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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

LIBRARY OF
Henry Guernsey Hubbard

Eugene Amandus Schwarz
4

DONATED IN 1902 __

y=

J,
ACCESSION rE Le Ben see 4.

16 MIN,

. tire <
a

<
ee Wis. .

19 We 4) an ie
i el a

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT

OP THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

OP THE

State Experiment
Station

University of Minnesota,

To THE GOVERNOR,

FOR THE YEAR 1808.

LS

BY OTTO LUGGER,
PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY,
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.

ST. PAUL
McCGILL-WARNER Co.
1899.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

STATE ExPERIMENT STATION, |
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. {

JaNuARY 1, 1899.

To His Excellency, D, M. Clough, Governor of Minnesota:

Str—In accordance with the law, I have the honor to
present herewith my fourth annual report as Entomologist
of the Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota
for the year ending December 31, 1898.

Very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,

Otto LUGGER.

1897.
Aug.

Sept.
Oct.

Nov.

Oct.
Nov.

Dec.

1898.
Feb.

14.

ba

De ye
eas

ell ell ell alll axl alll ool antl ntl on

ROVDINOL Aw mitcallle oN aici nee COL cscess wvecvers=cse' 4

és Poe Wesley Griena mens cccveseserosaseesc ses 5

‘* expenses of E. B. Forbes and H.Lugger.. 6-7
‘“‘ salary and labor for August, 1897......... 8-9
** salary and labor for September, 1897..... 10-11
feed OTE fi Gra), i SECCMEGEsacenst-ccen lesces neicesse scone 12

ES ‘““ Cambridge Bot. Supply Co........... 13

‘“ salary and labor for October, 1897......... 14-16
SE TENSES OLE OG DESicssceveesccecnsces sasea0 NG,

Yr ‘ es SW Aidsean Mbeoosenceontdsoncec 1

“* bill of Houghton, Mifflin & Co................ 2

pee a OWNER MALE TIONS. isco sgavsticclscnsonesnscasnuseee> 3

So ROM Anno cmlenen 2: COve....10.-.ccsc-..5-2= 4
SLOT SEY Oe CUEILELUSTID PICSscnsocascs5e<-a0enyoes 5
BeOS GB SEEUDTICL S: NOMS), soe. -tocsavaccuanas 6
atm ICICI ct TI Oh ocet) eecuamestewccowsccacaesens a
Pe. OSTEO ON Ve aL Keel CO. ..cscccess ces 8

‘* salary and labor for November, 1897..... 9-11
SD MIN@ TA VVickl gt GrRUEMMA SET: <.2cccscesercnctoscoase 12
“expenses of E. B. Forbes during Sept.,

(QEE IN ON iat eveeccceec shaven dcxescsencecscsveuvessessecae 13

WP GSH OLESSS soa Stine st onda oak caer essegsceooraps ean ECE 14

Eee SIMUL IMAM SILOS to uessvas dogisscr«tsndravsersces toe 15
SePAL CaP Rey itl Oy © Olea ters rine cAsasscutacsesattn's duces 16
eR TIS CS tent nate at edeteesteecnecngesrucsethonavecsacdtrecccell «aehavecm
‘* salary and labor for December, 1897....... iel9
Be SEA E) Sire teareenes seccereccatassacteacattacesacecacwonccay 20
SenCea TRESS CUS LOM ses nesasteccessancenseectrssesenern ers 21-23
“- Bauseh & Lomb Optical Co......0.:......00.2. 1

See SAL V ATIG) 1AM OLeeselacssecctscctsvclocstsassstreseees 2-t
PRC CNV EMI RE POD G ces sdeslicsmuentevsevacuonse susnerenie 5

BR UIMIS DUE OU akcetss«dbsoksshetanarsccce-nectrecanctess 6

MO e@@etoes Of clg by. PP OLUES.scc..5..0~sdsenshvosshese 7
“bill of Fuchs: & Lang Mfg. Co.................. 8

a mA Pm Orc NAP LACLICEL ceeyvesecuosva -uatsavseuupesssose 9;

A Ghee (tPA LR CHEE T precyecctsenssaseasctrvrtesne cg 10

‘* bill for electrotypes from Washington..... 11

Be PEOMTINESS raresnttcgucks ch colUakaeaacuchabansssecsistdasinane 12:

iii.

FINANCIAL REPORT.

No. of Vouchers.

SEH SEch Manx eer eek sce aeete se axehspb ech sacecnserbsecassaul candecbas

Amount.

$48.38:
2.00
3.00
130.00
130.00)
17.70
5.60
110.00
12.25,
6.80
50.00
1.85
5.98
.95-
5.80 .
11.83
5.00"
115.00-
3.00

5.45.
3375
14.90:
25.00
1.15.
115.00
12.00)
8.65:

24.47
115.00
11.55
24.00
3.85
3.77
25.20
13.71
8.90:
6.60
1.10;

iv.

1898. No. of Vouchers. Amount,
Mar. 1. To salary and labor for February, 1898....... 1-3 105.00
fe MCE NGOG WU LUE Ov eetcnetarcsunenastonterecst = uwartewvarnctenvs 4 13.50
1. |. “expenses Of BiB. POnnes..-s.rs-hesvnerraniataecte: 5 7.00
5 Leia Ae ede radian: = Ope By Sa 2h aA een RENE 6 2.05
Lee 28S Hill OF Tye aE ess caa caps sctacetntarahatespaves vs 26.25
BERS okey Woe ee) Dy ak ea ely ake | Clo rcpencsoctncsnoncodr once aE 8 25.00
of SV billof- Ese Bakers .cccscccossescrssesswetae eaten 9 8.25
ee oe pe OhMPSe limi Eb sce: scenes: sseeenccsoee tenes 10 25.20
SRE GETS CCMRE Gwcenas sees taecacet or egeeuaaes Le 5.90
Te OWE Grnenhia eis ccvctccarcartauteanes 12 eae
1a Ss SG OOd Vea RMDMEE CO. wr tcatertecernteate 13 1.00
1 a +2 ae Wena 23 C Obecs see ccntees eadde sencerseaeiarens 14 7.50
es BeXPLeSSian Gut ey libre. seneaee seseeeeneneeneseoeeer se 15 3.82
Oe SGX: PENSES ce. seccerctesacnoksoete sor ac saree emeaneneeecesate entices 1.25
April 1. ‘ salary and labor for March, 1898........... 1-3 140.00
Mar. 13...“ trip to Lake City and Red) Wing. xc..-e-s + 7.00
Apel. 4°.“ bill’of ZimmermianyBros tas -cscsaccs-eeecesee es 5 2.73
A 8 Ho WONOWES SOS Ges Cub letiies- ss vesseseceeneses 6 2 41
Mar. 2s: ). (o> Minneapolissbaper(Conasessse-ccsesoees “ii 5.00
eae SS meat. (CUCr. soar etna cs sea ene ae oeee ne etene emaeaseee ee 8 2
Apel yaks) 5 (BXDOUSES WW iccss econaakastpotnacateccsen-Gentnes-eiesenvatre Meneses tem 1.35
15. ‘ bill of McGill-Warner Co., for Annual
IRGDORE ee. cetesce: setennnanccaccescccncnssesseessoosasens 1,550.00
May). 1). ** salary and labor for Ajpriliccci.6-2. 5. cancceoree 1-3 and6 155.40
fe SS Sbitltot (Cobra alketyesceceserseseserssueteeeeene reer 4. 12.00
a Pe VAR AS RCM Gtr acon ere xrasse tenance dace anteiyeanar eeeee 5 1.80
i) Sepa pert expressiandistanipsiccsesscscossesenesa nee 7-9 16.10
Ie ie (\CXPICHSES\. se<ccccachecacseceteorecccteaeccet curser acenneee meeaneenes 4.30
Liev trip tonSramd BOrks...2.cts.-sseecessessarreae tes 10 9.25
Ne ire Aras VEE @ 11s, SOC ace sseseses crete aVansauetniteneseneee aba es 4.00
Loy 1h AME NaN BT OSes eeearancsvs<c0oe-seesedsceseatees 12 2.42
Nine sal. ec ‘salanyamdilabortors Malysc.ccotesccotespsa-ceeee 1-3 145.00
pie) oy Vira de: ) go crane cmon ier Bee Recs Parcs a 4.00
a APY oe Se PSUS CHING AG OND rvecetecssccvensexcaenceees 5 5.50
a Pema) i iroregepe hel write a Meer nee mere Ny rere ot 6 16.50
BR east oS 5 ro da Fa) S Nats © So] onc vemnes peeeea tek pera ori F 6 7 9.65
Or ena a eee ANG NA Hot ruatces Crnaitns deveness sen maewers 8 6.00
13.“ tripsamade Dy H. Vag per ins.cccccssetenvepaaee 9 5.60
BLN ie NV gs OSS coceeen tedenes cena nunseasccaccecursdecsntesaceanwane 10 4.75
1. ‘“* tripsto Red Wing and Osceola........... .... 11 4.56
PE ie ‘« —N. Dakota and Red River valley
ACCEN LOCUSTS aceacsvevcensoeererseressnecoskeaceasmaneee 12 20.25
tee billiof Zimmerman BrOste.-csecesssenceosereessace 13 3.10
LoS loves: Bros. 6c iCariet. <Asapsccuieas 14 2.00
ey 1S Stam pssst ee ESE AOTC ror oe 15 15.00
BS OW Rite semcleranc rac ouwureeite stanaaeestaead 16 2 00

v.

1898. No. of Vouchers. Amount.
SPRITE rat, LO) CRMILESS, CLC Locnys snehpesunednvassaccnses sate touanssmnsn aly 4.25
Talvet. salary.and labor for JUne.......<c.1..sscssecseus 1-4 345.00
mae UUOn Gene), SS LECUCKUrcccdsvesanclosssccusrereranorce 5 14.00

a Laie UMP A cate SCUIONET NEiCO.isccecsecsedusendas ices 6 12.66.

2 See A IMIMEeLIN AMM ELOSs. sastecccseusscteaersvetss {i 13.93.

gs Se OW Sih. SLUTS DCN 225, 2.0se-ccnscusaaves 8 6.00

Tle ene Atr yy ia Le 7 Sy CO) crscecaaevscceouksoveeses 9 18.00

Ba A ea Sd lee Ie OTIEUGC en ccenens sacs oe ave Nai sxarenee 10 17.50
iinet ear rer, tri pico NankatOr.cs-c.. 11 7.65

i erep RS LAL Siternensecectccasesntenssnsscacctsscsaccueecbestesaae 12 15.00

Bete MAITMGE |p SERS EI LOS tdcertv: <ccesssdecivacsneesceseeases 13 3.37

ee dames Soyo Ey CISTI COS co 7 void inate So Sandedon cay 14 3.25

NOR XULCSS nreaetneccncvatecrccess cu-secceuccesssocsccusetayes 15 2.05

ee OLS ATISCOuGCol OME. vasseeeeccses=+snetestsces 16 .59

eer Gl COUDCTM AM ccdeus ater etersicasestnasasrawascseces 1G; 9.50

ers Dior McMillan CO x. sees onsen sasccnoneversates shu 18 4.31

natant See MES ECE wT On © O s..d28s ante soatececenasees 19 5.40

i tip co) Laylor’s:Palls'and expenses: .igsse0 acces ans 6.75
fayese. ) salaryand labor for Jully.c..15.....cccisccsssees- 1-4 345.00.
Stil. 4) Mee yb licone( OS Op ls iohayies rsa peeensco eee eee ece eee 5 6.45.

5 ds Se AOAC IAT E cad, Jha. ahd saiesucsenentaoceceees 6 27.30:
Pee tony oo ert aine Printing CO .c2 ats ccetcesdsateons a 6.00
coer aen owe ATMEL SAT GOS %.<6occasessansivsnssaoons 8 12:75

Se Se ane ONVED OM UO Ls COes...02.k.0s2snavscduedaveccces 9 2.75.

ey Le pei arles: Setiprier S SONSiy.ccehececuceass 10 5.80

aCe NUR EEN TS EOC WY ALLA eects hace ah ctbcsnnnsccassaanveesste ata 9.00

Oey its PRAT IBA LEE ea cards andere is tsseaeies 12 7.50

SO Pees OLATHE a 1 Otae © Oise. ctu: cecscdaaesoseack socenocss is: 17.50
SONA Wret OLS OTe sce Bas esti aos oe sateedas eeschcocdae soe 14 1.86

S0r mee GLUeH ha enBBTrOSt..c:-aceeeeeesea ct ccseencs 15 1.82

Oe aur CX PLCSS'.2-c.nacoshisesen es ERA BC TOO COS LACES 16 1.35.

S10} RMAC ei ach oer rere bea cneere aera ie aay Aree eRe LZ 15.00

SMe te tS CO PET UMtIEN £7 nc anaicdvates <autejsncsedsttueds coed 18 8.50

Bua), ~ billofZaminerman’ Brosiiis.ihi,<.sdeckcecssecee 19 55.80

REM ee ICE NE He . ca srk ut cast Comte sewncal denne cu ace 20 2.00-

S10)5 hes RP ie fel On Wa) S (5 of 0p ea Ser ESE Se 21 Cae
a TIGL ICS, 10% [Utes f-yaisavsecas os kadowacendouves ee 2.00:

esi Men CRIDENISE Stree etictanns.0. so sctbod <Uses iscomt capadeuttere ext ken snense 4.95

$4,430.83.

Vi.

TABLE OF ‘CONTENTS

Wetter: of tramsmarltal ois aac ee eno dere ere ee
BINA nictalere port sc--: xxsacece teseus-ors ancestess cose sede cas becwencteeeroees rates ee eeett eee
Table of contents............ Wis dat atid Recta cadpatccentec sesteceaserensctncsch oh tetera en anes
DELO MCE O 1. ces oiescas sus tscodian lee Ose es memeber ae ene cols Menenne ters oan ace ar eCEeeeG eee
Butterflies and Moths injurious to our Fruit-producing Plants............
Structure, metamiorpnosis, “Clem iemctassss-castccotecesstanee- ser eceetaee eee dcacheete ees
Buytterdlies (Rhapaloceray) ice yee cee Oe eee eae
Family Nymphalidz or Four-footed Butterflies...... ..........csseeee

The Milkweed Butterfly or Monarch (Danais archippus

Fas) iiessesacdessstoeesctsnsenk coc cceatnuees pahoveeeeesb es cesane ne meesenen tees

The Spiny or Thorny Currant Caterpillar (Grapta comma

PLAT.) scaceceucevsaaoebosorte coos ckcee sacar eee Tae ee ee ene

The Red Admiral (Pyrameis atalanta Linn.)...............06..++-

The Ursula or Sovereign (Limenitis ursula Fab.) ............+.5

The Banded Purple (Limenitis arthemis Dru.)...............0+++-

The Disippus Butterfly or Viceroy ( Limenitis disippis Gdt.)

Family Lycenide or Gossamer-winged Butterflies...............02:5

The CGherey-tree heelay(Wheclaricusi bai.) es-aseesssterasee ane

The Banded Hair-streak (Thecla calanus Hub.).............006

The Streaked Thecla (Thecla strigosa Harr.)..............+. sg

Family Papilionide or Swallow-tailed Butterflies. ...........:::ee008

The Cabhase, Butteghies.: .0c.5.2.45.5scasenbnt 209 onseaneers ae aeemeneeaeene

The Turnus Swallow-tail (Papilio turnus Linn.)...............
PanitlysHesperidasior Skipperss..s.c.s.-sch-c.-vecceses ssaraceaeveeaatenneeenet

MWMroths (Hetero cera) sactccevetishes tscencurwev tees stcessnetttensccetssdeborstectaan eve eaeee me
Family Sphingidze or Hawk-moths ......c.5.2.1.000sceccescaconacsserssudenas

The Thysbe Clear-wing (Hemaris thyshe Fab.)...... sss:

The Grape-vine Amphion (Amphion nessus Cram.).........004

The Abbot Sphinx ( Thyreus Abbotii Swains. )........:+s0e0ee00-

The Detdemia imscripta Hiattiecsicccecsccsos-+sdacestactcenesl=secee censure

The White-lined Moraing-sphinx ( Veilephila lineata Fab.).
The Dark-veined Morning-sphinx (D. galii var. chamenerii

PR AT) hed c scm sncurnes ss secu agsscecusehteesrecrserseeheapnunsassascaseeareteceanas
The Achemon Sphinx (Philampelus achemon Dru.) ..........0.
The Pandorus Sphinx ( Philampelus pandorus Hbn.).........
The Hog-caterpillar of the Grape (Ampelophaga myron

Cran) csissscesdis itoctice se Sizccahce eats onc gst oesone pee eenemaos aoe eaeations
‘The Plum-tree Sphinx (Sphinx drupiferarum S. & A.).........

The Apple Sphinx (Sphinx gordius Cram.) ...0.. ssssseseseeeseeee

25

42
45
47

Vil.

The Blind-eyed Sphinx ( Paonias excecatus S. & A.) ..ccee
The Purblind Sphinx (Paonias myops S. & A.) vicccssseseeseeees
The Common Double-eyed Sphinx (Smerinthus geminatus

SOER eich cee: tacks ap eas eco ven ee MAN Cass eh Mh Thain edenawcbunss pines iadewavaupey 51
The Walnut Sphinx (Cressonia juglandis S. & A.) ......::0006 52
Family Sesiide or Clear-winged Moths................c000000++ -ssssosssens 53
The Native Currant-borer (Aleathoe caudatum H. Edw.)... 54
The Raspberry Root-borer (Bembecina marginata Harr.).. 54
The Grape-vine Root-borer (Sciapteron polistiformis Harr.) 55
The Peach-tree Borer (Sannina exitiosa Say)............sssceee 57
The Currant Borer (Sesia tipuliformis Linn.) ..........00..s00080 60

The Root and Stem Borer of Blackberry (Sesia hemizonzx
ELV NAUL Wy) eccas oon eRe Meas iek sos Gehevcae at biuessunsdapawuces Vande crsunny 64
The Plum-tree Borer (Sesia pictipes G. & R.).........00s.s00eee00ee 65
Family Agaristide or Wood-nymph Moths...... .......ccccsceeseereees 65
The Eight-spotted Forester (Alypia 8-maculata Hbn.)....... 66
The Grape-vine Epimenis (Psyehomorpha epimenis Dru.)..._ 68
The Beautiful Wood-nymph (Eudryas grata Fab.).............. 69
The Pearl Wood-nymph (Eudryas unio Hbn.)............00 71
Family Pyromorphidz or Smoky Mothe..............--..seesecsseeeeeoees 72
The American Procris ( Harrisima americana Harr.) .......... 72
Family Zygeenidee oF Zy Geni. -....1....cseessecesccccesceseecccnsocsnensccnoees 74
Family Lithositide or Footman Moths........2...:..00:-ssesecsesssseusees 74
Family Arctiidz or Woolly Bears...............cscccsessesseees-ssescessonrese 74
The Blue-spangled Caterpillars (Callimorpha spec. )....-....... T5
The Is sbella Tiger-moth ( Pyrrharctia isabella S. & A.) ...... 77
The Large Yellow Bear (Leucarctia acrva Dru.).........0..00 79
The Common Yellow Bear (Spilosoma virginica Fab.) ....... 79
The Fall Web-worm (Hyphantria cunea Dru.) ..............00008 81
The Hickory Tussock-moth (Halesidota cary Harr.)........ 86
The Checkered Tussock-moth (Halesidota tesselataS.& A.) 87
Family Liparide or True Tussock Moths.......... 22. sessesesseeseeees 88

The White-marked Tussock-moth (Orgyia leucostigma S.
EES AON So P SSN pase P Natta Tattoo sdauceaubeus sebeorsebipouakep eae’ 88

The Parallel-lined Tussock-moth (Parorgyia parallela G.
EPIRA Nee ses se atten opeeeek pra ane jabaneenvan-Vassceestoconovawcucheepisessaauabes 92
The Gypsy-moth (Ocneria dispar Linn. )....:ccc0 csseeseseeeeeeesees 92
Family Megalopygidze or Flannel-moths..............sceeeeeeeesreeeeeees 94
The Waved Lagoa (Lagoa crispata Pack.) .......0-sseeeeseeeerees 94
Family Limacodide or Slug-caterpillars.........::0:cseesseeeeseeeeceeees 96
The Green Slug-moth ( Parasa chloris H. Sch.) ......1.:.::+::008 96
The Cherry Slug-caterpitlar (Adoneta spinuloides H.S.)..... 97
The Saddle-back Caterpillar (E mpretia stimulea Clem.) ..... 98
The Hag-moth Caterpillar (Phobetron pithecium A. & S.). 99
The Skiff-shaped Limacodes ( Limacodes scapha Hartr.)...... 100
The Fasciated Limacodes ( Lithacodes fasciola H.S.)......... 102

Vill.

Page
Family Psychide or Bag-worm MOothe................0cssececsesseecceseees 103
Pataily, Vacosomiutdacd.cc.ccuccosssecescssvieccncenesacnat t+ cu veasrosesast sevens deren 104
Fainily Notodontida or Promitmetts s..cc50c-cc<csxtsancqcasseecntesssenante 104

The Sphinx-like Apatelodes (Apatelodes torrefacta A.& S.) 104
The Yellow-necked Apple-tree Caterpillar (Datana ministra

DP U1.) esiectentetoscomecSeacdsd casa ontune sansa aceas pose coen ieee coe eeNesssce openers 106
_ The Walnut Caterpillar (Datana angusii G. & R.).......0000 108
(Datana integerrima G. & R.)....... 109
(Datana contracta Walk.) ............ 110
The Red- humped Caterpillar (G2demasia concinna S.& A.). 110
(Gidemasia eximia Grote)...... 112
The Unicorn Prominent (Schizura unicornis S. & A.)........ egy ba Te
The Long-horned Prominent (Schizura ipomez Doubl.)..... 115
(Heterocampa manteo

Wott a) . .ssits2teeccocas<sscce ses 116

(Heterocampa guttivitta
AWiat lk.) nc. wuiseebaveenuancusdeaodeae L17
The Fork- ea Caterpillar (Cerura borealis Bdv.)............... 118
Family Saturniidz or Giant Silk-worims..........0..scccccccssssseseseeeees 120
The Cecropia Silk-worm (Attacus cecropia Linn.)..........0+ 120
The Polyphemus Silk-worm (Telea polyphemus Linn.)....... 123
TheLuna Moth)\( Actas (ana WanM:)\2.ssc..stesesewensencssoavagen aan 125
The Io Emperor Moth (Hyperchiria Io Linn.)............2000000+ 126
Family Hemiléucide: or Hemilencids:2.%42-c:.0-sisetas-tacsstenc sas cnaabeeene 129.
The Buck Moth or Maia Moth (Hemileuca maia Dru.)...... 129
Family Ceratocampide or Royal Moths...................scccssesssecaees 131
Family Bombycidz or True Silk-worms..............scccsssssssessceessees 134
Family Lasiocampide or Lasiocampids.............sssscesssccseneesessees 135

The Orchard Tent-caterpillar (Clisiocampa americana Harr.) 136
The Forest Tent-caterpillar Clisiocampa distria Hub.)....... 140

The Veledda Lappet-moth (Tolvpe velleda Stoll )......s+00 145
The American Lappet-moth(Gastropacha americana Harr.) 146
Family Cossidae or Carpenter-moths.......ccccccssesceseeeceeeeeeeeeeneeees 147
The Goat-moth (Prionoxystus robinizw Peck.)...... ccs 148
Family Noctuidze or Owlet MOths........2..5...c.csscccecnns-cecconsesersane 150
The Inscribed Thyatira (Thyatira scripta GOSS€) .........+0000 151

The Gray Dagger-moth (Acronycta occidentalis G. & R.)... 152
The Mottled Plum-tree Dagger-moth (Acronycta superans

Glens) Sic. ccasart eawcecsesecctsssiatesstces sun Givercscusdeuverseead-Walarart eux 153
The Raspberry Dagger-moth (Acronycta impressa Walk.). 154
The Smeared Dagger-moth (Acronycta oblinita S. & A)..... 155
The Palsied Caterpillar (Harrisimemna trisignata Walk.). 157
The Greasy Cut-worm (Agrotis ypsilon Rott.).....0:.seeeeees 159
The Variegated Cut-worm (Peridroma saucia Hub.).......... 160

The ‘‘W”’-marked Cut-worm (Noctua clandestina Harr.)... 161
The Climbing Cut-worm (Carneades scandens Ril.) ..........+- 161

ix.

Page,
The Glassy Cut-worm (Hadena devastatrix Brace )..........:. 163
The Fall Army-worm (Laphygma frugiperda GU.) vs... 164
The Chamyris (Chamyris cerintha Tr.)...cc.ccssesesessseseeeesennens 165
The Pyramid Grape-vine Caterpillar (Amphipyra pyra-
PTA OIES| Gila) eeonzctaeececesccsccodacser eve vskesnascconseansncsesssnsedcusine 165
The Silky Pyrophila (Pyrophila tragopoginis Linn.).......... 166
The Stalk-borer (Gortyna nitela Gu. ).....2.2..c.ccecccsnasersoonsseoee 167

The White-dotted Apple-worm (Nolaphana malana Fitch). 168
The Uniform White-spotted Scopelosoma (Scopelosoma

TT tS) GU nck cas a Seakerasb cos uaninh <dcspnaneuansaeccsbvfavtnsadasadanexenerr sdte 169
The Ash-gray Pinion (Xylina antennata Walk.) .........:000+: 170
The Bethune’s Xylina ( Xylina ‘Bethuner Gi 8o Re) imccsccceneee aral
The Plum-tree Catacola (Catacola ultronia Hub.)..........00+- 172
The Apple-tree Catacola (Catacola grynea Cram. ).........+++ 174

Family Geometridae or Span-worms, Loopers or Measuring

WWW Tstll Gees eeereecrcieee cae cok focenec es snasmaat seca sescawesernevamaransavcuascer-ie 175
The Snow-white Eugonia (Ennomos subsignarius Hbn.)... 17
The Currant Endropia (Endropia armataria H. S.).........+ alr ere
The Currant Angerona (Angerona crocataria Fab.)......... 178
The Thread-bearing Span-worm (Microgonia limbaria

HAW.) cccccccccsnsscceeccccssosscccanneseccessscceansnscaconecenscnesesccseseares 180
The Raspberry Geometer (Synchlora glaucaria Gn.)..........- 181
The Abortive Dyspteris (Dyspteris abortivaria H.S.)........ 182
The Plum Geometer (Eumacaria brunnearia Pack.)......... 183
The Vestal Corycia (Corycia vestaliata Guen. ).........20..000+ 184
The Currant Span-worm (£ufitchia ribearta Fitch)...........- 184

The Chain-dotted Geometer (Caterva catenaria Cram.)..... 186
The Common Cymatophora (Cymatophora pampinaria

GLH) eece ude c wsprdsons anensvenconennceccnsucewnnuuaeesandebecvtuasssnncaadenese 187
The European Cymatophora (Cymatophora crepuscularia

Tea pe ol MOY aera ee Aaa SOR RMT oe Rk 4 Can eP 188
The Large Blue-striped Looper (Biston ypsilon Forbes)...... 189
The Pepper and Salt Currant-moth (Eubyia cognataria

GRIME icp paaianes dacosevcoscassoscasewacaesscaseduscbatachsesnnsnouuquucusacausedenge 191
The Lime-tree Winter-moth (Hybernia tiliaria Harris)....... 193
The Wingless Phigalia (Phigalia strigataria Minot)........... 195
The Spring Canker-worm (Paleacrita vernata Pack.)........ 197
The Fall Canker-worm (Anisopteryx pometaria Harr.)...... 198

The Wingless Operophtera (Operophtera bruceata Hulst). 203
The Scallop-shell Geometer (Calocalpe unduiata Linn.)..... 203

The Grape-vine Petrophora (Petrophora diversilineata
Vitale sccus tease hcecssaveenasececccsseel tpususucceehakenhsisdesieeas sor etiansaes 204

The Currant Fruit-worm (Eupithecia interrupto-fasciata
VAISS) Caeenczccccus tonsa ctacs sesceetesessnecesst csaceuuvecsrnsatosspbeseqhaensns 206

Page

PPT ANICIGES, tcnrginevace onexe cedcesssns cinete stadtevscnevsces ser dvevtecsdsesacckanencar sence teates anaes 207
RainaliyeP vrais tid ces iis ..cans cases -ntas cot uoceesssbacuss eases Se otto ee eeee meee 207

The Grape-vine Leaf-folder (Desmia maculalis Westw. )...... 208

The Cranberry Fruit-worm (Mineola vaccinii Ril.)............ 210

The Leaf-crumpler (Mineola indigenella Zell.) ............c00e0008 211

The Walnut Case-bearer (Mineola juglandis Le B.)............ 21S

The Gooseberry Fruit-worm (Zophodia grossulari# Pack.) 214
The American Plum-borer (/uzopheta semi-funeralis

Weal c sy. Soo 2 cane tiwctaeck «Acchate tata osvasscmmteceeeceapeese Sobien samen ee ea 216
The Apple-leaf Skeletonizer (Canarsia Hammondi Ril.}...... 217
Family Pterophoride or Feather-wing Moths...3.............sssseeee 219
The Raspberry Plume ( Oxyptilus tenuidactylus Fitch)....... 219
The Gartered Grape Plume (Oxyptilus periscelidactylus
ENRGCIG \ioei es spanptoes en conse covdenbiacenscderenseceuemacse ent oft aa temeeeeen mena 221
Lorericina‘or Bell Ot hes: i504 is ccecsncassceesnvegs soe benssncant euaice beseyensamereeteaeten 223
Family Tortricide or Typical Leaf-folders.:.1.........c.cccsossereeceeess 223
The Cranberry Leaf-folder (Teras oxycoccana Pack.)......... ae
The Lesser Apple Leaf-folder (Teras minuta Rob.) .............. 224.
The Packard’s Yellow Cranberry Worm (Teras vaccini-
VOPATIA PACK) -svewes ates kete'sanssassecesadecvt concsetentes tacceecearenteeeesds 225
The Green Apple Leaf Tyer (Teras minuta var. cinderella
BRAN NSM che xs Danas Sabet sepa nsvgne Meas oee ote nates oa us doa eeny ayaa eS eee 225
The Ob'iqe-banded Leaf-roller (Cacaecia rosaceana Harr.).. 226
The Rose Leaf-folder (Caccecia rosana Linn.)..............ceeeeens 228
The Cherry-tree Leaf-folder (Caccecia cerasivorana Fitch).. 228
The Cranberry Leaf-roller (Cacaecia paralella Rob.)........... 229

The ‘‘V’’-marked Cacoecia (Caccecia argyrospila Walk.)..... 230
The Hickory Leaf-roller (Lophoderus juglandana Fern..)..... 230

The Apple Lophoderus ( Lophoderus triterana Walk.)......... 231
The Rusty-brown Tortrix (Platynota flavedena Clem.)...... 231
The Sulphur-colored Tortrix ( Dichelia sulfureana Clem.)..... 232
Family Grapholithida or Grapholithids. .............cccecsssseeeeeeeeneees 233
The Grape-berry Moth (Eudemis botrana Schitt.)...........00+ 233
The Apple Bud-worm (Exartema malana Fern.)..........0..00+ 235
The Raspberry Leaf-roller (Exartema permundana Clem.). 237
The Cranberry-worm (Rhopotota vacciniana Pack..).......... 238
The Apple Leaf-sewer (Phoxopteris nubeculana Clem..)....... 239
The Strawberry Leaf-roller (Phoxopteris comptana Froel.) 240
The Apple Bud-moth (Grapholitha prunivora Walsh).....«.. 241
The Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.)...........++ 242
The Eye-spotted Bud-moth (Tmetocera ocellana Schiff. )..... 248
TIMI. OF LAMEUTS, ous ds ines cnoneane-dacevs cdevenescnatue cesses ceteas wecehach iteeas tee aca eee 251
The Palmer Worm (Ypsolophus pomotellus Harr. ).........++4+ 252
The Strawberry Root-borer (Anarsia lineatella Zell.)......... 253
The Wild Cherry Leaf-miner (Ornix geminatella Pack.)...... 254.

The Apple-tree Case-bearer (Coleophora malivorella Ril.)... 256

Xtc

Page.
The Grape-vine Leaf-miners (Antispilla spec. ).......cssssseeeeeeee 257
The Spotted Tentiform Mine of the Apple (Lithocelletis
Orabay Sella: Clem.) ccsce ces ccsahseceteocety actus tsb enasey estos phones tasers 258
The Pear and Apple-tree Leaf-miner (Lithocolletis gemina-
COMER ACK S) cy sharers os tazeacicnatscanegtinnesetneabarhenne tikoaes st dnaee yoraes 259
The Apple Lyonetia (Lyonetia saccatella Pack.)......:.00000.005 260
The Apple-leaf Bucculatrix (Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem.) 261
The Apple-leaf Miner (Tischeria malifoliella Clem. )..........+++ 262
The Resplendent Shield-bearer (Aspidisca splendoriterella
Terr see Leesan ee coenctaeod a Soden enseturnech tte tadtaaetecveracvedadt sueteats 263

The Blackberry Leaf-miner ( Nepticula rubifoliella Zell.)....... 265
The Case-bearing Blackberry Leaf-miner (Nepticula villo-
SE Leth Cle Mas )ieawcweccee serves ace che caxcthanscegicacsets sevesdsenpesk avansenamters 266

xii.

Ce

ie

Codling-moth and Flour-moth.

Xili.

INTRODUCTION.

The fourth annual report of the Entomologist of the
State Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota,
respectfully submitted to His Excellency, Governor D. M.
Clough, contains an account of all Butterflies and Moths
found in Minnesota which are destructive in their earlier
states to our fruit-bearing trees, shrubs and canes, and
which frequently cause considerable losses to our fruit grow-
ers. As orchards are now established in many parts of the
state, and as the insects destructive to the plants are not as
well known to our horticulturists as in the older settled
regions of the United States, where horticulture as a busi-
ness has been carried on for many years, a report describing
and illustrating these insects, and giving the best remedies
to prevent their injurious influence, is much needed. It is,
however, impossible to describe all the numerous and de-
structive insects found in our orchards in one single report,
and for this reason only the very important order of Lepi-
doptera is described in the following pages.

It would have been perhaps best to have the insects de-
scribed in this report arranged according to their food-
plants, but to make it also useful to students of our public
schools, etc., the insects are arranged according to the classi-
fication of Lepidoptera usually adopted, and the different
families have been described in a few words.

There remains for the Entomologist the pleasant duty
of expressing his sincere thanks to all persons that have
aided him in many ways in his work. Especial thanks are
due to the different newspapers, who with unfailing courtesy
published all articles written for the instruction of the
farmers in regions infested by injurious insects. The Chicago,

Xiv.

St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha, the Great Western, the St.
Paul & Duluth, the Northern Pacific, the Minneapolis & St.
Louis, the Great Northern and the Minneapolis, St. Paul
& Sault Ste. Marie Railroad Companies also deserve thanks
for their liberality in furnishing free transportation over
their roads whenever such was asked.

The descriptions of many of the insects given are taken
from a number of sources, but mainly from the excellent
works of Saunders, Smith, Comstock, Fernald, Beuten-
mueller, Forbes and of the Annual Reports of the Division
of Entomology. Most of the illustrations are old, and
many were kindly loaned by Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the
Entomological Division of the Department of Agriculture.
The Art Engraving Co., of St. Paul, prepared some of the
illustrations for the printer, and deserves credit for its good
work.

Orro LUGGER.

XV.

The Beneficial Tachina-tly.

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS
INJURIOUS TO OUR FRUIT-PRODUCING PLANTS.

Butterflies and moths are better known to the casual
observer than other insects. The former, which are active
only during the day, and which fly in the brightest sun-
shine, are frequently so beautifully colored as to well deserve
the name ‘‘winged flowers.’’ The term “Lepidoptera,” which
means scale-wings, is well chosen, as the insects belonging to
the Order of Lepidoptera have both sides of their wings, as
well as their bodies, more or less densely clothed with scales.
These scales differ greatly in form and size, even in the same
insect, and yet more so in the different groups, so that a
certain family may even show forms peculiar to it alone.
Some of these scales are not simply organs that serve asa
protection to the wings proper, but they possess other
functions as well, hence we find sometimes very highly de-
veloped scales on the wings of the male only, usually con-
fined to very limited areas, or even concealed in folds.
Seales are simply modified hairs, which, instead of growing
long and slender, remain short and grow very wide. Every
graduation in form, from hair to scale, can be found. If we
capture with our fingers a butterfly or moth, and let the
insect escape again, we find adhering to our fingers dust of
various colors. If we look at this dust with a magnifying
glass, we perceive at once that this glistening material is
not simply dust, but that it is composed of scales rubbed off
the wings and body of the captured insect. Numerous
beautiful and highly-colored scales of different shapes are
thus seen. When we study the wings from which these
scales are removed we see that such scales are arranged as
regularly as the scales on a fish, or the shingles on a roof,
and we can also detect how the beautiful markings on the
wings are produced. A glance through a microscope will
show us that the colored spots and lines on the wings are

ho

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

made by grouping together colored scales in the same way
as we frequently see upon the roofs of barns the year of
their erection in colored shingles which strongly coutrast
with the neighboring ones of different colors. Part of a
wing,’ with some of the scales removed, as well as some of

Fig.1.—Part of wing, showing arrangement of scales:
a, individual scales, Greatly enlarged. After Packard.

the scales, is shown in Fig. 1. The scales covering these
insects doubtless strengthen and ornament the wings, and
protect as an armor the body and legs. If we study the
colors and markings of a lepidopterous insect, we can well
imagine that both serve almost opposite purposes, both
protect the insect, it is true, but in a different manner. In
most cases the colors and markings are such that if the
insect is at rest, they blend with the colors of the surround-
ing objects. Persons that are in the habit of seeking for
insects of this order, notwithstanding that they soon have
their eyes thoroughly well trained, are frequently misled

Fig. 3.—Clear-wing moths resembling wasps. Original.

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 3

and do not perceive the insect right ‘under their eyes’’ until
it moves. This is a case of “protective colors.” Fig. 2,
plate I, shows some geometric moths thus protected. Other
colors are ‘‘warning colors.’’ In this case the butterfly or
moth either posesses the form and color of a stinging insect,
Fig. 3, or it has colors found upon insects not eaten by birds.
Moths having such warning colors do not hide, but expose
themselves very openly upon some object that contrasts
strongly with their colors and thus they become very
plainly visible.

The Milkweed butterfly (Danais archippus Fab.) Fig. 4,
plate I., belongs to a genus of butterflies which are not
eaten by birds, very likely because they are poisonous or
otherwise offensive, hence these showy insects, being thus
well protected, are very common wherever their food plants
occur. The Disippus Butterfly (Limenitis disippus Gtd.)
belongs toa genus of butterflies very palatable to birds,
yet notwithstanding this it escapes, being no doubt mis-
taken for the unpalatable Milkweed Butterfly, which it so _
closely resembles. Compare Fig. 5, plate I. with Fig. 4 of
the same plate.

The wings themselves consist of two thin, translucent
or transparent membranes, which are kept apart by hollow,
horny tubes, the ribs, costz or nerves;
the form of the wings is usually tri-
angular, posessing therefore three
margins, the anterior, interior, and
exterior or posterior margin (Fig. 6).
The space where the fore-wings join
the body is called the basis. The
shape of the wings depends upon the
ribs or veins, which have received by
scientists special names, as well as
Beer ee ieee ne the spaces or cells they enclose. The

C.exterior or posterior mar- CJassification of lepidoptera is mainly
based upon the arrangement of such veins and cells.

gin,

+ BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

The mouth-parts of moths and butterflies are only
adapted for sucking nectar from flowers, and not for chew-
ing their food. The main part is along sucking-tube (Fig.
7, h), composed of two greatly eiongated maxillze fastened
together side by side; as each maxilla is furnished witha

Fig. ec cier: Peete eye; h, tongue; /, labial

groove the two maxille fastened together form a perfect
tube by means of which the liquid food is conveyed to the
mouth and stomach. Usually this tongue is quite smooth,
but in some cases its tip is furnished with spines, which
enable the insect to rupture the skin of ripe fruit to obtain
its juice. As many moths do not eat they lack a tongue, or
possess only a rudimentary $ne. This important organ,
when not in use, is curled up like the mainspring of a watch,
and is hidden and protected by the labial palpi (Fig. 7, J),
which for this purpose project forward. Moths and but-
terflies, in extracting nectar from flowers, become very use-
ful in pollenizing them; some plants, indeed, have to depend
altogether upon these insects for their continued existence.

The compound and unmovable eyes (Fig. 7, a) of lepido-
ptera, are large and composed of many small facets, each
of which isaperfect eye. This arrangement enables the insect
to look in many directions at the same time. These com-

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 5

pound eyes are either globular or oval; they are naked or
covered with short hairs, but in some cases we find long
and lash-like hairs.

The antennz or feelers vary greatly in their shape, and
form a very important organ for classification. They are
composed of many joints, from 30 to 100; they vary not
alone in shape and length in the different families, but even
the sexes of one and the same moth may possess entirely
different antennz, those of the male being frequently toothed,
etc., while those of the female are simple. The antenne are
sense organs, hence highly organized and important for the
insects, which become disabled if they are removed. The
illustration (Fig. 8) shows a number of differently formed
antenne.

Fig. 8.—Antennz or feelers. Enlarged.

The Jegs are not always perfect, but in some families of
lepidoptera they are more or less aborted. In Fig. 9 we
have both perfect and imperfect examples. Cases occur
where the legs are entirely absent, at least in the female sex,
as shown in the Bag-worm described later.

6 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

The metamorphosis of this order of insects is complete,
and we can hardly imagine a greater difference in form than

Fig. 9.—Legs. Enlarged.

that between the egg, caterpillar, pupa and imago of the
same insect. (See Figs. 16 and 19).

The eggs, which are always, if possible, deposited upon
or near the food needed by the caterpillars or larve, are of
many different forms. A few are shown in Fig. 10. They

LTT)

TTT}

Ky
con

TT]
ty

Fig. 10.—Different kinds of eggs.

vary also incolor, though most of them are greenish, or
greenish-white. Some eggs are quite smooth, others are
beautifully ornamented with numerous ribs or other pro-
jections; some are deposited ‘singly, others in more or less
regular_masses, sometimes carefully covered with glue or
scales. Some eggs hatch in a very short time after being
deposited, while others remain for half a year exvosed to all

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 7

kinds of weather before they show any changes previous to
hatching. These changes consist in a darkening of the eggs;
in some cases, where the shell is thin, we can observe the
gradual formation of the enclosed embryo, as shown in the
illustration. As soon as ready the young caterpillar eats
its way through the shell, and sometimes the very first meal
it enjoys in the open air is the very egg-shell that protected
it before.

Caterpillars, which are the second state in the existence
of all butterflies and moths, vary in every conceivable man-
ner, as may be seen by studying the illustrations in the text.
Usually, however, they are cylindrical beings, composed of
head and twelve rings or segments. The head (Fig. 11), is
the most specialized part of the larva; it is usually horny,
since the muscles moving the powerful chewing organs are
fastened to it internally. The illustration shows that it is
separated by a central line (a) into two equal parts. The

a triangular clypeus, the small ocelli (b),
the antenne (c), the upper lip or labium
with the horny jaws or mandibulz (d),
are also shown. The under lip or labium
is not seen, but the four-jointed maxil-
lary-palpi (e), andthe two-jointed Jabial
palpi(f) areshown. At the end of the
labium is located a very important or-
Fig. 11.—Headofcater- gan, the spinning-tube, through which

pillar; b, ocelli; c, anten-

nz; d, mandibles;e,max- the substance flows that is used by the
illary palpi; f, labial palpi. :
Enlarged.

caterpillars to make the protecting
silken cocoons. The caterpillars differ very greatly from the
adult insect by possessing a biting and notasucking mouth,
hence they can become very destructive to agriculture, horti-
culture and forestry by consuming plants which we intend
to use ourselves. The first three segments of a caterpillar
behind the head are the thoracic segments, and to them are
fastened three pairs of jointed feet, which later transform
into those found in the winged insect; the other segments

8 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

are called abdominal segments, and these form later the
abdomen of the adult orimago. The abdominal segments
carry the false legs or prolegs, which disappear in the butter-
fliesormoths. Such prolegs are not jointed but are equipped
with rings of hooks that enable the caterpillar to grasp se-
curely the object on which it moves; the last segment is
usually distinguished by a pair of prolegs formed somewhat
differently from the others. Most caterpillars possess, in-
cluding the true legs, sixteen legs, but the loopers or meas-
uring worms have only ten, aiid those living in bags but six.
All caterpillars, or worms looking like caterpillars, which
possess more than sixteen legs, are not the larve of lepidop-
tera, but are those of saw-flies, insects belonging to the
order of Hymenoptera. Such worms are called ‘‘ false cater-
pillars.’”’ Upon the first thoracic segment of a true cater-
pillar we find quite often a horny plate; this is the cervical
shield, used in throwing off the head-plate when the insect is

Fig. 12.—Moultingof the caterpillar of Danais archippus; a, larva suspended;
b, pupa still partly in larval skin; c, pupain the act of leaving the skin entirely.
After Riley.

moulting; another plate, the anal-shield, occurs frequently
upon the last segment. The breathing-pores or stigmata
occur as small openings upon the sides of the body. Notall .
caterpillars are cylindrical, however, and forms occur that
resemble in external shape sow-bugs or slugs. Some cater-
pillars are densely covered with hairs, sometimes arranged
in tufts or brushes; others are only clothed with a few
hairs, or with spines, while still others are naked.

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 9

Some can cause more or less inflamation by means of urti-
cating or stinging hairs or spines, but none are really
poisonous. Many caterpillars are brilliantly colored, or are
ornamented with bright, longitudinal or vertical stripes, or
with spots of various shapes and colors. Most are terres-
trial, none really aquatic, and but few consume animal
food. They grow by throwing off their old skins from three
to five times, a process that is called moulting. This pro-
cess is a very interesting one, as may be seen by studying
the illustration in Fig. 12, commencing at a.

As soon as the larva, worm or caterpillar has reached
its full size, it transforms to a pupa or chrysalis, which 1s
unable to move or to eat, lacking in this form both legs and
mouth. It appears to be dormant, but in reality is quite
active, as all the organs simply foreshadowed in larva or
pupa have to be changed into the very different organs found
inthe imago. In other words the biting mouth of the larva
has to be changed into the sucking mouth of the moth; the
small and simple eyes or ocelli have to be transformed into
compound eyes; the small legs are made longer, and the ex-
ternal organs and wings are produced during this apparent
rest. The internal organs are also very greatly altered; the
large stomach of the caterpillar is reduced to almost noth-
jng, and in its place appear the reproductive organs, as
eggs, etc. There are many different kinds of pupz, some of
which are shown in Fig. 13, and those familiar with the
study of lepidoptera can tell at a glance to what families

ae a
he gue

Fig. 13.—Pupa of butterfly, hawk-moth and owlet-moth.

10 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

they belong. Some pupz are found suspended, others are
enclosed in a silken or earthen cocoon, while still others are
found in a smooth cell in the earth.

After remaining in this condition for a shorter or longer
time, the imago or perfect insect leaves the pupal skin
through an opening in the back. At first the wings are very
minute, being folded up in numerous wrinkles; but they ex-
pand very rapidly, and as soon as the tubes or veins in the
wings are filled with air, and the skin covered with scales is
fully expanded and dried, the insect can fly about, a thing of
beauty, and a very different being from a crawling cater-
pillar.

More than six thousand species of lepidoptera have been
described from North America, north of Mexico, which re-
present more than sixty families. In order to giveasynopsis
of the lepidoptera, it would be necessary to enter into rather
difficult technical details, and a bulletin like this is not the
proper place to do so, hence those that wish to study this
order more in detail are referred to such valuable works as
those published by Comstock, Packard, Smith and others.

In a rather crude way we divide the lepidoptera into
two groups, into Butterflies and Moths, the Rhopalocera
and Heterocera. These terms are derived from the form of
the antennz of these insects; Rhopalocera are those in which
the antennze terminate in a more or less distinct knob or
club at the tip, and in which at least the front pair of wings
are elevated and vertical when at rest, so that the upper
surfaces touch, as may be seen in the illustration of Grapta
(page 68). The Heterocera possess feelers of many different
kinds, none of which are distinctly clubbed; their wings,
when at rest, are horizontal, folded on the back and close
to the sides, oblique, roof-like or spread out flat, but never
habitually vertical. Usually butterflies are active during the
day, while moths are night-flyers; this is a rule which has,
however, many exceptions, as some moths fly during theday.

The Butterflies separate readily into groups based on
the character of the feet and the situation of the antenne.

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 11

The so-called ‘‘true butterflies’’ are distinguised by having
the antennz set close together on the top of
the head, this being rather narrow; the
antennal club is abrupt at the tip, and not
drawn into hook or recurved. In the skip-
pers, the head is broad, the eyes are com-
paratively small, the antennz are widely
separated, set close to the eyes, and terminate in a pointed
tip, which is often recurved or hooked. Fig. 16 shows a
true butterfly, and Fig. 15 a skipper or Hesperid. A large
series of the true butterflies is distinguished by having the
anterior pair of feet more or less aborted or imperfect, as is
shown in Fig 9. To these ‘‘brush-footed”’ butterflies belong
two families, the Nymphalide, which contain medium or
large sized species, and the Lycenidz, small species, usually
blue or coppery in color, and frequently called ‘‘blues”’ or
“hair-streaks.’’ Members of the family Papilionid® are
large and showy butterflies, whose anterior feet are perfectly
developed in both sexes. To this family belong the large
“Swallow-tails” and insects like the cabbage-butterflies.

The Moth or Heterocera are much more difficult to
classify, and the reader interested in such matters is referred
to the text-books. But usually we divide the Heterocera
into Hawk-moths (Sphingidx); Clear-winged moths (Sesz-
ide); Wood-nymph moths (Agaristide); Woolly-bears
(Arctiide); Vaporer or Tussock moths (Lymantriidz); Slug-
caterpillars (Limacodidz); Bag-worms (Psychidz); Promi-
nents (Notodontidz); Royal moths (Ceratocampidz); Silk-
spinners (Bombycid#); Borers (Cossidz#); Owlet-moths
(Noctuidz); Span-worms (Geometridz). Butterflies and
moths are frequently called Macro-lepidoptera or large
lepidoptera, while all the others are called Micro-lepidoptera
or small lepidopteria. These latter are also divided into
numerous families, such as the (Pyraustide); Pyralids
(Pyralidz); (Phycitidz); Bee-moths (Galleriide); Crambids
(Crambidz); Feather-moths ( Pterophoridz); Leaf-rollers or

Fig. 15.—Skipper.

12 BUTTERFLIES.

Bell-moths (Tortricid#); (Chonchilidz); (Grapholithidz);
and Tineids (Tineidz), to which belong numerous families
of such insects as leaf-miners, cloth and fur-moths, grain-
moths, etc. .

As this bulletin is mainly written for the use of the hor-
ticulturist, it is impossible to make it at the same time a
text-book, hence only those insects are described in detail, |
that cause injuries to our fruit and fruit-producing plants.
But for the sake of the general student a number of illustra-
tions have been added that will at least show other lepidop-
terous insects not described in detail, yet necessary to give
an idea of the classification of this order of insects. Only
well known or destructive species have been selected for
this purpose.

BUTTERFLIES.
(Rhopalocera).

FAMILY NYMPHALIDZ OR FOUR-FOOTED BUTTERFLIES.

These butterflies are also called ‘‘brush-footed;”’ they
differ from all others in our fauna in having the fore-legs
very greatly reduced in size in both sexes. The legs are so
much dwarfed that they can not even be used for walking,
but are folded against the breast like a tippet.

THE MILKWEED BUTTERFLY OR MONARCH.

(Danais archippus Fab.).

This well known large butterfly, with reddish-brown
wings marked with black veins and white spots, is very
abundant in late summer and fall. It sometimes gathers
in large armies about our wind-breaks, just previous to
migrating south, where it spends the winter. The cater-
pillars, which grow to about aninch and a half in length,

BUTTERFLIES. 13

are greenish marked with black bars, and are furnished
with rather long, black, hair-like tentacles; they feed upon
the common milkweeds. As this insect is very common,
and can easily be raised in captivity, those that wish

Dene
O6C Lore >

Hi)

oS
SS

Es >=

Fig. 16.—Danais archippus Fab.: Egg, caterpillar, pupa and adult. After Riley.
to see for themselves the metamorphoses of insects can
do so without much trouble. All that is necessary is to
furnish the caterpillar with a fresh supply of food whenever
needed. Before long the caterpillar will fasten itself by

14 BUTTERFLIES.

means of its hind feet to a little pad of silk, and will change
to achunky, bright-green pupa or chrysalis, marked with
small golden spots, one of the most beautiful objects that
can be imagined. This color gradually becomes darker,
finally brown or blackish and then the butterfly will emerge.
This insect is not injurious, but simply illustrated to serve
as a type of the family to which it belongs. The illustra-
tions, Figs. 12 and 16, give all the stages of this insect.

THE SPINY OR THORNY CURRANT CATERPILLAR.

(Grapta comma Harr.).

These peculiar caterpillars are sometimes quite numer-
ous, denuding whole canes of the currant and gooseberry
bushes. When this is the case, the plant suffers greatly and
we find that the injured canes do not produce fruit in the

Fig. 14.—Grapta comma Harris. Original.

following season. The parent of this thorny caterpillar is
a very handsome butterfly (Fig. 14), also shown on plate II,
Fig. 17. The wings are quite irregular in outline, having
many projecting points and notches; they measure, when
expanded, about one inch and a half. The surface of all four
wings is reddish-brown, bordered on the outer edge with

BUTTERFLIES. 15

darker brown, and on the disk with brown and _ blackish-
brown spots. The color of the hind-wings varies consider-
ably in intensity, and this is still more so the case with the
color of the underside, which is usually, however, dark-
brown, with many grayish lines and streaks. A number of
varieties have been described on account of these differences.
But the butterfly can always be recognized from the fact
that it has upon the lower surface of the hind-wings a more
or less plainly marked ‘‘C” of metallic silver. From this
mark the butterfly is frequently called the ‘‘C” butterfly.
It passes the winter in the winged or adult state in some
sheltered spot, in which it remains torpid, but awakens to
fresh activity as soon as the warmth in spring imbues
nature with new life. It, with some other nearly related
species, can be found during the first days of spring flying
about in sunny spots. Its flight is peculiar and rather jerky
and swift; it darts suddenly away and as suddenly returns,
occasionally resting on the sunny side of a tree, and here
displaying the bright colors of the wings, somewhat dulled
in intensity, however, by the influence of winter. The but-
terfly has the habit of exposing the entire surface of its
wings as if proud of their beauty; then, again, it closes them
and becomes almost invisible, as the color of the underside
of the wings blends exceedingly well with the color of the
bark upon which it rests; in fact, these butterflies are so well
protected on this account, that when at rest it requires a
keen eye to detect them at all. During the summer, when
the butterflies enjoy perfect health, they sometimes seem to
invite us to chase them. If one is disturbed and flies off
from the spot it occupied, it is certain to return to that
exact spot in a short time. The insect feeds upon any
sweet fluid, but prefers the sap from any freshly wounded
tree.

The eggs are usually laid singly on the leaves of the cur-
rant and gooseberries, and here the solitary caterpillars
may be found. When full grown, they are about an inch

16 BUTTERFLIES.

and a quarter long, varying in color from a light brown to
a greenish-yellow; they are marked with fine black and yel-
low lines. The numerous spines clothing the caterpillar are
branched and differ in color, some being dark brown, others
orange or yellow, the branches of the spines are frequently
tipped with black. Notwithstanding the forbidding and
threatening aspect of these caterpillars they can not inflict
any injury to our hands. As soon as the full size has been
reached, the caterpillars select some secluded spot in which
to change to pupe orchrysaldis. They spin for this purpose
upon a leaf or a twig a minute pad of silk. In this little
carpet the hind leg of the caterpillar are fastened, after
which it hangs suspended with the head downwards. In
the course of two or three days, after contracting greatly in
length, the old skin is shed, and an angular looking chrys-
alis of a brown color appears, which is finely ornamented
with silvery spots. Inabout ten days the butterfly appears
in all its beauty.

We have in Minnesota two annual generations of this
insect; the first appears late in June and the second late in
August and during September.

The caterpillars of this insect feed also upon the hop,
elm, nettle, false nettle and basswood, but prefer wild and
cultivated gooseberries and currants.

Other closely allied species of Grapta also feed occasion-
ally upon the cultivated currants and gooseberries, but as
their habits are almost identical with that of comma, it is
not necessary to describe them.

Remepies.—Hand-picking is in most cases all that is
needed to keep this insect in check. In cases where we have
to fight at the same time other injurious insects of the cur-
rant and gooseberry, it would be best to use a little Lon-
don-purple or Paris-green. Of course none of these poison-
ous substances should be used at a time when the fruit is
ripe or nearly ripe.

BUTTERFLIES. 17

THE RED ADMIRAL.
(Pyrameis Atalanta Linn.).

This, like the Grapta just described, belongs to the
“Angle-wings”’ or butterflies distinguished by having the
outer margin of the fore-wings usually decidedly angular or
notched, as if a piece had been cut away. This beautiful
butterfly has purplish-black wings above; on the fore-wings

Fig. 18.—Pyrameis atalanta, and other insects, etc., feeding on overripe pear.

there is a bright orange-colored band, beginning near the
middle of the front margin and extending nearly to the inner
angle; between this and the tip of the wing are several white
spots. On the hind-wings there is also an orange band on
the outer margin, enclosing a row of black spots. The

18 BUTTERFLIES.

under surface of the wings is also ornamented in a similar
way, but is fainter, and especially that of the lower wings
resembles the bark of trees. Faintly marked upon them are
the figures 98 89.

This beautiful insect feeds as a caterpillar upon the net-
tle and hop, but in the winged state it is a great admirer of
fallen and overripe fruit. It is attracted in large numbers to
fallen apples or pears, and is not slow to absorb their sweet
sap withits tongue. Other butterflies are also attracted,
as well as ants, flies, and wasps as shown in the illustration
(Fig. 18), and even snails are fond of it.

THE URSULA OR SOVEREIGN.
(Limenitis ursula Fab.).

During the months of June and July we mav see a most
beautiful butterfly flying about cherry and plum trees, evi-
dently in the act of depositing eggs. This medium-sized
and handsome insect is of a sombre bluish-black or blackish-
brown color, having the wings bordered with blue; the
under-wings possess marginal rows of bluish crescents of
varying size; the inner row in the female is less marked, and
each crescent is supported behind by a deep orange patch or
point. Several white spots occur near the tips on the upper
surface of the fore-wings. All the margins of the wings are
slightly crenate, the hollows being edged with white. The
under side of the wings, which measure about three inches
across, contain a number of large brownish spots. The
females deposit eggs upon the leaves of the wild and culti-
vated cherries, plums, and occasionally of the apple. The
mature caterpillars are about an inch and a quarter long, of
an olive-green color, variegated with white, russet, reddish-
yellow and ochreous. They possess two long reddish horns
behind their heads, and two green tubercles on each of the
other segments, with the exception of those on the fifth,

BUTTERFLIES. 19

.

which are reddish. The very strange looking chrysalis is
russety, marked with white; it is suspended by its tail, and
has on the middle of its back a curious and prominent pro-
jection like a Roman nose. Besides the food-plants given
above, the caterpillars feed also upon the willow, scrub-oak,
whortleberry and gooseberry.

The Ursula Butterfly or Red-spotted Purple is not a
common insect, and the injuries caused by it are usually

Fig. 19—Limenitis disippus, adult; a, egg, greatly enlarged; c, egg, natural size;
d, one of the pits, still more enlarged. After Riley.
slight. Still it sometimes happens that for some’reason this
species becomes very numerous, stripping the leaves from
anentire tree. The butterfly is shown in Fig. 22, plate III.
Further north a closely related species, the Banded
Purple, is sometimes very common. Its caterpillar feeds
upon the wild cherries. At Lake Vcrmillion the writer has
seen this species, the (Limenitis arthemis Dru.), so numerous
that during June hundreds of them could be found in the

20 BUTTERFLIES

roads, where, like many other butterflies, they are attracted
by liquid manure. They are so eager for this substance that
they return immediately to it if driven off. The Limenitis
Arthemis is at once distinguished from the ursula by the
possession of a white band over each wing, upon both
upper and lower surfaces. (Fig. 2, plate II).

A third species, much more common than either, is the
well-known Disippus Butterfly or Viceroy (Limenitis disip-
pus Godt.). The larva of this insect occurs in large num-
bers on our willows. Here the young caterpillar winters
over in a little self-made cell or hibernaculum (Fig. 20, c).
Occasionally the caterpillar is also found feeding on the
leaves of the plum tree.

Fig. 20—Limenitis disippus; a, caterpillar; b, chrysalis; c, hibernaculum.,

The Disippus Butterfly (Fig. 5, plate I and Fig. 19)
resembles very closely the large milk-weed butterfly
shown in Figs. 4 and 16, and as the latter is not
eaten by birds this similarity in color and markings 1s
a good protection, and as a_ result of this the
Disippus is much more common than the closely allied
species not thus protected. It is of a warm, orange-red
color, with heavy black veins, and a black border with.
white spots. Fig. 20 shows the caterpillar and chrysalis of
disippus; those of the two other species resemble them very
closely.

BUTTERFLIES. fp
FAMILY LYCAENIDAZ OR GOSSAMER-WINGED BUTTERFLIES.

All members of this family are small and delicate butter-
flies, with slender bodies, delicate and bright-colored wings,
and antennz usually ringed with white. A very remarkable

character of this family is that in the female the front legs
are normal, while in the male they are shorter, without tar-
sal claws, and with the tarsi more or less aborted.

The caterpillars are more or less slug-like, and one of
them has the peculiar habit of being carnivorous. A large
number of butterflies belong to this family. Some are dis-
tinguished by their orange-red or brown colors, with a cop-
pery reflection; others have the upper surface of their wings
of a delicate blue, while still others are dark, with delicate,
hair-like streaks upon the lower surface of the wings. The
butterflies are, on account of these characteristics, fre-
quently called the ‘‘Coppers,’’ the ‘‘ Blues,”” and the ‘‘ Hair-
streaks.” |

THE CHERRY-TREE THECLA.
(Thecla titus Fab.).

This delicate butterfly belongs to a small group of
pretty butterflies which are very seldom seen, common as
some of them are. They are best observed if we watch the
flowers of the different kinds of milkweeds, but especially
those of the butterfly-weed (Asclepias tuberosa). Many
butterflies visit these showy flowers, and among them a
number of different kinds of the genus Thecla, which are
easily recognized by their jerky and erratic flight. In the
northern part of the state the above-named butterfly is at
times very common. It differs from our other species of
Thecla by the absence of the hair-like tails on the hind-
wings, and by the fact that the wings of the male butterfly
differ in shape irom those of the female. The butterfly is of
a dark brown color above, with a row of seven or eight

22 BUTTERFLIES.

orange-colored spots near the margin of the hind wings,
which are larger and more conspicuous on the under than
on the upper side. The wings beneath are lighter brown,
with a row of deep but bright orange spots near the hind
margins of both pairs, an inner and more irregular row of
small black spots, encircled with white, and on the middle
of the hind-wings two similar spots, placed close together.
The wings, extended, measure about an inch and a quarter
across.

The caterpillars of all species of this genus are peculiar
beings. That of titus is a curious flat creature, of a dull
green color, with a yellowish tint, a patch of rose color on
the anterior segments, and another larger one on the pos-
terior extremity; the head is small and of a polished black
color. The caterpillar resembles a common wood-louse or
sow-bug in outline.

The chrysalis is pale-brown, and somewhat glossy, with
numerous, minute, dark-brown or blackish dots over the
whole surface. It is thickly covered with very short brown
hairs, scarcely visible to the eve.

This interesting butterfly, illustrated in Fig. 23, plate
III, occurs sometimes in large numbers towards the end of
July. The caterpillars feed upon the leaves of wild and
cultivated cherries, plums and oak, but they are not numer-
ous enougk to cause much damage.

THE BANDED HAIR-STREAK.
(Thecla calanus Hub.).

This beautiful butterfly is not common in Minnesota.
The upper surface of its wings are dark brown, with brassy-
green reflections. The hind-wings have two very unequal,
thread-like tails, of which the lower one is the longest; it is
also edged with white. The base of the fringes, from the
anal angle to the lower tail, is white, and at this place there

BUTTERFLIES. 23

is also a narrow, white terminal line. The under side of the
wings is very prettily marked, and is somewhat paler than
the upper one. There are two short, whitish, parallel lines
on the disk of the fore wings, and a whitish crenate line
crosses the wing about half way between the last and outer
borders, shadowed within by blackish; there is another
broken, whitish line shaded on the outside with blackish,
between the last line and the outer border. The under side
ot the hind-wings have two short, whitish, discal lines with
a blackish shade between them. A series of blackish spots,
edged on either side with whitish, crosses the wing beyond
the disk; and outside of this is a series of lunate, whitish
spots, shaded on the outside with blackish, and faintly
edged on the outside, below, with bluish-white. Along the
anal angle the black streak is followed with orange. At the
very apex of the anal angle there is a black spot with white
on its upper side. On the next interspace is a patch of pow-
dery blue scales, and in the next interspace to this is an
orange crescent enclosing a black spot. The orange scales
are also faintly visible in the next interspace.

The caterpillar feeds on apple, oak, and other plants.
The butterfly (Fig. 24, plate I1]) measures with expanded
wings an inch and a quarter across.

THE STREAKED THECLA.

(Thecla strigosa Harr.).

“Upper side of the wings dark brown and unspotted in
the males, but the females sometimes have a fulvous spot
near the anal angle of the hind-wing and are paler in color.
The under side of the wings is pale reddish-brown. The
outer part of both.wings is crossed by four, irregular,
rather wavy, white lines, varying a little in individuals, but
the two inner ones on the fore-wings ‘approach each other
towards the hinder margin. The third is shorter than the

“24 BUTTERFLIES.

second, and the fourth or outer one, reaches only to the
middle of the wing. The inner line on the hind-wings ex-
tends nearly across, then bending, runs
some way up the hinder margin, pre-
ceded in the last part of its course by
another nearly parallel to it. Above
the termination of these two, there is
acirclet of white on the margin. The
outer line is short, and limited to the
middle of the wing. The fore-wings
have a sub-marginal row of indistinct

brown lunulesedged on the inside with

Fig. 25.—Thecla strigosa

Hier white, and the hind-wings have a

similar series, which are bright red
towards the anal angle, and edged on the inner side with
black followed by white, and enclosing next to the anal
angle, a large black space which is nearly covered with blue
scales. Beyond this is a small black spot, and there is
another at the angle surmounted by a red stripe edged like
the lunules, and extending up the margin. The lunules next
the apex usually exhibit a few scales of red. The margins
of both wings are edged with a fine whitish line.

“Body fuscous, beneath grayish-white. Legs, white,
annulated with brown. Palpi, white, the outer joint black
tipped with white. Antenne annulated with black and
white. Club, fuscous tipped with white.”’

The larva was taken by Mr. Saunders on a species of
thorn (Crategus), and his description is as follows:
“Length, half an inch. Head, greenish-brown. Body, flat-
tened, sloping abruptly at the sides. Color, velvet-green,
with a darker colored dorsal stripe. The anterior edge of
second segment, yellowish-brown with a few darker dots;
the middle segment laterally striped with two or three faint,
yellow, oblique lines, and the last two segments have each
a lateral yellow patch, and there is a faint, yellow basal
line from the fifth to the terminal segments. Under surface,
bluish-green.

: BUTTERFLIES 25

“The larva is .37 of an inch long, nearly oval, and with
the head case rounded. The body is dark reddish-brown,
with black markings, and thickly covered with fine hairs.
The anterior segments have many black patches on them,
and there is a dark ventral line from the sixth to the twelfth
segments.’’ This species is shown in Fig. 25.

FAMILY PAPILIONIDAE OR SWALLOW-TAILED BUTTERFLIES.

This family contains the giants of the butterflies, and is
well represented in our state by a number of large and
bright species. The butterflies belonging here have all their

Fig. 26.—Cabbage butterflies. After Riler.

legs perfect in both sexes, and the antennz are set close to-
gether at the base. There are two groups, the first one con-
taining such insects as the injurious cabbage-butterflies
(Fig. 26), and the second one the true swallow-tails.

BUTTERFLIES

bo
(27)

THE TURNUS SWALLOW-TAIL.

(Papilio turnus Linn.).

Among the numerous kinds of North American swallow-
tailed butterflies few are as beautiful as this species, which
leisurely sails through the warm air of June and July. It is
not a common insect, excepting in the lake region of our
State. Inthe northern part of Minnesota, but chiefly near
Lake Vermillion, it occurs in countless numbers, and some-
times the shores of the lake are simply lined with a broad
band of these gaudy beings. They are attracted by all sorts
of putrid matter, and a dead fish seems to possess special
attractions. This butterfly is, with one exception, the
largest swallow-tail found in Minnesota, and measures with
expanded wings four inches and more. The wings in all our
specimens area rich lemon-yellow, banded and bordered
with black; on the fore-wings are four black bars, the inner
one extending entirely across the wing, the outer ones be-
coming shorter as they approach the apex. The front mar-
gin is edged with black, and the outer-margin has a wide
border of the same color, in which is a row of eight or nine
spots, the lowest one being the smallest. The hind-wing is
crossed with a tapering streak of black; there is also a wide
black border enclosing lunar spots. Above and about these
spots, and especially towards the inner angle of the wing,
this border is thickly powdered with blue scales. The outer
margin of the hind-wing is scalloped, and partly edged with
yellow; the inner-margin is bordered with brownish-black
for about two-thirds of its length, followed by a small yel-
low patch, which is succeeded by a larger black spot, cen-
tered wtthacrescent of blue atoms, and bounded below by an
irregular reddish spot margined within with yellow. The
hind-wings terminate in two long black tails, edged on the
inside with yellow. The body is black above, margined with
pale yellowish. The paler under-surface of the wings is
similar to the upper one.

BUTTERFLIES. 27

In Minnesota both sexes of this beautiful butterfly have
a yellow ground color of the wings; but south of Pennsyl-
vania the female usually loses thiscolor and becomes almost
black; the male, however, always retains its normal yellow
color.

Fig. 28.—Papilio turnus, Linn.: A,egg; B, larva crawling;
C, larva resting; D, chrysalis.

The winter is passed as a chrysalis (Fig. 28, D), which
is of a dull brown color; it has a conical horn back of the
head. Towards the end of May the butterflies appear; they
now commence to deposit their eggs upon the leaves of
apple and cherry trees; in the north they prefer the cherry
and the canoe-birch for this purpose. The eges are laid
singly, and hatch in about twelve to fourteen days. The
very young caterpillars are black, roughened with small
brownish-black tubercles, with the first segment thickened,
of a dull, glossy, flesh-color, a prominent fleshy tubercle on
each side, and a patch of white on the seventh and eighth
segments. Fully grown, the caterpillar is about two inches
long, with a rather large reddish-brown head, and a green
body, paler on the sides, which tapers posteriorly; parts of
the body are covered with a whitish bloom. On the front
edge of the first segment is a raised yellow fold, which
slightly overhangs the head, and from which, when irritated,
the caterpillar can protrude a yellow, fleshy and forked
organ, which gives off a peculiar odor, disagreeable to some

persons. No doubt this peculiar organ, found near the hea
c

28 BUTTERFLIES.

in the caterpillars of most swallow-tails, though in cater-
pillars of some moths near the tail, has the office to drive off
the numerous parasites always ready to pounce upon their
victims. On each side of the third segment is an eye-like
spot, nearly oval, vellow, enclosed by a ring of black, cen-
tered with a small elongated blue dot, which is also set in
black. In some species of swallow-tails these eye-like spots
look very much like eyes, and are sometimes quite startling.
Another raised yellow fold occurs on the posterior portion
of the fourth segment; it is bordered behind with velvety
black, but is only seen when the caterpillar is in motion.
Other dots occur as indicated in the illustration (Fig. 28).

Early in August, the caterpillar becomes restless and
wanders about in search of a suitable spot in which to
change to a chrysalis, and in which to pass the winter.
When such a shelter has been found, it spins a little carpet
of silk, into which it fastens the hooks of the prolegs; it then
fastens a silken band or loop around the middle of its body
to suspend itself. This done, it casts its larval skin and re-
mains as achrysalis until the following spring.

The butterfly is shown in Fig. 27, Plate IV.

FAMILY HESPERIDA OR SKIPPERS.

These butterflies are quite different from all the preced-
ing ones; they differ by possessing broad heads, clothed with
bristly hair, by having widely separated antenne, the clubs
of which terminate by a more or less marked and recurved
slender hooklet, and by having rather small wings in com-
parison to the heavy bodies (Fig. 15). They are very well
named, as they skip trom place to place amongst low herb-
age. The caterpillars have unusually large heads, with
strongly contracted necks; they generally make a sort of
nest of a folded leaf or of several leaves. We havea large
number of species in Minnesota, but none are destructive to
fruit; most of the caterpillars feed upon the leaves of the
various kinds of clovers, vetches and similar plants. A com-
mon species is shown on Plate IV, Fig. 29; it is the silver-
spotted skipper (Endamus tityrus Fab.).

HAWK-MOTHS. 29

MOTHS.

(Heterocera).
FAMILY SPHINGIDAZ OR HAWK-MOTHS.

Hawk-moths are easily recognized by the form of the
body, wing and antenne. The body is very stout and
spindle-shaped; the wings are long, narrow and very strong;
the antennz are more or less thickened in the middle or
towards the tip, which is frequently curved back in the form
of a hook; rarely are the antennz pectinated. The tongue
is usually very long, being in some instances twice as long
as the body; but in one sub-family it is short and membran-
ous. When not in use it is closely coiled like a watch-spring
beneath the head.

Hawk-moths, or Humming-bird moths, have obtained
thesenanies from their habits of hovering about the flowers,
and from their rapid and darting motions. Most of them
appear just about dusk, flying about such deep flowers as
the morning glories, primroses, petunias or others. By
means of their unusually long tongues they are enabled to
reach the very bottoms of these flowers in which are located
the nectaries, taking this food while poised over the flower,
and but rarely alighting. This attitude, and the whir of
their powerful vibrating wings, gives them a strong resem-
biance to humming-birds, which obtain the sweet food in a
similar manner. Some of the smaller and clear-winged
hawk-moths fly during the broad daylight.

The caterpillars of the Sphingide are allexternal feeders,
and have a cylindrical and naked body, usually with a horn
near the end on the eight abdominal segment; in some cases
this horn is replaced by a shining tubercle or knob. Many
people are greatly afraid of such caterpillars, believing that
they could inflict painful wounds with these horns, which

30 HAWK-MOTHS.

are, however, never provided with stings. While at rest
many of the caterpillars assume a very peculiar attitude,
supposed to resemble the Egyptian Sphinx, hence their scien-
tific name Sphingide.

THE THYSBE CLEAR-WING.

(Hemaris thyshe Fab.)._

This beautiful insect is not as common as the closely
related Bumble-bee Hawk-moth (H. diftinis Bdv.), the
larva of which frequently strips all the foliage from our
ornamental waxberry plants and honeysuckles. Both moths
fly during the day and resemble very closely the common
bumble-bees, both in size and general appearance. The
wings of thysbe, which expand nearly two inches, are trans-
parent, and crossed by dark brown veins. The fore-wings
have a narrow costal border, a wide outer border dentate
inwardly on the inter-spaces, and a basal patch extending
along the hinder margin, of a dark, reddish-brown color,
and overlaid on the basal portion with olive-green hairs.
This species is readily distinguished from our other species,
by a line of scales dividing the discal cell lengthwise. The
hind-wings are bordered all around, narrowly on the costa,
more widely on the outer margin, with dark, reddish-brown,
while the hinder margin and base of the wing have a very
wide border of rusty red.

The trim-looking caterpillar, nearly one inch and three-
fourths in length, tapering towards the head, is of a pea-
green color, granulated, with dark breathing-pores; a
pinkish stripe extends along the middle of the back, bord-
ered on each side with a whitish line, which ends in front. of
the caudal horn. A white or vellowish line runs along each
side from the second segment to the base of the horn, which
is curved, light-blue, tipped with yellow, granulated with
white on the sides, and black in front.

HAWK-MOTHS. 31

The pupa is blackish-brown, with the entire surface
shagreened. The terminal spine is broad at the base,
prominent, flat, rounded at the tip, and armed with some
fine hooks.

The caterpillars feed upon different kinds of snow-balls,
waxberry, hawthorn, apple and plum.

The adult insect is shown in Fig 30, plate V.

THE GRAPE-VINE AMPHION.
(Amphion nessus Cram.).

This beautiful moth (Fig. 31) is found from time to time
flying about from the first to the middle of June in broad
sunlight, and in this way resembling the insect just de-
scribed. Specimens were caught here as late as the begin-
ning of August.

The moth, which expands from one inch and three-
fourths to two inches, has the upper side of head, thorax,
abdomen and fore-wings of a
dull, dark, rusty-brown color,
The middle of the fore-wings
is crossed by a rich, dark-
brown oblique band, within
which are two lines of the
same color; beyond the cen-

tral band is another line fol-

Fig. 31.—Amphion nessus Cram,
After Beutenmueller. lowed by several spots of the

same color. None of the markings are clearly defined. The
fringes are of the same color as the wings, except at the
middle of the excavations, where they are pale yellow. The
hind-wings are of a rich, dark brown color, with an oblique,
central reddish band: the fringes are pale yellow, spotted
with brown.

The caterpillar, which feeds upon the grape-vine, Vir-
ginia creeper, Epilobium, and some other plants, measures

32 HAWK-MOTHS.

over two inches in length; it tapers greatly from the fourth
segment to the head, but there is a slight enlargement of
the third and fourth segments which increases with every
moult. It is of a uniform pale yellowish-green color, or
chocolate-brown, dotted with numerous dark-umber points,
but especially along the dorsal line; two light longitudinal
subdorsal lines extend straight from the head to the eleventh
segment, thence curving to the caudal horn. ‘There are also
eight lateral or stigmatal stripes of dark umber; the caudal
horn is very short, black-ochre or reddish-brown at the
base, tapering abruptly, and often carried in a line with the
back. The caterpillar is rather sluggish; at rest it stretches
itself at full length along the leaf or leaf-stem, very. much
like the larva of the Abbot Spinx described later. When full
grown it transforms to a dark-brown pupa under the rub-
bish on top of the ground.

THE ABBOT SPINX.

(Thyvreus Abboti Swains. ).

This interesting insect is not common in Minnesota, but
occurs only occasionally upon our cultivated and wild
grapes, as well as upon the Virginia creeper. The caterpillar
reaches its full size early in August, when it measures almost
two inches in length. It varies considerably in color and
appearance. Usually it.is of a dull yellow or reddish-brown,
each segment being marked transversely with six or seven
fine black lines, and longitudinally with dark brown patches,
giving the caterpillar a checkered appearance. The under
side of the caterpillar is yellowish, with a pinkish tinge be-
tween the prolegs. The head is slightly roughened and dark,
with a lighter broad band each side, and a central x-shaped
mark down the middle. This caterpillar does not possess
the usual caudal horn like the other larva of the Sphingide,
having in its place a polished black tubercle, ringed with

HAWK-MOTHS. 33

yellow; nor does it assume the usual attitude of a shinx by
holding up the head, but rests stretched out at full length
upon atwig. If disturbed it will throw its head from side
to side, producing at the same time a crepitating sound.
_ The pupa is formed most frequently in a little cavity on
the surface of the ground, or is simply hidden under a few
dead leaves or other rubbish loosely fastened together with
threads of silk, in which are mixed grains of earth. The
pupa, about aninch and a quarter long, is of a blackish or
dark brown color, roughened by confluent punctures, but
between the lighter colored joints it is smooth. The head-
case is broad and rounded; the tongue-case does not pro-
ject; and the tail terminates in a rough, flattened and
wedge-shaped point, from which extend two minute horns.

The adult insect remains in the ground until the follow-
ing spring, hence we have but a single annual generation.
The peculiar moth, measuring with expanded wings about
two and a half inches across, is of a dull chocolate or gray-
ish-brown color. The front-wings are lighter beyond the
middle, and are variegated with brown. The hind-wings
are sulphur-yellow, with a broad, dark brown border break-
ing into a series of short lines on a flesh-colored ground as it
approaches the body. The wings are very deeply scalloped,
especially the front ones. The body, which is curved up-
wards when the insect is at rest, is furnished with tufts
along the sides near the extremity. Ifthe insect should ever
become common, it is easily kept in check by hand-picking.
A number of small parasites seem to make it their business
to keep it from increasing.

This insect is shown in Fig. 32, Plate V.

Deidemia inscripta Harris.

This is a very uncommon hawk-moth, not alone in
Minnesota but everywhere, and although it feeds as a cater-
pillar on the grape-vine and Virgimia-creeper, it is not apt

34 HAWK-MOTHS.

to become injurious. This caterpillar is about two inches
long, of a fine green color; its caudal horn is whitish at the
tip; the head is small and the body tapers from the third
segment towards the head. It enters the ground late in
June or in the beginning of July for pupation, but not very
deeply, and here it remains until the middle of May, when
the moth emerges; there is but a single annual brood.

_ The moth, which expandsalittlelessthan two inches, has
an ashen-gray head and body; the thorax is shaded with
brown, and there are two rows of dark brown spots on the
abdomen. The last segment is trifurcated; the antennz are

Fig. 33.—Deidemia inscripta Harr. After Beutenmueller.

serrated in the male, simple in the female. The fore-wings
have the same color as the body, with bands and marks of
rich brown of various shades; there is a pale discal spot.
and also a small triangular spot near the exterior margin.
The hind-wings are reddish, or reddish-brown, with darker
outer margins. The under side of the wings is ashen-gray,
with darker borders; the small triangular white spot on the
upper surface near the outer edge of fore-wings is repeated.
This rare moth is shown in Fig. 33.

THE WHITE-LINED MORNING-SPHINX.

(Deilephila lineata Fab.).

This very beautiful moth is quitecommon in Minnesota,
and would cause much more injury to our cultivated grape-
vines if it did not prefer the common purslane for food, to

HAWK-MOTHS. 35

which it is quite welcome. The moth may often be seen at
dusk flying from flower to flower. It resembles in its flight
a humming-bird, especially if it hovers over some flower and
pushes its long tongue into the same to extract the sweet
nectar found in it. The humming-sound, similar to that
produced by the flight of a humming-bird, is produced by
the rapid motion of the wings.

The ground-color of the fore-wings of this hawk-moth is
a rich greenish-olive, with a pale-buff stripe or bar extend-
ing along the middle of the wing from the base to near the
tip; along the outer margin there is another band nearly
equal in width, but of a grayish color; the veins are mar-
gined with white. The hind-wings, which are quite small,
are of a roseate color, and are marked above and below by
an almost black band; the lower margin is fringed with
white. On the body there is a line of white on each side,
extending from the head to the base of the thorax, where it
unites with another line of the same color, which extends
down the middle, and dividing, sends a branch to each side.
The greenish-olive abdomen has interrupted bands of white
and black, as shown in the illustration Fig. 36, Plate VI.
The wings of this fine moth expand about three inches and
a half.

This insect is double brooded in Minnesota, appearing
on the wing in June and again in September. It seems as if
an attempt was made to produce still another brood, as not
infrequently the moths are found very late; Sept. 28 and
Oct. 14 are dates of late captures.

This moth has a very wide geographical range, being
not alone found throughout the United States, but also in
Canada, West Indies, Mexico and Southern Europe, where
it is called (D. Jivornia). Its caterpillar is a rather general
feeder, having been tound upon the grape, apple, water-
melon, buckwheat, turnip and purslane; the latter is the
plant preferred, however. It is not uncommonly found as
late as September, even up to frost. When mature, the

36 HAWK-MOTHS.

caterpillar enters the earth, where it forms a smooth cavity,
inside of which it transforms to a light-brown pupa. The
caterpillars vary very much indeed, so much so that ex-
treme forms of it do not resemble each other in the least.
The most common form is yellowish-green, with a promin-
ent sub-dorsal row of elliptical spots, each spot consisting
of two curved black lines inclosing a bright crimson space
and a pale vellow line; all the spots are connected by a pale
yellow stripe, edged above with black (Fig. 34). The other

Fiy. 35.—Deilephila lineata Fab., caterpillar.

common form is black, distinguished chiefly by a narrow
yellow line along the back, and a series of paler and darker
yellow spots (Fig. 35). Both forms are subject to great
variation.

These rather beautiful caterpillars are sometimes exceed-
ingly numerous, and people are apt to become scared on
their account. When army worms and migratory locusts
have denuded fields of almost all plants, only the purslane
is left in undisturbed possession of such fields, not having
been eaten by either of the above insects, and having now an
opportunity to spread, this weed is not slow to do so, and in
this way a large amount of food ‘is offered to and accepted
by this insect. But an increased number of caterpillars is

HAWK-MOTHS. 37

soon followed by an increased number of parasites, from
which this species of moths suffers greatly. A two-winged
fly, a species of Tachina, destroys large numbers of the
larva, and it is often quite difficult to find a single caterpillar
that does not show the cream-white eggs of this parasite.

THE DARK-VEINED MORNING SPHINX.
(Deilephila galu var. chamenerti Hartr.).

This is a closely allied species, but smaller and not as
common, though by no means a very rare insect. Its larva
has also been found feeding upon the leaves of the grape-
vine, but it prefers those of plants belonging to the genera
Galium and Epilobium. Other plants are also eaten. The
moth has the same greenish-olive color as lineata, and al-
most the same stripes and markings. The central band on
the fore-wings in this species is wider and more irregular; the
thorax lacks the white markings on the disk, and the veins
are not lined with white. The hind-wings in both species
are almost identical in coloration and markings. This
insect is quite common in Europe, and the form found here
hardly deserves the name ofa variety. It is shown in Fig.
ar, Plate V.

The caterpillar, measuring about two and a half to three
inches in length, has a small dull-red head, with a black
stripe across the front at base. The body is deep olive-
green, polished, with a pale yellow line along the back, ter-
minating at the base of the caudal horn; on each segment,
from the third to the twelfth, is a pale yellow spot on each
side, about half way bet ween the dorsal line and the breath-
ing-pores, largest on the segments from the sixth to the
eleventh; the spot on the twelfth segment is elongated, and,
extending upwards, terminates at the base of the horn.
_ The yellow spots are placed ina wide but indistinct blackish
band, and the sides of the body below the spots are thickly

38 HAWK-MOTHS.

sprinkled with minute, raised, yellow dots. The under sur-
face is pale pinkish-green; the feet are black; the prolegs
pink; with a patch of black on the outside of each.

THE ACHEMON SPHINX.
(Philampelus achemon Drury).

Among the fifty or more larve of moths that feed upon
the foliage of the grape, we have some ten species of hawk-
moths, all of which are widely distributed. Some of them
are rare, but others will occasionally become quite destruct-
ive. The best known of all is the caterpillar of the above-
named Sphinx, which frequently devours all the foliage of
the Virginia creepers, and strips whole canes of the grape.
Being quite large it is readily seen, and it is always a case of
gross negligence if such a large insect is not discovered and
removed. In nurseries the damage is frequently very great,
as one of the large caterpillars can kill numerous young
vines ina short time. Hand-picking is in all cases the most
simple and satisfactory remedy.

The full grown caterpillar of this insect is usually found
towards the latter part of August and early in September.
It is a large larva, measuring almost four inches when
crawling; at rest it measures much less, as the first two
smaller segments are partly withdrawn in the much larger
third segment. The caterpillar varies in color from pale
straw-color to reddish-brown, the color growing darker
and deep-brown towards the under side. An interrupted
line of brown runs along the back, and another unbroken
one extends along each side; below this latter are six scal-
loped cream-colored spots, one on each segment, from the
sixth to the eleventh. The much wrinkled body is dotted
with minute spots, which are dark on the back but lighter
and annulated at the sides. Head, thoracic segments, and
spiracles are suffused with flesh-color; the prolegs and

HAWK-MOTHS. 49

caudal-plates are brown. When this caterpillar is ready to
change to a pupa it changes to a beautiful pink or crimson
color. The young larva is green, with a long and slender
horn rising from the eleventh segment and curving over the

Fig. 38.—Philampelus achemon Drury. a, moth; b, egg; c, young larva; d, mature
larva; e, pupa; f. parasitized larva—all natural size. From Div. of Entomology,
Department of Agriculture.

back. In the older and fully grown specimens this long horn
has disappeared, and in its place is found a highly polished
lenticular tubercle.

The large pupa is formed in a smooth cell several inches
below the surface of the ground; it is of a dark, shining

0 HAWK MOTHS.

mahogany color, shagreened or roughened, especially at the
anterior edge of the segments on the back, and terminates
in a short, blunt spine. This species is single brooded, and
the pupa remains in the ground until late in June of the fol-
lowing year, though in some cases the moth has appeared
the same season.

The fine looking moth is brownish-gray, variegated
with light brown, and with deep brown spots. The hind-
wings are pink, with a dark shade across the middle, still
darker spots below this shade, and a broad gray band be-
hind. The heavy reddish-gray body is marked with two
dark brown triangular patches on the thorax, which are
finely edged with white. The posterior edges of all the seg-
ments of the body are also edged with white.

This showy insect is found throughout the United States
and Canada, or wherever the grape is cultivated, or where
the Virginia creeper is utilized to decorate our dwelling
places.

The illustration (Figs. 38) shows the different states of
this insect; the adult and caterpillar is also shown in Figs.
39 and 40 on Plate VII.

THE PANDORUS SPHINX.

(Philampelus pandorus Hbn.).

One of the most beautiful moths found in the United
States is the Pandorus Sphinx. It is not common in Min-
nesota, but occurs here, as several specimens have been seen
that were captured in our State. The moths, with wings
fully expanded, measure from four to four and a half inches
across; they are of a light olive color, mixed with gray,
and varied with patches of a darker olive-green, rich and
velvety, and some portions, especially on the hind-wings,
are of a rosy hue. The body is pale greenish-brown, orna-
mented with dark olive patches. The moths appear in July,
when, after pairing, the female deposits her eggs singly on

HAWK-MOTHS. 41

the leaves of the grape-vine and Virginia creeper (Ampelopsis
quinquetolia), where they shortly hatch, producing small
green larve of a pinkish hue along the sides and with a

Fig. 41.—Philampelus pandorus Hbn. Caterpillars of different ages. After Riley.

very long pink horn at the tail (Fig. 41). As the cater-
pillars increase in size the horn becomes shorter, and after a
time curves round. As the larva approaches maturity, it
changes to a reddish-brown color, and after a third moult
loses the caudal horn, which is replaced by a glassy, eye-like
spot. The mature larva, when in motion, will measure
nearly four inches in length, but when at rest it draws the
head and two adjoining segments within the third, which
shortens its body nearly an inch, giving it a very odd ap-
pearance, with its anterior portion so blunt and thick. It
is of a rich reddish-brown color, of a lighter shade along the
back, with five nearly oval cream-colored spots along each
side from the seventh to the eleventh segments inclusive.
On the anterior segments there are a number of black dots;
a dark, polished, raised, eye-like spot in place ofthe tail; the
breathing-pores along the sides black, showing prominently
in the cream-colored spots. It is a very voracious feeder,

42 HAWK-MOTHS.

and strips the vine of its leaves with such rapidity that it
soon attracts attention. When full grown it descends from
the vine and buries itself in the ground, where it forms an
oval cell, within which it changes to a pupa. This pupa is
of a chestnut-brown color, with the segments roughened
with impressed points, the terminal joint having a long,
thick spine. The insect remains in the pupal state until the
following summer, but occasionally it matures and escapes
the same season. The moth is shown in Fig. 42, Plate VII.

THE HOG-CATERPILLAR OF THE GRAPE.
(Ampelophaga myron Cram.).

This common caterpillar, also called the ‘‘Green Grape-
vine Sphinx,’ is the most destructive of the horned cater-
pillars found feeding upon the foliage of the grape. It is
called the Green Grape-vine Sphinx because the moth, which
expands about two and a half inches across the wings, has
the fore-wings of a dark olive-green color, crossed by bands
and streaks of greenish-gray, and shaded on the outer-mar-
gin with the same hue; its hind-wings are dull red, with a
patch of greenish-gray next the body, shaded gradually into
the surrounding color. On the under side the red appears
on the fore-wings, the hinder pair being greenish-gray. The
antenne are dull white above, rosy below; head and
shoulder-covers deep olive-green, the rest of the body of a
paler shade of green; underneath the body is dull gray. The
moth is shown in Fig. 43, Plate VI.

It rests quietly during the day, takes wing at dusk, and
is very active, having a swiit and strong flight. It darts
rapidly from flower to flower, and is not readily captured,
as it is a wide-awake insect. Large numbers are attracted
to the electric lights, and the moths fly enormously long dis-
tances to it, otherwise they could not be found at this light
in our prairie villages, and in places where neither grape-
vines nor Virginia creepers are grown.

HAWK-MOTHS. 43

The caterpillars consume a very large amount of food,
and a very few of them are capable of stripping a small vine
of its foliage in the course of two or three days. They pos-
sess the additional bad habit of gnawing into the stems of
the clusters of the grapes, which either wilt or drop off.

The eggs, which are 0.05 inch in diameter, perfectly
round, and of a uniform delicate yellowish-green color, hatch

Fig. 44.—Ampelophaga myron Cram., caterpillar, After Riley.

into pale green worms with long and straight horns at the
tails. After feeding from four to five weeks they reach their
full size, and the horns look now comparatively short, with
a posterior curve. The full grown (Fig. 44) caterpillar is dis-
tinguished by having the third and fourth segments immensely
swollen, while the first and second ones are quite small and
retractile. According to Prof. Riley it is from this peculiar
appearance of the fore part of the body, which strikingly
suggests the fat cheeks and shoulders and small head of a
blooded hog, that it is known as the ‘‘Hog-caterpillar.”’
Perhaps an equally good explanation for having this name
is the great appetite possessed by such worms. The color
of a grown caterpillar is pea-green; it is wrinkled trans-
versely, and covered with numerous pale yellow dots, placed

4. HAWK-MOTHS.

in irregular transverse rows. An oblique cream-colored
lateral band, bordered below with darker green, and most
distinct on the middle segments, connects with a cream-
colored sub-dorsal line, which is bordered above with darker
green, and which extends from the head to the horn at the
tail. There are five and often six somewhat pale yellow
triangular patches along the back, each containing a
lozenge-shaped lilac-colored spot. The head is small, with
yellow granulations, and four perpendicular lines, and the
spiracles or breathing-holes are orange-brown. The cater-
pillars vary considerably in coloration, especially those of
the second brood, where the green is often replaced by a
delicate reddish-pink, with markings of darker shades of red
and brown. When full grown the caterpillar descends from
the vine, and among old leaves or any other rubbish lying
on the ground it forms a mesh
of strong brown silk, within
which it changes toa pupa (Fig.
45), which is ofa pale brown col-
a ites or, speckled and spotted with
Fig.45.—Ampelophage myrouCram, Drown, butchielly charactemacm

berg aa by conspicuous dark brown
spiracles and broad brown incisures of the three larger ab-
dominal segments.

The moths of the first brood appear during May; those
of the second late in July. The insect passes the winter in
the pupal state.

The best method to dispose of these pestsis to pick them
off the vines, and as the worms are readily detected by the
ravages they cause this remedy is very simple. Though fre-
quently very numerous, their num-
bers are kept in check by several
parasitic insects. It is not uncom-

mon to see one of these caterpillars
covered with snow-white cocoons of

Fig. 46.—Ampelophaga
myron Cram., cater-

A iiar carasitesd. a minute wasp (Fig. 46). These co-

HAWK-MOTHS. 45

coons are frequently mistaken by those not well posted iu
such matters for the eggs of the caterpillars themselves. Of
course this is a mistake, as caterpillars are not in the habit
of laying eggs. Ifthe poor victim of these parasites, which
can no longer take any food, is kept ina glass, weshall soon
see what will become of those reputed
eggs. Before very long we shall see that a
px very minute wasp (Fig. 47) pushes open a
little lid, which it had previously cut with
its jaws, and flies off, happy to be liberated
from its narrow cell. As all caterpillars
attacked by these parasites succumb in the end, and never
transform to pupa, it is well to recollect that worms carry-
ing such egg-like cocoons should be left alone, and should by
no means be destroyed. The small wasps issuing from
these cocoons have nothing else to do but tosearch for other
caterpillars in which to deposit their eggs, hence they are
employed in very good work.

Fig 47.—Parasite.

THE PLUM-TREE SPHINX.
(Sphinx drupiferarum S. & A.).

Like all the members of the Sphinx moths, the above in-
sect possesses a robust body, and long and narrow wings
moved by powerful muscles, which enable it to fly rapidly
over long distances. This accounts for the fact that they
are found frequently at electric lights many miles away from
their place of birth.

The Plum-tree Sphinx (Fig. 48, Plate VI) is a handsome
insect, but quite different from those described before, as it
lacks their bright colors. The moth, which appears during
June, has an expanse of wings measuring from three and a
half to four inches. The wings are of purplish-brown color;
the fore-wings have a stripe of white on their anterior edge,
and one of a fawn-color on their outer one; there are also

46 HAWK-MOTHS.

three or four oblique black streaks, and a black dot on the
white stripe. The hind-wing has two whitish, wavy stripes,
and a fawn-colored one on the outer edge. The head and
thorax are blackish-brown, with a whitish-fawn color at

Fig. 49.—Sphinx drupiferarum S. & A.; caterpillar. After Saunders.

the sides; the eyes are very prominent; the snout-like pro-
jection in front consists of the two palpi, within which lies
the tongue, snugly coiled up like the spring of a watch.
This tongue is as long as the body and is used by the insect
in extracting nectar {rom flowers. The body is brown, with
a central line and a band on either side of black, the latter
containing four or five dingy-white spots. The insect is
quite common in Minnesota, as indicated by the large num-
ber of moths attracted to the electric light. Even as far
north as Duluth the insects occur in fairly large numbers.
The egys are laid singly on the leaves of the plum. They
are of a pale yellowish-green color, smooth, slightly oval,
and about one-fifteenth of an inch long. In about eight days
the young caterpillar eats its way out through the side of
the egg; the shell itself is usually eaten in part or entire.
The young larva is of a pale yellowish-green color, with a
few slightly elevated whitish tubercles on every segment,
{from each of which arises a single short hair; the caudal
horn is dark. When full grown the caterpillar (Fig. 49) is

HAWK-MOTHS. 47

about three and a half inches long, of a beautiful apple-green
color, and with a lateral dark-brown or blackish stripe. On
each side of the body there are seven broad, oblique, white
bands, bordered in front with light purple. The breathing-
‘pores are of a bright orange-yellow; the dark-brown horn
is quite long and has a yellowish tint about the base at the
sides.

When not feeding this larva assumes the peculiar rigid
position that has given this
class of caterpillars the name
of Sphinx.” Tit. is) quikesa.
formidable looking insect, but

Mie SO Satins dhapiferarien is perfectly harmless and can
aiiiph ors: be handled with impunity.
As soon as fully grown, it enters the ground, where at the
depth of several inches it prepares a large and smooth cell,
lined with some sort of water-proof cement, and there it
changes to a reddish-brown pupa, about an inch and a half
long, and with a short, thick and projecting tongue-case
(Fig.50). The pupa remains in the ground until the follow-
ing June.

* Like all worms of this kind they soon show their pres-
ence upon plum trees by the denuded twigs, and a vigilant
fruit-grower should not be slow to find and exterminate this
foe. Sometimes these caterpillars cause considerable dam-
age in nurseries, and if found in large numbers, as is some-
times the case, many young plum trees are killed.

THE APPLE SPHINX.
(Sphinx gordius Cram.).

This moth (Fig.51, Plate VI), which expands from three
to three and a half inches across the wings, is also found in
Minnesota, but seems to be rather uncommon. It is found
from late in May to the end of June. Its fore-wings are dark

48 HAWK-MOTHS.

brown, varied with ash-gray, with black streaks within the
veins, and a white dot near the middle, resting on a long
black line. The hind-wings are gray; a band across the
middle, and a wide marginal band are black. The fringes of
the wings are white, the head and thorax blackish-brown.
The abdomen is dark-gray, with a central black line, and
alternate black and grayish bands partly encircling it.
_ The caterpillar of the Apple Sphinx, like most others of
this family, is thick, cylindrical and apple-green, about two
and a halt inches long, with a reddish-brown horn projecting
from the hinder part of its back, and with seven oblique |
stripes along each side, of a violet color, margined behind
with white. This caterpillar also enters the earth for pupa-
tion, and changes to a brown pupa with a short projecting
tongue-case. The insect winters as a pupa.

Hand-picking is all that is needed to keep this insect in
check.

THE BLIND-EYED SPHINX.

(Paonias excecatus S. & A.).

Among the numerous caterpillars that infest apple trees,
we find sometimes a thick and cylindrical worm, about two
anda kalf inches long, which differs from all those men-
tioned thus far by having a greenand triangular head, bord-

Fig, 52.—Paonias excecatus S. & A.; caterpillar.

ered with white. Its body is of anapple-green color, paleron
the back but deeper along the sides. Its skin is roughened
with numerous white-tipped granulations; the caudal horn

HAWK-MOTHS. 49

is bluish; seven oblique stripes, of a pale yellowish-white
color, are found on each side of the worm, the last one
of a brighter yellow than the others, and extending to the
base of the horn (Fig. 52). The caterpillar enters the earth
for pupation and changes to a chestnut-brown smooth
pupa, with a short terminal spine.

The moth (Fig. 53, Plate VIII) appears from May toJuly,
but chiefly in June. It is a very handsome insect. Its body
is fawn-colored; on the top of the thorax is a chestnut-
colored stripe, and on the abdomen a dark-brown line. The
front-wings are fawn-colored, or rich brown, clouded and
striped with two broad bands of lilac-gray; the hind-wings
are rose-colored in the middle, with a brownish patch at the
tips, crossed by two or three short whitish lines, and having
near the inner angle a black spot with a pale blue center.
The antenuze of the male are pectinated beneath. The
moths measure with expanded wings about three inches
across.

This and some other closely allied moths have very
short, scarcely visible tongues, and their fore-wings are
generally scalloped on the outer edge. When at rest, the an-
terior portion of the hind-wings projects beyond the {ront-
wings, and the abdomen is usually turned upwards. In this
position the highly-colored eye spots are no longer visible,
and the insect resembles very closely a dead leaf.

This insect is by no means a rare one in Minnesota. Its
larva is found on the apple tree and also on the plum and
wild cherry, but it pre'ers the smaller oaks. It causes but
little damage to our {fruit trees. The caterpillars are not
readily seen, as they assume during the day a rigid and

-sphinx-like position, but they make their presence readily
visible by defoliating whole branches. 5

50 HAWK-MOTHS.

THE PURBLIND SPHINX.
(Paonias myops S. & A.).

This is another moth closely allied to the preceding one.
It is somewhat smaller, measuring, when the wings are ex-
panded, about two and a half inches across. It is very
handsome, and much brighter than the excecatus (Fig. 54,
Plate VIII). It has a chocolate-brown head and thorax,
with a purplish tinge; the thorax has a tawny-yellow stripe
down the middle; the abdomen is brown, with dull yellow-
ish spots. The fore-wings are chocolate-brown, with black
bands and patches. The hind-wings are dull yellow, with
the outer half chocolate-brown; an eye-like spot is found
towards the inner margin; it is black with a large pale blue
center. When at rest this moth is also thoroughly well
protected by its position and color, which unite to give it
the appearance of a dead leaf.

The caterpillar of this moth occurs on the cherry tree,
but is uncommon. Since the electric lights have been intro-
duced the moths are seen more frequently. The caterpillar
is found during August; it is a large, cylindrical green
worm, about two inches long, with a curved horn at the
end of the body. Its head is bluish-green, with a bright
yellow line on the sides; the body is green, with a row of
reddish-brown spots on each side of the back, and another
similar row down near the breathing pores. Along each side
there are six oblique, bright yellow bands, and two short
yellow lines on the anterior segments. The horn is green,
tinted with yellow at the sides. When full grown the cater-
pillar enters the earth, where it changes to a dark brown
pupa, which remains in the ground until the following June
or July, when the perfect insect escapes.

The caterpillar is not common enough to cause great
injury to cherry trees, and as it can be readily detected by
its work it is easily kept in check.

HAWK-MOTHS. 51
THE COMMON DOUBLE-EYED SPHINX.

(Smerithus geminatus Say ).

This is one of the most common species of hawk-moths
found in Minnesota. The caterpillars feed upon a variety of
plants, such as the apple, plum, ash, willow, birch and
others.

The mature caterpillar is about two and a fourth
inches long, of an apple-green color, somewhat lighter
above, with pale green or whitish granulations over the
surface. Its head has a yellow stripe on each side, and
there are seven oblique stripes on each side of the body, of a
pale yellow color, except the last one, which is bright yel-
low. There is also a stripe on the side of the forward seg-
ments. The anal shield and plates are granulated and of a
darker green than the rest of the upper surface, but of the
same color as the under surface. The caudal horn is slightly
curved, of a violet color and granulated (Fernald). It is
not an uncommon occurrence to find some of these green
worms marked with a series of bright red spots along
their sides, as shown in Fig. 55, Plate XV.

The moth (Fig. 56, Plate VIII), which expands two and
a half inches, has a pale gray head and thorax;in the middle
of the latter is a rich, dark brown triangular spot, which is.
rounded in front and widened out behind. Both abdomen
and under side of body are brownish-gray. The gray fore-
wings have a rosy tint in some examples; the discal spot is
whitish, bordered with dark brown, and a dark brown line,
edged on the inside with white, starts from the basal third
of the costa at right angles with it, and runs about half
way across the wing, where it forms nearly a right angle,
and then runs across to the hinder margin. The lower part
of this line is wider, and shades off on the outer side. A
broad, dark-brown, oblique stripe starts at this line and
ends at a narrow, wavy, pale band, which crosses the outer

52 HAWK-MOTHS.

part of the wing; within it is‘a darker band with a still
darker straight inner edge. Outside of the pale band are
several indistinct lines crossing the wing, a dark brown
spot just inside of the anal angle and a lunulate spot of the
same color edged on the inside with white. The hind-wings
are rosy red, with gray costal and outer borders. There is
a large black spot with two blue spots on it near the anal
angle, and connected with it by a narrow, black stripe.
Occasionally a third blue spot appears, but sometimes there
is but a single one.

The globose eggs are somewhat flattened, and of a pale
green color.

THE WALNUT SPHINX.
_(Cressoma juglandis 5. & A.).

This is still another Sphinx closely related to the pre-
ceding species, but quite different from them, as it lacks the
bright eye-like spot upon the hind-wings. The moth, which
expands two.and a half to three inches, is uniformly light
brown or pale lilac-gray (Fig. 57, Plate VIII). The fore-
wings are somewhat clouded with brown in the outer part
and also through the middle. Near the outer margin are
two fine parallel lines, about a tenth of an inch apart, that
cross both the fore and hind-wings; near the body are two
similar lines which cross only the fore-wings and enclose a
square dark-brown spot adjacent to the middle of the inner
margin. The females are much larger, and of a lighter
brownish-gray color than the males, with the square spot
on the fore-wings less distinct. The antennz are pectinated
beneath in the male.

The caterpillar is of a pale brownish-green color, with a
long caudal horn. It has a small head, and the body is at-
tenuated before and behind; there is a row of sub-dorsal
and stigmatal reddish-brown spots, and seven oblique, lat-

CLEAR-WINGED MOTHS. 53

eral, bright yellow bands, When disturbed it makes a
creaking noise by rubbing together the joints of the fore-
part of the body. It enters the earth to transform into a
pupa.

This insect is very uncommon in Minnesota, but has
been found as far north as Duluth, though none of its food
plants, viz., walnut and hickory, grow in that region, which
indicates that its caterpillar must also be able to subsist
upon other food. If ever it should become numerous in
nurseries and wind-breaks, or wherever walnuts or hickories
are grown, it can readily be kept in check.

FAMILY SESIID4t OR CLEAR-WINGED MOTHS.

There is, perhaps, no other family of moths so well sep-
arated from all other tamilies as that of the Sesiidea. They
are all small, with slender bodies; they fly only by day, and
frequently in the brightest sunshine. Their larvee are borers;
the caudal horn is absent, and in consequence of their min-
ing habits their colors are uniformly yellowish-white, and
only head and legs are darker. Many of the species of
moths belonging here are very beautiful, and most of them
are remarkable on account of the protective mimicry exhib-
ited by them. This close resemblance to insects of different
orders was observed long before the significance of protect-
ive mimicry was understood. The majority of the Sesiidz
m mic bees, wasps and flies. We all know from experience
that bees and wasps can advance some very pointed argu-
ments to be left alone, and any other insect that closely
mimics such well armed warriors is very apt to be left un-
molested. This mimicry is not simply a superficial one,
since even their motions, if captured or disturbed, are like
those of the insects imitated. Their attitude when resting,
the sounds they produce, their hyaline wings, their ringed
body, even the odor they give off, all are apt to warn us and

54 CLEAR-WINGED MOTHS.

to caution us. Yet though they pretend to sting they lack
the necessary organ for that purpose.

Their larve, being miners, are destructive to the shrubs
and trees they infest. Some bore through solid wood;
others prefer the pith of woody stems; others are found just
under the bark, while still others enter the roots of plants.

THE NATIVE CURRANT—BORER.

(Aleathce caudatum H. Edw.).

Although no specimens of this interesting species have
been captured, their work has been noticed several times;
the larve of it infest the wild species of currants.

THE RASPBERRY ROOT-BORER.

(Bembecina marginata Hartr.).

This insect resembles a wasp, and most persons would
not dare te touch it on that account. Its front-wings are
transparent, veined with black or
brownish, and heavily margined with
reddish-brown. The hind-wings are
also transparent, and fringed with
dark-brown. The body is_ black,
banded and marked with golden-yel-

low. The wings measure almost an
inch if expanded. Fig. 58 shows
both sexes of this insect. Like other
clear-winged moths, the insect flies
about during the hottest part of

Hig. .68.—Rembecina mar: the: day im early “summer, ancl veme
ginata Harr.—a, male; b, is r! :
female. females are also engaged at this

time in depositing their eggs. The
young larva enters the cane, inside of which it feeds upon

the pith; it gradually works its way down to the root,

CLEAR-WINGED MOTHS. 55

in which it passes the winter; here it eats extensive cavities.
As soon as the warmer weather indicates the advent of
spring the worm becomes active again and enters another
cane, where it feeds for some time. When full grown the
worm prepares an opening for exit, as the moth has no
mouth to do so and would otherwise die a prisoner. At
this time the larva measures about an inch and is of a_vel-
lowish-white color with a dark brown head and a few shin-
ing dots on each segment of the body. Near the place of
exit the larva changes to a pupa and when the time arrives
for the moth to escape the pupa wriggles itself forward by
means of fine spines encircling the segments. Soon after the
moth appears, leaving the empty shell of the pupa sticking
out of the cane.

The canes infested by such worms invariably die. But
little can be done to prevent the damage to our raspberry
canes as the worms are so well hidden, and the only method
we have to lessen the evil is to remove ali old canes and all
others that are not in a thrifty condition.

THE GRAPE-VINE ROOT-BORER.
(Sciapteron polistiformis Harr.).

This fine insect is much larger than the one just de-
scribed, measuring with expanded wings fully an inch and a
half across, It is very uncommon in Minnesota, and but a
single specimen was seen in 1898 flying about the wild
grape-vines on Gray Cloud Island. The moth resembles
one of our large paper-wasps (Polistes), and on that ac-
count was named ‘‘ Polistes-shaped.’’ The sexes vary, the
male having toothed antennez, while those of the female are
simple. The male has thorax and abdomen darker in color,
and has also in addition to the short pencils of orange hairs
on the lower side of the abdomen two longer ones above.
There is a bright yellow band on the base of the second
abdominal segment and usually another one on the fourth,

56 CLEAR-WINGED ‘MOTHS.

but this is sometimes wanting. The fore-wings are brown-
ish-black, with a more or less distinct clear patch at the
base; the hind-wings are transparent, with the veins, ter-
minal border, and fringe, brownish-black.

- The insect is much morecommon inthe Southern States,
where it is sometimes very destructive to the wild and culti-
vated grapes. It is said that the female moth deposits her
eggs upon the collar of the vine, close to the earth. As soon
as hatched the worm enters the cane and descends to the
roots, where it consumes the bark and sap-wood, eating ir-
regular furrows in their substance; sometimes it eats the
bark, and at other times works its way into the roots. The
mature larva is of a yellowish-white color, with darker

Fig. 59.—Sciapteron polistiformis Harr., larva, cocoon, male and female.

head and legs, and measures about an inch and a half in
length. It now forms a pod-like cocoon of a gummy sort
of silk, covered with little bits of wood, bark and earth,
and situated within or adjacent to the injured root. In this
cocoon the larva changes to a brown pupa which works
itself out of it by means of minute teeth upon the margins
of the segments, as soon as the moth within is ready to
emerge. Fig. 59 shows the different states of this insect.

CLEAR-WINGED MOTHS. 57

In several instances the roots of very small plum trees
growing in a nursery were destroyed by a similar larva
which had to live outside of these roots as these were quite
small. Considerable damage was caused by the worms,
but as none could be kept alive in confinement it is 1impos-
sible to state to what species these destructive larve be-
longed. Infested roots are shown in Fig. 60, Plate [X.

THE PEACH-TREE BORER.
(Sannina exitiosa Say).

This is a notorious pest and very destructive to peach
orchards. It isa pity that it is not found in our State, as
its presence would indicate that we possessed a clime warm
enough to successfully grow the succulent peach. Still some
peach trees are grown and succeed in Minnesota, and with
proper protection it is by no means impossible to grow this
fruit. Perhaps the insect mentioned above as being injurt-
ous to the roots of plum-trees is this very species, as the
peach-tree borer works also upon the plum. In fact, as this
insect is a native one, it had in former times to feed upon
something else than the peach-tree, as this comes from
Persia.

The adult msects appear in the Northern States and
Canada from about the middle of July to the end of August.
The sexes differ very much. The female is much larger than
the male, with a broad and heavy abdomen; her body is of
a glossy, steel-blue color with a purplish reflection, and a
broad band of orange-yellow crosses the abdomen. The
fore-wings are opaque and similar to the color of the body;
their tips and fringes have a purplish tint, both above and
beneath. The hind-wings are transparent and broadly mar-
gined with steel-blue. The wings expand about an inch and
ahalfacross. ‘The smaller male, measuring not more than

58 CLEAR-WINGED MOTHS.

an inch, has also a steel-blue body with golden-yellow mark-
ings and a glossy, silk-
en lustre. Its body is
quite slender; the black
antenne are fringed on
their inner side with
numerous fine, short
hairs, which are absent
in the female. Head
and thorax are marked
with yellow, and the
abdomen has twoslen-
der yellow bands above
and a.white line on
each side of the tuft of
hairs at its tip. The
Wings are transparent;
the veins, margins and
Big. Gt-— Sanding exibiocs Say. Male and fringe, steel-blue, and
a steel-blue band ex-
tends nearly across them beyond the middle. The feet and
legs are marked with white. Both sexes are illustrated
Pe 261,

The female deposits her eggs on the bark of the tree at
the surface of the ground. The yellowish eggs, with finely
sculptured surfaces, are oval and slightly flattened, and are
glued to the surface of the bark by a gummy secretion.

Prof. Saunders, in his excellent book: ‘Insects injurious
to fruit;’”’ gives a number of remedies against this pest, and
as we can learn some lessons from them, they are quoted:

‘* REMEDIES.—Several remedies have been proposed to meet
this evil. Where the larve are present, they are readily de-
tected in consequence of the exudation of gum; hence early in
spring the trees should be carefully examined, a little of the
earth removed from about the base, and, if masses of gum
are found, the larvesearched forand destroyed. Hot water

CLEAR-WINGED MOTHS. 59

is said to be very effectual in killing them; it should be used
very hot, and after the earth has been removed, so as to in-
sure its reaching the culprits before it cools. Among the
preventive measures, much has been written in favor of
mounding the trees, banking the earth up around the trunk
to the height of a foot or more, and pressing it firmly
about the tree. Some allow the mounds to remain perma-
nently; but the better plan seems to be to mound up late in
the spring or toward midsummer, and level off the ground
again in September, after egg-laying has ceased and the
moths have disappeared. This treatment is said to make
the bark very tender and liable to injury during the winter,
and it is reeommended by some to defer its application until
the fourth year, by which time the bark will have become
sufficiently thickened and hardy to endure the treatment
without injury. Placing around the roots a bed of cinders,
ashes, or lime, plastering the base of the trunk with mortar
or clay and covering it with stout paper, coating the tree
with an application of soap or tobacco water, have all had
their advocates; but the weight of testimony is in favor of
the removal of the larve with the knife late in the autumn
or early in the spring, and subsequently mounding the trees
in the manner already described.

‘““Another remedy proposed is to cover the trunk with
straw in the following manner: Scrape the earth away
from the collar, place a handful of straight straw erect
around the trunk, fastening it with twine, then return the
soil, which will keep the ends of the straw in their place.
The straw should entirely cover the bark, and the twine be
loosened as the trunk increases in size. Trees so protected
are said to have remained uninjured while all around them

’

have suffered from the borer.’

60 CLEAR-WINGED. MOTHS.
THE CURRANT BORER.
(Sesia tipuliformis Linn.).

This insect was described and illustrated in the first: an-
nual report of the entomologist, but to have all the descrip-
tions of lepidopterous insects injurious to our fruit trees
together in one volume, it is repeated.

The currants in all their varieties, as well as the different
kinds of gooseberries, have no greater enemy than theaboyve
borer. The damage it causes is so much greater than that
inflicted by other enemies of these plants, because a whole
cane, even a whole plant, may. be killed by a single borer,
nor can its work be noticed until the injury has been done.
Like so many of our destructive insects it was introduced
from Europe with the plants that it destroys, but it is now
more injurious here than in its original home. The insect is
illustrated in Fig. 62, Plate IX, where its work, the larva,
empty pupa and adult are shown. A glance at the latter
shows that it is a beautiful moth. When seen in June upon
the bright foliage of currants, it is indeed an elegant insect,
in whatever position it may be observed. It shows to the
greatest advantage, however, when making love to its
mate. In this case the male dances about very gracefully,
rapidly opening the fan-like feathers at the end of the ab-
domen; and as the whole insect is clothed in glossy scales it
reflects all the prismatic colors. The adult insect, as seen in
the illustration, is quite different from ordinary moths, hav-
ing its wings but partly covered with scales, the uncolored
parts being glassy, hence the reason why such moths are
frequently called “glassy wings.’’ Such moths resemble flies
and wasps, and are frequently mistaken for such; in fact

’

they sometimes mimic such stinging insects so effectually
that even a well trained entomologist has some scruples
about capturing them with his hand. Some of these moths
carry this resemblance so far as to even threaten to sting,

CLEAR-WINGED MOTHS. 61

though not possessing an organ to execute the threat. This
currant-borer does not possess a tapering body and its pos-
terior end is ornamented with a fan-like covering of scales.
The wings have black markings with purplish reflections;
the body is ringed with yellow, the thorax is also orna-
mented with yellow lines. The female, though resembling
the male very closely, is not so active; she has other and
more serious business on hand than dancing, since she has
to deposit her numerous and rapidly developing eggs. For
this purpose she selects canes at least one year old. The
beautiful egg, possessing the usual form of eggs of lepidopt-
erous borers, is fastened most frequently in the angle made
by the leaf and the cane. Other eggs are laid below the
loose scales found upon the canes and in the cracks of bark.
These eggs soon hatch, and the young caterpillar or borer
eats its way into the interior of the cane, penetrating to its
very pith. Here, apparently well protected against all
enemies, the caterpillar has a congenial home surrounded
with plenty of food, and soona long tunnel, sometimes
several feet in length, shows that the appetite of this recluse
does not suffer by its isolation. We never find more than
one caterpillar in each burrow, showing that the females
have been very careful in exploring the cane before entrust-
ing it with anegg. Thecaterpillars grow but slowly, and
at the approach of winter are not much more than half
grown. They now prepare for the cold season by retiring
as deeply in their tunnels as these will permit, and surround-
ed by frass and chewed up fibres of the pith and wood, they
are well protected.

The larva possesses the usual form of caterpillars of this
family of moths. It is ofa yellowish color, with a brown
head, as shown in the illustration which also shows the
piliferous spots and hairs.

When the warmth of the sun in spring starts vegetation,
and soon after the flowers of the currants open, the hiber-
nating larva also feels imbued with new life and energy, and

62 CLEAR-WINGED MOTHS.

rapidly grows to its full size, being after the long enforced
fast much more voracious than during the previous season.
This great appetite is soon felt by the plants; many canes
with flowers and partly expanded foliage show by their
small leaves and their yellowish appearance that they are
suffering from the insidious enemy in their interior. Most
of the canes attacked soon die, or are broken down by the
first wind or heavy rain. The larger ones may remain alive
for another year; but are certain to die later, as a hole
through which the winged borer has issued permits the en-
trance of rain and this moisture, in combination with para-
sitic or other fungi, soon starts decay, as may be seen by
the black interior of such tunnels.

The larva, when full grown, prepares for pupation by
first eating a hole through the cane so as to permit the fu-
ture moth to escape. If this were not done the moth, which
has no mouth, or at least only a rudimentary one and
which is consequently unable to eat its way out of the cane,
could not leave at all. After providing for such an exit,
this hole is slightly closed from within with bits of wood,
and the larva changes to achrysalis or pupa, as is shown
in the illustration.

The pupa is of a light brown color. In the illustration
an empty one is shown projecting from the hole or exit pre-
pared by the caterpillar. The peculiar spines enabling it to
move are also shown. The two long processes seen in the
illustration are simply the sheaths in which the long antennz
were hidden; before the moth issued, these were soldered to
the sides of the pupa and were not more prominent than the
encased wings and legs.

Towards the end of May or during June, according to
the climatic conditions prevailing at the time, the pupa
forces its way partly out of the tunnel of the cane and
pushes away the plug closing the exit. This movement is
made possible by the rows of spines found upon the abdom-
inal segments. The pupa is now partly outside of the cane

CLEAR-WINGED MOTHS. 63

and is held in position by its posterior portion. It now
splits open in the usual manner upon its back and the
winged moth appears.

To this account of the life-history of this injurious borer
may be added that no parasites have as yet been discovered
in Minnesota. Yet several times a silken cocoon was found
in a tunnel which, apparently, had been recently inhabited
by a borer. The small wasp issuing from this cocoon is dis-
tinguished by blackish wings, black body, and bright red
abdomen; it is a species of Bracon. In some cases mites
were found upon the dead caterpillars inside the burrow,
but whether these had killed the caterpillar, or had simply
come to feast upon its dead body, is impossible to say,
though most likely the former was the case.

REMEDIES.—An insect so well hidden as this borer can
not be reached by any poison; and our only hope is to pre-
vent it from entering at all. This seems to be very feasible,
as the egg is deposited upon the cane or pushed beneath
loose bark, which is frequently the case with borers belonging
to the order of beetles. When the youngcurrant-borer leaves
the egg it has to come in contact with the bark through
which it has to eat its way. If, therefore, the bark could be
poisoned, we should have a sure remedy; but when it comes
to a practical application of this spraying, it will be found
that currant bushes are rather difhcult to spray so thor-
oughly as to coat the canes in a uniform manner with the
poison. The writer has tried repeatedly to coat the canes
with arsenical poisons before the foliage had appeared.
There was no difhiculty in doing so, but it was found later
that the plants sprayed in this manner contained just as
many borers as those not sprayed. This is owing to the
fact that at the period when this spraying can be done, we
usually have the most frequent rains. There is, however,
another remedy which is easily applied and which, if care-
fully carried out, will eradicate this insect from our gardens.
Canes that harbor the borer can always be detected and if

64 CLEAR-WINGED MOTHS.

found should be pruned below the lowest part of the tunnel.
The canes that have been cut off should be taken away from
the garden and burned as soon as dry, or if such pruning is
done late in the spring the canes should be covered up with
soil, so as to prevent the moths from leaving. In no case
should they be left on the ground, because cutting them off
trom the plant does not kill the borer. The pruning is also
otherwise of benefit to the currants which are usually per-
‘mitted to grow too much wood and become too old for the
benefit of good crops of berries.

Some varieties of currants and gooseberries are shane
to be free from borers. If such is the case the writer has not
seen them. It has also been claimed that black currants are
not to the taste of such borers, but those under observation
not only did not escape the ravages of this pest, but were
even preierred to the red and white currants that grew in
their immediate vicinity.

ROOT AND STEM BORER OF BLACKBERRY AND RASPBERR /.
(Sesia hemizone H. Edw.).

It is doubtful whether this insect occurs in Minnesota,
although a broken specimen of it was received from a
nursery. The larva is a pale worm with darker head and
legs, and feeds in the roots or base of the canes of the culti-
vated blackberry and raspberry, invariably killing the canes
infested, or the entire plant. The worms feed only on the
pith, and thus cause a wilting of the cane. The canes in-
fested should be cut out and burned.’ The moth possesses
golden-brown fore-wings, and as all the borders are wide,
only a small transparent space is left; the discal mark is
purple-black, orange behind, with golden reflections; hind-
wings with golden margins; fringes of both wings golden-
brown; head black, with a few shining blue scales in front;
thorax with collar, tegule and base lemon-yellow; abdomen

WOOD-NYMPH MOTHS. 65

ringed with lemon-yellow; caudal tuft deep lemon-yellow,
with a black centre; palpi, fore-coxee and tibia lemon-yel-
low, the latter banded with brown.

Neglected plants, or plants infested with other insects
or diseases, are more apt to harbor this and allied borers
than plants which receive the proper atteution.

THE PLUM TREE BORER.
(Sesia pictipes G. & R.).

This insect is by no means uncommon, and seems to be
increasing in numbers as our plum trees grow older and be-
come more numerous. The
sexes of pictipes are similar
and so closely resemble the
male exitiosa that one may
be readily mistaken for the
other. The male is shown
in Fig. 63.

The larva of this borer

feeds mainly in the trunks
and branches of both culti-

Fig. 63.—Sesia pictipes G.& R. Male.

vated and wild plums and
in wild black and red cherries. The pruning knife is the
best remedy we have against this insect.

FAMILY AGARISTIDZ OR WOOD-NYMPH MOTHS.

The moths belonging to this family are mostly beautiful
insects, being either black, with large, white, yellow or red
spots and patches upon their wings, or they have their
front-wings white, margined with brown, and the hind-
wings pale yellow. But few species are found, which fly
chiefly during the day, but some of them are also attracted
to the electric light.

66 WOOD.NYMPH MOTHS.

We have in Minnesota a number of such moths, which
are decidedly destructive in their early stages to our grape-
vines, much more so than most other kinds of insects. In
some years nearly the entire foliage of cultivated and wild
grapes and of the Virginia creepers is devoured by them in
the course of a few days

THE EIGHT-SPOTTED FORESTER.
(Alypia octomaculata Hbn.).

This is a most beautiful moth, which flies about in the
bright sunlight, displaying its brilliant colors upon the
leaves of grape-vines which contrast strongly with the
black, white, red and yellow colors of the moth. It never
hides, but always displays its colors. This is evidently done
as a protection, as these colors are warning colors, which
tell birds and other lovers of insects as food that the moth
showing them is not good toeat. The ground-color of this
fine moth is a deep blue-black; two large pale-yellow spots
are found on each of the front-wings, and two white spots
on each of the hind-wings, the one nearer the base being
much the largest. The shoulder-covers are yellow, and the
legs partly orange. The sexes differ somewhat, the male
having proportionately larger and more conspicuous spots,
and possesses also a white mark along the tip of the ab-
domen. The wings, when expanded, measure from an inch
to an inch and a half across.

The caterpillar is of a light brownish color, with many
black lines and an orange band across each segment. It is
distinguished from other similar larve by having eight
black and white lines on each segment. The caterpillars
have a peculiar bluish appearance which is owing to the
blending of the two colors. The head and the shield on the
first segment are a shiny, bright, deep-orange color, marked
with black dots; there is a prominent transverse orange-
red band, faint on segments two and three, conspicuous on
four and eleven, and uniform in the middle of each of the

WOOD-NYMPH MOTHS. 67

other segments. In the middle segments of the body each
orange band contains eight black conical elevated tubercles,
from each of which grows a white hair. A lateral white
wavy band, obsolete on the thoracic segments, but very
conspicuous on the tenth and eleventh, is a very character-
istic feature of this caterpillar. The very young worms are
whitish, with brown transverse lines; they feed beneath the
leaves, and can let themselves down by a silken thread; the
full grown larve also often conceal themselves within a
folded leaf. The larva becomes nearly an inch and a half in
length; when full grownit bores into any soft, rotten, oreven
almost sound wood, and if such material should be lacking
it transforms to a pupa within a very slight cocoon formed
without silk upon or just below the surface of the earth.
With us this species is single brooded and passes the winter
in the pupal stage.

This insect occurs frequently in such numbers upon the
beautiful Virginia creepers adorning verandas that not a
leaf is left, and the plant be-
comes just the opposite from
what it was intended to be.
This happens frequently in
our larger cities, and of course
should not bethecase. As the
caterpillars feed more or less
exposed they can easily be
seen and destroyed by the use

of Paris-green or London-pur-
Fig 66.—Alypia octomaculata Hbn.; ple. If people object to the
a, caterpillar; b, one segment of the 4
same c,adult. After Riley. use of these poisons they
should use a spray composed of two ounces of pyrethrum
to a gallon of water. If used as long as the caterpillars are
still young all injuries to the ornamental plants and the
grape-vines can be prevented.
This beautiful moth is illustrated in Figs. 64, 65 and 70

on Plates X and XI, and also in Fig. 66.

68 WOOD-NYMPH MOTHS.

THE GRAPE-VINE EPIMENIS.
(Psychomorpha epimenis Drury).

There is another bluish caterpillar found feeding upon
’ the foliage of the grape-vine, but it is very uncommon in our
State. It is much smaller than the one described above. It
transforms into a most strikingly marked moth, of a deep,
velvety-black color, with a broad irregularly lunate white
patch across the outer third of the front wings, and a some-
what larger more regular patch of orange-red or brick-red
on the hind-wings. The under side is similarly marked, but
that of the front-wings is less velvety, with two additional
white spots inside near the costa, the outer one generally,
and sometimes both of
them, connected with a
broad white patch. The sur-
face of the wingsis sprinkled
with brilliant purple scales,
which form a narrow band
near the outer margin of
each, and appear more or
less distinctly on the basal
Fig. 67.—Psychomorpha eplmenis Drury; half of the front- wings.
a,larva; b, one segment of the same;
amis maple aye Cae ESE Eer Riley: The antenne of the female
are thread-like, with alternate black and white scales; those
of the male are broadly toothed on two sides. The moth is
shown in Fig. 67; also in Fig. 70, Plate X.
The young larva attacks the terminal buds of the vine
in spring, and by fastening the young leaves together by a
few silken threads it forms a little enclosure. Early in June,
when it is full grown, it bores into soft wood or any other
suitable material, and there changes to a reddish-brown
pupa, about four-tenths of an inch long, roughened on the

joints, and having a curious flattened horny projection on
each side of the tip. The insect winters over in the pupal
state.

WOOD-NYMPH MOTHS. 69

THE BEAUTIFUL WOOD-NYMPH.

(Eudryas grata Fab.).

The larva of this beautiful moth is almost as destructive
to the foliage of the grape as the Eight-spotted Forester,
but itis not found in such destructive numbers year after
year as the latter insect. The moth has milk-white front-
wings, broadly bordered and marked with brownish-purple.
The band on the outer margin is shaded on the inner side
with olive-green and marked towards the edge with a
slender, wavy white line. The brownish-purple band is con-
tinued along the hinder edges, but gradually becomes nar-
rower, and terminates near the base. There are two
brownish spots near the middle of the front-wing, one
round, the other kidney-shaped; they are frequently so’
densely covered with white scales as to be indistinct above,
but they are always visible on the under surface. The under
surface of the wings is reddish-yellow. The head is black,
and there is a wide black stripe down the back, merging in-
to a series of black spots extending to near the tip of the
abdomen, which is tulted with white. The shoulder-covers
are white, and the sides of the body deep yellow, with a row
of black dots along each side close to the under surface.

The moth, which is active at night, and sometimes at-
tracted to the electric lights in large numbers, is often dis-
covered during the day upon the surface of the leaves of its
food-plants. (See Fig. 65, Plate X). Its closed wings form
a steep roof over its back, and its forelegs, which have a
curious muff-like tuft of white hairs, are protruded and give
the insect a very peculiar appearance. Looking at it from
a short distance the insect resembles very closely the fresh
and still semi-fluid droppings of a bird. The moth evidently
depends upon this resemblance, which is sometimes unpleas-
antly realistic, as a protection against birds.

70 WOOD-NYMPH MOTHS.

‘There are hardly two moths more unlike in general ap-
pearance than the beautiful Wood-nymph and the Eight-
spotted Forester, and yet
their caterpillars bear
such a close resemblance
to each other that they
are not readily distin-
guished from each other,
especially as they fre-
quently feed side by side
upon the same _ grape-
vine. Generally how-
ever, the caterpillar of
grata appears a little
later in the season. It is

Fig. 68.—Eudryas grata Fab; a, larva; b, = 1
one segment of same; e and f, eggs, greatly shown in Fig. 68, Plate

enlarged; anp adult. After Riley. Sane

The eggs are deposited upon the under side of the leaf,
singly or in groups. The full grown caterpillars measure
about an inch and a half in length; their bodies taper
towards the head, becoming thicker near the posterior end.
The head of the caterpillar is dull orange, with black dots;
the body is pale bluish, crossed by orange and black lines
which are arranged as shown in the illustration, Fig. 69.
Each segment, with the exception of the head and the last
one, is crossed by a brick or orange-colored band of uniform
width, excepting the one on the twelfth segment, which is
broader; on the last segment we find two such bands. All
these bands contain black dots, from which a simple short
brown hair arises. Each segment is crossed by six black
lines; the breathing-pores are oval and black. Besides the
erape-vine the caterpillars feed also upon the Virginia
creeper, and occasionally upon the hop. They are most
numerous late in summer, and do not web together leaves
for shelter, but hide on their under side. When at rest,
the caterpillar depresses the head and raises the anterior

WOOD-NYMPH MOTHS. 71

part of the body, and in this manner assumes the position
of a Sphinx caterpillar.

When mature the caterpillar descends to the ground, and
transforms to a dark-brown and rough pupa, about seven-
tenths of an inch long, with an obtusely conical tip of the
abdomen, ending in four tubercles. In captivity it readily
enters pieces of soft wood, or of cork, in which it forms a
cell for the purpose of pupation; by uniting with a sticky
secretion bits of wood and cork it forms a cap or lid over the
cell.

Like the Eight-spotted Forester this insect is kept in
check by parasites, but chiefly by Tachina flies, which de-
posit their cream-white eggs upon the back of the caterpil-
lar, usually close behind its head.

THE PEARL WOOD-NYMPH.

(Eudryas unio Hub.).

The moth (Fig.69 and 70, Plate X) of this equally pretty
insect is a little smaller than grata, measuring with ex-
panded wings about one inch and
three-eighths; it differs but slightly
from itslargerrelative. The brown-
ish-purple stripe on the front mar-
gin extends farther along the wing;

Fig. 69.—Eudrvas unio Hub; the bordering of the outer margin
Adult. After Rilev. E - :
is paler and more uniform in
width; the inner edge is wavy instead of straight, and the
bordering of the hind margin is wider and more distinct.
The larva is nearly an inch and a quarter long. It has
an orange-colored head, spotted with black; its body is
banded with orange, white and black, most segments hav-
ing three white and three black lines on each side of the cen-
tral orange band. The pupa is reddish-brown, roughened
on the back with very minute teeth; a thick and blunt spine
occurs on each side of the tip of the abdomen.

72 SMOKY MOTHS.

This insect is not seen very often on our grape-vines, but
as this moth has been frequently seen near the electric light
it must be rather common. The caterpillars are not so
particular about their food as the other closely allied species
and they have also been found feeding upon such plants as
Epilobium and Hibiscus.

The four species of Wood-Nymphs are also shown in Fig.
(O; Plate X.

FAMILY PYROMORPHIDEZ OR SMOKY MOTHS.

But few moths belonging to this family are found in the
United States. The moths are small, chiefly of a smoky-
black color, although some are marked with brighter colors.

THE AMERICAN PROCRIS.

(Harrisima americana Harr.).

The writer has never found in Minnesota the caterpil-
lars of this insect, which is quite destructive to the foliage
of the grape-vine in other states, but as he has repeatedly
captured the moths there is no doubt that the insect is an
inhabitant of our state.

The eges, twenty or more of which were deposited to-
gether, are fastened to the under side of the leaves.

The caterpillars of the Procris do not scatter after leav-
ing the eggs, as all the insects described before, but lead a
social life, feeding side by side on the under side of a leaf,
their heads all directed towards the margin of the same.
These little worms, in black and yellow uniforms, eat at first
only the soft tissues of the foliage, leaving the fine net-work
of veins untouched; but as they grow older and stronger all
but the large veins areeaten. The caterpillars reach their
full size in August, and measure now about six-tenths of an
inch. They are at that age of a yellow color, slightlyhairy,
with a transverse row of rather large spots on each seg-

SMOKY MOTHS. 73

ment. As soon as the caterpillars are mature they disperse,
each one searching for and retiring to some sheltered spot,
in which they construct a tough and oblong-oval cocoon,
inside of which they change in the course of three or four
days to a shining brown pupa, about three-tenths ofaninch
long. Further south two or even three generations are pro-
duced during a year, but whether the insect is single or
double brooded in Minnesota is not known.

6

Fig. 71 —Harrisima americana Harr.; a. caterpillar; b, pupa; c, cocoon; dande,
moths; above, acolony ofcaterpillars. After Riley.

The little moth is of a bluish or greenish-black color; it
is ornamented with a deep orange-colored collar, and a
notched tuft at the end of the long body. The moth has
very narrow wings, which expand nearly an inch across,
and flies during the warmest hours of the day, when it fre-
quents flowers. Its flight is rather peculiar, and is quite

74 ZYGAENIDS; FOOTMAN MOTHS; WOOLY BEARS.

slow and unsteady. Wherever this insect occurs in large
numbers it becomes quite injurious, but as it leads a social
life in its caterpillar-state it can readily be destroyed by the
use of arsenical poisons. Fig. 71 shows the different states
of this insect; the moth is also snown in Fig. 72, Plate IX.

FAMILY ZYG/ENIDZZ OR ZYGZENIDS.

But few species of these moths occurin the United States,
and none are destructive to fruit trees. They are distin-
guished from the allied families by the structure of the hind-
wings, which are in some cases greatly reduced in size, as
shown in the illustration of the Scepsis fulvicollis Hbn. (Fig.
72, Plate IX), a black moth with fulvous color, frequently
seen on the flowers of the golden-rods. A larger species, the
Ctenucha virginica Charp. is shown on the same Plate in

Fig. 72.
FAMILY LITHOSID OR FOOTMAN MOTHS.

This family includes small moths with rather slender
bodies, filiform antenne, and usually narrow fore-wings and
broad hind-wings. They are closely allied to the next family.
Usually they are of sombre colors, though some are rather
highly colored. Their larvee are cylindrical, covered with
short and stiff hairs, and most of them feed upon lichens.
None are destructive, but to give an idea of their general
appearance one of the most common species, the Striped
Footman (Hypoprepia fucosa Hbn.) is shown in Fig. 72
on Plate IX. It is of a deep scarlet color, with three broad
and lead-colored stripes on the fore-wings not shown in the
photograph.

FAMILY ARCTIIDAZ OR WOOLY BEARS.

The Arctiids, also called Wooly Bears and Tiger-moths,
are stout-bodied moths, with moderately broad wings,
which are usually spotted or striped. Some of them are

WOOLY BEARS. 75

very gaily colored, others are pure white. When at rest they
usually fold their wings roof-like upon the body. Most of
them are nocturnal and are attracted to lights. Their larve
are mostly clothed with dense clusters of hairs, and are
usually very general feeders, preferring herbaceous plants,
though some are destructive to the foliage of trees.

THE BLUE-SPANGLED CATERPILLARS.

(Callimorpha Leconte Boisd. and fulvicosta Clem.).

There are some slender bodied Arctiids that possess fine
or bristle-like antennz, which are not distinctly feathered in
either sex; their tongues are also quite long. They belong
to the genus Callimorpha (meaning beautiful form). In the
Eastern and Southern States these caterpillars occur more
commonly upon the peach; here in Minnesota they have been
found upon the apple, but chiefly upon the blackberries.
They are black worms, covered with short stiff hairs, and
studded with peculiar blue spots, which have given them the
above name. They spend the winter in some sheltered spots,
as under loose bark, etc., but as soon as the leaves expand
in spring, they forsake these sheiters and commence to feed.
As they grow rapidly they soon reach their full size, and
now measure about one inch in length. They are of a vel-
vety-black color above, and pale bluish, speckled with black,
below. A deep orange line extends along the back, and a
still more distinct wavy or broken one along each side.
The body is covered with many steel-blue warts, with a
polished and auite brilliant surface; from each issues a short
and bristly hair. As soon as full grown the caterpillar
selects a sheltered spot, and here spins a slight and white
silken cocoon. The pupa is purplish-brown, finely punctated,
and terminates in a flat plate tipped with vellowish-brown
and curled bristles.

76 WOOLY BEARS.

The moth flies during the day in June. It is by no means
very uncommon, and delights to fly about the edges of
forests, or wherever the ground is overgrown with black-
berries and similar plants. We have at least two species of
this interesting moth; the Lecontei var militaris Harr., hav-
ing the fore-wings ornamented with broad black markings,
and the fulvicosta Clem., where the cream-colored fore-wings

Fig. 73.—Callimorpha fulvicosta Clem.; a, caterpillar; b, moth; cand d, segments
of body of larva. Atter Riley.

possess a fulvous border. Yellow markings are also found
on the head, collar, and base and tip of the abdomen. Fig.
73 shows the larva and adult; Fig. 74, Plate XII, shows the
same insect and also two forms of C. contigua Walk.

These caterpiliars have been known to cause consider-
able damage to the voung foliage of the peach tree-and to
the young leaves of the blackberries. They are easily shaken
into sheets, and even into inverted umbrellas, because they
drop to the ground as soon as the plants upon which they
are feeding are jarred. In extreme cases the arsenical pois-
ons should be used.

A number of other Arctiids or ‘‘Wooly Bears” are injur-
ious to cultivated fruit trees and our smaller fruits. Gener-
ally, however, their caterpillars consume all kinds of low-
growing plants and only exceptionally prove destructive to
taller shrubs and trees.

WOOLY BEARS. 77

THE ISABELLA TIGER-MOTH.

(Pyrrharctia isabella S. & A.).

This is the well-known caterpillar frequently called the
“Hedge-Hog,”’ from the habit of rolling itself into a ball |
when alarmed (Fig. 75). It has a thick coat of fur, com-
posed of stiff hairs, which point in all directions. The hairs
are black on each end of the body of the caterpillar, but red-
dish on the middle. As all the hairs are pretty evenly and
closely shorn they give the caterpillar a velvety appearance,

Fig. 75.—Pyrrharctia isabella S. & A.; a, caterpillar; b, pupa in cocoon;
c, moth. After Riley.
and as they are also very elastic, it is not easy to pick up
the curled larva, which generally manages to slip away.
Its favorite food is plantain, clover, dandelions, grasses and
many other plants. It winters over in some sheltered spot,
rolled up like a hedge-hog. In most cases it finds shelter
below loose bark, under pieces of bark resting on the ground,
and is found in large numbers under wooden sidewalks. It is
difficult to understand that an insect thus slightly protected
should be able to withstand some of our very cold winters,
and that the fluids found in its body are not frozen solid.
Early in the spring the caterpillar makes up for the long

78 WOOLY BEARS.

enforced rest, and feeding upon the first green vegetation,
finally spins a cocoon, which is principally composed of the
barbed hairs of thecaterpillar itself, interwoven with coarse
silk. ‘he pupa is brown, with tufts of golden bristles, and
with a tuft at the extremity. Prof. Comstock makes the
following interesting remarks about this insect in his
“Manual for the Study of Insects”: ‘Hurrying along like
a caterpillar in the fall’ is a common saying among
country people in New England, and probably had its
origin in observations made upon the larva of the Isa-
bella Tiger-moth. This is the evenly clipped, furry cater-
pillar, reddish-brown in the middle and black at either
end, which is seen so commonly in the autumn or early
spring. Its evident haste to get somewhere, in the autumn,
is almost painful to witness. A nervous anxiety is apparent
in every undulating movement of its body; and frequently
its shining black head is raised high in the air, and moved
from side to side, while it gets its bearings. Occasionally
after such an observation it evidently finds it is mistaken,
and turns sharply and hastens along faster than ever in
another direction.”

The moth, which is also shown in Fig. 76, Plate XI, is
of a dull orange color, with the front-wings variegated with
dusky, and spotted with black. The hind-wings are lighter
colored, and also marked with black spots; they vary some-
what in the sexes. The body has also the same general
color of the wings; on the middle of the back of the abdomen
is arow of about six black dots, and on each side of the
body occurs a similar row of dots.

This caterpillar becomes sometimes destructive to the
cuttings of apple-trees, etc., in our nurseries; blackberry and
raspberry canes are also sometimes destroyed, as the larve
eat the tips of the young shoots. They are readily poisoned
an 1 thus kept in check.

These ‘‘Hedge-Hog”’ caterpillars, although always com-
mon, are sometimes exceedingly so, while at other times but

WOOLY BEARS. 79

few can be found. Their absence in the usual numbers is
caused by the fact that very many of them are killed by
a disease. Caterpillars attacked by the Muscardine are
stiffly fastened to their food-plants, and are covered with a
white effloresence; this latter is not very apparent at the
base of the dense hairs, hence such diseased or dead cater-
pillars look for a long time quite life-like.

THE LARGE YELLOW BEAR.
(Leucarctia acrea Drury).

These large and wooly caterpillars are sometimes quite
numerous in our gardens and orchards. Usually they feed
upon grasses and other low growing plants, but they are
not slow to eat also the leaves of young fruit trees and of
the small fruit. Both sexes of the moth are shown in Fig.
his Plate XT.

THE COMMON YELLOW BEAR.

(Spilosoma virginica Fab.).

This is one of our most common hairy caterpillars, and
whoever has a garden must have met with this troublesome
insect, which devours alike flowers, vegetables and fruit.
With us it seems to be very partial to the leaves of the grape-
vine, apple, currant and gooseberry, though nearly all other
plants are eaten when pressed by hunger, and the insect is
sometimes very destructive to corn, beans and peas. It is
found {rom June to late in September. When young the
caterpillars are bluish-white, but when full grown they may
be found of a pale cream color, yellow, light-brown or very
dark-brown, the different colors often appearing in a brood
hatched from one batch of eggs. Yellow is, however, the
most common color, and in all the different color-varieties
the under side is dark, with a longitudinal black line, more

80 WOOLY BEARS.

or less interrupted, along each side of the body, and a trans-
verse line of the same color between each of the joints.
Head and feet are ochre-yellow; the hairs spring trom dark
yellow warts, of which there are ten’on each joint; those on
joint one being scarcely visible, and those on joint twelve
coalescing. We have two annual broods in Minnesota, the
last passing the winter in the pupal state. The pupa is pro-
tected by a slight cocoon, made almost entirely of the cater-
pillar’s hair; these are chiefly held or felted together by the
interlocking of their minute barbs, and the whole is strength-
ened by a few silken threads.

The bright-colored eggs, which are round and yellow,
are deposited on the under side of leaves in large clusters,
and hatch into small hairy caterpillars, which feed together
for ashort time, but gradually scatter. As long as young
they devour only the under side of the leaf, but the cor-
responding upper surface of it soon turns yellow and
withers.

The moth, which is very generally called ‘‘The Miller,’
frequently flies into our rooms at night. It is easily recog-
nized by its pure white color, by having the abdomen
orange-colored above, with three rows of black spots; the
wings possess also a few black dots, varying in number,
there being usually two on each side of the fore and three on
each of the hind-wings, though sometimes all the wings are
almost immaculate, except one spot on the disk of the fore-
wings. The antenne are white above, dark brown below;
head and thorax are white.

The best time to destroy these troublesome caterpillars
is soon after they hatch, and when they are still feeding side
by side. By making the worms drop into a vessel contain-
ing some kerosene oil, we can kill them quickly, and as they
curl up and drop when touched even very lightly the work
is rapidly performed. Of course if they are very numerous
we have to use one of the arsenical poisons.

It is very fortunate that this species is subject to the
attack of a number of parasites, which kill immense num-

WOOLY BEARS. 81

bers of them. Without the assistance of these beneficial
insects the caterpillars would multiply to such a degree as
to be soon beyond our control. This species is illustrated in
Fig. 78.

Fig. 78.—Spyilosoma virginica Fab.: a, caterpillar; b, pupa; c,adult. After Riley.

THE FALL WEB-WORM.
(Hyphantria cunea Drury).

This is getting to be a very destructive insect in Minne-
sota, which at present seems to be confined to plum-trees.
Both the wild and cultivated varieties are infested, and
toward the middle of August they are disfigured by large
nests made by colonies of these caterpillars. When we in-
vestigate these bulky nests, which show no regularity of
construction like those of the tent-caterpillars, we find them
composed of numerous smaller nests, of which the older ones
are more or less filled with excrement, old skins, and the
white head-plates of the caterpillars. Sometimes we find in
them also the egg-shaped cocoons of hymenopterous para-
sites. The caterpillars are not as social in their habits as
those of the tent caterpillars, and they do not come and go
to their nest in regular armies, but rather protect themselves
when feeding by simply building a shelter over their food.
Fig. 79, on Plate XXII, shows one of these nests.

WOOLY BEARS.

9)
bo

The moths of this species of insects vary greatly, both
in size and markings, and they have in consequence of such
variation received many scientific names, such as cunea,
textor, punctata and punctatissima, but there is no doubt
that all these names belong to one species, as has been
proven by the frequent breeding of these insects in confine-
ment. The moth is of a milk-white color, and in Minnesota
without spots. The antenne are gray; those of the male
. doubly feathered below, those of the females with two rows
of minute teeth only. The front thighs are tawny-yellow;
the feet blackish-brown. When the wings are expanded
they measure about one and a quarter inches across. Fig.
80 shows the variations of markings in the wings.

Fig. 80.—lHyphantria cunea Drury; ten variations in the markings of wings.
From Div. of Entomology, Dcp. of Agriculture.

The moths, which are only active at night, deposit their
eggs in a cluster on a leaf, sometimes upon the upper, some-
times on the lower side, usually near the end of a branch

: (Fig: -S1).. Each. :chister
consists of a great number
of eggs, which are deposited
close together and in regu-
lar rows whenever the sur-
face selected permits this.
Fig. 81.—Hyphantria cunea Drury; a, moth On an average each cluster

depositing eggs; b, eggs. From Div. of . .
Entomology, Dep. of Agriculture. consists of over four hun-

WOOLY BEARS. 83

dred eggs. As the female deposits also eggs in smaller and
less regular patches, we may say that five hundred eggs
can be considered the real number produced by a single fe-
male. The eggs, measuring 0.4 mm., are of a bright golden-
yellow color, quite globular, and ornamented by numerous
regular pits, which give them under a magnifying lens the
appearance of a beautiful golden thimble. Before the eggs
hatch they change to a dull leaden hue. In the course of
about ten days in cool weather, but much sooner when
warm, these eggs hatch. Without check the offspring of one
female moth might in a single season number 125,000 cater-
pillars in early autumn, enough to ruin the shade trees of
many a fine street. This is reported from the fifth report
U.S. Entomological Commission, but holds good only in
regions where the insect is double brooded. Here, appar-
ently, only one annual generation 1s found.

The caterpillars just born are pale yellow, with two
rows of black marks along, the body, a black head and with
quite sparse hairs. When full grown they generally appear
pale-yellowish or greenish, with a broad, dusky stripe
along the sides; they are covered with whitish hairs, which
spring from black and orange-yellow warts. The cater-
pillar is, however, very variable, both as to depth of color-
ing and as to markings, as is shown in Fig. 81.

Close observations have failed to show that different
food produces changes in the coloration; in fact nearly all
the various color varieties may be found upon the same
tree. The fail generation is, however, on the whoie, darker,
with browner hairs than the spring generation.

As soon as the young caterpillars hatch they immediate-
ly go to work to spin a small silken web for themselves,
which by their united efforts soon grows large enough to be
noticed upon the trees. Under this protecting shelter they
feed in company, at first devouring only the green upper
portions of the leaf, and leaving the veins and lower skin
unmolested. As they increase in size they enlarge their web

34 WOOLY BEARS.

by connecting it with the adjoining leaves and twigs; thus
as they gradually work downwards their web becomes
bulky, and as it is filled with brown and skeletonized leaves
and other discolored matter, as well as with their own old
skins, it becomes quite an unpleasant feature in our public
thoroughfares, parks and orchards. The caterpillars always
feed protected by these webs; but as soon as they approach
maturity, which requires about a month, they commence to
scatter, searching for suitable places in which to spin their
cocoons. If very numerous upon the same tree the food
supply gives out, and they are forced by hunger to leave
their sheltering homes before the usual time. When the
young caterpillars are forced to leave their webs they do
not drop suddenly to the ground, but suspend themselves

g. 82.—Hyphantria cunea Drury; a, b, c, differently marked caterpillars;
d,e, pupz; f, moth. From Div. of Entomology, Dep. of Agriculture.

Fi

by a fine silken thread, by means of which they easily re-
cover the tree. Grown caterpillars, which measure 1.11
inches in length, do not spin such a thread. Both old and
young ones drop themselves to the ground without spin-
ning when disturbed or sorely pressed by hunger. Favorite
recesses selected for pupation are the crevices in bark and
similar shelters above ground; in some cases even the empty

WOOLY BEARS. 85

cocoons of other moths. Fig. 82 shows different colored
caterpillars, pupa and adult.

Passing the winter in the pupa state, the cocoons are
found during the winter principally at the surface of the
ground, mixed with dirt and rubbish, or in cracks and cre-
vices of tree-boxes, in fences and under door-steps and base-
ment walls. The first moths issue from these cocoons in
May, and deposit their eggs in flat batches onthe under side
of the leaves. The young worms feed preferably incompany,
webbing first one and then several leaves together and
gradually extending their sphere of action until a large part
of the tree becomes involved. The worms become full grown
in August.

ReMeEptIEs:—Trees suffering from the attacks of this-pest
should be sprayed with London-purple or Paris-green. This
will not be as‘effective as for most other insects, because the
worms are protected by a web, which encloses the leaves
they are feeding upon at the time, but as fresh leaves are
constantly enclosed by the sheltering web the worms soon
have to feed upon the poisoned ‘ones and will be killed. If
the branches are within reach the quickest method is to
draw the branch through the hand and thuscrush the worms
and destroy their nest. If the branches carrying the web
are still small, they may be cut off and thrown on the bare
ground at a distance from the trees, or the worms may be
crushed by stepping upon them. A good plan to destroy
those nests, which are beyond reach of the hand, is to burn
them with a torch of rags soaked with kerosene. It is even
possible to destroy the majority of the worms in such a web
by blowing them into space with a light charge of powder
ina shot-gun. But whatever remedy is employed, it ought
to be employed as soon as the nests become visible.

86 WOOLY BEARS.
HICKORY TUSSOCK MOTH.

(Halesidota caryn Hartr.).

Late in summer and all through the autumn, until late
in September or until the leaves commence to drop, we find
upon the hickory, apple, and other fruit trees and shrubs
such as raspberries, etc., numerous caterpillars which are
covered with short spreading tufts of white hairs, with a
row of eight black tufts on the back and two long, slender
black pencils on the fourth and on the tenth segments. The
tufts along the top of the back converge on each side, form-
ing a kind of ridge or crest; the warts from which these tufts
proceed are oblong-oval and transverse, while the other
warts on the body are round. The hairs on the fore part of
the body are much longer than the rest, and hang over the
head; the others are short as if sheared off, and spreading.
The head, feet and under side of the body are black; the up-
per side of the body is white, sprinkled with black dots and
with black transverse lines between the rings. These beau-
tiful caterpillars are gregarious as long as young, but scat-
ter later. When at rest they bend down the head and bring
over it the long hairs on the fore part of the body; if dis-
turbed they immediately roll up like a hedge-hog, and drop
to the ground. The full grown caterpillars measure nearly
one inch and a half in length. At this time they leave the
trees, and move about in search of suitable sheltersin which
‘to make tkeir oval and thin cocoons, almost entirely com-
posed of their own felted hair. The pupa is short, thick and
rather blunt.

The winged insects appear during June, and are some-
times found in very large numbers upon the early flowers of
our milk-weeds. The moths are of a light ochre-yellow
color, varying greatly in intensity; the rather narrow fore-
wings are long and pointed, and are thickly and finely
sprinkled with little brown dots, and have two oblique

WOOLY BEARS. 87

brownish streaks passing backwards from the front edge,
with three rows of yellowish-white, semi-transparent spots
parallel to the outer margin. The hind-wings are very thin,
transparent and without spots; the shoulder-covers are
edged with light brown. The moths expand from one inch
and seven-eighths totwoinches anda quarterand more. At
rest the wings are roofed; the antennz are long, with a
double, narrow, feathery edging in the males, and a double
row of short, slender teeth on the under side in the females.
These antenne are rather longer than usual in Arctiids, and
are not at all hairy. The tongue is a short spiral.

Another species of closely allied tussock moths is some-
times found feeding upon the foliage of plums; the more us-
ual food is, however, the scarlet-oak. This moth is called
Halesidota muculate Harr., or the Spotted Tussock moth.
It is of a light ochre-yellow color, with smaller and almost
white spots arranged in about the same manner as the yel-
lish-white spots in carye. The moth is a little smaller than
the species described before. All three moths are shown on
Plate XXI, Figs. 84 and 85.

THE CHECKERED TUSSOCK-MOTH.

(Halesidota tesselata S. & A.).

The caterpillar of this species is even more common,
being found not alone upon the oak, but also upon plums,
apples, raspberries and blackberries. In general appearance
it is like cary, but the tufts are yellow, and the crest is a
little darker; on the second and third segments are two
orange-colored pencils, which are stretched over the head
when the insect is at rest, and before these are several long
tufts of white hairs; on each side of the third segment is a
white pencil, and there are two pencils of the same color
directed backwards, on the eleventh segment. The body is
yellowish-white, with dusky warts, and the head is brown-

88 TRUE TUSSOCK-MOTHS.

ish-yellow. They transform in similar hiding places to pupz
which winter over. Fig. 83, Plate X XI, shows one of these
caterpillars.

The moths are much paler than those of carye and
maculata, being only faintly tinged with ochre-yellow. Their
long, narrow, delicate and semi-transparent wings lie almost
flat on the top of the back; the fore-wings are checkered
with darker ochre-yellow dusky spots arranged so as to
form five irregular transverse bands. The hind edge of the
collar, and the inner edges of the shoulder-covers are green-
ish-blue, and between the latter are two short narrow deep-
yellow stripes; the upper side of the abdomen and of the
legs are deep ochre-yellow. The wings of this moth expand
about two inches.

FAMILY LIPARIDAZ OR TRUE TUSSOCK-MOTHS.

Tussock-moths are of medium size; the antennz of both
sexes, when winged, are pectinated, those of the males very
broadly so; the wingless females have serrate or narrowly
pectinate antennez. The adult moths are usually very plain
in coloration; the legs are clothed with wooly hairs, and
when the insect is at rest the fore-legs are always stretched
forwards and are very conspicuous. In some the females
are practically wingless, the wings being at most mere use-
less pads. Most are nocturnal, though the males of some fly
during the day. The larve are the most beautiful of our
caterpillars, being clothed with brightly colored tufts of
hairs.

THE WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK-MOTH.
(Orgyia leucostigma S. & A.).
This caterpillar looks quite different from those of the

other Tussock-moths described before. It is not a common
insect in Minnesota, but is rapidly increasing in numbers.

TRUE TUSSOCK-MOTHS. &9

At present it is almost entirely confined to our cities, where
the caterpillars feed upon the foliage of such shade-trees as
the soft maples, poplars, andcotton-wood. It is not unusual
to find fastened to the trunks of such trees grayish cocoons,
to which are usually fastened a mass of glistening white
eggs. These latter attract the attention of the passer-by,
who would not be apt to detect as readily the grayish
cocoons of the males. Where these caterpillars have found a
home in our orchards, the cocoons can also be detected late
in autumn, or after the leaves have fallen, by investigating
the dead leaves still fastened here and there to the branches
of the trees; these almost invariably contain cocoons of
such insects. .

The eggs, which are deposited upon the outside of the
cocoon, simply because the wingless female finds this the
nearest and best place for this purpose, are found to be
arranged in three or four layers; they are covered with a
frothy mass that serves to protect them. From 300 to 500
eggs are found together; each egg is of a white color, nearly
globular, and flattened on the upper surface. The eggs
remain in this condition over winter, and hatch about the
middle of May, when the young caterpillarsimmediately pro-
ceed to ascend to the foliage of the tree upon which they
were born. These caterpillars are frequently called ‘‘Drop-
worms,’’ because they have the habit, when disturbed, of
letting themselves down by a silken thread, remaining sus-
pended until the danger is past, when they climb up again
“hand over hand”’ to reach the leaf.

There are few caterpillars that are as handsome as this
one, in spite of what may be said about worms never being
beautiful. They are more than an inch long, of a bright
yellow color, with the head and two small protuberances on
the hinder part of the back of a brilliant coral-red. Along
the back we see four cream-colored brush-like tufts, two long
black plumes on the anterior part of the body, and one on
the posterior. The sides areclothed with long and fine hairs.

90 TRUE TUSSOCK-MOTHS.

A narrow black or brown stripe extends along the back, and
a wider dusky stripe on each side. The peculiar cup-like,
coral-red protuberance already mentioned are scent-organs
used by the caterpillars to drive off enemies; they are used in
a similar way as the whip-like organs found in the caterpil-
lars of the swallow-tailed butterflies described before. As
soon as the caterpillars reach their full size they descend to
the trunk, or move to tree-boxes or fences, to find shelters in
which to spin their cocoons, which are loosely made of silk
and their own hair. It is a strange fact that the female
caterpillar sheds her skin once more than the male. In
Minnesota we have but one annual brood, at least in St.
Paul and Minneapolis; further southtwo broods are the rule.

The brownish pupz of the two sexes differ very consid-
erably, the male being much smaller than the female; both
are covered with short hairs.

The moths differ still more, the male being winged,
with very broad and feather-like antenne, while the
female is wingless, possessing slender antennz. The fe-
male is simply provided with the merest rudiments of
wings, which are perfectly useless; her body is of a light-
gray color, oblong-oval, with long legs, and is greatly
distended with eggs. After leaving the pupal shell she
does not leave the outside of the cocoon, but patiently
awaits the male, when, after pairing, she commences to
deposit her eggs in the manner already described; during
this process her body shrinks more and more, and finally
‘she drops down to the ground and dies as soon as her work
is finished. The male moth is of an ashen-gray color; the
fore-wings are crossed by wavy bands of a darker shade.
There is a small black spot on the outer edge near the tip,
an oblique blackish stripe beyond it, and a minute very
characteristic white crescent near the outer hind angle. The
gray body has a small black tuft near the base of the
abdomen. The wings, when expanded, measure about an
inch and a quarter across.

,

TRUE TUSSOCK-MOTHS. 91

The males of some species of this genus of moths are
diurnal in their habits, or fly swiftly during the brightest
part of the day. Not so with Jeucostigma. Here the male
rests during the day, and assumes a very characteristic pos-
ition, as shown in the illustration, Fig.87 and in Plate X XI.

Fig. 87.

Fig. 837.—Orgyia leucostigma S. & A.; a, adult female on egg-mass; b, young
caterpillar; c,female pupa; d,male pupa; e,male adult; above full zrown cater-
pillar. From Div. of Entomology, Dep. of Agriculture.

The long and very peculiarly tufted forelegs are very con-
spicuous in this position, and as the colors of the moth blend
well with the spot selected for rest the insect is not easily
detected.

REMEDIES:—As the cocoons attached to the leaves or to
the trunks of trees, sides of buildings, projecting roofs, under
fence boards, etc., are easily detected, the eggs fastened to
them can be collected in very large numbers and destroyed.
But as the cocoons very frequently contain parasites it is
best not to destroy them, but after having collected them to
put them in an open box away from the trees. In this way
the parasites can hatch and fly away, even the male moths
may escape, but as the female moth has no wings there is

92 TRUE TUSSOCK-MOTHS.

no danger that she can reach a tree some distance away.
Spraying with arsenical poisons will also kill these voraci-
ous caterpillars.

THE PARALLEL-LINED TUSSOCK-MOTH.
(Parorgyia parallela G. & R.).

Another caterpillar, also ornamented with long pencils
of hairs, feeds upon the plum, crab-apple, oak and other
trees. It is sometimes quitecommon. It hasa gray body,
with a dorsal and stigmata] black line. The black pencils
or tussocks are found on top of segments 4, 5, 6 and 7, the
latter one is sometimes wanting; on each side ofthe first and
last segment is a pencil of long black hairs; on top of seg-
ment 11 is also an apparently double brush of black hairs.
The hair on the sides of the body is yellowish, in spreading
clusters; on top of segments 9 and 10 is a small pale yellow
cup. The head is of a shining-black. When full grown this
caterpillar measures an inch and a half. It nowsearches for
a protecting shelter, and here spins a coarse cocoon, inside
of which it changes to a pupa. In Parorgyia bothsexes are
winged. The moths are dark gray, with darker colored
wavy lines and spots; there is a dark blotch between the
outer line and the apex. They resemble the males of
leucostigma, but are a little darker and larger, as shown in
Fig. 88, Plate X XI.

THE GYPSY-MOTH.

(Ocneria dispar Linn.).

This is also related to the Liparide. It is a European
moth, which was imported into Massachusetts in 1868,
and which has already caused enormous damage to that
state, requiring annual appropriations of many thousands

GYPSY-MOTII. 93
of dollars, simply to keep it from spreading. It is not found
in Minnesota, notwithstanding letters received from time to
time, and itis to be hoped will always remain a stranger to

i cei
i)

Fig. 89.—Ocneria dispar Linn,
our state. Its caterpillar, when full grown, isabout one and
one-half inches in length, of a creamy-white color, so thickly
sprinkled with black that it seems dark-brown, the ground

94. FLANNEL-MOTHS.

color appearing in the broken dorsal and lateral lines. It is
furnished with distinct dorsal and lateral tubercles, blue
anteriorly and crimson behind the fifth segment, from each
of which arise tufts of long black and yellowish hair. The
caterpillar changes to a chocolate-brown pupa, covered by
a few threads, forming the merest apology for a cocoon.
The male moths are brownish-yellow, the fore-wings are
smoky, with darker irregular transverse lines; the hind-
_ wings are paler with a darker outer-margin. The heavier
and much larger female moths are creamy-white in color,
with irregular transverse gray or blackish lines. The males
measure with expanded wings from one and one-half to two
inches, the females two and one-half inches. The moths ap-
pear from July to September. The females deposit their
eggs in masses of from four to five hundred in allconceivable
localities, and cover them with yellow hair and scales from
the end of their abdomen. The insects winter as eggs,
which hatch from April to June.

FAMILY MEGALOPYGIDZ OR FLANNEL-MOTHS.

Prof. Comstock has, tor good reasons, separated from
the Liparidz a number of moths, which he places in a new
family, the Megalopygide or Flannel-moths. They are
whitish-moths which have their wings densely clothed with
long and curly hairs, resembling bits of flannel. Their
larve are also remarkable for the possession of ten pairs of
legs, three thoracic and seven abdominal, while all other
known lepidopterous larve have lost some of their abdom-
inallegs. The cocoons are furnished with a trap-door.

THE WAVED LAGOA.
(Lagoa crispata Packard).

This peculiar caterpillar is quite uncommon in Minne-
sota, where it feeds upon a variety of plants, but especially
upon the blackberry, apple and raspberry. Being quite un-
common it probably will never be classed among the injur-

FLANNEL-MOTHS. 95

ious insects. It is nearly oval, covered with evenly shorn
hairs of a brownish color, which are raised to a ridge along
the middle of the back, sloping off on each side like the roof of
ahouse. Whenabout three-fourths of an inch long, the cater- '
pillar ceases to feed and forms now a tough, oval cocoon,
which is fastened securely to the side of a twig upon the foli-
age of whichit has been feeding. This cocoon is fastened very
securely and can only be removed by applying some force.
Inside this cocoon the caterpillar changes to a brown pupa.
The moth issues during July of the following year, and
escapes by lifting a flat and circular lid on one end of the
cocoon. It is a soit looking yellowish-cream or straw-yel-
low being; the fore-wings are more or less dusky on the
outer margin, covered with fine, flattened, curled hair-like
scales, arranged in regular waves, running from near the
base to the tip. The body and legs are thick and woolly;
at the tip of the abdomen there is a tuft of long and soft
hairs, forming a bushy tail. The moth, with wings expand-
ed, measures about one and three quarter inches across. It
is shown in Fig. 90, Plate X XI.
Cas A closely related species,
/ — the Lagoa opercularis S.& A.,
is foundin ourSouthernStates.
The moth resembles very close-

ly the waved Lagoa. Its co-
coonis about asinteresting an
object as we can find, and so
closely resembles a terminal
bud of the Life Oak, upon
which thecaterpillaris usually
found, that it is almost impos-
sible to detect it, especially as

Fig. 91. 2

Fig. 91.—Lagoa opercularis S.&A.; both twigs and cocoons are
larva. cocoon and adult. From Div. 2 i a
of Entomology, Dep. of Agriculture. covered with small bits of

lichen. The larva, pupa and adult of this interesting moth
is shown in Fig. 91.

96 SLUG-CATERPILLARS.
FAMILY LIMACODIDZ OR SLUG-CATERPILLARS.

A number of very interesting modest green or brown
moths, usually of a small size, and very densely clothed
with scales or hairs, form this family. They possess a much
reduced head and have no tongue. The larve are very
peculiar slug-like beings, usually flattened and oblong in
shape, with no apparent legs; they move like slugs or snails,
the prolegs being replaced by mere swellings on the abdom-
inal segments. Some of these innocent or grotesque looking
caterpillars can cause a burning pain like that produced by
nettles; it is caused bythe breaking of certain hollow spines
filled with a powdery dust or which contain the same urti-
cating acid in a liquid form.

THE GREEN SLUG-MOTH.
(Parasa chloris H. Sch.). -

The caterpillar (Fig.92, Plate X XII,) of this insect feeds
upon cherry, apple and rose. It is of a bright scarlet color,
with four dark blue-black lines along the back, and with
prickly yellow horns or tubercles, which possess the power
of stinging; the head is retractile. The ground-color of this
caterpillar differs greatly, however, and in some cases it is
yellowish or yellowish-brown. - Like most species of Lima-
codide this caterpillar forms an egg-shaped cocoon, which
is dark brown, smooth and very thin; in it the caterpillar
hibernates, not changing toa pupa until
spring.

The moth is very pretty, have thing
abdomen and hind-wings fulvous, the
thorax and front-wings delicate green, the
Fig.93 -Parasachlorig Latter “bordered posteriorly with brows,

Entomology Dep cr and having a patch. of the same color at

Sener! the base, one-third as long and one-half
as wide as the wing itself. (Fig. 93).

Fig. 93.

SLUG-CATERPILLARS.

ive)
“I

A similar moth, the Euclea penulata Clem., is not uncom-
mon in Minnesota. A single caterpillar, found also upon
the cherry, was bred in captivity, and proved to be this in-
sect. The moth has a dark brown body, and the green
marks of the front-wings are narrow and of a brighter
green than in chloris. It is shown in Fig. 94, Plate XXII.

Still another moth is found from time to time near the
electric light. It is Euclea cippus Cram. var. quercicola H.S.
Its larva feeds upon apple, plum, cherry and some other
plants, but isnot common. The moth is also dark brown;
the large green band on the fore- wings is in this case simply
indicated by a number of large and small green spots, the
one nearest to the body being larger and of a triangular
shape. Fig. 95, Plate XX, shows two slug-caterpillars.

THE CHERRY SLUG-CATERPILLAR.

(Adoneta spinuloides H.5S.).

The slug-like caterpillars of this moth are very curious
erass-green objects, which, with their flat bodies ornament-
ed with a few reddish lines, almost look lke excrescences of
the leaf. They move by a sliding and almost imperceptible
motion. When mature they form very small and almost
perfectly globuiar brown cocoons, fastened to leaves or
twigs. In this condition: they remain until spring, when
they transform to pupe and soon alterward to moths.
(Fig.96, Plate XXII). These are distinguished by a uniform
dark brown color, with irregular bands of whitish spots.
The rather faleate fore-wings are edged with brown and
white. This insect is also uncommon, still a single small
cherry tree was found, upon which several hundreds of these
caterpillars were feeding. A rapid increase of this insect is
not likely to take place, as but few of the caterpillars
escape parasitic insects. Among these is a rather large and
peculiar fly, the Systropus macer Loew, which is apparently
much more bulky than the insect in which it fed.

98 SLUG-CATERPILLARS.

SADDLE-BACK CATERPILLAR.
(Empretia stimulea Clem.).

The odd shape and very peculiar coloration, which is de-
cidedly saddle-shaped, render this caterpillar a very striking
object, and never fails to excite the wonder of those not
versed in such things. But it sometimes excites something
else than wonder! If handled roughly or carelessly the
caterpillar can cause very severe pain. The thorn-like hairs,
which grow upon it, sting like nettles, and when applied to
the back of the hand, or to any other part where the skin is
tender, the parts touched swell with watery pustules. The
irritation caused by the acid in these thorns is sometimes
exceedingly severe, and with some persons becomes a serious
matter; first inflammation, next swelling, and in extreme
cases a numbness or even partial paralysis of the entire arm.
A prompt application of ammonia or bicarbonate of soda acts
as an antidote, and soon allays the pain. This peculiar
caterpillar is of a reddish-brown color, rounded above, flat-
tened beneath, armed with prickly thorns, which are largest
on the fourth and tenth segments, and with a bright pea-
green patch, resembling somewhat a saddle in form, over
the middle portion of the body, centred with a broad, ellipti-

‘ Fig. 97.—Empretia stimulea Clem.; a, cater-
ee pillar; moth. From Div. of Entomology,
Dep. of Agriculture.

eal, reddish spot, the red spot and green patch both being
edged with white. The under part of the body is flesh-col-
ored. Ths caterpillar possesses six true legs but no prolegs.

The moths are of a deep, rich, reddish velvety-brown
color, with a dark streak along the middle, extending from

¥

SLUG-CATER PILLARS. 92

the body half-way across, and on this is a golden spot; two
other golden spots are on each wing near the apex. With
expanded wings the moth measures nearly an inch and a
half across.

These caterpillars are very general feeders, having
been found on corn, sumach, rose, apple, grape, currant,
cherry, raspberry and blackberry. Not being common, and
much infested by parasites, it is not to be feared as a very
noxious insect. Larva and moth are shown in Fig. 97.

THE HAG-MOTH CATERPILLAR.
(Phobetron pithecium A. & S.).

This is one of the most curious caterpillars known. Its
slug-like actions, as well as its oblong or nearly square, flat-
tened body of a dark brown color, make it a remarkable
object. Its body is covered with eight singular fleshy ap-
pendages protuding from the sides. The three middle ones
are longest, measuring about half an inch; they have their
ends curved. When such caterpillars are roughly handled
some or all of these fleshy horns become detached. The full
grown larva spins a small round and compact cocoon, and
to its outside the horns are fastened; the cocoon itself is
usually fastened to a twig of the tree on which the cater-
pillars feed.

The moth is very uncommon. It is of a dusky purple-
brown color, with ochreous patches on the back and a light
yellow tuft on the middie pair of legs. The abdomen is
sable, ending in a tuft of ochreous scales. The fore-wings
are variegated with pale yellowish-brown, and crossed by
a narrow, wavy, curyed band of the same color, edged near
the outer margin with dark brown, and having near the
middle a light brown spot; the antenne in the male are
very broadly pectinated and the remarkably long and nar-
row fore-wings are partly transparent. The hind-wings are
sable, bordered with ochreous in the female. The moth

100 SLUG-CATERPILLARS.

measures with expanded wings a little over one inch. This
caterpillar feeds upon the cherry, plum, apple and oak.

Larva and pupa are shown in Fig 98.
Mr. Hubbard, in ‘Orange Insects,
ing account of this peculiar in-

7

gives the follow-

sect. ‘This insect receives its
name from the curious hairy
appendages whichcover the back
and project from the sides of the
larvaand havea backward twist,

Fig. Sep pee ee pee likelocks of disheveled hair. They
ea ongneo neem ct acre fact, fleshy hooks, covered
with feathery, brown hairs,

among which are longer, black, stinging hairs. The cocoon
is almost spherical, and is defended by the hairy appendages
which the larva in some way contrives to leave upon the
outside. These tufts give to the bullet-shaped cocoon a very
nondescript appearance, and the stinging hairs afford a very
perfect protection against birds and other insectivorous
animals. Unlike other species of Limacodidz the Hag-moth
larvee do not seek to hide away their cocoons, but attach
them to leaves and twigs fully exposed-to view, with, how-
ever, such artful management as to surroundings and har-
monizing colors that they are of all the group the most
difficult to discover. A device to which this insect frequently
resorts exhibits the extreme of instinctive sagacity. If the
caterpillar can not find at hand a suitable place in which to
weave its cocoon it frequently makes for itself more satis-
factory surroundings by killing the leaves upon which, after
they have become dry or brown in color, it places its

’”

cocoon.
THE SKIFF-SHAPED LIMACODES.
(Limacodes scapha Harr.).

The caterpillar of this moth is also very peculiar in form,
being boat-shaped and triangular; it is green, spotted above

SLUG-CATERPILLARS. 101

with brown, pale beneath, the sides raised, and the dorsal
surface flattened. Late in autumn it formsa tough, rounded,
oval cocoon. The moth appears in June; it deposits the
eggs singly, and the larva often live on the upper side of the
leaves. The caterpillar of this species is also a rather general
feeder, being found upon apple, plum, cherry, hickory and
oak. It is such a curious being that a more detailed descrip-
tion of it is quoted from H. Edwards and Elliot. ‘“‘Ground-

Fig. 99.—Limacodes scapha Harr.

color pale apple-green. The segments extended laterally in
the middle of the body, and raised into an elevated ridge,
sharp and angular at the edges. The flattened portion,
which includes the dorsal region, is chestnut brown, darker
onthe margins. There is also a darker dorsal stripe. The
segments are arranged like the plates of a tortoise. The
latter region is of a pale yellowish-green, with an oval white
spot on segments 9 and 10. Spiracles pale brown, mouth
parts also brown. In some specimens the brown color of
the back is reduced to small patches, and occasionally a yel-
low dorsal line is present, the ground color (pale-green) then
prevailing. Length 0.85, width 0.25 inch.

“The moth is light cinnamon brown; on the fore-wings
the costa-median region is filled in with a large tan-brown
triangular spot, ending on the tip of the wing, and is lined
externally with silver. Expanse of wings, 26 to 28 mm.”’

Moth and caterpillar are shown in Fig. 99.

102 SLUG-CATER PILLARS.

THE FASCIATED LIMACODES.

(Lithacodes fasciola H. S.).

This slug-caterpillar, as well as that of Tortricidia
flexuosa H. S, are quite common in some years, and are
rather general feeders. Both occur on the plum, cherry,
apple, hickory, oak, linden and other trees. They cause but
little damage, as they eat but little. There are still other
species of Limacodide found upon our fruit trees, but as all
are very similar in general habits and appearance it is not
necessary to describe them in detail. ;

The caterpillar of fasciola is elliptical, the posterior end
quadrate. The dorsal space is broad and flat; the lateral
one broad and oblique. There is a slight, smooth and vel-
lowish-green subdorsal ridge, and yellow subdorsal and
lateral lines, of which the latter is broken. The depressed
spaces are pale-yellow, with green centres. Length 7-13mm.

The moth (Fig. 100) has ochreous-brown fore-wings,
with a dentate white band running across the middle, fol-
lowed by a blackish shade; there is a curved
black line from the white band on the costa
to the hind angle; the hind-wings are

Fig. 100.—Lithaco- blackish or pale testaceous. Expanse 15-20
des fasciola H. $.;

moth From Div. of mm.

Entomology, Dep.

of Agriculture. The caterpillar of T. flexuosa is elliptical;
the dorsal spaceis almost uniform in width; the lateral space

is broad and oblique; the dorsal ridge is very slight. Color
pale yellowish-green, clearer at the’sides. Subdorsal line yel-
low, as well as all the depressed spaces in the bottom, the
largest with green centers. A number of very variable red
spots and marks occur in the dorsal space, but the usual
form is that of a rounded cross, of crimson color, marked
with purplish-brown and blackish on the ridges.

All these species are single brooded, and can be found
late in autumn, almost invariably on the under sides of the
leaves, in which they eat large holes. All spin almost glob-

BAG-WORM MOTHS. 103

ular, brown and very thin-shelled cocoons, inside of which
they hibernate as caterpillars, which do not transform to
pupa until late in spring, and which soon afterward leave
the cocoon, as moths, by round holes covered with perfectly
fitting lids.

FAMILY PSYCHID.X OR BAG-WORM MOTHS.

As far as known none of these peculiar moths occur in
Minnesota, though the writer has repeatedly received the
peculiar bags from nurserymen, who had detected them on
stock received from more southern states. The caterpillar
builds for itself a silken sack covered with little twigs or
bits of leaves. In this bag, which is made as soon as the

worm hatches from the egg, it lives as in a house; it drags

Fig. 101.—-Thyridopteryx ephemerxiformis Steph ; a,caterpillar; b, male pupa;
c, female adult; d, male; e, female nupa filled with eggs; f, caterpillar in bag; g,
young caterpillars carrying bags. From Div. of Entomology, Dep. of Agriculture.
it always with it like a snail, and fastens it by strong silken
cables wherever it intends to feed. For the sake of those
interested in the study of lepidoptera the bag of the common
bag-worm (Thyridopteryx ephemereformis Steph.) is
shown in Fig. 101.

-

104 LACOSOMID4E; PROMINENTS.
FAMILY LACOSOMID-X.

Opon our low bushes of oak we find not rarely another
peculiar house made by a caterpillar. It is the home of
Perophora Melsheimerii Harr. Formerly this insect was

Fig. 102.—Perophora Melsheimerii Harr. Original.

classed among the insects belonging to the above family.
but for very good reasons it forms now a family by itself,
the Lacosomide. The moth is shown in Fig. 102 and the
caterpillar in large illustration Fig. 134.

FAMILY NOTODONTIDZ OR PROMINENTS.

This family includes moths of moderate size, only a few
expanding more than two inches. Their body is stout,
densely clothed with hair, of which those on the femora are
unusully long. The strong wings are not very broad; the
fore-wings have in many cases a tooth-like prominence on
their inner margins. Many of the caterpillars have also
peculiar humps, and thus become very prominent. They are
either naked, or only thinly covered with hairs, and usually
make slight cocoons or enter the ground for pupation.

THE SPHINX-LIKE. APATELODES.

( Apatelodes torrefacta A. & S.).

This interesting moth is fairly common in Minnesota,
but by no means sufficiently so to cause any great injury.
Its caterpillar feeds upon blackberry, wild cherry, plum,

PROMINENTS. 105

hazel, ash, willow and other plants. It is a very general
feeder, hence varies in this respect from most of the other
prominents. The hairy caterpillar is very conspicuous, and
easily detected, as it feeds exposed on the leaves.

Prof. Beutenmueller gives the following detailed descrip-
tion of it: ‘‘Head dirty white. Body creamy white witha
broken black dorsal stripe on which are tufts of hairs of the
same color. A black spot on each segment along the sides.
Body covered with long, white, flossy hairs directed back-
wards, except those on the anterior segments, which are
directed forwards. On the back of each of the second, third
and eleventh segments is a long, mouse-colored pencil, tipped
with white at the ends. Abdominal legs black, the extrem-
ities pinkish. Thoracic feet black. Sometimes the body is
pale yellow with the hairs bright sulphur yellow, with the
pencils ferruginous, tipped with black. Sometimes the body
is black with the hairs Maltese gray. Length 45 mm.”

Fig 103. Apatelodes borrefacta A.& S.

Moru:—Fore-wings ash-gray, clouded outwardly with
smoky brown. Across the basal third are two brown, par-
allel, wavy, narrow, transverse lies, and two similar ones
across the outer third. On the inner margin near the base
is a deep brown patch, and a small white spot beneath the
apex. Hind-wings dull reddish, sometimes washed with
ashen-gray, and with two ill-defined, transverse lines, the
outer one whitish and marked at the inner angle with two
deep brown dashes. Head and thorax ashen-gray, the lat-
ter with a deep brown band across the posterior part.

106 PROMINENTS.

Abdomen gray, and tuft tipped with deep brown. Expanse,
male, 36-40 mm.; female, 50 mm. The moth is illustrated
in Fig. 103.

THE YELLOW-NECKED APPLE TREE CATERPILLAR.

(Datana ministra Drury).

This insect is not very common in our state, but is evi-
dently on the increase in nurseries and orchards, and wher-
ever found is quite destructive. It has found a home in some
of our nurseries, where it can seriously injure the young
trees, especially as the caterpillars are gregarious and
thoroughly strip the infested plants of all foliage. When
young they eat only the under side and softer part of the
leaves, leaving veins and upper side uutouched, but as they
grow older and stronger the entire leaf, with the exception
of the stem, is eaten. When full grown, which requires from

Fig. 104.—Datana ministra Drury; a.caterpillar; b, adult;
c,egys; d,eggenlarged. After Riley.
five to six weeks, they measure about two inches in length.
They have a large and black head; upon the next segment
the cervical-shield, sometimes called the neck, is of a dull
orange color. Upon the back of the caterpillar we find a
black stripe, and on each side are three stripes of black,
alternating with four yellow stripes. White hairs, which
are very long and solt, thinly clothe the body. As already
mentioned the caterpillars are always found clustered to-

PROMINENTS. LOT

gether on a limb of the tree, and there form sometimes
large bunches of worms. Each larva, when at rest, assumes
a very odd and characteristic position; both extremities are
raised, the body is bent, and rests only on the four pairs of
prolegs, as shown in Fig. 104, a. If touched or otherwise
alarmed they throw up their heads and tails with a jerky
motion, at the same time bending the body until the two
extremities. almost meet over the back; they also sway their
bodies from side to side. These jerky motions are intended to
drive off marauding parasites, but frequently with but little
benefit, as large numbers of the caterpillars are killed by
such parasitic insects as the Tachina-flies. All caterpillars
feed together, crowded upon the under surface of the leaves,
and if we look closely we see along the margins a row of
their shining black heads. When mature they all leave the
tree, descending by night to the ground, where they burrow
under the surface to a depth of from two to four inches.
Here they change to naked brown pupe, not enclosed in any
silken cocoons whatever, and here they remain until the
following July when the moths emerge.

Each female deposits from seventy to one hundred eggs
in a single cluster on the surface of a leaf. Each egg is white
and round, and all are placed firmly cemented together side
by side in regular order.

The moth is of a reddish or russety-brown color, with
the head and a large spot on the thorax chestnut-brown.
The fore-wings are crossed by three to five transverse darker
brown lines, one or two spots are near the middle, and the
outer-margin is also of the same color. The hind-wings are
pale-vellow and without markings. When the moth is at
rest it has the posterior part of the body raised up and the
fore-legs stretched out at full length. Both sexes of the
moths are also shown in Fig. 105, Plate XII.

As this insect is seldom very numerous hand-picking at
the proper time is all that is required. This is very easy, as
the caterpillars feed together, and also cluster on the trunk

108 PROMINENTS.

or lower branches during the moulting period, when the
whole colony can be destroyed by crushing or burning.

There are a number of other species of the genus Datana
which occasionally cause injury to our fruit-trees. Last
summer (1898) two species were found in large numbers
and were quite destructive to plums; the caterpillars had a
somewhat different color but none could be reared to their
winged form. All species of this genus have but one
annual brood.

THE WALNUT CATERPILLAR.
(Datana angusii G. & R.).

This species closely resembles the ministra, but is a dis-
tinct kind, which is sometimes so destructive to our walnut
and hickory trees, in thelatter part of summer that they be-
come denuded of all their leaves. The caterpillars are dark
with light stripes along the sides. They assume the same
peculiar position whenat rest asthe other species of Datana.

Two other species of Datana are found feeding upon the
foliage of the apple, walnut, hickory and oak, i. e. Datana
integerrima G. & R., and Datana contracta Walk.

The caterpillars of all the species of this genus have the
habit of descending to the trunk of the tree to within a few
feet of the ground, when about to moult, and to congregate
here in a large mass. Large numbers of their cast-off skins
are often very conspicuous after such moults and after the
worms have disappeared long ago. It is, of course, very
easy to capture at such times the whole colony and to de-
stroy it. The application of arsenical preparations is of
little use, unless the whole tree can be sprayed. But in
nurseries, where the trees are still small and close together,
it is in some cases advisable to apply such insecticides that
do not alone kill the species of Datana but also the numer-
ous other worms that eat their leaves.

Prof. Beutenmueller gives the following description of the
species:

\

PROMINENTS. 109

Datana angusii G. & R.

Morus:—Fore-wings varying from chocolate to deep
smoky brown, differing in this respect from all the other
species of this genus. Along the costal region the color is of
a shade darker than the rest of the wing. Lines like those
of D. ministra. Hind-wings paler. Thoracic patch very
deep brown. Expanse 35-45 mm. Fig. 106 shows this
moth.

CATERPILLAR:—Head and cervical-shield jet black, shin-
ing. Body black with three equidistant, very narrow, pale
yellow or whitish stripes
on each side, very much
narrower than the interven-
ing spaces. Under side with
three yellow stripes,—one
along the middle, which is

the broader and one on each

Fig. 106.—Datana angusiiG. & R. side, broken by the legs.

Abdominal legs and spots

on the legless segments reddish. Thoracic feet black. Hairs
on the body dirty white. Length 55 mm.

Datana integerrima G. & R.

Motus:—Fore-wings light brown with five transverse
lines, followed by light shades. Over the wings’ are fine
darker irrorations. Outer margin even, in the male, very
slightly scalloped in the female, which is of a paler shade.
Two discal spots. Thoracic patch dark ochreous. Hind-
wings paler. Expanse, 35-45 mm. Fig. 107, Plate IV,
shows this moth.

CATERPILLAR.—Body wholly black, covered with long,
floss-like, white hairs. Sometimes there are visible a sub-
dorsal, ill-defined, white stripe, a rather broad, wavy,

110 PROMINENTS.

lateral stripe and one along the middle of the under side.
Head jet black, shining, rarely chestnut red. Abdominal
legs black outside and reddish-brown inside. Length, 55mm.

Datana contracta Walker.

Motu .—Pale tawny luteous, with numerousdark brown
or blackish irrcrations. Lines as in integerrima. Discal
spots present. Hind-wings and body pale luteous. Thor-
acic patch dark ochreous.. Expanse, 35-45 mm.

CATERPILLAR.— Head black. Cervical-shield orange.
Body black with four creamy-white stripes along each side,
as wide as the intervening spaces, and three stripes beneath.
Abd minal legs yellowish-brown, extremeties black, and
with yellowish-brown spots on the legless segments. Thor-
acic feet black, bases yellow-brown. Length, 55mm. Fig.
108, Plate IV, shows this moth.

THE RED-HUMPED CATERPILLAR.
(CEdemasia concinna 8. & A.).

As far as habits are concerned this insect resembles the
Yellow-necked Apple-tree Caterpillar very much. The fore-
wings of the moth are dark brown on the inner and grayish

Fig. 109 —QO?demasia concinna S.& A.. Moth and caterpillar.

on the outer margin; they have a dark brown dot near the
middle, and a spot near each angle, and several longitudinal
streaks of the same color along the hinder margin. The
hind-wings of the male are brownish, those of the female

PROMINENTS. 111

dusky brown; the body is light brown, the thorax of a
darker shade. With wings expanded they measure an inch
and a quarter across.

The female, which appears late in June, deposits her eggs
in a cluster on the under side of a leaf. The tiny caterpillars
at first only consume the substance of the under side of the
leaf, but as they soon increase in size they devour the entire
leaf. When not engaged in eating they huddle closely
together and frequently completely cover the branch upon
which they rest. While resting the posterior part of the
caterpillar is always elevated. The young caterpillars are
similar to, but lighter colored than the mature ones. These
latter are greenish-yellow or yellowish-brown; the head and
a prominent hump on the back of the fourth segment is
coral-red. The body is striped longitudinally with dark
brown or black lines; or, considering all the colors, with
yellowish, white and dark lines. A double row of black
spines extends along the back, and five black points are
found on each side of the segments, three above the spiracles
and two below. The back is marked with five narrow
black lines; the ‘sides from the fifth to the tenth segment,
inclusive, are whitish with black lines above the spiracles.
The first three segments are spotted with black and white;
the last segment is spotted with black. The legs are black ;
the prolegs black and yellow, the last segments taper a
little. When full grown the caterpillar is one inch and a
quarter long.

These caterpillars are gregarious, and soon defoliate the
branch on which they were born. When handled they dis-
charge a transparent fluid which possesses a peculiar acid
smeil and which no doubt serves as a defense against ene-
mies, especially birds, which can readily see these caterpillars
so openly exposed in large numbers.

When maturethelarve descend tothe ground,where they
conceal themselves under leaves upon or slightly under the
surface. Here they surround themselves with a very thin

112 PROMINENTS. :

cocoon, of a silky texture, yet looking more like a cell made
of glue than of silk, inside of which they change to a brown
pupa, which remains in the cocoon until the next year.
Both larva and adult are shown in Fig. 109; the larva also
in Fig. 110, Plate XIV.

These caterpillars are rather general feeders, being found
upon the apple, their favorite food, but also upon plum,
cherry, rose, shad-berry, Wistaria and other plants. As they
are gregarious during their entire larval existence and can

Fig. 111.—C2demasia eximia Grote; moth and larva. After Packard.

readily be seen, they can be easily detected and destroyed,
especially in nurseries, where the limb inhabited by them can
be cut off and where the worms can be trampled under foot.
A sudden jar of the limb will also bring the caterpillars to
the ground where they can be killed.

Another species, the d2?demasia eximiaGrote., occurs also
on the apple, willow, maple and other trees.

The moth (Fig. 111) resembles concinna, but is a little

~PROMINENTS. 113

larger, with longer and more produced wings. Its fore-
wings are ashen-gray, with dashes of ochreous brown; the
inner margin for two-thirds of the width of the wing is
purplish-brown; there are no transverse lines; the very
small discal spot is round and black and a short black dash
is found at the base of the wing. The hind-wings are gray-
ish-brown, darker in the female.

The caterpillar has a dirty white head, with a band on
each side composed of brownish-black spots, dotted with
red. The body is pale brown, with a brownish-olive shade
along the back, quite distinct on the last four segments, and
frequently quite greenish. The distinct V-shaped mark is
pinkish; an oblique olive-brown line runs from the base of
the long and fleshy tubercle on the fourth segment back-
wards to the anterior part of the leg on the sixth segment.
This movable tubercle is long, with the distal half slender.
A slight hump occurs on the eighth and a larger one on the
twelfth segment.

THE UNICORN PROMINENT.

(Sehizura unicornis S. & A.).

The caterpillar of this moth is also a very peculiar being.
It is brown or reddish-brown with a pea-green patch on
each side of the frst three segments, and variegated with
white on the back, with a large brown head. The fourth
segment is furnished on the upper side with a long, horn-like
and acute tubercle with two small tubercles at the tip and
from the possession of this horn the species has been named.
On the eighth segment is a slight hump with two small
warts and on the last segment is a rather large dorsal
hump supporting two warts. On the body are a few short
and scarcely visible hairs. The last segment and the last
pair of feet are always raised when the caterpillar is at rest,
but are used when walking. These odd-looking worms are
not common, but may be found during August and Septem-

114 PROMINENTS.

ber when they have reached their full size. According to
Saunders, the caterpillar ‘‘at first eating a notch, about the
size of its body, in the side of the leaf on which it is feeding,
and placing itself in this notch, with the humps on its body
somewhat resembling the irregularities in the margin of the
partly eaten leaf, is not easily detected.” Yet notwith-
standing this similarity to the edge of the leaf, expressed
still more so by a similar caterpillar, that of the related
Ianassa lignicolor, there are few worms that are as thor-
oughly parasitized by Tachina-flies as these apparently so
well hidden and protected ones. The mature caterpillars
measure an inch and a quarter in length. They do not pos-
sess the gregarious habits assome of those already described,
being either found singly, or three or four together on the
same twig. Towards September the caterpillar descends to
the ground, and here it constructs under fallen leaves or
other rubbish a thin and almost transparent papery cocoon
and very much later it changes to a brown pupa, in which
state the insect hibernates

The moth is not a showy insect, having the fore-wings
light brown, variegated with patches of greenish-white, and

Fig. 112.—Schizura unicornis S.& A. After Packard.

with many darker brown wavy lines, two of which enclose
a small whitish space. The hind-wings of the maleare dirty
white, with a dusky spot on the inner hind angle; those of
the female are sometimes entirely dusky. The body is
brownish, with two narrow black bands across the front
part of the thorax. The moth spreads nearly an inch anda

half.

PROMINENTS. 113

The mimicry of the larva has already been mentioned;
that of the moth is equally interesting. It always rests
head downwards, with the legs all drawn together, and its
wings folded round the body, which is stretched out at an
angle of about 45 degrees, the dull gray coloring of the
wings with its lichen-green and flesh-colors give the whole a
perfect resemblance to a piece of rough bark so that the
deception is perfect. Caterpillar and moth are shown in
Fig. 112 and in Fig. 113, Plate XIX.

These caterpillars are also general feeders and occur in
some numbers on the plum, apple, rose, dogwood, elder,
wintergreen, blackberry and raspberry. They can not be
salled very injurious, as they are not common enoughin our
State.

THE LONG-HORNED PROMINENT.

(Schizura ipomezx Doubleday).

This insect is also not very common in our State, but as
its larva feeds not alone on oak, maple, birch, etc., but also
on the blackberry and raspberry, and perhaps on the plum,
it is best to mention what is known aboutit. The cater-
pillars vary considerably, but usually they are green,
speckled with purple. There is also a faint sub-stigmatal
sulphur-yellow line, most distinct on the thoracic joints, and
a broad pale sub-dorsal line between which the dorsum is
pale lilaceous, but thickly mottled with rich purple-brown
and ferruginous, leaving a narrow dorsal line distinctly
marked. Two elevated ferruginous warts occur on top of
joints 4and11. The head is large, dark green, with a dis-
tinct lateral black and white stripe. The caterpillar differs
from that of unicornis chiefly by the spine on the front ab-
dominal segment, which is almost three times as large and
high and which ends in a deep fork, each tine of which bears
a stiff truncated spine. When full grown the caterpillar
makes an earthen cocoon, regular oval in shape, covered

196 PROMINENTS.

with sand on the outside. Like all members of the Prom-
inents the larva remains a long time unchanged inside this
cocoon, which is one reason why in captivity the adult in-
sects are so difficult to rear.

“The moth is purplish-gray, tinged with sea-green at
base and along costa of the fore-wings; frequently with a
buff-colored apical patch in the male. Discal spot black,
linear, and followed by a blackish shade. Transverse lines
faint, blackish, wavy, the outer lines succeeded by areddish-
brown shade. A series of subterminal dashes, and a few
white marks. Hind-wings whitish in the male, dark-gray
in the female. Expanse 30 mm.” Both moth and cater-
pillar are illustrated in Figs. 114 and 115, Plate XIX.

Two other Prominents occur in Minnesota, and some-
times they are found in large numbers, showing that their
larve, which feed on the leaves of the apple, hawthorn,
walnut, basswood, maple and oak, are more or less injur-
ious, though they never have been numerous enough to
cause serious injury. The descriptions given by Beuten-
mueller, in his ‘‘ Deseriptive Catalogue of the Bombycine
Moths, etc.,’’ are given below.

Heterocampa manteo Doubl.

‘*Moru.—Fore-wings ash-gray, varying from light to
dark gray, with three scalloped, darker, transverse lines,
the scallops filled with light gray. A large discal pale-gray
spot containing two small black dots; costa belore apex
with short black dashes. Terminal edge notched with black
dots. Hind-wings uniform mouse color, fringes paler. Ex-
panse, 40-50 mm.

‘“ CaTERPILLAR.—Head dull opaque umber, with a broad
darker brown line edged with white on each side meeting the
vertex. Body green with a broad subdorsal and two nar-
row yellow lines. The sides of the first three segments
dotted with reddish pink, and there is a reddish streak on

PROMINENTS. 1S leg

the outside of the anal legs. The subdorsal lines diverge on
the first segment, and on the next two segments are edged
within with pinkish red lines. The space between the dor-
sal lines is more or less filled with pinkish-red, and with a
narrow yellow line along the back, beginning on the fourth
segment. Body elongate, with shght traces of a hump on
the last segment, otherwise smooth. Length, 35 mm.
Double brooded and not common. The caterpillar is sub-
ject to variation, especially in the red markings along the
back; sometimes the space between the subdorsal stripes
is filled in solidly with deep red, and only interrupted by the
yellow dorsal line. It spins a rude cocoon on the ground or
under the surface.”

The moth and caterpillar areshownin Figs. 116 and 117.

Figs. 116 and 117.—Heterocanipa manteo Doubl. Moth and Caterpillar.
After Packard. ‘

Heterocampa guttivitta Walker.

“Fore-wings whitish-gray, with darker shades; the mark-
ings are like those of H. biundata, but the subterminal row
of spots is straight, and not bent as in the latter species;
hind-wings gray. Expanse, 40-50 mm.

CATERPILLAR:—Head large with a short, lateral four-
colored stripe of black, white and pink with the outside
yellowish. Body green, finely speckled with dark red brown

118 PROMINENTS.

along the sides. Dorsal line snow white fading into yellow-
ish on the sides, where there is a series of fine dark red black
dots; the line is widest on the fifth and sixth segments -and
at the sature of the seventh and eight segments connects by
a narrow neck with the posterior division of the pand, which
contains a whitish line in the middle, bearing reddish dots
on each side. Sides of the tenth to the twelfth segments
white, including the upper part of the anal legs, which are
marked with a red line. Thoracic feet green, with a black
dot in the middle. Length, 35 mm.

Not common and possibly double brooded, the very
young caterpillar is reddish brown with nine pairs of long
horns like the antlers of a deer. The first pair are much
longer than the rest, each with four very long branches.”’

The moth and caterpillar areshownin Figs. 118and119.

Figs. 118 and 119.—Heterocamna guttivitta Walk. Moth and Cate: pillar.
After Pachard.

THE FORKED-TAIL CATERPILLAR.

(Cerura borealis Bdv.).

There are few caterpillars that are more odd and pecu-
liar in form, posture and motion, than those of the genus
Cerura. Their body is naked, short and thick, tapers be-
hind, and ends with a forked kind of tail, which is held up-
wards at an obtuse angle with the rest of the body. This

PROMINENTS. 119

forked tail, which takes the place of the hindmost pair of
legs, is not used in creeping, but is used as an organ of
defense. It consists of two movable hollow tubes, within
each of which is concealed a long orange-colored thread or
flagellum, which the insect can push out and draw inat will.
If the caterpillar is disturbed it suddenly erects and separates
the two tubes, and pushes out the brightly colored whip-
like threads, which, as they lash any intruder, give off at
the same time a peculiar odor, no doubt offensive to the
same. The caterpillar of borealis feeds upon the wild cherry
and other allied plants. Its head is reddish-brown. The
first very broad segment is square in front on the sides, and
ends in a low projection, which looks somewhat like the
hood of amonk. The body is pale yellowish-green, with a
dorsal median reddish-brown band, beginning at each angle
on the first segment, and narrowing on the second and
third segments, it begins to widen again on the fourth, be-
coming widest on the seventh, and extending down each side
near the base of the abdominal legs; it contracts and be-
comes narrowest on the end of the tenth segment, and
widens a little on the last. The red patch is sometimes
more or less interrupted bythe ground color. Theanal-plate
is triangular, rounded at end; the tails are long, brown,
with three pale rings on the outer half. Thoracic feet deep
red; abdominal legs pale, tips reddish.

The caterpillars eat a flat depression into wood, over
which they spin an oval cocoon, mixed with particles of
wood. This cocoon is difficult to detect and very hard.

The moth has a white head and thorax, the latter being
bluish-black in the center. The fore-wings are white, with a
very broad grayish-black median band with irregular edges,
contracting about the middle. Outside is a blackish shade
across the wing. The space between the band and shade is
white, with two distinct black spots on the costa, followed
by two rows each of four small spots. The outer and basal
parts of the wings are white, the former with a terminal

120 GIANT SILK-WORMS.

row of black spots, the latter with a row of four black spots
and one spot near the base of the wing. The hind-wings of
male are whitish with a small black discal spot, a terminal
row of spots and a dusky patch at hind angle; in the female
the hind-wings are dusky. Expanse, 38-43 mm.

The curious caterpillar is shown in Fig. 120; the moth
in Fig. 121, Plate XIX.

Ne ad ane
Fig. 120.—Cerura borealis Bdv,caterpillar. After Packard.
FAMILY SATURNIIDZ OR GIANT SILK-WORMS.

Among this family we find the giants of North American
moths, some of them expanding four inches and more; in the
tropics they are represented by moths that have a spread of
wings sometimes fully twelve inches. The larve of all spin
more or less bulky silken cocoons, and are interesting on
that account as the silk could be made of use, being very
strong. Formerly the genuine Chinese Silk-worm was
classed among these insects.

THE CECROPIA SILK-WORM.
(Attacus cecropia Linn.).

The great size and peculiar coloration of this large silk-
producing caterpillar (Fig. 122) makes it an object easily
recognized. It is nearly four inches long, of a pale limpid-
green color, and as thick as a man’s thumb. It bears on the
third and fourth segments large warts or tubercles of a
coral-red color, which resembles small ripe strawberries; the
other tubercles on the back of the caterpillar are smaller
and yellow, excepting those on the last segments which are
blue.

GIANT SILK-WORMS. 12}

Both the front and hind-wings of the adult (Fig. 123,
Plate XIII) are of a rich brown, the anterior pair grayish,
shaded with red, the posterior more uniformly brown, and
about the middle of each ot the wings is a nearly kidney-
shaped white spot, shaded more or less with red, and mar-
gined with black. A wavy dull-red band crosses each of the
wings, edged within with white, the edging wide and distinct
on the hind-wings, and more or less faint on the front pair.

The outer edges of the wings are of a pale, silky brown in

Fig. 122.—Attacus cecropia Linn.; caterpillar. After Riley.

which, on the anterior pair, runs an irregular dull-black
line, which on the hind-wings is replaced by a double broken
band of the same hue. The fore-wings, next to the shoulders,
are dull red, with a curved white and black band, and near
their tips is an eye-like spot with a bluish-white crescent.
The upper side of the body and the legs are dull red, with a
wide band behind the head and the hinder edges of the rings
of the abdomen white; the under side of the body is also
marked with white.

The cocoon is about three inches long and an inch or
more broad in its widest part, pod-shaped, of a rusty gray
or brownish color; it is formed of two layers of silk, the
outer one not unlike strong brown paper, and within this a
quantity of loose silken fibres covering an inner, oval, closely
Woven cocoon, containing a large brown pupa. Snugly en-
closed within this double wrapper the pupa remains unin-

122 GIANT SILK-WORMS.

jured by the variations of temperature during the winter.
Late in May or early in June the pupal case is ruptured by
the struggles of its occupant, and the newly born moth
begins to work its way out of the cocoon; to lessen the
labor a fluid is secreted about the mouth, which softens the
fibres; then a tearing, scraping sound is heard, made by the
insect working with the claws on its fore-feet, pulling away
the softened threads and packing them on each side to make
a passage for its body.

The natural enemies of this species are usually sufficient
to present an undue increase of these voracious caterpillars,
but if for some reasons such enemies are absent the cater-
pillars become very numerous and destructive. This is
especially true in the windbreaks in our open prairies, where
they cause sometimes considerable troubie. Orchards and
nurseries also suffer from time to time, but as a general rule
these insects are not numerous enough to inflict serious in-
jury. Their large size, and their work in defoliating trees
and shrubs, soon attract attention, and they can readily be
removed by hand-picking. The caterpillars are destroyed
by numerous parasitic insects, chief among which are
Tachina flies, (Fig. 124, Plate XIV.) the Long tailed Ophion
(Ophion macrurum),the Cecropia Chalcis-fly (Smicra mariz),
Cecropia Cryptus (Cryptus extrematis) and others. Birds
are also effective in destroying both caterpillars and pupe;
the Hairy Wood-pecker eats the pupz of a large number of
cocoons during the winter. Many others are destroyed by
the Blue-Jay, and by our odoriferous friends the Skunks, who
find most of the cocoons formed near the ground.

The caterpillars of this moth are very general feeders,
and in 1882 in Papilio a list of 49 species of plants belong-
ing to 20 genera was given as their food plants. Since that
time many other plants have been found that are to the
taste of these voracious feeders, and among them apples,
plums, cherries, all kinds of small fruit with the exception of
the grape-vine; other cultivated plants also furnish food.

GIANT SILK-WORMS. 123

THE POLYPHEMUS SILK-MOTH.
(Telea polyphemus Linn.).

The caterpillar (Fig. 125) of this large moth is quite
different from that of the cecropia, being of a limpid light
yellowish-green color, with seven oblique pale yellowish
lines on each side of the body; it lacks the prominent
tubercles, but has in their place little black wart-like pro-
cesses which give rise to small and stiff bristles. The seg-
ments, which have the spaces between them deeply in-

Fig. 125.—Telea polyphemus Linn.; caterpillar and pupa. Aftcr Riley.

dented, are each adorned with six wart-like processes
or tubercles, which are sometimes tinted with orange;
each segment has a small silvery spot on the middle. The
head and anterior feet are pale-brown, the spiracles pale-
orange, and the terminal segment is bordered by an angular
band resembling the letter *“‘V,” of a purplish-brown color.
When mature the caterpillar spins a cocoon and selects for
this purpose the leaves of the tree upon which it fed, by

124 GIANT SILK-WORMS.

drawing them together and by fastening some of them very
firmly to the outside of the cocoon. This latter is oval in
shape, of a brownish-white color, and is completely closed,
differing in this respect from that of the cecropia, which is
open at oneend. Asa general rule the cocoons drop to the
ground with the leaves in autumn and remain there.

Late in the spring the moth appears. It is shown in
Fig. 126, Plate XIII. Its wings expand from five to six in-
ches, and are of a dull, ochre-yellow color, sometimes of a
rich buff, or inclined to a pale-gray or cream color, or they
possess a deeper and almost brown color. Towards the
base of the wings they are crossed by an irregular pale-
white band, margined with red; near the outer margin is a
stripe of pale purplish-white, bordered within by one of rich
brown. About the middle of each wing is a transparent
eye-like spot, divided transversely by a slender line, and en-
circled by yellow and black rings. On the hind-wings these
spots are more eye-like in shape, and are bordered with yel-
low, with a line of black edged with blue above and the
whole set in a frame made of an oval spot of rich dark-
brown, the widest portion of it being above the eye-spot,
where it is sprinkled also with bluish specks. The front
edge of the fore-wings is gray.

The eggs, which measure about one-tenth of an inch in
diameter, are slightly convex above and below, the convex
portions being whitish, and the sides being brown. Each
female deposits upon the under side of leaves from two to
three hundred eggs, which hatch in the course of about ten
days. While the female is flying about and engaged to
deposit these eggs she looks very much like a bat.

This handsome insect has, like the cecropia, feathered
antennz in both sexes; those of the males are very broad,
almost looking like a third pair of small wings. These an-
tennz contain an immense number of sense organs. The
females, which do not fly before their eggs are fertilized, are
quite sluggish until that time. Virgin females can be utilized

GIANT SILK-WORMS. 12:

) |

to ‘‘semble,’”’ which means that large numbers of males can

be attracted to them and can thus be collected and killed.
This insect has also many enemies which usually keep it

in check. It is also a very voracious and general feeder, eat-

ing the foliage of plum, apple, walnut, butternut, rose, oak
and others.

THE LUNA MOTH,

(Actias luna Linn.).

There are few insects as beautiful as this moth, which
has an expanse of wings of about four and a half inches.
The hind-wings, instead of being rounded as is usual with
moths, have the anal part extended into a broad tail, cury-
ing somewhat outward, an inch and three-quarters beyond
the rest of the outer margin. The color of the wings varies
in intensity, but they are usually of an even, delicate, bluish-
green color, sometimes verging into yellowish, with a little
eye-like spot on each wing consisting of a small clear center

Fig. 127.—Achias luna Linn. Caterpillar. After Riley.

encircled with lines of red and black. The anterior border
of the fore-wings is broadly margined with purple or pur-
plish-brown; the same color occurs upon the collar, feet and
legs; the body of the moth is of a soft white. (Fig. 128,
Plate XV.)

126 GIANT SILK-WORMS.

The caterpillar (Fig. 127) of this striking moth resembles
somewhat that of the polyphemus. It is of a clear, pale
bluish-green color, with a yellow stripe on each side of the
body; the back is crossed between the segments by trans-
verse lines of yellow. On each segment are about six minute,
pearl-colored warts, tinged with purple or rosy color; from
each arise a few hairs. At the extremity of the body are
three brown spots edged with yellow. When full grown it
draws together several leaves, fastens them with silken
threads, and spins inside this hollow space a cocoon very
much resembling that of the preceding species; it falls like it
to the ground with the leaves in autumn. The cocoon is
quite thin and papery and socompact thatit can not well be
unwound. :

The colors of the moths vary according to the food con-
sumed by the caterpillars. lf fed on the foliage of hickory
their color is yellowish-green, if on black walnut it is a much
more vivid green, and the markings and_borders are much
darker and more plainly marked. In fact, in some very
brightly colored specimens there is a wavy band of purple
parallel to the outer borders.

This insect occurs in Minnesota wherever hickories and
walnuts grow, but as the caterpillars are also much preyed
upon by parasites it is not likely to become a serious pest.

Still another species of native silk-worms has been
reported from the state, but must be very uncommon, at
least no specimens have been seen by the writer. It is the
Prometheus Moth (Callosamia promethea Drury). The
sexes of this moth differ greatly, both in shape of wings, in
color, and in the pattern of their marking.

THE 10 EMPEROR MOTH.
(Hyperchiria Io Linn. ).

This is also a very beautiful insect (Fig.129, Plate XVI),
but it is not as common as the other silk-producing species.
The sexes vary very greatly, both in size and color. The

GIANT SILK-WORMS. 127

smaller male is deep yellow, with rather faint purplish-
brown markings; on the fore-wings are two oblique wavy
lines near the outer margin, a zig-zag line near the base, and
other blackish dots and markings. The hind-wings are of
a deeper ochre-yellow, and are shaded with purple next the
body; within the hind margin is a curved purplish band,
and inside this a smaller and darker one, while in the middle
of each hind-wing is a large, round and blue eyes pot, witha
broad black border and a central white dash. The antenne
of the male are beautifully feathered; the wings measure,
when expanded, about two and a half inches across. In the

ce

Fig. 130.—Hyperchiria Io Linn.; caterpillar; a, b, c, branching spines, enlarged.
After Riley.

female the wings are purplish-brown, the transverse lines
gray and much more prominent, and there is a somewhat
dusky, pale-margined, nearly kidney-shaped discal spot; the
hind-wings are very similar to those of the male; the thorax
and legs are purplish-brown, the abdomen ochre-yellow,
with a darker edging on each ring.

128 GIANT SILK-WORMS.

The female deposits her eggs in clusters of twenty or
thirty. They are about one-sixteenth of an inch long, top-
shaped, of a creamy-white color, with a yellowish spot
above. When young the dark-colored caterpillars pro-
duced from one cluster of eggs are gregarious, following
each other in regular order, but as they grow older they
scatter, each shifting for itself. The caterpillar (Fig. 130)
reaches its full size during August, when it measures two
inches and a half in length. It is now of a delicate pale
green color, paler and whitish along the back, with a broad
brown stripe edged with white and reddish lilac on each
side; the breathing-pores are yellow, ringed with brown.
The body is covered with clusters of green and branching
spines, tipped with black, which arise from small warts, of
which there are a numberoneach segment. These spines are
very sharp and possess strong urticating properties, so if the
insect is handled carelessly the points of the spines enter the
skin, and breaking off fill the wound with an acid, which can
produce onthe more tender portions of the skin aconsiderable
irritation accompanied by redness and raised white blotches,
very similar to those caused by the common stinging nettle.
The irritation is, however, not so great as if produced bythe
spines of the larve of some of the slug-worms. As soon as
mature the caterpillar descends to the ground, where it spins
a thin, irregular and somewhat parchment-like cocoon made
of tough, gummy and brown silk, among and below dead
leaves and other rubbish. The enclosed pupa is short and
thick, pale-brown, and is ornamented with a few reddish
bristles on the abdominal joints and a tuft of the same at
the end.

These stinging caterpillars are also very general feeders,
being found on a great variety of plants, among them
plum, apple, currant, thorn, corn, clover, elm, oak, willow
and others.

If this insect ever becomes numerous it can easily
be subdued by hand-picking, providing the necessary cau-

HEMILEUCIDS. 129

tion is taken to guard against its poisonous spines, which
will, however, not penetrate through thick gloves. A large
number of parasites are not afraid of this well-armed cater-
piliar and usually keep it in check.

FAMILY HEMILEUCID.® OR HEMILEUCIDS.

This small family gontains but a few rather large and
conspicuously marked insects. The antennz are broadly
pectinated in the males and narrowly so or nearly serrate in
the females. There is only a single pair of teeth to each seg-
ment of the antennz. The thorax and abdomen are usually
thickly clothed with long wooly hair. But one species
occurs in Minnesota.

THE BUCK MOTH OR MAIA-MOTH.
(Hemileuca maia Drury).

This is still another caterpillar which is much more pois-
onous than any of those already described. It is very com-
mon in Minnesota, and feeds on the wild cherry and apple,
but chiefly on the red oak and willows, where it can cause
considerable damage, as it is a most voracious feeder. The
caterpillar is brownish-black, with six spined tubercles on
each segment, except on the eleventh, where there is only
one dorsal tubercle; an additional one is found on segments
one to five, and also on segments ten to twelve. The spimes
on these tubercles are more or less branched; some are trun-
cate at the tip and bear bristles. Those on the back are
rusty-yellow, tipped with black, with a few wholly black in
the center of each branch. ‘The other branched spines are
black with the blunt ends white, and the spinules arising
from them dusky. The breathing-pores are pale and nar-
rowly oval. The underside of the caterpillar is yellowish
along the middle; the head is light-reddish-brown; the thor-
acic legs are also light brown, but the prolegs are lighter,
inclining to Venetian red. When full grown the caterpillar
measures a little over two inches in length. Fig. 131 shows
the caterpillar, and Fig. 132, Plate VIII, the moth.

130 HEMILEUCIDS.

The sting of these caterpillars is really quite severe, and
it is not easy to handle them with impunity. The insects
themselves lack the power of stinging us, and it is simple
carelessness on our part if we are injured atall. The effect
of these stings is violent pain, a reddening of the punctured
parts, and the early appearance of raised whitish blotches,
followed later by purplish spots, which do not disappear for
several days.

Fig. 131.—Hemileuca maia Drury; eggs; a, caterpillar; b. pupa; c, d, e, f, g, spines.
From Div. of Entomology, Dep. of Agriculture.

When mature all the caterpillars, which are gregarious
throughout their existence, enter the ground, and there ina
simple oval cell, each one sheds its prickly skin and assumes
the pupal state. The pupa is of a deep brownish-black
color, heavy, rounded anteriorly, and minutely roughened,
except the sutures of legs and wing-sheaths, where it is
smooth and polished. The abdomen ends in a triangular,
flattened and ventrally concave tubercle, which is topped
with a few eurled, blunt, and rufous bristles.

ROYAL MOTHS. 131

The moths, which fly here in Minnesota late in Septem-
ber and the first part of October, differ in habits from those
of most other genuine moths by flying in mid-day. They are
modest-looking but truly elegant insects. Their wings are
so lightly covered with scales that they are semi-transpar-
ent, and look like delicate black crape. The bands across
them are creamy-white, and broadest on the hind-wings.
These bands vary greatly in width, and some are almost
obsolete, while in othercases they are very broad. The male
differs from the female in having broader black antennz and
a smaller abdomen, tipped with a large tuft of brick-red
hair. Its color is cream-white, and the black hairs of the
body are more or less sprinkled with hairs of the same pale
color. The female has the lower side of the antennz, the
hair on the thighs, and two small tufts behind the thorax of
a brick-red color. She deposits her eggs (See Fig. 131) in
naked belts of from 100 to 200 eggs; these are only fastened
together by a little glue and are not deposited in perfect order.
Each egg is obovate, about 0.05 inch long, compressed at
the sides and apex, and of a dirty yellowish color.

There are some very curious points in the life history of
this moth. The caterpillars, all born at the same time, from
eggs deposited by one mother, feed side by side upon the
same plant until mature when all enter the ground at about
the same time and transform to pupe. Yet out of 200
pupz thus formed at the same time early in July only 117
moths issued in the same year, while the rest remained in the
ground fully a year longer when most of them issued.

FAMILY CERATOCAMPIDAE OR ROYAL MOTHS.

This is a small family of fairly large or very large moths,
the caterpillars of which are usually furnished with horns,
spines or similar processes. The moths are sometimes con-
trastingly colored, and distinguished by having the antennz
in the male feathered for only a portion of the distance.

132 ROYAL MOTHS.

As a general rule these insects are not injurious to our
fruit-trees, but infest other trees, such as oaks and maples.
They not infrequently become so numerous and destructive

_that but few leaves are left on the oak trees covering many
square miles and one cannot stepupon the ground under the
trees without stepping upon some of these hungry worms. One

species, however, is found
not alone on the oak, but
occurs also upon the rasp-
berry andblackberry. It
is the Orange striped Oak-
worm (Anisota senatoria

Hub.). The caterpillars

have a jet-black head; the
body is dull-black, with
four dull-orange stripes

along each side, and a

trace of a fifth stripe
along the base of thelegs;
all the stripes run to the
end of the eleventh seg-
ment; the last segment is
black. The under side is
marked with a broad yel-
low stripe along the
middle. On each side of the second segment is a slender,
long, slightly curved horn, and along each side of the body
three rows of short spines. The caterpillars, of which we

have only one annual brood, measure 45 mm. in length. A

caterpillar is shown with other oak feeding caterpillars in

Fig. 134.

The sexes of this moth vary greatly. The male has och-
reous-brown wings with a purplish tinge; the fore-wings are
semi-transparent in the middle. There is a conspicuous
white, round discal spot and a dark oblique line, from a
little before the apex across the wing, parallel with the

Fig. 133.—Anisota senatoria Hub.; male
below, female above. Original.

Fig. 134.—1, Janassa lignicolor Walk.; 2, Anisota senatoria S.&A.; 3, Anisota
virginiensis Dru.; 4, Edema albitrons S. & A.; 5, Datana ministra Dru.; 6, Pero-

phora melsheimeri, Harr.; 7, Aeronycta impressa Walk.; 8, Gastropacha ameri-
: cana Harr Original.

134 TRUE SILK-WORMS.

outer margin. The hind-wings are opaque. The female is
very much paler in color; it expands from 45-60 mm., the
male from 30-38mm.- Both sexes are illustrated in Fig. 133.

FAMILY BOMBYCIDA OR TRUE SILK-WORMS.

The Genuine Silk worm (Bombyx mori Linn.) belongs
here. It is not a native of the United States, but is frequently
bred in this country either for its silk or for curiosity.
The moth, which in course of time has become dwarfed to
such an extent as to be unable to fly, is cream-colored, with
two or three more or less distinct brownish-lines across the

Fig. 135.—Bombys mori Linn.

fore-wings. The head is small; the antenne are pectinated
broadly in both sexes. The silk-worms are usually fed upon
the leaves of the mulberry, but not upon those of our Amer-

LASIOCAMPIDS. 135

ican species, which are unsuitable. The wilted leaves of the
osage orange can also be used. The different states of this
important moth are shown in Fig. 135.

FAMILY LASIOCAMPIDA® OR LASIOCAMPIDS.

This family includes the destructive tent-caterpillars and
the lappet moths. The adults are stout-bodied and hairy
moths of medium size. The antenne are pectinated in both
sexes, those of the males being usually longest.

TENT-CATERPILLARS.

There are but few insects that are better known to per-
sons interested in fruit and shade trees than the different
kinds of tent-caterpillars, which occur throughout the north-
ern regions of the globe, and of which numerousspecies have
been described. All are similar in general appearance and
habits. In the United States they are called ‘‘ Tent-caterpil-
lars,’’ because here one of the most common species is distin-
guished by its habit of forming a large silken tent for the
home and protection of a whole community of worms. All
tent-caterpillars, however, spin a large amount of silk, only
their tents are not as conspicuous as in the above species.
In Europe, but especially in Germany, they are called ‘‘Rin-
gelspinner’’ from the small ring or ringlet-like egg-masses,
which the females deposit around a small twig of the tree
selected for this purpose. The illustrations show that both
popular names are well selected, since they express a habit
readily perceived.

In Minnesota we have to deal with two species of tent-
caterpillars, which are always common in certain well-
defined localities, and sometimes exceedingly so, as for
instance in 1898, when in many parts of the State they
devoured the foliage of all kinds of trees growing in orchards
and forests. Few insects have a moreinteresting life-history

136 LASIOCAMPIDS.

than these caterpillars, and it pays to study it carefully, as
by so doing a number of excellent remedies will suggest
themselves and can be used to assist us in a war against
them.

THE ORCHARD TENT-CATERPILLAR.
(Clisiocampa americana Harr.).

The adult insects of this species measure with wings ex-
panded a little more than one and a half inches; they are
reddish-brown, and the fore-wings are tinged with gray on

Fig. 136 —Clisiocampa americana WHarr.; a, b, mature
caterpillars; c,egg mass; d,cocoon. After Riley.

the base and middle, and are crossed by two oblique lighter
stripes. As they fly only at night they are not often seen; in
places, however, where powerful electric lights are used
many are attracted and thus can be collected in large num-

LASIOCAMPIDS. 137

bers. The moths take no food, hence they can spend all
their energy to search for suitable places in which to deposit
their eggs. In this manner they sometimes fly a long dis-
tance, and especially after a time when the great majority of
the nearly grown caterpillars had.been killed by a contag-
ious disease; in fact it almost seems as if the moths which
had escaped this disease realized the danger and tried to
avoid it and to protect their future off-spring against it by
migrating to places where the insect, and the disease, had
not occurred for some years. Since this disease is very apt
to occur whenever the insects have been very numerous for
three years in succession in any one locality, we have the
reasonable assurance that after that period the insects
will disappear from the locality for some time. But as
some of the healthy moths escape they start colonies
in new regions and as the resulting caterpillars are healthy,
they soon increase very rapidly until they are again
killed off by the same fatal disease. All attempts to
breed and multiply this useful disease by artificial
means have failed thus far, but no doubt means will be
found in future to utilize it against these destructive cater-
pillars. In 1898 the disease appeared in a small grove of
trees, and the writer took numerous diseased caterpillars to
other groves infested with healthy worms. Still other
diseased worms were sent long distances to forests invaded
with tent-caterpillars, and wherever introduced the disease
broke out amongst the healthy worms, and soon destroyed
the greater majority of them. Many other forests, as
badly infested with these worms, showed no sign of this
disease, and it would be more than accident if such places
had escaped while others had not. There seems to
be but little doubt that this diseasecan be spread artificially
in case we can find diseased worms at the proper time.
Two breeding cages were prepared which contained the
eggs of healthy moths; at least in the places from which the
eggs were taken no disease appeared in the following season.

138 LASIOCAMPIDS.

The breeding-cages were kept in different parts of the same
building. In one case the caterpillars were fed with leaves
moistened with the crushed substance of diseased caterpil-
lars, and soon afterwards the disease showed itself by killing
nearly all the caterpillars in that cage; the worms in the
second cage were fed on leaves not so prepared and all
matured and formed moths. Equally good results were ob-
tained with a disease destroying the worms so injurious to
cabbage, and both cases show that under certain conditions
much good can be done by gathering diseased caterpillars
and by bringing them in contact with healthy ones.

After mating the females deposit their eggs (about 300:
in number) in a belt or ring around the twigs of plum,
cherry, shadberry, apple or a few other trees. This takes
place early in July. These egg-masses are coated with a
thick glue which serves as a protection against moisture
and, perhaps, against the cold weather of autumn, winter
and spring. Very likely this glue is a non-conductor of heat;
at all events theeggs do not usually hatch until the following
spring, even if kept in warm rooms. These rings of eggs are
readily seen at a time when all the foliage has disappeared
from the trees, and they should be removed at that time,
which is easily done. Fig. 136 shows a ring of eggs; also
two adult caterpillars and a cocoon.

About the time that the buds begin to swell in the
spring (about the middle of April in Minnesota) the eggs
hatch, and the young caterpillars select some fork of a twig
where they form a small nest for themselves. By selecting a
fork they can utilize the twigs as tent-poles, around which
they build a nest with several openings or doors. Here the
colony rests, either inside or on the outside of the tent. As
- long as the caterpillars are still soft and tender they are
most frequently found inside their house, and only during
the warmer portion of the day do they bask in the sun upon
its outside. As the caterpillars grow they add to this tent
untilit becomes a very bulky affair partly filled with excrement.

LASIOCAMPIDS. 139

and the old skins of the inhabitants. The tents (Fig. 138,
Plate XVII), when opened, will be found to contain numer-
ous blackish caterpillars with yellow and bluish spots and
covered with very fine grayish hairs, which prevent any
moisture from reaching their skins. The illustration shows
two of the full grown caterpillars, which are rather pretty
insects, if caterpillars can be so called. When hatched they
measure about one-tenth of a inch in length; they are black-
ish and covered with fine gray hairs (Fig. 144, Plate X XII).
They feed on the young and tender leaves, and eating on an
average two leaves a day, the young of one pair of moths
consume from ten to tweive thousand leaves, and as it is
not uncommon to findfrom six toeight nests on a single tree
not less than seventy-five thousand leaves are devoured, a
loss which no tree can long endure.

As the caterpillars grow they cast their skins from time
to time. In about thirty-five or forty days they have
reached their full size; they are about two inches long, with
a black head and body, having numerous yellow hairs on
the surface. A white stripe marks the middle of the back,
and minute white or yellow broken and irregular streaks
are found along the sides. Along each side of the back is a
row of small transverse pale-blue spots. Fig. 137, Plate
XVII, gives an illustration of the larva.

While young the caterpillars are social in their habits.
When they leave their tent to feed, which they do twice
every day, they move as a regular army, and as they go
they spin a continuous thread of silk from a fleshy tube on
the lower side of the mouth, which is connected with silk-
producing glands in the interior of the body. By means of
this thread they find their way back to the tent, which is
the product of the combined efforts of all the caterpillars
from one ring of eggs. The caterpillars feed only on warm
and dry days; during cold and damp weather they remain
in the tent. As soon as full grown they leave their home
and scatter in all directions, each searching for some pro-

140 LASIOCAMPIDS.

tected spot in which to spin its cocoon. When she!tered
spots have been found, usually under projecting objects, such
as roofs and upper fence-boards, they spin spindle-shaped
cocoons of white and almost transparent silk; when fin-
ished they fill the spaces between the silken threads with a
sulphur-yellow ‘substance, which in drying becomes a
powder. Inside these cocoons (most beautiful objects) they
change to pupe, from which emerge, in from twenty to
twenty-five days, the moths, ready to start another brood
for the following year. This caterpillar, although quite
numerous in Minnesota, has not created as much alarm as
the one deseribed next.

THE FOREST TENT-CATERPILLAR.

(Clistocanipa distria Hub.).

phenlorgen ¢ferd, tivee eniaceediceee! Amer picy | ae os ea

This caterpillar (Fig. 139) is even more common than
the Orchard Tent-caterpillar which it closely resembles. It
does not, however, construct a large tent. The caterpillars
feed upon the foliage of various species of forest trees, such as
oak, ash, maple, etc., but they prefer linden or bass-wood; they

LASIOCAMPIDS. 141

are also very injurious to plum, cherry, apple and other
fruits. The moth (Fig. 140, Plate XVII), which expands an
inch and a half or more, is brownish-yellow. It has on the
forewings two oblique brown lines enclosing a darker
space. The eggs are about one twenty-fifth of an inch long
and one-fortieth wide; they are arranged three or four hun-
dred in number in the form ofa ring around the twigs of
trees. These clusters differ from those of the other tent-
caterpillars in being uniform in diameter and cut off square-
ly at the ends. The individual eggs are white; they are
covered with a brown varnish-like substance. The egos
hatch also early in spring, and the young caterjillars have
sometimes to wait for some time before the trees furnish
any food, but as they are very hardy they have beenknown
to live in cold weather for three weeks without eating. The
writer kept them under meiting ice for four days without
injuring them in the least; in fact, as soon as thawed out
they seemed to show increased appetite. But as the buds
expand and the young leaves appear the worms make up for
lost time. Like the other tent-caterpillars they spin a silken
thread wherever they go; they are also gregarious as long
as young, but scatter when older. They march in regu-
lar order, feed twice a day and when not thus engaged they
crowd together, most frequently upon the trunk of a tree
(Fig. 141, Plate XIX). In such positions they also undergo
their moults, and not infrequently large numbers of their
empty skins are found together, held in position and to the
tree by numerous threads (Fig. 142, Plate XIX). The
caterpillars, when fully grown, are a little smaller than
their relatives upon orchard trees. Their general color is
pale-blue, tinged with green on their sides, and every-
where sprinkled with black dots or points, while along the
middle of the back is a row of white spots, on each side of
which is an orange-yellow stripe, below which is another
cream-colored one. All these stripes are edged with black.
Each segment of the caterpillar has two elevated black

142 LASIOCAMPIDS.

points on the back, from which arise a number of coarse
black hairs. The back is clothed with whitish hairs; the
head is dark blue, freckled with black dots, and clothed
with black and fox-colored hairs; the legs are black, clothed
with whitish hair. Fig. 143, Plate XX shows these cater-
pillars.

When mature these caterpillars wander on fences, houses
and along roads in search of suitable shelters in which to.
form their cocoons, which are a little more loosely con-
structed than those of the other tent caterpillars. After
having finished these cocoons they transform in two or
three days to reddish-brown pupae densely covered with
short, pale yellowish hairs. Two or three weeks later the
moths appear which soon afterward deposit their eggs and
die.

Tent caterpillars have few enemies and only few para-
sites are known to attack them. Some carniverous beetles,
as the large black ground beetle, Calosoma
frigidum devour large numbers; the green
Calosoma has been reported to even enter
the tents to devour these worms. The
skunk also eats large numbers of the wan-
dering caterpillars. Our two species of
Cuckoos make it a regular business to feed
upon these worms which no other birds
will eat. This useful bird is shown in

Fig. 145.
Lapeer ReMEDIES.—Many methods have been
‘Calo & i rs :
Oameal suggested for the destruction of these

caterpillars. In case of orchards or smaller trees the
most available and economical way to nip the evil in the
bud is to remove the cluster of eggs wherever found
and to burn them. In the case of small trees this is
easily done, as the egg-masses remain on them during
all the time when the leaves have dropped, and as the
former are easily seen they can as _ readily ‘be re-

3

“
.

14

Le

\ gos
Lecce

y

Hy:

ay,

From

iry caterpillar.

gha

in

-crow eat

ain
Brehm’s Thierleben.

American Cuckoo or R

145.

144. LASIOCAMPIDS.

moved. This is at least quite easily done in our or-
chards, but when it comes to destroying such eggs on forest
trees this is not an easy matter, though nearly all egg-
masses will be found concentrated upon the twigs of linden.
In case of the Orchard Tree tent-caterpillars the white tents
made by them are readily detected, and they should be de-
stroyed as soon as possible. This should be done when the
caterpillars are at home,i.e. early inthe morning or towards
evening; during the middle of the forenoon and in the after-
noon they are away from their nests and are engaged in
feeding. As long as the tents are small and can be reached
they and their entire contents should be crushed with the
hand protected by a glove or mitten. If they can not be
reached in this way the caterpillars can be destroyed by
thrusting a rag soaked with kerosene and fastened toa pole,
into the tent and by twisting the pole all worms will come
in contact with the oil, which will killthem. Burning torches
applied when the tent is occupied will also kill the worms
but the flameis apt toinjure thetrees. Of course united action
is necessary, for if a single orchard is neglected and permit-
ted to become a breeding-place not alone of the tent-cater-
pillars but of many other kinds of noxious insects, it 1s suf-
ficient to stock and restock all neighboring orchards. If all
fruit growers in any given region would destroy allthe tents
on their trees, even for a single season, the work of destroy-
ing the caterpillars in the following year would be greatly
lessened. In fact it would well pay to offer a small bounty to
children for collecting eggs or the small nests still containing
the worms. It should be remembered that each ring of
eggs, and each small tent, contains from 300 to 400 minute
caterpillars which if permitted to grow can cause great in-
jury.

One of the best remedies is the use of Paris-green sprayed
upon the foliage of the infested trees. The writer has made
numerous experiments with this substance, and has found
that the large caterpillars are as readily killed as those just

LASIOCAMPIDS. 145

hatched, and that it does not require a large amount of
poison to do so. One pound of Paris-green to 100 gallons
of water, or one pound to 150 gallons of water, sprayed
upon apple trees, had the effect of burning the foliage and
injuring the trees very materially. By using one pound of
this poison to 200, 250 or even 300 gallons of water all
caterpillars were killed in the course of from one to three
days. If London-purple is used, one pound to 300 gallons
of water will do the work. In both cases it is best to add
to the mixture some lime water, which will neutralize any
free acid, and in this way prevent injury to the trees to be
protected.

THE VALEDDA LAPPET-MOTH.
(Tolype velleda Stoll.).

This uncommon insect is sometimes found in its larval
state (Fig. 146) feeding upon the foliage of the apple, cherry

Fig. 146.—Tolype velleda Stoll.; caterpillar.

, and plum; it also feeds on the oak, elm, lilac and poplar.
The caterpillar is hairy and it hides so well in the cracks of
the tree, into which its body fits very tightly, that it is not
easily detected; it looks very much like an excrescense of the
bark, especially as the side fringes, which border close to the
under surface and are composed of spreading tufts of light
gray, mingled with black hairs, hide so thoroughly the edges
of thecaterpillar’s body. It has asmall and flat head, nearly
hidden between two projecting tufts of hair from the second
segment; it is bluish-gray and is marked with numerous
longitudinal lines; on top of segment three there is a trans-
verse black band, most distinct when the insect is in motion.
On top of each segment are twd warts, those on segment
three in front of the black band are the largest: each of these

146 LASIOCAMPIDS.

warts gives rise to a few bl.ck hairs. There is also a stig-
matal row of large warts, from each of which proceeds a
cluster of light gray hairs, interspersed with a few black
ones. The under side is of a pale red or orange color, with
squarish black spots. When full grown it reaches a length
of two inches and a half. Late in July it spins a very dense
cocoon, about an inch and a half long and half an inch wide,
oval, convex above, and flattened on the under side, of a
brownish-gray color.

The sexes of this moth, which is found in August and
September, vary considerably in size, the male being much
smaller, measuring only from an inch and a half to an inch
and three-quarters, while the female measures two and three-
quarters inches. The fore-wings of this delicate looking
moth are gray, crossed by two double, slightly wavy, white
lines at the end of the first and second thirds of the length of
the wing, and a single line of the same color near the outer
margin. The hind-wings have only the outer line. The body
is milky-white, with a large, blackish spot on the middle of
its back; that part of this spot which is on the thorax is
composed of beautiful, glistening and erect scales, while the
caudal part of it consists of recumbent hairs. This moth
differs from most other moths by having the body covered
with long hairs; it is shown in Fig 147, Plate XXIV.

THE AMERICAN LAPPET-MOTH.

(Gastropacha americana Harr.).

This is a very interesting insect and rather common.
The moth (Fig. 148 and Fig. 149, Plate XXIV), which
occurs in two colors, is quite
remarkable on account of the
fact that when resting it so
closely mimics a dead leaf, that
even trained eyes are apt to
be misled. Most examples are

Fig. 148.— Ga: achaz ice y - 4 Tia
Harr Orgidak Oe a) tanh, re CCis Drege

CARPENTER-MOTHS. 147

color, with the hinder and inner edges of the fore-wings and
the outer edges of the hind-wings deeply notched; these
notches are edged with white. Both pairs of wings are
crossed by a rather broad, interrupted whitish band, which
on the fore-wings does not always reach the front: margin.
In the female the pale bands and dark lines are sometimes
wanting, the wings being almost entirely of a red-brown
color. The moth measures with expanded wings nearly
one inch and three-quarters across.

The white eggs have peculiar black markings and are
most beautiful objects under a magnifying glass. They are
deposited on the leaves of the apple, cherry and oak late in
June. The caterpillar is also very difficult to detect, as it
hides during the day on the twigs of trees and is only
active at night. It possesses a broad body, convex above~
and perfectly flat beneath, which, when fully extended, very
closely resembles a natural swelling of the bark. It is of au
ash-gray color fringed close to the under side on each side
with tufts of blackish or gray hairs, springing from project-
ing tubercles. The caterpillar (Fig. 134) is easily recognized
by a bright scarlet and velvety band on the posterior part
of the third segment, and by a’ similar one on the fourth;
both of them are only visible when the larva is crawling.
There are a number of small tubercles on the segments from
which grow tufts of grayish hairs mixed with white ones.
The under side of the caterpillar is orange colored, with a
central row of square blackish spots. The mature larva
measures fully two inches in length. It spins a peculiar
gray cocoon which looks very much like a slight swelling of
the twig to which it is fastened. The brown pupa remains
in it until the month of June of the following year. This in-
sect feeds on apple, poplar and some other plants.

FAMILY COSSIDAZ OR CARPENTER-MOTHS.

Moths of this family are, according to recent writers,
~ .
very low in the scale of development. The adults, also

148 CARPENTER-MOTHS.

known as ‘‘Goat-moths,” from a rank odor peculiar tothem,
have rather narrow strong and pointed wings and long,
spindle-shaped, naked bodies, and some resemble quite
closely the hawk-moths in this respect. Their head is small,
very much retracted, and the tongue is obsolete, so that the
insect is unable to take food. Their nearly naked cater-
pillars are all wood-borers, living from two to four years in
the trunks or roots of trees.

THE GOAT-MOTH.
(Prionoxystus robinize Peck).

This moth (Fig. 150) is by no means uncommon in Min-
nesota, being frequently attracted to the electric light. It

phe elder inh bere
4 4 , f Spar
Ls i ae Es
Naot bad Liu Wel ig a fa

Fig. 150.—Prionoxystus robiniz Peck; male, caterpillar and pupa.
: From Division of Entomology, Dep. of Agriculture.

passes its larval state in such trees as locust, elm, poplar,
oak and others, being but rarely found in the trunks of crab-
apple. Still there is a possibility that it may become more
common, and consequently more destructive, as our apple
orchards become more numerous and the trees older.

CARPENTER-MOTHS. 149

The caterpillar lives in the trunk and larger limbs of the
infested trees. It has a pale greenish-white body with a
tinge of pink or yellow; sometimes a reddish-pink band
occurs on the anterior part of each segment, except the third
or fourth and the last one. It has a dark colored dorsal
line; segments two and three have a brown spot on the top,
and on each side of segments four to eleven inclusive are
three piliferous spots above the spiracle, arranged in the
form of a triangle. These piliferous spots are brown or
pink. The under side of the caterpillar is greenish-white,
the cervical shield dark or yellowish-brown; the head dark
brown, with a somewhat lighter colored face; the jaws are
stout, prominent and pitchy. These large and bad smelling
worms reach a length of about two inches and a half. When
full grown they spin a loose cocoon in the burrow, inside of
which they transform to a rather slender, cylindrical pupa,
which is furnished with a series of spines around the edges
ofeach segment. When ready to emerge as a moth the pupa
twists and wriggles through the bark, and for half its length
out into the open, holding fast by the spines on the abdom-
inal segments. The larve live in the trunk of trees about
three years before coming to maturity. The moth issues
late in June or early in July.

The two sexes of the moth differ both in size and in
color. The female, which expands from two to two and a
half inches, has gray wings marked with irregular black
lines and dots. The male, which expands only an inch and
a half, has the fore-wings much darker, and the hind-wings
are golden or ochre-yellow. There are but few scales upon
the wings of these moths.

The eggs are deposited in the crevices of the bark about
the first of July, and usually older trees are selected for this
purpose. The large eggs are glued so tightly to the surface
that they can not be removed without destroying them, and
yet they are still so soft when just deposited that they fit
any crack, no matter what its shape. Several hundreds of

150 OWLET-MOTHS.

them are deposited by a single female. The young and dark
brown caterpillars, with very large heads, bore as soon as
‘hatched in various directions into the trees, but usually in
an oblique direction upward or downward, increasing the
cavity as they grow larger and lining the same with silk as
they go. Remedies are difficult to provide. If the cater-
pillars are found in destructive numbers in any one locality
some valuable trees may be protected by washing the bark
about the last of June with soft soap to which is added a
little Paris-green or London-purple, which is apt to prevent
the moth from depositing eggs upon trees thus protected,
-and to kill the young larve when they leave the eggs and
eat their way into the tree.

FAMILY NOCTUIDE OR OWLET-MOTHS.

This family of moths is rather uniform, and the species
are very much alike. The head is distinct, not sunken into
the thorax, asin the Bombycide; the palpi are stout, pro-
jecting in front of head, but not more than the length of the
head; the antenne are filliform, slightly ciliate, or in the
males of some species slightly pectinate. These moths pos-
sess a robust body; the thorax has more or less prominent
shoulder-tufts, frequently very distinct dorsal tufts, and
usually prominent transverse tufts on the prothorax. The
abdomen is frequently ornamented with dorsal tufts, and
the males possess more or less prominent anal tufts. The
fore-wings are comparatively small, narrow, and crossed by
a series of more or less marked crenutated or wavy lines,
and with two usually darker and two paler spots in the
discal part of the wing. The one nearest the base of the
wing is called the orbicular; the other and larger one, us-
ually kidney-shaped, is called the reniform spot. The hind-
wings are broader, usually without markings; when at rest
they are folded and concealed by the fore-wings, which lie
like a flat roof over the back. The name ‘‘Owlet-moths’’ 1s

OWLET-MOTHS. 151

given them because they fly at night, and because their rather
large eves glow with a deep phesphorescence, as if internally
on fire. Most of these moths are attracted to light, and
many to baits composed of fermenting substances.

The caterpillars, which average from an inch to an inch
and a half in length, are cylindrical, tapering somewhat
from the middle towards each extremity; their colors are
usually obscure, varying from dirty-gray to dirty yellow-
brown, generally with feebly marked longitudinal lines.

The pupz are usually formed in earthen cells under
ground, or above the same among leaves and rubbish, tied
together by a few silken threads.

As a class these caterpillars are injurious to vegetation,
and they are frequently called ‘‘Cut-worms,’’ because some
of them have the habit of cutting off the tender leaves of
plants early in spring. Most of them are injurious to agri-
culture. and not a few of them cause considerable losses to
horticulture.

THE INSCRIBED THYATIRA.

(Thyatira scripta Gosse).

This uncommon moth has been repeatedly taken in St.
Anthony Park and in Duluth. The caterpillar feeds on black-
berry and raspberry; it is of a rich yellowish-brown, some-
times nearly black color, with a distinct black dorsal line.
The sides are yellowish with blackish marks and dashes,
The upper surface is darker than the rest of the body; the
prominent head is yellow, mottled with dark brown. The
caterpillar, when at rest, has the anterior and posterior por-
tions of the body elevated, or bent in such a manner that the
head rests upon the posterior segments. It is not readily
detected as it conceals itself in a shelter formed by bending
over the edge of a leaf; it pupates in moss or similar ma-
terial.

152 p OWLET-MOTHS.

The moth is very pretty, of a pinkish-gray color, and
marked in a very peculiar manner with whitish lines and
blackish spots, as shown in the illustration, Fig. 151, Plate
XVI.

THE GRAY DAGGER-MOTH.

(Acronycta occidentalis G. & R.).

There are a large number of ‘‘Dagger-moths,”’ so called
from the fact that they have on their fore-wings a number
of short, black streaks crossing the
transverse lines in such a way that
the marks have a remote resem-
blance to a dagger, or to the Greek
letter psi, placed sideways. The

; a above species is of a pale silvery-
oad dnph dian glltbattasl ag“ P De Y

wtie 2 Sach ’ 4 c
Ne Ee ORPY PO On es i
am Avy

> eraycolor. The fore-wings are pale

gray, with various black lines and
markings, the principal one being
situated in about the middle resem-

bling an irregular cross; a second

smaller and similar mark is found
FES Tea S & Bir ibe bet ween this “and. tie stip cone ae
Piet wing; a black line starts from the
base of the wing and extends to near the middle. The
hind-wines are darker and glossy gray. Both pairs of
wings are fringed with white, with an inner border of black
spots. The moths measure with expanded wings nearly
two inches across.

The caterpillars of this insect feed upon the leaves of the
plum,elm, birch,cherry and apple, reaching their full size about
the middle of July. Their large heads are flat in front and
are black with vellowish dots on the sides. Their body is
bluish-gray above, with a wide slate-colored band on the

back, in which is found a central orange-colored line, extend-

OWLET-MOTHS. ’ 153

ing from the second to the fifth segment. Beyond this, to
the eleventh, each segment is ornamented with a group of
spots, forming a dorsal band; two of these spots are orange,
one in front and one behind, and one is of a greenish metal-
lic hue; each group of spots is surrounded by a circular
patch of velvety black. Two cream-colored stripes are
found on the sides; they disappear towards each extremity.
The body of these caterpillars is sparingly covered with
whitish hairs, more prominent along the sides. A promin-
ent hump on the twelfth segment and the feet are black.
The full grown larve is about an inch anda half long. It
spins a rather slight cocoon in some sheltered spot, in which
it transforms to a polished, reddish-brown pupa. It seems
as if this moth was double brooded in Minnesota. The
moth and caterpillar are shown in Figs. 152 and 153.

This species is not as common as some other members
of this genus of moths, and its caterpillars can readily be
killed by spraying with any of the arsenical poisons.

THE MOTTLED PLUM-TREE DAGGER-MOTH.

(Acronycta superans Guen.).

The caterpillar of this moth feeds also on the leaves of
the plum, but occurs also upon the apple, mountain ash and
birch; it seems, however, as if
the foliage of the shadberry
was the favorite food of this
insect, and it is not uncommon
to see smaller plants entirely
denuded on account of its pres-
ence. The larve are solitary
in habits and appear about
the middle of June and again
late in September. They vary
considerably in color, but are

Fig. 154.—Acronycta S sGu; . :
We moth andiarva.. usually greenish, with a broad

154 OWLET-MOTHS.

chestnut-colored stripe along the back, margined with yel-
lowish. On each segment are several shining tubercles, from
each of which arise one or more blackish hairs; other
hairs are found along the sides of the body. The caterpillar
is about one inch long, and has the body somewhat com-
pressed, so that it appears higher than is usua!ly the case.
It does not assume the usual position at rest as the other
members of this genus which curl up somewhat in the shape
ofasnail. The cocoon is made among dead leaves and isa
rather slight affair.

The moth has a gray thorax and abdomen, dotted with
black points. The fore-wings are dark-gray, with black or
brownish-black markings; the hind-wings are lighter brown-
ish-grav. The moth expands about an inch and a half, it is
illustrated in Fig. 154, as well as the caterpillar.

Only in extreme cases are these insects common enough
to cause serious injury.

THE RASPBERRY DAGGER-MOTH.
(Acronycta impressa Walk.).

The caterpillars of this insect are always common, some-
times very much so, in which case they cause some injuries.
They are very general feeders, occurring in Minnesota on
the raspberry, blackberry, apple, rose, hazel, and many
other plants. Although numerous the caterpillars always
feed singly. They are hairy caterpillars, measuring an inch
and a quarter in length when in motion, but less thanan inch
when at rest, as they hump their body in a peculiar man-
ner. The body is thickest between the third and the seventh
segment, and tapers a little towards both extremities; it is
of a brownish-black color, with a transverse row of paler
tubercles on each segment, from which spring clusters of
brownish-white or grayish-hairs of varying lengths. Behind
the third segment there is a space on the back where the

OWLET-MOTHS. 155

dark color of the body 1s plainly seen. The head is of ashin-
ing black color, the upper portion partly hidden by the over-
hanging hairs of the first segment. The cocoon which is
rather tough, is made of leaves and bits of wood fastened
together with silk; inside we find the brown pupa, from
which emerges a gray moth, with gray fore-wings, mottled
with spots, streaks and dots of darker shades of gray and
brown; the hind-wings are of a dull, pale gray color, deepen-
ing a little towards the outer margin. The underside of the
moth is paler. With expanded wings it measures about an
inch and a quarter across

Fig. 155.—Acronycta impressa Walk; moth. Original.

These caterpillars are found throughout the summer, as
the two generations overlap somewhat. Hand-picking and
the use of arsenical poisons will keep it in check. Moth and
caterpillar are shown in Fig. 155 and 134.

THE SMEARED DAGGER-MOTH.
(Acronycta oblinita S. & A.).

This moth does not show the usual mark of dagger-
moths, hence the aboverather bad sounding name was given
it by some writer.

This conspicuous and very beautiful caterpillar is a hairy
insect, very brightly colored and ornamented, and about an
inch anda quarter long. Its color is deep velvety black,
with a transverse row of tubercles on each segment, those
above being bright red and set in a band of the same color,

156 OWLET-MOTHS.

which extends down to each side. Each tubercle gives rise
to a tuft of short, stiff hairs which are red on the upper part
of the body and yellowish or mixed with yellow below.
Upon the back of the larva is a row of bright yellow spots,
two or more on each segment; below these and close to the
under surface, is a bright yellow-band, deeply indented on
each segment. The spiracles are white, and there are a num-
ber of whitish dots scattered irregularly over the surface of
the body.

The caterpillar of this moth feeds usually upon the wil-
low, but is also very partial to the strawberry and rasp-

Fig. 156.—Acronycta oblinita.S. & A. After Riley.

berry, and is not infrequently found upon the apple andever
the grape. Being often parasitized it is not likely to ever be-
come very destructive, and as it is quite conspicuous it is
readily seen. When ready to pupate it constructs a rather
coarse cocoon of leaves and silk, inside of which it changes
to a dark-brown pupa. We have two annual broods of this
insect.

The moth is not such a gaudy looking insect as its cater-
pillar, but has a very modest and plain appearance. Its
fore-wings are gray, with a row of blackish dots along the

OWLET-MOTHS. 15

hind border. The wing beyond the middle is crossed by a
broken, blackish, somewhat indistinct, zigzag line; some
darker grayish spots are also found about the middle of the
wing. The hind wings are white. Both moth, larva, and
cocoon are shown in Fig. 156.

There are a number of other dagger-moths whose larve
are more or less destructive, being found upon the foliage of
fruit trees and upon that of our small fruits. Especially
the blackberry and raspberry are to the taste of such
worms.

We do not very often find the larve of Acronycta xilini-
formis Gn. upon the foliage of the blackberry, but we do
much more frequently on the willow, rose and oak. These
caterpillars possess a certain urticating power, which is
located in a number of stiff and acute spines springing from
warts located on the back. Even the common caterpillar of
Acronycta americana, so numerous upon such shade trees
as maples, etc., although covered apparently with long and
soft hairs, can cause considerable irritation upon a soft and
tender skin, and the writer has seen the greatly inflamed
neck of a boy upon which one of these caterpillars had been
pressed by the collar of the vest or coat. This urticating ef-
fect seems to be simply a mechanical one, and not onecaused
by the presence of any special acid.

A. furcifera, A. fragilis, A. lithopsila, A. funeralis, A. tri-
tona, A. falcula, A. grisea, A. luteicoma, A. morula, and
A. hamamelis all occur in our state and are all known to
feed to some extent upon the leaves of fruit-producing plants.

THE PALSIED CATERPILLAR.
(Harrisimemna trisignata Walk.).

There are few caterpillars that possess such a_ peculiar
shape, or have such alarming habits as this one, which is
frequently found upon the foliage of ash, willow, lilac and

158 OWLET-MOTHS.

the apple. Persons not familiar with such harmless beings:
as caterpillars are apt to call this one a most hideous look-
ing object, especially if they happen to disturb it ever so
slightly; in this case the worm will raise the front part of
the body back to the abdominal feet, and thresh it violently
from side to side, in fact, its head shakes nearly all the time,
like a person withthe palsy. To heighten the effect the cater-
pillar carries a string of cast heads upon some very longand
stiff hairs just behind the head. The caterpillar has head
and adjoining segment black; segments 3 and 4 vellow with
black points; segments 5, 6, and 7 are brown varied with
white and 8, 9 and 10 are white, 11, 12 and 13 are brown-
ish-black. The body is very deeply incised between the seg-
ments, and the abdominal feet are long, especially the first
two pairs. Segments 6 and 12 are much produced dorsally,
being very pointed; this, together with the habit of arching
the body between the anterior feet and the long abdominal
ones, causes it to present a very irregular and jagged out-
line. The caterpillar eats a hole of the diameter of its body
into soft wood, and in it changes to a pupa.

The moth is one of the most distinct and striking ones
of all North American noctuids, possessing three round
and brown patches on each wing.

The insect is not common enough to cause much injury.

All the noctuid mentioned thus far resemble bombycid
caterpillars, being hairy, even possessing pencils and tufts
of hairs, and spinning a cocoon. Most of the noctuid cat-
erpillars described hereafter are genuine noctuid caterpillars,
and are frequently called ‘‘Cut-worms.”

Most cut-worms hide in the ground during the day and
do not commence to feed until night, when low-growing
plants are attacked. Some, however, have developed a
climbing tendency, and make their way upon trees and
shrubs to eat the young shoots and buds. Whenever
such climbing cut-worms are at all numerousin our orchards
and fruit-gardens they can cause great destruction, and we

OWLET-MOTHS. 159

have cases on record where they did more damage than any
other insect enemy. Being nocturnal they are not often
seen, but if the reader will go out some night early inspring,
and beat with a stick the twigs of fruit-trees over an invert-
ed umbrella, he will have no trouble in finding more
worms than he likes to see. The writer has in this way
beaten from a single small apple-tree as many as 100 cut-
worms, which accounted for the fact that these trees did not
seem to do as well as they ought to. During the day these
cut-worms hide in the ground near the tree. As a general
rule large numbers of them can be killed by the use of
poisoned baits made of bran, Paris-green, water and a little
sugar or molasses. These baits are placed near the tree, and
will almost invariably attract and kill the majority of such
worms. Other baits made of wilted plants and Paris-green
are also of great use.

It would take too much space to describe the (ieee num-
ber of cut-worms that can be found uponour fruit- PS odteain
plants, and only a few will be given; the habits of all are
essentially alike.

THE GREASY CUT-WORM.
(Agrotis ypsilon Rott.).

This is one of our most’ abundant cut-worms which
attacks all sorts of garden products and other low-growing
plants;it is frequently quite de-
structive tothe strawberry beds.
When full grown it is about an
inch and a half long, dull brown,
inclined to black, with paler long-
itudinal lines, and a faint broken

yellowish-white line along the
back, and two other indistinct
pale lines oneach side. The moth
is readily recognized by the ypsi-

lon-shaped mark upon the fore-

Fig. 157.—Agrotis vpsilon Rott, | Wings, which are brownish-gray

After Riley.

160 OWLET-MOTHS.

with darker markings; the hind-wings are almost white
and semi-transparent, and possess a pearly lustre. Both
caterpillar and moth are shown in Fig. 157.

THE VARIEGATED CUT-WORM.
(Peridroma saucia Hub.).

We quite often find a large number of eggs, of a pinkish
color, round and flattened, deposited side by side on the
twigs and leaves of the apple and cherry. These eggs hatch
into small dull-yellowish worms with darker spots. The
mature caterpillar is of a dull flesh-color, mottled with
brown and black, and with elongated velvety-black mark-
ings on each side. This is one of the most voracious of all
cut-worms, and may be found at almost any time during
the season hidden in the ground near some plant. After
reaching a length of about two inches it enters the ground
to form there an oval and smooth cavity in which it
changes to a deep mahogany-brown pupa.

c
Fig. 158.—Peridroma saucia Hub. After Riley.
The moth, which expands about an inch and three quar-
ters across, has grayish-brown fore-wings, marked with
brownish-black; the hind-wings are pearly white, shaded
towards the margin with pale-brown. The caterpillar, eggs
and moth are illustrated in Fig. 158.

OWLET-MOTHS. 161

THE ‘‘w’’ MARKED CUT-WORM.
(Noctua clandestina Hartr.).

This caterpillar is also found upon the foliage of the
apple and currant. In some seasonsit damages seriously the

Fig. 159.—Noctua clandestina Harr.
apple-buds, though it usually prefers such plants ascorn, cab-
bage, etc. Both caterpillar and moth are shown in Fig. 159.
THE CLIMBING CUT—WORM.
(Carneades scandens Ril.).
great
losses to the nurseries and orchards. The caterpillar (Fig.
160) is of a light vel-
lowish-gray color, var-

This cut-worm is a very active climber and causes

iegated with dull green,

with a dark line down
Fig. 160.—Carneades Scandens Ril., caterpillar. the back and fainter
lines along thesides; the spiracles are dark, as are the cervical
anal-shields. It reaches a length of nearly an inch and a half
and when it enters the ground and changestoa brown pupa,
from which in time emerges the moth, which is of a light
color, the fore-wings being light bluish-gray, with darker
markings, and the hind-wings pearly white. This cut-worm
is very common in Minnesota, and sometimes almost en-
tirely destroys the very young foliage of our white and over-
cup oaks. The moth is shown in Fig. 160, plate VIII.

The StripeD Cut-worm (Feltia jaculifera Gn.), the
CHECKERED Rustic (Carneades tessellata Harr.), the Er-
RATIC ARMY-WoORM (Noctua fennica Tausch), and a number

162 OWLET-MOTHS.

of other cut-worms are only too frequent visitors to our
gardens, and are never slow in devouring the foliage of
the strawberry and other low-growing plants. They are
always very destructive in nurseries, and not seldom enter
the greenhouses, where they can cause great havoc amongst
tender plants.

The use ot poisoned baits against cut-worms has already
been given; it can, of course, be employed against all kinds,
including the climbing ones. One of the most effective rem-
edies against the latter is to fasten strips of tin around the
tree, cut in sucha way as to form, when fastened to the trunk,
a sort of inverted tunnel. Many worms can be collected
after dark by jarring the trees over sheets spread on the
ground. The writer uses with very good results a large in-
verted umbrella, the inside of whichis lined with some material
like that used in the Turkish or bath-towels; this absorbent
material is soaked with kerosene, and all insects that drop
in the umbrella must come in contact with the oil and are

AM ea
te i wa wy rh

ree Z

Fig. 161.—Mamestra picta Harr. From Div. of Entomology, Dep. of Agriculture.

doomed to die. In this manner large numbers of various
kinds of insects can be beaten from the trees into the inverted
umbrella and then destroyed. If very many trees have
to be protected against the ravages of these and allied in-

OWLET-MOTHS. 163

sects it is of course best to spray them with Paris-green or
London-purple, in the proportion of a teaspoon!ul to a
pailful of water, to which should be added some lime-water
to neutralize any free acid. In Germany the foresters pro-
tect trees by the use of ‘“‘Raupenleim”’ or dendrolene; this is
a sticky material painted in a ring or band around the trunk
of the tree and which prevents the worms from ascending.
A wide layer of fluffy cotton-batting, tied at the bottom and
folded over to form a cone, is a good substitute for the Rau-
penleim, which can, however, now be bought in the United
States.

There are other genera of cut-worms which are injurious
to fruit and fruit trees. Mamestra confusa Hub. has been
found feeding upon the foliage of apples; so has M. assimilis
Morr., and even M. picta Harr., the Common Zebra-cater-
pillar of the Cabbage (Fig. 161) is not averse to eating
apple leaves.

THE GLASSY CUT-WORM.
(Hadena devastatrix Brace).

This insect belongs to another genus of cut-worms. The
glassy-looking caterpillar is of a shining pale-greenish color,

Fig. 162.—Hadena devastatrix Brace. After Riley.

with a brownish-red head and a dark brown and horny
cervical-shield. It has on each ring a number of shining
dots, from which arise single hairs. The ashen-gray moth
is marked with black and white spots, streaks and dots; the
hind-wings are pale and brownish-gray.

164 OWLET-MOTHS.

These caterpillars are very destructive tothe strawberry,
as they not simply eat the leaves but cut through the base
of the plant, leaving it to wilt. It is not easy to destroy
this insect, although the free use of arsenical poisons will
have some good effect. All plants that are seen to wilt sud-
denly should be closely investigated, and with a little atten-
tion the culprit will be found in the ground within a few
inches of the infested plant. It is illustrated in Fig. 162.

THE FALL ARMY-WORM.

(Laphygma frugiperda Guen. ).

Fig. 163.—Laphygma frugiperda Guen. After Riley.

This insect has been repeatedly found in its larval state
upon the foliage of the apple tree, though its usual food-
plants are grains and grasses; it seems to be, however, a
very general feeder. The eggs, which are deposited in small
clusters, were also found upon the apple, and the young
caterpillars which hatched from them were fed with the
leaves of that tree, and they seemed to enjoy this food.
There is, however, little danger that this species will] ever be-
come destructive to our orchards, butit will always be more
or less injurious to our small grains. It seems to have many
enemies amongst parasitic insects, otherwise theinsect would
be very much more common than it is. The moth, which
varies greatly, and the caterpillar are shown in Fig. 163.

OWLET-MOTHS. 165
THE CHAMYRIS.
(Chamyris cerintha Tr.).

This beautiful moth, shown in Fig. 164, Plate VIII, feeds
also as a caterpillar upon the leaves of apple, plum, rose and
related plants, but is not common enough to cause much
injury.

PYRAMID GRAPE-VINE CATERPILLAR.
(Amphipyra pyramidoides Guen. ).

This is a very common insect, which gathers in large
numbers about baits made of fermenting substances; many
of the moths are found also late in the season hiding under
loose bark in the woods. Yet notwithstanding that the
moth is very common the fine looking caterpillars are not
frequently seen, since they either hide during the day or re-

Fig. 165.—Amphipyra pvramidoides Gu. After Riley.

semble so closely the foliage among which they are feeding
or resting that they are not readily detected. But the effect
of their hungry mouths is sometimes plainly visible upon the
plum, grape-vine, raspberry, strawberry and other culti-
vated and wild plants. Thecaterpiilar isnearly an inch and

166 OWLET-MOTHS.

a half long, naked, tapering towards the front and _ thick-
ened behind. It has a small head, whitish-green in color,
with the powerful mandibles tipped with black; the body is
also whitish-green, a little darker on the sides, with a white
stripe on the back, widening behind and slightly broken be-
tween the segments. A bright yellow stripe occurs on each
side and asecond one of the same color, but fainter, half way
between this and one on the back, which is more distinct
posteriorly and which follows the peculiar prominence on
thetwelfth segment. The under side of the body is pale-green.
As soon as mature the caterpillar descends to the ground,
where it draws together some old leaves or similar material,
among which it spins a slight cocoon, inside of which it
changes to a dark-brown pupa, from which the adult insect
escapes the latter part of July or early in August.

The moth is a large and rather heavy insect, measuring
across the wings about one and three-quarter inches. The
fore-wings, which have a peculiar silky lustre, are dark
brown, shaded with paler brown and with dots and wavy
lines of dull white: the hind-wings are reddish with a cop-
pery lustre, becoming brown on the outer angle of the front
edge of the wing and paler towards the hinder and inner
angle. The under surface of the wings is much paler than
the upper. The body is dark brown; the rings have a pale
border. Both moth and caterpillar are shown in Fig. 165.

THE SILKY PYROPHILA.
(Pyrophila tragopoginis Linn.).

Only a single specimen of this interesting moth has been
captured, in Rochester, Minn. Its caterpillar feeds upon the
grape, and occurs in the Eastern States in sufficient numbers
to become a source of annoyance. According to Saunders
the caterpiHar of this moth is of a yellowish-green color,
with a very few fine brownish hairsscattered over the upper

OWLET-MOTHS. 167

surface of its body. It attains its full growth about the
middle of June, when it measures an inch and a quarter or
more in length. The head is small, green, the jaws tipped
with brown; the surface of the body is vellowish-green, a lit-
tle paler between the joints; there is a white stripe down the
back, and two of the same color along each side, the lowest
one being most’ distinct. On each segment there are several
small white dots, fromeach of which arises a single fine hair.
The under side is deeper in color than the upper. When ma-
ture it changes a little under the surface of the ground toa
brown chrysalis, from which the perfect insect escapes in
July.

The moth measures, when its wings are spread, about
an inch and a quarter across. Its fore-wings are grayish-
brown, with a silky lustre, with several palé dots on the
front edge, and three short dark streaks near the middle.
The hind-wings are paler.

When found to be injurious the caterpillars may be sub-
dued by hand-picking or by the use of arsenical poisons.

THE STALK BORER.
(Gortyna nitela Gu.).

In 1898 the caterpillars of this insect were very common
and injurious in Minnesota. They not only destroyed much
wheat straw in many places, but also caused great injury
to the canes of raspberries and blackberries, which they hol-
lowed out so that the infested parts of the plants wilted
(Fig. 166, Plate X XIII). They also bored in the stems of the
tomato, potato, spinach, aster and others, and even twigs:
of apple trees did not escape. The worms devoured in some
cases the fruit of the strawberry. Besides useful plants,
weeds also were destroyed by these voracious feeders.

As long as the caterpillars are still young they are of a
livid hue with bright stripes along the body, the one on the

168 OWLET-MOTHS.

side being interrupted towards the head. When the larva
has reached its full size it leaves the cane, ete. which it had
occupied and descends a little below the surface of the
ground, where it transforms to a brown pupa, from which
the moth emerges from about the end of August to the

Fig. 167 —Gortyna nitela Gu. From Div. of Entomology, Dep. of Agriculture.

middle of September. The moth is of a general mouse-gray
color, with a light band on each fore-wing. It, and the
caterpillar, is shown in Fig. 167.

There is no known remedy for these insects in the fields;
‘in case the plant infested in an orchard is a valuable one we
have to remove the caterpillar with the knife.

THE WHITE-DOTTED APPLE-WORM.
(Nolaphana malana Fitch).

This moth (Figs. 168 and 169, Plate VIII.) is fairly
common in Minnesota, although its larva was not observed
upon the tree it infests until the last season, when late in
autumn it wasso numerous in some iso-
lated cases as even to cause some injury.
The worms were found of nearly all sizes

as late as September 15th, eating reg-

\ ~
ea

Fig. 168—Nolanhana ular notches in the margins and holes in
malana Fitch. . . -

the middle of the leaves of the apple.

Each caterpillar feeds alone, and is well hidden on the under

side of the leaf, which is usually somewhat bent and hollow.

It is a rather thick, cylindrical, light whitish-green worm,

i
oe

OWLET-MOTHS. 169

with numerous whitish dots. On reaching maturity the
larva selects a leaf and drawing together a portion of it
with silken threads forms a sort of hollow tube. In this it
makes a very slight silky cocoon, inside of which it trans-
forms to a brown chrysalis. We seem to have two annual
broods, the last one of which winters in the pupal stage.
The caterpillar is shown in Fig. 170, Plate XIX.

The small moth, which expands only three-quarters of an
inch or a little more across, has fore-wings of an ashy-gray
color, which are whitish towards the margin, crossed by
three irregular, black lines, which are faint and indistinct
towards the inner edge; near the middle of the wing there is
frequently a round and whitish spot with a black dot in the
center. The hind-wings are dull whitish, dusky towards the
tips. Beneath both wings are of a silvery-whitish hue,
sprinkled with blackish dots towards the outer edges.

These caterpillars feed on the cherry, plum, elm, poplar
and other trees, but seem to be partial to the apple and
shadberry.

THE UNIFORM WHITE-SPOTTED SCOPELOSOMA.
(Scopelosoma sidus Gu.).

This is one of our very earliest moths, examples having
been caught as early as March 15th. The moths are readily
attracted to sugar baits, and come in large numbers until
about the middle of April, when they gradually disappear.
In captivity they readily deposit yellowish-white eggs, per-
fectly globular, and ornamented with numerous fine ridges.
Before the eggs hatch theychange to a light brownish color.
The caterpillars have a bright honey-yellow head, and the
cervical-shield, which is very prominent, is polished black.
The thoracic and first abdominal segments are brownish,
the dorsal space is light green or whitish, with the median
line and subdorsal stripe white; a brown line above the

170 OWLET-MOTHS.

stigmata and a broad, white, lateral line are also seen.
The under side is light green. All the piliferous warts are
prominent, black, and bear a short fine hair. As soon as
mature, which takes place about the middle of May, the
larvee enter the ground in which they pupate. Some of the
moths issue from the last of September to the early part of
November, and seek shelter under loose bark and other suit-
able places; other pupz remain in the ground until the next
spring.

The moths are rather uniformly brown with a few more
or less distinct wavy lines of gray or grayish-white. Most
of them have in the middle of the fore-wings a perfectly
white spot, which is, however, in some cases colored very
lightly with brownish. It is shown in Fig. 170%, Plate
XXIII.

A number of other species of the genus Scopelosoma fly
at the same time; they have identical habits and their cater-
pillars are all very similar. They are very general feeders,
and as they hatch in most cases before there are any leaves
they attack the leaf-buds of oak, cherry, apple, raspberry
and blackberry. If numerous they can cause some damage.
A single application of London purple will prevent’ any
further injury.

THE ASH-GRAY PINION.
(Xvlina antennata Walk.).

The caterpillars of this moth are also very general feed-
ers, but as they have the bad habit of boring into young
apples and of eating the foliage of that tree, of the hickory
and other trees, it is best to describe them in this place. As
far as the habits of this insect are concerned they are very
similar to those of the one just given. The moths appear
also very late in the year and quite early in the following
one, having been captured in large numbers in April. The

OWLET-MOTHS. ug |

full grown caterpillar is pale green, with cream-colored
spots and a broad, cream-colored lateral band along the
sides. The large head is glassy-green with white mottlings

Fig. 172.—Xylina antennata Walk. From Div. of Entomology,
Dep. of Agriculture.

at sides and top, and pearly-white lips; the legs are whitish;
the prolegs concolorous with the under side of the caterpil-
lar, which is a glaucous-gray. When the caterpillar has
reached a length of about one inch and a fourth it is full
grown and now enters the ground in which it forms a very
thin cocoon of silken threads, inside of which it changes
to a mahogany-brown pupa. Fig. 172 shows moth and
caterpillar.

The moth is of a dull ash-gray color; the fore-wmgs
are variegated with darker gray or grayish-brown. When
at rest the wings are folded lengthwise and appear almost
parallel and like a flattened roof, giving the insect an
elongate appearance.

‘BETHUNE’S XYLINA.
(Xylina Bethunei G. & R.).

This moth is found in large numbers with the preceeding
one, and as it feeds in its larval stage upon the same useful
plants it is here mentioned. The moth is very different in
coloration, though otherwise like antennata. The color
varies greatly, some moths being almost white, or brownish-
white, with slightly darker markings, while others are much

172 OWLET-MOTHS.

darker, with quite dark brown markings, which obscure the
lighter ground-color. The under wings also vary in intensity
of color, some being almost cream-white, while others are
decidedly dusky. A moth is shown in Fig.173, Plate X XIII.

The life-history of this insect is almost identical with
that of antennata.

A number of other species of this genus fly at the same
time, and as they are sometimes very numerous they must
cause some injury. The caterpillars of X. devia and of X.
ferralis have been bred in captivity not alone upon oak but
also upon the apple.

‘
THE PLUM-TREE CATACOLA.
(Catacola ultronia Hub.).

In the large family of noctuid moths few are better
known and more admired than the moths forming the ex-
tensive genus Catacola. As far as the collector of moths
and butterflies is concerned these insects are his pets. The
members of this genus are medium or quitelarge moths, with
very bright colored hind-wings, which are banded with
black, yellow, red, or white; even the blue color occurs in a
German species, where the moths are known by the name of
“Ordensbinder.”’ Their fore-wings are mottled with vari-
ous colors andlook like bark. They rest exposed during the
day upon the trunks of trees, entirely invisible because they
thoroughly blend with their surroundings and having the

b

bright-colored under-wings entirely covered with the upper
ones. The moths seem to know how the surface of their
fore-wings is marked and colored, since, if disturbed, they
fly off very rapidly to some other tree, and circling around it
they do not settle unless it offers spots matching these
colors.

The caterpillars of the moths under consideration are
very curious beings, which resemble those of the lappet-

OWLET-MOTHS. 17:

“~

moths already described. The leech-like caterpillar (Fig.
174) is flattened, having the body thick in the middle and
tapering towards each end. It is of a grayish-brown color,
like the bark upon which it hides while resting. When full
grown it is alittle longer than an inch and a half, is dull
grayish-brown above, with two or four small reddish
tubercles on each segment of the body, all encircled by a
slight ring of black at their base. On the upper part of the
ninth segment is a stout and fleshy horn about one-twelfth
of an inch long, pointed, and similar in color to the body,

Fig. 174.—Catacola ultronia Hub.

but with an irregular grayish patch on each side. On the
twelfth segment there is a low, fleshy ridge, tinted behind
with deep reddish-brown; there is also an oblique stripe on
this segment of the same color extending forward.

Along the sides of the body, and close to the under sur-
face, there is a thick fringe of short, fleshy looking hairs of a
delicate pink color. The under side is also pink, deeper in
color along the middle, with a central row of nearly round
black spots, which are largest from the seventh to the
eleventh segment.

These caterpillars are not uncommon; they prefer the
foliage of the plum-trees, upon which tree they sometimes
occur in large but never in destructive numbers. When the

174 OWLET-MOTHS.

caterpillar has reached its full size towards the end of June
it descends to the ground, where under some dead leaves it
makes a very flimsy cocoon of silk, inside of which it changes
to a brown pupa, which is densely covered with a peculiar
bluish flour-like substance that rubs off very readily.

The beautiful moth, shown in Fig. 174 and in Fig.
175, Plate XXIV, has the fore-wings of a rich amber color,
darkest on the hind-margin, with a broad diffused ash-
colored band along the middle, not extending to the apex,
which is brown. Several brown and white zigzag lines cross
the wings. The hind-wings, usually so dull colored in Owlet-
moths, are deep red, with a wide black band along the outer
margin and a narrower one of the same color across the
middle.

The moth deposits her eggs, which are well hidden in the
cracks of bark, during July and August.

THE APPLE-TREE CATACOLA.
(Catacola grynea Cram.).

This is another species found rather abundantly in Min-
nesota. The moth is not as brightly colored as the one
described before, but is also a very fine insect. Its fore-wings
are uniformly grayish-brown, marked with zigzag lines of
rich brown and gray, and with a number of very dark-brown
short streaks on the anterior margin. The under-wings are
reddish-yellow, margined with lighter reddish-yellow, and
crossed by two wavy black bands. It is shown in Fig. 176,
Plate XXIV.

The caterpillar is ashen-brown with a reddish cast. An
indistinct light-colored dorsal line and two or three indis-
tinct lateral light-colored stripes distinguish it. On the
dorsal space is a row of small prickles, of which those on the
posterior part of each segment are the largest. There are
three small points on the sides of each segment arranged in

SPAN-WORMS. 175

the form ofa triangle. On the top of segment eight there is
a projection, sometimes of a reddercolor than the body. The
under side is light colored, sometimes tinged with red,
marked with a row of black spots, one to each segment.
The head, bilobed at top, is: reddish or grayish-ash, fre-
quently bordered on the top and sides with black. When
full grown the caterpillars measure one and a quarter inches
in length; it now forms a cocoon among dead leaves.

The two anterior pairs of abdominal legs are much
smaller in the caterpillar of this genus of moths than the
two posterior pairs, hence they possess a looping gait.

There are other species of Catacola, the caterpillars of
which occur upon the foliage of fruit trees, but as the life-
histories of all are very similar it is not necessary to men-
tion them. At all events they do not occur in sufficient num-
bers to cause much injury. A much larger species found on
apple is C. paleogama Gu., on Plate XXIV, Fig. 177.

FAMILY GEOMETRIDAE OR SPAN-WORMS, LOOPERS OR MEAS—

URING-WORMS.

There is not much difficulty in recognizing these insects.
The moths possess slender bodies, small heads, and very
broad, frail and thin wings. The hind-wings are usually
as much ornamented as the fore-wings, so that the lines of ©
the one pair are often continued across the other. The
lower-wings are not hidden at rest, but all four wings are
fully extended in most cases, although exceptions occur.
The caterpillars lack all save one or at most two pairs of
false or abdominal unjointed legs, and in moving they first
extend the body to its full length, then bring the posterior
end of it close to the front legs, looping the body in the
center, then stretch out again and repeat the action. This
peculiar motion has given them the names of Span-worms
or Measuring-worms, as well as their scientific name Geo-

176 SPAN-WORMS.

metridz. Prof. Comstock describes these worms and their
very chacteristic actionsinthis way: ‘As children wehad the |
dislike for ‘worms’ that is common to people that are uned-
ucated to the beauties of nature. All larve were ‘worms,’
and we never thought of admiring their beautiful colors, or
of watching them build interesting houses, or of keeping
them until they spun their silken cocoons. But the measur-
ing-worms were excepted from this dislike) We always
found these delicate, greenish or yellowish caterpillars with
their looping motion vastly interesting. We allowed them
to measure our fingers with their little tickling feet, and we
counted each length asa yard. We were always delighted
with the way they had of standing on their hind legs, rearing
the body up into the air, and moving the head around as if
looking at the scenery. And then, if one became frightened |
in any way, it would drop suddenly, suspended by a silken
cord, which it had mysteriously concealed in its mouth; and
down it would go, doubling and whirling around and
around frantically until it reached the ground.”

THE SNOW-WHITE EUGONIA.
(Ennomos subsignarius Hbn.).

This isa verycommon moth, which has long been known
as destructive to shade trees, and especially ro the elm and
linden. But its caterpillar feeds also upon the foliage of the
apple, and in the south this insect has been quite destructive
from time to time.

The moth is pure white, spreading about an inch anda
half across. The sexes differ in the antenre which are
strongly pectinated and toothed in themaleand but shghtly
soin the female. The latter deposits a large number of
smooth irregularly ovoid eggs, slightly flattened on the
sides, rounded at the bottom, with a depressed top with a
whitish rim or edge, which forms a perfect oval rmg. Many

SPAN-WORMS. 17

a |

hundreds of eggs are deposited in rows on the underside of
the limbs, frequently near the very tops of the trees.

The dark-brown caterpillar has the large head and ter
minal segment of a red color.

Fig. 178.—Eugonia subsignaria Hbn. From Diy. of Entomology,
Dep. of Agriculture.

Whenever this insect becomes as numerous as it is
in other regions, where its caterpillars devour the leaves of
almost every kind of tree, bush or shrub, we should spray
the infested trees with Paris green or London purple.

The moth and caterpillar are shown in Fig. 178.

THE CURRANT ENDROPIA.
(Endropia armataria H.S.).

This is not a common insect, hence not injurious at pres-
ent, yet it has been found several times in rather large num-
bers upon the black currant, the leaves of which are eaten
by its larve. It also eats the foliage of the red currant. We
find during July small and nearly black measuring-worms
upon the leaves of this plant; the worms are spotted with
pale-yellow, and have a series of crescent-shaped spots on
their back and a row of raised dark-brown dots along each
side, those on the posterior segment being tipped with yel-
low, while on the last segment there is a fleshy hump or
prominence composed of two round tubercles. This cater-

178 SPAN-WORMS.

pillar reaches a length of three-quarters of an inch, when it
constructs a slight web, interwoven with bits of dead leaves
and otherrubbish. Inside thiscocoon it changes toa brown
pupa which does not produce the winged insect until June of
the following year.

The small moth is a rather pretty insect, having the
wings, and especially the hind ones, deeply indented. The
wings are yellowish-brown, shaded with purple,. especially

Fig. 179.—Endropia armataria H. §S.

on the hind-wings, and with streaks and dots of a deeper
shade of brown. The lower surface of the wings is deep-
yellow dotted and streaked with reddish-brown. Two
moths are shown in Fig. 179.

THE CURRANT ANGERONA.

(Angerona crocataria Fab.).

The moth of this insect is quite numerous, and may be
frequently seen flying about, especially if we flush it by walk-
ing in open woods or wherever the wild currant, gooseberry
and strawberry are found in abundance. It is a bright-col-
ored insect, varying greatly in intensity of colors and mark-
ings of wings. The usual color is sulphur-yellow, more or
less intense, marked with brownish or dusky spots, which
are sometimes very numerous, while in other examples they
are almost absent. In well-marked examples they form an
imperfect band across the wings. The underside of the in-
sect is usually a little deeper in color than the upper one.
With expanded wings the moths measure nearly an inch and
a half across.

SPANX-WORMS. Wr is,

The caterpillar, a little longer than one inch and a half
when mature, is a typical spanning—or measuring-worm,
which tapers considerably towards the front. It is of a yel-
lowish-green color, with an indistinct whitish line down
the back, and a rather broad whitish streak on each side
below the spiracles, bordered above
with faint purple, which increases
in depth of color on the posterior
segments and becomes a _ purple
stripe on the last one. Thespiracles
: are white, edged with purple; each

Hieienean ee Susie Sen ment. Ol the. body. has the an-

Pat eat terior portion swollen and yellow-

ish, and on most of the segments are a few minute black
dots.

The caterpillar forms a slight cocoon inside the space of
a leaf, the edges of which have been drawn together for this
purpose. The pupa is of a dark olive-green color, witha
pale-greenish abdomen and a row of black dots down the
back and another one on each side. The imago appears in
about a fortnight; it is shown in Fig 180.

Being a general feeder, the insect, though quite common,
does not often occur in sufficient numbers on cultivated
plants to become destructive. Yet the writer has seen cases
where large patches of currants had lost their entire foliage
on account of these worms. In fact we can never say with
any assurance that an insect of this kind will not most un-
expectedly and suddenly multiply to such an extent that it
becomes a veritable pest. Another geometer, usually very
uncommon, in fact almost unknown, became so destructive
in 1898 as to defoliate the wild gooseberry plants over
many square miles. It is the Diastictis (Thamnonoma)
Havicaria Pack. As the moths vary considerably a number
of them are shown in Fig. 181, Plate XVIJi.

180 SPAN-WORMS.;
THE THREAD-BEARING SPAN-WORM.
(Microgonia limbaria Haw.).

This moth, formerly called Nematocampa filamentaria,
is produced froma very singular caterpiliar, which is not un-
commonly found upon the plum, apple, crab-apple, oak, hazel,
strawberry and other plants, showing that it is a very gen-
eral feeder. It measures not quite an inch in length, is of a
grayish color, with dusky and blackish streaks, and bears
on the posterior part of the fifth and sixth segments a pair
of long, curved and fleshy horns, two of which extend for-
ward and two curve. backward (Fig. 182). The head is

Fig. 182.—Microgonia limbaria Haw. From Div. of Entomology,
Dep. of Agriculture.

brown, and there are two short brown tubercles on the pos-
terior part of the fourth segment, and two small gray warts
on each of the segments behind, those on the eleventh being
most prominent. As soon as this queer-looking insect has
reached its full size it constructs a slight silken cocoon, com-
posed of pieces of leaves fastened together with silken
threads, and inside this shelter it changes to a reddish-gray
or pale-brown pupa. About ten days later the perfect insect
escapes.

This is a small moth of a pale ochreous color, marked
with reddish-brown lines and dots, with a ring on the discal
space, just beyond which is a dark lead-colored band, which
becomes an almost square patch on the inner angle, and is
continuous with a broad band of the same color on the

SPAN-WORMS. 181

hind-wings. The moths which fly during July and early
August, measure a little less than aninch across. As they
are not numerous enough to cause much injury no special
remedies are given.

THE RASPBERRY GEOMETER.

(Synchlora glaucaria Gn.).

This is a very delicate moth, less than half an inch across
the expanded wings, of a pale green color, crossed by two
lines of a lighter shade. Its hody is green above and white
beneath. The moth is quite abundant, and can be seen fly-
ing about if we walk through fields in which grow patches
of the plants upon which it feeds. It seems that the cater-

Fig. 183.—Synchlora glaucaria Gn. a, caterpillar; b, one segment
of same; d, wingsenlarged. After Riley.

pillar prefers to eat the ripe berry, and that it does not care
very much for the foliage, for which taste it surely can not
be blamed. At all events the caterpillars reach their full size
about the time that the raspberry ripens. They measure at
that time about three-quarters of an inch in length, are of a
yellowish-gray color, and each segment is furnished with sev-

182 SPAN-WORMS.

eral short prickles. Like some closely allied caterpillars this
one has the habit of disguising itself by attaching to the
thorny prickles upon its body tiny bits of vegetable matter,
such as the anthers of flowers, and by this means it often
escapes detection. It makes a slight cocoon, and changes to
a pupa of a yellow color with darker lines and spots, from
which soon afterward emerges the perfect insect. The dif-
ferent states of this insect are shown in Fig. 183.

Besides the raspberry, the caterpillar also occurs upon
the fruit of the blackberry.

It is not likely that this insect will ever become very
destructive. If it does we can not depend upon any poison-
ous insecticides, as otherwise the fruit could not be used, but
have to resort to hand-picking.

THE ABORTIVE DYSPTERIS.
(Dyspteris abortivaria H.S.).

This green moth is closely allied to the Synchlora. It
expands about seven-eighths of an inch, and is of a pale-
green color, with two oblique parallel white lines running
through both wings. The moth can be recognized at once
from all other similar colored ones by the great difference in
size existing between the fore and hind-wings, the former

Fig. aR eee abortivaria Fig. Basses No yee brun-
being rather large, while the latter are not more than half
as large as might be expected when compared with other
moths of the same genus. The moth is not very common.
It is shown in Fig. 184.

SPAN-WORMS. 183

The green caterpillar is stated to feed upon the leaves of
grapes, one of which is rolled up by it and thus forms a
shelter. It reaches its full size early in August, when it
descends to the ground and where it transforms to a pupa
among the rubbish found there.

THE PLUM GEOMETER.
(Eumacaria brunnearia Pack.).

The caterpillars of this beautiful geometer feed upon the
leaves of the wild red cherry, but occur also upon plum and
apple trees. They are nearly an inch long when they reach
their full size towards the middle of July; their color is dull
dark red, resembling very closely that of the bark upon
which they rest. Their head is dark red, almost black, with
white sutures; the longitudinal stripes usually found upon
the sides of such caterpillars are simply represented by faint
white lines; spots of the same color occur also upon the
sides. The round spiracles are situated on small black
tubercles. The caterpillars vary considerably both in colors
and markings. At rest they are very difficult to detect, as
they hold on only by their prolegs, their cylindrical, smooth
and uniform body standing out like a short branch; some-
times they hold on to a leaf by their fore-legs, making their
bodies appear like petioles. They descend to the ground
and transform to rather stout dark brown pupe with a
rounded and smooth front; the last segment ends in a
rather long spine with terminal hooklets. The pupa, which
is not protected by a cocoon, remains in the ground over
winter.

The moth is of a uniform brown color with but few
markings. On the fore-wings are three transverse dark-
brown lines; the hind-wings are somewhat paler and
ochreous with two distinct dark lines. The moth expands
about one inch across the wings. (Fig. 184%.)

184 SPAN-WORMS.
THE VESTAL CORYCIA.
(Corycia vestaliata Guen.).

This delicate moth is snow-white, iridescent, with no
markings; the long fringes are also white, as is the front of
the head; the palpi are yellowish on the outer half, and the
antennz, which are white above, are sometimes brownish,
and yellowish beneath. Brown stains occur along the under
side of the costa of the fore-wings, as far as the apex. This
moth has an expanse of wings of nearly one inch.

The caterpillar is stated to feed upon the foliage of the
apple, but has not been seen, though the moth is fairly
common.

THE CURRANT SPAN-WORM.
(Eufitchia ribearia Fitch).

The caterpillar of this rather common insect is quite de-
structive to the black currant and thegocseberry. Ittrans-
forms into a moth which is frequently flushed while walking
in places where wild currant and gooseberry bushes grow.
The caterpillar, which measures when full grown a little
more than an inch, is of a whitish color, with a wide yellow
stripe down the back, another of the same character along
each side, and a number of black spots of different sizes upon
each segment. The under side is white, with a slight tinge
of pink; it is also spotted with black, and has a wide yellow
stripe down the middle. This brightly colored caterpillar
resembles somewhat that of the European Harlequin cater-
pillar, and can become equally destructive to the gooseberry.
Happily there is but one annual generation of this insect.
When these caterpillars are disturbed they let themselves
down very suddenly by means of a silken thread, and remain
suspended in mid-air, or until the danger is past, when they
reascend in the peculiar way called by sailors ‘hand over

SPAN-WORMS. 185

hand.’ This habit of lowering itself and remaining sus-
pended can be utilizsd in the following manner to destroy
large numbers of such insects: after striking the bush, a
forked stick is passed all around under it and in this way all
the hanging threads may be caught, and the caterpillars
drawn out in groups and crushed with the foot.

The moth is of a pale vellowish color, with several
brownish spots, which vary considerably in size and form,
being prominent in some examples, where they may even
form one or two irregular bands across the wings. The
moth measures about an inch and a quarter across. Soon

Fig. 185.—Eufitchia ribearia Fitch. After Saunders.

after emerging from the dark brown pupa, which was formed
in a small cell in the ground, the female deposits her eggs for
the next year’s generation. These eggs, which are most
beautiful objects, are loosely glued to the stems or twigs of
the infested plants, and remain there until the following
spring. It seems remarkable that such delicate and tender

186 SPAN-WORMS.

objects should be able to withstand the rain, snow and cold
of our winters without the slightest injury. All states of
this insect are shown in Fig. 185.

THE CHAIN-DOTTED GEOMETER.
(Caterva catenaria Cram. ).

The moths of this interesting geometer appear some-
times in such very great numbers as to look like a snow-
storm andonthat account greatly alarm the people. But us-
ually they are not very common for a number of years, when
for somereasons, perhaps absence of parasites, or assisted by
suitable climatic conditions, they again appear inlarge num-
bers. Here in St. Anthony Park the moth can always be
found flying about during the middle part of September; the
moths are diurnal, but fly in a rather uncertain manner and
only for short distances, so that a trained eye immediately
recognizes that they are not genuine butterflies. The moth
is easily recognized by its large size and by its snow-white
thin wings, marked with numerous black spots, which are

Fig. 186.—Caterva catenaria Cram. After Packard.

arranged in two more or less plainly marked scalloped lines;
in some cases the spots are dashes, which connect with the
neighboring ones, thus forming continuous lines. There is
always, even in very pale specimens, a distinct discal spot.
The fringe of all wings is checkered with black dots. The
head is ochreous-yellow in front; the thorax yellowish at
the base of the shoulder-covers The male has a yellowish

SPAN-WORMS. 187

abdomem and very plumose antennae. Only a single brood
is produced annually. The insect is shown in Fig. 186 and
in Fig. 187, Plate XVI.

The caterpillar, which feeds upon the hazel, blackberry,
raspberry and other plants, is very handsome; 1t has a
smooth and cylindrical body of uniform thickness, a little
thicker over the first abdominal feet, and lacks any pro-
tuberances whatever; it isof a pale straw-yellow color, with
two subdorsal fine brown lines, and two smaller ones
on the sides, interrupted by two large and conspicuous,
angular, black dots, a pair on each segment. The head and
prolegs are dotted with black. The caterpillar grows to
about one inch and a half in length. When full grown it
does not descend to the ground to pupate, but forms aslight
but well formed web of thick vellow silken threads among
the leaves. The pupa is bluish-white with a number of
black spots.

The moths deposit a large number of beautiful eggs; as
many as 368 were laid by a single female, which explains
the fact that this insect can soon become very numerous.

THE COMMON CYMATOPHORA.
(Cymatophora pampinaria Guen.).

This is an exceedingly common moth, yet difheult to
find, as itso thoroughly mimics the color and markings of
the barks of trees upon which it rests that only well trained
eyes can discover it. These moths vary greatly in color and
markings but very little in size; they measure with expanded
wings about one inchanda half across. The body and wings
are pale ash, more or less clearly marked with three dark
brown lines and numerous spots of the same color. Prof.
Packard says: “that it may be known by the very distinct
line at the base of the abdomen, the basal ring beyond being
unusually white, and by the under side of the wings having

188 SPAN-WORMS.

a broad marginal shade, while the third line on the fore-wing
is deeply but quite regularly situate, and near the costa
acutely dentate.’ The caterpillars are general feeders but
are also found upon the apple and blackberry. They vary
considerably in color; some are very pale yellow with a broad
reddish-brown dorsal stripe, edged with
black; others are yellowish-green, while
still others are gray or brown. They
spin noregular cocoon, but protect their
SiURe Goese pages BER e by a few silken threads. We have

pampinaria Guen. — at Jeast two annual generations which
overlap in such a way that moths can be found all through
the warmer part of the year. The adult insect is shown
in Fig. 188.

THE EUROPEAN CYMATOPHORA.
(Cymatophora crepuscularia Tr.).

This moth (Fig. 189) is slightly larger than pampinaria,
but otherwise resembles it. Its color is whitish-ash, finely
and uniformly dusted with brown. The fore-wings have
also three curved dentate black lines, which extend over the
lower wings.

The caterpillar is smooth and of uniform thickness; it 1s
pale yellow on the sides, shading to creamy-white above.

A straight light-brown stripe occurs
® on the back, and below it are several
narrow, wavy dark-brown stripes
close together; all stripes become ob-
me eer solete on the last segment. The
Bie Maree cata aes roundish head is a little wider than

5 iguana ae the body and reddish-brown in color.
The pupa, half an inch long, is formed in the earth.

This species is not nearly as common as the preceding
one; it occurs also in Europe.

* SPAN-WORMS. 189
LARGE BLUE-STRIPED LOOPER.

( Biston ypsilon Forbes).

Early in August 1898 several nursery people complained
about a large caterpillar that was causing some injury to
young apple trees, many of which had been entirely
defoliated. When visiting these nurseries on the following
day the worms had all disappeared, and only a single
specimen was found in the yround, very much contracted, as
it was ready to pupate. As this insect is evidently capable
to cause much injury the description given by Prof. Forbes
is here repeated, ‘ The single male specimen bred is of a
brownish gray color; head dusky gray; palpi black; antennz
dusky, widely pectinate; thorax gray, with three transverse
dark lines, the anterior and middle arcuate, the posterior
straight. The front wings are brownish-gray, speckled
with black on the basal and terminal thirds, marked with
three transverse black lines with the space between the first
and third pale gray, minutely speckled with black, these
specks taking the form of transverse lineations on thecosta.
The inner line is obliquely arcuate, its inner end being about
half the distance of the outer from the base of the wing.
The third line is sinuate, bending broadly forward around
the end of the discal cell and then running nearly directly to
the internal margin. The middle line is straight, and joins
the inner end of the third before it reaches the internal
margin. About one-half the distance from the third trans-
verse line to the posterior margin is a jagged pale transverse
line extending across the wing. The posterior wings are
pale gray marked with two transverse lines, the inner of
which is straight and the outer sinuous like that of the fore-
wing. Beyond this is an obscure subterminal whitish band,
upon the middle of the wing between these lines is a distinct
black spot. The wing beyond the outer transverse line is
more irroate with dusky, the fringe pale with blackened scales

190 SPAN-WORMS.

in the intervals between the veins. The first segment of the
abdomen is covered with long gray pile; the remaining seg-
ments are fulvous brown, withadouble row of black blotches
along the middle.

“TLarva.—Length, when full grown, is two inches. The
general color is a reddish drab, ornamented with numerous
irregular longitudinal stripes of a reddish hue, with varied
yellow and bordered with jagged lines of black. Four of these
bands are continuous on the back, but vary greatly in width.
On the sides they are much interrupted, the stripe below the
spiracles being broken up into irregular patches. That im-
mediately above the spiracles is regularly interrupted, disap-
pearing at the middle of each segment. On the last two seg-
ments all the bands are much interrupted and very irregular.
The dorsal stripes are confluent a little behind the middle of
each segment, from the fourth to the eighth, with the excep-
tion of acentral stripe of the ground color, by which all the
transverse lines are broken. These confluent band-like areas
of the longitudinal stripes, are, at first, yellow, but all
change to a russet at the last moult, except the anterior
one, which remains a bright lemon-yellow. The surface is
smooth with the exception of a transverse row of about five
black hairs to each segment, each arising from a minute
tubercle. There is also a prominent tubercle behind each
spiracle (excepting that upon the first segment) bearing a
black hair at its apex. This row of later tubercles is varie-
gated with rose and yellow, and each is surmounted by a
jagged black line, which includes the black spiracle in the
area described by it. The ventral surface has the same
ground color as the dorsal, and is similarly marked with
longitudinal stripes, which are, however, less distinct than
the above. The head is irregularly punctuate, patches of the
punctures being black, giving the surface a mottled appear-
ance. The general color of the head and first segment is
lighter than that of the other parts of the body. The an-
terior segment has a yellow front margin, interrupted in the

SPAN-WORMS, 191

middle by the median stripe already described. The legs are
ringed with black and yellow at the articulations, and are
elsewhere more or less spotted with black. Upon the arite-
penultimate segment are the two prominent black tubercles,
one upon either side of the median stripe, each bearing a
stiff bristle at its apex; and similar bristles are scattered
over the dorsal surface of the
succeeding segments. The last
segments with the corresponding
prolegs are punctuate with black,
and bear two smaller sets of
tubercles similar to those above

Fig. 190 —Biston vpsilon . é ‘
Forbes. After Forbes. mentioned. The preceding pair

of prolegs are irregularly striped

and mottled with black, rose and yellow, like the sides.

Some transverse rows of minute black hairs are visible

upon the under surface, two or three to each segment.”’
Fig. 190 is a copy of the illustration of this moth.

THE PEPPER AND SALT CURRANT-MOTH.
(Eubyta (Amphidasis) cognataria Gn.).

In some years this moth is very common and as it 1s
readily attracted to strong lights it-is frequently observed.
It is not alone common near St. Paul, but seems to be

Fig. 191.—Eubyia cognataria Gn. After Packard.

equally common near Duluth. Like the preceding species
this moth differs greatly from most Geometride by having

192 SPAN-WORMS.

a very stout body and wings, so that it looks more like a
bombycid moth. Both fore and hind-wings are gray, dotted
and streaked with black, and with a wavy light band cross-

Fig. 192.—Amphidasia betularia. After Taschenberg.

ing the wings beyond the middle. The under surface is paler
than the upper; the body is gray, dotted with black. The
moth expands two inches or more. It is shown in Fig. 191-

SPAN-WORMS. 193

The caterpillar is found very abundantly and often in
destructive numbers on the currant; it feeds also on the
plum and other plants. When full grown it is about two
inches long; when at rest it is usually found clinging to a
branch or leaf by its hind-legs, the body being extended
straight out, so that it is easily mistaken for the stem of a
leaf. It is pale-green, with an interrupted darker green line
down the back, and indistinct broken transverse lines of the
same color, and a yellow cross line on the posterior end of
each segment. There are two small tubercles on the seg-
ment immediately behind the head; the body is dotted with
very small whitish tubercles and a few short black hairs.
In some cases there is a small brown tubercle on each side
behind the middle, and a purplish brown ridge on the last
segment. As soon as full grown the caterpillar enters the
ground for pupation, which is performed in a smooth cell;
the pupa is dark brown. A closely related European species
(Amphidasis betularia)is shown in Fig. 192; the illustration
shows the caterpillars in two characteristic positions.

THE LIME-TREE WINTER-MOTH.
(Hybernia tiliaria Harris).

The caterpillars of this moth feed chiefly upon the bass-
wood, elm, hickory and others, but are also found in some
numbers on the apple. In some years the moths, at least
the males, are very common, and being attracted to the
light are often found in large numbers on the street-lamps.
They are most numerous late in the autumn, after all the
foliage has been kiiled by frost. It is only the male that can
fly, the female being a wingless, spider-like creature, with
slender and thread-like antenne, a yellowish-white body,
sprinkled on the sides with black dots and with two black
spots at the top of each ring except the last, which has but
one. The head is black in front, and the legs are ringed

194 SPAN-WORMS.

with black. She is equipped with a jointed ovipositor,
which can be lengthened or shortened at will, and which is
used to deposit the eggs. The male has large and delicate
wings and feathered antenne. The fore-wings are of a
rusty-buff color, with two transverse wavy brown lines, the

Fig. 193.—Hybernia tiliaria Harr. From Div. of Entomology,
Dep. of Agriculture.

inner often indistinct, while between the bands and near the
edge of the wings there is generally a brown dot. The
hind-wings are paler, with a small brownish dot in the
middle; the body is similar in color to the fore-wings, which
measure, when expanded, about an inch and a half across.
‘The females, as soon as they emerge from the ground, late
in October or even early in November, climb up the trees,
and, after mating, deposit their oval pale-yellow eggs, cov-
ered with a net-work of raised lines, in little clusters on the
branches.

SPAN-WORMS. 195

These span-worms, which hatch early in spring, are not
unlike the true canker-worms, but are much larger and
marked differently. The caterpillar has a dull red head,
with a “V’’-shaped mark on the front; the body is yellow
above, with many longitudinal black lines; the under side is
paler. When full grown these worms measure about an
inch and a quarter in length. The different states of this
moth are shown in Fig. 193.

THE WINGLESS PHIGALIA.
(Phigalia strigataria Minot).

This moth is also fairly common in Minnesota, the males
flying about early in April. They are pale-ash, with dark
brown specks and lines, which form three blackish trans-
verse lines across the fore-wings, witha subterminal whitish
line. The hind-wings are whitish, finely dusted with dark
scales, which in well marked specimens are arranged in such
a way as to form a continuation of the transverse lines of
the fore-wings. The antenne are strongly pectinated. The
wings have an expanse of about an inch and a half. The

Fig. 194.—Phigalia strigataria Minot.

female is wingless, of a light gray color with a slight olive
tint; her body is mottled all over with black, the spots
above being large those below fine. The thorax is nearly
uniform black; the short head, scarcely seen from above, is
grayish black; the clypeus and antennz are black, the
latter annulated with the ground color of the body. The
divisions between the extended segments of the abdomen are

196 SPAN-WORMS.

pea-green. The rudimentary hind-wings reach to the back
part of the first abdominal segment; the fore-wings to the
middle of the same segment. The exerted ovipositor con-
sists of two joints, the last third of the posterior one having
the hairs perpendicular to the joint. Both sexes are shown
in Fig. 194.

The pupa is dark brown, coarsely punctured, the
divisions between the abdominal segments finely so; the last
segment is conical, smooth at the end, and tipped with two
short, stout, divergent bristles.

The caterpillars are found on the apple, rose, blackberry,
elm and other plants, and have thus far never become
numerous enough to cause injury. They are about an inch
long, dark-brown or dusky reddish-brown with dirty white
or gray dorsal and dirty yellow lateral lines. They reach
their full size in June, when they enter the ground for pupa-
tion and hibernation.

CANKER-WORMS.

There are two kinds of canker-worms which are known
to be very destructive to the orchards, especially to the
apple-trees. A third species is found in the northern
portion of our state, sometimes in such immense numbers as
to defoliate large tracts of forest-trees. It has thus far not
been found upon fruit trees, but prefers the linden, ash and
elm, but when very numerous no foliage escapes its voraci-
ous appetite, and the caterpillars pass through the forests
like a devastating fire. They hatch very early in the season,
and perforate the leaf-buds, thus causing much more
damage than if they would simply eat the unfolded leaves.
As no males have been raised thus far this third species re-
mains undescribed; the females are wingless and deposit
their numerous eggs in perfect rings around a small twig, in
this respect resembling the tent-caterpillars.

SPAN-WOKMS. 197
THE SPRING CANKER-WORM.
(Paleacrita vernata Pack).

This canker-worm appears in its winged form early in
spring, although specimens are also sometimes found late in
autumn. The females, which are wingless, ascend the trunks
of trees to deposit their eggs. These are of a very delicate
texture and of a pearly lustre; they are deposited in masses
of several hundreds, without regularity, and are usually well
hidden in the crevices of the bark. The voung caterpillars
are of a dark olive-green or brown color, with black shining.
heads, and a horny cervical-plate of the samecolor. When full
grown they are about an inch long, of very variable colors.
The head is usually mottled and spotted, and has two pale
transverse lines in front; the body is longitudinally striped
with many narrow pale lines; along the sides it becomes
deeper in color, and down the middle of the back are some

a :
Fig. 195.—Paleacrita vernata Pack. After Riley.

dark spots. When mature these caterpillars descend to the
ground in which they penetrate to some depth and where
they make a rather fragile cocoon.

The female of this canker-worm, as well as the male, has
upon the posterior margin of each segment two transverse
rows of stiff reddish spines. The female has a long and
retractable ovipositor, which is not found in _ the Fall
Canker-worm. The male has pale ash-colored or brownish-
gray silky fore-wings, which are so thin as to be almost
transparent. A broken whitish band crosses the wing near
the outer margin and three interrupted brownish lines are

198 SPAN-WORMS.

found between that and the base; there is also an oblique
black dash near the tip of the fore-wings, and a nearly con-
tinuous black line at the hase of the fringe. The hind-wings
are plain pale ash-color, or very light gray, with a dusty dot
about the middle. All stages of this canker-worm are given
in Pig, 195.

THE FALL CANKER-WORM.

\Anisopteryx pometaria Harr).

This delicate moth is sometimes flushed late in autumn,
and frequently after all foliage has been killed by frost, when
we walk along the edges of forests. The moth flies in bright
sunshine, as if to enjoy the few brief hours of its existence.
It is a very frail being, with wings so thin as to be almost
transparent and it almost seems that it was most decidedly
out of place at this late season. But notwithstanding their
frail bodies all canker-worms here and in Europe are very
hardy, and seem to require for their perfect health and well-
being a considerable degree of cold. All the moths of this
insect that we obseve flying are males, the female lacking
wings for this purpose. The latter is a spider-like and slug-
gish being, usually having the body so distended with eggs
that she has to drag it in a rather ungainly manner. All
she tries to do is to reach a tree, which she climbs, and there
awaits the arrival of her winged mate. Her body is uni-
formly colored; it is shining ash color above, gray beneath,
and measures from three to four-tenths of an inch in length.
The male has brownish fore-wings, which are very glossy and
silky, and are crossed by two rather irregular whitish
bands, the outer one enlarging near the apex, where it forms
a large palespot. The hind-wings are grayish-brown with
a faint central blackish spot and a more or less distinct
whitish band crossing them.

The eggs of the Fall Canker-worm are flattened above,
and have a central puncture‘and a brown circle near the bor-

SPAN-WORMS. 199

der; they are deposited in regular masses, side by side, and as
many as a hundred together. In most cases they are laid in
exposed situations on the twigs or branches of the tree
selected. They hatch about the time when the young leaves
of the apple just expand, and this delicate food is greedily
devoured by the young worms which cluster upon them.
Here they enjoy life, being well hidden by the still small and
curled leaves. The young caterpillar is pale olive-green
with a pale head and cervical-plate. Mature, it reaches a
length of about an inch. The caterpillars vary greatly in
color, from greenish-yellow to dusky or even dark brown;
they have broad longitudinal yellowish or paler stripes
along their sides. Like nearly all loopers they assume when

eet eteetiac ie vane ercicw, acai neta by emaconeter
d, one joint of same. From Diy. of Entomology, Dep. of Agriculture.
not feeding a stiff posture, either flat or parallel with the
twigs on which they rest, or at an angle of about forty-five
degrees. In this position, kept up for many hours at a time,
they so closely resemble in color and shape a small twig
that they are not readily detected. When full grown they
either descend the tree on foot, or they let themselves down
from the branches by silken threads. When thus suspended
in great numbers, as is frequently the case, they become a

200 SPAN-WORMS.

great annoyance to people passing under such trees. In this
manner they are also carried by passing vehicles to places
not yet invaded by them. As soon as they reach the ground
they burrow init to a depth of from two to six inches and
there they form a rather tough cocoon of buff colored silk
interwoven with particles ofearth. The pupa is about half
an inch long, of a light grayish-brown color; that of the
male is slender and furnished with wing-cases. The pupe
remain in the ground until late in autumn when the moths
emerge.

ReEMEDIES.—With the exception of the one species of
eanker-worms so destructive to forest trees in the lake
region of Minnesota these insects are not as yet of a threat-
ening nature in our state. Both species are found, however,
and it is simply a question of time when they wiil become
more numerous. At present orchards are by no means
found near every farm house, but the time is rapidly coming
when this will be the case, and with more orchards the large
number of injurious insects living in them will also become
more numerous and destructive. These insects are rather
easy to destroy with any of the arsenical preparations; in
fact they were about the first tree-infesting species that
were destroyed by these means. But in case of large trees it
is not easy to apply them, and here we have to apply other
remedies based upon the fact that the wingless females have
to ascend the tree to deposit their eggs, which we can and
should prevent. Prof. Saunders writes: ‘‘To attack an
enemy with success, it is essential that we know his vulner-
able points. In this instance since the females are without
wings, ifthey can be prevented from crawling up the trees
to deposit their eggs, a great point will be gained. Various
measures have been employed to secure this end, all belong-
ing to one or other of two classes, first, those that prevent
the ascension of the moth by entangling her feet and
holding her there, or by drowning her; second, those which
look to a similar end by preventing her from getting a foot-

SPAN-WORMS. 201

hold and causing her to fall repeatedly to the ground until
she becomes exhausted and dies. In the first class is
included tar mixed with oil to prevent its drying, and
applied either directly around the body of the tree, or on
strips of old canvas or stiff paper, about five or six inches
wide, and tied in the middle with a string; refuse sorghum
molasses, printer’s ink, and slow drying varnishes, are used
inasimilar manner. Tin, lead and rubber troughs, to con-
tain oil also belong to this class of remedies, and have all
been used with more or less success. Inthe use of any of the
first named sticky substances, it should be borne in mind
that they should be kept sticky by frequent renewal of the
surface in mild weather, or the application will be useless;
they should also be applied as early as the latter part of
October, and kept on until the leaves are expanded in the
following spring. It must also be remembered that some of
the moths, defeated in their attempts to climb the trees, will
deposit their eggs near the ground or anywhere in fact,
below the barrier, and that the tiny young worms hatched
from them will pass without difhculty through a very small
opening. Hence, whether troughs or bandages are used,
care must be taken to fill up all the irregularities of surface
in the bark of the trees, so that no openings shall be left
through which they may pass. Cotton batting answers
well in most cases for this purpose.

“The second class of remedies consists of various ingeni-
ous devices, in the way of collars of metal, wood or glass
fastened around the tree and sloping downwards like an
inverted funnel. These, although they prevent the moths
from ascending the tree, offer but little obstacle to the
progress of the young caterpillars unless the openings be-
tween the collar and the tree are carefully packed, and hence
they often fail of entire success. Those belonging to the
first class are said to be the surest and best, and while it
must be admitted that it involves much time and labor to
renew so often and for so long a period the tar or other

202 SPAN-WORMS.

sticky application so as to make it an effectual barrier to
the ascent of the insect, still it will pay, wherever the canker-
worm abounds, to give this matter the attention requisite
to insure success. The limited power of motion possessed
by the female usually confines this insect within narrow
limits, and hence it is local in its attacks, sometimes abound-
ing in one orchard and being scarcely known in a neighbor-
ing one; but when it has obtained a footing, and is neg-
lected, it usually multiplies prodigiously. Strong winds will
sometimes carry the larve from one tree to another near by.
When the caterpillars are once on a tree, if the tree is small,
they may be dislodged by jarring, when they all drop sus-
pended in mid-air by silken threads; then by swinging a
stick above them the threads may be collected and the larve
brought to the ground and destroyed. Fall plowing has
been recommended to destroy the chrysalids by turning
them up, when they are likely to be either killed by exposure
or devoured by birds. Hogs also are very useful in destroy-
ing this pest by rooting up the chrysalids and eating them.”’
The use of ‘‘Raupenleim"’ has given very good results, and
as this material remains sticky for a long time it is better
than simple tar, etc.

Canker-worms have many enemies which assist us
greatly to keep them in check. The eggs are devoured by a
small red-mite, and a very small wasp finds the minute eggs
large enough to furnish food for her offspring, hence she de-
posits her eggs into the larger ones of the canker-moths.
The caterpillars themselves are preyed upon by larger para-
sitic wasps and flies, and predacious insects also feed upon
them in large numbers. One of our Caterpillar-hunters
(Calosoma frigida Fig. 145), a large black and active beetle,
is found in large numbers in Minnesota wherever canker-
worms have greatly increased in numbers, and they make
war upon them day and night. These beetles are just as
active as their green relatives farther south, and climb with
equal facility. It is amusing to see them running over the

SPAN-WORMS. 203

foliage or racing up and down the trunks of the tree, trying
to reach with their front feet the worms suspended by silken
threads. Evidently the caterpillars realize their danger, be-
cause if we imitate the motion of one of these beetles with a
little stick upon a leaf all the worms immediately drop, but
remain suspended in the air until they imagine all danger is
past. Insect-eating birds devour large numbers, and Shrews
and Skunks find and devour the caterpillar above and below
the ground. Spiders prove also of great help, as do some
large wasps, such as the Potter-wasps, which store theclay-
cells made by them with canker-worms, as many as twenty
being found in a single cell.

These canker-worms are general feeders but are partial
to the plum, cherry, linden and elm. The different states of
this species are shown in Fig. 196.

THE WINGLESS OPEROPHTERA.

(Operophtera bruceata Hulst).

This moth is closely allied to the canker-worms and like
them possess a wingless female; in Europe it is also almost
as destructive. It is not common
and the male can be readily recog-
nized from the true canker-worms by
having the ochreous fore-wing more

rounded and ornamented with many

Fig. 197.—Operophtera i ‘ : 5 : :
bruceata Hulst.; male. wavy lines; Leas illustrated in Fig.

197. The caterpillars feed upon the apple and other plants.

THE SCALLOP-SHELL GEOMETER.
(Calocalpe undulata Linn.).

This is a rather common moth, but always attractive on
account of its beautiful marking. It has white or vellowish

204 SPAN-WORMS.

wings, the upper ones crossed by at least twelve fine zigzag
dark-brown lines, so that it is difficult to say what is really
the ground color; the hind-wings are crossed by six light
lines, which become whitish toward the outer edge of the
wing, as well as more scalloped. Below the wings are
clearer, with the lines more obsolete, but the discal spots
large and distinct. With expanded wings this moth meas-
ures about one inch and a half. It is shown in Fig. 198.
The caterpillars hatch from eggs which were deposited
in a cluster on a leaf near the tip of a twig, usually on the
wild cherry. They form an exception to most other loopers
by being gregarious. They spin
asnug nest by fastening together
the leaves at theend of the twig,
inside which they live, adding to
the nest if more space and food
“2 is required. As the enclosed
Fig. 198.—Calocalpe undulata » - leaves: die and become brow,

Linn.

and as the dark excrement also
accumulates, such nests become conspicuous and can easily
be seen and removed with their contents. The caterpillars,
which are quitesluggish inall their motions, are black above
with four white stripes, and flesh-colored below. They
transform in the earth, in which they also pass the winter.

THE GRAPE-VINE PETROPHORA.

(Petrophora diversilineata Hub.).

This pretty yellow moth, also called the ‘“Diverse-lined
Geometer,”’ is very abundant in Minnesota, flying from late
in June to early in September; it is often attracted to light
and enters our houses at night, settling on the walls with
its abdomen curved over the back (Fig. 199, Plate XIV.)
It varies in size, measuring with expanded wings from an

SPAN-WORMS. 205

inch and a quarter to fully twoinches. It is shown in two
forms in Fig. 199.

The body and wings of this insect are ochreous-yellow,
often pale in the middle and basal portions. The fore-wings
are crossed by three rusty-brown curved lines, the outer
strongly dentate in the middle; beyond this is a subterminal
faint line, not always distinct. The hind-wings are paler
than the fore-wings, clear, usually without lines except in
the outer third near the anal angle, where there is a faint
brown line edged on the outside with white. At the anal
angle is a dark spot composed of two brown lines, with
violet-brown between them. The moths vary greatly in
intensity of colors and markings, some being almost plain
yellowish-brown with but very few indistinct bands, of
which the outer dentated one is always visible.

The moths deposit their eggs upon the leaves of the
grape-vine, from which the young caterpillars hatch a few
days later, reaching their full size in about four weeks.
They are then about an inch and a quarter long, have a dull
reddish-brown head, a yellowish-
green body, with a few small whit-
ish dots on each segment. Oneach
side of the second segment is a
small reddish spot and on the third
a larger one of a darker shade; on
this latter segment there is a fold
in the skin, which makes the spot
appear as a brown prominence.

On the terminal segment are two

Fig. 199.— Petrophora diver- : P “
silineata Hub. short greenish spines, which

extend backwards; the surface of the body is wrinkled;
the under surface is reddish, with a central: reddish ‘dine
bordered with white, which is margined with dull red.
These caterpillars are also very variable in color, but are

always well protected by blending with the surroundings;
when disturbed they straighten themselves, remaining per-

206 SPAN-WORMS.

fectly quiet for a time, and resemble the twigsso thoroughly
that is very difficult to detect them. When they are full
grown they hide in some shelter, and thus pass the winter;
early in spring they leave their hiding places and after eat-
ing for a few days they transform to pupz and soon after-
wards to moths.

At present these caterpillars are found most abundantly
in places where wild grapes are growing, but they are by no
means strangers to our vine-yards, where they eat a large
amount of foliage, thus sometimes causing some slight in-
jury. Being so well protected by shape, color and position
they may be very common on our vines, yet are not recog-
nized.

THE CURRANT FRUIT WORM.

(Eupithecia interrupto-fasciata Pack.).

This is not acommon moth, at least it is not often found
in our gardens. But the fruit of wild currants frequently
show its presence, or rather that of the worms. These are
about five-eighths of an inch long, and very variable in col-
oration and markings. Their bodies are
usually of a pale-ash or yellowish-green color,
with a dark line down the back and another
one on each side, which is, however, frequently
' absent. In some cases there is a row. of dark-
colored lozenge-shaped spots along the dorsal

Fig.200.—Eupi.line, and a second lateral line lower down.
fassiatg back, The terminal segment carries two short green-
ish lines; the under side of the body is pale-greenish
and almost white, with a yellowish line in the middle.
The head varies from yellowish or greenish to light brown.
When full grown the caterpillar draws together a number
of leaves and other material, fastens them with silken
threads, and in this shelter changes to a pupa and later
toa moth.

PYRAUSTIDA. 207

The small moth has bluish-gray fore-wings, with a
bluish dot near the center of each, and a dark line crossing
them immediately beyond the dot. Two forms are illus-
trated in Fig. 200.

All the following moths are usually called ‘“‘micro’’ or
small, although as a matter of fact some of them are as
large or even larger than a few of the *‘macros”’ described
before. But generally speaking all are small. They are also
divided into many superfamilies and families.

PYRALIDIDA.

This super-family includes moths of medium and small
size, which differ so greatly in appearance, however, that it
is not possible to give a general description that would
serve to characterize the same. It includes a number of
families that contain numerous insects injurious to plants.

FAMILY PYRAUSTIDZ.

These moths have slender bodies rather thinly covered
with scales. The caterpillars are nearly always green, with
pale stripes and spots, and without any markings what-
ever. Their head is either black or yellow, hard and pol-
ished; so is the rather prominent cervical-shield on the first
thoracic segment. Most of them have the abdominal or
false legs crowded with a complete circlet of spines, and by
this character, which is easily seen, we can tell with almost
absolute certainty the caterpillar of a micro from that of a
macro, in which the circlet of hooks is never complete. The
caterpillars of the Pyraustide differ from those of the loop-
ers by possessing all four pairs of prolegs. Most of them
can produce a little silk, and they live often more or less con-
cealed in leaves folded and tied together in various ways.
Some few are gregarious and build large nests. Most of
these caterpillars cause no injury to cultivated plants, while
some of them are decidedly destructive.

208 PYRAUSTIDZ2,

THE GRAPE-VINE LEAF-FOLDER.
(Desmia maculalis Westw.).

It is a good thing that this insect prefers the South, and
is not often met with in Minnesota, although it is found-
here both upon the wild and cultivated grape-vines. It can
become a very destructive insect and one that is not readily
combatted.

We see frequently the leaves of the grape folded or rolled
up by means of numerous little cords of silk; if we unfold
these we find the enclosed leaves skeletonized by a very
active worm, a little less than an inch long and remarkable
on account of its violent wriggling motions. In most cases
the caterpillar wriggles out of the folds and drops either to
the ground or suspends itself by a silken thread. If the
worm is full grown it is yellowish-green, a little darker
above, glossy and semi-transparent, with a few fine yellow
hairs on each segment. Its head is reddish-yellow; the cer-
vical-shield has a crescent-shaped patch of the same color;
on the third segment are two or three black spots on each
side, and on the twelfth segment is one. The caterpillars
transform to a reddish-brown pupa, about half an inch long,
either within the folded leaf or more usually within a much
smaller fold of the edge of the leaf. In the Southern States
there are two and even three annual broods, the last one
hibernating in the leaves. The first moths appear here early
in June, and deposit their eggs singly on the leaves of the
vine; the moths of the second brood are found early in
August.

The moths, which expand about an inch, are pretty in-
sects with shining opalescent black wings, lightly fringed
with white; the fore-wings have two white spots, nearly
oval in form; the hind-wings but one large white spot in the
male, which in the female is divided into two. The body is
black, crossed by two white bands in the female, by one in

PYRAUSTIDA&. 209

the male. The male insect has the antenne elbowed and
thickened near the middle, acharacter not seen in the female,
where the antenne are uniform and thread-like. Though
fairly common the moths are not often seen, as they hide
among the leaves, but if the vines are shaken they seek and
find escape in quick flight, and make for the next shelter. The
insect feeds upon all kinds of grapes, but shows some little
preference for the thicker leaved varieties. The upper surface
of the leaves is eaten by the worms, and for this purpose
the leaves are almost invariably folded in such a manner as
to bring the upper sides of the leaves together. Fig. 201
shows the different stages of this insect.

Fig. 201.—Desmia maculalis Westw ; a, male moth; b, female; c, larva; d, head and
thoracic segments of same enlarged; e, pupa; /, tip of same enlarged; g, leaf folded
by larva. From Div. of Entomology, Dep. of Agriculture.

REMEDIES.—As it is easy to detect the folded leaves the
caterpillars enclosed in them can be crushed, and if this is
done carefully and at a time when the insects are not yet
numerous this remedy is a good one. The treatment with
arsenical poisons is. not as successful, as the inside of the
folded leaf can not readily be reached.

210 PYRAUSTIDA,

THE CRANBERRY FRUIT-WORM.

(Mineola vaccini Ril.).

This insect is a very injurious one in places where cran-
‘berries are grown on a large scale for any lenth of time. Its
caterpillar stands in the same relation to the cranberry as
the apple-worm to the apple, and the grape-fruit worm to
the berry. The moth is dull gray; thefore-wings are reddish-
brown and tawny on their inner portions, and with the pale
costal parts nearly pure white, which strongly contrasts
with the dark shades, and fully relieves the basal branch
of the torked shade on the inner part of the basal line, which
is usually darker than the posterior branch. Thehind-wings
are pale gray, without any markings. The eggs, which
when laid are soft and adapt themselves more or less closely
to the object to which they are attached, are laid singly, and
generally on the lower end of the forming fruit, or in the
scar left by the flowers, or under the four flaps that cover
the scar, being thus well sheltered and difficult to detect;
sometimes they are deposited upon the surface of the young
fruit. Their color is white, with a faint yellowishtinge. As
soon as the caterpillars hatch they eat their way into the
heart of the berry, and not satisfied with one they go to the
neighboring ones, thus ruining from three to four berries
before they reach their full growth, which takes place when
the fruit is ripe. The caterpillar now stops the last entrance
hole with a silken web; the affected berry turns prematurely
red and finally shrivels and drops. The worm is at first
pale, but becomes green, with more or less pink, and reaches
a length of about half an inch. Such caterpillars are found
of all sizes during autumn, a few even persisting until win-
ter; most of them leave, however, the ripening berries in
September or October, and find shelter in the higher ground,
where they hibernate in an ovoid cocoon of silk, covered
with grains of earth and sand, The brownish-yellow pupa,

PYRAUSTID-2. 211

with brown stigmata and a shallowly punctate abdomen,
is formed the following spring, and the moths issue quite
regularly during the month of June, or by the time the cran-
berries are forming.

As the growing of cranberries is becoming quite an im-
portant branch of horticulture it will not be out of place to
mention the remedies suggested by the Division of Ento-
mology: ‘The arsenical mixtures carefully sprayed during
June and July so as to reach the calyx cavity, will prove the
most satisfactory preventive of this insect’s injuries by kill-

Fig. 202.—Mineola vaccinii Ril. From Div. of Entomology, Dep. of Agriculture.

ing the young larva as it attempts to eat its way into the
berry, while experience would indicate that the natural
growth of the berry, together with the effect of summer
rains, will rid the fruit as it matures of whatever trace of
the poison might prove injurious.”’ Keeping the cranberry
bog as wet as possible during July also seems to be a good
remedy. The life-history of the insect is shown in Fig. 202.

THE LEAF-CRUMPLER.

(Mineola (Phycis) indigenella Zell.).

This injurious insect i$ becoming very numerous in
Minnesota, and steps should be taken to destroy itnow. It
seems to be equally fond of the foliage of the apple, plum
and cherry. When we examine the trees late in autumn or

“212 PYRAUSTIDA.

during winter we find tastened to the twigs some crumpled
and withered leaves. If these are investigated a little closer
we can detect, well hidden among these leaves, clusters of
peculiar little cases, which resemble minute horns, open at
one end, tapering to almost a point at the other, and
twisted in all sorts of manner. The withered leaves are very
firmly fastened to these little horns and to the twigs by
strong silken threads; the horn itself, tightly attached to the
bark, is constructed of silk interwoven with the dried excre-
ment and frass of the worm. Its inner surfaceissmooth and
whitish, its exterior rough and brownish. When we open
one of these little cases we find in it a small caterpillar,
which was born late in summer, and had reached about one-
third of its full size before making and entering the case for
hibernation. Early in spring, when the buds of the trees
-commence to expand, these caterpillars also become active
again, and with an appetite sharpened by the long fast they
‘leave their cases or homes, usually during the night, and
draw the still young and minute leaves towards their dwell-
ing-places, fastening them by means of some threads of silk;
they can now enjoy a meal upon their very doorsteps, hav-
‘ing at the same time a safe retreat in case of danger. Here
-the caterpillar thrives until it has reached its full size, when
-it measures about six-tenths of aninchin length. Its body,
which is slightly tapering towards the posterior end, is of
a dark, dull, greenish-brown color; the head is dark reddish-
brown; the first segment has a horny plate at the top and a
flattened blackish prominence on each side, below the plate;
on each side of the other segments are several small blackish
dots, from every one of which arises a single brown hair.
By the early part of June the caterpillar is mature; it now
shuts itself up in its case and changes to a reddish-brown
pupa, about four-tenths of an inch long, from which the
moth escapes about two weeks later.

This moth has pale brown fore-wings, with patches and
streaks of silvery-white; the hind-wings are plain brownish-

PYRAUSTID®. 213

white; the under side of both wings is paler. With
expanded wings the moth measures about seven-tenths of
an inch across. There is but one annual generation.

Notwithstanding the protection of this snug case the
caterpillar is by no means secure from enemies and several
parasites are known which keep this insect in check. The
insect is illustrated in Fig. 203.

Fig. 203.—Mineola indigenella Zell.; a, a singie case; b, case covered with leaves;
c, front part of caterpillar; d, moth. After Riley.

The best remedy we possess against it is to pick off the
cases with the crumpled leaves during the time when the
tree is bare of foliage, and to burn them, In extreme cases
an early application of any of the arsenical insecticides will
prove successfull.

THE WALNUT CASE-BEARER.
(Mineola juglandis LeB.).

There are a number of other case-inhabiting caterpillars
and the one living on the walnut and hickory is found quite
often but by no means as common as the one just described.
The caterpillar of this insect makes a straight case, which is
also much more neatly woven together on the outside. It
is attached with its smaller posterior end to the main leaf-
stalk, and the eaterpillar draws down and fastens two of
the leaflets to hide it and then feeds upon it from the point

214 PYRAUSTIDz.

to the base. The caterpillar has the same general appear-
ance and is of the same size as that ofthe apple-leaf crumpler
but is darker greenish. It has many enemies and there is

Fig. 204.—Mineola juglandis epee ce indicated; b, case; c, d, e, wings.
hardly a necessity at present to fear its occurrence. If it
should become more numerous, especially in our windbreaks
or where walnut trees are planted in large numbers, it can
be kept in check. like the closely allied insect described before.
It is shown in figure 204.

THE GOOSEBERRY FRUIT WORM.
(Zophodia grossulariz Pack.).

Many of our farmer’s wives depend on wild gooseberries
for preserves, and as our state abounds in such fruit there
is usually no lack of material for this purpose. But not-
withstanding the abundance of these berries there are
seasons when the crop is destroyed entirely, or at least re-
duced very materially, by the presence of the above insect,
the larvee of which burrow into the berries. As they grow
larger they fasten a number of berries together with silken
threads; they even cut off the stems of some so that they
can be brought into the desired position. These united
berries form ashelter and a storehouse of food. Only a

PYRAUSTIDZE. 215

single hole is made in each berry just large enough to admit
the body of the worm. Like all caterpillars of such insects
these worms are very active, and if their house is ever so
little disturbed they leave it very suddenly and drop to the
ground by a silken thread, which enables them later to re-
ascend to their dwelling places. When full grown thiscater-
pillar, which is shown in Fig. 204% suspended by a thread
and also upon a berry, is about three-quarters of an inch
long; its body is thickest in the middle, tapering slightly
toward each extremity, of a pale green color, sometimes
with a yellowish or reddish tint, glossy and semi-trans-
parent. It has a small, horny and pale brown head, the
cervical-shield has also the same color. Before the berry
ripens the larva drops to the ground where it makes a snug,
brown and paper-like cocoon among the dead leaves and
rubbish; inside this safe shelter it transforms to a brown
pupa, which remains inactive until the following spring.
There is but one annual generation.

Sse
aes

Sas
is!

Fig. 20414.—Zophodia grossulariz Pack.; a, cocoon; b, moth. After Saunders.

The moth appears soon after the gooseberry is past
flowering, when it deposits the eggs upon the fruit just
formed. The wings of the moth expand nearly an inch
across; ‘‘the fore-wings are pale gray, with dark streaks and
bands, there is a transverse diffuse band a short distance
from the base of the wing, enclosing an irregular whitish
line which terminates before it reaches the front edge of the
wing. Near the outer edge is another transverse band en-

216 PYRAUSTIDA.

closing a whitish zigzag line, there is also a row of blackish
dots within the outer margin, while the veins and their
branches are white, the hind-wings are paler and dusky.
The head, antennz, body and legs are all pale gray, whiter
below than above.”’ (Saunders).

The insect is not easily combatted, but as it can readily
be detected it can also be destroyed to some extent by hand
picking. If neglected it increases very rapidly and no ber-
ries can be expected until parasites or unsuitable climatic
conditions come to our assistance. Chickens running among
the bushes after the fruit has been gathered will find and
eat many of the pup. The removal and burning of all
rubbish is also of some value, and in extreme cases the
proper use of arsenical poisons is recommended.

THE AMERICAN PLUM-BORER.
(Euzophera sem1-funeralis Walk.).

Professor Forbes has described this insect in detail, and
as afew specimens have been received from a nursery there
is no doubt that it occurs in the state. The caterpillars
attack the plum-tree near the forks, especially at the base
of the lower limbs; in such places they crowd together and
destroy the bark in large irregular patches.

Prof. Forbes writes: ‘‘Living borers received 3
November were about half an inch in length, of a greenish
dusky color, with only a few scattered hairs springing from
small dark specks. The head was reddish-brown, with a
darker triangular patch in the middle, and the top of the
first segment behind the head, the cervical shield so called,
varied from yellowish to pitchy, more or less shaded with
brown, but with a median yellow patch. This borer has, of
course, the three pairs of legs and the fleshy prolegs (ten in
number) of the caterpillar. From the peach-borer, whose
structure is similar, it may be distinguished by its dusky

PYRAUSTID-®. 217

color (the other being white), its smaller size when full
grown, and witha glass by the hooks on the prolegs. In
the peach-borer the ends of the soft stump-like legs are pro-
vided with small brown hooks,
arranged in two opposite curves
discontinuous at their ends, each
of a single row; while in the new
plum-borer the corresponding
hooks form a complete ring,
nearly covering theend of theleg.

“Kept ina breeding cage and
supplied with the chips and twigs

/ Abe “of the plum trees, our larve spun
Fig. 205.—Euzophera semi-funer- = > ay Lae -
Pgh ae ee Sinall webs mi whieh they-passed

the winter. By 3 May a part
of them had pupated, and 28 and 29 May two winged
moths emerged, all the others failing.

‘“‘These moths were small gray insects, theextended wings
measuring about eight-tenths of an inch. The fore-wings
were reddish behind (within); the hind-wings were plain.’”
Illustrated in Fig. 205.

THE APPLE-LEAF SKELETONIZER.
(Canarsia Hammondi Ril.).

In some regions of the United States this insect is very
numerous and correspondingly injurious. As it is also found
‘in Minnesota its life-history is given, so that in case it
should become destructive it may be recognized and treated
accordingly.

The leaves of apple-trees, and especially of the younger
ones in the nurseries, appear sometimes blighted, corroded
and rusty. If we search for the cause for this injury we
shall find it to be produced by the gnawings of little worms,
the young of this insect, which feed solely on the green pulpy

218 PYRAUSTID.

parts of the upper surfaces of the leaf, not touching the
harder and more fibrous frame-work of the same. In ex-
treme cases this green substance has been so thoroughly
removed by the jaws of the worms that nothing remains
but the semi-transparent epidermis below and the net-work
of veis; in most cases, however, a little of the parenchyma
is left, which assumes a bright russet-red color. The cater-
pillar always covers the leaf with loose silken threads, with
which are mixed the minute grains of the gunpowder-like
excrement; below this covering
it is protected and here it feeds
singly or in groups; in the latter
case a number of leaves are
drawn together to give addi-
tional shelter. The caterpillar is
pale-brownish, about half an
inch long, and marked with four
conspicuous black shining tuber-
cles, with a pale basalannulation
near the head. The pupa is
Fig. 206.—Canarsia Hammonai generally formed among the
enlarged; bon jointstill moreen. leaves in a very slight cocoon; it
Ded ake LD Cate is of a pale brown color and
about a quarter of an inch long. In confinement the cater-
pillars go below the surface of the ground, and in this case
they cover their cocoons with grains of sand. The insect
hibernates in the pupal state. The insect is shown in Fig.
206. |

The strangely marked moth has the fore-wings of a
deep, glossy, purplish-gray, marked with two silver-gray
transverse bands.

This insect is also preyed upon by a number of parasites,
which in Minnesota seem to be able to keep it well in check.
A little of the arsenical poisons used in time will prevent in-
juries, especially in our nurseries, where the insect can be-

come a decided nuisance.

FEATHER-WING MOTHS. ; 219
FAMILY PTEROPHORIDAY OR FEATHER-WING MOTHS.

This is a very interesting little family of small slim
moths, which are distinguished by having long slender legs
and long narrow fore-wings split into lobes, feathers or
plumes. Occasionally the fore-wings have only one cleft or
fissure which does not extend beyond the middle, but some-
times they are split their full length. The hind-wings may be
divided into from four to six lobes or feathers. As a general
rule these insects are not very common or infest wild plants;
some, however, can become quite injurious to cultivated
ones. It is strange how rapidly insects of all kinds will
increase in numbers if food is abundant and enemies scarce.
We had an interesting case near the Experiment Station
some years ago. A good many new streets were opened
and the soil taken from them, in most cases clear sand, was
thrown upon some low lots with the view of raising them
to the level of the street. Upon this sand nothing would
grow for two seasons but the common thistle, which flour-
ished, however, to such an extent as to form an impenetrable
wilderness. About the time that the first flowers were
ready to expand all the terminal branches of the plants died
and it was found that each branch was inhabited by a single
caterpillar of a feather-winged moth. The thistles, how-
ever, recovered, and each plant sent out a number of new
branches, which produced a large number of flower buds;
they were also destroyed by a second generation of these
moths, which in turn were killed by parasites, so that after
all the plants succeeded in producing numerous seeds but
very much later than usual.

THE RASPBERRY PLUME.

(Oxyptilus tenuidactylus Fitch).

This is a very beautiful little moth and by no means very
uncommon. It measures about an inch across the expanded
wings. The head and thorax are dark tawny-brown with a

220 FEATHER-WING MOTHS.

tinge of coppery-red; the posterior part of the thorax is white.
The fore-wings which have a deep brownish or coppery
color with a metallic lustre and a few short silvery-white
lines, are cleft down the middle about half their depth; this
division, as well as the outer edge, is fringed The hind-
wings, which resemble the fore-wings in color, are cleft into
three parts, of which the posterior one is almost linear; all
are deeply fringed. The antenne are ringed with silvery-
white, and spots of the same color are also found upon legs
and body, the latter having the same color as the wings.
When at rest the wings are closed in a very peculiar fashion.

The caterpillars of this moth are found full grown
towards the middle of June; they are then about four-tenths
of an inch long, of a pale yellowish-green color, streaked.

Fig. 207.—Oxyptilus tenuidactylus Fitch. After Saunders.

with pale yellow, and with transverse rows of shining
tubercles,from each of which rise from two to six spreading
hairs of a yellowish-green color. The small head is pale
green, with a faint brown dot oneach side. The caterpillar
spins a loose web between leaves, and in it changes to a
pupa, which is suspended somewhat like the chrysalis of
diurnal butterflies, which it also resembles, not being
rounded as are most of the pupz of moths but being quite
angular. It is less than three-tenths of an inch long,
pointed behind, enlarging gradually towards the front,
where near the end it slopes abruptly to the tip. Itis ofa
pale green color, with a darker green line along the back,
margined oneachside with a whitish ridge; the pupa is more
orless hairy. Before the perfect insect escapes the pupa grad-
ually assumes adarkercolor. The insect isshown in Fig. 207.

At present this insect, which feeds also upon the black-
berry, is not common enough to cause injury.

FEATHER-WING MOTHS. 227
THE GARTERED GRAPE PLUME.
(Oyptilus periscelidactylus Fitch).

This moth is sometimes quite abundant, and has else-
where caused some injury to the foliage of the grape-vine.
The caterpillars appear very early in spring, or as soon as
the leaves unfold; they have the bad habit of fastening to-
gether the terminal leaves into a large ball, within which
they live, feeding upon the tender leaves and young bunches
of flowers. This habit causes the caterpillars to do con-
siderable damage, but when we investigate the case more
thoroughly we find that after all this is not so great since in
most cases they do not commence operations until the
clusters of flowers are already too large to be enclosed inthe
web, hence are not always eaten. The insects reach their
full size quite early, giving the
damaged shoot an opportunity to
send out anew spur from the last
leaf, so that the effects from the
presence of the worm are scarcely
noticed afterwards. In June the
worms reach their full size, when
they are about half an inch in
length, of a yellowish-green color,
with transverse rows of dull yellow
tubercles, from each of which arises
a small tuft of white hairs. Owing
to these tufts of hairs the cater-
pillars resemble those of some
“Woolly Bears.” A line along the

back is of deeper green, and the

Fig. 208.—Oyptilus perisceli-
dactylus Fitch. a, caterpillars; ; - = L seo-
5, pupa; c, peculiar horn on back body 1S paler betw een the seg
of pupa; d, moth; e, one segment
of caterpillar. After Riley.

ments. The \small yellowish-green
head has a black band across the
front; the feet are black, tipped with pale-green; the
long and thin prolegs are greenish. As soon as mature

222 FEATHER-WING MOTHS.

the worm spins a few silken threads on the under side of a
leaf, or in some other sheltered spot, and having entangled
its hind-legs firmly in this web of silk it sheds its hairy skin
and becomes a pupa, which is a very odd looking affair,
about four-tenths of an inch long, very angular and rugged,
and most decidedly active if touched. It possesses on the
middle of the back two rather long and compressed horns
placed side by side, and extending upwards; other projecting
points and ridges are also found. Its color is pale yellow-
ish-green. After remaining in this condition for about two
weeks it gives forth the perfect insect. Fig. 208 shows this
insect in its different states.

The moth, expanding about seven-tenths of an inch, is a
very pretty insect; it has long and narrow fore-wings, cleft
down the middle about half way to their base, the posterior
half of the wing possesing a notch in the outer margin.
Their color is yellowish-brown, with a metallic lustre and
several dull whitish streaks and spots. The hind-wing is
colored in a similar manner, and is divided into three lobes;
the lower division is complete, extending to the base; the
upper one not more than two-thirds of the distance. All
margins of the wings, including those of the lobes, are
bordered with a broad whitish fringe, sprinkled here and
there with brown; the long and slender body is a little
darker than the wings; the moderately long and thread-like
antenne are nearly black, beautifully dotted with white
throughout their whole length. The legs are long, alter-
nately banded with yellowish-brown and white, the pos-
terior ones ornamented with two pairs of diverging spines,
which possess at their base a garter-like tuft of long brown
scales.

The moth produces but one annual generation, hence is
not very difficult to keep in check by picking off the infested
tips, or by crushing the caterpillars within the webbed
leaves. |

BELL-MOTHS; LEAF-FOLDERS. 223
SUPER-FAMILY TORTRICINA OR BELL-MOTHS.

These moths are generally small, with broad fore-wings
usually squarely cut off. The front margin ofthe wing curves
forward very strongly near the base of the wing, and at rest
the broad fore-wings fold above the body like a roof. The
wings are usually of the color of the body and frequently
without markings. Most of the caterpillars, which, how-
ever, vary greatly in habits, are leaf-rollers, and this habit
suggested the name ‘‘Tortrix.’’ The leaves are rolled to-
gether in various ways, and are not simply used as shelter
but also as food, and in many cases such a leaf is at first
the nest for an entire brood of caterpillars.

THE FAMILY TORTRICIDAZ OR TYPICAL LEAF-FOLDERS.

Considerably more than one hundred different kinds of
our moths belong to this family. Most of their caterpillars
_are decidedly injurious and not a few are found upon our
' fruit-producing plants.

THE CRANBERRY LEAF-FOLDER.

(Teras oxycoccana Pack.).

Only a single specimen of this insect was found near
Park Rapids, showing, however, that the moth exists in our
state, perhaps in large numbers. If the growing of cran-
berries in’ our numerous bogs, some of which are well
adapted to this purpose, should become much more of a
business than it is now there is but little doubt that this in-
sect will prove destructive. It is a small moth, spreading
nearly three-fourths of an inch across the wings, with
uniform reddish-brown fore-wings with a peculiar silky
lustre; the red tint is caused by scattered bright-red scales.
The hind-wings are glistening gray; the body is of a dark

224. LEAF-FOLDERS.

slate color, with a pale tuft of hairs at the tip of the
abdomen.

Prof. John B. Smith who has studied very closely the
insects infesting the cranberries, has come to the conclusion
that by keeping the bogs covered with water until after the
middle of May, thus compelling the moths to deposit their
eggs on other plants belonging to the same natural family,
the intelligent cranberry-grower can prevent or greatly
lessen the damage done by this and allied insects.

THE LESSER APPLE LEAF-FOLDER.
_(Teras minuta Rob.).

This insect occurs sometimes in great numbers and is
consequently injurious to apple-trees, especially the younger
ones, or those still in the nursery, and causes them to look
as if scorched by fire. The caterpillars are small greenish
larvee, smooth, with pale brown
heads and whitish markings.
They appear early in spring, and
by drawing together the still
tender leaves with silkenthreads
they form a sort of protecting
roof over themselves, which
serves both as a shelter and as
food. The second brood does

Fig. 210.— Teras minuta Rob., NOt form this protecting shelter,
Sete sane pia phigaan eater Tiger? Dut simply constructs a web over
Se ae ae the surface of the leaf. The full
erown caterpillar eats off the upper cuticle of a por-
tion of a leaf, and then brings the edges together, tying
them with silken threads, so as to form a snug little retreat
lined with white silk, inside of which it changes to a brown
pupa, about three-tenths of an inch long. Some segments of
the pupa are furnished with minute spines and the posterior

LEAF-FOLDERS, 225

extremity has two hooks bent downwards; by means
of spines and hooks it works itself half way out of the
retreat before the escape of the moth. See Fig. 210, d.

The moth has the head, thorax and fore-wings of a
bright orange color; the hind-wings, body and legs are
whitish, with a silken lustre. The moth expands about half
an inch across the wings.

The first brood appears very early in spring, in time to
deposit their eggs on the young and just unfolding foliage;
the second brood is common during the latter part of July.

PACKARD’S YELLOW CRANBERRY WORM.
(Teras vaccinivorana Pack.).

This is considered a variety of the above insect. Itisa
very common insect in the eastern cranberry bogs and may
also occur in Minnesota. The caterpillar of this insect
draws the leaves of the cranberry together with silken
threads, and teeds upon their upper surface; it is pale yel-
low, with a slight greenish tinge, with a few fine, long, pale
hairs arising {rom prominent tubercles.

THE GREEN APPLE-LEAF TYER.
(Teras minuta var. cinderella Ril.).

This is considered as being simply a slate-colored
variety, but sufficiently well-marked to deserve a name. Its
fore-wings are of a glossy dark ash-gray color; the hind-
wings are a little paler.

The small caterpillar, which is yellowish-green, with a
horny head and neck of a deeper yellowish color, has a
crescent-shaped black mark upon the former. Like all leaf-
rollers or leaf folders it draws together the edges ofa leafand
lives within the fold. It is a very active and minute worm,

226 LEAF-FOLDERS.

which wriggles quickly out of its case and drops to the
ground as soon as disturbed.

All these insects are rather difficult to exterminate on
account of their method of living in protecting folds, but
repeated spraying at the proper time with arsenical poisons
will prove successful.

THE OBLIQUE-BANDED LEAF-ROLLER.
(Caccecia rosaceana Harr.). °

This is a very common insect found upon the apple,
plum, cherry, rose, raspberry, gooseberry, currant, straw-
berry and other plants. In some seasons it is decidedly
injurious, and many complaints are made, especially by
lovers of the rose, whose pets are disfigured by the presence
of such worms. When mature they are about three-quarters
of an inch long, of a pale-green or yellowish-green color,
. but sometimes reddish or brownish, with head and cervical-
shield brown; there is usually a darker green stripe along
the back, and a few smooth dots on each segment, from
each of which arises a short fine hair. The young cater-’
pillars appear as soon as the buds of the apple-tree begin to
unfold; they roll up and fasten together the still tender
leaves which furnish them both shelter and food. When
mature the caterpillar prepares its old dwelling place into a
safer retreat by lining its inside with silk; it now changes
to a pupa of a dark-brown color, from which issues towards
the end of June or early in July the winged insect, shown in
Fig. 211, Plate VIII.

This and a few other closely allied moths are character-
ized by a peculiar form; when their wings are folded they are
short, broad and flat insects, resembling bells in outline; the
expanded wings are very much arched on the front edge,
curving in a contrary direction near the tip. The body of
the moth is reddish-brown, the fore-wings of a light cin-

LEAF-FOLDERS. 227

namon-brown crossed with wavy darker brown lines, and
with three broad, oblique, dark-brown bands, one of which
covers the base of the wings and is sometimes indistinct or
wanting; the second crosses the middle of the wings, and
the third, which is broad on the front edge and narrow be-
hind, is near the outer hind margin. The hind-wings are
ochre-yellow, with the folded part next to the body blackish.
The moth expands nearly an inch across the wings; it varies
considerably in color, but the description given will fit the
majority.

Besides eating the foliage the caterpillars are also very
fond of the skin of the young apple, and the spots abraded
by them soon change to a brown and rusty color, or crack
open. The injury caused by these worms is sometimes
greater than is warranted by their size, especially if they
have selected the terminal branches of a tree for their home;
in this case the growth of the branch is checked for quite a
long time.

Notwithstanding the fact that the leaf-rollers form
hollow cylinders firmly fastened together with silken threads,
or other equally snug quarters as a protection against
birds and other enemies, they are readily found by a number
of parasites. The Baltimore Oriole, with its pointed beak,
rarely makes a mistake in finding the worm, and in most
cases the first attempt to pick up the hidden insect is suc-
cessful, as shown by the single perforation found in such
leafy cylinders.

Hand-picking done early in the season is always a good
and safe remedy, but can only be done in small orchards
with low-growing trees. If the insect becomes at all
numerous we should spray the trees with arsenical poisons.

228 LEAF-FOLDERS.
THE ROSE LFAF-FOLDER.
(Cacoecia rosana Linn.).

This common leaf-roller, found both in Europe and the
United States, feeds also on the apple, wild-rose, raspberry,
hazel, hawthorn, currant, gooseberry and other plants. It
has not yet been found in Minnesota, but may occur here.

THE CHERRY-TREE LEAF-FOLDER.

(Caceecia cerasivorana Fitch).

Caterpillars of this insect are frequently exceedingly
numerous, not alone on the wild cherries but on the culti-
vated ones as well. As long as they are still young they are
not readily detected, but as they grow older they draw to-
gether with silken threads the leaves and twigs of the
infested plant, and in this manner form a very large and un-
sightly nest. The caterpillars, which are gregarious in their
habits, feed inside these enclosures; thev are about five-eighths
of an inch long, nearly cylindrical, and have a black head;
the body is yellow above and a little paler between the seg-
ments, and is covered with a few very fine yellowish hairs.
The anterior portion of the second segment and the pos-
terior portion of the terminal one is black; there is also a
faint dorsal line of a darker shade; the under side is similar
to the upper in color and the six true claw-like feet are black.
The caterpillars change to pupz inside the nest, and these
latter, when about to give forth the moths, work their way
out and hang suspended from the outer portion of the nest,
clinging to it only by the hooks at the tail end of their
bodies. Here the winged insects emerge, leaving the empty
pupal skins projecting from the web. The pupa is of a pale
brown color. The moths vary greatly in size, ranging from

our-fifths of an inch to one and one-fifth inches across the

LEAF-FOLDERS. 229

expanded wings. These latter are broad and flat, the outer
edge of the fore-wings being rounded towards the base, and
straight from the middle to the tip; they are crossed by
irregular wavy bands, alternately of bright ochre-yellow
and pale leaden blue; the yellow bands are
varied with darker spots, the most con-
spicuous of which is placed on the outer
margin of the tip, and from this spot a
Fie 212, -Cacecigz .Proader ochre-yellow band extends _ to-
cerasivorana Fitch. wards the hind angle, and curves thence
to the inner angle; the hind-wings and
entire under surface are pale ochre-yellow. This moth is
shown in Fig. 212, and also on Plate VIII.

There are seasons in which these caterpillars are so
numerous that whole trees, especially the smaller varieties
of wild cherries, are entirely enclosed by several united webs,
‘and all leaves are eaten, so that frequently ncthing is left
but a few cherries, which, however, shrivel betore long. If
numerous the unsightly webs should be removed with their
occupants and should be burned. Any application with
arsenical poisons would be useless at this time, as the leaves
could not well be reached on account of the web enclosing
them.

THE CRANBERRY LEAF-ROLLER.

(Cacoecia paralella Rob.).

A few of these insects were observed during the middle of
June in a swamp near St. Anthony Park, and a closer in-
spection showed that a number of cranberry plants were
webbed together. The caterpillars were about three-fourths
of an inch long, reddish, with yellow heads, and a number of
very prominent warts upon their backs; from each one of
these tubercles grew one or more rather long and stiff hairs.
None of these caterpillars pupated in confinement, but as

230 _ LEAF-FOLDERS.

they agreed very well with the description given by Prof.
Smith, there is little doubt that they were the young of this
insect.

The moth (Fig. 213) has reddish-orange fore-wings,
crossed diagonally by numerous fine lines
ofa darker red-brown.. There is also a
broad, oblique, red-brown band across
the middle of the wing, and a second of
the same color extends to its tip, forming
atriangular apical space; it is itself crossed
by still darker brown lines; the hind-wings are pale yellow.

» Fig. 213.—Cacacia
paralella Rob.

THE Y-MARKED CACCECIA.
(Caccecia argyrospila Walk.).

This is also a common species which flies towards theend :
of June. Its caterpillar is a very general feeder, being found
upon the rose, hickory, apple, oak, maples, elm, cherry, and
even upon such plants as vetches. The colors of the moth
vary considerably, but are usually a shining, pale, lemon-
yellow, with a basal patch, central fascia and large costal
spot rich, dark, velvety-brown. The spaces between the or-
dinary markings areclouded and speckled with dark brown,
intermixed with ochraceous scales; fringes pale ochraceous.
The hind-wings are dark fuscous. (Fig. 214, Plate VIII).

THE HICKORY LEAF-ROLLER.
(Lophoderus juglandana Fern.).

This insect has once been found flying among some
young hickory and black walnut trees, and as it is known
to be injurious to these plants, it is best to give a short de-
scription of it. The whole insect, with the exception of the
lower wings, which are of a fuscous color, is dark reddish-

LE \F-FOLDERS. 23]

brown; each of the fore-wings has two oblique, narrow
bands of darker brown, and in the male there are scattered
a few scales of straw-yellow color, especially along the
borders of the oblique bands.

THE APPLE LOPHODERUS.
(Lophoderus triferana Walk.).

This leaf-roller occurs on the apple, rose and on many
other plants; it is very much smaller than juglandana. The
fore-wings are pale reddish-brown within the central fascia;
the internal margin is broadly covered at base with black-
ish-brown scales forming a rather promineut irregular spot-
The central fascia is broad, distinctly dark-brown, some-
times reddish-brown. The sub-apical costal spot is dark-
brown, and separatec from the central fascia by a reddish-
brown shade. The remaining outer portion of the wing is
pale ochreous except a testaceous-brown spot above the
anal angle; fringes dark ochreous.

THE RUSTY-BROWN TORTRIX.
(Platynota flavedana Clem.).

This insect feeds in its larval state upon the strawberry,
raspberry, red and white clover. It is not very common,
but is found from time to time in fairly large numbers,
showing that it can under favorable conditions become in-
jurious. The full grown caterpillar is about half an inch
long, of a dark yellowish-green color, with’ the piliferous
tubercles a little lighter and faintly polished. Head and
thoracic-plate are reddish, first joint and anterior margin of
the thoracic segment white; the anal-plate is concolorous
with the body, sometimes a little lighter. There are three
dusky spots near the anterior margin of the anal-plate; the

232 LEAF-FOLDERS.

tip of the segment has eight short and stiff bristles, and the
whole body is covered with minute brown granulations.
Early in September these caterpillars change to brownish
pupz with the usual short spines on the edges of the dorsal
side of the abdominal segments. Soon afterwards the
moths appear, of which the sexes differ considerably. The
males are of a dark-brown color over the
larger part of the fore-wings, with minute
tufts of scales over the surface; the outer
portion and base of the wings are reddish-
Hig. 217.-Piatpaotn Yellow, the hind-wings are dull rust-red.
pes ee Tent: The females are dull rust-red, the fore-
wings with three oblique bands across
them, nearly obliterated in places. The expanse of wings
in the male is five-eighths of an inch, that of the female three-
fourths of aninch. (Fig. 217).

THE SULPHUR-COLORED TOR’ RIX.
(Dichelia sulfureana Clem.).

The caterpillars of this insect are rather general feeders;
they are also found upon the leaves of the grape and the
strawberry, which they draw together. Their home is most
frequently arranged in such a manner that it forms a tube,
open at either end; they feed upon the surrounding foliage,
of which they devour only the under surface as long as they
are still small, but later they eat irregular holes.. Like most

of such larve they are very active and
escape from their tubes by suspending
themselves by a silken thread, by which
. theycan let themselves down tothe ground
Fig. 218.—Diehelia 21d reascend to their shelters. The cylin-
sulfureana Clem. drical caterpillar 18° slightly “usi-tormr
head and thorax are very pale honey-yel-

low, the rest of the body is yellowish-green with the ali-

GRAPHOLITHIDS. 233

mentary canal showing dark green through the dorsum.
The piliferous tubercles are slightly paler than the rest of
the body, and each one is surmounted by a brownish hair.
The spiracles are green with a brown ring. Most of the
caterpillars transform early in July to pupe of a dark shin-
ing brown; the moths issue soon afterwards. They are ofa
beautiful bright-sulphur and golden-yellow color, with a
Y-shaped purplish red mark across each fore-wing, and more
or less of the same color along the front border. They
measure with expanded wings about half an inch across.
Fig. 218.

FAMILY GRAPHOLITHIDEZ OR GRAPHOLITHIDS.

These moths are readily distinguished from the other
Tortricids by the presence of a fringe of long hairs on the
basal part of the cubitus of the hind-wings. Nearly two-
thirds of all our species of Tortricids belong to it.

THE GRAPE-BERRY MOTH.
(Eudemis botrana Schiff.).

This insect was imported many years ago into this
country from southern Europe where it is very injurious.
It is now very widely distributed in the United States,
occurring probably wherever the grape is cultivated to any
extent. It attacks all varieties of grapes, but is especially
destructive to those with tender skinned berries or which
grow in compact bunches. It feeds also upon a number of
other plants and can become such a very injurious pest that
it has been known to destroy as much as 50 to 75 per cent.
of a crop. In the more southern states it produces three
annual generations, but only two farther north. The first
brood of it is but rarely noticed, and no protective steps are
taken; later in the season it can multiply with great rapidity,
when it is apt to become decidedly injurious to the grapes
maturing late.

234 GRAPHOLITHIDS.

The young caterpillars injure the berries early in July,
when the infested fruit shows a discolored spot where the
larva has entered. When we open the berry we generally
find in the pulp a long and thin larva of a whitish-green
color. Besides feeding on the pulp it sometimes eats por-
tions of the seeds, and if the contents of a single berry are
not sufficient two or more are drawn together by means of
silk, mixed with castings. Such injured berries begin to
appear while the fruit is young and green, but they increase
in numbers as they ripen. Infested berries resemble very
much those that are afflicted by a disease called the Black
Rot. The young larva is about an eighth of an inch long,
has a black head and a blackish cervical-shield; its body is

Fig. 219.—Endemis botrana Schiff.; a, moth; b, larva; c, pupa; d case with
empty pupa. all enlarged; f, grapes with worm natural size. Mfrom Diy. of E1i-
tomology, Dep.-of Agriculture.

dull whitish or yellowish-green. It is always very active
and is apt to wriggle out of the grape and escape. When
full grown it is about one-third of an inch long, and is now
olive-green or dark-brown. At this time it abandons the
berry, and now cuts out of the grape-leaf a little flap, which
it folds over and fastens with silk, thus forming a small
oblong case, in which it changes to a yellow or yellowish-
brown pupa. Sometimes the larva simply rolls over a piece
of the edge of a leaf and thus forms a retreat, which it lines
with silk. The moth measures with expanded wings nearly

GRAPHOLITHIDS 235

four-tenths of an inch across. Its fore-wings are of a slate-
color, or of a pale dull bluish shade, with a slight metallic
lustre, and ornamented with dark reddish-brown bands and
spots; the hind-wings are dull brown, deeper in color
towards the margin; the body is greenish-brown. The last
generation of larvae remains in their leaf-cases through the
winter, and emerges earlyin the spring. This, the first brood
of caterpillars, feeds upon the leaves, tendrils and blossoms
of the grape, there being not yet any berries to enter. All
states of this insect are shown in Fig. 219.

Mr. Marlatt writes in one of the late bulletins of the
Div. of Entomology that: ‘‘the use of poisons is not practi-
cable except against the first brood, which develops on the
green part of the vine, and here the result is doubtful, be-
cause it is more than likely to breed on a great variety of
foliage and spraying would not afford much protection.
Bagging the grapes as soon as the fruit sets will undoubt-
edly protect them from this insect, and at the same time from
Black Rot.. Of greater practical value, especially in larger
vineyards, is the prompt collection and burning of all fallen
leaves in autumn, thus destroying the hibernating larve and
pup, and also the collection and destruction of diseased
fruit wherever feasible. Early gathering and shipping or
disposal of fruit otherwise is a particularly valuable step, as
it insures the removal of the larva in the grapes from the
vineyard if not their destruction in wine making. All fallen
fruit should also be gathered and destroyed.”

THE APPLE BUD-WORM.
(Exartema malana Fern.).

This insect has been quite injurious in northen Illinois,
where the young caterpillar after devouring the bud, fastens
the leaf-stalk of one of the leaves growing near the tip to
the side of the branch, and thus forms a sort of tunnel

236 GRAPHOLITHIDS.

between the leaf-stalk and the branch, in which it finds a
shelter during the day, issuing from it at night to eat the
leaf so secured. It is stated that if it has eaten this leaf it
also devours the newly formed wood, even burrowing for a
short distance into the twig. The tips of the infested twigs
usually die back as far as the base of the first perfect leaf,
where a new bud fornis, which soon assumes the position of
the one destroyed. As this new bud is late in starting, and
never grows straight, the injury caused by these small
worms interferes seriously with the growth of the trees, arid
also mars their beauty. As long as young the caterpillar is
pale greenish or yellowish-green, sometimes tinged with
pink on the back. It has a yellowish head, with a black dot
on each side; the cervical-shield is also yellowish. When full
grown it measures about half an inch in length and itisnow
of a dark flesh color; its body is marked with a number of
small shining spots, and the head and horny cervical-shield
are black. When about full grown it deserts the tunnel on
the twig and constructs a yellow woolly tube or case upon
one of the leaves, in which it lives, issuing at night to feed
upon the neighboring leaves; if it has to move it drags its
case along. Soon afterwards it closes the house with a
silken door and tranforms inside to a pupa, from which the
moth issues in about ten days.

There is but one annual brood of this insect. Its fore-
wings are white, mottled and spotted with greenish-brown;
there is a large grayish-brown spot at the tip, mottled with
white, and another towards the base of the wing, of a
darker shade; the front edge is mottled with grayish-brown;
the hind-wings are dusky.

The insect has as yet not been found in our state, but
very likely it has been over looked. It can be kept in check
by the proper use of Paris-green or London-purple mixed in
the proportion of one teaspoonful of the poison to two gal-
lons of water. Hand-picking is also a great help, and most
of these insects can be gathered while still in their burrows

GRAPHOLITHIDS. 237

near the tip of the twigs. Wherever thespraying oforchards
is practiced the insect can not become very numerous and
destructive.

THE RASPBERRY LEAF-ROLLER.
(Exartema permundana Clem.).

This insect has received a number of other popular
names, which indicate its food habits; it is called in southern
New England the Hickory Exartema, because it feeds on the
leaves of the hickory. Prof. Saunders calls it the Neat
Strawberry Leat-roller. He says: ‘‘This pernicious little
caterpillar appears just about the time that the strawberry
blossoms are opening, and delights to form its protecting
case by drawing the flowers and flower-buds tegetherinto a
ball, and to feast upon their sub-
stance, a peculiarity which renders
its attacks much more injurious than
any mere consumption of leaves

would be. The larva is of a green
color; with the head and upper part
of the next segment black. When

full grown it is about five-eighths of

Fig, 221. — Exartema per-
cages eaine tain eed an inch long, LST AVC Igy) active in 1ts

habits, and wriggles itself quickly
out of its hiding place when disturbed. Late in June or
early in July it changes to a brown chrysalis, from which
in a few days the perfect insect escapes.

“The moth which is shown magnified in Fig. 221, has
its fore-wings yellowish or greenish-brown, varying much in
shade of color, with irregular lighter markings crossing the
wings obliquely; the hind-wings are ashy-brown.

“The caterpillar is very destructive in some districts, and
feeds upon the wild strawberries as well as on the culti-

’

vated varieties.’

GRAPHOLITHIDS.

ie)
ie)
i 2)

Dr. Packard says that “from eggs laid the previous
autumn on the twigs of hickories, the insect being probably
double brooded, the caterpillars hatch out simultaneously
with the opening of the leaves in spring, living about a week
or ten days in this state between the folded leaves or rolling
them up sideways or from the apex to the base; in the fold
or roll thus made, which it lines with silk, it changes to a
chrvsalis, remaining about a fortnight in this state until in
the third week in June, in southern New England, it appears
as a beautifully marked moth flying about and resting on
the leaves.’

The caterpillars of this insect are rather general feeders,
being found, besides on the plants already mentioned, upon
the Siberian crabapple, raspberry, wild and cultivated black-
berry, hazel-nut and Spirea,

THE CRANBERRY-WORM.
(Rhopotota vacciniana Pack.).

Wherever this insect is common it causes great injury to
the foliage of the cranberry vines and on that account is
frequently called the ‘“fire-;worm.’”’ It has not been reported
from our state, but doubtless occurs here. The moth (Fig.
222) is of a dark ash-color; the
fore-wings are whitish, dusted with
brownand reddish scales, with nar-
row white bands on the front edge,
alternating with broader yellow-
ish-brown bands, five of which are
larger than the others, and from
four of these, distinct but irregular
lines cross the wings. The tips of the fore-wings are dark-

”

ciniana Pack.

brown and very pointed; the hind-wings are dusky gray.
In the cranberry bogs of New Jersey they are very numerous
during the month of June, when eggs for a second generation

GRAPHOLITHIDS. 239

are deposited, the caterpillars of which appear early in July,
succeeded by the perfect insect, which deposits the eggs that
remain dormant until the following spring.

The caterpillar is green, with a few hairs scattered over
the surface of its body. Like other leaf rollers it feeds upon
the tender growing shoots, drawing the leaves together,
fastening them with silken threads and concealing itself
within the enclosure. As soon as full grown it spinsa slight
cocoon, either among the leaves on the vine or among leaves
and rubbish on the ground, and there changes to the pupal
state, which lasts from ten to twelve days.

All cranberry insects can be largely destroyed by flood-
ing the bogs at the proper time; the vines should be kept
under water for two or three days, which will kill all insects
reached by it. Where this remedy can not be applied we
have to use the arsenical poisons.

THE APPLE LEAE-SEWER.

(Phoxopteris nubeculana Clem.).

This oddly marked moth ( Fig. 223) is white, with brown
markings. It deposits its eggs in June, and the caterpillar

. is found throughout thesummer and autumn onapple leaves.

Fig. 223.—Phoxopteris nubeculana Clein, After Riley.

Like all leaf-rollers it folds the leaves together so that the
edges meet, thus forming of the whole leaf a hollow case, in-

240° GRAPHOLITHIDS.

side of which it hides and feeds. The caterpillar is greenish-
vellow, with a yellow head and a littledarker horny cervical-
shield, with a black dot on each side. On each of the
remaining segments are a number of pale, shining, raised
dots, from every one of which arises a single hair. As soon
as the worms are full grown, on the approach of winter,
they line their shelters with silk and fall with the leaf to the
ground; they do not change to a pupa, which is yellowish-
brown, until early in the following spring. When the
enclosed moth is ready to emerge the pupa wriggles its way
through the partly decayed case and thus gives the moth a
chance to escape.

This insect is by no means a stranger in our orchards
and nurseries and it has been known to become so numerous
as to seriously injure the foliage of apple-trees. The burning
of all leaves and other rubbish is in this case also an excel-
lent remedy.

THE STRAWBERRY LEAF-ROLLER.
(Phoxopteris comptana Froel.).

This is the Strawberry Leaf-roller par excellence, though
other leaf-rollers also attack the leaves of this plant. This
insect is sometimes very common, causing in some seasons
considerable damage The moth appears early in July; it
has reddish-brown fore-wings, spotted with black and
white; the hind-wings are dusky, the head and thorax red-
dish-brown. It measures with expanded wings nearly half
an inch across. The eggs for a second brood are deposited
during the latter part of July, and the resulting caterpillars
are full grown towards the end of September, when they
pupate. They hibernate in this condition, and produce
moths the following spring.

The caterpillars roll the leaves into cylindrical cases,
secured by threads of silk; they feed inside these shelters and

GRAPHOLITHIDS. 241

cause the leaves to become discolored and to wither. They
reach a length of about one-third of an inch, and vary in
color from vyellowish-brown to dark-brown and green.
Their heads are horny, of a yellowish color, with a dark,
eve-like spot on each side. The cervical-shield is colored and
polished like the head; on every other segment area few pale
dots from each of which arises a single hair. The insect is
shown in Fig. 224.

Fig. 224.—Phoxopteris comptana Froel. After Saunders.

The best remedy against this pest is to mow the plants
and to burn them as soon as the fruit has keen gathered.
In replanting we should be careful and select only plants
from districts not infested with such injurious worms.

THE APPLE BUD-MOTH.
(Grapholitha prunivora Walsh).

This insect, which infests not alone the apple, but also
the plum and cherry, is not common in our state, and it is a
good thing for our fruit growers that such is the case, as it
can become decidedly destructive by eating the buds of ap-
ples before they expand, thuscausing much more injury than
if the leaves themselves were eaten. The larve of this insect
has also the bad habit of feeding inside cherries, which usu-
ally drop in consequence.

242 GRAPHOLITHIDS.
THE CODLING MOTH.
(Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.).

It may seem that a discussion of this insect is not neces-
sary since it has received such very extensive attention at
different times, and especially within the last few years.
The discovery of a method of protecting orchards from their
ravages, however, only make it more desirable that the life-
history of the insect should be known in order that the
remedies may be properly applied.

The insect is double-brooded in most of the apple-grow-
ing regions. The adult moth issues from the pupal stage
shortly after or about the time of blossoming of the fruit
trees, and deposits itseggs in the calyx of the newly forming

Fig. 226.—Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. After Riley.

apple. It has been shown, however, that in some cases the
egg may be deposited elsewhere, even upon leaves. Soon
after hatching the larve enter the fruit and attain their
growth within, becoming mature about the first of July,
when they leave the apple and seek a shelter such as crevices
in the bark or rubbish on the ground in which to transform.

GRAPHOLITHIDS. 243

They pass through the pupal state in about two weeks, and
the moths issuing about this time deposit eggs for the second
brood. The worms developing from these are found in the
fall and early winter. Upon leaving the apple these larvze
form their cocoons in the cracks of barrels and bins, or near
places where the apples are stored.

The most successful method yet found of destroying
these insects consists in spraying the trees with a poisonous
solution shortly after the fall of the apple blossoms; its suc-
cess depends upon the poison being retained within thecalyx
of the apple until the time of hatching of the larvae, and upon
these obtaining for their first food some of the poison thus.
retained. For this spraying London-purple is in some
respects the most satisfactory material and should be used
at the rate of one and one-half pounds to one hundred gal-
lons of water; it becomes more efficient if a small portion of
soap or flour has been mixed with it. The powder should
be first made into a batter, after which it may bemixed with
the full quantity of water required. The spraying should be
done with a force-pump and a nozzle which will give a fine
mist that will settle upon all parts of the tree, and should be
continued until the leaves begin to drip. Of the nozzles
manufactured for this purpose there are several efficient
forms, which may besecured from manufacturers or through
hardware dealers. This spraying should be repeated within
a few days if there has been a shower of rain and it is con-
sidered wise to spray a second time eight or ten days later
even if there have been no showers.

It has been determined by careful experiment that nearly
seventy per cent. of the fruit that would otherwise be infest-
ed can be kept free of the worms by the use of this method;
and considering its cheapness and the ease with which it can
be applied even in large orchardsit is worthy of general adop-
tion.

Prof. Saunders in ‘Insects Injurious to Fruits,’’ a book
that should be in the hands of every itruit-grower, writes:

244 GRAPHOLITHIDS.

“‘This is one of the most troublesome insects with which
fruit-growers have to contend, and although of foreign
origin, having been imported from Europe about the begin-
ning of the present century, it is now found in almost all
parts of North America, entailing an immense yearly loss
upon apple-growers.

‘The early brood of moths appear on the wing about
the time of the opening of the apple blossoms, when the
female deposits her tiny yellow eggs singly in the calyx or
eye, just as the young apple is forming; in a few instances
they have been observed in the hollow at the stalk end, and
occasionally on the smooth surface of the cheek of the apple.
In about a week the egg hatches, and the tiny worm at once
begins to cut through the apple tothecore. Usually itscast-
ings are pushed out through the hole by which it hasentered,
the passage being enlarged from time to time for this pur-
pose. Some of the castings commonly adhere to the appie,
hence before the worm is full grown infested fruit may gener-
ally be detected by the mass of reddish-brown exuvie pro-
truding from theeye. Sometimes as the larva approaches
maturity it eats a passage through the apple at the side, as
shown in the figure, and out of this opening thrusts its cast-
ings, and through it the larve when full grown escape.
The head and upper portion of the first segment of the young
larva are usually black, but as it approaches maturity
these change to a brown color. The body is of a flesh-color,
or pinkish tint, more highly colored on the back; it is also
sprinkled with minute, elevated points, from each of which
arises a single fine hair.

“In three or four weeks from the time of hatching the
early brood of larve attain full growth, when the occupied
apples generally fall prematurely to the ground, sometimes
with the worm in them, but more commonly alter it has
escaped. The larvee, which leave the apples while still on
the trees, either crawl down the branches to the trunk of
the tree, or let themselves down to the ground by a fine

GRAPHOLITHIDS. 24.5

silken thread, which they spin at will. In either case,
whether they crawl up or down, the greater portion ofthem
find their way to the trunks of the trees, where, under the
rough bark and in cracks and crevices, they spin their
cocoons.

‘Having selected a suitable hiding place, the larva con-
structs a papery-looking silken cocoon, shown in the figure,
which is white inside, and disguised on the outside by at-
taching to the silky threads small fragments of the bark of
the tree or other available debris. After the cocoon is com-
pleted, the change to the chrysalis takes place in the early
brood in about three days. At first the pupa is of a pale
yellow color, deepening in a day or two to pale brown; the
insect remains in this condition about two weeks, when the
moth escapes.

“Each moth is capable of laying on an average probably
not less than fifty eggs, but these are not all matured at
once; by careful dissection they may be found in the body of
the moth in different stages of development. Hence they are
deposited successively, extending over a period of probably
from one to two weeks or more; add to this the fact that
some of the moths are retarded in their development in the
spring, and it is easy to account for the finding of larve of
various sizes at the same time; indeed sometimes the later
specimens from the first brood will not have escaped from
the fruit before some of the voung larve of the second brood
make their appearance, the broods thus, as it were, overlap-
ping each other, and very much extending the period for the
appearance of the winged insects.

“The moth, although small, is a beautiful object. The
fore-wings are marked with alternate irregular, transverse
wavy streaks of ash-gray and brown, and have on the inner
hind angle a large, tawny-brown spot, with streaks of light
bronze or copper color, nearly in the form of a horse shoe; at
a little distance they resemble watered silk. The hind-wings
and abdomen are of a light yellowish-brown, with thelustre

246 GRAPHOLITHIDS.

of satin. The moth conceals itself during the day-time, and
appears only at night, and, since it is not readily attracted
by light, is seldom seen. The second brood of moths are

usually on the wing during the latter half of July, when they

pair, and in a few days the female begins to deposit her eggs
for the latter brood of larve, geuerally selecting for this pur-
pose the later apples. These larve mature during the
autumn or early winter months; if they escape before the
fruit is gathered, they seek some sheltered nook under the
loose bark of a tree or other convenient hiding-place; but if
carried with the fruit into the cellar, they may often be

found about the barrels and bins in which it is stored; a
favorite hiding-place is bet ween the hoops and staves of the

apple barrels, where they are found sometimes by hundreds.

If thus provided with winter quarters and through negli-

gence allowed to escape, the fruit grower must. expect to

suffer increased loss from his want of care. Having fixed on

a suitable spot, the larva spins its little tough cocoon, firmly

fastened to the place of attachment and within this it re-

mains in the larval state until early the following spring,
when it changes to a brown chrysalis, and shortly after-
wards the moth appears, 'to begin the work,of the opening

‘season.

“Besides injuring the apple, it is very destructive to the
pear; it is also found on the wild crab, and occasionally on
the plum and peach. Sometimes two larve will be found in
the same fruit.

“REMEDIES —One of the most effective methods yet de-
vised for reducing the numbers of this insect is to trap the
larve and chrysalids and destroy them. This is best done
by applying bands around the trunks of the trees about six
inches in width; strip of old sacking, carpet, cloth, or fabric
of any kind will serve the purpose, and although not so
durable, many use common brown paper. Whatever mate-
vial is used it should be wound entirely round the tree once

or twice and fastened with a string or tack. Within such

GRAPHOLITHIDS. 247

enclosures the larvee hide and transform. The bands should
be applied not later than the 1st of June, and visited every
eight or ten days until the last of August, each time taken
off and examined, and all the worms and chrysalids found
under them destroyed; they should also be visited once after
the crop is secured. Some persons prefer to use narrower
bands, not more than four inches wide, and fasten them
with a tack, while others secure them in their place by
merely tucking the end under. Usually thecocoons under the
bandages are partly attached to the tree and partly to the
bandage, so that when the latter is removed the cocoon is
torn asunder, when it often happens that the larva or chry-
salis will fall to the ground, and if it escape notice may there
complete its transformations. Wide mouthed bottles partly
filled with sweetened water, and hung in the trees, have been
recommended as traps for the codling moth, but there is no
evidence that any appreciable benefit has ever been derived
from their use. A large number of moths can be captured in
this manner, but it is rare to find a codling moth among
them. Neither is the plan of lighting fires in the orchard of
much avail, since codling moths are rarely attracted by
light. Spraying the trees soon after the fruit has set, and
while it is still in an upright position, with a mixture of
Paris-green and water in the proportion of a teaspoonful to
a pailful of water, will deter the moths from placing their
eggs on the apples, and thus protect much of the fruit from
injury.

“The fallen fruit shoyld be promptly gathered and
destroyed. It has been recommended that hogs be kept in
the orchard for the purpose of devouring such fruit, and
where they can be so kept without injury to the trees or
other crops they will no doubt prove useful.

“This insect, while in the larval state, is so protected
within the apple that it enjoys great immunity from insect
enemies. Nevertheless it 1s occasionally reached by the ever
watchful Ichneumons, two species of which are known to

248 GRAPHOLITHIDS.

occur as parasites within the bodies of the larva. They
have been bred by Mr. C. V. Riley, who describes them in his
fifth Missouri Report. One is a small black fly, from one-
fourth to one-half inch in length; its legs are reddish, the
hind pair having a broad white ring. It is called the Ring-
legged Pimpla, Pimpla annulipes Br. The other species is
about the same size, but more slender, and of a yellowish or
brownish color. The female is provided with a long ovi-
positor. This species is known as the Delicate Longsting,
Macrocentrus delicatus Cresson. These useful insect friends
are not yet sufhciently numerous to check materially the
increase of the codling moth, and it is doubtful if they ever
will be. When the codling worm has left the frait in which
it has been feeding, and while wandering about in search of
a suitable spot in which to pass its chrysalis state, it is lia-
ble to be attacked by any of the Ground-beetles, (Carabidz),
both in their larval and their perfect state; also by the larva
of Soldier-beetles and other carnivorous insects. Some of
the smaller insectivorous birds are also said to devour this
insect both in the larval and in the pupal condition.”’

THE EYE-SPOTTED BUD-MOTH.
(Tmetocera ocellana Schiff. ).

This is also a very destructive insect, the larva of which
eats into the opening bud of the apple, plum, cherry, black-
berry and other plants. According to Prof. Fernald, who
gave a full account of the life-history of this insect: ‘the
moths pair and the female lays her eggs, when in confine-
ment, in clusters of from four to ten or eleven, often over-
lapping each other. They are oval, flattened, four-fifths of
a millimeter long, and half as wide, sordid white, with a
narrow border of clear transparent white, while the center
of the eggs is one complete mass of minute granules. In
about three days the center of the egg has grown darker and

GRAPHOLITHIDS. 249

the granules larger, and on either side there is a clear, white,
oval space about one-third the length of the egg. In about
two days more the outer edge of the center is of the same
color as in the last stage, and inside this is a narrow, lighter
band, while in the center is seen the form of a cylindrical
larva larger at one end, and both ends slightly curved
towards each other; and in one or two days more the whole
form of the larva is visible, the head, thoracic and anal
shield being black. The egg stage lasts from eight to eleven
days.

“When the young larva hatches it does not eat the shell
of the egg, but goes on to the tenderest leaves, and almost
immediately begins spinning a microscopic layer of silk,
under which it eats the outer layer or epidermis of the leaf.
The larva is then about three millimeters in length, of a
creamy-white color, with head, thoracic
and anal shields blackish-brown, and a few
minute pale hairs on the body; the head
is very large for the rest of the body. In
a week the larva is nearly four millimeters
Bee ee long, light vellowish-brown, with the head,

ocellana Schiff. thoracic and anal shields dark-brown, and

it eats minute holes through the leaf, its

silken web now being visible to the naked eye. The larva

gradually becomes a trifle more brownish, increases in size
and enlarges its web along the side of the midrib.

“Tate in fall the silken web is quite heavy and thick,
and the larva deposits its excrements in little black pellets
in the form of a tube under the web, within which it hiber-
nates during the winter. Not unfrequently two leaves are
fastened together by the silk of the web and sometimes a
leaf is secured to a branch of the tree in the same manner.

“About the first of May the larva measures seven milli-
meters when resting, and eight when in motion. It is
cylindrical in form, with the head dark brown and of medium
size. The body is dark yellowish-brown, and the head,

250 GRAPHOLITHIDS.

thoracic and anal shields very dark, polished brown. There
are ten lighter brown protuberances on each segment,
from each of: which arises one pale hair. On the upper
surface of the ninth segment is seen the double undeveloped
reproductive organ of a light brown color. The legs are
dark brown and the prolegs yellowish-brown. About the
first of June the larva is from ten to twelve millimeters in
length, and the body has changed to a cinnamon-rufous
color. From the middle to the last of June it curls or draws
together several leaves which it lines with silk, and in which
it transforms to a pupa.

“The pupa is seven millimeters long, brownish-yellow,
tapering from the head to the posterior end, with the wing-
cases dark-brown. There are two rows of dark-brown
spines pointing backwards, across each abdominal segment.
The spiracles and anal segment are dark-brown. It remains
in the pupa stage about two weeks and then the moth
emerges.

‘For some years past, I have observed the habits of this
insect, and have been able to carry it through its transfor-
mations. The moths emerge between the last of June and
the middle of July, though belated specimens are sometimes
taken on the wing as late as the middle of August, and one
was taken at this place August 25th, 1889.

“The fore-wings expand about three-fifths of an inch.
The head, thorax, and basal third of the fore-wings, and also
the outer edge and fringe are dark ash-gray, the middle of
the fore-wings is cream-white, marked more or less with
costal streaks. Just before the anal angle are two short,
horizontal, black dashes followed by a vertical streak of
lead-blue, and there are three or four similar black dashes
before the apex, also followed by a streak of lead-blue.

“The hind-wings above and below the abdomen are
ashy-gray. The underside of the fore-wings is darker, and
has a series of light, costal streaks on the outer part.

“To destroy these caterpillars, it is desirable to gather

TINEIDS. 251

all the leaves from under the infested trees in the fall and
burn them, and also to shower the trees with one pound of
Paris-green in one hundred and fifty gallons of water, in the
spring when the buds first begin to swell.”

Besides the Tortricide thus far described-there are many
others that are fond of the leaves of our cultivated fruits,
but as all are similar in their modes of life, etc., it is not nec-
essary to mention them, especially as the remedies that can
be applied are also about the same.

SUPER-FAMILY TINEINA OR TINEIDS.

Tineids are all very minute moths, with narrow wings,
bordered by wide fringes; only a few possess broader wings
with narrow fringes. They are often very beautiful, their
wings being covered with scales that shine like silver and
gold, but their small size make it necessary to examine them
with a lens to appreciate their beauty. Their larve feed us-
ually upon or within the leaves of plants; others thrive
within nuts, seeds and dried fruits; still others eat dead ani-
mal matter, as woolens, fur and teathers; while a few are
predaceous, destroying scale-insects. Many species of such
moths occur in the United States and nearly one thousand
kinds have already been described. The work of most of the
mining species is very characteristic, and it seems that each
one infests only a particular species of plant, in the leaf of
which it makes a mine of definite shape, by means of which
an expert can determine the species that made it. There are
few leaves in late surnmer and autumn that donot show the
mines of different kinds of Tineids. When we study such
mines we find that the little larve of the Tineids live until
full grown between the two skins of a leaf, deriving their
nourishment from the green parenchyma.

252 TINEIDS.
THE PALMER WORM.

(Ypsolophus pomotellus Harr.).

According to Fitch this insect is in thestateoft New York
more or less common every year, making its appearance
towards the middle of June. In some years it becomes very
numerous, and as it ‘is a very general feeder the green foliage
of the trees infested can in a single day change to a withered
brown hue, as if scorched by fire. As long as the worms are
still young they eat only the green pulpy tissues of the leaf,
leaving its net work of veins entire,
but as they become larger they con-
sume the whole of the leaf except the
coarse veins. The voung and tender
leaves which grow at or near the
tips, are preferred; the older and

tougher ones are simply eaten at

Fig. 228.— Ypsolophus
Berson eles uarr: their tip ends, or have irregular

holes of various sizes gnawed in
them, some of these holes not being jlarger than a puncture
made with a pin. The green and soft ends of twigs are
also eaten. They enjoy eating either round holes or large
irregular cavities into young apples, which soon afterwards
wilt and drop to the ground.
The caterpillars vary greatly in color. When full grown
they measure almost half an inch in length, and are com-
monly pale-green or yellowish-green; along each side of
the back is a dusky stripe and above this a faint,
whitish one, and on the middle of the back is another dusky
stripe between the white ones. There are also several small
black spots, arranged symmetrically, and each yielding a fine
hair; the polished head is yellow. These caterpillars change
to pale tawny-yellow pupe in the same tuft of leaves in
which they resided; they make but a very slight cocoon.
The moths also vary greatly in coloration but the usual

TINEIDS. 253

color is ash-gray; the fore-wings are sprinkled more or less
with black scales, and have on the apical edge at the base of
the fringe six to seven equidistant black dots. On the disk
are also four larger black or brown dots, two before and
two behind the middle, the latter nearer together than the
former. The moth is shown in Fig. 228.

There are two other species of Palmer Worms, both
found occasionally in our orchards. These are the Com-
rade Plum Worm (Ypsolophus contubernalellus Fitch), and
the Striped Palmer Worm ( Y. malifoliellus Fitch).

In case these worms should become numerous they can
be successively combatted by spraying the trees with any of
the arsenical poisons; they are also readily dislodged by the
use of whale-oil soap diluted with water.

THE STRAWBERRY ROOT-BORER.
(Anarsia lineatella Zell.).

This insect is not found alone on the strawberry plant,
but is also very destructive to the twigs of a number of
trees. In the Eastern States it has the bad habit of boring
into the tender twigs of the peach tree, killing the terminal
buds, and in the western states it invades the young plum
trees ina similar way. In Europe it is also destructive to
the peach. It is an insect that can become very destructive
to the strawberry plants. Its caterpillar is only about half
an inch long, reddish-pink, fading into dull yellow on the
second and third segments; the cervical-shield is smooth,
horny, and of the same brownish-yellow color as the head.
A few shining and reddish dots are found on each segment,
from each of which rises a single, fine, yellowish hair. The
under surface of the worm is paler. It bores irregular chan-
nels through the crown of the plant, sometimes excavating
large chambers; at other times it tunnels it in various
directions. If we examine such cavites or tunnels in spring

254 TINEIDS.

we will find in them a small, soft and silky case, almost filled
with castings, which no doubt was the hibernating quarters
of the worm. The caterpillars mature early in June, and
transform into small reddish-brown pupe, either inside the
cavity of the crown of the plant or outside among decayed
leaves or other rubbish.

The moth appears early in July; it is quite small, of a
dark gray color, with a few blackish-brown spots or streaks
on the fore-wings; the fringes on all wings are gray, tinged
with yellow.. Towards the end of July
or early in August this moth deposits
on the crown of the plant an egg which
soon hatches. The small worm burrows
at once into the heart of the plant, and
after making a snug silken home it re-
Ser = treats into it for the winter. Both

g worm and adult are shown in Fig. 229.

BAe rent ees Many remedies have been proposed,

stella Zell, After but the only certain one is to dig up the

infested plants and to burn them. If

they infest trees these should be clipped as soon as the

insects are discovered and the parts removed should also be
burned.

It seems more than doubtful that the same insect should

possess such different habits as eating into twigs of trees
and boring into the crowns of strawberries, and closer
investigation is needed to decide this question. Perhaps
two species of insects resembling each other very closely
cause these damages.

WILD CHERRY LEAF-MINER.
(Ornix geminatella Pack.).

The larva of this moth makes also a tentiform mine on
the under surface of the appleleaves, eating the parenchyma,

TINEIDS. 255

and forming a pupa at the edge of the turned up leaf in a
silken cocoon. The cylindrical larva reaches a length of
about one-fourth of an inch; it is grayish, with a light
brown head and a light yellow first thoracic segment. On
the dorsal surface of the rest of the body are four longi-

> Fig. 230.—Ornix geminatella Pack. After Comstock.

tudinal rows of white elevations, each segment having at or
near its middle one of these elevations in each row. Two
similar rows of elevations are found on each side of the
larva, and from each of these elevations arises a very long
hair. Uponthe back of the head are found conspicuous black
spots; upon the cervical-shield are also larger black spots;
the true legs are black on their outside while the inside is
grayish. As soon as full grown the larva leaves the mine

256 TINEIDS.

through a small circular hole at one end, and folds the edge
of the leaf over itself by means of silken threads and forms
in this shelter a delicate silken cocoon. Here it changes toa
pupa and hibernates. The pupa is brownish-yellow.

The moth is dark steel-gray, almost brown. The
thorax and fore-wings are steel-gray, the latter with about —
nine faint, whitish, costal streaks, the first near the base
and the last at the apex; all are faintly dark margined in-
ternally; the last three or four are nearly perpendicular to
the costal margin, crossing the wing and uniting near the
dorsal margin, where they are narrow and indistinct. There
is also a small black apical spot, behind which are three
dark hinder marginal lines in the fringes; a second one
is at the middle, and a third at the apex and the first at the
base of the fringes. The one at the base of the fringes be-
comes furcate in the dorsal fringes. The wings expand about
one-third of an inch. All the states of this insect are
shown in Fig. 230.

THE APPLE TREE CASE-BEARER.
(Coleophora malivorella Ril.).

These interesting insects are found from time to time in
large numbers on the twigs of apple trees. They make curi-
ous pistol-shaped cases, which on examination will reveal
the little architect inside; it is a minute larva of a pale-yel-
low color, with a faint rosy tint, a black head, and a few
short hairs on its body. The cases, which the caterpillars
carry always with them, are very tough, almost horn-like,
and form a very safe protecting shelter. When at rest the
caterpillars hoist these cases in the air, as shown in the
illustration, Fig.231,a. Similar cases are quite common on
the white-oak. As soon as the buds of the apple-trees com-
mence to swell these cases are found sticking to their out-
side, while the active little caterpillar is busily engaged in

TINEIDS. 257

destroying the tender leaves enclosed in them. Many fruit-
buds are thus destroyed, and nothing but their hollow shells
remain. Later in the season these active insects leave the
twigs and fasten their cases to leaves, from which they eat
the green pulp, so that nothing remains but a mereskeleton.
Soon after changing late in June to pupz the moths appear,

het ag
Mi!

Fig. 231.—Coleophora malivorella Ril. From Diy. of Entomology, Dep. of
Agriculture.
which deposit eggs, from which in the same season a new
brood of caterpillars hatches, which feed on the under side
of the leaves until the frost drives them to the twigs, to
which they fasten very securely their little cases.

The minute moth, measuring a little more than half an
inch across the wings, has brown wings with white scales;
the head and thorax is white, the abdomen whitish, and all
are dotted with brown scales.

GRAPE-VINE LEAF MINERS.
(Antispilla spec.).

There are a number of mines found in the leaves of the
wild and cultivated grape-vines, as well as in the closely
related Virginia-creepers, The minute caterpillars which

258 TINEIDS.

make these mines, form peculiar silken cases in which they
pupate, and as these cases are of different shapes they are
evidently made by different insects. A number of moths
have been described which make these mines; they are:
Antispilla viticordifoliella Clem., A. ampeliopsiella Cham.,
and A. isabella. These moths are very much smaller than
their names, and do not occur in sufficient numbers to cause
any serious injury. They are frequently parasitized, not-
withstanding their apparently perfect protection by leafand
silky cocoon.

THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM MINE OF THE APPLE.
(Lithocolletis crategella Clem.).

The caterpillar of this insect makes on the under side of
an apple leaf a tentiform mine, which has the upper surface

2

Fig. 232.—Lithocolletis cratxgella Clem. After Comstock.

spotted and honey-combed. When we open such a mine
early in September we discover in it a yellowish larva of a

TINEIDS. 259

cylindrical form, with a very long head, which is wedge-
shaped, quite pointed and bilobed. The peculiar shape of
this larva is shown in the illustration, Fig. 232. It pupates
in one end of the mine in a loose silken covering.

The moth has golden-brown fore-wings with white
streaks and spots. The face and lower side of antennz are
silvery white. There is a black apical spot. It expands
from three to five-sixteenths of an inch.

THE PEAR AND APPLE-TREE LEAF-MINER.
(Lithocolletis geminatella Pack.).

Among the numerous insects that mine the leaves of our
apple this insect becomes sometimes quite numerous, and
the blotched and disfigured foliage plainly indicates its pres-
ence. The worm is a very small: being, of a pale reddish
color, with a black head and cervical-shield. As a general
rule it draws two leaves together, and unites them by means
of strong silken fibres; at other times it folds up a single

Fig. 233.—Lithocolletis geminatella Pack. After Saunders.

leaf. During August the larva changes to a very long and
slender pupa within the mine, and soon afterwards the per-
fect insect appears, which deposits the eggs for another
brood, which winters in the larval or pupal state inside the
leaves. They can be materially reduced in numbers by
gathering all the fallen leaves and by burning them. (Fig.
233).

The moth expands about one-third of an inch across the
wings. The fore-wings are dark-gray, with a round black-

260 TINEIDS.

ish spot on the middle of the inner edge of the wing; there is
also an eye-like spot on the outer edge, with a black pupil.

Other species of Lithocolletis also mine in the foliage of
the apple.

THE APPLE LYONETIA.
(Lyonetia saccatella Pack.).

This is a very minute and beautiful moth, measuring
scarcely one-fifth of an inch across the expanded wings. It
is not common, but some are found in early summer. Its
wings are of a light slate-gray color on the basal half, while
the outer half is bright orange, enclosing two white bands,
one arising on the front edge, the other on the inner margin,
both nearly meeting in the middle of the wing; these white
bands are margined externally with black; there is also a

Fig. 234.—Lyonetia saccatella Pack. After Saunders.

conspicuous black spot near the fringe, from which arises a
pencil of black hairs.

According to Saunders the small flattened and green
larva feeds on apple leaves; it constructs from the skin of
the leaf an oval and flattened case which forms its house. —
This case is open at each end, and is drawn about by the
insect as it moves from place to place. When the insect
reaches its full size it attaches this case or bag to the bark
of the tree on which it had been feeding, transforms to a
pupa, in which condition it passes the winter, giving forth
the moth in the following spring. The insect is shown in

Fig. 234.

TINEIDS. 261
THE APPLE-LEAF BUCCULATRIX.
(Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem.).

The larvee of this minute moth live exposed on the foli-
age of the apple trees. They are very active and as soon as
disturbed let themselves down from the leaf by means of a
silken thread. They reach a length of about half an inch
and have dark yellowish-green bodies, the anterior portion
tinged with reddish; their heads are brown and a few short
hairs are scattered over the surface of their bodies. As soon

i

Fig. 235.—Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem. After Riley.

as full grown they spin an elongated whitish cocoon at-
tached to the twig on the leaves of which they had been
feeding. The cocoon is ribbed longitudinally; inside of it the
caterpillar changes to a brown pupa. A second brood ap-
pears late in autumn, the insect hibernating in the pupal
state. In the following spring the moths appear which
deposit the eggs for the first brood of caterpillars abounding
in June.

The moth is a very delicate being, of a whitish color,
tinged with pale-yellow and dusted with brown. On the
middle of the inner margin ol the fore-wings is a large oval
patch of dark brown, forming when the wings are closed a
conspicuous nearly round spot; there is also a wide streak of

262 TINEIDS.

the same color opposite, extending to the front margin, and
a dark brown spot near the tip.

As this insect appears sometimes in very large numbers,
coating the twigs with glistening white cocoons, it can be-
come injurious, but as the very conspicuous cocoons can be
seen very plainly during late autumn, winter and early
spring there is ample opportunity to destroy them. Any
oily or alkaline liquid brushed over them will soak into the
cocoons and destroy the hibernating insects. Sometimes
the great majority of these insects are destroyed by a very
minute hymenopterous parasite, as is shown by the small
round holes at one end of the cocoons through which our
tiny friends have escaped. The insect is shown in Fig. 235.

THE APPLE-LEAF MINER.
(Tischeria malifoliella Clem. ).

This common insect lives as a larva within the leaf of
the apple, in a mine made bet ween the upper and lowerskin,
where it eats the soft tissues. The mine commences as a
slender white line, broadening as the larva grows larger,
and at last becoming an irregular brownish-patch, which
extends sometimes to or over the starting point. The in-
habitant of this mine is a pale-green caterpillar with a
brown head and first segment. When full grown it draws
the leaf into a fold, and in this enclosure, which is nicely car-
peted with silk, it changes toa pupa. As this change takes
place in autumn the snugly enclosed insects drop with the
dead leaves, and remain in them until the following May,
when they give forth the moths. This isa very minute being,
measuring not much more than a quarter of an inch aeross
the expanded wings. The fore-wings are of a shining dark
brown, suffused with a tinge of purple, and slightly dusted
with dull yellowish atoms; the hind wings are gray,

Besides the common apple this caterpillar mines in the

TINEIDS. 263

Fig. 236.—Tischeria malifoliella Clem. After Comstock.

leaves of the crab-apple, of the blackberry and the rasp-
berry, but is not found in sufficient numbers to do any mate-
rialinjury. It is illustrated in Fig. 236.

THE RESPLENDENT SHIELD-BEARER,
(Aspidisca splendoriferella Clem. ).

This interesting insect is sometimes found in Minnesota,
but thus far only in very limited numbers. Its life-history is
well known. The minute but very beautiful moth is found
late in May; it has a golden head; the antenne are brown,
tinged with gold; the fore-wings from the base to the middle
are of a leaden-gray with a metallic lustre, and from the
middle to the tip golden; a broad silvery streakextends from
the front edge to about the middle, margined with a dark
color on both sides; there are also other streaks and spots
of silvery or dark brown. The hind-wings are of a rich deep
gray, margined with a long yellowish brown fringe. These

264 TINEIDS.

beautiful creatures enjoy the sunshine, and are frequently
found running about the surface of the apple leaves; during
these active movements, which almost look like dancing,
they have their wings closely folded to the body, as if afraid
their fine dresses might become soiled. They deposit their
eggs on the apple leaves, and the young larva as soon as
hatched penetrates to the interior of the leaf, where it forms
a mine, leaving both surfaces of the leaf intact, but forming

Fig. 237.—Aspidisca splendoriferella Clem. From Div. of Entomology, Dep. of
Agriculture.

after a time an irregular dark colored blotch upon the leaf.
The peculiar looking larva, which is like all leaf-mining larva
quite flat, is about one-eighth of an inch long, and of a
yellowish-brown color, with a dark head. As the time

TINEIDS. 265

arrives in which it has to transform to a pupa, it constructs
from parts of the lealy blotch a neat little case, and craw-
ling with it to a twig it fastens the case securely to it. It
now contracts inside this shelter and finally transforms to a
pupa. The different states of this little beauty are shown in
Fig. 237.

There are two annual broods, the latter hibernating in
the little houses just mentioned.

Though so very small the insect can increase very rapid-
ly in numbers and become injurious to our apple trees. If
this happens the cocoons, which can readily be detected,
should be removed or should be soaked with an alkaline
wash or a mixture of sulphur and lime. This mixture,
which is also good for various other insects, is made by mix-
ing five pounds of fresh lime with one pound of sulphur and
two gallons of water, and heating until the sulphur is dis-
solved.

THE BLACKBERRY LEAF-MINER.
(Nepticula rubifoliella Zell.).

Th's isa minute species the adult of which is described as
follows: Head dark luteous. Palpi somewhat paler lute-
ous. Antenne luteous, basal joint silvery white. Fore-
wings blackish-brown, with a rather narrow, curved, silvery
band about the middle of the wing. The band is concave
toward the base of the wing and shows a tendency to be in-
terrupted in the middle. Fringes whitish. Hind-wings
grayish, fringes the same.

Of the larva Dr. Clemens makes the following statement:
“The larva mines the leaf of the blackberry in September.
It makes a blotch mine on the upper surface of the leaf, be-
ginning as a slender gallery, extending quite a distance,
usually along a vein of a leaf before being enlarged into a
blotch. The body of the larva tapers posteriorly, the ter-

266 TINEIDS.

minal rings being attenuated; color pale-green with a bright
dark-green vascular line; head greenish-brown and small.
The larva was not taken from the mine for description. It
leaves the mine very early in October to spin an oval, very
dark reddish-brown cocoon and appears as an imago during
the latter part of May or early in June. There is therefore,
in all probability, asummer brood, which may be found in
July and August, if the conjecture is correct.”

THE CASE-BEARING BLACKBERRY LEAF-MINER.
(Nepticula villosella Clem.).

The larvze of this species occur in the leaves of the black-
berry during the latter part of June to the middle of July.
The mine is very narrow, only about wide enough to accom-
modate the miner, tortuous, with acentral frass line. The
larva is pale brownish, and leaves the mine during the lat-
ter part of July. It differs from the above insect both in the
shape of the mine and in the color of the larva.

As is usual when a leaf-mining larva has attained a cer-
tain age it cuts out the two skins of the mined place and
constructs of it a portable case, which it never abandons
subsequently, except to construct a new one when its in-
crease in growth demands such a change. In feeding the
larva attaches its case to a leaf, and bores into it between
its skins, eating out a transparent patch, extending its body
from the case for this purpose, but quickly retreats into it
again if alarmed.

IN DEX.

Page.

PND DOLE SPITE: .. .necccnecceoswses Fes Monee ero actaats Sache naacle ray eaws g CEMGe ae nia tint: ae Rea 32
RPE COM SIS LELIS, co gt saaceree si sace va ceaabcen ty ett vv cnc anshccsoetsscsesasucha dans derveceuebieh 182
aig Te INEM NE ENEIS IN: coco vin dt aus cuneate sh raad inane ath ete Sone sota~sopdeesiaseacenensusisuasccdeasedeuvets 38
MPM TAU TIIED eos roca scare acay Siss sheen permacacubed se sabe dahorpscciusael milewasesuatoeosrastepe Lon
$s TEEUSTI Sa ten cn cence ese ee ee eer a ec eenesce ss cadcy ceccebenneouecncee setae tease 157

ne TOMATO) EHD [UE RR TSE EAR Soe at dna ae REC ARE eae OAR oe Aa ie dept Loa

s PET OUIEL AU aac ha saten coe den cont ce a vots cca vnc Lestens Cay oatiacccetes eae herenaeiesdotonseaees 157

e REUTeI SOU eres seat oecomacee en ta colgn vetae ot ovccedansae ag ose) pesaesmesteeresen tide saeunieee 157

oo PL RTINATH CLS recsen toe ces ats vena hee cee ctcac ao Mae ce coean ee taues eorcoree ieee enone OG

4 MEN OTESS AMV cll Kare ctweseaen cc seseeetescecsesscseN vas cscs orev co- +e econ eercerarsostsee 154.

3 RCH G SPU Beaten, wctontaectec eoeeceesee os access tes tab ccmoe oF sete hens sectce eacee ee 157

amen MaLPELE ICID Urn cerccoweessceedecacaese’ sacs sheen Lets caelcos Caste eth sdaech ees e ae dee eae a 157

= HEI OGL ed sicecsrcctasten cates eeaec sok oon tee ke sec euss ose sce etes ela cast ote cSwasereeee 157

: PDT TIN AR SO Oe NC oe eet recs ee ea Sheet Seen ISR een Bae etc 155

a CCID CEE EDIIS) Gn Gry Renee scconevasee ticks ties an caal cies: Sastovesusteeneeteost ees 152

BA SITEL ASI GhOUC sec. waecng sets. beta snwesocstecsetease=s ete snag cuntereas ces seonccwaence 153.

sy (ETE LALA EE es CSAS SCRE ED CIE Page OPP IEEE COC ER Pee RE Oce ME eee ee a aif/

aS SRG MET A OOTALTAT Sis caer cus aos cone nacehudec cts sos capes deteees ative: ceceevices dostettoasee neh a Naiye

PANG EAT SP IPTATCUA eat TT le toes ccoe ee accen eee ae eok oee ds sazeecovecccisbarcacedeos ees eductubovnesdonca caus 125
PMC iTin teal —d VOR ING Clin eccocesesccaccascntesneetees cos de scac dina ceas ss sbeseeseeh eens seoee saeoneect eos eG
Bees E PAPE LSI OSY Elect SS oe cetio= ott ond is% t eg awaids'acs a ab'enks nae duu=aueaSswaseanderscesabagekte 97
PERERA) eran eo eee ee cece ce Roe od Nore e Sunaa we caR on ok ne PONG ER SRA Ee nese EI, 65.
APTOLISHP ISH OUR OUL ac-cesecacsoacstesnes sae Benenson per nes noes ace hoes Hate etree ene 159.
PM eeREMOELCEIE (Age EL PS LW tne cesan Gives deseo :cesectererGocesexaceseceewcse ose tuecese tite 54
Ma Rae TIAL 1e? Ce EDEN EL ese cdees ccc du cosl Ikon 200 nes eves. wee cox afo>Geetosener@plenapenzenae 66-
bata el eratd yt AIS EAE GN cc casa cnedeneaccebaca suas evessorcbbinnessessn sonsdanssatecchasadeatesauasys 146
ie lets OLE sc. .norsse-c 5-5 cra Se Nouyointawae Caren ates vac sev d eto ce tee eet eeen ects cemeeea 216

os BROCK Site sence haere eoce tect ee Tee t ee cos ach attend ao Cops veto Were TOE.
een AEE, INT OTE MC EMIT Gaps dando xt ae ch dae ceducconace semsqrbedenoatvsclacgaounkecwaceaas 42°
PUTT PEI O ASUS DCUITIATAA sees soo sto seeds sak cnass. cv atvanesceaconsvsccosesstaeaicestonteceasenee 193:
i COPUALALIA Others cx cuccetisiter -soseecaseeseacneseuekes pHeaetavaesissoubeeetas 191
PAEPDELT NITIES SUIS) GATTI aes ooiae ance sucess cok tne? cost Saandet conc eee stveneteaonseteen eines 31
AMIPHIPVTA PYTATIICOIGES Gti «. 5 s.ceseencsedevecenccconesnceees> Rc doccbattettenstcecteonee 165
PMR ENC ICL eee eaten en. onto aca s Sa oiatin. denasteu versa ccsstseesescchapsccases ccabesbatnescaveen i
RA eT SPPN ITO ARE ALIGN aee ecard a ces caes « Senaleneesicssewse Saav oa cca cous Gat ete d- Osteo use wenteuneune 253
AIIPELOUA CLOCACATIA PAD) ......c0cc-00sceececesceces Bch s one cee tN aaa avenge serine ee aN 178
PAIS IN CIAV XG) OFM CCATIA EL ALE cos acs (dee a0 -0ieetzcuerdcaboss sdgascdsceecevaces Vessecebeesedeoese 198
PAIS GOL ALO AEM Uses tecaaes amen scales at Gv svintenastactasatrs ta seeeeas sere onwes kwon avoegen’ 182
EEN ERSCESL cos feta once cate gett « oe euvats bene ccicsttonetevaacussese enc: ecehensesastucedesseebeccaucce 5
PNET Oe TI Al UN cc nose se ese ate ey eines eneasuns cakpeivehstvincet cotontodedsvans cossdecdastaveessues 3
PRISER et LAT TIE HO ISIC Met eR st wa edo cnshos ovine kext vane «suspsrioupapnanelcsynceacs «age 258
. US ELETE Lae eae eat sera Sree canoe dest bev nec daac ook sh as eOragSence seas ostenes scascseaunate 258

=e VILICOLGILO EMA) Cleniienes cvacts cscs ie sveccaueceasancore coven) gadeeousscucatydoe 258
Apatelodes—The Sphinx-like ............cccccssseseseeees Ae eh Wasa sunk 2c cavabaaSehN aunne 104.
BUPIEIITIES: COTTOPACE EL Cu NNEey ser grangvai's pi naecyes }chs00 70 tevnO8 08 ide vo west sacsdnndeaeVsreney 104.
PN) ENERO SILO EEL. itrs cnctnen decane tees kandesinah a2 4 esi cks paaitya sth awe baeuropsnacawsaenpanueagies 241
io Pad A MOLILA fu csepee sense eceeowaceeneclaah aetcesl 7 caves cotiagcmeuins ava ce snc cbudsedennsnvknteas 235

22 MBER GUM Eyre cull fh g wis pli ae oy i eo at Se RE nd cee aE 261

268 INDEX.

Page.

Apple Weaf-folder— The WeeSser ier: in... sccc~>csecvastases das! aantnebtcer Ss haoneescasateaeed 224
SON NefH{Gls.cane sown teeecameetesiectsars.% ensses=edeses eorsses BR SHEP EE Bne ctor ics 262

ws ary =SCNMClies test see aneteeeecteaceeaees Peseedcocenn su etharoosnvesades cducsreesucneccentoenes 239

rt fey) OKEleCOMIZENE serarceecesceees sc ssecne silence sites ocsecsceweeeeene eer ear wucsvenete 217

ay Ee" 6 TP yer—T Beetle tciesyecs-sciensa-s.asnnssacupniee teheseneaideceee =a es Pan eeete 225

$6 LyOnetiar......025 ccscescocsnscnnseccscecsoonenes, su: erenncucunssnnsesersecssspensevsesesseseer 260

#6 Gphinx.........0cccecccsesseces:secenssarcnseces sonaseenesrenssacsasenevenserseneesecseen sarees 47

“ -—Spotted:tentiformi maine Of the ..<..0ssyav-ce-eds+snuseeeenersenen=--seReeeenene 258

ee thee CASE DCALGI cee stceoteceedeseaissenereaceseeewanet Casmet eonpa (eee eceeee ene ean 256
aie Ural OF horaKeto) ke Rermeeepoadart-n cca ocee ad Seno ecg Has CoaeeL EL costng: sober ooedascnncai 174
<«.\*** Caterpillar—The Yellow- necked (,\0:<.3.,ss sey eae 106
Sf hue Seale Manet, ..5 U apdudsenadveccovcssscusstedsstces adcugnencosieavesacocentenneenetces 259

RCSA var Ob — Hea hiEe-CLOECEE sostcses oe ceosstenasans seeeeerceas successes saaneeseeeamn 168
PAT OELI AEs ecosvece coe eae See aL Sanaa ello se una ve ctia eds teat sea taae Me cac es caee new en Maen 11, 74
Army ew Onn — Per rr alti: wesece sve scbescesieccs beseuct sence: teenie sued: ceen seer rencaneee 161
pce alll nse tasteraeseossee tee Feds dads aecaSeeee Moen e tod tan obee Ween ay Se 164

ee JEXb AVG) IA preesBeaecsouosn0 tegooeoeeS wag aduthcusence geass se detacevesmecsevceotese cen ebeee 170
Aspidisca splendoriterclla Clem. ....:....2:ceeesseeseccsenecnseeseteeetcetses seeceseens 263
PACLACUS CECEO PIA) IW ATI nccaen aaseress acess scenenaacenlsewandneccstiote bodes see-tit pce eee 120
BA g-WOLMMS .......00.-escssccecessenseserececeecas oeonsecneesenneaereneeenncees enconesenscersesucneses 11
Our AVRO IM THOUS ee. acescescacedace tee sedsent sacceah x dcwuatecspteesdomnpacatecbast teense saneecae ese 103
BaltimornrelOriGlew..cassssise.ccdecsoctsexcsssneeccsnseeseceesees scunanen bd. ieee dapoen ce snentae BREN
atid edlebiaiitrestreallk ssaccocceececetenechesececee eto cene ts irene ceieene cacao anise ech ecaethe ne eEenes 22
“ON WE YBH EDIE eeaeeosconssate Ne ogdadeasvacvee setae sStessa Soneee Soaesatasnec scan ar iaer rat eaeeteneey i)
IBASIS 1-50. OS VES APNE oan as tered eee dos oien. Saetomenpacensee anes Lge neniivosetesetgcees pomasaee 3
Bear—d hei Common VellOwieeeccs or eves eeseesece eres ceeesceennere tae eel ceesweear oes 79
He ‘ Large Be eabegeacechaxdeceacecao2e0dmNUOR: Corenoguds0so0S LaonbonEsosaceeCer as)
Beaiatitial vO O Gena lsssteecrsteneretessateeee et vsres Be Se eee et noecsatneodtne 69
2 Beyer TaN 0 Cap E ERB AEH OPER EERE SE Ec aae BSC GOA DaaC So ACc conta cusarceSalronounusuasscancdeapocasgaace 119223
BBVSLETMOENS oe crccce cesta ne stcascosctacvandcedccssnacdus paanasens Mucmece busterscmasnncceunseted 12, 2238
WB CIID ECITIA MALO IIIA CAA Aig art raccra-csepe tenet cetet soos tose nactee eteac) ae eaeo ee nieoaee 34
Bethune’s Xylina...... ante e teria ded neous estate tone Scat oeeiss Niaone sete Ta cace te eee nets abral
Biston ypsilon FOr bes.........2s.sccecceseensensencstevatsossersenenrs darunccean onsen enesansnared 189
Blackberry Leaf-miner... See dissd ade Soda Sete ee octets aaeak eve ta Wag eeReE ERS AED RRR eee 265
4 —The Case- peace wos bus coues asetetcansSertraa threes oe 266
MATTE -CVCC 9 PAVE Keen -ties -.ienensurscsurecuacrersareas PEE eee Ree enter fas occ 48
BB Ties sores eee aoe Oe oo wa wo eRL, (Cauda Nena tec cdepeaeeceencaaceeseceRnacetecs Sans iene Lal real
Blue-spangled Caterpillars... ...-........ Pe Gt ce eee tre ar rcikciaeccc 75
ABS ONT WV. C1 Ue nnccr oe cone ae cea scene eens savnestawe ees caseseeere sateces seeaee eereaeter eee nin Geral
[Novedlaye.< tglorel JO vanal abg-cedncapsccod7-o-0-r Mare rebsdevekoeie cel Selene Se Rene see ae ee eee 134
BYon Seas anoleva lethal 4 hb bidligaggcaedbcrosdeecue ae. Aduoodeccd cBecosbcbpncs, we ssyesaddancecconcricce 2°6
BOD — GOA MIG EM ecetcsecureessieewastcccanesccnesccsssmnoas ddbcauetonce-teoeyan tren Gatenaascemn 147

ty —blie! Stalllleh caeeincscecreco-eecsenocnene esa cuewsesaeenathenant anes pon: nce seeiee eae 167

PR OLELS isaac cee aera eae eae eee oe ease Seaton Oren i ereen (ed Sangha sane Ra ete: tA ene
Bifea thine POLES <c2-.-0. cescay saceas <ceversesennistossedence sagan oh anenaeny eee apna: eer ease ae ae 8
BRUSH =O OLECUBMETEIIIES scesercescesexmercsssceech conecsstenat cana ste nesemaser che Cheetenesaeet al
Buccplatrix pomutolella Clemir.: 2c. -se.as-<se-besstnnes scesuenneacehe tp ascnectaan-eeeienens 261
Birches OCH. eicccncccccoussesesee cestcutctscccecs suscestcasreee scvsccestseasieesenseaas ee mmecaesen 129
Bud MOE — The WA pp lens. cccsocsachs stnstoesco ssonetess deuncond: wrsvauetteudereag a anaeneaner eam 241
66 SB VE-SPGELE:. sascisagnsesaneieanssgeasysrsueceasesaewcetansuae:ie tan seemeseee see wee 248

So wotin— Whe A pple: csdncassacouesteaccsehsscanpsesesadestcoenaves erareevateevanesssmecamend 235
Bie le=bee Eliaiwe k=milo plasseactsevesseee: cee seeeseccpscecentececsncstertocceane eaccuasacnnesaat 30
BEETLES oi cee cseadessenencassta tt rectiece cone Seensateratereuane pastes ems soseostetee Dotnet esti NOM ey
ns SEAS =tO OL CU acerassseasessesescoredeoraseresebseneetee= Ladowenacenastoceecesteeens 11

He: HD aT Tiaras. cecetacsecs cpstadecstecee: sac acest ccoceeieccnseastassneseecraaecencw es cemen a fa
Cabbage WWttertles ece.ccccsrccsocesncceeeradatscprcwscnasiecreaathsueateses tacwectestcrs sneer 25
Caccecia areycospila Walkers ccsevscrstotussceeasessdnustetocesessenestenewcerese*ot tesa 230

COFASIVOTATIA LEIUCH: nin. scscccacectocevads ce teccesdsesee seaterees Bit 30 oa beled 228

INDEX. 269

Page.

ined 2CE Of elie PIAA CLA) IUD wu canbe vacandce sey caacuareris ssvabs-Essuscanievensnsneeanexsei fudetucdvady xs 229
- BOGACEDUAGELALY cencacsavensniveatercnerers sk dgrcunsieve sac ecpavsavcatieset cu vses gate 226

es GOST ARU Mire yudh wavaec coos geen cee aes segs cestesaats focus Beet rere rhea by erey 228
CCRC C—O 4 TAL UT KOC vs cccsens ducendccnertoontvndacccascssestepoeh oscars soneendeiwesuvese 230
Callimorpha CONEIZA ANY ALK. vet anccecs aeatccansssensscnsesvccheenedurseciieasen At enty fede 76
PUUGICOSE A CIO hceaeaxeces .cenoetsccteusnascuarsbeccseteucte ce cs uonaneeoee 75, 76

* oe UZECONEOMBOISGS a cies xagravencay cous seco seshosss oeuned sents Cec neeava wees 15

a a MEIDIICALIS LATE anes cncwasc hear ede vers tensa vyvcenaseseneettean ete sseomer eter 76
PRAM GS AIA SL OTUCLHEAND TI. cccacncnex<cedcedeunsssusaesous sos sacccawesbentcvosneosaseis wentos 126.
SrmmED PREP TE NEI TCO [eV OMe ATIM ic 0.4 c.teacsveawaangixanncevsaip> 00s 0uaeddeavseagn, ¢ssSbwctinasratiet 203
MOS OMI DITA UIT ILO nak das seas incsseseibceccessccessencavcecvastenacccdaceccuva sys 142, 202
MATEUS (AGEL TIENT OTIC AICS eee 2. oe sasea ne eee ee ccc Ancien co ceeecacnastel aeasg Hanke doce sesee 217
RGU Gt WV OLMIS see icant en wulect ek angearpt sexe tscaeasectenjlsueavncesccvoeseduuaatessudsaseoesnanned 196
MME WC OLIN — US ANU choco shy ny Sch sec es cavecenscos seas fucose otis ches sveesnecewupeqiacsaceoeened 198
RRM SISTING. Moe ance oi encbond Poser Saunas onp ness da tones Ana Seen ter taser eee See 197
ROPUIMECL LO SISCATICGUS ARN Riivccscowaceeadcaatecncewaeuseuccnsettasncatteoca tay se uccecess taatoees 161
* tessellata Hatr............ Ee ere A rere COC REO 161
aeMenter=mlOthSs...<2)cscccs-ceccsereen dsvacd swans cascataececamestwandtee wists sevuees sade eoteiene 147
WAG VOCA SAL OM ONC 2 VAN T weceeseccasgcleecss scccsetscnas+s diesensticeowetecsesetecseossee 242
BSG heater — ec A pple MEG es hossacecs eas eaensvcuncussticcoesstcctaugie tewedsotactees 256.
ee Pema —SIRLOMUV CULT tects seein -aoeneecestone racer Stee cee eosrecedeatees ddtovices eo leces 213:

Pepa eaianie BIACKMELE Yea l-Mte te. 5. ae va cwic) coz 000s inos css osenuendeeacadtoaan .. 266
MBPS TPA eapea oe geet aeons ccs ascbes waves scecwaes teueetsateysbe ses cus sousacduesuessececacavedseas 6, 7
fs EVANS Qasr sence tan Sate as cals SocteaiaCbcuelac eeer cane dsteae tad seen teen e manewaa nan 8

f — ne tess pang led :c-...0s---n<-ees ess B. Maaiteyasauand Munseckt ses saammaneee 75

“ AW PIS OGKECUCAI cosh ss vcastwdeecs corigescedoccocsutstetrutunsstescoek seneocans 118

Ky eee walsiedisss Fie ba tasske civiege noose crotabe sete od abesjseat ener ovine V5

Sere TeaaN TRRG WIT CTR TIN Uriah - cht oop ds tau SnwScnscmoee cosas sddncel shies tgetersact Wasensseee 174
hi Paleo aM As Gile----2..sccccsessnaeesseees Weekes siesrectame <cvedscunceeeecaeor tate 175

pe TIUEM OTH Gu tA UUs. <a axons sates cop ntdes oka cetcee ss nan wees edeene -e nas gucenencecanenkeh eee 172
Caterva CALCHALIONC TAME: ccccecasesCadesentacdeneddcovse sess ses ects cod nen see ase aeea seams 186
Ma SMERIDEUGCO TLV glrace sence c sina Zacevead artaiccdssus ctes ssceken dees ook uw osastucs iu sacenevanwess 15
Sen ye OTN LSE GG 7 ee ee ne i UC PEPE 122
hi Gita DEUS eee eae ate eaen a tease oehavsscoueteveccntenccectpsrcdadeseccuvatcessoriecensteese 122

A S UesurO titan coe eretovsbsstaor ate cacksusesvesearnesdcstes sesh oe cereal niet Bee 120
ROE OR RETIN vst 8g Saco car oc talnctaven onbch ng sGexbeees tub ae vances suvsaenteudstee ceanueeeeest alees {sal
Paar ELIE OPUIEGE EN Poi e. ioe t art beeen Aad, ab ange pas Susety <ieh Osten sseenn Sadatmne oe 118
\</SiTTa/ iF) SCL NT Fe Ea aD de Aa ee ena or ene Reena ae eae: Be 8
Perea GD EEC. C.CEMMELEL.4 teva keaseccsessosdres pt ceeadsocas iuess acawsendonetuaseon sop edtaes 186
Chalis-fly—Cecropia ...........-...ccceeeeee eedutvetrad shoes dousacety- sete vorees seeaee REA 122
iamivads cerita T tec.sss..is0020s-= Prstat Welt nstes Stevessecectsa fod seb ancaeaseb ees senes ee 165
Chamyris—The...... Pea pens tee Sac aunenanasccru oavaaixsnceasaessiet nee eacbeeiatecereeetaeed 165
See RRCEET MENTS SONG CSET O DEL Sn cu vnn so vea¥s asee aves iuacskovsaecobinccetvah ct ouandentaetmscues x7
Ree olay re at Ira Ok— WW ied, oss cc cece cste en eabivosassUaceae sedenonalatblowevaideseaces Mone 254.
CTE AERC LENIN AE ce goes aiavs sackets t ae ecsttadagen an ant ccbhoany Agen seven ged waatagae 97

SMP LEER ICCA GOUT aes vccctivestonseheercestr th cacy Aescncesconees Oesescameenbetetes eas 229

Ny SAIN CL chies tartan a cot cate vate dockins bates sea ras soak ai cascrdve corsaserdettartocserees 7 |
CEVA ELYE TSE 8 ae Son BOR Se EN eS aE RS? Pe TEEPE, PS Sy ENR RE, 12
BMG SELNT SY fAgc terns PS east ek oan ec ads ane eas woere au avaneatinc te webct idaceved svar ydethekt wnual 9
RES LRN SIC CS LCN IPS Natta nn Apa ds da merebedueskue ies cat aye eee b Since plcbeabeaate sundaes Livnos
PS eM HE re uy OTe itte st sesheeusk sosee hoes oncetecuuscancaet cédns avkekacels sch ocseaevumc cb aekateens 161
OU SOX EET OF BEE MEM oT cg TIA EET ol ET aE PO a a re RE es de PO ng 136
5; COIS CHINN seen ners nee eee occ ack waco cc cevysnaen ecb beceonsTuscsees sahde, sowets 140
MRRP RANI PE TAME LLL Gs waac cghe es WeaaN eda g th cea 7 ice dan a- Ses ok oxehec aver tude tase oe at cebai'e Sas. x oevenierd 242
PRICE PATOL SEAT WOOTEN AL NREL Oise eg dekt Maayan clsdev ainda keiantuccvetntpdckeonyavaandaterts 256
NETL OLS — PE OVE CEI VC zesauatin eet sav satowNcesnacowvanedhaoes samcnsens ceowns See ou aekgoouveeenane 3
o — Warning Meatiedivarantacue pe Peaca Renae ties ie eaarsta eee Nuanws Soasias hye fESG Wen eeEceARee 53

270 INDEX.

Page.

Common Double-eyed Spline. .c..0...cc2..03.005.050c000 -decnanasnpetnrnante eeeesaneeen eae 51
af Yellow Bearcdccetotitsccccsosscostoedscctvicascavicsvcacue eas saderesemesceneseenenes 79
Compound CYES...:...ccseccssdmeceasaperanes+soeesnasenonaseqneney =sa=ehnrent eas nuecseae-Meseueaas 4
MOO PACES occ esnctsccscdnatoete Ncetoassatiasstsscenensisonsccassuldssadstasdai adios steele eae 21
Corycia vestaliata Guen............ Paussatavavesseetecesteteutiecee eters sdaduestangesesscces 184
DOSS Bie acaa caus Taek vee Ta een a Snseds Sos cae oe ee OREO ET eC palo bre
WG OSHE Pesos ede de acek se eace, Wace nave erat oawea sence pecatc Sccenderersnseseees saceie teen er oes eee 3
CGEAMDIG Eves ce hace est axccsacccevaes ecsdctsscensesssces1 scence crus ssosescartede saeeesch eo aewe tees eneee alt
Granberty Perait—-w Orsi, cr. cccccsscrees<0sdeceensenasussavuonsucwugnh rs deree= comes ancaseaeeeey 206
“& ) Oes= fs Foy (a Ves epee shana soe eM eS lee 223,229

ee SEO 6 aA aoe Sons Sonce a eso CORE ROBOO ICE RIa Nae no aedascasacioseaed Lei Kobe Soeaneseaes 238

ss ‘© ~—Packard’s Yellow salou sucasdavteneersanetr secre meee eee rice 225
CHESS ONIA FUSTANAIS SBS Ades cc tas daconsses évsenscesuntinseshberengeres eosin 52
(CEYPEMSEXETEMAEIS: 20.00 0<0 ates neve slensavornvssssnsendeerves -2nhes pein sn suaueeteene a aeeene tee et 122
CHICO OS 2 o.oo. see aes Deeks ances bucea tae seeeaeecien dvs sneseassuaseas Suapcecmesonteete odes ted: ete ecssereee 142
ACucranbeAnp eLOma. con: se-sdeseees-seee sdeucbie'esteseevechcSenetccewes Senacoasb aces leetus Wathee 178
MOuGratic-bDOrer— lbenno, te eres nesses vesecancessene=boemencseesker-aren tet senere ae 60
se fe SU INGELWOssccss ce adedk cuseiecevousnste scenes sesdberoeas maces a: coord eens 54:

FOI) | JOD OV he OYE 8 ese eden coc een nece AO ROOCO SES CCHBRCeCC USE. ZONe ecnonaemsordestodsemo ce Leta

ae Forttst= WO rims Sisco io cas gas ne ecco dene dtoeentars ap avalsaeves cecusteebeniee sve eeme aan taeee 206

: INGth—Eepper andisallite.sscrsasesc asec ceeenstneecesmaenae ramadan te vesntereerte IS)

pice me SS ANI Wy O stiles nee aces cece sis ceca ex-tecscbensceconve scemseceeta tate sanes se emia steee 184
Cut- w orm—The Checkered Riustichn.dicscctseetoue ccc ee eee a eee eee 161
Cinna i G2 Pesce aeecdeestesssacessascssres orsecasescengaccarsscnaasecoemeswnee 161

as See Rel ASS ye feer ea eeceruct ie setsee even seeserte ade eeaet nee eee eee 160

is Se NGLEAS Witoseesoe-csceseseseaestens Ag ceieesacae deueas sceee ae secaes paraeeeneattectees 159

oe ESOS UEUpPe cds ts Seviscecscn.povedunesteceenc sens seer ewencuel eaMehd nes ceed adver 161

bod = VUTEC SLC Uiste wee ccdnanaas nares eececcssever coset sseee eset ere ce tice eemee 16V

ah fc AW Mem a rk@G ssi cdass cecads past sessenteesectorseceteetesetvecweae Seeaaan me 161

Le mae Na VILL INICD Cha pie. con cnccecacecoseneses ceo tace cnsceriereeieesesvncseea eae eeaeaeee 74
Cymatophora—The Commons so i8 Aoi iasekat acccceesvenss eee -ss eae eee eee ees 187
bob VENI O PCalteeceeceeee accesses ee crse ooccnnecaeenatescetentesccecnees seem 188

@ymatophora crepuscularia ere: sscc-cce-asscceesweseecrnnnteccdes senesentersteeaseenenee 188
ze Damp iraria Gv cea sac sadeen oc -2escceesneneseaee ess eeeeee ceeene se eee 187
Dagger- moth—The GAY a ve sas sels Sova sccondecevssstedesnvstcncase suc seeuecessancecesteeme 152
“¢ Mottled) Plum-tree.....coeeccs 2 se ccs eee ee iss:

C Sy ielNaAS)) UGK inva sence secsetstseeenesceconshcrres cae sceeease ser ecere as emreaee 154

ae EES SIMO ALE eo cw aus Sacre ce nceee ee sas d esate ease eee ee 155
Danais archippus Fab............. icees sod Sadaveesetbewe state us Oecccseeene tote seen Bee the,
Dari-veined Morning Sp bitax i os 21S cee scvancadeses sso). beers tte oe 37
Datana AUP USiiGHIOE Reaiecevessssss nec tesedtast ceases os Piditassctie sec cees eee 108, 109
SE MCOTETFACEA Wiel lc 8 2ees aoc ee ee ee ree EE 108, 110

ay plcbegentimial Gir Ge IR i. escatessscccteasecseseee eee ee eee 108, 109

te SPPTIETIIS CHA! DEE se. vac sas on ck oo aces se ce oneeagoee eee seesese cee acesoe = ee 106
Werdenia 1Aseripta; Hares. .idccccuiascethe vias ccc vedon Sesesteeeea nee hi ee 33
Leilephila Palii-Vat Chatnceueriy Plat: .vsctessssocotoreseetene tee tete meres tics 37
ee Wineata Raisin .<ccosiweere ne ooreee ee 34

Hy Ib hig 0} 9 0) Ce Reset reer A RE TT Pee PEST ee CPS EBS ccc 35
Wesniia niaculalis: WeStw scccsoneseie sas oc acense see Seeds sae eee Cane ae 208
DIAStictis: CAVICATIAIP ACLS 7aesks dasete tae eat re)
Dichelia su tireanaClemass. 655 scietecateagesuiaes Gisaeckte op eee ee 232
Disippus Ba tterhl yy... sche cea erde aes events cteesadswaapee tee eee 3 A
Diverse-lined Geomieter sais: cfss.cccacssuocsustcuscovitans cosa eat ee 20+
Dowble-eyed Spins sees ee seeee eee odwete das tulcsimenzerece lendbeud en caeeA eR Ca eEEE Ene 51
WO LOP-WOLINS sessche reeesoe coe anes ae ee En eens Bree cco 89
Dyspteris ahortivaria YW :G:s..c0vecdestvacsvetsans Paco oe ee 182
E25 eRe MERC ope Berner Pr AMOR EY BES CEL WNT 2 ae ee ten Soa 6
Bight-spotted Porester .oui.ssGsctsse xcostddecasdstecsitsesl avs ene eee eee 66

INDEX. 271

Page

ae PMN TERCH EN =" BCT Enc 37 sPes nanny wath l Packie cans ease ee stipe cas Sh¥devek gsieae dcsuayavedee 126
Empretia stimulea Clem............. Bama heniees goats vers BI Be Te A 98
PAA TD Pp LepeDETINAL AL TEE oS) ees cZatanv eae sveswete a veccosnwene ns covedeehs csesueteacaccdavetesee ANZAC
PN RMN ere CNET AIAG hav ostonn seu cconahaiaGasonccades vcvresvonass\ saab ausuvs subJusdapencvecece’s nT
MR EEPAO IIE SIS INST TTALAUS SEL Lsy ay vets nte ctaceaxtecoecss i od ca carevteen boson atscadde Metre a, 176
par M ie ENG MPIC WING. << csdapcsbbsdesinesenis; xasivensnsatessdeacsnevercadns¥cacecticeuas 68
SOE EEN OU ETIM Soin dee <usinn ca asco ahSun cud ode yosconcnvons .ciiisuugebupuevlecasvacentens 161
Babyia COgmataria Gt.............sssceessesesecasesscsseseeessssscsssessccssnssazes sasesesuses 191
Euclea RAPP REISE LAMM ses cranes Sens Whoa sana tavatpuhot caves sbevsseghsopeteodel kueteusaanstevee sd aia
Bean SMC RETOOLED oS) Nuvncsba ctv 5s dyevisavs cess cedtaptaneedanenadedackbec din 97

FIST PA ESE AC ETE Ls ccs set sw Ripisias fer higash iSossauds<siesd os neiedavonsnabutasetel vindenceses 97,
ARI MR EP EMITS DANY sce Fics oth ibdans Cag ce votaeu').2, Aetansaandcdcey scares snakyasecesuseuseas 28
Peete oO OE Faria SCHIN «02. 55. .0ejekendcnbesesssoc\dsanenaeetsasvoaes Te eee 233
ERIC VASSAGA LEIS LSA) east ten spo snc sverciansanencsiessuevests tact stauaaes codes ncree mene seine 69
te unio Hub ..... Bedehaastomeenaaasenestoceosuaestastee seiaecuavess sesatel tie eeeee tice eaes 71
ata AIG AT NEE GR act aos cs ot Soyo cc alien co as cts anccada vesenacentsiuaewcyodoseeeesees 184
SNOT T 2 —— HE NSTLONVRVLLULG a2. scsce co asg cscs ehectacecccotueseasusssensoetgadcesacsevsentssone: 176
TIA CA ILD TIBI CATA RACK ccc cgnt a scctacuc oi cocsscduscstecesneconene gt aoe ts oo esate ee 183
Eupithecia interrupta-lasciata Pack...............+. sivedacetes seven cca taveeenanant 206
Buropean, Cymatophoray:....:2.2.02-<c.0.00: Sch ssecatawunehesesecsectes st sccater esacciaer aaa 188
ue Pie etea Ce Lek pillars .ccones Sie, cdcce ss obueeasctiua Whaeas sucesesnscaccesauges 184
BRIER Ted SER CHIBET. DIG NV Alig 02 oye cnewsengats oe oskk venus coated iasksus wyosesSouse tok 216
ars MCR IRPUNATA Sed Pret CLT sono o sc. 1 (Ne wsen as due dps Lac Wannevsdoncta sheseds satene-suhepeccsecebepes 235
ek FARE ATIST TTD SO LONE ron cc sate as fu cas dnbins sat ace su avs sue sObe Sak tooo ees cocseneeeee 237
Beare RTT IE PEI vc ioe Beene hws nsw case An sia ccckd cccacedeveat ens cuoros bealusesesesdencs 3
ee NARA L LL Once ain team sect charac oak ok Ge ess Sa aye gn Sem seated exunes Saag uv Sans nee 4
Here TORRE EDS SET TELONENE fo whe yon ose. co 0c ev sasvavsanclc bon Gooessaccessiciduasdee dueokes svancesteuse 248
PRA cAMPAUCEI UNO TIM aust soesesotevsstateresccwseccsbevasscbsaveanss ssc iuyesls tenets ote sdanecveee 164
(LIS Sea Rn ed aaa en Em SN 81
PARE AS ACE PLANS cnc oo Sains vignson co tnrnceteay PRs Gos eset hat snes eesuenvatn ose sencelt cake 8
MA NTUIN VAP EET SLIT EE Maw cnd POM ine ceca cee taee sec sesenee Soe: sae te Seawekeeeea a eNO sae bods 11565
Ave eters E Sire sre SOR Hp eA SPEY OPTRA EEE EHEC TEMS TELE RE eee? 11, 74

PB OMIDY CIDER suas vac astcesasessiceuek aes oe Sd taete aoe ease esctatesant wesetese 11, 134

MCT ALOCAIIPIO Dad Ly cece tae Tae ect ak Lek zevena caved te toa n kent a Rae as Ute bess |
(CRISS G A Socal ee BERR ase PCPS PT Ry 7 Re 11, 147
(CEB AVR ES train POCO coc RESET BEC EERE PEELS TROT OCs EE OE 11

(CLE Ore celta 10k re EE Pe PCA ROR Peer COPE PCE PEP OEEEE ERE RTP Ee EEE a la a bie fo"
Grapholithid@...... ........... EO SO DORE Ae CREPE CER RE ROC Ae AR ss:

ETE TUDE TI CIA ROL Re Bae cons ao ee Rc ee eon aaah ja Eker |e he |
RIOT TCT ee Pt tens «hi eh Suss hs stea hn Gaia do at eath esse ook abn SESE) pense cautesacees ata

PE ACOSO TI vee Bisiaae feces ie ane sa acca son fees eas Wank an Danaea Raaeonnbaeec eee .11, 104
LENSE, Tf DUEL CERO ODA OT TE OE CORTE Or EEE js tena ba

LESN ES CECA RY Ufa fe OEE sree EEE SEE cc PO PEPER EST ere ROC ORORTE Coch RR EPEE TCE ML SG
1B} Ve 170 (ERE 3 ee Ene er re Ree Ee Be PO eee ae 88, 94

PETER OSTA ZEN wens tse p05 see Ponda cases estat wane ies cc rraacn ead cetensuaeee osc Ae ce

JL ABLE ITO EB Pes Sty PREECE EL EEE RTTEEY MPPLC TUCO EDRET EEE OE CCRETTR PPE LL oi

LEONG IREY AITO se bap EER Pr Eo OORLE S CoP eee C RR R 11

DTC PALO PN IA ercten ns cadet dete teisedeoneccech ans so0savesv esos: ae oebcacavessns sel 94

PREC ENC Beene grt Be ead uid cv vetab von uadhaccad owsbovhukeas ebepb one pawncac butees L150
NOE OG OIE so pancidee nt aoe NVLtLe Btcadeccs ue sPbonk Soceecoe seeaoeuusarcckerse vase 11, 104
PULAU I sateat ater AW Nea ne ty ani teas Succes nn Secskcde¥uvnassacdepscxopassaseesavctence ata

NS RERUN EET te aah ope wa TA LR op dae eave sek SSSAV Fouestcanaeuatso inves aasesenst 11,7525

PIR CLEIOLE cand at ti eect ease eee a phaees wav sceees cocoa abd oe oo con ae cevsekunseastnecdostes 11

Mea CINE EN Sate Rs Bete eee aac aks Te ots hdc ch ak elpshie ses secdnp sb ones duesesetacs 11; 103

Np AE ARES UL ED Een Sp tone ene eae Woe eins uk trans vnpntannawasecakes tivnads daasnaw: 11, 207

JET gay ol ep vila be ANSP oA: MES EPR CBE RENT PS PREECE ree 11, 219

(2a ebay be Fee er ore eRe Tes POPE ey PEPE ER PE EPEC EEE CCPL SECT ECRCELE PPPOE ES TR 207

° 7?

272 INDEX.

Page.
Ba miilye Sat Uri 0 ae aac etsacsewete oe aeancn sacks dita siete a sede g Oe spade sondage Reach 11,: 120
SESIIAEZ ....0.0s00s Eee ederen icon edacte cuses taneeaetes can tie seatek be pets es
SPAIN IGEE Ras N wae kosace eacccies SusSea suds conse tka coaehee Seperate ee Dey eee,
DILICT INA Wade ck Ros tone cdeten sae sucsec cdeseesiesadceKs seee rons oeee toto een ae eee 12, 251
POTUPICID BE Sivoo gh Bde cscdcodsavesiasestorantevdeasepteeseh tes eee eee 12,223
LV DIDR 5) valwtestactnnon sats ivadsaedeeoeddarsrscah aseousedee tena ere pate ene TAL, ia
Maseiated Lintacodes cs. fcc succes sce votes dceneseazexadeee siti ecgee ghee eee oe eee 102
Pe ather-witt eNlOchs gece cesar aseetc~ onsets -bonncesewescece races SEIN eae 1 ee
ee ]Or6 2 25.55, Secs snut seb Gack oeetec sede eouseb sabe cxavesi wees cee dear eat ee Re on
POCA Jaci ekR Gi 24.6 Goss peck ova soas oo 0acs (daacs tan daeapen atch pee ee ee ae 161
Bire-wonm of! Cranberryecicsoc sree. cca occdeseuauae obscessn enone ncee eee eee ee ee 238
Plame lem OFNS «2. .o: Necks sceaserodesteesece + dec da sch coset casencesieetema tease pe nase kanes a een 94
Footman-moths....... Scedle’Ranskinese banecea ns coeoauussdd cus Sec cmeeeeee aah eaeeee Reeeetce eee eneem 74
Borestet— lhe eiGhit-SpOCCeG! Mr..sersecca:cnecres-eaieseans nonce sacpoes eae eeeee eeeetee 66 |
Porest, Dent Cartier pilll ato sos tea, cons-tdaca0ceces sepa dee seater ese ceee eae eee -140
Porked= Pail Gaterpalllatcos sinc s v0.2 -Senceast-coesosh sense cuseallsoeene Coe neha soe ee ae ee 118
Four-Footed. Butterdess c5.c0.vennccsssn soecoeconsceves sees tesene de aeseen tec ee ee ean aan 12
Broit-Worm—T he Cramber tiyce.c. : ses0 ss ceca acs ewer senances: a eet te aaa eee 210
: gs fee oe Ciena airiT ls oath wa cat bebe doe bis tence rs Sau reece al Ee Oh Nae Ree oe an 206
a i 69" GOOSE DELLE: doevesey ace sore dian ap Wetoe, VE deena eae ee 214
GCaMler id Be veascvacd scdgneeode ew teaa ee case Tee eats caine ee aU ONE RO OEE ial
Garleredtora pes bitiniei. ccs eset tas Sprogelsahd sacebs folie Ree Una agate eee 221
Gastropachajamenicanad FLAtt 2: tc..2.<:concecsheseesee=- odes eens ene eee eee 146
Geometer—Diverse-lined 2sc5 oii ceeee woe tec tes oe cece neck eae teat ne eee ee Rea 204.
~ The Chain-dottedtecs sco. cesses tesserae ee 186
= 66S SPU oases cet toe aches cada nates cose tesc etn ten Cte eee ee 183
rs fo TRASPDELEY Sis-cacst son cesecteacteccec codecs scresente te sel te aaa eee 181
GOOMIELEIG 22 ck So acc cke seen se cadt bec ePaeeteas aes oon a Rieter AD SiS
Giant Silkworm sc.) S225 scecostotewe 4cccaces tess tiene eee 120
Glassy Gu w Ori ys. 2 Joist isi ses sacdaceesccec ce sacites Sek tecees Oeeneeie cade ae eee ee 163
Goat mi Oi. oticese. eee eee widasaledees seuecdscadsoe gicescceau Wabestdetee ecee ear tere ES 148
Gooseberry Proit-wOr mits. ...cndselcgeses ac senate Soo esecdaose cmeaaiac Seco ee teen 214
Gorty na, mitela’ Gi iis. yes cs hoetewe doves Bde eens ene ae 167
Graye Dae serra 2 raccacsncsucedepcasn see es One ace wae eee 152
Greasy Cuwt- Wire... 2 5.dcceacavcs dese n tase cot toon soeia es etc en eee eee ee Re 159
Grape-berity moth. c.ccc0. ioc. banteves sclaceusecas Peuemete costes oeace th ae eee eae cae 233
©. Plame—The/Gartered .c.vcsccecsseoneaset cosesaveoe os cece Seaeeee oe ae 221
SS VSWiMe-A TL PHIO Mss. scnacseosesedesons cers sooate soaeeeseeee aden eae eee Mee cot oe eee mee ea 31
i Garter pillar. ./c2cs-5.ssiihe.codseussate tects satnoe ores cen eae nen cane ene 165
i ES PITTS MA S2. 6 .cciesssicadsw cares Sob Secees than avOeamitcceniy eee ceeoae tetera eae 68
F Weatetold @resivnc.cct atte ceessseetaees ager idacelcdedsSuenel te ot CSeete Raat enenen ata 208
a Wearfmimerssc.dcetscocencsovgedacecn coved tatccastecte lacse rosea eee aee eae 257
oe Petrophora é.2.05 5 evel ave. 2 sede Sean eo baeee cone tec nk eerie een 204
ss ROO DOKED ee. sesvassecbiceses rab vbde dete Socbulseceot Cran OcaSeee eae rere meee ees 55
a 5S) 2) 1. psa eta eS POR ERE ry eae SON appear RE Oe oa Git oat 42
Grapholitha prinivora, Walshe cates eneserneeeOen e eeeeee ee 241
GHAPHOLICHT TR Veeck Be cacdae Serb owdcece seer EE ee Le i eee
Grapta COm#Ma TAGE sos. celeb aeketek seek sek ees ten eaee RS ee 14
Green Apple-leaf (Tyer.... iin eae ne ee ee ediegestates 225
“ny (Gtape-vine Spink: 2: 5. tices: seess cseqesaacdvordeoss-nsseas vere Qeuserkenned veRnEeaeae 42
Wa: SSN 1th ates vs ccs headearasdeekcecsatcovupianercecas sdeoe cates tat Satueecese oat Beare 96
Gossamer-winged ‘butterflies 5... <os.0 tag sacssvncvens shan vant gondasendanenct Sureae anaes 21
Cosy moths eeeh aerators eee x osebigue abbceek Lasea toned avec oe Care Reet Rea eee 92
Hadena devastatrix Brace s..csstssecetxyatstcecvs ssacesscstdecensscthees seta: koeeseceentee eee 163
Hag-moth: cater pillar... cassccacacsendes cactecnctaceeues te sgane eas eaueeturttnanaep een 99
Hair-streak—The banded ..iiissccseustecseacersdecsuss suses tisreeauburscvnted secuaneseeveeaaaye 22

FRA ITSSETO AS. foci osecc castes tadccceesnee tere eee gta eset

INDEX. 273

Page.

Halesidota PEPUa OM LEL NLT CR eat Pan's SeCA SA oe Se EME Tab Sco rsncus sc scawa Phase tuateou shave odimeretwesy 86
2 SE ONE Ra ale Oc aR Se ie PRS ER 87

“ BESS CLADE SEUAS hv egisargsaeuacts des six cuancudaleewietcrenasceonvctrsesareens 87
UAE I ISITE ARNOLICATIA, ELALL:\ avecce cece ivesepvoyssctnavers se'eee ; aN ne aoe Sec esuegeeenee (2
eT at SMMC KUTT strl GteCMLed WA WV Al Keane cciccunanccnades<cecvssuasccesdcducnusppaesatsskeeecones 157
EES eeTTMUN EEL STPMe Ee ete O ate cc cee cas ooseue ce eeu ecb eonaeas duces ce coceuh cavceeulss RabsatescveReek gs Pe XS
IMENT ESC ERIEULLE Tiew on Us capp dul cnss's c\SenkSesbavies cnnndund sunniactuanyharennnus cetera Mabe 77
Be MAMPPLITOIT A LULIRGRED CU ecg ete ces can see 9 oace ea Gexvaeaseuse aes cs sts etee s99Kk ka dean dhs ov oeaahtenerse 84
ta TSCM IAD sett ctu a cunias scvcuwe cusses caewsueles vunv on0s seed baneueyenecvesenauuense 84
MPEG LAG a TID CLL tL L Ue cee ye et cnet 2a kb 5 cfu cada Geathn es evn due dasind Stone A Sn pacacise eae ee eee 129
PRS aa ener ee al yy ah Pow ae oa eb ecbwh ns sw se <adey des wnuthih umoavayriniedniNe Lie ee
Heterocampa AITOLVUCEARNV AM Koss, coe) se seaeesecniig: vas iceseia sant iess be beval nestvauseranetine bale
8 PaMet EPEC DENS Nv aati ageedatinene on=\ngks=\ vib. sce s bdst as Nenecaeoasb dese et ale WF
SMESG tI COT ee sernen Meer en iets fondle nc ssendy idinceade, seeeheiaardcin Weve nv dctaunce eons eneae ALO Lae emcee
edie eaten AGS UM CULT aee acca ea cate a ecak cathe os toc nica ta cece acess ods duseesak Fanccienceseenasceuuseeceeies 20
Sainte LTO Naam Ler SEAT CTL 1a oo ete cee Selves n eee oo wa aide Sense vic esi ~ ed osin ahem melee veetioeas wie veeoee « 237
ay PRAY OUI east easc eerste see scons sawia dn suchen, avcto sca tieus vedeesesd osas tenes 230

Me aASSOCK =m Obie .s sac see uc ara aceite. he canoes Mehictn SCAM sae oe eae 86
ME CTIA LSC) OCI RPS Sao cbe 5. ha uneevaemnts Chath egperkcuavenavaneetasvowes coceelitecas 42
HACER Cea KANT Ut CAME C= OTIS sap a cties sanuct ta dade ee ni doses Seanad len ouetecwoe ssocesesceacsaent 202
eM atePIR TMT TAT TEU ALY © Sacra ten ich oescoi oe os She Sete cce [ieeraclicses abu deues wedeasdvuwsseoanes 193
MRSA RN NII joss te ah nop enna does tok e-naicoabucececas dis op tenseh ade camsebeeaneeund Onadas 126
Hyphantria GUITG ARI noes eeect coh sce ccee: sete sstbisrad sc oe poses eecech ens ae eoent aaa $1
PUTICEATA. «00. eeeee cence es cece cc eeee see eee e ae en enneeeceeseeceeesecesenseeseneneaaas 82

" PIUUMOCATISSII Ass aactne ee ica: none eee dus Seacoast ae Seen lest aud 82
BORE O Le tomke Coicay rot saee as 6 ase ae oae coarse Sot Ae Tov suaatne owe ee beeven dee ste ceseeetesere $2
EMBDO PTE Ia tUCOSA TA DIs ccc. ..1 ses ices0rse-0- SR Pee core EY es Pees Eh 74
TAS OT COLO G etic Se oe heat oes ogo ook Fue sa seg da oot wou Saw yon sew Ng wae Sade THER 114
pp eT OT VE OUI... :cvovssiiee etonensccees BaeaRe tie laut sap eat ec Mee eee Evens shee ov ere 126
MRA Pat ca tececccccweccssnscsh.c5ecctae¥eas DI eae oat Sota Bs area ce Renato ee acd ees 6) 0
Inscribed SURE MEUE A ethos 2A are acta ay ean 20 Wogan nope natin pace que a caa mceap eat k west 151
Insect—Perfect.......... aeree Roe ie coe ses Bron deta re eoere een ates 10
Natta Ole MAL ONT es. soocecce nest Senses case oevacssqnsees UB Per aaah Gemeente cnt ata o
lee TENUE LCR STE SHOT A oe eRe et te ae Ne a AN ae eR ee, SO eg NE eds
RTE SCOTT CE CRE was ae neg sm ee ae sae cdo 6S Sens Sh wade oRGSD Sis Sheed an deu sone See aRR Aw eR eT Ae 14
Me AeA CH ANC LIS IIUGEIN AC Goats acs teee cect ealsre Lows oan Sac < cas cUeR coco ssesiap wae ian dancacteates 9+
« Gyn rar SEE a ESB hos Nace ce COM EEL CEEP EL EeOEREE ET ee ce aE cece eer eer 95
PETERS NVI CY C Gla rat ceca n eset ssc dee stem aed a5 bcc alte te twee cues cesan edu See tasees 94
Lappet- moth—T HSV AINE DICE ae cad coca ye cna lees recs spdcsebantateitlac acdewmncrss sh are sey 146
Pam O LGC acters car Mtacees ches Saese send conasaueredaumendetereenext ein raaees 145

PREPARE OUT DNL OU ICL AGL wevspewscc oh iiecaese odes ens: cede aeesacoa skates (dees ante Sevens 164
SRE ESET BICC UES OPEL 07 on <, as deayesrses oo! av’ doe sage wanstdeaceesulives Savece- sade <puses 189
RRL OMI Ieee ace Naren a esccichen onece nocd ho choos octet auneitece nant soe nceeoestens sess 79

a eR TGELEEU EY niger seen PR se Nee ae see vind mova rev cha tates wayne tavaotdedtao tisen eae wea bouses PAN |
a -folder—The Cherry- GROOM een se cet opactnceeteonanea ieeaeeoeeeeas Re eee ee ee
0 Ware ea OS eg, ga came are Ra eg Fee eine ee ne eA 223

“ . GrTreh Ga We CA eee tant erae na yetceee cic eer ttes cette si riant vedic ats saeck 208

. bs PPM ICS er ee UTNE gat cn at N awn pe sn vaiacvignn apts rpkereviedoCaasanssetl meet 224.

730 abe PRIN) SE sete mre eee ncen Cader tek se wats coRS Ee Hee cay asec ws fe oneal o ens 229

i Pg ss Cr RS 9s RARE MSE eS eee <i Se ae EES 223
MALIN Rete WN TOD) Gist ee acon aces seyacvc thse aor seven to eeeaseconetevessiethiee) mrsvanedep 262

“ rm MPLA GH DEL Iay beter cers crodcrers Cons cu erecerehe Goria ondeeavdneess kcldcendee 265

ei Hi BAAN ASO GAD Ot rcces Cece ott cess sAwnoxetencuct earsee creer ve kdussvsdecben ces 266

Ny - Dig OU ESIC REAM c te cGy ike one TeKee ARS oo solaca vos dunes cusameastees 257

“ o Oe TPC TIEN LEER GS Gal woxtesowiuunsavcaabianadandinesesuswedvenekvase 259

4 a SPN MINCLCC HEI Igt Wuvie netomat ay otactcacsvicetten tests cossutccsss ovanuaveanpees 254.

ae Cy eas noe CO cme iiay enc vee ces ace ors ante ates cous cebep ol Uan'es cccssvooacdacvcevayenaeeys 229

&e 40 Beat) IC TEAM le tvccees cos tenacetes iclaccs qo asacbecers cMERN sees se dchon 226

274 INDEX.

Page.

Leaf-roller—The TICK OL Yicesescsscortseccoeessses we seewcoseccance Ronen ee eee Ee eee 230
tS RAS PDEERY Sie coses.tcnccstedcdeeseencteasnsacuaase noes mathtneeauaany nea 237

os . BOWS EKA W DELI Y.. <ec2seie0asse sesso vescsahacasanhtoacennse tateamenciee meee 240

CO gewer, qr Apple ic iiacscststadasnsaescocweneovetccasnensunaumcescatsveehtesieq sa. aanenaee 239
Weak tOllers ii iiccccsssvogessisacesenoneecece loeccous covtscacet cosucsdenestetwecener enCancesoseeaee Mi a223
WEES S eeetaccees oi Niacestdvecevos tos Foandele cree osbonscessusse tease saceareantnee te <secse keene aeee aieeneae 5
STC OPtELA te fetves aeacesosasesopepssenvenretons -avanct=tenvavyarmedesrmetsrats aye eReeaaeae nana 1
esser Apple (Leat-folder icici iscoss-sns0 00s sg’ seus chtvetcaeaevoncsussdtenepeses: meena 224.
CUCALCHA ACHBA DUT Niccecesetecssdecses scovtecsecces osusscessucaveensuenstevesenecteeasaseaea 79
TPIT ACO GAG ss. oeai saade en tian Sosctowcea pose ee'escuaeasddvacgveborsaas deoseeseesesteren toon eee Ik Sys
Limocodes—The Basch ated sess .c.icsccescocs2c-toonntee epee een 102
PTRTACOGES SCAPHAMH ATI crece -ocse sires nee -1oees sseecianvseceaeetnierseescenstes dee neeeee news 100
Eamenitis art hemish Dari iocc.sises.sececessca-anaceacesecndesetaanveesvetaosnecste seen receees 19
“ CSU PETSNG VOL ehissenyeesanensdan)-os verencvondtentenaiecia vena Eade teae eae 3, 20

Me HESULA Raises toed sececavacscosdessdeeeoGl ves neece te pe cevnededacet sasematers £8
Minie-tree Wantermioth® cca sacs. cesctaeceesodss Gene cwsceeung ine eectndete naaee ee Meee 193
GT ALAC CE Nina a sores ga ducer sur steseevasaocusec en d-swasecs Saetitensintan tet oeesde seers senate eee 88, 94
VETER AGCOGESVLAS CLOID AG, S wesscswovcece cass csescetacescotavaseeeterseteet eee eoe eaten 102
iethocolletis crate pella: Clemiws x....cc5-<hsaccesosescsactansecsoseeetae teensee een ee eteee 258
uC geminatella Pack......... du vospctwosnesessatteeaie ton shee tol neonate aee 259
Bonp-homned Prominent ..026;. 0.4: 2acse oxsee=coosrceeescopsne spe eed meena eee eee 115
fo, tailed © PhiOMy.5,2.cciveectdenesacesesse ace senor te Ree econe ete ORE Ree Core eee 122
Woopet—Larger Blue striped cisccccc0..cecc oi seceecessensdearte Taueeeeee seen steers meee 189
WP OOPELS i -nasssebaceneascdseceestseaseae nen sonchosn cates ss femeeencedea saan soMeicns satire seat Et ae eo eaenene 175
Lophoderus juglandana Fern.......cccssccsoesssesesanesees ai akisdbasues odetucausnes suites 230
a triterana Walk.............. dea avacdbeaveuntausccgoaestesuccosedaesacedeecumeees 231
Metta art OE sae exscs oa kossooasteweoeecsacs cache see cosetcceee meget raced eee oe Rene eee eens 125
DEVORE NID BO ave as wan beeagsasciseads ons sonscosvooeseseprecsonne vascntecsoits <acacens coastect entrees oa
TE GTATIG EID 22 sons aca die cone) -ccosdstescoqas sens oerseunesaenccersnecseerescscceasestaoe tener tenenee 11
iby.onetia saccatella Pac kis... sc. cicscccssaceconw aes ssescausuasdeeces ee cedeet tee. te on eeeeee 260
Mia cro-le pid OPtetial.s.0--<s..ceccccsssaccsroespecnear esse Joveecosse cutee sucteect ene seete eRe or eeee lal!
Mhaataatin O tlic sce-ce cae swceerececonsoenase ties sasceesds sdkewanicda seaveshuceen cabcReceeeeee Thee en eae 129
Mamestta assumilis NO is. .chcesssccd gosccsassecctoeccesnaanete tom eee ee 163
oe CONSE THUD secbavesissaveneb cose abeqausxecel aeaoes st eattenere tee ake eae

“ ICCA TELAL: oS esacicevcceestessonccevesieccseis sec ioc eoieece cases: teeceateessaa ene 163

ING ax ABO cc os Sevexe,cesacsaeaetessesteenkoseciessovescceaheressueeess ssGseuen seeteee ete nea eee een eete nee 4
Mie ASUTITIOS WODINS 5 o35. cczssinstceccbsenanteooe tscacwseve etn ene oweaevesnseece te ee tree cent eee eeeee 175
INGGtANLOT PH OSISs. 5.55 cocersesdnscececstacceussonsccduvsea ete oss essvetedseesusventeteceteeee eaters 6
Microcontia limbaria THAtTr..d..ccocsseecczkos dese oecsss a cnectcecsteas ake ose ere ee ean eet neaeee 180
Mi cro-lepid Opler as.cci..c.c.itiscesesoccesssesacoows srasteods 4a. doe te nnone sec dee see nema mennenee a5
Milkweed “Birt terthy i. 0s cic. seccawes Sesctvsasvosscoseencstaeede sees peee thee eeeee caeaeee eee 35 ae
Mineola indigenella, Zellisis. dstsc-ctacssnswocccdcstnsovncn meee mace aera ne ee 211
OE FA IAN GIS. OB sesaik asss cesendonsacsede a cate doesent oo eee ee 213

a VACCIOIT RAL esse, cosas ietancoisesgeesasOuadeseeeseenece eerenee a aiecete eee rea 210

IM Ottahehista's. | cskteed cciadvsnsecesoncn aioe ouaw Soaast eaten sate eme eens cence ee ee nee aee ets [24
Morning Sphinx—The Dar k-]ined sites. cccscatesesswastssceuer cdeetstectwns tecoteessesee ree 37
NO OW Harte slinethiaccviaieccescesecesdesus dorsasehorsees ser oecoacbenseeneonmes 34

IME Otattin P -ie accdancascascecsvcus sanetervouscesnaes cseesteeeivscesinecesmeenete ats caee se oneeeameeeae 9
IME OMI -PATts csc ccsceasaisoceneastvcassineteyievten/iuua tsvess situa ornsemeeeegatestgeeaaneaemae 4.
IW 1050) 6 X= a RES Pee rn RC eb re a RITE SY PRLS SO Da gna LOW eS)
IMGUSCaT CIM ice. cides ae elasevs yrescesosaleoocues oouade edocs tees ceecers bie conemes Toee Sonne eee 19
Native Currant-boret............ ( soldGudea's Ueauas se cUstne Peoeh rove bed aneat ae oe eer eeeee eee 54
Nematocam palate Ataria ascscscocecoeeeont cra the cen cee ee eee ence eee nee eee 180
Nepticula rubifoliella,. ZeM isi. eco cccuesoctacseceacdeonnvestadsteatcndeeweteeese aecteeeentaeseee 265
ut villosella Clem...... iaudvsenuassibecsouees vot cone dagen davdeecchems se teeawencor aed ees 266
NGEVES wicceipesesinaecvatecsb ste reed Soca'vacho saa cuede douceoesedond temo nea tee SOee EOS NeEN ERE eee eee 3
Noctua: clandestine Mati: vi cents oseccao-codeassressasnstestetycereteoete een eee 161
iM fentica “Tarrseli ys. sccdeseaccss oud ode cowee eee 161

INDEX, 275

Page.

SIRE ELECT SOMA ae as nae pa vonsceas dqcesaugscesRaghecanedioneiadss') caaas cance cawavtey tAwauastheavess Ut 30
Nolaphana malana Fitch.. aap acadh cian ve nae eRe DNGeh Ctvae cKAR ERENT ASR OND Is car She Vine 168
MREN ACL CNTINICL SON. Sof iccek ou cca ces onus vie ccasanwuctoueusccsataeecesye?s ddside conanu aces Ween an MBeN es 11, 104
RI MNED FS EDINA fs Sven ait ann Kc oinahui nase eVasseacemanhavest spas ess uooaataueseebapnarnnk scp ivoale aes 11
WeaeNVOti—— PE OLANPE-SELIPE , csascescdavisvaccsescncsesscvecsayevckeavcheucessseebWeders 132
ee Ce GPL iP OLLEL xx cusssdanennsnave ss pakcesevceacvoussase>naMutaeditadwtsnkvasanes 226
RPT AIAN GLS TAT GLINIT Cs cava sca ssiavaaetatcnae tous devcceasecenssiannggxa liencensPertaitecevatee ce 93
PEN LeeITERS 122 COMIEIZITIG sz OO Dine <cscasvcccesnssvhsesstanoawcav oct ousvusve dare svete sdaetrardsendds 110
RITA OL OUG: ccxeav-scuaiccoctecaucsucestuns ccalesvsoncendeusdssanchueresesmntovaanan 112

PM ERORALCL AT EUCCATEH ELUIST..cosnncacsccccsassicapasavectscvscssesrassseaoieereesacesecasneet 203
ME UPLIPIBTEI ACL UL LUTID occ 6S son bsn oe ap age ccnwekecaewsnnn te sev sateps sunesab stove ov see toere eases 122
RN SL EPIC Ch OP UAW OTL ssa bce sda sdvcescacueesvavhect need wcnasvvsspuekwashuseucos -becenays 132
Matas eile ert b= GA COMA ti. 5, cvssccassesss<ccbecsescsseesdpctucnatevtversuneseesvecanrsceseoader?’ 136
PETES EOI NSE Arneds vc dvsngenndacgnesss anuaciava capes ta nocvarvasst dbsVuhropnsvinadast 88
METIN@OCTULD ALC LA) ACK i. s.2c 5 cass ieeveececdececny tavacebtsetaccceecsteactenescuch euachecer sales 234
BAINanItatMT ING) LMS Bey cock oa sc cers Cece succes dacocuseancaatesiecGettiirsnsdeuat vabans «pay te suey Li tot
MEME RAT ES HICING CE IC ACLS) DULCMssnasssuaecnacusntsesacccesceavedsataac mesrececencer ees? 221
. POM MIMACLY IS BIC ecceevcak-eacvactnunesca rots ors Sersenoeceeuevscoucurneteentaent 219

He Acicaeo SHVellOw:, | Cranberiy WOLD. .c.cs..crscavers Jssousrueevesdsesctctcades «ocet sxyeaee 225
PEMBACEICAVCLNACD PACK... sccssdosastssresessacsccat¢s does ctecasucsacensvetesecedecoetsveos 197
MOU OY OLD ceec sas soca ccncaedavaceessceccontaes<oeaces tact: cacucvacsasereesostexeesaenaccecequenees 252
Sane SME SS FOUN UES Sys cnnin ok dunes ocivon'e sbitewals pan tes ev seuechateeinn Centacc danas ches aaxeeoneee 157
RAMI R I TES PURIST sta ssc coh os cas ons toon tne daduseospavat davos sins seus sesaacdodenuk sed ses eraenaelees 40
RANTES CPC ALLIS 9) OG Auawacati= ses saraceoaosdtendeccavedean arch sic =p acetal repucesnasheaee 48
i EDVAI TIS RS EOC Nn coknccasesracscee csc scetc dunt scconsetens cn stecney serum seein sats 50

LE Dayna ray (6 ECs SI Pe te rey aR EERE RE EEE Peer ey rt Oe a nea Ld Zo
IRINA GINS EU AIT: coec cccansonsueen causes tdsssscansevvacveOneseruetterenasbasd succhtccesseccurs 80
Ppetiel GME Gm ISSOCK=1N OL). seccsessccsscccescanadscsveccsssecdseseratenstvecessgecs= oveuece 92
SSIS AE CUO E ASML OC Me wre s eaedaa is oon tvect snes sae ss <cdscetescoecviesestawsasst-aveotetccnest ee 96
MnP aR eae ted cD ed! Gra (Ol I sores ode psc nots sSuysine re'eenvav ans cnn ieeStuccsvovasevelsuueates 92
pe MOMeELOCCM OLE Iiccns cadrcstavecscocesverececesiveesecaceSouscsevcansests sci ste stesaccoeede ten orate 57
Pear and Apple-tree Leaf-minet...................ssccsseee SEiae see ates eee 259
RSA TMMV NCCC TAN INU) eee esc ccseevecw vs cavaceservbetarscuasstcedesedesosieaccrervecseseeckerourease 71
pep pemein Ges alt Currant MOthix.;.c.ssc.-scoscessasscennessteestectecwssrccdusncccessactees 191
aU ER SE oo den sc cans cna daaahcaveneascanssanseedsptcpesass vot ncn dekousizasencaddakaadsones 10
PAC TIOIO TRDS AUICTA MEAT se. 2s sc snasoncesss ssecjatscdoverdecsccsepceseeseeus scescsseuesterseecoteee 160
POT ROT AMV CISHEMIMOTIIp LAT 1 ac. cdcusecssactessensnceceuateasettceshrehan cs eshvaeeseahneu 104
EEO MMOL GIVEESTUMECALA ELUM Di caccaaysccteciseccsOsarssnaceoecncsiesciete wae cronteanneoeeee 204.
ZI CITIES PAP ACOLIAN MINI OL, «cs. ssssseecsssevcten scs-sesaviooscenecacetet actus sccenescoktnrs® 195
PSOE POIISTACICINO DM DTW s sias2.s<05% suse dvacan: Qceavedecescnenstetunss sess ceeeden eaceeh Oe 38
* PPEULI COLUSA AUIS. «25 te c5sieeircettacseues sine sncee see oestedaee Ream tare ases ER TOR 40
PEEL ONLI GE MCCTIITI AG, OEE SS cas cne sve sess odurneRecnuoada te ce cuotetenSeeter s ongaeones oe CaERs 99
Phoxopteris COPIPCAT AU TOE. sccccre coves cheasdeue St ceteect soutee Sethe va keuneestcutn teceds os 240
DN PC CHANDA |OlE MM casas ce oadocactencste cassecteve cestne ete seas tec ee eens 239

PIU AIELLO LICLIA LCI CMa 1ncctcseaveysacouctyossacescontestensinstmacdaaucese eset eeecees Fate 211
FM AGH ELE Seth os ofan deliv oa dulce cia wlods sac edsatwee dc cBapy cw eeeot vax thlvere car's as tnentwnesescg 1:
Pinion—!he Ash-gray...... Jobo daesantaec Ht hater seeeeade PUaIeeae ee aa ReoeN Loa Pte eae 170
PIMOS UAM AVEO ATI, CIC ycsc<sccavscscsacudtaasdidnosudsnaspagseeesstevsiteues wetvardscas dss 231
Plume—The Gartered Grape-vinelisiec.s<casweecevsncecgsacqaetethatia sacs ess s0esetanwas 221
; RAS DET yiecsss ent rc ouscnsconemacWonnk inp egheuelmel Ea Cue hey eat ans dst viemen ot 4 219
PARENT COMIO CET Ny cous: oc done cue cazacw ly abou cess duce denounes ce Jacl cnite Dobe ipeekhsuetesadkwanes Buskes 183
EAM SRIEURCOP IG OLEI) woh sasvsuctveesskscecessodcas casey uetheracavenetoeteescadeseae nash oumesesoua 65
WBAEACO LANs sccacas tute coher ooes eeu noua to con ecas te ee ae nee tome vow estes snextorun shies 172

a Dagret-motn— De MOtHIeG struc csecsesscceueuewetet cs ostdeesressssecer ae 153

a8 SPUR sonccscatyosnessatenas sch eacpeassuacctnscnstss sean tsetemen nas shop eoeen eee es 45
IONE StestLx-I1.O CLsnen acnetacrnssoavconscengunervaccersaseesctbess se tessceanvnaacearadiceaccs 123
PROBE INO RAIN ALOU: ott asco Mccadcseedcctdevescdoucd éeudacchermesenauwacesashessvs mebehreny eduare 3

MMA RSEMELSD) Sora de cus cna cxsss cats anacodeaatdcenensacatsaneicaukt<potansenstas <andecuuncseyseencueabae 203

276 INDEX.

Fage.

PPIOTOZYSLUS 10 BUTI POC eons oa ws ceaecusaranessspvopaerksacerreeaneeeeet Hormercoreccsec 148.
Procris— They American csemiaesacs-censsevs ss Sanwa dove spans sabeustedccens 7:ttat(s aeteeeenceee 72
Brometheus Mo tives: cccssvicascusecsecscnadsesccduezecabavevst tees uncte iscete oe ee 126
PO MUMEMES. ct Skeet ecewstaot ee ca ve vaca autewteversse etecte ona ae eee eee seated SOAs
Prominent—The Long- FIQENE 5552503500. 02ccnuscceoeuse case sescaee seem eee ee 115
SO) MUIVIC OPES scresescv-nscsasssecocavececteeseaccaseete oeameceen: ae eae eae Lis

GE OLECELVEs COLORS. 5. tc24eade.-enetotesecr:anevss<cvessceseaoue tress enesiues eee eet Re eee 3
NUL Alsssasere ccevnecscnoseecosseore meee tesangeces0-sccs scacecasceensssecemtore cnet Ai cvestorsuebeat es ieee
Pat blind : Spb x, 5. cts dos secadoapcavsesssoonscnenesVensscnosnosentaeteeeesnceas easeane te eae ao
Purple— Dhe Banded ra. oicgc ccsccc: <<caseeccosss tans easeetes deceescous et ieee ete nee 73
59) GREGCESMOLECH 2 osscere.teev.cessnecarvese consecessms see tencus cet ene ee 73

BRAVO wows aye ri chnan danvavanaveneagacdvot fect ensts suns sbsasuqhangs¢nceseuneey eee aes LA 207
Ugg AE ross ssc cct as enen cone ooneccaaaleesest sdesess-t Decay oe eee 1207
Pyrameisatala nta WW Aaniss cece ssecstonc0cs.s3ss08vessecesenseettsencesonsgeaaene ster eee 17
Pyramid Grapevine: Caterpillai:s-:.----2s:s.cs-te-senesottece reece ee teree eee 165
YEA ef F 5 [OF oe PS eerie ere en eee a ee rey pr ry oma te RN ore LL 2207
PPV ED TOL PIA Boo 5cn wintstavacndendn vores noenvecsevns sssusesengndesasaee sees tane ater eee 72
By OpnilaeragOpO Pius) LAMMIN se. c. ccccnoeaccns coisa cosets toners teene sei eee eee 166
Pyrophila—The Silke a ivstesccteseceossiecctee ck catenue cect cee estate ee ete ee 166
IBV ETHATCLIA ISA DELIA VS CE AG ecco sac ceed see esate seaiseicsvee esto ee one ae a
DR SV CTI GBs ake cased stance eterna vs ceadet os set seeseoee aoe coco gen vaey erate Ee 11, 103
PSychomorpha epi mienis WE ti..5ccceceot isasves~a- oss ee<oscreenepanenss See ee 68
PP ECT OD HOLID ess shah pe vececsheo\sesdele eva cencesescderoenete ee ecen ee Leo:
Raspberry DAS REHM OCM. a sesskc sede ienesornee\esus-uprapsnabeaseeten ee eae 154
Geometer....... pdabatovesepateseds stave cacoesseseauns cocsates cvster Sette ees eeeee 181

: eat rolletece-s.e-c sedowegesusdeossssnesessiessdeyers sols aese shee neee ee ee ea eee 237

oe Plate Sion 5 12522 Senet ns oo sen cokes eauiy cca uans caaanecs soteaeeecaetens be eee ee 219

os ROOt- Omer. 1.2 seabek ve cactes cot oussBeongs tees tacceeeev ee eee 54

a StemMeb Overy 2... siecdehe codtenncebsentaoccnecasssnusecudcsseeentae ah Sakae eee 64
INA PEM LSI Ts hss sc ow Sceteses eee: cece peccesntaea@ar oo ek tes ees ah ees cone ee Re 202
Rede Atd mira 45 23.8 cpasssins sea Saotecenva tens crapeeeoe sect eee pence seco eeaee ee NG
Red-hemped Cater pilhaiiec. ic conscpoavsanedothehesacnacnentten ve See Creed cae eee eee 110
Red-spotted Pint ple ics ..2.csccccvecsvozs- scene esecdatecosepepnnresccoscthe eecteee oe eee meee 19
Resplendent,S biel d=bearet 53. sccxcecceos cevaseseae cu sacbeestcs aeeee sec steer eee 263
IRMOP AI OCCT Ain trees i ann cesereece sae sece Socehecoeecuee se aestetestnecetoe cere rete Re 10;
RhOpOtota Vaccimianay Packie. c<c.ca-cssacce na occ aaeaestecesesen eee 238
RDS oe case co sha tena ts oasaceneaddesuatyae duiseseahe cocoa sen Uieceee suaet IRN aoe ae aaa 3
WAP OLS PUN MET a. 2 eo has csacth casein dee cansacpecteessbueneceweseh ost caeuaa tet Pe ea oo
Root- borer—*<trawberry dui va caaels swiesss son sane seceednenctonceses cede sense eaaeecee ence 253
“ty Vand Stem-borer of Blackberry ..ccciccccuosvesee cet: cae 64
PROSE eaten) Ceres a, Foro vee sauste aves senna eis pectaee cathe n te eee eee amen Ses iudelesessedenes 228
ROyANTO this eee ses seeecerces yaguicepoevesaceadicen sad oss oaiseedee celestipeessess cueeureeaeenees Te alas
RUS ty Ow 11 WT OR bEGIK.. cscs csc cec css osshodsseeedenacestoescecoubaciwoene aceeten eee Eee eee nL
Saddleback Caterpillars. 26... 5eiecicinessss0nss tabsas nob eoeesnas esa cate. teh eee 98
SAUNA CXITIOSA' SAY o5.0<cthocsscceseniecase cave susras conecov lise cuccotedt tee aoe One 51
SG alles 55 25 sos asus ced esed acc cay ssuocesuseues wads westas ts setenv. cocspaee eee ce eeea acer ee ae ee 1
Scallop-shelll’ Gesimeter:c..cc.tccess oes covseccect os seceresteseee come etthae ae eee Nesiee 203
SEE DSIS FAT VIEGLIES AU sos ccnnsestenee's duns tise acednssngasesoavas oy eeees tea ee 74
Seh:zurd aponiese Dou) i cse.ccbsctest-nncsavesccesspae'vsndstee Mensa anor 118
: WMICOPNISIS. SC Ait is..vntsassecctscestecsssantseoretice Aue Re 113

Weta PLELON DONS MOTUS TALL sea-cievees -2densee- desea anece eee 55
SCOPEIOSC IG: SIDUS Cilio ckedue abo rai Sasegceee Teomee sone oe 169
Sesia sh tizorice V1. EGw) )ssss concedscondsivaceassvon yu ona taactorgeosn dene veee eee eee 64
Sp! DICETDES GOs SE TRivaccucitcvea iccadsveces eee eaae renee ee A ee 65

PSS HIP UMLOL MUS. VAD aisoorae Ich sos ones seas De wees teste a 60
GESTIDE aia c aeiin stan nena SuntaVianns 2aysesidadcte padaducunsanractecheniesa eke et ee ee 11,53,
Shield-bearer—The Resplendent sagececosscessvecssos -Ciateceueseasnes acsttee: Sat eee 263
UTE WS, 2 oe seine cp Fvoiss ons .setamenecananeracstag see aeenatacen poe be atch eee oeee Eee nett eee een 203

INDEX. 277

Page.

RUNES RATAN IESE Ss arto avlant ess cnvuey sa'vnwsavunesscevenhahycueu littwityca tn cen vteverVennsedtanacteadecs 11, 134
ESA CMCSINTS ee OAL DUC wecicevevccsaceactse sepetaawesuncerssndidedevesdvnctasebassdscuscerepedstaceds 134
ERS ENELLNR oy tay on cos nase vaahasacieudalnntsapecenomemacwsnsa nodes sudelNases> aavh <etxeeacuast pe 166
PM METeS POLE CSD POL acces 4 cunvesSvccukensm toners ahevasvavesasoaewoudseyevaesbssccsecsronact ioe 28
eeanetiZer— i he AT ple-lead, ...1.5-ssteshescnsmuwdopswansesnskacustavelsdacaasdbesscvacsentes 217
mE EE ESI ACOOGS <5 ov sanys-uas uanciateeeievasoucvesscnecoedraagesinmasbeyst opdesvsete . luv
RAMU DLS Datum tues a ers ese¥ cates are qr = sea cticeertanadestncnnwtucaaveathctsaniepeereey-surnces 11, 28
POLIO Steer Or eee A RURAL Sees tu cea scats ciicvssuaucaudhedncumeasebacawsidancendacstetrcumbetensuacrecs tate 203
Pea TU ESAS akong ees nna atic op ovat whan enews eanuth <bae-nveeonoen«Seeumntuneyeaivsretsstas bn a
ae 5 Se OOTY 3. accacastiascnavetnendseressvis naandeasens payer paeraaeniee ON
MERIDIEN PL CEM ctv comet unasnincs <aevasecntn-Pencnanscecsauscerwanne sy ceetewes tneteier tien 96
SEE CD DA ETI OLE cake asstcttp cess ccceeseceneesteucevedsdvaersdesae none cepoadcepeterser ee 155
PARCELS TOMI AT HS SOY se asics couse ds chee cnesdsdonases.coausauvsqebhs cae wuvadwrncetiocddas 51
PREC AMER ATCC sae: ie os Seacabsencuse'esvesee vase Gucuer<atausevcttsbnecesmestiaseeoes Waencett Sosa 122
aR cy RaVeeINT (LL Sree a eeseaan iis csp eavosnendcat lek venastetaacneck coh veketend ete eceeeee, vo rsbame eee 72
HOMER WHILE HUMP Orla ).0.....ccnstsenceresnsncenses Panera eect dae hem esaeeee oS aes cee ceetaes 176
ERMCEC EMM a csrenaesteben casts daca acnduccteen oarateenexccchessskecs soacsetis seus sseaheocseie aaeaneunes 18
RUDE TING teres icc erety anne panasass Sou, eicckiuntaopesens sesbschnwassinvatseeg tant crv obs np ee Oy
PaO ENT ee NG ACTER ALL (cnc cosciesaconeaseecdsnesapuevsas dtevadadaseveegas ts ber saSeacuasisay 184
y pe PMTCAC-DE AIMS snccccocsetacassece castes cat Cott sassereen c sester senor 150
MERRIE ED Sec Peet anne dann ndnmone mau vunasi nan desmeueuce bea cuaece seule waste scasceen Gus evneepe 11, 29
SMM RRATRAIZIIEL IT UITUD. OE A, .taccaneeetyscnsesesecc<tansenidertisacdeaphoneryeceetacaseredsec 45
MMO TCL171 Si OAM greswe acs keds sOeeev sa seceas sacee<ccasebev eed ot~ vere cacses cawbereet cesives 47
PIAS APAtelOdes...,...2..-0sesevecssesenses Pree davanons Shenae era seseon ES saaenetedee 104.
INARI Eee tae arses the eC es cid Sg ou fa laweneenavaccuak CaSadsuevce Gir tsesescccsedsavieen. sees 203
SP MRE EL a AI OTIC ANNE LY '= 20's voce ina danv sha Pe nenbs Gove ovienctnsies anbaoabeacousesd see teenaeved 7y
SPEER TEER AT eA TET PMULELE: Sv cn naehas devsshlicVdgse¥ovescelaceyveucncasecbal ats) Codes oak es 14
pri euerrRenGuoninn Naitie Of Apple -c:.5...25.ccecce-coree=oSbesbinass Sepehidves steusepecnes 258
RM eIS STEED UO oo. ashct ss ans cacpsndaet «chow cnaapessvunnsaisstsccdenausas¥¥an-torev sane: 87
Pen RNE SED UC UENIUL coh cus thik a ceh sce, doa seul uvescion a Sawer at tusks ralccehauielions eroescuaes 197
Peed Nee ONG Lanencns seaioccetGe stuns ce ooess ctatarss pussenesue es ockactes sacatensecSusseceosnen const tes 167
SPE ts OUTS LACKDCUE Yi ia s5svianct sasecsedancckasnavevsps on ebuau,abasteastec omaaety eee 64
Rata Br Mc ie TUE Mee hn gale don sath int ce tmonacseunt quetiyn on nin raeaek Mckee eee 8
SUEZ TTS gy gd Waa Lo DC og ea ee eee Sea oP a es A neem IY ELEY
“ ROO DOLEL 4 sere acsncvcosteceasesosscuresncosccneceeanerersinnce co eet catee eee 253
RAMI EL ELIE tars 2- 64 5) Savtgacassn enoastosachuass <cvcsnsctobatertetsussst tons cov oblovaaeeectes 23
Ree ITIE LODE, 075.05 5.a.-rsensne+eterovancans Re esetont san M Ucaebarsnd cts scasieect diessctened shan aeons 4
DEEMED ONOT ORD GG ELI ons se ssnaashnc cotter soba ceeemowboeceys si altnee ss hawne tanks teat ras 232
Pepe RU-EATOO NUL COLILY. wove cecaassncccocaucacoesveecccopstescn’s pati tant dda eae tener eee 25
See Ee ——sD Ne PIT TALS aS vus scvaile .<vensovnavoccuucherics!> taboue panto abentnaneresbomiece 26
BMPR TEIN LT CA TTL (G1 ss 2s oy doce cd. c cab sos euaanceneokeencso nota Pexande dees wat ed catoteoubnce 181
NESE ILS Rte COMM OCW ts vt sooo nckyncscatcsens sheen oat teee eeeR ane mete. ee eons 97
By CL ni EE a CCR a Perera UR, eet ner ee Banas aoa sea Re 114, 122
eee APA PU MOTTE 1 OIN 2s sn ~<a isuy ot caehnas ss Wupun di hae eul oc dents Mengus pppoe co -dc beds cacoeeead 123
Tent- -caterpillar—The TOTES Gels cn vee ccsscterestophec eetnece tl nenee aes ecco er aae ee ee 140
PCP RCINAIEEL AL, concnc satan syeeeapay sites terete coco dacor cents aaa 136

Teras AIEAIDIet EEO nee s ch veaeenk tas ach cavnkst aod lavancy erent RactuasWcralessuccte saatenctectse 224.
o Wiel CUNMGOLET AI Ill, 2 scccvewuncou sons ewetsonencus tareceuencas rac eec se eaaeceune ee 225

* SAV COCE AMA ACKE de ccaatterecs csviestcacsveucs sun cderbucaeast wiyeTouasiianter Mteseebese 223
MEA CO TI VOLATI AVE ACK Aohesacessvessccvessovedvesascve vacate Ole seaesletceckdvccnsseuss 225

BP EUIMOUO IMD 11 VICATIA |G: ye scds das>sa ove sceoe rans tase dunes drowaeet Sees ¢occas saseses 179
REM Ree Pe UATITIS, EVGA Casa yanvesneseuuekis res te2tseadande wider tedhusps tiapactwnnv ck ch oaganiashacens 22
SS CTL OSA) EVAL tis sacsesaas opscua cecaccvaveanwoestrres Bena ease dear en ins te noete sareee 23
LESSOR RN I near seve dai sch deb ac inte deh ca sbenbeknasenansioeea tt acbasyacus svn eer head shares 21
era EL GS ELAM E-DOCEE OES ris orders. ee cee eoudds sndaueate dosooneertdevecs ova vsuhamucteleadees 14
PEE DCALIO® SPAN= CW OTID ss orbs ssca osenoactaventevedes dancebdprveteassavguentivasendsbesks 180
MINE SENE 2 SUE FLEETS CISEE «suas snes a ndeh cxonehe as ehyuentans setbe ne asiseacecebuaaubeneemeapikaces ne 151

SRE EES PLO OLLUES WS AENING sys axis cowiar uve vfsousupatad spas slatsaaveresae<vanaceub@enterser cites 32

278 INDEX.

Page

Dhyridopteryx epHemercecrornus Ste ph....i...cscscanccenestsnneusdogaceseeva-auveseeaeeee 103
Mhiyshe) Clearswitle cc. .vecccererscsessasccsesncccasccttenacrensacsnanesasteeeseeataeeaecestenemnee 30
Meer Ob NS ESSN) cate oencsasanessseenseosnsnrtqnevcess cen toees er capaneeee queen year Rie
PHO CI 111 OLAS ensadwetde seovscsecusessensesseessceesuseesoecce:saceres sas ettssas eiseeenneaseneeeat eee 74.
PYRETA GOS. codcsacwsGeavetanesch iis feateces sie secede vsegeessctes serce (aSeeu Reabetee Shin te eee neeeees 12) 261
PISCICLS Cae sohe cue lsccp tee aac cseeeswobecodetacs acc oaduass sbgadesdeseoteoe ce tee seen eee eae naeE ares 225
thischeria ma litoliella: Cleve aie. ccs cosonccencerentorkceemendavanteesee eee Re 262
THE COCETA OCEMA Nay SCM iles pecesscsssscacds0ss soeseneassoetvenueeoee et oon ee 248
Moly pexvelled a SEOMWM crea. cccevecses cssetecceoas, sovedeccueddessecscescewenenacostasescearmerterat 145
SOM OUIC iesccnacnc ode cans opecchseseenssens ote -a-anane-os2eces serch oor ite seesee sean tment ase een 4
Di OGETACIINA: wah tase ioe da con ea ene aens weeust okie chsonsbebee teens nat eeae Laan ene eee eta eaes DE PS
DOTEDLCLD LE. Sco ai 5 co seed Or ea awe ence wha coke caswedaacecteacon yee ghee Wee
POCETICIDATEXITOSQ EL GIS oe eee sca sé doo ncbeocconga ee ce au cee ee ae 102
Tortrix—The RuSty- PLOW tlt-sscsesessess+ces dbus shabescecedeoaed ote ae beveeas sae Tea ecreeeaeee 231
a Salphar-colored Seve sedscamfacnmecseeteac seers semaparateatece assets ates aeeee 232

Testes Silhe= w.O tethhi 2. oooh oe Saetec cease owe vce cn ace so odb soo ceee eduan eee ee ieee Oe 134
Sede FMI SS OCKSINIO EIS Mec de tcc cae ncs acaesu sc caaebanmeeeeene sdaasuuaSswensee teed seateeed meee 88
Marmus sSwalllo w=taill tess cctscccts sccosssoecesccusganteu a acoso teheneasene tie eee 26
ST UISSOCKHINOLHS 522.0 root caaseans <oescvonconsssaounascr teen cote WEEN Ee eT 1S
a ESky YS MO MET C s cceaee coeds So oecs nea Eee oa Soe ee 88

a moth— TheiCheekered jects sco Cdioqeeecae eee eee 87

oe pipe S 5 (ol doy gy ger errata er ecco eres aac tees resco 86.

ee oy 6) Patallel-linied ic. icsccassete oie ee 92

* a S&S WOLECR AccwcatccccesesscsetscttucrentasenccttaessceneNncacnss seacememee 87

2 3 SS (Wihaite: marked yacsccdeccossahcoecstceer ae eect eran cane ate Sosa 88
Anyied WL Gab fOUMeES \-..vescacstetqarvacsas/ehansJecteeuecaatnaaeew todas seeeamens ely ae eam 223
Wine ort Promimemitosce.cc.cace ec aeee ecesss cece canee nn seh she cneadewedak eelaee ree reeeehne eeu sane alle?
Uniform Wihite-spotted! Scopelosomal..cecscc-s.cesero-n- eee ecenesseoel Jaecatondeaets 169
Wiarstlalb abterthy iii. 22.2:cs.cqcatcesetecte, ones desosevacectse soso. unentavece seesceeecee teraeeeese 72
WAP OREIE TL OLMS).cchengscsesuesracccaberccnesereee\evecconcececcneucecsna ss sectneeE eter n eae enna Bt
Marnier ated) (@ut- worn 2.5. cacsictecccsssssss sereoscecoatectssncasetecestenesdeeneasce aaeenaeeem 160.
Welledia; ap petsim Oth). ..ct 2 ...dsnctcetcenasescccceseet seaavss net solsntatees taeda ieeremten 145
Vestal Corycia Uacecet tee dats Cobb Scee Soh bees caot awe vee ifs SC Ro a 184
WA CERO Yiscacessncittetercncancnasesceue Fe vopuoe nines Seance ace ueet re sutouseaue tac eme tees eee nena tema 20
Wralntit Case bearer ices). tssccveinctesvsdcdeciotase este Eee 2133
BEG WS PATI 2 oak cosa casas znacesescos Sosdedes ocavee Seetuaestacceersbecassten aero ee ee ameer 52
Wiantitn e COLORS <0... .ieses ss cotaestacaeeeneetsus Nease *caacascecsttassaccsoss) senapenesennastoneee 3
Waived Ia SO ane a fess a. nsetlehoaniievaccuahercneus seen tecum iene ceeoncca tc seket eeMiralc eee naeemt 94.
Web=wonm—The aha lll cc. iiecs seks ccs cekcedcceccs cosusecoeg osc oecose annual eer tontece ae eee 81
Wiite-dotted A pplewOriiist:c. cue: tccsccoweucaesnestset con dSptuse racsoes Soken keeceaec eee 168
—- elitted Morning S pbiteix 2523. itiisc.s0cassceeseves sosetss senovsco ieee tareneseenteeeeee 34
petit ahikeds MSS OCK= tl OL Mseransee meee cere ceceeseeee een eee SR eee 88

“i peSpotted: Sco pelOSOtmale::.:..s.ct--cesertccesescencteeceecaste st aoebectanet ect eeaneaneeee 169
Ww ingless Oper Gg POtera x..ssscqccecdosactesskecevesdesecetesee sasreeesepoaeeGneecnahene eee eeeeeees 203
ee PU elias 5 Seas tielocuscectisassanetsctonsees septic ce cnas reat eee ae Teena ls
NEUES “cass conap io evasgesassbuecusdus ave teancccaweseedl su actacaseceasaeressnc= tps eee” dane een 3
SW" marked.\Cat=wio rns ccc-ccesececcedeceocs socack desescon set este donee tees tases ree eaeeeaeeee 161
Wantermoth— The Weimiestree: tec, .cccers ndesceaccrsareecgueeeeteeeseuereeeece wee eames 193
Wioodrnty mipliim oths7.t..:.civseasscedossvesdeetecscheosschenexesertencsceeee ates ees 1 65
e a — The beatified cscccsccstisscecelic ok sects dectecuteosee eee teen eee meaner 69

a + OS Pear lis einledsacinescesvecans cacacovetercbcpecantanaeasteeseseereeetineen (a
WG Olll Va ALS: sececccecerecteneecscuceen tasetacssters bse tenlsaneesetececusaenesemtacten tereen tem Lees
Xylina ATILCTI ALA WAN Kise cenosccctanessnessnctessacaseseetnscnecseendae daatetntgeaaen cement 170
Bet hues GF Be Rs Fee aacde cbc ace vo ckone teeta ccnctekacnec cand tea toenes 171

c (oleh 2 ancy te eee eee Er ir tr EH ior Load acto ec neONOnS aler(?)

ue REPT SATIS oo oco sok eee aka tena cov ovens Oe RC ae 172
Yellow Bear—The (Glob snhen (oye heer PER tt rraacr rence errr chornseaceancssoscuc 79

VLAD! ic sacive cass ccecceatceecnoscnace Soa teecsemtssteeeoncene entre camanen 119

INDEX. 279

Page.

emo w-tecked Apple-tree Caterpillars......cascsessrecsscsoodvacesascudddessieosssaces sees 106
IO MAUIS CONCH DEL MAICUUS EULGllncsistsassston sess rucdvasshavanl «rdcuvecussvenecsyesd ess 253
* PBI OIC TSU VEGI yore stacace sennvaes sates sasen ese nsh snes ainisacddaddua saa encve 253

rg IOLUOLEIIUG LLAL icc ceccadertvarsow sane. caatactaxe. Canathhoacsvsaastyepneia vita 252

ra EGCULE ICSU Leiastvobcsascosssavs srtvescsetarancacaunevonsssse snceseeveveanacsadnycsadenss cxnpeeteaey 163
OUTIL OSS PIE M ACK: csetaatcgucnvanstscacases seve isecaguecieasMotateavucaressenaya 214
PROT RS Le cca OU Uieg 05 a <a dyStld dawn ceRWRGAEAD abe vals dawn ebapaefusho aie neneesaiwaptide fs 74

og)
N

From Gartenlaube.

aterpillars and pupe.

ing ec

Insects destroy

ic

t

si

Para

PLATE I.

FIG,4.

FIG.5,

FIG. 2.

Fig. 4.—Danais archippus Fab.
Fig. 5.—Limenitis disippus Gdt.
Fig. 2.—Marmoptery gibbicostatat Walk., resembling bark.

PLATE II,

FIG. 17.

Fig. 17.—Grapta comma Hartr., showing two butterflies, caterpillar
and empty chrysalis.

PraTtE III.

}
|
FIG. |
2G | |
| {
{
| ]
\ a
FIG. 22.
.; ae Ty
FIG. FIG.
23 a4.
Fig. 21.—Limenitis arthemis Dru. Fig. 23.—Thecla titus Fab.
Fig. 22.—Limenitis ursula Fab. Fig. 24.—Thecla calanus Hub.

RE ATE LV.

FIG. 27.

FIG. 29.

FIG.108

Fig. 27.—Papilio turnus Linn. ; Fig. 107.—Datana integerrima G.& R
Fig. 29.—Eudamus tityus Fab., both sides. Fig. 108.—Datana contracta Walk.

PLATE V.

FIG.
30.
FIG.
32.
FIG.
37. |
|
|
{
Fig. 30.—Hemaris thysbe Fab.
Fig. 32.—Thyreus Abbotii Swains. and larva.
Fig. 37.—Deilephila galii var chamenerii Harr.
‘ Acronycta caterpillar on leaf of plum.

FIG. 43.

FIG.36,

EIG.48.

Fig. 43.—Ampelophaga myron Cram, and pupa.
Fig. 36.—Deilephila lineata Fab. and larva.
Fig. 48.—Sphinx drupiferarum S. & A.

Fig. 51.—Sphinx gordius Cram.

PiaTe VII.

FIG. 39.

FIG. 40.

FIG, 42.

Fig. 39.—Philampelus achemon Dru., larva.
Fig. 40.—Philampelus achemon Dru.
Fig. 42.—Philampelus pandorus Hbn.

BIG:
56.

FIG,
54.

FIG.
132.

Puate VIII.

Fig. 53.—Paonias excecatus S.& A.
Fig. 54.—Paonias myopsS. & A.
Fig. 56.—Smerinthus geminatus Say.
Fig. 57. — Cressonia juglandis S. & A.
Fig. 132.—Hemileuca maia Drury.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

iFig

FIG. 164.

FIG. 169.

FIG. 211.

FIG. 212.

FIG. 21.

164.—Champris cerintha Tr.
169. —Nolaphana malana Fitch.
211.—Caccecia rosaceana Harr.

212.—Caceecia cerasivorana Fitch.

214.—Caccecia argyrospila Walk.

PLATE LX:

FIG. 60,

FIG. 62.

FIG. 72,!b.

FIG.72,a. FIG.72,d

eM

Fig. 60.—Roots of plum tree infested with borers.
Fig. 62.—Sesia tipuliformis Linn.
Fig. 72, a, Harrisima americana Harr.; b, Scepsis tulvicollis Hbn.; c, Ctenucha
virginica Charp.; d, Hypoprepia fucosa Hbn.

PLATE X.

FIG.

65.
FIG.
~ FIG.
are 70, a.
FIG.
70,c
FIG.
naO; BD,

Fig. 65.—Alypia 8-maculata Hbn., three moths; and Endryas
grata Fab., one moth,
Fig. 70, a, Alypia 8-maculata Hbn.; b, Psychomorpha epimenis Dru.; c, Hudryas
grata Fab.; d, Eudryas unio Fab.

PLaTeE XI.

FIG. 64.

FIG. 77.

octomaculata Hbn., caterpillars, and one parasitized
larva of Spilosoma virginica Fab.

Fig. 76.—Pyrrharctia isabella S. & A.
Fig. 77,—Leucarctia acr®#a Dru., male and female.

Fig. 64.—Als pia

PLATE XII.

FIG.
68.

FIG.
74, a.

FIG.
74, b.

Fig. 68.— Eudryas grata Fab , caterpilJar.
Flg. 74.-—a, Callimorpha tulvicosta; band c, Contigna Walk. |
Fig. 105.—Datana ministra, male and female.

oe

FIG.123

FIG. 126.

PLATE -ALII.

emcee nc

Fig. 123.—Attacus cecropia Linn., reduced in size.
Fig. 126.—Telea polyphemus Linn., reduced in size.

PLATE XIV.

FIG.124

FIG. 110. FIG. 199.

Fig. 124.—Parasitized caterpillars or Attacus cecropia Linn.
Fig. 110.—Cijdemasia concinna, S. & A., caterpillar.
Fig. 199.—Petrophora diversilineata Hub., moth at rest.

PLATE XV.

FIG. 28)

Fig. 128.—Actias luna Linn., reduced.
Fig. 55.—Smerinthus geminatus Say., caterpillar.

PLATE XVI.

FIG.
129.

FIG. 151.

Fig. 129.—Hyperchiria Io Linn., male and female.
Fig. 151.—Thyatira scripta Gosse.
Fig. 187.—Caterva catenaria Cram., and pupa in cocoon.

PLATE XVII.

BIG. 137.

FIG.140

Fig. 137.—Caterpillar of Clisiocampa americana Harr.
Fig. 140.—Moths, pupa and cocoons of Clisiocampa distria Hub.

PLATE XVIII.

FIG. 138.

FIG. 181.

Fig. 138.—Clisiocampa americana Harr., tent.
Fig. 181.—Six forms of Diastictis favicaria Pack,

ee

PLATE XIX.

FIG. 141.

FIG. 123. FIG. 121.
Fig. 141.—Clisiocampa distria Hub., larve crowding together; greatly reduced.
Fig. 142.—Clisiocampa distria Hub.,empty skins of young caterpillars; naturalsize.
Fig. 114.—Schizura ipomezx Doubl. Fig. 115.—Schizura ipomez Doubl., larva.
Fig.113.—Schizura unicornis 8. & A. Fig.121.—Cerura borealis Bdv.

PLATE XX.

s
ie
& ;

FIG. 143.

Awnish bebi ne stb Pee e Sb

ee ee ee

ea

FIG. 95.

Fig. 143.—Clisiocampa distria Hub., caterpillars.
Fig. 95.—Slug caterpillars on oak leaf.

PLATE X XI.

FIG. 87.

FIG. 84,

FIG. 88.

FIG. 85.
FIG. 90.

FIG. 83.

Fig. 83.—Halesidota tesselata S. & A., caterpillar

Fig. 84.—Halesidota caryz Harr. Fig. 87.—Orgyia leucostigma S. & A.
Fig. 85.—Halesidota maculata Harr. Fig. 88.—Parorgyia parallelaG. & R

Fig. 86.—Halesidota tesselata S.& A Fig. 90.—Lagoacrispata Pack

FIG. 92.

be

79 79

PLATE XXII.

. 79.—Hyphantria cunea Drury, tent.
. 92.—Parasa chloris H. Sch., caterpillar.

Fig. 94.—Euclea pznulata Clem.
Fig. 96.—Adoneta spinuloides H.S.

FIG. 94.

PLATE XXIII.

FIG. 170%.

FIG. 173.

FIG. 160.

FIG.
166.

Fig. 144.—Tent caterpillars just hatched; also egg mass.
Fig. 166.—Larvz of Gortyna nitela Gu., in stems of currant and grape vine,
Fig. 17014.—Scopelosoma sidus Gu.
Fig. 173.—Xylina BethuneiG. & R.
Fig. 160.—Carmneades scandens Ril.
Fig. 170.—Caterpillar of Nolaphana malana Fitch.

PLATE XXIV.

FIG.
175.

FIG.
147.

FIG.
149.

Fig. 147.—Tolype velileda Stoll., and open cocoon.
Fig. 149.—Gastropacha americana Harr.

Fig. 176.—Catocala grynea Cram.
Fig. 177.—Catocala poleogama Gu.
Fig. 175.—Catocala ultronia Hub. ; a

AUTHOR.

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