking about them on every side to see if the fly pursues.
They also ‘“‘smell to the grass,’ as they go, lest one should
be lying in wait for them. If they observe one, they gallop
back, or take some other direction. As they can not, like
the horses, take refuge in the water, they have recourse to a
rut, or dry, dusty road, or gravel-pit, where they crowd to-
gether during the heat of the day, with their noses held close
to the ground, which renders it difficult for the fly conven-
iently to get at the nostrils.”” As the gad-fly is only active
during the warmer parts of the day the sheep can enjoy feed-
ing early in the morning and late in the evening.

bo
bo
bo

SHEEP GAD-FLY.

The young grubs, as soon as they are deposited in the
nostrils of the sheep, begin their migrations upwards into
the dark passages of the nose and frontal sinuses. This
movement is performed by means of hooks and spines, as the
maggots do not possess any legs. Of course the use of such
hooks and spines is very irritating to the sheep, and the
poor victims make many attempts to get rid of their foes.

The grubs remain about ten months in the nasal cavities
of the sheep. During this period they undergo a number of
molts; in the first stage they are white and almost trans-
parent, and measure about 2mm. in length; in the second
stage they are 6mm. in length, yellowish-white, and have
no spines except a few near the mouth. In the third stage
the fullsize and form is attained as shown in fig. 180, d.
When mature the larvz detach themselves from the mucous
membrane, creep about, reach the nose, and are expelled by
the violent snorting of their host. A day later the larval
skin, which was thus far soft and of a reddish color, becomes
contracted, and gradually turns brown and black, forming
a puparium inside of which the future fly is formed. This
pupal stage lasts from four to six weeks. If manylarve are
present they cause in the sheep a catarrhal discharge on the
affected side of the nose; this is commonly known as ‘‘Snot
Nose.’’? Neumann gives an excellent description of the symp-
toms: ‘‘Three or four larve of the Zstrus are frequently found
in the frontal sinuses of sheep which, during life, have never
manifested any symptoms. It is only when the larve are
numerous, and when they are quite well advanced in their
development at the commencement of spring-time, that they
occasion morbid troubles. The latter begin by a discharge,
often unilateral, which is at first clear and serous, then
thick and mucous. Frequently there is sneezing and snort-
ing, accompanied by the expulsion of mucus and sometimes
of @strus larve. Later the animals turn the head backward,
often shake it, rub the nose against the ground or some
other object within reach, or with their front feet. As the
malady gradually advances the sheep go with lowered head,
lifting the feet high as if they were walking in water. Some-
times they quickly raise the head, carrying the nose to the

SHEEP GAD-FLY. 223

wind, and then bend it backward convulsively. From time
to time they stagger and are seized with vertigo, but do not
turn in acircle. In severer cases there is difficulty of breath-
ing, the first respiratory passages being obstructed by the
larve or the inflammation of the mucous membrane. The
eyes are red and watery. The disease may be still further
complicated. The sick lose appetite and rapidly grow poor;
they grate their teeth; a frothy saliva runs from the mouth;
their eyes roll in the sockets; convulsions arise and finally
death ensues sometimes within six or eight days after the
appearance of the first symptoms.

“But the disease is rarely so fatal; it lasts longer, and
the larvee having been successfully cast out, the symptoms
gradually become more favorable and by degrees completely
disappear.

“This affection has sometimes been mistaken for ‘‘gid’”’
or ‘‘turn-sick’’ due to Cawnurus cerebralis, whence the name
“false gid”’ or vertigo of (strus, which has been given to it.
Confusion will be avoided by recalling that turning in a
circle does not take place in the present disease. The latter
is nearly always accompanied by nasal discharges and snort-
ings, which do not appear in true ‘‘gid,’’ and which, besides,
show themselves only in young subjects.”’

All interested in sheep husbandry should secure a copy of
Dr. Cooper Curtice’s book, ‘‘The Animal Parasites of Sheep.”’
It was published by the Department of Agriculture in 1890,
and is a veryimportant document. Init aregiven a number
of preventives, medicinal and surgical treatments, but the
final conclusion is a quotation from Neumann, an advice
sound to follow except in the case of breeders of valuable
sheep. It is: ‘‘at all times, if the number of animals affected
is considerable, the malady should be left to follow its own
course, and those which present the gravest symptoms should
be sent to the shambles.”’

Still there are a number of preventives and remedies that
it is well to mention. Of course it is very doubtful whether
remedies can reach larve hidden in the more remote cavities
in the bones of the forehead and beneath the bases of the
horns. When the grubs have entered the nostrils many can

224 SHEEP GAD-FLY.

be dislodged and removed by a feather dipped in oil of tur-
pentine, or a weak solution of carbolic acid, or of creosote.
Salt water or diluted carbolic acid solution, injected with a
syringe, does good service. Finely powdered lime is also
used to cause violent sneezing, thus dislodging the larve.
Some stock breeders smear the noses of their sheep with tar,
or force them to do so themselves by attracting the animal
to large auger-holes in logs baited with salt, and by coating

the rims‘ with tar; still others provide in the yards dry

places covered with deep dust, into which the animals can
thrust their noses if pursued by their tormenters. Ina few

Fig. 182.—Three larve of sheep gad-flies in frontal sinuses of sheep. Enlarged. Orig-
cases the writer had an opportunity to use pyrethrum or

Persian insect-powder. This material was blown forcibly
into the nostrils of the sheep, and dislodged a number of the
worms. It can also be used as an extract in alcohol, and
will no doubt be very effective, as most dipterous larve are
very sensitive in regard to this substance.

The illustration (fig. 180) shows the different stages of
this insect, and fig. 182 three larvae in the frontal sinuses of
a sheep.

There are a large number of bot-flies which exist in tum-
ors they themselves have caused. The genus //ypoderma
especially contains species that infest domesticated animals,
hence these are best known; yet how little is really known
about these parasites is indicated by the fact that until
quite recently it was thought that the young larvee forced

WARBLE-FLIES. 225

their way directly through the skin into the host, instead of
entering the mouth and thence making their way beneath
the skin, where they are found in large tumors. Dr. Cooper
Curtice was the first to draw the attention of entomologists
to this fact. The life-history of these insects is about like
this: the eggs are deposited by means of a horny and blunt
tube, the ovipositor, which ends in a trifid tip, and shows
by its structure that it could not be used to perforate a
tough skin; this takes place early in the season, about the
time when the cattle begin to shed their winter hair, and
fore-legs, sides, belly and heels are selected for this purpose.
The eggs are glued to the hairs in a similar manner as was
described in other bot-flies. From here they are removed by
the animals, which at this period are continually licking
themselves to remove the old hairs. In this manner they
reach the mouth, where the salivarapidly dissolves the hard
shells of the eggs and the young larve already formed inside
are liberated. These young andspiny worms find their way
down the gullet, and after boring through its walls, wander
about in the tissues of the host; when they reach theskin they
form the peculiar swellings known as warbles. Here they
mature, and boring their way out, drop to the ground into
which they enter, and where they contract into the dormant
pupalstage. In about four weeks the winged insects ap-
pear, to start againa new cycle of life. The larval stage
lasts from nine to ten months; during this period and es-
pecially while forcing their way through the tissues of the
host, they cause inflammations and frequentiy injure the
animals to such an extent that they lose flesh and become
very poor. They cause a peculiar greenish and slimy discolor-
ation and appearance of the flesh of their hosts, which is
termed by the butchers: ‘‘licked beef;’”’ when leaving the skin
they produce holes in it called by tanners, ‘‘warbles.”’

These parasites are not common in Minnesota, hence we
lose but little by their injuries. But a little further south
they cause immense losses, which a Chicago newspaper,
that made an investigation of the amount of damages
caused by this fly in 1889, stated to be $3,337,565. This
was for the markets of Chicago alone, so that the loss for
the whole country must have been many times greater.

226 HEEL-FLY.

THE OX WARBLE-FLY.
([Typoderma bovis DeGeer).

This species is the best known of all warble-flies and is
the one most frequently described. Yet it seems doubtful
whether it is found in the United States. The one that has
been most usually mistaken for it is the following species.

THE STRIPED WARBLE-FLY OR HEEL-FLY.

(/Typoderma lineata Villers).

This species is illustrated in fig. 183. It is a very hairy
insect, and characterized by four lines upon the thorax,

Fig. 183.—Heel-fly. Enlarged. Original.

which lines are by no means as well defined as some illustra-
tions show them. It resembles a small black bee. The
black and polished thorax is covered with yellowish-white
hairs; the region about the scutellum is black, then follows a
white band of hairs covering two rings of the abdomen, then
a broad black band, while the posterior end is again
whitish.

REMEDIES.—Here again the best remedy is prevention.
The eggs can be discovered without very much trouble, at

HEEL-FLY. 227

least upon animals that are kept upon the farms. Of course
cattle that have to take care of themselves all through the
seasons, or in other words that are neglected, will not be
benefited by any remedies and have to suffer unless we rub a
mixture of pine-tar (1 gallon), kerosene, fish oil, or crude
carbolic acid (1 quart), and powdered sulphur (2 pounds),
over their sides, fore-legs, belly and roots of tail, which will
protect them to some extent. This should be done at the
time when they shed their old coats. Those animals that
are kept upon the farm should be examined every day, and

| CANS Ube tia
hs - (4 ARN
ey Nip) y

Fig. 184.—Larva of emasculating fly in striped gopher. Natural
Size. Original.

if any eggs are discovered they should be moistened with
pure kerosene, which will kill the enclosed embryo. If such
precautions have not been taken, and the tumors caused by
the larve appear during January and February, they should
be lanced, and the maggots should be removed by squeez-
ing. By rubbing the wounds with a little carbolated vase-
line they soon heal and disappear.

There is another genus of bot-flies, Cuterebra, that con-
tains a number of very interesting flies, and as not infre-
quently letters are received asking for information in regard

228 EMASCULATING-FLY.

to some a few words about them willnot come amiss, though
these flies do not injure our domesticated animals. Fig. 184
explains itself. The host isa striped gopher, which harbored
three of these bot-flies, two smaller ones and one almost fully
grown. The tumors made by the large one and by one
of the smaller ones are shown; they are under the skin
and each communicates with the outside by means of an
opening. Against these openings were pressed the anal ends
of thelarvee, which contained the breathing-organs. The third
larva was found in the neck of the gopher. The old story
told by hunters that mature male squirrels are in the habit of
emasculating the younger ones, for very selfish reasons, finds

>
Dd

Fig. 185.—Adult of emasculating-fly. Enlarged. Original.
thus a more natural explanation. Some years ago the
writer observed a fly belonging to the above genus leaving
the burrow of a striped gopher. Though it is not wise to
jump to conclusions, we may take it for granted that this fly
is the adult of such emasculating bots. It is illustrated in
fig. 185. As seen by the line giving the size of the insect it is.
a large fly, with a black face free from hair, large red eyes, a
polished black thorax covered on the sides with long yellow
hairs, the scutellum is covered with short black hairs, the
abdomen is polished, of a dark steel-blue color, and sparsely
covered with short black hair; only the penultimate

EMASCULATING-FLIES. 229

segment has its anterior half covered with exceedingly short
whitish hairs, in which are found a few spots showing the
polished surface below. The legs areblack and covered with
short black hairs. As it does not agree with the description
given of Cuterebra emasculator Fitch, it deserves a scientific
name and C. sterd/ator is proposed for it.

Another large fly, illustrated in fig. 186, was captured

Fig. 186.—Cuterebra baccata. Enlarged. Original.
in the prairie region of Minnesota; it seems to be C. baccata,
an insect said to produce the large maggots found so fre-
quently in the neck and other parts of our three species of
hares. Fig. 187 shows a still larger fly, remarkable on ac-

Fig. 187.—Cuterebra horripilum Clark. Enlarged. Original.
count not only of its large size, but also of the dense yellow-
ish-brown fur upon the thorax. It is C. horripilwm of Clark.
Still another species, entirely black, and almost as large as
the fly shown above is found in our prairies. The his-
tory of all is obscure, and possibly a number of these flies

230 SNOW-FLY.

may cause the various tumors found in our rodents, such as
the hares, squirrels, and gophers. The study of such flies is
a very interesting one, but for many reasons one full of diffi-
culties, apparently unsurmountable. Many interesting facts
can still be discovered in this field, and it seems strange that
thus far so very little has been done in tracing the life-his-
tories of the American species of these insects.

Many other internal parasites are found in our domesti-
cated animals, such as Round-worms, Flat-worms, Leeches
and others, but to discuss and describe them, and to give
the proper remedies, is the work of the veterinarian.

THE SNOW-FLY.
( Chionea valga Harr.).

It is the general opinion that with cold weather all in-
sects disappear. This is true to acertain extent, yet there
are a fairly large number of exceptions which are very inter-
esting on account of being foundatsuchtimes. Asfar as the
globe has been explored in the north, just so far have insects
been found, and not alone during summer and in well-shel-
tered spots but even in winter. The illustrations given in
figs. 188 and 189 (plate XVI) show the male and female of
a fly which is found in our state about Christmas, and as
far as observed only after a fresh fall of snow. Owing to
the whiteness of this material the insects are readily discov-
ered, especially if they are moving about. As a general
rule the wingless flies are found only early in the morning,
though in one case a female was discovered crawling over
the snow in the evening. As the illustrations show both
males and females are entirely wingless and there is no trace
left of the wings. The yellow halterers, however, are very
large and prominent.

The insects move in a very deliberate way and are ap-
parently not afraid of getting cold feet. As a general rule
they are observed when the thermometer indicates the freezing

SNOW-FLY. 231

point, though some have been found when it was below zero
and the surface of the snow was frozen into a solid crust.
The long legs of the insect are very slender and it is difficult
to understand why the blood circulating in them does not
freeze solid when exposed to such low temperatures, especially
as the flies moveso veryslowly. Intheillustration thelegs are
not drawn in a natural position as this would require alto-
gether too much space. Notwithstanding the cold it is love
that brings the sexes together at this time and if a female
has been discovered on the snow we usually find a male not
faraway. A few winters ago the writer discovered a female
moving slowly over the snow and by searching he soon
detected a male. Putting both together under an inverted
glass the snow-flies immediately mated, notwithstanding it
was several degrees below the freezing point. Soon after-
ward the female found a crack in the glassy surface of the
frozen snow, and forcing herself into it slowly disappeared
from view. Penetrating to some depth into the snow she de-
posited a number of elongated eggs, which, however, did not
hatch. Most females found seemed to have the eggs already
fully matured and only lacked to be fertilized. In desposit-
ing their eggs the female inserts them into some crack by
means of a large ovipositor, very large for the size of the in-
sect. The male also possesses some remarkable features and
especially two powerful claspers at the end of the abdomen.
Both sexes are shown, as well as some of their peculiar
anatomical features.

INDEX.

Page.
ACO NERUTUUTUNOUNAS.« <cccte cee ce cece ce coe ases saad eee css See ee ee ene ee 200
ne IAC HYNKON HX EERE Apter Rec ere eereen ae Ene ort oicccon penetra ma scanodceeacdoce 196
CA COTUSWSOCCNONT ccncdoce sock, ccwceds duosncewesteeWeevcoet sonadcureteeetee es Monaee ere een 88
ADU COT We Seadent diets onncussoescasswuses soars sons'sovesacetoastesartecetee eaeeeee teem 109
JAMMERICAN MELA ES b=MDLES 2212s. ences ooees oes tows occaesoeeoespeeserhense coe eee Cees 82
Amophieles Quad Tuna Culatus: vccite.cseiceedacascoosseotanassstvonareaden suvestvasenseneseets 193
PA NERO OLE PIVOT ccr.cc coowscetaees tac enrscccoscosens sooessccceeoeete eee ae 21
DASTUGS Sxhc ooeecs saioncce Gch ve dan eseeo ea oelon nae new cee ecsee os Con eset seen te eee 205
S@) Killing: “Ped PUGS ssss.:..cheseeseesseonee cassa, osesodteccasatusatecseesesvanstecetenaetine 201
An cribeles: CONQUEQOLUS.<....0c5ccns0s0<050n6s00saseesesssawsuesesnsuecsesesecesdecsoheaceteminde Ai,
ATG OUS* CUNTUAINONICUS soeeonscc0stoskcve sewenostes ene cs soces coat nota ade Reet ne eee 200
JA VIN Y=WOUM au sccesscss-ccesoedeesssaeecvesteccstoosGtescecesnssussen totes teasemece eece meeting eeeeee 14
US SP ATICT. oot seses co cremo ae tee ope eoT eee sea csb eR ELEC TaE ET Cn 20
SURGES SIG. okove Ga ide sad ns coe owavakeae CUe Tea awan eek cates te Ee 7) HGS
ASS—Bitino-lOUSG viscseiccsecsiissesececssce odes svecessdeaacetes cuss dcdesecoure omens seomene 113
PZASELOMLG TUSCOTUIN oo, OE cack ach cn cencescenee sos osteo eee 155
8 PONASTUACWIVE 2). Svcd losctedencaghastedissceesestosasousestas este eae eee ee 155
Australian Dip. i gd ee ate ec Ek a a eee 74
Bats infested by’ ‘beds... 5s ..58.c042 Shae scaxecss ee ee) eee 199
{<0 bp) 90): a eRe On eR SR a a 196
e* ) finfesting” ‘bate ie. ork ctsc so ca aha, Se 199
- re Chickens sey is sock eich oiasheee ee e 199
ie us PIPCONS: oe ile Ske ee 199
es ss BWELLOWS 9. 8. sccvass vcbcecun Bees es ee ee ee 199
BeWWACUS (QT USCUB. coos cocsutsis'sonh sgieoes ekecc esas ca ee ee 203
Bete-TOUSC: cho isascccess cast Sovistice ie Sheen ee 84
BRI@DE 2.22 cecc snscseatitderconcdecvous Rot ag ceeeeecen aa ee 135
Big Bed=DUe <<. soc. nsctisstoud hie aves en ee 207
Bird Ttehamites.... ....sccccvebs Ssattt cece a eee if
acc) (6) Co ao nn a vn UN REP EM re AE eT ce a 85
BitinipiiGe sb, ccite sesh conaesahenect React eee 46, 108
Biting-louse'of 88... 220-28 ..ceitkeceacc en eee ee 113
ay SE CBG os csd hc ceasaol ies ccceeud cea ee 11
y ? CBEDIE, .. 2 os0ccisceacasbascdacovse Beasthecee ee ee 113
of So GOD, oscicsenctcssradacbatieshigatsbctee Sete ee ee 110
*P° POO... cccudsesnsaesds astesiaten oes OE ee 115
; PS "WOPSO), 53.55003::diutegdascaberanesieceqereee hee a ee 114
a Of SNOSD.......cesoisdivacdessedesncpah nee See ee 111
Black Breeze-fly. 23.55. ceiisincogeectsauatsissc oe eee ee 168

Black-heads 46

To FERRO e eee meneame eee eee EE ee HEHE E HEHE EEEEO THEE EE EEHHE EEE EEE GHEE EEE EEE EH EE EEEE EEE OH ES EE EEED

INDEX. 233

Page.
BES rete eco lel © See ee ee cele fice hd gs entrance mene me cette dame cect sleeap oe Net ae oes 172
Peseta Ieee dap © YS TAN ae oars 0 SS igen case aoe Sa pate ae ce ene a aemade wee ca tenor sonnet edvesregsanee ls 182
TE Uthsy weyeihereveioll eye} eet Lae meta Aamo Pie eat Ne oe Arete nah don ee eR PER OO 204
ES eo esr C hattt s COME TOSS. oso os sca ctercs dees gece cae case end teains prea etieide se oacct sos oven a PAO
LOCUS ST ease tanh VRS -RE ee rte ech bee ce id keris RRR etener 201
Si ( OFS ORT HASSAN eres Mi OI SB ke de a 170
TEU DC HEIIE a os Sas Ng Sete RR pd rh te Peon aL epeny Be PO dere eee PERE Pe eee 155
BBE) STOUR ALVES hh pee ae reo Ry Be ON ED hk PA 162
BES eR EET EU TT NV ACIS ee ooo WO Mb froh etic oc Mca as ects ga des eas sans es aoaeoeaspaateeeh 202
PeSerep aga OVI (HEMTERED INS os She cen pecn aS ere, eae e Sona s sautoaepee eects aseoes cio sdatees vo2eaecore 98
LEVEE CBCUTTS ERENT see oe Rares FS Pears rg IR eRe Eo POE ri oe EO OCS 170
ENGa PANTS OOS h 2 ek Recent acca ees ess, Tree cue Saeck ovtovas sovaseeseuse hee? 91
TEX OUR ARWES ye pe pe ane ac aah ic Be ee pie Cae a eke Oe PN Pt 46, 209
SOONER etre ely paceen en Oe el BIE Pree eat re caws: Seas lpievand eaeasete 212
a ee OTUTCEY OX EY 0,10 f= ee oa ne OP eh eter pees Zn ets Ret Ao eeae ade 212
Sm CCPL AIST Seanad Meee Frese Caceelan foe EL Oe Lk cr Oa WA asst aunt 212
BEES Gi tom © OLIN UO Te acorns ck ane cor acne toa aales cosa te rslssaae sos sheast ss adavalaandtascntees tons 212
CO “rE aVO INST: Wek Cae Shed Ee a Can one UE rt OP Ege ee ee Ned 212
OE CES IN NSE LR ite Nance SRNR ad A Ng pee ea eae kak ees ent 5 ee 217
Po TBH aYS Lary IVECG | Which sea nee Pn ONE ce 216
BPS oe Fa CONE CBA ELOY GRO te OSE ers GED, Sa ve tcste sade oes hace banguivscd suuchosstesene ses 52, 53
POULGUCCUOMMSCNILAT CTU pe itera taco eet es tctins cab os 0 Saas So gh Sid ess sagge tes sar eaeessie tae 31
Californian Dye. wesc vscestscceete.-- Pagid oe ERECT Ey OME Rae ie tages RTE Oh Ser 74
MOND TA ACO TUCO PEDIIA een te tueiee we ane tehoee Seneca Bolts Su cl Sssayssaxeth feststoosvoscewserereeera Taare 109
fe NOTE FUGUE TDRL TIL Me ie san eS 2S. oad Felice oe xe at dateast es oes a aecae 127
BEGET OT OCHO THOR D as seo ete trl ace Ue ocee te apace do ana tedleoneaoeen ca: oo oM omer 162
MEA TWRESOMILUTOL) TANCE VU IU AITO oe See eet on cs accu shisadadedocteuchussee Weteaencesespactsoo%e 158 |
AO a ire NaI HN OL G pese cere acets sages Ac Sania occu Sean ect deadavsetuae sy saateswoacaseechterse WEL
SE] DY Spa nO pias esse VS TNA ne oe PON A eet Ae U Fite SeN D P 48
GG (SDE We (UNG) ner nal res ens bak Peet ar ea iree Nene arte ca nh On Ase Ba RIE ry eer ae 78
GS ek ERISA Wen SO or BY gtr RE eet SAD a nae oe anes 133
‘1G aS Ther ees gate cane RR ea se OIC IG IMU) AMMEN COE ASE An BOE es a 61
CCR e asl Biren ira Res IICaSIU IST cae ee ae i RN a Rn i a ee Ree 113
a SLOMSE— ONO SMOSC Up meats euatiers cilecclctuces tiesto eaten ees Sten tehcaies 104
Ge Cee = SOT CMONOM eet hele wae ie tse ti silecudtc cece nea te 102
COMETH THI eT eat Geen tek Fm Rhy ren AL ae IR eA ce Te ie an 91
CCEA OTOL: CCSUTURCOTS sek 5 Ol eines c eset A As te, Sac aU A Lakes deed sean canons 11
Chollerpay# Ha Matava ov Gyo) aXe) ge sateen, 5 Mule ee lie SU rit aa eh ORES CRUD re aneay oer pee nea 37
SOT Ie PES UAT MEGS! dea Sic ema ase pees CtL week us eee Shon Heh Canter tele eas ee ast 212
COT HCO GG UN bas SPEC or, cen artis ec ocean ca odds scces Sec oe Vaosce ees ape caurees ote aeat setdeauetnes 171
CUCU TSS ERORG TO VOY EMR aP ed tA Aa ou BRU eres G20 or) Chappe ROR Ne ot 26
OTT CES CRMC erate gens sce: aaa Sen asta ceca Ae aN ne ae a ems Sarde ins cd sauce deeceeeonnets a
Chelenrspiromncariotes alloy fae 1 te tees mewn esste eee eae censsee cut aetees acer 89
be UG) “eloWoh adezWalyaiczk Xen Tata Qa vabebcae ah enURy Noy a 18a, 14) | pee et ae eee 88
@hicken=muiter Ores Cko ye te eee che bate oe eto deneel DEAN Tack d ce slt daivedens 85

IMS COA) we etoneer ae teenie Lat teen Mn ine Urea Ne NE re wee Sos aS ME og 63

234 INDEX.

Page.
@hi¢kens——Weather-lee. oo. s. 0 Gasecceant vant vss havi ae 118:
7. initesgeds joy edi gs. 2 ce. a pesodiacelovetantc aes ee ee ee 199
Lf) 01 72.031 sean ae eg ROBE eR AVM Avnet ie UP che cet 2 oS. 135
Chineh-pug Tas L866 nod sd jotecs sede oa deco abood cece ee +
OCRORED. BOLIC a oo Re tee, ee a Gneee: 230:
LG) 08 Ce (2 See caapen reyes Ue a iy Ve Ree NL RE AMOR GH TENG Ca yeh EL) 135
Choleta-vamd Mies. 25... IN 0 oe ee oe ie Ne 5 ee ae eR eee 151
CROTO PUES oir. AE ee. Ap Ea MY Sh Slice 7
CREYSODS COSIWONS 3008.25 ee ee eet eee tas Usde tered bah meat oat ee ee 169
Crea diila, PUM. 6 ies | ssa cides cade ooh ee 37
Clement? 8 Dip. edd abet uee eee eran ee ee 7
COCCOLOTUS PT UNICLDG «occ tiiies 'sceae sgsasserveedconce ee 38.
CHOMUTUS COREDT EUS 820 sfc ccth Sad ad accesses ne 223
Comedones’:, crf 8 iS es Ee a Ae 7a ee 47
Common: BOmWy 8.5 iba ot seen a ee 212
os Hairy. ose: beetle . i... satiazees cco 26
os 1 Ro) t= ( oes 1 geen wae ene R NR EN BP RDE TURRO MGR PIR nl rode 3) a wh tal, Se 6 145
os Mange Ot OTS: %, cid gies teen ae coe ee ee 65
a DEV SIM cn Beeches sudac Se. Neck aes re hc eA eR 92
Composition Of WIS. 650 oct ates, hina Sores ak ee eee 73
Cone-nose— Blood-suckine -. 55 ee eee ee ee 201
Conetrackelus nernuphors., 5 wiih atekcc helene ee 41
Corsair—TwO-spotted (i020) aie oa cs, oh oko a. kn ae 207
Clo wekilbere. tc: 25 ore ance Whe ee ee ase ne ree ae Oe 206
Grab-lowse o5.3 sleek ethoceeke se eee Cee ee ee 100°
Culex: Consobrinds;, 22 2 atin ee ee ty cuits Gee At eee 185
ES © MPRONUGOMS: cc sonasovstbew Beckie ot eet ose ee oe 194
QU GLL BE ooo fs oti akin sanbako toa evcke hess estate ech 182
Curtiee?s DUP -. Socscckess scdesveits seeds Sv Meee cota eee a 74
Cutaneous BoOt=Ailes .o,.ci. ccs, ele bccn ete he ee 212
CULEP EO TD | 5.3 scca5) etaagunveknidnlansandk vost eesahion ete ee 227
AI DUCCOLO os iccaicagssdeenacstectece Liter oh etx Ae 229%
we CMVLASCULALON «2 accdnckesccdeieecteh iso's Deane te ee 229
es POTTUPUUM 5.5. oo Res sac nde ecdasesess a ee 229-
ae StOrUMON, 3. Reisiis Rone aes necce RR e 229
De odecwd ee. 6. lsat) ccc beets ee 47
Demodex: folliculorwit 52.550. :2 Pan Bese ed ee 48
ss $3 Vale CONUS. | ie eI oie Ce ae ie el 48
ve ee 8 COUGE SS is rage eed eee ces aa tee a Ran eae 48
Of) ph lordes™ SWtS., <..02, Wet Ree eRe cee eee 48
Demodex of the.cati.0..5...20) ann oe 48
TN CES NE QOD, os ucsaaseikes dadsceneeeeeenee ae ite een ae a a 48
ce EOE INO es ola latee wud ocd arcthesec lags te tant al Io TEC a Se eee 48.
Dermacentor americanus 92.

Page
Der ManySSUs WVUUM, .......csscereesccscscreneseavenerenerencncenesene enessncsacnenetecsnceneen cesses 85
oh GL NUETROE sae cleo cee seo ane na ana cnesuenrncabrepssericeces ech cnetnsateessncnrsesters 85
ae TAGRPOIT OIE LOS. csp eonincatescceerdoeastnbsadodbobo6es Sueosgaceeorabe. sce good eR occa 85
Der Matovic. NOLIGUS.......ccccccecceescecseceseceseneeenssnceecenceescsscessensencnneoecesronsene senses 210
Dili COMMUN 0... esses cesseenees ces eeenesnnen cence eetntanteneenteneaneeseenes ean ee gee 110
MS —AMSEE ALAM 25 Los epseetccwsscecrecsesseteenenustasseeheneves centro mestsseeesecseaeretectvecers 7
Bread en| |G IRTIL GA eset es a ee haces ee Cec iap den debeonth ces taan eebarceernnnasav cones perp ca= 74
GG > (SNS imat sah Fes aoe eee canenoechesteneanea a5 lusoecnosob coors adda daenosocSopcesyporouua~ckan 75
BET @OMMPOSLLLOW Of, 2. ce ieccecessscezese nscecsnceesconsesnrsnsnen = stecocensonneanechacessenes nts 73
GG. eC rpe RASS) ck Gano eciccceoctchcaai (ocaopaoesoGgcouH oops onoetG 74
GUS ST ECG WalSiPe Wey. Me: oaan Crepes a8 Soe Ree nia CECE REC RESP BEC be acuc CBS a EE A Pies 74
GE TK Gevaroys(SinWeR STATI ISO G1) 5. pponesnaeeeebeseoaceacee & bdeeceoody JoodepTedaaD: aLGonceop scndecdc i)
8 be (ge SR Pays oe ot End es 8 oe a dR A co ea ee Ac cs recor era ere ee occ 74
GMB Tacs ate te ae ee ee Gah ahi aes satast get vandeneatentes 75
Gd EAS TSR TEN GI (obo. 2 aca ot Ups Sear OBS SR ee oon naa Bacaco pea ECE ae sacebocdaacc 74
G8 ASRS) ek ee ee yee ap ggannacis| Ronse pusobBbo sac soce aaceucae caer ac 75
Cee cle viral eu cita ly WAGGA Ss tee ca sse ous sevsstee rece panceovereraccettiinr-ssareseuneunere 7)
SG LAB Spe aR ee Soa ia ee paenbcocdsoaseeeonr Bacochibcota Baanbaacqs uecoccaciaScac 74
Gib AWW UII Ie oOo 9 a0 ase re eee eS epee por poe ieee eococcnac eo acoaa 74
SMa rN CLs eee tee ce noe ena ara aD Tc an gstuaitsosyonteedeesemeateshesgeoase 74
HOM py emrcdip ee aps Berne A sae et data cae a ieecazetanesnsconcessrecsenerecutaresttsnyreegnescezass 46, 145
TVGCOPHOTUS 0 eee Mesznetescasceatseeeann ouetagnneeesssoepesshennerae’ cnarant crstecercanerts 109
be UDI Lipa nA Meee nlite: Satoe ack, eek vee nesngneandenscShesce=hanresnteela aa 122
Bb GLET OCS Pe ean eR Nee en bids Laclede eR aete de banguattcnracemees eatesgeccon ass 121
DO e=—Bitimg-LOUBe ogee ececeecescesenphenntnecessnsceesseseseeseceeucnesattnaneytacescnbestsnsrnene 110
SSCs TBY ESTING) CL GRE te Pec ena ae ceca sas eacn te saneeeaeneeteucy cece cossancecen'n 48
G6 =] Rlare IMO SraMUNS) Se, sa yepegarnee epee eeeacaoead Ha cioascbusadsos IcencE nooo saaSee 7
SSCS era ie eal lee my Sei EC US OE ob, wlan ae soeatceboneeicyacet wltaeletorac 133
LCR Lie ay TES ec eR ee rls UMN PLE cae ua uwaasene Gncewetsinccrosh ener 106
GIP TTC eee f shea laces cscs eceacererescstcyacesteaqdencen, ce c4rcensudesdas c¢dncsuanesseeseeedoeisee 61
ID Qmesticy Grice tyes cote meets esas eae Tien ANNO toh En oe VOR SOE RELI renee 28
Doryphora decemlinedta......... cescecscecseteneeeeseeeseeeseeneseeaeres cneeneasessseeesenenes 27
ih ere eee ae ite eat hee ee ste eter eee ageety cee = pre eaevesar+sempaehes sare 121
[Beno TO aa itey Re OAM, ssescenecbe: « Scicasteaonsbobsaeeneehoeeoer Geb occon se cuacaden sacar oubocss aoc 78
Sy - (S1a ya Pere Ne ei Tae Sa toa ep Marie Ret tera Merce Denar 78
ab Gt ESTEE Oe Ao LAM Me eta an hmat SN scars fae s Saneacays coe Rees 78
Milse tr iG= 11 Wty Ue occ save egesee gnc deteecetec Secacteeee inanedcsevesnsehereesessenseva cuetengnesnnnce 208
Mmasculating-Mies. oo... .cccccccescseceseenseneesceesesceresresecestseesanssnenaccanee entersceness 229
PTS, OF AY, 22 e.cceccccsecacescoecvecsstssouscecqannnsarscyessseeenseazazeezerstetenazengette tec! sven 153
ETE ee ee re eR Beha a ate ae tires tenes crane reese caiseyremee Scare 46, 207
DET SVE OV ee geese lakes te Sess lade ie ascot anecee enetngssras (ot one ive vescbavanhers st iatzrannpeces rap eates 46
PErrratic AVM y-WOPT,....c..cssccccsessscnecterssscusessssannceconoueregee snersssseasvanaseasaneseenen 20.
FQUPhOvid (NM, ou... seecccceceecececessesensensnenccsecenseee: cesereerenesenenecseaaneceseeaseneeeseeneess 26
Eupelmus allynii.......... aa Us EU ee he Poneaes SITE At eo lenient BSG ho AA RPO 12
TB TAN OSTELIR LIEAIIGD ATED oe OR eee a tase HSU rete ry Ce cern Rc Dea See 16

HEixtermal Parasites... cceeee cossssceeercossensenceccecsecssssereetseeseesee arte aereee 46

236 INDEX.

Page

MAC emit Of TaD, fer .ccecc seeca ace) Pere, theese hoe eee a ee 48
MaGesmn ies. oe. h easiest eee ee Le 46
| EE STS (0 ae ea OR Oe PRLS Deccern eer nea Ryde ge RPMS yy Aa, 219
OCA LNOP=1IGO meno ea a bcc ee cote le ee TE a Se te 46,108
oe infesting eChicle@n. 50 Sidr tee ee 118

ss ig Quek Ms Sees 2 aS ect cle tn t eee 121

eS NR °4 =" 2) <1: Po SREP IEHE ee reas ace, he hee ary Ri ied 121

e se \ AUC AE OWLS. 2 cokes, cous celecueee Reena he, tert ae ne 127

es cS WEACO CK tO a Ora anal sae ane ae a Ce 127

ve Pee SLC Mi oe er me acces Been haere et hay 125

ne es SHWE ANS. eee Rie tie, ote eae) Gee ne ee eR 121

Se PUKE ye.) pei eeecae he ee aed ee Cee 127
Perret—Bar “Itehomaite: 5.0205". ct asec eer ee ee i
ULV GO-TO GDB sco 2 a5 ccscdesed ance ate ckcoe Ghar a 46, 207

Be —Papeworm=sha pedi.) tise eee tee ee ee ee 208

Va =WwiO rms ss ir ee oR sas Aad Ah ed co ee 230

lea Eummanne ss =: £8 oe ese acne, ores pal ae ee ol ee 130

Pilea nok Waite eo ete oe acco taba sce hea Meo Rec ee a 138
PO CRUG canines Meiosis cece Maa ak te ved tiaca sents Mena see ee na 133

ST LO Bea Ho date oe ee ci eeu a ee Oe ee te 133

Balmain 0 ;) : Wsea Punk" Bek he ean ahon io OUR Piha MR aN PUN hee acs ee 137

oc” MOuse ses! h ssiuland cr acedshaen cca savean Coos ekg omtnn eee eon ee 138

SE PEBOON: 5. cco feces Se cecte ns eas ae ee 137

“- pocket-popher:).00. ste mooie were eee 138

PE) SPELT Bs co03 Ssaceecdonccvcoeveabesbotccs cece ee oeae tee ee an oe ee mea 138

FS BRB cca lcsoses dg eecoes stat chamsaat ek et ee Seek TL 28 te ee 138

PE DNB OW: haces; sash sodecadeee shone ce eee eee 138
WSS AN 25. cspoatanvectocstcascdt cs eee tee ote ee ae ee 135
PVG 5s Fa cscs scahaceasleenthdn hunks satbla ae RSET en so ge 46, 129
Ich (2) 1 1h Se Ie Ment eC NCTE Rd ene OM TAT BE 155
Whes——Cholera and.).7.. 0.780 Ske ee ee ee 151
Whies—Opher’ 554.3. ad saa csccetaee oe eea ee 46, 145
Bl OwMrsMMibes yc, vies tact eckccesc a eueas ieee ease ee 87
PilyAdus@ase@at.. tka eee sce oR alle cae eee ae 151, 152
OF AN) ESTO sss hace st casas co eee Sd ee 155
One. PTGS 52s cal est een ae eee oe 155
** The: Stable ia niche eee Ai a fete eae eS ee 160
Foot-mange Of horse. <.c.hc ns e ee 76
oh Sf Y SNGOD.,ciass tesco vassu os Re Reese See ee ee 76

(05 {21-1 | a ot Oe RET Rl ry anes a ee hae Nl eS 143
Le hi ih nee. arn AER ein Re UM doe lo 6
Ga ABTS 2 Fi cr spaitsdes ciacl snsstandes OOO eS a eS ne 166, 209
Grad-fly Of SHeGD isc. Vacs oe coe ee 220
EOIN SEE 5h beh ted tact cesta ae tae OR et ee ee 46, 84
GON OSUBE. J ics5 chad sdcses tec engrescsa oka de 85, 86

INDEX. 237

Page

(CIS SIN EKG 1 Boy nail Kye) ae gene etree Ree tene eT RS A Serta coat eA nen irae her ecea eno 212
GSE TREMU WS CQDUDN Soe acres dc seutke tte cesar nas nant a seer ee an ears tei eter Ot kh 212
oe TCTLOMNOTOULUEST oc oh renee eT eT ae ey ee ae 216, 219

oe GIST I Ee SS eee eer Beaten aie ate VOL AEe Sonety in cee ese an ae 217

ee EX VON RAMONE 1a Meliten rn te Rec kyrals TS Le aN AE sre a tO PAIS

ue CSOT) CATRLS fe canal Oe Ae See tien Sete eS Sai Rncrtuti aera 217
(GreyeryS TNS YA OST DC Sak an ee oe ee a A essoatenee Hien ere rae 121
(Gun path WAY EE HACE aa OV Vai oe te AIR Ne Or Nae ae een coe oreo 203
GUE 5 otal eh ele ee Mn os RIDE Ny PN ca ne 223
CLO SSULOMEITIOTS UE CUTS Oo sare eee sed ee geen Rent eae en a, Ninn cae aes 162
GOdt=e Sitio -lOWMSC rs 5. cctesececsccsseeedecs tooo oven cetera SRE LIT NS cre We ROE 115
Ss TIO UIGTE shed GS aaa NAO ra ol Rte a a Oe aA ON pee SAA SS OS 104
(COORD R TIES Se OS ia re ein ah a as WAI oR eran Nn Pek ee Sa ena 109
ve GOGOMUTICUISI re nace etree Dene ae te eaten ac Won nn en eR 118

ise DUET TAO rect h ki aha ge Re or ee ee ae 119

ee (CUITOFTATOS 1 Mo sb rte aN 9 oe BoP ane opel RE PTR re eet Se 125.

as SOD OLE ISIE eh ce rept Racrste com scc baLd oak Bio Bad eso eR Oe EOE eae 118

es REMAND. Ota sSataee? eecisce odie Sv metas ee eet cused hate esbcteathotvesteaces, 127
HOTA ICS cies cae OS AO RES Ea OEE Ce EEE Pee ie cant Bee 109
ee LOTR COTAUS ome eee nit a ae ec en eed ee a RR nn co eek ECR 126

us CUESSTAT UU TS ee Pa Rete ae tee haere see Nee oe oe ae Pelee N iat tesa a oe 119:

ERIN RECT COIL DS PUT ce hat Neue ve eree oF eeu CAR ad RRL Ca a al 127

ot DELO Tee ae eR LIED ee oh OE IR a er ea get Nn Rone 126

ue PAUNTLLCLU LIU mene RA NN eT ae SLA Cee ARE Onl de oe) Deere as 28
STII Ty RA ie 8 BCP ake ao Aah Ste Ae pent Seb Pa ena Or EMAC ae 128

GiiOTy ODA AVE NSE fel OY 01 0) 0123 ols e e eae ee gn Pane A pete Wenn Re 33
CTS TASTE] 02 WG) EOS OTA N wee URE AS a ea AO ERO RSE ar CEP ne 99
(GEC MMe aden ait aera en ems id LUPE au, J bc armoalmu creak el kes, 168
Grocer smichissente ise ee: OY ol ELC a Riad Lae en al ee 88
(CGrossbeaik= IOUS eCatlynmenried. feecues estes Fs AUS ia eae ae ee cteeet nse te esse 144
(Greil eyraliay pm aVercd OV eye Glorieta sgh nae se Sane wea PERE EA ete Ue AeA ANAS Oo UE 219
CV IITTSIACS LO POT ES CGT DM aaa ee eg nip SORT Lea Rang ory a Ma er 28
Guinea-towl— Heathen MCer ca. car Naas caeesh eee eee en nies 127
PELE NTALOO TUR SETA OU Olmos see ne tee ete oe nae 8 Daa ee 162
SEIEETR UO PUTS USER ECA G8 sa em eae U Ne Orne tlees aad cue ee WR peste 102
ee COP SEORIUUS een Rn eee ent ee at ERE 102

3 TECUETO COP ILOLOS es 3 = Cece Sn eee aR ate ee segs tah 102

ot TYUOST RIG Shane capone 3 Lh a ere Na RON a CPeeend nh SAU A eg WER 105

at RUC ABSA moiety Uae Ses A me hata eee Woe ae le Uva ee ne 106

of SECT OD SUSE 3 tine snes Leet A es EG SONA EM ENE Ser fens Gay SUA T N 104

ne TOUS siciorcl dem Pease es Ara mee en a oN ete teem ek Nene ei Ae 101

a6 TVET eee ek SO IN oe T GME erate a ae VENT ay eRe ee ee 104

Tee yt a a a eg ae ey oe oe eee rece ....46, 108
TETRIS HUTS eae ea arp Re a Oe A 46, 80, 81
EAE Vest-Mmlbe=— ATM ePl Games, ire ase etae eee ee ece ee cengee cdc ease cane boteeten: 82

Ub = HU OPCAIG Ssvss neck eels Siero eee ee 83

238 INDEX.

Page

Harvestemites—Irritabime® 2. 5.....-scsise delete scsosetoigadecace sates ee 82
‘Elar'y @St- nil fest 2. 336 S220. 38 cock ets ane ness eect 46, 80, 82
Plead =O USE sO fe mari oo secc does coe eee ae Ce De eet cel 97
Hea d-=scaibtOLShee pers. jacc 0s tectsteesceves eeecenioe OUR See ee ee 60
Hc c=) Kos hs Pe eee eis Pei RRS CO Gi eet ei re rc eee ects Pb n eat Bs DOE ad 226
TT OMUON Gk PR airs sas Sedachchtons besiiadap om tecasteaee oesed a tees Maa ae cee nee ea 46, 195
a 3-9 nie i ok: eee te tee PR ae pe ah es Le LIER nN le ds Pee Ae os ease 137
TOSS i eat atl yah ree he 2, eee ke Rete tcctaet ase ean er Unease ee ital
FX pPOGOsee * CY WAP iG scons Suede. saat sever shag tte es cscane cases ete ee 143
FETT PODOSCHMCG LG RIN Sik vasase cae cangsaset tate tencenstertt, nevvou sce eeeeaa mee eget neem 46, 139
Hog Demod ex. O08. 2,0. cause tencsetenrecep ee taes are t efor ee 48
Ke STOUBeG eo oe doh Govoootag uceewe Socket anak eush Cou A ReGen = Ce ee 100
MiG SC BUD OL areca dase ce ance cea tee Sone oo TR seen Re 58
ROPE HY out eee re aoe ahos van svak soot gat betta ceavaaets osieed Seaaarmtaet te roe ee 162
FTOPS6— Bibl C-1OUSE. 55. fac. ccudhs euenane esc smersuk Gun tsan elebeea caster eee ease ae 113, 114
AS = OMS RR te EE I 5 UO oe hace RU or Dee ee 102
WO OUsMANG Cries oo oe eee Bee at te tag: SAU ee cnet 76

ES SIN AUT Oye. OR sass nda tod decgeates Benes th ei Seane nae ea ee 53, 59, 69

os FIT loa nt RNP eee aOR ESE Re nee Ate AION op aie ANT SD Oh Be iE Oy ET pe Be 143
House-fliy-— Vine COmM OM 4. 5. scart avipccesoeceoecvens toni ks nee 145
Nim ati Te ae Be eae Pe Ae ene esac aac accad see A tet ca detonate cee ee 131
FFYDOGEIINA DOCS once, scoceaeol etic Reet eee 226
Bs UU COLO a ah on Racecar Cesc te ooh cou E e 226
Insects injuriowsidm 4806.08.00. h cca nates ee 3
mterna) parastbeg i 2 vss Ns sedi outer wedoseei cnet ccs eee ee 46, 207
Irritating, Harvest-mitesn: 24 ook iach chica tienen See ee 82
TSCHMO COP Gs oc sensed eek ee Ne eed ee ee oe 109
Tteh-mite,Of dog — Waris) oe ee ie eras ed ee ee 77
i apie 0012) 0 Vo ean ener Aarne ORNL Se RD EIR NR oe 54
THCH=NGITESS: «oi. 25 olen ets ccsd cedccc th ene ce cee actos coe | 46, 50
ef OF DINGB sare ek eget ao Sts nee 78
Iteh-mite-—Seale-bearing 229... frscsdss ch ee ee 58
ue —Whe smigl).! Sree As. asss ak ee ena ee ee 61

Deco Wi 08 005 2 ore ian eee GA i 46, 89
Bh Fefo2) gpl <t: aan eat ae PN Olen: Peer e ee SM RRM poe Nera CRAY Sa 137
VIP SOUS KO SOG Doane eae tee sien: =. Hemet! We. 46, 80, 81, 1385
of WIS DUNG Fs can Nosh eveadne oa Ss es taco te ON: is YT 22
Bansas® Dips. 572 2GE eu tessa eek hise See ghee ee ee 74
Kerosene-emulsion asia, ip 0-205...) tae ste eee 75
Knemidokoptes vivipArus ....c.ccccccccccecceeee: reyicibast lea sacetecoeet aetna eee eee 63
Teteh roster: tUGOsa. 3... ccck at ee ne ee ee 22, 24
uf EP USES 2 ines ‘sicsnsssed \ctaate NUGRt ae A RE ee 22
ECenvOphlecus FASCHUUSS. «5. .ascaspcnedcerest wel oe cee ae A ee 204
Toa? 8. Dp. shed aiccccidiasedtasnttlsctectadcine ce eee 74
Léaf-hoppers—Grape-vine .ivif20 0) cae ee 33

Leaf-roller in 1896—Box-elder 31

INDEX. 239

Page.

MIG CECE SE Me tatmie aS aes io alonsisesasan slahecshehobey ohare tagetane tata daralenel cmaistes seis 5 ala loatayene aus 230
EIDE LUST LCT UCGIUUS [arr s)e ar oops. 6 ac acatn echt tasetenege ata she atciega, oss won aie delete hats 2
SMA OUUUTULTIOTUONLUS esp crsucys cecoae Vache Vo cycle es PTET Meare wee honessbats pana et stot hay Siete’ 83

SINS FUGA ITS caPaarara oom cee Sie eat al rose aia ee Stele eT NI <oheek haty BREEN os 82
EEC LEON TERN IN UIUC htt Pere fe tacien ote Perey onsen lela Patel eew) ae abril ede. apee stool eee ei 14
Nei Ce— Ae OG MMC ALN CIias, «rated eels 2 sar legsiatn cteks, apes of Saten davon) att ise eee Sais 108
PT CE UL RTL OFS da cursor arp senst erates oe eee ae eevee Sma anarioees « uoteyeue ons e 94
IO TIBOR SYOTRE Olen: to eae nS Bic ret Ore Oie Soe ae eeices eanes Ib ieee oe eect 38
BEE Ag EU HETID OLIVES so sha starortha hor ecelol ees reo halal Sep ator ed ata oiaata wey esa te 208
UE RIAN AOD EONTES. SONI T' s Cats Uae euses Se Ses en s eaamehtiars ole ashe we sie eee & 46, 207
EPR ACINGUISEX UNISON sats < ccustiche et atti He dos sito en ephertseckats ele tiags wre habe ong 123
S ORCI Ss Otiotio Saco oe BG oOGO Da tT Seton Oc a cae eens in CLE 126

ss BERET IGRUDIUUS ER Bites Sarat tak Seed Seeclete at's So aretha oi sieaciette 120

Me HCI LLUUS RTs steers teeter Maser NRT ROIs as nee oo soe eat ea hayead Hisreana teehee 123

e TUIUUOL A Pcs Ton ay Ree ete See Tee oye ol Teneo Paee ooh okarslSeslishes ation ay ate 129

see Pd OU EIIAD CCU Sere: of Neer acta cl os okey eins 200s) siakeh Er eins, Ae eens ols toenehn che eau 129

OS STU POLS let Rees a cts aaa tet perch a oihcs ce Aenea nic t= oe che, nie oom) wid nk 122

Up OAOLE TI sas, Spe aectiea Phe Be ORS etic Pao ac aen Cae OAL Ne Ree 122

He HOMOLOG OS» era RESIC IASC LEIS RiCnR erik Soar ee at EE Ea ae 120
PEON MOSCORGAUELeNOUBE: etc. alkohol arctets ais eave <r ede el ieis; lel diahelarecofons Gaye 4.4 104
TLD NADISTD ETE IVC) St eSRe NOE TEER LEIS AG FERN nO et ens EE Sen eR TO oe 203
ILAGWIEDSINES Sa acids BeSh cbt) OROe UE ino aalciss See Too ny ae A ae 46, 139
MOUSE lyn Ole OP OSSWCE Kaan aay te yates leva cteicicle oe oietienel halen er cientoiehcrs he 144
BOUSCEOLRC aia TUNG wy tans e)oteesve relia sys esi cie ails cleicre.c acwres Foti eg: apace 1
amma ML Ce CUD) Cae acy Meerere te yal scans Naat NSE Ga eS ae Nal aig aa reek AS evade Pay eh yee 113
Eee MOP han) Se Ee oe ra ase cia vk Gs ae uN on eioate ree eeatibaaters. 110
SAO COO FER ig ems eo Ee eee ee ere oir SI ny Pe 115

7 Bop OTOTS Seay Mien liles FOr Cua Pn ch Us ip a BERNA OY grocer tan, 3 uaa Oy eMC A 114
eel OSE A Ce ASS gM Orr steer cte erent openers ae, 1 fe Ante 113
Sey SCO Peak Ub MINOR eames tS abe «city eee Heuer. Waa 111

iy CANA yo agp te 1 DIS aap aeg a AMR re te PAS AMT gel sth aM Pte 106

OSE STOE NEN Gy orf aa reels INGA a ca SY Re aN AeA ERA Oe 2 101

Pe eee ISS Ox ec ray Ny gery chan N vse RPMs Gh maar ARMM coo 4S 102
Sewerre MITTENS) OUY.a career vere aces aanese ate ASS isch covey sional mers, metiials ae Acs 98

Se RE ee OLD Las ar tie tiara es ts caer aly Ker aie teval fay sary oe ccs 100
tee eT CUCL 1 ce ay Garter, MEME Nici gids) caine dee NRCan Sateen RN aua ag 97
PSC — UCI M Ors Wepre dasereaie thie a ke Wald seed a atocle dames 105

ee OMG -MOSEUe Cath lemmrvs mi crsees eeiory oretareie a ell oem er aiapel oreustcheie st ole 104

eame= SHOLETIOSCUn i whke say pga oma We teretest nici et ate ous chet aa ichensiaieeat cracls ole 102
BPO EOIIUD ILUEIOTODY cS. ceaue eee eget eet et Nec aie ns Waains pce theta Safe Aabce nlataeays 159
Ne TOBA CHT KT eeaehe reso oche OEE Oe caleas RESO Oa Tea neice Coren 158
LOND ESTUITIG CRISS SS A ce A Carle eI eat op ER ch Ba GP rit eR eR 46, 108
Viera ANS © clay SL OMIS Se yrache stakaite sa aur tau econe couse oeaionsketctsiiaclectrexiya cites are 98
Pia OU LO USC h sare Gale uaseacta eet nsielarehe ote teskeictece errr eaitecereealie eect eaters 100

Hd BNL CORUM LE ay 2,0 at eke fayoh gute o/obstsbahs 4 orauaiece otabeseker eke onion agenacahebat aon tisveitavteatene 48

OL MEH ak = cath a Am aes a ERY one itis GENS ia an ans ars Are ee Bet ae be eee 130

240 INDEX.

Page.

Mane a dsl Ous@ sii cesses do) ois e sale aiepatd oars ota ictetet chem erect 97
£4 =Ttch=miter: siec.sic nee et sregis Sleeie o AS Oe oe CMR AEE Ole ete tee ere 54
“© Norwegian Tteh-mite.v.ci05 ose mceseseiale a6 eolootis ope oispeate eee eee 58
Mange Of; dO pti. tsi cad F Soe dalaeis old cmicd ate ad iene nteee onan arsine leven aemereae 53, 61
ay LACORS: SRR IMO Oa Crea cic SIO cine cron, os 53, 59, 65

He horse—Foot..... A Sh oe OT Mere aie eae tG am Aso sf 76:

z ORGS RAT we e-ohalerar oeerel as elles eiehins shat omen oie: erenerals es) atau ome get en emotes 66

ns W.Olfs Jit b/s Amakae tee Cre dane Cee eee Dee eee Ce eere 53
Mathews sD ips < 226 icce wt wide ave lasers eters eresetocheycrayre ehatete re netatercicte ve Geen torere 75
Miaiy=beetlesiets.2.2) 2 S58 evans hc Stendeeoteeats hae tes oer hae DO CIEE TIC eee 22.
IMCLODREAGUS* OOUNRUSTS 507% 5 a's diss x 6 oe ehatelnwe se bores ate ose soleil ag eee cee es 141
DCT ODOTG RE tte sherk he ws fais ast nce motole one Oe ero a toe etn nt stele one ete mete 109
SE ULE ca aliige','s tanch ota eye Sue eh itor als eral awe ote elon relate Ser eae 109, 120:

+8 | PP OCSEOMTLONID Stk, 5 Wats: dya8e eines rede: Cueraeeh teva eke het one hue tet teta eta cae = eae 129

ie 1/1 (1/3) Lb ee ee ee A A ER EAR AMT ue RR a
METISUS: LESUUCUOT Sse. sie5ie wg dats oer wees where eu NORE io aE 12
MECOTUS ROOTS: Bais 5 ol Feletarete mnie lon euteoee atete eta teeters pets kohes ea eke er eee 21
Mite—Americam Jbl arveste, ais icyaverets © ovsvovsie sis yate eee ats) ekerche eisroiene eleperee 82.
Of Chickens... 25 seein tio so sep ose tieedeverendicious usvevesaus ete, ede etRec reeked tee 85

Si HUPropeamyElarvies tics. starsteber lave mie oeiclel «ctu erercbevege siete her setaae 83

Vo —Erritabin osElary.estes 3 sci cys (cia exe sta cur neke eerie fousie oearetr torent emeeasteihets 82

G6 = BUT OWE fajess 0 Wis ale nel aca loretelerttoke puarere ayermioloner oreu iors teaseote Tet toh asia 52, 53

to -Skin-ea bing iteh=s 56.5.0 ui atereeoctas » vietemarcel emcee area ters clevsionme Ci isanee 52

Me — Suckalino Dts: 67. 5 te Herpes eee, aye. cpseeae, etsy as oiele oregetelenemeieaeie re eee 53
Mosquitoes: 42222 535, c 2 nose ac ean tle Seer Aoten eee Ce eee 182
Musee: COMECSUICE ..% < «igids ticbote, <ialawioha ofe)e tate, ofegnte aisle aisust lai ee 145
DMESTOASUS iS a Sie ooo data nites osehe Nok Wlalonc ads eli latsloleleyiahe ale otal yas Gea ee oe ee 157
Miyriniced: SCObTINOUIS: <..5 5.3 «sme Sates Sesehers oun oo oler aie 01s (ole cegsh al neta eae 205
Nasal’ Botetlyi. 5 2i:5 sii. cb.<csved oasteassiocvecsas @steielelele eseyei ere reieyeherehe cae tenaiee tenets 217
Nematodes dm: dhiyii..c. s2.s/25 sean nietie ciclo ee armteiaeie ee ce eee eee 155
NOV ada, Dip. cee syne aude syere os syooe, aye eeevev eine adeate lc ieteve toetee: Meustenene eter cneedtiemere 74
INOCHUG MENNICD Sais. hisehana seh eee son mpi ier eee Cen oEne 20
INotonectas UpveUlaten joie: BGas Sees ties neta a essere ereus volar aks POPC eoLe ieee 202
Norwegian Itch-mite of mans ssi fi.5 60 sas dice ae (eae eee 58:
IN@=SEG=UIME 5 Sisikss, Fab occs Sedo. dia susp a gece cate or dl cana. RDEASNS CHER SV Oe etlo tee Ton eer il7alt
(HESETUMOGS. «, &5 AEE SAS snc. 588 Gy Syke ares ec sel ES Sve ks: shee OTS Ace ete 46, 210.
CH SIVUS OVIS 35. cad here sce hee Dee tee els foeelte cle atone eee ee 219
Ophion Ur Gaur 50.3 5 cotelos- cto etevey~ <i hel hase ace ere eee ER CE ee 17
OFNRMROOIUS is Laos os Bae kee A A ae Se OL EE eae 109
os CYC sala! she's « <.c 'aichd oi8 6 8, Rete re aed aie mpaeet hays) ash cha oer ete tense 123
Oseinis Pallipis in nice poe bins + nals thn ouieta leis ® py wisi cee te Mertetntar ene 170
FESS SOVOM «Si xo: ai0\ 615: 5; 0 0h ope 5 ousie ah esr op Sua evs ONSERENGLED Sat RM a LGN an se Aoi elion een 6
Ox—Maange Of Feros dais sae de ok Ue ee Dee Dae POE Cee 66
SOW er DI@atiye.. cls Savoie sa) tc one un Sree ogee a Sha chelsea al cesta sh pene eur teeters 226
Parasites of man and domesticated animals...................-. 44
Peacock—Featherlice of... i. .c3 50's snc ashes eels ne teen aera 127

INDEX. 241

Page.

PCG CUI Bact mel olceek aes ais Mee ace a iole anaceys foun oie ch har cay aes may stereis atop moeeaae aan 46, 94
COOLING (COREUISS 2%— 0 Bev docs «as, ace Sarays weglave, Ware ame Ceagatahys d's balances wee 97
ou DESTUIVUGT ILD hats ak. Ase ate Hat Tes ac uence BSN eke Va aes ease etene Eorecaro als 98

MO TIUUSEONUGRLCENLOULCS Hopnee cer rerades oA) bese arareke alee aiere ee ote ret erates sy shahetok 208
HSU U I SENG PD OMbp Oly. ccicelaves; < shes alatevevoss si a cuet ooh orale cnet sneyenstare)oie) al araltets: 2 ayer sven eie 34
BINNS TIS Rate eetarttsrcre ve rstas cote carci ates etn srabedacnanty kee rag epStep vere er si Srewet sore 99, 101
RROD EER SAL RUIIROILUS: ae Gini s sies aches aie ope to cuaingaeeeuet Ae av ORIG 2 0/2) eh Seetaee © 100
46 GO YN OES eee ae Ran a 20 Hy Bie Acne ae Rae en tl sierra een PARC At APN 100
Pigeon—Feather-lice OE ester cies scr ie ie ley cacrateley Sayer cadena Sis a) susesieactua ah 125
BI eCOnNSs a lbaCKed ev DCG DUG Seti ciaieierc clei crelaieleleletal «ie «ior! ietoraleietere 199
HEMI CHUL preter retraite chat at on ci ales ec ah tren eMerisavcaar tons c yer onanteeek oar cucneh Peach ah ofexedaxeneh Caen ste 135
ET AUS POLL OMe spaete lone sey a ckaererevcrieks vahelett Cire sis oi hardin aievaraislals’ clepargnewaovcheyens 201
HET CULT UIT OM stateless tev seecst eieieueietn ePaper aeMo vey are hemo taNetira, cise Svaudlo fe GhenedSns 41
etree ROM OTe eters ea cain wi taraiten scare etal scan teat c sits oe Sara bepeta aN 'ahay oh sylev sls aicshanedaye 38
Roecket-c opera iCal e staal. oxeyriicinielaisie ss epelsi« ava siersis crarsilsnclals sispatesaisteretate 94
SEOUL USB TETIULL Std 45's) 5 hele ass) sicc3.4 4 aia sials +) sy 8 sists nlgnsyaitiniarayalayoid Sink wi eheke 13
IPAS RUD Oe SHH 1S Non chg Oe RETR OI ODIO RCE en ie ne CRG IS HO oe aac 27
TSO CE MVC MLOMLOTT ROUMQUIS 05 < xiviclcicis ajo piss cpeise, os lere fe vie claje «in ewalaispene 21
NaS OTCES Poot PPTs Nae picasa oe a cis e/a; Sern, « NeralorE TS wins wie's, «aso. SPlewaresae 52, 64
50") QO MDONLUIS Boece PIO OCC OO RCE an Cee Deo aa 65

es 2 EEN GUOTOTOUST Sioa eee eee PRR CS AC Lee OR in Bice 66

a at BECO UU rata Spe M Acinic thar ec aie Caan ee cor emer eTto eae 65

< ah Ss (27S ns, eral RE aioe norm tionsi oka a ere teats oe a onan 66

JP UNIAD CHOOT Diet cle depo LI DIAS PONORACIEIOE CERO DEO Reece ton 137
OB “OT PIFUIOHS akc on We DONORS SOC OORSDICK CIE aS SEE GRO ROC oo DOM IOS o pelsO
SS GOTFIROHIKGG DSS Gee SOB OC Hits HEE IG OI Renin Smee hig Heatran 133
LERNER Oe Sl tre ei CRO ROA ECR RE AAU rae Nee AER oP RS NS ee 129
FEZ Uaitallsal © meee peeeeatee bayer erciucceonl ctayera crn ater oR ok reheiaik aserk ella al telenate ereovaeahetenc sealer shes 171
PERE EU TNO NOME re dea ate te J «CU tevenaraye ish aera ereoves cual eke lokckanae, @ahital Si aietsininl SRY dLa 139
VOUS = be Me maibe scree arearons ters cis. Seoihee- a oe steve, a) herauaae Colerain stenee Bieroteetaka 61
TREATS OURS) 8 siore po ee OURO cE cisions DOIN CIRCE EOI eee OU In eer cand 81
ved etal ecesks © betlivcrn cones eemeeiteredeveie nebo iatarsvatasalaseushare taseetarsleusiarreinvatedebansl. oe 216
PANGAN ALCTis GONG CASO sin patell aie cpetctelate vlstelecassee croton atciase tele setae Mvaials alone se 91
IEVEMIMeNsCle ;Sielm CC Zea tlive nia. iapere siearaee tencnelecs/e\ aycierey evan sbawetetsyeNe forse oust ole//' 166
JREWNACIDS Cyeelacsiy lrhubaere, So Sooo eas oencdoconOOD ono onbooboDElT HUY)
fs ELE ha OYO ea a aye ale te 0 vtec tied cc SNES cs Re NE EER CLT ONE IH NN 218

ve Sie COULLO=bIC Kaew e stunts Cae sen aia tanita). Ak aleretareral sage c!hope'e 92

ne eee CHLC KOM TMC Sie aera steelaciateeeree. ice ona ate ctelatanerey eas 86

ne heme CICK CM=S Caldera wrueiein kerern alcieeteasicioael ore eich aseTavenciate 64

Ee : COMMONUMIAMAe OT IMOLS Cas.) a0 sete eke et-tes ee lees 66

us 25 Govmalaovorn SIME] O-SCZHO) Bo ooncosnenacooudr sioa0neocus 71

z ae Car MUCH —IMUbe m Ole O Cryer taracpecis teitaleitaisie/ aielelere 77

of sp ae ACEH GES wears, eee tenet creterate cA aisle sat oue Chaneseltete 49

tS Ce MMH EUG eateries uren Gun pan Vir ence one Ratan aal 10,), dra, sch atlatatece 135

a MA TIVC SUaMNNCC Sinner ener A vesnatone Siccoren thal We rieel cre rancs Shay quater 82

242 INDEX.

Page.

Remedies against itch-mite Of man................. cc ceceeeeeeeee 56
ee 6 VCS isos sy see Ate eck Bene ee Bide Foe Be ee eee 107

aS ¢¢ "Cmange, Of the horse <-.......s.h.0-s sce pee ete 59

a es BO SE: SNE AOR Oe od sara das Cas See ee 66

ee Oe. "SINCE PEbICK Si 7.cerctela tests wae alee a de gee cE Sane eee 143
oe oO” “USmMaMNIteh=mMI bes eajscc. pveneraiesdinie's stevareey Sete eee eee 62

Se $0.) BUCGKIMNG=WeGs. A wih isajs ists ciclo ates eee eee eee 106
Of . warble-flies *x.40 2.3 eh oak Sane ee eran 226
Report ofh. H.. Pettit. 05% cnieerges swicts sins = ee he epaltge eee ee ee 34
RoloflssDipiic.ss «tennessee cet ere uate te eee ee lene tere reons 75
Rose-beetle—The common hairy... 0.2... sss seuss ee rite 26
FROUNG=WOLTTIB is): occ). ors oi. icroa ele tisielk sista « Gitte s/cm bm sis ale cece mete ieeeins eens 230
Sanda ais aoc Betis ool ots ic hekenan cle Syatetoreiae ts faltey Sie ternleacnoke ceaieae eee oles 135
SATCOPNAYG: COTTETUG 7 a .aF8 ok eee einis » cle aie laivois nietaaniew Ole tqeteteta te ieeaennane 155
Latifrons: 2: Sassi fephato he ode aie tee 0 8 1 Ee 158
Sarcopsywa GaAlUnaceaie.. o's sicc%io cnGelcie aw sims oe elete 5» vinpinnetal ate leeletieee a meee 137
tt DONCUTONS i5caisic ies a3 %s acie cha hcaie elena ai eta eketalthalei oes tekee Reenter 135
SOrCOptes. 26 see bos wd vials Sine oko Soitin. we Faas bays c treatin Giletciei as ieee 52, 53
OOOO sic ascais abe0e ods ew ede & tox SATS Se ta cade tote ye oP cee aan 61
18 eS OPUSLOSCE. « colarct ox,50'5) oie aheis ala slois erate Stole fein oe ehansterstotleie hereto feteveneetens 58

: CUNICUD EAE Goa as ons OO Foe Oe Ce eee Le ee eee 61

OF INUNON, Haices morstactalatces co al ssine. Stel eae ahanaee Siw die Hin ohio ee as te eee 53, 61

60 SSINULOUINS 0 SS BS Rie oot Sas cbva gare aie once is hiee ape onthe Pe Ra Eee 63
$8) SCADIEL "st avate tie els sere estore, ardaleve aPajoue so Paeiea ta Socio eS eee 53

fs 6)" VAD S LOGINS sic! Sel itusia Co Wale Grete lod oc MASE a Re 53, 61
he ae 6S CODE Oe wk 2ie sla Fin nba’ (2 oe vos Oa ge eee eee 53
us a SENT CQ UMA or atele coe renotrs esthd. aac apeieiaiate apaicisret ane aaa ne 53, 59
v7 mg 6 MOMANIS SE Bis aie. 5 aici hie ste bes CoE ne eee 54
ce ig Be RUDD Nain oS tia ala ts, and siete sigh iauene ee ie iene ne eae 53
yt “s BB} SOULS s ba cvetershbalny & aucrafene wane eee eee EP cice 538, 60
ue He Shes SUES et ete ald. Sth avo RTS EN Ske cee SetasloNe ane 53, 59
C8) SQUMINTTETUS <a iclahie oiale & wate a ietre osiats css tate See ae a eee 59
SOrCopeidees 25! Ph oes waken Se PR a oe Wee we eee eae ee ee 46, 50
Scab of chickens is... 2 5 85 cial sidiare «os 6 Seow ie eect caiake eae ee 63
£8 SEAT OatE MB ehic crete OK pitino Belove oils Sine tae ae Cane eee 53

8 SEOs. cl amas ae < betined oaeiek « oa aaiee pa 53, 5

so ke (pheep—Common sacs walsicerehbe sis oe eee ee eee 66

RA tk 86 WOO oe Sie histo a aig aia Stele + Gace ieee trade eee 76
Scale-bearing Ttch-mites 2% 10.352 des Se. ana b thee eal eee oe 58
SCLEW=W.OPM 63 Fok talk. Sale ters gs Wiatethmie eels anslere ake reir ae ee 158
Scheurle and: Kehm’s Dip. wc ois 0. cas sos c tse. te satel one ee en eee 75
SESi@: SYTINGH oc. oe. in 2 3's | ble St clad eee wes Meee 38
Sheep—Bitin g-lOMse. as. olor spe Sh See tee cle one etaheegoee he Re ee erie 111
*¢ " ==Common=sCab ... 5.0. k 3.2% seare s coeiceecdennye Gert eke eee eee 66

PS SSPOOb-BOAD oo. os cis den Ss wate were pete ee eee 76

8 PSS Gad Ayes Siecle eiais Gis, vce CF Ole os chs Ee ee Re a eee 219

INDEX. 243

Page

SMOG OMEN OM ain ks a 5 cross amine seat See eRe eh at aS 60
bap SUCKING OUSE.\.2 delet. He oe Ses Oe Ree ek ae eee ee me 105

a CLERICS cs CaP SG RED tat Oc aa Bi yf wd RR RR I Ee ea 141
SMG HG SEO dius MOISE! versie a snciat cade otieretrek tea nave Sroka he ae eons 102
AARNE Lt ALI LODE LAE UTR oes aaa utp koro eee eI are SR TRAE Sa 48
PU PIED ICH gS ascot a eh acnse sieeaistnen Said seems RET AOS EM ees mae RS 46, 129
PNUD RID TERE) got Mes tNctins sc crate sa coc IER EE ores UA helere ahvsnis oer ea A 172
RSA EL ENV MOCCO LUAU sens rs ahata avalcnate the See eae Siolon aie erates set Re ae Big 177
is LUT OT ASTID Nata, c aches petty eae a he OE aloes aia ealeoae Mikes nee ea 179

uN CLS L ING) UT ARI AC: 5 Sree Ae nO SRO a aaa hy ame A ig eae) 174

ot TILUTUUGGULT ae News cd fer oe pL eke oe evo eee Ao is SA AR oe oe ee 176

or RUD TURD as PN Ne tee Ta Her lere eee te sie hws patel a ae ws Oe we 179
SUCTACSP NST REA LCL cS 0K Pets aes Pe Sone a a a Ae fae ee a a 52, 64
SIRO MEI acroebiecNaratats Mais cletore rai scstersna\eie istic «\G a.cd ai Mees sl cova ee Ceara Re 230
EO MULLUT SUNIL aia oss nke ce 6s Sadi se vocal deo selajasinle bss sees 206
Soo UNS MM OUE ox pein ton erento: ta pela ies olei s wa(eteoe ne 6s Laalew gamete ewok 204
[SVL TRELICI LENGHT Dish ic SY eRe ona Oreck Ope OTH AORN cock ERE I ROR ee ee 153
SH OIOsUhy esas eile GAS HIRO ODER CO Mio oieaer ES AISIG ot 4 COIs Coe nny mea 160
TS HOIMEILYS a CIUCULMONUS «sarah ats Sans c.2e 5 pe A cleft aisle es eos 2 Oe em «che solace op 161
pus TeMDH SUMAN EL TORE LY Sicha tas teins ee TaY te eG, ecith card) areisis Maw arv. etoile daha Ce 226
STIGIR TH avGes UE) OLS cy FS RA eo ee 53
SINCE OIL COn esr andes ciates ote wt sactatapela® sPevele/otece ete cj lnc: Svacersievetate oareiels ase ace 46, 94
Swallows infested by bed-bugs.............0...6ccccceceeccecces 199
Swan—Feather-lice............. SSB NCS LORRI TOE DERE 12]
1 SURETY BONG a0 bo ee Ne og OP Os Ree Re RE Se Pl 53, 75
ue GUT CULOTUTU crece tatteter Tae omice es ieee eae ope ele Meal ae 75

ue sf ELIS Ms COLIUUS rete sestmher s’ = cfs clatatere ghesead tere mercy aici 77

et COTM UNIS MatsNareu tetera te steed ae siete Lod alae Sore 5 eee Oe oS 75

se cn Micon CQULU donk ye aie o vlc Hiagiea nine ene ernchs cater ene slats 76

at Be COS OUIS Mets isthe ck trai Won chee eae RT A oe oe estes 76

I GTIEELOTNES | CUSECOUN cnc ctate erclan a) welalavars’ da\tiale a sia. nad StleesO tyes «see 79
GNOUNGDOC Aes se ieee BB OD at SOT PO ION TOR ER RRR HRC E Ie a SE iene 166
INGAAS CURTIS a WeL ee A Wales Sous BOOS Cae he SOE CLT ae 168
oe LUTCOVO Sr en oie SRR eI Sie cs Sas cot eo A ae 168

of MELTUILN OL GareN a cre Rar Saar RB eee Met Cae SM rte coon a eteetbias 168
Maehinetadiy Of APINY WOM: ./.c. a seler se 4 os ged k'ss oc. vere are bes ee ee 16
MGM CILCUINOLITE tare. b:s8 Seals nae aE = RS Ce ee eRe eR ERS Na teenies 110
Os” SUV) AoC R OTROS CAC OO So aD ST Shae GAOT ae EE 165
{MEH Ta OLE 0 eee MR es BOR RIERS RES OIE Heche a BURR Re ha Ne enn ae 110, 165
TAvewaerni-sia ped HiVe-MOUG. 8 0. whe is) ce elejsca ate Sietueeaa O wible « yee aha. 208
PMT OUUCIELIS. (LUC WITUTECLLES =< xine- «i000, ote, erates oie Bis eas lershalciaemislale ele wee bea whale 83
NERS She] O11 8 ote Nema eine Oe rv A oe re ee cee ce 74
ss NOS Tyee teens Nie ot arc ate sh aver ots wohavtaie ys, chee aisle fe Sastayen steeds cicre ce iecors taker nasa 91
ATC Ke =O Ab ule ater, tia rae ictacs Misc coack, cape a tetera ae AS eR Re asa cate ded Siairals 91
eye = COs TITAN TA yd Peed es ecient eens Seay he rs cheeens oiebetovore che Sie ave a ae See 92

OS seat CHAN VC) FeSO CONNIE) 1 0.) De Ber Ne RI ERIE eME Nay sn ee Oe CANS pel age oleae as eer 85

244 INDEX.

Page

Tick—Pocket-gopher ........2-.-.+00-% fis bv kik ca akw wie peeteeete yet ate 94
PPREK HAS OE: oeatecclstite ois ca tesatorere ie “ee tols tote fe sores ef Wla lett te atetatcc i leek ope elena 83, 94
DUTT CLESY 3 schcss'ecse cece lew a be Yoroteve laCaho eats iolel al sha ot otlelot ch cl olen litav ot oetabol ley ohsitteter lope raeee aie 46, 89
MON SUL SbG eae odie je os 2 ba cielere wim aie ie emialare oleh cel dmtaie toy de Neate eee 207
WONSUC-WOPIIS ~ © a « o< Se ape wre mie eel de el eicl rota A pet ele ee 207
PMreehopper—-Celer y~ «so iesce raw arom wma wes mis wooo te paie re me ieretee we leet eee 37
Te Oe. SAGA DESVAND 214 caters ao ln a Hotel oo rete ahaa Whee het acetate 33
WRRCRODECLES Ho Sere Se Sag wo a en eee ale: ach oar a ar en teues ler ona eae a 109
nh CURT oi ac Se wo chey oper Seton tne nero norec Sars <he SS bs he Renee 115

2 VOUUS 5 oid vies Sein tie «Seis. dda eS tomrignis ces nln pee Cee ee emt 110

“ LRA VUBGUEAS iis «so casa tee mi sts 6 wh to anatioes woe es casos neta a ee 115

_ DAPUMPUOSUS: Aoi. a esp oie noes osm 4 ee Se eee ere 114

e PUMOSUS 5 cw sess Sy 5 iw ain Ds SR 9 Saale ae ie ea 113

oe SOLIS is foss copia elevn codons alas @ aa gente aiasaee aoa ale tal alia die eae ele ee 113

= SpPRLOCOPRGIUS 5-505 05 serio «sea a os dee ee ee 111

us SUDTOSEGLUS . &,-. < c/cia'abe.'s Seas, coe.> werd plelaievaiaus! sh gsn aan alg at eit ee 111
Fricocephalus Cispar. ..s<.s06 55 sess 4-545 stately ain eS elai sation eee 165
RUNOVUN oa seek Om ciotalnn ithe asl elise olga eae chevelle eee amen 109
= CONSPUNCALWIN, Sea os yeaa’ 2c ls vein eos a ee 124

i ition ook kaa ay emo ge ete ee OE sndlod is Gepegiee 124

3 WUTEOMIN oon int og ah an a'g 0s algae Seaton shee em tae 124
PromebidHgde, oie ciiees dedecuwe loc mere Hee see eee ret ee CO Cee 46, 80
Trombidiam LOCUSta ew arr cv eicraheves mo scoint ovsvcls ate oe Bi igwante Nels SCM ee 80
ee QMUSCOPUIN orainis die sie inn alte <isiaiu alee nivle.« las 8 etal Oe Re eae 80
Tsetse-fly. 2.5.6. ok cna tecwekne ben bagerce be py eerie Ewen iret Omen ema 161
Turkey—Peatherlice oi. 6. 6. esa ra nce es resins le gees eee 127
Two-spotted -CorBairs ...~ gal aqede = cio wis oot enslsle hele tye etehaeiton eee 101
Dijphlocyba. COMES. J acs ant ax eae oe pnip sins wm hears tala 34
BS PU NEDLD «6 <-<:u'ns wm Seerard & s anieesietssiatyaleeud pe ae abe ee ae 34

RY rogly phos: LONGI’ =. cin sis cin wn.cs ode se ae's Sain eae selene te ree eee 87
¥ SQCCRONT oo oda g's Sale Cob ga sb eiiele Vigil eugene eee nee 88
Wrarble-fly—The Ox. oi... Ligne fiso.00. <i serious tates ate ne ee 226
re —Striped., .. sac ceevecesescos ete pee ee es eee eee eee 252
Weal? STD 60 aes sob ceteceh mp espegev ners uiese seven oo oe ateenege ee een ee eee 74
Water, Boatman. 6 0 /g.ccue > eose es talcum Speen or siat ignenae ore 202
Wiheat-sbeme mao oO bese s-a5 ceideieieck elie tiie ieen tein i iio ane 10
Lyobirertes gull) eee arity Gc Or UO DOO CST OOOO DH Toots boc ac 22

Zam del’s Dip. 55 sscrs wetee voice duets oh deieis espe ae eee 74

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FIG. 12, (2dtia)

Noefya Fermiee [20

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FIG.

PLATE V.

| Fyprlecyba p33

‘Gs £9:

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15.

FIG.

tachnoslexvna

PLATE VI.

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Coccotoyus erunveiaa. 238

FIG. 22.

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FIG. 128.

FIG. 46.

PLATE VIII.

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FIG. 3

PLATE IX.

FIG. 60.

PATH OXe

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FIG. 125.

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FIG. 130.

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FIG. 132.

ATH exe

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FIG..135.

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Hacmafobia. serYata ples

FIG. 136.

PEATE, XC:

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FIG. 139.

Chry sobs aestvans P Ig

FIG. 140.

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Cacoeera semiferana. ps!

PLATE XVI.

FIG. 188.

Chione® yalqa
p 230

FIG. 189.

ERRATA.

Page 11, line 2, read Cecidomyia for Cecidomia.
, Page 49, fig. 25 is upside down.

Page 79, under fig. 43, read original for origina .

Page 105, under fig. 75, read egg for gg.

Page 109, line 6 from bottom, read Amblycera for Am-
blicera.

Page 110, under fig. 78, read Biting-louse for Biting
1 use.

Page 120, line 8, read Lipeurus for Lipeeurus.

Page 126, line 4 from bottom, read Lipeurus for Lipu-
Crus.

Page 176, line 2 from bottom, read fig. 143 for 145.

Page 178, line 3 from bottom, read 145 and 146 for 143
to 146.

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