is a Pe git. Bay ghee OV ew on 5 we) ta. +*, reef *e, cartes Ee F 2 aw we fen try A toutes Fe ai oF C) .. eoaveal rag * oe 6 ree A a Sees} +5, 2 es Mea, Pate + eet ri Ahk vores oa ly red Delle Pe tes be a he 27 oo wer) U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM LIBRARY OF Henry Guernsey Hubbard Eugene Amandus Schwarz 5 4 DONATED IN 1902 ACCESSION NG LA Re, oF | | } MENT Is TH Comp Pan ; pe auth FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST OF THE State Experiment Station OF THE University of Minnesota, TO THE GOVERNOR, FOR THE YEAR 1899. BY OTTO LUGGER, PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Sit PAUI-: McCGILL-WARNER COMPANY. 1899. STATE EXPERIMENT STATION, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. ¢ December’ Sip A S39 34 To His Excellency, John Lind, Governor of Minnesota: | a Smr—In accordance with the law, I have the honor te present herewith my fifth annual report as ee for the year ending December 31, 1899. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, cael ; MUSEU HAM OT Ia {7 rf 1898. Sept. Oct. Nov. 1899. Jan. at 1 1 2 1 al: 1 1 af 1 1 1 ak 1 1 1 a ee er ae -/ iil FINANCIAL REPORT. No. of Vouchers. To salary and labor for August, 1898............. Sem OSE AMER Coe reron ac hececs Sau ek accecccceretanes shweete so Te soe GerAe ea VATE, CO Jz, .cascce dev e-atar=s<- aur pee perenne MI odes EL OE Site cece crvsshievastsescose ses ieisass Pree NOWVES: DEOSe Oa Ut lel crrsctutecsocosess> Sem aeigie so ZATTLIMEL IM AI, IAGOSe. waerecancecs-+08tsee2ss Se ebecmt dees emis CGti scree mivenun. cpvecuanstcseeta sets Ce enes ‘* trips to Mankato and Owatonna.............. EX LESS v1 CE-ciNl Cs CX PELSES wacdevenecores < 3050 setegee ase POM PILESS oe teceats sees eae sis sa tacatacta cecctudsteveansensese Seubaillvot=Zimimentm aia BrOS*..stecssccc-5sicccsasceson et Atl CH Otlye bap: LCOnC Of wnsesed coco. vee cecesee emELA TALE LOIS ALIS coeur seein) danaet Fig. 118.—Hylotrupes bajulus, Linn.—After Brehm. Hylotrupes bajulus Linn., a beetle very similar in form to the species of Phymatodes, is shown in Fig. 118; it is one of the few longicorn beetles that burrow in the larval state in dead wood, even after it has been used for building purposes. THE BELTED HICKORY-BORER. (Chion cinctus Drury). This common beetle, (Fig. 119), distinguished by very narrow wing-covers, which are armed with two little thorns to- ward the tips, is of a hazel color, with a tint of gray produced by the short hairs covering it; it is also marked by an oblique ochre- yellow band across each wing-cover, not always present, however. The thorax is armed with a short spine on each side. The feelers I.ONG HORNED BEETLES. 113 of the male are more than twice the length of the body, which measures from three-quarters of an inch to one and a quarter inch in leng'th. The larva of this beetle feeds in the wood of hickory and walnut. Here it forms long galleries in the trunk in the direc- tion of the fibers of the wood, and in such a gallery it later under- goes the transformations to a pupa and adult. Besides the trees mentioned above as furnishing food to these larve, others are equally infested, as the oaks; even plum and apple trees do not escape. Fig. 119.— Chion cinctus, Drury. — After Fig. 1211%4.—Cyllenedecorus, Oliv.— Harris. After Leconte. OAK PRUNER. (Elaphidion parallelum Newm.). The name “oak-pruner” does not mean that the larve of these destructive beetles devote all their attention to oaks; they are also found in the apple, hickory, cherry, and other trees. The name “pruner” is very descriptive as the larve, when nearly full grown, girdle the twigs and branches inhabited by them from the inside, not the outside, so that the first high wind of autumn and 114 LONG HORNED BEETLES. early winter breaks them off, dropping twig and larva to the ground. To girdle a twig from the inside is a nice trick, and it is difficult to explain how the larva succeeds in performing it. When we look at one of the squarely cut off twigs we can de- tect that it has been cut in a spiral manner. The purpose of cut- ting them off seems to be plain, being done to prevent the drying of the wood, which in contact with the ground and covered with snow during the winter, is not apt to become jtoo dry for the re- quirements of the enclosed insect. In such burrows, usually made in the tips of twigs and smaller branches, the larva winters, and completes its transformation in the month of June or July following. Under infested trees we can find such fallen twigs in large numbers during the fall, and as they contain the culprit it is of course very simple to gather and burn them. These insects are, however, not an unalloyed evil, as they tend to make our shade trees near the house much denser by forcing the plant to produce a number of small twigs instead of a few large ones. The insect also attacks the wood of young shoots, especially if these should have been injured by fire, or by the tramping of cattle. The writer has seen an extreme case, in which these in- sects in less than five years destroyed all the young growth of trees over an area of several hundred acres. In this case the land was covered with a very dense growth of black oak, pop- lars, hazel and other plants. As soon as cattle were permitted to force their way through this tangle of small trees to reach a lake surrounded with pastures, narrow cattle paths were first formed which soon widened to broad avenues, as the bruised trees in- vited destruction by all kinds of insects, but especially by these pruners. Their presence could easily be detected by the fact that the whole ground was covered quite deep with pruned twigs. Five years later only a few stumps of the larger trees, with the exception of some few poplars and willows that sprang up as soon as the oaks disappeared, remained. The adult beetles are very elongated, brown, covered with a whitish, mottled pubescence; they have long and rather stout an- LONG HORNED BEETLES. £15 tenn, which in some species are armed with horns; their narrow wing-covers possess two smaller pointed projections at their pos- terior extremity, one on each side. A number of species occur, all similar in general appearance and habits. The PARALLEL ELapurpion (E. parallelum Newm.), is the most common one. The female lays eggs near the axii of one of the leaf buds, where the young larva also enters the twig, enlarging the channel as it increases in size. The APPLE-TREE PRUNER, (F. villoswm Fab.), is very sim- ilar in general appearances. The feelers of the male are longer than the body, which is covered with short grayish hairs, which in some places are crowded together on the thorax and elytra, forming pale spots: The under side of the body is chestnut- brown. Prof. Saunders describes the habits of this species of beetle as follows: “The peculiar habits and instincts of this insect are very interesting. The parent beetle places an egg in the axil of a leaf on a fresh green twig proceeding from a moderate sized limb. When the young larva ha'tches, it burrows into the center of the twig, and down towards its base, consuming in its course the soft pulpy matter of which this part of the twig is composed. By the time it reaches the main limb, it has become sufficiently ma- tured to be able to feed upon the harder wood, and makes its way into the branch, when the hollow twig is vacated, grad- ually withers, and drops off. The larva, being now about half grown, eats its way a short distance through the middle of the branch, and then proceeds deliberately to sever its connections with the tree by gnawing away the woody fiber to such an extent that the first storm of wind snaps the branch off. This is rather a delicate operation for the insect to perform, and requires wonderful instinctive skill, for should it gnaw away too much of the woody interior the branch might break during the pro- cess, an accident which would probably crush the workman to death; but the insect rarely miscalculates; it leaves the bark and just enough of the woody fiber untouched to sustain the branch until it has time to make good its retreat into the burrow, the 116 LONG HORNED BEETLES. opening of which it carefully stops up with gnawed fragments of wood. If the limb be short, it severs all the woody fibers, leaving it fastened only by the bark; if longer a few of ‘the woedy fibers on the upper side are left; and if very long and lieavy, not more than three-fourths of the wood will be cut through. Having performed the operation, and closed its hole so that the jarring of the branch when it fall may not shake out the occupant, the larva retreates to the spot at which it first en- tered the limb. After the branch has fallen it eats its way grad- Fig. 120.—Elaphidium villosum, Fab.—After Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. ually through the center of the limb for a distance of from six to twelve inches, when, having completed its growth, it is trans- formed to a pupa within the enclosure. Sometimes this change takes place in the autumn, but more frequently it is deferred un- til the spring, and from the pupa the beetle escapes during the month of June. “The larva, (Fig. 120), when full grown is a little more than half an inch long, thickest towards the head, tapering grad- ually backwards. The head is small and black, body yellowish- white, with a few indistinct darker markings. It has six very LONG HORNED BEETLES. abs Urs minute legs attached to the anterior segments. The pupa is about the same size as the larva, of a whitish color, and is also shown in its burrow. “Birds are active agents in the destruction of these larve; they seek them in their places of retreat and devour them. Should they ait any time become very numerous they may easily be dis- posed of by gathering the fallen branches and burning them before the insect has time to mature.” Several other beetles of this genus are also destructive, and especially so in the orange-growing states, where the UNARMED GIRDLER (E. inerme Newm.), destroys the twigs of orange trees. It is called “tnarmed’’ because the beetle lacks the two spines. at the tip of the elytra. Of course it is not necessary for our fruit growers to prepare themselves to fight this beetle. THE TWO-SPOTTED HICKORY BORER. (Tylonotus bimaculatus Hald.), This beetle, (Fig. 121, Plate V), equal in size to the “apple- tree pruner,” but broader, is a rather pretty insect, dark-brown, with either two yellowish spots near the tips of the elytra, which are unarmed, or with four spots, two of which form almost a band across the wings. Our specimens in Minnesota are almost in- variably four-spotted. The larva of this beetle feeds in the wood of hickory, but- ternut, and walnut, and is sometimes quite numerous and corres- pondingly injurious by destroying the terminal twigs of such use- ful trees. It occurs also under the bark of the white or paper birch, and in the ash. THE TWO-SPOTTED MOLORCHUS. (Molorchus bimaculatus Say). This peculiar small beetle, about a third of an inch in length, is not mentioned because it is very destructive, but be- cause it differs from nearly all our longicorns in having the wing-covers only half as long as the abdomen. It has a very 118 LONG HORNED BEETLES. slender body, black, with head and thorax coarsely punctured ; each of the short wing-covers has a yellowish dash almost par- allel with the inner margin; the feelers and legs are brownish. The larva of ‘this beetle has been found in hickory twigs and branches; also in those of the maple. The beetles themselves are very active, and fly about flowering shrubs during the warm and sunny days of June and July. ~~ We have a large number of very prettily marked longi- corn beetles which fly about during the day as actively as wasps, visiting flowers for the sake of their pollen and honey, and which race up and down the trees in which they were born or in which they intend to lay their eggs. Those interested in flowers, and especially in golden-rods, must have seen such beetles, us- ually of a dark brown or almost black color, marked with wavy golden-yellow lines across their wing-covers. A species not uncommonly found upon golden-rods in our prairies, away from any forests, is shown in Fig. 121%. It is Cyllene decorus Oliv. Some similar beetles are very destructive in their earlier stages, and on this account it is, or was, even forbidden to plant such trees as the locust. Maples, ash, hickories, walnut, butternut, and other trees suffer equally, and therefor two of the insects will be described and illustrated. THE PAINTED HICKORY-BORER. (Cyllene pictus Drury). This and the Locust-zorEr (C. robimiae Forst.), are very similar in size, color and markings. The illustrations(Figs. 122 and 123) on Plate IV are excellent ones and were kindly loaned by Prof. Webster, the entomologist of Ohio. The former, (pictus), appears as a beetle only in spring; the latter, (robiniz), only towards fall, when large numbers of them may be collected upon the flowers of the beautiful golden-rod. The “painted hickory-borer” is a velvety black beetle, with nu- merous narrow, pale-yellow transverse bands upon the elytra and across the thorax. With a little imagination one of these LONG HORNED BEETLES. 1S wavy lines looks like a ‘“W”. The legs are dark-red as are the feelers; in the “locust-borer” the yellow color is darker, and the wavy lines are usually a little broader. The larve of both bore under the bark of their respective food-plants, and later into the solid wood, where they attain their growth in less than a year. The locust-borer is a serious pest, making the growing of the sweet-scented locust almost im- possible in many localities, and in not a few places such trees have been completely destroyed. As soon as a tree attains a moderate size it is riddled with the large holes made by the larve, and for a few years leads but a sickly life, eventually dying down to the ground. Prof. Packard in his fine work: “Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees” gives the following remedies against such bor- ers as the robiniae ; “An excellent way to save a valuable shade tree from. the attacks of this borer is to thoroughly soap the trunk late in August, so as to prevent the beetle from laying the eggs early in September. Ali insects breathe through little holes ; now, if a film of soap, or grease, or oil of any kind closes the openings of these breathing pores, the air cannot enter the res- piratory tubes which ramify throughout the interior of the body, and the insect dies by asphixiation, i. e. drowns.” Harrison states ‘that whitewashing and covering the trunks of trees with grafting composition may prevent the female from depositing her eggs on isolated trees. A coating of oil, whether it really kills the worms in the manner suggested or not, is an excellent remedy, as it is offensive to the female beetles. It is an im- provement, however, to add a little Paris-green or London- purple which fill the cracks with a fine film of these poisons; if eggs are deposited the larve hatching from them will be pois- oned in eating their way into the wood. To whitewash a tree looks bad, and moreover is apt to attract the beetles, as insects of this kind are attracted to white objects. An allied, but larger species, varying from velvety brownish- black and unspotted to an intense black beetle with bright yellow spots, sometimes united into wavy bands, is getting rather com- 120 LONG HORNED BEETLES. mon in our state, where it infests the ash. It is very destructive when at all numerous. A large number of smaller but equally beautiful beetles be- long to this family. All are more or less injurious, but not to fruit-producing plants, being most abundant in evergreen forests. Some few other longicorn beetles also belong here, which are more or less injurious to wild plants. In places where the elderberries are utilized a most beautiful beetle is sometimes injurious, because its larva bores and feeds in the pith of these plants. The beetle is quite common in June and July, and is found resting upon the foliage, but is wide awake and ready to seek safety in flight. The ELDERBERRY BEETLE, (Desmocerus palliatus Forst.), is dark blue with greenish reflections. The basal half of the wing- covers is orange-yellow, and in strong contrast with the rest of the body. The black feelers have the middle joints thickened at che outer ends, so that they look like a series of knots, for which reason the beetle is sometimes called ‘‘Knotty Horn”. It is shown in”, Pig 24): Plate VI. There is another large series of very beautiful longicorn-b: e- tles which are frequently observed, as they are visitors to our flow - ers, in which, covered with pollen, they are sometimes barely visi- ble. On account of this they are certainly beneficial, even if their larve burrow into the wood of trees. The wild chestnuts in more southern regions would not produce so many nuts if their flowers were not so profusely scented, thus attracting beetles of this kind, which are not Slow to accept such invitations. To show how at least one of these beetles looks, the des- cription of Gaurotes cyanipennis Say, an insect living in the wood of butternut, is given. The beetle is black, tinged with copper ; the feelers and legs are reddish-brown, and the elytra are of a most beautiful violet, blue or blueish green color, and are highly polished. It is shown in Fig. 125, Plate IV, and a member of the genus Strangalia in Fig. 126. Among the Lamimp Loncicorns (Lamiinae) we also have a large number of fine beetles, some of which are decidedly LNG HORNED BEETLES. WAL injurious, not alone to forest trees, but to fruit-producing trees as well. Members of this group of beetles have a rounder pro- thorax, frequently armed with rather long thorns, but not always so; their fore-tibize are grooved on the inner side, and the last segment of the palpi is cylindrical and pointed. Ve WO SY \\ \) . : WN Fig. 126.—Strangalia spec.—After Brehm. THE AMERICAN CURRANT-BORER. (Psenocerus supernotatus Say). It is not uncommon at all to find a small larva in the branches and smaller shoots of our currant bushes, which in early spring changes to a small, brown, and slightly flattened beetle, rarely ex- ceeding one-quarter of an inch in length. It is beautifully marked, although some specimens are almost unicolored. Bright-colored specimens are clothed with white hair, which is grouped so as tc form two white spots towards the end of the wing-covers, frequently so broad as to join at the suture, in which case they are lunar in shape. In the center is another fine and wavy white line, sloping from the sides back to the suture, and enclosing an al- most black space. The scutellum is also white. 122 LONGZHORNED BEETLES. If this insect (Fig. 127) should become abundant enough to become troublesome, it can be held in check by close pruning during the late fall or winter; the cuttings should be burned be- fore spring to destroy the larve in them. According to Dr. Hamilton this beetle sometimes hibernates, as he found three of them in the folds of a Cecropia cocoon taken in February from the currant bush. Although not an enemy to fruit-producing plants the Saw- YER (Monohammus confusor Kirby) is so frequently seen, so destructive to pines, and so often received by the entomologist to be named, that its life-history will be given in a few words. ‘i Fig. 127.—Psenocerus supernotatus, Fig. 128.—Monohammus_ contusor, Say. After Saunders. Kirby.—After Division of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is a beautiful brown or gray beetle, covered more or less densely with a silky down, most prominent upon the thorax, for which reason it is sometimes called the “Silver-bug.” The elytra are mottled, with raised black dots or dashes; the thorax is armed upon each side with a large thorn. The beetle measures about one inch and a quarter in length, and is readily recognized by the long feelers, which in the female are as long as the body, and in the male twice as long. ‘hese enormously long antennz LONG HORNED BEETLES. 123 are in constant motion when the beetle is running about and point forward in this case; when the owner is asleep they bend backwards, and are close to the body. The larva bores in the sound wood of pine and fir, making when full grown, a large hole, half an inch in diamater. It changes to a pupa, and soon afterwards ‘to the adult beetle. Such borers are exceedingly numerous in our neglected pine forests, invading all the trees that are injured by fire, or which are bruised by trees felled by the axe of the wood-cutter. When everything is quiet the gnawing of such larve can be plainly heard in the dry trees, which act as a sort of a sounding board. This insect is shown still in its burrow in Fig. 128. There is another insect, not as bulky, but nearly as long, with equally long horns, which in the Southern States is quite des- tructive to the mulberry. Our mulberry bushes are also invaded by a similar, but much smaller beetle, which is, however, not numerous enotigh to cause much injury. The hickory is invaded by a number of borers, which in more southern regions cause the loss of many young trees. THE Common Hickory-sorer (Goes tigrinus De Geer), and the Beautirut HicKory-porer (G. pulchra Hald.), as well as G. oculatus Lec. and G. debilis Lec. belong to this genus. THE BEAUTIFUL HICKORY-BORER. (Goes pulchra Hald.). This insect (Fig. 129, Plate VI) is well named pulchra, mean- ing beautiful. It measures a little over an inch in length, is reddish- brown, and marked with dark brown in such a manner that across the wing-covers a band is formed, which gradually shades off into the general color of the beetle towards the tip. This mark- ing of 'the wing-covers is produced by a close belt of fine hairs. The beetle deposits eggs upon the different kinds of hick- ories, frequently selecting for this purpose the smaller trees, an inch or more in diamater, The presence of the larvae inside 124 LONG HORNED BEETLES. sometimes forces the trunk to enlarge at that point, so that a large gall-like swelling is produced. This of course kills the tree, which during a heavy wind breaks at this weak place. There are a large number of small grayish longicorns, more or less sprinkled with white scales arranged in larger spots or irregular wavy lines, which infest all sorts of trees, and among them our fruit trees. The beetles look like the dead bark upon which they are usually found hiding. Most of them have their short thorax armed with a minute spine on each side, but this is not always the case. A few of the more important ones will be described. In case they should at any time become numerous enough ‘to become destructive the dead twigs should be cut off and burned, and an alkali wash applied to the bark, as rec- ommended against the “Round-headed Apple-tree Borer,” a beetle to be described later. THE LONG-HORNED BORER. (Leptostylus aculifer Say). This beetle (Fig. 130) is rather robust in shape, with long tapering feelers, ringed with black and white. It is of a brown- ish-gray color, with numerous small 'thorn-like points upon the wing-covers, and a V-shaped band, margined with black, a little behind the middle of the elytra. Some well marked and fresh specimens are little beauties, being almost silvery white, with dark dots on the band already mentioned. The insect measures a little more than one third of an inch in length. It is most com- mon during August, when it may be found hiding on the trunks of apple-trees. Here, and also in other trees, it lays eggs, which shortly afterwards hatch into small grubs, which enter the tree, burrowing under the bark. ; Leptostylus macula Say, a very similar beetle, is also often found upon old apple-trees ; it probably feeds in them as-a larva. The closely related genus Liopus also furnishes a contingent of beetles which feed in our orchards. These beetles are smaller and more elongated. In the next genus we find a small beetle which occurs in large numbers in old apple-trees. LONG HORNED BEETLES. 125 THE APPLE LEPTURGES. (Lepturges facetus Say). This insect, though very small, as seen in the line under the illustration, (Fig. 131), is a very handsome, slender beetle, in some cases much less than a quarter of an inch long; it is of a pale ash-gray color. with a purplish tinge. The rather, long and hairy feelers are yellowish-brown, and are ringed with black- at the tips of each joint. The smooth wing-covers possess an irregular dark spot on their anterior portion, and a broad black band across the posterior part, just leaving the tips pale- Fig. 130.—Leptostylus Fig. 131.—Lepturges face- Fig. 132.—Oncideres_cin- aculiler, Say. After tus, Say. After Saunders. gulatas,Say. After Riley. Saunders. gray; other blackish spots and streaks are found elsewhere. These beetles occur most numerously during late June and in July, when they are engaged depositing their eggs on the bark of the branches, which the young larvee enter, and in which they undergo their transformations before the next summer. The larva has the usual form of such borers, is about a quarter of an inch long, slender, with the anterier segments enlarged and the abdomen rather blunt. It is entirely covered with fine and short hairs. Many other beetles, which are all of about the same size, similar color and markings, are more or less injurious to fruit trees. By beating the small dead twigs of some trees, as the oak, chestnut, hickory and others, large numbers will fall into an 126 LONG HORNED BEETLES. inverted umbrella held beneath, and this is one of the methods used by collectors of beetles to collect their pets. THE TWIG-GIRDLER. (Oncideres cingulatus Say). This fine beetle, a little more that half an inch in length, has a very elegant but modest appearance, being of a brownish- gray color with dull reddish-yellow dots, and having a broad gray band across the middle of the wing-covers. The antenne are longer than the body. It is of rare ocurrence in Minnesota and not mentioned be- cause it is injurious, but on account of its habit of girdling the twigs of the hickory, pear and other trees, and its interesting mode of laying eggs. The female lays an egg in a twig or branch, which it then girdles a little distance below, eating a groove about one- tenth of an inch wide, and as deep, so that a high wind breaks it down. The foliage on such a twig wilts at once, and the wood is then in the exact condition desired by the larva, which under- goes its transformations undisturbed by growth or undesirable moisture. Sometimes shade trees are also attacked, but a care- ful gathering and burning of the fallen wood keeps the insect in check. The illustration (Fig. 132) shows the female at work. Sometimes a number of twigs are thus amputated, and it has been reported that a persimmon branch not more than two feet long contained as many as eight eggs, one egg being placed under each of the successive side shoots; in another case seven eggs were crowded together in a small hickory branch only three inches long, which shows that this insect can become decidedly injurious if at.all numerous. | THE ROUND-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER. (Saperda candida Fab.). This is one of the worst and most familiar orchard pests, preferring to bore into the apple, although the quince is as badly LONG HORNED BEETLES. #887 % 7 127 = infested; it also occurs in the pear, hawthorns and some other plants. The beetle appears late in June or July, and is not found in large numbers in our state. Prof Saunders gives the follow- condensed description of this beetle and its work: “The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer is a native of America whose existence was unrecorded before 1824, when it was de- scribed by Thomas Say. The year following, its destructive character was observed about Albany, N. Y. It is now widely and -generally distributed, and probably it was so at that time, although unnoticed, since it inhabits our native crab and thorn bushes, and also the common June-berry, Amelanchier canadensis. While preferring the apple, it also makes its home in the quince, pear and mountain-ash. In its perfect state it is a very handsome beetle, about three-fourths of an inch long, cylindrical in form, of a pale-brown color above with two broad creamy white stripes running the whole length of its body; the face and under surface are hoary-white, the antenne and legs are gray. The females are larger than the males and have shorter antenne. The beetle makes its appearance during the month of June and July, usually remaining in concealment during the day, and becoming active at dusk. “The eggs are deposited late in June, in July and most df August, one in a place, in an incision made by the female in the bark of the tree near its base. Within two ,weeks the young larve are hatched, and at once commence with their sharp man- dibles to gnaw their way to the interior. “Tt is generally conceded that the larva is three years in reaching maturity. The young ones lie for the first year in the sap-wood and inner bark, evcavating flat shallow cavities, about the size of a silver dollar, which are filled with their saw-dust like castings. The holes by which they enter being small, they are soon filled up, though not until a few grains of castings have fallen from them. Their presence may, however, be detected in young trees from the bark becoming dark-colored, and some- times dry and dead enough to crack. Through these cracks some of the castings generally protrude and fall to the ground in 128 LONG HORNED BEETLES. a little heap; this takes place especially in the spring of the year, when, with frequent rains, the heaps become swollen by the ab- sorption of moisture. On the approach of winter the larva descends to the lower part of its burrow, where it doubtless re- mains inactive until the following spring. “During the next season it attains about half its growth, still living in the sap-wood, where it does great damage, and when, as often happens, there are several of these borers in a single tree, they will sometimes cause its death by- completely girdling it. After another winter’s rest, the larva again becomes Fig. 133.—Saperda candida, Fab.—After Division of Entomology, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. active, and towards the end of the following season, when ap- proaching maturity, it cuts a cylindrical passage upwards, vary- ing in length, into the solid wood, afterwards extending it out- ward to the bark, sometimes cutting entirely through the tree, at other times turning back at different angles. The upper part of the cavity is then filled with a sawdust-like powder, after which the larva returns to the part nearest the heart of the tree, which portion it enlarges by tearing off the fibers, with which it carefully and securely closes the lower portion of its gallery, so as to protect it thoroughly from the approach of enemies at either end. Having thus perfected its arrange- LONG HORNED BEETLES. 129 ments, it again turns round so as to have its head upwards, when it rests from its labors in the interior of the passage until the following spring, when the mature larva sheds its skin and discloses the pupa. In this condition it remains-for about two or three weeks, when the perfect beetle escapes. At first its body an wing-cases are soft and flabby, but in a few days they harden, when the beetle makes its way through the sawdust-like castings in the upper end of the passage, and with its powerful jaws cuts a smooth, round hole through the bark, from which it escapes. Fig. 134.—Saperda candida, Fab.—a, puncture in which egg is laid; b, same in section; ¢, ho'e from which beetle has emerged; f same in section; g, pupa in its eell. Atiter Riley. “The larva, (Fig. 133), is of a whitish color, with a round head of chestnut-brown, polished and horny, and the jaws black. It also has a yellow horny looking spot on the first segment behind the head. [it is without feet but moves about in its burrows by the alternate contraction and expansion of the segments of its body. When full grown it is over an inch in length. Fig. 134 shows the work of this borer. “The color of the chrysalis is lighter than that of the larva, and it has transverse rows of minute spines on the back, and a few at the extremity of the body. 130 LONG HORNED BEETLES. “Remedies: The young larva, as already stated, may often be detected by the discoloration of the bark. In such instances, if the outer dark-colored surface be scraped with a knife, late in August, or early in September, so as to expose the clear white bark underneath, the lurking enemy may be discovered and des- troyed. Later they may be detected by their castings, which have been pushed out of the crevices of ‘the bark, and have fallen in little heaps on the ground. When first discharged they look as if they had been forced through the barrels of a minute double-barreled gun, being arranged closely together in two parallel strings. Those which have burrowed deeper may some- times be reached by a stout wire thrust into their holes, or by cutting through the bark at the upper end of the chamber, and pouring scalding water into the opening, so that it may soak through the castings and penetrate to the insect. Fig. 135.—Saperda cretata, Newm.—After Division of Entomology, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. “Among the preventive.measures, alkaline washes or solu- tions are probably the most efficient, since experiments have dem- onstrated that they are repulsive to the insect, and that the beetle will not lay her eggs on trees protected with such washes. Soft soap reduced to Ithe consistency of a thick paint by the addi- tion of a strong solution of washing-soda in water, is perhaps as good a formula as can be suggested; this, if applied to the bark of a tree, especially about the base or collar, and also extended upwards towards the crotches, where the main branches have their origin, will cover the whole surface liable to attack; and LONG HORNED BEETLES. 131 if applied during the morning of a warm day, will dry in a few hours, and form a tenacious coating, not easily dissolved by rain. The soap solution should be applied early in June, and a second time during the early part of July.” There are other species of Saperda, all injurious to trees. S. obliqua Say feeds in the wood of alder and hazel; S. calcarata Say is decidedly injurious to the poplar and cottonwood; S. cre- tata Newm. (Fig. 135), a beautiful beetle, very similar to candida, but with the white bands twice interrupted, also has similar habits, being found upon apple and thorns (Crataegus spec.) ; S. vestida, Say, S. tridentata Oliv., and S. lateralis Fab., occur upon a variety of forest trees, such as linden, poplar and others. S. discoida, Fab., is destructive to hickory; S. concolor, Lee, forms gall-like swellings on the vounger trunks of the aspen; S. puncticollis Say is found in the stems of the poison ivy and oak. THE RASPBERRY CANE-BORER. (Oberea bimaculata Oliv.). This beetle is similar to the species of Saperda, but it has a much longer and more narrow black body; the surface of ‘the thorax and the fore part of the breast is pale-yellow, with two small black spots, absent in some specimens; or there is an additional small black spot on the posterior edge of the pro- thorax, just where the elytra join the same . The elytra are cov- ered with coarse indentations, and are slightly notched at the ends. Fig. 136, Plate IV shows this beetle and its work. Such, or similar beetles belonging to this genus, as the O. flavipes Hald., which is black with yellow legs, appear during the month of June, and after pairing the female deposits her eggs in the canes of the raspberry and blackberry in a very singu- lar manner: “With her mandibles she girdles the young grow- ing cane near the tip in two places, one ring being about an inch below the other, and between the rings the cane is pierced, and an egg thrust into its substance near the middle, its location 132 LONG HORNED BEETLES. being indicated by a small dark-colored spot. The supply of sap being impeded or stopped, the tip of the cane above the upper ring soon begins to droop and wither, and shortly dies, when a touch will sever it at the point at which it has been girdled. “The egg is long and narrow, of a yellow color, and quite large for the size of the insect, and, embedded in the moist sub- stance of the cane, absorbs moisture and increases in size until in a few days a small white grub hatches from it. The larva as it escapes from the egg is about one-fourteenth of an inch long, with a yellow, smooth, glossy body, roughened at the sides, and clothed with very minute short hairs. The head is small and red- dish-brown, and the anterior segments of the body are swollen; the Jarva is also footless. The young larva burrows down the center of the stem, consuming the pith, until full grown, which is usually about the end of August, when it is nearly an inch long and of a dull-yellow color, with a small, dark-brown head. By this time it has eaten its way a considerable distance down the cane, (Fig. 136, Plate IV), in which it remains during the winter, and where it changes to a pupa, the beetle escaping the following June, when it gains its liberty by gnawing a passage through. This borer mmjures the blackberry as well as the raspberry. “The presence of these enemies is readily detected by the sudden drooping and withering of the tips of the canes. They begin to operate late in June, and continue their work for several weeks; hence by looking over the raspberry plantation occasion- ally at this season of the year and removing all the tops down to the lowest ring, so as to insure the removal of the egg, these in- sects may be easily kept under, for they are seldom numerous.” Other species of this genus in their larval stage make long cylindrical burrows in the twigs of the cottonwood and other re- lated trees. Longicorn beetles are generally favorites with collectors of insects, and are better known as beetles than as larve. But even people not collectors are familiar with some species, since these do not hide, but fully expose themselves on the plants they infest. This is especially true of certain longicorns that are found upon LEAF-BEETLES. 133 the stems and leaves of our milkweeds, since they are of a brilliant red color, marked with a number of black spots upon the elytra and thorax. As larve they feed in the roots of a number of species of Ascle pia. FAMILY CHRYSOMELIDAE. (Leaf-beetles or Chrysomelids). The name “‘leaf-beetle’”’ is well chosen, as these beetles feed both as larve and as adults upon the leaves of plants. The scien- tific name was selected for them from two Greek words, meaning golden apple, since most of these insects display brilliant and beautiful colors, and also because their form is usually round and oval. Such beetles are mostly short-bodied, more or less oval in outline; the head is very short, much narrower than the pro- thorax ; the feelers are usually of moderate length, somewhat en- larged towards the tips, and set wide apart; the eyes are round and prominent; the legs are usually short and stout, and are fur- nished with tarsi of the same type as those of the preceding family, being also broad and cushioned beneath. All our species in Minnesota can readily be distinguished from the longicorns, but such is not the case in other regions, where forms occur that-are not easily placed in the families to which they belong. Most of our species are small, the well known “Colorado potato-beetle” being about the largest represen- tative we have. The larve are variously formed, but are mostly thick, broad, with well developed true legs. They live exposed upon leaves; some mine between the upper and lower cuticle of the leaves; still others cover themselves with their own excrement, while a few bore into the stems and roots of plants. The eggs are usually deposited in small masses upon the leaves or stems of the plants upon which the larva feeds, and are irequently elongated and of a yellowish or orange color. Leaf-beetles are very numerous, about six hundred species being found in North America alone. They are arranged in a 134 LEAF-BEETLES. number of groups. Since all are vegetable feeders, they are more or less injurious, and sometimes, if they attack cultivated plants, they are very much so. Happily but few of them do so; many others feed upon worthless, even injurious plants, as weeds. It is not possible to give a description of many of these beetles in this report, not even of the eleven tribes into which the family is divided. But to give some idea of their classification a few of the more common ones will be described, even if they are not destructive. When we pick the flowers of the beautiful water lilies, (Nymphaea), we are apt to find that their leaves are more or less perforated with small holes, and if we look a little more close- CP eS aa ee” oy) Dy \ = Fig. 137.—Donacia—life history.—After Brehm. ly we find the culprits near by. (Fig. 137.) They are very ac- tive and graceful beetles, usually of a metallic color; they are generally gregarious, flying about actively in the bright sunshine. They can run over the water, and being protected with a fine pubescence on the under surface of their bodies do not become wet. Early in spring, about the time that the maples are in bloom, we find many beetles in such flowers that belong to this family ; they are evidently of some good to the plants, for they carry the LEAF-BEETLES. 135 pollen from flower to flower, from tree to tree. They also occur in the flowers of the apple and plum. Their name is Orsodacna atra Ahr. Closely allied to them is a most beautiful beetle, but one that is decidedly injurious. It is as yet not found in Minnesota, but no doubt will reach us before long from the east. THE ASPARAGUS BEETLE. (Crioceris asparagi Linn.). This is a small, red, yellow and black beetle, as seen in the il- lustration (Fig. 138). It gnaws holes in the heads of young LEE Fig. 138.—Crioceris asparagi, Linn.—After Division of Entomology, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture. 136 LEAF-BEETLES. asparagus, and lays oval, blackish eggs upon them. The young ~Jarve, which are brown and slug-like grubs, also eat the young heads early in spring, but later a second brood of them feeds upon the full-grown plant. Wherever this insect occurs it causes great losses, and steps should at once be taken to destroy it. A beetle of similar shape, the Three-lined Lema, (Lema trilineata Oliv.), but of a yellow color, with three black stripes on the wing-covers, is very common upon our “husk-toma oes,” or Fig. 139.—Lema trilineata, Oliv. After Riley. “ground cherries,’ which are frequently entirely destroyed by them and their larve. These latter have the nasty habit of cov- ering their backs with their own excrement. As they are also found injurious to the potato they should be killed with any of the arsenical poisons. We have two broods of this insect, the second brood hibernates in the ground as pupa. This species is — illustrated in Fig. 1309. THE DOMINICAN CASE-BEARER. (Coscinoptera dominicana Fab.),. This peculiar beetle is frequently found upon the leaves of the plum, apple, rose, oak, and other plants. It is not especially injurious, but as it is frequently seen and has a peculiar life-his- tory, it will be described in a few words. The name “dominican” has been chosen because it is neither ornate in color, being unt- formly bluish-gray, nor prone to make itself conspicuous. It is shown in all stages in Fig. 140. Its color is really black, with LEAF-BEETLES. 137 the exception of a yellowish brown labrum, but this color is so densely covered with a bluish or ash-gray pubescence as to be- come invisible; the under side is even more closely covered than the upper one. The eggs are attached to all sorts of plants by long stalks, and are covered by deep brown scales of excrement, most beautifully arranged in such a manner that the egg seems to be enclosed in a pine cone. The mother, in covering the egg, holds it horizontally between the tarsi, adding the stercoraceous Fig. 140.—Coscinoptera dominicana, Fab.—After Riley. covering in thin curved layers, which, in other related beetles, are pressed into various patterns by the anus. In many cases the female also possesses a little cavity at the tip of the venter, in which the egg is hidden if she is disturbed before the operation of covering it is completed. This egg hatches in about two weeks, and the young larva cuts itself loose from the shell or anchor- age, and tumbling to the ground, has to shift for itself. The cov- ering of the egg now forms a house for the young larva, which lives in it, gradually adding to the rim of the case, so that the house grows with its tenant. Inside it changes later to a pupa and perfect insect. The larva feeds upon dead leaves laying on the surface of the ground. There is another beetle very common in our state, which so closely resembles the droppings of a caterpillar that but few ex- pect it to be a living creature, especially as the beetle, if dis- turbed, drops to the ground and plays possum. The adult in- sect is a little oblong, cubical, roughly shagreened, metallic-green- 138 LEAF-BEETLES. ish beetle, found very commonly upon the foliage of raspberries, blackberries, and that of other plants and trees. The larva of this beetle (Chlamys plicata Oliv.) is also a sac-bearer, as may be seen in the illustration (Fig. 141). Other beetles, all not much longer than one-eighth of an inch, and belonging to the genera Bassareus, Cryptocephalus, and Pachybrachys, usually beautifully colored and marked with Fig. 141.—Chlamys plicata, Oliv.—After Marlatt (in part). bright spots and lines, are also found upon the foliage of fruit- producing plants, but are not apt to cause any serious injury. The larvz of most of them are not even known, but as far as dis- covered they are all sac-bearers, and live as such in or about the nests of ants. THE GRAPE-VINE FIDIA. (Fidia longipes Mels.). Whenever this insect and some closely allied ones becomes at all numerous, it can cause considerable damage to the wild and cultivated grape. Some years ago nearly all the leaves of certain varieties of grape were destroyed by these beetles, which cut straight and elongated holes, into the leaves, about one-eighth of an inch in diameter, thus reducing them to mere shreds. The illustration, (Fig. 142), shows this insect. In the more south- ern states they sometimes literally swarm, and are in such cases perfectly able to destroy the entire foliage in even large vine- yards. LEAF-BEETLES. 139 Though very common, the beetle is not very often seen, as it is very watchful and shy, dropping to the ground upon the slight- est disturbance; in falling it doubles up its legs, and thus rolls from the leaves, pretending to be dead. Knowing this habit large numbers can be captured by jarring them with a stick into an inverted umbrella. To make sure that they do not fly off again it is but necessary to line the inside of such an umbrella with some absorbent material, and soak this in kerosene oil. By doing so the oil will be kept in position, and any insect coming thoroughly in contact with it is doomed to die. Fig. 142.—Fidia longipes, Mels.—After Saunders. Fig. 144.—Paria canella—var.6 notata Fig. 145.—Paria canella, Fab.—After Say.—After Saunders. Forbes. y The beetle is about a quarter of an inch long, is chestnut- brown, but so densely covered with short whitish hairs as to ap- pear gray and hoary. It is found early in June, and only for a short time, after which it disappears. THE GRAPE-ROOT WORM. (Fidia viticida Walsh). This beetle is very similar to the one described, and is a rather long-legged creature, covered with short hair, so that it appears gray. It is sometimes very injurious, especially in some of the Central States, as Ohio, but as it occurs over a large por- tion of our country it may cause injury almost anywhere and at 140 LEAF-BEETLES. almost any time. This beetle also feeds, during June, upon the foliage of the grape, eating irregular holes into the upper sur- face. During this time the female also lays eggs on the trunk of the vine, or in any available crevice in the branches. In such places the eggs hatch, and the young larvze drop to the ground, and entering it, make their way beneath it as well as they can. Eventually they reach the rootlets of the vines upon which they feed. The beetle is shown in its various stages in Fig. 143. Fig. 143.—Fidia viticida, Walsh.—After Division of Entomology, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture. So far remedial measures against the larva have not proven very satisfactory, but according to Prof. Smith, spraying with a strong arsenical mixture, using lime to avoid burning the foliage, will kill many of the beetles. Cultivating the ground so as to have a loose powdery top soil, without crevices leading to the roots, which should also be covered as deeply as possible, will prevent many of the larve from reaching their desired food. LEAF-BEETLES. 141 There is still another beetle closely allied to the two species of Fidia just described. It is reddish-brown, a little smaller, more robust and is sometimes very common upon the foliage of the wild grapes. It is Adoxus obscurus Linn. Last year, late in July, it became very numerous upon some cultivated grapes, but could be readily gathered into an inverted umbrella. The beetles are very active and difficult to find when on the ground, the color of their bodies blending well with the surrounding par- ticles of soil and refuse material. One of the larger, and by far the most beautiful of all of our leaf-beetles is an insect very commonly found upon the two species of dog-bane growing in our state. Their form is charac- teristic of that of the following species, being elongated-oval. The beetle is entirely of a burnished metallic green color, with a darker bluish-green thorax. Various other tints, such as gold, brass, copper, appear if the insect is viewed in certain lights. Its name is a well selected one, being Chrysochus auratus Fab. It is frequently collected in large numbers by young people who ar- range a number of butterflies in large glass cases in various pat- terns, as for instance in that of a flying eagle, and these brilliant beetles are frequently used to form the outlines of the picture. THE STRAWBERRY ROOT-WORMS. (Paria canella Fab. & others). These very common beetles vary greatly in coloration and markings, and a number of varieties have been described. All are small, being about three-tenths of an inch long, polished, pale yellowish-brown, or darker, almost black, with two, four, or six black dots or spots upon the wing-covers. These spots are some- times confluent, forming two longitudinal bands, or the black color may even cover the entire disk of the elytra; the under side is black. These stout beetles are very active in all their motions, moving about briskly when disturbed. They hibernate as beetles, and are very commonly found under rubbish along the edges of forests. From these places they frequently invade strawberry 142 LEAF-BEETLES. beds, where they can become very destructive, and if at all nu- merous they devour the leaves of these plants with such avidity that they are soon riddled with holes, which of course materially injures the crop of berries. This is especially true of the Central States. In such cases the old beds should be plowed up and de- stroyed as soon as the crop has been picked, and new beds should be set out in fresh places, and for this purpose new plants are to be selected that were free from the attack of such root-worms. Wherever a two-year picking rotation is used, in which the old plants are immediately destroyed, this root-borer can not increase very greatly. Arsenical poisons are also very satisfactori'y used to kill the adult when they are noticed upon the foliage, but it would be unsafe to do so when the fruit is already well set and large. Hellebore is also of use, and air-slaked lime dusted over the plants will, to some extent, lessen the trouble. Fig.146 —Colas is flavida,Say.—After Forbes Fig. 148.—Glvptoscelis crypti- (in part). cus, Say.—After Saunders. Prof. Forbes, who has studied, very closely the three species of strawberry root-borers, i. e., Paria aterrima Oliv., Colaspis brunnea Fab., and Graphops pubescens Mels., has also described the early stages of these beetles. He gives a full account of them in the “Thirteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.” Like all his reports this one is of great value to the growers of all kinds of fruits. By looking at the illustrations, (Fig. 145, 146, 147), which are reduced in size from the originals made by Prof. Forbes, we can perceive the structure of these beetles, and that of their ear lier stages. LEAF-BEETLES. 143 The larve are all small white grubs infesting the roots and crowns of the strawberry plants, eating the smaller roots, and penetrating and mining the interior of the crown and main root. These larve possess well developed legs, while the genuine “strawberry root-borer” described later has no legs at all. The following table is given in the report mentioned above, to show the difference between the three kinds of root-worms, all of which eccur in our state, but still devote their attention more to the wild strawberries than to the cultivated ones. Synopsis of larvae. I. Mandibles bifid at tip. A. Inner edge of mandibles excavated before tip, anal segments shorter than preceding, ventral PUMSICleSMIUE (ILOMMeMt a 2 tees ewlticres, s are Paria. B. Inner edge of mandibles not excavated, anal segments more developed than preceding, ven- tral tubercles prominent, with long hairs...... Colas pis. II. Mandibles entire at tip, inner edge excavated, anal segment short, ventral tubercles not prominent. .Graphops. Synopsis of pupae. ieeenal shools simple, imcurved.. 22. 65 25d. 2 eae ee Colaspis. II. Anal hooks. recurved. A. Hooks short and stout, with strong erect tooth at upper side of base, and two long hairs on MORUCMIORNPMAGOIIT . crcl aso mptle wh =o iacaitheles Graphops. B. Hooks slighter, simple, or with slender hair at upper side of base, no hairs on margin........ Paria. “The three beetles mentioned above may be easily distin- guished, the Colaspis being usually of a pale clay-yellow, ranging to a yellowish brown, smooth but not shining, concolorous throughout, or occasionally with the head and thorax green ; while Paria is shiny black above, varying to brown, with four black blotches upon the wing-covers, but always with pale legs (and 144 LEAF-BEETLES. antenne) ; and Graphops is purple or green, with a bronzed me- tallic luster, and covered with a gray pubescence, of which both other species are destitute.” As far as the adults are concerned they do not feed alone upon the strawberries, but are rather general feeders. Colaspis brunnea feeds by preference upon strawberry leaves early in the season, but later becomes very destructive by eating the foliage of the wild and cultivated grape-vine, hence is frequently named “‘Grape-vine Colaspis.” It also occurs upon the blossoms of clover and willow, and upon the leaves of many kinds of trees, as it is frequently beaten into umbrellas used to catch insects. Paria species are also general feeders; they do not alone in- jure the leaves of strawberry, but those of raspberry and crab apple as well. Many other leaves are eaten, and even the needles of the Juniper are to their taste. Graphops prefers the strawberry plants, but is also very par- tial to the evening primrose, as large numbers of these beetles are found on this plant. The life-histories of these insects as far as known are curi- ously different in respect to the times and periods of their de- velopment. The larva of Colaspis appears early in the season, and does its mischief chiefly in the months of April and May, the beetles beginning to emerge in June. That the eggs are laid in the preceding year is highly probable, in which case the species hibernates in the egg. Paria, on the other hand, certainly passes the winter as an adult, doubtless laying its eggs in spring, and making its principal attacks upon the plants in June and July, the beetles emerging in the latter part of July, and early in August. Graphops hibernates in the larval condition, pupates in the spring, and emerges in May and June. The eggs are probably laid in July, and the larve make their attack upon the plant in August and September, continuing it possibly to October as well. As larvee all three prefer the strawberry roots and crowns, and as far as known depend strictly upon this food. If at all numerous they kill the infested plants very soon, since as many LEAF-BEETLES. . 145 as fifteen or twenty grubs have been found about the roots of a single plant. The remedies suggested for the Paria are applicable to all. Prof. Forbes makes the following very practicable suggestion: “To rid a new field of strawberry plants it would be wise to allow the new runners to set, in case the new plants should be suspected of containing such root-worms, and then to destroy the recently planted stools from which they sprang, leaving the field stocked only with new stools, formed since the plants were set out.” Fig. 149.—Nodonota puncticollis, Say.— After Di ision of Entomology, U. S. Department ofA gri- culture. Fig. 147,—Graphops pubescens, Melsh,—After Forbes. THE CLOAKED CHRYSOMELA. (Glyptoscelis crypticus Say). This is another beetle very similar to Graphops pubescens, but according to Prof. Saunders it devours the foliage of the apple-tree, as well as that of the oak. It is of a thick, cylindrical form, about one-third of an inch long, with its head sunk into the thorax, and the thorax narrower than the body. It is of a pale ash-gray color, entirely covered with short whitish hair. The closed wing-covers have a small notch at the top of their suture. At the junction of the wing-covers with the thorax there is a dusky spot. This insect is represented in Fig. 148. Ae. 146 LEAF-BEETLES. THE PLUM LEAF-BEETLE. (Nodonota tristis Ol.). This oval beetle is of a shining, dark, metallic-blue, with legs and feelers yellow or chestnut brown; some spec- imens are bronzed, purplish, greenish, or even very dark brown. The thorax is densely punctuated with small dots. The dam- age they cause is not very great, although in the South they cause considerable injury by eating holes into che leaves of young plum trees; the peach and apple foliage is also to their taste, as well as that of the cherry, shad-berry, and choke-cherry, and Prof. Ashmead reports that they “gnaw little irregular holes into the blossoms and epidermis of the bolls of cotton, exposing them to the weather, and causing them to drop.” The beetles are not uncommon in Minnesota, especially up- on apple trees, but they are not frequently seen, as they have the habit of hiding themselves in the folds of the leaves. The eggs are known, but not so the larve, which, very likely, possess the habits of related insects, i. e., are found among the roots. A very similar beetle, (Fig. 149), the Rose-Leaf-beetle, (No- donota puncticollis Say), is also found upon the same kinds of plants, but seems to prefer the wild rose and blackberry; it also occurs on the young terminal leaves of willows, hence seems to be a general feeder. If at all numerous these beetles can be poisoned by means of the arsenites, and as they do not try to escape by flight they can be captured in large numbers by inverted um- brellas. There are still other and similar small beetles which are more or less destructive to our fruit-producing plants, but none cause very serious losses, and then only at long intervals, when their number is increased by especially favorable climatic or other con- ditions. Among the more typical leaf-beetles we have such forms as the well known Colorado potato-beetle, (Doryphora to-lineata Say), originally a native of the Rocky Mountains, feeding in its old home on the sand-burr, (Solanum rostratum), a plant related LEAF-BEETLES. 147 to the cultivated potato. As this beetle is not injurious to any of our fruit-producing plants, but confines its attention solely to such plants as the potato, egg-plants, tomato, ground-cherry and other members of the Solanum family, it is not necessary to de- scribe it in detail, and only a picture of it is given to show how it differs from other leaf-feeding beetles. (Fig. 150 and 151, Plate II). This beetle commenced its migrations toward the east about the year 1859, reaching the Atlantic Coast about the year 1874. It moved from potato-field to potato-field, and as it had at first no enemies it increased most rapidly to destructive numbers. Now it has many foes among other insects, birds and mammals, and the farmers know quite well how to fight it by means of arsen- ical poisons. In fact the utility of Paris-green was first demon- strated by using it against this insect and its nasty looking larve. Similarly shaped insects abound in Minnesota, but none are especially destructive, except, perhaps, the Chrysomela exclama- Fig. 150.—Doryphora 10 lineata, Say.—After Brehm. 148 LEAF-BEETLES. tionis Fab., a smaller yellowish-red beetle, marked with longitu- dinal black lines, the outer ones on each wing-cover being inter- rupted in such a manner as to look like an exclamation sign (!). The beetle is sometimes very numerous upon wild roses, destroy- ing the flowers almost entirely. But as our wild roses in the prairies are decidedly a bad weed we should not complain even if it is a rose that suffers. C. Junata Fab., a peculairly colored light brown beetle, marked with darker brown, has similar food habits. Several other members of the genus. Chrysomela are very destructive to willows in our wind breaks. All can be fought by the same means, 1. e., Paris-green or London-purple; these arsenites should be used at the rate of one pound in from seventy- five to one hundred gallons of water, and applied by machines, of which many very effective and cheap ones, especially constructed Fig. 152.—Lina tremula, Fab.—After Brehm. LEAF-BEETLES. 149 for this purpose, are in the market. But it should be recollected that the spraying should be done as soon as the beetles begin feed- ing in spring, so as to kill the adults before they have deposited their eggs. Our people usually wait until the damage caused by all kinds of insects becomes plainly visible, which is not a wise thing to do, as in such a case the application of the arsenites will simply check the trouble; the proper way to do is to nip the evil in the bud, and to do so an early warfare is absolutely neces- Sary. The very similar genus Lina also contains numerous very destructive beetles, which, however, devote all their attention to devouring the foliage of willows and poplars, in which they suc- ceed only too well, as may be seen in some wind-breaks, which are defoliated year after year by these and some other insects, and to such an extent that they are as bare of green leaves in sum- mer as during the winter. A timely application of arsenites would prevent this injury, which, repeated year after year, can result in but one way, the death of the infested plants. It seems as if many persons did not know the old proverb ‘“‘an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” One species of Lina (L. tremulae Fab.), exceedingly abun- dant and injurious in the north, is illustrated in Fig. 152, and # still more destructive kind, the L. scripta Fab., in Fig. 153. It sometimes devours all the leaves of willows in our wind breaks. a b d 2 Fig. 153.—Varieties of Lina scripta, Fab.—After Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. There is another small group of leaf-feeding beetles called the Diabroticas. They are rather slender and soft, with long feelers; their color is green or yellow, with black spots or lines. Prof. Smith, in his book already mentioned, gives the following account of them: 150 LEAF-BEETLES. “The adults feed on leaves, flowers or pollen, but the larve, which are white and slender, usually feed in the roots and stems of plants. One of our most common forms, (Dviabrotica vittata Fab.), is known as the “striped cucumber-beetle,”’ and is yellow with black stripes on the wing-covers. It feeds on all kinds of cucurbit vines, and on many other plants as well; it does injury by eating into the stem of the young shoot at or below the sur- face, where it has a tendency to hide during the middle of the day. The larve, (Fig. 154), live in the main roots under ground, making short galleries, which, if numerous, weaken or even kill the plants. The beetles winter as adults. A free use of tobacco Fig. 154.—Diabrotica vittata, Fab.—After Division of Entomology, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture. dust around young vines or other injured plants is usually pro-- tective, though in some localities the farmers resort to “ driving.” They do this before the middle of the day, sowing air-slaked lime with the wind, and this seems to be sufficiently offensive to the winged insects to induce them to leave for fields to the leeward, where they of course become doubly injurious unless also driven off. Planting an excess of seed to distribute the injury is common practice, and so is starting the plants in baskets and setting them cut when well established and able to resist injury. “Melon and other cucurbit vines should always be plowed out, raked up, and destroyed as soon as possible after the crop is off, to destroy any larve that may then be in the roots.” LEAF-BEETLES. 151 It is also a common and very effective practice to cover young plants witha mosquito-netting, held in position by a slight frame. Such beetles are not unfrequéntly found in the flowers of apple or plum, and they are there for no good purpose. An allied and equally common species feeding upon a great variety of plants as an adult, is the D. 12-punctata, Oliv. or “t2- spotted Diabrotica,”’ (Fig. 155). This is somewhat larger than the preceding, with a more oval body, and has twelve black spots on the greenish-yellow wing-covers. The larva feeds on a variety of plants, and becomes injurious to the corn in the Southern States. There are two broods, the beetles wintering in the adult Fig. 155.—Diabrotica 12 punctata, Oliv.—After Division of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture. s stage. No direct remedy is known, but good cultivation and a liberal application of stimulating fertilizers is advisable to enable the corn-plant to resist and outgrow attack. Clean culture is the greatest essential, and this of itself will do much to reduce injury. In the Western and Central States a third species (Fig. 156) is found, the “Corn-root Diabrotica,’ (D. longicornis Say), 152 LEAF-BEETLES. Fig. 156.—Diabrotica longicornis, Say.—After Forbes. named so from its long feelers. Its larva is a very serious pest. As this species winters in the egg stage in corn-fields a simple rotation is all that is necessary to keep it in check. It is not found in Minnesota, at least no specimens have been seen or received, while the two species already described’ are very common, and the striped kind seems to be rapidly on the increase. The genus Galeruca, as well as some closely allied other genera, contain a series of small oblong beetles, mostly of a dirty clay-yellow color, more or less spotted or marked with black. Some of these beetles are very destructive, not alone to shade- trees, but to fruit-trees as well. THE CHERRY LEAF-BEETLE. (Adimoma femoralis Melsh.). In a number of states this beetle has caused considerable in- jury to the leaves of plum, cherry, and peach. Its natural food is the leaves of the native plum, into which it eats numerous holes. In Minnesota it is common enough in many loca'ities, especially in LEAF-BEETLES. ~~) ASS ‘the burned region about Hinckley, where the “fire cherry,” (Prunus pennsylvania), has taken full possession of the ground. It may be simply a question of time before it attacks the cultt- vated trees in our orchards as well. The beetle is a small insect, measuring less than a quarter of an inch in length, and is of a bright red color, with feelers, eyes, and exterior portions of the legs black. It is densely cov- ered with a coarse punctuation, the punctures being separated by distinct intervals;.the surface is shiny. Such beetles are most abundant during June or early July, and again in September ; those appearing in June seem to represent the hibernated genera- tion, those appearing later are their progeny. As such beetles have been repeatedly found along the edges of woods early in April, there can be no doubt that they hibernate as perfect in- sects. $=) a= D D i) ) Fa}, > p A. eat Fig. 157.—Galeruca xanthomelzna, Dalm.—After Division of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 154. LEAF-BEETLES. The egg is oval, bright straw-yellow, the surface deeply pitted with minute, rather irregular six-sided areas. The larva is about 5 mm. long, narrow, and tapering toward the end. According to Mr. Davis, it has the head, legs, pronotum and terminal plate black; on the back of each segment are two transverse rectangu- lar dark spots, with two or more smaller ones on the sides of the larger two, and beneath them there is a longitudinal block on each segment. The venter of each abdominal segment is marked with five dark brown spots, the central one being largest. These larve also feed on the leaves of the cherry. To show the general appearance of insects of this group of beetles, the “Elm-leaf beetle’ (Galeruca xanthomelaena Schr.), is illustrated in Fig. 157. It is happily not found in Minnesota, 4t least none have been seen or received thus far; it is another of the many undesirable insects imported from Europe. It is greenish-yellow when fresh, with two black stripes on the wing- covers. The yellow, bottle-shaped eggs are laid in double rows on the under side of leaves and from them the yellow, black- spotted larvee hatch, covered with little bristly tufts of hair. When full grown they crawl down the trunks to the ground, and there among the grass and rubbish on the surface they change to bright-yellow pup. These beetles and their larve are exceed- ingly injurious to the foliage of the elm trees, and in the eastern cities the authorities are forced to employ a large gang of men to protect and save the trees by spraying them with arsenical poisons. FLEA-BEETLES. This is another group of leaf-feeding beetles, of which many different kinds occur in our state. They are easily recognized by their hind legs, which possess very large and swollen thighs, en- abling the insects to leap like fleas, hence the name flea-beetles (Fig. 158). But they differ from fleas in that they also possess wings as well, which are readily used. One of the best known of such flea-beetles is the “Swmach Flea-beetle” (Blepharida rhois Forst.), which is exceedingly LEAF-BEETLES. 155 Fig. 158.—Flea beetles.—After Brehm. numerous in our parks and along the edges of forests, or wher- ever the sumach grows. Here the filthy larve, filthy because they cover themselves with black and slimy pellets of their own excre- ment, frequently devour all the leaves of these showy bushes, and instead of being ornamental they become a decided eyesore to the ow ; mS 7 (e- i 1 ( Fig. 159.—Blepharida rhois, Forst.—After Riley. 156 LEAF-BEETLES. lover of plants and the admirer of well kept parks. This largest of our North American flea-beetles is shown in all stages in the illustration (Fig. 159). It is a rather convex beetle, differing greatly in this respect from other flea-beetles, which are usually very much flattened. The color of the beetle is a greenish-yellow, Fig. 161.—Dionycha xanthomelzna, Dalm.—After Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. and the wing-covers are marked with dark brown lines and dots. Our Minnesota fauna is rich in flea-beetles. Some quite large ones are found upon willows; they are usually yellow, with broad or narrow black longitudinal lines upon their wing-covers ; Fig. 162.—Haltica bimarginata, Say.—After Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. LEAF-BEETLES. 157 the pro-thorax is in most cases ornamented with a number of dark spots arranged symmetrically. One kind of such beetles is frequently found squatting on the dry sidewalks very early in spring, as if enjoying the warm rays of the sun. If touched it disappears as if by magic, doing so by means of its powerful hind legs, which enable it to leap very long distances. One of these beetles is illustrated in Fig. 160; it is D. xanthomelaena Dalm. A dark steel-blue species of the genus Haltica, (H. bimargi- nata Say), is sometimes exceedingly numerous and destructive to the willows growing upon the shores of our lakes, hence be- comes to a certain degree injurious. It is shown in Fig. 162. 3ut not all flea-beetles are satisfied with such food, and to the great sorrow of fruit-growers some show a most decided love and preference for the foliage of fruit-producing plants. THE GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE. (Haltica chalybea IlIl.). This little beetle, very uncommon until the last season, has in some places become a very destructive pest to wild and culti- vated grapes. It commences its operations very early in the sea- son, and indicates its presence before long by eating the substance of the buds as soon as they begin to swell, thus destroying many bunches of grapes in the embryo. Prof. Saunders describes its life-history as follows: “Tt goes on with this work for about a month, when it grad- ually disappears. Before leaving, however, the beetle provides for the continuance of its race by depositing little clusters of orange-colored eggs on the under side of the young vine leaves, which, in a few days, produce colonies of small, dark-brown larvee, which feed on the upper side of the leaves, riddling them, and when numerous they devour the whole leaf except the larger veins, and sometimes entirely strip the vines of foliage. Fig. 163 represents the larve in various stages of growth at work on the vine, accompanied also by some of the beetles. “In two or three weeks the larva attains its full growth, when it is a little more than three-tenths of an inch long, usually 158 LEAF-BEETLES. of a light-brown color, sometimes dark, and oé¢casionally paler and yellowish. The head is black, and there are six or eight shining black dots on each of the other segments of the body, each dot emitting a single brownish hair. The under surface is paler than the upper; its feet, six in number, are black, and there is a fleshy, orange-colored proleg on the terminal segment. ‘When mature the larve leave the vines and descend to the ground, where they burrow under the earth, and form small, smooth, oval cells, within which they change to dark-yellowish Fig. 163.—Haltica chalybea, Il.—After Division of Entomology, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. pupe. After remaining two or three weeks in this condition, the beetles issue from them, and the work of destruction goes on; but since they live altogether on leaves at this season of the year, of which there is an abundance, the injury done is much less than in the spring. “The beetle is about three-twentieths of an inch long, and varies in color from a polished steel-blue to green, and occasion- ally to a purplish hue, with a transverse depression across the hinder part of the thorax. The under side is dark green, the antennze and feet are brownish-black ; the thighs are stout and ro- LEAF-BEETLES. 159 bust, by means of which the insect is able to jump about very nimbly. One of the legs, detached from the body, is shown in Fig. 163. On the approach of winter the beetles retire to some suitable shelter, as under leaves, pieces of bark, or in the earth immediately around the roots of vines, where they remain inac- tive until the following spring. In addition to the grape-vine they feed on the Virginia Creeper, (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), and the alder, (Alnus serrulata), and sometimes eat the leaves of the plum tree. “Remedies: To destroy the beetles it is recommended to strew air-slaked lime or unleached ashes around the infested vines in the autumn, removing and destroying all rubbish which might afford shelter. In the spring the canes and young foliage may be syringed with water in which a teaspoonful of Paris-green has been stirred to each gallon. Strong soap-suds have also been recommended, and are deserving of trial. On chilly morn- ings the beetles are comparatively sluggish and inactive, and may then be jarred from the vines on to sheets and collected and de- stroyed. These insects are much more abundant in some sea- sons than in others.” THE LESSER GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE. (Haltica igmita Ill.). This little beetle, not much more than half the size of the one described above, varies greatly in different portions of the Union, even in différent parts of the same state. It is polished greenish-blue, dark blue, purplish-blue, copper-colored, or even brassy. All those found in Minnesota are dark blue, with a light tinge of purple. Their habits are identical with those of H. chalybea, hence it is not necessary to describe them. They were first noticed by Mr. J. W. Taylor, who resides near White Bear Lake, early in the spring of 1899, eating into the buds of wild grapes ; soon afterwards they attacked his cultivated varieties, and later the foliage of the Virginia Creeper. Their work is shown in Fig. 164, Plate VI. After destroying the buds they continued 160 LEAF-BEETLES. their work upon the fully expanded leaves, which were riddled in every conceivable manner to such an extent as to destroy them en- tively. At least two generations did damage. The hibernating beetles commenced the work, and soon after their appearance numerous eggs were found among the woolly substance of the partly destroyed buds. The larve soon hatched and continued the work, and after passing the pupal stage in a small earthen cell in the ground, a new generation of beetles appeared, which did not disappear until the beginning of the warm weather in summer, evidently to pass the rest of the warm season and the winter in or near the ground. It is somewhat difficult to ascertain the number of broods in this case, as some of the adults lived for a long time, and were surrounded by other beetles, their own progeny. This species promises to become decidedly injurious, and wherever it is found should be fought with arsenites as soon as noticed. This is especially important, and most successful in the spring vhen the culprits are still confining their attention to the buds. A very strong arsenical mixture, one pound to fifty gallons of water, with lime to prevent injury to the plant, has afforded good protection. THE APPLE-TREE FLEA-BEETLE. (Haltica foliacea Lec.). This is another little flea-beetle about the size of H. chalybea, but slightly more elongated, and of a highly po'ished brassy-green color. The feelers are dull brownish-black beyond the three basal joints, which are obscured by short fine hairs; the feet are also dull brownish and pubescent. This beetle is not common in Minnesota, having been found only in the southwestern part of the state, where it occurred rather abundantly feeding upon the evening primrose, the leaves of which were entirely riddled by it. It was found also upon similar plants growing near the shores of White Bear Lake, and Take Minnetonka, as well as in Brookings, South Dakota, thus LEAF-BEETLES. 161 showing that it may be much more generally distributed in our state than is suspected. In Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado it is a bad insect, especially so in nurseries, where it riddles the leaves of the apple with small irregular perforations. Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt, whose work in entomological in- vestigations is so well and favorably known, has published the following notes on the habits of this beetle in “Insect Life’’: “T placed my beetles, received from Colorado, on fresh apple leaves and awaited developments. More than a month elapsed before I found eggs in the jar. On the oth of July I found several clusters attached to the stems and bases of the midribs of the leaves. They are generally in twos and threes, ranged side by side. They are about 1 mm. in length, oblong rather than oval, and of a pale, dull orange color, somewhat translucent, and Prof. Popenoe, who has also obtained them, says that under a high magnifying power the shells are seen to be minutely granulated. “By the 17th of July a number of larve had hatched. They are nearly cylindrical, of a dull black color, and rather more elon- gate in proportion to their diameter than the larve of H. chalybea. When grown they feed on the parenchyma of the leaf, indiffer- ently on either surface, but later they gnaw holes in it similar to those made by the perfect beetle. The first molt took place in eight days, and two or three of the small larve perished in the process, being unable to entirely withdraw themselves from the outgrown skins. The second molt occurred one week later, and in this also one larva perished. During these periods there are no changes of color or maculation. August 2nd one larva had completed its growth, and as it was making its way into the earth, I put a stop to its further development by transferring it to the alcohol bottle. The following characters are noted: Length of mature larva from six to seven mm., diameter one and one-half mm.; form cylindrical, tapering somewhat posteriorly ; general color varying from dull black to dark fuscous, piliferous plates inconspicuous, of the same shape, number and arrange- ments as those of H. chalybea, black in color, but slightly polished, each giving rise to from one to three minute hairs, head roundly 162 LEAF-BEETLES. cordate, deep black, but not brilliantly polished, pro-legs well de- veloped, faintly annulated at the joints with dingy white. The larvee move about considerably, but in a slow and rather clumsy fashion, with the tip of the abdomen appressed to the surface of the leaf or stem to assist in keeping them in position. “The pupa is enclosed in a frail earthen cocoon or ceil, just beneath the surface of the ground. The pupal stage lasts only two weeks, when the adults make their appearance. The insect is also double brooded, the last generation passing the winter in the ground.” Fig. 165.—Haltica foliacea, Lec.—After Marlatt. As this beetle, Fig. 165, is apt to become a serious enemy to our nurseries, their owners should be on the lookout to destroy it as soon as it is noticed. It seems to be changing its habits, de- serting its normal food to become an enemy to cultivated plants. As far as remedies are concerned, the experiments of Prof. Popenoe, of Miss Murtfeldt, and of Prof. Bruner are quoted: Beetles like the three species just described, can be successfully jarred into cloth collecting frames, and if these are saturated with kerosene, the beetles striking them will not be able to fly away, but will perish. LEAF-BEETLES. 163 There are still other and still smaller flea-beetles which riddle the leaves of apple trees with small holes, but the damage is slight, since such insects as a general rule prefer other plants for food. Tue SMALL Wittow FLea-BeetLe, (Crepidodera Helxines Linn.), a very common insect, eating the foliage of most of our narrow-leaved willows, has been repeatedly found towards the end of June engaged in doing similar work on that of the apple. It is one of the most variable beetles we have, at least so far as colors are concerned, and numerous varieties have been made on that account. It is usually, however, of metallic green, blue, coppery or golden. As a general rule all leaf-feeding beetles distinguished by metallic colors vary greatly in this respect. This beetle is still smaller than H. ignita mentioned before. C. rufipes Linn., illustrated in Fig. 166, gives a good idea of how such in- sects look. Fig. 166.—Crepidodera rufines, Linn.— Fig. 167.—Epitrix cucumeris, Harr.— After Division of Entomology, U.S. After Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Department of Agriculture. A still smaller flea-beetle, the Cucumber Flea-beetle, (Epitriv cucumeris Harr.), and the closely allied E. fuscula Crotch, are a'so found eating holes in the leaves of apples. As the former one 1s a very destructive beetle to all plants belonging to the botanical order Solanaceae, it is illustrated in Fig. 167. The name “Cu- cumber Beetle” is surely a misnomer, since notwithstanding its “omnivorous habits it is practically confined to the above order of plants. The beetles are chiefly destructive to tomatoes, potatoes, 164 LEAF-BEETLES. tobacco, egg-plants, and pepper, and can cause considerable mis- chief to the young and tender plants, into which they eat numer- ous holes. The beetle is very small, black, covered with rather thick hairs; the feelers and legs are reddish-brown. It is a very active being, and one very difficult to capture, being as agile as a healthy and vigorous flea. In the larval stage it feeds chiefly in the roots of the tomato. Fig. 168.—Epitrix parvula, Fab.—After Division of Entomology, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. lk. fuscula Cr., has once been very destructive in hot-house frames, in which it killed numerous small egg-plants; E. parvula Fab., so destructive to tobacco in the southern states, is shown in Fig. 168. As far as remedies are concerned, Paris-green and London- purple are satisfactory remedies, and it has also been observed that the Bordeaux mixture, used against certain diseases of plants, when liberally used, acts as a deterrent, and thus serves a double purpose. If poisons can not be used a decoction of to- bacco is of great benefit, at least if we have to use it only on a small scale. LEAF-BEETLES. 165 TIE RED-HEADED SYSTENA. (Systena frontalts Fab.). This common flea-beetle has repeatedly caused injury to the erape-vines by eating the green tissues on the upper sides of the leaves, which in consequence discolor and wither. Like the other fiea-beetles it possesses enormous leaping powers, and as it is ‘ather large and very agile, it is no easy matter to capture it. It is about one-sixth of an inch long, with densely, but very finely punctured thorax and wing-covers. The head is reddish-yellow above, especially in front and between the eyes; the long feelers are also reddish, with black basal joints; the underside is brown- ish-black. Equally common is S. hudsonias Fab., which is en- tirely black, with dark rusty-brown feelers and legs. Fig. 169.—Systena twniata, Say.— Fig. 170.—Phyllotreta vittata, Fab.— After Forbes. After Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Another species of Systena, illustrated in Fig. 169, is decid- edly injurious to the young plants of the sugar-beets. It is called the “pale-striped flea-beetle” (S. taeniata Say), and is here illus- trated to show the shape of insects of this kind. Among the large numbers of injurious flea-beetles at least one other should be mentioned, as it is frequently received as being very destructive to a number of young plants, but chiefly to plants belonging to the Cruciferae, as cabbage, radish, mustard, and oth- 166 LEAF-BEETLES. ers. The ‘“Wavy-striped flea-beetle,” (P/yllotrela vittata Fab.), is illustrated in Fig. 170. It is a minute, shiny black insect, with a distinct yellow stripe through the middle of each elytron. The larvee make mines into the tissues of the plants mentioned above. As a remedy it is important to keep down all cruciferous weeds, in other words to give the land a clean culture, and to remove the remnants of the crop as soon as possible and to destroy them. The adult becomes even more injurious by eating little pits into the thicker leaves, and minute holes into the thinner-leaved plants they infest ; in such cases the use of arsenites or of kerosene-emul- sion is of great benefit. According to Prof. Saunders this beetle is also sometimes found to eat the leaves of strawberry plants. Fig. 170\%.—Psylliodes species.—After Fig. 171.—Odontota dorsalis, Thunb.; Brehm. larva and pupa.—After Hopkins. Numerous other flea-beetles belonging to the genus Psylliodes occur in Minnesota; one of which is shown in Fig. 170 %,. A small number of very curiously shaped beetles follow the flea-beetles in the classification of beetles usually adopted. They are wedge-shaped beetles, or Hispidae, in which the antennz are thickened, and the elytra broadened at the tip, where they ter- minate rather abruptly. In most of these brightly colored beetles the body is much roughened by deep furrows and pits. These and the tortoise beetles, which follow next, also differ from other leaf-feeding beetles in having the fore part of the head promi- nent, so that the mouth-organs are situated on the underside. LEAF-BEETLES. 167 The larve of Hispidae are leaf-miners; the eggs are covered with a little mass of excrement, and are laid singly. None of the beetles are very injurious, with perhaps the exception of the “lo- cust-beetle,”’ (Odontota dorsalis Thunb.), which is orange in col- or, with a broad black stripe along the suture of each elytron. Sometimes this species is so abundant early in summer, on the leaves of the locust, as to cause considerable injury, but as the beetles feed exposed they succumb readily to an application of the arsenites. -The larva and pupa of this beetle are shown in Fig. 171. According to Prof. Comstock the larva of O. rubra Web., a beetle from one-eighth to one-fifth of an inch long, of a reddish color, with the elevated portions of the elytra more or less spotted with black, mines in the leaves of apple, forming a blotch-mine. The transformations are undergone within this mine, which is also formed in great numbers on the leaves of linden or basswood. THE ROSY HISPA. (Odontota nervosa Panz.). This is a much smaller species, flat, rough, coarsely punc- tuated, the wing-covers forming an oblong square, as shown in Fig. 172. There are three smooth, raised longitudinal lines, spotted with red, on each of them, while the spaces between them are deeply pitted with double rows of dots. The head is small, the feelers short, thickened towards the end, and the thorax is rough above, and striped with deep red on each side. The under side of the body is usually darker in color, sometimes blackish. This species varies a good deal, not alone in size, but also in color and markings, and formerly a number of species had been made of it, one of which, (O. inaequalis Web.) is very dark, almost uniformly brownish-black, with some lighter spots and lines. The beetle is found from the latter part of May until the middle of June, and deposits its eggs on the leaves of the apple tree. According to Prof. Saunders, “they are small and rough, and of a blackish color, fastened to the surface of the leaves some- times singly, and sometimes in clusters of four or five. 168 LEAF-BEETLES. “The larve when hatched, eat their way into the interior of the leaf, where they feed upon its green pulpy substance, leaving the skin above and below entire, which soon turns brown and dry, forming a blister-like spot. The larva, when full-grown, which is generally during the month of July, is about one-fifth of an inch long, oblong in form, rather broader before than be- hind, flattened, soft, and of a yellowish-white color, with the head and neck blackish and of a horny consistence. Each of the three anterior segments has a pair of legs; the other segments are pro- vided with small fleshy warts at the sides, and transverse rows of little rasp-like points above and beneath. “The larva changes to a pupa within the leaf, from which, in about a week, the perfect insect escapes. Within these blis- ter-like spots the larva, pupa, or freshly transformed beetle may often be found.” Fig. 172.—Odontota nervosa, Panz.— Fig. 173.—Coptocycla clavata, Fab.— After Harris. After Riley. This interesting beetle is quite common in Minnesota, and occurs also in regions where no apples grow, hence it must be able to make mines in other plants as well. The adult beetle hi- bernates, and is frequently found among dead leaves and rub- bish covering the ground along the edges of forests. THE TORTOISE-BEETLES. These remarkable beetles contain species that are among the most beautiful of all insects, being green, golden, or iridescent. Some in the tropics are so brilliant that at one time it was stylish to use them for jewelry. Although not injurious to fruit-produc- LEAF-BEETLES. 169 ing plants they are so curious, and so often mailed as “gold-bugs” to the entomologist, that a few words about them may not be amiss. In these beetles the ovate and almost quadrate body 1s flat- tened below and convex above; the head is nearly or quite con- cealed beneath the prothorax and the margins of the latter and of the elytra are broadly expanded, in some cases forming an almost circular outline, and in this way resembling the shell of a tortoise. This resemblance is heightened in at least one case, (Coptocycla clavata Fab.), by four dark projections of the central dark color of the wing-covers, which marks look like the broad legs of a turtle (Fig. 173). In another case (C. guttata Oliv.), only the front legs of a turtle are painted upon the frontal sides of the elytra. Fig. 174.—Coptocycla bicolor, Fab.—After Riley. As already mentioned these beetles, when happy, are of bril- liant colors, sometimes ornamented with black spots or longitudin- al lines. One of our most common species, the Cassida bicolor Fab., (Fig. 174), so destructive to morning-glories and sweet- potatoes, is, during its wedding season, like a drop of burnished gold, which towards night is apt to fade to a peculiar pearly lus- ter. Unfortunately such colors are not “fast,” but disappear after the death of the insect. It is even claimed that the bright colors of these insects are dependent upon the emotions of the beetles. 170 PEA-WEEVIL BEETLES. Although the beetles are very beautiful, the larve are as nasty; they are flat, with long spines along the margins, and in addition they possess a forked appendage at the posterior end, which serves a very filthy purpose. It is bent forward over the back, and to it are attached the cast-off skins of the larva and also its excrement. The fork carrying such material is borne like an umbrella. In New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia, where these insects abound in the sweet-potato fields, the larve have received the name “peddlers,” since they carry a “pack.” When ready to change to a pupa the larva fastens the posterior end of its body to the underside of a leaf, and now the skin splits open, and is forced back, exposing a pupa, which soon gives forth a beetle. Wherever such beetles are numerous the young plants of the sweet-potato should be dipped into arsenate of lead before they are set out. The solution should be fifteen ounces to fifty gallons of water. Fig. 175.—Cassida bivittata. Say.— Fig. 176.—Chelymorpha argus, Licht.— After Riley. After Packard. In Minnesota we have a number of such tortoise beetles, some very large, and also some that are found on other plants than those belonging to the family of Convolzvulaccae, as the net- tle and sunflower. Cassida bivittata Say (Fig. 175) frequently destroys the foliage of the beautiful morning-glory, and the much larger Chelymorpha argus Licht. (Fig. 176) is frequently found on the raspberry. FAMILY BRUCHIDAE. (Pea-weevil family). These well known beetles, so destructive to many kinds of stored seeds of leguminous plants, as peas and beans, are not PEA-WEEVIL BEETLES. 9 il injurious to any fruit-producing plants.. They agree with the leaf-beetles in general structure, but their small head is prolonged into a broad beak and the wing-covers are rather short, not covy- ering the tip of the abdomen. As an example of these beetles the Bean-weevil (Bruchius rufimanus Sch.), and the Pea-weevil (B. pisi Linn), are illustrated in Fig. 177. This pest can be controlled, even when still enclosed in the seed, by means of bisulphide of Fig. 177.—Bruchus rufimanus, Sch., and B. pisi, Linn. After Brehm. carbon, the seeds being kept in a tight receptacle for this purpose. It should be the rule of every farmer to plant only sound seeds, and not to throw away any “buggy” peas, but to destroy the in- sects in them by boiling, when both peas and weevils can be fed to animals. 2. HMEPTEROMERA. (Different Joints). ~) As already mentioned we find the chief peculiarity of the beetles in this group in the feet, the front and middle pairs of which are five-jointed, and the hind pair four-jointed; the joints of the tarsi are not cushioned beneath, as are those of the leaf- beetles. Many peculiar insects belong to this division, not alone peculiar on account of their shape, but also on account of their peculiar development, which has one or two seemingly retrograde stages in some species having parasitic habits. 172 DARKLING BEETLES. FAMILY TENEBRIONIDAE. (Darkling Beetles). Nearly all the members of this family are of a uniform black or brown color, although some are gray, and a few are marked with bright colors. There is no uniformity in appearance, but in most cases the feelers are more or less bead-like or monili- form. They vary very considerably in size and form of the body, which is firm, and not s6ft as in the case of the blister-beetles men- tioned later. Darkling-beetles are most numerous in dry and warm regions, but we also possess a fair representation in Min- nesota, and some of them are altogether too numerous and in- jurious. Nearly all feed upon dry vegetable matter, some few on partly decomposed matter, and still others under stones, un- der bark of trees, and on fungi. But few are injurious to our fruit-producing plants. As examples of such beetles a few of the more common and destructive ones will be given and illustrated. THE MEAL-EFETLE, (Tenebrio molitor Linn.), Fig. 178, is a very common insect in our mills, stables, grocery-stores, pan- Fig. 178.—Tenebrio molitor, Linn,—Atter Division of Entomology, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture. DARKLING-BEETLES. 173 tries, in fact in all dark places where flour and meal is kept for a long time. These insects cause no serious injury, but are far from pleasant to have around. Their larvee, best known by the name of ‘‘meal-worms,” are sometimes bred purposely by bird- fanciers as winter food for insectivorous singing-birds; they are raised in immense numbers in warm boxes partly filled with bran, and in such places they undergo all their metamorphoses. The beetles themselves are brownish, flattened, with a square thorax and deeply ridged wing-covers. The larva is a cylindrical, hard-shelled worm, usually of a polished waxy yellowish-brown Fig. 179.—Echocerus maxillosus, Fab.—After Division of Entomology, U.S. De- partment of Agriculture. color, and terminates in a two-pointed posterior segment; it re- sembles the larva of the wire-worm in many ways, but is very much stouter. A dark, almost black and more opaque beetle is the T.obscurus Fab., which is found in similar locations. Both are pests of granaries and mills, and are found in almost every region of the globe, being carried there by commerce. A much smaller species, the Echocerus mavillosus Fab., is shown in Fig. 179. It is of a brown color, and further south is equally as much at home in old and neglected flour. 174. DARKLING-BEETLES. Cleanliness is one of the best remedies against such nocturnal insects. In extreme cases the fumes of bisulphide of carbon should be employed to kill them. Many of these and similar beetles have become very numerous in our houses since the in- troduction of prepared breakfast foods; the spaces behind the patent flour bins in pantries are also excellent breeding places for such insects, as there they are not’as often disturbed as they ought to be. Fig. 180.—Blaps mortisaga, Linn., andlarva. After Brehm. Fig. 180 shows a common beetle belonging to this family ; it is Blaps moriisaga, and is found in Europe, like the meal-bug, in barns, stables and cellars. Our western plains, especially in the warmer regions, abound in similar beetles; they are found in large numbers beneath dry dung, and some of them are very peculiar beings, having their wing-covers soldered together, since they possess only rudimentary true wings or none at all. Fig. 181, (Plate I) shows a very peculiar insect, black and white in color ; it is Zopherus Haldemani Salle. One of the most peculiar beetles belonging to this family is frequently received by the entomologist as a great rarity, simply TAILED BEETLES. 175 because the males have a pair of enormously large horns on the pro-thorax. This beetle, (Boletotherus bifurcus Fab.), pos- sesses a very rough surface on the body and wing-covers, and is of a dirty brownish color. It feeds upon the large toadstools, (Polyporus), so common on the sides of dead and dying trees. Fig. 182, Plate II, shows both sexes of this remarkable insect. A large number of small families of beetles follow, but none of the insects contained in them are of any great economic im- portance. FAMILY MORDELLIDAE. The beetles in this family are all small, some very small. Some are black, others are~variegated, but all are covered with a silky pubescence. Such beetles are found in immense numbers during the early summer, in many kinds of flowers, in which they feed upon the pollen. In doing so they are of some importance iil cross-fertilization. Fig. 183.—Mordella 8-punctata, Fab.—After Riley. As may be seen in the illustration, (Fig. 183), which shows ~Mordella S-punctata Fab., they have a very arched body, the head is bent down, and the abdomen is usually prolonged into a slender point. They are very active, flying readily, but they usually try to escape by the most intricate contortions, which make it almost impossible to secure them, and they usually drop to the ground and are lost. Their larve live in rotten wood and in the pith of plants. 176 BLISTER-BEETLES. FAMILY MELOIDAE. (Blister-beetles ). Perhaps the most interesting and economically the most im- portant among the Heteromera are the “Blister-beetles,”” which have received this very appropriate name because they can raise ‘ blisters on the human skin, caused by a substance “‘cantharidin” found to a greater or less extent in nearly all members of this family. To utilize them for this purpose they are dried and pulverized, and the powder thus obtained is made into a paste, which applied to the skin by physicians causes local inflamma- tion and a blister. Nearly all our common species can be utilized for this purpose, but the kinds generally used come from Spain and other European countries, hence are called “Spanish-fly,” (Fig. 184). Fig. 184.—Spanish flies. After Brehm. All the beetles belonging here are soft-bodied and of me- dium or large size; their head is broad, vertical, abruptly nar- rowed into a neck ; the pro-thorax is narrow and cylindrical, and is narrower than the wing-covers, which extend well down the sides; the legs are long and slender, and the feelers are in some cases knotted in the males. Many of the species are brightly colored and banded, some are metallic bronze or copper, others are uniformly gray, black or brown, with black longitudinal stripes. All are leaf-feeders and are found in flowers. BLISTER-BEETI.ES. 177 One of our most common species is black, and occurs in large numbers on the flowers of the golden rod. A number of species of this family are very destructive to the leaves of the potato, bean, aster, rose and other plants, and one at least is decidedly in- jurious to the flowers of the cultivated shad-berry. This large beetle, (Pomphopoea aenea Say), called the Pear-tree Blister- lieetle, is also fond of the leaves of apples, (Fig. 185). The metamorphoses of blister-beetles are remarkable, as they do not alone undergo wonderful changes in form, but the num- ber of such changes is greater than usual with beetles. ~The adult deposits a large number of yellowish eggs in the ground, which hatch into very active long-legged larve, that run about in search of food consisting of the eggs of locusts and of some solitary bees. Eating the eggs of locusts is a very good habit. hence the blister-beetles are decidedly beneficial in their larval stage, and it is a well known fact that in a year following locust troubles blister-beetles become very numerous. In other cases the eggs are either laid on a plant or on the ground, and similar long-legged larvee are hatched, which run about the flowers until a proper kind of bee comes along, to the hairy clothing of which they fasten themselves, and in this way are carried to the nest of the bee, not simply stealing the ride, however, but adding injury to insult, for after quitting the unsuspecting host it devours the egg or young larva and later completes its own transformation, meanwhile feeding upon the accumulated stores, the rightful own- er of which it has killed. . These young larve of blister-beetles are active little creatures, with long legs, prominent jaws, large heads, and are known as “triungulins.”’ The most common of our blister-heetles are the uniformly gray Macrobasis wnicolor Kirby, (Fig. 151, Plate II), and the black Epicauta pennsylvanica DeG. As a description of both is given in the first annual report it is not necessary to repeat it here. If these insects, as well as similar ones, should become very destructive, they can be killed by a thorough application of one of the arsenites, adding some milk of lime to make the poison 178 SNOUT-BEETLES—BARK-BEETLES. stick, and this should be carried into effect as soon as they are noticed. In some cases they can also be driven to a layer of straw, which is then burned. But as the larve feed upon such dangerous material as the eggs of locusts, it is in many cases bet- ter not to kill the adults. Of the larger and brighter species one of the most common is a rather beautiful beetle, the Cantharis Nuttalli Say; it meas- ures over an inch in length, has dark, purplish or bluish-green Fig.185.-Pomphopeaenea, Fig. 186.—Meloe angus- Fig. 187.--Head of Snout- Say. After Saunders. poles Say. After beetle; g.s., gular suture. Wwing-covers, and a metallic green thorax, head and abdomen. t is sometimes very common in our prairies, where it destroys wild roses and other flowers. It resembles the genuine Spanish fly very closely, and should be gathered and sold to the manufac- turing chemists. The O1L-BEETLEs (Meloe species), are also included, but thev are not numerous enough to cause any damage. Our common species, the Meloe angusticollis Say, is shown in Fig. 186. II. SUB-ORDER RHYNCHOPHORA. SNOUT-BEETLES ; BARK-BEETLES. This sub-order includes beetles commonly called Snout- beetles and Bark-beetles, ten families of which are represented in North America. The great peculiarity of these insects is found in the head, which is more or less prolonged into a beak or snout, sometimes longer than the remainder of the body, but usually SNOUT-BEETLES. 179 shorter. It is either broad or thin, short or long, straight or curved. The small sharp jaws are situated at the end of the beak or rostrum; the labrum and palpi.are small or wanting; the slender feelers arise from the sides of the beak, and are elbowed in the middle, ending in a knob or club; the rostrum is often grooved at the sides for the reception of the feelers, and the eyes are small and round. But the most distinctive character is the ab- sence of the gula, there being but a single gular suture, (Fig. 187), and the epimera of the pro-thorax meet on the middle line be- hind the prosternum. The body is compact, and frequently wedge-shaped, and not uncommonly has a ridged and pitted sur- face, or is raised into tubercles. The tarsi are four-jointed, each joint strongly bilobed and cushioned beneath. None of our species are of more than medium size, and most of them are very small. Nearly all our northern species of snout-beetles, when dis- turbed, feign death, and do so most skillfully and persistently ; the feelers disappear into the grooves in the beak, and the latter is bent under in many cases, close to the body, as are also the legs, and the beetle drops to the ground, closely resembling a bit of twig, a bud, or a seed, and thus escapes detection. In the trop- ics, however, many of such beetles are very active, and take to their wings almost as readily and easily as the tiger-beetles. Many of the larve of such insects live in fruit, seeds, nuts ; others devour the substance inside the stems of plants, and still others subsist on wood. Larve of snout-beetles are usually more or less curved, pale, and much wrinkled, as may be seen in the following illustrations, which show their structure as well as that. of the adults and pupe. FAMILY RHYNCHITIDAE. This family includes small beetles in which the elytral fold is very feeble, the labrum wanting, and in which the mandibles are toothed both on the outer and inner side. The mandibles can be widely spread apart; when closed the outer tooth at the end 180 LEAF-ROLLING SNOUT-BEETLES. of each projects forward, so that two small and acute teeth seem to project. We have a number of such small beetles in our state, one of which, of a dark blue-black color, covered with fine and dark hairs, is rather common in various flowers early in the season. An- other species, (hynchites bicolor Fab.), is polished red above, excepting the snout, legs, and under side, which are black, and is sometimes very common and destructive to our roses. It destroys both flower buds and flowers, and deposits eggs into the fruit, in which the young mature. Both wild and cultivated’ flowers are thus invaded, but especially the former. The beetle measures about one-fourth of an inch in length, not including the long snout which is about as long as the abdomen. FAMILY ATTELABIDAE. (Leaf-rolling Snout-beetles). Such beetles have neither an elytral fold nor a labrum; the mandibles are flat, pincer-shaped, and toothed on the inner side. They are mainly interesting from the fact that the females make a compact thimble-shaped roll from leaves, in which a single egg is deposited, and inside of which the larva feeds until full grown, when it leaves and enters the ground for pupation. It is very interesting to see the female at work making such a cradle for its young, and as at least two species are fairly abundant in our state the lover of nature will have but little trouble to observe the whole operation. One species, polished black, with a large dark-red humeral spot, occurs upon our oaks; it is Attelabus bipustulatus Fab. The other species, 4. rhois Boh., occurs upon the hazel and alder ; it is brown and densely covered with yellowish-white hairs. The illustration, (Fig. 189), shows a thimble-shaped cradle “on oak, and Fig. 188, the adult of A. analis Hl. Prof. Packard describes the operation of making such a cradle as follows: ‘When about to lay her eggs the female begins to eat a slit near the base of the leaf on each side of the midrib, and at right angles to it, so that the leaf may be folded together. LEAF-ROLLING SNOUT-BEETLES. 181 Before beginning to roll up the leaf she gnaws the stem nearly off, so that after the roll is made, and has dried for perhaps a day, it is easily detached by the wind and falls to the ground. When folding the leaf she rolls it up tightly, neatly tucking in the ends until a compact, cylindrical, solid mass of vegetation is formed. Before the leaf is entirely rolled she deposits a single egg, rarely two, in the middle next to the midrib, where it lies loosely in a little cavity. While all this is going on her consort stands near by, and she occasionally runs to him to receive his caresses, then again resumes her work. These rolls sometimes remain on the bushes for several days, but probably drop by -_ Fig. 188.—Attelabus analis, Ill. Fig. 189.—Thimble-shaped cradles on oak. the time the larva escapes from the egg, and it seems probable that the grub uses the roll for a shelter until it matures and is ready to enter into its transformations into a beetle.” In Minne- sota the writer has frequently seen the female at work, but in- variably she worked alone, no male being near. In many cases the larva also changes to a pupa inside the cradle, and the latter to a beetle, without entering the ground at all. Evidently love does not always run as smooth here as in the east! 182 SCARRED SNOUT-BEETLES. FAMILY OTIORHYNCHIDAE. (Scarred Snout-beetles). This family contains a large number of snout-beetles. Their most distinguished characteristic is the presence in the pupal state, and sometimes also in recently matured adults, of an appendage on each mandible, and in the adult state a scar indi- cates the place from which the appendage has fallen. This scar is on the anterior face of the mandible, and frequently at the tip of a slight process. (Comstock). Most of our species are more or less ornamented with scales resembling those found upon the wings of butterflies. This is very prominent in tropical species, where such scales are fre- quently of metallic colors, and are exceedingly beautiful, and on that account are utilized by microscopists for forming baskets filled with flowers of different shapes and colors; such baskets are so minute as to become plainly visible only under a strong lens. Among the beetles forming this family we possess several species which are more or less injurious to fruit-producing plants. THE IMBRICATED SNOUT-BEETLE. (Epicaerus itmbricatus Say). This rather omnivorous beetle, gnawing holes in various garden vegetables, is also found on the apple and cherry, injuring them by eating holes in the twigs and fruit. It is by no means common in our state, but destructive in others, hence requires the attention of our fruit-growers. It is a very variable beetle, but usually of a dull silvery-white color, with darker markings ; some- times two light-colored bands extend across the elytra, which are striated with longitudinal rows of deep round pits. This beetle can readily be recognized by the peculiar shape of the pos- terior end of the elytra, which is very steep, cut off almost square- ly, and ends in a sharp and pointed elongation. If it should ever become more numerous than it now is, it can be kept in check SCARRED SNOUT-BEETLES. 183 by jarring the trees, as is done in the case of the plum-curculio described later. The illustration (Fig. 191), shows both shape and size of this beetle and that of the egg and larva. Mr. Chittenden describes the life-history in one of the ad- mirable bulletins of the Division of Entomology, issued by the Department of Agriculture. He writes that these beetles are sometimes very destructive to strawberry plants, eating the leaves, Fig. 191.—Epicerus imbricatus, Say.—Division of Entomology, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. and later the entire stem. ““The eggs are elongate, more than three times as long as wide, somewhat variable in outline owing -to close deposition, sub-cylindrical, sometimes slightly curved on one side, broadly rounded at each end, surface smooth, shining without any apparent sculpture; color light dull yellow.” The young larva, when first hatched, is uniform whitish-yellow. THE GRAY ANAMETIS. (Anametis grisea Horn). This is another beetle, (Fig. 192, Plate IT), last season dis- covered for the first time in our orchards to be injurious to the apple, in the leaves of which it eats large holes; it likewise eats the tender bark of the same tree. It has the peculiar habit of hiding in the folds of a leaf during the day, on the underside, and is here difficult to detect, as its silvery white color blends well with the white down of the leaves. It is easily beaten into an in- 184 SCARRED SNOUT-BEETLES. : verted umbrella, and if numerous could be captured very readily. It is a robust insect, about the size of the imbricated snout-beetle, of a brownish-gray color. It is not often seen, but by beating apple trees, as suggested above, it will be found to be much more common than was suspected. Cercopeus chrysorhoeus Say, a similar beetle, is from time to time found on the foliage of the grape, and a number of others occur, but very rarely, upon the flowers and foliage of some of cur fruit-producing plants, but none cause any extensive dam- age. THE PITCHY-LEGGED OTIORHYNCHUS. (Ottorhynchus ovatus Linn.). This beetle, a typical one.of the family, is getting very nu- merous, and may, in time, cause injuries to the roots and crowns of straw-berries. It has also been reported as feeding upon the leaves of the apple. Here at the Experiment Station it was not found until four years ago, but now is very abundant, especially very early in spring, just after the snow has disappeared, and again late in autumn. At such times it is found resting on the sides of houses, not far from the ground. In autumn it is ready © to enter the ground to hibernate, and in spring it leaves such quarters to enjoy the warmth of the sun. But what attracts such large numbers of beetles to houses is difficult to understand, es- pecially as these buildings are surrounded by well kept lawns. Usually they can be found hibernating among logs and pieces of bark lying upon the ground. No damages have been observed, but a number of the crowns and roots of strawberries received from other parts of the state tell a sad story, as they were excavated and killed by the larve of this beetle. They are much more destructive than the straw- berry root-borer, which will be described later. The beetle, illustrated in Fig. 193, is very dark-brown, almost black; the thorax is very deeply pitted, the pits being sometimes arranged in more or less regular rows; the wing-covers are striated, and at regular intervals in the striz are deep punctures, SCARRED SNOUT-BEETLES. 185 The insect is very convex; the thorax has a projecting angle at each side, and the body is almost egg-shaped. Judging from the work seen such snout-beetles can become very destructive, and it will be difficult to combat them. Many years ago a snout-beetle infesting the roots of grasses was very numerous in Druid Hill Park, Baltimore, Md., yet its presence was not suspected at all, as no injury to the lawns was noticed, except that the plants seemed to need food, which was provided them in the form of a very bad-smelling manure obtained from cleaning hog-bristles imported from Hungary for the manufac- ture of brushes, etc. A liberal application of this substance was T LL Fig. 193.—Otiorhynchus Fig. 194.—Aramiges Fulleri, Horn. After Division ovatus, Linn. of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture. spread over the lawns, and was followed by a heavy rain. Next day immense numbers of beetles (Sphenophorus parvulus Gyll.) could be seen upon all the sidewalks and seats on and about the lawn; they were evidently driven out of the ground by this of- fensive manure. Perhaps this experience might show us a meth- od by which we could combat this and similar insects. Two other species of the genus Otiorhynchus (O. sulcatus Fab., and O. picipes Fab.), as well as Thricolepis stinwlator Horn, are known to injure the apple elsewhere. 186 GENUINE SNOUT-BEETLES. FULLER'S ROSE-BEETLE. (dramiges Fulleri Horn). Some years ago this insect, (Fig. 194), became very injurious in the east in some green-houses devoted to roses. It is an oval, dark, smoky-brown snout-beetle, lightly covered with scales, with a short and obtuse snout; it is about one-fourth of an inch in length. The eggs are laid in masses under any sort of shelter on rose-bushes, and the white and grub-like larve hatching from them feed on the tender roots of roses, while the adults destroy leaves, flowers and buds. The attacks of the larve weaken the plants, or kill them outright. Since the long-lived beetles hide during the day on the under- side of the leaves they can be collected and destroyed; the free use of a tobacco extract on the ground will act both as a fertilizer and as a destroyer of the subterranean grubs. The same beetle is sometimes a pest in the orange groves of California, and is re- placed by another similar one in those of Florida. A number of other similar beetles might be mentioned as being sometimes injurious to our fruit-producing plants, but as they are very uncommon in Minnesota, it is not necessary, as all can be destroyed by the remedies already given. FAMILY CURCULIONIDAE. (Genuine Snout-beelles). The family Curculionidae is the most important of the fam- ilies of snout-beetles, including more than one-half of all the in- sects of this character found in the United States, and a large number of them are most destructive insects. In this family there is a strong fold on the lower side of each wing-cover near the outer margin, which limits a deep groove into which the upper cdge of the abdomen fits ; the mandibles have no scar ; the antennz are usually elbowed, and havea ringed or solid club; the tarsi are usually dilated, with the third segment bi-lobed and spongy be- neath; in a few cases the tarsi are narrow, but not spinose be- neath. (Comstock). GENUINE SNOUT-BEETLES. 187 The soft and white larve possess no feet, and feed chiefly on fruits, seeds and nuts, but all parts of plants are subject to their attacks. The female bores a hole with her snout, and deposits an egg in the hole thus formed, pushing the egg to the bottom of it with her beak. For this purpose the snout of a female beetle is very long, sometimes longer than the remamder of the body, as may be seen in the acorn weevil illustrated later. Although not injurious to fruit-producing plants there are a number of small snout-beetles which are so frequently sent to the entomologist as being injurious to the roots of grasses, that a few words about them may not be out of place. The species of Sitones, of which a number occur in our state, are all small, black- ish-gray, covered with very minute scales, and in some cases marked with a number of darker spots, interrupted by white, ar- ranged in regular longitudinal rows. Some species are illus- trated in Fig. 195. Fig. 195.—Sitones species.*|After Brehm. THE NEW YORK WEEVIL. ([thycerus noveboracenis Forster ). , This is about the largest snout-beetle we have in our state; it is not only the largest, however, but also sometimes exceedingly destructive, especially so in early spring, when plum trees grow- ing near oak forests are badly injured. In such cases the beetles congregate upon plum and other fruit trees in May or early June, eating the buds and gnawing into the twigs, chiefly at their base, 188 GENUINE SNOUT-BEETLES. thus causing them to break and fall. The younger bark of twigs is used as food and numerous holes are eaten into it; the tender shoots are entirely devoured, and later they eat the leaves just at their base. The beetle is shown in Fig. 196;#it is from four to six-tenths of an inch in length, of an ash-gray color, marked with black ; four whitish lines, interrupted by black dots, are on each of its wing-covers, and three smaller ones occur on the thorax. The scutellum, located at the juncture of the elytra with the thorax, is yellowish. Such beetles frequently occur in swarms in nurser- ies, Where they cause serious injury to the apple, plum, cherry, pear, peach and other trees. Fig 196, Plate VI, shows their work. It is quite abundant in the wooded regions of Minnesota, but is not seen as often as their numbers would warrant, simply be- cause it is a nocturnal insect, hiding in the cracks of bark of oak trees during the day, and in such places it is almost impossib!e to detect it, as it resembles the bark very closely in color and in mark- ings. The larva, also shown in the illustration, is found in the twigs and tender branches of the burr-oak, and also in the hickory, According to Saunders, when the female is about to deposit an egg, she makes a longitudinal excavation with her jaws, as shown Fig. 196.—Ithycerus novoboraceusis, Fig. 197.—A pion species.— Forst.—After Riley. After Brehm. GENUINE SNOUT-BEETLES. 189 at a in the illustration, eating upwards under the bark ; afterwards she turns round and places an egg in the opening. ‘The larva, b, is a soft, foot-less grub, of a pale-yellow color, with a tawny head. There is but one safe way to destroy this beetle; it has to be caught by jarring, the same way as our plum-curculio, since it also has the habit of dropping to the ground when alarmed, as most other snout-beetles do. Paris-green and London-purple, ap- plied in such a way as to make them stick to the tender twigs and branches; will also kill large numbers of this mischief maker. There is a group of small beetles, (Apion), the larve of which usually feed in the seeds of plants, as in those of the false indigo, (Baptisia tinctoria), the seeds of the locust, and others. To show how these beetles look one has been illustrated, and well shows their peculiar form (Fig. 197). They are equipped with a long and slender projecting beak, have straight feelers, and D Fig. 198.—Phytonomus punctatus, Fab.—After Division of Entomology, U. Department of Agriculture. 190 GENUINE SNOUT-BEETLES. are very small, the largest not measuring much more than one- tenth of an inch, including the beak. Their colors are b‘ack, grayish, dark blue, or even greenish; only a few in the United States are of a brighter color, such as reddish or yellowish. This is a good place to mention another bad snout-beetle, not yet found in Minnesota, but which is working its way in the direction of our state. It is the Clover Leaf-beetle (Phytonomus punctatus Fab.). It is a large beetle, dull brown in color, with indefinitely striped elytra, and a short, stout beak. Prof. Smith says about it: “The larva is green, its form is well shown in the figure, (Fig. 198), and it feeds chiefly at night, eating irregular holes into the leaves. When full-grown it forms a peculiar net-like cocoon, at or a little beneath the surface of the ground, and pupates, be- coming adult a few days thereafter. The insects hibernate in the larval stage, and their injury becomes manifest quite early in the season, often threatening entire destruction of the crop when they are full-grown. Fortunately nature has provided a check for this insect in a fungous disease, which in most localities car- ries off the larve annually, just before they mature, leaving only a comparatively small proportion to perpetuate the species. As this disease seems to occur in seasons of all kinds, and irrespective of climatic conditions, it can be easily introdticed into any locality in which the insects become destructive. Affected larve (Fig. 199), curl themselves round a spear of grass, or on the edge of a leaf, and die, first swelling somewhat and becoming gray in Fig. 199.—Phytonomus killed by dis- Fig. 200.—Pissodes strobi, Peck.— ease. After Divisionof Entomology, After Division ot Entomology, U.S. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Department of Agriculture’ GENUINE SNOUT-BEETLES. 191 color; then they collapse and become black, eventually forming a small, dried, black mass, utterly indistinguishable in character.” We have a number of very noxious snout-beetles which kill our pine trees. Only one will be mentioned and illustrated, (Fig. 200), to show its shape. It is the [Vhite Pine IV eewil, (Pissodes strobi Peck). It is one of the most serious enemies to that tree, attacking the leading shoots in young trees, and spoiling their shape entirely. In our extensive pine forests no remedy can even be suggested, but in parks and gardens the small ornamental trees of this kind can be protected to some extent by spraying the Fig. 201.—European species of Fig. 202.—Hylobius confusus, Kby.— Pissodes. After Brehm. After Brehm, leading shoots with carbolated soap-wash, to which Paris-green is added at the rate of one pound to one hundred and fifty gallons of water (Smith). Of course the infested shoots should be gath- ered and burned. Fig. 201 shows a closely related European species. Equally bad are Pissodes affinis Rand., and Hylobius con- pisws iby. (Fig 2o2)2 >: Another group of snout-beetles is composed of very elon- gate and slender insects, some of which are injurious to garden plants, and on that account one of them is shown in the illustration (Fig. 203). It is the Rhubarb-beetle, (Lixus conca- vus Say). This beetle is found early in the season on the leaves and stems of the rhubarb, but is also found on those of wild plants, as on the larger species of Rumex. This long, cylindrical beetle, with a thick snout about as long as the head and thorax, is en- tirely covered with a rusty powder, which rubs off very easily, 192 GENUINE SNOUT-BEETLES. and exposes the dark slate-colored body, which 1s remarkable for its exceedingly firm texture. In fact this insect is so hard that a common insect pin will not perforate it. The beetle bores little holes into the leaf and flower stems of the plant, depositing-one egg in each, from which a white, grub-like larva hatches, which devours the plant tissue. The insect is not common in Minne- sota. According to Smith, Webster and others,. whenever the leaves are regularly cut for the market but little trouble is ex- perienced ; old leaves should be removed and destroyed, so that Fig. 203.—Lixus concavus,Say. After Fig. 204.—Lixus from Europe. After Webster. Brehm. none of them remain after midsummer. Several species of Lirus occur in our state; a European species found in aquatic plants is shown in Fig. 204. Among the large number of snout-beetles that follow the above genus in the classification but few are really injurious, al- though they occur in the flowers of such plants as the strawber- ries, blackberries, raspberries, and others. Perhaps two species of Magdalis are an exception, as the one (7. aenescens Lec.) 1s fre- quently found upon the apple-tree, and the other (V7. olyra Hbst.) GENUINE SNOUT-BEETLES. 193 has the bad habit of tunneling, in the larval state, into the bark of hickory in every direction, leaving only just enough tissue to prevent the bark from warping away ‘from the tree. Mr. Bow- ditch states that, “as far as my observations extend, the species appears to prefer small trees, from four to six inches in diameter. If the tree is small and very badly infested it dies very quickly, and shortly after the beetles have escaped, the bark is apt to flake Fig. 205.— Maedalis olyra, Herbst. a,.- Fig. 206.—Magdalis armicollis, larva; b, pupa. After Packard. Say. After Forbes. off and curl up in quite large pieces.” Asa general rule, however, this beetle prefers the red oaks. Fig. 205 shows M. olyra Herbst, found abundantly boring under the bark of oak, and Fig. 206 M. armicollis Say. THE PLUM GOUGER. (Coccotorus scutellaris Lec.). This destructive beetle has been described in the “Second Annual Report of the Entomologist,’ but to make this report on beetles injurious to fruit-producing plants more complete, it is re- peated. There is no kind of fruit that promises so well in Minnesota as the plum, and wonderful progress has already been made in -the past to improve our wild species, and to create, by selection, crosses, or by other means, new and better varieties, and it seems, when we look at the samples of plums shown last year at the dif- ferent fairs, that before very long fruit superior to all other grow- ing now will be the result of such painstaking work. It seems to the writer that the only true road to success has been chosen, viz. : 194 GENUINE SNOUT-BEETLES. to improve the native kinds, which are known to be hardy, and not to attempt to bring to our state others found in countries differing in climate from ours. We have, in improving our na- tive plums, to follow the same steps that were taken in the past in Europe to change their native crab-apples into the beautiful, delicate varieties of apples now grown everywhere. But to grow plum trees and to harvest plums are two quite distinct things. .cccnevensavtsss sc scenes cvossosssstvessocvelastvesusscsaste 13, 24 Carpet-beetles .....cceissssssscssscrscssesssscsscssssssensasssscesssssesessseseeseesenseeases LS, (2 ed PE IG PAIS. DEALT Y PLEFUS SAY. rise catocshasseccaselsnicetgudounonto.sguccdaecescocscteues 42 > HOME CH USCysa sass dives cas conch ses Siaksnacasscbuvansdbbess pit smaecad 4.2 PRES 1G TT CON O Lia Tall) scetees vebseoi sn vacceseh iavacecnaes aus? Gosahecs aabestacvseretstetscdsessacveoss 169: t PAM diet teed DA Vans ayaa newoamanenschonanuian i Cassone accere oh iaduakanens sds sedan shaves 170 Abeta Agr aD Bled fee IV EON Letra heat snp honstesence se vendstcocwianvceneyscusasboresdtuslencosaver socio wck- Loe eo (SEATING CEs, tics cs atehcsteseocecsssctavssaccavsseiedeasasseassscont’ atau seusee?osacness 106, 107 RB DEA ARCUITED Ne Nestea oh ouese ca seas ee ca senciaueiaaetncsxausenpaevsthdosescsuaestseavepeecee eeeees 108: ape SATE SOTMGC US SAY tate: dadeassvackteveastossrac isinavi¥eassccuagacsvast scesdodetbes 184 Pe NCES EST LITE STIECTES 5 vai ceath ns ost scaatcaesnacbane dos cas ebSonienscreatess whenaecetcesaatns 208 CAP RULAWICOINICHSIS DEULY....-.0ps.cvoccecves caacensesvensavoveversurxsesseancduatqued 52 Pres LAC Hyp LOS FAUYIR: Sosacvcecacancsssccdzws snvessadsusbancdctudvoesacdascecevasdoobas 96 ENO MALOUSAIMCTICATIOS EP OLSt.....cvcovsasssseesnoressectnseodssavecsésesstedacaaseesae 205- Ne ACE ICCEICS sae feist sobs Uasea nasa cevuesantsscuksinjcacsssivacoundenutaaerestecoeespecespercy 64 CRPIIOT PRE ALP US LACH. cacscccccncessessesees sbubtSeh cases codeuaaairccsacndies gape eenngpaent 170° SEAS RAEN RN MIE Cea Sn Sota Suh eas verves wocepCh yaks ov dcwsie cadens tes esliwsete Seacseeedeqey sinus 215 CANO COTS ILVEIICLHS NUAIS.) sh avesneavaeedsclsasecks thecaseaavsesssccatasavss doncacsaevvsesede 35 SR IRIAI EE ATIOL LS NOCTIIDY. a sdoesdsteth acca sesennorcachaievers dep aca csvssexdasiientsqeseased eros take 142 pea IS LIC ALAMONIU Ey tack sy ak Sawaseaneaveddeneqnsiededssvansercistes Pseenen teat shied 138: Saar EMER LCD) PL CEM ECan Ci bance abies evant sashevw ioe snsccsdodesonss veh untndes awibanecdabacive 232 Bea Sia IO EMILE IS CIENT Led SAAD issn ws oo pesk Sue ced canoe ssvocctiezescbsbivcecacuassscenesvauspeceds 53- BOER IONE MAYES Ped LITE E STN VEN orc eas » ta vnab ea pEapin ds x uels cawad gun toasts cuss «sone anVanebiaeceeae 141 BAY SO MCI CMO Lt BALIOMIG: ANN. cxkevevetnessusnnane§cssestatscbusievssecaseceavesy ondece 147 E Misr2 22 EASA aeeece reece eettn ca ceeee ene es pacer sg ge acodLaah aeeeea Dobbie ek eOneeseee 148 MMA PEE Less dak 72 2a hens ba rex Sep kk Gwitons Tasuaaeie adh socecaveouCevessecdasadsacduaepasousssosis 133 SUP IRIAIIEN Stats Seca cy 5 Saas as Geewap naa aiAEOT ghicas vudoesus puuv Grew: su sdavepsts enntee ceyessn 14 MN re S 2 ccsvaces ok cecaenea sR POMRte A aeasinan Sabie svbansectastcvgfcascnccloasaxtues 67, 68 EPIC OR MIE (CML -MOLTS) ca, cccntentessttteconaesdncweestdleioseenssensecccecessencacceess 137-720 RRR CS CT Ui asta» sun Shpexd sccptems Meera GaN a ACac Saesctvvsssnspiscancdaueapdcnsevyass 30 PNA eae t eee pea e weas Vout aia blue pane SR ec Whack ta vadav ss 0cvevsdvacsocdnondecncSodees vest 64 Pie eae bles CU Ceit1O-FECEIES ocvarcesanstatesctcesteqncatscceee ceaesscccecessanaezicens 13,. 45: PREP AIAILCSS TIL OTIS AG CR vic nitcn coue¥atehsconcbussncvasessturess seccevessevectes Pee eines Ae 238 INDEX. Page Cloaked. ChirysOmelars. cos. iccsrccecuecssesiscasbeadacss seswactiutadechnuravevth sees epees meer e™ 154 lowe bleak Beetle scccs. savas geassevensera ses cose ostdecuute ci atenapteatsdounaesstteanece Sema 190 Cl Owersr OO EB OTERS. Sica. cedeccsas cqovecasonvececlenyeoneane Sascunoreanee een c sae ee eRe eae 233 CW HOLES: ok nc oct es sonvoass caseaenscussccsesst otvedecan dea tnac sane sereeneste soeeaateeee eet a Se 47 ¢ COCCI dee ico voec ox tev tsanc aseseirevcnevs Obata tashe oesasand caer Gone aiehee ae Cae ence ee oo COCCOLOLS PLMMICId a W ASH ivccssageeavnssas viseyas cosoavanede seaseansavacuscsasetenteaae 196 os GCL CHATISMUECS pine cat ucssuentse uae teee nine esauadule tos eaneudes hecee te daes 193 Colaspis Drunpea EAD, «.c:..-a0 gages sseouse¥dernspnsoaccuennenenevagathaornedalyuncdiies! aera 142 Coleoptera—Anatomy Of,.......secececsessscessceenscseerseeerseeeaceeens fisssacseydecse sta ¥ ut Classification 7Ofs ieee sees cote oceceses amen ee ake ee 12 ale Definition Of terns. -cusscscc kang ctccscastecseseceesnaceescteeeen eee ee af . TD ypiGall Or. Dre ic.7e. coideas cease tesnaci’s once coeeeeeacene cape Raceeeateese 12, 14 Colidium Tin@ola Say -...s....-00.e0000-ses90 idle ndgusu di loteeded case bs ceseteeee ede eae 228 Colorado. Potato beetle ns sc ysis. le sacce weocatnae: acpsosens ienperteceenee kansas eee 146 Gonimon, Lie latming- Oe 0s... gie ees ceavatgn dunes seks scuecuuesnaunessaivanadte-ste teen aeeee 63 Capris CATGIINA LAMM, scee-osok ante dinnttsten-asevoougs ste vaedoreaensthe anole peg ieeaeseenens TE Cop‘ocycla clavata ) Bitz 6 ae ST Aree Uh) ae tah hrm etti Merde en Ie Moe a ae 169 is PUECALA, OM ive saoratetatodan an tuahecneape ventas ceeeahanees dees seseees ons ep taeee 169 Gouotrachelts crateegi W alslics. Sscacecosaes secs cnceesscnastssacws tes coseceenateeeteneeee 207 we CLEP ATS SAY .c sovsscoetecdvontensnsse se) scaconenscuatecasne shan deca teteeaee 207 ee LASS UNO UISCLEG. seaoassscgsss caspasescacesecyecsetad eater Cente aieeRe eT eee 208 Pi IATIGIS TCC ieasensmccecusuetansssanssst petersentas Menesneeaen’ oe saah ees 207 oe TACO cOC cai lie cd salien cohen suavdeetsead Soaretaeuwene ioc taeceaede seaaeee eee none 207 a HENUPHAT TABSEsaeivenstiadeeweasoeedeovageenei cag tess Minstedenndeeee lens 201 as POStICALUS SA Y;ansssoansustenseduarsecceas/Waeanbarsh At oaet cena das meee 207 Corn Bille bite... ccvesssnonee LeSacondeasaetocen cuets oadenklenau Seva ovde ete boca nee eee aes 218 OOTUELO OL. DIA DLOCICAN. ic teccsse secede. cocdvaveestinceswaddaseectuscavaceseorcoteneekendaaseeeeae 151 OCI SUV ADS vac love ch lsodcauhanscducdeceuttencd ccautees aouseassareampeceeces tose seeker eaceeneeneee Sift Coscinoptera dominicana | a2 ORR ETRE RTT TS Co ERE ade bots OREN GR SR 136 Cotalpa lanigera LAint........sssscesscceseeetecesssersenescceseesnseeessces csonesenaneearens 94 Cranberry Curctlio......ccsssasscccscssrssscssnercccnscsscceronsresecansnnceessenseecceensncsens 199 Craponius ineeqitalis SAy.....scccescecsscsrseessecessesssseenonnessseesesseseresaneccanes 210 GremastlOcHilus SPeCiES..4-ssnsshenes suv ur tenncdde tosh eeadenr ee Wei a> fone ceases denies decent 104 Crepidodera Fle] ities. Lantins octcocos aves thoes eee ree 163 Ss Fit pes, WAM ss ests teases aipdurs Ceepuatdacerseacsee tent cies eee 163 Crigcetis ASPATARI LANN, ..cccsecce-cassvens sdadoessvoavaquservesvonseeeorsoninapuacntscucdertoage 135 Cryptocephalus SPPCCIES. . Hae wises sexe ncogeke cuseides vagatabaduacs sonceusus ath en onan eee ae 138 Cryptohypaus bicolor SCH oi ids cas cccodec tacascceacen mene ase daecaeeee eee eee Ene 48 Cry ptus grallator Say ...sscescceseesessecscneetesssensessesessensacennneecnscessenserensegs 55 © CUCusidee....scecscseecessersecseesscerncneeesssesecensensanseessenasceneuesensesesenssensessseerscneaes 37 Wuenimber-beetle—Strl ped se...s-cont.ccedospactedaanecrbesiace-caeuefimeatauuarateedeaeaaeme 150 uh Pilea beetle ac. ccao iis caciocs cia Cec tec nc oawete cotta ae nove coca eee ee 163 CHICO TIO TIDE ion Fai Segawa deans ga naeseh a cncoa dood cau cbguecealcawsesh acct sstcaaat eases eet eee sete 186 Taran tz bd OPEL=—AIMELICATNG, coy cocesaxasas ates cecocscuce cased accede etacuaqsductadats sdemnees DIPaL Cyllemne decors Oliv..sccesscceserseseecsseesenssessenseessscenssceesensescnscenseoneesonredvarees 118 (6 pictus Drury...ccsssrcccccesssersereersersecssesscseee: wsvedosQvivsusabncuqca¥neey cnvavons 118 “ee INDEX. 239 Page AE HET OWUO DINIZE CH OL SUS. tect aecsethects asec tasescats ss cdueeosehee oie ean ose we 118 LOE ET oT Seng OCP SREY IRN ie ae es a cee a Be eB eS ta my se, WMP EN IAUAACEICRS Sa) cdeh aan oes -eceoa fase 0s Sebcesinws8evo.esecaacs ter spcche peebbneeininn 67, 68 DEAAEGCEONMS LON EA IIS ZAI es-2 Siecuax cceveo oes oces seslexscdscne Cedicodveeet Shek cccn ees 233 ue BeECHAne Oly at care Se ee genes ye Ye 233 WETICE SECSYIALOALIUS, Ug ltitias sc cdseeseiaec cece (oss ois oes See oak oka ob ck soe a Soe secs 40 EIT PRC Each aah apavecnanancesttedabennsacseeddeusarstivoncssveases 123 ~ t SOMA OM a seoacres tere eehe sic su shc tack as sc cSvep oassceene Cusecohsoakeaseeeeeibank 123 $ y Patnted mtecayccetetm tcc ccncadecnctessvcosases toes weascoes coveocine ech eee 118 “ Bae bee LEUUOES OCLEG orccs NEC PHOTLUS SPECIES .<; « .s..npantnnhaxeh sein snssneksttaguass kato aceasta eet se: nantes te te 29 New York Weeviliiis..s.cscascessvansscnsnsnesqatensdinsnte seseanen aieea eet eee dee Seca aa 187 INTETA OU AE.. Fi ankevndnndnnsntsantuanpwirkestonspossuosiim’ hearweceasonnvon tina waacan a enue 42 NOADONOLE PURCLICOLUS “SAV rsa: nonnnsansionndea senna paeesls ~smminisntnen cae dee tener seen ee 146 * EQASERS, OU Wa cosicnasssusnboabinlatno Range nnnanenaeeen adeaiiane Sas pean eee 145 NEST CO VINS i. c.sacnc-asgecansnsninapanabacaabanact oumed ceansatcaasauessitans Sueeeek tener anes 13, 214 OBKspruner » ..0ncsercveeonnspsnnscnpnansnnadiectuled ee Rondiaaseie de aakee nis uannesceeet eam atte es INDEX. 243 Page ONPEE ED) OVI ACH Ned GH ON Care casts eae Soe acta ver Davos dean wah oidaeveseeveusbobsueaedsdascessedes 131 BP gt Reap TRL APIE SP ERAN oe csc avelussstessteicdscns cakistsauatessoveaseescdsesd oteddcsescacedsesess 131 Odontota dorsalis Thunb...............02006 BR SOE eT es Sn On ee 167 % EEIEE USELESS) WAG EN een aig ate aah doc aoe eink < odd Bea iavsd dae cObacees teeta ieGésecccteesavebas 167 oo ETVIOS AM AD Zartte dade ce dans seae weave cane hevandeviecuceest dees eacesssehsdeaowesess 167 " TUL AMV CD eames esecte See soso eaee sioecs says caadsek cveoasoetenavsecevessenacs¥edecades 167 ON EDPEERESIecs coe certces ative cae cr cect a rasiandee seco tteiae Beawhartasasscortw adores Sat foeaab tine ootes alee Gee CIR GRE S CAB SUIALHS Sais Stee sty seca esac tlsaed sasdenesaeiesdnaxccevauslecsedscdeeds osbctecaiacs 126 Orsodacna atra ANT.............- NTR Se dle esosene ao awed en iensedes weed neevssevestedvarwods 135 OSH70 GEL MAN CTEHINCOIA AKT OCH, dep eeuscarsivectes sc tes couchonus sc6 Cavs do voskesvetwrretecase 104 of scabra Beauv.......... ebncchvsbathrscstuve avi ceotesinaeseeiueed sseseesatce Ge 104 OPER EIT ICES te gaol aoc one natu Wrnwnad ona ebabeeaiee bb dasda sabes 182 EOE BUGHO VAGUS Ms een cncattws sores dusscvoaeacndceseteneebouoveset esses saésabesss ec 184 “ PICT IES Dare ctecee ae enh oe eas ces Seok eaieeen ve tu as Aeankaveendscsacouseacs 185 oe SULCAEUS MAA sw sscoweruesctyc ods isnscs constevcesesits see teoectesedsubscdeueeeces 185 PAE DEACPS SPECIES cen tctht Sever Sova newer. cae- Wubebuteteaseaseubisuehh See deswsesascunbee 138 EB eUMeA TAS EA STR OL YI ORE co aee seaee se Sac ow ae ve ahs cdr cakes suas seat oes eae cede eves voevecevencs 118 Prle-shraped Wiles beetleta.tccsiticcikes ocexk its tetecuaevas acon eteveauvectualind ugeason oobeakeebieg 165 MB eA eUEs CPE PAL EA IIAT ORT SED CVD aah oslo a Sate cnw seve oa Soh Face ened Pc woue damdivaa bas GssseWeeeee 107 PARAMS PUP AIG OHS: ctvanck fianevacbabvesetatess.0-tivsnstss cnccvadcasensnsetbavediathseet castes 115 PLATT APOETEON A AOA oe ened » pes ckteaeccyeeakn sv acuuvatbialucaeruyaveveses bagsigtasessas stone ceees 142 eC LIIE If ELEMS EL) caceticcee coer cesar est vBerines as hadowa da cuuaagenceietsees santeetearesbacetooees 141 HZASHMA CHS CAML OTIC SICH Mle ec cepa vscecnsess .vactesocutaiostsseocsesecnceseeesee ecesaeeeses Pp Mee AMO EAN ener Ecce res ccdacacusacccevautastuscicacsesiied vis ogatstoasbesest saVensseaeneevccenteasvonccees 171 Hee cL IRE ess CECE: tect «ayuees ssiie' ase tbebeannuctaauseecd cotkonptssi teaver cctouusieeens soodiwiaees 229 Bperitatee WEIS LOL MACEELE Ss ccnc cot cess atsvand slaualsdes6ahiccecsveaes cdeesssaedceacadeanencopenuets 177 PERE CLs teneecc ye ccccoes ccc ones cette ce reas aaa loses cove decseacavcees vases ts bed sccebe (edoeseuncuaageneees 170 ONRTACED: DUTOEAL AD VeRMI soo co occ gieisvnvahivs est ciasedssncecacs ve enceostgusneiasnsdieet he Geasee 93 PETA MEATIS ENERO GCE since dab ndrsdes Mist 5 sRSai ght daw sien 3 SdvaSA dssdacod seus dduecb aceneds sockets 36 Ee AG EPI FP REMIR ERM o sacesscsehds0issousua shes s6es0ntssivavixasdsacesy loewosisssWodesdsadeawede 63 UR TIRA ES ICS AEDES NSA Ver bu jus sais dS 4 ac050 Teenstinovson yuvvscivanes adeeseuevaadouseanadaaee 111 PPM LOR ODTUS PUNCEAEUS AAAI canes ocscscntbaosasenplcktis gecdeaascdsetesus!) badceusevdeayevass 189 PU LOPE PE OP Tatil CALOES|) onc. sovodsansitevcvivocancledigasecce sondesdetadaacassstetey 13, 106 Phyllotreta vittata Fab....... Eanecocecceasasonsn dave siwdessctte sec sco cePecoedaaesdeeteccosestee 166 Ry MH OMNI PPOGOLIES Cetra steens cnt csesgSeicisdsesdasckens2taainecdes Neseosdsssddesscescanaswesshcevetes 72 Ea ID ELS TO AGI rcasencaseas aideorauajofietsdven ded cavey edveup aaskceauede¥ deci Vatboswixdoers 191 i S EPO eC We pacs tree accents esa veer ede auiuctins aaeevasivencoteadvt esas Wades eect sboness 191 etecley te eed OLLOE AM YH CHUS scx. occccnsoreescectessnesveverwsned sneced downaelassvdverevereeses 184 PURPA EHOETS SERIES: oysacossesees cores rev vodeVcasniedwoevasvscsdecteteavd dtaaeebeacdewsoeese 226 PMC O LS (CF RV CODHAGA ) iv ss cavevucsonsateese hecantousstJagsdouavouleastenvoubadens ics 13, 100 PAPER SII ELE DS | NVC occ eacoae ac cecoc ware ouncustigdieani ss vshncduuccuate createed iesens 74 URRY er UNM oe tte CK ee was hvc cs ocveceruubaukbaek sce pows aban eeccannhas ssketeetwbneessenssoaseSacccs 201 anes DLE CE SR IROLR Vevrat ouccusévanad.'scouekstay sks ubVetaunbou cece Gusev taUeee s Peek tybweed WerelOeseen 193 Be TNC CELE Coateect et «cy ccn tok saivees tas cawe ste sececpect eet lwuas Rcthnksaieeegeubeasd déenes 145 TEATRO OCC LOCA BAN sii scdavust conc tet tee tess vide swan Featbevinen SuvWie GAELS Mestad Tewsiseees WPT POPIZORCONOELACHELIORG Spocdec te ao oteisen oa hs tek vaee hace ance Chet hho oe bet , 206 244 INDEX. Page Potato-stalk Borer sir. iestetaccsdee bs otveonentopecsereaasasa ees eseece teehee oe eee ae Cae 211 Préedaceous Waiter beetles. cc. scacscssecuc-ce-loe or «qaosecseeadesene> 37 NACE OI rian ae arians art cac een amare Mi cptc clea teatestdaacsen/Soees Asada steueGt aso eave eRe 122 Savenanl tage POUT ES (ES OMIET ED) 9. ons ioca0, snes dapcs> icnesdvsosspiccovancsenesovacseseceaestes 12,14 SALONA OMI AST ALCS AWG decctnce ite esenn<0a0) Mdcmuastess secnocosseemaeepoabaystcesntisseaensee 70 MMIMICE ea OO AIC Ca INI tees ess. c canis fadsonias. Fabs mcsinsetaciqucsttesccsesecestetoscavavecrteantscucothereteeascaueasee 165 £0» be2 Mab» SAY cases tosses Gee evactacstess es czols ces syncs toen tiga oven eo vanteontecctcas sere 165 Tachygonus Lecontel Gy leis. :.ciwesausanwassnsscetqae seatdedente¥uphes eosteneoeaeeseantn eee 209 Tad-poles......... \easslecbdab adds shame seuaxesscchoadbsenb aonaess8iaccbaens ne fesueGad ncbeanGhes os eentete 51 Lelephorus bilinGatus: Say visisss scsccscacctsoas concacsocbasbaceteeate cinsus beseenedeoe towers 64. Tenebrioides mauritanion LANs issisisiscscccsssdencessscaedcsscsobeassteateckactveshetteet 43 Tenebrio, molitor Limits lseddcctececscsech idee tdspitisaseee ao edece eee eee ee 172 i ODSCUTUS PADi :ssieesssccadescctosescsocesssaadssgendicceea se tenaae bas ccecteevestebeems 173 LENE DTIONIDE® fai ds snsts di ostctanezecediascsssinsasoansiacins savecseaceeeseadbanene tees caoueadetaneetes 172 Three-lined Lema.........0...s00 isisdessasdesdeadeansteasts bats cokanauasasdan lads ie Tecgmeseuegs 136 Thricolepis simiiitlator FOr Wssiccsés cesses a seusnndsdss setancetonssvdatarcdevaeaewes nuns aeuaee 185 Tipersbeetles sist. sccsisccecaidessinuewesansene cxcedaactgies adeedisanes244 Tah valbouseenteaeduveeee 13, 14 Tile-horned) Peony ic.sss cvevacats cea tecoxcwesssdedeoneaveaseesenadcocvagteesresoenwecs Reames 110 DGBNCTUS SPECIE ssineececdeodese) doa swunsovecsneseeeuudeanaetsAeaten! fas abudvVapus onpebanteeuvagveWnes 223 TOMICUS) ty PORTA PLUSH. A cccscsvecavsconseotecesles soos teedeaseateoeenns soovasceacuciecebeceteess 222 POrlGise-Weetles.v..05.5ceccisaveeer tapasemercemesvistiaesucbseWeddootmevate dedtadesnousddesUehtheuae? 168 LrACHODAarIS B-NOtAbA Savy seviccheciadevestecestvensesces-ostsecestesoesaarveasasactsboreneweces 211. TEICRIUS: SPOClES yes ceae Me cases essinseceeneweastta ckabacendesssobaseeeseracoesttoersenesn ease Teun eas 105 Driehodes| apivorus | Germs. i. c..cieves sens taeassuesstuannessotreeeveseteee javedsouseattvoers 65 Prive Beetles ss sissocsisccs soos czasdyessadocads tcsagdessatecesthaxsonrsecdeecoeucwwctandsaedententss 14 So SHO ME DECCIES. 5052205u ane csannSoncnanausscaasepaeek eevee Uvaeseruamabate sWeSUunereransies Races 13 Erna le= pS vazctcsc200csacosss sess osececebnobveunadeneeerask va cena capuamsetsntsacte tctek tect keeyenter 75 OF ANA O'S, cccesssaceesssennecccecbacnaadeteess ce ansevaccdvobtecds ba snrsueeres PROC aver owas senens 13 Twelve-spotted Dia broticais:.sccte.cccetvacres sptes qrenccechene senses tolevineaseheeeeteeeere 151 Pwice-stabbed Lad y- bugs iscsi: .scssceccowssesonesdepianctsoucade aaeesseessetacenyseameunewans 35 Deva =P MNCL oss fics Sewasaededcbvadedasaudesvecnaanadacsdudeeaddaddausitenss qateietascets uel i eedweem 126 Two-lined Soldier-beetle ..:.:3s:sisssssteséacsesseasendaessectasenssssdeerceesveesbes ostycachheas 64 Ewo-spotted Anomal aces.i.ssccsracisscscssssvcvssceuasenchenpesshstastds hore tenVPe skbvererene 91 i % lick ory-borerss sic ish:.ssccess cates cant: sentasstasee vesvast canocesrsaestsussens alali( z Domes Oc:Vo hcl oy laren ater re area hrc) cut econ ee 35 of ay Miolorchusis sic isssscccctscsccssedsssasadsessasasesdsasosccsecsst occu seeeteiatt es 117 EF Plia INOTHAEA SAY sscdisd iiss