oe te Oe
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“TWENTY-SECON D ANNUAL REPORT
MUS OOTP 2H GUN
OF THE CAM BREDG ates
_ FISHERY BOARD FOR SCOTLAND,
IN THREE PARTS. ' Parr 1,—GENERAL REPORT.
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TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
FISHERY BOARD FOR SCOTLAND,
Being for the Year 1908.
IN THREE PARTS.
Parr I,—GENERAL REPORT. Part IL.—REPORT ON SALMON FISHERIES. Parr III.—SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
PART Il.—REPORT ON SALMON FISHERIES.
Presented to both thouses of Parliament by Command of this Majesty.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FISHERY BOARD FOR SCOTLAND.
PAGE Table of Weights of Salmon carried by Scottish Railways and Steamships, : vi Curves showing Apa dnanteie the rons of Salmon cnoried he Seottiah Railways and Steamships Table of Boxes of Salmon sent to eillimeepate from Sood years
1884 to 1903 inclusive, showing Monthly produce and price, __. vill Billingsgate Salmon Returns from all sources for the year 1903, : ix Table of Boxes of Scottish Salmon sent to Billingsgate from 1834 to
1903—Annual Totals, . ; ; ; ; : x Rentals of Tay District, 1828 to 1903, ; ; : : x1 Inquiries during 1903, : : : : : x1 Reports from District Fishery Boeri : , ; ' x1 Results of Salmon Marking since 1901, ; 2 : xi P-oportion of Sexes of Salmon, : ; Xl Observations on Length Measurement, : : , xil Relative Numbers of Grilse and Salmon in Tay, : : : xl New Salmon Pass at Lea ae dee : : xl Tay Bull Trout, : : : ‘ gi Rateable Value of Salmon Wishery Drieinicts: : ; ; xil Annual Close Times, . : : : Xii Chairmen and Clerks of Disteich Mishery Boards, : xii
Annual Report of Mr. W. L. Calderwood, Inspector of feaien Fisheries for Scotland, and Appendices (see separate Table of Contents) j ' ’ , ; P : 3
TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT.
TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
A Ch ARLAM MURRAY, KC.) MD,,
His Majesty's Secretary for Scotland.
OFFICE OF THE FisHERY Boarp FOR SCOTLAND, Epinpurea, lst Way, 1904.
SIR, In continuation of our Twenty-second Annual Report we have the honour to submit—
PART IL—REPORT ON SALMON FISHERIES.
The total weight of Salmon carried by Scottish Railways and Steamships during the fishing season of 1903, while showing the decline of 64 tons over the result for 1902, 1s nevertheless above the average for the quinquennial period 1899-1903 (inclusive) by 12 tons 9 cwts.
The tabulation of these results was commenced in 1894, so that it is this year possible to compare two quinquennial averages. When this is done, a decline in the latter of the two periods is shown, amounting to 736 tons 7 cwts. 3 qrs. 12 lbs. The follow- ing Table gives the figures :—
Report on Salmon Fisheries,
61 I 9 st |G aj 6 TZT [Tt & &I LOT | 1G I $T 966 I val ZEL | OL i ST ¢ if 7 GLE f OL a 8 06 48 0 8 G&S § OT & 8 £06 I ST 686 F & 7: 6I LT § Or LE&L ee j ren & LOL f LL I ] 98L | SZ & 8T OPL - b 689 Sr G GI 6 G tT 6&8 jf FL T ST 198 4 &@ j § css 4 & I Oo oF8 & LT 928 5 9 G LI
ee | | | Sf
ZOOizel eas Sor eA Teo
est | * * * “teptog oy} OF MOSSEL e9g |° °° ‘MOdsepD 0} YI, odo
scL | ‘uyvIm edeQ 09 qui0g s[Nquareg 618 |* * “qulog 3ynq
“WUD 0} OIAMIOg
"JOLIYSTG
"ST | ‘SID |'szaQ | 'suOL} ‘saT | “SIH ]'s}4O | ‘SUOL] ‘saqT | ‘SI |'sprD | “SUOL] “SqT | “SIO |'S9AX1O | SUOL] ‘SAT “SQ tate "SUOL| “SAT | “SQ | ‘84X09 | “SUOT, “JUSTO "VUSTO AA "4USTO MA ‘FUSIOAL ‘4USTOM "qUSTOM. ‘aSvIOAy "E061 ‘ZO6T “LOGI ‘006T “6681
| aa 0 6L | 9% | 8 8 LEO'S EZ g OL VB Ger a? ra ial 980‘
Ae P6L'S | ZI | z G SIZE 1% rd I 666‘ f OT i Il ERGs Ee NTBIO, 8 616 JT Pole 66 ALT I *- | 938 Pik cg PIGS |S = “aepiog aU} 0} AMOSSLLD He 0LZ 4 ¢ g G FIp ff OL Masai 2 916 |P g SI Tle |° * * ‘MOSsvpy 0} WeIM edeg i A, \)3 I eI 186 iL 22 Nees o6r LT] LT rs | 6 662 | ‘UAV adv 0% quiog S[uquareg I I SI 90z'T | ST ¢ 8 999 IF | T ¢ L861 9% I 9 Ese‘ | FZ g I FEST | &s j 8 £96 | ° ‘quiog s[nq -UITBO 09 YOIMIOT *“sq7T | “sad |'89aQ] ‘suoy, | “sq’y | ‘SIH | "SIMO ‘SuOL| “SQT | ‘SIM | SIMD] ‘SUOTL} “Sq'T | ‘SIH | ‘S}MD] ‘suUOLs “saT ‘SIH [SIMO] “SUOT| “SQT | “SAH | S449) “SUO, | ! ‘QUS1O. MA "qUSIOM ‘WUSIOM “VUSTOM “PUSTOM "0519 A BOAULS (6 ‘OOVIOAV ‘S681 “L68T ‘968T “C6ST ‘P6ST
‘sdiystseyg pur sAvayiery ystyqeog Aq pelle UOW[S JO SYYSIOM OY} SULAOYS ATAV],
CURVES SHOWING APPROXIMATELY THE TONS OF SALMON CARRIED BY
SCOTTISH RAILWAYS & STEAMSHIPS SINCE 1894.
DIVISIONS OF. SCOTTISH COAST.
N
Berwick to Cairnbulg Point
K ZZ od
a= Sa ae 2S aS
Cairnbulg Point to Cape Wrath
| N a
—
Cape Wrath ta Glasgow Glasgow to the
Report on Saimon Fisheries, vii
From reports received by the Inspector of Salmon Fisheries from District Fishery Boards, and referred to by him in his Report, it appears that in comparing the results of 1903 and 1902, the deficiency which is noticeable in the above Table in the case of the Cairnbulg to Cape Wrath, and Cape Wrath to Glasgow sections of the country is due to scarcity of grilse. Returns which the Inspector gives show that the salmon were more numerous in 1903 than in 1902, but that the grilse shortage more than outweighed the increase of salmon. In 1902, on the other hand, the run of grilse was in many localities far above the average, but returns based upon weight alone do not show sufficiently the fluctuations of those hght fish, since it is impossible in the Railway and Steamship returns to separate them from the heavier salmon.
The chart of curves, showing the annual returns of weight of salmon and grilse carried from the four sections into which the country 1s divided, is herewith continued :—
[ TABLE
Vill Report on Salmon Fisheries
Mons : A monthly return of the number of boxes of salmon received at
Son teeh Billinesgate has been, as hitherto, kindly furnished by The Fish- Salmon sent to mongers’ Company. We have incorporated the returns respecting
Billingsgate. . ° . : Scotland, with the returns of previous years, in the following Table -—
TABLE showing Number of Boxes of Scottish Salmon delivered at TE 2 fe 1 Billingsgate each Month for the Years 1884 to 1903 in- clusive :—
‘COGL SuLIn ee 4 In Table of Boxes slate “ Fey Salis wy ty sos ica) cal oo . S re
of Scottish dong ATYPUOTY Hawn NA A AR AR A 4m
Salmon sent VOBIBAY * A oa |
to Billingsgate ‘TOGL Sulanp
1884-1903. “qy tod = eo hb A a AN © an o |
sortg A[qUOW w Cl cll tal TAN Se fee ee | OSBIOAW “LO6L suLimp co in ria ol ‘a qod S COs rly carat) it 2 He eH ECS to Co oO ao1rg ATYUOTT 6a AA A Bia WM eS aa) VOVIIAW pee ‘006 SULINp . d i) COP NOT CO SS Oe) at lb S-S qI 128 = eoltd ATYQUOTY a Nn AN A HH A A A nN ON . ISBIBAY se “668T 5 uLimnp iy oni riley os | a aod Ven) lor) ~ © N Ww ine) f=) dog A]YQUONN w To G a of 2 2 a a ISVIVAW ‘S68 SulInp | ‘ “q] aod | TST OD SS le SI SSE eS) rales vou ATYQUOTY an ANN AN A A A A a ISVIDAY * “L681 suLinp cig HIN fin da *qy sed ad Yo) SH 19) - Oe (d=) wits aoltg ATYQUOTT w a a A A AR A A AN A VSVIOAY eee ‘96-681 eS okt hs | Sulinp ‘qj sed coe aH oh SS eoug ATWQUOW | g ata am Ow a ISVIIAV | = ae) : of | Gene a) Se ae eee epee | = = Be ae => GSTS GST ATS ee = | nH rt NN tt OD | cS & oS . GG SB sel EP ee mG XN © aD na Ss 5 SS S&S & OC G&G © Ga nN a = c = 6 a i Co SS ee Sl ss 2 5 | aN wD OM = N re) a S ea) iS = Sta S26 6 8 2 5. Ss 2.20 ire = COR MH BD HD DO © So * — a NON OH 8 = E ER eas 8S = si G5) GQ ye) Sy ae Lol | mN ow 6 uD) oS me fe) CG) Gl GS GN ee) Sah i ra x | ao a Oo nS) . = sH Pa | eer ns 16 S Sos Soe ee Se Wey Co) (63) ed Re * ae re SA ewe a ee ra GN He =) . =H = vee eh ES tee ee ee D De See eC AGN a ies cl GS Gal Wel Gr) © . ; uD s | eae ees & 2 | 3 3 CRO) 00 a i aes Pe — a Fe NO MS OH jpaees | sH ; (=) I~ oS I~ re ive) sH lox) 19 i ive) rm dit a wt &@ 06 a 5 ve a2 z | HS eek S eR | & H GO 00 Eee ance Ace = = | ao st oO Po “S6-F881 She eS SS S&S SSS [ees ‘srvak OT ®S 38 BSS 8 | y JO osvIoAW wow ke & YS Fe) : zs = aes & | > . . e o = S ante Bee) as Gh Ge ee s So SS = mD = Sig: Mal et = S a5 > =, NaS ea eS 5 Os ee S s as = © S&S » OS ¢ = pee 2 ota ea x ta 2 1 SS ee ee Sj i) I cm ap eS Ss so @ oS ig See re o lS wercee fe ie PD Sh Oo 324 7a
5) “UdIZOIY » se ee ee eee 7 2 a a S| le = ia 3 "" | LOF'SS | HFS 09 g or 689'T | 12g 90'S | sOL‘st | 969° |° ‘Tej0L &6 0 ee ae eo oe 6 @ oe Ped 1b ° Z6 ST ‘ oe ee oe 93 oe OF ee . ‘Tequia.eq 76 0 = Be 0 § : oats as ls ae el Pa i a Bh cat lees pea aG SE) PAGE Z * STOQUIOAON | OL 0 oe ee oe o> oe oe fa I P i FOL 18 ee oe oe oe oe oe SF 61 . “1990390 “ OL 0 se oe. - ee ; OT 89 Alyy aarees GP Bee . ig = al i 9TL PSI * “taquiay deg Sy) 2 aS TOL 0 Po oe a TEE ie CT NCe Ca ie essen ect y a ae ies aos |e9G6 9186'S | GLE " 4qsnsny Sy) oo He Er 4 0-1 ; Ga ripe Oo Lee |SCns 1AGEG see Ge 5F 5 Gea POLE "| hsb | 986% | oH9 oe eI 0 ad VA VA VA ‘ ‘ ‘ Ry : $ 1 i Bete Set ete DMiCtS Tree Te sece.¢ 2 Scr Bs ier SUG Rapes TLS‘T | 8863 | e0z * “oune = ea a mS Sp ee Nh Se Lawl ael cell alee de Pe Toeatecaseg See ag A fe | cis 6? 68L e86'T | PLP “8 ABW > s ey = a | | = S205) 0b. Bi 2 e066 N10. Ge 10 6. 10. Ga Co0ice ech eg es oe Se OGL 98¢ SsI‘T | IST "in ed ye R ¥ i: ss i: Sees Guin: | aCeion | Coch Glen eliee i aie ss = git. —\rere | Vereen hou a cnoKe Te Ss 8 0 = “3 4 ye ier G as s0C TOL TOletol h a|c226 rd Ieee i Pine a [a@8 LE LLG 88 * ‘Aren.iqag > OL 0 et ¥.¢ 19 3 oe 0) Bek Sl Sey ah Pout Sea [wy gf eames = col Il ie ¢ 8 y 8 ze GS a * ‘Arenuese S, pes |-p-s |-p-s |p -s |p es |p 3 |p os | pos | pos [ ce) Re are ec = ee Pe ae |S SNe Se a es ee S bx Q A mm ic) iS he Q iA D I | 3 Ss mS ie) ° 9 = a 3 3 9 = rey So o aa re) =I =) 5 o) re = it Fes ro) ie) Z =) 3 © ey 5 ea we 2 09 = = BS = = 3 ze es = Te70L = E 3 5 4 e a = = Sis = 5 = Ss ie = Z " 2; &, = 5 Bt a = m Be REP 5 = ; ; Bt = P P 5 “ : La “yuo SdOlud ‘Saxod |
‘qt tod ootid ATHINOJY oSeIOAe pur ‘COBT Ivok oY} SULIMP HLVOSDNITIIG 9% poroATpacy NOUN a VS
x Report on Salmon Fisherves.
The full return from The Fishmongers’ Company is shown on the preceding page.
In order that totals for a long series of years may be compared, the following Table is given :—
TABLE showing the Number of Boxes of Scottish Salmon sent to Billingsgate from 1834 to 1903 inclusive :—
Table of Boxes
pierre i en Year, Boxes of Salmon. Year. Boxes of Salmon.
Billingsgate =
from 1834 to
19038 inclusive. 1834 30,650 1869 20,474 1835 42,330 1870 20,648 1836 24,570 1871 23,390 1837 32,300 1872 24,404 1838 21,400 1873 30,181 1839 16,340 1874 32,180 1840 15,160 1875 20,375 1841 28,500 1876 34,655 1842 39,417 1877 28,189 1843 30,300 1878 26,465 1844 28,178 1879 13,929 1845 31,062 1880 17,457 1846 25,510 1881 23,905 1847 20,112 1882 22,968 1848 27525 1883 35,506 1849 23,690 1884 27,219 1850 13,940 1885 30,362 1851 11,593 1886 23,407 1852 13,044 1887 26,907 1853 19,485 1888 22,857 1854 23,194 1889 21,101 1855 18,197 1890 18,931 1856 15,438 1891 25,889 1857 18,654 1892 21,919 1858 21,564 1893 18,903 1859 15,823 1894 15,489 1860 15,870 1895 25,364 1861 12,337 1896 22,435 1862 22,796 1897 16,284 1863 24,297 1898 14,174 1864 22,603 1899 15,411 1865 19,009 - 1900 15,151 1866 21,725 1901 16,648 1867 _ 23,006 1902 15,965 1868 “2. 265020 1903 15,103
The figure for 1903 seems to show the continuance of the practice, noticed in recent years, of sending an increased number of salmon to markets other than Billingsgate.
Report on Salmon Fisherves. X1
The Tay rentals for the past 75 years are as follow:—
Year. Rental. Year. Rental.
ee ee eA HT 4 10 6 TRG GUN Eat Mie = vet Fd on 1B) (A S29, A came ak 29% 108 0 Poenius gte 852, 18.../4 Po eeie 5 8, oe XO feces Won reece a ciey. 10 Tee ee 13.87 San 0 TeCoe eer ale pAese 5 0 eee ees GG IG 0.0 Outen tT Ode 8. 4 ote ee ToT 7. 0: 0 Fad igle tack OME NEY 0 Maar fees 1) 516 67 101 O Tenge SPL te 16a" Ea! O Fes H we LON NERO ISRE PO! G NO he eel pol Sra sO fese re 2 ODT 104" 0 See Coy UN Ch eeIgaTy 13.1.8 eS arian WOM DO 162, 0 18754 ee 268d yA Pee ee) T0985 0. C PETG Aa ae (heed bo OR 0K TS A eee tes T0498. Ore 0 iSite 196 4 0 feng ye te Tons 0 , 0 Poe es he Tea LO MOM te TOR aG BO Reon earn Ogg ed IMO en ea 9 955 5 0. tN BBO 8 Tb 9518 8 7 HOCUS DCE 10.519" 6) O PRUE LOC OURO MEL 5 ean 29.) 914)! 101886: 10) 0 1809 GOIN We Dist Sioo7 Snags AGW ANB EL Viz O LORI 15.0 18638 WOH QED TFS) 340 TEA AW eso Vj O8099: 12500 PSS4oi lus ma) ROAD EDS al 4oehb eA Ge hain oh bed} 10:0 feeHCnire ay Al FOO; EL ey Oln2 NS tee veut ayy 12.057 :110740 rei oe Me eaten mn Eksp) iy eee mer ete 00729 416K 0) 7) nnkBOe Gilt &),mwes in 229148, 16.177 OO ed ce ADT chly 0 1886 ey rey 19.655, 0 1.0 Te te Ob 80 | O10 Bee ay, eee To 9 0 Peo ke S78 5) WOO ee ee SLO. 0 GE Sel esta ese ais aay aia Noga eee Tose 6118 fisetyaootins cil) 191969061) 6 NAGE ry Hl) so4) 19-018 60 0 Boom tarot eS: 9RT 18) 15 ISOBGrt incon D762 4,3 SoCo Mees pacal pl O98) 1064 4 TS VO Maa a Weta I Siro pe aa Seas te ck hT 26 0. ob 1SG5ab is aes GE CO0 1D 44 Meee ya ee, sk 4er 2 5 Tecoer 7 peak s6. 79 Teo ee we TPR eA O hSOM ar he st wel eee 8.) 4 Pee ore 18.807 10% Pegg eee ae 1S. 22 Sateen Ot OOS te ocr Pegg te a Soveor 31 0 Pee, Nt E801 a" 0 HOO AGL Ao mals a3 U0 HeGRe: PND PIS 1493916! 6 (og PEM) Setigoinneiya 00 Sass BEV Meiz4O fhe O TSO 2PIpnE (i) Fe imooteeg 120 BoC a Has PREIS On 7 1903.1) RS) tiers 629.901, 11910.0
It was noted in the Report for 1902 that the Tay rental was higher than it ever had been. The rental for 1903 is an advance on even that high figure.
The net fishing of the Tay is now confined to the waters below the Linn of Campsie, and the great majority of the fishing stations are in the tenancy of the Tay Salmon Fisheries Company.
Mr. Calderwood reports that during the past year he helda series of meetings with District Fishery Boards for the purpose of discussing the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Salmon Fisheries with regard to limitation of netting in narrow waters, and that he has already reported to the Scottish Office the
Rental of Tay Salmon Fishings.
Present extent
of Net and Coble Fishing.
Reports from District Fishery Boards,
Salmon Marking Results.
Proportion of the Sexes of Salmon.
Length Measurement.
Relative Number of Grilse and Salmon in Tay.
Invermoriston Salmon Pass.
Tay Bull Trout.
Rateable Values. Close Times.
xi Report on Salmon Fisheries.
results of these meetings. A resumé is given in his Report, and the extent to which net and coble fishing is carried on at the present time is shown in Appendix L., together with the names of proprietors and tacksmen.
Answers were received, by the Inspector, to the different queries regarding the salmon fisheries, issued annuaily to Clerks of all District Fishery Boards, and to those proprietors or their agents who hold rights of salmon fishing over an entire district or series of districts. The replies, which form Appendix II. to the Inspector's Report come, apparently, from every district possible, and form the most complete return yet received.
Mr. Calderwood furnishes, in Appendix III., a second paper on the results of the salmen marking operations which have been conducted for some years. Since the publication of his first paper on this subject sixty-two additional recaptures have been made, many of which are of considerable interest. Several fish marked as erilse have been recaptured as salmon, which should reduce the belief still held by some engaged in the salmon fisheries industry, that the grilse is not a young salmon; moreover, it is shown by the recaptures that grilse kelts of one spring may return as clean salmon either in the summer of the same year, or as clean spring fish in the following year, and that this divided migration persists also in later stages of the salmon’s existence. In treating the Tay recaptures, Mr. Calderwood has, by selecting important cases, been able to construct a diagram showing approximately the migrations and growth of the T'ay (female) fish up to its seventh year.
As arising from the marking of salmon and the collecting of particulars respecting the length and sex of fish, papers are also furnished on the measurements of unspawned salmon and grilse, Appendix IV.; the proportion of the sexes during the winter and spring months, Appendix V.; and on the relative numbers of erilse and salmon in the lower Tay during the spawning season, Appendix VI. With regard to the proportion of the sexes, it appears that in different parts of Scotland opposite conditions obtain. In many rivers in the centre and south of Scotland female salmon appear to be more numerous than males, whereas in the north, in the counties of Caithness, Sutherland, and Ross, males seem to be in excess.
In Appendix VII. is found a description, with illustrations, of the largest salmon pass which has as yet been attempted in Scotland. This new structure, which is now in operation, is at the Inver- moriston Fallin the Ness District. The difference in level between the pool above and the pool below the Fall is 24 feet, and the gradient of the Pass is 1 in 21:7.
A note on the Bull Trout of the Tay, including an analysis of the flesh of this fish, forms Appendix VIII.
Tables giving the Rateable Values of Salmon Fisheries in various districts in Scotland, and Annual Close Times at present in force, are given as Appendices IX. and X.; anda List stating the
Report on Salmon Fisheries. X1ll
name of the Chairman and Clerk of each District Fishery Board, is given as Appendix XI.
We have the honour to be, Right Hon, Sir,
Your most obedient servants,
ANGUS SUTHERLAND, Chairman. D. CRAWFORD, Deputy-Chairman. DARCY W. THOMPSON.
Woh DUGUID.
I. MIELOY.
D. MEARNS
H. WATSON.
WM. C. ROBERTSON, Secretary.
TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT
OF
THE INSPECTOR OF SALMON FISHERIES FOR SCOTLAND.
VII. VIL, IX.
xe x1
APPENDICES.
Annual Report of Mr. W. L. Calderwood, Inspector of Salmon Fisheries for Scotland, ;
Appendices to Mr. Calderwood’s aRenon: —
Table showing River and Estuarine Salmon Net Fisheries, for Fishing Season 1904,
. Answers to Printed Queries issued to District Richewy Banas _ A Contribution to the Life History of the Salmon, as Observed
by Means of Marking Adult Fish. Second Paper. W. L. Calderwood,
. Notes on the Lowa Men emnents of Uiivaw ed Spiraea Til
Grilse ‘‘ Marked” in November, 1903. TI. W. Johnston,
. An Estimate of the Proportion of the Sexes of Salaam in
certain Scottish Rivers during the Winter and Spring Months. W. L. Calderwood,
. Notes on the Relative Numbers of Grilse a San in ft
Lower Tay during the Spawning Season. W., L. Calderwood, Description of a New Salmon Pass at Invermoriston Fall, District of the River Ness. W. L. Calderwood, : Note on the Tay Bull Trout, with an Analysis of its Flesh. W. L. Calderwood, : Table giving Rateable Values of Salman iashenies List of Annual Closing Times in Force in Scotland: : List of Chairmen and Clerk of each District chery Board,
PAGE
j q i : : . E
MR. CALDERWOOD’S REPORT.
FISHERY BOARD FOR SCOTLAND, 8th March 1904.
I have the honour to transmit to the Fishery Board for Scotland my report for the year 1903. Early in March, a communication was addressed, by the Under Secretary for Scotland, to the Clerks of the District Fishery Boards of Scotland, in which attention pjstrict was called to the Report of the Royal Commission on Salmon Beards and Fisheries, and more especially to the passages which deal with the jin}tation of Commissioners’ recommendations with regard to the limitation of Net and Coble netting in narrow waters.. In order that the Secretary for Scot- Fishie- land might receive an expression of the views of District Fishery Boards on those important recommendations, the suggestion was made that meetings should be arranged with me for the purpose of discussing the subject, and in order that I might subsequently report to the Secretary for Scotland on the views of the various District Boards respecting the particular areas under their control. A similar communication was sent to the Tweed Commissioners. As a result of those communications I met with a special committee of the Tweed Commissioners, and with the following Boards :— Forth, Tay, South Esk, North Esk, Dee (Aberdeenshire), Don, Spey, Findhorn, Ness, Conon, Kyle of Sutherland, Awe, Cree, Nith, and Annan. In two other cases, viz., the Deveron and the Solway Dee, discussion was anticipated by meetings being held and resolutions passed ere an attempt was made to arrange a meeting with me. This, indeed, was also done in another case— the Conon—hut in view of the position adopted it was still possible to meet the Board and discuss the subject, and this was done. I reported the result of those meetings, at considerable length, to the Secretary for Scotland, dealing with existing conditions and the resolutions arrived at by the various Boards. Condensed into tabular form the result may be represented thus :—
[TABLE
a Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Favourable to Limita- | Unable to Express Against Limitation
tion of Netting in Opinion or take : Narrow Waters. Action. of Netting. 1. Tweed. 12. ay 18. North Esk. 2. Forth. 13. South Esk, 3. Dee (Ab’rd’nshire),| 14. Deveron. 4, Don. 15. Ness. 5. Spey. 16. Conon. 6. Findhorn. 17. Dee (Solway) 7. Kyle of Sutherland. 8. Awe. 9. Cree. 10. Nith. 11. Annan.
In the case of Boards favourable to the limitation of netting in narrow waters, [ may mention that in the river Annan all netting has already been removed; and that since the date of my meeting with the Spey Board, the nets of the Spey have been removed after agreement respecting compensation—as far down as the Cumberland Ford below the road bridge at Fochabers, thus leaving only about three miles of netted water. With regard to the Aber- deenshire Dee, it is unnecessary for me here to refer to the well- known operations of the Dee Angling Improvement Association in removing, by means of voluntary subscription, the nets of that river from Banchory downwards, for fully sixteen miles, almost to Aberdeen. The resolution of the Dee Fishery Board was, however, interesting as showing a strong belief in the value, to the general interests of the district fisheries, of the Angling Association’s operations. The results referred to have now stood the test of fully thirty years’ experience, and the resolution of the Dee Board shows that the members, both upper and lower proprietors, desire to secure the permanency of the conditions which have been created, but which up to the present time, from 1872, have existed merely on the precarious footing of yearly agreement. The River Tweed is still netted as the Dee was in 1872, namely for sixteen miles upwards from the mouth, and the main runs of fish are now crowded into the very late close season. It is therefore of great interest to find, think, that the Tweed Commissioners can approach the subject of the proposed limitation of netting, and that a highly representative committee can pass a resolution in favour of the proposal. In no district in Scotland does the salmon fishing industry receive a larger share of public attention ; in no district are more men employed in the industry ; and in view of the large interests involved and the importance of the fisheries, it is clear that the best possible regulations should be brought into play in order to conserve and improve the resources of this wonderful river.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 5
In the case of Boards unable to express an opinion, or to take action with regard to the proposal to limit netting, it should be observed that in the rivers Tay and South Hsk, nets have already been to a considerable extent removed, in the former case as far down as the Linn of Campsie, in the latter case to a point near the mouth of the river proper. In discussing the question with the Ness Board a point of unforeseen difficulty arose in view of the interpretation which may be put upon the expression “narrow waters.” Loch Ness is one of the few fresh water lochs in Scotland which is regularly netted for salmon, and those interested in this netting declined to regard the expression ‘“‘ narrow waters ” as applicable to the loch. On the part of the six Boards given under this heading, however, the reluctance to adopt any definite position was, in my opinion, very largely due to a fear lest the position of proprietors not represented on the Boards, and who had not been consulted on the matter, should be unwittingly prejudiced. ‘This position could be readily appreciated, yet it was, I think, sufficiently clear that in Boards being asked for an expression of their views they were not being asked to pledge themselves to a position which would be regarded as binding over the whole district in the future. At all the meetings, the principle of compensating those whose net fishings may ultimately be removed was assumed as being clearly implied in the Report of the Royal Commission on Salmon Fisheries (p. 36).
In the case of the North Esk Board, which alone passed a resolution hostile to the proposal to limit netting in narrow waters, I may be permitted to state that the resolution was prepared and agreed to by the lower proprietors—who are in the majority—before the meeting took place, and that it was based upon the argument, supported by good evidence, that the present amount of netting in the district—which netting has been constant for a great number of years,—has not produced a decline in the stock of fish. The question of improving the general interest of their whole district 1s complicated by other considerations which need not be referred to here.
After the close of the fishing season of 1903 I issued to the various District Fishery Boards the usual queries with regard to the take of fish, protection, and conduct of local fisheries, etc. I have much pleasure in being able to report that along with answers from District Boards I have this year been favoured with replies from the Tweed Commissioners through the kindness of Sir Richard Waldie Griffith, Bart., the Chairman, and Mr. D. W. B. Tait, W.S., the Clerk. I have also pleasure in reporting that I have been supplied with answers respecting the Loch Lomond District of the Clyde Area by the Secretary of the Loch Lomond Angling Improvement Association, a body which occupies anincreasingly important position in regulating and protecting the fisheries of the district. Those answers will be found, with the answers from District Fishery Boards and Factors to sole proprietors of Fishery Districts, in the 2nd Appendix to this Report.
With regard to the Take of Salmon generally throughout the country, it appears from those reports that in the great majority of
6 Appendices to Twenty-second Annnal Report
districts the fishings are described as having yielded results above Deficioncy of the average, although in several instances it is stated that the grilse an crop was poor. Noticeably is this the case in Sutherland, where last year the fishings were described as of average result. The following figures show this serious decrease of grilse :—
Sea
Year. Salmon. Grilse. Trout. East Sutherland Rivers 1902. , 653 1,039 248 (Net and Coble). 1903: 1,204 247 194 +551 —792 —54 West Sutherland Coast 1902. 1,341 8,716 189 (Bag Nets). 1903. 1,356 2,970 274 +15 — 5,756 +85 North Sutherland 1902. TAGS 10,376 (4!) (Net and Coble and 1903. ODT 4,944 86
Bag Nets).
+784 — 5,432 +7
We may see from the above figures that in the County of Suther- land the results of the net fishings show, as compared with the results of 1902,a deficit of 11,980 grilseand an increase of 1350 salmon. In the County of Caithness also a somewhat similar result seems to have been experienced. By areturn with which I am favoured from Mr. Peter Keith, factor to Sir Tollemache Sinclair, Bart., of Ulbster, I am able to ascertain the result of all the fishings of the Thurso District except those of Brims and Holborn Head. The coast fishings as compared with the season of 1902 show a decrease of 1815 grilse and an increase of 381 salmon. The rod fishing of the
Rod Fishings River Thurso for March, April, and May (the chief months) shows of Thurso, = total for 1902 of 189 salmon, and for 1903 a total of 414 salmon. A full statement of the rod fishings from the year 1863 to 1903 will be found appended to the Thurso report in Appendix II. Separating these totals into eight quinquennial periods—excluding only 1903 —the results are:—3574, 3804, 3720, 23938, 2450, 2433, 1793, 1125, an unfortunate and steady decline being noticable. The annual average take for the period of 40 years is 529 fish. It has to be explained, however, that while angling has always been steadily carried on by the six or more rods on the eleven beats available in the months of March, April, and May, and almost invariably in February, fishing in January is for the most part shown between the years 1870 and 1890, and for the month of June only from 1891 to 1900. With regard to the returns giving the weight of salmon carried Weight of | by railways, etc., it will be noted that only in one of the four divisions Salmon of the country commonly used in giving this return is their an re increase, viz., in the division from Berwick to Cairnbulg Point at the entrance to the Moray Firth. This division, however, includes by far the most important commercial fisheries of the country. In the caso of the divisions from Cairnbulg to Cape Wrath and from Cape Wrath to Glasgow, it would appear that the weight of the
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 7
increased number of salmon has not been sufficient to counter- balance the deficiency in grilse already noted. In many districts however, owing apparently to the excessive rainfall of the season, an unusual number of fish ascended to the upper reaches of our rivers, and the rod-fishing was distinctly good. After the close of the fishing season also very large numbers of spawning fish have been noticed in many localities.
In answering the queries, some important notes have been made, to which I desire to draw attention. To the general question, ‘“‘ Are there any other points relating to the Salmon Fisheries in General “your district to which you would wish to direct the attention of Questions. “the Board, in addition to those suggested by the preceding ‘“‘ queries?” usually inserted at the end of the paper issued, the clerk to the Forth District answers :—“ The salmon fisheries of this “district continue to suffer from the prevalence of hang or drift “net fishing. ‘The Common Law remedies are quite inadequate to “deal with this species of illegal fishing, and it will be impossible “‘to cope with it to any good purpose until it is made a statutory “ offence, akin to fishing with a net having an undersized mesh.” In view of the important decision in the House of Lords respecting hang-net fishing in the Tay, it is perhaps unnecessary to explain that the hang-net fishing now complained of as still carried on in the Forth is not practised openly as a recognised and legitimate method of catching salmon.
A similar statement comes from the district of the River Annan. “It would be well to still keep in view the complicated state of “the Acts of Parliament referring to the Solway Firth. During “the last three years the Eden District Fishery Board have “granted licenses to fish for salmon in the Solway Firth with draft “nets about 300 yards long, and in addition most of these license- “holders have also been granted permission to fish for salmon by ‘the lessee of the Crown fishings in said firth in the parish of ‘““ Ruthwell in this county.
“The nets used by them are what are known as whammel or ‘hang nets, and all the fish caught in them are hanged. Although ‘licensed to fish with draft net, the method adopted by them is “not what is usually termed draft or coble net fishing. They “generally carry about 600 yards of net, and when challenged by ‘the river constables they state there is no limit to the length of “the nets used in the aforesaid Crown fishings, which is the case. “There is no doubt that these nets are used in the dark tides as “drift hang nets, and cause a good deal of illegal fishing.”
As indicating the need, often expressed in other quarters, for statistics showing the number of fish taken in any district, so that useful comparisons of annual takes and methods of fishing may be possible for the guidance of those striving to regulate and maintain the fisheries, it may be noticed that a strongly worded recom- mendation on this matter comes from the clerk to the Kyle of Sutherland District F ishery Board. 'Tacksmen have, as a rule, a strong objection to disclosing the actual numbers of fish captured, and, unlike shooting tenants, are as a rule in no way bound to do so even to the proprietor whose fishings they may rent. With
**Scringing.”
Pollution of the Girvan.
8 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
regard to this important matter, a very definite expression of opinion is to be found in the Report of the Royal Commission on Salmon Fisheries (p. 16)—‘‘ We think that this is a case where the “public advantage ought to outweigh the private objection, and “that powers should be given to the Central Authority in England ‘and Scotland respectively, to obtain statistics by methods already ‘‘adopted for other purposes of government, by which inquisitorial “treatment and unnecessary publication are avoided.”
I have pleasure in reporting that the wanton practice of netting the mouths of West Highland streams, usually termed “scringing,” and referred to repeatedly in these reports, has lately received a substantial check at the hands of The Worshipful Company of Fishmongers, through their chief inspector, Mr. Morris, and their established agent in Scotland, Mr. Robert Pringle, W.S. It has now become difficult for those engaged in “scringing” to secure the sale of their illegally caught fish. The result is, I consider, of most material value to the salmon and sea trout fisheries of the West Highlands.
It will be recollected that in February 1902 a very serious case of pollution occurred in the River Girvan through the pumping of accumulated water from Dalquharran Coal Pit. The water was pumped into a burn which flows into the Girvan near Dailly, and between this burn and the sea, a distance of about eight and a half miles, every fish died. All the kelts which had not descended to the sea perished, and a like fate attended the smolts when they migrated seawards from the upper waters. Clean fish could not ascend, and, since the pumping of the poisonous water was allowed to continue, the river became practically void of migratory salmonide. An analysis of the water showed enormous quantities of metallic salts, especially sulphate of iron (569-96 grains per gallon), that powerful absorber of oxygen; and in the opinion of the public analysts of Glasgow the water, even if mixed with fifty times its own bulk of pure water, would still have destroyed fish life. Mr. Kennedy, the proprietor of Dulquharran Coal Pit, and chairman of the District Fishery Board, tried the introduction of quicklime to precipitate the sulphates, but as much as four tons of quicklime per diem appeared to produce no effect. A settling pond was also tried, but the pumps working 12 hours a day were throwing 475 gallons of water per minute, and it was clear that such an enormous quantity could not be treated satis- factorily in this manner. Finally, in July 1902, all remedial measures were discontinued. In last year’s report from the Girvan District it was stated that an action for interdict was probable. In the report I have now received, however (for 1903), it is stated that no steps were taken to remove any cause of pollution, and that “ The river being generally flooded, the effects of the pollution “from Dalquharran Colliery were not so noticeable as last year. “Salmon took the fly as usual” (22 appear to have been caught), “and a good stock of breeding fish are now in the upper reaches “of the river. . . . The water is still being pumped from the “ colliery in much the same quantity as before, but it 1s not con- ‘sidered to be now so much impregnated with noxious elements.”
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 9
In the Conon District, the Brahan Castle cruives are again being Conon Cruives, fished, and it is reported in consequence that the value of the rod fishings above the cruive dykes has been materially affected. I have no data to show the extent of the averred decline, but I am of opinion that in any district where cruive fishing is carried on the natural and necessary distribution of ascending: fish is impossible, and that it is therefore most unfortunate that these cruives should again have been fished. A short statement concerning this matter will be found in Appendix II. in the report from the Conon District. Other cruive fishings which remain in Scotland are Other Cruives. on the Don at Granholm Mills, the Earn at Strathallan, the Forth at Craigforth, the Awe at Inverawe—perhaps the least injurious cruive on account of the good midstream gap which exists—and the Cluden at Cluden Mills. I am pleased to be able to report that in all probability the last-named cruive, or as it is locally termed, ‘“ creel,” may be modified in a beneficial manner before another fishing season. It is noteworthy that in the past, whenever the owner of the right of cruive fishings has had any interest in preserving angling in the upper waters, he has dis- continued the use of his cruive and in many cases allowed the dykes to be gradually demolished by floods, or removed entirely from the river.
In the Ness District the proprietors round Loch Ness have Loch Ness recently formed an Association named “The Loch Ness Angling 48!"s- Association” for the purpose of controlling and regulating the angling in that locality. Hach member of the Association has the right to use two boats in fishing the loch, while other boats are available for the public at a scale of charges agreed upon. As the gamekeepers of the various proprietors are to be regarded as bailiffs of the Association for the detection of poaching offences, the influence of the Association may be regarded as supplementary to the action of the District Fishery Board.
In this district a most extensive work in the construction of a new fish pass round the Invermoriston Fall has now been com- pleted. A description of this will be found in Appendix VII.
When at Stirling for the purpose of meeting the Forth District Allan Water. Board in order to discuss the recommendations of the Royal Com- mission respecting the limitation of netting in narrow waters, [ took occasion to inspect the various dam dykes of the Allan Water. This tributary seems to attract large numbers of fish in the latter part of the season. It drains an area estimated as 77 square miles in extent, and contains much valuable spawning ground. In view of the fact that in the neighbourhood of Bridge of Allan and Dunblane much snatching and stroke-hauling of fish is reported as practised in the autumn, it is to be regretted that the dam dykes are not provided with suitable fish passes to enable the gravid fish to ascend to the higher and less frequented waters.
In ascending the river the first obstruction is Keirfield Dam Dyke, immediately above and in part under the bridge at Bridge of Allan. The lade and mill are on the right bank, the former being unpro- vided with hecks, but at the extreme left end of the dyke, in the angle caused by the dyke meeting the retaining wall of the road
19 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
which passes up the side of the river at this point, two substantial sluices are inserted in the sill of the dyke. During low conditions of water these sluices are kept down, but the gap inthe weir so closed is considerable, being twelve feet broad and two feet deep. On the sluices being raised, therefore, a very large volume of water will descend and afford a convenient lead up for ascending fish, since immediately below the sluices a sloping apron is stretched across the angle between the weir and the wall, and serves the double purpose of reducing the gradient and of protecting the compara- tively high river bed from being washed out by the descending rush of water. Moreover, the natural lead for fish ascending towards this Keirfield Dam Dyke is towards this point, and in suitable conditions of water with the sluices raised, I should say that fish will find little difficulty in ascending this obstruction.
A short distance further up the river another obstruction is met with, viz. the Bridge of Allan Meal Mill Dam. This is a low dyke of loose stones and boulders. It has no gap of any sort, nor are there hecks on the lade which passes off from the right bank. A distinct disadvantage noticeable concerning this lade is that the contained water is not returned to the river above the Keirfield Dam just referred to, but is carried into the lade coming from the Keirfield Dam and so into the river some distance below Bridge of Allan.
The next dam dyke is a much more serious obstruction, and should certainly be dealt with by the Forth District Fishery Board. I refer to the Arrthrie Dyke, by means of which Airthrie paper mill is supplied with water. It is 167 feet in length, and is 9 feet 6 inches high in the centre, where the downstream face is 47 feet with a gradient of lin 5. At the extreme right, several ledges of rock project upstream and raise the level of the river bed, and upon these rocks the right-hand portion of the dyke rests. The downstream face is here only 28 feet, but owing to the presence of the rocks the gradient is 1 in 6. This dyke has the appearance of
being maintained in good repair. It does not leak, and the down- stream face is comparatively smooth and uniform. There is no gap or fish pass of any sort, nor are there hecks to the lade which passes off from the left bank. Iam informed by the Superintendent that fish usually attempt to ascend close to the projecting rocks already referred to. ‘These rocks can, however, be reached without much difficulty when the river is not in flood, and I should think that fish lying below the obstruction or failing to ascend are much exposed to the art of poachers who may resort thither. The rocks might well be taken advantage of to construct some convenient form of pass.
At the rocky cascades which occur at Kippenross, a cruive formerly existed, but this obstruction has long since been removed. Above Kippenross there is a Dam Dyke in connection with the Lower Keir Mill, a large meal mill which stands on the right bank, and from which at the time of my visit much water was uselessly pouring through a bye-wash. The Dyke is however so arranged that slanting well upstream towards the left bank where the level of the river bed rises, the obstruction, comes, as it were, to a vanishing point
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. |
and a fine natural waterflow allows the free ascent of fish. This arrangement of dam dyke is seen also in the River Leven which flows from Loch Lomond.
There is also a Dam Dyke at the Upper Keir Mill. It starts downwards from the left bank through the central arch of the rail- way bridge. The height of this dyke varies from about 43 to 5 feet. A gap and suitable fish pass might with great advantage be formed in the portion of the dam which passes below the central arch of the bridge. There isaheck on the intake of the lade on the right bank but none on the tail race.
The next obstruction is an extremely bad one, being the dam dyke of what is still called Dunblane Mill. The building so called does not appear to be now used as a mill but rather as a carpenter’s shop. The unhecked lade runs full and the water-power may still be used, but the case seems to me to be one where in all probability the interests of salmon fisheries might, without great difficulty, be provided for. No gap or fish pass exist in the dyke, which is on the average about. five feet in height. These should certainly be required of the owner, and in my opinion the lade should be closed and the water turned over the weir when water-power is not required.
A short distance above this a small dam dyke exists for which there seems no reasonable excuse. It is certainly not a serious obstruction and fish should, without great difficulty, get up towards the left bank, but it isa dyke with no mill or other work attached, and without any lade passing off from either bank. Presumably the mill in connection with which the dam dyke was to have been used was never built.
Above this is the Dam Dyke of Springbank Wool Mill, a long structure which first slants upstream from the right bank and thus forming an obtuse angle crosses to the opposite side, near which there is a gap and short zig-zag fish ladder. The dyke is not high, but the downstream face is abrupt. The gap in the sill is probably useful, but the ascent of salmon would be facilitated if the zig- zag steps and a boulder immediately below were removed. Owing to the presence of a large gravel bank, however, a splendid pass could readily be devised by the formation of a small subsidiary dyke and of a pool near the left bank. The lade in this case is provided with upper and lower necks.
Two other obstructions exist in the Allan Water, viz. the Ashfielil Dam about two and a half miles above Dunblane, and the Kinbuck Wool Mill Dam six miles above Dunblane. These I had not an opportunity of visiting, but the fomer is, I understand, a rather formidable dyke some seven or eight feet in perpendicular height but with a pass at the right side and sluices similar to those already described for the Keirfield Dam at Bridge of Allan.
A new weir was in 1902 constructed across the Almond in the District of the River Tay. The purpose of the weir is to give a Tuy. supply of water to an artificial loch constructed on the Bertha Kstate and stocked with trout. A pass has now been erected on the left bank at this Bertha Dam Dyke, the plan of which was submitted to me on 2nd July by the Tay District Fishery Board. The pass is of
12 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
similar design to the famous and much larger pass at Ballisodare, Co. Sligo, Ireland, but instead of alternating breaks, rows of stones similar to those used in the Invermoriston pass described in Appendix VII. have been used. A plentiful supply of water is secured to the pass, which after one or two slight modifications in its original structure seems to work satisfactorily. An altogether exceptional run of fish occurred in the Almond before the pass was finished, and it is understood that great numbers of spawing fish ascended to the upper waters. It is to be regretted that the Almond, which seems to attract so many late running fish, does not offer better spawning ground. In a great part of its course the river has a rocky bed.
Net and coble fishing in the Tay is still confined to the waters below the Jann of Campsie, and by private arrangement it has been decided during the present season to observe a weekly close time of 60 hours, commencing at 6 p.m. each Friday.
W. L. CALDERWOOD.
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Append
16
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Uury oY} WoeMjoq MOU ST SUyIQ0U [TV ‘1oyortdoig | - - - - = - ppeysuryy Jo [1e7T
Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
18
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of the Fishery Board for Scotland
Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
20
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— usepseqy ‘seyvooapy ‘snynq pur "Yylog “suog pUR oIIMOg ‘C | euosTI AA tod “spaog pur yog ,, Jo saojormdorg .
Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
22
‘quIOg U0ZSIVID ‘UosI9}Vg pur ULoO'T,, SOUS GtUbi A pus
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NUIVN
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23
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
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: - st[nog Jo ‘oruny 109097 AIG - 9gtuooteg jo “bsy ‘seyueg "FS
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el ee ee
*‘Sulyjou ON | - - - - - - - -)- - - - - : : ee eel oe : HIV AaIaaag ratdsyon * ‘bsq Suverpoy, “q aed ‘pozjou you Jeary | ‘saessoy Surjzooys xis jo Auedwoo oyy, | - - - - - puvprayyng jo oynq eu, | - = -aTVasWw1ayy S = ‘Sutids oy} ul poqjou st dn soyrur gq MOF yhoqe evio1g yooy ‘(dn 9pta ~ -J[ey pure 1oats oy} Jo yJnow oy} 4v) ‘otdsjox) ‘10joey ‘*bsy ‘weorpoyy Ss vlorg 48 peysy Ayavpnser ore syou nog | preuog sed ‘purpszeyyng Jo eynq Sq, | - : ; : - puvpisyyng fo syxnqd MLL | ~ 5 : -vaodd S = aes aera ae as ax. cS s “‘qsnony 439G ‘aidsjox) ‘10qgoey ‘ bsq Suvorpoyy g 119 A[ne IST Woz you ouo YyIM poyeN | preuog sed ‘puvprsyyng Jo oynq eUy, | - ; ; : - purprsyyng fo oynd ouL | - : ° - Ley Y = ———— RSs S z Wes 8 ‘qyoruQ) | - : - 91s0,1eq, JO o51e] e119], ap FUND reals - UOAIVOIGAUT JO ‘ ‘bsg ‘uyolepaary “WV 2 ‘yarnqiosenK, : : : - o198%) oqryg jo “bsy ‘ersoureg “VW = poysy SuOIZe{s OUTIVNYSe WAG ye poa Ysq YWoN ‘puowyy ‘sayy : SooISNdy, 8.4SlIYOTL S - - suog ¥ reJag ‘sasse eee HPAL See at 8 Se 2eies W - - + -uMoSeurTeg jo ‘ssoy ‘seYyO JIG | INVINHHLAY dO FIAY = S Se ee ee SS 2 RIE. Se i ee ee ee S x *JOl14SIp ULUOD UI ST 4SeT OYY Jo Jag ‘yqteg ‘AoTyIIeuIg pues slrMOog | - ; : Sen | se “osy ‘soqurd “H “) ‘SSOUTY ‘IOUS UoWeY ‘4guery UvOUNG | - ; ; - — uMOT) OUT T°qP®O ‘401 JON | FO “PpOOPeAL “IN “A “AW eT O47 Jo soogsnay, “panurjwoo—ssouly ‘BUIYSIY JO JU4XG Jo oyeUysHy ‘SSUTYSIY 94} JO sotdno0G 10 syuRUay, “sSuIysty JON PLOY OYA StozoLIdorg JO SVT *LOIMLSI(]
25
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
“SUIZJOU ON
“IOATI JO ygnow ye soovjd oe1y} UI posn you ug,
"you 9UGQ "Jou 9UQ
*SUI}JOU ON,
“‘SUT}JOU ON,
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See SS LS OHONT\
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Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
x : : ae : - aa : . . Stee Re ee -{- - > GUVNINUY
mg | |
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ae ld ee ee ree a, See ee ee Mere dar et ee
an eae St ee EEES Er Uns LAE
27
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
"SuI}jZou ON
*SuIqjouU ON
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“‘Sur}JoU ONT
Appendices to T'weity-second Annual Report
28
., OSNOY 9y4
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SIMAT JO ANV IST
29
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
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| | a
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yoo ‘yqnour ye seoeyd omy ur you oUG | - : : - : - 2oyotidorg | - - - glowueg jo ‘‘bsqy ‘aesuno0X "Af | - F : SIVHOW ‘Surqjou ON | - : : : : : ; else - - - - : 2 : ess le . . - ITA g a ro) =. Ss eee > oa : ; - : : : : sae: - UOIYVULIOJUL UTLYQO 03 9[qvUN Meeq SAvF | - - -ANA HOOT E = x “Surzjou ON | - . - : : - - - | - - - . - - - - epee |e - - -. aay S Se ee a eee S 2 "(Yqnour IaAtd JO ueqyeyo = opis yove) ymudey, ‘uoatnNoyy “wy | -pry jo “bsg ‘uoqsorg ypeoqdmep ‘gq “M “YH = *(s4s'0 ouvqeproig jo snbaey S ‘so0v]d XIs UI SjoU 90IyT, | INOF JOATA ur) yJIMUAT, ‘paieg par | - - jeuyooy jo ““bsy ‘qjoqdwep "TJ “WV | - - : - FMW SN s 2 TS —_—— —> :S = ‘MnIG9OULO NGI celeece eect oes =. ti as BA oe) Se 8 op ie tay for sel Sy wee eet nN TOT) S. 2 er es ee 1 ee = “(earysqAZry) ‘Sur4jou ON | - - - - : - . -|- - - - - - - . ae | - - NGAGT ‘SUIYST JO JUSZX| JO o7VUTYST "SSULYSIY OY} JO S19Idnd0G AO squvuay, “sSUIYSLA JON ploy oy s1ojzotadoag jo 4sv'] *LOIMLSIG,
30
a a ee
— cf ‘Surqjeu ON | - : : : : : : Eales ; : : : ; : : sa Bg ss - - NVAUL - = + bsg wepyornl WW [> > Werlsuesrerp jo “bsy ‘wepyol “Z “V ‘saoqem Joddn ‘(sanoy QQ Jo out} asopo ATY9OM UI 9UO puv YNoW 4e sUO ‘syoU OMY, | v) ULIUY “YWIUG PU YIV[ “sIssoy[ | - : : - - esjty jo smbaeyy ous, | - : : - Nooqg Fe = —s i — _ ——== aS S ‘Suryjou ON | - : : : : 3 : =e : : : : ; : : Sea ihe : : - YAY wa) Ss ee a ee a a GN a SAR aa eas a Be OE > *BuryJou ON | - - - - - - - =ile= - uo Sutkareo yBIOM MOU SUTYSY you ON | - - - ANIAUT S ee Eos mS > . $ ‘AIO Ssoy jo AIOWg = ‘jou aug | “qaeg ‘weueyong-YyI8'T “AA “XeTW Jig | ssoy jo ‘-qaeg ‘uvuRYoNg-YyOT “AA “XOTV IS ‘you 9UQG) | - : wiey puowoy usg as ‘you 9uQ | - - - o,OFT URUUOUIe MOY Ss ‘you UG | - : - ospory uvuuepieMoy Ts ue 3 ‘you oUG) | SJULUOY SIY pu OSOIQUOTY JOoyNG oyy, | - : = - - gsorqUOT JO 9ynq eUY, ‘Sur}J0U ONT 0441p 0771 : : 0741p 071d - - puvowoT yoy
‘(sqyySt1 Suryqjou sass -oid 4snwi oy) WOTJeIOOSsW 4USUI ‘Sutyjou oN | -oaordwy Surpsuy puowoy yoo'y oy, | - : 0441p o7ul(y ; - WanaT wang ‘UOT}VIOOSSY JUST ‘joys UdAes UO— Jou 9uG | -oaordwy] Suypsuy puowoT Yooy oy, ‘sjuvue}-qns 1104 puv ‘Xouvus, sivok GGG & SALT] OYM ‘ssn’y jo ‘-qaeq ‘UOTyeSIACN OPATO 94} JO sooysnay, | ‘UnoyNhop sowmrer ALG 97¥] O[} Jo Soojsnay, OU], | - - - -GadA19
Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
7
‘ssurysy qou-doams 947 Aofeq Arengse ey} ur poysy elev Sjou ayVAG ‘omuyeg Areqnq1} oui sjyou AT[eUOCIsvO00 §=— “a9A0. MOY
‘eneqrmay solepy ‘poysy quosoad 78 jou ore ‘eseqrmay sofepy wory wry Aq paquer osye pur AvMOTIVY ‘UOSULYpOF UeyyeuoP “apy | - : wypoyIeg jo “query Yoor[NOoJL Sst priory Aq poumo ‘yovor opty oaoqe ‘roqotadorg | - ; - ssurysy oduvay s AeMoT[es) psory Surpuszxe ‘pauousm esoyy 9A0qe 07 ; ; - weso7Ty jo “bsg ‘TTeaoqow “MV SSuLYsiy “E06 UL poyou Ayaepnsor ouU CG | 5 ; : ‘Ds “WITT OV, JAOqOY (9eq SAVY pUv J9ZVA [epIy Jo saTrU ov - - - - eLOULIOYoRyy Srequncy *[o9 ‘(ssurysy Jeary) xis qgnoqe Adnooo suoyeys xis oseyy, | - - - UOSUTYpOH uvyyeuor ‘apy | - = - : - - ARMOTIRD Jo prey | - : i ~ aay *pasn AT[VUOISvOd0 OAR syou “YOREI opt} SAOGL SoTIU OT-g ‘oureYysutuUag pues AMVSIVIQ Jo soyvysy oy) WoL (‘deat oy4 dn SofIul J]VY B puv omg 0} OM] JOY oy} “Yover opr} ulygim ouo) sje OMT | -<c2- em e LOVOTICOT GT |) = as - Aemorpey joy }- - - HOONaavIg ‘surqjou ON | - : - . : ; : as es : : ; ; ‘ : Ale ; : aT *‘Surq40uU ON 5 5 - = - = = - - - - - = = = - = = = A 8 UVHONILS “SULYSTY JO JU94xG Jo opeUIIASIy ‘sSUIYSLy OY} JO stordnooy 10 syueuy, ‘SSULYSIT JON PLOY OYA ssojzorsdorg Jo 4sVvT *“LOIMALSIC,
Sellen eimai een i a
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
S19}VM YSOI} UL sjou SuvyT - - S1oq}vA\ YSorjZ ut syou deamg (sormjuind 4v TOM
oY} 02) s19}VA [TVpTy UI syou dsemg
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Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
34
og Sa eR a ee ee ee a aia REECE aT a es
-SIOUOISSIUWIOD YSing ueuuy
‘sqgou oxyod FE ‘qonepoong jo oxnq
‘Bom seed OS ‘qieg ‘ouoysuyor “MM “f YOMepedT ALS
*‘SUOT}LIS JOU OYBIS CG O11, - - - - - - pypoysueyy jo [req ‘postqovad you st Surysy 9[qoo pue JON | - : : : - - 1oyotadorg | - : : - ‘bso ‘otzuoypoyy [PIZ[eq “WIAA | - Gs ; NVNNY
*£1en4s8e UI posn O1W
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‘SUTYST JO JUO}XT JO 97RUIIYST] ‘sSULYSIT OY} JO SreTdnd0QG) IO syueUaT, ‘sSulysty JON ploy oy szoyoradorg Jo 4sv'T “LOIALSIG,
sem rene SPe se te nt oy [cee we a eee
of the Fishery Board for Scotland 35
APPENDIX IL.
THE FOLLOWING QUERIES HAVE BEEN SENT TO CLERKS OF DISTRICT BOARDS, AND OTHERS :—
Take of Fish— 1. Has the take of fish in your district in 1903 been above, about, or below the average— (a) In tidal waters ? (6) In fresh waters ? (c) By fixed engines ? (d) Generally throughout the district ?
2. Can you give the number of fish caught in your district, exactly or approximately— (a) By net and coble? (6) By fixed engines ? (c) By rods?
w
. At what period of the year in your district during 1903— (a) Were the first clean fish taken ? (6) When was the main take of salmon ? (c) When did the grilse and sea-trout run ?
4, In order that accurate records be kept as to whether the run of salmon in your district is becoming earlier or later, it 1s desirable that you should, if possible, obtain and furnish me with statistics of the percentage of fish taken in each month—
(a) By net and coble. (b) By fixed engines.
What was the weight of the heaviest salmon or trout caught in your district in 1903— (a) By net and coble ? (b) By fixed engines ? (c) By rods ? 6. Was the number of heavy fish remarkable ?
or
Protection— 1. Please state the amount of the assessable rental of your district in 1903 ? 2. What was the assessment levied thereon during the year ? 3. State the number of water bailifis employed in your district in 1903 ? 4. Were any prosecutions instituted under the Salmon Fishery Acts in ae ? Ifso, for what offences were they instituted, and what was the result ?
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. Give full particulars of any dams destroyed or disused in vour district in 1903; or any new dams built or old dams altered.
2. Are the dams, hecks, and cruives (if any) in your district worked in accordance with the provisions of the bye-laws (Schedules F and G) regulating the same ?
3. Have any fish-passes been built or altered in 1903 ?
D
36 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
4. Do the existing fish-passes afford a free passage to salmon wishing to ascend ?
5. Have any natural obstructions been opened up during 1903 ?
6. Generally, have any acts been done, either by new fisheries being started, old fisheries not being used, or by the alteration of obstructions, whereby the ascent of tish has been influenced? If so, state fully what changes have taken place.
Pollutions— 1. Were any fresh causes of river-pollution introduced in your district in 1903 ? 2. Were any steps taken in 1903 to remove causes of pollution; and, if so, were they attended with success ?
The Salmon Disease—
1. Has the salmon disease shown itself in your district this year? If so, when did it first make its appearance? When was it at its height ? When did it disappear ?
2. What was the level of the river during the prevalence of the salmon disease ?
3. Can you state the number of diseased salmon taken from the river in each
month, specifying the proportion of male and female, of kelts and of clean fish ?
The Spawning Season— 1. What was the earliest date, during the season of 1902-1903, on which salmon were noticed spawning ? . Between what dates did the greatest number spawn ? . When did the spawning season finish ? . What was the level of the river during the spawning season ? Were the numbers of spawning fish more or less than usual ? . Which were the principal spawning streams in your district ?
Kelts— 1, On what date, during last season, were kelts first noted migrating sea- wards ? 2. When did the chief migration take place ? 3. When was the river free from kelts ? 4. What was the level of the river during the period kelts were migrating ?
Ss ONS 9 bO
Smolts—
1. On which dates, during the year, were smolts noticed migrating ? 2. Was it a good smolt year ?
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
Is there any hatchery in your district for the artificial propagation of salmon and trout, either belonging to the District Board or supported by private enterprise? If so, describe its situation, and state how many ova have been secured during the past season.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
Can you state the proportion of the male to the female salmon in your district or river, specifying whether your return, so far as it goes, is based upon an estimate or on actual enumeration ?
General Question— Are there any other points relating to the salmon fisheries in your disirict
to which you would wish to direct the attention of the Board, in addition to those suggested by the preceding queries ?
Kindly inform me of any changes which may have occurred in the Office- bearers of the District Fishery Board,
eee |
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 37
ANSWERS TO THE FOREGOING QUESTIONS.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER TWEED.
Take of Fish—
1. (a) Under the average ; (b) under for net and cobble, above for rods ; (c) under the average ; (d) above the average.
2. (a) 45°491 approximately ; (b) 2446 at Goswick Fishery. Number on the north cannot be obtained, Messrs. Johnston, Montrose, declining to give them ; (c) 5256, actual enumeration. No record of the fish caught in Peeblesshire, but I estimate not less than 3000 in Peebles- shire, being open to the public. This would make the total 8256 approximately. 4
3. (a) Beginning of February ; (b) September by nets, October and Novem- ber by rods ; (c) October and November,
4. (a) February 15, March 1:4, April 39, May 5°5, June 15°8, July 21°9, August 36:1, and 14 days of September 13°9 ; (6) no information, but more fish were killed on sea coast during last three weeks of season than during the previous part.
5. (a) 46 lbs. ; (b) 374 lbs. ; (c) 34 lbs.
6. Yes, more than usual.
Protection—
1. £15,388 17s, 5d.
220; per cent.
3. For season 1902-083—July 9, August 9, September 18, October 43, Nov- ember 54, December 54, January 46, February 27, March 21, April 15, May 15, June, 9, and one engineer during the whole year.
4, Prosecutions were instituted against 196 persons during season 1902-03. 106 persons paid fines or were allowed time to pay. 49 were imprisoned, 10 absconded, 22 were acquitted or admonished, and proceedings were withdrawn in the case of 9 persons. The principal offences were—killing salmon by means of illegal nets, cleek and light, and rakehooks, and being in possession of illegal engines for killing salmon, also assaulting and obstructing bailiffs.
Obstruction to the Passage of Fish—
1. Denholm Mill Cauld destroyed by flood in January 1903, and not rebuilt.
2. Yes, in accordance with T'weed Acts.
3. No, except Denholm Mill Cauld washed away.
4, Yes, with the exception of those at Selkirk Cauld and Philiphaugh Cauld,
which are of little use, and the pass at Melrose Cauld is very difficult. 5 and 6. No.
Pollutions— 1, Galashiels town’s manure emptied on bank of Gala near gaswork within high-water mark, mostly during 1903. 2. The matter of pollution from Chirnside Paper Mills was taken up by the
Berwickshire County Council, and additional purifying plant is to be erected,
The Salmon Disease—
1. In season 1902-03 disease first appeared in Tweed near Norham on 11th October 1902, and in Tweed at Gladswood, St Boswells, on 6th November 1902. Disease was at its height in January 1903, and disappeared on 29th April 1903. .
2. About 2 feet above summer level.
38 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
2 . Salmon. Grilse. Sea Trout. Proportion per cent. Not Not R Not Spawned. Spawned. Spawned. Spawned. Spawned. Spawned. Se mM | Fo| we] Fr] we | eB | mw | |] Mw | oe | | 8, |[Males.|Females/Kelts (lean 1902. : October - - - if 2 - - - - - - if 1 40 60 - 100 November - | 13 6 6. 6 - 2 - - 66 30 20 6 70 30 75 25 December - | 129 33 28 10 9 13 4 = 198 141 13 10 64 36 89 mt 1903. ¥ Jannary - | 668 221 84 27 150 67 43 7 Iyer 135 - 3 WD, 28 90 10 February - | 367 | 314 1 7 1107 | 60 1 S67 aaah ST alreo | NAB 45 99 1 March - - 80 84 iL 3 8 8 - - 8 14 - - 46 54 99 iL April - - 5 2 3 1 2, - - - - 2 ] - 69 31 69 31 Totals - - | 1262 | 660 124 56 276 140 | 48 tl 516 403 35 22, 60 40 74 26
Total number, 3,549.
The Spawning Season—
], The first salmon seen spawning was on 29th October 1902, but a pair of sea-trout were seen on 4th October.
2. From second week in December to middle of January.
3. About 15th February 1903.
4, In November 3°7 inches above summer level, in December 1 ft. 4 ins., January 2 ft. 5ins., February 2 ft. 4 ins. above summer level. Average for whole time 2 ft. above summer level.
5. About the usual.
6. Tweed—particularly from Peebles upwards :—Manor Water, Holms Water, Biggar Water, Stanhope Burn, Lyne, Tarth, Ettrick, J.eader, Teviot, Ale and Rule, Till and Whitadder.
a
Kelts— 1, On 26th October 1902. 2. February. 3. End of May. 4. About 2 feet above summer level (average).
Smolts— 1. March, April, and May. 2. Good average.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— “Yes, supported by private enterprise. Situated on the Duddo Burn about two miles above Cornhill-on-Tweed. 230,000 ova were secured, of which 217,912 were successfully hatched.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— From actual enumeration of the diseased fish taken out the proportions are : —Males, 60 per cent.; females, 40 per cent. From returns of fish seen spawning there is a slight preponderance of males. The Secretary of the Berwick Salmon Fishery Company estimates the pro- portion. (of fish taken by them) to be three females to every male.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 39
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER FORTH.
ve of Fish— ay ¢ . Above the average ; (a) above the average; (b) about the average ; (c) above the average ; (d) above the average.
2. No means of knowing ; the Tenants refuse to give information. 3. (a) 20th January ; (6) July and August ; (c) July and August ; sea-trout all the season. 4, No means of knowing. . 5. 42 1bs.'3 (a) 42 Ibs. ; ‘() 35 lbs. ; (c) 32 lbs. 6. It was. Protection—
1. £3,510 8s. 8d.
2. 3s. per £; equal to £527.
3. Twelve.
4, There were 8 prosecutions instituted under the Salmon Fisher y Acts in 1903, implicating 11 men—Taking salmon by jiggering at the foot of dam dykes, taking salmon by hand from the river and by gaffs during the annual close time, and fishing for salmon with a sweep net with too small a mesh, and taking and being in possession of smolts. Convic- tions followed in all cases except in the case where the fishermen were using a mesh with too small a mesh. There are two cases yet to dispose of.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish— 1. None. 2. No. 3, 4, and 5. No. 6. None.
Pollutions— 1 and 2. No.
The Salmon Disease— 1, Salmon disease appeared on October 15th, 1902 ; disappeared March 14th, 1903. It was at its height in January. It has appeared this season 1903, November 29th. 2. Very high. 3. ee October 1902, to March 1908, there were 267 dead salmon taken from the River Forth and its tributaries, of which 130 were male salmon, 64 female salmon, 41 male grilse, 20 female grilse, and 12 trout.
The Spawning Season—
. 20th November 1902.
. Between 1st December and end of December. End of January.
. Very high.
. About the average.
. Teith and Allan.
Go Cr Be OO bo
Kelts— 1. January. 27 Aprile
_ & June. 4, Very high.
Smolts— 1, April and May. 2. Yes. ee Propagation of Salmon— 0.
40
Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
General Question—
The salmon fisheries of this district continue to suffer from the prevalence of
hang or drift net fishing. The common law remedies are quite inadequate to deal with this species of illegal fishing, and it will be impossible to cope with it to any good purpose until it is made a statutory offence, akin to fishing with a net having an undersized mesh.
No change during the year 1908.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER TAY.
Take of Fish— 1. Salmon were good average, but the grilse were a poor crop, and small in
Qo bo
> OU He
size. This applies over all the district.
“No: - (4) 16th January when rod-fishing opened ; (6) last half of July and 20
days into August; (c) Very few till end of June, and all of poor quality.
- No means of furnishing accurate record. . (4) 49 lbs., a fairly large number about 45 lbs ; (b) 51 Ibs.; (c) 51 Ibs. - No, quite the opposite.
Protection— 1. £22,901 17s. 2. 7 per cent., equal to £1603 2s. 9d. 3. 26 men in close time. 4, Since last report 48 cases have been tried (41 in Perth Sheriff Court,
4 in Cupar-Fife Sheriff Court, and 3 in Forfar Sheriff Court), involving 86 persons in all. The offences consisted of cleeking, stoning, or being found in possession of fish in close time, 27 cases; possession of foul fish, 9 cases ; fishing for salmon without leave of proprietor, 4 cases ; killing smolts, 2 cases ; fishing with salmon roe, 1 case; fishing with a net in close time, 1 case; fishing with drift net, 1 case; taking salmon with sparling net, 1 case; and possession of salmon in close time, 2 cases. Of the 86 persons involved, 83 were convicted, 1 absconded before trial, and the charge against two was found not proven. Of the 83 persons convicted, 81 were fined, 1 was admonished, and in 1 case no penalty was imposed. Fines ranging from LIs. to £5 4s. were imposed, representing a total sum of £164 5s. of fines and expenses imposed, averaging slightly over £2 for each person con- victed. The alternatives ranged from 3 to 30 days’ imprisonment. Fifty-four paid fines, 16 were imprisoned, and 11 have yet to be dealt with.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
Dopo tor
. No dams destroyed, disused, or built. . No cruives in use now. Hecks cannot be said to be satisfactory, but these
are receiving the attention of the Board.
. A salmon ladder built at dyke erected on Almond last year by Mr. Coats. . They are not all that could be desired. No
. No change during year.
Pollutions— 1. No, but injury from existing causes is increasing. 2. No steps taken.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 41
The Salmon Disease— 1. Yes, end of October ; at its height in December, and disappeared about end of June. 2. On the heavy side during most of the season. About 1200 were removed, chiefly in November and December. No record kept of proportion of male and female, or of kelts and clean fish.
The Spawning Season—
. On 20th October salmon were seen spawning in Isla,
. 20th November and 31st December.
. Abont 15th January.
. Average in first part, and heavy during the middle and end of season,
. Seemed to be considerably above average.
. Tay, Earn, Isla, Tummel, Garry, Lyon, Kricht, and Almond; also Farg and Dean in a smaller way.
Doak wire
Kelts— 1. End of November, chiefly diseased ones. 2. Male kelts went mostly down in January, females in March and April 3. About 10th of June 4. Mostly above ordinary level for the season.
Smolts— 1. From early in March on to end of May. It was noted as being a long smolt season. 2, It seemed good ; there was no great run at any special time, but long continued and a fair number.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— A hatchery at Dupplin, owned and used by the Tay District Fishery Board. 456,000 ova were placed in it, and close on 450,000 fry hatched out.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— No. This question is difficult to solve; in clean salmon the distinction between male and female is very difficult, and often a mere guess,
General Question—
The upper proprietors have ayain resolved to continue the arrangement for keeping off all nets above the Linn of Campsie for a further period of five years, but in the event of Sir Donald Currie-—who had reserved the right to net the Chesthill Water, now belonging to him—using his net in a manner detrimental to other fishing proprietors, the arrange- ment to be terminable at the end of the fishing season when such use takes place. The Tay District Board, which contributes one-half of the compensation payable for nets removed (the other half being raised by voluntary assessment among the upper proprietors themselves), has agreed to continue its contribution for one year.
A movement is on foot amongst the upper proprietors to have al] nets between Perth Bridge and the Linn of Campsie taken off in such a manner as will allow a weekly slap of 60 hours all the season through.
No changes.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER SOUTH ESE.
Take of Fish—
. Above the average generally throughout the district.
. Unable to supply this information.
. (a) 16th February; (b) during month of August ; (c) in July. . Cannot say as to this.
. (a) and (5) 42 lbs.; (c) 32 lbs.
Yes,
S Orb 9 bo
42 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Protection— 15°£3565. 2. Ten per cent. 3 Nine. 4. Seven prosecutions raised—in five cases accused convicted and fined, one case being found not proven, and the remaining case withdrawn. Offences were for using drag nets, illegal netting, &e.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
None.
. No cruives in use. Dams and hecks worked in accordance with bye-laws. . None during the year.
Yes.
None.
None.
D> OR 99 PO
Pollutions— iN: 2. No steps taken or found to be necessary.
The Salmon Disease— 1. Yes. Appeared first in August. At its height in November. Not yet quite disappeared. 2. About 18 inches above ordinary size. 3. Number taken out during the season, 31l—one male for every two females being proportion of male and female diseased fish.
The Spawning Season— 1. 12th October 1902. 2. Between about Ist November and middle of December. 3. End of December. 4, Eighteen inches above usual size. 5. About an average. 6. On main river—Aldbar, Finavon, Tannadyce, New Mill, and Cortachy, and tributary of Prosen.
Kelts— 1. 9th December. 2. During month of March. 3. About 29th April. 4, River almost continuously in flood.
Smolts—
1, From 28rd April to end of May. 2. Fairly good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— No,
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
Two males for one female. This statement based on estimate. [Compare with Answer 3 under salmon disease.—W.L.C.]
General Question—
It may be noted that the Town of Arbroath has applied for a Provisional Order to take a water supply from the River Noran, one of the chief tributaries of the River South Esk. As the scheme is considered to be prejudicial to the salmon fisheries in the district and would materially reduce the supply of water to salmon ladders in dam dykes, especially during summer and autumn seasons, the District Board as well as river proprietors have presented petitions against the application. Nothing else occurs to be mentioned.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 43
In consequence of the death of Mr. James Johnston, who, for many years was Chairman of the Board—Mr. William Douglas Johnston, Montrose (proprietor of Rossie Fishings), has been appointed Chairman in his room.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER NORTH ESK,
Take of Fish—
. (a), (b), (c), and (d) About an average.
(a), (b), and (c) No.
. (a) 16th February ; (b) end of June and beginning of July ; (c) June. . (a) and (6) Cannot obtain statistics,
(a) 30 lbs.; (6) 45 lbs.; (c) 34 lbs.
Rather more than usual.
D> OUR 99 bo
Protection—
1. £6494.
2 64 per cent.
3. Thirteen bailiffs and superintendent.
4, Prosecution in December 1903, under Section 17 of Act of 1868, against two men for using lght and gaff between 11 and 12 p.m., of 31st October 1903, on Tarf, tributary of North Esk. Both pleaded guilty, and were each fined 5s. with £1 18s. 8d. of expenses, the alternative being seven days’ imprisonment. Fines and expenses paid.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish— 1, No change. 2. No cruives. Dams as formerly. 3. No. 4, Passes as formerly. 5. No. 6. None.
Pollutions— land 2. No.
The Salmon Disease— 1. Yes. At its height during December and January. 2. Ordinary winter level. 3 Dead and dying salmon and grilse taken from river :—
In November, . : : ; 2 : : 5 i December, A ; : ; i ; $ 58 jy AMUAE YA: ; : f : 110 ,, February and March, . ; : : a
180
Of these, 145 were salmon and 35 grilse—137 were males and 43 females. All kelts. About 30 of the 180 fish from natural causes.
The Spawning Season—
End of November.
December and January.
End of January.
. About average level.
. About average.
. Gannochy, King’s Ford, Pert Ford, Stob Ford, Bothy. Stream, Peter’s Stream, Bailie Middleton’s Stream, Broad Rack, and Bridge Stream.
>? OTR 99 DO
44
Kelts—
Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
1. End of December.
2. December and January. 3. End of May.
4, Average level.
Smolts— 1. During March, April, and May. 2. Yes.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— No hatchery.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— Cannot state.
General Question-— By a clerical error in the 12th Section of the Act of 1868, the word “less’’ is used in place of “more,” relating to the raising during the weekly close time of the Kinnaber Lade sluice at the Morphie Dyke,
Yes.
this should be amended.
Great destruction of smolts and spawn by sea birds which have largely
Mr. Arthur Dickson, Clerk, died 7th May 1903.
increased since the passing of the Wild Birds Protection Act.
Findlay, Solicitor, Montrose, appointed Clerk, 22nd May 1903.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER BERVIE,
Take of Fish—
Lo ae
. (a), (0), (c), and (d) About an average. . (a), (b), ana (c) No.
Mr. James Renwick
3. (a) 25th February—opening day ; (b) July and August ; (c) Juneand July.
oe
. (a) and (b) Cannot. .a) and (b) Salmon 40 lbs.; trout 7 lbs.; (c) salmon 18-1bs.; trout 6 lbs, nies:
Protection 1. L910: 2. 12 per cent. 3. Five and Superintendent. 4, None.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish— 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 No change.
Pollutions— 1 and 2 No.
The Salmon Disease— None.
The Spawning Season—
> OR G9 bo rs
November and December.
November and December.
About end of January.
. Ordinary level.
About an average number.
. There are no tributary streams. The principal spawning places
in the
river are Rew’s Hole, Ford immediately above the Town Dam Dyke,
Ford immediately above Peter’s Dam, and Hercules Haugh.
of the Lishery Board for Scotland. 45
Kelts—
1. January.
2, January.
3. Middle or end of March. 4, Above ordinary level.
Smolts—
1. May and June. 2. Yes, very good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— No Hatchery.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— Estimate about equal.
General Question— No.
Mr. Arthur Dickson, Clerk, died on 17th May 1903, and Mr. James Renwick Findlay, Solicitor, Montrose, was appointed Clerk on 11th September 1903.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER DEE (ABERDEEN),
Take of Fish—
. (a) and (b), Above the average; (c), a fair average; (d) a little ab ove average.
KG) se(0); and (c) No. The Inspector has never been able to obtain any reliable information on these points.
. (a) 11th February ; (0) in April; (c) first grilse caught in river 6th May, sea-trout abundant in April.
. (a) and (b) For a few years back the tendency has been earlier but statistics are obtainable as to any monthly percentage.
. (a) 42 lbs; (b) 41 lbs.; (c) 44 lbs.
. Rather so.
bd -&=
H
So Or
Protection—
1. £18,392 lls. 1d.
2. Five per cent. on said rental.
3. Eighteen.
4, Nine prosecutions, 4 of these being for sea-coast nets left in fishing order during weekly close time—1l men implicated, but all four cases settled out of Court ; penalties amounted to £38 2s., including expense s. One case for taking yellow trout in close time, 1 person concerned , also settled out of Court by a payment of £1 18s. 6d. including expenses. ‘T'wo cases implicating 4 men for taking fish from river in an illegal way (Sniggering), one settled out of Court by a payment of £8 1s., including expenses—the other case implicating 3 men came into Court and all convicted, 2 fined 16s. each, the other £3 with 14s. of expenses each. ‘Two cases implicating 4 men for taking unseason - able salmon—both came into Court but found not proven.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
. Nothing of this nature in the Dee. . No dams or cruives.
No.
. No fish- passes required.
No;
. No changes of this nature.
> OU 09 DO
46 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
Pollutions— 1, No. 2. The large sewer referred to in the previous reports has not yet been com- pleted, but it will probably be so before another year. When it has been finished it should do much to purify the lower river.
The Salmon Disease—
1. A good deal of disease showed itself about the middle of November 1903, mainly in the upper reaches, but the river became flooded about: 1st December, since which date it has disappeared.
2. Low when it began.
3. 257 salmon taken from the river about the end of November and destroyed—mostly male fish, but no exact record kept of sex or otherwise.
The Spawning Season—
1. Middle of October in upper reaches—later in lower water, but this supposed to be owing to the river becoming flooded.
. From end of October to middle of November.
. Practically about end of March.
. Low on the whole.
. More—being later.
. The Clunie, Geldie, Gairn, Muick, and Feugh, all tributaries of the Dee. Also some good spawning beds in upper reaches of main river. Of the tributaries—the three first mentioned in this answer are best.
Kelts— 1. Middle of December. 2. During April. 3. Never quite free. 4, Rather in flood in April when chief migration going on.
> Ot CO bo
Smolts—
1, Middle of April. 2 Wes,
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
About 900,000 ova put into the Drum Hatchery between 21st and 31st October 1902. Commenced hatching early in February. During hatching period about 18,000 dead ova removed from the boxes—the remainder successfully hatched and put into the river, apparently in a healthy condition, about end of May. The hatchery belongs to the Dee District Board.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— No information can be obtained as to this, based either on estimate or actual enumeration.
General Question— No.
No changes.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER DON.
Take of Fish— 1. (a), (6), (c), and (d) About the average. 2. (a), (6), and (c) No reliable information is obtainable under this head, but the rod fishing was particularly good. (a) 11th February ; (6) during the month of July ; (c) first grilse caught 15th April, sea-trout early in March, principal run of grilse in July.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 47
4, (a) and (6) The inspector has always found it impossible to obtain reliable statistics as to percentage of fish taken in each month. On the Don he thinks the tendency is slightly later—certainly not earlier.
5. (a) 28 lbs.; (6) 52 lbs.; (c) 28 lbs.
Protection—
1, £3645 15s. 8d,
2. Fifteen per cent. on said rental.
3. Thirteen.
4, Hight cases, implicating fifteen persons. Five implicating 10 persons for fishing for or taking salmon in close time. Nine of these convicted (1 having left town before trial), fined from £2 to £3 each with expenses. Of the 9, 4 paid and 4 went to prison. The other accused was found to be weak-minded and the penalty was not exacted. Two cases, implicating 4 persons for using illegal instruments—all con- victed, fined from £3 to £5 each with expenses, but went to prison. One case, implicating 1 person for trespassing with intent to kill salmon—convicted and fined £5 with £2 1s. 3d., but went to prison.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—-
. No changes since last year,
Yes,
None—no alterations in 1903.
. All, with the exception of Mugiemoss paper mills dyke, and Stoney wood paper mills dyke, which are very difficult to ascend,
Dn
O. . No changes have taken place in 1903.
Pollutions—
1 Nic
2. Two of the manufactories on the lower reaches of the river—Mugiemoss Paper Mills and Grandhome Mills—are, it is understood, proposing to carry out certain works with the view of preventing polluting matter reaching the river. The Aberdeen District Committee of the County Council and the Aberdeen Town Council have not yet taken any practical steps for removing the sewage pollution presenty dis- charged into the river in their respective districts.
The Salmon Disease—
1. Yes. Appeared first early in November, and is now (end of December) rather prevalent—usually disappears in March as fish make for the sea.
2, Rather flooded during the whole time.
3. In November 33 fish taken from river—20 females, 13 males. In Dec- ember up to this time, 94—51 females, 43 males. No clean fish.
The Spawning Season— 1. Beginning of September (1902). 2. During the month of December. 3. Towards the end of January (1903). 4, Slightly above normal level. 6. The principal streams or spawning beds are in the upper river—the best being about Glenkindie, Kildrumy, and Alford.
Kelts— 1. Beginning of March 1903. 2. During March. 3. About end of April (comparatively). 4, Running high.
Smolts— 1. Middle of March. 2. Very good.
48
Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— About 65,000 ova put into the hatchery at Fish Street, Aberdeen, before the
close of the year 1902. About 90 per cent. of these successfully hatched and put into the rivers Dee and Don in first week in June, 1903, from 10 to 15 miles above the estuaries. The hatchery is carried on at the mutual expense of the Dee and Don District Boards.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— Can give no information on these points which would be specific enough to
of any value.
General Question—
No. No changes, THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER YTHAN. Take of Fish— 1. (a) Rather above the average ; (b) above the average ; (c) rather above the average ; (d) above the average. 2. (a) and (b) No; (c) about 200 salmon. 3. (a) 25th February; (0) about May ; (c) July and August. 4, It is regretted that this information cannot be obtained. 5. (a) It is regretted that this information cannot be obtained; (6) 1 salmon, 43 lbs., a male; 1 salmon, 31 lbs., a male. 6. Just about the same as in former years. Protection— 1. £1389. 2. eAIl Fs: 3. Five. 4. Two prosecutions were instituted by the Board for contraventions of the
1868 Act. In each case the prosecution was successful, the accused being fined, and having to pay the expenses.
One prosecution was instituted by the Procurator-Fiscal for a contra- vention of the recent Fresh Water Fishery Act, on information supplied by the Board, and the accused was found guilty and fined.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
OP OF ya Go PO
. None.
There are no cruives, and the dams are satisfactorily worked. None.
. All except one, and it is to be altered next summer.
None.
None.
Pollutions—
1. No. 2. No such steps were necessary.
The Salmon Disease—
1 2 9
. Yes. First seen on 10th December 1902. Was at height in March, and
disappeared about end of April.
. The river was at a low level. 2, There were 90 fish removed from the river, of which 87 were salmon, and
3 sea-trout, 66 were males and 24 were females, 87 were diseased and 3 not diseased.
——— = aiee atte
—
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 49
The Spawning Season—
. First salmon seen spawning on the 4th November 1902.
. From 15th December 1902 to 7th January 1903.
. About Ist February.
The river was a high level.
Rather more than usual.
. The upper reaches of Ythan, Ebrie, Bronie, Little Water, Fordoun and Tarty Burns.
Kelts—
1, February. 2. March. 3. May.
4, Low level.
Oo pwrye
Smolts—
1. From about 20th March to the middle of May. 2. Very good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
Yes. Belonging to the District Board, situated on the north bank of the River Ythan, about 14 miles above tidal water, Upwards of 70,000 ova were secured during tle past season.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— On an estimate there are 4 female salmon to 5 male
General Question— No.
There have been no changes in the Office-bearers of fhe Ythan District Fishery Board.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER UGIE.,
Take of Fish—
1. (a) Below average of previous seasons; (b) considerably below average for finnock and sea-trout ; (c) and (d) considerably below average.
2. (a) and (b) 400 grilse, 800 salmon, and 400 sea-trout ; (c) 44 salmon, 4 grilse, 885 finnock and sea-trout, and 2 Loch Leven trout.
3. (a) Month of March; (b) August, September, and October ; (c) Grilse— June, July, August, September, and October.
4, (a) and (b) The salmon fishings continue in the hands of private enter- prise, and the tacksmen decline to give any record of fish taken.
5. (a) 42 lbs. ; (b) 24 lbs.
6No:
Protection— Pe Soll 10s, 2. £46 9s. 5d., being at the rate of Is. 1$d. per £. 3. Five water bailiffs employed in district. 4, No prosecutions instituted.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. There have been no alterations on the dams during 1903, and no new
ones built.
2. The dams are worked in accordance with the provisions of the bye-laws (Schedules F and G) regulating the same. The cruives are not worked at all, except for catching fish for hatchery purposes.
on No.
4. Yes.
5 and 6. No.
50 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Pollutions— 1 and 2. No.
The Salmon Disease— 1. The salmon disease has not shown itself in the district this year to any extent calling for special remark. 2. Between half-spate and spate. 3. January 1903—1 male and 3 female kelts; February 1903—2 male kelts ; March 1903—1 male and 3 female kelts.
The Spawning Season—
1. 26th November 1902.
2. Between 26th November and 31st December 1902.
3. lst January 1903.
4, Half-spate to spate.
5. In excess of season 1901-02.
6. Water of Fedderate, North Ugie; Newseat and Stonemill Streams.
Kelts—
1. 5th January 1903.
2. Between Ist February and 20th March 1903. 8. 30th April 1903.
4, Half-spate to spate.
Smolts—
1. From 15th April to 3lst August 1903. 2. There was a large migration of smolts.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
There is a hatchery at Englishmill, Inverugie, for the artificial propagation of salmon and trout, maintained at the expense of the various proprie- tors. 160,000 salmon ova were secured for the hatchery during the past season.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— Five males to three females, based on estimate.
General Question— None.
There have been no changes in the office-bearers of this Board.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER DEVERON.
Take of Fish-—
1. (a) and (6) above an average (c) below an average; (d) about the average. 2. (a) Salmon 582; grilse 1423 ; (c) 1235 fish. 3. (a) 11th February ; (0) July, and August ; (c) July. February. March, April. May. June. July. August.
NANNOD. 223. 255000055 12°5 12°5 13°75- 9°23 - 225" Aw 34 a ner = : 5 58°5 41
5. (a) 44 lbs.; (6) 484 lbs.; (c) 35 lbs. 6:7: Ves:
Protection— }. £3104 18s. 11d. 2. 2s. 8d. per £1, 3. 13, including superintendent.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
None. Yes. No. Yes. No. No.
oo SO ihe
Pollutions— None.
The Salmon Disease—
1. No disease. f 3. 124 dead fish were taken from the river but they were not diseased.
The Spawning Season—
12th October.
. Ist November and Ist December.
End of January.
. Flood and half-flood.
. More than usual.
. Beds were distributed over the whole district.
Kelts-——
1. Ist December.
2. March and April. 3. End of April.
4, Half-flood.
DO 9 DOH
Smolts—
1. Middle of April and 12th May. 2. Yes.
Die DISTRICT OF THE RIVER SPEY,
Take of Fish— 1. Above average of last few years.
3. (a) and (6) 11th February 1903; (c) grilse in July; sea-trout all the
season, 5. (a) 51 lbs. ; (6) about 40 lbs.; (c) 36 Ibs. Gz Ves.
Protection—
1. For year 1902-3, £8146 10s. 2. £1035 5s. 8d. ; rate, 2s. 63d. per £. 3and 4, See Superintendent’s Annual Report.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
2 and 3. See Superintendent’s Annual Report. 5. No.
Pollutions—
land 2. Every effort is being made by viparian proprietors to pollution.
The Salmon Disease— 1. See Superintendent’s Annual Report. 2. Various. 3. See Superintendent’s Annual Report. E
stop
52 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
The Spawning Season— | 1. See Superintendent’s Annual Report. | 2. 15th October till 20th November.
3. About end of March. 4, Various. 5 and 6. See Superintendent’s Aunual Report.
molts— 1. April till July. 2. See Superintendent’s Annual Report
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— See Superintendent’s Annual Report.
i ae a =
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— No discrepancy was detected during spawning season.
Office-bearers— |
The Chairman, His Grace the Duke cf Richmond and Gordon, K.G., having |
died on 27th September 1903, has been succeeded in that office by the present Duke.
Superintendent’s Annual Report for year ending 26th August 1902, sub- mitted to the meeting held in Elgin on 21st October 1903:—
I.—Salmon Spawning. | The following Table show the dates of the first appearance of salmon | spawning beds, and the number seen by bailiffs during the last three spawning seasons, on the following named streams or tributaries :—
:
|
|
1900. |
Name of Stream. Spawning Commenced yee cues |
Fiddich - - - 10th October 680 |
Avon - - -\ 12h =; 1,091 .
Livet - - eta ss 1,942 |
Conglass - - ae ae ae 480 | Lochy - - =\ 5 Sth. "5 207
Dulnain - - = Sth © ee 838 |
Nethy - - =H 2 Steen ton 422 )
Druie - . So MALO EE, ere 185 Feshie . - Syi-12thy sé 931 Tromie - - SS ie oe 186 Truim - - 2° SHAStHYS 753 229 Spey (above Laggan, Badenoch) 10th ,, 153 Total Spawning Beds, - 7,344
1901; Name of Stream. Spawning Commenced aie visas
Fiddich : : - llth October 525 Avon - - - 12th . 1,029 Livet - - - 10th . 1,392 Conglass - - 9th 5 393 Lochy : - . 9th 5 156 Dulnain . - 15th 55 608 Nethy =) Sih < 301 Druie . 2'7_ 14th f 184 Feshie - 2th be 527 Tromie - - = t5th ce 182 Trnim - - = 4th _ 142 Spey (above Laggan, Badenoch) 8th -s 149
Total Spawning Beds, — - 5,588
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 53 1902.
Name of Stream. Spawning Commenced ye S. ery Fiddich . - - 29th September 553 Avon - - - 9th October 1,499 Livet - - SEs 2,308 Conglass - - =f OGY, a5 528 Lochy - - -* 14th 5 219 Dulnain - - . 7th A 697 Nethy - - PSG rays 364 Druie - - - Q1st ‘3 216 Feshie - - SP alsiaal s 751 Tromie : - - Qst z0 278 Truim - - ee Teilies ial ote Ree 95 Spey (above Laggan, Badenoch) 8th _,, 150
Total Spawning Beds, - 7,658
TABLE SHOWING SIXTEEN YEARS’ SPAWNING BEDS COUNTED ON
TRIBUTARIES.
Total number of Beds for year 1887 : - - 3,849 Do. do. 1888 - - - 5,637 Do. do. 1889 - - - 2,932 Do. do. 1890 - - - 2,768 Do. do. 1891 - - - 4,591 Do. do. 1892 - - - 5,287 Do. do. 1893 - . - 4,635 Do. do. 1894 - - - 7,214 Do. do. 1895 - - - 6,203 Do. do. 1896 z : : 4,778 Do. do. 1897 - - = 5,661 Do. do. 1898 - - - 3,983 Do. do. 1899 - - 5,654 Do. do. 1900 - - - 7,044 Do. do. 1901 : - - 5,588 Do. do. 1902 : - - 7,658
Speaking for sixteen spawning seasons on the tributaries of the River Spey, that of last season, 1902-03, carries the record for number of spawning beds counted. The record year previous to this was made two years previous (1900-01), which only showed 314 beds fewer than that of last season. The increase for last year upon that of the previous season is 2170 spawning beds. Upon the Livet alone there was an increase of 916 beds, and upon the Avon 470, Conglass and Lochy, 198 beds, thus giving a total of 1584 of the increase last year upon the Avon and Livet and their respective tributaries. At week ending 20th December last, the larger tributaries had, owing to wet weather, run high during the whole week, thus preventing the bailiffs from seeing and counting many beds which were by the time the streams again receded dark- ened in colour so as to prevent the men distinguising them with certainty from those already counted.
On the River Spey the spawning was very good. This was especially the case in the Cromdale section, where during the months of December and January the spawning fords were heavily stocked with spawners. Spawning commenced on River Spey at Rothes on 30th October, at Aberlour on 14th November, at Blacksboat on 5th November, and at Cromdale on 3rd November.
I last year reported a heavy spate which took place on the River Spey and tributaries from 4th till 9th of January, 1902, but I have to record a more disastrous one which occurred from 26th to 3lst January, 1903. This spate through its six days’ continuous and heavy flow must have caused a con- siderable amount of damage or injury to spawning beds over the River Spey and tributaries.
D4 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
There were ice fringes along the margins of the river and tributaries from the 5th till the 11th of December, and again, but more severe, from the 10th till the 20th of January, 1902-03, but I do not think, owing to the gradual and mild way it broke up, that much if any damage was caused to the spawning beds from this source of danger.
I1.—Smolt Season.
The smolt seaward migration season on the River Spey and tributaries during last spring and early summer was to all appearance a good average one. During the whole of the month of May they were seen to be very numerous and abundant in the Fochabers and Garmouth districts while making their descent into the tidal waters. They were protected upon the river and tributaries by a force of eight bailiffs from 27th April to 6th June. Printed precautionary notices to the number of six hundred were posted up along the banks of the river and tributaries all over the district. The permanent staff of bailiffs continued the protection of the fry during the later summer months. On the 10th of August four bailiffs were put on duty to protect salmon fry, principally upon the tributaries, where at said season there is much trout angling carried on by summer visitors.
III.— Disease among Fish.
Disease showing among spawning salmon during last season was again noted upon the Fiddich, when a correct detail of numbers, &€., was kept by the bailiffs. These particulars have been kept upon this stream during the last sixteen years. The number of dead and dying diseased fish removed away from the banks of the stream and buried last year was 33. The number of spawning beds counted upon the same river was 553, thus giving a percentage of 6 per cent. of deaths to the number of spawning beds counted. The previous year’s percentage was 7 per cent. The percentages have varied during the last 16 years from 6 to 21 per cent., the average being about 15 per cent. The fish affected last year were as follows :—1 sea trout, 21 grilse, and 11 salmon. They were all spawned and all male fish. The first diseased fish (the sea trout) was found on 22nd November. The most virulent season of the disease was from the middle till end of December.
IV.—Poaching during the Year.
James Williamson (23), and Alex. Williamson (25), tinkers or travelling coopers, of no fixed place of residence, were detected poaching for salmon on the Livet on 22nd September, 1902. They were tried before the Sheriff at Banff, and sentenced, the first named to 10s. of a fine with 18s. of expenses, or 7 days in jail; the second named to 15s. of a fine with £1 5s. of expenses, or 10 days’ imprisonment. John Lawson, a teacher of dancing from Cromdale, was detected by a gamekeeper poaching for salmon on the Tulchan fishings on Spey at 3 o’clock in the morning of the 12th of May, 1903, by means of an illegal instrument known as “an otter.” He was tried for the offence before the Elginshire Sheriff Court and sentenced to pay a fine of £2, with £1 of expenses, with the alternative of 30 days’ imprisonment. A woman residing in the Fiddich district was, by order of the Chairman of the Board, called upon and cautioned by the Superintendent for an offence of having puta quantity of chaff into the Fiddich on 27th April, 1903. The woman evidently committed the error not knowing that she was committing an offence.
V.—Bye-laws.
The Bye-Laws relating to dam dykes, mill lades, hecks, &c., have been well attended to, and the dykes, &c., have been kept in repair and conform to the Bye-Laws during the year.
Or Sr
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
ViI.—General Remarks.
The new mouth formed at Druie two years ago continues most satisfactory, and affords a splendid draw or entrance to spawning fish ascending from the River Spey to the fine spawning grounds upon the Druie and its tributaries.
The sea coast and river net salmon fishing opened for the season on 11th February, and closed again for the yearly close time on 26th of August. The weekly close times were regularly inspected by the Superintendent, the Inspector, and Constable R. Sivewright, Speymouth.
On 28th November last, Mr. T. Rae, overseer of salmon fishings, Tugnet, and a crew of men fished unsuccessfully the Ballindalloch water of Spey to secure ova for the Fochabers Hatchery. The young fish to be produced by the ova were intended to be returned to the Spey at Ballindalloch. Only three male salmon were caught after the day’s fishing. On Ist January, 1903, the Hatchery was completely filled with about 840,000 ova, which were very successfully hatched out by Ist May. Of these, after being fed, on 9th June 10,000 were conveyed to the Carron and Knockando reaches and let into the river. By 21st July 40,000 fry were transferred to the rearing ponds at Tugnet, and the remainder were transferred to the river at Fochabers. The most of the previous year’s parr which were being reared at the ponds at Tugnet were set at liberty by the heavy flood of the 3lst January last, which completely inundated the ponds.
The full force of bailiffs or Spey police is constituted as follows :—The Superintendent, residing in Aberlour ; the Inspector, stationed at Grantown ;
eight sergeants, and thirty-six constables.
GEORGE K. MACGREGOR, Superintendent.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER LOSSIE.
Take of Fish—-
1. (c) Stotfield Sea net fishings ; about an average.
3. (a) At opening of sea net fishing (11th February 1903); (b) on sea fishings, April and August ; (c) grilse and sea trout run up the Lossie as early as July and onwards.
5. Have no information.
Protection— 1. £106 5s. for year 1902-03. 3. One bailiff protecting smolts during six weeks April till June. Three _ bailiffs taking duty at 1st October to protect spawning fish. 4. No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish— 2. Just being put into conformity with Bye-laws. os UNO. 4, Existing mills in Elgin take so much water for driving power that it is only with spates that salmon can ascend the dam dykes.
Pollutions—
1. No fresh cause known to me.
2. The Town Council of Lossiemouth propose to introduce the whole of the sewage of Lossiemouth, Stotfield, and Branderburgh near the mouth of the river, and as this, if carried out, will injure the fishings in the sea and prevent salmon from ascending the river to spawn, His Grace the Duke of Richmond and Gordon has taken legal proceedings against the Council to prevent them from introducing the sewage there, unless it be purified.
The Salmon Disease— 1. No data for last year.
36 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
The Spawning Season— No data for last year.
Smolts—
1, April till July.
2. There was a wonderful appearance of smolts and salmon fry to be seen migrating during the six-weeks-protection season, considering that previous to this said season there was no protection given to spawning fish, and poaching openly was carried out among the fish going up the river to the spawning grounds.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— No data for last season.
General Question—
This Board was only constituted on 27th February 1903. The chairman, His Grace, Charles Henry Gordon Lennox, Duke of Richmond and Gordon, K.G., having died on 27th September last, has been succeeded by his eldest son, the present Duke, as chairman.
VHE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER FINDHORN,
Take of Fish—
1. (a) Below the average ; (b) about the average ; (c) below the average ; (d)
below the average.
2. Approximately. (a) 3670; (b) 14,753; (c) 206.
3. (a) llth February ; (b) between 20th April and 20th May ; (c) grilse in
July, sea trout in June.
4, (a) February 60, March 184, April 655, May 1152, June 351, July 743, August 525; (6) February 900, March 1600, April 2341, May 3259, June 1500, July 2800, and August 2353.
. (a) 38 pounds ; (b) 40 pounds ; (c) 30 pounds. . Yes, very much so.
S> Or
Protection— 3. Permanent staff, head constable, and 2 bailiffs. During close season 13 extra bailiffs. 4, There were no prosecutions.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish —
. There are no dams in our district. No.
. Yes.
NG:
. No, there are no changes,
Od Or CO bs
Pollutions— 1. No.
The Salmon Disease— 1. No, there is no appearance of disease.
The Spawning Season—
1902, on 13th October ; 1903, on 14th October.
. Between 20th October and 20th November.
. On the upper district about 28th November. On the lower district about 15th January.
. Between low and half flood.
. More.
. Findhorn River, Moy, Kyllachy, and Glenmazerin Burns.
Doe oboe
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 57
Kelts—
1. About the first of February. 2. During the month of March. 3. About the first of May.
4. Between low and half flood.
Smolts—
1. Between 9th April and Ist June. 2. Yes, very good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— There is no hatchery in our district.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
As far as I can see there are an equal number of male and female salmon all over the district.
General Question— No.
No changes.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER NAIRN.
Take of Fish—
1. (b) Above average ; (c) salmon above average, grilse average, sea trout above average ; (d) above average.
2. No information available.
3. (a) 13th February ; (0) April and May ; (c) sea-trout in June and July, grilse in August and September.
4. No information. 5. (a) None; (6) salmon 35 Ibs., trout 8 Ibs.; (c) salmon 264 Ibs., trout 6 lbs. 6. Yes. Protection—
1. £1138 10s.
2. £85 7s. Od.
3. One permanent bailiff, two during close season, and other assistance as required.
4, No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. No changes.
2. No changes.
ae No:
4, This subject has recently been reported upon. 5 and 6. No.
Pollutions—
1. No, except that Glen Cawdor Distillery has resumed work. 2. Burgh Sewage Scheme has been a subject of correspondence and report.
The Salmon Disease— 1. No.
sa Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
The Spawning Season—
. November 4th.
. Middle of November to middle of December. Middle of January.
. Half-flood generally.
. Considerably above average.
The Nairn and Inverernie Burn.
> OP 09 DO
Kelts— 1. Middle of January. 2. March. 3. About middle of April. 4, Half-flood.
Smolts— 1. 22nd April. 2. Yes.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— No hatchery.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— On an estimate the males slightly exceed the females.
General Question--~ No.
No changes.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER NESS.
Take of Fish—
. (a), (6), (c), and (d) About the average.
. (a) About 33,000 ; (6) information can’t be obtained ; (c) a record fishing.
. (4) 11th February ; (6) February; (c) (Grilse) June, July, August— (c) (Sea-trout) July, August, September.
4. Information cannot be obtained ; (a) and (b) can’t say.
5. 43 lbs. ; (b) fixed engine ; (c) 343 lbs.
Gi es,
Protection-—
1, £3404 5s. Od.
Z. 28. per &.
3. One superintendent, four temporary, three permanent watchers.
4, Yes, three. One contravention of the Salmon Fisheries (Scotland) Acts, 1868 (fixed engines), fined £2—£1 expenses ; one for breach of inter- dict, fined 10s. with all expenses ; one for poaching with net, fined ae with £1 expenses, or seven days’ imprisonment. ‘Took the seven
ays.
Whe
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
. None.
. None.
. None.
. One fish pass does not afford a free passage when river is in a low state. . Invermoriston Falls.
. The Invermoriston Falls.
O? Or We DO
Pollutions—
1. No: 2. No!
ee eee ey ee ee ee ee ee eT 6s Pas tine semeds wae at.
ee a
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 59
The Salmon Disease— 1. Not this year.
The Spawning Season—
. Ist November.
. November, December.
. End of January.
. Normal.
. About the average.
. Ness, Garry, Moriston, Ersrick, Quoich, Kingie.
Dob © be
KX elts— 1. llth February. 2. March, April. 3. Middle of May. 4, In flood.
Smoits— LY April. 2. Average.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— Lord Burton has hatchery at Glenquoich, hatches trout only.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmnon— Have not had the river netted for some years.
General Question—
A small sum should be paid per head to parties having the right to carry a gun by the river side for the following birds :—cormorants, water ousils, and all the diver kind ; all the above birds being so destruc- tive to salmon rivers.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER BEAULY.
Take of Fish— 1. (a) Below ; (6) above ; (d) about. 2. (a) 174 salmon, 2064 grilse, 15 trout ; (c) 70 salmon, 480 grilse. Note.—Regarding net fishing, we only fish with nets two evenings in the week for the months of June and July.
No netting is done on the river but in the above-mentioned months, and that only twice a week.
3. (a) ace (b) June ; (c) last fortnight of June and first fortnight of J
uly. 5. (a) Salmon 24 lbs., trout 5 lbs.; (c) salmon 20 lbs., trout 3 ibs. 6. Not remarkably heavy.
Protection— 3. Four. A. No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish— . None destroyed. No new ones built.
Sei C2 2BO K oO wm
Pollutions, 12 No} 2 No:
60 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
The Salmon Disease— 1. Yes. July. August. End of September. 2. Low. 3. June, 12; July, 20.
The Spawning Season—
. 21st February.
. Between 25th November and 10th December 1901. . 15th December.
High
More.
. Struy Bridge ; Belladrum Burn ; Bruiach Burn.
Kelts— 1, Middle of January or about Ist February. 2. February and March. 3. Beginning of May. 4, High.
D> or oo DOH
Smolts— 1. Ist to 15th May. 2. Yes.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— Yes ; supported by private enterprise. Situated right bank of River Beauly, about 6 miles from mouth of river and 24 miles from village of Beauly. Near to Falls of Kilmorack. 200,000 ova secured for past season. Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— More female (based upon an estimate).
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER CONON.
Take of Fish—
1. (a), (6), and (c) Salmon considerably above the average, grilse below the average ; (d) in the upper districts salmon and grilse below the average.
. (a) The lessees of the net fishings are not disposed to give the information.
. (a) 11th February ; (b) February, March, and April; (c) grilse ran from the middle of May to the close of the fishing. The main run of sea- trout is in March and April. Clean sea-trout in tidal waters off Conon at all seasons.
4, Unable to give this for reasons stated in answer 2.
ioe. few were caught weighing 23 Ibs.; (6) about 35 lbs.; (c) about 18 bs.
6. No.
Ww bo
or
Protection—
1. £3114 10s.
2. 1s. per £.
3. One permanent inspector and four temporary bailiffs. -
4. Two prosecutions were instituted under the Salmon Fishing Statutes and relative Bye-laws against Tacksmen of salmon fishings for failure to remove the netting of their leaders during the weekly close time. In the first case the Sheriff held that the tacksmen were unable through stress of weather to remove the leaders on the Saturday night, and although it was proved that they could have done so on Sunday he refused to convict in view of local custom and feeling with regard to the observance of the Sabbath. This case was appealed by the Board to the High Court of Justiciary, and was heard last week. After discuss- ion the Judges took the case to avizandum, and it has not yet been decided. In the other case the salmon tacksmen were convicted and fined the sum of £6.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 61
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish— Te None: 2. There are two cruives in the district, and they are worked in accordance with the provisions of the Bye-laws regulating the same. 3. No. 4, This may be said to involve a matter of some controversy between the upper and lower proprietors, and no reply is made,
[The following answer to this question has been received from Mr. Gunn, representing the upper proprietors, the statement having been forwarded to me by the Clerk to the District Fishery Board.—W.L.C.
As representing the upper proprietors, the subscriber begs to state that the surroundings of the fish pass of the lower cruive on the River Conon as they are now, and as they have been for a considerable time, are such as to form a complete barrier against fish ascending to the wpper waters. Even when the river is in flood they can only do so with great difficulty.
That the obstructions in question will be found fully set forth in a statement submitted by the subscriber at a meeting of the Conon District Fishery Board, held on Ist July last—that at this meeting Mr. Calderwood, who was present, expressed a wish to have a copy of said statement, which
» was duly sent to him.
That these obstructions have injuriously affected the sport on the wpper waters, there is the best possible evidence in the gradual and very serious decline in the take of fish by the rod in recent years.
That in the present state of the Channel, and so long as the obstructions
referred to are permitted, it is an utter impossibility that a proportion of each run of fish can ascend to the wpper waters, noturthstanding the strong recommendation under that head in the Royal Comnussion Report.
That the upper proprietors regard these obstructions as being all the more objectionable that they are to a large extent preventable at a moderate cost.
That it is obvious from what passed at the meeting at which Mr. Calderwood was present, and the opposition of the lower proprietors to any change, that the injury caused by these obstructions will be allowed to continue, and that there is no hope of the very desirable recommendations of the Royal Commussion for an extension of the weekly close time and the restricting of netting in narrow waters being adopted unless pressure is brought to bear by the Fishery Board for Scotland.
That while the upper proprietors are more than ever convinced that the entire removal of both cruives is the only real and effectual remedy, they earnestly solicit the help and advice of the Fishery Boavd as to the best means to adopt to remedy the existing very serious and unsatisfactory state of matters.
5. No.
6. No.
Pollutions—
1. No. 2. None.
The Salmon Disease— 1. The Inspector has seen no salmon disease in the Conon district.
The Spawning Season—
. About the end of October.
. From the 5th of November to the 20th of same month.
. About 10th December.
. In very heavy flood.
. Less than last season.
. There are good spawning grounds in the River Conon from the tidal waters, and in the tributaries Blackwater, Orrin, and Meig.
mor te DS &
62 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Kelts— 1. In the beginning of March. 2. From the middle to the end of April.
3. About the beginning of June. 4, Flood, half-flood, and low.
Smolts—
1. March, April, May, and June. 2. Yes; fairly good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— There is a salmon hatchery in this district at Conon Bridge. It partly belongs to Colonel Mackenzie of Seaforth and partly to the District Board. Owing to the very heavy flood in the Conon during the whole of the spawning season, it was impossible to net the river for spawning salmon, conseuently no ova have been secured. An application has been made to the Tweed for a consignment of ova from that river.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
When netting the Conon for spawning salmon the Inspector reports that he always found the males to be more numerous than the females.
s
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER ALNESS.
Take of Fish— . (a) Below the average ; (b) above the average; (d) generally below the average. . The number of fish caught cannot be stated. . (a) The first clean fish taken was in April ; (b) the main take of salmon was in July; (c) grilse and sea-trout ran July and August. . See answer to No. 2. . (a) 25 lbs; (c) 20 lbs. No.
a
Dore wr
Protection—
1. Assessable rental for 1903, £617 2s. 7d.
2. Assessment at 4s. 6d. per £ was levied thereon.
3. One head water bailiff engaged for the year, with two assistant bailiffs during the spring months, and one assistant during the autumn.
4. No prosecutions in 1903, but two separate consignments of fish (weighing together about 250 lbs.) suspected to have been illegally taken were seized by the Board’s officers at Invergordon Station en route for the London market in February and March, and sold on behalf of the Board. The fish were consigned in fictitious names.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish— 1. No dams destroyed or disused, nor any new dams built, nor old dams altered. 2. In the Alness River, yes. In the Balnagown stream only when in flood. 5 and 6. No.
Pollutions—
Le No: 2. No. There is very little pollution in the Alness District.
The Salmon Disease—
tL No: 2 and 3. Superseded by answer 1.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 63
The Spawning Season—
1. Sea-trout noticed spawning on 10th October, and salmon about 25th October.
Between lst November and 15th December.
About 25th December.
About half-flood.
More than usual during the spawning season.
. The upper reaches of the Alness River.
C2 Shae
Kelts—
1. In February. Zovline April:
3. In June.
4, About half-flood.
Smolts—
1. End of April. Za ess
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
There is a hatchery belonging to the District Board situated on the Alness River about 3 miles from the sea, and near a good spring. About 70,000 ova were obtained during the past season.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
The proportion of the male to the female salmon cannot be stated, but when fishing for ova more males than females were obtained.
Office-bearers— No changes have occurred.
THE DISTRICT OF THE KYLE OF SUTHERLAND.
Take of Fish—
1. About the average generally throughout the district. 2. The number cannot be given, as the lessees refuse to give information on this head. |The catch, however, was a good one, and especially by rod. . (a) In February; (b) May and June ; (c) July and August. . It is not possible to condescend on numbers in either case (a) or (0). . (a) 38.lbs.; (b) 27 lbs. ; (c) 30 lbs. No.
QO
Protection—
1. £3522 10s.
2. £264 3s. 9d., being 1s. 6d. per £. 3. Sixteen watchers in all.
4. No prosecutions.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish— 1. None. 2. So far as possible. 3.) No: 4, Yes. 5 and 6. No.
Pollutions—
1. No. 2. Yes, but with no success,
64
Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
The Salmon Disease— 1s Wo:
The Spawning Season-—
Oo OOP Dr
eel.
Kelts— 1. 25th November. 2. March and April. 3. In June. 4. In flood most of the time.
. 5th September. . Between lst November and 7th December . About the end of December.
flood the most of the time.
. About the usual. . Carron, Oykell, and Cassley.
Smolts— 1. In May. 9. Yes,
Artificial Propagation of Salmon- Yes, one supported by the District Board, namely, at Culrain, for which
140,000 ova were secured. There is also one supported by private enterprise, namely, by Mr. Carnegie of Skibo, on his estate; but the number of ova secured for it is not known, but is believed to be less than the previous year.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— No.
General Question— It is recommended that future legislation should make it imperative on
lessees and proprietors of fishings to provide to the Clerk of the District Board yearly, and at any other time when called upon, the numbers, weight, and sex of fish caught, as also under a penalty to keep daily a register disclosing this information, the same to be open for inspection by the Clerk or other official of the Board at all reasonable times.
SUTHERLAND—EAST AND WEST COAST DISTRICTS.
[ West Coast returns in italics. |
Take of Fish— 1. Below the average.
2
3
. (a)
1204 salmon, 247 grilse, 194 trout; (b) 1356 salmon, 2970 grilse, 274 trout; (c) Helmsdale, 1138 fish; Brora, 449 fish.
Helmsdale, 27th January; Brora, 11th February ; Hearly in June on West Coast ; (b) March and April by rods; April and May by net and coble ; West Coast, July ; (c) May onwards.
4, (a) February, salmon 6:3 per cent.; March, salmon 16°2 per cent.;
6.
April, salmon 38:2 per cent.; May, salmon 20°6 per cent., grilse 2°4 per cent., trout 4°1 per cent. ; June, salmon 8:2 per cent., grilse 19°0 per cent., trout 46-9 per cent.; July, salmon 6°5 per cent., grilse 44°6 per cent., trout 46°9 per cent ; August, salmon 4:0 per cent., grilse 34:0 per cent., trout 2°1 per cent.—100 per cent.; (b) March, salmon ‘6 per cent. ; April, salmon 4°6 per cent.; May, salmon 24:0 per cent., grilse ‘1 per cent.; June, salmon 39°0 per cent., grilse 21°6 per cent.; July, salmon 25°8 per cent., grilse 66°0 per cent.; August, salmon 6°0 per cent., grilse 12°3 per cent.—100 per cent.
(b) West Coast, 37 lbs. ; (c) East Coast 35 lbs.; West Coast 29 lbs. No.
lilt Et AEE A Dee a a a
of Fishery Board for Scotland. 65
Protection—
1. Rental as given in Valuation Roll—Hast Coast, £2160; West Coast, £1317, but angling mostly let with shooting and not apportioned at full value, otherwise rental would be much higher.
2. None levied.
3. Four, in addition to keepers, who assist.
4. No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1, A dam has been erected at the mouth of Loch an Ruathair, from which loch the River Helmsdale flows. This dam has been provided with sluices and fish pass, and has been erected to cause artificial spates in dry seasons.
we Yes:
. Only that referred to above.
iu MES:
= No;
. Only those referred to above.
SH Ore & bo
Pollutions— Wand: 2; No;
The Salmon Disease— ], 2, and 3. No disease has appeared this year.
The Spawning Season—
1. 14th October ; West Coast the latter end of October. 2, 20th October and 20th November. West Coast 15th November and 20th December.
End of November ; West Coast abowt 10th Janwary.
. Constantly high ; West Coast about half-flood.
. More than usual; West Coast slightly less than last year, which was a good spawning season.
. Brora, Helmsdale, Fleet, Inver, Kirkaig, Laxford, and Inchard, with their tributaries.
Kelts— 1. 12th January ; West Coast about 1st April. 2. April; West Coast, April. 3. Beginning of June; West Coast end of May. 4, Haltf-flood ; West Coast, flood.
op 69
fon)
Smolts—
1. 3rd April till end of May. 2. Very good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
There are 3 hatcheries—one on the Brora at Carrol, about 190,000 ova; two on the Helmsdale at Torrish and Kinbrace, about 370,000 and 380,000 ova respectively—total, 947,000. All three belong to His Grace the Duke of Sutherland.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
There is no means of ascertaining with certainty, but males predominate.
During the time of fishing for ova the proportion of males to females was 4 to Il.
General Question— No.
None.
66 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER THURSO.
Take of Fish—
1. (b) Above; see Table I. (c) See Table II.; (d) above.
TABLE I. Angling Record—January to May, 1863 to 1890; January to June, 1891 to
1903.
Months inclusive.
Year. Total Catch. | Weight in Ibs. Year. Total Catch. | Weight in lbs. * Number. Forward 13,491 146,119 1863 1510 14,6664 1883 327 3545 1864 560 344 18384 820 91424 1865 452 4397 1885 345 4378 1866 331 3298 1886 656 6565 1867 721 73014 1887 302 33073 1868 1012 9651 1888 33 3550 1869 rae 73063 1889 405 4883 1870 887 96795 1890 242 30424 1871 ‘ 440 4777 1891 632 6817 1872 748 8694 1892 822 88784 1873 607 7922 1893 313 33874 1874 1240 13,870 1894 190 23794 1875 590 66624 1895 306 4057 1876 543 64084 1896 759 8379 1877 740 78335 1897 195 22814 1878 758 99114 1898 389 4156 1879 304 37204 1899 200 2729 1880 465 54074 1900 234 23323 1881 236 28304 1901 163 1851 1882 630 6437 1902 139 17394 Forward - 13,491 146,119 19038 414 43404 Total 21 ,706 237,8614
i i i Ba
[ TABLE
(~~
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
‘QUSNV IIOM “SGT SS SUIYSIOM UOWTRS 9 ‘ZOGT ‘YoIePY UT,
a a ae eer eerie ir mented € | x | TOF ec lizet} fe | 1 | esa) zoel 267 7 ae ee a9 lize | cea flcs pe le 5A eS sare Beg 1 ZO6T 103 [e9O], [fase or [es fo [ee [owt sel eos for] o [x freee five elf [le [ef eee [omc | Faia isp |e | | ds |e | sop] ce} ter} io jt [ze |e |zorjery >) * | * | | gs oe aoe oe - 8 greg | les | 223 6g | 28] 9 Js | t | ios | eat 294 as | “1 © tre | et toes | 2. | | PP aa erlang Se ec eo fe eet = oS | ale ae ee ee | Canes Se ee Ce i jo _| &_| ore el tes or | Foe v1 [toscana tose] one fe | t_| oe| zsftoon| eenl x |e lize je Wesrmnpo [tr [|< | feof we) (| =| [oa | coor ioa | 44 | ¥ [Roo0e 668/476] 99 | t13] 03 | gzsos|coer|fosrs| ere] or] 9 [Faxct| 20a faseo| ase{ to | & [Err 17 osca| oenf x ft [|= fires onf [~~ | [oe Z . SOGT 107 [eq0g, | ea Be | G2 (ey foo epee el G09 Fee) Bees AEE © (| to. hen Gre POA Sul etapa: fopeapers Ince] = foes | eat ee ae Sl cer) eres ate eo ee ae | SIF] 39 | 6ET| 6 | ig t | foeer| stzitoes | ez} ° | * | eos) or {|iselsczq- | ° |: |: feet} ard: |e | 28 | 8 alee Meadtoes eo gl en OG] : ltoo|6 |scla 4° |° | ttristios |¢ fe. | alae Teg COG: ie Gee ee eka eee eee | Nae a el rt ee AN ete rase | eel F001) ‘od 13 | 1 | £128] OLT} cos] 13 | eFT) £ | Esocs) FIFI LOST al $211 ¢ | #92 | zo | 16lsoftole lke |s | eoollslir|1 | - | - #F08| 62 # ~|- [+ 1+ d- + qpyayseo | : | ¥79c] $8 | 10g] SE] Il ¢ | feFot] oz! S48] 994 ° | * lfe0e | 89 | zo | ZF rele SSE TLE 2] eee ole Seale Geer a) AG) oo emslege ieee: acon Khe 1% | zee 19 | F011 4 | tet) 9 | tocg1| gozitse, | zo] ° | ° liter | oF | seer] sor] | ~ |s | t | eee| esp: | ° | - |: | ostlirt BlerS ele) Taqsqesog | ek I 60F| &9 |iZ0I| 8 4| 1 | 868 | IPT) oe og] | ° West | se ltvee | acd: lee oe aan LOCA OL ner rahe ote ai ecorlay | 1 fosle f° > xaryssozg | | Sm (amare (esac [FcR (mt lace lnmaecieedl (arrestee jean jm eee ae me lar] ce cal (eee eee eae eal eee eee ee eet SS ee oe | Ss | al [Esra a = 5 B 9 uous ‘Ynsny “Apne ‘aune CHING ‘Tuady “AIeNAGaT
‘€06T YOL ONIBSIY NOWIVG Vag wo adyoOoay
"Tl f1adv,L
68 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
2. (b) See Table IL. ; (c) see Table II., and 679 till end of June—close of spring angling.
3. (a) 2nd March, 1903 (no angling prior) ; (6) in May and June; (c) in July.
5. (c) 28 lbs.
6. No, only average.
Protection-—
1, Thurso has not a District Board.
2. No assessment.
3. Ten during spawning season.
4, For salmon poaching in the sea. Three men were prosecuted, convicted, and each fined £2.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish.
1 and 2. None.
3. Access to Calder Burn improved. 4. Yes.
5 and 6. Only as stated in No. 3.
Pollutions—
1. No. 2. No steps taken.
The Salmon Disease—
1. No disease. 3. None.
The Spawning Season—
1, About the 25th of October.
. From Ist till 20th November.
. 1st December.
. Above average.
. More. A marked increase.
. Oakerlands, Dalemore, and Hoy streams.
oH Ove WW bo
Kelts—
1. In January. 2. In March. 3. In May.
4, Average.
Smolts—
1. In May and June. 2. The spawning seasons for some years were rather poor, consequently smolts were somewhat scarce.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
There is a hatchery at Brawl, Halkirk, supported solely by private enter- prise. It is situated on the bank of Thurso River, about 7 miles from the estuary, and has an ample supply of suitable water. It turns out about 300,000 fry annually.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— Refer to marked salmon.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 69
TEE VDISTRICL OF TONG UL.
Take of Fish—
. (a), (b), (c), and (d) Below the average.
. (a) and (b) Salmon 1957; grilse 4944; trout 86. These figures include Rivers Strathy and Armadale.
. (a) January ; (b) June; (c) June and July.
. (a) and (6) April 1 per cent.; May 22 per cent.; June 41 per cent.; July 34 per cent.; August 2 per cent.
. (a) 28 lIbs.; (b) 36 lbs.; (c) 30 lbs.
cP es.
C9 bh)
Sp Or
Protection— 1 and 2. No assessment. o Olx 4. No.
Obstructions to Passage of Fish—
1, Dam across River Naver at bottom of Loch Naver swept away by flood and not replaced.
None.
No.
Yes.
None.
. Nothing.
O Top oo bo
Pollutions— 1 and 2. None.
The Salmon Disease-— 1. No disease.
The Spawning Season—
. 22nd October.
. 25th October to 20th November.
25th November.
. Considerably above the ordinary level.
. More.
. Halladale, Strathy, Naver, Borgie, and Hope.
Ook wpe
Kelts—
1. About Ist April. 2. April.
3. End of April.
4, Low level.
Smolts—
1, 24th April. On Vier:
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— No.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon-- Not known.
General Question— No.
Durness and Strathy property, including Rivers Dionard, Polla, Strathy, and Armadale, has been sold to W. E. Gilmour, Esq., of Rosehall, &c.
70 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER BROOM.
Protection— 1 e70: 2. There was an assessment for the three years (31st March 1900 to 31st March 1903). 3 No bailiffs specially employed, ,but the gamekeepers on the estates interested act as bailiffs without renumeration.
4. No.
General Question—
This Board was formed along with the Little Broom and Gruinard Fishery Boards primarily to enable the proprietors interested to have power of seizure and search under the Salmon Fishery Statutes upon their gamekeepers.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER BALGAY.
Take of Fish— 1. (a), (b), (c), and-(d) About the average. 3. (c) Most of the grilse and sea-trout ran in July. 5. The heaviest salmon caught here by rod was abont 13 lbs., on Loch Dhugaill.
Protection—
2. All expensee are paid by Mr. C. J. Murray cf Lochcarron and The Honourable Captain King Noel.
4. One water bailiff.
5. No, but the bailiff and the keepers made a seizure of nets in the course of the season.
The Salmon Disease— 3. One dead female, spent, salmon got in Kinloch River in November; when in condition it would have weighed about 16 lbs., quite lean.
The Spawning Season— 1. Sea-trout were spawning here in October, and salmon in November. 6. The Balgay and Kinloch Rivers.
General Question— Herrons are most destructive when sea-trout ar2 spawning on rivers and tributaries. They can easily catch the sea-trout then, and pick them out and devour them at their leisure.
THE DISTRICTS OF THE RIVERS SLIGACHAN AND
SNIZORT. Take of Fish— 1. (d) much below the average ; weather very unfavourable for fishing. 3. (a) Generally throughout the district in nets at the beginning of March ; (b) June and July, 5. (a), (6), and (c) No record.
Protection— 1. £540. 2. A sum of £11 was equally divided and paid by the five proprietors on the Roll. 3, Sixteer
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 71
4. Yes. A complaint was raised against a yacht owner for illegally fishing in Portree Bay. The complaint was withdrawn on respondent expressing regret and paying £1 of expenses.
Obstruction to the Passage of Fish—
5, A waterfall was blasted on Abhain Torra, on Skeabost estate, to enable salmon to get into Loch Hounan. Result will be known next season.
Pollutions— 1. None.
The Salmon Disease— 1. None.
The Spawning Season—
1. Nothing unusual occurred this spawning season. 4, No unusual floods.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— Cannot give reliable estimate.
Note.—This return applies to both the East and West Coasts of Skye.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER LOCHY.
Take of Fish— . (a) No netting in tidal waters ; (b) about an average by rod. . (a) and (6) None. . (a) 30th March. . (c) 364 lbs. No.
on SC Nes
Protection—
1. £2306.
2. 1d. per £.
3. Eleven.
4, Yes, two—poaching in estuary, penalty £2 each. Night poaching on river—conviction, penalty £2 each and 13s. 6d. each expenses.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish— 1. There are no dam dykes or cruives in the district.
Pollutions— 1, No pollutions.
The Salmon Disease-— 1. No salmon disease.
The Spawning Season—
. 26th October.
. 16th November and 16th December.
. End of December.
. Less.
. Spean, Roy, Cour, Lochy, Arkaig, Loy, Nevis, and Lundy
Kelts—
1 and 2. River too high to note. 3. Last week in April. 4, High.
Mow oe
72 Appendices of Twenty-second Annual Report
Smolts— 1. River too high. 2. Not so far as known.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— Yes, 100,000 ova.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— No list kept—when kept about a fourth more female than male.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER AWE.
Take of Fish— 1. No records kept of the quantity of fish caught, but the take is believed to be about the usual.
No.
. No information.
. Can get no information ; the fishermen refuse it.
. No information.
He O19 bo
Protection— 1. £1052 9s. Od. 2. LLG 16s; 10d. 3. One. 4, No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
. The circumstances are the same as before.
. So far as known.
No.
. The fish-pass on the Lusragan is believed not to allow a free passage. . No;
No.
> OVP 8 bo b
Pollutions— 1, There are not any known cases. 2. Nothing to remove.
The Salmon Disease— LINO: 2. There is no information. 3. No information. Not believed to be any.
The Spawning Season— 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. No information on these points.
Kelts—
1, 2, 3, and 4. No information on these points. Smolts—
1 and 2. No information on these points.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— 0.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— No.
Office-bearers— His Grace, The Duke of Argyll, K.T., is now Chairman, instead of The Right Hon. The Marquess of Breadalbane, K.G.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 73
THE “DISTRICT OF LOCH LOMON D.
Take of Fish-—-
1. There has been a remarkable increase in the numbers of fish, especially sea- trout, both seen and taken in the Loch Lomond district in 1903. The district comprises Loch Lomond, its tributary streams, notably the Luss, Fruin, Falloch, and Endrick, its effluent the Leven, and the Clyde fishings at Dumbarton. The Falloch and Endrick are not under our control, and the Clyde fishings have been leased by us for 5 years from Martinmas.
(a) Statistics not available ; (b) Above the average; (c) none; (d) above the average.
2. L instituted an arrangement whereby all boat-hirers should report catches taken by anglers—on the loch alone. It is accurate tor salmon but less so for sea-trout, for many reasons.
(a) Statistics not available; (6) none; (c) salmon and grilse, 60, 6712 lbs, ; sea-trout, 751, 1282# lbs.
3. No statistics are available for the Clyde fishings, but (a) by rod on the loch, date 28th March, 1 salmon 14 lbs.; (6) May, when 22 salmon, 2994 lbs., were caught by rod ; (c) sea-trout in May, grilse in July.
4, This may be managed next season as we have acquired the Clyde fishings and must net at least to recoup the rent.
5. (a) Statistics not available ; (b) none; (c) 1 salmon, 27 lbs., 4th April.
6. The general average weight was greater all over.
Protection—
1 and 2. Don’t apply to our organisation.
3. The number of watchers vary as the fish come and go. In June, July, August, and September, 5 men are employed generally, while other 2 men have special stream watching.
4, 30 prosecutions were brought in Dumbarton, 2 were withdrawn, and | was found not proven, leaving 27 convictions obtained. The cases com- prised net poaching on Clyde and Leven, gaffing and sniggling fish in Leven, having illegal possession of salmon, gafling case on Fruin. The most important conviction obtained was that of 8 out of 12 men
‘ who raided the Leven mouth in 3 boats with 3 nets.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1, None known.
2. ary for some trifling defects—annually inspected and reported.
3. None.
4, Fruin, one difficult leap ; Luss mill dam leap is negotiable in a favour- able water; Douglas, natural obstruction only partially remedied, sea-trout thought to have been seen above the fall ; Falloch has a total obstruction ; Endrick, the Pot of Gartness is a noted obstruction, not total, but sufficient to prevent free access for salmon to about 14 miles of good spawning ground, The Association has offered to remove the obstruction by blasting, but the owners of one bank, a body of trustees, object to any alteration.
5, None.
6. The most important alteration of circumstances has been the leasing by this Accociation of the Clyde fishings. Instead of these being netted commercially by a stranger, the Association proposes to net only till they pay their rent and as soon as possible to cease netting altogether.
Pollutions— 1. None reported 2, The vast scheme of the Corporation of Glasgow for purifying the Clyde, one part of which is already in operation, has already affected the purity of the estuary at the mouth of the Leven, and salmon have been seen leaping above Bowling and some caught in the shipyard docks, A sea-trout was caught by an angler near Uddingston. The Leven
74 Appendices to T wenty-second Annual Report
was fully reported on at the instance of the Dumbarton County Council, by the County Analysts, Messrs. R. P. Tatlock and Thomson, ~ and by Dr. M‘Vail, Health Officer. From these it appears that the general pollution is less, but that improvements could still be made in particular instances.
The Salmon Disease— 1, 2. and 3. None reported suffering from disease. In May, on one occasion, numbers were killed in the Leven by one discharge of noxious matter. Numbers not known.
The Spawning Season—
1. Sea-trout were observed spawning in Luss Water during last week of September ; salmon in Fruin during last week of October.
2. Not accurately fixed.
3. For sea-trout about end of October; salmon still spawning on 17th December.
4, Rivers are quick rising and quick falling and were in constant fluctuation during the spawning season.
5, Numbers of sea-trout were much above the average, and for salmon few recent seasons have seen anything like the numbers.
5. Luss Water and Findlas for sea-trout, Fruin for salmon and sea-trout, and the Endrick for the great majority of salmon.
Kelts—
1. Not accurately observed.
2. April and May.
3. Not accurately observed.
4. Much above the average, in fact at times abnormally high.
Smolts— 1. Daily from end of April to beginning of June. 2. Reported so.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
A completely equipped hatchery, with a constant water supply, has been erected within 10 yards of Luss Water at Luss. Last season, in 6 boxes containing 24 trays, about 77,000 salmon and sea-trout ova were hatched, and in spring the fry were distributed in suitable streams along the west side of the loch. This season few sea-trout ova have been obtained, as apparently the manager missed his market by the fish spawning earlier. About 36,000 brown trout were obtained and many salmon ova (some 100,000) will be got this season. The house was subscribed for among the members and is being kept up by the . Association.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— No accurate observations have been made.
General Question—
1. A District Fishery Board ought to be formed (1) for the Clyde and Leven, or (2) for the Loch Lomond watershed, including the Leven alone. £
2. The Endrick ought to be under a responsible control. The rights on that river are so indeterminate that no individual proprietor will undertake the cost of general watching. Hence the poaching of salmon in it is ascandal. It is the great nursery of the Loch Lomond salmon.
3. The leap at the Pot of Gartness ought to be made easier for the fish. An expert has reported that 2 or 3 dynamite shots would effect the purpose at a cost of £10. There are so few, comparatively, good spawning streams that every extra mile opened up is of the utmost value.
4, The whole question of Leven pollution should be considered specially from the point of view of the fish and not from the point of view of general public health.
Henry Lamonp, Secretary, Loch Lomond Angling Improvement Association.
~] Or
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER AYR.
Take of Fish— 1, (a) The mouth of the river not fished, nor the sea ; (b) below the average ; (c) no fixed engines; (d) below the average. 2. (a) No net or coble fishing ; (6) no fixed engines ; (c) no. 3. (a) 14th July 1903 ; (6) October ; (c) June and July. 5. (c) 28 lbs. 6. No.
Protection— I, S110. 2. 8s. per £. 3. One. 4. No:
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish— . None.
Yes.
No.
Yes.
No.
None.
> on oo to
Pollutions— 1. Yes, two from the United Collieries Pit at Doongan, but no serious damage was done, and representations were made to the Company, who have taken steps to purify the discharge.
The Salmon Disease— 1. No salmon disease.
The Spawning Season— 1. November. 2. December and January. 3. End of January. 4 and 5. About the average. 6. The Ayr itself.
Kelts— 1. January and February. 2. December and January. 3. April. 4, About the average.
Smolts— 1. April and May. 2. Yes.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— No.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
No. General Question— No. THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER DOON Take of Fish— 1. (a) About the same; (b) above the average ; (c) none; (d above the
average. 2. (a) No; (6) none; (c) about 350 salmon and sea-trout more than usual.
76 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
3. (a) Second week of March; (b) August; (c) sea-trout, May onwards, grilse, June onwards.
4. No fishing in spring.
5. (a) Not known; (0) none; (c) 23 lbs.
6. Heavier this year.
Protection— 1. £486. 2. 1s. 6d. per £. 3. 3 men, also gamekeepers. 4, One ; fishing with bait, convicted, fined 15s., with £1 18s. of expenses.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish— 1. None. 2. MES: 3. No. 4, Yes. 5and 6. No.
Pollutions— 1 and 2. No.
The Salmon Disease— 1. None.
The Spawning Season—
. November.
December.
. End of December.
. Very high.
. More than usual.
. Monkwood Burn and Minnishant Burn.
Kelts— 1. February. 2. March. 3. May. 4. High.
Oop wre
Smolts— 1. March. 2. Yes.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— No.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon — Mostly male, caught by rods.
General Question— No.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER GIRVAN.
Take of Fish-— 1. About average ; (a), (6), and (c) about average. 2. (a) No net and coble fishing ; (b) about 500 salmon, 700 grilse, and 1700 sea-trout ; (c) 22. . (a) 1st April; (6) August ; (c) about 15th June. . (a) None; (0) 30 lbs. ; (c) 29 lbs.
No.
D on o9
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. (ih
Protection— 1. £544. 2, Td:
3. None. 4. No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
. No alteration.
. Yes, except in certain minor details. No.
Yes,
No.
No.
Pollutions— 1. No fresh causes of pollution. 2. No.
The Salmon Disease— 1. No salmon disease in River Girvan.
D> OTR G9 BO
The Spawning Season— 1. Latter end of December.
Kelts— Not observed.
Smolts— 1. Ist May. 2. Average.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— No.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— No.
General Question—
The river being generally flooded this season, the effects of the pollution from Dalquharran Colliery were not so noticeable as last year. Salmon took the fly as usual, and a good stock of breeding fish are now in the upper reaches of the river. Curiously enough, the yellow or river trout have increased in number and size in the reaches below the source of the pollution. The water is still being pumped from the colliery in much the same quantity as before, but it is not considered to be now so wuch impregnated with noxious elements.
Office-bearers— George Kerr, Esquire of Chapeldonan, Girvan, is now a member of the Board in room of Major John Shaw Kennedy resigned.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER STINCHAR.
Take of Fish— 1. Above the average. 2. No. . 3. (a) 6th April; (b) last two weeks of August ; (c) end of August. 4. No information. 5. (a) and (b) No information ; (c) 35 lbs. 6. Yes:
Protection— ee a00: P12 Os, 3. One.
Aue No;
78 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish— . No alteration.
Se A °
Pollutions— a. No,
The Salmon Disease— 1. No disease.
The Spawning Season— 1, 28th November. lst December till middle of January. End of January. High. More. . Stinchar and Duisk.
D> OTB 90 bo
Kelts— 1. 1st February. 2. About middle of March. 3. End of April. 4, High.
Smolts— 1. April and May. 2. Yes.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— No.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— Male, on estimate.
General Question— No.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER CREE.
Note.—Information supplied from a source other than the Clerk to the District Fishery Board is printed in italics. —W.L.C.
Take of Fish— 1. (a) A bad year, and at Innerwell the worst on record. An excellent season for spring salmon, and whole season above average; (b) Fair. Owing to the nets having been again put on Cree the rod fishing was very poor; (c) bad. Cassencarrie good average, Kirkbride and Kirk- dale below average; (d) not average. By net and coble and fixed engines a very good average season.
2. (a) se (b) No information ; (c) no information. Only 70 fish kitled by rod.
3. (a) No information. 18th February by net and coble ; (b) no information. Main take of salmon in April ; (c) from 4th June till end of July—or middle of August.
4. (a) and (b) No information.
5. (a) No information. By net and coble, 22 lbs. Heaviest sea-trout, 5 lbs. }
(b) no information ; (c) noinformation. By rod, 12 lbs. 0.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 79
Protection—
1. £790 10s.
2. £32 18s. 9d. , oa Hour:
4. No.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish — . No changes. Yes,
No. . A sweep net was used on the Palnure Water, a tributary of the Cree.
Ke iq) a
Pollutions— 1 and 2. No,
The Salmon Disease— 1. No disease.
The Spawning Season— 1. No information. About last week of October.
2. Do. Middle of November to middle of December.
3 Do. Practically at end of December.
4, Do: Fairly hgh.
5, Do Yes, a very large number spawned in 1902-03, This
(1903-04) season very few fish. 6. High Cree, High Minnock, and burns running into those waters
Kelts— 1, First seen in sparling nets 25th January. 2. In middle of February. 4, Fairly high.
Smolts— 1. Between middle of April and middle of May. 2. Yes, exceedingly good.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— No,
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— pon estimate no great difference noticed in proportion of each.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER DEE (SOLWAY).
Take of Fish—
. (a) About the average.
. (a) About the average.
(a) About the first of March ; (b) in July; (c) the first of June. . (a) About the average ; (b) no fixed engines.
. (a) Under the average ; (b) no fixed engines.
6. No.
Ory Oo DO Re
Protection— 1. £1556. 2. £77 ¥G6s. 3.1 16s
4, None.
80 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish— 1. No new dams built or old dams altered. 2. I know of none. 3. No. 4, The existing fish-passes to salmon, yes. 5. BNO: 6. No.
Pollut ons— d= No: 2. No pollution on the Dee.
The Salmon Disease— 1. No disease 2. I cannot say. 3. I have not seen any.
The Spawnirg Season— 1. I can give no answer to that. 2. From the first of November to the end of December 4, Icannot say, the river so often up and down. 5. More this season than for a number of years. 6. The Dee and Tarff.
Kelts— 1. The first of March. 2. The end of March. 3. The end of April. 4, About an average.
Smolts— 1. The first of May. 2. About an average.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—- No hatchery on the Dee.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— Not ascertained.
General Question— None.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER NITH.
Take of Fish— 1. (a) Below the average ; (b) above the average ; (c) quite the average ; (d) above the average. . (a), (6), and (c) Cannot be ascertained. . (a) April ; (6) August ; (c) June, July, and August. . (a) and (b) Cannot be got. . (a) 28 lbs. ; (6) not known ; (c) 30 lbs, 6. More numerous than in former years.
Ov He © bo
Protection— 1. £554 8s. 4d. 2. 5s. per &. 3. One bailiff and 15 gamekeepers sworn in as special watchers. 4, Yes. One case—two men were convicted under Section 15, Sub-section 1, of the Act of 1868. One was fined £3 and 15s. expenses, or 21 days, and the other £1 and 15s. expenses, or 14 days. Both went to prison.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 81
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish —
. No alteration.
. The heck at Dumfries Town Mills is a wreck. There is no change in the construction of the Terregles cruive.
No,
. Fairly, except when the streams are low.
No.
. No changes.
bS
DD OP oo
Pollutions— E. Neo. 2. The scheme for the purification of the Nith from the sewage of Dumfries is being proceeded with.
The Salmon Disease—— 1. Very little disease has shown itself this season. A few diseased fish were seen in April and May, after which the disease disappeared. 2. Low. 3. Only one (a male) was taken from the River Cairn in April.
The Spawning Season—
. 17th December, 1902.
. December, January, and February.
. End of March.
. Medium level, after floods.
. Under the average.
. Much the same throughout the district.
Kelts—
1. In March.
2. March and April.
3. About end of May.
4, Generally in a rising water. Smolts—
1. May and June.
2. Fair.
D2 OU Oo bo
Artificial Propagation of Salmon—
None belonging to the Board; but there isthe hatchery belonging to the Solway Fishery Company (Limited) at Newabbey. Ova secured not known. |
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon— No.
General Question— No.
THE DISTRICT OF THE RIVER ANNAN.
Take of Fish—
1 (a) About an average ; (b) a good average ; (c) and (d) about the average.
2. No. The occupiers of the different fisheries say they do not keep a record of the number caught.
3. (a) 25th February (first open day); (6) salmon, during the month of August ; sea-trout, latter part of June and beginning of July ; grilse, latter part of July; (c) sea-trout commenced to run in March, and grilse in June.
4, As no record is kept at the different fisheries this cannot be given.
5. (a) No net and coble fishing in this district; (0) salmon 395 lbs., on Newbie fishery ; (c) salmon, 40 lbs. in Hoddam portion of the Annan.
G. No:
82 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Protection——
1, £3196 10s.
2. £479 9s. 6d.
3. Four (three at Annan and one at Lochmaben).
4. (1) Four persons for contravening Section 20 of The Salmon Fisheries (Scotland) Act, 1868—two fined £5 and 10s. 3d. of expenses or 30 days ; one fined £3 and 10s. 3d. of expenses or 21 days (went to prison); one fined £2 and 10s. 3d. of expenses or 10 days (fine paid). (2) Four persons for contravening Section 27 of the Salmon Fisheries (Scotland) Act, 1862—each fined £2and 8s. 6d. of expenses or 10 days (fines all paid). (3) One person for contravening Section 20 of the Salmon Fisheries (Scotland) Act, 1868—fined £3 and 31s. 6d. of expenses or 21 days (fine paid). (4) Two persons for contravening Section 20 of The Salmon Fisheries (Scotland) Act, 1868—each fined £2 and 17s. of expenses or 30 days (went to prison). (5) One person for contravening Section 20 of the Salmon Fisheries (Scotland) Act, 1868—case dismissed. (6) One person for contravening Section 33 of The Annan Act, 1841 —fined 10s. and 38s. 6d. of expenses or 14 days (fine paid). (7) Four persons for contravening Section 33 of the Annan Act, 1841—found not proven.
Obstructions to the Passage of Fish—
1. No alteration.
2. Nocruivesin district. _Dams—Yes, with the following exceptions, viz.:— On the Annan—No heck at tail of mill-race at Brydekirk Mill, belonging to James Graham, meal miller, residing there. On the Kuirtle—At Beltenmont Mill, belonging to Miss Ann Beattie, 13 Church Street, Annan, there are no hecks at intake or tail of mill-race, and never were ; and at Kirtlebridge Mill, belonging to the trustees of the late John Irving, per Herbert Cavan Irving, Esq., Burnfoot, Ecclefechan, there is no heck at tail of mill-race, and never was. On the Mein— At Mein Mill, belonging to the Duke of Buccleuch, there are no hecks at intake or tail of mill-race, and never were.
3. Yes ; one new fish-pass has been built in the mill-dam at Beltenmont Mill aforesaid. Still, I do not think it gives a free passage to fish wishing to ascend.
4. Yes; with the exception of the one at Beltenmont Mill and one at New Mill aforesaid.
5 and 6. No alterations.
Pollutions— 1 and 2. None.
The Salmon Disease—
1. Yes; 12th November 1902, on asea-trout. At its height during February and disappeared end of February.
2. Medium.
3. Yes; 19, all in February (found dead), 7 male and 12 female (15 kelts and 4 clean fish).
The Spawning Season—
1, On 21st December 1902; owing to the river being frequently in flood during that and the previous month, they were not easily seen in the lower portion of the river.
. During January.
. On 18th February the last were observed on the spawning beds.
. High.
. About an average.
Northfield, Mount Annan, Meinfoot, Hoddam Bridge, Mainholm, and
Rotchell on the Annan.
D CB co b9
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Kelts—
1. 4th of February. ©
2. Last week of February. 3. About middle of March. 4, High.
Smolts— 1. Mostly during May.
2. A good average.
Artificial Propagation of Salmon— None in the district.
Proportion of Male to Female Salmon—
83
This cannot be accurately given, as notes are not taken at the different
fisheries.
General Question—
It would be well to still keep in view the complicated state of the Acts of Parliament referring to the Solway Firth. During the last three
years the Eden District Fishery Board have granted licenses to fish for salmon in the Solway Firth with draft-nets about 300 yards long, and in addition most of these license holders have also been granted permission to fish for salmon by the lessee of the crown fiishings in said Firth, in the Parish of Ruthwell, in thiscounty. The nets used by them are known as whammel or hang nets, and all the fish caught in them are hanged. Although licensed to fish with draft net the method adopted by them is not what is usually termed draft or coble net fishing. They generally carry about 600 yards of net, and when challenged by the river constables they state there is no limit in the length of the nets used on the aforesaid Crown fishings, which is the case. There is no doubt that these nets are used in the dark tides as drift hang nets, and cause a good deal of illegal fishing.
84 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
APPENDIX IIT.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE SALMON, AS OBSERVED BY MEANS OF MARKING ADULT FISH.
[SEconp Paper]
BY W. L. CALDERWOOD,
INSPECTOR OF SALMON FISHERIES FOR SCOTLAND.
Since the publication of my first paper giving the results of salmon marking (Twentieth Annual Report, Part IL., p. 55) sixty-two addi- tional recaptures have been made.
The process of marking has been carried on without material change of method. One or two appliances have been experimented with to secure weighing of the fish with as little risk of damage as possible, but for fish of ordinary weights, by far the most convenient and serviceable appliance is the simple tail-band of soft plaited worsted with a ring at each end, one ring being flattened or smaller than the other, so that by passing through the wider ring a noose is formed. The mark itself has been slightly modified. The wire now passes not merely across the outside surface of the plate, but through a hole at each end. In this way, if the soldering yields, the plate cannot fall off, as, by experience, we have found does occasionally happen. Mr. Holt has, in Ireland, adopted a double plate so that, without removing the mark, the distinguishing number can be read, and he also has the marks oxidised to render them less conspicuous to other fish, it having been found that the bright mark may excite the curiosity of fish and render the creature so decorated heble to annoyance.
Mr. Holt has kindly sent me a few of these darkened marks, and some of them have been used on Tay fish during the past winter.
The additional recaptures which I am now able to report are as follows :~—
|TABLE
a pole pore Condition. *3,017/] sll Sot | Kelé (nilvery) 3.077 { 6 291 | Kelt Grilse. ? 103; 31 Clean Bull-Trout. eam] 35] Ba | ele eh etc | clean,
19 38 Kelt. sont ||
34 415 | Unspawned, 6509/1 7] 33 | Kelt 6,560 | { 204 io | Rae 6,632 j i Kelt. bolt a |e Pe a a pe a) eee
Clean Grilse. Clean Salmon.
Clean Salmon. Clean Salmon.
Clean Grilse.
st. 8 Clean Salmon. est. 8 Clean Grilse. 7,033 5? Clean Grilse. 5 est. 6 Clean Grilse. 7,537 est. 10 Clean Salmon. est. 5 Clean Grilse. 7,541 es 9 Clean Salmon.
specially referred to,
M.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
5 Mar. 1902.
2 April 1902.
23 Jan. 1903. 8 July 1903.
25 Jan. 1902. 28 Mar. 1902.
28 Feb. 1902.
19 July 1902.
4 Mar. 22 Oct. 13 Feb.
1902.
13 Feb. March
9 Oct. 7 Mar.
28 Mar. 1902, 13 Feb. 1903.
15 Mar. 1902. 28 Mar. 1904.
20 April 1901. 18 Mar. 1903.
15 Mar. 1902. 5 Mar. 1903.
6 Aug. 1901. 30 July 1902.
7 Aug. 1901. 25 July 1902.
8 Aug. 1901. 30 June 1902.
9 Aug. 1901.
1 Sept. 1901.
9 Aug. 1901. 24 July 1902.
10 Aug. 1901. 24 Jnly 1902.
NotE.—None of the grilse were recaught in the spring. * Several kelts like 3017 were recaptured before they had descended to the sea.
1902.
1903. 18 Mar. 1903.
1903. 1904.
1901. 1903.
SCOTTISH FISHERY BOARD MARKING RETURNS.
TABLE OF RECAPTURES IN 1902 AND 1903.
Notre.—After each bracket, the particulars at time of marking are given in the upper line, the particulars at time of recapture in the lower line.
Locality.
Tay, Edradynate. Tay, Derculich, Grandtully —re-marked 8257.
Tay, Edradynate. Tay, Venture Station.
Tay, Findynate. Cloichfoldich, 4 pools above.
Deveron, Muiresk Ledge Pool. Deveron, $-mile above mouth (Sea-trout. )
Deveron, Muiresk. (A very well mended kelt.) Ardmiddle (just above Muiresk).
Deveron, Muiresk. Deveron, below Bridge of Alvah.
Deveron, Muiresk Lodge. Deveron, 14 miles up from mouth. (Found dead.)
Deveron, Ardmeallie. Deveron, Avochie.
Deveron, Ardmeallie.
Found dead on shore at Mac- duff, not far from mouth of Deveron.
Loch Brora. Loch Brora.
Loch Brora, grilse. Loch Brora, salmon.
Loch Brora. Loch Brora.
Kyle of Sutherland, Invercarron. Kyle of Sutherland, Invercarron.
Kyle of Sutherland, Incarron. Kyle of Sutherland, River Shot.
Kyle of Sutherland, Invercarron. Kyle of Sutherland, Scaup.
Kyle of Sutherland, Bonar Bridge. Kyle of Sutherland, R. Carron.
Kyle of Sutherland, Invercarron. Kyle of Sutherland, Scaup.
Kyle of Sutherland, Invercarron. Kyle of Sutherland, Invercarron.
These are not
86 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
No. . of ge ee Condition. |Sex. Date. Locality. Mark. 7 Ses f est. 8 Clean Grilse. 17 July 1901. | Kyle of Sutherland, Bonar 7,558 Bridge. a] 63} 204 | Clean Grilse. 9 Oct. 1901. | Loch Shin, extreme foot. (Caught by rod). est. 6 Clean Grilse. 1 Aug. 1901. | Kyle of Sutherland, Bonar 7,654 Bridge. est.11 Clean Salmon. 7 July 1902. | Kyle of Sutherland, Bonar Bridge. est. 7 Clean Grilse. 3 Aug. 1901. | Kyle of Sutherland, Bonar 7,696 i, Bridge. 6 20 Clean Grilse. 6 Oct. 1901. | Loch Shin, extreme foot. (Caught by rod). 770715 6 275 | Kelt. F, | 12 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Findynate. ? bb LZ) Sil Clean, F, | 17 Aug. 1903. | Tay, Venture Stn. (Bull-trout.) 7 799 153} 344 | Clean. M.| 8Jan. 1903. | Tay, West Shot, Stanley. : Os iat gfce Clean. 5 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Stanley Water. 8.026 20 36 Clean. M 2 Dec. 1901. | Tay, Almond Mouth. } 185} 3645 | Clean. F, | 26 April 1902. | Tay, Findynate. 8.042 95, 3844 | Kelt. F. | 9Jan. 1902. | 'Tay, West Shot, Stanley. ; 10 30? | Kelt. F, | 26 Feb. 1902. | Tay, Shochiemouth. 8 044 64; 29 Kelt Grilse. F. | 9 Jan. 1902. | Tay, West Shot, Stanley. ; 19 362 | Clean Salmon. 14 Mar. 1903. | Tay, Upper Benchill, 8 056 20 364 | Clean. M.| 9 Jan. 1992. | Tay, West Shot, Stanley. 3 18 375 | Clean. 1 Apri] 1902. | Tay, Muirton Bank. (Poor con- dition and diseased on head.) 8.108 8 38 Kelt. F. | 6 Feb, 1902. | Tay, Rattieby. 2 20°3 384 | Clean. F. | 18 Aug. 19038. | Tay, Cleekum Bank. 8.110 14 40? | Kelt. F, | 7 Feb. 1902. | Tay, Battleby. : est.10 | 83x13 | Kelt. F, | 7 Mar. 1902, | Tay, Broxy Station. (Very poor condition.) 8 161 14 36 Kelt. F. | 17 Jan. 1902. | Tay, Battleby. : 33 43 Clean. 27 July 1903. | Tay, Skin the Goat Station, below Newburgh. (Bull-trout. ) g164|f 10 33 Kelt. F, | 17 Jan. 1902. | Tay, Battleby. 4 U 84 392 | Kelt. F. | 10 Mar. 1902. | Tay, Shochiemouth. 8.17115 IW 38 Kelt. F, | 18 Jan. 1902. | Tay, Battleby. 4 | eae oe Clean. F, | 20 Aug. 1902. | Tay, Dovecot Station, 3 miles below Newburgh. 8 189 11 41? | Kelt. F, | 28 Jan. 1902. | Tay, Battleby. 2 10 30 Kelt. M. | 21 Feb. 1902. | Tay, Vennels, Perth. 8 193 5 20 Kelt. F, | 30 Jan. 1902. | Tay, Battleby. , 5 25 Kelt. 1 April 1902. | Tay, Battleby. 8.241 13 35 Kelt. F, | 15 April 1902. | Tay Estuary, Venture. : 24 sat Clean. F 7 July 1903. | Tay Estuary, Reeket Lady. 8 306 6 28 Kelt. F. | 26 Jan. 1902. | Tummel. 2 18 36 Clean. F, | 18 Mar. 1903. | Tay, Stockgreen. 8 31] 13 32 Kelt. F, | 23 Jan. 1902. | Tay, East Haugh. ; 17 38 Clean. F. | 15 April 1903. | Tay Estuary, Flookie. (Bull-
trout.
NotE.—None of the Grilse were recaught in the spring,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 87
No. 3 Weight poue tt Condition. |Sex. Date. Locality. Mark. S. ns. 8.329 10 33 Kelt. F. | 7 Mar. 1902. | Tummel. zs 19 he Clean. 16 Feb. 1903. | Tay, West Shot, Stanley. 8.343 6 24 Kelt. M. | 10 Feb. 1908. | Tummel, East Haugh. ; 143) 332 | Clean. M. | 20 Aug. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Pyeroad (A Bull- trout.) 8.845 28 39 Clean. F.?| 8 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Burnmouth, Stanley. 2 25 41 Clean. M. | 7 Feb. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Venture, 8 889 243, 372 | Clean. M. | 14 Nov. 1902. | Tay, West Shot, Stanley. Z 224, 40 Clean. M. | 13 Feb. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Flookie. 9.005 aaah Unspawned Grilse.| F. | 22 Nov. 1902. | Tay, Almond Mouth. 2 12 3)4 | Clean. F, | 13 Aug. 1903. | Tay, Needle Station. (Bull- trout.) 173} 382 =| Unspawned. F, | 22 Nov. 1902. | Tay, Almond Mouth. ae nee Half spent. 20 Dec. 1902. | Found dead in R. Almond,
4 mile up from Tay,
* Ro) =) bo eo WSs SO] SS SO 8 OS? OSU? ONTO aes eo * N
(diseased on head),
13 332 | Kelt. F, | 24 Noy. 1902. | Tay, Almond Mouth. 9,062 21:93) ~ 37 Clean. F.| 6 Aug. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Skin the Goat. 9.074 18 341 | Clean. F.?) 8 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie. : 17 BS Clean. 18 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Burnmouth. 9.083 Vik 344 | Clean. 8 Jan. 1903. | Tay, West Shot, Stanley. 2 16 264 | Clean. 17 Jan. 1903, | Tay, Burnmouth, Stanley. 9.084 28 404 | Clean. M.| 8 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie. ; 274| 38 Clean. M. | 13 Feb. 1903. | 1 mile below Perth (found dead). 9.087 133} 324 | Clean. F 8 Jan. 1903. | Tay, West Shot. “ 123) 33 Clean. ¥ 9 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Almond Mouth. 9.093 20 364 | Clean, M. | 9 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie. ) 20 39 Clean. F. | 10 Feb. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Venture (badly diseased), +9,100 27 39 Clean. M.| 9Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie. : 22 41 Clean. M. | 19 Mar. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Venture Station. 64| 67 Unspawned Grilse.| M. | 24 Nov. 1902. | Perth, (The Weal. Diseased had 9,127 been up river). . 21 Dec. 1902. | Found dead 2 miles below Perth. 9.269 { 174} 37 Clean. M.| 9 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie. ; 19 ees Clean, 19 Jan. 1903. | Sand beds 1 mile above Linn of Campsie. 9.270 j LOFT) 935 Clean. F. | 9 Jan, 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie. : 18 35 Clean. 17 Mar. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Flookie (fungus on head). 9.273 { 183} 354 | Clean. M.| 9 Jan, 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie. : iBiads ei Clean. 25 Feb. 1903. | Tay Estuary, Flookie Station 9,287 | 14 32 Clean. M. | 10 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie. ; 123) 32 Clean. F, | 16 Feb. 1903. | Tay, North Inch (diseased). 9.289 | 163) 37 Clean. M. | 10 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Burnmouth. j 18? ae Clean. 19 Jan. 1903. | Tav, Burnmouth.
9.301 25 38 Clean. M. | 9 Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie. d 23 a Clean. 16 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Benchill (badly diseased).
Nore.—None of the giilse were recaught in the spring. * Found dead in R. Almond 4-mile above Almond Mouth, 20th December 1902, Half Spent. + Dark in colour from being up river. +The weight and length returned were by mistake taken from another clean fish caught at the same time,
88 Appendices to Lwenty-second Annual Report
Ne. | Weight.| Length.
Condition. Sex. Date. Locality. Mark. Lbs. Ins. )
9.302 ‘ 10 12 Clean. F. | 9Jan. 1903. | Tay, Linn of Campsie. Q 94; 30 Clean. F. | 5 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Almond Mouth. 9.402 J 4 25 Kelt Grilse. F. | 5 Feb. 1903. | Tay, Logierait.. i 103} +30 Clean Salmon. | F. | 31 July 1903. | Tay Estuary, Flookie Station (said to be a Bull-trout). 9.607 { 3 24 Kelt. F, | 24 Mar. 1903. | Deveron, Duff House. ; 63| 26 Clean Grilse. 11 July 1903. | Bag Net North of Aberdeen Harbour. ; 9 622 j 10 34 Kelt. F, | 10 April 1903. | Deveron, Duff House. > 19 35 Unspawned. 26 Sept. 1903. | Deveron, Huntly. 9.639 { 4 25 Kelt. F. | 28 April 1903. | Deveron, Duff House. é Oa eee Clean. 25 July 1903. | Port Errol(Bag Net) Ythan Dist.
NotE.—None of the grilse were recaught in the spring.
I shall endeavour to discuss the above data on, as nearly as possible, the plan previously adopted.
Micratory MovEMENTs.
All the fish above noted, with but three exceptions, have been re- captured in the same river district in which they were marked, thus bearing out the commonly accepted view, supported also by last Report, that the great majority of salmon after visiting the sea return to the same river. Moreover the exceptions, although they point to certain fish wandering considerable distances, do not exactly show recaptures in other rivers. One cannot by any means assert that other rivers would not have been entered by two of the fish, but so far as these particulars show, the condition is the same as that described by Archer in the Sands River markings in Norway (Eleventh Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, p. 63); and by Holt (Report on Fisheries of Ireland for 1901, Part I1., p. 165). The fish captured on the coast at some distance are :—
9607, marked in River Deveron—recaptured in a bag-net a short distance north of Aberdeen Harbour.
9639, marked in River Deveron—recaptured in a bag-net at Port Errol in the Ythan District.
The first of these recalls the instance mentioned in my former report of a Deveron grilse (6508) being recaptured at Cove, just south of | Aberdeen ; and the second, in like manner, shows a fish travelling in the same direction. It is somewhat remarkable that these Deveron fish should be found, each on the east coast of Aberdeenshire, having left the southern shore of the Moray Firth. Yet, from the River Brora, on the northern shore, it may be recollected that a fish (7283) wandered 100 miles north into the Pentland Firth, and was taken off the mouth | of the Halladale. In this connection I] may mention also, that a fish | marked in the Grimersta, on the west of the Lewis (Outer Hebrides), i in March, was retaken in August at Castletown, to the east of Thurso. |
=.
The fish was marked privately, the label being of the same pattern as
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 89
that made for the Fishery Board for Scotland. The distinguishing inscription was “J B—L10.” Another privately marked Grimersta fish was, however, subsequently taken in the Grimersta. It may be that fish of certain localities, notably, perhaps, localities where entrance to fresh water is difficult except at intervals, wander away and eventually enter other streams, but it seems to me that the evidence now collected in Scotland, Ireland, and Norway is sufticient to establish the view long held by reason of observations made in other ways, that the usual habit of the salmon is to return to its own river.
Ketts RECAPTURED WHEN CLEAN Fis. Length of Time and Increase of Weight.
No. |Sex. Palen nie Yes aoe oH Localities. Marked. Time. eae fie SHAT Lbs, tine Pie isa lead y aeeat bes 6533 | F 3 141 3 (sea- Deveron—Deveron. 7/07 |. F 6 196 aan Tay—Tay Estuary. 8044 | F 64 429 123 Tay-—-Tay. | S108. 8 | 558 12-3 oz. Tay—Tay. | S161 | F 14 556 Ig Tay—Tay Mstuary. S17 SE 11 z14 6 Tay—Tay Estuary. 8241 | F 13 448 iM Tay Estuary—Tay Estuary. 8306 | F. 6 416 12 Tummel—Tay Estuary. 831] ~|-F. 13 447 4 Tay—Tay Kstuary. 83829 | F. 10 346 2 Tummel—Tay. 8343 | M. 6 556 2 Tummel—Tay Estuary. 9062 | F. 13 255 8-94 oz. | Tay—Tay Estuary. 9402 | F, 4 176 64 Tay—Tay Estuary. 9607 | F. 3 109 32 Deveron—-Aberdeen Bay. 9622 | F. 10 169 9 Deveron— Deveron. 9639 | F. 4 88 43 Deveron—Coast, Port Errol.
It is striking that in the Sex column we have only one male out of
. the sixteen fish enumerated. In my last Report the longest interval of
time between marking and recapture was 515 days, or a year and nearly
five months. On this occasion, although particulars of fewer fish are dealth with, we have three instances of longer interval of time :—
8108 being 558 days, with an increase of 12 lbs. 3 oz. BLOM re DOOR. i - 19 Ibs. 8343 ay 5d6 ,, - 55 82 lbs.
Also, instead of only two cases of upwards of 400 days we have now four cases. ‘'wo of these I should like in the first place to refer to, as we receive a certain amount of light on the Spring Fish of the Tay. No. 8044 was marked as a female grilse of 63 Ibs., in January 1902. In
90 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
March of last year, 1903, it is taken byrod, a salmon of 19 lbs. Similarly, 8306 was marked in the Tummel, a female (grilse ?) kelt of 6 lbs. in Jan- uary 1902. In March 1903, it is netted in the lower Tay a clean fish of 18lbs. The spring fish of the Tay are a well-defined classand commonly scale 18-20 lbs. There is also, however, a spring run of small fish. When we regard the increase of weight and the undeveloped condition of the genitalia in these large spring fish, it seems improb- able that in the interval between our marking and recapture the fish have been in fresh water. If this is so these fish are only in their second ascent, and are what are termed “gillings” in the Severn.* By our marking of grilse kelts during the annual close time, we have noticed that these fishes after spawning return to the sea more rapidly than salmon seem to do in a large river such as the Tayt On - 28th November 1901, for instance, four grilse kelts were taken in the tidal water below Perth, one being as far down as the Bush fishing station opposite the mouth of the Earn. I do not mean to imply by this that grilse spawn earlier than salmon; unspawned grilse are to be found in fresh waters throughout the spawning season. What one notices is that in netting after the bulk of the fish have spawned, one gets very few grilse kelts. Marked salmon kelts (females) are recaptured after one to two and a half months in fresh water; marked grilse kelts are not again seen on their descent to the sea. Only one case has, I think, occurred, and that was a grilse both marked and recaptured in the estuary; No. 3177, marked at Tappie Station on 16th January 1902, recaptured at Pyeroad Station on 5th February 1902. In support of this result also, we have an unspawned grilse caught, on its ascent of the tidal water, on 16th January 1902, at Flookie Station, recaptured a kelt already in the tideway on 7th February 1902.
Now, let us examine one other case. No. 9402 wasa grilse kelt of 4 Ibs., marked at Logierait in the upper Tay, on 5th February 1903. This fish was recaptured, clean, in the estuary of the Tay, at Flookie Station, on 31st July 1903. It was then a salmon of 104 lbs., having increased 63 Ibs. in weight and 5 inches in length.
From this one class of grilse, therefore, it appears that we may have two different seasonal runs of salmon, one in the first summer following, and the other in the next spring. Diagrammatically, the condition might be represented thus:
Grits—E KELT TO CLEAN SALMON.
Spring Salmon. 1903.
Summer Salmon. 7902.
Grilse Kelt. Jan. Feb. 7902.
This is a clearly defined example of a divided migration, as set forth in 1860 by Mr. John Dickson, then agent for the Tay Fishery Proprietors, in an article to the Perthshire Courter, and afterwards by
* Willis Bund, Salmon Problems, p. 97. : t+ Twentieth Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Appendices to Part II., p. 96.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 91
him in 1881 in his “‘ Second Memorandum. to the Proprietors of Salmon Fisheries in the Tay District.” After referring to the dual migration of smolts to the sea as seemingly demonstrated by the famous Stormont- field Observations, he goes on to say that “it is not confined to the “first migration, but is repeated on the return of the smolts as grilse ‘one year and as salmon the next, and on the return of the old fish “after spawning—one-half coming back the following summer, and the “rest not returning till the spring of the succeeding year.” ‘There appears, however, to be this difference brought out by our marking, that it is not from the old fish that the heavy spring salmon may alone come, but that a grilse spawning, say, in the winter of 1901-02 may on its first subsequent re-ascent be a spring salmon of 1903 weighing 18-20 lbs. Mr. Dickson, in his most interesting memorandum, regards the small spring salmon as the first reappearance of the descended one year old smolt. He says, further, ‘‘it is the same yearling salmon that ‘runs all the season, beginning at 8 and 9 lbs. weight, increasing to 10 “and 11 lbs. in April, and ending in August at 13 and 14 lbs., gaining “ weight according as they make a longer stay in the salt water.” But with reference to the grilse, with which we are more concerned here, the view advanced—if I rightly interpret it—is that the “ yearling salmon” may not have been in the river asa grilse, or that only a section of the descended smolts return to the river as grilse. The passage which seems to me to bear this meaning runs as follows :—‘‘in regard ‘“‘to their return all as grilse, the first fishing for fish to be spawned ‘opened my eyes, for, whereas I expected that the river would be found “to be full of grilse, the party reported that they had not taken one ‘“‘ between Perth and Dunkeld. If they were not in the river there was “only one other place in which they could be, and that was the sea; ‘Cand this winter’s fishing showed that the young salmon of the next “‘year remained in the sea, and that the parrs, as they had divided into “‘one and two-year-old smolts in descending to the sea, had again ‘divided in a similar way on their return.” In winter fishing our experience is that grilse are about as numerous as salmon. A separate note on this point will be found in Appendix VI. We have taken the smail class of clean-run fish during our netting operations in the winter, but we have as yet no definite proof of when and where such fishes pass the grilse stage. We have the grilse kelt a July salmon of 10 lbs., and a next year spring salmon of 18 or 19 lbs.
An interesting coast recapture may he noted here as bearing upon the grilse to salmon stage. No. 9607 was a grilse kelt marked at Duff House on the Deveron, weighing 3 lbs, on 24th March 1903. It was recaptured —as has already been noted —in a bag net on the coast a short distance north of Aberdeen, on 11th July 1903, weighing 63 lbs. This fish on recapture was described as a clean grilse. The record is so nearly a repetition of No. 6508 reported upon in my first paper, that 1 may place the two side by side.
oe lb. | LUN | Kelt: M. | 11 Mar. 1901. | Deveron, Kirkton 6508
Pool. 5? Ib. | 2’ 14,,| Grilse or Salmon. 11 July 1901. | Cove, Kincardine- shire. / o lb 2, 0" | Kelt, F, | 24 Mar. 1903. | Deveron, Duff 9607 House.
| 62 Ib. | 2° 2” | Clean Grilse. 11 July 1903. | Aberdeen Bay.
92 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
That these two Deveron fish should be still grilse in the sea on 11th July following their marking as kelts, lends, I think, considerable weight to the argument that the heavy spring salmon feed in the sea for a whole year after descending as grilse kelts.
CLEAN GRILSE TO CLEAN SALMON,
In further considering the grilse to salmon stage [ am able to present the following recaptures made in the Kyle of Sutherland District.
Marked. | Recaptured. No. | Weight. Date. Locality. Weight. Date. Locality. batty vies! OM Ce Legace, Lbs. “(53 coekee SY i ii 7508 | 6 est. | 6 Aug. 1901. | Invercarron. 10 est. | 30 July 1902. | Invercarron. DDO FA ecg) Beco se He: 6 8 ,, | 30 June 1902.| Scaup. SP DOON Cae Geet MO ane z Bonar Bridge. 52 1 Sept. 1901. | R. Carron. 7537 Ger nets ~~ Invercarron. 10 est. | 24 July 1902. | Scaup. TOE) 20-4 Ooo s iz O° %. ‘5 Invercarron. 008i) (823, uli uly es, Bonar Bridge. 64 9 Oct. 1901. | Loch Shin. (654-\, On a weal Ato Pee i ll est. | 7 July 1902. | Bonar Bridge. 7690) 7 B52 os A a 6 6 Oct. 1901. | Loch Shin.
* Tt would appear that some mistake has been made as to the number.—W.L.C.
It is greatly to be regretted that the weights of these fish were for the most part only estimated by eye. The marking was conducted at the late Dr. Almond’s fishery by his manager. Dr. Almond had the commendable habit towards the end of the season, when prices had sunk, of liberating all grilse taken each Friday, and he was good enough to agree that such fish should be marked. The recaptures of 7533, 7558, and 7696 were made by rod, when the fish were properly weighed and measured. Both the Loch Shin fish were taken at the extreme lower end of the loch. 30th June is the earliest recapture in 1902 (the year after marking), and from the chart showing the relative abundance of fish in the Kyle of Sutherland district, which I published in last year’s Annual Report (Appendix IT.), it will be seen that the greatest runs of salmon were by that time past. These fish are therefore analogous to the Tay fish 9402 recaptured in July.
The chance of a 1901 grilse being recaptured a clean salmon in the spring of 1903 were, moreover, comparatively small, since the conditions of the Kyle do not lead us to expect spring fish in any very great numbers.
CLEAN FisH RECAPTURED AS CLEAN FiIsH (Grilse excepted).
1: 87 cm.: M.: 8th Jan. 1903: West Shot, Stanley, Tay. =° Sth Feb. 1903: Stanley, Tay.
of the Fishery Bourd for Scotland. 93
This is an example of a fish which has paused in its ascent for 28 days. The water in which it remained is a short distance below the Linn of Campsie, an obstruction sufficient, as is stated in my previous report to check spring fish when the temperature of the water is low. Similar cases are seen in Nos. 9074, 9083, and 9289, the panses being respectively 41,9, and 9 days. In January 1903, it may further be explained, the Tay rose to a high level between 21st and 29th inst., and during 30th and 31st inst. the river was in great flood.
8096 J 20: 36": M.: 2nd Dec. 1901: Almond Mouth, Lower Tay. 183: 26th April 1902: Findynate, Upper Tay.
This is an example of a very early spring fish—an ante-spring fish— which, instead of proceeding to Loch Tay where such fish are commonly fished for at the opening of the rod fishing season (15th January), was still in the upper river near Grandtully at the end of April. The reduction of 14 lb. in weight is in accord with the conditions noticed in the Spey clean fish reported upon previously.
8056 20: 363: M.: 9th Jan. 1902: West Shot, Stanley, Tay. 1s: Ist April 1902: Muirton Bank, Tay.
The position of recapture in this case is considerably below the place of marking, but the fish was in poor condition and diseased on the head when found at Muirton Bank. This, together with the influence of the floods noted when referring to 7799, is no doubt suflicient to account for the descent.
9007, marked at West Shot, below The Linn, was recovered in a month, 8 miles lower down at Almond Mouth, and was then 1 |b. lighter. 9302, is a similar case.
9093, a 20 lb. fish marked at The Linn, was found a month later in the tidal water about 4 miles below Perth, or fully 13 miles below place of marking. It had contracted salmon disease. Two other recaptures suffice to show the effect of the heavy floods which occurred at the end of January.
27: 41": M.: 9th Jan. 1903: Linn of Campsie. 9100+ 22: 19th March 1903: Venture Fishing Station, below Perth.
9969 J 172: 37°: M.: 9th Jan. 1905: Linn of Campsie. ez 192 19th Jan. 1903: 1 mile above The Linn.
The latter fish had ascended The Linn during the low water conditions in the first half of January. The later capture of 9100 shows the retreat of the fish before the flood which came at the end of the month, and the high conditions which lasted almost continuously through February and March. It was not diseased, but was reported as distinctly coloured by its sojourn in the fresh water.
Other clean spring fish which had descended by the action of the floods as well as, apparently, through the weakness caused by disease, are 9270, 9273, 9287, and 9301.
The recaptures in this series bring out again the conditions under which these fish ascend, pause in their ascent, or fall back down stream. After the flood of 30th and 31st January, all recaptured clean fish were below the piace of marking.
94 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
The decrease in Weight, and Change of Position, is as follows :— 8026 in 4 months and 24 days, ascending, lost 14 Ib.
8056 ,, 2 = 23 ,, descending, ,, 2 ,, diseased. 8845 29 ” 30 ” ” ” 3 ”
8882 ” 3 ” See 429 9 ” 24 ”
9074 ,, 1 P. 10. $j) > (pausime; Sage, ea;
9083 9. = ” 9 ”? ” ” 1 ”
9084 ,, 1 a 5 ,, descending,, 2,, found dead. 9087 9 1 99 1 99 9 99 1 99
9093-551 a as “es » — 5, diseased. 9100 9 2 9 10 9?) 99 bP) 4) PP]
o270) 5 2 a Chek, : » 14,, diseased. 9273 ” l ” 15 oy) ” 995 ges 8 9 9287 9 1 rh] 6 9) 99 le) |: 99 3? 9289 ,, — Rs Oty Eepatistne es. 1
2501S i" 7 4, descending,,, 2 ,, diseased.
3 9302 ” ” 27 ” ” ” 4» Two cases of reported increase of weight are as follows :-—
7707 in 28 days, pausing, gained ; lb. 9269 in 10 days, ascending, gained 14 lb.
A case of a clean summer fish recaptured the following summer is evidenced in No. 7519. It was estimated to be 16 lbs. on 7th August, 1901, and in July 1902 it was recaptured asa fish of 22 lbs. Both marking and recapture took place in the Kyle of Sutherland.
KELTS RECAPTURED AS KELTS.
The condition of female kelts remaining for considerable periods has again been exemplified in the recaptured kelts of the spawning seasons dealt with in this report. A special selection of the cases seems therefore unnecessary. Similar conditions have been demonstrated in the Tweed in 1854 and 1875, and also in the Norwegian and Irish records.
We have however five kelt recaptures of more striking interest.
Annual Spawners.
No. 7355, a kelt in Loch Brora, Sutherland, on 15th March, 1902, weighing 13 lbs., was recaptured, again in Loch Brora, on 5th March, 1903. The weight on recapture was only 134 lbs., and the length measurement was in each case 38 inches, showing practically no increase in the year. This is an example of annual spawning.
An almost exactly similar case is No. 6628, an unspawned female estimated as 7 lbs. in weight caught at Ardmeallie on the Deveron in October, 190], which may therefore be regarded as a kelt early in 1902. This fish was recaptured as a kelt in March 1903 at Avochie on the Deveron, and the weight was only 62 lbs. It is proper, however, to state that the mark on recapture was not removed, but was read and reported to me by the Superintendent of the District Fisheries. The fish was landed by the Avochie keeper.
The third case is 6560, a Deveron fish (kelt) of 16 lbs. in February, 1903, found a kelt of 223 lbs. in March of this year (1904.)
Cases such as these have not previous been noticed, and in view of the number of recaptures now made they may perhaps be regarded as exceptional. The forth and fifth cases are as follows :—
Kelt of 1901 Recaptured a Kelt in 1903. and , 1902 3 xs 1904.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 95
No. 7298 is again a Loch Brora fish. In April 1901 it was marked as a 25-inch grilse kelt of 4 Ibs. On 18th March, 1903, it was recaptured as a salmon kelt in Loch Brora. The length measurement showed an increase of 54 inches, and the weight an increase of only 27 Ibs. Asa possible explanation of this slight increase of weight it may be mentioned that many of the salmon taken in the North of Scotland during the season of 1902 were remarkably poor in flavour. It is possible that the feeding was not as rich as usual and that hence some fish did not greatly increase their weight. It would follow however from this that these fish ascended rivers when in a poorly nourished state. At no time, however, do the striking increments of weight observed in fish from our largest rivers appear in fish from the Brora. Other circumstances, which may be touched upon later, appear to me to indicate that a small proportion of fish do return to fresh water without being nourished as the average salmon is, and that their return takes place some little time, it may be, before the spawning season. It is quite possible, however, that 7298 may have also been an annual spawner, and that 1902-03 was its third spawning period. A similar case is 7225, marked in March, 1902, and recaptured in March, 1904, both in Loch Brora. The increase of weight is again strikingly small, being only 24 lbs. ‘The conditions of these Brora fish require further investigation.
KELT TO UNSPAWNED CONDITION.
Two fish still require mention under this heading—Ist, No. 6541, a 19 lb. kelt 38 inches long, marked on 4th March 1902 at Muiresk on the Deveron—it was reported to be a very well mended kelt. This fish, on 22nd October of the same year, was recaptured in an unspawned condition, at Ardniddle, just above Muiresk. It was then 34 lbs. in weight and 414 inches long, thus showing an increase of 15 lbs. weight and 34 inches in length in an interval of 7 months and 18 days. This case is of interest as showing that annual spawning occurs even amongst heavy fish, and, further, it is worthy of note that the fish was a female. The Deveron usually holds a fair number of heavy fish, but even in the Tay, females of more than 30 lbs. are not very common.
2nd, No. 9622, another Deveron fish marked at Duff House on 10th April 1902, a kelt of 10 Ibs,, 34 inches long; recaptured at Huntly on the Deveron on 26th September of the same year as a clean unspawned fish of 19 lbs., 35 inches long. The interval in this case is 5 months and 16 days, the increase in weight 9 lbs., in length 1 inch.
REFERENCE To DiAGRaAm (at p. 98).
By reason of the recaptures of clean fish which were previously marked as kelts, and which are recorded for the first time in this Report it is possible to estimate what may represent approximately the life of some proportion of the salmon in the Tay. There is, I have not the slightest doubt, considerable variation in the habits of fish even of one river; two kelts entering the sea at the same time many return at very different times, and this taking place at any period in the lives of such fish will most materally alter the whole of the subsequent history of each. We have already seen that one grilse kelt may return to the river a clean salmon in a few months, while another may remain in the sea all summer and winter and return to the river a clean spring fish twice the weight of the first. This so-called ‘“‘ Double Migration” or Duality of Migration seems to exist throughout the life of the salmon, but up to
96 Appendices to L'wenty-second Annual Report
the present we do not know if a fish having, as it were, embarked upon the habit of short migration, continues this habit through life, while another in like manner adopts the long-migration-habit, or whether short and long migrations may be alternated, or, indeed, whether any particular system or regularity of habit in this matter exists, although we have in 7298 an indication that a fish may possibly spawn in three consecutive seasons. It is clear that, while we refer to the short migration as being a return in the summer of the year of descent as a kelt, we must include in this short migration a great mass of breeding fish which ascend through autumn and early winter. Also in regarding the long migration we must not overlook the clean run so-called spring fish which may enter our large rivers one, two, or even three months before the end of the calendar year. The individual fish representing those separate migratory habits are of course in the river at the same time, yet although mixed together may be, without difficulty, allocated to their positions as breeders or “ springers.”
By selecting what appear to be well-defined cases in the kelt-to-clean- fish series I have attempted to construct a diagram which shows the Duality of Migration. I have, for the sake of clearness, restricted the number of recaptures shown, and have not attempted to display either the autumn and winter fish which form the great mass of breeders and which are of the same class as the summer fish, or the very early clean- run fish which belong to the spring class. If attention be turned to the diagram it will be seen that excepting the two first diverging and unnumbered black lines, three groups are represented, each group containing three recaptures. The three numbers of the first group are printed in blue, those of the second group in red, and those of the last group in black. The black lines representing these recaptures are drawn straight from point to point, each lower point being on the horizontal level which gives the weight of the kelt when marked, the higher being the weight on recapture. It will be under- stood, therefore, that in each case the sea-ward migration and the re- ascent have taken placein the period over which the linesaredrawn. The fish in the kelt stage are placed according as their weights seem to be in proper proportion to the weights of previous unspawned fish. The seasons and years of the fish’s life are indicated horizontally. Com- mencing at the left hand low corner we have the newly hatched embryo of practically no weight, and, following the indications of the Stormont- field and other experiments, we may fix the point B in the spring, when the fish is about 26 months’ old, as representing the time when the smolt migrates to the sea. (Dahl’s observations concerning Norwegian smolts incline him to consider that only a year and a quarter is spent in fresh water before the first seaward migration). The thin line from A to B represents, therefore, the two years and two months which it seems to me the great majority of young salmon spend in the river of their birth before the first migration seawards. For the smolt to grilse stage, represented by the first diverging and unnumbered black lines, we are indebted to two early Tweed recaptures. The lower of the two was marked in the spring of 1854, and recaptured in July 1855 at Wilford, a grilse of 33 lbs. It was marked by means of a wire in the tail fin. (A similar case was that of a smolt of 1857, recaptured at Hallowell on 9th August 1858, a grilse of 33 lbs., marked with silver wire in the upper jaw.) The other, or higher line, represents a smolt marked in May 1855, recaptured on 6th August 1856 at Meadowhaven, a grilse of 64 lbs., marked with silver
wire in the operculum. We have no data to show any other seasonal
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. oT
migrations which may occur at this stage. The Stormontfield smolt to grilse records, as well as records which have quite recently been obtained in Devonshire by His Grace the Duke of Bedford—both of which depend for identification on the cutting of the adipose fin— support the records given above. A copy of the Tweed records will be found in my previous paper on marking (20th Annual Report Fishery Board for Scotland, Part IT., pp. 57 and 58). The other data in the diagram are all of Tay fish. First we have the grilse kelts— numbered in blue :—
4 lbs.: 25": kelt grilse: F.: 5th Feb. 1903: Logierait, Upper 9402 : ey 104 lIbs.: 30”: clean salmon: F.: 3lst July 1903: Flookie
netting station.
6 lb.: 24": kelt: M.: 10th Feb. 1903: East Haugh, Tummel. 8343 < 143 lbs.: 332”: clean: M.: 20th Aug. 1903: Pyeroad netting station. These two show the short migration.
64 lbs.: 29”: kelt grilse: F.: 9th Jan. 1902: West Shot, 8044 Stanley. | 19 lbs.: 362”: clean salmon: 14th Mar. 1903: Upper Bluehill.
This fish shows the long migration, returning as a clean spring fish. In the next group (numbered in red) we have kelts of 8 lbs., 10 lbs., and 11 lbs.; we will take the 11 Ib. fish first, since it shows again the short migration. 817] | 11 lbs.: 38": kelt: F.: 18th Jan. 1902: Battleby. 17 lbs.: clean: F.: 20th Aug. 1902: Dove Cot Station, Estuary.
The two others show long migration. 8399 10 lbs.: 33”: kelt: F.: 7th Mar. 1902: Tummel. ““ | 19 Ibs.: clean: 16th Feb. 1903: West Shot, Stanley. 8 lbs.: 32”: kelt: F.: 11th Feb. 1901: Cloichfoldich, Grand- 5852 tully. 19 lbs.: 372”. clean: F.: 5th Mar. 1902: Pyeroad, Estuary.
This last is taken from my previous Report, p. 71.
Those three kelts seem to indicate from their weights, as compared with the weights of unspawned fish, that they are the kelts belonging to the same class as the small salmon represented in the diagram by Nos. 8343 and 9402. They are therefore placed as five-year-olds, it being noticed in passing that 8044 at time of recapture and other clean fish of similar habit are of the same year although not spawned in the previous winter.
Up to this point the age of the fish may, it seems to me, be estimated with a fair amount of accuracy. When we regard the next kelt recaptures, however, we are confronted with the evidence that the weight of a clean fish of five years old may be the same as that of a six year old fish, or, in other words, the heavy spring fish of the Tay are not all the same age, and it may be that the majority are six years old rather than five years old. It is noticeable also that we have not evidence of an increase in weight in the middle group comparable with the increase of the grilse kelt 8044, and it may be, though the lack of evidence to the contrary is by no means conclusive, that this middle group represents a period in the life of the adult salmon when, as it
98 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
were, the reproductive function asserts itself more than the building up of body growth. It is inadvisable to press this point unduly, but if 5852 and 8329 had increased as 8044 has done they would now have been fish of 25 or 30 lb.
In thelast group (black uumbers) it seems more natural to suppose that the kelts represented here are again belonging to the summer run of fish like 8171 and the autumn fish of rather heavier weight which immediately succeeded it. In the two previous groups we have clear evidence of the dual migration; and here again we have a recapture to show a short migration (9062). Recaptures of large fish are naturally scarcer than those of middle weight. If reference is made to No. 6541, however, it will be seen that in the Deveron a very well mended female kelt of 19 lbs. marked in March 1902 was taken in October of the same year a fish of 34 lbs., thus indicating that the dual habit of migration still persists in even larger and presumably older fish. No other fish has been recaptured which when marked was a kelt of such weight, and if 6541 were included in this diagram it would, I think, have to be placed so as to show at least eight years of growth. According to particulars given me by Sir Arthur Clay, Bart., whose keeper caught the fish, it was a female full of spawn, and we may be correct in assuming that, like trout, salmon still spawn in their eighth year.
The particulars of the three fish forming the third group are :—
13 Ibs.: 334”: kelt: F.: 24th Nov. 1902: Almond Mouth, Tay. 9062 < 21:9 Ibs.: 37": clean: F.: \6th Aug. 1903: Skin the Goat Station, Estuary. The example of short migration.
3941 | 13 lbs: 35": kelt : F.: 15th April 1902: Venture (tidal waters). x 24lbs: clean: F.: 7th July 1903: Ricket Lady (tidal waters). 14 Ibs.: 36": kelt: F.: 17th Jan. 1902: Battleby. 8161 < 33lbs.: 43": clean: 27th July 1903: Skin the Goat Station, Estuary.
Examples of long migration.
In regarding the diagrain which I have thus ventured to present it is noticeable that, with the exception of No. 8343, all the fish referred to are females. This is in a manner explained when we recollect that the great majority of kelts marked are females. In Appendix V. I have dealt with the proportions of the sexes found, and it is sufficiently evident that the habit of the male kelt is rather distinct from the habit of the female kelt. Further, from the Tables kindly supplied by Mr. Johnston in Appendix IV., and also in last Annual Report (Part I., p. 60) there seems ground for the belief that the habits of seasonal ascent are to some extent dissimilar in the sexes. We may also reflect that practically all the very large fish captured at any season are males. It is well, therefore, till we gain more definite knowledge of the habits and growth of the male fish, to regard the diagram as bearing chiefly upon the life of the female salmon of the River Tay. The year’s growth indicated on the diagram must be noted as distinct from the calendar years. By further marking in other rivers it is hoped that our knowledge of the varied habits may be still further elucidated.
———————— —- --
Diagram suggesting the Serial Migrations and the Growth of the Tay Salmon,
constructed from Nine Selected Kelt to Clean Fish recaptures.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 99
APPENDIX IV,
aa
NOTES ON THE LENGTH MEASUREMENTS OF UNSPAWNED SALMON AND GRILSE “MARKED” IN NOVEMBER 1903.
By H. W. JOHNSTON.
In Appendix IV. of the Twenty-first Annual Report, a Table was given to show the proportions of males and females among the un- spawned salmon and grilse netted and “ marked” in November 1902. These fish were arranged in groups according to their lengths, and in a second Table corrections were made for the estimated increase in the measurement of males, due to the growth of the snout in the spawning season.
During November 1903 experimental netting was again carried on, and 361 unspawned salmon and grilse were marked between Stanley and Perth, and the results, brought out by an analysis on the basis adopted in the second Table above referred to, are very similar to those of the previous year.
Numbers and Percentage of each Sex—November 1903 (corrected for growth of Snout).
fF Number, Percentage. Group. Length. off Remarks,
M. F. | Total.|} M. F,
i 26 inches and under,| 35 84 | 119 29 71 | Chiefly Females. Dy 1262 to 27 inches, =| W715 | 32) || 58-1] 47 || Mixed Sexes, 3 27% to 314 inches, -| 29 u2 41 71 29 | Chiefly Males.
4 32 to 37 inches, ao Wa BED Pel SO 8 92 | Chiefly Females 5 3/4 inches and over, | 33 6 39 85 15 | Chiefly Males.
IT
100 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
To facilitate comparison, the total Numbers and the Sex Percentages for the two seasons are given :—
Numbers. Percentage, Group. Length. Both Sexes. | Males. Females. Remarks.
1902. | 1903. |1902.| 1903.| 1902. | 1908.
1 26 inches and under,| 75 | 119 23 | 29) 77]! 71 | Chiefly Females.
2 | 263 to 27 inches, -| 386 32 56 | 53] 44) 47 | Mixed Sexes.
3 |27% to 3ldinches, -| 50 4] 82} 71] 18] 29 | Chiefly Males, 161") 192 48; 42) 52] 58
4 32 to 37 inches, =| :98: | 130 7 8 | 93] 92] Chiefly Females.
374 inches and over, | 25 39 76 | 85} 24] 15 | Chiefly Males.
Ee) |
It will be noticed that in the first three groups (which comprise erilse and a few of the smaller salmon), there is not much inequality in the aggregate proportions of males and females. The fourth group almost entirely consists of females, weighing from 12 lbs. up to 23 lbs.; the males being very poorly represented and nearly all 36 inches or over, weighing not less than 18 Ibs.
The data are insufficient, yet suggest the idea that the presence of a large number of males in the fifth group, and their almost total absence in the fourth group, may be due to artificial rather than to natural causes. It is probable that males grow more rapidly than females, as after spawning they quickly descend the river and may be putting on weight in the sea, while the latter are hanging about in fresh water, as many of them have been proved to do. Unfortunately, the ‘ Marking Returns,” do not yet supply much information about the rate of growth of males, though they shed light on that of females. As a rule the very heavy fish reported are males, and perhaps owing to many of the older members of this sex appearing after the nets are off, they escape capture for a longer period than the majority of females.
Still, these habits do not seem to account for the great scarcity of males between 12 lbs. and 22 Ibs., and it is possible that the explanation may be that a proportion of each run of grilse in the previous season failed to pass the nets. There are grounds for believing that some of these runs are largely composed of males, which, if spared, would have grown into medium-sized salmon by the autumn of the following year, or returned as larger fish at a later period.
of the Fishery Bourd for Scotland. 101
The annexed Table gives the weights of fish ‘‘ Marked” in 1902-1903, except in the dimensions not adequately represented :—
Average weights of Unspawned Salmon and Grilse marked in November 1902, and November 1903.
Length. 1902. 1903. Length. 1902. 1903. Group. —__—_|—_—_________ || Group. Inches. uw.lFl om. F. Inches. M, Fr. M. Fr. Lbs. |Lbs.| Lbs. | Lbs. Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs ( 24 ae da 5:3 ( 32 Bain) le | 14 | | 4 Sp eo) 58 am 99) 5:9 | 4 14: r 1 25 eb | Gel to 57 6°3 | 30 13°7 15:6 | 4 yp AOca I Or 6°3 4 157 16°3 K 26 WkO. Or lel OS 7 | 34 16:2 16:5 —-|—_|-——_ Aare 4 176 17 °4 263 \ i | 35 IVR, 2 6°9| 7:4 see Lore 27 ) 2 6°5 | 3 19 —— | |__| —___ 36 20°'8 ( 274 ao 82 4 20°6 20°6 | 8:1} 8:4 | 28 81 9-1 L 37 DAL VO fel 2OP7 4 8°6 ee ee | ee }os . | 29 9°3 ( 37% VIAN PaO CLs 3 4 4 9°6 | 10°5 38 aa be ed 20°7 hog 9-7 | 30 Geni teh | 4 | 22°5 ones 3 Sit T225 | 39 23°7 ok ava a | 31 Ae 2256 | 4 26°4 ( 5 127 L 40 26°3
102 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
APPENDIX V.
AN ESTIMATE OF THE PROPORTION OF THE SEXES OF SALMON IN CERTAIN SCOTTISH RIVERS, DURING THE WINTER AND SPRING MONTHS.
By W. L. CALDERWOOD.
Information on the important subject of the proportion of the sexes in salmon has been collected in Switzerland, Holland, Norway, and Seotland. Meischer Ruesch* at Basle, in July and November of the years 1878 and 1879, examined 1638 fish. Of this number 609 were males and 1029 were females, but the preponderance of females diminished in August and September, and the sexes were nearly balanced in October—this being brought about, it is stated, by the increase in numbers of male grilse during this month. In November the females are found to be again in excess. Hoek, in the waters of the lower Rhine,’ collected statistics inter alia concerning the sexes of fish between the months of October and August for five years. In this time he examined 1822 fish, of which 605 were males and 1217 females, but he states that since these were specially selected fish they should not perhaps be taken as altogether representative of the stock of fish in the lower Rhine. Of breeding fish ascending the waters of Holland in October, November, and December, he examined 959, finding 493 males and 466 females, an evenly balanced condition. Like Meischer, he found that this balancing was caused by the presence of “St. Jakob’s Zalm” (grilse?), for of the 493 males examined, 450 were “St. Jakob’s Zalm.”
With regard to Norway, reference has been made by Archer in the Eleventh Annual Report (Part II., p. 71) as follows :—‘ From the ‘“‘ returns sent to the Fishery Inspector regarding the sex of the salmon “which were marked, it appears that only 36 per cent. were males, and “the remainder females, ‘T’his can scarcely be the result of chance, as “about 4000 salmon were marked. They were marked in the late ‘‘autumn or winter. On Sands River the disproportion was greater, ‘being 21 per cent. males to 79 per cent females out of 890 examples. “The numbers netted in October were 193, of which 34 per cent. were ‘““males; in December 406, of which 20 per cent. were males; in “ January 177, of which 8 per cent. were males; in February 49, of ‘which 10 per cent. were males; in April 65, of which 20 per cent. “were males. I may add that I have endeavoured to ascertain that “this was not due to the males being on the spawning ground instead ‘¢ of in the pools by stoning, and, where possible, drifting the net over ‘‘ these shallows before netting the pool. From the frozen condition of “the tributary streams it would not be possible for these fish to be any- ‘“‘ where else than in the main river.”
* Meischer. Statistische und biologische Beitriige zur Kenntniss von Leben des Rheinlachses im Suss wasser. 1880. Druch von Metzler und Wittig, Leipsic.
+ Hoek. Rapport over Statistische en biologische onderzoekingen ingesteld met behulp van in Nederland gevangen Zalmen. Wetenschappelijk Adviseur in Visscherijzaken.
of the Pishery Board for Scotland. 103
In Scotland we have the valuable observations from the Tweed of Tosh and Grey, reported by my predecessor in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Annual Reports of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Part II. In this instance 6018 fish were examined not merely by external obser- vation, but by the actual examination of the genitalia. 4567 were females and 1451 were males, a proportion of 100 males to 314 females. When these results are combined with 4654 fish, the sex of which was estimated by external observation, the following monthly results from February to September (the open season) of the combined 10,672 fish are obtained :—
In February to 100 males there were 251 females.
99 March 99 9? 99 349 99 ” April ” ” ” 392 ” 99 May 99 9? 93 320 99 9 June 99 re} 99 349 9? » duly ” +9 iy ge es 9? August 99 29 ”? 276 9) 5, september _,, is St na AO One es
The discrepancy, which decreases with the advance of the season, leads to the inference stated by the writers in question, that when the spawning season has come round an approximate balance of sexes may exist, as has been indicated by Meischer and by Hoek, but it is not brought out by the returns for Norway.
In the Annual Reports I receive from District Fishery Boards it is always noticeable that the statements made from certain districts differ essentially from those of other districts. While it is no doubt true that the answer's to the queries respecting the proportion of the sexes are almost necessarily made in many cases from rather rough estimates at uncertain times, it is nevertheless noticeable that such reports are consistent from year to year and are borne out when observation is made of the sexes of salmon netted after the close of the season for the procuring of ova with which to stock hatcheries. Reports from Caithness, Sutherland, and Ross generally go to show that in these counties males predominate. Four to one is the proportion of males to females reported from the Kyle of Sutherland. In the Conon, the result of ova fishing at the spawning season for ten consecutive years goes to show that there are two males to one female. Thurso ova fishing at Brawl gives a similar result, and even throughout the angling season in the County of Sutherland the report is that “all the bailiffs estimate that males predominate.’ In the Spey the sexes are reported as well balanced, while in the neighbouring River Deveron “ fish killed in the river by net and coble would be five females to one male.” In the southern counties of Scotland reports go to show that females are most numerous, and therefore it is sufticiently clear that distinctly opposite conditions are reported.
It seems to me practically certain that a single female fish is attended at the spawning season by a single male fish from before the making of the redd till all the ova of the female are shed. It does not seem to me equally certain that by that time the male fish is spent, and we are not, I think, in possession of any facts to show either that a male after attending a female through the deposition of her ova is found to be a kelt ; or, on the other hand, that a male attends more than one female during a spawning season. Noél Paton * states that in his opinion there is little doubt that ‘as a rule male fish are ripe in the beginning of “October, and that from that time onward they are capable of
aoe salmon in the sea,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, xxiv., Part v., p.
104 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
“shedding milt and fertilising ova,” and from our experience of winter netting there seems some evidence for a belief that in October, in the Tay, a run of male fish may ascend from the sea with some annual regularity. Yet many males may be caught in November which cannot be used for the purpose of fertilising ova, or from which milt cannot be pressed, and which may be kept a considerable time without showing marked signs of being ripe. It may be that were such fish paired naturally and swimming freely in the river they would be more rapidly or more responsively fertile. Be this as it may, it is clear at anyrate that every female must have the attendance of one male, if full advantage is to be obtained from the breeding stock of any river.
While carrying on the investigation into the migrations and growth of the salmon by means of marking, a very considerable amount of data has been collected, which bears upon this question of the proportion of the sexes. Yet care has to be exercised in using this material, or in drawing deductions from it, because indications are not wanting that the habits of males and females may differ sufficiently to give a rather erroneous result ; runs of fish may be noted which contain an extra- ordinary proportion of either one sex or the other; or males may incline to ascend tributaries at a time when females heavy with spawn remain in the main river. Data distinctly limited in extent must be discarded, and on this account I omit from this paper mention of particulars from the Rivers Ugie, Ythan, Ewe, Beauly, Conon, Alness, Ness, Doon, Snizort, Torridon, and Balgay.
The material I select is of two kinds :—(1) That concerning breeding fish marked in the Annual Close Time just before or actually during spawning ; (2) That with reference to spent fish or kelts.
I regard the netting during the close time as the most reliable guide to the proportion of the sexes at spawning time, and yet we are in no way certain that through possible differences in habit we have actually netted a representative selection of the fishes present in the river. During the close seasons 1901, 1902, and 1903 I have personally conducted netting experiments in the River Tay, chiefly in the lower reaches from the Linn of Campsie down to Almond Mouth about two miles north of Perth, but also to some extent in the tidal waters between Perth and Newburgh, and in the upper reaches from Logierait to Dalguise. Even in the stretch of river between the Linn and Almond Mouth (about 6 miles) there are naturally many wide, shallow, and rapid reaches where a net cannot conveniently be drawn, and where breeding fish were constantly to be seen leaping and splashing on the surface, as their habit is at this season. But netting was certainly conducted as completely and as skilfully as possible by the experienced fishers of the Tay Fisheries Company, to which Company I am greatly indebted for much generous assistance, and at each visit to this section of the river, netting was carried on for three or four consecutive days. It may be that fish out on the spawning fords were more or less accurately paired, and therefore would have shown a more evenly balanced result as to sex than did the fish in the pools which were netted. But, where possible, as for instance at Almond Mouth Pool— the most productive netting station we found—the shallow ford above the pool was reached with the net and the fish drawn down into the pool below. Here in one day we took 123 fish, 38 of which were males and 82 females, all unspawned, besides 3 female kelts, showing the striking absence of males so frequently noticed.
I subjoin the data, selected from the register of particulars of marked fish, in the form of a Table, separating unspawned fish from kelts.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 105
In 1896, my predecessor, Mr. Archer carried on netting in the Spey during the close season, for the purpose of marking clean early running fish. Since, however, spawning fish were also marked, I am able to add these to the Tay returns of unspawned and spawning fish. In the case of all other rivers, kelt marking has alone been carried on, and I am therofore restricted in the bulk of returns to data bearing upon the period after spawning when, it would appear, the habit of the male kelt is different from that of the female.
UNSPAWNED AND SPAWNING FISH.
\
Bae J : Approximate River. Date. Total, | Males. gies: Proportion of Sexes.
Tay - - | Nov. 1901. 22 5) 1) 5 8 - aa, LOOZ. ) © 246 100 146 12 females to 1 male.
rebie - yf L905.) 15.369 123 246 2 Palsy Spey - - tye LS90s 7 128 24 | 104 8 Al KELTs.
Tay - - | November. 55 5 50 10 females to 1 male. par ite - | January. 237 20 217 107 a, a ae ae wees - | Feb & Mar.| 259 26 233 9 x Acie bee - | April. 52 5 47 Oe ts Svs? ih
Spey - - | December. 80 27 53 2 is Ps Be Bae PA. - | January. 227 73 154 2 i} eu ees cater - | February. 209 118 91 11 males to 1 female. Wt os - | March, 49 14 35 24 females to 1 male.
Deveron - | February. 29 4 25 OF- 5; spilis 53
: - | March. 60 6 54 9 x alta 5 - - | April. 39 4 35 oe ht Thurso - | November. | 272 197 75 24 males to 1 female. Helmsdale | January. 57 24 33 13 females to 1 male. - February. 59 23 36 1 ae ail es es 5 March. 54 22 32 Be Saar a Alar 55 April. 18 fi i Brora - | February 86 23 63 243 Cs; Zant igen x - | March. 275 38 237 GE a5, oi eae ‘ - | April. 93 9 84 Oe ae hale Shin - : 40 20 20 ul 55 4931 Bea ys Annan - 121 15 106 Tis 5) spay sy
— = | Se | SS |
Totals, 3136 930 2206
106 Appendices to T'wenty-second Ania Report
The first entry, that for the Tay in 1901, is too insignificant to be reliable. In the Novembers of 1902 and 1903, however, we have taken 615 fish, of which 223 were males and 392 were females, being in the proportion of 100 males to 171 females. In the case of the Spey in the year 1896 the proportion is, on the other hand, 100 males to 433 females. In my mind it is however uncertain whether the rapid reaches of the Gordon Castle water—where this marking was carried on—is a suitable place in which to estimate the proportion of the sexes of breeding fish. It is most suitable as a fishery for early clean run fish, but from the very great numbers of late running spawners which ascend the tributary of the Fiddich a short distance above the Orton Water, as well as from the rapidity of the water-flow in the lower main river, I imagine that such breeding fish as may be captured in the Gordon Castle water are to a great extent, as it were, passing through that water. Elaborate note of paired spawning fish is annually made by the water bailiffs in the Spey, and I would not regard the above return as altogether confuting their statements that there is no marked discrepancy between the sexes.
If we turn now to the kelt records for November, December, and January from the Tay and Spey, we are at once able to notice a marked change. In the Tay, males have largely disappeared, being now in the the proportion of about 1 to 10 females. In the Spey in December and January male kelts are twice as numerous as were the unspawned fish. In February the sexes amongst kelts show a complete change; the males are now in excess, there being 14 to every female. This to my mind indicates clearly, and this is also indicated by the disappearance of males in the Tay, a rapid descent of male kelts after spawning. In the Tay, therefore, while in November one may find a very fair proportion of unspawned or spawning males, one can find very few male kelts (and how far those remaining may be fish which have descended from tributaries it is impossible to say), and the indications are that the males after spawning have at once descended the river. In the Spey, in the rapid lower reaches, where, as I have said, spawning fish may not naturally linger to any extent, male kelts increase in number during the months of December, January, and February, and are in excess of the females in the last-named month. They are making a descent from the upper river and tributaries. The waters netted on the Tay correspond topographically to the area immediately above the Spey Orton water.
T stated that from Sutherland, Caithness, and Ross reports go to show that males predominate. It will be noticed that, so far as kelts are concerned, the sexes in the Helmsdale are pretty equally divided, while in the Brora (Loch Brora) the proportion of females increases as the spring advances, being in April 94 to 1. If we may argue by analogy from conditions represented by large rivers like the Tay, this simply means that Loch Brora acts upon females in their descent as a large pool in a large river does, and causes them to pause, so that they congregate. The fact that in those Northern rivers in February, March, and April female kelts are more numerous than males, does not, I think, in any way contradict the statement that during the fishing season or “back end” males are in excess—the males after becoming spent have more quickly descended, The idea is further strengthened by the figure for the Thurso in November. These fish were netted from the river near Brawl and artificially spawned. At spawning time, therefore, the males are shown to be in excess in Caithness.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 107
APPENDIX VI.
NOTE ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF GRILSE AND SALMON IN THE LOWER WATERS OF THE RIVER TAY DURING THE SPAWNING SEASON.
By W. L. CALDERWOOD.
The netting of the lower waters of the Tay, during the two last annual close times, for the purpose of marking fish, enables an estimate to be made of the relative numbers of grilse and salmon which occur at this season. I have arranged the data in the following Table :—
River Tay.
Table showing the Relative Numbers and Conditions of Grilse and Salmon netted, marked, and returned, during Annual Close Times of 1902 and 1903, distinguishing between captures at Almond- mouth and neighbouring stations, and Linn of Campsie, including West Shot and Burnmouth Shot.
(2) ALMONDMOUTH AND NEIGHBOURING FISHING STATIONS.
GRILSE. SALMON. DATE. sees is eee ae 7 ES
lith Nov. 1902 - 12 3 10 2 = 22nd _ ,, ae 48 1 22 2 5 24th, ,, ee 35 - 12 2 9 Sth, 4 1903 - 37 = 27 = 5 Lithows, Saas 53 - 69 - 2 12th ,, ee 36 ~ 35 - 1 18th ,, ane th ~ 21 - 4 232 4 196 6 26
(6) LINN OF CAMPSIE, WEST SHOT, AND BURNMOUTH.
8th Jan. 1903 - - = = 13 mee 4 2 CLO arr: - ~ - 22 3 - 11 27th Oct.’ ,, 8 = - 2 18 ~ - ZO Wea gnc ce 2 = = ts 1 ee es 10th Nov. ,, 1 - = S 5 as =
108 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
Adding the totals for grilse and for salmon in each of the two sections the result is as follows :—
(a) Almondmouth, : - 244 grilse; 238 salmon. (6) Linn of Campsie - aoa co bamery les
It is seen at a glance, therefore, that whereas in one section of the river the grilse and salmon appear to be very evenly divided as to numbers during the spawning season, at another section of the river the salmon are seven times as numerous as the grilse. With regard even to the eleven grilse noted in section 6, a detailed examin- ation shows that only one came from the Linn proper, the others having been taken in the streams below. We may say, therefore, that whereas grilse are plentiful in some parts of the river, they are practi- cally absent in others; that they are well distributed over the open streams and pools, but are not to be found where, as at the Linn, the water pours over a great rock ledge, and divides into powerful eddies and deep-welling, much aerated cross currents. This, however, is the place where the clean-run spring salmon is to be found. He does not seek out the shallow fords and easy pools—the spawning instinct 1s not upon him—but passes upwards till his course is checked by torrents of cold water pouring, it may be, over some slight obstacle. Here he waits till either the water-flow becomes less or the temperature rises. The Linn of Campsie also is no place to expect any great number of unspawned salmon. It is a rocky place of troubled water. The unspawned fish either pass it for streams above, or apparently drop back to streams below. In netting we have repeatedly taken fish which have dropped back, and the marking returns give most con- vincing evidence of this. In some cases the descent has been so rapid as to indicate that the fright caused by capture and handling must be taken into account. For instance, on 10th November 1903, descending from the beautiful long pool called Pitlochry Head by the rapid streams above Stanley village we took a shot at “The Washing House” where we got a large male fish, two unspawned females, and five grilse ; immediately getting into the boat we rowed out into the strong broken water and allowed ourselves to make a rapid descent to the shot called “ Horsey,” about quarter of a mile further down and on the opposite bank. Here the only fish taken in the first shot was one of the grilse just marked at ‘‘The Washing House.”
Summer House 500 FEET.
200
5,0
FEET 100
BRIDGE
of the Lishery Board for Scotland. 109
APPENDIX VII.
NEW SALMON PASS AT INVERMORISTON FALL— DISTRICT OF THE RIVER NESS.
Perhaps no salmon pass in Scotland is better known than that con- structed at Invermoriston in 1880. It was described briefly in the First Annual Report, p. 33, and a sketch plan was afterwards given in the Sixth Annual Report (1887). From time to time this pass has required modification ; sluices had to be erected at the intake to prevent overflooding—the Moriston River is peculiarly subject to very sudden changes of level—-the mouth, or lower opening of the pass, was brought nearer the foot of the fall, masses of rock were carried or slid into the pass and had either to be circumvented or removed. The gradient of this pass was, or is, one in ten; it is cut out of the solid rock, and cost, I believe, about £2000. Reports as to its efficiency have, however, always been reserved in tone. It has never been described as an unqualified success, as, for instance, the Ballisodare Pass in Ireland is said to be. A certain number of fish have always managed to ascend, but the pass has never been the means of raising a good stock of salmon in the upper river. In the autumn of 1902 it was decided to proceed with the construction of a second pass on the south or right bank of the river. Mr. P. D. Malloch selected the site, and determined the features and general plan of the pass. Mr. H. J. Bell, C.E., Perth, was the engineer, and Mr. R. Fraser, Inverness, the contractor. It happens that as far back as 1870, when Buckland and Young inspected the fall, a pass was recommended very much in the position now opened up, but the suggestion was then departed from on the ground of expense, it being believed that an efficient pass could be constructed on the left bank.
When the first pass was opened, and salmon admitted to waters in Glenmoriston which they previously could not frequent, the Crown claimed the salmon fishing rights in virtue of the fact that the fishings had never been alienated to any subject, and would ipso facto have to be regarded as Crown property. Subsequently, Mr. Grant of Glenmoriston obtained a Crown Charter, in fee, for the fishings above the fall. As reported by the late Mr. Young, he was already in possession of a Barony title, fortified by prescription, to the salmon fishings ex adverso his property below the fall.
The new pass, on the right or south bank of the river, has been carried up stream a considerable distance above the fall in order to secure an easy gradient. The general arrangement of the pass is shown in the plan opposite. The surface of the pool at the head of the pass is 24 feet above the surface of the pool below the fall. The length of the pass, exclusive of modifications in the upper pool for the purpose of directing the water-flow, is 240 feet. The breadth is 10 feet, and the gradient is 1 in 21:7 throughout. The entire excavation has been in solid rock, as may be seen by reference to the three photographs given, and the cutting towards the lower end of the pass is fully 35 feet deep.
110 Appendices to T'wenty-second Annual Report
The mouth or entrance to the pass—which is seen in the two first photographs—is carried, at the gradient already mentioned, into the fall pool, so that fish do not require to leap into the pass, as was the case in their attempts to enter the old Invermoriston Ladder, but may swim into and up the pass. The mouth is not appreciably nearer the fall than is the mouth of the old ladder on the opposite side, but a very considerable volume of water can be brought down the pass to influence the fall pool—indeed, it appears that in low summer level with the pass working, Invermoriston Fall will be materially reduced. The intake of the pass is provided with three substantial sluices arranged to suit different levels of water, the middle sluice being one foot higher in the sill than the sluice on one side, and one foot lower than that on the other side. A short arch of rock exists just below the sluices. For the purpose of acting as breaks or stops to the force of descending water, stones 36 inches long are sunk into the bed of the pass so as to project 20 to 24 inches. ‘These stones—which may be noticed in the photo- graph, taken from inside the dry pass looking down through the mouth to the river below—are 14 inches broad and about 12 inches thick, and are placed in rows at right angles to the sides of the pass, three stones in a row with spaces of about 16 inches between each. From the sluices to the first row of stones the distance is 20 feet, but for the rest of the way down the pass rows of stones occur every 15 feet.
From an inspection of the pass at a time when fish were running through the pools below, I was satisfied that fish could, without difficulty, ascend the easy gradient till the exit or upper end was reached. Here, however, owing to the velocity of the river in the pool above the fall, a difficulty presented itself, and I am of opinion that some modification for the purpose of checking the force of water at the sluices will have to be resorted to.
The rock cutting has been attended with much difficulty, owing largely to the high inclination at which the rocks are bedded. After a great amount of work had been accomplished an unfortunate rock-slide took place, a mass, estimated by the engineer as weighing 1150 tons, dropping into the pass. This, coupled with the continually swollen condition of the river during last summer, has greatly increased the contractor’s labours, but I am informed the work was accomplished in time to permit late running fish making the ascent.
W. L. CaLpERWoopD.
(1) ‘SsUg YS] 0} s0URIJUY pue [[ey Jo MolA
WN WY) ge} A _ oD) = ela _ Sle =) . N) a © BEY LO) Se ces _~~ = Owes (al “46 =O) oie a — wes) N= cae ON. Sie} ey) Bota ae OO YY a ea oS ep qe} oD)
Downstr
° > | : v
®€E oA i aed > Sp a a | ive = “i an
3 N i . x iH ' —— © < hs : ~ _ « - + 7 4) a e ° =e ia ; ; -¢ p 7 \ ay 7 © a Fy % rier - = y 2 —E Ne 7 a e t a) « = ul wie? - — 7 rr —_ 4 5 ? * a ¥ 7 3 =e - " * : 7 - . a ; i b ’ - + . » Z nk a * a ae ‘ —— : . 1 r 5 ’ 1 a P — i = " = ts = j 2 7 P \ ‘ i é i ~ . 3 NY v ~ ian > : ar = J a = Ff a c re A. f Fy, * ‘ wn =e = e = : h « a 7 5 é a 7 : € pe ¥ p = e t i 7 , ¢ " re : i - =. 7 # ‘ J ; (e : es = a > é; ‘ * al a ~ - re i a S al i Pe = a 2 c ‘ fb > a . f. i - . ? 4 = + y . — , = - 4 / — si =e F Fz : E ‘ : y ~ - | a 4 ' os j ; ag ; 7 “ ti “> i : i " i : , s « a . 5 * = f t ms Chee ae — + i 2 Sg = y 4 : i = ; ‘ ‘ J ~ a 4. s .! “ah 7 3 a i ‘
Cams Let Le,
Upstream view of the Pass from top of rock cutting. (After opening the Sluices.) (S)
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. Lil
APPENDIX VIII.
NOTE ON THE TAY BULL-TROUT, WITH AN ANALYSIS OF ITS FLESH.
By W. L. CALDERWOOD.
In an attempt to elucidate the true nature of bull-trout in the Tay and other localities,* I have already stated my reasons for believing that the fish known as the bull-trout in the Tay District is in reality a salmon which has undergone a modification of a more or less temporary and superficial kind.
The flesh of the bull-trout is usually paler and rather yellower than the well-known salmon colour, and is regarded as inferior for the table. On this account the fish does not command so high a price in the market. Public taste in salmon seems to insist upon the rich colour of the flesh, as is well shown by the experience of the salmon canners on the Pacific Coast of North America. A considerable variety of salmon of pale and even parti-coloured flesh is, I understand, now canned, as well as the vast quantities of red-fleshed Sockeye in the Fraser River and Columbia River Districts; but for European export, and especially for consumption in the United Kingdom, only red-fleshed fish can be used. All pale-fleshed fish, though they may be equally palatable and perhaps equally nourishing, find no sale here.
In order to test the value of the Tay bull-trout’s flesh, Dr. Noél Paton very kindly agreed to have an analysis of a few examples made. This was done by his chemical assistant, Mr. Paterson. Three typical specimens were therefore selected and sent to the laboratory of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. All were fresh run females, with sea lice attached, and were caught by net in the estuary of the Tay on 17th August, 1903. Particulars of these fish are as follows :—
Not: Length, 34” (86-4 cm.). Depth, 8” (20°3 cm.) ; Caudal Ped., 5:7 cm. Weight, 18 lbs. 5 oz. Bins, D. 13; P13. Length of head, 16°5 cm. Length between eye and edge of gill cover, 9°5. Gills, right with maggots, left without maggots. Teeth, 2 on head of vomer. Scales, 12 on right, 11 on left (from posterior of adipose fin to lat. line). Spots below lat. line extending backwards as far as level of post. border of D. fin.
Viscera—Pyloric appendages loaded with fat.
Gall bladder much distended.
Stomach empty ; intestine with yellow mucus,
Liver normal.
Flesh pale in colour.
* «<The Bull Trout of the Tay and of Tweed.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Ed., xxv., Part
I p. 27. + The so-called ‘‘ Maggots” are the crustacean parasite Lerneopoda salmonia,
112 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
The analysis of the muscle of this fish is given as follows, taking the
“thick ” and the “thin” separately :—
Thick. Thin, Fats, . . 11°85 per cent. 17°42 per cent. Other solids,. 22°94 Re 20°36 2 Total solids,. 34°79 per cent. 37°78 per cent.
The method is, I understand, to extract the fat from the tissue by ether, then after distilling off the ether, to dry the fat at 100° OC, and weigh, The residue of the tissue having been also dried at a high temperature and weighed, the two results are added together to give
the sum in total solids.
No. II.
Length, 383" (97 cm.).
Depth, 21:2 cm.; Caudal Ped., 6°6 cm.
Head, 18 cm.; eye to opercular margin, 10°3 cm. Weight, 24 lbs. 11 ozs.
Fins, D. 14, P. 13.
Gills, only 1 maggot in left gill.
Teeth, 2 on head of vomer.
Scales, on both sides 12.
Spots, below lat. line as far back as level of posterior border of
fin
Viscera—Ovaries, right, 46 cm. in length, being equal to length of
abdominal cavity ; left, 24 cm., ruptured. Weight of ovaries, 467 grs. Pyloric appendages coated with fat. Gall bladder half full. Liver dark in colour. Stomach, empty. Intestines, with yellow mucus. - Flesh pale in colour.
The analysis is :—
Thick Thin, Fats, . . 13°15 per cent. 18°85 per cent. Other Solids, 24:08 _,, 20°44 = ,, 37°23 per cent. 39°29 per cent. No aie
Length, 353” (89°5 cm).
Depth, 73" (19 cm.); Caudal Ped., 6 cm.
Head, 17°5 cm.: Eye to border of operce., 9°9 em, Weight, 18 lbs. 123 ozs.
[Dye nepal WJ >See a aia ee Be Ro
Gills, maggots, 2 on right side, a few on left side. Teeth, 2 on head of vomer.
Scales, 11 on each side.
Spots below lat. line to levei of D. fin.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 113
Viscera—Ovaries comparatively small, 22:6 and 16°5 cm. Weight of ovaries, 125 grs. Pylorics without much fat. Gall bladder half full. Liver dark in colour. Stomach, empty. Intestine, yellow mucus. Flesh pale in colour.
The analysis is :—
Thick. Thin. Fats, . . 13°57 per cent. 18°64 per cent, Other Solids, 21°35 _,, 20 D082 5 34°92 per cent. 39°14 per cent.
The particulars which I have taken of these fish are similar to those given in the paper on bull-trout, to which I have already referred, and by a comparison it is sufficiently obvious that the fish are of precisely the same class. Indeed, while the eleven examples described in detail in the Proe. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, were selected so as to show gradations from salmon to typical Tay bull-trout, the three fish here referred to were specially selected as being well marked bull-trout.
In the exhaustive physiological investigations into the tissues of the salmon made by Dr. Noél Paton and others in 1896 and 1897,* analyses are given of Dee, Spey, Helmsdale, and Annan fish, but, unfortunately, not of Tay fish. Confining ourselves entirely to estuary fish referred to by Dr. Noél Paton in his group for July and August, we find the amount of fats extracted (p. 95) from Dee and Spey fish to be as follows :—
Percentages. |
|
Thick, Thin. | Dee, . : : ; : 8:5 17:0 Dee, . ; ; : 10°6 Lis Spey, . ; ; ]2°6 173 Spey, . : ; 10-2 14-2 Dee, . 75 15:3
Adding the percentages of the Tay fish, we have :-—
ay teed | canae orcepace ete. 11:85 17°42 JES ah eaeeemmnce yt (Rico 13-15 18:85 ar ae be A 13:57 18°64
The average percentage given for the Dee and Spey fish is :— eenicke 29'S oth. > 168). ‘for Way bull-trout, “Thick,” 12-6; “Thin,” 18:2; showing a remarkable percentage in favour of the Tay bull-trout, which detracts from the view that they are poorly nourished fish in spite of their pale coloured flesh.
*«* Investigations on the Life History of the Salmon in Fresh Water,” Fishery Board for Scotland, 1898.
114 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
The total solids bear out similar results :—-
Percentage.
Thick. Thin. Dee, . : ‘ : : 3o0 39° Dee, . : ; : 32°1 37° Spey, . 33°9 37'2 Spey, . 32°5 34 3 Dee, . ; : 33'S 37:1 Taye: 34:79 31°78 Tavs 2: : ; é : BW Mey es" 39°29 aye 2 2 : : : i 34:92 39°14
or an average as follows :—
Dee and Spey, . ; : 32:9 36°1 aly, (0: : : : 3 30:0 38°7
Unless the normal Tay salmon is richer in the quality of its flesh than are the fish from the Dee and the Spey. or some considerable variation exists from year to year, this result rather points to the bull- trout of the Tay being over-fed instead of under-fed, as has been supposed, and shows further that the pigment of the salmon’s flesh is not an essential accompaniment of the accumulation of fat. At the same time, this high state of nourishment may explain the fact that when hooked the Bull Trout of the Tay offers a remarkably good fight with the angler.
EE
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“XI XIGNUddV
Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
116
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of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 117
APPEND DX X,
ANNUAL CLOSE TIME APPLICABLE TO THE SALMON RIVERS IN SCOTLAND.
N,.B.—Observe that, in the following List, the days fixing the commencement and termination of the Annual Close ‘lime for Net-fishing and for Rod-fishing, respec- tively, are in all cases inclusive, as in the case of the Add, the first river in the
List. Name of River. ga aa, for orders, for Add, From Sept. 1 to Feb. 15, | From Nov. 1 to Feb.15, both days inclusive. both days inclusive.
Aline, From Aug, 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 10. Alness, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10. Annan, From Sept. 10 to Feb. 24. | From Nov. 16 to Feb, 24. Applecross, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 10. Arnisdale (Loch ‘Towr %) From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 10. Awe, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10. Aylort (Kinloch), From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10, | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10. Ayr, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Noy. 1 to Feb. 10. Baa and Goladoir, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov, 1 to Feb. 10. Badachro and Kerry (Gir
foch);) {. From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10. Balgay and Shieldag, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Noy. 1 to Feb. 10. Beauly, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10, | From Oct. 16 to Feb. 10. Berriedale, From Aug, 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov, 1 to Feb, 10. Bervie, From Sept. 10 to Feb. 24. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 24. B ladenoch, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov, 1 to Feb. 10. Broom, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov, 1 to Feb. 10, Brora, : From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10. Carvadale (in Cantyre), From Sept. 10 to Feb. 24. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 24. Carron, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 10. Clayburn, Finnisbay, ‘Aven-
nangeren, Strathgravat,
North Lacastile, ‘Scalla-
dale and Mawrig (Zas¢
Harris), . | From Sept. 10 to Feb, 24. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 24, Clyde and Leven, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 10, Conon, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10, Cree, ‘ . | From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10. Creed or ‘Stornoway, and
Laxay (sland of Lews), | From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10, Creran (Loch Creran), From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10. Croe and Shiel eed
Ditech), . . | From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10. Dee (Aber deenshit 2), , From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10, Dee (Kirkcudhn ight) : From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10. Deveron, . ; . | From Aug. 27 ta Feb. 10, | From Nov, 1 to Feb. 10. Don, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10. Doon, From Aug. 27 to Feb, 10. | From Nov. 1 to Feb. 10, Drummachloy or Glenmore
(Isle of Bute), From Sept. 1 to Feb. 15, | From Oct. 16 to Feb. 15, Dunbeath, From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Oct. 16 to Feb. 10. Tarn, From Aug. 21 to Feb. 4. | From Nov. 1 to Jan, 31. Eckaig, From Sept, 1 to Feb. 15. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 15. Esk, North, From Sept. 1 to Feb, 15. | From Nov. 1 to Feb, 15. Esk, South, From Sept. 1 to Feb. 15. | From Noy, 1 to Feb. 15. Ewe : From Aug. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov, 1 to Feb. 10.
118 Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report
Name of River.
Fincastle, Meaveg, Ballana- chist, South Lacastile,° Borve, and Obb pid Harris), , °
indhorn, 2
Fleet (Suther landshir e);
Fleet (irkeudbr creme oh
lorss,
Forth, :
Fyne, Shira, (Loch Fyne),
Girval, ~;
Glenelg,
Gour,
Greiss, Laxdale, or Thunga,
Grudie or Dionard,
‘and " Aray
Gruinard and Little naa
ard,
Halladale, Strathy, N Naver, and Bor gie,
Helmsdale,
Hope and Polla or Str athheg,
Howmore, . : z
Inchard,
Inner (in Jura),
Inver, -
lorsa (in Ayr ran),
Irvine and Garnock,
Kannaird,
Kilchoan or Inverie ‘(Loch Nevis), . ;
Kinloch (Ky yle of Tongue), :
Kirkaig,
Kishorn,
Kyle of Sutherland,
Laggan and Sorn (Island of Islay),
Laxford,
Leven,
Little Loch Broom,
Lochy,
Loch Duich,
Loch Luing,
Loch Roag,
Lossie,
Luce,
Lussa (Island of Mull),
Moidart,
Morar, ; -
Mullanageren, " Horasary, and lLochnaciste ( North Uist),
Nairn, :
Naver and Bor gle, see Halla- dale.
Nell, Feochan, and Euchar,
Ness,
Nith, :
Orkney Islands (River from Loch of Stenness, &c.), .
Ormsary (Loch K: illisport), Loch Head, noway (full of Cantire),
Pennygowan or Glenforsa, aud Aros, 2
. - —
and Stor- |
Annual Close Time for
Net-iishing.
From Aug.
From Aug. From Aug.
From Sept. From Aug. From Aug. | From Aug, From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug, From Aug. From Aug. From Sept. From Aug. From Sept. From Aug.
_ | From Sept. From Sept. From Aug.
From Aug, From Aug. Irom Aug. From Aug. From Aug.
From Aug. From Aug. From Aug. From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug.
| From Aug. Trom Aug.
From Aug.
From Sept.
From Sept. Irom Sept.
From Sept.
From Sept. From Aug. From Aug. From Aug.
Irom Sept. From Aug.
From Aug. From Sept.
From Aug.
From Sept. From Sept.
10 to Feb. 27 to Feb. 10 to Feb. 24. 10 to Feb. 27 to Feb. 27 to Feb.
1 to Feb. 10 to Feb. 27 to Feb. 27 to Feb. 27 to Feb. 27 to Feb.
27 to Feb. 27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb. 10 to Feb. 10 to Feb. 27 to Feb.
27 to Feb. 27 to Feb.
27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 10 to Feb. 24. | From Nov. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Novy. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 27 to Feb. 10. | From Nov. 27 to Feb. 10.
10 to Feb. 24. | From Nov.
27 to Feb. 27 to Feb. 27 to Feb.
10 to Feb. 27 to Feb. :
27 to Feb. 27 to Feb. 10 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb
24.
10.
24, 103
10.
15. 24.
10.
10. 10. 10,
10.
24.
Annual Close Time for Rod-fishing.
From Noy. From Noy. From Nov. From Nov.
From Nov.
From Nov.
From Nov. From Nov,
From Nov. From Nov. From Noy.
From Nov. From Oct.
From Oct. From Sept.
From Nov.
From Nov. From Noy. From Nov.
.| From Nov. .| From Nov. .| From Noy.
.| From Nov.
From Nov.
From Nov. From Nov. .| From Novy.
From Nov. .| From Nov.
.| From Nov. From Oct. 16 to Feb. .| From Noy. 15 to Feb.
From Nov.
From Noy, 1 to Feb.
| From Aug. SO Aen:
From Nov.
1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. From Oct. 16 to Jan.
1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
] to Jan. 1 to Jan.
11 to Jan. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to: Feb. 1 to Feb.
1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb.
1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. From Oct. 16 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb.
1 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 1 to Feb.
1 to Feb.
1 to Feb,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Name of River.
Resort, ,
Ruel, °
Sanda, -
Scaddle, .
Shetland Islands (River of Sandwater, d&c.), . .
'Shiel (Loch Shiel), 'Shgachan, Broadford, and Portree (Isle of Sleye), | Snizort, Orley, Oze, and Dr ynoch ( (Isle eh skye) : Spey, : : Stinchar, Tay, : Thurso, Torridon, Shieldag, Ugie, Ullapool (Lock E Br con), Urr, ‘s : Wick, Ythan,
Balgay, "and
From Aug, From Sept. From Aug. From Aug.
From Sept. From Aug.
From Aug.
From Aug. From Aug. From Sept. From Aug. From Aug.
From Aug. From Sept. From Aug. From Sept. From Aug. From Sept.
27 to Feb. 1 to Feb. 27 to Feb. 27 to Feb.
10 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb. 1]
27 to Feb. 27 to Feb. 10 to Feb. 2
21 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
27 to Feb.
10 to Feb. 27 to Feb. 10 to Feb. 27 to Feb. 10 to Feb.
Annual Close Time for Net-fishing.
10.
he: 10.
24. 10.
24,
Irom Nov. 1 to Feb.
From Nov. i to eb. 10.| From Nov. 1 to Feb. From Nov. 1 to Feb.
From Nov. 16 to Jan. From Nov. 1 to Feb.
From Noy. 1 to Feb.
From Nov. 1 to Feb, From Oct. 16 to Feb. From Nov. 16 to Feb. From Oct. 16 to Jan. Irom Sept. 15 to Jan,
From Nov. 1 to Feb. From Nov. 1 to Feb. From Noy. 1 to Feb. to Feb.
From Dec, 1 From Nov. 1 to Feb From Nov. 1 to Feb.
119
Annual Close Time for Rod-fishing.
Appendices to Twenty-second Annual Report.
APP ENIX XY.
LIST OF CHAIRMEN AND CLERKS OF SALMON FISHERY DISTRICT BOARDS IN SCOTLAND.
DISTRICT.
Alness,
Annan,
Awe, - -
Ayr, : =
Baa & Glencoill- eader (Mull)
Balgay, -
Bervie,_ - - Broom, - :
Conon, - -
Cree,
Dee (Aberdeen), Dee (Solway), - Deveron, - - Don,
Doon, -
Ksk (North),
Ksk (South)
Findhorn,
Forth, Girvan,
Gruinard and Little Grui- nard,
Kyle of Suther- land, Little Broom, -
Name and Address of Chairman.
Col. Alex. J. C. Warrand, Ryefield House, Conon Bridge, Dingwall.
A. Johnstone Douglas, Esq.,Comlongan Castle, Ruthwell.
The Duke of Argyll, Inveraray Castle, Inveraray.
Richard A. Oswald, Esq., of Auchin- cruive, Ayr.
The Duke of Argyll, Inveraray Castle, Inveraray.
C. R. Manners, Esq., C.E., Street, Inverness.
David Scott Porteous, Esq., of Lauris- ton, as mandatory of the Commis- sioners of Woods and Forests.
W. Ewing-Gilmour, Esq., of Inverlael, per A. W. G. Aitken, Esq., 8.8.C., Edinburgh.
John Little Mounsey, Esq., W.S., 5 Thistle Street, Edinburgh, Commis- sioner for Col. J. A. F. H. Stewart Mackenzie of Seaforth.
The Earl of Galloway, Newton-Stewart.
The Lord Provost of Aberdeen.
12 Lombard
Cumloden,
H. G. Murray Stewart, Esq., of Broughton, Gatehouse.
Wm. MacIntosh, Esq., Factor for the Duke of Fife, St. Leonards, Banff.
Vacant.
Marquis of Ailsa, Culzean Castle, May- bole.
The Rey. J. 8S. More Gordon of Charle- ton and Kinnaber, per George More Gordon, Esq., Charleton, Montrose.
William Douglas Johnston, Esq., Mon- trose.
R. C. Munro Ferguson, Esq., of Novar, M.P., per J. J. Meiklejohn, Esq., factor.
Mandatory of Commissioners of Woods and Forests.
John Campbell Kennedy, Esq., of
Dunure.
Alfred N. G. Aitken, Esg., S.S:C., Edinburgh, Factor and Commissioner for Hugh Mackenzie, Esq., of Dundonnell.
Sir Charles Lockhart Ross, Bart., of Balnagowan.
Alfred N. G. Aitken, Esq., S.S.C.,
Edinburgh, Factor and Commissioner for Hugh Mackenzie, Esq., of Dundonnell.
|
Name and Address of Clerk.
William J. Duncan, Solicitor, Dingwall.
John F. Cormack, Lockerbie.
Alex. MacArthur, Solicitor, Oban.
Solicitor,
William Macrorie, Commercial Bank, Ayr.
Alex. MacArthur, Solicitor, Oban.
Duncan Shaw, W.S., 15 High
Street, Inverness.
J.R. Findlay, Solicitor, Montrose.
W. R. T. Middleton, Dingwall.
Solicitor,
W. R. T. Middleton, Solicitor, Dingwall.
A. 3B. Matthews, Newton-Stewart.
Solicitor,
Alex. Duffus, Advocate, Aberdeen.
W. Nicholson, Kirkcudbright. Francis George, Solicitor, Banff.
Sheriff-Clerk,
Alex. Duffus, Advocate, Aberdeen.
W. Macrorie, Solicitor, Ayr.
J. R. Findlay, Solicitor, Montrose.
James Don and David G. Shiell, Solicitors, Brechin.
William Grant, National Bank Buildings, Forres.
Patrick Welsh, County Buildings, Stirling. T. Gerald Tait, Solicitor, Girvan.
W. R. T. Middleton, Solicitor, Dingwall. John M‘Crone, Solicitor, Dornoch.
W. R. T. Middleton, Solicitor, Dingwall.
APPENDIX XI.
DISTRICT.
Lochy, - :
Lossie, -
Lussa (Mull) & River from Loch Visk to Loch Buie,
Nairn, - :
Ness, : : Nith, 3 :
Pennygowan or Glenforsa, & Aros (Mull),
Sitigae han , Broadford, &
Portree (Skye);
Snizort, Orley, Oze, and Dry- nock (Skye),
Spey, - -
Stinchar, - : Tay, - : Torridon, - Uisiowen <9. Ythan, - 7 Tweed (Police
Committee of the Commis- sioners),
of the Lishery Board for Scotland.
12]
(continued)—List OF CHAIRMEN AND CLERKS OF SALMON FISHERY DisTRICT
BOARDS IN SCOTLAND.
Name and Address of Chairman.
Lord Abinger, Inverlochy Castle, Fort- William.
The Duke of Richmond and Gordon, Gordon Castle, Fochabers, per George Muirhead, Esq., Commissioner.
Maclaine of Lochbuie, Isle of Mull.
Brodie of Brodie, Brodie Castle, Forres.
George Malcolm, Esq., Factor for Mrs. Ellice of Invergarry, Fort-Augustus.
John Henderson, Esq., Solicitor, Dum- fries.
Vacant.
Lachlan Macdonald, Esq., of Skeabost. Lachlan Macdonald, Esq., of Skeabost.
The Duke of Richmond and Gordon, Gordon Castle, Fochabers, per George Muirhead, Esq., Commissioner.
The Earl of Stair, Lochinch, Wigtown- shire.
Hon. Morton Stuart Gray, Kinfauns Castle, Perth.
C. R. Manners, Esq., C.E., 12 Lombard Street, Inverness.
Lieut.-Col. Ferguson, Mintlaw.
Earl of Errol, Slains Castle, Aberdeen- shire.
Sir Richard John Waldie-Griffith, Bart., of Hendersyde Park, Kelso.
of Pitfour,
Name and Address of Clerk.
N. B. Mackenzie, Solicitor, Fort- Wilham. John Wink, Solicitor, Elgin.
Alex. MacArthur, Solicitor, Oban.
H. T. Donaldson, Solicitor, Nairu.
Anderson & Shaw, Solicitors, Inverness. C. Steuart Phyn, Procurator-
Fiscal, Dumfries. Alex. MacArthur, Solicitor, Oban.
Kenneth Macrae, Sheriff-Clerk, Portree.
Kenneth Macrae, Sheriff-Clerk, Portree.
John Wink, Solicitor, Elgin.
Stair M‘Harrie, Rephad, Stran-
raer.
Condie, Mackenzie, & Co., Solicitors, Perth.
Duncan Shaw, W.S8., 15 High
Street, Inverness. Robert Gray, Solicitor, Peterhead.
D. M. A. Chalmers, Advocate, Aberdeen. David W. B. Tait, W.S., Kelso.
Vote.—In addition to the districts specified above, the Duke of Sutherland is sole proprietor of the districts of the
following rivers, viz. :—Helmsdale, Brora, Fleet, Kirkaig, Inver, Laxford, and Inchard (under the charge of his factor, Mr Donald M‘Lean. Dunrobin Office, Golspie); and the Halladale, Naver, Borgie, Kinloch, and Hope (under the charge of his factor, Mr John Morrison, Tongue); W. E. Gilmour, Esq., of Rosehall, ete., is proprietor of the rivers Dionard, Polla, Strathy, and Armadale, also in the north of Sutherland; Lord Lovat has sole right of fishing in the river Beauly (Mr J. T. Garrioch, Beauly, factor); and the Countess of Cromartie is sole proprietrix of the district of the river Kannaird (under the charge of her factor Mr Wiiliam Gunn. Cromartie Esiate Office, Strathveffer).
Fishery Board for Scotiand, Rdinburgh, 31st March 1904.
GbLascow: Printrep sy JAS, HEDDERWICK & SONS For His Magszsty’s STaTIONERY OFFICE.
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Parr I11.—SCIEN pee IN VESTIGATIONS. |
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Part II.—REPORT ON SALMON FISHERIES. Part III.—SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
PART III].—SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
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SS st
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- ake ‘ ; a o ARIUS i oy ) f ae a3 Sy
CONTENTS.
——
PAGE GENERAL STATEMENT, : 5 Trawling Investigations, é , : 6 Investigations on 1 the Rate of Growth of Fishes, : v4 The Hatching and Rearing of Food-Fishes, : 8 The Life- History of the Crab, . ‘ : ; 9 The Young of the Witch Sole, é ‘ ; ; 10 The Marine Crustacea, . : a, : ; : 10 The Parasites of Fishes, . : , 11 The Young of the Conger, 3 11 Investigations on the Herring in ‘the Firth of Clyde, : ; 12 SCIENTIFIC REPORTS. I. Trawling Investigations. By Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, F.R.S.E., Superintendent of Scientific Investigations, : ; 13 Introductory, . 13 The Proportion of Marketable to Unmarketable Fishes, 13 The Proportion of Immature Fish Landed, . 16 Investigations in the oy Firth and Aberdeen Bay, 19 Table Te 50 Table il, : ; : ; : ‘ 89 II. Contributions to the Life-Histories of the Edible Crab (Cancer Pagurus) and of other Decapod Crustacea :—Impregna- tion : Spawning: Casting: Distribution: Rate of Growth. By H. Chas. William on, M.A., D.Sc., Marine my Aberdeen (Plates’I. HY. ‘ ; 100 The Impregnation of Cancer pagua “MLSS os 101 The Muscular System of the Abdomen of the Male Crab, : 103 The Action of the Penis). ; a eLO4 The Condition of the Spermatheca, : . 105 The Impregnation of Carcinus menas, ; ot LO’ The Spawning of Cancer pagurus, 108 The Mode of Attachment of the Eggs to the Swimmeret, . , 108 The Swimmeret, 4 : ‘ we Lo The Endopodite, P ; : : i LO The Exopodite, . : ‘ : oy) LEE The Ripe Egg, ; ; ~ E12 The Attachment of the Eggs, ; ae LES The Sloughing of the Empty Egg- capsules, see LlG The Attachment of the Eggs in other paere Crustacea, ; 116 The Spawning of Carcinus menas, 120 The Casting, Distribution, and Rate of Growth of Cancer pagurus, . ‘ 121 The Migrations of Cancer pagur US, : ny Loo The Changes i in the Carapace of Cancer pagurs, « 136 Literature, ; easy
Explanation of the Plates, ; : ‘ 5 3S
Contents.
III. The Rate of Growth of Fishes. By Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, F.R.S.E., Superimtendent of Scientific Investigations
(Plates' Va XAT. et : : ; : 2 aE
1. Introductory, : « dt
2. The Relation of Length to Weight, : « £42
3. The Average Size at Maturity, : ea
4. The Influence of Temperature on Growth, . 159
5. The Sprat, . : : ; ; ~ eet
6. The Witch, . : : : . . 186
7. The Norway Pout; x ; : « d9e
8. The Sharp-tailed Lumpenus, 202
9. Tables showing the Relation of Length to Weight, 205
IV. Notes on some rare and interesting Marine Crustacea, By
Thomas Scott, LL.D., F.L.S. ae XIILYXV. ie . 242
Preliminar y Remarks, : Se ae Copepoda :—
Fam. Monstrillidee, é ! : i Za
Fam. Choniostomatide, . ; : . 250
Amphipoda, . ‘ ; . 257
Sympoda, ; ; . 258
Description of the Plates, ‘ : . 289
V. Report on the Operations at the Marine Hatchery, Bay of Nigg, Aberdeen. By Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, F.R.S.E. ae intendent of Scientific Investigations, : 262
VI. On the Post-Larval and Early Young Stages of the Witch (Pleuronectes cynoglossus, Linn.). By H. Chas. Williamson, M.A., D.Sc., Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen (Plate‘XVI.),. 270
VII. On some Parasites of Fishes new to the Scottish Marine Fauna.
By Thomas Scott, LL.D., F.L.8 Ea XVID, . 275 Preliminary N ote, : ; - ° ie Part I. Copepoda Parasita—
Fam. Dichelestidee, ; ; : « Part Il. Trematoda—
Fam. Tristomatide, 278 Part III. Note on a Post-larval Fish attacked by
Podon Leuckarti, . ; 279 Description of the Plates, , : : ~- 260
VIII. Ichthyological Notes. By Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, E.R.S.E., Superintendent of Scientific Investigations Cae XVITI. )
The Young of the Conger, : 281 A Larval Fierasfer, : ; ‘ : . 288 The Sting Ray, 5 ! : » 283 The Pilchard, . : : . 284 The Fecundity of the Sprat, : : : ..- See An Albino Plaice, : ( : .- 286 The Thickback (Solea variegata), : . 286
Reversed action of the Gill-cover in Plaice, ; | QSL
TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT.
TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
ANDREW GRAHAM MURRAY, KC, MP. &.,
His Majesty’s Secretary for Scotland.
Orrick oF THE FisHery Boarp FOR SCOTLAND, EpinpurGuH, lst July, 1904.
My Lorp, In continuation of our T'wenty-second Annual Report, we have the honour to submit—
PART III.—SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
This, the third part of the Twenty-second Annual Report, contains an account of the scientific investigations conducted by the Board in 1903 in connection with the sea fisheries of Scotland, so far as these have been completed, by means of the Parliamentary Vote granted for the purpose. ‘The scientific researches have been carried on for the most part at the Board’s Marine Laboratory at the Bay of Nigg, Aberdeen, which was erected a few years ago, and where tanks have now been fitted up for various experiments and observations. The sea-fish hatchery is also situated at the same place, and a statement as to its operations during the year will be found below.
The investigations into the condition of the fishing grounds, more particularly in the Moray Firth and Aberdeen Bay, which were commenced four years ago, were continued last year by means of steam-trawlers. One of the chief objects of these investigations is to ascertain the changes in the abundance of the food and other fishes in the closed waters in different years; but observations are also made on the reproduction of the fish, their spawning, food, and on various other points connected with their life-history; and collections of the plankton or floating organisms are secured, and experiments made with small-meshed and large-meshed nets.
With the large trawl, the efficient ship, and the experienced trawlers in charge, it is possible to make a much more thorough examination of the bays than was formerly the case, and from the
6 Part [1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
fact that the actual trawling operations are carried on exactly as they are in commercial fishing, opportunities are thus afforded for certain observations of importance, as the proportion of the market- able and unmarketable fishes which are caught, and the destruction of immature fish on different grounds and at different seasons.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS.
In the course of the year the results of 148 hauls of the large otter-trawl were recorded, of which 101 were made in the Moray Firth and 29 in Aberdeen Bay, making 130 in the closed waters ; and in addition 18 drags were recorded in the waters offshore, the aggregate thus being 148. In the Moray Firth the more important areas were examined in February, March, April, June, October, November, and December, and the grounds in Aberdeen Bay were visited in the same months. The localities in the Moray Firth which were most thoroughly examined were Burghead Bay and the Dornoch Firth, as well as Smith Bank, the grounds off Lossie- mouth, off the Suters of Cromarty, and the coast of Caithness.
The total quantity of fish recorded in the course of the investi- gations was large, viz., 180,515, of which 126,485 were of a kind and size to be marketable, and 54,030 were found to be unmarket- able, either because they were of inedible varieties, or too small to be profitably sold. Those which belong to the former category are comparatively not numerous, comprising mostly long rough dabs and various odd kinds, but they may include large numbers of the angler or monk fish and gurnards, though these are very often brought to market. The great majority of the unmarketable fishes belong to edible and saleable forms, and are simply rejected because of their small size, such as small haddocks, whitings, plaice, &e. In the hauls in the inshore waters the proportion of the unmarketable fishes varied from 7-4 per cent. for cod to 78:2 per cent. for gurnards among the round fishes, and from 0°5 per cent. for brill to 89 per cent. for common dabs among the flat fishes. The percentage of unmarketable plaice was relatively large, namely, 30:3, due to the fact that the fishing was to a large extent carried on in shallow water. The proportion of the marketable and unmarketable was found to vary very greatly according to the depth of the water and the season.
In the paper by Dr. Wemyss Fulton, the Scientific Superinten- dent, on this subject, will be found described also the results of an investigation on the proportion of the marketable fishes which are immature—that is, which have not yet reached a size at which reproduction takes place. The limit between the mature fishes and the immature in respect to size is first dealt with, and it is shown that in most cases it is not the average size of the generation which first becomes mature that is the true dividing line, but something under it, the precise point varying in different species according to whether the reproductive stage is reached early or late in the growth of the species.
The proportion of the immature, whether regarded in terms of weight or of size, of different species brought to market varies very greatly according to the species. Among some flat-fishes, such as
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the common dab, practically all that are marketable are mature, this fish becoming reproductive at a small size. Among plaice, on the other hand, which does not attain maturity until it is several years of age and of some size, the proportion of the immature amounts to about twenty-four per cent. of the marketable fishes, but with this species in particular the proportion varies much according to the chief areas of fishing. Among the witch sole the proportion amounts to about fifteen per cent., and it is still less among lemon soles, viz., about seven per cent. From the large size at which the cod first reaches maturity, the proportion of the immature that are marketable is considerable; these comprise codlings, and of the total quantity landed about thirty per cent. are sexually immature. With haddocks, and still more with whitings, the proportion is much less, these species first attaining maturity at about the size at which they become marketable. The calcula- tion in regard to haddocks shows that the proportion of the marketable which are immature is small, amounting to only about one per cent. of the quantity landed, while among whitings it is less, practically all the whitings caught by trawlers which are of marketable size being adult.
It must be borne in mind, with reference to this subject, that the hmit between the mature and the immature is a biological one, having reference, not to the size of the fish from the market point of view, but in relation to the size when reproduction begins.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE RATE OF GROWTH OF FISHES.
In the present Report will be found a paper by Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton describing the results of his further investigations on this subject, in continuation of the researches detailed in some of the preceding Reports. In addition to the measurement of large numbers of fishes obtained during the trawling investigations by the use of a small-meshed net, numerous observations were made to determine the relation between the size and weight of fishes belonging to nineteen species, and a series of experiments were carried on to show the influence of temperature upon growth.
With regard to the ratio between the length and weight of fishes, it might be assumed, without experimental evidence, that their growth was in consonance with the physical law governing the relation of similarly-shaped bodies of uniform specific gravity with regard to weight and dimensions—that the weight increased as the cube of the length, so that a fish which doubled its length should increase its weight eight times. The observations, which have been made on between 5000 and 6000 fishes, show that this law does not apply with exactitude in any of the species examined, the weight increasing in proportion more rapidly than the length, the conclu- sion being that, if the specific gravity remains the same, growth takes place to a greater extent in some other dimension than in length, whether in breadth or thickness. The various species examined displayed great differences in the relation between the weight and length at a given size, the heaviest in proportion to its length being the turbot, and the lightest the witch, the extremes being found among the flat-fishes.
8 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
With regard to the influence of temperature upon growth, it is well known from previous observations that fishes, at least in the waters near the shore, grow less quickly in winter than in summer, and may not grow at all if the temperature be very low. In the experiments referred to a number of the food-fishes were kept in tanks in which the water was of different temperature—in one it was considerably above the normal—and the effect on the growth was determined by measuring the fishes after they had been subjected for some time to the various temperatures and comparing the measurement with what it was at first. With a mean tempera- ture of 401 F. it was found that the mean increase in the length of whitings was 1°6 millimetres per ten days, and 2°5 millimetres when the temperature was 48°7 F.; under the same conditions haddocks grew at the rate of 2°7 and 5:1 millimetres respectively, and codlings increased under the lower temperature at the rate of 36 millimetres, and under the higher temperature at the rate of 6°87 millimetres in each ten days. In another tank where the mean temperature was 54°5 F., the rate of growth in length in each ten days was, on the average, 2°8 millimetres for whitings, 6°45 for codlings, 3:0 for common dabs, and 3:29 for plaice. The growth in length varied generally in relation to the size of the fish as well as to the species, the smaller individuals as a rule growing the quickest, and considerable difference was exhibited in many cases among individuals of the same species approximately equal in size.
The influence of temperature is exerted directly in connection with the metabolism of the fish, that is, the chemical changes in’ its tissues, which result in growth as well as in the expenditure of energy. In low temperatures the process of digestion was greatly impaired, and appetite was more or less in abeyance, the fishes refusing their food or eating sparingly. It has been shown that the action of the digestive ferments is suspended at low tempera- tures and increased at high temperatures. The bearing of these observations on the growth of fishes in winter, whether in the sea or in fresh water, 1s obvious.
In the same paper the results of the investigations made as to the growth of the Sprat, the Witch Sale, the Norway Pout, and the Sharp-tailed Lumpenus are described, and illustrated by a series of diagrams.
THE HATCHING AND REARING OF Foop-FISHES.
During the hatching-season of 1903 the number of eges of the plaice collected from the spawning pond at the Hatchery, Bay of Nigg, was approximately 65,940,000. This was almost the same number as in 1901, and about seven millions less than in the previous year. The number of fry that were hatched from these eggs and retained in the hatching apparatus until approaching the post-larval stage was estimated at about 55,600,000, or a little over 81 per cent. The fry were liberated for the most part off Aber- deen, but on three occasions they were taken further north and hberated off Fraserburgh.
The first eggs were collected on 23rd January and the last on 16th May, the period of collection thus extending over 1138 days, but the greater number were obtained in March, when 37,080,000
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were collected, the number in April being nearly sixteen millions, and in February nearly twelve millions. It may be stated that the collection of eggs extends over a longer period at the Bay of Nigg than was the case at Dunbar, where the work did not usually ommence until March, the average duration at the former being 65 days and at the latter 86 days. The difference is due, not to variation in the spawning season, but to the circumstance that the fishes at Dunbar, being for the most part collected a little before the spawning, did not become accustomed to confinement sufh- ciently to part with their eggs until the spawning season was some way advanced, while at the Bay of Nigg they are kept in the large pond throughout the year, and spawn under natural conditions approximately during the same time that plaice are found spawning in the sea. An abundant supply of pure sea-water, of suitable temperature and specific gravity, has materially aided in the success of the work ; and as mentioned in last year’s Report, the cost of the fish hatching, when the hatchery is operated in conjunction with the Marine Laboratory, is materially reduced, and does not exceed £100 per annum.
The period for which the embryonic and larval fishes are pro- tected in the hatching apparatus amounts to about half the duration of their pelagic life, but the benefit would be considerably increased if it were possible to rear them in any large numbers through their post-larval stages—that is, until they have completed their transformation and become adapted to live on the bottom. The rearing is not an easy matter, owing to the difficulty of pro- viding suitable food for multitudes of larvee confined in relatively small volumes of water, but the attempt to do so will ke made by the use of a special tank.
Since the hatchery was established the number of fry of the food fishes which have been produced is as follows:—Plaice, 340,455,000 ; lemon soles, 5,727,000; turbot, 5,160,000 ; cod, 4,010,000; and other kinds, 2,000,000—the aggregate being 357,352,000.
During the season deputations of fishermen from Aberdeenshire, who visited the establishment by arrangement with the Technical Education Committee of the County Council, received demonstra- tions as to the operations and the life-histories of the food fishes.
THE Lirg-HIstory OF THE CRAB.
In the present Report will be found a paper, illustrated by four plates, in which Dr. H. C. Williamson gives the results of further | observations on the life-history of the edible crab and some other Decapod Crustacea. The observations deal mainly with the repro- duction, and in this connection with the processes of casting, impregnation, and spawning. The spawning of the crab takes place in November, December, and January, and the casting of the shell and impregnation take place in summer; and it appears probable that in most cases spawning does not follow until about fourteen or fifteen months after the process of casting.
On extrusion the eggs are attached to the swimmerets of the mother, and remain there for about seven months. The mode by which the eggs are attached is of interest, the author having
10 Part IIT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
discovered that they are skewered on to the long delicate hairs with which the inner branches of the swimmerets are provided, and are not, as has generally been believed, fixed to them by a mucilaginous secretion. The eggs themselves are never found cemented together although crowded in close contact. The mode in which the eggs are skewered on to the stiff hairs is as follows. When the eggs are extruded they imbibe sea water and become swollen, so that the egg-mass is separated from the shell, and this space soon attains large dimensions. The eggs are retained in a semi-fluid mass in the “apron” of the crab, and by the continuous stabbing movement of the stiff hairs on the swimmerets the eggs are pierced and skewered as described. Dr. Williamson also treats of the rate of growth, the migrations, and the distribution of the crab, and in connection with the former subject had the use of the data furnished by Mr. Waddington, Bournemouth, of the various successive casts of certain edible crabs which had been kept in confinement for periods up to two years, and these are represented in a series of figures, and are of much interest.
Further descriptions are given of the results of labelling crabs which were afterwards liberated, in order to throw light on their migrations. In contrast to some of the previous results, it may be said that one of the labelled crabs, an adult male, was obtained three years after its liberation very near the spot where it was set free.
THE YOUNG OF THE WITCH SOLE.
During the trawling investigations in the Moray Firth a very complete series of the young of the Witch Sole was obtained, one of the flat-fishes now brought to market in considerable numbers by the trawlers working in deep water, and in the knowledge of whose life-history there were considerable gaps. Dr. Williamson describes these in a paper in the present Report. Some dubiety has existed as to the identity of the post-larval stages of this form, which differ from the corresponding stages of most flat-fishes by their great length and slenderness, as well as by other characters, so that the first one described was supposed to be a young halibut. The present series, by filling up the blanks between the previously- recorded stages, completes the chain connecting the egg with the | parent fish. The paper is illustrated with a number of figures.
THE MARINE CRUSTACEA.
In this Report will be found a paper, illustrated by three plates of figures, by Dr. Thomas Scott, descriptive of a number of rare crustacea, obtained for the most part during the trawling investi- gations. ‘The forms described are all small, and include two groups of the Copepoda that are somewhat abnormal both in their structure and habits. Among the nine species belonging to the first of these groups—the Monstrillide—three are new to science and are now described for the first time, and of the seven species which belong to the second of the groups—the Choniostomatidee— five are new to science and are here described for the first time,
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and these are all minute forms which are parasitic on small species of Crustacea.
The occurrence of other rare species belonging to the Amphi- poda, the Isopoda, and the Sympoda, other groups of Crustacea, is also recorded.
Apart from the zoological interest of these discoveries, it is to be noted that the minute crustacea with which they deal play an important réle in connection with the food of fishes, many forms living upon them almost exclusively at some stage or another of their existence.
THE PARASITES OF FISHES.
In continuation of his researches on the forms which are para- sitic on marine fishes, Dr. Thomas Scott also contributes a paper to the present Report on this subject, illustrated with a series of figures. The parasites described include four Copepods and two Trematode worms. One of the former is new to science, and the other three have not previously been recorded from the Scottish seas. Both the Trematodes are new to science, and were obtained, along with two of the Copepods, on a specimen of the sting ray (Z'rygon pastinaca)—a fish closely allied to the skates— which was caught in the Moray Firth during the trawling investigations.
In this paper there is also a description of a figure of a post- larval fish which has been attacked by two small crustaceans, furnishing an example of one of the dangers to which young fishes are exposed.
THE YOUNG OF THE CONGER.
In the course of the trawling investigations in the Moray Firth, two specimens of the pelagic young of the Conger-eel were taken in the small-meshed net used around the cod-end of the otter trawl. ‘These forms, which are characterised in their younger stages by their singularly flattened form, are known as Leptocephalli, and were until comparatively lately believed to represent distinct species of fish. They are very rarely seen in British waters. The two specimens referred to are described and figured in a paper by Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton in the present Report, along with other rare fishes obtained during the investigations. Among the others may be mentioned a larval Fierasfer,an extremely rare form which, in the adult condition, lives within Holothurians; it was taken in a tow-net easterly from Aberdeen. A specimen of the pilchard was also secured in the Moray Firth—a fish which is said to have been at one time fairly common at some places in the southern part of the Hast Coast, but is now hardly ever seen in these waters. Other rare specimens comprised the sting-ray and the thickback sole, both secured in the Moray Firth. It is indeed remarkable that in several respects the fauna of the Moray Firth offers resemblances to that of the West Coast; it appears to indicate that a connection is established by means of the sea currents entering the Firth from the north.
12 Part [II.—Twenty-second Annual Report INVESTIGATIONS ON THE HERRING IN THE FIRTH OF CLYDE.
In connection with the winter herring fishing at Ballantrae Bank, off the coast of Ayr, arrangements were made for an investigation of the conditions of the fishing in relation to the operation of the Bye-law No. 18, by which the use of the seine for the capture of herrings within a defined area off the coast is prohibited. Owing, however, to the stormy weather that prevailed on these exposed grounds the fishing was almost a complete failure, only thirty-five crans of herrings being obtained within the area specified, although 232 crans were caught in the more sheltered waters of Lochryan, where fishing operations could be carried on. Under the cireum- stances it was not found possible to make the investigations desired; but it may be noted that the weather conditions made an effective close-time in protecting the herrings frequenting the grounds, and if, as there is every reason to believe was the case, the herrings spawned there in February and March, the result ought to tend to increase the number of herrings in some future season.
Investigations have also been undertaken with regard to the herrings in the Firth of Clyde generally, more particularly in con- nection with their migratory movements and spawning, about which comparatively little is known, and which will require some con- siderable time tocomplete. In reference to this enquiry a research is being made by Professor Milroy, Queen’s College, Belfast, on behalf of the Board, as to the chemical composition of the herring in relation more especially to the reproduction of the fish.
We have the honour to be, Right Hon. Sir, Your most obedient Servants,
ANGUS SUTHERLAND, Chairman. D. CRAWFORD, Deputy-Chairman. D’ARCY W. THOMPSON.
W. R. DUGUID.
I; MILLOY,
D. MEARNS.
H. WATSON.
WM. C. ROBERTSON, Secretary.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS.
I.—TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS. By Dr. T. Wemyss Futron, F.R.S.E., Superintendent of Scientific Investigations.
INTRODUCTORY.
The investigations into the condition of the fishing grounds, particularly in the closed waters of the Moray Firth and Aberdeen Bay, which were commenced four years ago by means of steam-trawlers, were continued last year, and’a voyage was also made to the offshore waters lying off the mouth of the Firth of Forth. In the Moray Firth the more important areas were examined in February, March, April, June, October, November, and December, and the grounds in Aberdeen Bay were visited in the same months. On each occasion the places where fish were found to be most abundant were chiefly worked over ; the total number of hauls made in the Moray Firth, the results of which were recorded, was 101, and the number in Aberdeen Bay was 29, making a total in the closed waters of these areas of 13( drags, in addition to 18 in the offshore waters, or 148 altogether. The localities in the Moray Firth which were most thoroughly examined were Burghead Bay and the Dornoch Firth, as well as Smith Bank, the grounds off Lossiemouth, off the Suters of Cromarty, and the coast of Caithness.
The total quantity of fish taken in the course of the investigation was large, amounting to 180,515 in the completely recorded hauls, and of these 126,485 were of a kind or size to be marketable, and 54,030 were un- marketable and were thrown overboard.
One of the chief objects of these investigations is to ascertain the changes in the abundance of the food and other fish in the closed waters in different years and seasons, but observations are also made on the con- ditiou of the reproductive organs of the fish, their spawning, foed, and on various other points connected with their life-history ; while at the same time the temperature of the surface and bottom water at the various places is observed and recorded ; and from the fact that the actual trawling work is carried on precisely as it is for commercial purposes, opportunities are thus afforded for certain observations, as, fur example, the proportion of the various kinds of fish captured in the net which are marketable and the proportion unmarketable, the influence of the size of the mesh of the net on the size of the fish caught, &c., which would be otherwise difficult to obtain. Collections of the floating organisms or plankton were also secured, and a number of experiments made with small-meshed nets with the object of procuring collections in connection with the study of the rate of growth of fishes and their distribution.
With the large commercial trawl, the efficient ship, and the experienced trawlers in charge it is possible to make a much more extensive and thorough examination of the grounds than could formerly be done.
The results of the investigation are given in detail in the following pages and in the Tables which are appended.
THE PROPORTION OF MARKETABLE TO UNMARKETABLE FISHES.
As already mentioned, the proportion of the unmarketable to the market- able was 54,030 to 126,485, which is therefore a very considerable
14 Part IfI1.—Twenty-second Annuc Report
proportion. The unmarketable fishes vary in amount in several ways. There are some which are never taken to market under any circumstances, being inedible or at least unsaleable. ©The most common of theseis the long rough dab, which, however, is not found in any quantity in the shallow inshore waters. Dog-fishes are also unmarketable in the same way, and they are sometimes taken in large numbers by the trawl in the deep water in the northern part of the North Sea, but much less commonly in the Moray Firth or Aberdeen Bay. There are a few other species occasionally brought up in the trawl which are for the same reason never taken to market. But the great majority of the unmarketable fishes belong to forms which are quite edible and marketable and are rejected merely because of their small size, such as small haddocks, whiting, plaice, &c. In some instances the question whether a particular species is taken to market or thrown overboard depends upon circumstances, irrespective of the size of the fish, as, for instance, with gurnards and anglers. These two forms are now, however, generally brought to market, in the latter case only the tail part being made use of. The proportion of the un- marketable fishes of the class referred to depends also to a very large extent on the grounds fished over and the season of the year. Examples of this fact are described in the following pages, as, for instance, in con- nection with the plaice and haddock (p. 30, 32, 36, 42).
In the accompanying Table I have tabulated the numbers of marketable and unmarketable fishes taken in 103 hauls of the net in the Moray Firth and Aberdeen Bay, and have represented the proportions of each for the various species in percentages of the total.
MARKETABLE. UNMARKETABLE.
FISH. ear eal GAs Baal Gan ; {> hea See O RANT Number. Per Cent. Number. | Per Cent.
Cod, a Be 4,283 925 343 7°4 4,626 Haddock, ... se 46,287 86:0 7,525 14:0 53,812 Whiting, ... ix 4,694 573 3,495 42°4 8,189 Coalfish, ... - 45 91°8 4 8°2 49 Ling, ah ae 6 — _— — 6 Hake, bag ahs 4 — if —_ 5 Gurnard, ... EA 465 21°7 1,675 78°2 2,140 Catfish, © ... ae 76 _ 100°0 — — 76
55,860 81:0 13,048 19:0 68,903 Plaice, ia ee 27,669 69°6 12,057 30°3 39,726 Common Dab, _... 1,779 10°9 14,543 89:0 16,322 Flounder, ... an 904 91:6 83 8:2 987 Wate ie uae Be 5,089 84°8 Olt Lipelk 6,000 Lemon Dab, d 518 95°7 23 4°2 541 Halibut, ... 6 100°0 -- -- 6 Turbot, 23 100°0 — — 23 Brill, By ax 220 99°5 1 0°5 221 Long Rough Dab — — 2,533 100°0 2,533
ole, ae wi: 3 a = =
36,211 54°5 80,151 45°5 66,362 Skates and Rays,... 407 bb. 381 44°8 738 Anglers, ... Sis 173 286 432 71:2 605 Other Fish, a — a 186 — 186
92,651 68-0 44,143 32°0 136,794
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From this Table it will be seen that the percentages for the gross catch of fish are 68 for the marketable and 32 for the unmarketable, and these figures may be taken as fairly well representing the proportions in the inshore waters referred to, although the ratio varies on different grounds and at different times.
The percentage of cod which were unfit for the market by reason of their small size was small, and less than with any other round fish save the catfish ; it amounted to only 7:4 per cent., the marketable, including cod and codling, being 92:5 per cent. The proportion of unmarketable haddocks was much higher, viz., 14, as against 86 per cent. marketable ; but the proportion was found to vary very greatly in different cases. In the hauls made in Burghead Bay in December, for example, about five- sixths of the haddocks taken were too small to be marketable, while on other occasions the proportion of these small haddocks was very slight.
The proportion of unmarketable whitings taken was still greater, amounting to 42°4 per cent. of the total, the marketable being 57°3 per cent. The unmarketable coalfish—of which, however, comparatively few were caught—amounted to 8:2 per cent., while all the catfishes obtained were of marketable size. Gurnards, which, as stated, are not always taken to market, show a high percentage of the “unmarketable,” partly for this reason, 78:2.
The proportion of round fishes of edible and saleable kinds which were unmarketable was collectively 12 per cent., the marketable being 81 per cent.
With flat-fishes, apart from the long rough dab, which is never taken to market, the highest percentage unmarketable were among the common dabs, viz. 89, the marketable being only 10°9 per cent. This is owing to the generally small size of this fish, and sometimes trawlers are not very particular about it, when they are getting good catches of more valuable kinds. The proportion of unmarketable plaice was also high, 30°3 per cent., and in this case, even more than with the haddocks, the proportion varied greatly according to the depth of water and the season. In some places, as at Burghead Bay, where the fishing was as a rule con- ducted in water over seven fathoms in depth, comparatively few smail unmarketable plaice were caught, while in the Dornoch Firth, in from five to eleven fathoms, in June, the majority of the plaice got were too small to be marketable. In two hauls here, of a total of 9649 plaice caught, no less than 6419, or 70-1 per cent., were unmarketable,
The proportion of unmarketable flounders taken was comparatively small, 8-2 per cent., no less than 91°6 per cent. being large enough to be taken to market. The reason of this high proportion is that these flounders were almost without exception spawning fish- which had migrated out from the shallow waters near the beach for the purpose of spawning, the smaller and sexually immature forms remaining inshore beyond the reach of the trawl. The same reason no doubt explains the fact that all the turbot and almost all the brill taken were also large enough to be marketable. The number of turbot was not great, 23, but of the 221 brill all but one were marketable, or a proportion of 99°5 per cent. The shape of both these fishes makes them eminently liable to cap- ture in the trawl-net, if they are on the ground, and there is little doubt that the smaller forms, under about nine or ten inches, are close inshore on the sands.
* Among the skates and rays 44°8 per cent. were unmarketable, and 55:2 per cent. marketable, and the other unmarketable fishes were made up of anglers, herrings, sprats, dragonets, and a few others.
The number of hauls on the offshore grounds was comparatively small last year, and the same contrast is therefore based on fewer results. Of
B
16 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
a total of 27,156 fishes in the completely recorded hauls, 22,051 were marketable and 5105 unmarketable, the percentage of the former being 81:2, and of the latter 18°7—the proportion of the unmarketable being thus considerably under what it was on the inshore grounds. In these series of hauls also all the gurnards were classed as unmarketable, while, on the other hand, owing to the depth of water, all the plaice were marketable.
The proportion of cod, including codling, which was marketable was 77:2 per cent., 22°8 per cent. being unmarketable ; in the case of haddocks, the percentage marketable was 86°7 and unmarketable 13°3; while with whitings the respective proportions were 54°4 and 45°6 per cent.
THE PROPORTION OF IMMATURE FisH LANDED,
The information given above and detailed in the Tables as to the pro- portion of fish of the different kinds which are caught in the operations of commercial trawl-fishing and thrown away as unmarketable, enables an opinion to be formed as to the degree of destruction which may take place on the inshore grounds.
Tt is also of some importance to be able to ascertain the proportion of the fish caught and landed which are immature, that is to say, which have never developed milt or roe and reproduced their species. In most cases it may be said that the greater proportion of the unmarketable individuals of the class which is unmarketable owing to the small size, are immature, although in some instances mature fishes may also be too small to be marketable. This is the case with the common dabs, none of the imma- ture individuals being large enough to be marketable, and those landed are therefore adult fishes which have either reproduced or are large enough to reproduce. The same is true of the flounder, which, however, is not taken often in the trawl in ordinary commercial fishing. It is also true to some extent of the haddock, and still more of the whiting, com- paratively few of these under the size at which maturity may be reached being brought to market, and with the whiting, at all events, there is no doubt that a fairly large proportion of the smaller-sized but mature individuals are rejected because of their small size.
With plaice, on the other hand, as with turbot, brill, and halibut, all those which have arrived at the size of maturity, and a large number which are under that limit are eminently marketable. It is the same with the cod and the large round fishes, and it is thus of some importance to be able to show approximately the proportion of the mature and immature fishes of the different species which are under ordinary circum- stances brought to market.
In order to do this it is necessary to obtain two classes of facts—the limit of size which separates the mature from the immature in the different kinds of fish, and the numbers of fish at the various sizes which are caught. Information on the former head, as I have elsewhere pointed out, is not as exhaustive as one would like, but, still, numerous observa- tions have been made in Scotland and other countries which enable one to differentiate, sometimes with precision and at other times broadly, the mature from the immature. It happens, however, at all events in the case of some fishes, that the size which separates the mature from the immature is not the same in all places. Thus, with plaice the limit between the mature and immature is higher in the northern parts of the North Sea than the southern parts and the Channel. This difference does not, however, affect the present investigation to any extent, because comparatively a very small proportion of the fish landed at Aberdeen is
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 17
caught in the southern parts referred to, as is explained in my paper dealing with the statistics in connection with the place of capture in the Board’s Twentieth Annual Report.*
For the purpose referred to, certain sizes have been selected as separat- ing the mature from the immature individuals of the various species of fish dealt with ; in several instances they exceed the sizes assigned in my earlier papers on the subject,f where the limit had reference rather to the smallest mature individuals which were found than to the average size of the group or generation on first attaining maturity. The latter, no doubt, is the preferable course in many cases, but not in all, as is some- times supposed.
The subject, indeed—the fixing of the line to separate the mature from the immature, so as to include as few of the latter with the former as possible and vice versa—is not by any means as simple as it looks. It is really in some degree a complex problem, and the degree of complexity varies in different cases. If the reproductive generation—that is, the group which first attains maturity—were distinctly separated from the next younger generation or group, then the proper limit would be natur- ally the point between ; on one side all the fishes would be immature and on the other side all would be mature, and in such an example the proper limit would be, not the average size at first-maturity, but the size of the smallest mature fish that could be caught. On the other hand, if the first reproductive generation were so fused with the next younger genera- tion—if the over-lapping between the two was such—that it contained, within the range of its sizes, as many immature as the other contained mature, then the proper limit would be the average size at first-maturity. I am not aware of any case in which either of these two conditions occur. In some forms in which reproduction takes place at an early age, as with the whiting and the sprat, the over-lapping of the reproductive generation with the preceding generation is comparatively slight, and in such instances the preferable limit in my opinion is not the average size of the group which is mature—which would exclude a large proportion of the mature fishes and include a very small proportion of the immature in compensation—but a limit placed near the minimum size at first-maturity.
The approximation to the other extreme is to be found in the larger forms, such as the plaice, cod, &c., where reproduction does not take place at an age so early, and where, consequently, from the variations in the rate or growth of the individuals of the different groups or generations, the first reproducing generation becomes to a certain extent fused with the generation immediately preceding. But I do not know of any case in which the fusion is so complete that half of the fishes comprised within it are mature and the other halfimmature. With the plaice, for example, a study of the curves appended to my paper dealing with the growth of this fish in the Twentieth Annual Reportt will show that although a considerable number of the fishes belonging to the younger group next to the reproductive group have fused with the latter, the greater number by far are distinct, and in such instances it appears to me that the proper line of division is not the average size of the repro- ductive group, but the point between the two groups, 7.e. where the numbers of immature forms contained within the latter is balanced by the number of mature forms contained within the former.
The precise differentiation of the mature from the immature is further complicated by the circumstance that the males and females do not in all
* Pott d,, p80 sR lI, + Highth Annual Report, Part I1T., p. 160; Tenth, zbid. p. 240, fare tr 1... PU-XLY,
18 Part III. —Twenty-second Annual Report
species grow at the same rate, or attain the same size, the females, as a rule, growing quicker and becoming bigger ; and the numbers of the sexes in proportion to one another may vary. Thus, among the flat-fishes the females grow more rapidly, as a whole, than the males, and reach a larger size; While among the gadoids the rate of growth and the relative dimensions of the older forms appear to be, as far as ascertained, nearly or quite uniform. This does not, however, very materially affect the question of the limit at first maturity, since the males and females grow with fairly equal uniformity until the reproductive stage is reached, but in certain cases the male becomes mature at an earlier age than the female and at a smaller size, and it is this which introduces complexity and difficulty. It thus happens that among flat-fishes many more females than males are landed, although the number of males at the stage of reproduction may be equal to or greater than the number of females on the fishing grounds.
I have therefore prepared a statement of the limit between the mature and the immature fishes of the various species, based upon the available information, with consideration of the facts concerning the growth of the fishes, which may be used in endeavouring approximately to determine the proportion of the immature and the mature which are marketable, as follows :—
Whiting, : 8k | Turbot, - 17 Haddock, see dal Brill, - - 15 Cod, a: ary 2s) Common Dab, 6 Plaice, - =p af al Witch, - 12 Lemon Dab, - 10 |
With regard to the other point of the investigation, the proportions of the fish at different sizes and weights which are landed, I have for a considerable time past devoted attention to this subject, and have measured and weighed a large number of fishes, amounting in the ageregate to over twenty tons, as they are landed and sold. With some kinds the average size and the limits of size are very regular, and these as a rule belong to the more important species. The information thus obtained as to the size and weight of the various classes of fish enables a close approximation to be made as to the proportion of the mature and immature, and thus a comparison instituted between these results and the observations made on board the trawlers on the same subject. Tables containing the particulars of the size and weight of the fish referred to will be found appended to this paper (p. 89), and other information relative to the size and weight is given in a paper on the rate of growth of fishes (see p. 142).
I have therefore made a series of calculations to show the proportion of the mature and the immature fishes of certain kinds caught by trawlers, the data being contained in the Tables and in preceding reports of the Fishery Board, particularly the paper above referred to, and the limit of size between the two classes being the biological one as defined.
There are marked differences in the proportions among different fishes. As already stated in the case of the dab, all those which are marketable are of mature size; no immature individuals of this species are, therefore, landed. Among plaice, all those classed as large, or firsts, are of adult size, while all those belonging to the third, or small, class are under the biological size and are immature. Among mediums a certain proportion are immature, rather under one half in number being under the limit of
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 19
maturity. When calculated out it is found that approximately 24 per cent., or about one quarter of the total marketable plaice, by weight, are under the limit or immature. The proportion with the plaice varies greatly according to the depth of water, and the figure given offers a contrast to what obtains in the southern and eastern parts of the North Sea.
Among lemon dabs all those classed as large, or firsts, are over the biological limit of maturity, but a fair proportion of the second class, or smalls, are immature, the percentage being about seven for the total weight of the marketable fishes.
Among witches, all those classed as firsts, or large, are over the limit of maturity, and have either spawned or are large enough to do so. Among the class of seconds, which range in size from a little over 8 inches to about 14 inches, with an average length of, approximately, 114 inches, a considerable proportion are below the size of maturity, but the percentage of the immature, by weight, of the total number of market- able witches is only about 15.
From the large size at which the cod first attains maturity, the proportion of the immature that are marketable is very considerable. Among boxed codlings one often finds a few which are over the biological size at maturity, and measuring as much as 28 inches, the selection as cod or codling on the part of the men on board the trawlers often depending on the meagre or fat condition of the fish, as well as on its length. Of all the cod and codling landed about 30 per cent., by weight, are below the biological size of maturity.
With haddocks and whitings it is very different, since the market- able size approximates to the size at which the fishes first become mature. The calculations in regard to haddocks show that the proportion of the marketable which are immature is very | small, amounting to only about 1 per cent. of the total quantity landed. This is much under what one might expect from the statements made as to the large quantities of undersized haddocks sometimes landed, but it is the result of careful observations on a large number of fishes, both in regard to size and weight. All the medium and large haddocks, or firsts and seconds, landed are above the mature size, and the great majority also of the small haddocks, or thirds.
With the whiting the proportion of the immature among marketable fishes is still less, and the quantity of small, or second class, whitings brought to market by trawlers is inconsiderable, while the proportion among those which are under the biological size of maturity is also fractional. It may be said that practically all the whitings marketed by trawlers are of adult size.
It must be borne in mind in connection with this subject that the limit taken is a biological one, having reference, not to the size of the fish from the market point of view, but with reference to reproduction.
With regard to the numbers, as apart from the weight, the calculations show that, taking the mean of several years, the following represents approximately the total numbers of the fish of the kinds named which are brought to Aberdeen market :—Cod, including codling, 4,575,000 ; haddocks, 110,000,000 ; whitings, 15,000,000 ; plaice, 2,400,000; lemon dabs, 1,600,000 ; witches, 3,900,000; and dabs, 260,000.
INVESTIGATIONS IN THE Moray FirtH AND ABERDEEN Bay.
ile
The first of the series of investigations was made in the Moray Firth in February, the steam trawler employed being the ‘“ Ben Edra,” the trip extending from the 7th to the 13th; nineteen hauls of the net were
20 Part III—Twenty-second Annual Report
recorded. The places visited were Burghead Bay, where most of the hauls were taken, off Cromarty, the Dornoch Firth, and, on the 13th, Aberdeen Bay. The quantity of fish caught was not very great, haddocks particularly being comparatively scarce.
The first haul was made off Burghead Bay, about four miles N.N.W. of Burghead light, in from seventeen to twenty fathoms, and it lasted for four hours and fifteen minutes. The aggregate number of fishes caught was only 228, of which 173 were marketable and fifty-five unmarketable. They included only five haddocks, all marketable, eight cod, fifty plaice, and ninety-four witches, all marketable but eight. The next drag was a little more productive, 692 fishes being caught in the four hours it lasted. Of these 463 were marketable and 229 unmarketable. They included forty- two haddocks, all marketable, fourteen cod, a halibut, three brill, one turbot, 128 plaice, and 191 witches, as well as fourteen lemon dabs, two cat-fish, and nine skates. Other six hauls were made in the same locality, but in rather deeper water, and they were somewhat more pro- ductive. The first of these was in from eighteen to twenty-five fathoms, Burghead light bearing from four to five miles S.S.E., and it lasted for four hours and five minutes. The number of fishes obtained was 725, of which 476 were marketable and 249 unmarketable. The former included eighty-eight haddocks, twenty-three cod, fifty-five codling, twenty-one plaice, thirty-eight lemon dabs, and 197 witches, as well as a few cat-fish and skates. The next haul, a little further off in somewhat deeper water— from twenty to thirty fathoms—lasted for four hours and twenty minutes, the aggregate catch being larger, namely, 1029 fishes, of which, however, a larger proportion were unmarketable. The marketable fishes numbered 586, the increase being chiefly in cod, plaice, and witches. The unmarketable consisted of whitings, common and long rough dabs, and herrings, of which seventy-four were taken, showing that a considerable shoal was present on the ground.
The other hauls in this locality were rather less productive, and they were all characterised by the presence of cod, plaice, and especially witches, and the comparative scarcity of haddocks, particularly small haddocks.
In the following Table are given the numbers of the various species of fishes taken in this locality, the marketable being distinguished from the unmarketable. One of the hauls in the deeper water in which the net got fouled is omitted.
Place: eee Witch. ee ce Halibut. Tarball.
iF 495 125 | 1,699 5 73 1 1 5 pulse : 861 189 Total 495 986 | 1,888 73 Mi 1 5 Long Rough Cod, Codling. | Haddock. | Whiting. | Coal-fish. | Ling. Dab. I 154 | 117 393 49 20 3 II 653 1 i 150 1 Total 653 154 1257 404 199 21 3 | |
[| Continued.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 21
‘ ; . Grey Thorn- Starry a Cat-fish. | Gurnard. Sieatas Rees Ray. Angler. R. 4 : ; 14 11 105 I. ; 1 6 2 9 202 Total 4 1 6 16 20 307
There were also taken in these hauls one dragonet, seventy-seven herrings, and two red gurnards. The aggregate number of fishes taken in the seven hauls, the time of actual fishing being thirty hours, was 5445 ; the average number caught per hour was thus 181°5. The marketable fishes numbered 3269, with an average per hour of 109-0, and the unmarketable 2176, with an average of 72°5. The fish caught in largest numbers was the witch, viz. 1888, the average per hour’s fishing being 62°9.
The next few hauls were taken in the same locality but further to the west towards Cromarty, in water from twenty-five to thirty fathoms deep, and on a muddy bottom. In the first of these 1840 fishes were procured, 1125 being marketable. More than half of these were witches, viz. 826, and haddocks were also more abundant than in the previous hauls, thornbacks and starry rays being also more numerous. ‘The same features characterised the remainder of the hauls here, and a considerable number of cod were obtained.
The next drag was for four hours and fifteen minutes, but the net was badly torn, and the catch amounted to only 355 fishes, of which 208 were marketable. The succeeding two hauls were more productive, the number of fishes taken in one of them being 1160, and in the other 2117, the marketable and unmarketable numbering respectively 688 and 1158, witches being in each case the most abundant.
Other two hauls were made a little closer in to Burghead Bay, 1515 and 2009 fishes being obtained, the majority again consisting of witches, Altogether in this locality fourteen drags were taken. In one of these the net was fouled and in another it was badly torn, and the results from these hauls may be excluded. The total duration of the actual fishing of the remaining twelve drags was fifty-two hours, and the aggregate number of fishes taken was 14,072, or an average of 270°6 per hour’s fishing ; the marketable fishes numbered 7815, or an average of 150°3 per hour, and the unmarketable 6257, the average being 270°6. In the total were included 11,600 flat-fishes, 5992 being marketable and 5608 unmarketable. The most common was the witch, of which 5819 were caught (4987 marketable); the common dabs numbered 2991 (all unmarketable but 203), and there were 1988 long rough dabs. The quantity of plaice taken was moderate, viz. 707, and all were marketable ; only eighty-seven lemon dabs were caught, and all these were also taken to market. One black or common sole was obtained, a fish which is very rare on the east coast. Haddocks and whitings were poorly represented, 933 of the former and 263 of the latter being the whole number. Only eleven of the haddocks were too small to be taken to market—a great contrast to what usually obtains in these waters. The cod numbered 286, and the marketable codlings 208 ; there were also twenty- five codlings too small to be marketable. Among 211 skates and rays were six grey skates, seventy-six thornbacks, 124 starry rays and five
22 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
sandy rays. The number of anglers caught was exceptionally large, being 431—150 of them being taken to market. Eighty-three herrings were taken, most of them in one haul, and also twelve sprats.
During most of the time of fishing at Burghead and between it and Cromarty the wind had been blowing with fair strength, aithough variable in direction. On the 10th it increased in force, and a shift was made to the Dornoch Firth, where four hauls were made in from about six to twelve fathoms. The quantity of fish caught was small, the total in each of three of them being only a little over four hundred of all kinds ; in one it amounted to 710. Few haddocks, cod, or whiting were obtained, the bulk of the catch, such as it was, consisting of plaice. A considerable number of flounders were taken, nearly all of large size and engaged in spawning, the four hauls yielding 215.
The total number of fishes got in the four drags in the Dornoch Firth— the actual time of fishing being seventeen hours and ten minutes—-was 2027, which represents an average per hour of 118°0. The marketable amounted to 1476, or an average of 86°0 per hour, and the unmarketable O51, or an average of 32°1 per hour. The flat-fishes greatly exceeded the round-fishes in number, there being 1798 of them and only 203 of the latter. Plaice were the most abundant, and after them common dabs. Only 102 haddocks were got, none of them unmarketable, and six whitings, all of which, except one, were unmarketable. The paucity of small haddocks during the whole period of fishing on this occasion is noteworthy.
Only one recorded haul in Aberdeen Bay was made on this trip, and the number of fishes taken was still less than in the Moray Firth. The haul lasted for four hours, and 155 fishes were caught, of which only thirty-five were marketable. These comprised one cod, thirteen codling, fifteen haddocks, three plaice, two lemon dabs, and one flounder, the unmarketable consisting chiefly of whitings and common dabs.
The aggregate total of fishes taken and recorded in the seventeen hauls in February was 16,268, of which 9340 were marketable and 6298 unmarketable. The total of flat-fishes was 13,455, and of round fishes 2016.
The quantity of fish landed at the market by the vessel, as recorded by the Fishery Officer, amounted to 477 cwts., as follows :—
Cod. Codling. Ling. Coal-fish. Haddock. Whiting. Turbot. Brill. Lemon Dab. 7 4 6 on 4 4 3 2
7 2 4 3
Plaice. Dabs. Witches. Cat-fish. Flounder, Angler. Skate. 14 3 64 1k i 2 2
4 2 2
108
The next series of trawlings was made in March on board the *‘ Devanha,” the catches being again recorded by Mr. James Ingram, jun. In all, twenty-two recorded hauls were made, three in Aberdeen Bay on the 16th, three in Burghead Bay on the 17th and 18th, four in the Dornoch Firth, five on Smith Bank off the coast of Caithness, four off Lossiemouth on the 20th, and three off Tarbet Ness on the 21st and 22nd.
In Aberdeen Bay there was a heavy sea, with a S8.S.E. wind, and the catches were poor. The first haul here, in from thirteen to nineteen fathoms off Newburgh, lasted for four hours, and 514 fishes were captured, 478 being marketable and thirty-six unmarketable. They included 123 cod and 195 marketable codling, as well as 184 plaice—
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 23
all but twenty-eight marketable ; but only four haddocks were taken. The second drag in the same locality, and lasting for four hours and twenty minutes, yielded only 205 fishes, of which 121 were marketable and eighty-fonr unmarketable. In this haul only eight cod and four codling were taken, but there were ninety-two haddocks—-all but eight marketable ; the plaice numbered twenty-two, and there were a number of small skates.
A third drag was made off Newburgh to Donmouth for four hours and five minutes, in from eight to sixteen fathoms, and the catch amounted to 375 fishes, 269 of which were marketable and 106 unmarketable. There were included in it forty-seven cod and 126 marketable codlings, a coal-fish, 145 plaice (ninety-two marketable), as well as a number of un- marketable dabs, flounders, and skates. Only three haddocks were taken.
In the three drags in Aberdeen Bay, the time of the fishing being twelve hours and twenty-five minutes, only 1094 fishes were caught, the average per hour’s fishing being 88:1. The marketable numbered 868, with an average number per hour of 69°9, and the unmarketable 226, with an average of 18°2. The total number of haddocks caught was ninety-nine, and of whitings, seven. The following Table gives the particulars of the marketable and unmarketable :—
Conon Flounder.| Witch. | 1@™™ | God. Codling.
Plaice. Dane II 268 : 5 ‘ 4 178 325 II 83 33 14 4
sik Grey Thorn- Haddock. | Whiting. | Coal-fish. | Gurnard. Grater back.
A lumpsucker was also taken in one of the hauls. These fish are occa- sionally caught in the trawl net near shore in spring, during their sawn- ing time.
The vessel then steamed to the Moray Firth, visiting first the south coast.
At Burghead Bay the catches were not very productive, comparatively few marketable fishes being got except plaice. The first drag, which lasted for three hours and fifty minutes, in from seven to twelve fathoms, yielded a total of 652 fishes, 439 being marketable and 213 unmarketable. The former comprised four cod, three codling, only two haddocks, no whitings, one turbot, eleven brill, 329 plaice, seventy com- mon dabs, fourteen flounders, three cat-fishes, and two anglers—the unmarketable consisting almost entirely of dabs. In the second haul, which lasted for four hours and fifteen minutes, 705 fishes were got, of which 316 were marketable, the majority consisting of plaice. Twenty-eight skates and rays were taken, ten being marketable, and three herrings.
24 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The third drag was more productive, 948 fishes being taken—607 marketable and 341 unmarketable; it lasted for four hours. The bulk of the catch was composed of plaice and common dabs, 469 of the former and 398 of the latter ; all the plaice except forty-three were marketable, and 137 of the dabs.
Altogether the number of fishes obtained in the three drags in Burg- head Bay aggregated, for the twelve hours and five minutes of actual fishing, 2305, of which 1362 were marketable and 943 unmarketable. The flat-fishes greatly preponderated, 2087 being caught, against only 121 round-fishes. Among the flat-fishes 1314 were taken to market and 773 thrown overboard, while only thirty-one of the round-fishes were market- able, the marketable haddocks numbering two, and there were no market- able whitings. The plaice caught numbered 1024, all but forty-three being taken to market. The productiveness of the grounds in Burghead Bay on this occasion was shown by the number taken per hour’s actual fishing, which was 190°8 for all kinds of fish—112°7 for the marketable and 78°1 for the unmarketable. The average for the marketable plaice was 81:2 per houtr’s fishing.
The particulars of the marketable and unmarketable fishes are as follows : —
Plaice, | COMO? Hrlounder.| 2" | Turbot. | Brill. | Cod. eon iB 981 263 39 10 1 20 rt 13 II 43 729 1 4 Total 1,024 992 39 10 il 21 ‘i 17 Had- Starry | Sandy dock Ray. Ray. if 2 5 3 II 45 14 5 Total 47 19 8
There were also taken in these hauls seven herrings and one lump- sucker,
After leaving Burghead Bay the vessel steamed to the Dornoch Firth, where four hauls were made in the usual locality, in sweeps around the bay opposite Dunrobin, Golspie, and Embo, the depth of water being from about eight to sixteen fathoms. In the first haul, which lasted for four hours and five minutes, 999 fishes were taken, of which 822 were marketable and 177 unmarketable. The marketable fishes com- prised twenty-four cod, 369 plaice, seventy-one common dabs, 317 flounders, as well as ten cat-fish, three lemon dabs, and eighteen skates and rays. Round-fishes continued to be very scarce, only two haddocks and a single whiting being caught. The second drag was a very poor one, only 229 fishes being obtained, of which 148 were marketatle. There were fifty-seven plaice, sixteen cod, twelve common dabs, and fifty-two flounders. Three herrings and twenty-twe sprats were also taken. The next haul was better, a hundred cod and 110 marketable codling, as well
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 25
as 174 plaice, eleven lemon dabs, and a number of common dabs and flounders, being caught. In the fourth drag the net got badly split, and the catch was small, amounting to only 160 fishes, 111 being marketable. It however included thirty-eight cod and forty-seven marketable plaice.
Omitting this imperfect haul, the total number of fishes taken in the other three drags in the Dornoch Firth was 2066, of which 1470 were marketable and 596 unmarketable. The duration of the fishing in these drags was twelve hours and fifteen minutes, and the averages per hour’s fishing were therefore as follows :—120°‘0 for the marketable, 48°7 for the unmarketable, and 168-7 for both included. The average for plaice was 49-0 per hour. ‘The three hauls yielded 140 cod, but only seven had- docks and a single whiting, all marketable. The absence of small had- docks and whitings both here and at Burghead Bay was remarkable, and formed a striking contrast to what obtained later in the year.
The numbers of marketable and unmarketable fishes caught in the three drags in the Dornoch Firth are as follows :—
Hemon. | ‘pri. | Cod, || Codling 48d
Common Dab. Dab.
Plaice. Flounder,
Whiting. | Cat-fish. | Angler.
I 1 14 II, 2 Total 1 14 2
There were also caught three herrings, twenty-two sprats, and two lumpsuckers,
On leaving the Dornoch Firth the vessel ran to Smith Bank, where five hauls were made on the western edge in from about nineteen to twenty-eight fathoms of water, and here much better results were obtained than in the localities above described. The first haul, which lasted for four hours, yielded 726 fishes, of which 262 were marketable and 464 unmarketable. The catch included eleven cod, a halibut, forty plaice, a few lemon dabs and witches, and also 223 haddocks, in the latter respect thus differing from the catches in the Dornoch Firth and Burghead Bay. EKighty-two of the haddocks were too small to be marketable. There were also 117 gurnards, a fish more sparingly represented in the previous localities—at this season it is only found in any number in the deeper waters offshore. The second drag was better than the first, 1016 fishes being caught, of which 670 were marketable. They included thirty cod 574 haddocks, sixty-nine plaice, fifty-eight lemon dabs, and seven cat-fish. Seventy-five of the haddocks were two small to be marketable.
The third haul produced 1934 fishes, 648 being marketable and 1286 unmarketable. On this occasion haddocks were well represented, 1379 being taken ; no less than 973 of these were too small to be marketable.
26 Part ITI.-—Twenty-second Annual Report
The catch included twenty-eight cod, ninety plaice, 111 lemon dabs, three cat-fish, and a few other kinds. The fourth and fifth hauls were not quite so good as regards the number of fish caught. In the first of them the total was 901, of which only 166 were marketable, and these included sixty-two cod, forty-four plaice, fifty-two lemon dabs, and five cat-fish. There were 333 haddocks, all too small to be marketable, and 126 whit- ings, of which only one was marketable. ‘he number of fishes in the last haul was still less, viz. 664, and all except 100 were unmarketable. Those taken to market comprised twenty-three cod, fifty-four plaice, two coal-fish, eleven lemon dabs, and a few others. The number of haddocks caught was 127, and of whitings 216, but all the latter and all except three of the haddocks were unmarketable.
Altogether in the five hauls in this locality, the time of actual fishing being twenty hours and twenty-five minutes, 5241 fishes were taken, the average per hour’s fishing being 256°7. The proportion of marketable was, however, not large, owing to the numbers of small haddocks and dabs ; the number was 1846, the average per hour being 90:4, while there were 3395 unmarketable, giving a ratio of 166°2 per hour.
The aggregate number of flat-fishes in the five drags was 1779, 569 being marketable and 1208 (chiefly common and long rough dabs) unmarketable. Plaice were most numerous, 297 being taken, and lemon dabs next, of which 249 were caught, all but ten marketable. The aggregate of round-fishes was 3395, there being 1268 marketable and 2127 unmarketable. The number of haddocks was 2636, and 1049 of them were marketable and 1587 too small to be taken to market—a _ consider- able proportion. The average number of haddocks taken per hour’s fish- ing was 129°1.
The particulars as regards the marketable and unmarketable of each kind are given in the following Table :—
. Com Floun- Lemon : Long : ; Plaice. Dat. As Witch. Dab: Halibut.| Rough} Brill. |Megrim
a
Had- os Coal- _, | Cat- | Gur- | Grey |Thorn- ‘| dock, | hiting-| gon, | H@Ke-| seh. | nard, | Skate.| back.
le 1,049 BO clip 17 Scie II. 1,587 | 368 1 149} 6 | 26 Total 2,636 | 398 4 Way 4] a9 Ga Teles
There were also caught in these hauls eighteen (unmarketed) anglers, one dragonet, and nine red gurnards.
The next place examined was the grounds off Lossiemouth, where four drags were made on the 20th, in from about seven to fourteen fathoms of water. In two of them the net was badly torn, and the catches in these cases was small, and may be neglected. In the first of the others the total number of fishes caught in the four hours during which the drag
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 27
lasted amounted to 785, and of these 556 were marketable and 229 unmarketable. Very few haddocks were obtained, the total being three, all marketable ; the chief fishes were cod, of which fifty were got, codling, plaice, and flounders. In the other haul 690 fishes were obtained, 570 being marketable. On this occasion also the marketable fishes consisted for the most part of cod, codling, plaice, and flounders, while only six haddocks were taken.
The aggregate for the two hauls here, the actual fishing lasting eight hours and fifteen minutes, was 1474, or an average per hour of 178°7. The marketable fishes numbered 1126, an average of 136°5 per hour, and the unmarketable 348, giving an average of 42:2. The flat-fishes greatly preponderated, 1134, or an average of 137°4, being caught, as compared with 327 round-fishes, with an average of 39°6. All the round- fishes were marketable, and they comprised the large number of 127 cod, 172 codling, five coal-fish, and twelve cat-fish, but only nine haddocks and two whitings. The flat-fishes included 524 plaice, all marketable except nine (the average of the former being 62°4), 350 common dabs, and 243 flounders.
Although the catches here were good, the fishing was carried on at some expense of gear, and a shift was made to the north-east, off Tarbet Ness, where three drags were taken in from twenty to twenty-six fathoms of water. In the first, which occupied four hours and thirty-five minutes, only 222 fishes were taken, 174 marketable, but the net was slightly split. In the next haul 449 were caught, of which 130 were marketable, and in the third 259, the marketable numbering 161. The chief fish taken in this locality was cod, 142 being obtained.
Taking the two perfect hauls, the time of actual fishing being eight hours and ten minutes, the number of fishes secured was 708, the average per hour being 86°6. The number of marketable was 291, with an aver- age of only 35:6, and the unmarketable 417, with an average of 51:0 The total included 137 plaice, 124 cod, 201 haddocks, of which only sixteen were marketable, sixteen whitings, all unmarketable, and a few others.
The quantity of fish landed from this trip amounted to 1403? cwts., as follows :—
Cod. Codling. ling. Coal-fish, Haddock. Turbot. MHalibut. Brill. Tout: 1} 2 33 4 1 4 Lemon Dab. Plaice. Dabs. Megrim, Flounder, Cat-fish. Skates,
2? 284 12 qt 44 5 5
fir
From the 8th to the 13th of June another series of trawlings was made on board the “ Drumblair,” the places visited being Burghead Bay, the grounds off Lossiemouth, the Dornoch Firth, the ground off Lybster, Smith Bank, and Aberdeen Bay, twenty-two hauls being recorded.
The fishing in Burghead Bay, where three drags were made on the 8th and 9th, was very poor, the total number of fish taken being only 560, of which 203 were marketable, the duration of the fishing being six hours and forty minutes. In one of the hauls the net was slightly torn, and in the other two, lasting for four hours and forty minutes, 390 were caught, 125 of them being marketable. The average per hour at this time in Burghead Bay was 84:1, the average for the marketable being only 30°5. The catch consisted chiefly of plaice ; only one cod, two cod- lings, a single haddock, and three whitings were caught. An explana-
*
28 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
tion of the poor takes was probably the very large quantity of weed which was found in the net, which was with difficulty cleansed of it, experience showing that under such circumstances fish are usually scarce.
On leaving Burghead Bay the vessel proceeded to the ground off Lossiemouth, where a haul was made in from eleven to fourteen fathoms, about three miles off. The net was hauled in fifty minutes, and it con- tained 278 fishes, of which only forty-one were marketable, viz. forty plaice and one black or common sole. The unmarketable fishes num- bered 237, aud consisted of common dabs, small plaice, and gurnards, of which there were 110. The weather both here and at Burghead Bay was quite calm, the sea smooth, and there was a slight fog.
The vessel then steamed to the Dornoch Firth, where a number of drags were taken. In the first, which lasted for only twenty-eight minutes, the net having caught on sornething on the bottom, ninety-five fishes were taken, of which forty-one were marketable and fifty-four unmarketable. They consisted mostly of plaice and common dabs; only one haddock was obtained, and there were no whitings. Jor the time the net was fishing the catch was fairly good, and a ‘‘dan” was put down and a few of the succeeding hauls were made around it. In the first of these, in from five to eleven fathoms, and in two hours and forty-two minutes actual fishing, a large bag of fish was secured. The total number of fishes was 4928, of which 1555 were marketable and 3373 unmarketable. With the exception of fifty gurnards and twenty-four thornbacks, they were all flat-fishes and nearly all plaice. ‘These numbered no less than 4638, of which 1525 were marketable and 3113 unmarketable; the former consisted of eleven ‘ large,” 205 ‘‘ mediums,” 370 ‘small,” and 939 “fourths,” The small unmarketable plaice measured from three and three-quarter inches up to ten inches in length. The catch also included four brill and six flounders.
In the next recorded haul, on the same ground and lasting for four hours, 4859 fishes were taken, of which 1318 were marketable and 3541 unmarketable. The great bulk again consisted of plaice, which numbered 4517, and of these 1211 were marketable and 3306 unmarketable. The other marketable fishes included one turbot, one brill, eighty-five common dabs, one lemon dab, and nineteen thornbacks. The small “ offal” plaice were of the same sizes as in the former haul, and their great abundance showed how destructive the otter-trawl may be on such shallow-water grounds in certain cases. In the two hauls forty-three thornbacks were got, and the males greatly preponderated. In fifty-six examined from these and other catches, there were fifty-one males and only five females—a proportion the reverse of what usually obtains.* The larger and medium-sized gurnards were spawning, and they were found to be feeding on shore-crabs.
Owing to the quantity of small plaice taken, it was decided to shift a little further out so as to avoid the shallow water, and the result was immedi- ately apparent. In the first haul made here, in from nine to thirteen fathoms, the “ bag” was not so large, but the fish were of better size. The haul lasted for four hours and two minutes, and the fishes caught numbered 1144, of which 432 were marketable and 712 unmarketable. The former included 412 plaice, of a total of 1105, the large numbering twenty-eight, the medium fifty-eight, the small 110, and the fourths 216. There were also two cod, ten common dabs, two flounders, one cat-fish, and five thornbacks. The fourth class of marketable plaice consisted of fish measuring from 23 centimetres (nine inches) to a little over 31 centi- metres (twelve and a half inches), and the unmarketable from 19°8 cm.
* Twenty-first Annual Report, Part III., p. 280.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 29
(seven and three-quarter inches) to about 23-5 cm., or nine and a quarter inches ; a few were a little larger. The selection of the various classes by the men, being solely by the eye, is never perfect, one class always overlapping another more or less.
A number of other hauls were made on this ground with the same general results, the marketable fishes consisting of plaice and scarcely any- thing else, round-fishes, with the exception of gurnards, being almost absent, During the time in the Dornoch Firth the weather was very favourable for fishing operations on the whole, though on the 10th there was some wind from the east, which made the sea a little choppy, causing the vessel to roll.
In the ten recorded hauls in the somewhat deeper water, from eight to thirteen fathoms and mostly from eight to eleven, the time of actual fishing being thirty-eight hours and thirty-two minutes, the aggregate number of fishes captured was 7613, of which 3565 were marketable and 4046 unmarketable. They consisted mostly of flat-fishes, and chiefly of plaice, the former numbering 7316, and the round-fishes, nearly all gurnards, only 279. The average per hour’s fishing was 92°5 for the marketable, and 105-0 for the unmarketable, the general average for both combined being 197°5. Only five cod, two (unmarketable) codlings, thirty- two haddocks, all marketable, were taken, and not a single whiting. The plaice numbered 6680, of which 3450 were marketable and 3230 unmarketable, the respective averages per hou’s fishing being 89°5 and 83°8 for the marketable and unmarketable, and 173°3 for both together.
In the two first hauls in the somewhat shallower water above described a greater number of fishes were captured in the six hours and forty-two hours of fishing, viz. 9787, the average per hour being 1460-7; the marketable numbered 2873, with an average of 428°7, and the unmarket- able 6914, with an average of 1032-0. ‘The number of plaice in these two hauls was 9155, the average per hour being 1366°4 ; the marketable amounted to 2736, with an average of 408°4, and the unmarketable to 6419, with an average of 958:0. These numbers are very rarely reached.
The number of marketable and unmarketable fishes taken in the twelve hauls was as follows :—
[
: , 2 A f | ; Plaice. are ae Brill, | Turbot. ae : Cod, | Codling.
ile 6,186 141 11 7 1 ip 5 Ui, 9,649 963 3 ; . y ; 2 Total | 15,835 1,104 14 if 1 1 5 2 Haddock. Hake, Cat-fish. | Gurnard. | Angler. pon iie Sprat. I 382 1 5 50 II 234 8 if 1 Total 32 1 5 234 8 57 1
It is of interest to contrast the proportions in which the plaice of different sizes were caught in the two hauls in the shallower water and in
30 Part II1.— Twenty-second Annual Report
the ten in a little deeper water on this occasion ; and in the appended Table I give the percentage of each size to the total, and the average number taken in each hour’s fishing in the two cases respectively. The two hauls are indicated by A and the ten by B.
} : Small or Unmarket- Large. Medium, Maas. Fourths. able. A No. 27 329 681 1,699 6,419 B No. 174 7795 atealfs) 1,322 3,230 A Paront: 0-29 3°59 7°43 18°55 70°11 B pee 2°60 1160 116] 7765 19°80 | 48:3 A No. per 4:0 49°] 101°6 253°6 958-0 Hour’s B Fishing. 4°5 Pepe al 30°6 34:3 83°8
It will be seen how much greater the proportion of small plaice, under about ten inches, is in the former case than in the latter. The actual abundance on the ground, as shown by the average per shot, indicates that while the large plaice were nearly equally distributed, the medium plaice, and still more markedly those still smaller, were far more numerous in the shallower water. Nevertheless it will be observed that the largest average in each case is for the unmarketable fish, that is, under about nine and a half or ten inches.
Two hauls with the small-meshed net around the cod-end were made in the Dornoch Firth. In the first, which was for an hour and twenty- eight minutes, it was found on getting the trawl up that the fine net had been holed. The total number of fishes taken was 143, belonging to eleven species, as follows :—Plaice 55, common dab 38, lemon dab 2, little or yellow sole 3, cod 10, haddock 1, gurnard 14, cat-fish 1, sand-eel 16, goby 1, gemmeous dragonet 2. In the second haul, which lasted for an hour, the catch was also very small, viz. 170 fishes, belonging to five species, viz.—plaice 103, common dab, 57, gurnard 7, sand-eel, 1, angler 2.
The next place where fishing was carried on was off Lybster on the coast of Caithness, where a drag for two hours in twenty-three fathoms gave 584 fishes, of which 383 were marketable and 201 unmarketable. The catch comprised six marketable plaice, forty-six marketable lemon dabs, and forty common dabs, as well as 410 haddocks, 308 of them being marketable, two cod, and forty-four whitings, twenty-five of which were too small to be marketable.
Smith Bank was then visited, and a haul there, in from nineteen to twenty-two fathoms, for two hours and five minutes, gave a total of 773 fishes, 378 being marketable. The flat-fishes consisted of two turbot, 220 common dabs, and twenty-nine lemon dabs, all but seven of them market- able; there were also taken 481 haddocks, 316 marketable, one cod and twelve marketable codlings, as well as two cat-fish and twenty-three gurnards,
After leaving the Moray Firth five hauls were made in Aberdeen Bay, with very good results. The first was in from eight to ten fathoms off the Black Dog, and it lasted for four hours. The number of fishes taken was 1749, of which 1384 were marketable and 365 unmarketable, the bulk of the catch consisting of plaice and haddocks. Of 917 haddocks caught, 707 were marketable and 210 unmarketable; all the former
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 51
were “thirds” or small. The plaice totalled 597, all but twenty being marketable, and of these twenty-five were large, 363 mediums, and 189 small, There were also one cod, three marketable codlings and fourteen unmarketable, forty small whitings, 150 dabs, twenty-five gurnards, and two anglers.
The next haul in the same place, and also lasting for four hours, gave almost exactly the same numbers, the total being 1745, the marketable 1312 and the unmarketable 433. The haddocks numbered 1013, all being small and 250 of them unmarketable, while of the 507 plaice, all of which were marketable, fifteen were large, 162 medium, and 330 small; there were no “fourths,” a still smaller class, as in the Moray Firth.
In these two drags at this place, the duration of fishing being eight hours, 3494 fishes were captured, the average per hour being 436°6. The marketable, numbering 2696, gave an average of 337°0, and the unmarketable, of which there were 798, an average of 99-6.
Three other hauls were made in from twelve to fifteen fathoms, off Slains Castle, with even better results. Only one was completely recorded ; it lasted for four hours, and 2068 fishes were taken, 1855 marketable and 213 unmarketable. The number of haddocks was 1797, all but 109 marketable ; there were fewer plaice, viz. 160, all marketable, and they comprised sixty mediums and one hundred small. The other marketable fishes were two turbots and five brill. In the next haul, for three hours, 4283 marketable fishes were secured ; the nnmarketable were not counted, but they consisted of six basketfuls, mostly of small haddocks. The haddocks enumerated amounted to 4126, of which 303 were mediums, 3193, smalls and 630 fourths, or very small. There were also eighty-seven plaice, al] marketable, and seventy marketable common dabs. ‘The last drag, for four hours, yielded 1985 marketable fishes, the haddocks numbering 1871 and the plaice 107; all the haddocks were thirds and fourths. The offal was not noted.
The following are the particulars of each class of fish taken in the three completely recorded drags in Aberdeen Bay :-—
. Common . Cod- | Had- | Whit-| Gur- | Ang- Plaice. Dab. Turbot. | Brill. | Cod. ling. | dock.| ing. | nard | ler.
ii, 20 263 - - - 39 569 | 56 61 3
Total | 1,264 357
wo ~I —_ iw bo ww hoe I bo xj No) fon) for) i On
The quantity of fish landed at the market, as the result of this trip, as recorded by the Fishery Officer, was 81 cwts., as follows :—
Cod. Codling, Coal-fish. Hake, Haddock. Turbot. 2 $ io 4 4 4 Brill. Lemon Dab, Plaice, Cat-fish. Flounder, Skates. : 63} lk ; 9 PVE
In October another series of trawlings was made, by means of the steam-trawler “Star of the North,” the grounds visited being Aberdeen Bay, Burghead Bay, the Dornoch Firth, off Lybster, and Smith Bank.
C
32 Part [11.— Twenty-second Annual Report
In Aberdeen Bay five hauls were made on the 16th and 17th of the month, with fair results, a strong breeze blowing from the 8.W., while the sea was rough. The first was off Black Dog in from eight to twelve fathoms, and it lasted four hours. The catch amounted to 1978 fishes, of which 1938 were marketable, most consisting of haddocks. Of these 1517 were caught, all marketable, the majority being “large” or “ firsts,” viz. 749. Thirteen cod and 121 codlings, of which 118 were marketable, were included in the catch, as well as 264 whitings, twenty- two plaice, one lemon dab, and twenty-eight common dabs. The next drag in the same locality, and in from nine to twelve fathoms, gave almost the same result, viz. a total of 1964, of which 1889 were marketable. The number of haddocks was 1099, all marketable, there being 395 large, 164 medium, and 540 thirds. There were also four cod and 282 codlings, all but nine marketable, 275 whitings, ten brill, 194 plaice, twelve lemon dabs, and seventy-three common dabs. A third haul for four hours in the same locality gave 1287 fishes, 1216 of which were marketable, the bulk of the catch consisting of large and medium haddocks, cod, codlings, and plaice.
The fourth drag was made in from twelve to twenty fathoms, from the same place towards Cruden Skerries, and lasted for three yous and a quarter. The catch consisted of 1685 fishes, 1634 being marketable. The number of haddocks was 790, of which 237 were large, 156 mediums, and 397 thirds. Besides nine cod, 387 codlings were taken, all but five marketable, 228 whitings, 204 plaice, some dabs and rays. The fifth haul was made from the Skerries towards Aberdeen and lasted for an hour, The catch amounted to 208 fishes, chiefly haddocks, whitings, and plaice; it was made with the small-meshed net around the cod-end.
The three hauls in from eight to twelve fathoms, the time of actual fishing being eleven hours and fifty minutes, yielded a total of 5229 fishes, the rate per hour being 442°0. The marketable numbered 5043, with an average per hour of 426°3, and the unmarketable 186, with an average of 15'7. The aggregate of haddocks was 3281, with an average per hour of 277°3. A feature was the large number of marketable cod- lings, of which 570 were taken in three hauls.
The particulars of the catches of the first four drags in Aberdeen Bay are these :—
}
Plaice, | Commons) Lemon’ rurbat, ||, Brill. .| Codey Needienes
Haddock.} Whiting. | Gurnard.] Angler, | vey | Shot oe
If 4,071 830 - 1 16 8 5 ie - 49 21 2 3 2 6 Total 4,071 879 7a 3 19 10 11
In the haul with the small-meshed net, for an hour, the total number of fishes caught was 384, as follows :—Plaice 42, common dab 26, long rough dab 1, cod 22, haddock 94, whiting 190, sprat 9.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 5i3)
The fishing in the Moray Firth was begun on the 19th, Burghead Bay being first visited ; the weather was calm, and very large quantities of fish were taken. ‘The first haul was in from twelve to twenty fathoms, but mostly in and about ten, and lasted for four hours, The bag of fish was an exceptionally large one, comprising thirty-one and a half baskets of haddocks, mostly small, and six baskets of plaice, as well as other fishes. The total number of the fishes caught was 8382. of which 7286 were marketable and 1096 unmarketable. Among the former were 6439 haddocks and 622 plaice, sixty whitings, a halibut, two brill, thirty witches, twenty common dabs, and ninety-six gurnards. The unmarket- able consisted chiefly of common dabs, whitings, and plaice.
The other four hauls at Burghead Bay were made in water from eight to twelve and thirteen fathoms, and they were also good in regard to the result. In the first, lasting for four hours, 3446 fishes were taken, 2581 marketable and 865 unmarketable. The former included 1463 haddocks, 646 plaice, and 255 whitings, and also a turbot, three brill, two witches, and some common dabs and gurnards, The next, also for four hours, produced 2556 fishes, 1596 marketable and 960 unmarketable, haddocks and plaice predominating. In the next haul, also for four hours, 4037 fishes were caught, 3005 of them being marketable and 1032 unmarket- able. The catch included 2119 haddocks and 491 plaice.
In the last haul, for one hour, the catch amounted to 912 fishes, 515 being marketable and 397 unmarketable ; most consisted of plaice, had- docks, and common dabs.
The aggregate quantity of fish taken in these five drags, the time of fishing being seventeen hours, was the large one of 19,333 fishes, 14,983 being marketable and 4350 unmarketable. The averages per hour’s fishing were 1137°2 for the whole, 881°3 for the marketable, and 255°9 for the unmarketable. The total number of haddocks was 10,910, with an average of 641°8; the number of plaice was 2730, the average being 160°6, and the number of common dabs 3618, giving an average per hour of 212°8. There were very few cod or codlings, viz. three of the former and fifty-two of the latter, and 523 gurnards, of which 379 were taken to market, The productiveness of the grounds in Burghead Bay on this occasion very strikingly contrasted with the condition in spring and in June.
The following Table gives the numbers of the marketable and unmarketable fishes taken in the five hauls, the former being dis- tinguished by the figure I., and the latter by II. :-—
Plaice, | C9mmon| witch, | HEM | Halibut. | Turbot. | Brill. | Angler.
I. | 2,622 218 68 6 1 2 5 EE: 108 | 3,400 : b : : : 43 Total | 2,780 | 3,618 68 6 1 y) 5 43
Cod, | Codling. | Haddock. | Whiting. | Hake. | Gurnard. ae
Total 3 52 10,910 1,360 it 523 Val
34 Part I11.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The proportion of the small plaice to those of larger size here was very different to what it was in the Dornoch Firth in June. The unmarket- able gave only a ratio of 6°3 per hour, as shown in the appended Table, which also gives the numbers, and the average per hour’s fishing, for the various classes of haddocks :—
Plaice. Large. Medium. Small. Fourths, Sewcies NO:c wa. : 22 677 795 1,128 108 Average per
Hour ‘ 1:3 39°8 46°8 66°3 6:3
Haddock. Large. Medium. Small. Fourths. ee ie NO. % : 62 521 9,988 182 157 Average per
Hour : 3°6 30°6 587°'5 tO? 9:2
In one haul, for an hour, in eight to twelve fathoms, with the small- meshed net around the cod-end of the otter-trawl, 997 fishes were obtained, belonging to twelve species, as follows :—
Plaice. Common Dab. Witch. Cod. Haddock. Whiting. 2 340 13 21 246 93
Hake. Gurnard. Pogge. Angler. Dragonet. Thornback. 1 5 1 1 1 £
The fishing in the Dornoch Firth, which was the next place visited, was fairly good, but not so productive as at Burghead Bay. The first haul was made on the afternoon of the 20th October, off Dunrobin and Golspie, in from eight to fourteen fathoms of water, and lasted for two hours, The number of fishes caught was 793, of which 677 were marketable and 116 unmarketable. They included forty-two cod, thirty-three codlings, all but seven marketable, 592 haddocks, nearly all marketable, twenty- seven whitings, two brill, twenty-two plaice, and one or two others. The weather was fine, a light wind blowing from the south-west. In the next drag in the same locality, and lasting also for two hours, 842 fishes were caught, 771 being marketable. There were only three cod, but the number of haddocks was increased to 652, and of plaice to a hundred. A number of other hauls were made on the same grounds, the best being one of four hours’ duration, by which 2486 fishes were taken, 2239 marketable and 247 unmarketable. Only one cod was included in the catch, but there were 1846 haddocks and 345 plaice, as well as some codlings, whitings, lemon dabs, and others. In the next haul the net was split, but the one succeeding it yielded 2223 fishes, 2081 being market- able. The haddocks numbered 1926, and the plaice 133, and there were also five cod, forty-two codlings, and some dabs.
Altogether there were nine recorded drags in this place, and the aggre- gate of fishes taken was 12,253, 9611 being marketable and 2642 unmarketable. The averages per hour of actual fishing were 331-4 for the marketable, 91:1 for the unmarketable, and 422°5 for both combined. The average per hour for the haddocks was 266°8 and for the plaice 57-0.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 30
In the following Table are given the totals of each kind of fish taken in these nine hauls, the marketable being indicated by I. and the unmarket- able by II. :—
Blues CoM | iapyaten |e eC! |” Brill Cod. | Codling. | 1. 1,552 89 2 23 5 4 138 Il, 100 | 2,099 : : ; 45 Total | 1,652 | 2,188 2 23 5 54 183
Haddock. Whiting. | Coal-fish. | Gurnard. Cat-fish. | Thornback.
I 7,666 33 35 1 12 II 70 190 2 99 Total 7,736 223 2 134 1 12
There were also a conger, seven anglers, twenty-two sprats, five picked dog-fishes, an armed-bullhead, a little or yellow sole, and a sting ray (Trygon). The proportions of the plaice and haddocks of different sizes is indicated in the following Table :—
: ; . | Unmarket- Large. | Medium. | Small. Fourths. abe: Now: : 100 261 438 753 100 Plaice | Average per Hour : 3°4° 9-0 15-1 26:0 3°4 Nov. 3 1,033 879 5,754 - 70 Had- dock Average per Hour : 35°6 30°3 198°4 - 2°4
In a haul for an hour, in from eight to thirteen fathoms, with the small-meshed net around the cod-end, 1522 fishes were captured, belonging to fifteen species, as follows :-—
Brill, - - - 1 Coal-fish, - ~ 1 Plaice, - - - 364 Gurnard, - eo Lemon Dab, - 3 Pogge, - . A. Common Dab, - 724 Sprat, - - 43 Little Sole, - - 8 Sting Ray, - 1 Cod, - - - 8 Thornback, - 1 Haddock, - = ime) Piked Dog-fish, - 1 Whiting, - - 233
After leaving the Dornoch Firth the vessel steamed to the grounds oft Lybster, where five hauls were made in twenty-three and twenty-four fathoms of water and good catches of haddocks got. In the first, which was for one hour, 1008 fishes were taken, of which 956 were marketable and fifty-two unmarketable. The haddocks numbered 904, all but four marketable ; there were also fifty-one whitings, fourteen plaice, five lemon
36 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
dabs, and thirty common dabs. The next drag, for two hours, yielded 2740 fishes—2674 being marketable and sixty-six unmarketable. The number of haddocks caught was 2463 (twenty basketfuls), all except nine marketable ; there were also 224 whitings and a few flat-fishes. The third haul, for three hours, was scarcely so good, 2810 fishes being taken, of which 2665 were marketable. The catch included 2008 haddocks, nineteen codlings, twenty-six plaice, four lemon dabs, and eighty-six common dabs.
The five drags here—the time of actual fishing being thirteen hours— produced altogether 9992 fishes, or at the rate of 768°6 per hour; the marketable numbered 9536, the average per hour being 732°5, and the unmarketable 456, with an average per hour of 35:1. The total number of haddocks was 8063, of which only forty-nine were unmarketable, the average per hour’s fishing being 620°2. Only 349 flat-fishes were caught in the five hauls, and of these 108 were marketable, consisting of eighty-two plaice and twenty-six lemon dabs; the unmarketable were 241 common dabs.
The following Table gives the numbers of the marketable and unmarket- able fishes respectively :—
: Lemon |Common Cod- | Had-| Whit-) Gur- Thorns Ang- HEED | Dab. Cod. ling. | dock.| ing. | nard.| back. ler.
I. 82 26 : 25 | 45 |8,014|1,315! 27 2 IL. : : 241 : 28 49| 121| 16 | - 1 Total 82 26 241 25 | 73 | 8,063|1,436| 48 2 1
The haddocks were on the whole of a good class, 2078 being firsts, 1530 mediums, and 4406 thirds, the respective averages per hour’s fishing being as follows :— |
Firsts. Seconds. Thirds, Fourths. Unmarketable. No. 2,078 1,530 4,406 — 49 Average 159°8 abhor 339°0 — 3°8
Of the eighty-two plaice obtained, seven were large or firsts, sixty-four were mediums, and eleven thirds.
A small-meshed haul was made here for one hour, but the fine net was torn. The number of fishes taken was 1034, as follows :—
Plaice, - - ee did. Cod, - : - 9 Lemon Dab, - 5 Haddock, - - 906 Common Dab, - 49 Whiting, - = {fia
Before leaving the Moray Firth two hauls were made on Smith Bank, on the edge, in about twenty-one and twenty-two fathoms. The first, for an hour, with the small-meshed net attached, yielded 1300 fishes, of which 350 were marketable and 950 unmarketable. The latter chiefly consisted of common dabs and whitings, and the former of haddocks. The total for both nets was 1811 fishes, belonging to twelve species, as follows :—
Plaice, - - = ol Haddock, - - 306 Common Dab, - 962 Whiting, - - 442 Lemon Dab, = gp Gurnard, - =<. 1D Long Rough Dab,- = 20 Pogge, - - 4 Little Sole, - - 1 Gobius minutus, 1
Cod, . = Eye Dragonet, - - 4
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 37
The second drag was for three hours and forty minutes, and the number of fishes taken was 1236, 980 being marketable and 256 unmarketable. They included 107 cod, twenty-seven codlings, all marketable, a ling, 796 haddocks, all but ten marketable, thirty-four plaice, all marketable, fifteen lemon dabs, and some whitings and common dabs.
The haddocks were mostly of the third or small class, only thirty being firsts and 110 seconds.
Another haul with the small-meshed net around the cod-end was made at the “witch ground ” about twelve miles off Kinnaird Head, the depth being fifty-one fathoms, and the duration of the haul one hour. The total number of fishes taken in both nets was 2187, belonging to eleven species ; no witches were captured. The numbers of each kind were as follows :-—
Plaice, - - - 3 Whiting, - - 422 Common Dab, - 412 Norway Pout, - 613 Long Rough Dab, 269 Gurnard, - al Cod,” - . - 1 | Gobius minutus, - 1 Hake, - - - 6! Angler, - : 1 Haddock, - - 447 |
The aggregate number of fish taken in twenty-four recorded hauls in this trip in the Moray Firth and Aberdeen Bay—the duration of the actual fishing being seventy-seven hours and forty minutes—was 49,728. Of these, 41,787 were brought to market and 7941 thrown overboard.
The quantity, in cwts., as determined by the Fishery Officer when the fish were landed, was as follows, the total being 271? cwts. :—
Cod. Codling. Ling. Hake. Haddock. Whiting. 39% 174 4 8 1434 144 Turbot. Brill. Lemon Dab. __‘Plaice. Dabs. Witches. : 24 4 } 4 Conger. Skate. Gurnard. Angler. 1
3
Vv.
At the end of October six hauls in Aberdeen Bay were made by the steam-trawler ‘ Lochryan,” four of which were recorded. In the first, in from eight to fifteen fathoms of water, and which lasted for two hours and twenty minutes, 835 fishes were taken, of which 675 were marketable and 160 unmarketable. The catch included twenty-nine cod, forty-three codlings, all marketable, 399 haddocks, 338 whitings, seven plaice, a brill, and a common sole. In the second haul, in from seven and a half to twelve fathoms, for four hours and thirty-five minutes, 1066 fishes were taken, the number marketable being 930. There were 106 cod, 151 codlings, all except six marketable, four coalfish, 320 haddocks, only eleven of which were unmarketable, 308 plaice, and a number of whitings and others. The succeeding two hauls were rather better, haddocks especially being more abundant, and altogether in the four drags—the time of actual fishing being fifteen hours and twenty-five minutes—6042 fishes were taken, of which 4654 were n.arketable and 1388 unmarketable, the average per hour’s fishing being for the whole catch 392°1, for the marketable 302:0, and for the unmarketable 90'1. The average per hour for haddocks was 196-3, for whitings 117°5, and for
38 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
plaice 33:5, The numbers of fishes of the various kinds, marketable (I.) and unmarketable (II.), were as follows :—
1 Long : Common] Floun- | Lemon ee Plaice. Dab. das Dab! Sole. Brill. Rough Cod. Dab. I 507 40 5 3 2 1 197 II 10 30 2,
oe ee | — —————— |§\ — | |) | ee F —
di: 322 2,863 709 4 = 1 II. 22 162 1,101 ; 9 2 47 Total 344 3,025 1,810 4 9 3 47
In a haul with the small-meshed net, which lasted for an hour, the total number of fishes taken was 1981, belonging to ten species, as follows :—
Plaice, - - = Paid, Haddock, - - 1190 Lemon Dab, - 1 Whiting, - = 701 Common Dab, - 6 Gurnard, - - 6 Long Rough Dab, 2 Sprat, - - 2 Cod, ~= - - 5 | Grey Skate, - 1
The total quantity of fish landed, in cwts., was as follows, the time of fishing (including the incompletely recorded drags) being nineteen hours and five minutes :—
Cod. Codling. Coal-fish. Haddock, Whiting. Turbot. Plaice. Dabs. 25 74 4 21 4} 4 7 4 =663
var
The next series of trawling experiments was made in November, the vessel employed being the steam-trawler ‘‘Glenogil,” and the places examined were Aberdeen Bay, Burghead Bay, the Dornoch Firth, between Burghead and Cromarty, and Smith Bank.
Four hauls were made in Aberdeen Bay on 6th and 7th November, off Newburgh, and between Black Dog and Collieston. In the first, in from eight to ten fathoms, which lasted for three hours, 1383 fishes were secured, 1314 of which were marketable and sixty-nine unmarketable. The former consisted mostly of haddocks and whitings ; of 1013 haddocks taken, 977 were marketable and thirty-six unmarketable, and of 321 whitings all but eighteen were marketable. The other fishes comprised one cod, twenty-seven codlings, a few dabs and gurnards, as well as six herrings and two sprats. Only two plaice were caught in this drag. Most of the haddocks belonged to the third and fourth classes, only 135 were “large” and sixty-nine “medium.” The smallest haddocks amongst the unmarketable measured six and seven inches in length,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 39
The next haui in the same locality, in five and a half to twelve fathoms, lasting for two hours, yielded only seventy-one fishes, and there was nothing apparent to account for the very small catch. The marketable fish consisted of thirteen haddocks—viz., one large, six medium, and six fourths—twenty-four whitings, one plaice, and one dab. Other two hauls were made in from four and a half to twelve fathoms, bat the catches were small, the marketable fishes consisting chiefly of haddocks, plaice, and whitings. Altogether in the four hauls made in Aber- dren Bay—the actual time of fishing being twelve hours and five minutes —the total number of fishes captured was 2630, the average per hour being 217-7; the number of marketable was 2394, with an average of 198:2, and the unmarketable 236, with an average of 19°5. ‘The haddocks numbered 1485, the average per hour’s fishing being 122-9 ; the whitings 573, with an average of 47:4, and the plaice 379, with an average of 31:3.
The numbers of the marketable (I.) and the unmarketable (II.) of each kind are shown in the following Table :—
Cod. | Codling. |Haddock.
Whiting. Gurnard, rey Eon. ae = Herring.| Sprat. I 490 LO 83 24 3 I 17 7 z Total | 573 | 24 3 1 uy; 7 2
The vessel then landed the fish which had been caught in Aberdeen Bay before proceeding to the Moray Firth, and the quantities as recorded in the market, by the Fishery Officer, in ewts. were as follows :—
Cod, Codling. Haddock. Whiting. Plaice, 4 ik 74 1? 2
In the Moray Firth the first place visited was Burghead Bay, where five hauls were made, four of which were recorded. In the first, which lasted for three hours and ten minutes, 1682 fishes were caught, of which 1365 were marketable and 317 unmarketable. Among the former were eleven cod, 506 haddocks, ten whitings, nine brill, 790 plaice, and thirty- four common dabs. The unmarketable were composed mostly of small haddocks and gurnards. In the second drag, lasting for four hours and fifteen minutes, 2421 fishes were taken, 1930 marketable and 491 unmarketable. The greater part of the catch again consisted of plaice and haddocks. It also included a turbot, ten brill, and a black or common sole. The number of fishes taken in the third haul, which lasted four hours, was 1779, the number marketable being 1273. They consisted
40 Part IT].—Twenty-second Annual Report
for the most part of plaice, of which 1158 were obtained. There were only seventy-five small haddocks, twenty-five marketable and fifty too small to be marketable. In this drag no less than thirty-one brill were taken, a number that is scarcely ever reached in these trawling operations, and there were also five turbot. The fourth drag lasted for two hours and thirty-five minutes, and 1131 fishes were captured, of which 733 were marketable and 398 unmarketable. Only twenty-five small and unmarketable haddocks were caught in this drag ; the market- able plaice numbered 678, and there were seven brill.
During the time of fishing in the Bay the weather was favourable, though somewhat squally, with rain, the wind blowing from the west.
The aggregate number of fishes taken in the four hauls in the fourteen hours of actual fishing was 7013, of which 5301 were marketable and 1712 unmarketable. The average catch per hour’s fishing was for the marketable 378-6, and for the unmarketable 122°3; the average for both combined was 500°9. The number of plaice caught was 3588, the average per hour being 256°3, and the number of haddocks 1823, with an average of 130-2.
The numbers of the marketable and unmarketable of each species are given in the following Table :—
Plaice. | CO" | witch, | TemO2 | Sole | Turbot. | Brill 15 3,476 238 6 9 1 6 57 JOE 112 584
Total 3,588 822 6 9 1 6 57 Cod. Codling. | Haddock. ; Whiting. Gurnard. Cee Angler
I. 19 66 1,358 36 23 6 i, - 35 465 99 396 9 12 Total 19 101 1,823 135 396 32 18
With regard to the general size of the plaice and haddocks captured, the great majority were small. Especially was this the case with the haddocks, only six of the large and forty-five of the medium being taken. The numbers of each class and the average per hour's fishing are given in the following Table :—
Firsts. Seconds. Thirds. Fourths. tha part (6 45 77 1,230 465 Haddock, 0-4 3-9 5:5 88:0 33°2 77 575 2,824 ; 112 Plaice, {35 411 201°7 80
On leaving Burghead Bay the vessel steamed to the Dornoch Firth, where a number of hauls were made, the weather being calm and the sea smooth, a light wind coming from the north-west.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. Al
The first drag was made in from five to thirteen fathoms, off Golspie. It Jasted for four hours and five minutes, and the catch was a good one, the marketable fishes numbering 2346, the unmarketable 1139, and the aggregate 3485. Plaice and haddocks formed the bulk of the catch; of the former 2166 were taken, 1264 of which were marketable and 902 unmarketable. Most of the plaice were of small size, only five being large, 167 medium, and 1092 thirds, while the offal in this haul num- bered 902. Some of these, however, were quite large enough to go to market as fourths, and after this fourths were also selected. I found that the sizes of the larger specimens of the “unmarketable” plaice were on this occasion between nine and eleven inches: I give the measurements of seventy-six of the larger ones, in centimetres and inches :—
| Centimetres, . | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 MieReoe ees | Stier. |" Oy Osea | KOR e- | TE Naas > | tog) - |) 23) 18% Ne dan kh O3 1Onle 8) agit | Se l= Be =). 1
The larger of these plaice were in reality ‘“‘ thirds” ; but the selection, as previously mentioned, is never quite exact.
The next haul, in the same locality, was for four hours and twenty-five minutes, but the fishing was chiefly conducted in from eight to ten fathoms. The number of fishes taken was 1808, of which 1368 were marketable and 440 unmarketable. Haddocks were much scarcer, only 375 being caught, and it may be said generally in regard to this fish at this time in the Dornoch Firth that the quantity taken in the various hauls varied very much, there being sometimes only a few and sometimes over a thousand. They were obviously present, as the trawlers describe it, in “‘spots.” The plaice numbered 1237, of which 978 were market- able; there were in addition thirty-two codlings, eight whitings, four brill, twenty-two common dabs, and a thornback ray among the market- able fishes.
The number of fishes caught in the next haul, which lasted for four hours and a half, was 2514, the marketable being 1902 and_ the unmarketable 612. The haddocks numbered 1282, of which 271 were unmarketable. There were 995 plaice, 881 of them marketable, and in addition to these the marketable fishes included two cod, six codlings, one halibut, and one megrim. The unmarketable consisted mostly of haddocks, dabs, plaice, and gurnards, In the fifth drag, in from six to ten fathoms, only nineteen haddocks were taken, and of these thirteen were unmarketable. The plaice numbered 2101, all but 184 being marketable. The next drag, for five hours, yielded 3033 fishes, 2337 being marketable and 696 unmarketable. There were 634 haddocks, 1981 plaice, 1661 marketable, 371 common dabs, six lemon dabs, and seventeen brill.
Altogether in the six hauls, involving twenty six hours and forty minutes of actual fishing, 14,404 fishes were captured, the rate per hour being the high one of 541°5. The marketable numbered 10,919, with an average of 410°4 per hour, and the unmarketable 3485, with an hourly average of 131:0. The average per hour for the plaice taken was 350°4, and for those which were marketable 277°2 ; the average for the haddocks
42 Part ITT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
was 140°5 per hour. The numbers of the marketable and unmarketable, and the totals, are as follow :-—
Cod. |Codling,| Haddock.| "YO" | Plaice. | SOP] Brill. | “y7p" I. BA) fot 78i| oBjo58 Ys 10 W798) | cx a20 ee ab a ais I. 31 485 4, 1,048" | “746 |e 3 Total |f.. 24.4, ,,7109.|.7/8)788) |.544, 01510821 | Boxy) eee
Long
Halibut.| Megrim. Rough ee nes pees ae Angler. ab.
—— | — —————_ —_—_
I u 2 1 8 Be - - 6 213 Al 35 3 11 Total d 2 6 213 1 43 3 11
Among the haddocks the proportion of large and medium was con- siderable, and much above what it was on many previous occasions ; medium plaice were also well represented. The following figures give the average number of each class taken per hour’s fishing :—
First. Second, Third. Fourth. Unmarketable. Haddock, 24°6 24°6 33°3 39°6 18-2 Plaice, ipl 43-4 137°6 95-0 73°2
In the Dornoch Firth three hauls were also made with the small- meshed net around the cod-end, in from four and a half to twelve. fathoms, the time occupied in fishing being three hours and fifty minutes. The number of fishes taken in both nets amounted to 11,590, the great majority having passed through the meshes of the cod-end. They belonged to eleven species, as follows :-—
Gurnard, - . 4
Plaice, - - - 327 Brill, - - - 1 Sprat, - - 9351 Common Dab, - 28 Herring, - - 1407 Cod, - : - 4 Sand-eel, - ei) his Haddock, - - bios Thornback Ray, 1 Whiting, - - 44]
Most of the sprats were taken in one haul, viz. 5477, and most of the herrings in another, 1297.
On leaving the Dornoch Firth the vessel returned to Burghead Bay, where other three drags were made in from five to ten fathoms, a fresh breeze blowing from the south, and a considerable number of plaice were taken. The hauls were also remarkable for the large number of brill captured, the three drags yielding in succession thirty-six, forty-three, and fifteen—a total of ninety-four. Seven turbots were also caught. The aggregate number of fishes secured in the three drags, the time of actual fishing being fourteen hours, was 5367, an average, per hour of 383°4. The marketable fishes numbered 3817, with an average per hour of 272°6, and the unmarketable 1550, with an hourly average of 110-7. These averages are under those for the fishing in the same place a few
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 43
days before. In the following Table are given the number of marketable (I) and unmarketable (IT.) fishes taken in the three drags :—
Cod. Codling. Haddock. | Whiting. | Plaice. Brill. i 84 87 190 - 3,274 94 Il. - 34 98 8 464 Total 84 12% 288 8 3,738 94 Turbot Lemon Dab Common Gurnard Thorn- Angler mee Dab. =a back. a I 7 6 70 5 II 3 600 322 10 val Total ff 9 670 322 15 i |
A short haul of one hour’s duration was then taken off Burghead Bay, between it and Cromarty, in thirty fathoms, with the small-meshed net around the cod-end of the otter-trawl. The total number of fishes taken in both nets was 1805, belonging to fourteen species, as follows :—
Witch, - - - 101 | Hake, - - - 2 Plaice, - - - 4 | Ling, - : - - 1 Common Dab, - - 130] Gurnard, - - - 46 Long Rough Dab, - 705 | Norway Pout, - - 432 Whiting, - . - 339 | Gadus luscus, - - 7 Haddock, - . - 29 | Callionymus maculata, - 2 Codling, - - - 4 | Lumpenus lampetriformis, 3
Smith Bank was then visited, and a haul with the small-meshed net attached was made in twenty-one fathoms for one hour. The tying of the outer net was defective ; the knot slipped, and all the fish escaped. In the cod-end were thirty-three haddocks, three cod, five plaice, one lemon dab, five common dabs, and an angler.
The quantity of fish landed by the vessel, as recorded on returning to port amounted to 2187 cwts., as follows :—
Cod. Codling. Haddock, Turbot. Brill, 18 34 58 4 6 Plaice. Dabs. Witch. Skate. Angler. 115 3h 2 1 2
VIL.
The next series of trawling investigations was made on board the “Lochryan,” on 11th and 12th December, in Aberdeen Bay, a strong breeze blowing from the south, with a rough sea and rain. The catches were small, but, as often occurs in such conditions of weather, a consider- able number of cod were secured. Three recorded hauls were made off the Black Dog in from four and a half to ten fathoms of water, the duration of the actual trawling being twelve hours and ten minutes. The total number of fishes caught in each haul was respectively 344,
44 Part I[I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
243, and 191, the aggregate being 778, with the very low average per hour's fishing of 63-9. The marketable numbered 702, giving an aver- age per hour of 57:7, and the unmarketable numbered seventy-six. The hourly average for cod was 13:0 and for codling 24°5, while it was only 16°8 for haddocks and 1°6 for plaice. The numbers of the various kinds taken were as follows :-—
1 Ga Had- Whit- Coal- ; : Com. Starry Cod. |Codling.| goa. ing. ash Brill. | Plaice. Dab. Ray: I, 158 298 205 | 14 - 1 19 7 Il. : : : 21 5 ie : : 50 Total| 158 298 205 35 5 i 19 7 50
Two hauls were also made with the small-meshed net around the cod- end of the otter-trawl. In the first of these, which lasted for one hour and twenty minutes, and was made in from eight to twelve fathoms, the total catch was one cod, four codlings, fourteen whitings, two common dabs, one sand-eel, one goby, twenty-two small herrings (from one and three-quarter inches to nearly five inches), and seventy-four sprats. In the second, on the same grounds for one hour, but in seven fathoms, only a single fish—a starry ray—was taken.
VITE
Towards the end of December another series of trawling investigations was carried on in Aberdeen Bay and the Moray Firth, on board the steam-trawler “Star of the Ocean.” Several hauls were taken in Aberdeen Bay on the 23rd and 24th of the month, off Slains Castle, in from ten to thirty fathoms, but the net was usually torn, and the catches were very poor. In the first, which lasted for four hours and twenty minutes, 206 fishes were caught, 182 being marketable. Seventy-seven cod were taken, but only seven haddocks and sixty-six plaice, most of the latter being ‘‘thirds.” In the next drag, for three hours and a half, the catch was reduced to 108 fishes, twenty-three being cod, and there was the same number of plaice, but only five haddocks. The catch of the third haul was still less, viz. sixty fish, twenty-six being cod, eight had- docks, and eleven plaice. In each case, however, the net was torn on the bottom. Two other unrecorded hauls were made, and the aggregate quantity of fish landed from the five hauls amounted to 303 cwts., viz. 22 ewts. of cod, 2? cwts. of codlings, 22 cwts. of haddocks, 13 cwts. of plaice, and 14 cwts. of skates.
On the 25th a number of drags were taken at Burghead Bay, in the Moray Firth, the wind being light, from the south-west, and the weather foggy, and with much better results. In the first of the two recorded, which was in from eight to eleven fathoms, for five hours and five minutes, 1149 fishes were taken, 353 marketable and 796 unmarketable. The catch was chiefly made up of haddocks, mostly small; of a total of 727, the number thrown overboard as unmarketable was 604; there were only three large and no mediums. ‘The second haul, for five hours and ten minutes, yielded 3055 fishes, of which 784 were marketable and 2271 unmarketable. The total number of haddocks captured was 2458, and of these 2086 were too small to be marketable. In the two hauls, the time of fishing being ten hours and fifteen minutes, 4204 fishes were
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 45
taken, 1137 marketable and 3067 unmarketable. The numbers of the two classes are as follows :-——
on 5 qd (=) oa) qd o fo Pots tas us = 2 i £ S or a | bend ne} io} z = ‘3 TA =| “e 3 =| 5 5 3 See on heey ee meea anne Vere hain) eens Eel aa J 12 9 495 196 366 21 3D 2 i Vile - 26 |2,690 228 14 - 91 - - ala i Total UY 35 |3,185 424 380 Dil 126 2 1 11 7
The very foggy weather which prevailed interfered with fishing operations near the shore; partly for this reason the vessel shifted its position and made a haul in from sixteen to twenty-five fathoms off Tarbet Ness, The drag. lasted for one hour and forty-five minutes, and it was found that the net was considerably torn. The catch was small, amounting to 543. fishes, of which 431 were marketable and 112 unmarketable. The number of haddocks taken was 338, of which 315 were marketable ; there were seventy plaice, fifty-two being marketable, thirteen marketable codlings, five coal-fish, forty-two whitings, twenty-seven marketable, as well as six lemon dabs and sixty-three common dabs.
Two or three hauls were then made in the Dornoch Firth, in from seven to twelve fathoms, but the work was difficult owing to the thick fog, and in one of the drags the net was foul and came up without any fish. Ina recorded haul, which lasted for four hours, the number of fishes caught was 1095, of which the marketable amounted to 933 and the unmarketable to 162. The catch included 825 haddocks, all but 55 being marketable, as well as eight cod, two turbot, four brill, 148 plaice, and some dabs. On the 27th a haul was made for sixty-five minutes, in from eight to ten fathoms, with the small-meshed net, around the cod- end. The total number of fishes taken in the two nets was 880, belong- ing to sixteen species. On the following day another similar drag was taken with the small-meshed net for an hour, and they may be both considered together. The following is a list of the numbers of each kind of fish caught in the two drags, nineteen species being represented, and the total being 3657 fishes :—
Plaicen es. a or 122 Gurnard, ... ie ee 10 Lemon Dab, ies ae 4 Sprat, on re as 808 Common Dab, a dnt 845 Herring, .. e oa 4 Long Rough Dab, Be 24 Pogge,) .s ae 8 Little Sole, ue ee 18 Gobius minutus, . aon 2 Brill, Gee Ae anh 4 Dragonet, si 4 Witch, ahr Ae ays 1 Common Pipe- fish, 3 Cod, ae ee 20 Angler, : 8 Haddock, . bad ae 57 Thornback, 7 Whiting, ... ai et 708
From the Dornoch the vessel steamed to the grounds off Lybster, where a drag was made for four hours and a quarter in from eighteen to twenty-two fathoms. The net was found to have been badly split on coming up, and the catch was very small, amounting to only sixty-two fishes, all marketable. The catch included two cod, forty-four haddocks, and a few plaice and whitings.
The next place visited was Smith Bank, where a haul was made in twenty-seven and twenty-eight fathoms, on the edge of the bank, for
46 Part III-—Twenty-second Annual Report
sixty-five minutes, the small-meshed net being around the cod-end. The total number of fishes taken was considerable, viz. 1673, and they belonged to twenty-one species; some of them, as the young conger (Leptocephalus) and the thick-back sole, were of much scientific interest.
Plaico nie 36. ae ver 19 Sprat, 6 Lemon Dab, es Ps 20 Gurnard, 8 Common Dab, ... sen eae i! Goby (sp. ); 6 Little Sole, xe oe 47 Pogge, 4 8 Thickback, Bec 1 Gemmeous Dragonet, 14 Long Rough Dab, as 3 Spotted ge 2 Haddock, ... is 25 Sand-eel, ... ‘ 54 Whiting, ... Zs Le 141 Leptocephal US, t Cod, ae “a 38 Piked Dog-tish, 1 Norway Pout, a ate 153 Starry Ray, 1 Poor Cod, . on ae 1
From the commercial point of view, however, the fishing on Smith Bank was not of a profitable kind, and the vessel returned to Burghead Bay on the 28th, where a number of hauls were taken, three of which were com- pletely recorded. In the first, which was for five hours and a quarter, in from five to thirteen fathoms, 1198 fishes were taken, of which 567 were marketable and 631 unmarketable. The catch included nine cod, thirty- two codlings, all but seven marketable, 713 haddocks, the majority being again very small and 540 of them unmarketable, three turbot, thirty- seven brill, 306 plaice, all marketable, and a few others.
The second drag, for five hours, yielded only 269 fishes, of which 110 were marketable. Of 120 haddocks caught only three were marketable, and the other marketable fishes comprised one turbot, nine brill, sixty- three plaice, and twenty-seven common dabs. The third haul, in from four and a half to ten fathoms, was even less productive, only 193 fishes being caught, of which 111 were marketable and 82 unmarketable. None of the fifty-six haddocks taken were marketable, but there were seven brill and ninety-nine plaice, a cat-fish, two cod, and a thornback ray.
In the three hauls, occupying altogether fourteen hours and a quarter of actual fishing, only 1660 fishes were taken, 788 being marketable and 872 unmarketable. The general average per hour’s fishing is thus a very low one, viz. 116°5, while the average for the marketable alone is 55:3. The particulars regarding the different kinds of fish are given in the following Table :—
Cod. Codling. | Haddock. | Whiting. | Plaice. Turbot. Brill.
rs me | es | ns i | a
i: 79 22 - 2
Total 116 3 22 2 2 2
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 47
A haul with the small-meshed net was also taken in Burghead Bay for seventy-five minutes, in from five to twelve fathoms, and the total number of fish caught was only 173, as follows :-——
Plaice, : Ss ah 45 Whiting, ... 59 Common Waban, red i Sprat, ; 7 Brill, se nM - 4 Herring, .. 3 Turbot, nA oe ce 1 Long Rough Dab, | 1 Cod, ... es Ae ax 6 Sand-eel, ... 2 Haddock, ... et ee, 354
Another drag with the small-meshed net was taken on the so-called “witch ground” between Burghead Bay and the Suters of Cromarty, in thirty and thirty-one fathoms, and it lasted for an hour. The total number of fishes caught was 2112, belonging to twenty species. The numbers of each kind are as follows :—
Halibut, ... fo a3 1 Norway Pout, ... a 307 AYER ic) eae a8 a 73 Hake, eas i. ve 2 Plaice, . ne A 6 Herring, ... cai ise 31 Common Dab, _... ary 151 Sprat, Mee 484 a 356 Long Rough Dab, i. 696 Sand-eel, 3 ae 1 Thickback Boe a. 1 Lumpenus, 6 Cod, : ee oF 3 Goby (sp.) = re A Haddock, . As ret 1 Angler, ... a A 1 Whiting, a ee a. 470 Starry Ray, - 3 Gurnard),-; -. Ae ii Thornback, 5
Before the vessel left the Moray Firth a few hauls were taken at night off Lossiemouth in twenty and twenty-one fathoms, but the net suffered much and was usually found split when it was hauled. The particulars of these hauls were not recorded ; but in the first the catch included two baskets of large haddocks, one basket of mediums, and three baskets of thirds, as well as two cod, twenty lemon dabs, half a basket of plaice, and half a basket of whitings. The offal thrown overboard consisted of seven basketfuls, mostly of small haddocks.
On the way to port a small-meshed drag was taken in Aberdeen Bay on 29th December. It was made in from eight to seventeen fathoms, and lasted for an hour. ‘The total number of fishes caught was 4270, the great bulk consisting of small whitings, The numbers of the various species are as follows :—
Plaice, 53 ae as 1Om ioiggeblerring’s:. 5, 16 Common Dab, fee ie: 5 Sprat, ae es 39 Long Rough Dab, aN: 5 Gurnard, ... ve a a Haddock, ... a i 173 Pogge, bs 2 Cod, . i. x a 9 Liparis, 2 Whiting, As ae ee SOF, Sand-eel, 1
The total quantity of fish, in cwts., landed from this trip was recorded by the Fishery Officer as follows :—
Cod. Codling. Coal-fish, Haddock. Whiting. Turbot. Halibut. 3 1
134 2 ; 273 4 i : Brill. Lemon Dab. Plaice. Dabs. Witches. Cat-fish. Skate. 14 11 284 1} 4} 4 al
The quantity was small, considering the duration of fishing, but the foggy weather which prevailed for a large part of the time somewhat hampered the operations. It was noticed also that young herrings and sprats did not form so large a proportion of the small fishes caught in the small-meshed net as was usually the case. Foreign trawlers, moreover, were observed to be fishing in some numbers in the Firth at the time, and three of them were working along with us on Smith Bank.
D
48 Part III—Twenty-second Annual Report
IX.
In August a record was kept of the hauls made by the steam-trawler “‘Glenogil ” on the fishing grounds lying off the mouth of the Firth of Forth. The vessel left Aberdeen on the 17th August, and ran for about sixty miles on a course 8. 4 E. from Girdleness, and continued fishing southwards for several days, landing the catches at Granton, to about thirty-four miles S.E. of the Isle of May. The weather was good and the sea calm. The grounds visited on this trip, as may be seen from a chart, lie off St. Abb’s Head and the coast of Berwickshire and Northumberland, and are much fished by the trawlers belonging to Granton.
The first drag was made in thirty-four and thirty-five fathoms, about thirty miles E. 4 8. of the Isle of May, and it lasted for three hours. The catch was a moderate one, the number of fishes taken being 608, of which only 381 were marketable. They consisted almost entirely of haddocks, which numbered 519, the marketable numbering 360; the other marketable fishes were seven codlings, nine whitings, and five lemon dabs. The unmarketable were made up of haddocks, whitings, and gurnards. The next three shots were much the same both in regard to species and amount, the bulk of the catches being composed of haddocks, but. there were in addition a few cod, coal-fish, plaice, and ling. After- wards the catches improved. In the sixth haul, which was for three hours and five minutes, 2145 fishes were captured, 1713 being market- able. The haddocks numbered 1755, of which 1535 were marketable ; there were also 130 marketable whitings, one cod, nineteen codlings, twelve plaice, and sixteen lemon dabs. The unmarketable consisted entirely of haddocks, whitings, and gurnards.
Succeeding hauls were nearly as productive, the totals varying from 1243 to 2991, the duration of the drags being generally a little over three hours. In all of them haddocks formed the great bulk of the catch, the rest of the marketable fishes being made up of whitings, cod- lings, a few cod, ling, and coa!-fishes ; the flat-fishes were represented by small numbers of lemon dabs, plaice, and common dabs.
Altogether, in twelve hauls, up to the afternoon of the 19th August, the time of actual fishing being thirty-nine hours and twenty minutes, the number of fishes caught was 17,569, of which 13,874 were market- able and 3695 unmarketable. The average number taken per hour’s fishing was 353°0 for the marketable, 94:0 for the unmarketable, and 4471 for both combined.
The totals of each kind are given in the following Table, the market- able (I.) being distinguished from the unmarketable (II.) :—
Cod. Codling. | Haddock. | Whiting. | Coal-fish. Ling. Hake. I 27 373 12,464 711 19 8 - II 89 2,264 695 = Total 27 462 14,728 1,406 19 8 1 Plaice. cena ei one ugh Gurnard, Angler. L 92 176 3 II 35 85 514 13
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 49
The haddocks were by far the most important part of the catch, the average number taken per hour being 374°7 ; the rate for the marketable was 317'1 and for the unmarketable 57:6. The particulars for the majority of the fishes, showing the rate per hour, are as follows :—
° Marketable. Unmarketable. Total,
Haddock, . : : : : 317°1 57°6 374°7 Whiting, . . ; ; 4 18°1 17°6 35°8 Codling, . : : 3 F 9°5 2°2 i re Lemon Dab, _. : : : 4°5 - 4:5 Plaice, . ; ‘ 3 ‘ 2°3 - 2°3 Gurnard, . . ‘ : F - 13°1 13°1
On the 20th and 21st August a number of other hauls were made about fifty miles E. by S. from the Isle of May, off the coast of Northumberland, in from thirty-four to thirty-six fathoms. The catch was of much the same character, consisting mostly of haddocks, with some whitings, codlings, plaice, lemon dabs, common dabs, gurnards, and an occasional cod.
The record of one of the hauls was not completely taken, the unmarket- able fishes being omitted, but in the other four, the time of actual fishing being thirteen hours and twenty minutes, 7257 fishes were taken, the number of marketable being 6342 and of unmarketable 915, The average per hour’s fishing was thus 476°8 for the marketable and 68°8 for the unmarketable, the general average being 5456. The total number of haddocks caught was 6292, of which 5811 were marketable; 443 whitings were taken, 294 being marketable, 140 codlings, forty plaice, eighty-one lemon dabs, and some others.
The averages per hour's fishing agree very well with those of the previous hauls above referred to :—
Marketable. Unmarketable, Total. Haddock, . ‘ : 436°9 36'1 473°1 Whiting, . : : ; 22°14 12:2 33°3 Codling, . : . : : 8-1 2°4 10°5 Lemon Dab, . : : , 6:0 | ~ 6:0 lane eee al et les 3-0 2 3-0 Gurnard, . ; 3 ; , - 12°4 12°4
| Tapuegs.
50 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
586 443 1029
| Time Trawl Temperature. Fish Caught. ‘ P Depth Down. Place. Date. g q in ae No. No. Remarks. : £ g |Fms.| |; | Name. taken to thrown| Total oe 5 6 a 3 Market.| Over | No. < a) Q a ss board. 1903. 1. Burghead] Feb. 7.| .. 2 .. |17 to| 7.30 | 11.45 | Cod, sis ae 8 8 | Strong N.N.W. Bay. 20 | p.m.|p.m.| Codling, .. ap 7 7 breeze. Sea Burghead Haddock, .. ‘ 5 es 5 moderate. Pier Whiting, .. ve - 7 7 light Brill, Hs Be 1 ae i bearing Blaices es ws 50 ts 50 S.S.E. 4 Witch, ee es 86 8 94 miles. Com. Dab,.. A 12 14 26 Grey Skate, ae oe 6 6 Starry Ray, oe ac 1 i Angler, .. i 4 18 22 Dragonet, .. tee An il il 173 55 228 2. Burghead] Feb. 8 | .. bs HS 1A7 to} 12:0 |) 34.0 9) 1Cod,; Aa Es 14 Hh 14 Bay. 20 | p.m.| a.m. | Codling, .. ae 4 ts 4 Burghead Haddock, .. = 42 Be 42 Pier Whiting, .. i 19 ae 19 light Halibut, .. rie 1 af i bearing Turbo; jie a i Ke il S.S.E. 4 Brill, ae 5a 3 is 3 miles. Plaice, of se 128 « 128 Lemon Dab, ind 14 iy 14 Witch, ot 5S 191 ae 191 Com. Dab, . \ 31 105 136 Long Rough Dab, 36 84 84 Cat-fish, .. , 2 a3 2 Thornback, “fd 3 2 5 Starry Ray, And 2 2 4 Angler, .. ae 8 36 44 463 229 692 3. Burghead as n ee .. |18 to| 4.30 | 8.35 | Cod, ais 2 23 MN 23. | Net had small Bay. 25 a.m. {a.m.| Codling, .. LE 55 5 60 split. Burghead Ling, as Fe 2 33 2 Pier Coal-fish, .. 38 1 me 1 light Haddock, .. ae 88 7 95 bearing Whiting, .. fe 23 a 23 S S8.E. 4-5 Plaice, ue ae 21 Ae 2 miles. Lemon Dab, ara 38 ae 38 Witch, oe 197 52 249 Com. Dab, . Z 5 97 102 Long Rough Dab, at 53 53 Cat-fish, .. A 2 ae 2; Thornback, Be 4 S: 4 Starry Ray, - 3 ae 3 Anelery aa. Be 14 33 47 Herrinos ie AP ae 2 2 476 249 725 4, Burghead 5 Rs oe .. |20to] 10.10] 2.80 | Cod, Ag ek 59 a 59 | Light wind W. and Bay. 30 | am. | p.m.| Codling, .. xe 25 2 27 by S. Burghead Ling, a ae 1 ate 1 Pier Coal-fish, .. ae 11 of 11 light Haddock, .. et 89 a 89 bearing Whiting, .. ing if 87 94 8.E. and by Brill, ee ae 1 Bo i KE. 5-6 miles. Plaice, Ae ue 88 ie 88 Lemon Dab, is 6 at 6 Witch. ne a 273 a, 273 Com. Dab,. : 22 172 194 Long Rough Dab, us 101 101 Thornback, : 1 fs 1 Angler, .. a 3 7 10 | Herring, = 26 Pe 74 74 |
a
Place.
5. Burghe Bay.
7. Same Place.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
51
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. Depth Date. 3 E in 3 8 Fms. ey etre 21a |e 19038. ad| Feb. 8 20 to 30 ” ” Feb. 8 ee ° y o- ” & 9. Feb. 9.
8. Same Place.
Time Trawl
Down.
no]
: <
Se 3
3
wee eo 8.25 | 4.55 p.m. | p.m. 5.25 | 9.30 p.m. | p.m. 10.0 | 2.45 p.m. | a.m. 3.0 | 7.30 a.m. | a.m.
Fish Caught.
Name.
Cod, Codling, Haddock, .. Whiting, .. Plaice, Witch, , Com. Dab,..
Cod, Codling, Coal-fish, Haddock, Whiting, Plaice, Lemon Dab, Witch, He Com. Dab, .
Long Rough Dab,
Thornback, Angler F Red Gurnard
Cod, Coding, Coal-fish, Haddock, .. Gurnard Plaice, Lemon Dab, Witch,
Com. Dab, .
Long Rough Dab,
Starry Ray, Angler, . Red Gurnard, Herring,
Cod, Codling, Coal-fish, Haddock, .. Whiting, Plaice, Lemon Dab, Witch, Com. Dab,..
Long Rough Dab,
Thornback, Starry Ray, Angler, :
No. Remarks. No. |thrown| Total taken to} Over- No. Market.| board. 12 ie, Gear fouled.
5 5
5 5
ve 5 5 6 : 6 72, : 72, 2, 2 4 102 7 109 28 Ad 28 8 a 8
6 as 6 46 4 50 se 7 7 81 a 81 2 te 2; 422, ie 422, 19 162 181
: 109 109
3 Mb B} 18 26 44
: 1 1 633 309 942
Strong E.S.E. wind paki rain
aoe showers and sleet.
44 ats 44 3 fp 3 326 11 337 21 176 197 a 132 132 4 2 6 19 31 50 x6 1 1
52 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. eee Drew Fish Caught. Depth i Place. Date. 5 E i ms No. Remarks. 3 Fms. : ® No. | thrown = 2 +3 = Total B >| 2 © = Name. taken to} Over- No =| a a] a x Market.| board. : 1903. 9. Six miles] Feb.9.| .. | .. .. |25to} 2.25 | 6.30 | Cod, es 3 27 = 27 | Muddy bottom. East of 30 | p.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. me 10 = 10 Cromarty. Haddock, .. Ls 198 Ha 198 Whiting, .. BE se 1 1 Plaice, Pp aS 4 B, 4 Lemon Dab, Be 2 oe 2 Witch, on = 826 67 893 Com. Dab,. we a 272 272 Flounder, AP ; 1 &: 1 Long Rough Dab, de 367 367 Thornback, Ne 25 ae 25 | Starry Ray, ae 29 a 29 ! Angler, .. se 3 6 9 1 Sprat, : te 2 2 | 1125 | 715 | 1840 i MERE CSTE. SEES es | ; 10. Same * is be R 1 NaGibS | lod iCod: 5 5 | Net badly split. | Place. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, 3 3 | Ling, 1 1 Haddock, . 21 21 Whiting, . 1 2 3 Plaice, 1 i Lemon Dab, 5 5 Witch, : ee 162 117 279 Com. Dab, ; a3 17 17 Long Rough Dab, Re 11 11 Cat-fish, .. : 1 : 1 Starry Ray. 6 6 Thornback, 2 2 208 147 355 11. Same |Feb.10.| .. a f J5 2 12026 105.15 | od, one Fe 22 = 22 | Fresh S.W. breeze. Place. a.m. |a.m. | Codling, .. 5 9 $3 9 | Haddock, .. a: 159 ss 159 Whiting, .. 2 ts 14 14 Brill, a ah 1 Be il Plaice, ae a 7 + of Lemon Dab, a 4 we 4 Witch, a is 414 76 490 Com. Dab, . é a 263 263 Long Rough Dab, a 112 112 Starry Ray, fe 48 4 52 Thornback, as 23 te 23 Cat-fish, .. beg 1 “fe 1 Angler, .. ae fe 3 3 688 472 1160 12. Five . “ P ne .. | 5.45 | 10.30} Cod, 54 54 | S. W. gale. miles East a.m, | a.m. | Codling, 5 5 of Cromarty Coal-fish, 1 il Haddock, . : 86 as 86 Whiting, .. Be 5 igl 11 Brill, : ts 1 = 1 Sole, Ht il Plaice, 6 ae 6 Lemon Dab, 2 ae Witch, : 958 121 1,079 Com. Dab, 10 543 553 Flounder, .. : 1 “te 1 Long Rough Dab, os 267 267 Starry Ray, : 18 ae 18 Thornback, 10 10 Sandy Ray, 3 ae 3 Angler, tis 2 6 8 Herring, .. sre ss 1 i Sprat, a sic us 10 10
1158 959 2117
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 53
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
301 135 436
Temperature. _| Time ‘raw Fish Caught. Depth i Place. Date. a E in = No. Remarks. 8 o | Fms , 2 No. |thrown | motay ~ p> 3 6 EI Name. taken to] Over- | “yo. ‘2 a ral o es Market.| board. 1903. TomOt es | bebn 12) 3. is .. |10to] 11.40} 3.50 | Cod, Ac re 17 He 17 Burghead | & 13. 20 | p.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. ui 19 ts 19 Bay. Coal-fish, .. sig vi at 1 Hake, : ae 1 ar 1 Haddock, As 54 a. 54 Whiting, . are ae 5 3 8 Gurnard, .. sie ve 1 1 Brill, ae is 4 4 4 Plaice, ae se 80 a 80 Lemon Dab, Ms 3 EP 3 Witch, a os 709 125 834 Com. Dab, . : 12 307 319 Long Rough Dab, are 118 118 Cat-fish, .. : 1 3 ul Starry Ray, i 1 1 2 Thornback, ae ne 1 1 Sandy Ray is 1 54 1 Angler, .. Be 19 32 51 927 588 1515 14. Same | Feb. 12.) .. ae .. |10to|] 4 8.10 | Cod, 7 a 12 cs 12 Place. 20 | am. |} am. | Codling, .. ae 23 14 37 Coal-fish, .. ae 6 ne 6 Haddock, .. as 32 ut 32 Whiting, .. Re 4 26 30 Turboth 35 an i ay 1 Brill, ae ss 3 af 3 Plaice, ag ae 115 Be 115 Lemon Dab, ae 3 fe 3 Witch, a6 re 381 254 635 Com. Dab,. A 56 542 598 Flounder, .. ; 2 a 2 Long Rough Dab, ate 471 471 Cat-fish, .. ; 1 te 1 Thornback, A. i As 1 Starry Ray, ws aC 3 3 Sandy Ray, a6 1 ate if Angler; =: ae 21 32 53 Herring. 3: ae 56 5 5 662 1347 2009 Gare OS EEG oe 15. Dornoch] Feb. 12.) .. <0 | ee {ObOL2| 10:15 | 12515)" Cod 2 2 Firth. a.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. 7 7 Haddock .. a 2 AP 2 Whiting, .. bie is 2 2 Plaice vi ae 254 2 256 Witch, 2 19 21 ‘ Com. Dab,. 24 74 98 Flounder, ig OH ae 27 | Long Rough Dab, ae 28 28 Cat-fish, .. 1 : 1 i Sandy Ray, i ; 1 Thornback, 1 A 1 Angler, 1 ; il 322 125 ) ) 447 | 16. Same nD te B .. |6to12} 3.20 | 7.20 | Cod, 4 : 4 Place. p-m. | p.m. | Codling, 2 el 2 Brill, a By: 4 Plaice 209 ae 209 Com. Dab, 10 116 126 Witch, 1 2, 3 Flounder, . 66 “as 66 Long Rough Dab, 16 16 Thornback, : 5 she 5 Grey Skate ae ne i 1
54
Part ITT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
| Place.
17. Same Place.
18. Same Place.
19. Aber-
deen Bay, off New- burgh.
Date.
Feb 13.
”?
| Air.
Temperature. ) 3 ° nl J 5 | 8 Mm jaca}
Time Trawl
D ; Depth own in : Fms. 3 3 g|& oi) q 8.20 | 12.30 p-m. | a.m. i 1 a.m./|6 a.m. S tom e/ab) al elesio p.m. | p.m.
Name.
Cod, i Coal-fish, .. Haddock, .. Turbot, Brill, Plaice Com. Dab,.. Flounder, ..
Long Rough Dab,
Starry Ray, Thornback, Grey Skate,
Cod, Codling, Ling, on Haddock, .. Whiting, .. Plaice, Com. Dab, Witch, Flounder, .. Cat-fish .. Thornback, Red Gurnard, Herring,
Cod, Codling, Haddock, .. Whiting, .. Plaice, Lemon Dab, Com Dab, Flounder, .. Witch, oe Thornback, Grey Skate, Angler,
Fish Caught.
No. No. taken to} Over-
Market.| board.
7 : 1 : 2 5 ul ; 1 cE 223 20 37 28 47 oc 30 a6 20 63 2 dc 8 ste 26 ul 303 131 i de 60 44 2 : 98 56 1 3 237 ee 46 155 1 De 92 2 4 2e : i : if 550 160
il Fy 13 35 15 46 56 52
3 5c
2 3c $e 23
1 ne oie 14
24 6 1 35 120
thrown
Remarks.
Total No.
Place.
1. Aberdeen | Bay, off | Newburgh.
|3. Aberdeen }|/Bay. New- || burgh to
‘| Donmouth.
4, Moray Firth. Burghead. Bay.
5. Same Place.
Temperature. Date. a 4 | ae | ee ees 1903. Mar. 16. Mair. l7. Mar. 17 & 18. }
13 to
12 to 18
8 to 16
7 to 12
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
50
Time Traw] Down. | : ae ae)
° a nm) 2.50 | 6.50 a.m, | a.m. 7.20 | 11.40 a.m, | am. 12.15 | 4.20 p.m, | p.m, 4.85 | 8.25 p.m | p.m.
9 1.15 p.m. | a.m.
Name.
Cod, Codling, Haddock, .. Gurnard, .. Plaice, Flounder, .. Thornback,
Cod, Codling, Coal-fish, .. Haddock, .. Whiting, .. Plaice Lemon Dab, Witch, Com. Dab,.. Starry Ray, Grey Skate, Thornback,
Cod, Codling, Coal-fish, .. Haddock, .. Plaice, Witch, Com. Dab,.. Flounder, . Grey Skate, Thornback, Lumpsucker,
Cod, Codling, Haddock, .. Turbot, Brill,
Plaice
Com. Dab,.. Flounder, . Cat-fish, Gurnard, .. Thornback, Starry Ray, Angler,
Cod, Codling, Haddock, .. Whiting, Brill, Plaice, Lemon Dab, Com. Dab, Flounder, .. Cat-fish, .. Thornback, Starry Ray, Sandy Ray, Angler, Herring,
Fish Caught.
No. taken to Market.
bo . w - He bo
626 on 9 WR WR OAH Aon
No. thrown Ov er- board.
Remarks.
Wind §$.8.E.
Heavy Sea.
nD wb RD ATIOH ® 0
56
¥
Place. Date.
1903
6. Same |Mar. 18.
Place.
7. Dornoch ‘5 Firth, off Golspie.
iv.2)
> - . - ws
Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature.
16 a.m.
59 20
9 4.50 p.m.
Time Traw]
Down. Depth
o a in = Ey S | Fms. . 2 ° =I — += =
= ~ fe) —_ p= | fo} = 3c <q 7) fea) n oe, ‘ 2 6
a.m. | a.m.
8 to | 8.15 | 12.20
p.m,
4.40
Name.
Cod, Codling, . Haddock .. Whiting, .. Brill, Plaice, Com. Dab,.. Lemon Dab, Flounder, .. Cat-fish, Thornback, Starry Ray, Sandy Ray, Angler, Lumpsucker, Herring,
Cod, Codling, Haddock, .. Whiting, Brill, Plaice, Lemon Dab, Com. Dab,.. Flounder, .. Cat-fish, Thornback, Starry Ray, Sandy Ray, Angler, Lumpsucker,
Cod, ak Haddock, .. Plaice, Lemon Dab, Com. Dab, Flounder, .. Cat-fish, Thornback, Lumpsucker, Herring, Sprat,
Cod, Codling, Plaice, Lemon Dab, Com. Dab, Flounder, .. Cat-fish, .. Thornback, Grey Skate, Angler
Fish Caught.
No.
taken to} Over- Market.) board.
aE
Remarks.
Place.
10. Dornoch|Mar. 18-
Firth. Off Golspie.
11. Smith Bank.
12. Same Place.
13. Same Place.
Date.
1903. 19.
Mar. 19.
Mar. 19.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature, Sraing Oo
alk cha Ne
_ s [o}
<q Dn aa)
Time Trawl
Down. Depth in Ke Fms. 3 3 a Ss a a0) 9.30 | 1.50 p.m. | a.m. 19° to | 7.15- |) ES 28 .m. | a&m. | 11.45 | 3.45 a.m. | p.m. 4p.m./8 p.m
Fish Caught.
Name.
Cod, Codling, Coal-fish, .. Haddock, .. Plaice, Com. Dab,.. Flounder, .. Thornback, Starry Ray,
Cod, Codling, Hake, Haddock, . Whiting, Halibut, Plaice, Lemon Dab, Witch, Megrim, Com. Dab,.. Cat-fish, Gurnard, .. Grey Skate, Thornback, Angler,
Cod,
Codling, Coal-fish, Haddock, Whiting, Plaice, Lemon Dab, Com. Dab, Witch,
Long Rough Dab, Cat-fish, Gurnard,
Red Gurnard, Grey Skate, Angler,
.| Cod,
Codling, Coal-fish, Haddock, .. Whiting, Halibut, Plaice, : Lemon Dab, Com. Dab. Witch, Flounder, ie Long Rough Dab, Cat-fish, .. Thornback, Angler,
No. taken to Market.
262
Remarks.
Net badly split.
No. thrown Over- Eotal board 38 : 1 an 1 we i 3 50 39 44 6 22 1 2 5 1 49 160 | aT be 2 1 1 82 228 Bs 27 > il ae 40 il 15 28 44 aia 2 221 221 ae 2 1a l¢/ 117 2 8 7 7 5 5 464 726 Be 30 113 Le rie 1 75 574 ey 2 se 69 4 58 122 123 16 aly/ 89 89 5S ul 24 24 2 2 2 2, 1 1 346 1016 Me 28 at 17 i: 1 973 1,379 27 27 A 1 a 90 3 111 214 216 au 1 ae 2 50 50 Ae 3 7 7 1 1 1286 1934
57
Place. Date. 1903. 14. Smith |Mar. 19- Bank. 20. 15. Same | Mar. 20. Place. 16. Off 5 Lossie- mouth. 17. Same x Place.
| Air.
Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I
Temperature.
Surface.
Bottom.
Depth in Fms.
7to 14
Time Trawl
Down.
xe}
; =
oa an 8.15 | 12.30 p-ni. | a.m. 1 5.10 a.m. | a.m.
2 4 p.m. | p.m
Fish Caught. a Ce 0. Remarks. 0. rown Name. taken to} Over- ee Market. | board. % Cod, 62 62 Haddock, : 333 333 Whiting, Be 1 125 126 Plaice, 44 ae 44 Lemon Dab, 52 2 56 Com. Dab,. 139 139 Witch, 1 " ee Megrim, : 1 ae a Long Rough Dab, 118 118 Cat-fish, .. : 5 He 5 Gurnard, 4 4 Red Gurnard, 2 2 Dragonet, .. il | 1 Grey Skate, 2 2 Thornback, 3 3 Angier, 6 6 166 735 901 Cod, 23 ce 23 Coal-fish, 2 ae 2 Haddock, 3 124 127 Whiting, .. ae 216 216 Brill, 1 re 1 Plaice, 54 a: 54 Lemon Dab, 11 She 11 Com. Dab, ae 130 130 Witch, me : 3 or 3 Long Rough Dab, ee 71 71 Thornback, ay 1 9 10 Grey Skate, 2 3 2 Gurnard, ate 4 4 Red Gurnard, are 5 5 Angler, 5 5 100 564 664 Haddock, . 3 2 5 | Net badly split. Whiting, He 5 5 Plaice, 45 3 48 Com. Dab, 5 8 13 Flounder, .. 2 2 4 Cat-fish, 1 a i Gurnard, ate if a 56 21 77 Cod, 50 sts 50 Codling, 25 ae 25 Coal-fish, 3 Aes 3 Haddock, 3 Bs 3 Whiting, 2 AP 2 Brill, 3 ae 3 Plaice, 325 9 334 Lemon Dab, 6 ae 6 Com. Dab, 24 185 209 Flounder, . 103 32 135 Cat-fish, . 4 i 4 Thornback, 8 ia 8 Grey Skate, 2 2 2 556 229 785
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 59
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE L.
Temperature. pote Trawl Fish Caught. own. Depth etait es Date a d in = No. Remarks. 3 as | -Bimen| 2 No. | thrown} moto) S e 3 } 5 Name. taken to| Over- No a i fea) 7 an} Market.| board. 1903. Mars 20|0 5. rr We Bot i alalealsy yy By8i0) |] Ofer, ie se 77 $0 77 p.m. | a.m. | Codling, 147 A 147 Coal-fish 2 2 Haddock, ae 6 te 6 Halibut, .. bie 1 es al Brill, Be oe 1 ie 1 Plaice, “Hs ie 190 35 190 Lemon Dab, se 5 1 6 Com. Dab, ye 24 117 141 Flounder, .. off 108 ae 108 Cat-fish, .. we 8 bo 8 Thornback, as 1 a 1 Grey Skate, air ae il il Angler, .. ot Se 1 1 570 120 690 19. Same |Mar. 21.) .. ae ie .. |4a,.m./9 a.m.| Cod, a ™ 27 as 27 | Net badly split. Place. Codling, .. Be 36 ais 36 Brill, ar ts if ae al Plaice, wd e 69 5 74 Lemon Dab, a 2 1 3 Com. Dab,.. - 10 142 152 Flounder, .. wi 6 2 8 Thornback, st 4 oe 4 Grey Skate, ae ge 3 3 155 153 308 20. Off of ae Fe .. | 20 to | 10.25 |3 p.m.} Cod, F a 13 ae 18 lichtly split. Tarbet 26— |a:ms : Haddock, j AS 87 4 91 ep Se Ness. Whiting, .. oe 9 te 9 Plaice, Ba a 53 2 55 Lemon Dab, 3 1 ar 1 Com. Dab, AS 4 41 45 Gurnard, .. a Be iL 1 Conger, .. ts 1 ey: 1 Starry Ray, ni if = 1 174 48 222 21. Same a af ae M, ae 4.15 | 8.25 | Cod, ; es 48 ae 48 Place. p.m. | p.m.| Haddock, .. —.. 12 149 161 Whiting, .. a os 54 54 Plaice, ae Me 66 8 69 Lemon Dab, a 1 2. 3 Com. Dab,. : 2? 57 59 Long Rough Dab, oe 45 45 Cat-fish, .. j 1 AG al Gurnard, Be as aye 4 4 Red Gurnard, we as i 1 Grey Skate, xe BC 2 2 Angler, .. 2 oc 1 1 Herring, .. BY oe iL i 130 319 449 22. Same |Mar. 21-| .. ty, A ye 19) psms|itaenra| (Cod; ae i 76 76 Place. 22% Coal-fish, ne il Ne 1 Haddock, .. de 4 36 40 Whiting, ; os 15 16) Plaice, of ne 68 68 Com. Dab,. ‘ 12 15 27 Long Rough Dab, Be 26 26 Grey Skate, ae Dic 3 3 Angler, .. ae ae 3 3 161 98 259 ee eee eee Merce Boe et engine I ace le Bie pt
60 Part If. —Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. tune Tayl Fish Caught. | Depth : ee. Place. Date. g a in rd Remarks.
ES © | Fms. j 2 | is 5 $ 2 3 Name. poet | < D fo nD x : 1 |
1903. : 1. Moray | June8. | 10°8 | 12°8 | 9.4 |5to8] 7.30 | 9.30 | Cod, “ie 1 | Seasmooth; wind, | } Firth. p.m. | p.m. | Haddock, 1 S.W., light; net | 7 Burghead Plaice (1), .. ae slightly split. Bay. ” (2), BS O95 49 Com. Dab, 63 Black Sole, i Gurnard, .. 53 Angler, 2 | g 175 2. Same | June8| .. se BA es) to 9 } 10.20 12.30 | Codling, .. 1 | A great deal fof — Locality. & 9. p.m. | a.m. | Plaice (1), .. weed in the net, an, aoe ‘ which was diffi- © 65 cult to get clean. © Com. Dab, 79 ; Gurnard, .. 30 175
3. Same | June 9.| 10:0 | 108 8:9 |4to9/7a.m.} 9.30 | Codling, Locality. a.m. | Whiting, Plaice (1), ..
1 | Calm, foggy 3
» (2), -. +: 55 Com. Dab, 104 Cat-fish, 2 Gurnard, .. 47 Angler, 3 215 4. Off SS 10:0 | 10°3 | 9°2 | 11 to] 1.35 | 2.25 | Plaice (1), .. Sea calm, no wind, | Lossiemouth | 14 | pm.| pm. in (2) slight fog ; weed — about 3 78 in net. miles. Black Sole, it Com. Dab, 87 Gurnard, . 110 Angler, 1 Sandy Ray, 1 278 5. Dornoch 4 96 | 12°2 | 9-8 | 8to]} 6.10] 6.38 | Codling, 7 | Small meshed net _ Firth, off 11 | p.m.| p.m. | Haddock, .. 1 around cod end. | Golspie. Plaice (1), .. a3 % Pld. e ” (3), “* =Je 51 Lemon Dab. 2 Com. Dab, 22 Cat-fish, 1 Gurnard, .. 11 95
) wind,
weed |
Place
Se ee ee ey
6. Same
Locality.
7, Same
Locality.
8. Same
Locality.
9. Same
Locality.
| | 10. Same | | Locality.
Date.
1903. June 9.
June 10,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. cs) =| cielo si 5 = = ° 2)/a|ae 11-7 | 12°0 | 8°9
Time Trawl]
Down. Depth wn in ; Fms.| |; o ro) =| 3 a | Sito LL) 7.25 | 10,7 p.m. | p.m. 6to 9} 3.0 7.0 a.m. ] acm. 9to 13} 7.30 | 11.32 a.m. | a.m.
9 toll} 12.25 | 1.24 p.m. | p.m, Sel Bt | edells p.m. | p.m.
Fish Caught.
Name. Plaice (1),...
Brill, : Flounder, .. Com. Dab, Thornback, Gurnard, ..
Turbot, Brill, : Plaice (1),.. ” gee 19 (8); ry GD bee Com. Dab,. Lemon Dab, Flounder, .. Gurnard, Thornback, Angler,
Cod, Codling, Plaice (1),..
(CARE a» (3), exe Ab LO a Com. Dab, Flounder, . Gurnard, . Cat-fish, .. Thornback,
Plaice (1),..
No.
No. |thrown] ,,,, taken to} Over- en Market.| board. , 11 : 205 ‘ 370 4 939 Ab ahs —-1525| 3113 4638
4 ts 4
6 aL 6
; 206 206
20 4 24
50 50
1555 3373 4928
2 1
: 1
16 . ais 124 : ne 311 54 me 760 Ae He —-1211} 3306 4517 85); = 185 270
se 1
: 2 2
- 43 43
19 at 19
. 5 5 1318] 3541 4859
2
ae 2 2
28 oie 56 58 Os a 110 x ae 216 ane St — 412) 693 1105 10 fe 10
2 a 2
3 17 17
1 oe 1
5 5
432) 712 1144
3 : - 24 : 3S 4¢ ; ar
9 a Sic — 7 22 98
13 13
oe 6 6 ae 2 2 76 43 119
21 oF 18 oe 20 ee 0 14 be : — io 25 98 ‘ 14 14 1 do 1 ae 54 54 74 93 167
61
temarks,
Calm, slight fog ; trawling round Dan.
8! baskets of plaice.
Small meshed net ; slight breeze from eastwards ; sea becoming choppy.
Part [1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Place.
11. Same Locality.
12. Same Locality.
13. Same Locality.
14. Same Locality.
15. Same Locality.
Date.
June 11.
”
Temperature. g g [d) =i ol, Slee = =} jo) <q M ~Q
10°9
11°8
89
8 toll
Ld
Time Trawl Down.
Hauled.
7.45 p.m.
11.45 p.m.
12.30 a.m.
5/2.
5,30 a.m.
7.30 am.
8.40 | 12.40
p.m.
Cod, ot Haddock (1), Brill, = Plaice (1), ..
2) ee
”
Com. Dab, Thornback, Gurnard, )- Angler,
Haddock, ..
Plaice (1), .. »» (2),.. ”
Cee
Com. Dab,.. Thornback,
Cod, Brill, “ Plaice (1), ..
Plaice (1), ..
Com. Dab,.. Gurnard, ..
| Thornback,
1.30 | 6.30
p.m.
Haddock (1), Plaice (1), .. 9
” S)y--
Com. Dab, Cat-fish, Gurnard, .
Fish Caught.
s No. No. /thrown taken to} Over- To Market. | board. oh uh i 1 1 1 il 35 5 155 oe 194 ae 36 AG — 420) 406 826 < 53 53 i! 1 40 40 1 1 424; 500 924
1 1 20 156 150 102 a ac —- 428) 235 663 20 4 4 3 3 429| 242 671
il at
1 1 9 ae 44 :
46
30 oe 2c
— 129 40 169
23 23
1 1
131 64 195
18 69 ee 134 274 a0 ays —- 495) 547 1042 32) 109 141 23 23 il 36 i 528} 679 1207
2 oe 2
14 30 An 100 a
121 ae 56 86 | ieaeiapaete on
—- 321} 210 531
2 96 98
1 on 1
4 4
326) 310 636
Remarks.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Place.
16. Same Locality.
17. Same Locality.
18. Lybster Bay, | Caithness.
Time Trawl
Temperature. Howe =). Depth , Date. 3 FE in ss 3 o | Fms. : 2 3 3 $ 6 = 421a| a a | 1903. June 11 8 toll} 7.30 | 12.30 & 12. p.m. | a.m. op 1 a.m.|6 a.m. 50 11°4 | 10°8 | 9-4 23 | 10.45 | 12.45 a.m. | p.m. ” 19 to 2.55 15 p.m. 22, | p.m:
Name.
Haddock (1), Plaice (1),..
Com. Dab, Gurnard, ..
Cod, EA Haddock (1), (
2” 2
Hake, ‘ Plaice (1),.. » (2),.. » (3),.. (4),
Com. Dab, .. Flounder, .. Thornback, Cat-fish, Gurnard, .
Cod, Pe Hake, RA Haddock (1)
” (3),
Whiting, Plaice (2),.. Lemon Dab, Com. Dab, Cat-fish, Gurnard, ..
Cod,
Codling, .
Haddock (1), oP) (3),
Turbot, Lemon Dab, Com. Dab,.. Cat-fish, Angler, Gurnard, ..
Fish Caught.
No. Remarks. No. |thrown taken to} Over- Market. |} board. 12, 11 64 190 360 a —— 625 700 156 30 637 886
i} 14 2 — PL oe al Re 15 as 87 coe 174 Be 195 Be — 471} 352 12) 1C4 2 1 4 a 3 dic 60 510) 517
2 ae 1 Se 2 at 306 sic — 308) 102 19 25 6 ae 46 bE 40 1 Ab 34 383) 201
1 oF 12 20 2 of: 314 eP —- 316) 165 2 ie 22 a 20) 200 PAN bse le ta 23 378} 395
63
Place.
20. Aber-
deen Bay,
off Black Dog.
21. Same Locality.
22. Aber-
deen Bay,
off Slains Castle.
23. Same Locality.
24. Same Locality.
Date.
1903. June 13.
”
9
Part 111.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature.
Time Trawl
Down. Depth in ro Fms as = < a eal 2
8tol10} 2.30} 6.30 a.m, | a.m.
y 7.15 | 11.15 a.m. | a.m.
12 to | 11.30 | 3.30 14 |a.m. | p.m. 12 to} 4.15 | 7.15 15 | p.m. | p.m. & 12 to} 7.45 | 11.45 14 | p.m. | p.m.
Name.
Cod, Codling, .. Haddock(8), Whiting, Plaice (1),.. »» (2),.. »» (3),.- Com. Dab,.. Gurnard, .. Angler,
Codling, .. Haddock (8), Whiting, Brill, : Plaice (1),.. ”? (2), a 29 (3), .* Com. Dab,.. Gurnard, .. Angler,
Haddock (2), 2° (3),
Turbot, Brill,
” eDiets
Com. Dab,.. Gurnard, .. Angler,
Haddock (1),
” 2)s . (3). ” (4),
Plaice (2),.. Com. Dab,..
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (3), ” (4),
Plaice @),.:
Plaice >, aE
Fish Caught.
No. taken to Market.
No.
thrown Over | Total board. ; 1 14 17 £10 917 40 40 20 597 56 150 25 25 2 365 1749 25 25 250 1013 =16 56 aye 2 a 507 120 120 20 20 2 2 433 1745 109 | 1797 we 2 5 i60 87 87 16 16 1 1 213 2068 4126 87 70 oe 4283 2
Remarks.
Unmarketable not —
enumerated 39
consisted of six h
basketfuls, most- ly small docks.
Unmarkctable not |
enumerated.
had- |
=:
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 65 TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I Temperature. Fish Caught. Depth Place. Date. ry d in re No. Remarks, 3 o |Fms.| |; 2 No. | thrown Total Pi 3) 3 s) 5 Name. taken to| Over- No 2 = & oa se} Market.| board. ; | 1903. 11. About 60 |Aug.17./ 16°83 | 12°83] 89 | 34& 11 Codling, .. Uf 4 11 Course run — 60 | |miles S. 4 E. 35 | am. | p.m. | Haddock (1), 13 : es miles S. } E. from from Aber- > (2), 84 Aberdeen, and deen, and ” (3), 167 worked — south- about 30 3 (4), 96 bs fs wards to about '|miles E. 3S. J —--360 159 519 34 miles S.E. of from Isle of Whiting, 9 52 61 Isle of May. Sea May. Lemon Dab, 5 a 5 calm. Gurnard, 7 7 Angler, 5 5 381 227 608 2. Same Be 35 & | 2.30 | 5.80} Codling, .. , 1 al Locality. 36 | p.m. | p.m. | Haddock (1), 24 se oe » (2), 96 ve a3 (3), 104 are ‘< “ (4), 120 te A —-344 246 590 Whiting, ae 26 26 Plaice, 2 sa 2 Lemon Dab, 2 ts 2 Gurnard, .. 2 14 14 348 287 635 3. Same te ‘ 6.10 | 9.40 | Cod, 9 ss 9 Locality, p.m. | p.m. | Codling, 11 4 15 working Coal-fish, .. i 11 southwards. Haddock (1), 18 od ” (2), 50 oe ” (3), 254 Bp 4 (4), 187 ae 5 —-509 116 625 Whiting, iy 12 12 Plaice, uIP, if 12 Lemon Dab, 4 ae 4 Com. Dab,.. 3 a 3 Gurnard, .. : 12 12 Angler, 2 2 559 146 705 4, Same 3 834 to | 5.15 9 Cod, 9 2 9 Locality. 36 | a.m. | a.m. | Codling, : 7 7 Coal-fish, .. 4 ae 4 Haddock (1), ily/ = as ” (2 9) 120 se ee .s (3), 167 sie fs i foian ¢) 110 os es -—414 86 500 Whiting, Be 82 32 Plaice, 6 re 6 Lemon Dab, 26 Ay, 26 Gurnard, .. ; 30 30 459 155 614 5. Same 3 AZ A else S79 9.45 i Codling, 40 28 68 | Sea smooth; calm. Locality. a.m, | p.m. | Ling, - 5 Bi 5 Haddock (1), 40 : » (2), 78 a SB) 122 ” (4), 120 ac by —360 210 570 Whiting, 46 96 142 Plaice, i183 as 13 Lemon Dab, i. 22 a 22 Com. Dab,.. Py ris 2 2 Long Rough Dab 3 3 486 339 825
66 Part II] —Twenty-second Annual Report |
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. sie Trawl Fish Caught. it own. an Pi Depth Ke Place. Date. 3 a in a No. Remarks. 3 @ |Fms.| |; | 2 No. | thrown| moiay ig x = a ° 5 Name. taken to) Over- | “5 iq a a a) S = Market.) board. 3 F i2 1903. | qe 6. Same |Aug. 18] .. | .. | .. |34to| 2.5 | 5.10 | Cod, oh Bae 1 % 1 , i Locality. 36 | p.m. | p.m. Codling, 5E =A 19 e 19 i Haddock (1), Ae Gy 7 ss ‘4 2), 314 ¥ } = (3), 621 Ee » 4), 538 -. —1535 220 1,755 Whiting, .. aie 130 120 250 Plaice, at Se S12 ca i Lemon Dab, ie 16 fs 16 Gurnard, .. 6 ia 92 92 1713 432 2145 | | 7. Same ; a a - »» | 9.35 | 9.15 | Cod, a: erie 1 cS L ie ie Locality. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. 3 58 et 58 i ie Hake, 3 1 1 Haddock (1), By ey (> oem = (3), .. 1643 > (4), «. |435 SS oe —-1516 209 1725 Whiting, .. a6 46 100 146 j Plaice, a ae 6 os 6 j Lemon Dab, =n 5 <2 5 Com. Dab,.. Es vs 8 8 Long Rough Dab, - 5 5 Gurnard, .. eS eal 38 38 1633 360 1993 i Lex 8. Same |Aug. 18-| .. ae = a 9.50 1 Cod, ss ie 3 a 3 Locality. ihgy p.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. & 12 A 12 ; Haddock (1), eal 58 ae ” (2), -- {311 ” (3), - |885 33 (4), . 1489 be a —1193 105 1298 Whiting, .. 4 32 63 95 Plaice, A- a 3 ae 3 Lemon Dab, se 8 = 8 Com. Dab,. md 3 3 Long Rough Dab, = 4 ‘4 Gurnard, .. a 24 24 1251 202 1453 9. Same 5 : ee z sles) 5 Cod, Bo ne 1 is 1 Locality. a.m. |a.m.| Codling, .. “3 23 ne 23 Haddock (1), «(126 ae oe ‘3 (2), 22 LO5
’:° (3 5 ee 383 9? (4 ); ee 210 ee oe q 7 —-824 180 1004 ’
Whiting, .. fe 20 64 84
Plaice, ate a 9 ys 9
Lemon Dab, ive 49 <- 49
Com. Dab,. i + 4
| Long Rough Dab, se 18 18 Gurnard, .. = 3 48 48
Angler, .. a a 3° 3
926 317 12438
| Place. Date.
1903. Aug. 19.
10. Same Locality.
|
| | 11. Same al Locality.
12. Same Re Locality.
13. Same as Locality.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature,
___|Depth g a fe a ° “ms, pi 2] 3 = le) x MN —Q 35 35 to 36 Us 28 | 9°4 7
-
Time Trawl
Down. oS : < ~~ 8 a a on
Fish Caught,
Name.
5.30 | 8.30 | Cod,
a.m. | a.m,
9 12.15 a.m. | p.m,
12.35 | 3.45 p-m. | p.m.
Weld p.m,
4.30 p.m.
Codling, .. Haddock (1),
4 (4)
Whiting, Plaice, Lemon Dab, Com. Dab, Long Rough Gurnard, Angler,
Codling, Coal-fish, .. Haddock (1),
Whiting, Plaice, Lemon Dab, Com. Dab, Long Rough Gurnard,
Cod, Codling, Ling, Coal-fish, Haddock (1),
Whiting, Plaice, Lemon Dab, Com. Dab,.
Long Rough Dab,
Gurnard, Angler,
Codling, .. Haddock (1),
Lemon Dab, 4 f
Com. Dab,
Long Rough Dab, ,
Gurnard, Angler,
Dab, ,
Dab,
No. taken to Market.
36 62 455 671 455
—1643 135 12
No. thrown Over-
board
“10
15
312 109
67
Remarks.
2 130
1955 O44 12
Caln.
At end of haul, left for Granton
Sea smooth.
Place. Date. 1903. 14. About jAug. 20. 50 miles E. by S. from
Isle of May.
15. Same |Aug. 20-
Locality. Pale
16. Same |Aug. 21 Locality.
17. Same “ Locality.
Part IT[.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS--TABLE I.
Temperature. 3 Ee
3) 7 al eels s 3 ° < op) ia
Time Trawl
Down. Depth in ; Fms Os 3 5 i= 3 Dn a 36 6.15 | 10.15 p.m. | p.m.
34 to | 10.35 | 2.45
35 | p.m. | &m. 55 8.10 | 12.20 a.m. | p.m.
Fish Caught.
Name.
Codling, .. Haddock (1),
Lemon Dab, Com. Dab,.
Long Rough Dab, Gurnard,
Grey Skate,
Cod, Codling, .. Haddock (1),
” (4),
Whiting,
Lemon Dab, Com. Dab,
Long Rough Dab, Gurnard, .
Grey Skate, Angler,
Cod, Codling, Coal-fish, .. Haddock ee 2)
» 3), » (4),
Whiting,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab, Com. Dab,
Long Rough Dab, Gurnard, .. Grey Skate, Angler,
Haddock (1),
Whiting,
Plaice,
Lemon Dab, Com. Dab,
Long Rough Dab, Gurnard, ..
No. No. | thrown taken to} Over-
Total No.
35
2568
1621
Market. | board. 18 ily 128 ae 522, he 1044 ee 428 ° —— 2122 108 130 40 20 5 31 os a 9 23 47 3 BYVAL 247 5 48 8 128 416 507 220 71 96 60 32 23 t : 8 15 52 it! 2 1407 214 2 42 7 1 Pe 125 ue 623 ho 882 a 215 ak —1845 209 104 46 10 ae 20 ake ae 4 : 7 43 Ge 3 2024 321 20 105 268 180 —-573 68 ae 31 10 ats ¢ Sc Se 4 . & 7 23 590 ilps}
—— SS
Remarks.
| of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE ].
——J |
qi Temperature. inate Fish Caught. , | Depth ; evs Place. Date. ry d in ro No. 8 ‘S |Fms.) |. 2 No. | thrown! mpotal . Fe z 2 e 5 Name. taken to} Ovar No = <q n ia) al an) Market.| board. ; tase en ee ee ee | 1903. 18. Same /jAug. 21.) .. De ae 34 | 2.80 | 6.30 | Cod, oe ae 5 ae 5 Locality. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. fi 13 Be 13 Hake, ie Be 1 fe 1 Haddock (1), all 186 Et ae a 2), soon lia i 3), 5 Silas ” 4), 448 .: ——2482 aS 2482 | Whiting, .. as 217 Be 217 Plaice, ae ae 28 ae 28 Lemon Dab, Ps 42 or 42 Cat-fish, .. ag i a 1 | 2789 2789
69
Remarks.
Unmarketable, amounting to 1} baskets, not counted ; mostly haddocks.
Idee
Part ITL.—Twenty-second Annual Report
pe, 70 Temperature. Place. Date. o | 4 oO —_ ) 2|a/|28 1903. 1. Aber- |Oct. 16. deen Bay, off Black og. | 2. Aberdeen sy LOA LO Sa | orl Bay, off Old Castle. 3. Same ap Locality.
Time Trawl
Down. Depth in = Fms s 3 Sg e ay ae
8 to 12) 10.50 | 2.50
a.m. | p.m. 9 to12) 3.20 | 7.10 p.m. | p.m.
8to11) 7.30 | 11.30
p.m.
p.m.
Name.
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1), ” (2), » (3),
Whiting, Brill, 5 Plaice (1), ..
” Bie ee
Lemon Dab, Com. Dab,.. Grey Skate, Gurnard, .. Angler,
Cod,
Codling,
Haddock (1), ” (2), ” (3),
Whiting, .. Brill, ae Plaice (1), .. ” (2), a ”> (3), Ord
Lemon ab, Com. Dab,.. Starry Ray, Grey Skate, Gurnard, ..
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1), ” (2), »”» (3),
Whiting, Brill, ae Plaice (1), .. » (2), .- 99 AS), =< Lemon Dab, Com. Dab,.. Gurnard, .. Thornback, Grey Skate, Angler,
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Fish Caught. i | No. oO. thrown taken to Over- aie Market.| board. o; 13 “1S 13 118 3 121 749 ue - 232 a. 536 ee —1517 1517 259 5 264 1 ae 1 13 aN 9 an —— 29, te 22 il A i 5 23 28 2 bt 2 a6 8 8 ; 1 1 1938 40 1978
4 oe 4
273 9 282 395 : 4 164 49 540 ae
—1099 ye 1099
261 14 275
10 So 10 12 ‘ 3 169 50 se 13 : Be
—194 He 194
12 ue 12
28 45 73
3 2 5
5 1 6
4 4
1889 15 1964
26 se 26
179 iil 190 241 af Se 254 oe 170 os
——665 Se 665
96 16 112
8 36 8 10 is Ae 171 30 er 14 50 56
—195 Se 195
14 3 14
24 37 61
5 5
4 Se 4
5 1 6
ore 1 1
1216 71 1287
SO peg PE |
Remarks.
Wind S.W., strong | Local breeze; sea rough. |
Place. Date.
1908. 4. Same (Oct. 17. Locality. Towed up to Cruden
Scars.
5. Same ae Locality. Shot at
6. Moray | Oct. 19. Firth ;
Burghead Bay.
7. Same a Locality.
Temperature. @ gi
oO onl
ale hseales 4S 5 ° < MR —Q
of the Kishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Time Trawl
Down IDYey oye) ol] | ~ in rd Fms. 3 | ° e on as 12 to} 12.50} 4.5 20 a.m. | a.m. 10 to} 4.20 | 5.20 145) a.m. | a.m. EGO |e 1230) | 5:30) 20; | p.m. | p.m. most- ly in 10
8 to 12}. 6.15 | 10.15 p.m. | p.m.
71
Fish Caught.
Name.
Cod, Codling, .. Haddock (1), » (2), ” (3),
Whiting, Turbot, Brill, Plaice (1), . 52 | (2); « oe) (3), ies
Lemon Dab, Com, Dab,.. Gurnard, .. Thornback,
Grey Skate,
Starry Ray,
Angler,
Codling, .. Haddock (1), ” (2),
Whiting, . Plaice (1), .. sett (2) ite
Com. Dab,..
Codling, .. Haddock (1), ” (2),
» (8),
Whiting, Halibut, Brill,
Plaice (1), ..
Witch,
Com. Dab,.. Gurnard, Thornback, Angler,
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1), » (2),
” (3),
Whiting,
Turbot
Brill,
Plaice (1), .. ” (2, oa
Thornback, Angler,
No.
No. thrown| Total taken to} Over- No. Market,| board.
9 9 382 5 387 237 ae 156 Pe 397 —790 ae 790 214 14 228 3 A 3 4 P 4 12 ie 181 oF 11 He —204 ie 204 3 & 3 14 21 35 4 4 4 2 6 4 1 5 2 4 6 1 ; 1 1634 51 1685
Remarks.
Small-meshed net.
Weather calm. Catch included 314 baskets’ of haddocks, mostly small, and six of plaice.
14 5 19 20 se 46 as — 66 4 70 32 1S) 51 42 c —-~ 42 ne 42 12 14 26 166 42 208 12 12 35 as 190 5k 6214 at wie —— 6439 30 6469 60 150 210 1 is 1 2 a 2 2 : ce 178 it 277 Sic 165 56 —622 56 678 30 oh: 30 20 794 314 96 60 156 4 33 4 5 6 6 7286 1096 8382 1 a 1 9 te 9 i ae 180 oc 1282 fe 1463 38 1501 255 102 357 1 1 3 4 ans 314 ae 134 aie 194 ap —646 20 666 2 oF 2 120 653 773 80 31 111 1 ate 1 21 21 2581 865 3446
72
Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Place.
8. Same Locality.
9. Same Locality.
10. Same Locality.
Date.
1903. Oct 19- 20.
Oct. 20.
Temperature. Down. Depth ee. od S in : S 3 Fims.| _. 3 5| Buea ae 4 | avin a | A12 | 1023 10 |8tol2) 10°45 | 2.45 p.m. | am. IONS). || 4533 10 |8to13) 3.35 | 7.35 a.m | a.m, 8 to12} 9.0 | 10.0 a.m. | a.m.
Time Trawl
—————— |] | ON
Cod, Codling,
Whiting, . Plaice, (1),..
Lemon Dab, Witch, we Com. Dab, Gurnard, .. Thornback, Angler,
Codling, .. Haddock a 2
”
ae
Whiting, ..
Turbot,
Plaice (1), .. 2), .
Gurnard, .. Thornback, Angler,
Hake,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1), 2
catty)
Gurnard, .. Thornback, Angler,
Fish Caught.
No. Remarks No. | thrown taken to) Over- Total Market.| board. 2. 2 2 5 5 16 a 12 a 3852 - 182 A Me —562 20 582 290 94 384 7 us 89 r 214 i 324 i —634 32 666 2, a 2 18 .. 18 786 786 80 18 98 3 a 3 : 10 10 1596 960 2556 ih 11 8 ae ile i 1956 5 aa ——-2076 43 2119 250 103 353 1 be 1 5 ae ae 78 ie 3; 120 oe 5 288 ee xO —491 As 491 4 as 4 5 ae 5 78 860 938 87 21 108 2, < » 5 5 3005 1032 4037 1 ae 1 | Small-meshed net. 2 3 15 2 P ji 27 oe 184 es a —-213 26 239 10 46 56 4 Se aie 18 Se be 50 bea a 157 iri Be —-229 ste 229 ae 307 307 13 e 13 36 14 50 u Ye 1 vs il 1 515 397 912
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 73
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. mee Fish Caught. Depth : ees epee Place. Date. 3 FI in es No. Remarks. 3 o |Fms.| |; @ No. |thrown} moa] ee Z 5 rs} 5 Name taken to} Over- No a oH a) a ae} Market. | board. ; 1908.
11. Dornoch | Oct. 20. 8 to | 2.45 | 4.45 | Cod, ve 42 Firth, off 14 | p.m.| p.m. | Codling, .. 7 33 Dunrobin Coal-fish, .. 2 2
and Golspie Haddock (1), be an
” (2), $s “5 nay); ‘, 14 592 Whiting, 27 27 Brill, ae : 2 Plaice (1), .. ; ”? (2), oe . somu(o) wesc 3 22 Lemon Dab, 3 Com. Dab,.. 61 61 Cat-fish, ae 1 Gurnard, . 5 8 116 793 12, Same ef a oe 50) 5.10 | 7.10 | Cod, 3 |w Sorte Locality. ‘4 p.m. | p.m. | Codling, 2 12 Sree ee Hey Haddock (1), Be ” (2), oe ut (3), oe 652 Whiting, 12 16 Plaice (1), . a 31) (2); -. ae ” b OT 2 100 Lemon Dab, 8 Com. Dab,.. 43 43 Gurnard, .. 4 4 Thornback, 58 1 Angler, 3 3 71 842 13. Same a te 56 a me 45: | 45 | Codlimg, ~. 3 29 Locality. p.m. | p.m. | Haddock (1), a ” (2), es 4h 2 104 Whiting, 6 10 Brill, ae 2 Plaice (1), . ee 2) ” Pe aaa) oe 57 Lemon Dab, 4 Com. Dab, 60 60 Gurnard, .. 8 8 Thornback, ie 2 79 276 14. Same | Oct. 21.) .. Bs ae 5, | 12.20} 3.20 | Codling, . 9 19 | Weather fine net Locality. a.m. | a.m. | Haddock (1), Ae split. ; 2 a5 oe ; 4 16 Whiting, 3 3 Plaice (1), .. aE at ” (2), oo oe 6 31 Lemon Dab, 3: 12 Com. Dab,.. 24 24 Gurnard, 11 19 Thornback, 4 57 128
74 Part IIT—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. omen awl Fish Caught. Depth aes, Place. Date. d g in rd No, 3 9 | Fms.| oa No. | thrown Total a E 2 e = Name. taken to} Over- . = D faa 7 fan Market.| board. :
1903. 15. Same | Oct. 21.) 12°0 | 10°1 | 10°6 |8to14}| 3.50 | 7.50 | Cod, a 3 3 5 Locality. a.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. Be 8 Bi: 8 Haddock(1), Aes eae Si
2031 142 2223
x (2), er PLO ; 6 (3), ne |LeBh ie ns —663 2 670 Whiting, .. ae 15 25 40 Plaice (1), .. a0 || 1G of ae » (2), .. -. | 24 Br Byes on Jah vs ADS os ae] 2) — 82 82 Lemon Dab, 2 : 2 Com. Dab, 233 233 Witch, sie 2 ais 2 Gurnard, .. ae iG 18 25 Conger, .. “te 1 ie 1 Thornback, 2 2 ; Angler, .. oe oe 2 2 Piked Dog-fish, .. a 2 2 Sprat, oc 3 3 790 285 1075 16. Same 6 = ¥5 a0 | LO"to 8 12 | Cod, ae =e 1 Ne i Locality. 16 | a.m. | p.m.| Codling, .. re 13 5 18 Haddock (1), xe ald9 a si rr 2), So || 8 : AD (3), >. (LTA ee ——1846 1846 Whiting, .. ne 2) 23 32 Plaice (1), .. ve fda oe is Pome (2) seers i240. a ee PLE (3) ices zo || Bt ie oe sae, 1 COS oe .. {180 a ie —-325 20 345 Lemon Dab, Bd 3 z 3 Com. Dab, ie 30 181 211 Gaurnacd en oe 8 ah 8 Piked Dog-fish, .. 7 2 2 Angler, : a oe 1 1 Thornback, *y 4 ss + Sprat, a2 we 5 1 15 2239 247 2486 17. Same 56 Fa we --) (code 12 tsi 115) (ods s os il il Locality. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. Ny 9 ie 9 Whiting, .. Ss ae 2 2, Plaice (3), .. By if ak 1 Com. Dab, oy. oe 6 6 Sprat, ae i as 8 8 ii 16 27 18. Same 45 AN Be | .. |8to13} 4.50 | 8.50 | Cod, ae He 5 25 5 Locality. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, .. ae 30 12 42 Haddock (1), so |) BOs ee sf ss (2), fe |) sxe ; x (3), | ee ae eds a ae | 1907 19 1926 | Whiting, .. a a 36 36 Plaice (1), .. Bem sf o = Pat F sal (4) ore .. | 34 2 (Oye 46 me CO 15 a 5% —-112 21 133 Lemon Dab, bs 2 a 2 Com. Dab, Ae 25 43 68 Gurnard, .. a be 10 10 Angler, oe ae il 1
Remarks.
Net split.
A Loca
u |
Ants
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 75
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I. Temperature. pe Trawl Fish Caught. own. Depth Place. Date. a g in =F No. Remarks, 3 o | Fms : 2 No. | thrown] ota) ) be = 6 5 Name taken to] Over- No a a Q a = Market.| board. ; 1903. 19.Same | Oct. 21-| .. nA . |8to13) 9.10 | 1.10 | Codling, 19 8 27 Locality. 22. p.m. | a.m. | Haddock (1), 166 ae 150 717 a Se —1033 15 1048 Whiting, wd 9 9 Plaice (1), .. 10 50 eH C2), 24 - » (3), . 32 aD aah (AEs 70 ae —-136 24 160 Lemon Dab, 1 ae Com. Dab, at 760 771 Gurnard, 6 6
a3) (2), ” (3), 20. Same | Oct. 22. >» | 1.80 | 5.30 | Codling, ~.. : 9 9 Locality. a.m. | au. | Haddock (1), 73 5 81 : » G, 645 . —-799 i 806 Whiting, . 12 12 Plaice (1), .. 4 AA » (2),. 38 i LG) here 120 ss prio Bac) hed 210 r —-372 18 390 Com. Dab, 347 347 Gurnard, 12 23 35 Thornback, 2 ate 2 1185 416 1601 21. Same - 9°4 |Sto13) 5.45 | 6.45 | Codling, . 4 1 5 | Small -meshed net Locality. a.m. | a.m, | Haddock Be 10 x ie used. D 9 = Fe ” By 69 .: — 88 4 92 Whiting, 1 40 41 Brill, al he 1 Plaice GD) se 3 a 5 ee 21 ne i DCS we (il ae a eG heave 253 F —-348 15 363 Com. Dab,. 23 371 394 Gurnard, 5 25 30 Thornback, 1 as 1 Piked Dog- fish, ae if 1 Sting Ray, i a Little Sole, 1 1 Sprat, a 4 4 Armed Bullhead, 1 1 471 464 935 Face. Off 23 i 2 Codling, .. j 4 4 | Lybster. p-m. | p.m. | Haddock (1), 352 a : . (2), 190 ; ” (3), 358 . —-900 4 904 Whiting, 37 14 51 Plaice (1), 4 a ” ) 10 —- 14 14 Lemon Dab, 5 re 5 Com. Dab.. ie 30 30
76 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Time Trawl
Temperature. Fish Caught.
D : Depth ne Place. Date. 3 d in = No. Remarks. 8 o | Fms. : 2 No. | thrown Total cs I 2 6 FI Name. taken to} Over- | “x6 Z = a = a Market. | board. i 1903. 23. Same | Oct. 22.) .. ae .. |23 to} 2.30 1' 4.30 | Codling, ’.. Ra a 13 13 | 20 baskets of had- — Locality. 24 | p.m.| p.m.| Haddock (1), .. | 731 7 a docks. » (C4 ns | Ce + vf (3), Eben a 2454 9 2463 Whiting, .. ab 200 24 224 Plaice (8), .. x 11 11 - Lemon Dab, ae 5 5 Com. Dab,.. aA a 20 20 Gurnard, .. ae 4 4 2674 66 2740 24. Same A at fe fe 23 4.50 | 7.50 | Codling, .. a 12 1 19 Locality. p.m. | p.m. | Haddock (1), .. | 449 Bs i (2), Ae lea 34 BA (3), .. (L075 ~ ——1995 13 2008 Whiting, .. ay 628 36 664 Plaice (1), .. ae 3 te ” (2), ie ot 23 aie — 26 26 Lemon Dab, i 4 4 Com. Dab,.. Be 5 86 86 Gurnard, . By 3 2665 145 2810 25. Same Oct. 22 ae te fe an 8.15 | 12.15 | Cod, ar ae 18 18 Locality. & 23. p.m. | a.m. | Codling, .. mi 19 4 23 Haddock (1), .. |286 a6 » (2), .. 210 .: i (3), ais86 : me —1332 14 1346 Whiting, .. aS Be 21 21 Plaice (2), .. 18 9 ; 9 Lemon Dab, Ay 12 12 Com. Dab, ab on 66 66 Gurnard, .. at 13 8 21 Angler, ii oc 1 1 1403 114 AUSSI yf 26. Same | Oct. 23.) .: & a: »» 112.30 |-3.35 | Cod, ee ae 7 ‘i Locality. a.m. j a.m. | Codling, .. ys 14 14 Haddock (1), .. {260 Be 3 (2), Ne 213 we i. (3), —... [860 a —-1333 9 1342 Whiting, 2, ~...| 450 26 476 Plaice (2), .. oF 22 BG 22 Com. Dab,.. oe ae 39 39 Gurnard, .. ea 10 5 15 Thornback, te 2 bs 2 1838 79 1917 27. Smith 50 ws 3a Re 21 to |) 6:15 | 715 | Codline, ec 5 1 6 Bank. 22 | a.m. | a.m. | Haddock (1), a6. 43 ne Be as (2), Oi 6 oy ise het Bde ARNO = —265 37 302 Whiting, .. a 46 204 250 Plaice (1), .. oe 3 es fe 45 ie 3 2 228 — 31 ES BL Com. Dab, a 3 674 677 | Long Rough Dab, a 3 3 Lemon Dab, be ais 14 14 Armed Bullhead, ay 2 2 Gurnard, .. Re 30 15 15 350 950 1300
Place. Date.
1903. 28. Same | Oct. 23.
Locality.
29. Off Kinnaird Head at “Witch
Ground.”
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLFE I.
Temperature. Depth o gq in 3 © |Fms. s te ~~ 5 5 o a N aa) 22
50
Time Trawl Down.
Name.
8.10 | 11.50 | Cod,
a.m. | a.m. 150552550 p.m. | p.m,
Codling, Ling, sit Haddock (1), ” (2), + DD (3), Whiting, Plaice|();”... Lemon Dab, Com. Dab,.. Gurnard Angler,
Hake, 60 Haddock (1), 2
TRC)
Whiting, Plaice,
Com. Dab,.. Gurnard, .. Angler,
Fish Caught.
No. taken to Market,
No. thrown Over- board.
Total No.
980
256
1236
430
483
6
Remarks.
Small-meshed net.
78 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. Fone Tram Fish Caught. Depth : Place. | Date. 3 g in = . No. Remarks. a o | Ems. : a o. | thrown Hi = = CS = Name. taken to| Over- ee 2|a|@ nm | Market.| board. 2 1903. | 1. Aberdeen | Oct. 30. 8to15} 9.55 | 12.15 | Cod, sd - 29 Re 29 Bay; be- am. | p.m. | Codling, .. . 43 3 43 tween Black Haddock (1), sey || ksh! 28 ae Dog and ‘A (2), Bey) ie Ko) Newburgh. : (3), eS 16 —-— 392 7 399 Whiting, .. A 195 143 338 | Brill, 2 a he pee 1 Plaice (8), .. os 6 1 7 Com. Dab,.. At 8 I 15 Black Sole, 6a 1 ine 1 Long Rough Dab, rc 2 2 675 160 835 2. Same aN 10°0 |} 10°4 10 | 74 to | 12.45] 5.20 | Cod, ae a 106 exe 106 Locality. 12 | p.m. } p.m.| Codling, .. * 145 6 151 Coal-fish, .. AA 4 a8 4 Haddock (1), ah || AD 55 6 a (2), 2. | £79 - 53 (3), $8 10 =e ae — 309 inl 320 Whiting, .. ae Dal LOT 161 Plaice (2),.. Hey ee) ms #e Aa G) hare eer a —- 308 308 Lemon Dab, Fae i ae Com. Dab,.. Si ae 8 8 Flounder, .. a 3 #0 3 Thornback, oe aa 2 2 Starry Ray, is ne 2 2 930} 136 1066 3. Same r 5% of .. |6to11| 5.55 | 10.10 | Cod, Sean Bol ee 25 Locality. p.m."| p.m) Codling, 2-4 2b 85 9 94 Haddock (1), AS poral ~ ” (2), «4: | 588 a Qi a2 e he ——1031 130 1161 Whiting, .. a 188} 640 828 Plaice (1),.. ne |) exe he Pert 4) eee ie 28 >> | (3), - Bots ie . . —- 114 9 123 Com. Dab, ae 25 13 38 Gurnard, .. ss Br 8 8 Thornback, He 1 ae a Starry Ray, te 35 21 21 1469 830 2299 4. Same | Oct. 30] .. Ae .. |5to11} 10.45 |3 a.m.| Cod, - an 37 2 37 Locality. | & 31 p.m. Godling,) 5%: 49 7 56 Haddock (1), P| 4i5 aA te Me (2), 5a || 3083 et 1 ane) aes |e i a ——1131 14 1145 Whiting, .. ae 272) 210 483 Black Sole, Sie 1 a i Plaice (1),.. ae Bee (2) ee Sb lb2. ae ” (3), ae oe 27 29 — 79 79 Lemon Dab, ae 2 ES 72 Com. Dab,.. Be 7 5 12 Flounder, . ne 2 Ae 2 Gurnard, .. we a i 1 Starry Ray, aie oe 24 24
1580) 262 1842
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 79
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
> Temperature. Hires awl Fish Caught. Depth i Place. Date. 2 q He 3 - Ane Remarks. 3 6 | Fms ; = 0. rown x z $ 8 a Name. taken to| Over- er < RD Q n en Market.| board.
5, Aberdeen] Oct. 31] 9:6 | 10°2 | 10°6 [8 to12] 7.10 | 810 | Cod, 6 OR ge ie es 5 | Small-meshed net, Bay ; off a.m. | a.m, | Codling, .. Bs 10 9 19 Collieston. Haddock, .. Ne ei) walbyy 930
Whiting, .. die 169 75 244 Plaice, Bs oF 27 RP 27 Lemon Dab, i 1 a I Com. Dab,.. : H, 3 3 Long Rough Dab, a 2 2 Gurnard, .. bie ae 6 6 Grey Skate, 1 1
80 Part 1[1.—Twenty-second Annual Report TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I. Temperature. pune Tree Fish Caught. Depth : Place. g d in I No. 8 2 4\ems.) = No. | thrown - ES 3 ° = Name. taken to} Over a RN faa) = an Market.| board 1. Aberdeen 92 | 10:0 | 9°8 |8to10) 2.10 | 5.10 | Cod, Bay ; off p.m.| p.m.} Codling, .. Black Dog to Haddock (1), 135 Collieston. my (2), 69 ” (3), 334 ” (4), 439 —- 977 36 Whiting, 18 Plaice, ae Com. Dab,. if Long Rough Dab, 2 Gurnard, .. ; 3 Thornback Ray Voix 1 Herring, ae 6 Sprat, 2 69 2. Same 53 to| 6.25 | 8.25 | Codling, .. ae 2 Locality. 12 | p.m.} p.m. | Haddock ee u a ” 6 ae ” ) 6 . — 2 Whiting, . 6 Plaice, sis Com. Dab, . Ne Long Rough Dab, 1 Gurnard, 2 Grey Skate, 3 Starry Ray, 15 Herring, 1 32 3. Same 54 to| 9.15 | 1.20 | Cod, a Locality. 12) =| pim, | asm: | Codline, —22 3 Haddock (1), 126 ‘ a 2), 75 ” (3), 118 —— 319 10 Whiting, .. 22, Plaice (1),.. 1 oe RG) e8 53 ae 5 (Bh o- 67 ea — 121 1 Com. Dab,. : 5 Long Rough Dab, 3 Starry Ray, 2 46 4. Aberdeen 56 41 to} 2.55 | 5.25 | Cod, a Bay ; off 12 | a.m.|a.m.j{ Codling, .. 8 Newburgh. Haddock (1), 13 ad ” (2), 14 2 ” (3), 81 — 108 20 Whiting, 37 Brill, 2s ae Plaice (1),.. “hl (2) Seo 39 es 5 USNs 215 b —- 254 ae Com. Dab, . 3 a0 Long Rough Dab, 5 Gurnard, 4 19 89
Remarks.
Weather fine ; se r smooth ; gentle Fh: westerly wind. “head
6, & Nothing apparent bos to account for
very small catch.
ee
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 8]
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. pe ew Fish Caught. Depth : Place. Date. a FI in as No. Remarks, = oe i Wimgi'l Js s No. | thrown | motal 2 = $ ° 5 Name. taken to! Over- ie = n 3 a sa) Market.| board. : — -——o_o | | | — | —_—_—_—_—— | 5. Moray | Nov.9.| .. = .. |54to91p.m.| 4-10 | Cod, Ne oye ala) si, 11 |Wind west; Firth ; Burg- a.m. | Codling, .. : 1 7 8 squally, rain. head Bay. Haddock (1), dre 1 ag ” (2), catia se 2 a Mame rer ri —- 506] 187 | 693 Whiting, .. AP 10 23 33 Brill, ay Ne 9 be 9 Plaice (1),.. He 21 Ae és Hot on 2a T00 Hie 660 ays oe -— 790 8 798 Com. Dab,.. ae 34 8 42 Gurnard, .. x a 84 Thornback, 4 1682 6. Same ar a oe .. | 5% to] 4.30 | 8.45 | Cod, 2 _ Locality. 13 | p.m.| p.m.]| Codling, .. 43 and Haddock (1), es 20 » (2), i ” (3), o- ” (4), ee 1,030 Whiting, 57 Turbot, il Brill, EY: 10 Black Sole, 1 Plaice (1),.. ae 9 (2); .- it ” (3), Oe oe 929 Com. Dab,.. 296 Witch, 6 Gurnard, .. 24 Thornback, ips Angler, 10 2421 i 7. Same |Nov. 10.) .. : .. | 4} to /3a.m./7 a m.| Cod, 3 | Locality. 10 Codling, .. 43 Haddock (2), ” (3), ” (4), oe 75 Whiting, 34 Brill, 31 Turbot, .. 5 Plaice (1), .. - s9 (2)s = f »” (3), hil C5 1158 ” Lemon Dab, 9 Com. Dab,.. 304 Gurnard, .. a 102 Thornback Ray, .. ‘fal Angler, ; . 4 1779 8. Same ; (Gone s 10 |5 to 10/8 a.m.} 10.35 | Cod, 3 | W.SW. strong Locality. a.m. | Codling, 7 breeze; showery. ; Haddock, .. 25 Whiting, 11 Brill, os 7 Plaice (1), .. 7 ” 2), ‘ a So MG) fa = 703 Com. Dab,.. 180 Gurnard, .. ae 186 Thornback Ray, .. 5 Angler, oi 4 1131
82 Part III —Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. ne ray Fish Caught. Depth ‘ Place. | Date. 6) g in s No. Remarks. 3 o | Fms. : ae No. |thrown s is = S = Name. taken to! Over. | aoe! Z = al = a0) Market.) board | a 9. Dornoch| .. . ‘ . fp 45 to 13|-8:25.\|"7.80q| sGodling sc) Fs 11 6 17 | Sea smooth. Firth, off p.m. | p.m. | Haddock (1), - >| 232 Se Golspie. 5 (2), Ay ees , be = 2. Wea (4), Sor (Leg Ae Se ——1050 50 1100 Whiting, . <f 2 2 4 Brill, ao ae Se 3 Plaice (1), .. as 5 4 a ay (CA yar ne WO ite a HO); ab MOO? i 1264 902 2166 Lemon Dab, - 6 2 8 Com. Dab, 55 4 126 130 Grey Skate, of i ae 1 Thornback, 5 15 20 Sandy Ray, ss 56 1 i Angier, ~.. ae Ae 2 2 Gurnard, .. dh an 33 33 2346] 1139 3485 10. Same |Nov.11] 9:2 | 98 | 9:4 3 (15.40 | 10.5) Codling, --. ae 32 g 40 Locality. a.m.|a.m.| Haddock(1), .. | 158 es 7 » (2), .. | 53 -. ” (3), 56 ae ” (4), 56 ws = —- 323 52 375 Whiting, .. or 8 2 10 Brill, ie : f) 8 4 Plaice (1), .. 2 6 = & Qe) all 038 sp yates .. | 453 59 ACA) cers .. | 416 Fe a -—— 978) 259 1237 Com. Dab,.. sh 22 78 100 Thornback Ray, .. 1 5 6 Sandy Ray, a a 1 il Gurnard, .. As a 34 34 Angler, .. BS ae 1 u 1368} 440 1808 11. Same 35 Ae a os » | 4.10 | 8.40 | Cod, DN ae 2 | Weather calm. Locality. .| p.m.| p.m.| Codling, . 3 6 9 15 Haddock (1), so Palos ; ” 2), . |) 162 , ” (3), 219 LS (4), 530 a —-1011 271 1282 Halibut, .. rw il ae 1 Megrim, .. ac i a 1 Plaice (1),.. sh 6 Hs wee ba) Sa sot Si Ss > (8),.. 432 “ Ee Heid) 356 ja —— 881; 114 995 Com. Dab,.. re ae 144 144 Long Rough Dab, ac 6 6 Gurnard, . as és 60 60 Thornback, ss of 7 7 Angler, .. ee Ae i i
1902} 612 2514
Place.
13. Same Locality.
4, Same ocality.
Date.
12. Same |Nov. 12. _ Locality.
Nov. 13
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
83
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. an: Oo Py = and = AS 5 } <q mM —Q
Time Trawl
Down. Depth in ro Fms he aS 3 ° 3 Ss ss 2.55 | 7.55 g9.m. | a.m
6 to 10) 11.40 | 3.20
a.m
6 toll} 5.15 a.m.
p.m.
10.15 a.m.
Fish Caught.
Name.
Cod, Codling, Haddock (1),
Brill Plaice (1), .
» (2), .
hs (3, :
Lemon Dab, Com. Dab, Megrim, Gurnard, Thornback Ray. . Sandy Ray, Angler.
Codling, .. Haddock (1), 3¢ (2),
Plaice (1), .
Com. Dab, Gurnard. .. Thornback, Angler,
Codling, .. Haddock (1),
Brill,
Com. Dab, Lemon Dab, Gurnard. Angler,
No Remarks. No. thrown
taken to} Over- ee Market.| board. :
OP} 22
23 3 26 97 ae 78 x 107 Ay
—— 282 46 328 al 4 il 2 os 137 a 319 AA 214 oe a — 672 169 841
33 if! 4
12 63 75
al 1
“BO 50
4 4
1 il
2 2
1016; 339 1355
5 + 9 3 : 3 oie == 5 @ 13 19 7 : 331 795 xc 784 i ——1917 184 2101 20 35 55 16 16 2 + 6 3 3 1950) 259 2209
5811 53
320 71 300
"20 20 2 2
696 3033
1 1 2 | Wind §S.; _ fresh 66 Be 35 breeze ; "squally.
84
Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. ues Draw own. Depth
Place. Date. & g in =
(2) FF “ o
a 3 ms : =
= oe $ re =
Zl|a|a a | a
15. Burg- |Nov. 13. 5 to10} 1.25 | 6.25 head Bay. p.m. | p.m. 16. Same | Noy. 13 5p |) olO. SANG) Locality. & 14. p.m. | a.m. 17. Same |Noy. 15] .. at ae 5a I evemg|| all Locality. a.m.
Fish Caught.
No. No. thrown
Name. taken to] Over- Tora
Market.| board. 4 Cod, 2. ae 4 Se 4 Codling. as 33 6 39
Haddock (1), Be a:
Ay (2), 26 is
(3), 30 .:
awed (4) 131 x —— 187 46 233 Brill, 36 36
Plaice (1), 10 - a
: 316 ae es
” : 601 2 #
49 412 ai ae ——1339} 215 1554 Lemon Dab, its 3 si 3 Com. Dab. a2 40} 156 196 Thornback Ray, .. 2 obs, 2 Gurnard, >. ny ae 150 150 Angler, .. wis be 3 3 1644, 576 2220 Cod, oe rs 3 bs 3 Codling, .. Se 24 25 49 Haddock (1). 3 50 53 Whiting, A Ul 7 Turbot, .. si 5 E 5 Brill, fe bg 43 is 43
Plaice (1), .. 22 i -
5 (Dh a5 381 ; aes
EWG), A: 311 if: i
y Ces 389 ie a6 ——1103} 1650 1253 Lemon Dab, ote 3 2 5 Com. Dab, ‘ oe 320 320 Gurnard, .. ds Sa 105 105 Thornback Ray, .. 3 5 8 Angler, .. Af a 7 a 1187) 671 1858 Cod, 77 : 77 Codling, 30 3 33 Haddock, .. mn 2 2 Whiting, .. a ss 1 il Turbotw Ga: Kd 2, Bs 2 Brill, oie ye 15 ae 15
Plaice (1), .. 12 A
» (2), .. 205 »» (3), «. 381
Ag (CNG 6 234 wis oie — 832 99 931 Lemon Dab, Ae 1 i Com. Dab, 30} 124 154 Gurnard, .. ae x» 67 67 'Thornback, ae Se 5 5 Angler, .. oe ae 1 i 986} 303 1289
Remarks.
Wind S.; breeze.
fresh
| fen’ Sanur tades abapevelbon tnptineetorrdoaai ay aateaadieeeaeeaaiont te ree one ie
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Temperature.
Place. Date.
Air. Surface.
1903. 11, Aberdeen|Dec. 11. Bay, off Black Dog.
2. Same 3 8°3 9°6
Locality.
3. Same +3 Locality.
Bottom.
Time Trawl
Down. Depth in ra Fms. 2 = re S a =| 7a an
43 to} 10.15] 1.15 10 a.m. | a.m.
5 2; 6 p-m. | p.m.
55) 6.30 | 11.40 p.m. | p.m.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Fish Caught.
No. . | thrown Name. taken to] Over- 1 Market.| board. : Cod, 28 Codling, 118 Coal-fish, .. il 1 Haddock (1), AP aa se); Ae : 169 Whiting, 8 21 Brill, 1 Plaice, 1 Com. Dab, 4 Starry Ray, 1 1 10 344 Cod, ue 77 Codling, Be 105 Coal-fish, .. 2 2 Haddock (1), Pe Re ” (2), O¢ oe de 23 Whiting, 13 14 Plaice (2), .. ae ae ” ); os sie 6 Starry Ray, 16 16 re Res Cod, Ae 53 Codling, if. a Coal-fish, .. 2 2 Haddock (1), a. 13 Plaice (38), .. ue te ” 5) ere) ee oe We 12 Com. Dab, on 3 Starry Ray, 33 33 pee 2) | eeror
Wind S.;
85
strong
breeze; sea rough;
rain,
86 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
fj Temperature. Tne Trawl Fish Caught. | own. Depth Place. Date. g g in =| No. Remarks. 8 o! | Fms. |. 2 No. | thrown] mota] PS | 2 ° 3 Name. taken to} Over- No a s a 3 = Market.| board. ; 1908. 1 Aberdeen} Dec. 23.| 8°77 | 96 | 89 |10to| 3 7.20 | Cod, of oa 77 Net split. . Bay, off 30 | p.m. | p.m.| Codling, .. eS 3 “a Stains Haddock (2), Aye 5 2 Castle. Whiting, .. a oe 1 Plaice (2), .. aie a us 3)) 25 oc ” ( ), ced 66 Com. Dab, of il Starry Ray, a 30 et Conger, .. oe ae 1 | Sand-eel, .. ie . 20 : 182 24 2. Same Or 23 *: sie ” 8* | 11.30} Cod, 23 55 23 Wet split. Locality. p-m. | p.m. | Codling, . ” 8 | Haddock (1), i 1 | » @) ae | wae 2 | Whiting, .. fi 5% 2, Plaice (2), .. ne 3 ae » (3), -. . iS A) Seer a4 {fie | ” ( ), wie 23 Com. Dab, Bs & 1 Starry Ray, 3 46 105 3 3. Same | Dec. 24. 36 Hy LAO Cod, ae ue 26 Net again split. Locality. a.m, s|a.m,| Codling, 2 Be 1 Haddock (1), ae 8 Plaice (2), .. Ae 3 There were none | 7 2@)) Se a 8 unmarketable. — il Starry Ray, be 24 60 A % 4. Moray | Dec. 25.| .. Bs -- |8tol1) 1.15 | 6.20 | Cod, Xe a 4 is Wind S.W ; light Firth ; p-m.| p.m.| Codling, .. es 9 9 breeze. Burghead Haddock (1), He 3 = Bay. ” (8), .. 1120 —-123 604 Whiting, .. a5 76 120 Brill, Ns : 2 : Plaice (1), .. ste ite 9 ae ae c ” 4 —139 Com. Dab, Me SP 52 Long Rough Dab, ae 7 Gurnard, .. Me : 4 353 796
|
»
a
| ' ; |
| | | |
| | | | |
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. Depth
Place. Date. 3 3 in
3 8 |Fms folie Saar | wage 1903. 5. Moray | Dec. 25. Firth ; Burghead
Bay.
6. Off Dec. 26.) 7-4 9 9°2 Tarbetness. 25 7. Dornoch oe
Firth. oes. Off | Dec. 27.) 6:2) | 75 | 8:3 | Lybster. 22
Time Trawl
Down.
6.45 | 11.55 p-m. | p.m,
16 to} 9.380 | 11.15
a.m. | a.m.
7to1l1| 4.40 | 8.40
p-m. | p.m.
18 to | 12.45 5
p-m. | p.m.
Cod,
Codling, ..
Haddock (1), 2
”
od 7G);
Whiting, Turbot, Brill, ws Plaice (1), .. ” 2 wach’ »» (3),-- Lemon Dab, Com. Dab,.. Gurnaid, ..
Codling, .. Haddock (1), 2
”
(2), ” (3),
Coal-fish, ..
Whiting,
Brill, te
Plaice (1), .. O)
” aah) \
Lemon Dab, Com. Dab, Witch,
Cod, Codling, .. Haddock (1),
” (3),
Whiting, Turbot, Brill, Plaice(@); ...
Com. Dab,
Long Rough Dab,
Flounder, ..
Cod, Codling, .. Haddock (1),
” (2),
Whiting, . Phaice(1), ..
” (2), oes
Witch,
Fish Caught.
No. No. | thrown taken to] Over- Tol Market.| board. d 8 We 8 sie l¢/ 17 346 at Ao —-372 2086 2458 120 108 228 2 Le Z 19 ea 19 ij - 134 vs 86 a iA ——297 14 241 1 4 il 25 39 74 aos dl ts 784 2271 3055
13 4 17 129 : : 36 : a 150 : os —315 23 338 5 i 5 Dik 15 42 1 ni 1 ) oe ae 23 pic , 10 Sik ts —— 02 18 70 6 at 6 11 52 63 1 as 1 431 112 543
8 et 8
3 4 4 160 He Bic 498 3 3s 112 : 3
—770 55 825
oe 23 23
2 se 2
4 4 15 : 70 7 46 ae aly atc
—148 148
a 54 54
26 26
aL : ul
933 162 1095
2 ae 2 2 is 2 38 Sic : 6 : bic — 44 44 9 9 3 1 ——7 4 1 1 1
|
Remarks.
87
Weather foggy.
Thick fog. Net split.
Thick fog.
Net badly split. No offal
88 Part I11.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE I.
Temperature. 3 - ne Fish Caught. ep Place. Date. é s in | = No. Remarks. S Ss |Fms.| |; 2 No. | thrown Total | 3 = = | ° = Name. taken to) Over- No | < = = + = | Market. board. : | | | | | - te 1903. | | | 9. Burghead] Dec.28; .. | .. | .. |5t013) 2.30 | 7.45 | Cod, ad 9 ote 9 | Weather fine; calm.’ Bay. p.m. | p.m. | Codling, 25 7 32 | | Haddock (1), 4 ” (2), | 9 | Te a om ee i | | 73] Bay Ras Wihitng, 2) LIPS 22 22 | Turbot, oe 3 os 3 j Brill, : sk 37 37 | | | | Plaice (1)... -. | 21 | | 5 Mee oes ein | He 6) Se | Lim oe |Lemon Dab, .. 3 = 3 | |Com.Dab,.. :. | 10 54 64 | Gurnard, .. = at 8 8 | | | Catfish, .. .. 1 a 1 | | | 567 | 631 | 1198 i (ees ees EE Se | | 10. Same | Dec.29.; 1°38 | 5°0 | 7°3 |5t012) 4.25 | 9.25 | athe A Sey _ : Locality. a.m. | a.m. | Co : i |e oe 6 Haddock (1), Pg 1 say ei gee Whiting, .. x 13 13 Turbot, 1 1 | ' B il ’ . .- 9 9 | Plaice(1), .. os 7 ore (2y a= as EL Be) 63) So Sud aos ~ a | Com. Dab,. 27 14 41 Long Rouch Dab, - 2 2 | | Gurnard, .. re 7 7 } | eS tate alee | | | 110 | 156 | 269 eed eames (ee ieee | | | | 11. Same | ,, | | 4ito| 12 | 4 | Cod, ee bs ee 2 Locality. 10 | p.m.} p.m | ee - 3 ock, . 56 | Whiting, . 5 5 | Brill, - 7 a 7 Plaice ();- 3 oe se i ” (2), 2 84 “* . | iia? (3), - 12 a == a | Com. Dab, = 11 11 | Cat-fish, 1 oe 1 Gurnard, .. = a 7 7 Thornback, ae 2 Ae 2 : 111 82 193
NN
: :
a
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 89
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE II. Giving particulars as to Boxes of Fish brought to Market.
LARGE HADDOCKS.
Length—Cm. Weight. ae i Remarks. Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately. Lbs. Oz. Lbs. Oz. 142 sano -OUeD 36°7 140 4 ee 114 33°4—67°3 41°4 ae 132 14 128 276-48 °6 38°8 Wie Ss on, 2 78 36 8-57'6 45°4 VB ie 139 14 | From Faroe. 85 36°1-60°5 4553 149 9 148 10 3 = 114 Sie Ode (134 «4 Se aT 36°1-54°5 1h 12 110 3, —60°1 aa 129 12 as 28 90) -=7 1-4 61°6 Tie 3: 126 10 | From Iceland. Ly 36°7-59°5 65) Mey 34:2-64:°0 136 — 87 38 -62 L328 7 94. 36'5-56 JIB oe 87 390-64 133i 4 87 38 '2-58'8 130) = 115 30-00 uy 130 13 so 135 34-5] 40°7 lavt. 28 134 8 ra BOM OLue is 27) 2 ae 132 31°7-54 106 _- 148 33 —37 106 5 130 36°2-49°5 112 14 134. 33°5-50°7 om 110 12 Hate 122 33 -66°3 42:0 136 = 8 135y be 120 By eps | 42°0 let ere Sesrune 103 36°5—52'3 ishr 2 95 30° )-04'3 177 US 90 34°6757 50a v= ; 96 3) O—o2 12k 8 101 29°5-51°6 igo 5 102 36°9-54°5 140 4 95 3D) 04 | 37a 102 35 -56°7 144 14 95 36 -59°7 Tobe 4 94 371-57 °:4 130. 68 95 34°8-60°5 1 id 97 35 °8-55°6 Lidl | aay 35 50°5-70°8 59:2 122 10 Me Extra L. 35 52 f=1300 60:3 L28e We a3 A 35 51°4-72:'8 60°1 133 14 isk Ke 37 51°6-68°8 58°7 12 ee re 38 50°7-66°9 58°5 Loe kb Hee Ba 35 50°3—70 59°7 bo? 5 ay ee 83 a4 j—-Oar! 44 °9 hs *6 at
Part LI1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE ITI.
MEDIUM HADDOCKS.
Length—Cm.
Range.
32°6-38'5 30°3-40°3
28°9-44°9 30°1-40° 26°7-40°6
295-38 2 32° —39°4 29°8-39°7
30°4-41° 31°0-38°5 28 -39°4
27 8-532 32°2-48°5 27 °3-40°6
268-38° 28-4406 30-2-39°6
31°4-41°3 29°5-37°5 26 -9-40°1
29°6-43°9 25°3-39° 28 °7-40°2
27 °6-38°9 32°4-48°4
Average.
Qo to vo Go Go GO He He OS GO ore ot Ot co bo
33:1 34:3
Weight.
In Bulk. | Separately. Lbs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz. 124 "3S ie
a 118 114 12] 4 119 - 119 8 LIS 38 Si 8 126 10 126) 12 1373 4 1s 4 # 120 12 e ls. — 8 Lie is 124 6 [Ip 24Re TEE [302 = 126 8 129)» A: 12h 10 Ty 126 8 124 8 2S LOO. 7 124, 12 ae ee 123) 12 121 9 IOs Ss Py. 128. 11 108 4 126 9 139, = Vist) es i A ae al be: i | 126 9 123, 6 122)" 3 (25) 14 (24> 19
Remarks.
Also 1 codling 26°9,
Also 1 whiting 28-0
cm., 4 oz.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. Ba
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE II. SMALL HADDOCKS.
Length—Cm. Weight. No. of | | : ; Fish Remarks. Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately. Lbs. Oz Lbs. Oz.
287 22°4-30°2 1038 - a Also 5 whitings and 6 codlings.
246 26"3—2o- 30°3 ELO- 13 1054
259 22°S—ao | ak Tiles) (4
264 246-36 °7 31°0 120. - 120 2 | Also 1 whiting 30:1 and 5 oz.
280 24°8-30°7 ee 119 +6
262 27 -O-oa 4 eA Lge 5
247 27°5-36°4 32-5 114 15 b4y =
240 26°6-36'6 Seo MG 6 brs
247 26°1-36°0 31°6 122) 428 [Dog gs
255 26°8-35°6 31°9 128 12 1267 312
293 24°4-36°4. 31-1 ee oe
268 25°6-36'2 ate ies
273 23 °2-33°6 392 Ti4e *<8
269 Be 10) [es 333165) Shek DATS
Zor 2hO- 33:8 30°4 106 12
277 24 °2-34°8 30°6 117 (10
271 O31 34-3 30° 103° 4i2:
268 24°7-33°5 30°3 108 5
287 228-343 29°9 flis. tS
249 24 °3-34°3 Are 103 12 ae
247 21°6-34°7 fe TOE “10 As Also 2 whitings 41:1 and 46°3 cm.
Zio 21°9-33°7 107-12 +4
278 23-147 110 4 109 8
261 21°7-34°6 Ese eo ae
258 25°0-35'6 30°2 108 8 LOZ V2
319 24°5-36°6 29°4. 1238 20 LID 15
216 27 :0-34°6 ye 104 12 ah
231 28 °2-34°1 ae 108; 2
203 27 °8-34:°8 Seo 102: 15
274 26°8—aarz re Loree
270 24°3-34'8 30°7 127. 4 27
223 26 :9-36'0 31°4 109 12 Also 1 whiting 43°5 cm.
208 274-3170 Bes, Iie = UNE oat
aA 27 -6-34°6 IO: 4
yAlg | 2eLl=aoco 102 13
250 Wd 815 | 4 2
248 23°4-33°9 10S a7,
241 24°8-35°5 106 14
226 26 '3-34°5 10a
228 26°4-34°9 104 10
255 248-352 107. -
Part ITT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE II.
Length—Cm.
Range.
38 ‘2-66'8
36°1-60°5 30°4-73
30°3-69°6 29°5-71°9 34 -77'5 41°5-74°9
28 -68°8 41°2-73
38 -74 28°5-66°5 30°3-76
361-751 29 -70°4 28 ‘5-72
34°9-71°8 50°4-78°3 28 ‘2-78 °5 37 °2-75°
31°2-65'1 34°4-71°9 33 °2-80°8 36°5-71°1 34°8-71°6
42°4-70°4 28°3-62°6
Average.
56°6
45'3 49°6
48°]
51:2
Ore Or (=) (SC =)
on He Or 2S ener Bl rey en iyrs
Or —
Ww oO Nejive)
CODLING. ; Weight.
In Bulk. | Separately.
Libs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz. 114 153
149 9 148 10
1277 80 126 9
124 13 118 14
133- -
125 -
156 4
125 6
128 9
132 13
137.5 Es
127 10 125 +59
122 12
131 -
124 -
131 14
125 8
135 3
136 12 135 8
132 12 131 10
139 - 138 2
1385 - 134 8
125 4 TZ 43 128 9 116 -
93
Remarks.
Also 1 cat-fish, 2 lbs. 54 02.
Also lling, 73°6cm., 5 lbs. 2 02.
Also 1 ling, 53 cm., and 1 whiting.
Also 1 ling, 58 cm.
Also 1 ling, 1 4: 12 oz.
Also 1 ling, 60°6= 2 Ibs. 8 oz.
Ungutted.
3?
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 93
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE IT.
WET LN Ge. Length—Cm. Weight. Remarks. Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately. EEbs:7 Oz;" |» Lbs; Oz: | 155 30°3-53°5 38" ns 125" 2 a i peer: 1 Ib. 180 28°1-45°5 35°9 13k. 63 130) EY Also. 1 ieddace: 34°0 =6 oz. 157 30 -52°4 Ses 128 12 192 28 °6-46°3 a 129 4 216 24°2-48°1 34°3 os) Ot) 260 24°7-44°7 ae LOS UY at Also 1 haddock, 32:0 and | codling, 43 °2, 218 22 :2-46°7 oS 94 6 ns Also 2 _ haddocks, 31°8, 28°8, and I codling, 38:3. 183 273-43 33°2 Dies *4 113 10 | Line, ungutted. 123 32°2-44°2 36°6 106 - 97 «12 Do. do. 183 27°9-34°7 31°0 Sires 86 5 Do. do. 138 29 2-45 34°9 103. - 10Y 59 Do. do. 85 31°9-46°2 37 '2 es a) 86 10 Do. do. 225 27 °3-40'2 32°1 VIS... 5 116 12 | Also 4 haddocks 25:5
—27°2—1 lb. 4 oz.
94, Part I11.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE II. SMALL WHITING.
Length—Cm. Weight. No. of Remarks. Fish Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately. { | | Lbs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz.
279 24 °3-33°5 29°5 106 5 103 13 | Round, ungutted. Also 3 haddocks = 1:0 oz.
351 20°6-32°6 26°4 o7 13 96 5 | Line, gutted.
415 20-8-33°9 oe 1Lasie4: - Also 1 haddock 21:0
cm.
274 24°7-33°7 28'5 92 - 90 2 | Line, gutted.
257 23°1-36°5 27°3 91 14 89 14 | Line, ungutted.
LARGE PLAICE. Length—Cm. Weight. ee f Se SS Remarks. Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately. | Lbs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz. 60 40 -56°'8 136 15 24 55°7-13°5 fe 140 11 24 51°0-69'3 i; iS 141 2 7 55°1-64°0 8 144 4 26 50°8-66:0 a 150 4 27 534-682 a> AS 35 47 -59°7 Np 129. 4 24 Fes i (24 eo) 139 48 25 52°8-69°7 60°4. 149 J 42, 33°7-67°9 at 135. 9 “a 57 °9-87°6 74°8 138 6 Liye 52-6-80°8 64:0 132 4A3 15 55'9-78°8 66:2 132 412 21 5G? —jors 63:1 147 10 23 55°1-68°3 60°4 139 14 24 54°7-68°4 60°1 ee 23 55°7-68°7 60°7 135 Al 23 Seal) | 61°4 146: 22
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIG ATIONS—TABLE II. MEDIUM PLAICE.
Length—Cm. Weight. paige —<—<—— | Remarks. Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately. Lbs. Oz. Lbs. Oz. 144 30) =53:0) 35°8 131 L 134 ! 29°2-47°5 34°2 135 13 66 30°6-50°6 41°3 129.7 = 128) 1 109 30°7-46'2 36°6 126 8 89 30°1-55°4 38°6 earn ss = 13 ato 1) AD 1257-5 325" 10 90 30° 1-04: [3o0 ws Sha 88 30°6-5 ba hi SZ any = ae 84 33°6-64°5 39°0 UST ato 137 12 79 30°5-52 40°0 ey 126° 12 61 a2 3 Ol 43°3 Be 124- 13 47 392-992 46°0 119 4 V7 32 115 30 --57 35°6 128>"8 128 1 | Small, medium. 60 30°4—54:°5 J 148 222 56 31°6-56°7 4 56 32°7-54°8 135 - 54 29 -2-56°5 14 ee 59 303-045 147 8 59 33°6-60°9 137 12 63 299-53 °4 139 12 54 28 °6-53°4 ion wo 58 32 -56°8 143 «6 66 324-51] aS 137 14 70 33°1-54'6 nae 144 12 75 3D ol yi 140 7 63 3272-514 Py 142 2 ou 66 300-5 iG! 42°6 130) 13 129 8 74 3a 1-04 44°] 128 15 128 14 122 30°4—44°9 34°8 129 8 129 6 96 30°5-56'8 36°8 140 3 Le 89 31°5-48°1 An 138 13
96 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—-TABLE II. SMALL PLAICE.
Length—-Cm. Weight. Meee ee Remarks. Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately. | Lbs. (Oz, Lbs. Oz: 205 22 3-362 29°4 ’ 126 7 215 24°1-35 29°4 131 133 210 23°4-35°6 wah 128 - pal ly 22 8-36 dion 1295 78 150 26 °3-39°6 32°5 129 10 107 31°4-40-2 3k 118 10
145 24°7-38°4 bie 141 3
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 97
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE IL. LARGE WITCHES.
Length—Cm. Weight. nee ae er ne Remarks. Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately. Libs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz. 133 32°7-47°8 39°7 ae 125 14] Also 3 megrims=3 lbs. 104 oz. 143 33 °6-49°7 39°4 ee i2i 8 | Also Lk ‘megrim=—1 lb. 7 02. 113 325-49 3 43°2 of 134 4 119 32 -50 ah spe ae 137 12 129 31°8-53 39 125 4 123. 7 | Alsol megrim=8 oz. 131 335-49 6 tas 121 13 i, 115 31:°0-50°3 38°3 136 13 1364 143 29°8-48°1 ae 142 7 Hee 137 3071-48 enn 132 = 152 30°8-47°5 er, 128°" 8 161 33 -45°7 oe 133 3 156 31°3—47°5 38°7 186 10 135 12 160 32°3-50°1 an 127 13 os 125 32°4-49 41°6 123 8 122 15
99 328-53 °6 40°7 122 6 121 1 | Gutted.
98
No. of Fish.
292
323 44] 423 315 240 298 304 302 378 407
No. of | __
Fish.
Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE II. SMALL WITCHES.
Length—Cm. Weight. Remarks. Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately. Lbs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz. 226-352 29'8 103.8 Also 12 megrims and 2 lemon dabs=
6 lbs. 7 oz. 19 -35°2 107 4 198-346 116 10 181-33 °7 106 13 24-0--40°6 130 4 28 2-40 114. O 21 -6-36°9 106 8 19-7-36°2 a 12 24°2-37°9 104 6 21°1-34°6 93 5 19°1-37°3 122 14
SMALL LEMON DABS. Length—Cm. Weight. ; Remarks. Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately. Lbs. Oz. | Lbs. Oz.
17 °3-32°8 26°8 104 5 20°6-34°7 wee lit 3:8
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS—TABLE IT,
LARGE LEMON DABS. Length—Cm., Weight. Net Remarks. Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately. ise Oze 8 Eibse- Oz: 115 28 5-44°3 35°3 142 - 138 12 $9 29°9-45°7 37°6 145 4 145 8 100 28 7-460 be 134 - na 93 29°7—46°7 38 147 15 145 .- 3 104 28 1-48 -2 eye 147, 12 sk 115 288-47 °6 39°8 T5546 150 OO 89 26°4-47 °7 aes 135 6 ae 91 26 °9-45 2 so 134 11 a! 97 27 °0-45 37°6 142 7 141 5 88 28°1-48°1 37°5 127 15 126 11 93 31 -44°7 de 140 1 se 85 30°5-46 6 ee 141 2 i 88 26°4-46°3 wd 140 14 Ap 84 27 °6-46°7 39:0 14] 9 140 12 110 29 -46°4 36°9 142 4 141 13 83 28 °8-47°4 38°2 129. 6 129;5 40 114 29 -46°0 36°0 149 5 146 10 84 32°1-45°9 146 13 sei COMMON DABS. Length—Cm. Weight. peas 7 Remarks. Range. Average. | In Bulk. | Separately. Lebs2tOz,) Lbs. Oz. 115 21°9-40°6 207 59 152 | Also 1 megrim and 4 lemon dabs= 1 lb. 62 oz, 109 21°7-38°6
100 Part ITI,--Twenty-second Annual Report
II. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE EDIBLE CRAB (CANCER PAGURUS) AND OF OTHER DECAPOD CRUSTACEA :—IMPREGNATION: SPAWN- ING: CASTING: DISTRIBUTION: RATE OF GROWTH. By H. Cuas. Wittramson, M.A., D.Sc., Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen. (Plates I.-V.)
CONTENTS.
PAGE
The Impregnation of Cancer pagurus, 101 The Muscular System of the Abdomen of the Male
Crab, 103
The Action of the Penis, : ; : 104
The Condition of the Spermatheca, . : 5 105
The Impregnation of Carcinus menas, ; ; : 107
The Spawning of Cancer pagurus, . 108 The Mode of Attachment of the | Baggs to the
Swimmeret, : 108
The Swimmeret, : : : : : 110
The Endopodite, : 5 ; : : 110
The Exopodite, : . : : ; ad
The Ripe Egg, “ : : 112
The Attachment of the Eggs, : : 115
The Sloughing of the Empty Egg- capsules, ‘ 5 IG
The Attachment of the Eggs in other Decapod Crustacea, 116
The Spawning of Carcinus menas, . 120 The Casting, Distribution, and Rate of Growth of Cancer
pagurus, : 121
The Migrations of Cancer pagurus, : ; - 135°
The Changes in the Carapace of Cancer pagurus, ‘ : 136
Literature, . : : : : 137
Explanation of the Plates, ; : - : : 138
In the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Fishery Board (1900) I published a paper dealing generally with the life-history of the crab. Since then I have, as occasion offered, continued my observations on this form, and on other Decapod Crustacea. Attention has been directed specially to the phenomena of Impregnation and Spawning. While the fact of the impregnation was well evidenced by the presence of the internal spermatheca liberally stocked with sperms, the exact mode in which the sperms were transferred to the female was not very apparent. With a view to elucidating the process a detailed examination has been made of the copulatory organs of the male, and the spermatheca of the female. While every stage in the process of impregnation has not yet been determined, still a considerable advance towards the full description of it has been attained.
In connection with the spawning of the higher Crustacea the attach- ment of the eggs to the endopodite branches of the pleopods has been variously described. The secret of the attachment has been ascribed to various agencies, the principal of which has been the assistance of a strong cement which glued the eggs to the hairs. This I have been able to show is not the case. The stalk of the egg is really formed by the
* “Contributions to the Life-History of the Edible Crab (Cancer pagurus).” Highteenth Annual Report of the Fishery Board, Part III,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland 101
outer envelope of the egg. The chorion of the egg is pierced by a hair of the endopodite. The hair skewers the eggs on one after the other until it is filled.
Observations on the distribution of the edible crab, and additions to the list of the labelled crabs which have been recaptured, are also included in this paper.
IMPREGNATION.
The act of impregnation is not very easily studied. It takes place immediately after the female crab has cast. The conjunction of the male with the female is so close, and at the same time so readily broken, that it is not possible to follow the act completely by direct observation. The study of the anatomy of the parts, however, enables one to understand the operation in a satisfactory degree, While it is probably the case that in the Brachyura impregnation takes place in a similar way in each species, still the great variety in the form of the intromittent organ,* and also of the vagina, of different species naturally infers a certain amount of dissimilarity in the details of the operation.
An attempt was made to observe the fertilisation in Cancer pagurus, but actual coition was not seen. The female, which had just cast, was put in beside a hard male crab. The female was so soft that it yielded to the pressure of the fingers in every part. It lay a plump, almost inert mass when it was withdrawn from the water. The male was in a box a little more than 1 ft. cube. The female was introduced at the corner farthest away from it. The female immediately made its way towards the male, and when it came within reach of its chele it remained perfectly still : the male then gathered the female up with its legs and tucked her under- neath him. Sometimes the female was right side up, at another she was turned upside down beneath the male. In the case of Carcinus menas, the male, on seizing hold of the female, immediately introduces its penes into the vulve. This did not happen in the case of Cancer pagurus. This species appeared less at home in the boxes: the quantity of light was probably too great. The male and the female were accustomed to lie perfectly still. The former does not injure the female except by accident, as for example when it is interfered with. The crab is extremely quick in noticing a shadow cast on the water, and throws its chele wildly about to find the foe whose presence has been thus heralded. On one occasion, when the two crabs had been separated in order to be examined, the male on being released blindly striking out seized the chela of the female and destroyed the limb. Impregnation was effected in the case of the crabs (C. pagurus) in the Laboratory, but probably at night, as it was not observed.
The male sexual organ consists of three parts. First, the genital papilla (fig. 47), which contains the external opening of the vas deferens, v.d.; second and third, the appendages of the first and second abdominal segments. Each of these organs is paired, so that there is a double male organ, consisting of three parts. The female genital organs are also paired.
The genital papilla (g.p., figs. 39, 41,47) is situated on the coxopodite of the fifth pereiopod.t The vas deferens issues through a hole (0., fig. 55a) in the coxopodite, and is protected externally by the wide sac-like genital papilla, the wall of which is strong though soft. The papilla is capable of distension, and in the living crab is usually turgid. This condition appears to be due to the introduction of fluid into the space surrounding
* Brocchi. + Cf. Grobben and Brocchi,
102 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
the vas deferens. The hole in the ecxopodite round which the base of the papilla is attached is situated close to the proximal edge of the bone, and when the limb is drawn forward the base of the papillla is pressed up against the edge of the sternum of the thorax (c.p., figs. 39 and 41). The effect of this is to render the papilla more tense and erect. The outer skin is invaginated into the end of the vas deferens. Withinthe papilla there is on the vas deferens a valve (v., fig. 47) surrounded by a white mass, probably muscular. The genital papilla has been termed the penis (Duvernoy*). It is not the penis in Cancer pagurus ; it is a physical impossibility for the genital papille to reach the vulve of the female. The sperms have to be transferred from the papilla by means of the abdominal appendages. The remaining genital organs are the abdominal appendages. They are attached to the first and second segments and are very dissimilar in form. They are in fact complementary. ‘The first appendage is of tapering shape, and is tubular. The tube is formed by the involution of its sides. The second appendage is a long rod, bent, and jointed about the middle of its length. Different authors have ascribed different functions to these appendages. Thus they have been regarded as “exciting organs,” which were introduced into the vagine of the female, and on being withdrawn their places were taken by the genital papillae. Duvernoy described the first abdominal appendage as a duct for transferring the sperms from the “penis” (genital papilla) to the spermatheca ; the second abdominal appendage he supposed to be a sort of strut, which rested on the thorax of the female and thus formed a sort of prop between the male and female when in coitu. Neither of these descriptions meets the fact. The first and second abdominal appendages together form one organ, the penis. The second or rod-like appendage is during copulation inclosed within the first penis and moves up and down in it like the plunger of a pump.
It is first necessary to describe the abdominal appendages in detail. The first appendage, which will be hereafter referred as the first penis (while the second abdominal appendage will be denominated the second penis), is the more complicated.
The First Penis.
The first segment of the abdomen bears a large chevron-shaped expansion on its ventral surface (fig. 65). This chevron is really double; a small chevron (7.ch.), which is united with the larger (0.ch., fig. 46) posteriorly, is hid beneath the latter anteriorly. The double chevron is continued backwards on either side as a broad wing-like plate, at the end of which is attached the first penis(1 p.). The first penis consists of two parts, a short basal joint and a long tubular distal part (fig. 37), The basal joint consists of a peculiarly shaped bone (0., figs. ab, and 59) to which is attached some loose membranous tissue. The membranous tissue is shown in the sketches by dotted areas. The involution of the two sides of the distal portion forms a single tube open- ing by the separation of the two sides at the top. The opening is towards the median line. Fig. 25 shows a transverse section of the first penis near the tip, with the second penis 7m sitw. |The outer skin of the penis is hard bony chitin, but lining the tube the inner surface is soft flexible membrane. The latter is shown in the sketches by a thick black line. Fig. 16 shows an intermediate section, and fig. 4 exhibits a transverse section near the base. It shows the sides of the penis drawn
* Duvernoy, ‘‘Fragments sur les organes de génération de divers animaux.”
Mémoires de ? Académie des Sciences de (Institut de France, t. xxiii., p. 105, Pl. I.-1X., Paris, 1853,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 103
apart, throwing the second penis outside, but at the same timea longitudinal septum (m., figs. 37, 59, 60) has appeared which continues the tube. It is merely a continuation of the side of the penis by asoft flexible membrane instead of by the hard chitin wall. The second penis is situated behind the first, and when it is introduced into the first penis it crosses over this membrane, which yields readily to pressure. In length the membrane is short ; it is united below to the basal bone and forms the tissue binding . that bone on one side to the tubular part of the first penis. In fig. 10 is shown a transverse section through the base. The basal bone (0., fig. 59), has a large segment cut out of it, leaving its proximal part simply a narrow rim to which the membranous septum is attached. The membrane stops just a little beyond the point where the inturned edges of the penis meet and form the tube.
The tube of the penis opens in the base on the anterior side. The posterior side of the beginning of the tube is formed by the membrane. The genital papilla is inserted in the beginning of the tube. When the second penis is inthe first, its broadened base lies on the posterior surface of the basal joint. Any pressure of the second penis due to its movement is transmitted through the membrane to the genital papilla (fig. 60). Moreover, as will be shown later, the second penis moves up and down in the first in a manner similarto that of the plungerofa pump; so that sperms or spermatophores ejected from the vas deferens intothe penis tube will be pumped up and out of it. The groups of hairs that are found on the wing of the chevron and round the basal joint act as valves or packing round and in the beginning of the tube.
The Second Penis.
The second penis is rod-like. It consists of three main parts, first an arm from the end of which the rod rises at right angles (ar., figs. 65, 61, etc.). This arm, which is fused to the ventral edge of the second joint, is formed in its lower half of chitin and in its upper part of soft membrane, in figs. 65 and 68. The arm is the immovable part of the second penis. From its posterior extremity rises the movable penis. It consists of two parts, viz., a base and the rod. The base consists of two-bones, a. and 0., figs. 53, 54, and 56, loosely connected together and to the proximal end of the rod with soft membrane. The largest bone is of a tooth-shape. It consists of a rather broad tooth rising from an expanded base. The other is a narrow somewhat bow-shaped bone. The loose integument between it and the other basal bone permits of the former folding over towards the latter to a considerable degree.
The proximal end of the rod is expanded and cut obliquely off (7d.). Distally the rod tapers, at first rapidly then gradually, up to about two- thirds of its length, where there is a joint permitting a slight amount of movement. The loose part of the rod is curved, with the convexity forward. At the joint there is on the antericr side a little tuft of long spine-like teeth (fig. 104). Above the joint the rod tapers more, and it is curved in the opposite sense to the proximal portion. The tip bears a depressed oval cap set obliquely on the end ; it is fringed with teeth (fig. 105). The top of the rod is cast slightly in towards the median line.
The Muscular System.
Tue AspomgNn.— The posterior edge of the carapace has attached to its under surface on each side a membranous plate directed forward into which a muscle is inserted. This plate is attached by a strong membrane to the edge of the outer chevron, and the muscle is inserted into the posterior
104 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
edge of the epimeron. The truncated membranous tip of the first abdo- minal segment is attached round its sides to the inside of the carapace. The inner chevron is attached by a long jointed rod (7, figs. 52 and 65) to a delicate muscle inserted on both sides of the bottom of the thoracic cavity. A small muscle arises on the under surface of the outer chevron and joins this bony rod. The outer chevron is fastened to the posterior edge of the thoracic cavity by means of a membrane attached to its anterior edge.
The muscular system of the abdomen of the Brachyura has been briefly described by Duvernoy. Fig. 52 shows a median longitudinal section of the abdomen of the male Cancer. Half of the abdominal muscles only are of course shown. The muscles consist of flexors and extensors. There are two very long flexors, arising on the thorax, and being inserted one into the telson, the other into the skin covering the ventral surface of the united third, fourth, and fifth joints. The abdomen is flexed or extended as a single structure. The telson has movement independent of the remainder of the abdomen; thus it may, when the abdomen is flexed on to the thorax, be bent backwards from the thorax to permit the escape of the feeces, while the abdomen itself remains fast. Between the second and third joints and between the sixth joint and telson there are pairs of muscles (a flexor and extensor on each pair). At each of these joints there is a larger movement than at the other abdominal joints. Between 1 and 2, and between 2 and 3 the action of the joint is extension and flexion : the latter joint is freer than the former and affords more extension than any of the joints: between 5 and 6 there is flexion alone practically: and between the sixth and the telson there is flexion mainly, but also extension.
First Penis.—In the first penis there is a muscle which, arising on the surface of the basal bone (0.) and also from the side of the tubular part, is inserted farther up the same, mv., fig. 59, and 7, fig, 48. The muscle will have the effect of tending to cause the bending of the two parts of the penis towards one another. There are in addition two muscles, 2 and 3, fig. 48, which arise from the outer half of the chevron and are inserted into the basal bone. The upper muscle draws the first penis forward : the lower tends to rotate the penis.
The two sides of the double chevron are connected by membrane. The chevrons, although fixed to the first abdominal segment, are not absolutely rigid. They are elastic.
SECOND PeEnis.—Just as in the first penis, there is also in the second penis a muscle connecting the terminal part with the basal joint. In this case the muscle, mz., arises on the tooth-like basal bone, figs. 61 and 66, and is inserted a little way up the rod. Another muscle (mw.', ib.) is , inserted into the same basal bone: it arises from the side of the fixed arm of the second penis. A third muscle arises from the downward-bent end of the arm and is inserted into a bony button-like prominence on the ventral skin of the third joint (m.'”, fig. 46). A long muscle arising from the front of the chevron is inserted into the third joint (m.’, 2b.); anda broad muscle, m.", that rises from the base of the fixed arm is inserted on the anterior border of the inner chevruu.
The Action of the Penis.
If the genital papilla of a hard male crab is pressed spermatophores may be extruded. When the abdomen of a male crab is examined the genital papilla is sometimes found inserted into the tube of the first penis, but oftener it is lying on the posterior surface of the base of that organ. But if the first penis is drawn backwards into the position it occupies when in the vagina of the female the papilla usually slips into the tube, and if the fifth pereiopod is brought forward in such a way that the
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 105
genital papilla is pressed up against the edge of the sternum the intro- duction is aided. The coxopodite of the fifth pereiopod abuts into the narrow neck of the abdomen at the first and second segments, and the genital papilla lies just beneath the first penis.
Occasionally a male has been found in which the second penis was inside the first, but usually they are separate. When the united penes are inserted into the vagine, the abdomen is fixed at both ends. The telson lies on the thorax of the female, and the beginning of the abdomen is fixed at its proximal end by its connection to the thorax. ‘The first penis is then held firmly, but is capable of retraction and re-insertion. The second penis is, however, free to work up and down in the first penis quite independently of it. See figs. 44 and 45. In fig. 44, which is intended to represent the position occupied by the abdomen of the male during coition, A and B are the fixed points, B being the thorax of the female, A the carapace of the male crab. The abdomen of the female is outside and closely applied to the abdomen of the male. The drawing shows the condition in which the second penis is completely entered into the first, and its tip appears projecting outside the tip of the first, In this position it is to be noted that joints 2 and 3 are extended, z.e. the joint between them is depressed. In the drawings they are shown upside down. Now by the flexing of joints 2 and 3 the second penis is withdrawn partly from the first, while the first remains stationary (fig. 45). By each movement the second penis presses on the genital papilla, and therefore probably causes the issue of spermatophores into the tube. The efficacy of the pumping arrangement was demonstrated experi- mentally. A small quantity of a thin carmine paste was introduced into the bottom of the tube, and by alternately pushing in and withdrawing the second penis the carmine was pumped out at the top. By the flexion and extension of the portion of the abdomen, then, the sperms (spermatophores) would be gradually transferred to the spermatheca, into which the first penis penetrates.
The Condition of the Spermatheca.
If the soft female crab after it has been impregnated is examined, it will be found that the mouth of the spermatheca and the vagina is filled up by a large plug of white material (pi., fig. 49). This plug may be usually split into two halves, as was shown in a previous paper.* The sperma- theca is globular in shape and is filled with an amber-coloured fluid, and a more or less extensive white patch of sperms, situated in the proxi- mal and external part of the organ. The top of the plug which extends just within the spermatheca is soft and pulpy, being in contact with the fluid, whereas in the vagina the plug is hard and fibrous in appearance. It has been noticed that the top of the plug has been grooved or scored as if a thin body had been repeatedly impressed in it,
In a hard female crab which has been impregnated the spermatheca is of much smaller size than in the soft crab (fig. 67). It is then flattened, shrunk, disc-shaped, and contains a quantity of sperms (sp.) and some amber-coloured hard material (s/.), which is the solidified remains of the fluid which filled the spermatheca at the time of fertilisation. The inner wall of the spermatheca (sp.w.) and the vagina (v.w.) are con- tinous, but that of the spermatheca is much the thinner (fig. 38).
In my previous paper on Cancer pagurus I stated that the inner lining of the spermatheca and the contents of the latter were thrown off with the cast integument during the moult, an opinion held also by Cano.
* “Contributions to the Life History of the Edible Crab (Cancer pagurus).” Highteenth Ann. Report of Fishery Board for Scotland, Pt. I1I., 1900.
106 Part [II.—Twenty-second Annual Report
This I find is not the case, with adult crabs at least. Each crab which I have examined after it had cast, and before it had been in contact with the male, was found to have a spermatheca resembling in general that of a hard crab, 7.e., it contained a quantity of sperms and some amber-coloured solid. If a soft crab which has been with the male, and is plugged, be dissected, no amber solid will be found in the spermatheca, and there is usually a large quantity of sperms with a large quantity of amber fluid. When does the crab get rid of the old sperms and amber solid? The inner lining of the spermatheca, although it does not come away during moulting, is nevertheless very loosely attached, and I have drawn out the inner lining and the contents of the spermatheca, along with the lining of the vagina, through the vulva, in a dead hard crab. On casting only a very little of the inner lining of the spermatheca is shed ; that is, the part round the mouth.
Just inside the spermatheca the lining thins out quickly. The mouth of the spermatheca is surrounded by a sphincter muscle, mw., fig. 38.
The break between the lining of the vagina and that of the sperma- theca takes place near the point where the thick layer of the vagina thins down to that of the spermatheca (fig. 38). In the newly cast crab, moreover, there was no fluid in the spermatheca. The spermatheca of the crab has a glandular secreting surface. It is probably the case that the secretion of the fluid causes the loosening of the inner layer, and on the introduction of the penis the amber solid and the old sperms may be expelled with the outflow of fluid. The secretion of fluid in the sperma- theca is possibly stimulated by the presence of the male. The vulvz are always tightly closed except when they are kept open by the plugs. On the introduction of the penis the fluid will flow out round it in the vagina and will prevent the entrance of sea-water into the spermatheca. Vide diagram, fig. 55. This fluid coagulates with sea-water, forming a whitish precipitate. The plug in the vagina is of a hard fibrous structure and of white colour. During the time the male and female are in conjunction, a period of probably several days, the piston-action of the second penis would transfer the sperms to the spermatheca. The crab, then, on casting does not get rid of the remains of the old stock of sperms until it has the opportunity of being impregnated afresh.
Some experiments were made with certain crabs which cast during 1902, August 31st to October 15th, and the results are of interest. A female, measuring 52 inches across, was put with the male crab as soon as it was seen to have cast, and four days later pieces of plug were seen projecting from the vulve. Another measuring 5 inches was separate from the male two days after, and at that time a plug projected from the vulva. A female crab, measuring 62 inches across, was kept for four days after casting. It was not in contact with a male crab. It was then killed: no fluid was found in the spermatheca. Six days after casting the soft crab which measured 6-,/, inches across, and which had not been in contact with a male crab, was dissected. The spermatheca contained sperms and a row of hard amber-coloured solid. A small soft crab, viz. 4+ inches across, was put with a male crab. Twenty-four hours after, no plugs were seen, but they were visible two days after the introduction of the female.
It is to be noted that while in the male crab the sperms are contained in spermatophores, in the spermatheca the sperms are loose; in very few cases was a spermatophore seen. According to Duvernoy, sea-water causes the spermatophores to burst.
The extrusion of the spermatophores from the vas deferens is no doubt aided or effected by the following circumstances. The vas deferens of the hard male crab is usually in a swollen condition, and therefore the
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 107
opening of the valve in the genital papilla would immediately be followed by a free issue of spermatophores. The opening of the valve may be due to the pressure of the second penis as it moves in the first, aided possibly by the forward movement of the fifth pereiopod, which will result in increasing the turgidity of the papilla.
A portion of white plug material has been found on the penis in more than one crab. One case calls for special mention.
A large male crab, 6 inches across, hard, was examined at the beginning of June. The second penis was inside the first, the genital papilla was inserted into the beginning of the tube. Projecting from the aperture in the tip of the first penis there was a narrow rod-like white body. At the inner side of the base of the first penis there was a small white mass. On examining the rod with the microscope it was found to be a tube crammed with spermatophores ; on its outer surface there were sperms and spermatophores. The tube was formed of parallel fibres. It was found in one penis only. No spermatophores were found in the lower white mass, which had the same fibrous appearance that the plug has. In no case were spermatophores found in the spermatheca packed in a tube. The tube, if it is the normal condition, may act simply as a sheath inside of which the spermatophores travel. It is formed simply by the intro- duction by the base of the penis of some of the fluid of the spermatheca which had flowed out from the vagina. By working the second penis in piston-fashion the tube was gradually pushed out of the first penis. It had apparently been connected to the white mass at the base.
THE IMPREGNATION OF CARCINUS MENAS,
The structure of the intromittent organs and of the spermatheca differs considerably from those of Cancer pagurus. It is not, however, proposed to deal with these differences, but to describe the act of fertilisation so far as it was possible to follow it with the naked eye. It is not likely to be strictly homologous to that in Cancer.
Carcinus menas is not apparently incommoded to any considerable ex- tent by captivity, and it is possible to observe the act of impregnation. In the following case the male was put into a glass jar, and a female which had cast the previous night was then introduced beside it (September 16th). The male immediately turned the female, with the assistance of the latter, upside down. The female raised (or extended) its abdomen and brought it outside the abdomen of the male. The male then extended its abdo- men, and rested its telson (bent at right angles to the abdomen) on the thorax of the female between the vulvee, immediately thereafter inserting its penes into the two apertures. These operations took place in a few moments. The male then pushed the penes into the vaginee and drew them out slightly, about once every two seconds, but while under obser- vation intermittently. The male carries the female about with it, and the female is attached to the male simply by the hooked penes. The legs of neither crab are used for attachment. The penis appears to ke inserted only a short distance.
On September 18th the two crabs were still im coztu, but on the 20th they were separate. _
The female was now fairly hard. It was killed on the 20th.
There were no externally projecting plugs. Thespermatheca was filled with a large irregular plug which projected a little way into the vagina. In the vagina from the end of the plug just mentioned to the vulva there was another short plug with a rounded upper extremity; along its length it showed a slight groove. Round the external end of the spermatheca and along the vagina there is a layer of gelatinous-like tissue,
108 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
probably glandular. Some spermatophores were found on the plug inside the spermatheca. In the vagina of the other side the short plug was absent.
A female which cast between the 22nd and 23rd October, and which had not been in contact with a male, was dissected on the latter date. It was already fairly hard, the integument resembling in feel stiffish brown paper. The spermatheca was large, with thick walls; it had a little white mass at its mouth. There was a certain amount of fluid in both spermathece, but the latter were not globular.
THE SPAWNING OF CANCER PAGURUS. The Mode of Attachment of the Eggs to the Swimmerets.
The external eggs of the edible crab are, like those of other decapod crustacea, carried, during incubation, on the hairs of the inner branches of the swimmerets of the female. They are arranged on the hairs from their bases to the tips as thickly as they can lie. When the hair of a berried crab is examined, a condition similar to that shown in fig. 21 is seen. The eggs are attached by independent stalks to the hair, and they are moreover so closely set together that their stalks intertwine. As, however, the egg is not always attached to one hair alone, but some- times to two, we have the hairs grouped in bunches which correspond to their whorl arrangement on the endopodite, e.g., cf. fig. 26. The inter- twining of the stalks of eggs also tends to bind the hairs together.
How do the eggs become attached so closely and regularly and in a manner so economical of the space at their disposal ?
Several agencies have been invoked to explain this. Cano* and Herrick fT have each given an historical resumé of the theories held with regard to the mode in which the attachment of the eggs to the pleopods was brought about. It is not necessary to recapitulate it nor Cano’s full discussion of the egg-membranes ofthe decapods. According to Lere- boullet{ certain zoologists had explained the attachment of the ova to an extension of the primary egg-membrane.
There has, however, been general agreement that the fixation of the egg is due to a cement with which it is coated; that the egg becomes in one way or another covered with a cement which on exposure to sea- water hardens, after having glued the egg to the hair of a pleopod. The cement was supposed to be derived from the ovary or oviduct by Milne Edwards and Rathke ; from the spermatheca by Cavolini and Cano,§ and in the case of Astacus from the integumental glands found on the pleopods and ventrum of the abdomen by Lereboullet and Braun.
While in the case of macrurous decapods this explanation might not be dismissed on a priori grounds, it is impossible to accept it as applicable to the Brachyura. It matters not how the cement is produced, the question reduces itself to this position—Given an egg coated with a cement strong enough to form the stalk of the egg, which resists rupture for a period of eight or nine months, a period during which time the swimmerets are being continually agitated in order to aerate the eggs, is it at all likely that it would always attach itself to a hair, and never to another ege similarly coated? If we examine the eggs of a Cancer
* Cano, ‘‘ Morfologia dell’ apparecchio sessuale femminile, glandole del cemento, e fecondazione nei Crostacei Decapodi.” Mittheil. Zool. Stat. zu Neapel, ix. Bd., 4 Heft., 1890.
+ ‘*The American Lobster.” Bull. U.S. Fish Commission for 1895, p. 127. + Herrick, ‘‘The American Lobster.” Bull. U.S. Fish Commission for 1896. § Cano, op. cit.
=e gs ED mam mwEF oD
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 109
pagurus, Carcinus maenas, Portunus sp., Hyas sp., ete., we will find the eggs attached by their long stalks to the hairs of the endopodites, They are closely set together, but in no case do we find two egos stuck together. If the eggs had been coated with cement, they could not have avoided sticking together, and also to the exopodites. What special affinity can there be between the cement and the hair which does not exist between the cement of two eggs? If the cement on being acted upon by sea- water hardened, what is to prevent the two eggs from sticking together’? When the eggs are extruded they lie in the incubatory chamber formed by the curved abdomen in a semi-fluid mass, and they are there retained by the overlapping exopodites. The latter prevent the eggs flowing out over the edge of the abdomen. Now if each egg were coated with a layer of cement, we should have the eggs concreted into a solid mass, and while the endopodites would be imbedded in it, the exopodites would be probably glued to the outside. The eggs never attach themselves to the exopodites with which they are in close contact.
No cement is supplied by the spermatheca. When the eggs are extruded the spermatheca is dry except for the pasty white mass of sperms; the solid remains of the spermatheca fluid are present. This solid is the consolidated residue of the fluid which was secreted by the spermatheca just after the crab cast and when it was impregnated. Cano evidently supposed that the cement was secreted by the sperma- theca.
The egg does not derive a coating of cement from the ovary. The ripe eggs, if taken out of the ovary, sometimes have a slight coating of an albuminous substance; it is derived from the yolk of ruptured eggs, which is somewhat sticky, for by it an egg may become attached to the bottom of the vessel in which it is; but the union is of the slightest, and a touch from a camel-hair brush is enough to dislodge the egg. That the attachment does not result from an external coating of cement is there- fore apparent.
An opportunity which I had of observing the spawning of Cancer pagurus has enabled me to describe the manner in which the attachment of the eggs is effected. The fact that the eggs are attached to the hairs of the endopodite, which are smooth, and not to the hairs of the exopodite, which are plumose, necessitates a condition in which an attrac- tion or affinity exists between the egg and the endopodite hair which does not exist between 1t and the exopodite hair.
The conditions which are necessary to the regular attachment of the eggs to the hairs of the endopodite, and to them alone, are the following— (1) the eggs themselves must not be coated with a fluid which is of itself sufficient to cause it to adhere to anything when it is extruded, or other- wise we should have the eggs adhering to one another ; (2) the hairs must not likewise be coated with an adhesive cement, or they also would be glued together ; (3) after extrusion a condition must arise which will lead to the attachment of the eggs to the hairs of the pleopods, and the relation is one which acts between each egg and some particular hair.
The intimate relationship between the egg and the hair is due to the hair acting as a skewer upon which the eggs are impaled and strung.
On extrusion the ripe egg has two investing membranes, the outer or chorion and the very delicate vitelline membrane, the “ dotterhaut” of Rathke. The hair perforates the chorion and enters the ‘ perivitel- line chamber,” and passes out again without piercing the vitelline membrane which is so closely applied to the yolk-sphere, andis more- over so delicate that it is not readily recognised. The process is more easily followed when the structure of the abdominal appendages is examined.
110 Part [1I1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The endopodite and exopodite of the pleopod are very different from one another, and their different functions are very evident from a minute examination of their forms. They will therefore be described below in detail.
In addition to the discussion of this question in the case of Cancer pagurus, observations on the spawning of Carcinus nuwenas, and on the manner of egg-attachment in Homarus, Nephrops, Munida, and other forms, will be added.
The Swimmerets.
There are four pairs of swimmerets, attached to the second, third, fourth, and fifth abdominal joints respectively, fig. 15. Each consists of an outer, the exopodite (ew.), and an inner branch, the endopodite (en.).
The description of the swimmeret of Carcinus menas by M‘Intosh* applies very well to Cancer pagurus :—‘“First pair of Abdominal Feet.—The internal limb [endopodite] is clothed for the most part with long, delicate, silky hairs, which are simple throughout, with the exception of some branched hairs at the base, best seen on the anterior surface of the fore- most limb. The former are pale and translucent, and come off in distinct bundles all the way up from their commencement. The tufts above the middle joint arise from the upper part of each of the pseudo-joints that compose the flabellar extremity, being situated, likewise, only on the posterior surface and sides of the limb, the anterior surface being free. The hairs themselves are very beautiful, presenting externally a brownish or yellow outline, within this a pale streak, and then a more or less granular central portion . . . ‘The external limb is covered with branched hairs from base to apex along both outer and inner edges, the hairs on the outer row being rather longer than those on the inner. A few short, smooth bristles are distributed over the general surface of the limb.” ‘‘ The ova, when present, are attached solely to the inner limb of each abdominal appendage.”
The Endopodite.
The endopodite (Cancer pagurus) is long, cylindrical, tapering to a blunt point ; it is bent slightly in bow-shape, the concavity being towards the anterior side. Over its whole length it bears tranverse rows of long, stiff, slender hairs. These rows are not set at right angles to the long axis of the endopodite, but run obliquely downwards from the inner. (next the median line of the abdomen) to the outer edge, en., fig. 20a. They are moreover confined to the posterior surface, their ends appearing at the edges only of the anterior surface. On the outer edge they come a little further on to the anterior surface than on the inner side, en., fig. 20, and fig. 63, which gives a plan of one of the rows. The tips of the two endopodites of opposite sides meet in the middle line, and the hairs on their inner surfaces are together bent forwards, fig. 13. The hairs are thus pointed in every direction. The arrangement of the hairs on the posterior surface of the tip is shown in fig. 62.
The hairs from their extreme thinness are very flexible. They are perfectly smooth, except near the tip. The latter ends in a sharp process, and close to the extremity of the hair there are a number of delicate cilia (fig. 23a). The tips of the hairs do not all conform to this type. Considerable diversity of structure was found in different hairs, vid. figs. 22, 23, 31, 33; they usually, however, end in a more or less acute point, and the cilia are generally to be made out. It is probable
* M‘Intosh, ‘‘On the Hairs of Carcinus menas.” Trans, Linn. Socy., vol, xxiv., p. 97.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 111
that the variations are due to the delicate terminal spine being broken off, and the different conditions noted and drawn in the figures may be stages in the regeneration of the extremities of the hairs. This repair would appear to be continuous.
The hair is tubular, and in the central cavity or core there is a large quantity of minute oval corpuscles.
The shell of the hair consists of two main thick layers, viz., an outer, o.d,, and an inner, 7./., figs. 30 and 32. They are laminated in structure ; the outer layer shows a division into one, sometimes two, thin cuticular layers ; and the inner layer usually shows a separation into one thin layer on the outer side, and sometimes also a thin layer next the core. The internal surface of the inner layer is uneven, corrugated in appearance. The inner layer varies in thickness in different parts of the hair: at the base it is especially thick, fig. 30. It is practically a replica of the outer layer. The two layers are to some extent independent, or at least separate easily from one another. This is seen when a hair is broken. It often happens that when the outer layer is snapped, the inner layer remains intact, and the two parts of the outer layer become separated by an interval, vid. fig. 6. It does not appear that the separation of the broken halves of the outer skin is due wholly to a sliding over the inner, but rather also to the fact that the inner layer expands on the release afforded by the rupture of the former.
The anterior surface of the endopodite has scattered over it short, stiff hairs, fig. 50.
The endopodite is jointed at about a fourth of its length from the base, and at this point there are muscles for moving the distal portion. The latter bears the greater mass of the hairs.
The Hxopodite.
The exopodite resembles somewhat the endopodite in form. It is, however, more flattened in its proximal part than the latter. With the exception of the fourth, the exopodites are more or less twisted on their axes in such a way that the edges bearing the hairs are brought into an obliquely antero-posterior position, wd. fig. 13.
The exopodite is furnished on either side from base to tip with a very thickly set row of plumose hairs. These are of various length, vid. figs. 11, 12, 35, and 36. In the case of the shortest hairs, the ciliation commences close to the base, while in the others it begins further along the stem in proportion to the length. In the case of the longest hairs almost the whole of the proximal half is bare of cilia, fig. 36. Through the closely set arrangement of the hairs of different lengths, the short hairs supply the ciliation which is absent from the stems of the long hairs. In this way there results the formation of a thickly-set hedge, with no unnecessary overlapping of structures. The ciliation is at first sparse, but quickly increases in amount.
The cilia are all long, stiff, terminating in fine points; they are more- over serrated, On the shortest hairs they are long and slender, fig. 8; on the longer hairs flattened, lanceolete in shape, fig. 7. They are arranged all round the stem of the hair, recalling generally the structure of a test- tube brush. At the extremity of the hair, in consequence of the shortening of the nodes, the cilia are packed closely together round the falcate tip.
The stem of the hair is tubular. The core is narrow, the wall thick and composed of several layers, fig. 9. Fig. 17 shows an ocular section at the base of the hair. The tube of the hair is continuous with a canal in the exopodite.
112 Part [II.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The plumose hairs are not confined to the two edges of the exopo- dite, but are also found on the outer surface, vid. fig. 42. They do not, however, run round the stem in rows as do the hairs of the endopodite ; they are simply scattered over the outer surface.
The inner surface of the exopodite, fig. 51, is provided with scattered short hairs, which are serrated.
The Ripe Egg.
The eggs of Cancer pagurus are ripe during October, November, December, and January,* and spawning may take place in each of these months. The eggs are extruded in a short space of time, probably within a period of twenty-four hours.
In my former paper, “‘ Contributions to the Life-History of the Edible Crab (Cancer pagurus),” I described the ripe ovary as follows :—“ The ripe ovary is of a turkey-red colour. ... All the eggs are not of one size. The diameter of the yolk-mass may vary from -3—-41 mm.; in some eggs the yolk-sphere is as small as 24 mm. The diameter of the Zona radiata varies greatly from the fact that the egg in the ovary has a large perivitelline space. ... The diameter of the capsule may vary from ‘4-7 mm.; the eggs attached to the swimmerets measure ‘45 and ‘5 mm. in diameter.” I have, however, come to the conclusion that the condition just described, where the ovarian egg shows a large peri- vitelline space, is a pathological one. I have since then only found it in crabs that died during the spawning season; the dropsical condition of the ovary having possibly been the cause.
The ripe ovary, however, sometimes exhibits a condition which suggests the presence in it of eggs with large perivitelline space. Ina crab measuring 7+ inches across (17 November, 1903) the ovary was full and of a crimson-red colour. When its outer surface was examined with a lens, a clear area was seen surrounding the egg. This clear area is a sort of fluid space in the follicle, and is not a perivitelline space; it is outside the egg.
The ripe egg has two envelopes—the inner, the vitelline membrane (v.m.), is clearly applied to the yolk-sphere ; the outer, the chorion (chr.), is separated from the former by a very narrow space when the egg is in ovario. Fig 5 shows a section of the ripe ovarian ege. It is contained in the follicle (f). The yolk-sphere is composed of large corpuscles. Mayer? was of the opinion that fertilisation took place in the ovary before the egg was invested with the chorion.
Rathke + described, on the egg of Astacus, three egg-membranes, viz. “die Dotterhaut” [the vitelline membrane], ‘die Lederhaut,” and “ die aussere Kihaut” [the chorion]. In the egg, previous to the commence- ment of the development of the embryo, there is a space between the “ Dotterhaut” and the “ Lederhaut,” which contains a transparent fluid ; the quantity of this fluid diminishes as the development proceeds. In this way the ‘ Dotterhaut” and the ‘“ Lederhaut” come to lie closely together. The ‘‘aussere Eihaut” is that by which the egg is attached to the swimmeret. This description does not apply to Cancer pagurus, where there are only two egg-membranes.
A section of a dropsical ovarian egg is seen in fig. 34. These eggs can be made out with the naked eye scattered over the surface of a lobule of the ovary when few in number; when the majority of the eggs are
* Heath's observations lead to a similar spawning-period for Cancer magister on the coast of California. American Naturalist, 1902.
+P. Mayer, Jena, Zeit. Naturwissen, 11 Bd., 1877. + Rathke,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 113
thus distended the ovary is swollen and contains a considerable quantity of an amber-coloured albuminous fluid. In the dropsical ovarian egg the perivitelline space is filled with an amber-coloured fluid, which is some- what granular in appearance. Some of the eggs had heen preserved in a one per cent. solution of formaldehyde in sea-water, and the perivitelline fluid was found to have solidified into a whitish substance resembling coagulated albumen. ‘This substance cut easily, being of a cheese-like consistency, and it formed round the yolk-sphere a thick rind which could be removed in two hollow hemispheres, The dropsical eggs when fresh are rather dull in colour, in contrast to the bright normal egg.
The ovarian eggs, and also those which are lying on the abdomen of the crab before they become attached to the swimmerets, show under the microscope no trace of cement on the outside; the chorion shows a sharp clean surface. If the ripe eggs be taken from the ovary and put into sea- water a perivitelline space of more or less extent begins soon to appear. The egg imbibes water, and the chorion or outer envelope is distended, and stands out all round clear of the inner, the vitelline membrane (vide fig. 95).
ee ripe eggs were extracted from the vagina of a female that had been spawning, by means of a pipette introduced by the vulva. They were practically identical with the ovarian egy, there being practically no perivitelline space (fig. 94).
If the eggs which have been extruded, and which are found in a semi- fluid mass lying on the abdomen of the crab, be examined, some will be found to be attached to the hairs, while others are loose. The latter show large perivitelline spaces, but not so large as in the dropsical eggs. A large quantity of eggs which had been extruded a week previously, and which had not become attached, but were lying in a heap in a corner of a box in which a spawning female was confined, had very large peri- vitelline spaces ; they were stuck together, but were easily separated.
‘ The essential for the attachment of the egg to the hair of the
endopodite is the large perivitelline space, to which the great ductility of the chorion contributes materially. In each of the eggs, from that showing practically no perivitelline space, viz. the ovarian egg, to the ege which has been a considerable time in water and in which the perivitelline space has reached enormous dimensions (fig, 96), the chorion always shows a sharp definite outline without wrinkles, 7.e., as long as the chorion is unpierced by the hair.
Certain experiments bearing on the formation of the perivitelline space were made on the eggs from apparently ripe ovaries during November. A portion of the ovary was teased out in sea-water. It is to be noted that the space does not begin to form in all cases—and even if it does form it may be only slight in extent—although the eggs may be indistinguishable from others which do so. Whenever the vitelline membrane is ruptured (as may often happen in teasing the ovary), the egg immediately forms a large perivitelline space, and the fluid in the latter becomes amber-coloured or pinkish, whereas in the normal egg it is colourless.
On November 17 a female measuring 71 inches across was dissected. The ovary was friable, and the eggs, which measured °37 and ‘4 mm, in diameter, separated out easily in water. There was no perivitelline space visible. At the end of three minutes a distinct perivitelline space had appeared. 3
In another crab the ovary was full and of a crimson-red colour. After being in sea-water for about an hour the eggs showed perivitelline spaces of considerable amount.
A crab measuring 74 inches across on November 9th had an ovary
H
114 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
which was large and full. The eggs measured about -4 mm. in diameter. Some were a little less; others larger and narrower. Certain of the eggs were put into fresh water: others into sea-water. They began to form spaces in a few minutes. In the fresh water the eggs which had been of a bright red colour imbibed the water so much that the inner egg (yolk- sphere) became disorganised, and the fluid in the space became red or amber-coloured. ‘The whole egg, moreover, became whitish-pink to the naked eye—the condition seen in dead eggs. A considerable _peri- vitelline space formed in the eggs in the sea-water in about ten minutes, and the eggs were not disorganised.
The rapidity with which the perivitelline space is formed depends on the stage of development of the egg. Minute differences occur between eggs of an apparently similar stage of ripeness.
In another case the eggs were examined twenty minutes after they were put into sea-water, and they then showed perivitelline spaces. Several days afterwards, the perivitelline spaces had increased in extent, but the eggs retained the fresh normal colour.
In none of the experiments did any of the eggs stick to the glass.
On October 30th a crab was found to have spawned, probably during the preceding twenty-four hours. A large quantity of eggs was lying in a heap on the bottom of the tank, while a large amount of eggs was contained on the abdomen, Some of the hairs of one of the endopodites were snipped off, and on examination the attached eggs showed an early condition of the process of attachment. In some the zona was not yet completely collapsed: some of the eggs were however already stalked. . There was a number of dead eggs attached to the hairs. On one of the hairs the little cilia were seen to be turned back, as if they had been bent over as the hair was pushed through the egg membrane. ‘The eggs that were lying on the bottom of the box were quite separate, and they showed under the microscope no coating of cement, as did neither of the ovarian or attached eggs.
An experiment was made with the view of testing whether or not the perivitelline fluid had adhesive properties: this fluid was found to be sticky. Some ripe eggs were put into sea-water and left there until the perivitelline spaces were well developed. Four of these were transferred to a watch-glass. The chorion of one egg was pierced by means of a needle, and the egg began immediately to show an adhesive property. Under the microscope a slightly refractive fluid was seen to have flowed out of the puncture and to have stuck to the glass. On the following day the egg was attached to the glass, while the others were freely movable. It was, however, detached by a puff of sea-water from a pipette, although it resisted gentle suction by the same instrument.
The egg then having the large perivitelline space is pierced by and skewered on to an endopodite-hair. The chorion collapses, and being extremely delicate falls round the hair clinging to it. The perivitelline fluid being somewhat sticky no doubt helps to glue the chorion to the vitelline membrane, to other parts of the chorion, and to the hair.
The eggs which escaped piercing, and which lay on the bottom of the box, showed large perivitelline spaces: they grow dull in colour and die. It is probable that the pressure set up within the chorion by the osmosis is sufficient to cause the death of the egg, unless it is relieved by the piercing of the membrane.
In certain ovaries degenerating eggs were found. They were usually of a dull pink colour, and their contents were disorganised. The ovaries were sometimes full of these eggs, e.g., in some of the crabs kept in confinement-—spawning having in some way been prevented.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 116 The Attachment of the Eggs.
On being expelled from the ovary the eggs are received into the so-called “incubatory chamber” formed by the curved abdomen. ‘The perivi- telline space rapidly develops in each egg. The abdomen is withdrawn from the thorax, and the sixth abdominal joint and the telson are turned upwards, giving a quadrant shape to a longitudinal section of the abdomen, ab., fig. 14. The thorax forms the anterior end, the abdomen the floor and posterior end of the chamber. The two sides are formed by the exopodites, which by means of their plumose edges overlap and prevent the eggs flowing out over the edge of theabdomen. The con- dition is shown semi-diagrammatically in fig. 19. The eggs are apparently extruded continuously until all are expelled, They then lie in a semi- fluid mass in the “ chamber,” and embedded in the mass of eggs are the endopodites with the flexible sharp-pointed hairs. The endopodites have, independently of the exopodites, two distinct movements, of small extent, one in an antero-posterior plane, viz., a.—da., fig. 19, and the other in an oblique direction across the abdomen, indicated by the arrow, p. — p., and p,'—p.' ; p.—p. referring to the endopodites of the right side, p.'—p.' to the endopodites of the left side. This oblique motion belongs to the distal parts of the jointed endopodites. The hairs reach every portion of the receptacle. The continued double movement of the sharp slender hairs through the mass of eggs confined in the incubatory chamber results in the eggs being impaled and thickly skewered on to the hairs. This condition is shown in fig. 1, which represents a hair taken from a crab which had extruded its eggs only a short time, probably not more than twenty-four hours, previously. In the drawing the perforations in the zona are exaggerated. ‘he hair avoids piercing the yolk, simply passing through the zona into the perivitelline space, and then issuing at a place near the point of entrance. Some dead eggs which were being devoured by Nematodes and Acarinz were found on the hairs. How far the death of the eggs was due to the accidental piercing of the yolk by the hair, or to the unfavourable conditions under which the crab was living at the time (viz., in confinement in a small hatching-box), is open to question. ‘The hair on striking and entering the zona will almost of necessity force the egg to turn round in such a way as to bring the yolk- sphere off the line of impact. The yolk-sphere would naturally tend to keep at the lower pole of the egg.
Ina short time the zona collapses, and it becomes glued to the hair by means of the perivitelline albuminous fluid. The stalk or pedicle is formed by the adhesion together of the parts of the’zona which meet. This condition was found when the eggs were examined twelve days later. Figs. 3a, 30, 3c. An interval of that duration is, however, possibly not necessary for this change to occur. The stalks vary in breadth, and they are now more or less wrapped round the hair. All the crabs under observation tbrew off their eggs shortly afterwards, but in a crab which had spawned in a tank, and which was examined in January, the stalks were now found to be rope-like in many cases. The stalks of the eggs were also intertwined. The movement of the swimmerets, which is probably continuous in order to afford aeration to the eggs, will, by tending to throw the yolk-sphere as far away as possible from the point of attachment, result in the formation of the long rope-like stalk, fig, 21.
Some of the eggs are pierced by two hairs, aud through this it happens that the hairs are bunched together, This takes place not only with the hairs of one row, but also with the hairs of adjacent rows. The grouping of the hairs is, however, no doubt mainly due to the interlocking of the eggs attached to different hairs.
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Sometimes a hair is seen to be fixed in a position in which it is bent double.
The egg in the condition last described, firmly attached to the hair, is seen on sectioning (figs. 18a and 180) to have three layers, which are the three layers noticed by Rathke in the egg of Astacus, but this author regarded the outer investment (“Aussere Kihaut”’) (the chorion) as derived from the “cement.” The three layers of the egg-shell are, (1) outermost, the chorion (chr.) ; (2) next the yolk, the delicate vitelline membrane, m. (“‘ Dotterhaut”); and between the two a thicker layer which appears to have been formed simply by the solidification of the perivitelline fluid, s/., figs. 18a and 18d (“ Lederhaut”). This results in gluing the two primary layers together, in that way forming an efficient protecting enve- lope to the egg.
The Sloughing of the Empty Egg-Capsules.
A point of some interest is the manner in which the crab gets rid of the empty egg-capsules after the hatching of the brood. This is effected by sloughing off the outer layer (0./., fig. 32) of the wall of the hair along with the attached capsules, fig. 43. The slough of the hair is shown of greater diameter that it ought to be in proportion to the rest of the figure.
The minute oval corpuscles found in the cavity of the hair probably function in forming a new inner layer of the hair, and in repairing injuries which the hair may receive.
Tur ATTACHMENT OF THE EGGS IN OTHER DECAPOD CRUSTACEA.
A number of species have been examined with a view to determining whether or not the condition of the attached eggs was such as would lead one to infer that the mode observed in the case of Cancer pagurus was a general one or not.
The spawning of Carcinus menas was observed, and it will be treated below. In the following species of Brachyura and Anomura the berried females were examined, viz., Maia squinado, Portunus sp., Hyas sp., Stenorhynchus sp., Hupagurus sp., Lithodes mara. In these the condition of the endopodite and the attached eggs was similar to that of Cancer pagurus, and the mode by which the eggs become attached is the same.
In Maia squinado (42 inches across the greatest breadth of the cara- pace) the spermatheca is very large, and it differs much from that of Cancer. In the latter the solidified remains of the fluid secreted by the spermatheca are got rid of at the next impregnation ; in the former they are retained, and as a fresh secretion of fluid takes place with each impregnation the spermatheca attains enormous dimensions.
The berried females of certain Galatheide and Macrura were also examined, and the details will be given below.
In the Macrura the pleopods differ much from those of the Brachyura. In some cases the exopodites afford attachment to the eggs, while also hairs on the sternum of the abdomen attach to themselves eggs. Both branches are more or less thickly furnished with densely plumose sete which function for swimming. The egg-hairs, usually ciliated in part, are short, and so there are not many eggs on one hair. ‘The eggs are in large measure attached to the protopodite of the pleopod. The conclusion reached with regard to these also was that the attachment of the egg was effected through the piercing of the chorion by the egg-hair.
Munida rugosa.—The eggs are much larger than those of Cancer,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 1a 4
The pleopod has no exopodite; it consists of a single-jointed proto- podite and a 2-jointed endopodite. The endopodite is furnished with a great quantity of fine egg-hairs (fig. 27).
The eges have very long stalks and are not arranged along the hairs as in Cancer, but the tips of one or of many hairs are inserted into the stalk of the egg; and they sometimes pass up the stalk for a considerable distance (figs. 28 and 29). In this case, then, there is never more than one egg to each hair, but very often only one egg to a group of hairs. Its position on the extremity of the hair gives occasion to much rotary move- ment of the egg, and through this the stalk becomes tightly twisted like a rope.
Some of the hairs of this species are setose over the whole of their length, the cilia being long: the extremity of the hair is bare for a greater or shorter distance. The short egg-hairs are setose on the middle of their length (fig. 27). The cilia are longer at the distal end and become less as they are more proximal. This probably prevents the hair entering the egg very far on its piercing the chorion.
Galathea dispersa.—In this form there does not appear to be more than one egg to each hair; and a group of hairs sometimes enters one-egg stalk. A cluster of eggs is sometimes found on one fascicle of hairs.
A condition similar to Galathea dispersa is apparently present in Calocaris macandrec.
Homarus vulgaris.—The pleopod is short and paddle-like. The endo- podite is 2-jointed. The two branches are provided with the usual setose hairs round their margins, and on the posterior or concave surface of the endopodite there are arranged round the margin the egg-hairs. They are not nearly so numerous as the plumose sete. On the exopo- dite at its basal outer corner there isa fascicle of egg-hairs. There are several fascicles of the same on the protopodite and also on the sternum of the abdominal segment.
The egg-hairs are extremely delicate. The tips only are ciliated, and the cilia are directed forward along the extremity of the hair (fig. 58).
The eggs are not attached to the distal parts of the endopodite and exopodite. In this form they are attached in two ways—(1) by the usuai stalk attachment to the hair, a condition brought about in a way similar to that of Cancer; (2) eggs are attached to one another by stalks and without the intermediary of an egg-hair, vide figs. 56 and 57. The stalks which these eggs show, and which may be two or three in number, exactly resemble the stalks of the eggs attached to hairs ; they are without doubt formed by the chorion. In no case were two eggs found to be sticking together in the way in which the demersal eggs of a fish, e.g. Cyclopterus lumpus, stick together. In the latter case the two eggs form at the point where they are glued together a flat common wall. In the lobster, on the other hand, the eggs are all stalked, and the fact that each egg usually has more than one stalk gives some apparent ground for the theory of the cement-covering of the egs.
Scott* has recently described the spawning of the lobster. The female lay on its back, and the eggs flowed down into the incubatory chamber formed by the flexed abdomen. When the eggs, just after they emerged from the genital openings, were placed in a glass of sea-water and collected into a heap they all became attached one to the other, ‘and also to the glass. Moreover, the adhesive material only remains soft for a short time, as when the individual eggs were isolated and prevented from adhering tothe glass it was found that at the end of half-an-hour
* Scott, ‘On the Spawning of the Lobster.” Report of the Lancashire Sea-Fisheries Laboratory for 1902. No. xi. Liverpool, 1908, pp. 20 et seg,
118 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
the adhesive property had completely disappeared.” The stickiness is not a true cement, it is merely an albuminous substance, not a fluid ‘chitin” capable of forming an outer envelope.
While it is not easy to say exactly how the stalked attachment between the eggs is produced, it is still possible to describe a process by which the same might be arrived at.
I have not seen the newly-extruded egg, but assume that on passing out of the oviduct it will show little if any perivitelline space. The egy in gaining contact with sea-water would immediately begin to deve- lop a perivitelline space. The extruded eggs lying on the abdomen would, by the mutual pressure due to their weight, tend to cause the expulsion of some of the perivitelline fluid by the micropyle (which, although it has not yet been described, very probably exists), Through this the now flaccid chorion might be glued to an egg, which in a similar way might attach itself to a third or to the first egg. Again, these eggs may have been pierced by the hairs without actually becoming attached tothem, The eggs that are attached to one another are close to the base of the pleopod, where they are not subjected to any very violent movement. They are often found on the outside of the eggs which are attached to a fascicle of hairs.
The weight of the egg tends to stretch out the ductile chorion into long thin stalks. Two attachments may sometimes be seen to one broad stalk.
Nephrops norvegicus—The pleopod is short and paddle-like ; the endo- podite is 2-jointed. Both branches are fringed with densely plumose sete. The egg-hairs (fig. 64) have sharp points, and are ciliated near their extremities; the cilia are small, soft, and blunt. Sometimes the fourth of the length of the hair is ciliated. The egs-hairs are arranged round the periphery of the hind surface of the endopodite; they are also found on the protopodite. At the joint on the endopodite the projecting corner of the proximal segment bears a fascicle of egg-hairs. The egg-hairs do not carry nearly so many eggs as they do in the Brachyura.
Crangon vulgaris.—The egg-hairs are short, but more than one egg is strung on one hair. The eggs are attached to the protopodite, not to the endopodite or exopodite.
Pandalus Montagui.—In this form also the eggs are attached to the inner surface of the protopodite, and not to either the endopodite or exo- podite. The egg-hairs are short.
The eggs are also attached to one another as in the lobster.
The duty of bearing the eggs is not allowed to interfere with the swim- ming function of the pleopod. In Crangon and Pandalus, where the pleopods are important swimming organs, the eggs are attached to the protopodite.
In Homarus, where the swimming function of the pleopod is prac- tically in abeyance, the eggs are attached to the endopodite and exopodite, but not to their distal parts.
In the Brachyura, in place of a pleopod which performs both functions, viz. of swimming and of carrying the eggs, we have an organ which is suited solely for bearing and protecting the eggs. The endopodite is provided with special hairs to which the eggs become attached, while the exopodites function in protecting the attached eggs during the period of incubation.
Carcinus nwenas.
The writer had the opportunity of observing part of the spawning process in Carcinus. Four females extruded their eggs at the Laboratory.
+ P. Mayer
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 119
The ovaries of these and of a number of other crabs were examined. So far as could be made out, little difference exists between the process of spawning in this form and in Cancer.
The Formation of the Perwitelline Space in the Egg.
Ovarian Eaas.—A number of non-berried impregnated female crabs (C. mcnas) were examined in October, at a time when other individuals of this species were spawning. They measured in greatest breadth 1,% in. and upwards, Of these, some had orange ovaries containing eggs which were practically ripe: others had pale, white, immature ovaries. The two classes differed in external appearance. The shells of the crabs which had orange ovaries were darker coloured than in the others, In the former the thorax and third maxillipedes especially showed some brown colour. In the crabs having immature ovaries the legs and thorax were of a light green colour, which indicated that they had cast more recently than the former (probably during the summer just past).
The ripe egg, on being extruded, soon shows a perivitelline space. In several instances when ovarian eggs, which were apparently ripe, were put into sea-water a small separation of the chorion from the vitelline membrane began to show itself, but although the eggs were kept in the water till next day no large cr, in many cases, even distinct perivitelline spaces developed, except in those eggs in which the inner (vitelline) envelope had been ruptured, when large perivitelline spaces were rapidly (in half-an-hour) formed.
The formation of the perivitelline space would then appear to be due to the osmosis set up through the chorion by the presence between the chorion and the vitelline membrane of a fluid derived from the yolk. The non-formation of the perivitelline space in the above-mentioned eggs was possibly due to the fact that the complete ripening of the egg, viz. withthe occurrence of this fluid between the two envelopes, had not yet succeeded.
A few ripe eggs were found in the spent ovaries of certain berried crabs. The spent ovary is a colourless empty sac, and shows here and there usually one or two ripe orange-coloured eggs which have not been extruded. In two cases examined none of the ovarian eggs showed a perivitelline space, but on being transferred to sea-water the spaces began to develop, and in a short time were large. In some cases the space was distinctly reddish-coloured. It would therefore appear that a change which makes the egg more favourable for osmosis takes place in the ripening, probably just before extrusion.
SPAWNED Eacs.—Some eggs which were taken by means of a brush off the thorax of a spawning female were found to have a very slight perivitelline space, but after they had been left in sea-water for a little they showed large spaces.
One female which was found spawning, or which had just finished that process, had surrounding it a thick layer of eggs on the bottom of the box. A small quantity of eggs only was attached to the endopodites. The crab was transferred to a glass vessel, and in the course of that operation a considerable quantity of eggs rolled off the abdomen. These eggs showed large perivitelline spaces, and most had a peak-like eminence on the exterior of the chorion.
The eggs lying free on the bottom of the box round the crab also showed large perivitelline spaces, but the little prominences were not seen on the chorion.
As was concluded in the case of Cancer, the perivitelline fluid is of a sticky nature.
120 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Eggs picked off the bottom alongside the spawning female had large perivitelline spaces, with perfectly smooth chorion; there was no trace of any sticky fluid outside the egg.
The eggs which were displaced from the abdomen in transferring the spawning female to a glass jar from the box in which it had previously been kept lay on the bottom of the dish, and were with few exceptions emptied out of the dish by gentle rinsing. The few which remained attached to the glass were dislodged by the touch of a brush or with a pipette.
When the pipette was crowded with eggs, and in one case where the eggs were allowed to accumulate in a compact mass, on forcing them out some remained sticking to the glass. These were the eggs which showed the little prominences on the chorion mentioned above. On examining the end of the pipette with the microscope, at nearly every egg a little refractive globule was seen attached to the exterior of the chorion. This is without doubt the perivitelline fluid which has been squeezed out and which served to glue the egg to the glass in this case.
In another case the eggs which lay on the bottom of the box were found the next day to be stuck together in masses, which, however, readily broke. The attachment of the eggs to one another was probably due to the perivitelline fluid which the mutual pressure of the eggs would no doubt tend to press out. A similar condition was observed in the case of the unattached eggs of Cancer pagurus. After several days the eggs which lay on the bottom of the box had become attached together in masses.
The Spawning of C. menas.
A crab which had just extruded its eggs on September 28th was sur- rounded by a quantity of eggs which looked like red dust on the sand. It was removed to a glass vessel and examined in water. It was then seen that the abdomen of the crab was being held away from the thorax and that it formed a kind of basin. The points of the endopodites lay on the openings of the vulve. <A small quantity of eggs were attached to each endopodite, and eggs were noticed in the openings of each vagina. ‘The endopodites were moved forwards, backwards, and outwards, widely separated laterally, inwards, and forwards. The independent movement of the distal part of the endopodite was seen, The exopodites move a little in unison with the endopodites in certain of the movements.
The crab gradually threw off the eggs that were attached to the endopodites.
On the endopodites a similar condition to that seen in Cancer pagurus was found. The chorion of the egg had been pierced by the hair and it was in a collapsed condition.
On October 16th a crab was examined which had spawned since the previous day. The eggs on the endopodite showed their outer envelopes (chorion) all wrinkled, but the yolk-sphere was not pushed to the pole away from the hair: it lay simply in the middle of the irregularly crinkled envelope. The stalk was not yet formed.
A considerable number of dead eggs was found attached to the endo- podites of a berried Carcinus (October 14th) which had just spawned in the Laboratory. The inner or vitelline membrane had been ruptured and the yolk-sphere was broken up. It is possible that the yolk sphere may have been pierced by the endopodite hair, though other agencies may have been the cause of their destruction.
Spawning seems to be completed within 24 hours.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 121
Notes on Casting, Distribution, etc., of Cancer pagurus.
Tue PeEriopicity oF SPAWNING AND Castina.—Certain berried crabs were obtained during the summer of 1902.. Their eggs hatched during August, September, and October. None of these crabs spawned again until the end of October 1903, when two did so, None of the crabs cast during the period.
In February 1904 two of the crabs were berried, and two were found dead. In the two latter the ovary was spent in one, and in the other was ripe but dropsical.
Tue CoLtour or THE Sorr Cras.—When a crab has just cast it is a plump inert mass, which yields in all its parts to the slightest pressure of the fingers. It is of a dark purple colour all over the dorsum and dorsal surfaces of the pereiopods: the ventral surface is yellowish white. As the shell hardens the dorsum gradually becomes of a lighter hue, turning into a brick-red colour. Meantime the third or white layer of the shell is thickening.
In the paragraph dealing with the migration of crabs the question of the abstention from casting is discussed in connection with one of the labelled crabs,
Castine.—During the autumn of 1902, 31st August to 15th October, a number of female crabs cast in the tanks at the Bay of Nigg. With - the exception of the first, all the females recorded in the following Table cast at this time. The size of the crab before and immediately after casting is shown in parallel columns opposite the date when the cast took place.
[ Tang.
122 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TABLE I. CRABS THAT CAST IN THE MARINE LABORATORY, BAY OF NIGG.
Date Hard Crab Soft Crab Increase— Ratio of F —Inches. —Inches. Inch. Increase, August 16, . ee 15 4 1/55 , ; Lid 13 Tc 1/4°6 eno 23 d 38 a 1/35 sgt Ol ose Az © September 1, 43 2 rt GS 44 2 5 * 4 1/4:7 ye hos 43 ¢ of & 1/55 » 9, 53 2 63 4 1/6°2 » 10, 5k D Oy6 6 1/5°4 ae 45 9 5} 8 1/7°8 se Catal 322 4.3% 3 1/48 ith PLO; 13 18 4 1/5°5 ae 34 ¢ 3g 8 October 5, Pres 14 4 3 » 8; Ind 23 16 1/3°8 » 9 3g 2 », 18, 213 2 4 an 7% » 16, 45 2 53* 8 1/7°8
* Measured several days after casting.
As was previously* shown, the ratio of increase at each cast varies greatly. In the Table then given the ratio varied from 4 to. In the present case, in only one instance was the ratio greater than 3, and it was as small as 4.
The histological changes that accompany the ecdysis of the crab have been dealt with by Witten.
At the time when the crab casts, the shell of the three proximal joints of the chela becomes absorbed along certain lines, thereby allowing of the expansion of these joints to permit the withdrawal of the large claw. In fig. 100, Plate IV., is shown the cast chela. The absorption-lines are on the coxopodite, basi-ischiopodite, and meropodite, viz., abs. The part of the shell lying between the lines is movable. Similar absorption areas appear in the lobster (Herrick).
DistripuTion.—In discussing the question of the distribution of the crab, I was of the opinion that a group of crabs measuring from 24 to 4 inches would be found to inhabit the shore waters just outside low-water mark. This group was distinct from the beach group, which is consider- ably smaller, viz. from 4 to 24 inches, and is itself smaller than the adult group, which measures from about 4 inches upward ; it is required to fill up the very considerable gap which separates these two groups. (Vide Jaye JOUR
* “Contributions to the Life History of Cancer pagurus.”
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of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 125
With a view to testing the theory respecting this group (III.) a number of creels were shot during March to August in 1900 and 1901. They were set just outside low-water mark and were occasionally left dry by the ebb. Some of the creels were at times shot in 2 or 3 fathoms. One or two of the creels were covered with small-meshed netting. The number and sizes of the crabs got in each month are set out in Table IT.
In March and April very few crabs were got. This was in part due to the fact that at that period of the year it often happens that bad weather prevents fishing for a considerable time, but this does not account for the small catches. Because even when the creels were fishing, it very often happened that no crab was caught. Their absence from the creels does not necessarily mean their absence from the region. They may not then feed eagerly. Crabs that are kept in the Laboratory during winter became very inactive. The cold has a much more paralysing effect on the edible crab thanit has on Curcinus menas, so that it is possible that the inshore crabs may not move about much before the month of May. In this month (May) a considerable number of crabs were got in the creels shot in the same place as in the preceding months. (Vtde Table IT.)
An examination of the catch of crabs shows that it consists of a large number of crabs which fall into the gap between the Beach and the Adult groups, but it also contains a large proportion of adult crabs. The adult crabs appeared in the catches all through the summer.
The curve formed by the measurements of these crabs has been intro- duced into a chart along with the curves of the Beach and Adult crabs. The latter are taken from my previous paper (Tables VIITa and LX.)
A reference to the chart shows that the new group (red curve) tends to fill up the gap between the twoformer groups. The curve overlaps both groups. It measures from about 2 inches to over 7 inches. The examina- tion of the shore waters was not carried on during the whole of the year, and the inshore migration of the adult crabs introduces larger crabs than actually belong to the group under consideration.
We then have in the summer in the shallow inshore water a double group, consisting of the III. and IV. groups. In the autumn and winter, investigation will very probably show that the adult group will be entirely, or almost entirely, absent, and in these seasons, therefore, a better defined Group III. should be found.
Rate oF GrowtH.—As material for the study of the rate of growth of the crab, I have introduced here the measurements of the monthly collec- tions made on the beach at Dunbar (Table III.), and also the details of the individual catches which were measured (Table V.). The totals were given in my former paper, and the regions where the catches were made are in certain instances given in Zable V. I have also introduced three additional collections made on the beach, Dunbar, in 1899 and 1900 (Table IV.).
Mr H. T. Waddington, Bournemouth, has kindly furnished me with particulars of two series of casts of this form. The various ecdyses which the two specimens underwent have been carefully recorded by him, and he has permitted me to publish them here (Table VI.). The measurements of the successive casts of a third crab, which were presented by Mr. Waddington to Professor Howes, were kindly supplied to me by Mr. William Wallace, B.Sc., Lowestoft.
Specimen A. when captured, viz., in August, measured 3:25 mm.; it had probably been in the megalops stage not more than a month previously. When one year old it measured 30°75 mm., 7.c., 14 inches ; when two years old it measured nearly 46 mm., 7.¢., a little less than 2 inches across. Assuming that the rate of growth in nature approxi- mated to the data here given, we should conclude that the beach group con- sisted of crabs in their second year, and that a crab of 4} inches across would be not less than three years, nor probably more than four years old.
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Part III—Twenty-second Annual Report
132
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Part LII.—Twenty-second Annual Report
134
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of the Lishery Board for Scotland.
TABLE VI. WADDINGTON’S SERIES OF Cancer pagurus. be) eae ald ee No Date gh | 28 | ss [No Date g2)22\|s2 oO (ee | A a 25 | 2 | A fe) B i 47Aug., 1899;- | 3°25 9°25 7 led NE san | CART: gs 1 | 30 April, 1900,- | 13 1/3°4 Sly i oepts, 5, —o Oo Laer 238 2 25 - AUC, | a= Porto a | Lis Ae nOr ete. ‘iy. = |b. 820 4 29 3. | 80) Oct, 555.4 |-18275 | T/4e7.), » 66 Du oeNOVes = he "| LOSAor) L/S7 he 28 4 | 9 Feb., 1901, - | 20°75 | 1/6°5| 102 6 | 12Dec., ,, -|14°5 | 1/28} 389 J 4—AA A | ——_ | ——_ 7 | 27 Jan:, 1900, '-.| 19:5 | 1/2°9| 46 € 2 OF Seat 8 telkeseo” (1 /a-9" 66 Pi # Sept, 1896,-) 5 12 Ouipeasounes 3,5) o-|d0575) |) 1/3°9 | 63 DE 2ZOUNOM. eet ss oa) aL 4 10 | 30Nept., ,, - | 36°5 4 118 & | 20 Mar., 1897>-.|, 19 ..| 1/5:3:| 115 11 |: 19 Mar., 1901, - | 45°75 | 1/3:9| 170 AS) 26 May iy, 22: (24 ASS OF 2a OYNov.,, 43 -|106°0 1 231 Ss cle AMO. vy yate |. oO t 87 Gry 4 Novis pysieal Oe wR 2) 75 Gaol Weer. 9s =n O46. VAST Oy The Migrations of Crabs. | TABLE VII—ADDITIONS TO THE LISTS OF LABELLED CRABS RECAPTURED. | SET FREE. RECAPTURED. | A Place (A). Place (B). 8 le. ee Distance $ 3s Se igcrre ome haar pete ear E 2 3 EB a Boosie E ae SE eee Distance and | 3 Sie Distance and So Ze Bs 3 a ee Fa hoe Bearing from oF Bearing from ee soy a Pe Place (A). iS Dunbar. a Dunbar. aa & Days 8 oa) 1072 | Oct. 24, 1899. | Mouth of Har- May 12, 1900. | 3}m. N.W. 8 Ss. 200 | H. | 34m. N.W. 45 2 oe rf: eee . UP al onc fh | as Nie 8 202 | H. | 1Jm. N.W. ay |G | 894 | Sep. 23, ,, d ‘ dese yrs Sha Svile Silos ve. ol jmns SS: B. aS 7 | eo eieee ode cise NN Wail 8 | 8. \|. 284)| Hi,” | SimNN.W..| Sf. | CO ae ieee » 21, ,, |4m.N.w.byN.| 10 | Ss. | 240] H. |4m.n.w.byn.| 53 | 2 feeet | Oct. 26, 4, | 13m. E. by N.{| 17 rp) oly, Bs km. E. 7 S. Pian Eis lems iS: We }1159 | Nov. 4, ,, | Mouth of Har- Se Oley ne 7 Ss. 208 | H. | 4m. E. | 999 | Sept. 25, ,, ope by N. | 25 {June 4, ,, |NearCove,7m.| 11 S. 252-| J. | 7m. S:S.E. a Seri ve louis eviews os lan | a0 | Hk: | om! Wi 43 | 3 1100 | Oct.26, ,, | 14m.E.byN.| 17 sae billy. dees Im. N.W. 7 Ss. 268710 Ae. 2ms Wi 1147 | Nov. 4, ,, | Mouth of Har- ea DIAN 3, i 3 7 S. 259) (C2 EES | im. JN. W. 1119 | Oct. 26, _,, Hees by N. | 17 ] Oct. 20, 1902. |1}m.offD’nb’r} 15 | 8S. |3yrs.| H. 7 a ro!
Lh a eM I ia ne Oe eB ES ee ee eee N.B.—The following contractions are used in the above Table, viz. :--‘‘m,” mile ; ‘‘yrs. ” years; ‘‘S.,’ Soft ; “‘H.,’ Hard.
136 Part ILI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
A number of labelled crabs which were received after the publication of the previous paper are recorded in Table VII. One of these crabs (the last in the Table), which is a male measuring 64 inches across, is especially interesting. It was recaptured after an interval of three years very near the place where it was set free. When liberated it was a soft crab, and it had not cast its shell during its period of freedom. The abstention of the large crabs from casting has been exemplified by a number of instances, but the time of abstention has only been determined by secondary proofs. For example, acrabis captured with an oyster attached to its back. Since the age of the oyster may be more or less accurately judged from its size, a part of the period that has elapsed since the ecdysis has been determined. Thus Buckland recorded two crabs which had on their backs three-year-old oysters: they could not have cast for three years. Another, now in the Ipswich Museum, is said to have a four-year-old oyster on its back.
The present case gives a definite abstention for three years at the time of capture. At the beginning of 1903 it had not cast, and would not probably cast then till the summer. This would make the abstention from casting four years. There, of course, comes a stage when the crab ceases altogether from casting.
Meek gives* a list of the labelled crabs set free on the coast of Northumberland and which have been recaptured at various times during 1902 and 1903. One of these is of special interest. Set free in October it was captured in the following July at Portlethen (near Aberdeen), a point about 80 miles to the north of the place of liberation.
The Changes tn the Carapace of Cancer pagurus.
Cunningham in his paper on the early post-larval stages of this Crustacean drew attention to the great difference between the early and the adult form of the carapace. In the adult the carapace is broadly oval in shape, and is crenate at the edge. In the very young crab the edge is toothed. In his opinion the general resemblance of the carapace, in this stage, to that of Atelecyclus heterodon, along with certain other points of similarity, indicated a closer affinity between the two species than had previously been recognised.
I have had the opportunity of examining one of the series of casts belonging to Mr. Waddington (A, Table VI.). They are, with the excep- tion of the first, shown in natural size in figs. 71-81. The changes which take place in the shell are well seen. In fig. 103 an enlarged drawing of the second of the series is shown; it measures 4‘°75 mm. across the broadest part of the back. The carapace has five main lateral teeth, of which the first forms the hind edge of the orbit, while the fourth projects laterally farther than the others. The main teeth are all
serrated ; between each two a secondary tooth is found. The rostrum consists of three dentate lobes. The edge of the orbit is serrated ; and on the surface of the carapace and on the limbs there are numerous small teeth.
In the next stage (fig. 102)—5:75 mm. in greatest breadth—a very considerable advance on the preceding is noticed. The secondary teeth have increased in proportional size, and with the main teeth are now more lobate or rounded. All of the lateral edge and the margin of the orbit is minutely dentate. On the rostrum the three lobes show merely a minutely notched anterior edge—the serrations being rounded, not tooth- like. The chela is furnished with tooth-like tubercles.
* Meek, ‘‘The Migrations of Crabs.”—orthumberland Sea-Fisheries Committee. Report on the Scientific Investigations for the year 1903. Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1904.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 137
Fig. 101 shows the stage immediately following, viz., 8°55 mm. The lateral teeth of the carapace are now lobes having minutely notched edges; the secondary lobes are almost as large as the primary. The margin of the orbit and rostrum is minutely notched. The tubercles on the chela are rounded.
In the succeeding stage, 10°75 mm. (fig. 98), a condition closely ap- proaching the adult is to be noted. The notched edge of the lateral lobes of the orbit and rostrum is still more prominent than in the adult. The tuberculated chela is very noticeable. A distinction in size between the primary and secondary lobes is still to be seen. The edge of the carapace shows a triple row of tubercles. The dorsum also is tuberculated.
The sixth cast, 14:5 mm. (fig. 76), is represented in figs. 99 and 97, the former showing the frontal region. The lobes of the edge of the cara- pace are on the whole very similar to the adult condition. The chela is still tuberculated, and the triple row of tubercles which has succeeded the notches is very prominent.
In the cast shell shown in fig. 77 (19°5 mm. across) the tubercles are prominent but smaller.
They are further reduced in the next stage, viz., 24°5 mm. (fig. 78), and in that immediately following, viz., 30 mm. (fig. 79), the tubercles are practically reduced to the condition in the adult.
Fig. 81, the last of the series, was not made from the actual specimen, but is a drawing ef a crab of the same size.
LITERATURE.
Braun.—‘‘ Zur Kenntniss des Vorkommens der Speichel— u. Kittdriisen bei den Decapoden.” Arbeit a. d. Zool. Instit. in Wiirzburg, iii. Bd., pp. 121-166, Taf. viii.-ix., 1875.
Broccut.—‘‘ Recherches sur les organes génitaux males des Crustacés décapodes.” Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie et Paléontologie, t. ii., 1875.
Cano.—‘‘ Morfologia dell’ apparecchio sessuale femminile, glandole del cemento e fecondazione nei Crostacei Decapodi.” Muttheil. a. d. Zool. Stat. z. Neapel, ix Bd., 4 Hft., 1890, pp. 503-532, 1 tav.
Curnor.—‘‘ Etudes physiologiques sur les Crustacés décapodes.” Archives de Biologie, t. xiil., 1895.
CunNINGHAM.-—‘‘ On the Early Post larval Stages of the Common Crab (Cancer pagurus), and on the Affinity of that Species with Atelecyclus heterodon.” Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, March 15, 1898.
DuverNoy.—‘‘ Fragments sur les organes de génération de divers animaux.” Mémoires de? Académie des Sciences de VInstitut de France, t. xxiii., Paris, W853, pe 105; ple 1.-ix
GROBBEN.—‘‘ Beitrige zur Kenntniss der minnlichen Geschlechts-organe der Dekapoden.” Arbeit a. d. Zool. Instit. d. Universitat, Wien, 1 Bd., pp. 1-94, Wate 1-Vi.,, LS7c. :
Huatu.—‘‘The Breeding Habits of Cancer magister.” American Naturalist, Xxxvi., pp. 501, 502. 1902.
Herrick.—‘‘ The American Lobster: A Study of its Habits and Development.” Bulletin, U.S. Fish Commission, for 1895.
LEREBOULLET. —-‘* Recherches sur le mode de fixation des ceufs aux fausses pattes
abdominales dans les écrevisses.” Annales des Sciences naturelles, sér. 4e (Zoologie), t. xiv., 1860, p. 359.
/ —— ‘‘De la maniére dont les Giufs des Ecrevisses s’attachent aux fausses pattes abdominales.”-—L’ Institut, t. xxi., No. 998, p. 64. 1853. M‘Inrosu.—‘‘ On the Hairs of Carcinus menas.” Trans. Linnean Society, vol. XXiv.
Mayer, P.—‘‘Sur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Dekapoden.” —- Jeoa. Zeit Naturw., 11 Bd., 1877.
138 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
MEEK.—Various Papers on the Crab in the Reports of the Northumberland Sea- Fisheries Committee—1898-1903.
RatTHKE.—‘‘ Untersuchungen ueber die Bildung u. Entwickelung der Flusskrebses,” folio, Leipzig, 1829.
SABATIER. —‘‘ De la Spermatogenése chez les Crustacés décapodes.” Travaux de PInstitut de Zoologie de Montpellier et de la Station maritime de Cette (Sabatier et Rouzaud), nouvelle série, mémoire No. 3, Montpellier, 1893.
Scorr.—‘‘ On the Spawning of the Common Lobster.” Report of the Lancashire Sea-Fisheries Laboratory for 1902, No. xi., Liverpool, 1903, p. 20.
TULLBERG.—‘‘ Studien iiber den Bau u. das Wachsthum des Hummerspanzers u. des Molluskenschalen,” 12 taf. Kql. Veternsk. Akad. Handl., 19 Bd. Stock- holm, 1882.
Virzou.—‘‘ Recherches sur la Structure et la Formation des Teguments chez les Crustacés décapodes.” Archives de Zoologie Hxpérimentale et Générale, t. x., Paris, 1882.
WILLIAMSON. —‘“‘ Contributions to the Life-History of the Edible Crab (Cancer pagurus).” Highteenth Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Pt. IIL. 1900.
-—— ‘On the Larval and Early Young Stages, and Rate of Growth, of Carcinus menas.” Twenty-first Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Pt. III., 1903.
Witson.—Northumberland Sea-Fisheries Committee. Reports on the Crab Fishery, 1893 and 1895. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Wirten.-—‘‘ On the Structural Changes accompanying the Ecdysis of the Crab.” Northumberland Sea Fisheries Committee. Report on the Scientific Investiga- tions for the year 1902, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1903, p. 53.
—— ‘On the Structural Changes accompanying the Ecdysis of the Crab‘ Cancer pagurus.” Northumberland Sea-Fisheries Committee. Report on the Scientific Investigations for the year 1903. Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1904, p. 42.
LETTERS USED.
A.—antenna. mu.—muscle.
a.—basal bone. o.ch.—outer chevron (Ist abdom. seg.). ab.—abdomen. o.l.—outer layer.
an.—anus, 1p.-2p.—first and second penes. ant.—antennule. p.—p.—plane of movement of distal ar,—arm of second penis. parts of endopodite of right side. b.——basal bone. p'.—p'.—plane of movement of distal c.—core. —cecum, fig. 38. | parts of endopodite of left side. car,—carapace. p.f.—perivitelline fluid.
chr.—chorion. 7. TOU.
dis.—egg with distended chorion. sl.—solid in spermatheca.
€.—eye. s.e.—secondary envelope.
en. —endopodite. sp.—sperms,
ex.—exopodite. sp.w.—wall of spermatheca.
J. —follicle. th.—thorax.
g.p-—genital papilla. v.—valve, vulva.
z.ch.—inner chevron (lst abdom. seg.). v.d.—vas deferens.
2./.--inner layer. v.m.—vitelline membrane.
j.—joint. v.w.—wall of vagina,
m.—membrane. yk.—yolk.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Priate II.
All the drawings are of Cancer pagurus, with the exception of Figs. 27, 28, and 29, which are of Munida rugosa.
Figures 1, 3, 5, 11, 12, 18, 21, 23b, 24, 34, 35, and 36 were outlined by aid of the camera lucida.
Fig. 1. Eggsimpaled by hair of endopodite. November 30, 1900, athe ial Fig. 2. Lobule of ovary, showing a few distended eggs, dis. magnified, x 57 Fig. 3. Eggs in later stage of attachment than Fig, 1.
Fig. 4. Transverse section of first penis near base, magnified.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Fig. 5. Section of a ripe egg (in ovary).
Fig. 5a. Envelopes of egg, . ; : é 5 1% Fig. 6. Hair of endopodite, magnified.
Vig. 7. Part of long hair of exopodite, magnified.
Fig. 8. Part of short hair of exopodite, magnified.
Fig. 9. Ocular section of hair of exopodite, magnified.
Fig. 10. Transverse section of first penis at the base, magnified.
Vig. 11. Hair of exopodite, . : ; : ; : ye Fig. 12. Hair of exopodite, . : : , Me aX Fig. 13. Abdomen, showing relation of the swimmerets.
. 14. Side view of the abdomen, showing the overlapping of the
exopodites.
. 15. Abdomen.
. 16. Transverse section of median part of first penis, magnified.
. 17. Ocular section of hair of exopodite, near its base.
. 18a. Longitudinal section of an egg which had been attached toa hair
of the endopodite. January 11, 1901, : : ee
. 18). Section of envelopes of 18a. . 19. Shows the eggs retained in the ‘‘ incubatory chamber,” formed
by the abdomen.
. 20a. Third swimmeret, left side, posterior surface.
. 20b. Third swimmeret, left side, anterior surface.
ig. 21. Group of eggs attached to ahair. January 11,1901, . ie. . 22. Tip of hair of endopodite, magnified.
. 23a & b. Tip of hair of endopodite, magnified.
. 24. Tip of hair of endopodite, oc. 2, obj. 2 mm. O.I.
. 25. Transverse section of the first penis, close to tip, magnified.
. 26. Group of hairs of endopodite bearing eggs, magnified.
. 27. Tip of hair of endopodite of Munida rugosa, magnified.
. 28. Egg of Munida rugosa, attached to hairs of endopodite, cee:
Fig. 29. Attachment of egg-stalk to hairs of endopodite (Munida rugosa), magnified.
Fig. 30. Ocular section of the base of hair of endopodite, magnified.
Fig. 31. Tip of hair of endopodite, magnified.
Fig. 32. Ocular section of hair of endopodite, magnified.
Fig. 33. Tip of hair of endopodite, magnified.
Fig. 34. Section of dropsical ovarian egg with bree perivitelline space.
Fig. 35. Hair of exopodite, . : : ; ‘ anesX
Fig. 36. Hair of exopodite, . : : : : : ax
Puate III.
Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. Vig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.
The drawings, except where otherwise stated, belong to Cancer pagurus.
Figures 56, 57, 58, and 64 were outlined by means of the camera lucida.
37. First penis, posterior view.
38. Longitudinal section of mouth of the spermatheca of a hard crab, 6+3 inches, showing three-layered wall of vagina and spermatheca.
39. Fourth and fifth pereiopods, with genital papilla on coxopodite of the latter : fifth pereiopod posterior in position.
41. Fourth and fifth pereiopods, with genital papilla: fifth pereiopod anterior in position.
42. Outer surface of tip of exopodite of third swimmeret, left side,
magnified.
43. Sloughed-off outer skin of hair, with empty egg-capsules attached, magnified.
44. Abdomen, with first and second penes in one position.
45. Abdomen, with first and second penes in second position.
46. Muscles of second penis, magnified.
47. Genital papilla, magnified.
48. Muscles of first penis, magnified.
159
19 19
57
19
19 19
49. Spermatheca of soft crab, 63 inches across. December Ist, 1899. p/. Plug.
00. Tip of endopodite, inner surface, magnified. 51. Tip of exopodite, inner surface, magnified. 52. Muscles of abdomen, view from median line. 53. Second penis, anterior view.
54. Second penis, posterior view.
55. Diagram of relation of penis to the spermatheca and the plug. fl. Fluid. Fig. 55a. Coxopodite of fifth pereiopod, showing the perforation for the
issue of the vas deferens.
140 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Fig. 56. Egg of Homarus vulgaris, showing three attachments, . Fig. 57. Egg of Homarus vulgaris, showing three attachments. Fig. 58. Tip of hair of endopodite of Homarus vulgaris.
Fig. 59. Dissection of first penis, magnified.
Fig. 60. Longitudinal section of first penis, semi-diagrammatic, to show -
the relationship of first and second penes and the genital papilla, magnified.
Fig. 61. Longitudinal section of second penis, to show muscles seen from median line.
Fig. 62. Tip of endopodite, posterior surface, magnified. The hairs ought in proportion to be larger (viz., about one-third longer) than they are here represented.
Fig. 63. Plan of a row of hairs of endopodite, magnified.
Vig. 64. Hair of endopodite of Nephrops norvegicus,
Fig. 65. First and second penes, lateral (external) view.
Fig. 66. Muscles of second penis.
Fig. 67. Spermatheca of hard crab, 62 inches. December Ist, 1899.
Fig. 68. Second penis, lateral (external) view.
Fig. 69. First penis, lateral (external) view, shows relationship of genital papilla.
Fig. 70. External (attached) egg of Carcinus menas. December 21st, 1897.
Prate IV.
Figs. 94, 95, and 96 were outlined by means of the camera lucida.
Figs. 71-81. Successive casts of a Cancer pagurus, Nos. 2-12 inclusive, viz., A, Table VI. Natural size.
Figs. 82-93. Successive casts of a Carcinus menas, viz., No. 1 in Table I. in ‘*On the Larval and Early Young Stages, and Rate of Growth, of Carcinus menas.” Twenty-first Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Pt. IIL., p. 166.
Fig. 94. Egg of Cancer pagurus taken from the vagina of a spawnine female by means of a pipette, 30/ pes : -
Fig. 95. Egg just extruded,.
Fig. 96. Egg found on bottom of tank beside a spawning Cancer pagurus,
PLATE V.
10
48
The figures in this plate, with the exception of Fig. 100, were outlined by means
of the camera lucida.
Fig. 97. Edge of carapace of the cast represented in Fig. 75,
Fig. 98. Half of carapace do. do. 4,
Fig. 99. Frontal region do. do. (ots :
Fig. 100. Cast chela of a Cancer pagurus to show the absorption lines (abs.) on [the coxopodite, basi-ischiopodite, and meropodite joints. Natural size.
Fig. 101. Half of carapace of the cast represented in Fig. 72,
Fig. 102. Do. do. do. 73, :
Fig. 103. Enlarged drawing of cast shell represented in Fig. "1, carapace,
Fig. 104. Joint on second penis, Cancer pagurus.
Fig. 105. Tip of second penis, do.
x
x
N.5b.—The “arrows” which accompany certain of the figures serve to indicate the antero-posterior median line; the point of the arrow is directed anteriorly.
‘3 = c] z = x nm : : Q 8 s S
PLATE Ili.
>ORT, 1904.
B. RE}
i. Pe
z o = & 5 & te) ie oo Oo. 2 Leal & a is) a < Qo ! = = 2 y 3 m & > 8 3 S
PLATE IV.
_j 3. REPORT, 1904
Cancer pagurus—CastinG, Etc.
REPORT. 1904
WwW. Cancer pagurus—CastinG, Erc. 100 A. H. WALKER.
App atares ts — Orit ie BISD
59 Easier
o
(of the Fishery Board for Scotland 141
Iil.—THE RATE OF GROWTH OF FISHES. By Dr. T. Wemyss Futton, F.R.S.E., Superintendent of Scientific Investigations.
(Plates VI.-XIT.)
ConTENTS. PAGE. 1. Introductory, ‘ b , 141 2. The Relation of Length to Weight, : : , 142 3. The Average Size at Maturity, : ‘ : 150 4. The Influence of Temperature on Growth, / : 159 5: The Sprat, . : ; . : : ‘ 171 6. The Witch, : : ; ; : ; 186 7. The Norway Pout, : ( ; : 5 : 195 8. The Sharp-tailed Lumpenus, ‘ 202 9. Tables showing the Relation of Length to Weight, : 205
1. INTRODUCTION.
The present paper contains the results of further observations I have made on the rate of growth of fishes, and is a continuation of the investi- gation on this subject as dealt with in some of the preceding Reports of the Fishery Board. In that for 1901 I described fully the methods adopted,* the collections being obtained by the use of a fine-meshed net around the cod-end of the otter trawl, on the occasions when steam- trawlers were employed in the trawling investigations in the Moray Firth and Aberdeen Bay. It need only be mentioned here that the fishes are measured in millimetres, the measurements tabulated, and curves formed on the measurements as grouped into lem. or ‘Sem. groups. It may be stated that the method of collection with a small- meshed net in the way described has now been adopted in some other countries as well as on the ‘‘Goldseeker,” the vessel employed in the Scottish part of the international investigations of the North Sea.
In addition to the measurements of numerous fishes, only part of which are worked up in this paper, viz. those dealing with the sprat, the witch, the Norway pout, and the sharp-tailed Lumpenus, observations were also made on a large scale with the view of determining the relation between the weight and the length of a considerable number of species, and these are detailed below. I have found that the law which governs the relation between the weight and dimensions of similarly-shaped bodies does not apply with precision to fishes. They increase in weight more than the increase in length would, according to the law, imply, and since the number of fishes in which the relation between the length and weight has been determined was large, viz. 5675, belonging to nineteen species, and in no case has the law been found to apply exactly, it appears to be well-established that on the assumption that the specific gravity of the fishes does not change during growth they must increase in some other of their dimensions, whether breadth or thickness, in greater proportion than they increase in length.
* Twentieth Ann. Rep,, Pt. IIL, p. 326.
142 Part ITT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
I have likewise carried on a number of experiments in order to ascertain the relation which exists between the growth of fishes and the temperature of the water in which they live. It is well known from previous observa- tions that in the winter season the growth of fishes, at least in the inshore waters, is slower than it is in summer; in the case of those living in shallow water, subjected to the changes in the temperature of the air, and where the extremes of heat and cold are at their maximum, growth may be entirely arrested in winter. In the Annual Report of the Board above referred to I gave particulars on this point with regard to the young plaice living on the beaches, and exhibited a curve in which the relation between the temperature of the water and the degree of growth of the plaice was established.
The experiments, which are described in detail below, consisted in keeping fishes of various species in tanks in which the water was arti- ficially heated, and the result on the growth of the fish was very marked, those in the water of a high temperature growing much faster than those in the water at lower temperature. It was, moreover, shown, as might have been anticipated, that the fishes in the warmer water ate much more food than those in the colder water, the digestive ferments being more active at the higher temperatures, and the fish being thus able to digest a larger quantity of food in a given time. It was found that the appetite of the fishes was in relation to the power of digestion, that is to the temperature of the water, those in very cold water scarcely eating at all, although abundantly supplied with food. In the same way, the metabolism in the tissues was more rapid, and nutrition and growth much accelerated.
Certain differences were found to exist in different species, which are referred to below.
2. THe RELATION OF LENGTH TO WEIGHT.
In dealing with the rate of growth of fishes it is customary to take one of the dimensions of the fish and compare the variations of this dimension at different periods or in different collections. In some cases, as with the rays, it is more convenient to take the breadth across the pectorals than the length. The selection of one dimension for com- parative measurement is very convenient, and it is accurate on the assumption that the fish grows equally in all directions, increasing in breadth and thickness in the same ratio as it does in length. It is obvious however, that the true criterion of growth is the increase in the mass of the fish, and this can be determined either by the variation in the volume or in the weight.
The determination of the variation in volume is a somewhat slow process, and the methods are subject to difficulties in practice. With small fishes a burette may be used with accurate results; with those of large size the quantity of water displaced by the fish wag measured separately in a burette, the fish itself being placed in a convenient vessel. In the case of fishes of moderate dimensions the method used was to place them in a vessel provided with a syphon to draw off the amount of water displaced, which was then measured in a burette; the bore of the syphon being so adapted as to always remain full of fluid. As a rule this mode of determining the increase in bulk was found to be less satisfactory than the method of weighing the fish, and this was the method chiefly employed.
According to the well-known law, that the volume of similarly-shaped bodies of the same specific gravity vary directly as the cube of corre-
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 143
sponding dimensions—a law which was brought prominently forward by Herbert Spencer in his ‘‘ Principles of Biology ”—a fish which has doubled its length should have increased its weight eight times. This law is a very convenient one in considering the rate of growth of fishes, all that is required, if the law holds true throughout, being to determine the relation between the weight and one of the dimensions at a particular size and then calculate the ratio between that dimension and the weight at different sizes. The truth of the law has not, however, been proved experimentally in the case of fishes, as far as I am aware, and it was decided to actually measure and weigh a large number of fishes of different sizes, and to construct curves in order to bring out the relation between the length and the weight at different sizes. In the Twentieth Annual Report of the Fishery Board* I described the method of presentation I had adopted, the abscissee in the diagrams representing length and the ordinates weight; and I pointed out that the curves varied for different species, and that they did not everywhere agree with the rule as to similarly-shaped bodies above referred to.
Since then many more fishes and observations have been added to my lists, and I propose to discuss some of the results now.
In all cases, unless where otherwise stated, the observations bave been made at different times of the year, and on fish from different localities. This method will give a better result as to the relations between length for the species generally, although it.is probable that the ratio varies somewhat at different places and at certain times of the year—at all events in fish which have reached adult size. This is referred to at greater length below.
In the observations made on this subject each fish was individually measured in millimetres and then weighed in grammes, and the method adopted in presenting the results was to collect the records of weight to the nearest ‘5 centimetre, and take the mean of the lot. Thus the number of observations under each ‘5cm. are often unequal in amount ; but it was found, on testing the method, that this system gave practically the same result as when the calculations were made for the observations under each millimetre measurement—a very laborious process.
The mean weight under a given ‘cm, was then tabulated, as well as the number of fishes at that size and the greatest and lowest weight among them, and this information for the various fishes dealt with is given in a series of tables appended (p. 205), while the average weight is represented in the series of diagrams (Pls. VI, VII). In constructing these curves the average weight of the fishes at a particular length was not itself taken, the series of averages being arithmetically smoothed, by taking the mean of the averages immediately before and after; as a rule only the one preceding and the one following was combined with the average being smoothed, but in some cases where the number of observations was small a number of the preceding and _ succeeding averages were combined also and the mean taken.
The fishes in which the relation between the length and weight at different sizes were determined were the following :—Plaice, common dab, lemon dab, long rough dab, witch, brill, cod, haddock, whiting, herring, sprat, Norway pout, and partly also the turbot, little sole, gurnard, halibut, flounder, armed bullhead, and Lumpenus.
It will be seen from the tables and the curves of these fishes how very greatly the weight for a given length differs in different species, and thus how very different is the increment of growth for a given increase in the length. Among the food-fishes examined by far the heaviest in proportion
* Page 334, 1902.
144 Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
to its length is the turbot, and after it comes the brill; at the opposite extreme is the witch, which is the lightest of all :—
Z = = $ : 4 wd . Cm. | 5 : = ey ed z = a3 ia 3 g 2 43 Sif om Leet S432 fe eee eos le ee Ba Shes WS a i) B/E iA |Aal| oO | Be] a 5 | 117| 97 45 1:04 67 ie ae , ; 96} 87]. . | 571108 7°93} 78| 71) 5:9\ 67 15 32°31 34. | 281] 31:3) 141/216] . 30°7 | 28°3| 23:8] 23-4) , BO thors i 893 771) 74:7) 78 | 354/585) . T11| 65°7| 54°2| 55-1) . 80 24 7s ‘ ‘ 2991 |296-4 | 279 |170°4] . | . | 271°8 | 243-3 }213°6/219°5] . 35 | 922] 622| 561 | 484°6|470 | 440 [2835] . | - | 420 |381 |322 Aoi ee 978| 788 | 708 . | 683 |458 . | . | 614 | 592 [518 45 | 2,000 | 1,373 |1,076 | 1,026 : ae Ge? rile seal re BOR bees 50 |2,706|2,145| . | 1,429 , ; } LC) ea sneisa 60 | 5,000] . . | 2,468 ‘ : Pl Pogo 70 | 8,569) . . | 8,908 , ; ; ce hy & JaBeoSD 80 2 6 : : . A C é - | 5,000 too" | ; : ; ; : : : . {10,194
Among the other flat-fishes the lemon sole comes after the brill, then the plaice, common dab, flounder, and long rough dab, but several of them are very close together. Among the round-fishes the cod is the heaviest in proportion to its length, with the haddock next, and then the whiting. The sprat is, in proportion to its length, heavier than the herring, which shows much the same ratio as the long rough dab. It is noteworthy that the extremes in regard to the length-weight ratio should be exhibited among the flat-fishes.
It will also be noticed that the variation in weight at a given size in the same species increases very much as the fish grows in length, so that at the larger sizes, of the cod or turbot for example, the variation in this respect is most pronounced. For this reason the terminal parts of the curves are less satisfactory than the lower parts, as may be seen in the diagrams, and it would probably require a very extensive series of observations on these larger forms to give the relation between the length and the weight with high precision. Nevertheless, I think the curves given will be found useful in dealing with many questions connected with the fisheries.
The number of the various species which have been measured and weighed for the purpose of this research are as follows :—
Cod, - - . 471 Little sole, - - 54 Haddock, - - 844 Turbot, - - - 29 Whiting, - . 507 Brill, - - - 100 Norway pout, - - 218 Flounder, - - - 48 Plaice, - - - 913 Halibut, - : . 38 Lemon dab, - - 165 Herring, - - - 482 Common dab, - - 541 Sprat, - - - 339 Long rough dab, - 335 Gurnard, - - 63 Witch, - - 426 Armed puliheaa - 59
Lumpenus, - - 43
—the total being 5675 fishes.
of the ishery Board for Scotland. 145
An examination of the tables and curves shows that the law in regard to the increase in weight according to the cube of the length, although broadly true, does not accurately apply in the case of the ‘fishes examined. With scarcely an exception, the weight at a given length is greater than the weight calculated from the law, so that if the specie gravity of the fishes remains constant they must increase somewhat more in other dimensions than in length.
In the case of the haddock, the plaice, and the sprat, I have calculated out the weights at the various sizes on the assumption that the law referred to held true during the growth of the fish, and these are given in the Table on pages 240, 241. It will be seen, by comparing them with the weights actually observed, that the latter exceed the former in all cases as stated. The datum for the calculation in each instance was the smoothed average for the smallest sizes of which the relative numbers were large. The salient features in this comparison may be given here as follows, the weights being in grammes :—
| PLAICE. HADDOCK. Cm. | aa Observed Weight. |Calculated Weight.| Observed Weight. |Calenlated Weight. 1 | -- ‘009 — "008 3 — *252 _ "213 5 Tel7 1:167 — 984 8 4°78 4°78 — 4°03 10 9°62 9°34 7°8 7°87 15 34 31°51 28°3 26°56 20 77°10 74°70 65°7 62°97 25 161 145-90 140°2 122°97 30 299°10 252°10 243°3 212°50 35 484°6 406°45 381 307 °44 40 707°9 597-50 591°6 503°73 45 1,026 850°84 8282 717-19 50 1,429 1,167°20 ip OU 98380 55 1,820 1,553°44 [1,440] 1,309°47 60 2,00 | 2,016°79 [1,915] 1,700 65 [3,331] 2,564°17 [3,214] 2,162°14 70 | [3,908 } 3,201°59 — 2;699°52
The figures in brackets represent individual fishes at or very near the dimension stated. The comparison in the case of the sprat was as follows :—
Centimetres. Observed Weight. | Calculated Weight. |
1 = 005 2 ues 043 3 a 149 4 = 343 5 67 670 6 17 1°190 7 2-02 1-838 8 3-05 2-744 9 4°63 4-015 10 6-71 5:36 ll 9-48 7-13 12 12-46 9-52 125 14°34 as 13 [16-4] 11-78 14 14-71
146 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
A simple method of determining the relationship, without calculating out the ratio at all lengths, is to compare the weights at twice the size ; according to the law the weight should be eight times greater. This has been done in all the possible cases throughout the tables, and, with a few exceptions in individual instances where the numbers were usually small, it has been found that the weight at twice the size is greater, and some- times very considerably greater, than the law implies.
Thus, among plaice of which a large number were weighed (913) there is no exception to the statement made, from 45cm. on to 35-70cm. In all cases the weight calculated in this manner is less than the weight actually observed, and the excess over what is required by the law is in some cases considerable. The following examples may be given :—
Observed Weight WEIGHT IN GRAMMES. |
Cm. (Smoothed). (Cin.9 | Excess. Sica Calculated. Observed. 5 Ty 10 9°36 9°62 26 8 4:78 16 38°24 41 2°78 10 9-62 20 76°96 77°10 14 12, 17°35 24 138°8 140°6 1°8 15 34 30 272 299°1 27°1 18 57°79 36 462°2 527 64°8 20 aad 40 616°8 707°9 91-1 22 112°8 44 902°4 954 51°6 25 161 50 1,288 1,404 116 7 es 207 54 1,656 1,802 146 30 | 299-1 60 | 2.3928 2,468 75-2
Throughout the tables of measurements for haddocks also the weight thus calculated is always under the weight observed, except in a few cases among the largest fishes. Whether this is due to the fact that the number of the fishes at the larger sizes is too small to show the true relation, or the difference is a real difference with age, cannot at present be decided. I give the selected examples for haddocks in the accompany- ing Table, with all the cases where the calculated weight is greater than the observed weight :—
Observed Weight WEIGHT IN GRAMMES.
Cm. cece Cm. ioe Cae Ck Difference.
, Si Calculated. | Observed. 10 7°93 20 60:4 | 65°7 +5:3 | 12 13°6 24 108°8 118°3 +9°5 15 28°3 30 226°4 | 243°3 +16°9 | 18 48°3 36 386°4 425-2 +38°8
| 20 65°7 40 535°6 591°6 +56:0
! 22 $1°4 44 731°6 777°6 +46
| 25 140-2 50 1,121°6 i We | +494
| 26:5 165-6 53 1,324°8 1,379 454-4
| 28:5 205°5 57 1,645:0 1,635 =40
| 3} O717 62] 2,173°6 2,110 ~ 63°6
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 147
Among commou dabs the observed weights are always in excess also, with one exception, where the calculated weignt for a fish of 12cm. is 14°80 and the weight observed was 14°7 grammes. ‘The difference in the smaller forms here is not so great as in those of moderate size. At 6cm. the calculated weight was 1:36 grammes and the observed weight 1°85 ; at 10cm. the calculated weight was 7°76 and the actual weight 12°31; at 8cm. the calculated weight was 32:96 and the weight observed 34°3 grammes; at 20cm. the calculated weight was 69°76 and the actual weight 74:7; at 24cm. the calculated weight was 117°6 and the weight observed 142°3; at 30cm. the calculated weight was 224°8 and the actual weight 296°4; at 36cm. the calculated weight was 403-2 and the weight observed 487 grammes.
It was the same with the lemon dab, no exception being found. The calculated weight at 15cm. was 26°8 and the real weight 32°3; at 31cm. the former was 288°8 and the observed weight was 354 grammes ; at 36cm. the respective weights were 436°8 and 595 grammes, and at 40cm. they were respectively 714-4 and 788 grammes. With the Norway pout, the herring, the sprat, the long rough dab, the cod, the witch, and the whiting the same method shows the same general result, an excess of weight over that to be deduced from the law. I append here some of the figures where this appears :—
TABLE.
148 Part IIT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
| Cod Whiting. Witch Hone Howeh Herring. Sprat. Corn J ar gE sap eh Ee Es eee ee ee ae eee _ I II I II i i, if II I II I II 8 — = -— — 1°52} 1°46} 2°64) 2:68) — —- |— = 9 _ — — — — — |40/ 39] — — |40 | 46 10 — — —_ —_ — — —|— - — |5°36| 6°71 11 _ — —_ - oo — 776) 7°85) — — |7:04] 9:48 12 — — 12 12°4} — — {104} 105) — — | 9°36 | 12-46 13 o — — — 76} 9°9/12:2] 138°3) — — |— = 14 — _ — — 91] 11:7)15°4) 165} — = = 15 — — 27°2| 23°38; 10°] 14 |185}] 21:6) — = | — ha 16 os — — _ 1137) W639, 121 4.) T2721 23:8. 2o ag — 17 4) 45°4| 84:4] 35°2| 12°38] 20 | 28-4] 32:4; 29 34°1 | — — 18 46°2 54 40°8} 41:3} — — |81'2] 40-4] 34:2} 40:3) — — 20/ 634} 711] 568/ 54-2) — | — | 45-6] 585] 472] 55a]— | — 24 120 1231} 99:2; 1024} — — |84 | 122 84:8 | 106°1 | — — 25 138°4} 146°5 | 112°8 | 118 67:2; 861; — | — 96°8 | 119°8 | — — 28 196°8| 210°7 | 154:4| 1781] — a= — |} — |141°6/174 | — = 30 | 245°6|} 271°8) 190°4 | 210°6 | 112°6)170°4; — | — _ | 187-2} 219°5 | — — 35 394°4} 420 | 305°6 | 332 — — —}— a — | — 40 568°8| 614°3| 483°6| 5138 | 283 | 458 — |= — —- |= —
45 | 898 | 907 7) ee ee ee ee ee 48 | 985 |\1018 1819 |984 1589) 1791 | = Fo ee 50 1,172 9) 1139 Se a ee ee BB | 1588 1 W608 Gay ee) cae) ey ee er 60 | 2174. O0R7 hy Se SO a ee 70'| 3-360. Vi8-3G0, U4 esis veag [ree lear oat teen eee ee
75. | 35948) 42000. 9: =e a a err eee an 94] 7,888 |9144 | — | -— |— |— |—-|— |-— |] — 100. | 9,112 ° 10,194 | eo ee a ee 108 1,728 112,980) = ee
Among the exceptions to the statement that the rule does not apply the most common are to be found among the smail and young forms and in the whiting. In many cases the weight of the smallest individuals whose weight may be calculated by the method described is under the ratio prescribed by the law, or in conformity with it, and thus differs from what obtains among the larger individuals. It seems not improbable that the explanation of this circumstance is that, in their early stages, the fishes grow in length in a greater ratio than they grow in other dimensions. This is specially observable among the whitings, witches, and long rough dabs, although in the case of the two latter, at all events,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 149
the tendency is markedly in the opposite direction later on. In many cases in the very largest fishes a few exceptions also occur, and this may be due to defective nutrition with age, or to the fact that the number of the fishes of large size examined was much less and not sufficient to bring out the true relationship. It is to be observed that the statement that the law does not accurately apply is supported by that part of the tables and curves where the observations are most numerous, and which, as a rule, includes those fishes which are in adolescence.
Among cod the greatest number of exceptions were found to occur. The observed weight continued to be greater than that required by the law from 17cm. to 48cm., and then from that point to 69cm., with one or two exceptions, it was less. The number of specimens of the larger sizes was, however, comparatively small, and in the case of the cod many of these large. specimens were weighed in May, after they had spawned. In most of the other cases it may be said, although spawning and spent fish are included, the number of these is small; and the sudden loss of weight immediately after spawning is marked, although it appears to be rapidly regained.
I am not at present able to offer any satisfactory explanation of the departure from the law of growth generally accepted in the case of fishes ; and perhaps it may be said that the application of this law in biology has not yet been experimentally tested ona sufficient scale among many species of animals. In the growth of some animals there is no doubt that the ratio between the dimensions does not continue constant, and that consequently alteration of shape occurs in the course of growth. In the case of ‘fishes the relation between the length and the weight is in many, and probably most, instances modified in connection with reproduction to a considerable extent, and it may also be altered by the changes which take place in certain of the viscera, as, for example, in the liver, and by the general conditions of nutrition due to season and other circumstances. For obvious reasons, variations in the quantity of food which may be in the stomach or intestine may be neglected. It has to be noted, however, as already stated, that the fishes at periods before reproductive disturbances begin show a marked departure from the law, and that changes arising from difference of season affect fishes at different sizes.
These tables and curves will also be of value in determining the average weight of specimens of different species belonging to different series or generations, and thus showing the increase of mass from one generation to another as well as the mean weight when the reproductive period is reached and the range of variation. An example may be here given from the plaice to show the amount of growth which may take place from one generation to another, and in the following Table I give the particulars as based on the measurements of over 1800 specimens in a haul in Aberdeen Bay in November : —
LENGTH (MM.). WEIGHT (GRAMMES). Series, Mean Increase. Range. Average. Range of Mean. Average, 1B [385—85 65] 2°5 ig 91—162 1181 6°9—42 17 14°5 TE: 164—260 216°5 44—181 106 89 TNE 261—369 315 183—676 343 237 Ni 363—442 400 620—970 708 365
VL 444479 460 990—1, 280 1,092 384
150 Part ITI—Twenty-second Annual Repor
From this it wiil be seen how very greatly the weight and therefore the amount of growth in different members of the same series may vary. The ‘range of the mean,” moreover, refers to the average weight for the longest and shortest fish in a series; the actual or possible variation in weight is much greater, as may be seen from the Tables for the plaice on p. 205.
3. THe AVERAGE Size aT Maturity.
With regard to the size and age at which the males and females of the various species of food-fishes first attain maturity, a great deal of infor- mation is still required. Isolated observations have been made in a considerable number of instances on several species, sufficient to give an approximate idea of the limit between the mature and the immature, but, as a rule, they are not of such a kind as to enable the average-size as well as the extremes to be determined, and on the hypothesis that reproduction takes place at a certain age this average-size should correspond to the average for one or other of the yearly groups.
In one or two cases I have made a number of observations on the subject, particularly with regard to the plaice, the haddock, and the whiting, a number of these fishes being examined at the spawning time, the sexes determined, the condition of the reproductive organs noted, and the size of the fish measured.
A number were also examined at periods anterior to the spawning time and the progress of the development of the eggs observed.
Thus, among twenty-four whitings caught in the Moray Firth on the 14th November, comprising sixteen females and eight males, it was found that the former ranged in size from 242 to 418mm., and in weight from 108 to 517 grammes; the weight of the ovary varying from 0°2 to 38 grammes, and the diameter of the eggs from ‘189 to ‘294mm. The following are selected examples :—
: Weight of Diameter of onan eee Ovaries. Largest Eggs. Mrr. Gr. Gr. Mm. 242 108 0-4 189 248 110 1:0 "231 293 196 A 27 "294 298 198 1 "252 304 223 2°1 al 313 240 1:8 189 351 354 2°8 273 418 517 38:'0 273
The particulars in these examples show that the whitings, and probably even the smallest, would spawn at the next spawning season ; and it will be observed that the size of the eggs in some of the smaller specimens Is as large as in those of considerably greater size. In the males the weight of the testes was also determined, and their weight did not always correspond with the weight of the fish, as the following examples indicate :—
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 151
Length. Weight. Weight of Testes. Mm. Gr. Gr. 293 205 0:8 322 281 hal 335 277 0:9 323 331 2°0 339 330 3°5D 364 382 0:8
All these males would also in all probability spawn at the next season. On the 27th December some others, also taken in the Moray Firth,
were examined, and the following shows the particulars in regard to some of the females :—
ce Weight of Diameter of
Length. Weight. Oranas Eggs.
Mm. Gr. Gr. Mm.
175 40 oa ial! 063
Moat 81 O°7, a
254 107°5 ti] "189
260 13 370 462
Hes 85 0-8 ‘210
In the males the testes were as small relatively as in those examined in November. Several other whitings of smaller size were examined, from 159 to 178mm., and in all cases the ovaries and testes were extremely small, and the eggs minute, the largest being about ‘(O6mm.
On 28rd January another lot were examined, and it was found that both the weight of the ovary and the diameter of the largest ege had
considerably increased, as shown by the following particulars of some of the females :—
i Weight of | Diameter of Length. Weight. ee Eges. Mm Gr. Gr Mm. | 266 136 4°] "609 269 160 1:8 ODI 297 209 5:8 ‘609 302 224 3°9 “441 339 306 79 "462 341 335 7 63 j : |
152 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
All these females would obviously spawn in the ensuing season ; and it is noteworthy that some of the smaller fishes had the larger eggs. The weight of the testes in the male had also increased; in specimens from 227-232mm. they weighed 0:7—-0°9 grammes, and in some from 253-267mm. they weighed from 1°2 to 3°8 grammes. From these indications probably all would spawn in the course of the next season.
On the Ist April, that is after the spawning season had begun, some others were examined. Females of 182 and 198mm. had small ovaries and unyolked eggs which measured from 0°6 to 0‘8mm. Others at 225 and 227mm. (8% inches) had eggs measuring up to °672, and at 232 and 237mm, the ovaries contained ripe eggs. From the same collections 803 whitings were assorted into males and females, the condition of the reproductive organs being determined ; the particulars are contained in the following Table :—
FEMALE.
a | Cm. | Ripe. | Spent. [Immature.! Ripe. | Spent. a | oe Pp Pe bo
os be tH
| | | neta Maceo 1). ees ie | | | | DB aad Sth hae 1 ome E21! | es. Be eee ce 3 eC eon | Paes Beer ta es 24 ee Be. Bi Bee oh 4 iy iy Soe | Be ies ae 4 - Ee Bice eee ae 1 1 Le ova | 19 a: | 1 2 ieee! 20 Pride 1 16 | | 2 | 21 4 4 33 4 22 | 18 2 58 | | ae 23 | 33 3 W744 ae 24 40 3 70 | | 25 | 44 3 65 | | 26 40 ] 56 | 271m) haa 1 28 | | | 28 27 21 | 29 13 9 | 30 | 13 Sin dl | 31. 15.240 sir 32 7 a 33 | i; a a Oe ie | | | 36 | 37 3 | 38 39 tiles 40 |
In addition to these observations made on board the trawlers employed in the Moray Firth, in which the collections included many whitings too small to be marketable, the opportunity was taken to examine the sexual condition of a number of whitings as brought to market. These do not include the very smallest which may be mature, but they serve for
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 153
comparison, and they show, moreover, the very small proportion of this fish which is brought to market in the immature condition.
FEMALES. MALEs. Cm. Ripe. | Spent. |[mmature| Ripe. | Spent. |Immature. 23 Ee fh 24 1 1 1 25 ] 1 6 26 3 l 3 27 28 14 28 Ad 16 29 3 19 30 50 16 3] 29 16 1 32 23 18 | 33 29 9 1 34 33 20 35 38 11 36 24 U 37 22 7 38 29 L 39 16 1 1 40 14 Re 4] 12 1 42 3 43 8 44. 4 45 1 46 2
From these observations it appears that the female whiting may attain maturity when it is 20cm., or about 8 inches, in length, but that the average size when reproduction first begins is approximately 25cm., or about 10 inches.
This conclusion agrees with the previous observations made by me on the rate of growth of the whiting and the size and age at which maturity is reached. I stated in the Twentieth Annual Report* that the whiting when two years old had an average size of about 92 inches, the range being from about 7? inches to 12 inches, and that this was the generation which commenced to spawn. The tables given above show that some of the males may begin to spawn at a size less than that at which the females spawn, but the difference is not very great, and I am disposed to consider that the males also do not attain maturity till they are two years of age.
A series of corresponding observations were made in regard to the haddock, which serve to throw light on the size and age when maturity is first reached. On the 31st October a number were taken in Aberdeen Bay, the sexes determined, and the condition of the reproductive organs ascertained, The following shows the main features among the females —
* Part III., page 400.
154 Pari IlI—Twenty-second Annual Report
: Weight Size Length. Weight. of Ovaries. of Eggs. Mm. oe Gr. Mm. 245 116°5 3 08 546 134 5 ‘0S— 0 23 141 2 08 376 189 x 2 341 412 2-5 iy) O56 496 3°] e573) 387 616 ANY "294 428 814 TOs) a fees) 525 1,600 14:0 30
On 12th November another series of observations were made on haddocks taken in the Moray Firth, and similar observations on collections obtained in Aberdeen Bay on 24th December and 14th January, and in the Moray Firth on 21st January. The particulars in some of the cases are appended :—
Weight. | Diameter
528 1,345 1 378
Langeh: MVciept of Ovaries. | of Eggs. Mm. Gr. Gr. Mm. November 12 338 392 3:5 42 333 ort D75 “SOW 315 ore 2°9 *399 OL Bef 3°9 “Die 3DD 490 3°0 “315 415 782 78 378 35
December 24
January 14
January 23 | © 169 38 “ 04 231 96°5 0-5 "273 257 131°5 0-7 12 271 158 0-6 suk 235 99:5 0-9 "36 223 90°5 0:3 18 287 182 1:0 "315
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 155
Among those taken on 23rd January in the Moray Firth several at from 146 to 170mm. which were examined had the ovaries quite small and immature ; some of those of 257mm. and thereabout had only clear unyolked eggs measuring up to ‘lmm., while others of the same size, or even smaller, had eggs considerably larger, yolked, and would, no doubt, spawn before the close of the spawning season. This difference is, I think, to be explained by difference in age, the less matured individuals, although larger, being younger and belonging to a later generation.
On the 1st April, among a number taken in the Moray Firth, quite ripe females were got measuring 254mm. (10 inches) and 258mm. and weighing 134 and 141 grammes, or about 4# ounces; others almost mature measured 256 and 258mm., while some quite immature were found measuring 283mm., or more than 11 inches. On the 23rd April a few females of 263mm. were ripe, and males of 255mm. and upwards and females of 258, 273, 296mm. and upwards were spent.
In the collection procured on Ist April a number of the ovaries were examined, with the following results :—
Cm. Seamus or Spent. Immature. | nearly Ripe.
16 1 LY 4 18
19 1 20 3 21 10 22 24 23 By 30 24 8 27 25 15 14 26 lig 4 27 5 2 28 5 ] 1 29 2 S: 3 30 6 2
31 1
32 8 ]
33 7 ]
34 12
35 6
36 3
37 1
38 5
39 2
40 1
4]
The collection was a small one, and the larger fishes were for the most part absent. It shows, however, that females as small as 24cm. may be ripe and some as large as 29cm. immature, the average size at first maturity in this case being approximately 30cm., or abont 12 inches, which is rather under the size brought out by some other observations, Out of a large number examined on a former occasion the smallest of the
156 Part [11 —Twenty-second Annual Report
females obtained was 12 inches, and the smallest nearly mature 10 inches ; and Holt from his observations at Grimsby placed the average limit between the mature and immature at 13 inches.
Some observations were also made with regard to the size at which maturity is reached in the plaice by the examination of the fish as landed and also on board as brought to deck. In the latter case the examination was only towards the close of the spawning season, when most of the fishes were spent, and the information obtained in this way is therefore of more limited scope.
On the 11th A 16th February 259 were examined, of which 134 were females and 125 males. Among the former 50 were spawning, or had the ovaries so far developed that spawning could be said to be imminent. The largest immature female measured 440mm., the next largest being 436mm. The smallest female found to be actually spawning was 373mm., or about 143 inches, the next smallest being 382mm; the smallest nearly ripe measured 360, 360, 368, and 378mm. The difference, therefore, between the largest immature and the smallest nearly mature was 80mm., or 3h inches. The numbers are not very large, but so far as they go they show that the average size when maturity is first attained is about 43 or 44cm., that is, approximately, 17 inches, the limit also found by Holt to apply to the plaice from the northerly part of the North Sea, and confirmed by Kyle.*
With the males the largest immature specimens measured 370, 367, and 366mm., and the smallest spawning males measured 306, 318, and 330mm. ; ; the smallest nearly ripe was 317mm. and the next 322mm. The difference i in this case between the smallest mature and the largest immature amounts to 64mm., or 24 inches. Probably the examination of a larger number of specimens would enlarge the difference both for the males and females, but as they stand they agree very well with the overlapping in length of the respective series or generations.
* Kighteenth Annual Report Fishery Board for Scotland, Part III., p. 190.
| TABLE
157
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
MALES.
FEMALES.
*aIN{VUIWU] ee ie ak ey BS | TROL] HaN Ht wR N OC AO HH OH HO BR AW HM os Ow Nie Setter St ' ri ra re rt ‘yuedg ry 1 ‘ ' 1 ' ‘ 1 ' ‘ 1 1 1
‘adty Ajavan
OS -— E
“surumedg
| ‘91 ny Buy | , ? 1 fA) N = = Sh eS ™~ <i = ro inn) Yon) fos | re — 1 ’ ’ ‘ Fi 4 i : s F é i i |
MC TOM Ae eae meres 1 Fa pease a Oo NN Ne ANS 19915 “<> 635 1g NN oe UN a aia + eet is |
‘quodg ' e , ‘ 1 ’ 1 AN N 4 1 4 ’ ‘ 1 ‘odiy Apavo Ny
u The UO ie Beret Ee SR ene retin Ne ty IGN Se GNC BON SUGNE sede nicks tices) GS NU pti are) TCS Sct iit pale ee en \
eat. aa ae ams ei ee ME Mage See OU nw 3) mn ON Ma eae Chin ON hy eae mee) Met coh a se ce Oe a ms — Ley — TR Pe a wg
158 Part L1I1.—Twenty-second Anuwual Report
Of those examined on the 30th of March towards the end of the Spawning time, two females were still spawning, their sizes being 43 and 53cem.; the number spent was 36, the smallest that was certainly” determined to have spawned being 45cm. The number immature was 51, the largest being 46°5cm., but it is possible it had spawned early in the season. Among the males, of which 65 were examined, 11 were still spawning, the smallest measuring 38cm., or nearly 15 inches. Six were taken to be spent, the smallest being 37cm. and the largest of those immature was 38cm. Among the spent females it was, as a rule, easy to determine their condition from the fact that a small quantity of ripe eggs was still contained within the ovaries, sometimes amounting to a few teaspoonfuls.
Some observations were also made upon the cod, and although they were not very extensive, so little has been exactly determined for this fish that they may be given here. At the end of March, when I was on board a trawler, we hit upon a shoal of spawning cod in the Moray Firth, some hundreds being caught in each haul of the net, and very few other round fish were taken at the same time. They were actively engaged in spawning, the ripe eggs and the spermatic fluid flowing from them, and some were spent. I was struck by the fact that among these fish there were none of a small size, and the great majority were cod of the largest dimensions usually landed, Among the smallest measured were the following :—Females 33, 35, and 354 inches; males 294 (quite ripe), 334, 30, 342, 35 inches. Among the few codlings taken I found one of 70°5cm. (274 inches) quite immature; one at 56°7em, (224 inches) had an extremely small ovary. At Aberdeen on 18th April I found one measuring 72°6mm. (283 inches) immature, and on the 11th February of a number of large codling examined after they had been landed I found males measuring 595mm. and 640mm. quite immature ; in the latter the testes weighed only 5°3 grammes. The largest female was 60°7cm., or about 24 inches, and it was immature, the largest eggs in the ovary measuring ‘18mm in diameter, and showing faint deposition of yolk at the periphery.
From these facts I concluded that the size of the cod when maturity is first attained was probably considerably higher than is generally supposed, but in the Moray Firth on the very next day, viz. Ist April, a cod was taken in 32 fathoms off Burghead with large and perfectly mature ovaries. It was 65cm. (253 inches) in length and weighed 7lbs. 240z., the roe weighing 432 grammes (1540z.). This fish had just begun to spawn, and it was clearly of quite a different class from the great spawning shoal above alluded to, in which the smallest spawning female measured 84:0cm.
It may be added that on the 12th November codling taken in the Moray Firth, and measuring from 535 to 610mm., had small ovaries, weighing from 3°1 to 6°83 grammes, the diameter of the largest eggs being ‘147 and ‘2mm; while cod of 92:7 and 102:9cm. had the ovaries weighing 111°5 and 161.3 grammes respectively, the diameter of the largest eggs being ‘22mm. On the other hand, a cod of 74°7cm., taken in Aberdeen Bay on 3]st October, with ovaries weighing 56°5 grammes, had eggs up to ‘50mm.
The average size fixed by Holt for the cod on first attaining maturity, viz. 25 inches, would therefore appear to be by no means too high; many cod, as he points out, undoubtedly reach a considerably larger size before spawning. The smallest ripe female obtained by him measured 263 inches; it was thus somewhat larger than the small one above recorded from the Moray Firth. He, however, obtained one which was three
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 159
parts ripe and measured 221 inches, On the other hand, among those examined during the spawning season he found females immature as large as 36 inches.*
LV.—Tue Inruvuence or TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF FISHES.
In one of my previous papers dealing with the growth of fishes I referred to the important influence which the temperature of the water exercises over the rate of growth, and gave examples from the observa- tions made ou certain species, aud particularly the plaice in its younger stages when inhabiting the sandy beaches.t It was shown also that the haddock and whiting and other forms increase in length much more rapidly in summer than they do in winter, but from the want of a series of periodic observations on the temperature of the deeper offshore water in the various months throughout the year, it is not yet possible to bring the observations on growth into exact relation with the temperature variations in the water,
It appeared to me that some results of interest might be obtained directly by keeping fishes in the winter in water which was artificially heated, and comparing their growth with other fishes kept under similar conditions but in water at the ordinary temperatures. This has been done for over five months with the results described below.
Four different lots of fish were kept in separate and similar tanks, which may be distinguished as No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No.4. ach of the tanks is of concrete with the front and back of plate glass, and the light from windows in the tank-house passes through them, but not very strongly. The tanks are of uniform dimensions, measuring 54 feet in length by 4 feet 4 inches from back to front, and the depth of water during the experiments in Nos. 2, 3, and 4 was 25% inches ; the volume of water in each of these tanks was therefore about 315°5 gallons, or 1433 litres. The other tank, No. 1, owing to a defect could not be filled so full, and in it the depth of water was 15 inches, the volume being thus about 185:5 gallons, or 842°5 litres. Tanks Nos. | and 2 were supplied from the ordinary supply pipe to the tank-house, the water thus having approximately the same temperature as the sea water on the beach. Tanks Nos. 3 and 4 were supplied with sea water from the same pipe, but it was first passed through a heating arrangement by which its temperature was raised. Considerable difficulty was at first experienced in raising the temperature of the water in these tanks sufficiently high. It was soon discovered that the use of oil heaters was insufficient, and the method adopted was to utilise an ordinary slow-combustion stove for heat- ing the apartment, upon the top of which was placed acommon galvanised iron hot-water tank, such as are used for supplying hot water, of forty gallons capacity, and around it was placed an iron jacket with a space between in which was enclosed the smoke pipe from the stove. This arrangement has answered very well and with comparatively little atten- tion or extra cost.
No arrangement was employed for the mechanical regulation of the temperature, which varied considerably from time to time, as shown in the tables, falling generally during the night; but a little experience in firing enabled the variation to be to some extent controlled. The tem- perature was taken every few hours daily, and the supply of hot or cold water regulated accordingly, and maximum and minimum thermometers were also used in order to ascertain the extreme nightly range.
*Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. I11., Special Number p. 377, 380, Zbid, III., No. 1, 79. +Twentieth Ann, Rep., Pt. I1I., pp. 885, 342.
160 Part III—Twenty-second Annual Report
Inflow. Tank No. I. Tank No. II.
Max. Min. Mean. Max. Min. Mean. Max. Min. Mean.
5°5 4:2 5:0 — — _ 54 4°6 5-2 6°0 4:0 53 6°3 4:8 56 6°4 3°8 5:0 6-0 3°8 51 6-2 3°8 5:1 6°4 4°6 5:5 5°2 4°4 4°8 54 4°) 4°4 56 4°6 5:0 6:1 3°0 5°0 54 2°8 4°] 5:2 4:2 4:4 5:2 4°2 4°7 4°3 3°6 3°9 46 3'8 4°3 6°8 3'8 5°1 4°8 34 4°2 52 3°6 4°4 74 54 6°5 5'8 4°5 53 6°8 5°0 5'8 84 52 6°3 62 5:0 5:5 5°8 5:2 5°6 10°8 5°8 7°9 78 6°3 66 8°8 5°4 6°4 10°6 75 8°3 9°4 6:4 8°3 10°4 7‘0 8°4 10°8 7°6 9:0 10°2 8:0 8°8 10°0 7°8 87 9-2 8:2 8°9 9°4 8:0 8°9 9-2 8-0 8°6 10°6 9°8 10:2 10°4 9°8 10°1 10°2 9°4 9°7 10°4 9°9 10°2 10°6 9°9 10°3 10°4 9°8 10°8
Tank No, III. Tank No. IV.
Average of Average of
Max. | Min. | Mean. Max. Min. Mean.
fahifli 2 Zplogeer | ieeadL a6-atul ee Foe der eo aes 106 | 74 | 93 | 88 | 90 | 142 | 74 | 127 | 80 | 109 11-4 | 63 | 93 | 78 | 91 | 164 | 78 | 144 | 97 | 124 14 {| 72 | 96 | 79 | 89 | 172 | 100 | 154 | 115 | 185 101 | 50 | 80 | 68 | 76 | 20 | 96 | 172 | 122 | 182
90) | a | eh 1 Behl eo 106 | e621" abe lh ge Sipe 102 | 39 | 75 | 48 | 60 | 183 | 78 | 156 | 89 | 120
s9 | a4 | 30 | 61 | 71 | 189 | 74°) aa bele tog somes
95 | 44 | 7-7 | 53 | 64 | 200 | 68 | 149 | 10:3 | 12-9 140 | 50 | 108 | 70 | 7-8 | 228 | 92 | 15:0 | 10-7 | 182 150 | 67 | 116 | 82 | 100 | 178 | 100 | 15:9 | 11:8 | 13°6 128 | 70 | 110 | 85 | 97 | 161 | 83 | 150 | 106 | 128 39 | 70 {14 | 81 | 95 | is8 | 78 | 162 | 99 | Ia% 1228 | 83 | 18 | 95 | 106 | 161 | 94 | 152 | 105 | 125 156 | 100 | 133 | 108 | 119 | 161 | 106 | 149 | 11-7 | 184
af the Fishery Board for Scotland. 161
I have tabulated the temperature observations in the accompanying tables for each of the tanks, and for the supply as it came to the apartment. Tanks Nos. 1 and 2 were not supplied with hot water; Tank No. 3 got a partial supply, and Tank No. 4 the largest supply, and it is this tank which was looked to to give the best results.
The temperature observations are tabulated in ten-day periods for the 155 days over which the experiment extended, each showing the maximum and minimum temperature recorded, the mean for the ten days ; and for Tanks 3 and 4 the mean of the maxima and minima have also been calculated.
It will be seen from the tables that the mean temperature in No. 1 varied from 3:9 C, to 10°3 C. during the 155 days, the mean for the whole period being 6°5 C. (43°7 F.); the extremes of temperature observed at any time were 2°8 and 10°6. The mean temperature of No. 2 varied from 4°3 C. to 10°8 C., the mean for the period being 7:0 C. (44:6 F.); the slightly higher temperature was owing to this tank being nearer the stove that No. 1. In No, 3 it was desired to maintain a temperature intermediate between that of No. 4 and the other tanks, but ereater difficulty was found in this case in adjusting the supplies of hot and cold water. The ten-day means ranged from 6 C. to 11°9 C., the mean for the period being 8°6 C. (47°5 F.). The extreme individual temperatures were 3°9 and 15:6, a difference of 11°7 C., but these variations were of short duration. In No. 4 the range of the ten-day means was 10°8 to 13°6 C., the range of the mean maxima was from 17:2 to 12°6, and of the minima from 8:0 to 11°8; the extreme temperatures recorded were 6°8 C. (44:2 F.) and 22°8 C. (73°0 F.), a difference of 16 C. or 28°8 F. The low temperature as a rule occurred when the stove or some part of the apparatus required to be overhauled, and the high ones for a short period, when the fire had been too strong; they sometimes occurred during the night. The mean temperature for this tank for the whole period was 12°5 ©. (54:5 F.), which approximates to the mean bottom temperature in the sea off the East Coast in July, August, and September ; in depths of from ten to fifteen fathoms the mean temper- ature for these months is about 52°9, and a little further out, in thirty fathoms, it is 50°7 F.
The fishes used in the experiments were young whitings, codlings, and haddocks, a few dabs, a plaice, a small starry ray, and an armed bull- head. They were procured in the small-meshed net used around the otter-trawl in the investigations made on board trawlers, and were first kept for a few weeks after being brought to the laboratory before they were placed in the experimental tanks. Each fish was measured, but not weighed, nor was its volume determined ; trial showed that the risks might be too great.
With regard to the general conditions and behaviour of the fishes a little may be said. They were fed daily, or several times a day, and in all cases they got as much food as they were willing or able to take, but they were not fed during the night. Their food consisted almost entirely of the ordinary edible mussel, chopped up, varied occasionally with a few limpets, and still more rarely with live shrimps; on one or two occasions they got fragments of herrings or parts of the roe or milt, and sometimes the mussels were not removed from their shells, but were broken up and crushed. An attempt was at first made to weigh the quantity of food given to them daily, but the conditions of the experi- ment showed that this might be misleading and it was discontinued.
All the fishes did not by any means thrive to alike extent. The haddocks, in particular, proved to be exceptionally delicate as compared
L
162 Part III—Twenty-second Annual Report
with the codlings and whitings, and most of them died at one time or other during the course of the experiments. They did not appear to make themselves at home, so to speak, as the codlings and the whitings did, and they were obviously, under the conditions of the experiment, more stupid fish. When the fish were fed the chopped mussels were dropped gradually into the water, and the moment the fragments began to sink the whitings and codlings rushed at them and, ever: when replete of a previous meal, took them into their mouths and put them out again, or smelt them ; their movements were thoroughly purposive in relation to the food. The haddocks, on the other hand, excited by the commotion, or it may be by the odour of the mussels also, rushed aimlessly about at such times, snapping at the other fishes and missing the fragments although often quite near them and themselves quite hungry. The haddocks, it was also noticed, kept closer to the bottom, and looked for their food there rather than in the course of descent through the water.*
The fact has to be taken into account, because, although food was supplied abundantly, it is pretty certain that the haddocks, as a rule, got only what the others left.
It is probable also that the haddocks suffered more than the other fishes from not getting a more natural food. With reference to tempera- ture they were also more sensitive than the others. When the water got comparatively warm, say about 60° F., the haddocks first showed signs of distress and went round the tank near the top gasping or tried to jump out, and I attribute the deaths of most of the haddocks to this cause. On one occasion I transferred a haddock of 19°9cm. from water of a tem- perature of 7:4 C. (45°3 F.) to water of 15 C. (59 F.) and it was killed in about two minutes, as if it had been poisoned ; it rapidly became paralysed, swayed about a few moments and then sank with its mouth open. A small whiting (15-0cm.) transferred at the same time appeared to be doing well, but was found dead the next morning. The haddocks, moreover, were observed to seek the coolest parts of the hot-water tank, while, unless when the temperature was very high, the whitings and codlings in that tank seemed to enjoy themselves and were active and alert. It may be said that at first the hot water was run in on the top, but it was found that there was a difference of two or three degrees under these circumstances between the surface and bottom water; thereafter it was carried towards
the bottom by a pipe, arrangements being made for air passing in with the ~
water at the same time and thus the temperature was nearly equalised. During the cold weather in winter a great contrast was shown between the fishes in the warm tanks and those in the tanks where the temperature was low, the differeiice in temperature being about 9 C. In the former they moved about actively and were keen and alert and, if the ex- pression may be used, were happy; in the cold water tanks the fish, on the other hand, were sluggish, remaining a long time at one spot, and gently swaying their fins: the movement and activity in the one tank offered a marked contrast to the comparative lifelessness in the adjoining tank. It has already been said that the fishes in the warm water had a far better appetite than those in the cold water and ate much more; it was, more- over, observed that at times when the temperature was low, down to about 38 C., or a little above the freezing point of fresh water, the fishes in these tanks gave up feeding altogether, while in the adjoining heated tanks the fish were fighting eagerly for the food. In the former at such times the mussels would be left untouched at the bottom of the tank. This confirms * It may be here stated that the haddocks, as a rule, swam nearer the bottom than the codlings or the whitings, and this was especially noticeable at first when the fishes were introduced into the tanks. While the haddocks grovelled about the bottom, the whitings were dispersed upwards to near the top of the tank. The observation as to the
difference in habit may have reference to the fact that whitings and codlings are caught in far greater proportions than haddocks by the otter-trawl compared with the beam-trawl
of the Fishery Board for Scotlond. 163
my experience at Dunbar in former years, when it was found that plaice and dabs kept in small tanks lost weight in winter and gave up feeding.*
In tank No. 1, which contained as we have seen abont 185°5 gallons (842°5 litres), seven whitings, five codlings, one haddock, one common dab, and one sand-eel were placed; the latter soon disappeared, and was probably eaten. The fish were measured on two occasions, (1) at an interval of 100 days, and (2) after 155 days. It would, as it turned out, have been better to have measured them more frequently, since, with the exception of the sand-eel, all the fishes survived in this tank; but from the mortality in the other tanks it was deemed advisable to disturb them as little as possible. In measuring them, they were first transferred to convenient dishes, seized cautiously with a loose cloth, and when laid on the measuring board care was taken to free the under surface of the fish from the cloth. A little practice made the process easy, the only forms requiring extra care and promptness being the haddocks. In the accompanying Table I give the particulars regarding these fourteen fishes which were kept in water at the ordinary temperatures.
Tank I. Mean Temperature | Mean Temperature Mean Temp. Ay C(a0ds Bays eGo Co(48"7e-ES)., 635:'C..433748.). " Increase in the 100 Days Later. : 55 Days Later. 155 Days. FIsH. Length. Increase. | Increase. Mean Length Length Mean} _otal. | per 10 Total./per 10 Total.|per 10 Ba: 3. Days. § ara Me Mm. | Mm.| Mm.]}| Mm. | Mm. | Mm. | Mm. Mm. Whiting. ; 1 209 226 17 17] 244 18 | 3:27 | 35 2°26 2 170 191 yA 2:1 210 19: | 3°45. f' . 40 2°58 3 1600) 178-4 18) 18) 87) wa | 218 | 1-74 4 iy, | | tee eA vet |) 9 | 1-64] 1°55 5 152 169 alps TG VATS 9 | 1:64] 1°68 6 oe eden tome ab tye ta 12-36 | 1-61 7 142 159 eis) AF A) 174 15s hy 26730) 2-06 Average, 163°14) 179714; 16 | 193-0 | 13-86] 2-52 29-86| 1:93 Codling. it 147 185 38 226 41 | 7°45 5-1 2 [143 184 41 200 16. | 2°9 3°7 3 132 169 37 208 39 CFR 09 49 4 129 163 34 200 37. | 6°73 4°58 5 123 160 od 194 34 | 6:18 4-58 1384°8 | 172°2 | 37°4 Average, < |———-—|—_— Se EEE peaease Sebel a 132-7) 69221) 13635 |) 3:65 5207 37°8 | 6°87 | 4°88 Haddock. | 188 | 210 | 27 | 27] 288 | 28 | 5-1 3°55 Common Dab.| 237 248 6 06 § 243 0:0 0°04
* Kleventh Annual Report Fishery Board for Scotland, Part III., p. 193.
164 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Among the seven whitings the growth in the first hundred days when the mean temperature was 4°5 C. (40°! F.) was not great, the increase in different fishes, as will be seen from the Table, varying from 12 to 21mm., the mean increase being 16mm., and the mean for each ten days on the average being 1‘6 mm. ‘The fishes were of different sizes as shown, and the increase per ten-day period varied from 1:2 to 2:1 mm. In the succeeding 55 days when the mean temperature of the water was 9°3 C. (48-7 F.) the actual increment of length in different fishes ranged from 9mm. to 19mm., the mean per ten days ranging from 1°64 to 3:45mm. The average increment was 13°86mm. and the mean for the lot per ten- day period was 252mm. Over the whole period of 155 days, the mean temperature being 6°5 C. (43°7 F.), the actual increments varied from 24mm. to 40mm. (from about one inch to an inch and nine sixteenths) the mean increase was 29°86mm., or about 1,3, inches, and for the ten-day period the mean increase was 1‘93mm. ‘There is no doubt that the greatest amount of growth was in the latter part of the second period, when the temperature was highest; at this time it was a common remark how fast the fish were growing, but for the reason above stated they were not more frequently measured. The whitings, it may be said, appeared to be in good condition and health.
The codlings grew more rapidly than the whitings. One of them (No. 2) which grew fastest during the first period developed a diseased growth or tumour in the second period when its rate of increase was therefore very slow. It has been accordingly left out of the calculations of the means in the second period, and the other four fishes have been also dealt with separately throughout. In the first hundred days the increments varied from 34 to 41mm. (12 to 13 inches), the means for the ten days being from 3°4 to 4:1mm.; the mean increase was 37'4mm., and the ten days’ mean 3°74mm. In the second period of fifty-five days the actual amount of growth was a little greater, so that under the difference of temperature indicated the codlings grew about twice more rapidly. Omitting the diseased fish the increments varied from 34 to 4lmm.— precisely the same as in the first period— the average was 37°8mm. and the mean for 10 days 687mm. Over the whole time of 155 days the amount of growth in the four healthy fishes was respectively 79, 79, 71, 71mm., the average being 75°7mm., or about 35), inches—a very con- siderable rate considering the temperature of the water. On the other hand the fishes were supplied with abundance of food, and the codlings were the greediest of them all, and no doubt got more food in a given time than they would under natural conditions in the sea. With the exception of the one referred to they all remained healthy throughout the experiment.
The growth of the single haddock was also fairly rapid for the temperature. In the first hundred days its increase amounted to 27mm., or a little over an inch, the mean for ten days being 2°7. In the second period, like the codlings, the actual growth was about the same, although the time was only about half; it amounted to 28mm. (14 inch), the ten- day mean being 5:‘lmm. Over the whole period the actual increase in length was 55mm. (2;°; inches), the average for the ten-day period being 355mm.
The growth of the single common dab in this tank was slow and presented a contrast to the round fishes; it was an adult female. The increase in the first period was only 6mm. (% inch), the mean for ten days being 06mm. In the second period it did not increase at all. Two circumstances may have affected this, the first that four spawning flounders were put into this tank early in the second period, and it is possible that the greater competition for food prevented the dab getting
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 165
a full share ; the second that it was a female of adult size and may have spawned. It was unfortunately omitted to provide apparatus in the overflow from the tank to obtain evidence as to this. The observations in Tank No. 1 refer to growth under the ordinary temperature of the season. Tank II.
MEAN TEMPERATURE | MEAN TEMPERATURE, | MEAN TEMP., 52° C, (41°4° F.). 92° C. (48°6° F.). & ©, (44:67 8°):
100 Days Later, f Increase in the
55 Days Later. 155 Days.
FIsu, Length.
Increase. Increase, Length Nican Length. Naat Total.|per 10 Total.| Days. ee: men Mm. Mm. | Mm. Vata Mm. Whitings. 1 179 193 14 1-4 207 14 2 178 192 14 1-4 10 3 170 185 15 11 4 160 179 ay) 15 5 151 173 22 14 6 151 ie! 20 13 i! 148 164 16 17 8 145 160 15 iy 9 140 159 19 17 10 138 | 158 20 13 ih 154 | 154 20 16 12 134 152 18 12 15 [131 151 20 5) 14 [130 150 20 = 15 [109 128 1g) = ee -152°3 170-0 “177° “177 184-0. “140° Haddock. 1 193 211 18 = 2 180 199 19 5 3 178 197 ie) = AVerave, - 183-7 202-3 “18-6 SI je Com. Dab. 1 241 248 7 3 2 146 168 22 22 Byerace, . 193-5 Pee Pies) 12°5 Starry Ray. 198 198 0:0 -3
166 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The same is true of Tank No. 2, except, as formerly explained, the temperature here was generally slightly higher owing to its being nearer the stove. Into this tank were placed fiteen whitings, three haddocks, two common dabs, and a starry ray; a sand-eel was also present at first, but, as in the other tank, it soon disappeared. The particulars of these fishes are given in the accompanying Table. Three of the whitings are not included in the final column and averages ; No. 13 was found in the second period to have the tail and one of the eyes diseased, and its growth had been thus interferred with, No. 14 was transferred to the warm tank as already described, and No. 15 was found dead when thirty- five days of the second period had elapsed, and it then measured 134mm. In the first hundred days, with a mean temperature of 5:2 C., the increments varied from 14 to 22mm., the mean being 17:‘7mm., or 1-7mm. above that for Tank No. 1, a difference probably related to the some- what higher mean temperature (‘7 C.). As a rule the greatest increase was among the smaller fishes. In the second period of 55 days, with a mean temperature of 9-2 C. (48°6 F.), the increments ranged in different cases from 10 to !7mm., and the mean was 14mm., as compared with 13°86 in Tank No. 1, the mean for ten days being 2°55, as compared with 2°52—almost precisely the same. It will be seen from the tables that the mean temperature of the two tanks in the second period were also practically identical, differing by only ‘1 C., but the difference was in favour of Tank No. 1, into which the sunshine entered more freely.
The haddocks did not thrive so well compared with the one in Tank No. 1, and they all died early in the second period. The mean increment in the hundred days was 18°6mm., as compared with 27mm. in Tank No. 1, the mean for the ten days being 1‘86mm. against 2°7mm. One of these haddocks, 199mm. long, perished by being placed in warmer water as previously described ; it was well nourished, its weight being 67:5 grammes, while the mean weight of haddocks of the same size is 65°7 grammes (see Table, p. 226). One of the others died 18 days after the measurement recorded, and it was then 216mm. long, an increase of 5m.
Of the two common dabs, the smaller grew quickly and the larger slowly. In the first period the former increased by 22m. and the latter by only 7mm.; in the second period the smaller increased by 22m, again, and the larger by only 3mm., the growth as with the round fishes being about twice quicker in the higher temperature of the second period. The small one increased in the hundred days by 44mm., or 1# inches, the mean rate being 2‘84mm. per ten days, while the increase of the larger one amounted in the 155 days to only 10mm., or 2 of an inch, the mean for ten days being only 0‘O7mm. ‘They were both females.
The starry ray did not grow at all; during the first period it just maintained its breadth, and in the second it lost about 3mm. in the same dimension. Its loss of weight must have been relatively greater because it became very attenuated, and it was no doubt owing to lack of proper food.
In Tank No. 3 an endeavour was made to maintain a temperature intermediate between that of Tanks Nos. 1 and 2 and Tank No. 4, but as previously mentioned the variations were considerable, and the results in this tank were not so satisfactory. It appears moreover probable that in the endeavours to adjust the supply of hot and cold water the circulation was diminished. For some reason or another four of the whitings and five of the codlings put in died a short time after the experiment was begun, and these are not included in the accompanying Table, which gives the particulars regarding the rest of the fish. Two haddocks which were placed in the tank also died; the autopsy revealed no apparent
of the Hishery Board for Scotland. 167
cause of death, which was possibly due to the variations in the tempera- ture of the water, but one of them, 202mm. in length, which should have weighed about 67 grammes, weighed only 63°8 grammes.
Tank III. MEAN TEMPERATURE, | MEAN TEMPERATURE. | MEAN TEMP., Ai Ge Goro’). 10°3° C. (50°5° F.). §8°6°C. (47°5° F.). 100 Davs Lat | Be Wee Later i Increase in the C ys c er. vo C y a4 ° 155 Days. FIsH. Length. Increase, Increase. Mean Length Mean per 10 Total.| per 10 Daye: Days % Mm Mm. | Mm. |} Mm Mm. Whiting. 162 186 24 2:4 2°71 2 160 180 20 2°0 1:93 5) 155 176 23 23 2°26 t 152 170 18 1°8 2°13 5 [147 158 11] 6 [146 155 9] Average, 156-7 | 178 213) 2-13] 2:26 Codling. i I: 161 209 48 4°8 | 6:13 2 158 | 198 40 4:0 5°68 5) 141 168 27 27 4°58 4 135 163 28 2°8 4°84 5 128 158 30 3°0 4°26 6 118 137 24 2-4 2°26 ( [149 189 40 4:0 1407 | 1746 | 339] 3:39 | | | Average, —— | —_f}- —__ —_| ___ oe 139°3) 1722 329, 3°29 4°63 Common Dab.| 261 276 15 1:5 1°61
The particulars in regard to the whiting show that the increment in the first period varied from 9mm. to 24mm., but the fish showing the small increase and another showing an increase of only 1lm., were found to have the tail badly ulcerated and they were killed. Omitting these two, the mean increase was 21‘3mm., or an average per ten days of 213mm. as compared with 16mm. and 17°7mm. in the cold tanks. In the second period the increase was on an average 13°7mm., and therefore under the average for the cold water tanks in the same period, which shows, as well
168 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
as the mortality alluded to, that the conditions in this tank were not satisfactory. The mean increase over the whole period was 35mm., or 12 inches, the ten-day mean 2:26mm., a little higher than that for the two tanks referred to in the similar period.
Among the cod the increase ranged in the first period from 24mm. to 48mm., the average mean being 33‘9mm., and the ten-day mean 3°39mm., and therefore a little less than Tank No. 1. One of the codlings, No. 7, was transferred to Tank No. 4 after this, and died four days later, like the haddock and whiting above mentioned ; in this case the interval was longer. In the second period the remaining fishes increased from 11mm. to 48mm. in different cases, the average being 38'8mm., or about 13 inches. Omitting the smaller specimen, in which the increase was clearly anomalous, the average increase of the others was 44:4mm., or 8°1 per ten days. The increments in the length over the whole time varied from 35mm. to 95mm., the mean increase being 71:7mm., or omitting the anomalous form, 79mm., or 33 inches, the mean for ten days being 5-!mm.
The single common dab in this tank increased by 15mm. in the first period and by 10mm. in the second, the increment over the whole time being 25mm., or 1 inch, and the average per 10 days 1‘61mm.
In tank No. 4 there was at first some mortality owing to the vicis- situdes in the temperature which, as already stated, affected different fishes in different ways.
Of three haddocks put in none survived the whole period, and only one the first. One died after fifteen days ; it was 285mm. and had increased to 287mm. Another died after eighty-three days, and it had increased from 279 to 295mm. The third at the end of the first period increased from 262 to 279mm., an increment of 17mm., the average per ten days being the small one of 1‘7mm. It died from the high temperature a few days later without having increased in length.
Among the whitings there was less mortality, nine surviving the whole time and other two for the first period. In the first hundred days the variations in the increase were from 19mm. to 34mm., the mean being 27°5mm., or a little over an inch, the ten-day mean averaging 2°74mm. In the second period the increments ranged from 9mm. to 19mm., the mean being 15-7mm. and the average of the ten-day mean 2°85mm.
Over the whole period the increments varied from 28mm. to 52mm., the mean being 43:l1mm., about 12 inches, the mean increase in the ten-day periods being 2°79mm.
| TABLE.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 169
Tank IV.
MEAN TEMPERATURE, | MEAN TEMPERATURE, | MEAN ‘Tempe. 12°3>C, (54:1 By: ZO Ch(Sor2: Be). “pl2co’ C, (eo H,),
Increase in the
100 Days later. 55 Days later. 155 Days. Fish. Length. - ¥ Increase. | Increase. m Mean Length, Mean | Length. Mean Total. por n Total.| per 10 Total.| per 10 pee Days. | Days. j i Mm Mm. | Mm. | Mm. — Mm. j Mm.|Mm.{ Mm. Mm. Whiting. : 1 241 260 | 19 | 19 | 269 Oa red ny 28 1°81 208 2001 eon 242 | 18 | 2:36] 34 2°19 3 204 OS lS Gl 939 | 14 | 2:54] 35 2:26 4 Way i \oi-203%'|1226 90 | 17 | 309] 43 | 2-77 5 161 193) > 32 200" | 1G Ie2ou | 48 3°09 6 157 186 | 29 204 Ny 18k Wy S20 be Ae 3:03 7 146 180 | 34 fo) sl 327 T *52 3°36 8 140. | Vala W831 190 | 19 | 3-457 50 | 3-22 9 140 4a P34 HOD Pete a-27 1s 52 3°36 10 164 12h 3.28 2 = i = 11 158 186 | 28 E i z x 172-4 | 199-9 | 27:5 | Sais eae é i Average, ——__—_ (Ses ee UE ata W749 | 2023 «| 27-4 | 2°74 O18 | 15-7 |) 2°85 | 438-1 | 2-79 Codling. 1 173 925 | 52 27 8icl “58 105 6°77 2 126 16751, 41 921 | 54 95 6:13 3 120 166 | 46 920 | 54 100 6-45 Average, | 139-7 | 186 | 46°3 | 939-7 | 53-7 100 | 6-45 Com. Dab, 1 245 a ay a6) 14 31 2-0 2 151 186 | 35 907 |s 21 56 3°61 3 147 185 | 38 Dee 17 55 3°55 4 5 206 = DB y/ aa mea = = Average, 181 211 | 30 228°3'-| 17:3 47°3 | 3°05 Plaice, 226 258, | 32 OT | 19 Le bt 3-29 Pogge, 127 127 bs 3 ba 5 3
It will be noticed from the Table that the increments of growth were much greater in the smaller forms than in the larger.
170 Part [[1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
As in all the other tanks, the codlings grew rapidly. In the first hundred days the increments varied from 41mm. to 52mm., the mean being 46:3, and the mean for the ten-day periods was 4°63. In the second the increase ranged from 53 to 54mm., the increments being thus absolutely larger though the period was less and the mean temperature not much higher, The mean increase was 53'7mm., that for the ten-day period being 9°76mm. The total increase in length in the three specimens in the 155 days was respectively, 105mm., 95mm., and 100mm., the mean being exactly 100mm., or very close upon 4 inches, and the mean for the ten-day periods was 645mm. Of all the fishes, except the flat-fishes, the codlings appeared to be least affected by the changes in the temperature.
In this tank there were throughout three dabs and one plaice, and another dab was added at the beginning of the second period, They did well, as a rule. In the first period the increments among the dabs ranged from 17mm. to 38mm., the mean increase being 30mm., or a little over 11 inches, the mean for the ten days being 30mm. In the second period the increments varied from 14 to 3lmm., the mean increase was 17°3mm., and the mean for the ten days, 3:15mm. Over the whole period the increments of the dabs in this tank varied from 31 to 56mm. (14 to 24 inches), the average being 47°3mm., and that for the ten days, 305mm.
Only one plaice was made use of, and it increased in the first period from 226 to 258mm., an increment of 32mm., or a little over 1} inches. In the second period it increased other 19mm., the ten-day mean being 3°45mm., as compared with 3:2mm. in the first period. The total increase at the end of the experiment was 51mm., giving an average for the ten days of 3:29mm.
It may be noted that throughout the whole of the experiment none of the flat-fishes perished, so that they bore the changes in temperature much better than the round fishes,
An armed-bullhead, or pogge, was also placed in this tank, and survived over the first period, but it did not increase in length at all. Probably like the starry ray this was owing to the food not being quite suitable for it. It died shortly after the beginning of the second period, on one occasion when the temperature rose high.
These experiments show that the increase in temperature is followed by an increased rate of growth, but I do not think the data are such as to enable the ratio between the two to be determined. In such experiments there are a number of factors which influence the growth, and it is a matter of extreme difficulty to maintain a natural balance among them in the various tanks, and to have the experiments carried on under natural conditions. The influence of the vicissitudes in the temperature at different times of the day or night must be of importance, as shown by the experiments of putting fishes from the cold water into the warm water, the haddock, whiting, and codling all perishing, although at very different intervals. In order to get a more precise relation between the temperature and the growth it would be necessary to maintain the temperature nearly uniform in each of the tanks throughout, or at all events to reduce very greatly the rapidity of the alterations. The question of food is also one that would, in any circumstances, give rise to difficulty, and yet it is evidently one of much importance. It is not easy procuring the natural food of the fishes and supplying it in due proportions.
It appears that the influence of temperature is active in modifying the rate of growth by acting directly upon the metabolism of the fish, and
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 171
also by affecting the rapidity of digestion. In very cold water the fishes give up feeding altogether, because the ferments upon which digestion depends do not act, or act very slowly, at low temperatures, and in fishes, as in other animals, appetite waits on digestion, and this is, on the other hand, correlated with the metabolism in the tissues. It has been shown by Krukenberg that the pepsine or analagous body in the stomach of fish acts as well at 20 C. as at 40 C., at which, among mammals, digestion is most active, and that the rapidity of its action is closely related to the temperature ; and Knauthe and Zuntz have shown that the same thing applies to the metabolism in fish, the vital activities being more active in the higher temperature, as shown by the excretion of carbonic acid gas and other products of metabolism.
5. Tur Sprat (Clupea sprattus),
Comparatively few observations have been made on the rate of growth of the sprat. Cunningham appears to have been the first to publish a definite statement on the subject,* making use of a number of observations of Ewart and Matthews, contained in a paper on the nature of Thames and Forth whitebait, which appeared in the Fourth Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland.t In that paper an account was given of the proportion of herrings and sprats, and their sizes, in collections obtained at different times of the year from February to August, and from a study of these Cunningham came te the conclusion that the little sprats two to three inches long obtained in February, March, April, and May were about one year old. The new brood of the year began to appear in the whitebait in June and increased to August, when they measured from 1 inch to 14 inch (25-38mm.). The proportion of sprats in the samples in this month was 48 per cent., but the number of the small scaleless sprats gradually increased during the month until 90 per cent. consisted of these. Of 2600 specimens of whitebait procured in samples of about two hundred each during December, January, and February in the Firth of Forth, over 994 per cent. were sprats measuring from 12 inches to 2? inches (35 to 70mm.). In the samples from the ‘Thames the average size was 2 inches (50mm) in April, and 23 inches in May.
From the examination of the otoliths of a considerable number of sprats, partly from the North Sea and partly from the Baltic, Jenkins came to the conclusion that the growth was somewhat more rapid. He assigns a length of 75mm. (3 inches) to the sprat one year old; of 110mm. (42 inches) to the sprat which has completed two years, and of 130mm. (54 inches) to the sprat three years old.¢
The investigations made by myself on the rate of growth of the sprat, and described in this paper, were on material collected almost entirely in the course of the trawling investigations in the Moray Firth and Aberdeen Bay by means of a small-meshed net placed outside the cod-end of the trawl net; but some of them were obtained by the shrimp-net and tow-nets. The fact has to be kept in mind, because apart from the difference in vertical distribution at different stages, which might result in sprats of different size being taken in the bottom or surface net at the same time, the size of the mesh exerts an important influence on the sizes of the samples taken, at least as far as the smaller specimens are concerned, and there is no doubt that in several of my collections the very small slender sprats
ee Biol. Assoc. II. p. 241, 1892; ‘‘Marketable Marine Fishes,” p. 167. + Wissensch. Meeresuntersuch. Kul N.F. Bd. 6 Abtheilung, Kiel, p. 111, 1902.
172 Part III —Twenty-second Annual Report
escaped capture either wholly or largely by passing out through the meshes of the net, although they may have been present in the water in consider- able numbers. ‘This, however, does not entirely account for the fact which is apparent from the measurements in the tables and from the curves, that it was the rule to get only one series of sprats, with a certain range of sizes, in the same haul, while in another haul in the same locality later, or at the same time in another place, quite a different series predominated, That seems to be due to the sprats of different years keeping for the most part separate from one another.
The number of collections obtained and examined was twenty-six, some in each month of the year except February, July, and August; most of them were obtained in October and December.
From the fact that the spawning period of the sprat is definitely limited to one portion of the year it is more easy to determine its rate of growth than in the case of the herring, in which there are two well separated spawning seasons, spring and autumn, and a certain degree of spawning in the intermediate periods. The sprat appears to spawn at different parts of the coast at rather different times, or at all events the spawning period does not quite coincide. At Plymouth, Cunningham found it spawning from the end of January until the end of April, or even later.* On the west coast of Ireland Holt obtained the floating eggs in March, April, May, and June; chiefly in March and April. Hensen and Apstein give the spawning period as the end of April and the beginning of May.t On the east coast of Scotland the Garland found the floating eggs in the Firth of Forth from towards the end of March to the middle of August, and especially in April, May, and June. In the Moray Firth I found sprats to be spawning on the Ist April and Ist June ; and though the limits of the period here are not well defined, there is no reason to doubt that they are much the same as a little further down the coast, and probably the chief spawning occurs about the end of May on this stretch of coast.
From the small size of the egg and the temperature of the water at that season the hatching of the eggs takes only a few days, the length of the larva, according to Cunningham, being from 3 to 3‘7mm. ‘Probably the early part of June may therefore be taken as the period when the bulk of the larval sprats issue into the water.
The smallest specimens got after the spawning season were obtained in September and October in Aberdeen Bay and in the Moray Firth in December, in all cases by the tow-net. On the 18th September, near shore, in from seven to ten feet of water in Aberdeen Bay, sixteen were taken from 29mm. to 46mm., and on the 20th other five measuring from 29mm. to 39mm., the average size of these twenty-one specimens being 35:9mm., or 13 inches. On 18th October, in nine fathoms, in the same locality, four were caught which measured 31, 35, 42, and 45mm. On the 28th December in the Dornoch Firth two were taken in the tow-nets, one of which measured 39mm. and the other 48mm., while 734 were caught in the small-meshed net around the cod-end, ranging in size from 52 to 125mm. _ It is obvious that all the small sprats taken in these drags had been hatched in the previous spawning season, and were approximately from three to six months old.
In April, some small sprats were also got in the shrimp net in shallow water in Aberdeen Bay. On the 8th of the month three were taken which measured 45, 59, and 53mm., as well as a number from 65mm. upwards. On the 16th of the month other fifty-one were taken with the
* “The Natural History of the Marketable Marine Fishes,” p. 165. + Rep. of Council, Roy. Dublin Soc. for 1891, p. 265. + Wissen. Meeresuntersuch. Kiel Commis. Neue Folge, Bd. 2 Heft 2, p. 37.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 173
shrimp-net in the same locality, measuring from 40 to 70mm., but all except four were less than 55mm., these being—one at 56mm., two at 65mm.,and one at 70mm. From the curves for the whole of the sprats in these collections it is apparent that the last and possibly those at 62mm. belong to the second group. The average size of the fifty-four sprats assigned to the first series was 48°3mm., or 17 inches, including the two at 62mm., and the mean size, z.c., coinciding with the central point of the base line from the smallest to the largest, is also 48mm. This ,might appear to be the size of sprats ten or eleven months old, belonging to the previous spawning season, and it is considerably under the size assigned by Jenkins to those of one year’s growth, although the amount of growth from the middle of April to the early part of June, the period I have taken as representing the maximum of hatching, would add several mm. to their length. The average agrees better with the size of the sprats from the Thames in April examined by Matthews, viz., two inches. On 12th December, however, four months earlier, a haul with the small- meshed net in the same locality in from eight to twelve fathoms furnished seventy-four sprats, of which the first series numbered forty-seven, ranging in size from 49mm. to 60mm., the average being 55°5mm., and the mean 545mm. This shows that the collection in April was not fully representative of the series. By combining the two collections the average size of the 98 sprats of this series is found to be 51°3mm., or 2 inches— the range in size being from 40mm. to 60mm., and the mean size 50mm. The date intermediate between the collections is about 14th February, and the size stated may be taken as approximately representing the average size of the sprats at this date. Growth is slow at this time of year and on to April, and an examination of the other curves shows that the end of the first series is about 6cm. when the sprats are about one year old, the average size being a little over 50mm., or slightly over 2 inches.
There was no collection in February, and that made at the end of March in the Dornoch Firth did not include any of the smaller forms In St. Andrews Bay M‘Intosh obtained sprats on 12th March in the bottom trawl-tow-net, measuring from 11 to 2 inches (32 - 50mm.); and on 12th April one 2 inches long, and floating eggs of the sprat two days later.*
The older series are present in the collections in greater numbers, but as is usually the case it is frequently a matter of difficulty to fix exactly the point of division between them, owing to the overlapping of one series with another and often the small numbers of the fish of one of the series.
Taking the hauls in the order of the months, the first was on 15th January off Aberdeen, and of sixteen sprats obtained three belonged to one series with an average size of 87 mm., and the other thirteen ranged in size from 112 to 135mm. The larger of these probably belonged to a still older series,, but the average for the lot was 123 mm. Another haul in January in the Cromarty Firth furnished twenty-seven sprats, of which twenty-three, measuring from 61 to 92mm., formed one series with an average size of 77°2mm., and the other four belonged to the older group, measuring from 111 to 117mm., and with an average of 114mm.
If these two January hauls are combined the first group, with a range from 61 to 92mm., has an average size of 78°3mm., and the second, with a range of from 111 to 135mm., an average of 120°9mm.
No collection was made in February, but on 31st March 870 were taken in the Dornoch Firth. Of these, 205 ranged in length from 75 to 107 mm., the average being 96°8mm.; and the other 665 formed a series from 108 to 139mm., with an average of 117°8mm. The latter series of sprats were ripe and approaching ripeness.
In April the collection in Aberdeen Bay, besides the fifty-four small
* Eleventh Ann. Rep. Fishery Board for Scotland, Part iii., p. 300.
174 Part ITI.-—Twenty-second Annual Report
ones above described, was made up of another series of fifty-four, ranging from 68 to 107mm. and with an average size of 815mm. There was also one sprat at 116mm., which appeared to belong to another series. In a haul of the small-meshed net made off Burghead Bay in the Moray Firth in thirty fathoms of water on Ist April seventy-four sprats were caught, two of which measured 101 and 104mm., and the others from 108 to 126mm., the average size being 118‘lmm. This collection is of special interest from the fact that the sprats were spawning, as referred to below.
In May there was only one collection of sprats and it was from the Firth of Forth, where a number were taken on the ninth of the month at Station III. by means of the small-meshed net around the cod-end of the Garland’s trawl, There were two small ones, one measuring 52mm. and the other 62mm. and it appears that these belong to the group of smallest sprats, most of which were able to escape through the meshes of the net, that is, the group about one year old. The next series was well represented, the sprats numbering 554, and ranging in size from 68 to 110mm. The average size was 83'4mm. Thirteen larger fishes pertained to an older group, measuring from 113 to 134mm., and having an average of 120°9mm.
Two hauls were made on Ist June, one in the Cromarty Firth and the other at Aberdeen. At Cromarty the sprats were found to be spawning, and with the exception of one, 124mm. in length, they seemed all to belong to the same series. The range of size was from 73 to 110mm., the average being 92°9mm.
In the collection from Aberdeen Bay the corresponding series was represented by fifty-seven fish measuring from 86 to 109mm., the average lenoth being 96°5mm., and there was a larger one at 116mm.
On the 28th of the month eighty-one were taken at Lunan Bay near Montrose, further down the coast, and they all belonged to the same group, the range of sizes being from 86 to 117mm., with an average of 104:2mm.,
When the measurements of all the sprats obtained in June are combined the following result is obtained. The first is represented by the two fishes from the Forth, 52 and 62mm.; the second consists of 689 sprats, ranging in size from 68 to 117mm. with an average of 94:-4mm.; and the third by two fishes with an average of 120mm.
From the end of June to the middle of October no collections were procured with the exception of the twenty-one small ones got in the tow- nets on 18th and 20th September.
On the 18th and 20th October a number were taken in Aberdeen Bay. Four of these measured from 31 to 45mm. and have been already referred to; of the others, fifteen, ranging in size from 82 to 94mm., had an average size of 86°8mm., and ninety-two ranged from 107 to 130mm., the average being 1145mm. On the 22nd, forty-three were caught in the Dornoch Firth, one measuring 54mm. belonging to the early group; sixteen varied fromm 65 to 96mm., with an average of 81:7mm., and twenty-six from 100 to 124mm., the average being 114°6. These October series when combined give three groups, one from 31 to 54mm., with an average of 41:-4mm., one from 65 to 96mm., with an average of 84°1mm., and a third from 100 to 130mm., with an average of 114‘5mm. The number of fishes in the first was five, in the second thirty-one, and in the third 118. It may be here said that the average of the second series is higher than it ought to be, but the number of fishes in it is small.
In November a collection was obtained in the Dornoch Firth, all three series being represented. The first consisted of thirty-three fishes measuring from 45 to 61mm., with an average of 55:'6mm. The second series was predominant, the number of sprats measured being 1650. They ranged in sizes from 62 to 98mm., with anu average of 75‘5mm
°
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 175
There were also nine sprats varying from 102 to 112mm. _ A collection at Aberdeen on the 28th furnished fourteen sprats; one measured 87/mm., and the other thirteen ranged from 113 to 125mm., the average being 120°2. The average of the twenty-two of the third series in the two hauls combined was 114°4mm.
In December a number of collections were obtained from the Moray Firth and Aberdeen Bay. In the latter, on the twelfth of the month, seventy-three were procured belonging to three series. The first comprised forty-seven fishes, the sizes of which ranged from 49 to 60mm. with an average of 55'‘5mm.; the second included twenty-four from 62 to 97mm. the average being 77'6mm., and there were other two measuring 101 and 102mm. On the 18th, twenty-six were obtained, of which twenty-two, measuring from 66 to 84mm., had an average size of 73°7mm., and four, ranging from 100 to 132mm., an average of 111°7mm. On the 19th, seventy-four were secured, seventy’of them belonging to the second series, ranging in size from 67 to 97mm., the average being 78‘7mm. ; the other four measured from 104 to 111mm., with an average of 107°‘5mm. On the 29th, thirty-nine were taken, all belonging to the third group, the sizes varying from 98 to 128mm., and the average being 111:1mm.
A collection made in the Dornoch Firth on the 25th of the month numbered 184 fishes, all of which except sixteen belonged to the second group. They ranged in size from 72 to 98mm., the average being 866mm. ; the other sixteen measured from 103 to 122mm., the average being 112:1mm. Inacollection made on the 27th, three groups were represented ; the first, comprising three fishes, had an average of 57°7mm.; the second, ranging from 63 to 97mm., and including thirty-six fishes, had an average size of 76°6mm.; the third, of fifty-four fishes, had a range of from 100 to 127mm., and an average size of 107-8mm,. On the 28th a third collection numbering 722 sprats contained three series. ‘The first, nineteen in number, ranged in size from 39 to 60mm., the average being 59°2mm. The second series comprised 575 fishes, the sizes varying from 62 to 97mm., and the average size being 795mm. The third series of 128 fishes ranged in size from 98 to 128mm., and the average was 109°7mm.
The larger or older group was well represented in a haul made in Burghead Bay onthe 25th December. Of 536 sprats caught 520 belonged to that group, their sizes ranging from 97 to 138mm., and the average being 121:lmm. On the 28th another haul yielded a large number, the second series being the best represented on this occasion. The first group contained twenty-five fishes varying from 50 to 61mm., with an average of 55'8mm.; the second comprised 436 sprats from 63 to 91mm., and with an average of 75°2mm. ; and the third series of twenty-seven ranged from 96 to 124mm., the average being 116'Omm.
When all the collections made in December are combined we have the following general results. The first series of ninety-four fish ranged in size from 39 to 60mm., the average being 55:‘8mm.; the second group of 1547 fishes varied in size from 62 to 97mm., and had an average size of 795mm. ; and the third series, numbering 794 fishes, had an average size of 117°4mm., and a range from 98 to 138mm. It is probable that the larger forms in the third series belong to a still older group, but their members are so small and the difficulty of dividing them from the series immediately preceding so great that I have not attempted to group them into a fourth series. This circumstance will to a small extent raise the average of the third series higher than it naturally ought to be. It must also be said that the range assigned to the various groups may not be in all cases the precise one that exists, for it is sometimes very difficult to define the division between the series. In such cases the curves and tables of millimetre measurements must be the best guide.
176 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
It is clear, however, from the measurements that at least three annual series or groups of sprats exist in these collections, although they are rarely well represented together in any one collection, and this is obvious from the curves in the plates, and especially from the curve for the combined measurements in December (fig. 10, Pl. IX).
The first or early series has been already alluded to, and the facts show that the sprat grows slowly.
Three collections were made in which spawning sprats were got, one on the Ist April, off Burghead, one on the Ist June in the Cromarty Firth, and the third on 31st March in the Dornoch Firth. In the first named collection the seventy-two sprats forming the second series measured, as stated, from 108 to 126mm., with an average of 118:lmm. The initial sizes were as follows:— one at 101mm., one at 104mm., one at 108mm., and then the series was continuous from 110mm. onwards. Unfortunately, the condition of the reproductive organ was not examined throughout the whole series, but in eighteen males from 104mm. to 125mm. the testes were large and apparently ripe or approaching ripeness ; they were examined after preservation in formaline solution. The number of female sprats examined was nineteen, varying in size from 110 to 126 mm., and they all contained either fully mature eggs or eggs approaching maturity. In those fully mature the germinal vesicle had disappeared and the yolk was translucent but still somewhat granular. It was noticed that there was not any Indicatiou of an external swelling of the belly such as is found as a rule in fishes with fully-developed reproductive organs, so that it was impossible to tell from the external examination whether the fishes were about to spawn or not. The number of the mature or nearly mature eggs was, moreover, very small compared with the number to be found in the ovaries of most other fishes with pelagic eggs—amounting only to a few thousands (see p. 285). I append a Table giving particulars of the weights (in grammes) and condition of the reproductive organs in some of those examined :—
MALES. FEMALES.
Size, nem ete bh ot Size, | Weight. be as Condition of Eggs. TE 210-8 07 122, 5412°8 0°38 Largest yolked up to *46 mm. 121 12-2 0-7 1207) 120 0492 iy -. 3 eS 115 ou 0°5 124 | 12:8 0°44 54 af socep PAA Ss 120} 11° 0:56 122°) 10° 0°49 a 3 53 | SOUD RES 123 |. 13°5 0°75 1265) - 13:0 0°42 3 rr »3 1. 4a 124 | 13 0:58 122 | 107 0°33 . a 55 ee ee 1163)" 07 0:52 121 12°0 0:29 555 Fe so: pe ee 110) ALIS 0:68 117°) > 11:0 0°34 Sy a 6) RS 117 8°8 0°3 1S) 127 0-20 5 sy 55..1 aeons; 114} 10°5 0°56 120; 11°8 0°54 ss “4 jj THOSLS,, 114 8°3 0:2 Lea 7 0°32 5 “ai ight (Ol Ouse 113 9°5 0°56 111 8°8 0:22 3 ‘s oy, POStigs 104 6°5 0°3 110 8-2 Be 5c Be 597. tae
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. LAP
In the case of the sprats taken in the Cromarty Firth on Ist June, only a few were examined in regard to the reproductive organs, and I noted that the females over 104mm. were spawning, and males of the same size were also ripe, but it is possible that some under those sizes might also have been found ripe if a fuller examination had been made of them. The collection made on 31st March in the Dornoch Firth furnishes the best material, because a larger number of them were examined, the sexes determined, and the reproductive organs noted. Of the 870 obtained, 559 were males and 311 were females, and in some instances, males as small as 84mm. had testes sufficiently developed to indicate that they would probably spawn in the course of the season—at the close of which they would have considerably increased in length.
It was in this case, as in many others, difficult to divide the first series —only the larger members of which were present—from the second series, as is obvious from the curve (Pl. IX, Fig. 5). The millimetre measure- ments were as follows at and near the point selected :—
1005 TOIT 102. 103 1045" 105" 106" 107 | 108." 109° 11" 111 112" 113 1O,E £04 -- 20 Ore Ey 5. 28 9 Sy 141 10 13 30. £39
[TABLE
Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
178
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180 Part [I1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The Table giving the particulars of the sprats obtained in the various collections is given on page’ 178, and a comparison may now be made between the average size indicated for the various groups.
If the difference between the average size of the groups be calculated, it will be found that the amount between the first and second series is as follows in the various months :—23:'lmm. for all the December collec- tions combined, 33:2 for April, 42°7 for October, 19°9 for November; the mean for the four being 29°7mm., or about one and three sixteenths of an inch. The difference in some of the cases is considerable, and this is owing in large measure to the very small numbers obtained, and to the fact, still more, that the great majority of the smaller specimens escaped through the meshes of the net. The large difference in the average size in October is due to the fact that the first series was represented by four specimens got in the tow-net and measuring from 31 to 45mm., and one specimen of 54mm., and, on the other hand, to the average of the few specimens in the next series being too high, as already referred to. The low average for November was caused by the opposite, and especially by the average for the first series being exceptionally high. From this circumstance, the fact that only the larger specimens of the first series were taken in the small-meshed net, comparison may also be made between what I have termed the mean, which is based on the intermediate size between the largest and the smallest in a group. This system has also its disadvantages, unless the largest and the smallest fishes present fairly represent the limits of the series, but it tends to diminish the pre- dominance of the larger fishes in obtaining the arithmetical average. On this basis, the respective differences between the averages of the first and second groups are these :—35°0 for April, 38 for October, 27 for Novem- ber, and 30 for December, the mean of the lot being 325mm. The presence of small fishes in the tow-net, as small as 39mm. in December, and 40mm. in April in the shrimp-net, shows that the true average is under that arithmetically calculated. .
The differences betx--7n the averages of the second and third series are as follows :—March 21:0, April 36°6, May 37:5, October 30:4, November 38:9, and December 38°5, the mean of the differences being 33°8. This amount is rather above the natural difference owing to the fact adverted to, that the larger fishes, many of which no doubt belong to a fourth group, are included in the third group, and thus the average of the latter is somewhat raised. The mean of the combined differences is, calculated on the other basis, 35:2mm., or a little over 12 inches, and this probably represents the amount of annual growth between one series and another in the sprat.
As already stated, the imperfection of the collections of the first or younger group of fishes does not allow an accurate calculation of the size of that group to be made, but from the sizes obtained in April, December, and September it is certain that the range and the average are under what is calculated from the sizes represented. In order to throw light on the subject, I have made.a curve (Pl. X), based on the measurements of the best collections, showing the gradual growth of the sprat in the different generations. From this, it appears, that at one year of age, about the beginning of June, the average size of the sprat is a little over 60mm., and when two year’s old, at a corresponding period, about 93mm. There are not sufficient data to show the precise size in the next June, but, as in the end of March and the beginning of April the average size is about 118mm., it is probable that at the beginning of June the average size would be a little over 120mm. This would indicate an approximate growth of 30mm. between the first generation and the second, and 27mm. between the second and the third.
4 ef)
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 181
The growth of the sprat is thus slow compared to most of the Gadoids, but it is, of course, a much smaller species. Its growth is not greatly inferior to that of the Norway Pout, the smallest of the Gadoids I have dealt with.
In winter, moreover, the curves and measurements show that the growth is very much slower; most of it appears to take place between April and autumn. In this respect the sprat resembles other fishes.
There is one remarkable circumstance about the sprat, that after the third or fourth generation spawns it dies or disappears. Very few fishes seem to survive to the following year; and this forms a contrast to the conditions obtaining among the flat-fishes and most round fishes, in which many generations survive after maturity is reached and spawn in successive years.
With regard to sexual maturity and the age at which it is attained, a comparison may be made between the collections from the Cromarty Firth on 1st June and that from the Dornoch on the 31st March, or two months earlier—two months, moreover, in which growth is comparatively rapid. The curve of the former on Plate VIII (Fig. 7) shows an apparently homogeneous and symmetrical group, from 73 to 110mm., with an average of 92°9mm. As already stated, the condition of the reproductive organs in this series was only partially examined, but if the smaller resembled those of about 104mm.—and spawning, as we have seen, goes on into July, during which a considerable amount of growth occurs—then the whole group would probably spawn, and these fishes were about two years of age. The great group in the March collection, ranging from 108mm. to 139mm., were obviously all approaching ripeness or fully matured, and would all spawn in the course of the season. It is probable, also, from the condition of the reproductive organs, that the next younger generation, or those two years of age, would spawn also before the close of the season, or at all events the males would, and in that case they would come into line with the series got at Cromarty, and indicate that sexual maturity is reached at two years of age.
The average length and weight of the sprats at one, two, and three years of age, according to this research, are approximately as follows :—
Increase. Mm Grammes, Mm. Grammes. One year, - - 63 1:4 et see Two years, - - 93 5:0 30 3°6 Three years, : 120 12°5 27 45
sit
In the investigation made by Jenkins, based on the examination of the ear-bones, three generations were also determined, but the average sizes do not correspond. His results are as follows, the weights here inserted being derived from my observations on the relation of weight to length, as described on page 145.
Increase Mm. Grammes. Mm. Grammes. First year, - - 75 2°5 es ce Second year, : 110 9-2 35 6°7 Third year, - - 130 16°4 20 U2
Part I11—Twenty-second Annual Report
182
TABLE I, MEASUREMENTS OF SPRATS IN 2MM. GROUPS,
Aberdeen Bay.
TUL DV Vy VL, A Re) TS
“L061 “490 FZ-8I ‘0061 **4do0Q 0Z
0061 *ydo0g ST
“LO6L ‘OUN T
“pourquioy
at
i |
Il.
pur ‘Ty F061
tad y 9 "POBL
‘dv 8
10
Li Os ad
12 13 10
12 18 10
ww ri nN
12 19 21
15 17
11
a1
“GO6T | eos Seats : ‘ : : : : rea pes rae aa oa aaa “ue CT
a es ne es ge ES SS SS SE ESSE ES
In| ag, acer A eee peri te
1388
— = = ae
“TTX °F “IITA —'ooq
| ‘S061
| “09 62
oy +N MN & OD see GNio estat a
2 1
| _, 2061 Q s —N rt sH = rm re
‘00 GL a
eae gi a RES eee ig Ce or Stn Snide SIS ee SN eat KON ee ets se acer Se Ng Sa CGN “90q Al rs . ° . ° ° °
X. | XI. XII.
“00d 61
VIII. | 1X
‘sune T eh
ae oe | a Ge ee ee ee
I
Ss
=
S
3
: nds
D - Pp F :
ges ae eo ee ee
gees 3B a 22 SI
ore Rags uae See Se a ee ee OP enema etear se os fet
S ogi eee AON 86 a se
tee er Si eet Ohlone gaaergce Gro gee Knees cea hk Sl Mee laa ae Sipe! ath cd gia SE = z bel oe Sb et eo ee ee ee
s 8 elles Set grr es Ger ee i pee ter a oe i ee ee eee ee ee ee
aS a "4dog 0% . . . . . . ° ° .
=< . = | , OGL alee ne ee he a ee ee a ea es a ie ee ce Ag
Ry cas "4dag QT = : é : : : : ° : : : : ° : :
s a ‘TLO6T On a J = BS eo Lo ec ee es Lag ew) ME a Un en ae ore tee = ek 9 deseo Ue ace ee
~
>
| | __ PO6T
[udy 9T on ae Be Geo, coo CN ew Pat ge eee te eae
‘qudy g
= S = n ON | O od
184
MM.
' ao ns HO ClO Ca © bo
' ' ' ' ee ee | for) or ~I Ho e
Part I[I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
U1, (EE) EV.) W.Va
iw)
aH eH po bw &
17
_ (=>)
Seay . . .
pat
TABLE I.—continued.
oanuN Ne He HY He
a So
ROCCO y= COL SCO GS) be anGo) = SO SS
Dornoch Firth.
28 Dec., 1903.
Dec.—IV.-VI.
combined.
Off Burghead.
Fe NO wo TO SO Ye YF FF
Dec.—II. and III. combined.
ao C8 FSF OO FE OT
of the Fishery Board or Scotland. 185
TABLE I.—continued.
CromartyyLunan he
Dornoch Firth. Off Burghead. Firth. | Bay. hee ia Ts (Ravi | we ele ve Ty | ES 100 Wie mo, |—|——|_}—_—# |_| |g | E a ne ae eal Bs cae =| as ee dailies /Se3/8S [83/805] | gles] so [ssl alscige] 2 | SRE gee ese) 2 8 Ba iiaeniae rs ae) ie ee SU EO AF NOs SUN [eae Rs Od TSC SEU ONL PS ip eens 100-1. =|) 20) |): 2 4| 12 5 5 35 8 4 D230) AHO Miia De TIG WSh 16 7| 3/10 29] 18 2 Abe =) 26h ele seh Ale By} ad Pleat Nae 14] 16 4 GL 217308138] 91 2| 8 12} 5|17 12 7 1 8-9 Ca allie at ed bag net yale a 5 4 3 MHO-Wy: 23 ie ari} Pi) Wily Bs) 6 15 Pill 2 1 ea OOe Oe ede eh te | 12 fae aa ac el fa 3 1 4-5 82| 8 2| 4/9 19}, 2) | 21 z, 2 H Ge PDD, rt 8} 11 25| 3| 28] 2 2 1 829, Flt TD) lhl 7 | 10 36 | 1 | 37 4 12051 2-12 4} 5| 6 46 | 2| 48 1 OE sa ae ror) «S 53 | 4 | 57 2 Pe ee lars ata fa 5| 5 69112: | 71 1 G7 olor. 1 73 73 1 8-9 *2| 4 50 50 1 130-1 <ja| 4 1 28 28 ape VF Wee WAG BOE |S 6 6 1 G5 weegor 3 3 82013 | Ful 2 2 140-1. - OLS ae
186 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
6. WircH (Pleuronectes cynoglossus, L.).
There now exists a considerable amount of material to show the growth of this flat-fish in the earlier period of its life, for the first few generations, young forms having been procured in the tow-nets or the fine-meshed net used with the otter-trawl.
The witch spawns rather later than most of the other pleuronectids. On the east coast of Scotland the spawning period was found by me to extend from May to August, the maximum spawning occuring about the end of June.* Cunningham found it spawning in the Clyde towards the end of June,’ and Williamson obtained the floating eggs in Lochfyne in each month from April to August inclusive —sparingly in these two months, and most abundantly in June.t Holt found ripe specimens on the west coast of:Ireland in March, April, and May, and expressed the opinion that it also spawns in June;$ and Herdman and Dawson, with reference to the Irish Sea, describe this fish as spawning from May to July.||
The spawning period may therefore be regarded as extending from April into August, with a maximum towards the end of June.
The egg measures from 1°15 to 119mm. and according to Cunningham hatches at temperatures varying from 53° to 68° on the sixth day, and at lower temperatures on the ninth day. Holt found that the eggs fertilised by him on 14th May hatched mostly on the seventh day ; some as early as the sixth and others as late as the ninth day, but the temperature of the water was not noted. The surface and bottom temperatures off the Firth of Forth, where the depth is about thirty fathoms, are approximately as follows in the months during which the witch spawns.
April. May. June. July. | August.
Surface, - - | 43°3° 46°5° Syke 543° 55° Bottom, - =) $6 ° 44:3° 45° 485° 51°5°
The lower temperatures mentioned by Cunningham are not specified, and the eggs of the witch were not among those submitted to temperature- experiments by Dannevig at Dunbar. But in the experiments referred to YJ it was found that the egg of the cod, which is larger than that of the witch, being about 1:39mm., took 154 days to hatch at a temperature of 42°°8, 122 days at 46°°4, 103 days at 50°, and 92 days at 53°°6; while the egg of the flounder, which is smaller than that of the witch, measuring 0°95 to 1:05mm. in diameter, at the same temperatures hatched in 64, 53, 44 and 32 days respectively. It may therefore be assumed that if the bulk of the eggs of the witch be spawned in the latter part of June, the majority of the larve hatch out about a week later, or, approxi- mately, at the beginning of July. The hatching period, owing to the influence of temperature, will be more contracted than the period of spawning.
*Kighth Ann. Report Fishery Board for Scotland, Part ITT., p. 263 (1890) ; Ninth rbid. p. 264; Tenth rbid., pp. 234, 242.
t+ Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinr., vol. xxxii., Pt. I., p. 101 (1887).
T Seventeenth Ann. Rep. Fishery Board for Scotland, Part III., p. 99 (1899).
§ Rep. to Council, Roy. Dublin Soc. for 1851, p. 258 (1892).
|| ‘ Fishes and Fisheries of the Irish Sea,” p. 55. (1902). Thirteenth Ann. Rep. Fishery Board for Scotland, Part I11., p. 147.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 187
The larval witch on escaping from the egg measures, according to Holt,* about 3°99mm., and ten days after hatching, when the yolk was exhausted, a specimen measured 5°‘57mm. Cunningham found that in forty- eight hours after hatching the length of the larva increased from 3:9 to 5'9mm., a rapid increase. From the very considerable length at which transformation is completed, it is evident that the pelagic stage of this species is comparatively prolonged ; one, incompletely transformed, with the left eye on the ridge of the head, and measuring 40mm. in length, was taken by myself on 15th January off Aberdeen.
In the present Report (p. 270) Dr. H. C. Williamson describes the post-larval and early young stages of the witch.
In the accompanying Table I give the particulars concerning 151 post-larval witches caught in tow-nets at various depths in Aberdeen Bay and off it, in the Dornoch Firth, and in the Clyde.
Sct. Trans. Roy. Dubl. Soc. V. (Ser. I.), p. 84 (1893).
| TABLE
188 Part III—Twentysecond Annual Report
SIZE (Mm.). Place and Date.
6 | 7; 8] 9 | 10] 11] 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 }.17 | 18 | 19-| 20 | 21} 22 | 23 | 24 | 25
ABERDEEN BAY.
1900. 1st October, - ‘J . . . e ° e e e . . . . ° . . 1 . 1 ond ” im Co e . e e . ° e e e e . ° ° e af 1 . « i 1
ord yh mE e A c 4 . F C A é 4 5 ; 1 ” 3) ee aS . : Lael ett ee . «| 7) oa 8th She. © : a Miers aller 4 ° 1902. 15th January, - A 4 1903. 16th October, - c : : : . Dales ; 2 ‘ 4 5 Nelle ” ” J lle 1 2 iB pa as here ” ” = e . e . . . e 7th November, -| .- : : : - - : 5 : ; : o A 5 5 : F a he, hate : 5 A ha ewe pee els eS hes 6 1 6 |e
DORNOCH FIRTH.
1903. 20th October, Si lew C f ‘ 4 * , 6 : ;: 0
ray py
11th November, Ld . . e e . ° ® ° e e ~ e . e 1 2th ” Le ° e e ry ° . e . e . e e
CLYDE.
1899. 7th June, - =| 6 : ; Bedlbia
bo _ ° .
14th ,, - a i 6 1) 3) 10
~ bo pa
15th ,, mie ae as cies BB ae Oa Re WW dB | 3 99 EON pate . 2} 3] 2 . aie hha Pa feta ” ph cs . 4]. 1 a sie Wes - | ‘A Re ee sali bene ae pe Ae a he Ae 15th July, - Sali. ; 9 : ; 7 : 5 : J 7 9 - ° 5 -
16th ,, - cialis . Bd 4a Bae ies hil 18th 9 ~~ = . e . e e e ° . . ° . e 19th ”9 = ~. ° . . 94 2 e e 1
bo ry e
e
. .
e ra
°
ra
5 ° °
a ° . e ° e
1st August, ° . . . e ° ° ° °
= — e °
°
°
°
| of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 189
™~ ee
ZiM Gillie cali lla Gln Doh. Remarks. 26.| 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34} 35 | 36 | 87 | 38 | 39 | 40
SS | |, | ———.§ |. | | | "| SF SE |) ———_— | SS OOO Oo Lh TO )
Lalhex 5 3 2 * . * . | Tow-net. Serial iii. 1fm. from bottom.
1 Teer i Tl 1 1 a1 an 2 fms. from bottom. 4 : : 4 me Noe a A 5 . 3 53 8 fms. to 9-10 fms. 1 : é é < : : A 5 at 14 fme. 2} 1 ‘ / é b 5 5 2 oe 8-9 fms.
‘ 3 0 j é 3 : { 5 1 | 30fms. Mid-water net.
. | Surface-net, 3 fms. from surface.
ils ee : 6 BES | beat ' , . F - ; ‘ ; . | Bottom tow-net, near trawl head.
TRS re 5 A 2 | Small-meshed trawl. Still pelagic.
| seme ser a re Werle es bod tS ol esaAl |<. Tow-neb, 6 fman below suiface;
| . Oiler. 6 ae ; . : : , 3 é F F me mid-water. E ‘ 6 F - i 3 6 ‘ ; a A ; 3 BA near surface. DET lpi Sail lean Bie anes : ‘ : Do es : “ above bottom. Pelagic. . . ° 1 . ° e ” ” ” 29 | : é fs ° : ‘ 6 ‘ 5 : 0 5 : ; ‘ 14fms. Between Pladda and | : Ailsa Craig. | Peete eos claret) Saviors, lal pe line artes dees, bes » 5 fms. Between Sanda and | G Brennan Head. | C é : é ; : : j : ; : a 5 F 55 5-20fms. Between Mull of Can- | tire and Corsewall. | : : : a : : A ab 9 : eles ? re 5-15 fms. Shrimp. Stations IVs; V: 6 Atte oa lee é sen lies . é 6 : : : 3 20fms. Between Ailsa Craig and . Mull of Cantire. A 5 , 6 rp 25 fms. Between Mull of Can- tire and Corsewall. 5 : i 55 on trawl head. Station III. ; : . , P : : “ , +5 25 fms. Between Pladda and Turnberry. 3 ila, al F : Ke on trawl head. Station XII. A : 4 2 o 10-15 fms. Series III. | 3 : ; F E , ‘ < 20fms. Station IV. | ws
190 Part III —Twenty-second Annuai Report
They are to be found in Aberdeen Bay in October and November, and, as above stated, an odd specimen may be procured even in January. The size of those obtained ranged from 12 to 40mm. (4-13 inches), transformation being completed and bottom-life begun as a rule about the latter size. In the Dornoch Firth a few were also obtained in October and November, from 22 to 38mm. _ In the Clyde, in the deep water | across the mouth of the Firth, in June and July, a number were procured ranging from 6°5 to 37mm., the smaller forms being generally caught towards the surface and the larger forms deeper. On Ist August these measured 14, 15, and 17mm. I am indebted to Dr. Williamson for particulars of these.
In the absence of a complete periodic series of tow-net collections extending over the whole time from the beginning of spawning, it is not possible to tell the age of the specimens given in the Table; but if spawn- ing ceases in August it follows that those got in Aberdeen Bay in October and November must be two months old, and may be more, and that the Specimen, ineompletely metamorphosed, procured on 15th January, was .over four months old. The size at which metamorphosis is completed, and therefore the duration of the pelagic stage in this species, is there- fore considerable.
The young forms living on the bottom were also sometimes caught in the small-meshed net, enveloping the cod-end of the otter-trawl, or in the shrimp-trawl. Thus, on 24th October, in sixty fathoms some miles off Aberdeen, nine specimens were taken, five of which measured 42mm., and one each 37, 38, 40, and 43mm. These clearly belonged to the preceding spawning season, and would be a few months old. On 28th December, in thirty fathoms, off Burghead Bay in the Moray Firth, fourteen specimens were secured which measured as follows:—
Mm, 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 63 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 - 1 1 1
All these also belonged to the previous spawning season; the next largest got in the net was 137mm. (see below).
In the same locality, on 14th November, one measuring 56mm. (2,3, inches) was taken, and it belongs to the same category. On 21st January, in fifty fathoms, in the Moray Firth, a specimen of 47mm. was taken ; on 23rd January, in the same place, another of 45mm., the tail of which was, however, damaged, and its real length would be several milli- metres greater. ()n Ist April, off Burghead Bay, in thirty-two fathoms, seven small witches were caught of the following sizes :—60, 65, 66, 74, 76, 77, 83mm. (23-3} inches), which would be, approximately, from eight to ten months old; the next largest was 144mm.
On the west coast, two were caught in Loch Long, off Ruad Dubh, in thirty-five fathoms, on 20th September, which measured 57 and 58mm. respectively ; on 17th September, in Upper Loch Etive, in fifty-two fathoms, six were taken, four of which measured 47mm., one 57 mm., and one 60 mm.; on 21st April, one measuring 90mm. (3} inches) was obtained seventeen miles off Corsewall Point. There seems little doubt that all these also belonged to the spawning-season immediately preceding.
Holt, on the coast of Ireland, caught specimens of 42mm. in eighty fathoms on 19th August, which he was of opinion were from eggs spawned early in the season, and were thus from four to six months old ; and in July he got one in one hundred and forty-four fathoms, measur- ing 12.5cm., which he believed to be about one year or more old.* ~
In some of the hauls a number of specimens were procured belonging to a fairly well-defined older group, and these, with some others, are represented in the accompanying Table.
* Sct Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. V (Ser. II.) 85
of the Fishery Board for Scotland, iff)
| MORAY FIRTH. ctr: CLYDE.
SEA,
Il II IV. | Vv | VILIVIL] = VII. 4 XI. XIL XIII. | ee: El 3} > - lade ee 27-28 N Pace 28 Dec., 1903. |S] 1 April, 1904. | oo) 3 5 Sept., 1899. = 5] 8Nov., 1901. } “Jog.” [24 Dec., 1901. a larly FS] 3 | =| nen * Cite an 22) 8 [AFI 4° Qld | 2 \totl JO} g| ® [rot 12] of (Tot. O| go Tot! FO] g Tot] O | gS \Tot] O | g |Tot. | | | 8 4 9} 9 | 5] 1 4| 4 6 i. |i al 1] 1 oe a1 3 | 8 3) 8 | 9 10 u 1} 2 12 : | 13) 1 he] 1] 4] 4 Sree see Th 1 1} 15} 2 4 rath Ue [ee 13 16] 1 ae (ae ila 18 | 1) 2 Doras |i7 De tel 4| 4 8 2| 2 2 2 18 2 2 | 2| 6 & 1 19 1 il 2 2 | all ae ral |e 1 re a ooo 2) 5 2) 2 flee Bw 2 | 1 lis 2| 2 1 1 fee a 2 2} 3 | 2| 3 bso eid 2 27 1] 1 1} 2 —|——|—_— 1] 5| 5 i pe) sy 3 | 2 of 4] a1 tl 6 1| ive DP 2 76)| s Hewes 1} 3 3) 1 £i, 2 6 3 | 2} 2 21 7| 9 2} at 5 | 1 if 6} 3] 3] 2| 2 D2 leben Ilion) 8 2} 2 8 | 2 af oL| Bal ae oN 2 | 3| 6 DAS Lear p12 3| 3811] 4] 5 5 | 4 4} if Bh Sl ot 3 | iba? oS.) 12 ish 1h) eb 1) sie ol 2 6 gs} 3} 2| of 7 | 2| 3 341 2| 10] 12 lee 6| 6 4 | 3 ai 3] 12 | 12 | 2 | 5| 6 4c 8 9) 1 118: of 2 sale 3 | 2 24 3] 9} 9] 2 2G eZ Sale wie tl <5 | 27 | 828 2) Tose Bru! 3 a] 4] 13 | 13 | 5 | 1 1-6) 1/-4| 5] 4] 19] 23] 3] 4] 7 64 3] 5 Bi 21 ion pie 2 | 1 1 Gf 10 | 21] 31] 5| 11] 16 7 | 6 64 24 16 | 16] ———— 10} 4| 2/ 6f 7/10/17] 5| 9} 14] 8] 2 of 3] 10 | 10 | 6 | [sibel alg tito 18/23) 5 | 8) ast pet | 1 27 if 10 | 10 | 5 | 1 7) S210 6) 5) i 4 1 1] 3] 8} 8] 3 | Cotes EEO | 2) IB) 4] 4g aie | 2 2, 1] s| s| 1] a) 6) bl) diag apeh | i 29 3] Ba 1{ 2 2} 1 1 | a 1 3] a a 2 | 1 WS) 2) Shri) oeies eet | 1 2) 1 10 | 10 | “| Zale ra ae 9| 9} 3 | 2 | 2} 2] 1 2 1 1 4) 4 | i a 2 2 |
bo bo
192 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Thus, in the haul of 14th November (I) there were eight specimens between 13 and 16cm. (viz.:—132, 140, 144, 146, 148, 152, 156, 161mm.), and the next size was 242mm. In that of 28th December the group was represented by ten specimens, measuring from 137mm. to 168mm., the next largest being 215mm.; in the haul of 23rd January it was represented by nine specimens, from 138 to 186mm., the next size being 222mm., and in the haul of lst April by fourty-four, from 144 to 191mm., the next largest being 217mm.
A consideration of the first and second series or generations in these cases throws light on the rate of growth of the fish, and the measure- ments may be grouped as follows, showing the smallest and largest specimens represented in each case, and the mean size: —
FIRST SERIES.
Arithmetic) Geometric
Date. No. | Smallest.| Largest. | Range. Average. Mean: 1903. Mm. Mm. Mn. Mm. Mm. 14th November, - 1 - : - 56 = 28th December, - 14 40 62 22 44°7 52:0 1904. 23rd January, —- il - - - 47°0 - Ist April, - - | 60 83 23 716 71°5
SECOND SERIES.
‘ Arithmetic]G tri Date. No. Smallest. | Largest. | Range. re Bee ci Moan 1903. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. 14th November, — 8 182 161 29 147°4 146°5 28th December, -— 10 137 168 bl 150°2 152°5 1904. 23rd January, - 9 138 186 48 167°4 162°0 1st April, - - 44 144 191 47 166°1 167°5
The arithmetic average, it may be explained, is obtained by adding up the sizes of the fishes represented in each group and dividing by the number of fishes; it will deviate from the true average size in one direction or the other if the larger or the smaller fishes of the group predominate in numbers. The geometric mean is the middle figure between the extreme sizes, viz.:—the largest fish and the smallest; its accuracy depends upon the limits of the group being truly indicated,
Considering first the difference in size between the first series of witches and the second series, which are one year older, it is evident that the size of the single specimens of the first series obtained on 14th November and 23rd January respectively, are not representative, the former (56mm.) being too large and the latter (47mm.) too small. This is shown by the townet collections in October and November, as represented in Table A. and Plate XI, in which specimens measuring
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 193
from 12mm. to 40mm. were secured. The differences between the two series on 28th December and on Ist April are these :—
Arithmetic | Geometric
Smallest. | Largest. Average. Mean.
Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm.
28th December, - a7 104 105°5 100°5 sti April, -- - 84 108 94°5 96°0
If the mean of the average sizes be taken for the two hauls, the difference between the first series and the second series is, for the arithmetic average, 100'0mm., and for the geometric, 98-3mm—and this might be taken as approximately representing the increase in growth in length in the witch at this stage in one year, ¢.e., about 3% inches. It will be seen, however, as is the general rule, that the average difference in length is greater at the earlier date than at the later; in other words, that the younger fishes increase in length more rapidly than those one year older. The annual increment is therefore better represented on Ist April than on 28th December; and since Ist April is two or three months anterior to the height of the hatching season, and the more rapid growth in length of the smaller fishes continues, the true difference in length between witches which are one year old and those which are two years old is probably under $0mm, (34 inches). The average length of a one-year-old witch appears to be about 34 inches, and that of a two- year-old somewhat under 7 inches.
The above Tables also furnish information as to the growth of the first and the second series between the dates of the collections. Thus, in the ninety-five days between 28th December and Ist April the increments of the first series of witches was as follows :—
Arithmetic Geometric Smallest. Largest. Average. Mean: Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. 20 21 26°9 19°5
In the period mentioned, therefore, the young witches grew a little over 20mm. longer—abont % of an inch. The second series of older fishes grew less rapidly. Comparison of the sizes at the various dates shows the following increases :—
[TaBLE.
194 Part II1.—Twenty-second Annual Report Increase. No. Ae 8.) le os y Smallest | Largest | Average.| Mean. Fish. Fish.
14th November to Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm.
28th December, 44 5 7 2°8 6:0 28th December to
23rd January, - 26 1 18 17°2 9°5 23rd January to
Ist April, - 69 6 5 —1:3 as) 28th December to
Ist April, - 95 tf 23 15:9 15:0 14th November to
ist April, - | 139 12 30 187 21-0
The increase in length in the ninety-five days from 28th December to 1st April amounted to about 15mm. (3 inch); on the 139 days from 14th November to Ist April, to about 20mm. (? inch). It will be noticed, as pointed out in previous reports, that the larger fishes of an early series grow more rapidly that the smallest, 7.e., the variation in the sizes of the individual fishes of the group—due primarily to a difference in the time of hatching, early or late—becomes more pronounced, which is one of the causes of the coalescence of the older generations or groups. It will also be observed that, so far as these data go, growth was more rapid in December and January than in spring. This might be expected from the higher temperature of the bottom water in the depths where the witches lived during the former months, growth being closely related to temperature. Unfortunately, no observations have yet been made with sufficient frequency to enable the temperatures at these depths in the northern waters to be approximately stated for the various months of the year. Off the Firth of Forth, in thirty fathoms, according to the Garland’s observations, the mean bottom-temperature in the months referred to were—November, 49° F.; December, 49°2° ; January, 41°7° ; February, 41°5° ; March, 40°1° ; April 43°3°.
With regard to the sizes and growth of the witches of older series, above two years, there is more difficulty, owing to the coalescence of the groups, and the different rate of growth of the males and females after sexeral maturity is attained ; and there are not yet sufficient observations on the older males and females to make the matter clear. In most of the collections, as may be observed from the table, there is a general absence of specimens between the second and third groups, and it is not certain whether this gap is natural, 2,e., that it is caused by there being really no
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 195
intermediate sizes, the grow th ofthe largest of the second series not having brought that series up to the third—or whether it is owing to the imperfect collections. A comparison of the measurements at the different dates shows that the latter factor at least partly accounts for it, inasmuch as smaller specimens of the third series were obtained in January and April than in November as shown :—
Cm. 15. 15°5 16 16°5 17 17°b 18 18°5 19 19°56 20 20°56 21 21°5 22 22°56 23 23°5 24
MD ORNOVassp iy lee clea d : 2 28th Dec... © 2 I ele lies he - = oe Se Si a WE 2 Darddaney) int - oOhe Oaks stem 1Sa A PI hate os 3 sa ue 1 Q 2 Ist April, Sh UU vie Sign nus chin GIN) Pie mp toy aay Eile Vl site v5 Teg) S283
Tn the curves of measurements there is a marked drop indicating a division between the third and the fourth series, but it does not agree in the different cases, and is based upon not very many mixed measurements of males and females. The lowest point is at 30-3lcm. in November, 27cm. in January, 30-3lcm. in December, and 29cm. in April. Study of the curves of the other series of measurements given in the Table shows that the fixing of the division between the third and fourth groups must be deferred. If, however, as reasoned above, a two-year-old witch measures on the average about 7 inches, and the rate of growth is slightly reduced, the average length when three years old will probably be about 10 inches, or 25cm., with a range for the group of approxi- mately from 84 to 114 inches.
The average size and the range of size at which maturity is first reached in the males and females are not yet sufficiently elucidated. I found females ripe at 14 inches, spent at 13 inches, and nearly ripe at 122 inches; and males ripe at 15 inches, nearly ripe at 114 inches.* On the west coast of Ireland the smallest ripe female found by Holt was twelve inches, and the smallest approaching ripeness was also 12 inches; the smallest ripe male was 103 inches, and the smallest approaching ripeness 10 inches,f
From these facts it appears that the female witch does not spawn before the fourth year; some males may possibly become mature in their third year. It is noteworthy that in this species, under certain sizes the males are much more numerous than the females. In 2348 specimens under 16 inches, and mostly from 10 to 13 inches, the greater part of which were examined by Mr. F. G. Pearcey on board the Garland, 915 were females and 1833 were males, the males at these sizes being thus rather more than twice as numerous as the females. In 104 examined by myself there’ were sixty-seven males and _ thirty-seven females. Among large witches, on the other hand, from 13 or 14 inches upwards the proportions of the sexes are reversed. Of 422 examined, 306 were females (34-50cm.) and 116 males.
7. THe Norway Pout (Gadus Esmarkii).
Since describing the observations made on the growth of this species in the Nineteenth Annual Report collections have been obtained and measurements made on several occasions. Most of the fish were caught in the Moray Firth, or off Aberdeen, but in two instances collections were secured in the deep water off the Shetlands. The first haul was for forty-five minutes on 19th May, 1901, in sixty-five fathoms, about fifty-three miles S.E. by S. 45S. from the south point of Fetlar Island, Shetland ; the bottom temperature was 42°5° C., and the surfacc 46°6° C. The number of Norway Pouts caught was 285, almost all belonging to one
* Kighth Ann. Rep. Fishery Board for Scotland Part III., p. 161) 1890); Tenth ibid., p. 239.
t Report of Council for 1891, Roy. Dublin Soc., p. 272, + Part III., p. 155 (1.901).
196 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
series, which extended from 85mm. to 129mm.. the range being thus
44mm. The arithmetic average size for the 279 in the series was
106:2mm., the mean was 107mm., and the maximum ordinate 10°5cem. (Pl. XII). The remaining six fishes, measuring from 137 to 149mm., represented part of the second series.
The next collection was obtained on 11th December, 1901, from the grounds seventy-five miles south-east of Sumburgh Head, Shetland, in seventy-five fathoms of water. The number of specimens secured in the small-meshed net was 704. Most of them belonged to one series, although three were represented. ‘The first was not well represented, and was not cut oft so sharply from the next series of larger fishes as in the hauls in September and October of the preceding year.*
The measurements, in lem. groupings, are given in the Table appended ; and the 2mm. grouping is as follows at the point of division :—
115-6 117-8 119-20 121-2 123-4 125-6 127-8 129-30 131-2 10 11 7 5 1 J 14 21 25 This series extends from 97mm. to 122mm., a range of 25mm.;
the smaller forms are no doubt absent. The arithmetic average size of the eighty-five fishes contained in it was 111°‘5mm., and the mean was 109°5mm. The maximum range in this series in the collections made in October 1900, which included 1553 fishes, was 50mm., and if this be applied in the present case it would make the size of the smallest belonging to it about 72mm., and the mean size on this basis would be about 97mm.
The next older group begins at 124mm., and apparently extends to 180mm. or 182mm., but it is possible it terminates at about 164mm. The two-millimetre grouping from 157mm. to the end is as follows :—
157-8 159-60 161-2 163-4 165-6 167-8 169-70 171-2 173-4 175-6 177-8 14 8 6 + 7 12 6 4 4 5 5
170-80 181-2 183-4 185-6 187-8 189-90 191-2 193-4 195-6 197-8 3 i - 1 3 - 1 = 2 1
Taking the series as ending at 182mm., the range of the 611 fishes composing it amounts to 58mm. ; the arithmetic average size is 142°3mm. and the mean 153mm. ‘There were other eight fishes, the largest being 197mm., which evidently belong to a third series. The arithmetic average size is 190'‘9mm.
For comparison with the preceding collections taken in the same neigh- bourhood I give here the main features in tabular form, the averages being the actual arithmetical average.
Ist Series. 2nd Series. 8rd Series. Date. == Range Average. Range. Average. Range. Average. 1900. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 31 August - os 110-162 140°2 163 -213 176°8 4 September 92 787 117 —155 1360 157-200 168°9
16-19 Octr. 66-116 87°7 119-172 143°6 177-197 182°5 1901.
19 May 85-129 106°2 = - - =
97-122 111'5 124-182 142°3 185-197 190°9
11 Decembe |
!
* Toc. cit., plate ix.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 197
If, however, the series ends at 164mm., then the average size of the second group would be 139:‘9mm., the mean size 144, and the range 40mm. ; the third group would have a range of 32mm., an average size of 1741, and a mean of 181mm.
The differences between the average size of the various groups as shown above are as follows :—
Ist to 2nd. Ind to 3rd. 36°6 57°3 32°9 55-9 38°9 20:8 [45°3 | 48°6
In the December haul the first and third series were very imperfectly represented (see Pl. XII.), and the averages given do nt correctly show the proper sizes. The figures in brackets indicate the difference of the corrected means.
Collections of the Norway Pout were also made at various times a few miles off Aberdeen in the deep water known as the Dog Hole, the depth varying from about fifty to about seventy fathoms.
The first was on 28th June, in sixty-five fathoms, eleven miles off; the bottom temperature was 48:2° F., and the surface temperature 52°5° F. The number of specimens procured was 141, One of those was a very small one, measwring 27mm., no doubt spawned some months earlier, The next series comprised 131, ranging in size from 125mm. to 172mm., the range being 47mm.; the arithmetical average size was 180:°2mm., the mean 148°5mm., and the maximum ordinate 14°d5cem. There were Six in a third group, ranging from 178 to 194mm., with an average size of 187*2mm., the mean being 186mm. Other three probably formed a fourth series, the sizes being 210, 215, and 222mm., and the average 212°3 mm.
In the next collection, on 30th July, in sixty-two fathoms, the bottom temperature being 57° F., and the surface temperature 58°6° F., 350 specimens were taken, all belonging, apparently, to the same series. The range of sizes was from 120mm. to 184mm., or an extent of 64mm. ; the arithmetical average was 155:1mm., the mean 152mm., and the maximum ordinate 15°5mm.
The third lot was got on 21st August, in fifty-eight fathoms, the surface temperature being 55°9° F., and they numbered 218 specimens. Two, possibly three, series, were present. The first comprised three fishes, measuring 67, 81, and 83mm. The second included 214, from 130mm. to 189mm., the range being thus 59mm. ; the average size was 158'8mm., the mean 159°5, and the maximum ordinate 16cm.
On 3rd September, the fourth collection was made in fifty-eight fathoms in the same locality, the bottom temperature being 53° F., and the surface temperature 53:2”. Most of the fishes in the small-meshed net escaped, owing to a hole in it; the number of Norway Pouts obtained was fifteen, ranging from 132 to 168mm., the average size being 156: 9mm., the mean 150mm., and the maximum ordinate 16cm.
A few days later, on 10th September, eight specimens were taken in Aberdeen Bay, measuring 76, 77, 83, 85, 87, 91, 93, 94mm. respectively. The average size was 85:7mm., the mean 85, and the maximum ordinate 9cm.
The next collection at the Dog Hole was on 16th December, in fifty- seven fathoms, the bottom temperature being 46°2° F. The number of specimens taken was fifty-four, belonging to two series. The first included
198 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
seventeen fishes, measuring from 114mm. to 132mm.; the average size was 124:7mm., the mean 123mm., and the maximum ordinate between 12 and 12'5cm. The second series comprised thirty-seven fishes, ranging from 142mm. to 184mm.; the arithmetic average size was 160°8, the mean 163mm., and the maximum ordinate 15:5cm.
The particulars in regard to the specimens taken off Aberdeen may be summed up in the following Table, which alsc includes a number caught in the same locality by the Garland in October and November of the previous year :—
Ist Series. 2nd Series. 3rd Series. 4th Series.
Range. | Aver. | Mean.J No.}] Range.| Aver. | Meand Range. | Aver. | Mean. Range. | Aver. |Mean. 1900. Oct. 12, ; ; . 26 | 59-107 96°3 83°0 <3 238, 24, ; A - £200 | 87-117 | 101°8 | 102:0 . 164 Noy. 16 7 ; . 60 | 80-117 | 102°9 98°5 {168-170 | 169 » Dy oot ; 5 51 | 83-114 99:2 98°5 190). June 28, 5 Zi . 181 |125-172 | 150°2 | 148°5 178-194 | 187°2 | 186 4210-222 | 212°3 July 30, : - . eo0 {120-184 | 155:°1 | 152 Ang. 21, 67-85 77°09 75 214 |130-189 | 158°8 | 159°5 : 201 Sept. 3, : 0 : 15 |182-168 | 156°9 | 150 ne 10, | 76-94 85°7 85
Dec. 16, | 114-132) 124°7 | 123 87 {142-184 | 160°8 | 163
The hauls on 9th November 1900, and 10th September 1901, were taken in Aberdeen Bay in about ten fathoms; all the others in 1900 in deeper water, from thirty-three to sixty fathoms up to ten miles from shore.
Beginning with the younger fishes, the one taken at the end of June, measuring 27mm. (1,4, inch), was doubtless about two or three months old, and derived from the spawning in the previous spring. This series was not represented in the July collection, but in August the three measuring 67, 81, and 83mm. were no doubt large members of this group ; the average size at this period is probably under what is given in the Table. On 10th September, in Aberdeen Bay, the eight specimens of this series taken had an average length of 85°7mm.; and three months later, on 16th December, the average size of seventeen was 124-7mm. This would indicate an increment of 39mm. in the period named, and 47-7mm. from 21st August, 117 days earlier, or 408mm. per ten days, which is too large.
In the Firth of Clyde a few collections were also obtained, but the numbers were small. On 15th July, 1899, one was taken in a few fathoms of water in Machray Bay, Arran; it measured 85mm. On 4th October, 1901, thirty-six were caught in the shrimp-net of the Garland between Rhuad Point and Ailsa Craig. ‘They ranged in size from 63mm. to 97mm.; the arithmetical average size was 83°5mm., and the mean 80mm., and they no doubt belonged to the same year’s spawning.
In the Moray Firth the Norway Pout is fairly common in the deeper water, and some collections were in sufficient numbers to enable curves of their measurements to be drawn. On 4th July, 1901, a small collec- tion, consisting of sixteen specimens, was procured in fifty fathoms a few
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 199
miles from Kinnaird Head. They appeared to belong to two groups, the first consisting of eleven, ranging in length from 125mm. to 172mm., with an average of 154:°3mm., and the second of five specimens from 183 to 202mm., the average being 190°'2mm.
On 14th November, 1903, 432 were taken in thirty fathoms off Burg: head Bay, belonging to two series. The first comprised 369 specimens, varying in length from 75 to 137mm., the average size being 108-Omm., the mean 106mm., and the maximum ordinate 10°5cm. The second series, of sixty-three fishes, extended from 141mm. to 173mm., the average a being 150°5mm., the mean 157mm., and the maximum ordinate
5'5cm.
In the same locality another collection was made, in thirty fathoms, on 28th December, 1903, and 307 specimens procured, all belonging to the same series. The sizes ranged from 88mm. to 124mm., the average being 103°4mm., the mean 106mm., and the maximum ordinate 10°5cm.
A fourth collection in this locality was procured on Ist April, 1904, and apparently only one series was represented. It comprised 347 specimens, ranging in size from 93mm. to 139mm., the average being 110:2mm. or 42 inches, and the mean 116mm.
On 23rd January 1904, 250 specimens were procured in fifty fathoms, off Kinnaird Head, three series being represented. The first consisted of 205, ranging in size from 96mm. to 136mm.; the average was 115:3, the mean 116mm., and the maximum ordinate 12°5cm. The next group was composed of forty-four, from 145mm. to 18lmm.; the average being 158-6, the mean 163mm., and the maximum ordinate 15-5cm. There was a large one measuring 203mm.
The particulars are given in the accompanying Table :—
SERIES [, SERIES II. SERIES III. Date and Place.
No.| Range. |Averagej|No.| Range. |Average|No.| Range. |Average.
Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm.
Off Burghead, - me ee oe 14th Noy. 1903,|855 | 75-126 1070.9 77 | 127-1738 147°1 28th Dec. ,, |3807 | 88-124 103°4 Ist April 1904,/347 | 93-139 110°2
Off Kinnaird
ead, 4th July 1901,/; 11 | 125-172 154°3
On
188--202 | 190°2 23rd Jan. ,, |205 | 96-136} 115°3 | 44 | 145-181 | 158-6 1 | 208
In these collections it will be observed that as a rule the second series is poorly represented. ‘The apparent annual increment of length amounting in the three cases in which comparison can be made to 40:1, 35:7, and 43°3mm., the mean of the three being 39°7mm., or 14 inches.
The information that may be derived from the Table as to the rate of growth from one date to the other is not very great, the successive averages irrespective of place being 107°0, 103°4, 115°3, 110°2 and 154°3. The latter is based upon only eleven specimens, and is too large, larger, indeed, than the average in November, 147:1, which deals with the measurement of seventy-seven fishes.
200 Part II1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Information as to the size at which the Norway Pout becomes mature is scanty, the only observations, as far as I know, being those by Holt,* who found two ripe females, each 43 inches in length on the west coast of Ireland early in April.
I examined the condition of the reproductive organs in many of the specimens procured by me.
Seven females from the collection obtained off Burghead on 14th November, varying in size from 151 to 171mm. (6-62 inches), had small ovaries, the largest eggs ranging in diameter from ‘189 to :231mm., Others on 28th December, from 95 to 118mm., had the ovaries only ‘slightly developed,” but the size of the eggs was not determined. On 23rd January some of those caught in fifty fathoms off Kinnaird Head were examined, and both the weight of the ovary and the diameter of the largest eggs had considerably increased. The following Table exhibits the particulars, the dimensions being in millimetres, and the weight in grammes, The first six are from the November collection, and the others from that in January.
; Weight of Diameter of
Length. Gross Weight. O oH ry. Largest Eggs.
151 27°9 ae Dik |
152 28°2 ve ead QA
157 30°9 LE, we
158 aye) 16 189
164 32°6 os “21
tia 38:4 Be it
153 THT “% “44
155 26°5 Hf -46
155 28°6 173 ‘57
155 28:4 |
155 26:7 ‘8
158 31-0 18 te
161 oly By ‘57-63
180 41-0) ies? ‘50
202 67:1 3°4 *b9="63
Those examined from the collection made off Burghead on Ist April were all “quite immature,” their sizes ranging from 93 to 139mm. (35-52 inches) so that this circumstance together with the facts in the above Table appear to show that spawning occurs probably in February and March.
A Table giving the measurements in twenty collections, arranged in half-centimeires, is appended.
* Roy. Dubl. Soc. Report of Council for 1891, App., p. 291.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Aberdeen, Off Shetlands. Moray Firth.
XVIII.| XIX.} XX.
Cm. | ee REAL. |) WV,
XID.|XIIT.| XTVAXV. [XVI | XVII.
|
= — rm = — — eS : ps
Was als
i |
mt bo OUND DonNTINT SO COOH He
CrOr1 wo eH COo He
WH Oo i — os
(oN) =
bo Oreo bo bd pn
pt ~] ee KH COWUOIDOP, pe ~]
Se eet Son Se Ole SoOC)
pt ek
I, Aberdeen Bay, 12th October, 1900. XII. Deep Water, off Shetlands, 16th October, 1900.
II. 23rd October, 1900. III. os 7th November, 1900. IV. Dog Hole, off Aberdeen, 28th June. 1901. Wo a a 30th July, 1901. 2ist August, 1901. 8rd September, 1901. VIII. an 3; 16th December, 1901. IX. Deep Water, off Shetlands, 19th May, 1901. xe ii 31st August, 1900. % > 4th September, 1900.
”
XIII. XIV.
XV.
”
”
”
”
19th October, 1900. 11th December, 1901.
Deep Water, Moray Firth, off Kinnaird, 23rd January, 1904.
XVI. Moray Firth, off Burghead, 1st April, 1904.
XVII. XVIII.
XIX. . Firth of Clyde, between Rhuad Point and Ailsa Craig, 4th October, 1901.
xX
”
”
”
off Kinnaird, 4th July, 1901. off Burghead, 14th November, 1903.
”
28th December, 1903
202 Part III. —Twenty-second Annual Report
8. Tae Suarp-Taitep Lumpenus (Lumpenus lampetriformis.)
Fairly large numbers of this fish are taken in the small meshed-net around the otter-trawl, more especially in the deeper parts of the Moray Firth, as off Kinnaird Head, and at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, and some of the collections have been measured. The best of these was one got at Station V. in the Firth of Forth, on 10th May, 1901, which com- prised 255 specimens. They ranged in length from 127mm. to 345mm. (5 - 134 inches). The measurements, grouped in half centimetres, are appended, and the curve is given in Plate XI. It is apparent from these that at least three series, and possibly five, are represented in the collection. What appears to be a first series is indicated by two specimens, measuring 127mm. and 128mm., the next size being 138mm. On the 16th May, on the same ground, a still smaller one was captured, viz., at 123mm., the next measuring 172mm. In a haul on 31st August, off Sumburgh Head, in sixty-five fathoms, the smallest I have obtained was taken, viz., 84mm. (3,5 inches), the next largest in the small collection being 154mm. I am inclined to think that the specimens in the Forth collection referred to were the larger members of an early series, the smaller individuals probably escaping through the meshes of the net ; the specimen at 138mm. might also belong to this series.
The second group begins at 138 or 146mm., its division from the third series being fairly well defined at 190mm. The range is thus 52mm., the average size of the thirty-three specimens, 167°8mm. (62 inches), and the mean, with the first-named limit, 164mm., and with the series beginning at 146mm., 168mm.
The next group begins at 197mm., and it appears to terminate at 263mm., a range of 66mm. In the curve based on the half-centimetre grouping of the measurements, there is a depression at 23cm. ; it does not seem, however, to represent a division between series, but only irregular representation. The number of fishes composing the second series was 127, the arithmetical average size was 235:2mm., and the mean 230mm.
The next series begins at 264mm., and extends to 312mm., a range of 48mm. It comprised seventy-eight fishes, whose average length was 288:9mm., the mean size being 288mm.
The other fifteen fishes in the collection probably belong to an older group. They measure from 315mm, to 345mm., the average size being 325°'7mm., and the mean size 330mm.
The averages and limits above given are based on the supposition that five series are represented; but on the assumption that the smaller fishes belong to the same series as the second group, then the extent of the latter would be from 127mm. to 190mm., a range of 63mm., and the average size of the thirty-five fish would be a little less, viz., 165°4mm., the mean being 158°5. If the fifteen larger fishes be included with the preceding series the range would be extended from 264 to 345mm., a difference of 81mm.—obviously too great—and the average size would become 294'9mm., the mean being 304:5mm. Looking at the curve there seems little doubt of the presence in the collection of members of a fourth series, and scarcely less of the presence of the early one.
The amount of annual growth between the series as determined above are as follows :—
lst to 2nd, 2nd to 3rd. 3rd to 4th. Ath to 5th.
Mm. - 40:3 67°4 537 36°8 Inches, - 14 234 24 ibe
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 203
If the two smallest fishes be included in the second group, the difference between the latter and the next older one is 69°8mm.
Some other collections of Lwmpenus were measured, the largest being one procured off Burghead in thirty-two fathoms on Ist April, and which comprised 365 specimens. These, after being preserved in formaline, were measured by the Laboratory attendant, and the measurements are included in the Table appended. On preparing a curve, however, it is apparent that either the series was irregularly represented, or the measurements faulty, since the divisions between the groups are not marked. Four series, however, at least, seem to be indicated.
With regard to the age of these groups, it is necessary first of all to decide as to the period of spawning, about which little is known. In specimens taken off the Shetlands on 3lst August and 4th September, the females, ranging in size from 234mm, to 286mm., had large ovaries, with large eggs from 1*imm. to 1:44imm. in diameter, the ovaries them- selves measuring from 25mm. to 35mm, long.* These specimens were evidently on the eve of spawning.
In a collection procured in the deep water off Kinnaird Head, Moray Firth, on 23rd January, the sizes ranging from 153 mm. to 284 mm., the ovaries were small and lax, and the tissue contained a great number of small dark-brown bodies scattered throughout them, apparently eggs or blood in the process of disintegration and absorption ; they appeared to be spent. The same condition was noted in the ovaries of the specimens taken off Burghead on Ist April. On the other hand, in a few specimens procured in the Firth of Forth on 16th August, measuring from 236 mm. to 283 mm., the eggs were well developed, the largest ranging in diameter from 1‘1 mm, to 1-4 mm,; the yolk spheres were large and small oil- globules were present,
From these observations it may be concluded that Zwmpenus spawns in the late part of the autumn or the early part of winter, and it is probable that the eggs—which appear to be demersal—do not hatch until early in spring, which may therefore be taken as the period from which to date the rate of growth.
Looking to the rate of growth between the series as shown above, it is probable that the smaller specimens in May, measuring 123, 127, and 128 mm., were a little over one year of age, the specimen obtained off the Shetlands at the end of August, 84 mm. in length, being probably six or seven months old. The average size of Lunpenws when one year old is obviously less than these sizes, the smaller forms having escaped capture.
The information as to the size at which maturity is reached is very scanty, the number of specimens approaching ripeness which were examined having been small. In August the smallest in that condition were 236, 239, 241mm., and they evidently belonged to the same group as the third (197-263mm.) represented in the curve for the May measurements. The probability therefore is that Lwmpenus spawn when three years of age. It may be noted that many of the largest specimens procured are males. This sex therefore does not, as with the flat-fish, grow at a slower rate after maturity than the females, A Table of measurement of some of the collections is appended,
* Nineteenth Ann. Report Fishery Board for Scotland, Part II1., p. 287.
204 Part ITT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
eects | IT. TIL. v.jvilvo] om. | a. | a lamliv.| v. lve vu RETURN Tae sa ie A a ats RL Wa 0 es eee 8 url sicckaiel [oct] ele femal ieee hoainnnedl ae fies ee ae tei a FA eeek pro ed fea LIA pON | NE 24 Fo Vee semana Ope Lehre | pl adal oalkcsedkye 2a ot eh Ea Be [UW Me hit) | SA MAK inal ee 5 sot e eee ie 10 ae | ae | Seal ce Teer? 25 13}. | ay fae DUPE) EBS IEE Set ERA ERO ae Pia: POT) Stk) Sie ea es is Le | Me 26 4 2 ul 5 yi, 5 | 4 1 1 17 12 | oy 27 9 Tica ei, 10 an ite 5 | 8 1} 1] 10 13 | 28 8 ea i ha se 5 5 | 1 5 | 10 Weg te 12 rama |e | 29 8 1 5 5 il gid | ¥ | 5 | 5 | 10 2 15 | t | OU Tae HES Raby 9 1 4 5 | 5 | et st er vi 5 | 10 1 16 4 | | . a a 1 1 ee: Da eve eee oil Pe 17 2 1 2! 9] 32 2 2 “gall Mae kT pe | 4 5 | 6 18 | | 2/10] 38 2 1 | 5 as ‘tail 5 | he 19 Ll yale beat SiG Ae 13H 1 oe 7) 9. | seas SET 31 7 5 | 1 20 2} 1 OAs 85, stale Buoy as H 4] 7 ay 21 9 6|18] 36 PsPise itd 6-41) i 7| 14 3 pp che: COP mee y: 5 {iol a] a) .. ye ee |e 5 | bi? a | Path or es ee ee ee fs Aes » 28rd, 24th July, 1901. January.
Vs », 16th August, 1901. VII. Moray Firth, off Burghead, 1st April.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland,
TABLE A,.—SuHowina RATION BETWEEN LENGTH AND WBIGHT,
Length ‘ | In In Cm. | Inches. al 4°5 3 4°7 4 5:0 2 5 sys 6 i “5 vi fia 8 3} 5) a 9 ts 10 oie “by oh ll 445, Ly cet 12 43 | 5 | oH 13 5$ 5 ee 14 L “by yids 1p Z °F aes me) Nas 17 ro “5 ae 18 7% a5) ” 19 74 “by ae 20 cs “5 aS PAL 8+ 5 Hep 22 44 5 aa 23 94 “5 Ae 24 Z
PLAICE.
Weight in Grammes.
Average.
Smoothed Average.
Oat Oe DNwo Ono
—
Range.
— . O-~1 bn ~I lap Kano 6) Coco So
nN
DIO Wow nwe ce)
mow wbrr bt ST Ot
mb oe
eS ~J Se
ke Od OO ~J we)
| ~JI Op Or H= OO bO Ee
Odo Bowe
| a eee)
tg ace Bac J
— a
SS NOTH DOOR EDs Sean ~10
| | He Oo G9 bo ko bo
oe © SVS n>) a
| ee He
oes on a
Average
Weight} No. of
in Ounces.
5 ele 3
14 19
2°7
Fish.
206 Part I11.—Twenty-second Annual Report
PLAICE—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Weight} No. of I Sioothed in Fish.
In Cm. Inch, es, | Average. Ayer no. Range. Ounces.
5 is 147-9 151°4 134— 158 a 9 25 i 164°6 161-0 153- 184 5°8 8 5 ao 170°6 172-2 152- 187 42 8 26 103 181°5 181:4 175- 190 4 5 oi 192-0 195-2 = 1 27 8 212-0 207-0 192- 233 9 5 an 217-0 219°7 204— 225 5 28 11 230-0 933-7 224 236 2 5 a 254-0 2481. | 210- 278 13 29 a 260°2 266-0 247— 276 4 5 a 283°7 280-6 256- 308 Bb 10 30 13 298 299°] 288— 318 10°5 8 5 - 315°5 3169 286— 341 8 31 12,5, 337°1 332°8 319- 368 9 5 BA 345°8 343°3 324 375 10 32 5 347 3554 Ag. 1 5 373°5 382 356— 404 13 33 13 4256 411-2 380- 474 5 5 434°5 433-4 324 502 14 34 3 440-2 444°5 397— 496 13 5 458°8 464°3 417— 530 12 35 133 494 484°6 432 558 16-7 20 5 ; 501 509 456— 558 A 9 36 14,3 532 527 481 580 10 5 549 550 510- 623 10 37 25 568 566 503— 679 17 5 582 585 538-— 673 7 38 15 605 605 564— 644 il 5 E 628 626 540- 708 7 39 158 644°6 649°9 568— 701 10 5 677 678 644- 708 7 6 40 8 7116 708 673— 807 25-1 10 5 735 739 708- 792 a 9 4] 164 7437 770 735- 782 4 5 . 831 818 708-1104 10 49 EE 880°8 864 835— 956 6 5 879 899 835— 970 9 43 15 936 916 835-1126 8 5 935 939 842-1019 8 44 173 947 954 864-1048 "7 5 - 982 993 948-1048 |° ... 6 45 3 1049 1026 932-1168 37°3 10 5 - 1057 1076 991-1118 6 46 182 1122 1092 913-1388 16 5 cn 1098 1131 1005-1175 4
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 207
PLATCK—continued.
3498-3809
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average x Weight} No. of : in Fish. In Cm. Fe og, | Average. eG aii’ aca cian (Me Range. Ounces. 47 4 1174 1166 1005-1317 9 3) 1217 1228 1161-1288 4 48 Ks 1293 1282 1182-1373 4 5 1336 1334 1218-1533 6 49 1935; 13738 1375 1338-1409 2 7) . 1417 1404 1253-1494 8 50 at 1423 1429 1381-1466 50°2 3 5) : 1446 1459 1366-1614 4 51 203. aes 1508 - vee 5 ae 1465 1575 1 52 vs 1621 1624 1529-1713 2 5) 3 1675 1685 1437-1869 59-2 6 53 é 1759 1746 1643--1876 2 5 a 1805 1784 1 ee 2 54 21} 1802 oF 5 1784 1816 1585-1911 £ 55 3 1861 1820 1826- “ee 2 5 Ain 1881 “4 545 56 22.1 1940 1963 1 5 at 2005 sa 57 ve 2150 2073 1969-2528 3 7) 2053 2122, 1 58 Le 2163 2142 2047 2279 2 25) 2209 2223 1 59 23} 2297 ee Ss 9) sale 2445 2371 2435- 2464 86°3 3 60 5 2372 2468 2175-2514 me 3 5) be mae 2096- us 2 61 24 5 aa 62 ts 2952 2733- ak 2 63 8 ae 64 25 3681 ] 65 3 f a 5 ae 2981 | 101: 7 1 66 i a 67 26,5, ih 5 re su 68 25 3575 3058-4092 2, 5 3653 2. eae ces PAE
208 Part I1[.—Twenty-second Annual Report
PLAICK—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
: Weight] No. of | in Fish. In Cm. Bes Average. | en oy Range. Ounces. | 70 273 3908 =f ar nt 1 71 3 “he be er ae 2 5 ah 4481 “Bs La 158°2 1 72 284 ee oe 5 ak fe 5 73 16 3) 74 1h 5 79 293; 5 LEMON. 6 23 ‘5 cnt 7 z 5 bat 3°35 ate i wet 1 8 33 ee hs Bea i es 5 ice 9 is 5 see 10 $ ll 45. ace 5 ra 14°77 ] 5 Te 18°9 sla 17°35- 20°5 ‘66 2 13 54 20-0 21:3 18°8 — 20°97 3 5 i 23°8 23°0 23. — 24:7 6 14 4 26'0 26°1 22°6 — 29 8 5 - re 28°5 itd iM 15 g 31°15 32°3 26° - 35°5 1°] 4 5 om 36:1 36°1 34°5 - 37°9 6 16 655, 41-2 405 | 38:5 — 44: 2 zo) oat 44-9 44°9 40°2 — 51°6 9 17 tH 48-6 48°3 44°3 -— 53:1 6 5 re 51°7 51°8 47°5 — 57°7 + 18 7% x 550 sak a ‘5 = 58°4 61°4 54:3 - 62°4 2 19 4 67°8 68°9 se ]
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 209
LEMON—continued.
Length Weight in Grammes Average : Be nele , fons £" peetomye £ __| Weight] No. of Wey in Fish. In Cm. Sela Average. | Smoothed Range. Ounces. ais Be igh kit. aa eee Gee a) a 79°4 Sys Pe 20 g 91:0 89°3 84-9 — 99-1 3°2 4 3 99-2 98:0 is oe 1 21 84 105°0 i 102 -106°8 3 22 4 - 3) 157 = & af 1 24 ie am Fe ay s3 oe: 25 $ nee ae oe ong ~. 5 ae 170 Ba axe rs 1 26 104 214 ace ve ‘i 1 27 8 228°'8 .@ we i i 28 13 We ‘hs ia var ke 3) ak 262 ie 241— 283 nae 2 29 Va Ba ine ee bs 3) net 340 hs 326- 354 hep 2 30 13 ig ai oa 9) nde 346 363 319- 361 12:2 3 31 1235 354 ie x - ] 32 3 453 ae ; a 1 5 ae 434 as All 474 ae 3 33 13 : ae ven Zo 5 484 Ade 445 524 ve 2 34 3 468 482 432- 481 ee 3 5 493 514 439-— 559 2 5 39 ; 582 561 552— 616 20°5 4 7) 598 586 518— 630 ie 4 36 143, 579 595 538— 658 is 4 3) 608 611 566— 651 bee 2 37 is 647 638 5959— 694 ae 4 zs) 658 678 559— 715 Ba 7 38 48 718 697 616- 779 wai 5 3) 715 736 651- 779 Bed 4 39 153 775 754 157- 82) 4 3) : 7726 763 644— 871 aa 7 40 ; 740 788 694~— 786 26°] 2 5) x 852 829 729- 991 se 9 41 163 896 872 835- 991 aes 7 5 ~" 868 894 793- 942 e a
210 Part I1].—Twenty-second Annual Report
LEMON —continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average ee : Weight} No. of I Smoothed er Fish. In Cm. Inch os, | Average. ee Range. Ounces. 42 i's 917 |; 922 871- 963
5 us 982 es 935-1026 43 15 i 1038 as
> Wh
44 172 | 1094. 1062-1126 | 38-6 )
z) wae 1119
45 3 | 1076 % a fe 1
WITCH.
bo
— |
a?
—
co
—
F (° 2) . |
bo
—
Ow
oO oko ~J = ~I ~J 51 ~I i) tobe
— bo Ot Heo OO: : aN bod
— Or > bo (d} Kanto) ~I _ (st) =) | — Or — or oOn~r~I OU
(SU) — ish) | — GO a —
— ~I fea | bo — — OL He CO Or
— — Or — me ee + mee eS.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 211
WITCH—-continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average} A‘ piel t gl) eee ee eo EoIgnGEe Nov of | In | Smoothed | in Fish. | In Cm. Inches, | “Yerage: Average. Range. Ounces. 19 4 28°3 28°3 Dia = 29" 2 5 ee 31°38 31°6 OS 45— 34°3 2 20 g one 35°4 BN | Stabe. 12 2 “5 a As 1) hay 2) 84 47-2 44:0 47°5 — 46°9 2 5 a 45°0 47°7 Ase = 4) 2 oo, 14 50°9 ols 4i5 — 563 5 5 tf 57°9 58°9 ] PB 94 68 63°9 1 5 65°9 69:2 60 —- 84 4 24 Ve Teun 13.6 70 - 78 3 5 78°0 80°3 70 - 88 9 25 g 89°1 86°1 79'°3 — 69°5 orl 5 5 97°3 95:0 89°5 -108 4 26 104 98 99°3 88°3 -108 4 5 102 106°2 89 =-.109°5 6 27 2 118 ERO Pile, 127 4 5) 130°9 127% 103° ~—150 10 28 18 1342 137°0 Len 140 6 "5 ae 146 144°] 12-3 157 3 29 ae L52°2 loas7 137-4163 10 5 162°8 | 164°3 144 -189 ne 6 | 30 13 178 170°4 164 -—186 6:3 6 | 5 170°4 179°8 160°8 -178 as 4 31 12} 191 192°9 163°. »=216 6 5 Miss... | 26-4 2085) =23) 3 32 3 2298 224°0 DOs) =254' 6 5 232 229°8 206) =255 5 eae 33 13 234. Peay (afi 213). —263 6 5 247°3 249°7 PA Wd Sari f 10 34 S 267 °7 262 236 —297 te 4 fy 27120 274°9 250° 208 ae 10 35 a 2859 283°5 262) 326 10°1 tt 5 293°5 29-2. 255 W345 9 36 14,3, ola? 308 B00 7 Sb 118° 5 318 °2 320°1 314 -340 8 37 ir 330°0 337°1 312 30 7 5 363°1 30a 320mm 300 14 38 16 366°0 370 ye 405 13 5 381 391 305 -467 15 39 153 4°6°2 414 397 -460 6 5 435 440 397 -489 8 40 3 458°5 458 418 -500 16:2 4. 5 481 476°3 459 —531 a 3 41 164 480 487°3 418 -574 Ls 12
212 Part I[I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
WITCH—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Lhe s Weight | No. of : in Fish. In Cm. ee Average. es Range. Ounces. 5 ) ieee 5015 | «450171 =| 411 ~=-630 8 42 fs | 521°7 517° 489 -592 4 5 |. 2 527°8 547°8 447 -417 4 43 +3 5940 577 574 -651 13 oF eee 608 °3 608 573 -680 6 44-178 «| 620 624-7 | 581-659 2 L ate ee 646 648 588 -733 7 : 45 | 2 678 677 ' 630 -729 23°9 4 50 al age 707°5 706 677 -744 4 | | | 464 | Past 733 732°7 694 -772 2 comme kane 758 760 | 658 -871 6 4, | 3 789 _ 780 758 -821 2 bal bees} 798i). OYSL i has8 | S882 r 3 48 | $ 763 791 727 ~-800 26°9 2 5 818 ah 751-885 2 COMMON DAB.
7 3 2-74 2:77 26 — 3-1 8 5 a 3-25 3-43 7 34 13 8 3h 4:2) 4°12 3°3 — 4-7 12 5 4:9 5-11 4-2 — 55 10 9 2 bee 6-2] ae ey 5 7:24 7°32 6-4 — Sl 5 10 15 8°5 8-72 75 — 9:3 7 5 10°53 es es 11 aS 12°6 12°31 | 116 -167 4
=p) on i isu) bo — Or or Qn Or Or Or bo I a 4 sibs om c DoH ew ~TI bo OT Qo worm H LO bo ot Dee bo C&O 8 SO (st) “J OUl IS © = Nee Io a a A) BS) i) ee - mao wb LH od | wwe —_ CO BD Ut bo GO Or pod Ho He or a = a YT TT EY oo (SU) CT ee! DD woe NO ke CO co oO
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. a1
COMMON DAB—-continiued.
| Length. Weight in Grammes. Average | Seen aks _| Weight | No. of | | io. 2c Fish. | ltma In | Smoothed | ae e! | In Cm. | Inches. Average. Average: Range. Ounces. |
3) 13°8 13°7 12°1 -15°9 8
12 2 14°6 14°7 13°0 -16 1]
9) 16°6 16°4 t4°5 —18°5 24
13 ds 18:0 18°4 16°5 -20°1 10 3) 20°6 20°9 19 -225 ae | 14 4 24-9 93:7 | 20°5 -27°8 6 |
‘5 - 26°4 26°2 23'5 -33°7 12
15 § 28:0 28°1 23°5 -32 1 8
5 o 30°0 30°5 25 -34°1 6
16 63°5 334 34:3 21 -37 1]
29) ‘es 39°4 39°0 367 -44°6 9
17 ts 44°] 43°1 42°4 -47°1 3
29) es 46°0 46°3 40°5 -59 10
18 13 48°9 00 °4. 41°5 -59°2 4
23) i 56°2 56°7 52 -64 4
19 4 65-0 62-4 59-78 |
5 66°0 692 64 -69 Le 4
20 g 76°6 74°7 73-85 Pil 9
29) ae 81°6 82°7 71 = -90 yi
21 84 90-0 90°3 vi -99 4
5 £ 99-4 99-4 82 -136 it
22 44 108°7 104°9 91g 130 10
9) 106°6 Hd. 98; --129 9
23 94 129°9 123°5 [120 -141 8
9) 133°9 136°2 111-149 3)
24 ve | 144-9 142°3 123-173 11
D 148°0 153°6 131-172 ah
25 g 167°9 163°8 148-19] 59 8
5 174°4 177°6 141-198 ai 9
26 104 190°5 186°9 170-219 ; 16
5 195°8 198°7 171-219 5
27 3 209 9 210°9 170-247 8
5 217°6 224°3 189-262 1]
28 1] 240°7 238°9 191-276 6
29) 257°3 254°0 205-297 4]
29 13 269°0 266°4 247-291 7
‘5 285°4 280°5 262-318 Nes 8
30 +3 279°8 296°4 255-290 9°8 5
5 311 305°3 247-347 aS 7
31 12; 327 315°3 304-368 5
9) f 323°5 333°4 311-333 4
32 8 335 338°4 304-383 6
a) 370°7 353 °2 304-396 6
33 13 336 379°9 325-347 2
5 J 402°8 a
214. Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
COMMON DAB—continwed.
| Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Weight] No. of in Fish. | — Cm. | Bees Average. pela, Range. Ounces. | \ { / = i 34 3 455 4229 | 450-460 ty: 2 oe lor Bs 474°5 | 4494 | 439-510 * 2 35 eg 445°7 | 469°3 | 389-481 15:1 3 5 - 468-7. | 47971 389-573 4 36 14,3, 505 487 446-559 3 5 “ae Are. FOL? % <. | 237 x 5143 522-9 446-552 3 | 25 Sb aes 517 549°3- | aS 1 | 38 | 4 2 ew TG 22 aes | b: Gye. igve ea l | 39 158 ier pe | é. | 5 | Ks | 693°5 | ed ee | a eS | py ee 750 26°5 1 | aie 3) ae ; ae | ey | Oo | wets ty | 2 an vs ae) — | | FLOUNDER. | | ; | | i | ll | 4:85 as Ee | i 2 13 Be ae & at
78°7 66- 85 2°83
ne:
5 hams 124
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 215
FLOUN DER—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average =! eae San he ee le _ | Weight | No. of : | in Fish. In Cm. | Nee Average. | po eeel Range. Ounces. 93 | 9b 126°7 Sone IN erties e: 135°5 24 | Us & 1412 5 a 147 150 137-157 a 2 25 g oe 162 aa 5°7 5 ie 170 Le 26 103 YG 176 170-184 2 5 ~t if
5 s: 261°8 m7 30. 1) eI 0.076 279°4 9°8 1 5 276 2944 z l 31 12,3, | 313-7 3093 297-340 3 5 — 324-4 - 32 &s | 308 340°5 304-312 2 5 i 355°5 is a 33 13 403 372°3 347-481 3 5 2 400-9 of = 34 a | 420 410:2 382-453 3 5 415°7 425°] 354-481 4 35 $f 449-5 440°1 439-460 15-9 2 5 - ae 458 2 i: er a 36 14,3, | 467 482°8 1 5 is a 523-3 a 37 es . 543°] .. * 5 580 561°1 538-623 2 38 45 | 588 583°9 1 5 re - 606°6 , 39 152 625°3
aN o ko ror)
Pear
Signe: on ror) OO So) cr
560-765
27 s | 191 197°7 170-212 9 5 es 219°5 209°3 219-220 re 2 28 11 218 993°] 184-234 a 4 5 2356 % ay, po 29 de | 245-7 247-7 241-248 io 3 42 Ee CP:
216
Part I[I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
> 2 BI
LITTLE SOLE.
Weight in Grammes.
bo =I © bo
—HO-1 Doe Wh: dD O1 00 GO
.
Smoothed Average.
Range.
a
Ovum oo bk oro o) Pw
Ch wannm KO
~I OS
1 | oo be I) (SUSY
Average Weight} No. of
in Fish. Ounces.
“9
‘is
Colts
TURBOT. | | | | | 810°5 750-871 ) 828 ie 29-2 1 as - $90 * : 951 e, 828-1090 3 + 97] od i 99] 1000 1
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 217
TURBOT— continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Weight
im
Range. Ounces. |
No. of
Fish.
Smoothed Average. o | Average.
me 1039 1034 1072
In
Im Cni. Inches.
ie!
—
1147 1155
1143 1108 - 10901289 a4 Li Re a mH ne i |
5 hy - ” fc ag A 42 oe ve at i a ie 5 ds aA ba i. he of 43 18 fi hs PY ‘i i 5 2 e py Ef a 6 44 172 | 1827 ae ns 64:5 1 5 Pe é e oe Re Ay 45 fe! : ey oat ae 5 5 a KE i. 4 a 46 18} A 2173 ae Re a 5 is ip i ie hi so 47 4 Wy if : < , 5 - a ce @: ve rf) 48 a ee co - se 5 eS ora i (2 a 1 49 19,5 oy 2613 4 - E 5 w es ee ie got ae 50 11 | 2706 o - 95 + 1
—
Rho
ola
or
3052. : 3399 :
. . .
3441
3483. 12
. .
4300
. . oe oe .
.
oe
218 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TURBOT—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Weight} No. of Fish. erat I Smoothed | im In Cm. Inches. Average. “a Ta'Cm- | nchos! | AVO™S" | aserages)|/o neo | eee | Range Ounces. 60 3 ee 2) ve BLT Res 61 24 62 5 ae 5217 5 63 8 Ms, 5 ee 5317, = 5268-5367 187°7 64 25 ds is 65 3 bet a4 Oo 66 ? ye 5 5 at ee 6376 67 26;°5 se aes 68 is ua bee 5) Ke : 69 18 6301 5 oe se 7435 70 27 8569 ae 23) ee 71 i a 8745 72 28% g92] = 73 5 ae Bs 74 18 ee iS 75 29.8, ae 10227 76 g Ae 5) : “ae 77 me 9) a 78 302 sae 5 en 11533 a3 10323-12121 79 sae ais abs 80 ae “cid ae 81 cis Se me 82 SAC oa ae
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 219
BRILL. Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Ml oe _| Weight} No. of in Fish. In Cm. bata 5 Average. on oe Range. Ounces. 25 5) a 26 104 D ses Dis 1 27 2 283°7 243-— 339 4 5) 302°2 ee 28 ll 320°6 312- 219 2 | 75) es 337°1 319-— 368 3 29 is 344°] 326-— 389 a q 5) 351°9 3ll— 361 de Z | 30 1 360°5 347— 396 13°0 3 | 29) 380°9 328— 432 Ae 4 | 31 12% 406°4 318- 481 6 | 5 we 440°3 396- 552 5 32 3 471°0 411-- 516 8 5) 495°3 474— 410 4 | 33 13 517-6 460- 552 5 *b 542 524— 580 4 34 3g 562°9 a o. oo 587°9 566— 595 3 30 3 622 ee ae 5 si 655 583-— 729 Zoe 3 36 14,3, 683 Ble AJ on 5 ee 720 701- 715 2 37 ts 769 ae sot 5) 824 821- 839 3 38 te 873 “of ae 39 152 912 879- 962 4 5) -, 953 874— 984 4 40 i 978 935-1055 35:1 2 i) : 1022 977-1005 a 2 4] 163 1052 1019-1140 2 | m3) 981-1189 2 42 os os | 5 | 43 te 1097-1281 41°3 7 | 9) : Se ee, a | 44 172 9) an 1 45 4g Rr 5 55e | 46 184 1451-1557 53°1 3
220 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
BRILL—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average
Weight § No. of | in Fish. Range. Ounces.
|
In Cm. In
Inches.
5 1565 l 48 > | 49 | 19%, | 1940 0 6|_(t.... 1699-2181 | 68-5 2 50 a Ee = | af wee Sid mes 5 hee mcelese BAN << Ee ae al l | | | |
Smoothed
Average. S Average.
ee
2145 | uF 1
HALIBUT.
113°5
143 z s oh
ee ee ee: he das iG - a, 26 =| «104 1s ~113 - f: ce 4 pi] ales: oe ey ls 1692 ips of ie
196 190°3 192-201 “6:9 2
238
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 221
HALIBUT—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. < In erage | smoothed ee, Inches. | “Verge. Average. 35 3 439 5 36 14,5 502°5 ) af 37 1 38 13 566 5 | 57 225 oi 9) 1820 58 8 29) 63 243 64 25 2350 5 ee 72 281 = pu 29) ¥ 3811 ibs 73 Aon si 4017 5 oe 74 15 4223 5) 75 2955 af 23) Ae 4622 76 g ah 5 te fy sal 5 5022 18 30? 88 343 ig 55 5 6754 coh 89 a 7341 29) - 7929 90 354 566 9) Af 95 ve 5 ‘C 9289 gs 96 372 a 9600 5 9912 97 8552 5 i 98 af 2) 9685 99 35
Average
Weighty No. of in Fish.
Ounces.
15°5 1
19°9 1
67:8 1
83 1
Z
149-4] 1]
177°3 vl
a 4 259-2
1
1
es 4
339
1
1
.
Ss. ———
222 Part I11—Twenty-second Annual Report HALIBUT—continued. Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Weight No. of in Fish. In Cm. | eat Average. | Sy ae | Range. Ounces. | 2 a | be 100 393 * ig 372 4 | Dd < 10534 10501 i Be Weg 2 4. ke .. | 10478-11385 3 Fee 9230 | 10468 te 1 102 402 10591 - 1 12597 444°8
. . woe .
. wae . oe . eee . . . wae woe . . . eee . . see eee eee eae
14726 524 18271 17252-19291 20787 =| 20152 re ¥: 20399 a 20844 | 20979 736 21693 | 21399 iS o | 22090 .. | 22288 22487 | 28150 25375 4 | ~ 27414 968 29453 sp a LONG ROUGH DAB. 4 1,% 33 if ie lean ae i * 1 5 2 Bl hing AB SER 2 5 D) 4 = 5 e ‘97 P| 9- +] 4 4 6 3 1-2 3 | pps Bee ‘O04 5 5 3 16 | ies 1-2 1-854. 8 9 | 7 a 1:86 1-93 17 -— 2-0 a 15 5 2:26 | 23] 19-— 2:8 % 18 8 31 276 | 2-68 24- 3:1 09 16 Fe ee cecal ae |
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
LONG ROUGH DAB—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average] ‘ Weight] No. of im) 4} Bish. In Cm. ee Average. poe Range. Ounces. ) 2) Me 3:1 3°50 29 - 3°7 9 os 4°35 3°9 39- 5:0 5) ; 4:8 4:97 4:1- 60 10 te 5°6 a7 46 —- 6°8 2 OD rr 66 6°5 54 - 78 ve 11 413 73 7°85 56 - 8°6 5 orl 8°41 6:8 — 10°5 12 3 9°5 10°5 OPE T 2) 11-9 11°6 9°9 - 13°6 13 5 13°8 13°3 12°9 - 15°6 ‘D ae 14°8 15°5 12°2 — 18:2 i4 4 17°3 16°5 14°2 - 19°7 z) 18-2 20°0 17 - 20 a: 15 g 22°8 21°6 18°3 - 24°9 8 2) 25°0 25°3 23°7 — 26°4 ; 16 6455 27°9 27 °2 25°4 — 33-1 5) Be: 29°38 30°1 25°6 — 32°7 17 + 32°3 32°4 27°4 - 38 2) = 30°2 30°9 32 — 39:2 o 18 7% 39°5 40°4 34°7 - 47°4 1-4 es) ae 45°7 43°8 41°9 — 50°7 «id 19 £ 48°] 50°5 45 —- §2°1 9) 55°3 53°7 42 - 58°5 ass 20 g 59°4 58°5 56 — 61°4 2°] 9) ae 61°7 Bc 56°9 -— 66°5 21 84 Bt 68°6 3) a (les 74:2 22 14 86°8 83°6 81°4 - 96 2) as 89°4 96°4 81°8 - 97 23 94 106-0 103-2 105-107 5 iy 114°0 “A sas 24 ts 122 vas 121 -123 4°3 25 g 265i), |) 104 168 59 5 170 27 8 ve zs) 28 11 a3) 29 Ts 5
224, Part I71.—Twenty-second Annual Report
WHITING.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Weight} No. of “ In eee Smoothed | gis Fish. In Cm. | pches. Average Ronee Range. Ounces.
28 15
(hats ~
Or
m9
Co: ye COW CO OG}
Ol ~I Sp Ot ~I Or Or io)
Hi Ob He > Ot
iw) or) — fon) ioe — H Go bo Orns Ot H= —TI bo a H~ GO bo former | mee oO — bo _— | — Or CO
bo ~I colon
Or oe ~I~I O1 SH WO Or co, ee ee ~I S> Ot
Lo i) iw) i) bk ~ bond —_ —_ eae al Led — —_ noe (SU) bo — (=) eo} (e") ~I (op) Or co (st) bo — Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or or Or es) io.) ~I (ap) On cs Hy Cha a BIH ost bh vale el bah alnr toe ore loo | | i fen o i] mi i) Cc CO “1 ~“1D DD Or Or we ho ew Ww bo Wo bo Noe = (lll weal eee —_ ow HH Ormt ~~ o> CO ~I pom CO Ol Cc +1 09 m— CO ~] Ore bo ow oo oS TH km Or Ww for i) ~ Or OS > Oo % a | Oi CO ia Le al Lf a i) c On] ~I10 & Or Or Or He He He eo vw oO bo bw bo Nee laa peel eon — C0 CO] ocr ew Orc bo +1 bo ~I- © “1a Go Ur ko On Oo a | Ou bo ow oo —k OD iWeorn OS ~10We ~“19 +I CO — vO bo b bo W o> CO me OO He CO ee CO kt bo bo lax Or H> w ow w hd LO po bo poet fomed eed [pel ase ed os S 0 coo~I D eee (=) le) (=) op) tb & i WD ~I-1 2D GU WO © Cm! a ee ESE SI aor ers oe tk Ged Bwk COW OHH | ie vet ae id Wa ie © ll ll Pee) [=e ar reese er Le ull pe alle tem en Ae alleys ST ist ait —_ ee i ~I10 Or io Re eee oo to bo bo bo bo Ll seal anned i ito) Uo SoS 6 © cokes -— GO bo ~I CO > wwntl - OO ~TOr~T ° Cali ea on Sie MS) MoT! He TARA SOecr fap) bo a RC TS LL LL LL LE | a oe) bo Or (op) ALC CRNEY CORA CP TT LT LL aT LT Ls Le LA — — a — — — I © LO CO > oOnWwre > Or oO CO Or Pm CoO co on or) oo eT (0 ore 2) onNw~ co — —
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 220
WHITING —continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Weight} No. of I Gmidathed in Fish. In Cm. Inch es, | Average. a age: Range. Ounces. ! : | 5 es 185°2 187°7 159 -205 - hi Go| 29 15 1910 193°8 165-205 ia 14 5 | .. | 2051 | 2022 | 199 213 : any 30 a 210°6 213°6 188 -228 7°6 11 5 =A 225 225 223 -255 Bi 7 31 12; 239°4 237 217 -276 Me 13 9) ste 247 252°5 252 -273 ie 3 32 3 271 264 242 -331 vies 8 Zs) Lr 274 272 256 -312 er 10 33 13 270 279 me as 4 5 nf 293 292 263 -354 os 9 34 3 312 309 306 -361 Ae 6 5 dei aa 322 oF ss eh, 35 re 332 332 298 -411 12°0 8 5) eer he 341 Pus ais 25 36 6) «14,3 351 357 - ais ae ih ke 378 378 341 -432 ua 8 37 vs Be rer i ee zs Sales. a 392 i, 38 15 | 407 407 x 2 time B ie 430 428 400 -524 4 39 153 446 462 , 404 -524 5 5 — 509 504 474 -545 2 40 Z 513 sae Se 1 9) se 538 542 1 4] 164 546 state 7 5 ane ee 586 ee 42 ys see see see vee vee 5 i 613 st 517 -680 a: 4 43 1 Bo eh a Ss Se 5) ih 44 173 569 1 #3) ee 45 z 5 te 46 184 47 4 903 a. ye 1 5 &.. 859 893 723 -977 3 48 z 984 1 9) A 5g 49 19,5; ‘5
226 Part IL.—Twenty-second Annual Report
HADDOCK. Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Weight | No. of i Fish. I Smoothed be In Cm. | Tishie Average. avohege. Range. Ounces. 6 23 5 so 7 z ‘5 cts . 8 34 oF ays me 5 ¥ 4°6 ‘16 1 9 45 3 5°3 a sf 5 a 6:1 63 56 - 66 ‘22 5 10 is 72 78 70- 7:4 ‘25 2 5 oe 9-1 8°8 8 - 98 8 11 4.5; 10°2 10°8 9°6 - 115 4 5 ae 12°0 119 11-1 = 4257 12 12 Z 13°5 13°6 121 - 14°5 9 5 ng 15:4 15°4 14°6 — 165 8 13 54 17°2 17°6 16 - 18-2 10 5 20°1 19°8 18:2 — 23°6 12 14 4 22°1 2276 | 20 —- 25°5 8 5 25°5 a2. || 229 = abe 17 15 g 28:0 28°3 | 24 —- 303 ‘99 16 5 ae 31°4 31:0 | 29°8 — 35 ihe 16 16 655 33°7 33°8 31°6 - 35:1 12 5 36°3 _ 366 32°3 -— 40°3 16 17 Ps 39°8 39°7 35°6 - 43°5 21 5 430 44:0 | 38 —- 48°5 19 18 1k 49:2 483 | 44 - 53°5 22 5 se 52°7 53°0 | 48°1 - 59 28 19 572 56'°5 | 51°8 - 61 18 5 oes 59°7 61:4 | 552 - 68°3 ao 13 20 g 67°4 65°7 64:2 - 73 24 11 5 a oe! 70°3 68°6 - 71 So 3 21 84 73°3 75°4 | 72°4 - 76 sa 6 5 sf e 82°8 a ve Pe 22 R 92:7 91°4 91°6 - 94°5 a 3 5 a 98°8 97°4 | 90°5 -106°3 * 3 23 94 100°7 102°6 96°5 -105 ae 2 5 os 108°3 109°3 99°5 -122°5 ane 10 24 ts 119-0 118°3 | 112 -127 aes 3 5 ae 127°6 128°7 | 114°5 -135°6 se 7 25 g 142°5 1402 | 126 -162 5°03 15 5 ee 150°5 150°2 | 131°6 -177 eee 23 26 104 157°5 157°3 | 138 -184 55 24 5 bs 164°0 165°6 | 148 -184 S58 23 27 s 175°3 174°6 161-206 Eee 30 3) sn 184°4 184°1 162-206 eee 19
28 1] 192°7 194°9 176-219 oe 17
Length. In In Cm. | Inches. a5) ; 29 vs oy vate 30 8 “5 re 3] 12,5, Db re a2 a a5 ee 33 13 5 ¥S 34 3 “5 ce 35 # 45, a 36 14,3, 25 83 37 Ts roy 8 1 5 39 153 5 a4 40 2 i, we 41 164 5 i 42 ts 5 ot 43 18 055 bon 44 173 45, 5 45. 2 5 sa 46 183 a5) a 47 4 75) see 48 4 5) tr 49 1955;
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
HADDOCK—continued.
Weight in Grammes.
1033 1063
Smoothed
" | Average.
2055 217°2 228°4
243°3 256°0 Zhen
281°4 293°0 305°1
319°0 336°1 349°9
367°2 381°0 405°8
425 °2 445°0 465°9
485°9 515°6 542°1
571°6 579°] 591°6
Range.
170-229 198-238 207-267
213-269 241-284 238-304
240-347 255-307 247-347
276-368 297-385 311-412
325-432 318-432 325-496
361-517 389-510 420-509
432-588 417-559 467-616
523-637 530-641 573-574
523-696 549-736 566-782
722-785 715-864 750-759
730-892 715-850
729-1027 870-1191
976-1090
948-1182
Average
in Ounces.
20:25
29-2
Weight] No. of
Fish.
APBD woo:
228 Part II1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
HADDOCK —continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Averag Weight} No. of fees Smoothed _ =e In Cm. | Tiches-4 A YCeSe Anare ge. Range. Ounces. a. 3) oe, 1205 i Ge a Bole 1212 ~- 1228 1076-1295 Ye 5 52 zs | 1338 - 1303 1281-1387 Se 3 5 i eee 1358 =I phe 2% 530= "| g 1379. - 3 1345-1451 ip 5 54 | 214 9) a | 55 5 56 =| 222; | 1440 Be: | 1387-1501 50°8 3 | 7 zs | 1628 1 i) bi 1635 1 58 13 oi dD c Kae 59 234 UE 5 = 1915 2 60 é 61 24 62 ts | 2110 | 1 dD s 63 & 5) Si 64 25 oa | 65 2 Ast i A: - ie 5) as 3214 ‘an Ay 113 1 6 | 2 5 = 67 | 26:3, | 5 | 68 ts 5 69 78 5 oe 70 273 3) 71 2 5 72 284 a) ae 73 te
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
HADDOCK—continued.
22
9
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Weight | No. of i Fish ; isd in : In Cm. Sn Average. vel ae Range. Ounces. 74 18 | 3691 3002-4290 3 75 29555 COD. 2 12 sa ae 2) i ‘ll 1 3 1s 18 1 5 te 37 it 1 4 1's ‘65 ‘63-67 2 5 2 | 1-04 EOL) 12:07 2 6 2 ae ) a 7 Z 5 wal 8 34 4-4 “es 4:3 - 4:4 3 5 ad. 4°65 501 Co a wi 2 9 Ls 6-0 5°75 54 - 6°8 4 5 6°7 6°83 6°2— 87°6 = 8 10 it 78 7°93 CMe 233) 0-3 ii 23) 9°3 9°47 8:4 — 10°2 Ar. 4 11 425 11°3 11:10 | 10°3 —- 11°9 12 5 ah 12-7 13°] 11-7 — 1355 9 12 £ 15-2 15-0 14°3 ~ 16°5 5 5 fe 17°1 17°3 16:2 - 17°8 1] 13 5 19°7 19°7 16°8 — 20°7 9 5 Ro 21°3 21°8 19 - 22°4 1] 14 4 24°6 24°6 21 - 29 7 5 a 27°8 27°8 24°6 — 30°6 E 10 15 g 31:1 30°7 30 - 31°6 i 4 5 a 33°3 34:0 30°2 - 35:5 4 16 635 37°6 37°5 34. - 405 4 5 oie 41°7 41-2 40°5 - 43 2 V7 +h 44°4 45°4 | 40°4 - 47°8 ie 5 5 va 50°0 49°3 45°6 — 54°5 P 2 18 7% 53°5 54°00 | 50 - 56 a 3 5 ene 58°5 579 | 58 - 59 2 19 7 61°7 62°9 59°4 — 64 2 29) sr 68°5 66°8 | 68 - 69 2
230 Part I1I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
COD—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Averag Weight] No. of in Fish. In Cm. Bei Average. a ee Range. Ounces. 20 g 70°1 711. | 66:5 — 73:8 2.5 2 5 os F456 WT 1959 a © 1 21 st 83 83:0 .| 838 — 83 2 5 | 90-2 22 1] 97°4 5 103°5 23 94 111°8 110°7. | = 105-119°3 a 3 5) zu ee 1163S | a ate oe 24 ae 121°8 1231 1 5 1356 | 13571 1 25 Z a 146°5 5.2 5 157°8 158°3 6 26 104 170°6 169°1 149-184 st 4 5 a 179 179 175-184 i 2 27 8 - 189 ae 5 Pek 187°7 1985 | 177-198 4 28 1l 218'8 210°7 | 194-248 7 5 * 209 | 217°8 191-219 3 29 ar 995°5 | 2318 219-232 2 5 x 261 252°5 933-284 ~~ 9 30 283 271°5 271°8 | 255-304 9°6 6 oe Ca oe hls 283.0 * - 31 12,3, 296 | 294°1 278-311 5 5 N 3035 306'1 297-313 4 32 g 319 | 3241 | 290-333 6 5 Be 3498 350°4_ | » 318-389 5 33 13 382 | 366-9 368-396 2 5 2 i. 3509. 1 is 4) 34 138 3945 392°9° | 382-404 4 5 = 4035 | 410 382-425 2 35 3 rs. 420 At 14:8 5 aE ak 432 ine i: fs 36 iM 499°7 | 441°9 | 396-456 a 4 5 ae ee) a-AG22 A 37 +s 494°7 482°9 466-516 4 Dee 4918 | 493°5 467-538 6 38 15 494 | 520°8 460-528 ae 2 5 Be 5765 | 547:8 573-580 2 39 158 573 | 585:8 ey 1 5 oy) 608 | 599-2 | of ys. 1 40 3 616°7 6143. | 595-637 21°8 2 5 a 618-2 620°6 536-680 its 4 41 | aga | 5925 641-2 | 581-604 ws 2 Dae 675°5 6585 | 615-736 a 2 20" ge sos 658°7. | 6711 581-779 3
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 231
COD—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Weight} No. of i Fish. In ' Smoothed | me In Cm. Tchas: Average. Average. pie | tnehee: | Pe | Byers | Range. Ounces.
5 Bee 2517 2528 2400-2761
5 An 679 700-4 or 1 43 15 “ 763°4 om : 5 oe 864 820°8 Ke “i 44. 173 835 859-4 < 1 5 My, 879°3 ” 45 3 9204 906°6 843-963 32% 5 5 ay 920 938 1 46 182 973 965 941-1005 2 5 FeAl 1002 968 1 47 4 963 986 1 5 .. | 1026 1005 | 991-1062 2 48 z | 1004 1013 963-1097 3 5 2 | 1010 1044 935-1100 7 49 19: Pity 1080 1068- 7 5 rg 1113 a if 50 fT 11r4 1139 1054-1175 2 5 at 4h P89 1182 1 5] 20, | 1243 1232 1232-1254 2 5 P1265 1295 1246-1281 3 52 vt 1978 1346 1253-1572 3 5 e* 81305 1373 1303-1536 3 53 ETE 1347 1374 1274-1451 3 5 22 || BET 1405 1345-1402 4 54 214 | 1486 1466 1416-1557 2 5 a 1532 Ks 55 & | 1702 1608 1670-1734 9 5 oe 8 1580 1660 1458-1826 ji 56 22.1, | 1689 1646 1451-1820 4 5 po 166i 1680 1494-1791 4 57 vs | 1691 1719 " ] 5 | 1805 1792 1805-1805 2 58 13 | 1880 1865 1763-1997 2 5 i 1910 59 234 | 1964 1940 1798-2209 4 5 ms ; 2020 - 60 5 | 2108 2057 2025-2224 13 5 | 2043 2088 1812-2293 4 61 24 2113 2129 2004-2290 3 5 “4 fp 2981 2174 1 62 Ss 2177 : 5 i i 2194 2207 2004-2208 “4 63 P 2357 ie 64 25 2524 2499 2259-2790 2
232 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
COD—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Averag Weight] No. of in Fish. In Cm a Average. ee Range. Ounces. 65 2 oe 2569 ie 90°7 spe 5 4h 2588 2598 2153-2838 sae 3 66 252 2638 2680 as » 5 5a ze 2744 2471-2818 im 3 67 263, | 2914 2878 2740-3151 :. + 9) i a 2975 ee a ae 68 zs | 3037 3027 2945-3144 Be 4 3) ak a5 3069 ae re ~e 69 48 | 3101 3116 ae os 1 5 a 3179 3233 3038-3384 S 3 70 27% 3420 3380 ait 120°7 1 9) aa a 3488 ahs ae 71 a 3557 3581 3413-3639 S- 3 5) ee ap 3697 ae a A 72 284 3738 3865 adie Aa, 1 5 as 4161 yas 3646-4418 re 4 73 k:3 eee were one eee eee 5 74 13 = &; fe sae = 5 a 4074 +: 3951-4149 Be 3 75 29,5, | 4000 fa 3823-4178 141 2 5 76 5) 77 i 4602 $3 4276-4928 oe 2 78 79 oe 4985 a 4312-5607 43 7 80 5 81 5 = 5501 Abs 4027-6542 a 3 5 ss 6514 Ee oe 230 1 83 5 84 5 ca 6655 ae 6202-7193 - 3 5 86
5 | 6542 i. 6485-6599 as) 9
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
COD—continued.
Length, In ue Smoothed In Cm. Inches, | “V¢?28e- Average. Range. 5 6806 6287-7816 88 nee dns 5 7558 7045-8071 89 i ae 5 7208 6061-8581 90 a das 3 7866 6797-8935 91 ee ey 5 92 2) va ee 93 8347 7944-8836 5 are rs 94 9144 8440-10025 5 te or 95 29) a Ox 96 8776 7590-10053 29) 97 se C4 5 9424 9134-9713 98 Ae a3) 5 9702 8156-10642 99 Ve gt 5 m fa. 100 10194 8326-11455 ‘5 9942 9318-10253 101 10506 9742-11753 5 e. of 102 10947 9914-11420 ‘5 11158 rae 103 10936 10181-11899 5 dE ao 104 11361 10082-12489 5 +d. “oe 105 5 11300 ste 106 12141 10930-13410 5. 11328 a 107 5 ae Pe 108 12239 10404-14075 5 109
233
No. of Fish.
360
429
Rms WwW WO
— OU
ro
234, Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
COD—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Weight] No. of n Smoothed in Fish. In Cm. | yt ches, | Average: Averaze Range. Ounces. 110 5 lll 5) 112 +) THE NORWAY POUT. 3 12 315 we 29- 34 2 4 15% aN 7) ae 5 2 5 an 6 3 oe 7 3 Japs) 09 1 a5) a 2°9 2°84 1 8 34 ae 3°19 1 5 a 300 3°75 3°2 — 3°8 4 9 o. 4°58 4°56 32 oie 13 59 a 5°55 5°49 4°7 ~ 6°4 13 10 16 6°35 6°69 5°5 — 7:0 2 ll a) os 7:18 7°38 53 - 8°7 19 11 gue. 8°6 8:10 7:3 -— 96 14 15) ote 9°77 9°7 7°3 -10°9 17 12 f 10°8 10°87 10°3 -11°8 3 9 5 wai 12°1 12°41 10°9 -12°9 as vi 13 54 14°34 13°81 12:7 -15°2 he 5 75) at 1% 1581 12°4 -17°2 1] 14 4 18:1 17°87 17°2 -19°2 8 D ah 20°5 20°57 17°8 -26°5 14 15 é 2371 23-5 18:0 -28:2 8 15 7) ot 27:0 26°27 23°6 -20°9 10 16 6,5, Pasar | 29°1 23°1 -31°7 16 5 oh 3h 31°8 28°7 -35°8 7 17 44 35°'1 34°98 38 -38'4 3 3) oH 38°34 37°9 35°7 -41°4 5 18 74 40°3 41:2 33°3 -47°0 1:4 5 5 ot 44°9 44°6 oe Ve, 1 19 4 48°7 50°3 47°4 -50°1 2 6 57 '°2 Ser. 572° -57°3 oti 2 19°8 60:0 Be ahs PA | 1 20:2 67°1 Wes 1
of the Fishery board for Scotland. 235
GURNARD. Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Sw ; ee Weight | No. of i Fish. I Smoothed a In Cm. ceed Average. | Anerne. Range. Ounces. 4 1,55 5 vat 71 65-77 2 5 2 48 5 1-25 1:13 12- 13 ‘04 2 6 3 1°65 rh ee 5 2°05 2°19 1 7 2 2°87 2°64 2°75- 3:0 2 5 30 3°27 29- 3:1 2 8 34 3°93 ae 36 - 4:2 3 9 vs sr a 468 oe 5 on 593 56 —- 66 iF 3 10 a 6°3 6°97 2 ] 5 ba 8°7 8:3 ie 1 11 ts 10-0 9°87 1 5 10°9 10°2 — 12°0 "38 3 12 2 ae bi bos it 5 se 13 5 5 14 4 29) 15 g 5 16 62 5 “8 17 ié 9) ce 49°3 44 ~— 54 Ly 3 18 7k if ae ae eM 5 ae 19 4 61 1 20 g 29) ape i 21 84 82 a ee a 1 5 aes 85 83°3 85 - 85 3°0 2 22 iH 83°5 85°8 79 - 88 2 5 sc 89 aL 23 9F 95 93 1 23) a 95 101 on iat 1 24 r 113°5 112 107-120 he 2 5 oi i 124 ae EP aa 25 é 135 132 Bh 4:7 ] 5 i bc ~ 138 ee a au 26 102 14] a 132 -148 ae 3
Sa.
236 Part TIT.—Twentieth Annual Report
GURNARD— continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Weight] No. of in Fish. In Cm. aan os, | AVerage. en eae Range. Ounces. 5 157°7 27 ; a ra Le $e S. a) 174°7 sch 163-183 eh 3 28 ll E. 177°! as ah Pe 5 mee 179°6 te. 170 -186 fe. 5 29 i'5 Bo ny nn ss 30 43 227°0 bs 205 -255 80 5 2) _ 237 235 na Ae 1 31 12,5; 241 249 sa = 1 5 oa x 269 me = 2 32 3 297 289°7 ae ee 1 5 ih a 303 dl A 4} 33 13 309 312 285 -333 ee 2 5 324°3 iy 307 -361 11°4 5 34 3 id: waa ode at ee 35 ra 5 ee are ie oe 36 14,'; 337 a” Sis Be 1 37 5 5 38 1 5 i | 39 153 | 9) ee | 40 3 | 4] 164 573 mek | ee 20:2 ] 9) 42 vs 5 HERRING. ; 1°86 2 0°0131 48 2°91 1g 0:0582 14 4°3 134 32 31-34 Ol 4 4°8 1g "42 - ‘38-47 11 80 $ 2°98 isa 27 - 32 1 5 a3) we 3°8 3°63 3°5 - 4:0 3 9 y's 4°] 4°27 34- 49 8 23) nal 49 4:97 44 - 55 11 10 1% 59 5°90 53 - 71 2 5 |
CN
of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 9%
HERRING—continued.
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average bys ia) re Weight | No. of In Smoothed _ pase In Cm. Inches, | 4Verage: Average. Range. Ounces. 5 “e 69 70 60- 82 9 11 4.5. 8-2 8-2 76 — 9-4 11 5 a 9°5 9°4 8'4 - 11°4 23 12 } 10°9 10°6 9°5 - 12 12 9) re 11-9 12% 10:2 - 13 21 13 5k 14-0 13°8 13° -— 14°7 9 5 te 15°6 15°'8 15 - 159 6 14 4 17-9 LWT 16°2 - 18 9 5 aa 19°5 19°9 18°6 — 20°7 6 15 é 22:4 23°4 21°8 - 22°8 i 9 5 er 28 °4 26'0 at 1 16 625 27°3 29°1 26 —- 28 3 5 31:5 30°8 30 - 33 4 17 tt 33°6 34:1 31 - 35 7 5 37°1 36°8 36 - 38°7 6 18 75 39°6 40°3 37 — 42°5 10 5 : 43 °2 43°4 38 - 47 14 19 3 47 °3 475 44 - 52 7 5 §2°1 51:1 49°5 — 57 6 20 é 53°9 55°1 52°8 — 55 1-9 2 5 59°3 60°0 57°1 -— 632 5 21 8} 66°7 66°9 60°8 - 72°6 4 5 sien 74:8 75'9 72 — 85 5 22 44 863 81:5 83 - 89 3 5 88°4 23 94 91°5 94°2 82 -101 4 5 101-2 98°8 93 -113 8 24 ts | 103°6 10671 85°5 -114 11 5 113°6 110°8 108-117 Hi 25 i 1152 119°8 113-118 4:0 4 5 130°5 126°3 120 -143 6 26 104 133°3 1362 118 -160 17 5 144°8 143°9 126 -168 17 27 : 153°7 153°9 141 -186 22 5) 1632 163°3 151 -188 11 28 11 172-9 174:0 149 —-195 14 5 a 1859 185:2 158 -213 ee 16 29 vs | 196°9 194°8 185 -218 , 8 5 ee 201°7 208°8 178 -212 12 30 45 | 227°9 219°5 188 -253 80 12 d 1 229°4 31 123, | 236°7 236°8 204 -280 7 5) 244°3 248-0 228 -259 3 32 2 263 260 -266 9°3 2
<I
Sail:
Length. Weight in Grammes. Average CVE Weight ne ie
j in is
In Cm. Inches. Average. “Ta Gm | rach: ||AP86° [Ramage | 8 ES |] a Range. Ounces. 4 1; ¥ 2 5 13 50 Fe: a Ei 1 5 2 ‘67 ‘67 “*63- °75 "02 8 5 i 84 ‘88 ‘7 - 1:0 As 28 6 3 1:14 , ‘92- 1:3 “04 20 ‘5 4 1°53 1°57 1 Nae I; 15 "| 8 2°04 2°02 16 — 23 07 21 5 ree 2°48 2°59 2°0 — 2°8 ee 33 8 3k 2°90 3°05 2°4 — 3°6 38 5) £ 3°76 3°72 3°3 — 4:3 14 9 2 4°59 463 | 3:8 — 5:3 il ‘5 : 5°53 5°56 4:9 — 65 14 10 15 6°55 676 | 55-8 23 12 9) aa 8'2 8-08 14 — 1972 a3 20 1] 45 9°5 9°48 78 -11'8 27 5 iA 10°75 “10°86 9°7 -12°9 aS 28 12 3 12°34 12°46 10°8 -14°2 “4 33 9) fee 14:27 14°34 12-2 -15°4 : 15 13 of 16°4 1
LUMPENUS. nie! | fee eee ee he
15 55 a x he 9) ie 4°4 15 1 16 625 Ne ce 3) ma 5°0 i * 1 17 1s 5:17 5°32 42- 6 3 a) 5°8 5°91 ee 1 18 ie as 6-41 ue 5) te ToL 6°86 sf 3 19 4 7°25 75 72- 7:3 2 5 “es 8°1 7°65 74 —- 8°7 * 3 20 ‘f 7:6 8:07 1 On aig ‘27 2 a) ee 8:5 Sy ee ros | 21 ga a 9°38 as ee 5 Bee a0 10-09 8:8 = 10°7 6 22 et 10°45 10°68 | 10:4 — 103 2 5 be wey. 11°45 10°4 — 13°1 2 23 93 12:2 12°45 10°3 — 14°7 5 9) ie 13°4 12°93 12°3 - 13°8 4 24 Lf 13-2 13° 77 12:8 — 13-7 . 2 9) tes 14°7 13°8 —- 15°6 52 2 25 g a ; tee
Part IlT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
SPRAT,
ee
bo <
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
LUMPENUS—continued. Length. Weight in Grammes. Average Se eae ean 2) Weight] No. of Fish. I Smoothed ae In Cm eae Average. “Ayeiaees Range. Ounces. 26 104 16:2 oe ee en 1 28 11 20:2 5 18 — 22-4 fil 2 29 T. A, if: on 30 Ae AS re POGGE. 5 ro 6 75) vi 5 8 34 3°72 A 3°42-— 3°93 a8; 6 a) *, 4°5 4°47 3°93- 4:94 aes LG 9 vs 5:2 5°46 4°45- 5°83 oh 12 5 6°48 6°34 5°15- 6 85 ie 14 10 45 7°34 7°36 6°88-— 7°66 26 3 5 soe 8°25 8°74 7°87- 8°64 Lae 2 11 45, 10°62 10°55 3 is 1 5) Ne: | cy 12°30 oF - 1 2 3 13 52 13°80 12°71-14°63 "48 4 5 Me 15-12 15°38 15 -15°25 a 2 13 54 te 17°51 os Soh ae 5 me 21°27 19°64 ye fe) 1 14 4 20°13 1 #5) a 15 g
240 Part III —Twenty-second Annual Report
PLAICE.
SHOWING THE CALCULATED WEIGHT AT VARIOUS SIZES.
Length in Weight in Length in Weight in Centimetres. Grammes, Centimetres. Grammes. 1 ‘009 36 435-632 2 ‘075 37 472947 ss ae 38 512°336 4 ‘598 39 553861 5 1:167 40 597 °500 6 2°017 4] 643°515 7 aor, 42 702°346 8 4:78 43 742357 9 6:°807 44 795°360 10 9-338 45 850°838 11 12428 46 908 824 12 16°134 47 969°398 13 20°513 48 1032-600 14 26°013 49 1115°295 15 31°509 50 1167°200 16 38 240 51 1238 °436 hy: 45°868 52 1312°856 18 54°454 53 1390-065 19 64:°042 54 1470°249 20 74:700 55 1553 °443 21 87°793 56 1648°160 22 99°420 57 1729 147 23 113-603 58 1821 °760 24 129:075 59 1917°624 25 145'900 60 2016-792 26 164°107 61 2119-322 27 183°781 62 225 269 28 208°102 63 2370°411 29 227 *720 64 2447 -360 30 252-072 65 2564°174 31 278°159 66 2684344 32 305920 67 2808 225 33 335°543 68 2935°552 34 366 944 69 | 3068 °281 35 406°450 70 3251 °592
PLATE Vi.
Common Dab.
700
16
| Plaice. | 4 Norway Pout. fee Cod. BI | | 7 18 19 20
et
75
eb
PLATE VII.
= ace | eect 4 == 8 210 15 ie Ana | | : || no} a / | 190 13 7 ae ae ‘ea ea ee 170 11 | 160 10 IE | / t _ | | [ 5 : el | 8 150 + 9 H | | 140 eet ie | IL | 4 i 130 - 7 BH 120 IL | | 110 5 100 4 Is a . t : | | | | | | = + aie a | | mt 1 | | | | | 1, Plaice. | | | 2. Common Dab. 8. Witch . » ie I 4. Long Rough Dab. 11 12 | | | 5. Cod. | } 6. Haddock. Ale 7. Sprat. | 8. Herring. 40 + | IL = he et ae | | ie a | | 20 — a lt | L + = | ee 10+ EA eZee | ie - 1 = a | l all | = 28
1 2 3 4 5 6 v= 28 9 10 1 12 13 14 16 16 17° 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
i r
~~
‘SPRAT PLATE vit.
= : ~ = [ 1 Te | e Aberdeen Bay, Cromarty 9 Aberdeen Bay, 15 1éth April 160 Firth 85} Aberdeen Bay, | | tet September ae ee Pineal (61 fish). 19th December (16 fish). ERY, (74 fish) SARE 80; |__| 2am | ale 20 15 a — 13 Aberdeen Bay, by UF Gf ED ro, ohh ah rey ay 20| 18th-24th October rc ~- —. ——— Oh (112 fish). he | | Aberdeen Bay, | 25 | 8| 17th December 5 (7 fish). 20 |— 2 io u Ww 2aeeS eto) U7) SUNCOM TO! inueo8 IS 1 15 15 2 5; 7 | { 10 Aberdeen Bay, 10 11 12 13 14 Aberdeen Bay, 1“ ae ciel 6 18th December ) | 5 : (26 fish). 10 CEO) HO th SES Cromarty Firth, —— 10th January 4 | 5 dL [ 17 | i || (27 fish) 5 $ Dog Hole, Aberdeen, | T | 8 ar eae 2 ARNON fish). 1 ~ aL il 2 8) 42 75 ei 28 ON 0) Ieee reste L | LJ} oe ~- a 8) A Gh PG Anis TPE} 14 4 Aberdeen Bay, 11 30 Ist June + 3 Aberdeen Bay, (58 fish). 2 He 20th September | | (5 fish), | 25 + ———; 4 ie. Forth IIt., u | ale | | 9th May Sl AGEpiaahD. ae ame ec ieen ns gece eS LOLS TL 2 SelB 20 ales iz uta a7? EGmLPaDUUnsiasEe ath oll 6 [ © 10 11 12 18 7 | | ] 4 I 10 + + —- i" Aberdeen Bay, area ae —| fipeees | © (74 fish). 5} 10 11 12 18 #14 ee f eel ewe ie . Sree %, al) tae 15) 6) 7 18) EO OM IO Rede era 20 = |
4 =
CMS SV Su CIS IS Cees ts eG
BecO eB Gy A7 sels G) M0 <1 Jae a8
5 ‘
“s
’
| . | s
4
| : f :
bi
¥
‘
rs ois
4
i x -
a j | | { .
|
a, a : |
ae 4
} i
id
“a pein aA 4S Vedran Tete. cree.
a eel
peer treet, . = —— Feo ~~
es
cm
A
a srt Cea Rdainidinegs fin og ‘a ‘
PLATE IX.
3 5 7 9 Burghead, Dornoch, Dornoch, Dornoch, 25th December Slst Maroh 28th December 25th December
(870 fish). (185 fish)
(635 fish).
Burghead, 160 }————++- 28th December (480 fish), 20 | 8 10 11 12 18 14 Dornoch, l 600 llth November ———e 2 4 = (1698 fish). A Pee Bb Se) 7 38) oo) 0 ie ania 550 — (137 fish). 10 ————— All December 400 Collections L mie combined 450 /- | | Aan 50 + 350 + peas 300 |— aaa agen acl ogres eT ee | Dornoch, | 22nd October 75 | (41 fish). | st | Si Nels ES st 200 |— Te! 6| 7 ba? 5 4 100 - | 1 - 8} é =e | 75 1 [ieee 4 al at i) (Vax a PCG ERT nT DR DCT TOS amedben sy (de Nin -v8.. 19 MLO) Wile sie: 78) 25 oer Se 10° ak a
75
SPRAT
50
40
PEATE XG
30
April. | May. | June. | July. April. | May. | June. | July. Aug. | Sept. Oct. Noy. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. | April. | May. | June | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. Nov Dec Jan. Mar. F Stee 130 Bee. see: a L ais fal Beet... eo See, | | 120 in alr Sailr aaa eres mh | | aC a = | t= 100 L “i i + sai a wa] | | a Le el < | b—| jj} = eo | al =P = -~ —+ -— — ealp is - = i SE alee IL aa | | | | | Se | | = IL IE ! Bre IE | ie | é | | 7 i ae ails + = i } / = ves === — alt IL el ( a es
=
{ee OS ML = Ara ; , as 7 : oe tt el ance eee Ee ee
“=e = Ques! oe fgg ae Mt ee Lia ee i - ia ak ee of et eee re ae a a eS. \ oe. »« : ae i Se LL Cee Gee ee Rc a od oe ee oe SMEs : ‘ a : ve | i 2 * aS oie med tes >a el Se ‘ é ~ ie i ee
PLATE XI. | “|
. {SE ee 19 4 Witch. = 1g |—___l- —- dt : 1 |
| Off Burghead, 16 1st April.
Witch. + : { Off Burghead, 40 \ 98th December. \
= 45 | Mi Firth, 1 ae | | Mi L i | Witch. — a.
o
|; 8 | —
| 4 ——s | tL 10 | | 3 jes | | | 2 5 xy /\ eh 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 2% 26 2 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 60 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 9B 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 4g 48 50 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 | | | | | | | | | i >i 30 Witch. Witch. 26 | A=Townet Clyde. Collections in Aberdeen Bay 10 | A=Townet Collections, 28 | and Moray Firth in 15th July to 1st August. October and November. es 27 Lumpenus. : ‘ Rest of curve=5th September. - Forth, St. V., | The rest of the curve=Off Burghead, 10th May 1901. i 14th November. a IL 8 Hs = wy Black="5cm. grouping. | _ “| | Be Red = 1 cm. us 7 53 {~ f A 21 —— i +t 6 |) ==> — = aa 19 d [ r 1 5y 18 + r i 4 17 aI 4 i lo +—— 4 | 16 = + 16 =F r 3 | 14 —- 4 == 13 | = i Ir 12 ~ | ‘ | al dle + r IL | ite 10 ie | i ; \ ! 2 4 6 8B 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 94 96 BS 30 32 34 ee | | r a 6 = i" i \ See i = = 4 \] Ste / | j i ai NN al > : 2 “] ar : 1 te een \ VAN | ic | a
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 2% 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 49 42 44 46 48 50 1011129314915 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 26 27 28 29 30 31 82 88 34 35
520
g
.
|
PLATE XII.
= ~~~ =F = = =a | 7 ic } ] Norway Pout, * } (285) a off Aberdeen. Norway Pout, Norway Pout, | Norway Pout. Nonwavabout Norway Pout, : | 10 off Aberdeen. —| off Kinnaird Head, 90 q ‘off Burghead, 90 Soll ie Breniena: | 40! off Aberdeen, at A=12th October. 16th December. 23rd January. ' 1st April. | 19th May : 28th June. B=23rd-24thOctober| ° = 8 ae 80 4 30 + as 7 G =! - +e - | | 70 4 20 1 4b = =a] it) 10 3 i 2 50 | Al as Pipa viene onthe sy 3) 4 otto rs! 8 20: Aly Ta Bas) is 16 YR ii WET ee GI Ge GUC MILNE LE NIL Nib unGn Gx7mcISh LOM DO men ou a oe — =. Norway Pout, | Norway Pout, Aberdeen, | = — = T a | 100 off Burghead, 40 21st August. a7 A ee eet 14th November. A (Red)=3rd September. | | Norway Pout, Norway Pout, B (Black)=10th September. off Shetland, 580 | off Shetland, Aberdeen. 16th October Slst August & 2 - (928 fish). | 4th September. i + 260 + = si 10 30 | I =e = a | DO Sasa) as jc eee
Norway Pout, 50 off Shetland, —
TCO Clyde, Rhuad Point to Ailsa, 4th October 1903
19th October.
10 | ai
-
é
A | AVN | 140 a (704).
120 Norway Pout, off Shetland, 11th December
5 ae (307). Norway Pout, | 100! off Burghead - oi 7 28th December | i : | | Co ee 4 A i Reciye Se eG NO sie Wey ls 16 40 —f eit 16617 18 19 20 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 12 18 14 1b 16 #17 18 19 2 221 22 Dug uraG) MLDS OMELTON AT) 12D Gig tuna) LS) SIO icy, 20 | 20 dL J : 9 10 il 12 18 14 1h 16 17 18 18 =e
6 7 8) 19s LOR 2 los ie
Length in Centimetres.
Om Or WN —
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
_HADDOCK.
SHOWING THE CALCULATED WEIGHT AT VARIOUS SIZES.
Weight in
Grammes.
008 063 213 504 984 1°700 2°700 4°030 5°738 7870 10°476 13°600 17297 22566 26°563 32°239 38 665 45900 53°980 62°967 72°884 83806 95°754 108-800 122-974 138°377 154°913 180°529 191°941 212-500 234°455 257 °911 282°846 309 °322 337440
Length in
Centimetres.
Weight in Grammes.
367 °200 398639 431°846 467 023 503°733 542°408 583073 625°720 670°449 717°188 766°034 817°087 870400 914°465 983800 1043°963 1107°018 1171-662 1239°300 1309°470 1444-332 1457°468 1535°531 1616°333 1700000 1786 °340 1875°641 1967°870 2063°290 2162°144 2262-764 2367005 2474°580 2585°366 2699524
241
24.2 Part LI1.—Twenty-second Annual Report
IV.—_NOTES ON SOME RARE AND INTERESTING MARINE CRUSTACEA.
By Tuomas Soort, LL.D., F.L.S. (Plates XIII.-XV )
nr
CONTENTS.
PAGE Preliminary Remarks, : : 5 : : 2 ; . 242
Copepoda :— Fam. Monstrillide, . . 5 : : : 2 ; 4243 Fam. Choniostomatide, . : ; i A ; . 250 Amphipoda, : ‘ : : : : : : ‘ . eo Sympoda, . : : 5 : : : : : : . 258 Description of the Plates, . : E ; : : : . 259
PRELIMINARY REMARKS,
In the following notes I have described a number of minute Crustaceans belonging to the Monstrillide and the Choniostomatidee—two families of Copepoda containing aberrant and parasitic forms of more than usual interest. A few forms belonging to other groups more or less rare in the Scottish seas are also recorded here.
The species recorded here belonging to the Monstrillide are as follows :—
Monstrilla grandis, Giesbrecht. os longicornis, I, C. Thompson. fe gracilicauda, Giesbrecht. 4 anglica, Lubbock. ns dubia, T. Scott, sp. n. Thaumaleus thompsont, Giesbrecht. . rigidus (I. C. Thompson). a zetlandicus, T. Scott, sp. n. RS rostratus, 'T. Scott, sp, n.
The following are the names of the seven species belonging to the Choniostomatidz which are also described :—
Stenothocheres egregius, Hansen, new to British Fauna.
Spheronella paradoxa, Hansen, __,, a Re minuta, T. Scott, sp. n. * callisome, T. Scott, sp. n. a cluthe, T. Scott, sp. n. pygmea, T, Scott, sp. n. - amphilocht, Hansen,
A description is furnished of each of the species mentioned above, and this is illustrated by drawings which have been prepared by my son, Mr. A. Scott, A.L.S., who also prepared most of the dissections required. The preparing of these dissections wasin some cases rendered more difficult when the species happened to be represented by only a single
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 243
specimen whose appendages were not very obvious even with a moderately high magnification.
Some moderately rare species of Amphipoda and Sympoda are recorded at the end of the paper, the names of which are as follows :—
Hyperia medusarum (O. F. Muller). Tryphana malmi, Boeck. Anonyx nugax (Phipps). Hoplonyx cicada (Fabr.). Harpinia pectinata, G. O. Sars. Metopa borealis, G. O. Sars. Paratylus falcatus (Metzger). Megaluropus agilis, Norman Idothea neglecta, G. O. Sars. Hudorellopsis deformis, Kryoer., Pseudocuma similis, G. O. Sars.
The following are the descriptions of the various species referred to :— COPEPODA. Fam. MoNSTRILLIDA Genus Monstrilla, Dana, 1848.
Monstrilla grandis, Giesbrecht. PI, xii, fig. 11, 12; pl. xiv., fig. 9-11; plexv., fie. 1, 2:
1892. Monstrilla grandis, Giesb., Pelag. Copep. des Golfes v. Neapel, p. 588, pl. 46, fig. 2, 8, 11, 17, 19, 24, 25, 35, 39.
Description of the Female:—In this species the antennules of the female, which are moderately stout, are scarcely equal to one-fourth the length of the animal; their structure is somewhat similar to that of the antennules of M. gracilicauda, but the articulations are rather more distinct (fig. 9, pl. xiv.).
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are sub-cylindrical, about twice as long as broad, and with a somewhat bi-lobed extremity (fig. 10, pl. xiv.); the exterior lobe bears three sete, the inner one is small but the other two are elongated. The inner lobe appears to be furnished with only a single apical seta, but our dissection shows what appears to be the base of a seta on the inner margin of this lobe, the seta itself having probably been broken off; the position of this seta is indicated on the drawing by dotted lines.
The abdomen consists of three segments, but the first, which is larger than the next two combined, is divided into two portions by a pseudo- articulation as shown by the drawing (fig. 11, pl. xii., and fig, 11, pl. xiv.) ; the second and third segments are sub-equal and are together much smaller than the first segment.
The furcal joints are each provided with six sete, one being situated on the outer edge near the base of the joint while the others spring from the apex (fig. 11, pl. xiv.); one of the apical setz near the inner edge is very small.
The female represented by the drawing (fig. 11, pl. xiii.) measures 4:25 mm. (about + of an inch).
Description of the Male :—The male is much smaller than the female ; the specimen represented by the drawing (fig. 12, pl. xiii.) measures only 2 mm. (.% of an inch).
244 Part III. —Twenty-second Annual Report
The antennules of the male, which are proportionally rather longer than those of the female, are five-jointed, the last joint being hinged to the preceding one (fig. 1, pl. xv.).
The first and second segments of the male abdomen are not coalescent as in the female, but otherwise the two sexes are nearly alike.
The armature of the furcal joints (fig. 2, pl. xv.) is similar to that of the female.
The fifth pair of feet resemble very closely the fifth pair of the male of M. longiremis.
Habitat——Head of Loch Fyne (Firth of Clyde), November 28, 1899, one female, and January 30, 1901, a male and a female.
Professor G. 8. Brady records a Monstrilla, obtained at Cullercoats in July, 1900, which he thinks may be the male of M. grandis, Giesbrecht,* and I. C. Thompson mentions the occurrence of the same species in the vicinity of the Channel Islands.t
Monstrilla longicornis, I. C. Thompson, PI. xiii., fig. 1-7.
1890. Monstrilla longicornis, I1.C. Thompson, Trans. L’pool. Biol. Soc., vol. iv., p. 119, pl. iv., figs. 1, 2, and 4 (¢).
1892. Monstrilla longiremis, Giesb., Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel, p. 589, pl. 46, figs. 10, 14, 22, 37, and 41 (9).
1902. ‘i es longiremis, T. Scott, 20th Rept. Fishery Board for Scotland, pt. iii., p. 469, pl. xxv., figs. 3 and 4 (9).
The antennules in both the female and male are elongated and slender, being in some examples nearly half as long as the cephalothorax and abdomen combined; but their length seems to vary to some extent in different individuals, and those of the male appear to be proportionally rather longer than in the female. The male antennules are composed of six joints, and the articulation between the fifth and sixth is so hinged that the sixth joint can be folded inwards ; the second and last joints are of nearly equal length and considerably longer than any of the others (fig. 6). In the female antennules all the joints except the first appear to be coalescent, so that each antennule is apparently only two-jointed fig. 3).
a fifth thoracic feet of the female consist each of a sub-cylindrical plate, but the proximal half of the leg is rather wider than the lower half and is defined from it by a distinct notch on the inner margin, and from this notch there springs a moderately long seta; three other sete spring from the distal extremity of the leg, but the innermost one is short while the other two are elongated; all the setze appear to be more or less plumose fig. 4).
Ae fifth feet of the male are somewhat rudimentary, each being represented by a single moderately long plumose seta which springs from a small tubercle near the lower ventral margin of the last thoracic seg- ment. The genital appendages are narrow and spiniform (fig. 7).
The furcal joints in the female are each furnished with five moderately long setz, but there are only four sete to each of the furcal joints in the male, This appears to be the only British species of Monstrilla in which the number of furcal sete in the female is five.
The male of Monstrilla longicornis does not appear to have been previously recorded except by I. C. Thompson,
* Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb., Durham, and Newcastle, vol. xiv., p. 64, pl. iv., fig. 1-3. + Journ. Marine Zool. and Microscopy, vol. ii., p. 97 (No. 8, December, 1897).
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 2.45
The following are the localities whence I have obtained this species and the dates when the different specimens were collected :—
Firth of Forth, between Fidra and the Bass Rock, October 18, 1890 (9).
Firth of Forth, east of Inchkeith, August 14, 1891 (2 & d).
Firth of Forth (locality not stated), 1893 (Q & 3).
Firth of Forth, Station V. (to the west of May Island), August 30, 1894 (2 & 3).
Firth of Forth, Station V., July 24, 1901 (9).
Firth of Tay, at Buddon, December 5, 1902 (9).
Thirty-five miles east of May Island (per ss. ‘Glenogle,” of Aberdeen), August 20, 1903 (9 & 3).
Off Aberdeen about ten miles, November 11, 1901 (9).
Firth of Clyde, off the Ayrshire coast, November (date not stated), 1895 (9).
Firth of Lee head of Loch Fyne, December 11, 1897 (@).
Virth of Clyde, Whitefarland Bay, Arran, July 6, 1899 (¢).
Solway Firth, Luce Bay (per Andrew Scott), November 26, 1901 (9).
Larne Harbour, Ireland (per Andrew Scott), January 14, 1904.
The female represented by the drawing (fig. 1) measured 3:1 mm., which is similar to the size given by Dr. Giesbrecht ; the length of the male which the drawing represents (fig. 2) is 2 mm.
One or two of the more obvious characters by which J. longicornis may be distinguished from other forms are the long and somewhat slender antennules, the form and armature of the fifth pair of thoracic feet, and the number of the furcal sete. The structure of the abdomen appears also to differ to some extent from the other species of Monstrilla recorded here.
It may be remarked further that the integument in this species when examined with the microscope and under a moderately high power is seen to have a granular appearance not observed in other species (see the drawings, figs.1 and 2).
That I. C. Thompson’s Monstrilla longicornis is identical with JZ, longiremis, Giesbrecht, must, I think, be admitted. The long antennules, the granular appearance of the integument, the number of furcal sete, and the structure of the abdomen show that it can be nothing else, and as Thompson’s name was published two years before that of Dr. Giesbrecht it must be restored. Thompson does not appear to have seen the female or Dr. Giesbrecht the male of this species.
Monstrilla gracilicauda, Giesbrecht. PI. xii., fig. 8-10; pl. xiv., fig. 15.
1892. Monstrilla gracilicauda, Giesb., op. cit, p. 587, pl. 46, figs. 9, 16, 18, 29, 32, 43.
In the female of Monstrilla gracilicauda the antennules are rather shorter than in the species just described. They appear to be four- jointed, the first three being small, while the end joint is equal to the entire length of the other three (fig. 8, pl. xiii.).
The fifth pair of thoracic feet (fig. 15, pl. xiv.) are sub-quadrate in out- line, rather longer than broad, and somewhat gibbous at the distal end as shown in the drawing; each foot is furnished with three plumose sete, one on the outer aspect and two at the apex, the feathering is very delicate and can only be seen by using a moderately high magnification.
The abdomen consists of four segments, the first segment, which
24.6 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
appears to consist of two coalescent segments, is of a sub-cylindrical form but tapers slightly towards the distal extremity ; it is about one-third longer than the breadth at the widest part and nearly twice the entire length of the next segments. The third segment is only about half the length of the second one.
The furcal joints are each provided with six sete arranged as shown in the drawing (fig. 10, pl. xiii.), but one of the sete is very small.
The length of the specimen represented by the drawing is 31 mm., which is somewhat larger than that stated by Dr. Giesbrecht. No males of this species have been observed hitherto.
M. gracilicauda has been collected at the following places :—
Firth of Forth, above Queensferry, June 26, 1890 (9).
Firth of Forth, off Musselburgh, September 29, 1892 (@).
*35 miles east of May Island, Firth of Forth (per s.s. “Glenogle ”), August 20, 1903 (9).
Firth of Clyde, Whitefarland Bay, Arran, July 6, 1899 (9).
Firth of Clyde, near head of Loch Fyne, November 28, 1899 (9).
Monstrilla anglica, Lubbock. PI. xiii., fig. 13; pl. xiv., fig. 12-14.
1857. Monstrilla anglica, Lubbock. Ann, and Mag. Nat, Hist. (2), ‘vol. sac, p. 409, pl geo. fo 28:
1900. Monstrilla (*) dane, Scott, 18th Ann. Rept. Fishery Board for Scotland, pt. iii., p. 398, pl. xiii., fig. 15-20.
Description of the Female.—The specimen represented by the drawing measures 3°2 mm. (nearly 3 of an inch); it has a general resemblance in size and structure to Monstrilla longicornis, but is scarcely so robust (fig. 13, up Exile
The antennules are elongated and slender and indistinctly three-jointed ; the basal joint is as usual very short; the next, which is not very clearly defined, is also small, but longer than the basal joint; the remaining portion consists of a single piece which may be made up of two or three coalescent joints (fig. 12, pl. xiv.).
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are sub-cylindrical in outline, and nearly twice as long as broad ; each foot is furnished with two elongated apical sete, and the inner margin, which is nearly straight and shorter than the outer margin, terminates in a small rounded process, beyond which the distal portion of the foot becomes narrower as shown in the drawing (fig. 13, pl. xiv.).
The genital filaments are scarcely equal in length to the furcal sete.
The abdomen appears to consist of three segments; the first segment is about twice the length of the second, while the second is about one and a half times the length of the third.
The furcal joints are each furnished with six setze (fig. 14, pl. xiv.).
Habitat.—Firth of Forth, west of May Island, July 26, 1901 ; thirty- five miles east of May Island, August 20, 1903, per s.s. ‘ Glenogle.” Females only were observed in both gatherings.
This species resembles WM. longicornis in size, in the elongate antennules, and to some extent in the structure of the abdomen, but differs very distinctly in the armature of the fifth pair of thoracic feet, and in possessing six instead of five furcal sete ; and the integument appears to want the minutely granulated structure observed in M. longicornis.
The specimens recorded by me in Part III. of the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland from the Firth of Clyde appear to belong to Lubbock’s Monstrilla anglica; these specimens were
* This specimen was of a fine green colour.
b DULUY
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 247
apparently imperfect as regards the furcal hairs, and no doubt helped to disguise their relationship with the species named. Having now obtained specimens in fairly good condition, I am enabled to give a few accurate figures of the female which may be of interest as supplementing Dr. Bourne’s very fine drawings of the male. (See the Quarterly Journ. of Micros. ‘Science, vol. xxx., pt. 4, new series, Feb. 1890.)
Monstrilla dubia, T. Scott, sp. n. PI. xiii, fig. 14; pl. xiv., fig. 16-18.
Description of the Female.—Body moderately slender ; length of the specimen represented by the drawing is 3°3 mm. (fully $ of an inch). The cephalothoracic segment is about one and a half times the entire length of the remaining thoracic segments and abdomen.
The abdomen is composed of three segments ; the first segment is about equal in size to the last segment of the thorax, the second is smaller than the next, while the second and third are together scarcely as long as the first segment (fig. 14, pl. xiv.).
The antennules are moderately stout and about half as long as the cephalothoracic segment, and composed of four joints ; the first and third joints are small, the second is about half as long again as the third, while the fourth is equal to the entire length of the three joints (fig, 16, pl. xiv.)
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are moderately slender; each foot is narrow and sub-cylindrical at the proximal end, but becomes wider distally and terminates in two lobes; the outer lobe is larger than the inner and is furnished with three moderately long sete, the inner lobe is narrow and appears to be devoid of setze as shown in the drawing (fig. ED pisziye):
The fureal joints are each provided with four elongated hairs, one of them springs from near the base of the outer margin, two spring from the apex, while the fourth is attached on the inner aspect and near the middle of the joint, as seen in the drawing (fig. 18, pl. xiv.).
Habitat.—Firth of Forth, east of Inchkeith, August 14, 1891; and head of Lech Fyne (Firth of Clyde), November 11, 1897, and November 28, 1899. No males have been observed.
Remarks.—The Copepod of which I have just given a description does not agree with any described species known to me. The characters by which it may be distinguished are the following three: first, the structure of the abdomen, the first segment of which is as large as the segment of the thorax next to it ; second, the peculiar form of the fifth pair of thoracic feet; and, third, the number and arrangement of the furcal setee.
Monstrilla dubia as described and figured here has a somewhat close resemblance to the female of M. dance as represented by the beautiful drawings of Professor Claparede,* and especially by figure 3, taf. xvi., which shows the female from the under side; the proportional lengths of the abdominal and of the posterior thoracic segments are almost identical, but the furcal joints are represented with only three sete ; there is also a slight difference in the length of the second joint of the antennules. Had a separate drawing of the fifth pair of thoracic feet of the female been given by that author the identification of the species would have been rendered more certain.
* Beobachtungen uber Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte wirbelloser thier an der ktiste von Normandie, Angestellt, p. 95, taf. xvi., fig. 1-6 (1863).
248 Part [[1I1—Twenty-second Annual Report Genus Thaumaleus Kroyer, 1849.
Thaumaleus thomsont, Giesb. Pl. xiv., fig. 1-4.
1892. TZhaumaleus thomsoni, Giesb., Pelag. Copep. des Golfes v. Neapel, p. 584, pl. 46, fig. 7, 27, 31, 36, 40.
1902. TLhaumaleus thompsont, Scott, 20th Ann. Rept. Fishery Board for Scotland, pt. iii., p. 470, pl. xxv., fig. 5, 6.
In Part III. of the Twentieth Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, I published a description with figures of the male of Thaumaleus thompsoni taken in Lerwick Harbour, Shetland. Recently, when examining a small collection of Monstrillas that had been captured from time to time during the past twelve or fifteen years, I found a single female of the same species that had been taken in a tow-net sample collected off Scarborough on July 9, 1893, during some investigations on behalf of the Fishery Board for Scotland; this specimen I will now briefly describe, and illustrate the description with figures showing a few of its more characteristic features.
The specimen referred to was elongated and very slender, and measured 4°8 mm. in length (about $ of an inch). The cephalothoracic segment was about equal to twice the entire length of the remaining segments of the thorax and abdomen combined (fig. as pl. xiv.).
The antennules are short and stout, and appear to consist of four joints ; but the third, which is small, seems to be partly coalescent with the second (fig. 2, pl. xiv.).
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are e moderately large, foliaceous, and are abruptly wider at the distal extremity, the result of a lobe- like process on the inner distal aspect; each foot carries three apical sete, the innermost of which is considerably shorter than the other two, as shown in the drawing (fig. 3, pl. xiv.).
The abdomen consists of two segments ; the first is fully half as long as the last segment of the thorax, and larger and more dilated than the second segment. The short furcal joints carry three moderately elongated setze (tig. 4, pl. xiv.).
The structure of the fifth pair of thoracic feet, and the form of the abdomen referred to above, seem to be characteristic of this species.
Thaumaleus rigidus (I.C. Thompson). Pl. xiii., fig. 15-17; pl. xiv, fig. 19.
1888. Cymbasoma rigida, I. C. Thompson. Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. xx., p. 154, pl. xiii., fig. 1-4.
1890. Monstrilla rigida, Bourne. Quart. Journ. Micros. Science, vol. 'xxx., pl, xxxvu., fia, 8,44, 12:
1892. Thaumaleus claparédii, Giesb., op. cit., pp. 381-385, taf. 46, fig. 5, 15, 21, 26.
Description of the Female.-—Length of the specimen represented by the drawing (fig. 15, pl. xiii.), 2°7 mm. (4 of an inch). The cephalothorax is moderately stout, rather wider near the anterior end, and nearly twice as long as the entire length of the remaining segments. The abdomen is composed of two segments, the first is about one and a half times the length of the last segment of the thorax, and the proximal half is more or less dilated ; the second segment, which is smaller than the first, is probably composed of two coalescent segments, as a slight constriction, dividing the segment into two portions as shown by the drawing (fig. 15, pl. xiii, and fig. 19, pl. xiv.), is observable in all the specimens examined,
The antennules are short and stout and appear to be four-jointed, the first and third joints being very small (fig. 16, pl. xiii.).
Se ee
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 249
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are rather longer than broad, the terminal portion being distinctly small and wider than the proximal half; each foot carries three moderately long apical sete, as shown in the drawing (fig. 17, pl. xiii.). ;
The fureal joints, which are of moderate length, are each furnished with three sete (fig. 19, pl. xiv.).
Habitat.—Mauchrie Bay, Arran, Firth of Clyde, September 17, 1886. St. Andrews Bay, August 7, and off St. Monans, Firth of Forth, September 6, 1890. Dornoch Firth (Moray Firth district), July 30, 1895, Whitefarland Bay, Arran, Firth of Clyde, July 6, and between Arran and the Ayrshire coast, November 9, 1899. All the specimens obtained were females,
Remarks.—I have adopted I. C. Thompson’s name for this form in preference to that of Dr, Giesbrecht, as I am convinced, after examining a number of individuals and comparing them with the descriptions and figures of Thompson and Bourne, that Thawmaleus rigidus (I. C. Thompson) and 7. claparedii are identical. The antennules of the female in both are short and stout, and although Thompson’s figure indicates a greater number of articulations than is observed in 7. claparédit, this may be due perhaps to certain constrictions having been mistaken for joints ; but what I rely on chiefly is the structure of the abdomen and the form and armature of the fifth pair of thoracic legs of the female, which, so far as they are represented by both Thompson’s and Bourne’s figures, are practically the same as the similar parts of 7. claparedii represented by the drawings of Dr. Giesbrecht.
Thaumaleus zetlandicus, T. Scott, sp.n. Pl. xiii, fig. 18, 19; pl. xiv., fig, 20-22; pl. xv., fig. 3, 4.
Description of the Female.—Body moderately stout and elongated ; length of the specimen represented by the drawing (fig. 18, pl. i1.), 4°8 mm. (nearly + of an inch). The cephalothoracic segment is about one and a half times the entire length of the remaining segments of the thorax and abdomen.
The abdomen is composed of three segments; the first segment is distinctly larger than the last segment of the thorax and about twice the entire length of the next two abdominal segments ; these two segments are sub-equal, but the second is slightly the longer of the two (fig. 22, pl. xiv.).
The antennules, which are short and moderately stout, are composed of four joints; the first and third joints are smaller than the others, while the end joint is about equal to the entire length of the other three (fig. 20, pl. xiv.).
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are short and broadly foliaceous and terminate in two broad rounded sub-equal lobes, the outer one of which is provided with three moderately long sete; the inner lobes do not appear to carry any sete (fig. 21, pl. xiv.).
A male belonging apparently to the same species as the female described above is considerably smaller than it, and the cephalothoracic segment is only slightly longer than the combined lengths of the other thoracic segments (fig. 19, pl. xiii.). The length of this male, which is represented by the drawing just referred to, is 2°6 mm. (or nearly +4; of an inch). The antennules are five-jointed and longer than those of the female (fig. 3, pl. xv.); the abdomen appears to consist of four segments, the first two are sub-equal and are each distinctly smaller than the last segment of the thorax, while the last two are together only a little longer than the preceding segment. ‘The number of furcal hairs is the same as in the female (fig. 2, pl. xv.).
Hatitat.—Lerwick Harbour, Shetland, October 15, 1901.
200 Part L11.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Remarks,—The more obvious characters by which this species may be distinguished are: the structure and lengths of the female antennules, the three-segmented abdomen, together with the proportional difference in the size of the first segment with the preceding segment of the thorax and the other two abdominal segments ; and lastly, the peculiar form of the fifth pair of thoracic feet, as indicated by the various figures.
Thaumaleus rostratus, T. Scott, sp. nu. Pl. xiv., fig. 5-8.
Description of the Female.—The length of the specimen represented by the drawing (fig. 5) is 39 mm. (about 2, of an inch); the first cephalothoracic segment is moderately stout, tapering gradually in front into a blunt pointed rostrum; while posteriorly the body becomes gradually narrower towards the distal extremity (fig. 5, pl. xiv.).
The abdomen is composed of three segments; the first segment is as large as the next two together, but the second is very small.
Each of the furcal joints is provided with three sete of moderate lengths, arranged as shown in the drawing (fig. 8, pl. xiv.).
Antennules short and moderately stout, four-jointed and sparingly setiferous ; the first and third joints are small, the second is about one and a half times the length of the third, while the last is equal to the entire length of the other three joints (fig. 6, pl. xiv.).
The fifth pair of thoracic feet are short and foliaceous, and each terminates in two unequal lobes; the outer lobe, which is narrower than the inner and projects somewhat beyond it, is furnished with three moderately long sete; the inner lobe is broadly rounded and provided with a single seta (fig. 7, pl. xiv.).
Halitat,—Lerwick Harbour, Shetland, October 15, 1901. Three or four specimens were obtained, all of which were females.
Remarks.—The form just described is readily distinguished by the produced forehead and by the form and armature of the fifth pair of thoracic feet.
Fam. CHoniosToMATIDz&, Hansen (1887). Genus Stenothocheres, Hansen (1897).
Stenothocheres egregius, H, J. Hansen. PI. xv., fig. 5-10.
1897. Stenothocheres egregius, Hansen, The Choniostomatide, p. 89, pl. i., fig. 1 a-e.
The Spheronella-like form which I ascribe to Stenothocheres egregius was obtained in the marsupium of MMetopa borealis, G. O. Sars, The female represented by the drawing (fig. 5) measured about °68 mm. in length (nearly 1, of an inch) ; the body was almost spheerical in shape, but was rather longer than the height.
The antennules are small (fig. 7), and the end joint, which is furnished with two moderately long spine-like terminal sete, is about one and a half times as long as the preceding one.
The antennze are very minute and composed of two sub-equal joints, and they are each armed with a comparatively stout terminal spine (fig. 8).
The maxillipeds were damaged while being removed for the purpose of mounting, but the second pair, so far as they could be made out, appear to be moderately strong with stout terminal claws as indicated in figure 6. :
The first pair of feet, though very small, are comparatively stout and two-branched, and both branches appear to be two-jointed ; the inner branches are furnished with three apical spines, the middle one being
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 251
moderately elongated, while the other two are short; the outer branches, on the other hand, are provided with one terminal spine which is moderately stout (fig. 9).
The second pair appear to be more slender than the first, and the inner branches are only one-jointed and bear a single moderately long apical spine ; the outer branches, which are two-jointed, are only armed with a very short spine at the apex (fig. 10).
The abdomen is very small and provided with two furcal joints which bear a few minute sete.
The Amphipod on which the parasite was observed occurred in a surface tow-net gathering collected in Aberdeen Bay on October 16, 12903. The parasite agrees very closely with the description and drawings of S. egregius, Haneen, as given in that author's Monograph of the Choniostomatide: referred to above, and therefore, though the Amphipod on which it was found (detopa borealis, G0: Sars) is a different species from that mentioned by Dr. Hansen as the host S. egregius, I am satisfied that the parasite I have described belongs to that species.
The Amphipod on which Dr. Hansen obtained his specimens of S. egregius belonged to Metopa bruzelii (Goés.),
Spheeronella paradoxa, H. J. Hansen, Pi. xv., fig. 17-19.
1897. Spheronella paradova, Hansen, The Choniostomatide, p. E18, pl. ui, fig: 4 a-1> pl) tv., fig. 1 ah:
The female of this Sphwronel/la represented by the drawing (figs. 16 and 17) is smaller than those described by Dr. Hansen, being only °57 mm., whereas the smallest of the specimens mentioned by that author was ‘71mm. But with the exception of the difference in size the specimen recorded here agrees very well with the species to which it is referred. The specimen was found in the marsupium of Bathyporeia pelagica (Bate). The figure representing a side view of the parasite shows the posterior thread-like attachment considerably twisted upon itself and terminating in a sucker disc; the only other appendages visible are at the anterior end, and comprise a pair of antennules and a pair of powerful maxillipeds.
Six specimens of Bathyporcia were found to be infested with Spheronella, and all the parasites observed appeared to be adult females, The body of the female, represented by the drawings, is seen to be nearly globular, particularly when viewed from above.
The antennules are three-jointed, the end joint being the longest one and the penultimate joint the smallest; they are each provided with a few sete (fig. 18).
The maxillipeds (fig. 19) appear also to be three-jointed; the first joint is very large, but the other two are smaller; the third is armed with a moderately stout terminal claw, and as the articulation between the first and second joints forms a hinge, the last two joints, together with the terminal claw, can be folded upon the first, and this allows the maxillipeds to be used as powerful grasping organs.
No males were observed.
Habitat.—In the marsupium of Bathyporeia pelagica (Spence Bate), collected off Lossiemouth, Moray Firth, December 29, 1903.
Spheronella minuta, T. Scott, sp. n. Pl. xv., fig. 11-15.
An adult Sphweronella was obtained in the marsupium of a specimen of Pertoculodes longimanus (Spence Bate) from the Dornoch Firth, collected by the bottom tow-net on December 28, 1903. Dorsal and side views of the specimen are “epesee by fig. 12, 11. The length of the specimen is ‘48 mm. (about =, of an inch).
252 Part I[I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The antennules appear to be three-jointed; the first joint is nearly twice as long as the second, while the third is equal to rather more than the entire length of the first and second (fig. 13).
The first maxillipeds are very small, and consist of a single stout joint armed with a moderately strong terminal claw (fig. 14).
The second maxillipeds are rather more slender and elongated than the other pair; the basal joint is twice as long as broad; the next two are small and narrow, and appear to be hinged to the basal joint; the terminal claw, which is moderately stout, is slightly curved (fig. 15).
Dr. Hansen states that he obtained female Spheronellas in the marsupiums of three specimens of Perioculodes longimanus from Denmark, and that they appeared to be identical with S. paradoxa, the only appreciable difference being their smaller size. Dr. Hansen’s exten- sive knowledge of this curious and difficult group of Crustacea precludes any doubt concerning the accuracy of the identification of these specimens. Iam therefore inclined to regard the Spheronella found on the Perioculodes from the Dornoch Firth as a somewhat different form from those he observed, and have described it provisionally under a distinct specific name.
This Spheronella from the Dornoch Firth Perioculodes appears to differ not only in size and shape from S. paradoxa, but also in the size and proportional lengths of the joints of the antennules and in the size and structure of the second maxillipeds.
Spheronella callisome, T, Scott, sp. n. Pl. xv., fig. 20-27.
The Spheronella I record under this name was obtained on a specimen of Callisoma crenata (Spence Bate) collected at the mouth of the Firth of Clyde on February 7, 1899. The parasite is an adult female and measured ‘86 mm. in length (= 4 of an inch). The body seen from above is nearly globular, and the cephalon is seen projecting somewhat beyond the anterior aspect in the form of a moderately conspicuous tubercle (fig. 21). Seen from the side the body is broadly oblong, with both the anterior and posterior ends boldly convex. The anterior portion of the body appears to be thickly beset with minute hairs (fig. 20 and 21).
The antennules are three-jointed; the middle joint is very short, but the other two are moderately elongated (fig. 22).
The antenne are very small and uniarticulate, and are each furnished with a single terminal seta about as long as the antennal joint (fig. 23),
The mandibles are slender, elongated, and sub-cylindrical (fig. 24).
The maxille are stout, and are each apparently composed of a single piece, and armed with two modefately stout terminal sete, while a third seta springs from a minute lateral process, as shown in the drawing (fig. 25).
The first and second maxillipeds have each of them moderately stout basal joints, and they are each provided with strong terminal claws (fig. 26, 27). ;
The ventral filament, which is furnished with a terminal sucker-like disc, is long and slender, and twisted upon itself as shown in fig 20.
This Spheronella does not agree with any described species known to me.
Spheronella cluthev, T. Scott, sp. n. Pl. xv., fig. 28-30.
A single adult female of this Spheronella was obtained in the marsupium of a specimen of Harpinia pectinata, G. O. Sars,* found in a _ tow-net gathering collected in moderately deep water at the mouth of the Clyde estuary, and nearly midway between Ailsa Craig and Sanda Island ; this tow-net gathering was collected on November 14, 1899.
* Some remarks on the distribution of this Harpinia will be found among the Notes on Amphipoda at page 256
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 253
This parasite, which appears to differ from any other Spheronella known to me, measures ‘74 mm. in length (about 34, of aninch). Its form is almost globular, especially the dorsal view, but seen from the side the height is rather less than the width (fig. 28, 29).
The only appendages that could be satisfactorily made out were the second maxillipeds, and these are moderately elongated and slender, and are each provided with a slender terminal claw (fig. 30).
There does not appear to be any previous record of a Spheronella having been found on Harpinia pectinata.
Spheronella pygmea, T. Scott, sp. n. Pl. xv., fig. 31-34.
The adult female of this species represented by the drawings (fig. 31 and 32), whether viewed dorsally or from the side, is seen to be of a nearly oval form, the length being equal to about one and a half times the breadth. This parasite, which is very small, measures only -49 mm. in length (about J, of an inch).
The antennules and antenne appear to be rudimentary, while the only appendages of which a satisfactory examination was made were the first and second maxillipeds represented by the drawings (fig. 33, 34).
The first maxillipeds, which are very small and uniarticulate, are armed with a moderately stout terminal claw (fig. 33).
The second maxillipeds are elongated and three-jointed; the inner distal angle of the first joint is produced so as to form a small bifid projection ; the first and second joints are sub-equal in length; the third is small and narrow, and bears a somewhat feeble terminal claw (fig. 34).
Habitat.—This small Sphwronella was obtained in the marsupium of a specimen of Pseudocuma similis, G. O. Sars. No males or post-larval females were observed.
There does not appear to be any previous record of a Spheronella from this species of Pseudocuma.
Spheronella amphilocht, H. J. Hansen. PI. xv., fig. 35, 36.
1897. Spheronella amphilochi, H. J. H., op. cit., p. 139, pl. vii, fig. 3 a and b.
The Spheronellu I record under this name was found in the marsupium of Amphilochoides odontonyx (Boeck) (= Amphilochoides pusillus, G. O. Sars).* The specimen represented by the drawing (fig. 35) is a young female, and as Dr. Hansen has only described the adult form of the species from a solitary example, a satisfactory comparison between our specimen and his description and figures could not be made. Dr, Hansen’s specimen was, however, found on the same species of Amphipod, and this favours the identification of the two parasites as being the old and young females of the same species. The young female I am recording measured only ‘14 mm, in length (about ;+, of an inch), but the size of the adult described by Dr. Hansen was ‘54 mm.
A speciinen which appeared to be an adult female was taken from the marsupium of the same Amphipod in which the young one now recorded was obtained, but it was somehow lost ere it could be thoroughly examined and figured.
The posterior part of the body of the young female is distinctly hispid, and the thoracic legs were furnished with long and slender terminal hairs, as shown in fig. 35. Near the middle of the dorsal aspect a number of slender bristles were observed.
* Crustacea of Norway, vol. i. (Amphipoda), p. 222. See also the supplement to the
‘volume, p. 690, where the author restores Boeck’s name, A. odontonyx, for the name used in the body of the work.
254 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
The second maxillipeds were moderately powerful, but the other appendages were smaller and weaker.
As this young female agrees with none of the other young forms described by Dr. Hansen, I prefer for the present to regard it as the post larval stage of his Spheronella amphilocht.
As a list of the genera and species of the Choniostomatide described by Dr. H. J. Hansen in his interesting work on that curious group of parasitic Copepoda may be useful, I give it here. To this list I have added the few odd forms mentioned in the preceding notes, and one or two others recorded in previous Reports. The names of the hosts on which the parasites have been obtained are also given, and I have indicated by an asterisk (*) such of the species as up till now have been observed in Scottish waters. This will show how much room still remains for further research among these minute organisms.
The names of the parasites are arranged in alphabetical order on the left-hand side of the page, while the names of the hosts on which they have been found are placed immediately opposite.
Names of the Parasites. Names of the Hosts. Gen. Aspidoecia. Erythrops elegans, G. O. Sars; *Aspidoecia normant, Giard and E. serrata, G. O. Sars; £. ery- Bonnier. throphthalmus (Goés.); 4.
microphthalmus, G. O. Sars ; and F. abyssorum, G. O. Sars.
Gen. Choniostoma. Choniostoma hanseni, Giard and | Hippolyte gaimardi, M.-Edw. and
Bonnier. H. polaris (Sabine). Choniostoma mirabilis, H. J. 5 gaimardu, M.-Edw. Hansen.
Gen. Homeoscelus. Homeoscelus mediterranea, | Iphinoé trispinosa (Goodsir). ve Wr fee cE
Homeoscelus minuta, H. J. H. Diastylis lucifera (Kroyer). Gen. Mysidion. Mysidion abyssorum, H. J. H. Erythrops abyssorum, G. O. Sars. a commune, H. J. H. Erythrops serrata, G. O. S.; £.
abyssorum, G. O.S.; and Par- erythrops obesa, G. O. 8.
Gen. Spheronella, H. J. H. (a) Spheeronellas pajrasitic on Amphipoda. Spheronella abyssi, H. J. H. Astyra abyssi, Boeck.
acanthozonis, H.J.H.| Acanthozone cuspidata (Lepech.). amphilochi, H. J. H. | Amphilochoides odontonyx (Boeck).
‘ (=Amphilochoides pusillus, G. O. Sars). a antillensis, H. J. H. | Corophiwm bonelui, M.-Edw. if argisse, H. J. H. Argissa hamatipes, Norman (=A.
typica, Boeck).
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Names of the Parasites.
Spheronella atyli, H. J. H. i bonnieri, HPs . caliopit, H. J.
callisomee, Abe Scott.
th capensis, H. J. H.
a chinensis, H. J. H.
cluthe, T. Scott.
fs danica, 15 (06 [eA a ld
3 dulichie, H. J. H.
¥ elegantula, H. J. H.
. Jrontalis, H. J. H.
i giardu, H. J. H.
- gitanopsidis, H.J.H.
5 holbolli, H. J. H.
Pe intermedia, H. J. H.
nf irregularis, H. J. H.
i leptochetra, H. J. H.
i longipes, H. J. H.
“ messinensis, H. J. H. r metope, H. J. H. 5 microcephala, Giard
and Bonnier. minuta, T. Scott.
paradoxa, H. J. H.
za vestita, Hi. J. H.
255
.
Names of the Hosts.
Paratylus swammerdami(M.-Edw.). Protomedia fasciata, Kroyer. Calliopius laviusculus (Kroyer). Callisoma crenata, Spence Bate. Lemboides afer, Stebbing. Corophium bonellit, M.-Edw. Harpinia pectinata, G. O. Sars. Corophium crassicorne (Bruz.). Dulichia monocantha, Metzger. Chetrocrates sundewalli (Rathke). Am~pelisca macrocephala, Lill}. Protomedia fasciata, Kroyer. Gitanopsis arctica, G. O. Sars. Paramphithoé boeckit, H. J. H. Bruzelia typica, Boeck.
Metopa rubrovittata, G. O. Sars. Leptocheirus guttatus, Grube. Ampelisca tenuicornis, Lillj. Gammaropsis melanops, G. O. Sars. Metopa bruzelit (Goés.). Ampelisca typica, Spence Bate.
Perioculodes longimanus (Spence Bate).
Bathyporeia norvegica, G. O. Sars ; B. pelagica (Bate); and B. robertsoni (Bate).
Microprotopus maculatus, Norman.
(b) Spheronellas plarasitic on Isopoda.
Spheronella affinis, H. J. H. 53 curtipes, H. J. H.
Janira maculosa, Leach. 5 spinosa, Harger.*
5 munnopsilis,H.J.H.| Munnopsis typica, M. Sars.
(c) Spheronellas plarasitic on Sympoda.
Spheronella decorata, H. J. H. A dispar, tJ. EX, 5 insignis, H. J. H.
es marginata, H. J. H. es modesta, H. J. H. pygmea, 'T. Scott.
Gen. Stenothocheres, H. J. H.
*Stenothocheres egregius, H. J. H. ‘ SarS0, eis J) sk,
Gen. Salenskya, Giard and Bonnier.
*Salenskya Bonnier.
tuberosa, Giard and
Diastylis rathkei, Kroyer. ©
Hudorella truncatula (Spence Bate).
Dastylis cornuta, Boeck ; and D. rostratus, Goodsir (=D. levis Norman).
Iphinoé trispinosa (Goodsir).
Eudorella emarginata (Kroyer).
Pseudocuma similis, G. O. Sars.
Metopa bruzella (Goés), and Metopa borealis, G. O. Sars. Stenothoé marina, Spence Bate.
Ampelisca spinipes, Boeck.
256 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
AMPHIPODA.
The following notes on some species belonging to the Amphipoda and one or two other groups of the Malocostraca obtained in plankton— samples collected during the investigations recently carried out by Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton in the North Sea and the Moray Firth—may be of interest.
Hyperia medusarum (O. F. Muller). This species, which appears to have a decidedly northern and Arctic distribution, and of which there is so far no authentic British record, was obtained in a surface plankton- sample collected about 180 to 185 miles east by north of Aberdeen on October 8th, 1903. One or two full-grown females and several young specimens were noticed. In the same gatherings there were observed Clione borealis and Limacina retroversa—two northern Pteropods—as well as Tryphosa nanoides, Hoplonyx cicada, and some other and commoner forms.
Tryphana malmi, Boeck. This curious and brightly coloured little Amphipod occurred in a surface gathering collected off the Ord of Caith- ness, Moray Firth, on November 21st, and in a bottom gathering collected off Lossiemouth on December 29th, 1903. This is the first time I have met with 7ryphana so close to the Scottish north-east coast, but the Rev. Canon A. M. Norman records its occurrence at Banff, whence specimens were sent to him many years ago by Thomas Edward,* Professor G. O. Sars in his great work on the Crustacea of Norway records this species from three different places on the west coast of Norway, and only from deep water ; he states further that Boeck also obtained it in deep water in Hardangerfjord.t The only other localities which Norman gives in his note on the distribution of the species are the Faroe Isles and North Atlantic, lat. 18° 8’, long. 30° 5’ W. (Stebbing). Zryphana malmi may, however, be less rare than the apparent dearth of information concerning its distribution would seem to imply. I have obtained it in at least two plankton-samples from the Shetland Islands, in addition to the two mentioned above.t
Anonyx nugax (Phipps). This species, rarely met with in the British seas, was captured in Aberdeen Bay on December 23rd, 1903. The species was taken for the first time in Scottish waters in February, 1889 ; on that occasion it was obtained near May Island, at the mouth of the Forth estuary.§ It was again met with in January, 1901, in the Cromarty Firth, when specimens collected on the 10th of that month by Mr. F. G. Pearcey were forwarded to the Fishery Board’s Laboratory at Bay of Nigg, near Aberdeen, || and the present record of its occurrence in Aberdeen Bay is the only other occasion on which it has been observed off the east coast of Scotland. None of the Scottish specimens of Anonyx nugax have attained to anything like the size of some Arctic
examples,
Hoplonyx cicada (Fabricius). This species, which, like the last, is also a northern form, has already been referred to in the note on Hyperia
* British Amphipoda of the Tribe Hyperiide, &c., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), vol. v., p. 183 (January 1900). + Crustacea of Norway, vol. i., Amphipoda, p. 18. — + Conseil permanent International pour l’exploration de la Mer; Bull. des Results, Pt. D., for August, 1903, pp. 44-47. § Eleventh Ann. Rept. of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Part III., p. 212, pl. v., fig. 18-20 (1893). || Nineteenth Ann. Rept. of the Fishery Board for Scotland, Pt. III., p. 258 (1901).
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 207
medusarum ; but the largest specimen observed in the collections under consideration was obtained in the same gathering with Anonyx nugax, from Aberdeen Bay. Though the species appears to be widely distributed along the west side of the British Islands, the records of its occurrence on the east coast of Scotland appear to be very few, and its presence in Aberdeen Bay is all the more interesting.
It may be stated that the gathering from Aberdeen Bay collected on December 23rd, 1903, contained a considerable number of other species of Amphipoda besides the two I have specially mentioned, and the names of the following may be given, Acidostoma obesum, Tryphosa longipes, dmpelisca spinipes, Iphimedea minuta, and one or two fine specimens of Amathilla homart. Specimens of Diastylis rostrata and Striella armata were also observed.
Harpinia pectinata, G. O. Sars. The occurrence of the single specimen of Harpinia pectinata already mentioned in connection with Spheronella cluthce, whose host it was, is of sufficient interest to be specially referred to in these notes. ‘The only stations that may be considered as within the British limits where this species has hitherto been observed ‘‘ are all to the west of Ireland and between Ireland and Rockall.”* Its capture at the mouth of the Clyde estuary may be an indication that it may be found in other places when carefully sought for. H. pectinata, which seems to be confined to moderately deep water, is a form that may easily be mistaken for a more common species, the characters by which it is distinguished being not easily made out without dissection. Professor G. O. Sars speaks of it as being “by no means rare” off the south and west coasts of Norway and occurring, asa rule, in company with /7/. neglecta. The Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing has seen the Clyde specimen and confirms my ideutification.
Metopa borealis, G. O. Sars. The occurrence of this species in Aberdeen Bay has already been referred to under the Choniostomatide as one of the hosts of Stenothocheres egregius. Metopa borealis, like M. aldert and one or two other members of the same genus, has an unarmed telson, but with the assistance of Professor G. O. Sars’ excellent mono- graph, 1t need not be confounded with any of the other species referred to. M. borealis is a northern form, but appears to have a fairly wide distribution ; it is one of the rarer forms recorded by Dr. Robertson from the Hirth of Clyde.
Paratylus falcatus, Metzger. One or two specimens of Paratylus falcatus were obtained in a tow-net gathering collected in the Dornoch Firth on December 26th, 1903. Though this Paratylus bears a strong resemblance to P. uncinatus, G. O. Sars, the tooth-like posterior projec- tions of the segments of the metasome on the dorsal aspect readily distinguish it. I have found both forms in Scottish waters, but neither of them very common.
Megaluropus agilis, Norman. This somewhat curious species, readily distinguished by the peculiar form of the eyes, was obtained in a bottom plankton-sample collected on December 29th about three miles off Lossiemouth, Moray Firth.
ISOPODA.
Idothea neglecta, G.O. Sars. Professor G. O. Sars in his great work on the Crustacea of Norway, now in course of publication, has in Volume II.
* British Amphipoda, by Rev. A. M. Norman; Ann. and Mag. Nut. HWist., (7), vol. v., p. 387 (April, 1900), R
258 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
(Isopoda) described as distinct species one or two forms which previously have apparently been included with the Isopod known as J/dotea tricuspt- data, which was in consequence considered to bea variable species. One of the forms referred to, which Professor Sars has raised to specific rank is named by him Jdothea neglecta,* and he states concerning it that it “occurs along the whole Norwegian coast from Christiania Fjord to Vadso, and is often found in great abundance among decaying alge in depths ranging from six to twenty fathoms.” This form is probably not un- common round the coasts of Scotland, and is, I think, included among the varieties of ‘/dotea tricuspidata’ described in Bate and Westwood’s Sessile-eyed Crustacea.t Idothea neglecta appears to be moderately frequent in some parts of the Clyde estuary ; my friend Mr. Alexander Patience of Glasgow, who first directed my attention to its occurrence in the Clyde, has obtained a considerable number of specimens, which he has been kind enough to let me examine, and there are several specimens in the collection in the Fishery Board’s Laboratory, Bay of Nigg, which are also from the Clyde district. The average size of the male of this Jdothea is stated by Sars to be 25 millimetres in length (=1 inch). One of the specimens in the Laboratory is, however, much larger than that, being 33 millimetres, while others in the same collection measure 28, 27, 25, and 20 millimetres. The female is much smaller than the male, its average size being, according to Sars, only 16 millimetres. All the specimens in the Laboratory have been collected in different parts of upper Loch Fyne during 1897 and 1899.
Idothea neglecta has not yet been recorded from the east coast of Scotland.
SYMPODA.
Eudorellopsis deformis (Kroyer). This curious little species was obtained in a plankton-sample collected by the s.s. “ Glenogle” about fifty miles to the eastward of the May Island, Firth of Forth, on August 20th, 1903 ; the species has been observed in various other localities, but very sparingly and usually in moderately deep water.
Pseudocuma similis, G. O. Sars. This species has already been referred to as the host of Sphwronella pygmea under the Choniostomatide ; a few specimens occurred in a plankton-sample collected in moderately deep water about three miles off Lossiemouth, in the Moray Firth, on December 29th, 1903. Pseudocuma similis resembles the more common P. cercaria very closely, and this may be the reason it has only recently been recognised as a British species.
A considerable number of other microcrustaceans, more or less interest- ing, have been noticed in various plankton-samples collected during the recent fishery investigations carried out under the direction of Dr, Fulton in the North Sea and Moray Firth. These may be described in a sub- sequent paper dealing more generally with that group of marine organisms.
I take this opportunity to substitute other generic names in room of two that have recently been adopted for certain forms of Copepoda, but which I now find to be pre-occupied.
(a). Genus Platypsyllus, T, Scott, Z’wentieth Report of the Fishery
Board for Scotland (1902), Pt. IIL, p. 455. I find that Platypsyllus
was used in 1869 both by Dr. Ritsema and Professor Westwood for a
* Crustacea of Norway, vol. ii., p. 84., pl, xxxv, fig. 1. + British Sessile-eyed Crustacea, vol. ii., p. 381, text figs.
bey bef oe oe
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
259
genus of Coleoptera, its use by me for a genus of Copepoda must therefore apse, and the name I propose to substitute for it is Jeanella, the diminu- ive of the proper name Jean. (6) Genus Paranthessius, T. Scott, Twenty-first Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland (1903), Pt. TL{I., p. 120. This name has already been used by Professor Claus for a genus of Copepoda different from that described in the Report mentioned, and it must therefore be replaced by another, and the name I propose to substitute for it is Heteranthessius.
Rigg 1: Fig. 2. Hig. 3. Fig. 4. Hig. ..5: Fig. 6. Big: >. 7. Fig. 8 ie 9 Fig. 10 Hig. 1) Fig. 12 Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15 Fig. 16 Bigs 17 Fig. 18 Big. 19 Fig. 1 Hig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PEATE OXI: Monsirilla longicornis, I. C. Thompson,
Female, dorsal view
Male, dorsal view
Antennule, female 5
Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female
Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Antennule, male
Abdomen and caudal furca, male, ventral aspect
Monstrilla gracilicauda, Giesbrecht.
. Female, dorsal view . Antennule, female : ' Abdomen and caudal furea, female,
Monstrilla grandis, Giesbrecht.
. Female, dorsal view . Male, dorsal view
Monstrilla anglica, Lubbock. Female, dorsal view Monstrilla dubia, T. Scott, sp. n, Female, dorsal view
*
Thaumaleus rigidus, I, C. Thompson.
. Female, dorsal view . Antennule, female . Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female
Thaumaleus zetlandicus, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Female, dorsal view . Male, dorsal view
PLATE XIV.
Thaumaleus thompsoni, Giesbrecht.
. Female, dorsal view
; Antennule, female
. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female 5 . Abdomen and caudal furca, female : :
Diam. <n Gcb: SD: x 40. Sn oer x 80. x 153: x 80. SGiuuieboe COs nO: OG. Pe x, 22] eed ee east 5)3 x 530; x: 136: nes Sus NOR earl | a x 279: x “79: x 97.
260
Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.
COIS 1
15.
19.
He OO
Part ITI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Thaumaleus rostratus, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Female, dorsal view
: Antennule, female
. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female . Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Monstrilla grandis, Giesbrecht.
. Antennule, female . Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female . Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Monstrilla anglica, Lubbock.
. Antennule, female . Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female . Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Monstrilla gracilicauda, Giesbrecht.
Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female
Monstrilla dubia, T. Scott, sp. n.
j Antennule, female . Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female . Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Thawmaleus rigidus, I. C. Thompson. Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Thaumaleus zetlandicus, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Antennule, female . Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female . Abdomen and caudal furca, female
PEATE XV.
Monstrilla grandis, Giesbrecht.
. Antennule, male , . Abdomen and caudal furca, female
Thaumaleus zetlandicus, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Antennule, male. . Abdomen and caudal furca, male
Stenothocheres egregius, Han.
. Side view, female
. Dorsal view, female
. Antennule, female
. Antenna, female .
. Foot of first pair ; . Foot of second pair 5
Spheronella minuta, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Female, side view
. Female, dorsal view . Antennule
. First maxilliped .
. Second maxilliped
Diam. x 2655. mA TS x 19; x 78. Ne ers x 379: re Midas Xam oe x75 x Jaf: x “64. x 106. ‘Re x 130. x” “64. x 79. X79: x Pope; x 106. ee TR x eG: x iar Ki Gees Kon le xe 7S: Xe dole x 78. x 106. x 106. x TSE. x FSi. x FSi.
PLATE XlIll.
a <<
REPORT, 1904.
ENA
ai
, del. ad nat.
PLATE XIV.
sort, del. ad nat.
PLATE XV.
peter Po
ort, del. ad nat.
Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig.
- Fig Fig
30. 36.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
Spheronella paradoxa, Han.
. Female, side view
. Female, dorsal view . Antennule
- Maxilliped
Spheronella callisome, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Female, side view
. Female, dorsal view
. Antennule : : . Antenna . : ; : . Mandible.
. Maxilla :
. First maxilliped .
. Second maxilliped
Spheronella cluthwv, T. Scott, sp. n.
. Female, side view . Female, dorsal view . Second maxilliped
Spheronella pygmea, 'T. Scott, sp. n.
. Female, side view
. Female, dorsal view . First Maxilliped
. Second Maxilliped
Spheronella amphilochi, Han.
Female, side view 3 Antennule of the same .
XX XXX X XK XK
x X X
PS ene mee
262 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
V.— REPORT ON THE OPERATIONS AT THE MARINE HATCHERY, BAY OF NIGG, ABERDEEN, By Dr. T. Wemyss Fuuron, F.R.8S.E., Superintendent of Scientific Investigations.
During the season of 1903 the operations on the hatching of plaice were continued on a considerable scale as in previous years, and under the same conditions as are described in preceding reports. It need only be stated that the supply of fertilised eggs is obtained, not by stripping the ripe fishes of their eggs and milt, as is done in some other marine fish hatcheries, but by retaining the fishes from season to season in a large tidal pond, feeding them, and at the spawning season simply collecting the eggs from the water by appropriate means, and trans- ferring them to the hatching apparatus. For this method, a large retaining pond is necessary, and the one constructed at the Bay of Nigg has answered its purpose admirably, the fishes remaining in it throughout the year in good health and supplying their eggs at the proper period with a minimum of trouble to the attendants, and with good results in regard to the success of incubation. :
One of the consequences of this system which contrasts with the condition at Dunbar, where the fishes were merely retained in the pond for some time before the spawning began, is that spawning goes on for a much longer time than used to be the case under the former system. It begins earlier and may continue longer, the dates varying with the temperature to some extent, but the extent of the season is always greater. Thus at Dunbar the collection of eggs did not as a rule com- mence till March, the principal reason being that the fishes had not had time to become accustomed to their restraint in confinement after being placed in the pond, and they retained their eggs instead of spawning in a natural way, very often with fatal results, as described in previous reports. In point of fact they did not spawn until they had become accustomed to the conditions in which they were placed. The respective dates for the beginning of the spawning at Dunbar and at the Bay of Nigg are as follows :—
9th March to 8th May = _ 60 days 23rd March ,, 23rd May = 61 |,
Sth March - .; “8th Day == W6t oe 22nd February ,, llth May = 78 ,, 15th February , 7th May = 81 ,,
10th March ,, 29th April= 50_,,
10th March ,, Sth May == 56— |, 22nd January ,, 2ndMay = 100 ,, 8th February ,, 25th April= 76 ,, 23rd January ,, 16th May = 113 ,,
It will be observed that the mean duration of the spawning process at Dunbar owing to this delay in its commencement was sixty-five days, while at the Bay of Nigg the mean duration has been eighty-six days, or twenty-one days longer. In the first season at the Bay of Nigg the hatchery was not ready in time, and in the third season the beginning of spawning was delayed by cold, though the termination, which was
of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 263
earlier than usual, was natural. The ordinary duration of the spawning season of the plaice appears to be about the longer periods, extending over three full months and part of other two—and the observation is of some importance in fishery investigations.
Eggs were observed in small numbers a few days before the regular collection began, and a few were found after the date when the collection ceased. The total number of eggs secured from the pond by means of tow-nets was about 65,940,000, the eges being measured in a vessel of known capacity and the number thus estimated. Spawning took place for the most part in March, the numbers of eggs secured in the various months being as follows :—
January, - - - 240,000 February, - - - 11,840,000 March, - - - - 37,080,000 April, - - - : 15,900,000 May, - - - - 880,000
In some years the bulk of the spawning occurs in the early part of April. On some mornings in March last year as much as five gallons of eggs were taken from the pond. Of the number of eggs collected 81 per cent. were hatched, and the remainder succumbed at one stage or another in the apparatus; there is reason to suspect that some of the eggs which are lost in this way are not fertilised, a tendency having been shown to economise the space in the pond by having in it an unduly large proportion of females at the expense of the number of males.
The estimated number of fry which were hatched and kept for a period in the apparatus was 53,600,000, and they were afterwards placed in the sea, most of them being liberated a few miles off Aberdeen, by means of a fishing yawl. At the request of the line-fishermen further up the coast a number were set free on three occasions oft Fraserburgh, the total distributed there being about 16,000,000.
The particulars as to the distribution of the fry and the details as to the numbers of eggs collected throughout the season are given in the tables appended, which also show the variations in the temperature and the specific gravity of the water in the spawning pond and on the beach.
The number of fishes kept in the pond to act as the breeding stock was as usual supplemented in autumn by others caught by means of trawlers and brought alive to the hatchery in large tubs; for there is always a certain amount of natural mortality among them, particularly during the summer. The plaice, as hitherto, were fed on mussels, which are usually removed from their shells, but are sometimes enly crushed.
The ponds and apparatus, which have been described in preceding annual reports, continue to serve their purpose well, and the water supply, both in regard to temperature, density, and purity, is very suitable for the work. The only changes that have been made in the arrangements consist in the removal of the water tumbling-box from the inside of the hatchery, where it was served with the incoming water, to the outside, where it is now operated by the out-flowing water. The box is necessary to provide the motive power to the Dannevig hatching apparatus, and it was found to interfere to some extent with the pressure of the water to one side of the hatchery and thus to retard the supply. Also by the fitting up of the tank-house for scientific experiments it was found necessary to divert a portion of the water from the reservoir tank for this purpose, and the change necessitated a little more pumping early in the mornings.
264, Part III. —Twenty-second Annual Report
The question of attempting to rear the fry on a fairly large scale has been considered. It not unfrequently happens that at the end of the hatching season young metamorphosed plaice are found in some part of. the apparatus, which have succeeded in passing the post-larval stages, although it is not easy to get such forms when it is attempted to rear them. The difficulty is in providing a supply of suitable food, and it is proposed to utilise a tank to act as a receptacle for spawning inverte- brates, so that the water, enriched with the embryos and larve may be used to supply the young fishes.
For a few years the placing of the fry in Loch Fyne has been inter- mitted, and they have been distributed, as described, along the coast of Aberdeenshire. The reason for doing so is in order to enable observa- tions as to the abundance of young plaice on the beaches in Loch Fyne to be made under natural conditions, without artificially reared fry being placed there in the same season, and the push-net examination of these beaches is being continued each summer. ‘The fry were originally taken to Loch Fyne without such observations having been made beforehand, and there were therefore no data for comparing the abun- dance of the young plaice in the years in which the fry were put into the Loch. From the natural fluctuations which take place with fish everywhere, it is obvious that it is desirable to have observations carried on long enough to be able to distinguish one cause of fluctuation from the other, just as in cases where the influence of a method of fishing, or of stopping it, requires to be tested in the same way.
During the hatching season the hatchery was visited by deputations of fishermen from the coast of Aberdeen, as in previous years, at the request of the Technical Education Committee of the County Council, and they received demonstrations as to the processes employed.
[ TABLES.
£0
domy
Jan.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland.
265
TABLE I.—Showing the Daily Progress of the Hatching Operations,
as well as the Temperature and the Specific Gravity of Water in the Pond, and on the Beach.
Date.
20 21 22 25 24 25 26 27 28
CO OOM Oe ea Ota eH eee CO NS) ae bat
10
Nunber of an ber of Ni Kegs
95 Fry @dllected: found Dead i
in Boxes. put ou
60,000
40,000 20,000
40,000 40,000 40,000
120,000 40,000 120,000 280,000 40,000 200,000
60,000
400,000 200,000 320,000 160,000 320,000 200,000
80,000
480,000 560,000 480,000 600,000 800,000
120,000
260,000
ees umber of Total Stock in Boxes. |
—_—_—_—__— | | LL |
60,000 f
100,000 | 120,000 |
160,000 | 200,000 f 240,000 : 240,000 §
360,000
400,000 |
520,000
800,000 | 730,000 | 980,000 | 980,000 | 1,380,000 |
1,580,000
1,820,000 |
1,980,000
2,300,000 | 2,500,000 | 2,500,000 |
2, 860,000 3,420,000 3,900,000 4,500,000 5,800,000 5,040,000
The Sea
Water in the j Water on the
Pond at Noon.
iCemp./Sp. gr.flemp. \Sp. gr.
The Sea
Beach at Noon.
'Cent f Cent. 31 | 27-2 | 4-2 | 27-2 3-8 | 97-2] 44 | 27-2 4-0 | 27-3 | 5-0 | 27°3 4-1 | 27-2 | 5-0 | 27-0 4-2 | 27-4 | 51 | 27-0 46 | 973] 5:3 | 27-1 53 | o72 4 5:5 | 27-2 5-4 | 97-2 | 5-4 | 27-0 53 | 27-3 4 5:3 | 27-0 55 | 97-4 | 5-4 | 27-1 56 | 273 | 5:2 | 27-0 4-2 | 97-2 | 5-0 | 27-0 4-1 | 27-3 | 5-0 | 27-9 42) o71 | 4-9 | 26-9 4-0 | 27-4 | 4:6 | 27-0 4-0 | 27:3] 51 | 274 4-4 | 27-1 | 4:8 | 27-3 4-6 | 27:2 | 5-0 | 27-0 a4] o72] 4-9 | 97-1 48 | 27-4 7 5-1 | 27-0 52 1273] 5:3 | o7-1 54 | 27:5 | 5-2 | 27-0 57 | 27-3 | 56 | 27-2 6-2 | 27:2 | 6-0 | 27-1 6-0 | 27:3 | 6-0 | 26-8 58 | 27-4 | 59 | 27-0
NS ag
266 Part III.—Twenty-second Annual Report
TABLE I.—continued.
The Sea The Sea Neer at Water in the} Water on the Number of Eggs Number of Total Stock ig oe ries Collettea. HON Wee Rete Moo : 2 in Boxes. Temp. |Sp. gr.fTemp. Sp. gr. Cent Cent Feb. 22} 1,320,000 6,360,000} 5°5 | 27°2 | 59 | 27:0 2s) 880,000 7,240,000] 4°8 | 27°3 | 5:7 | 270 5p) 24 320,000 7,560,000 4:4 | 27°2 | 54 | 27-1 », 25] 1,240,000 100,000 8,700,000} 4°6 | 27°3 7 5 27°0 soso 880,000 9,580,000} 4°4 | 27-4 | 5:3 5. ev |. 15960; 000 140,000 10,600,000} 4°5 | 27°2 | 5:0 | 27-2 4 28 720,000 11,320,000— 4°6 | 27:'2 | 5:1 Mar. 1 11,320,000} 4°8 | 27°3 | 5:0 | 27°0 » 2| 1,680,000 320,000 12,680,000 4°77 | 27°5 | 5:0 | 2771 1 CO]: 25200;000 18,880,000] 4:4 | 27°2 | 5:0 | 27-0 » 4} 1,040,000 14,920,000} 4°8 | 27:1 | 5:3 | 27°8 >» + D| 1,160;000 16,080,000 § 4°6 | 27:2 | 5:2 | 27:0 eg 0 980,000 380,000 16,680,000} 4°8 | 27°2 | 51 | 27-0 ee 960,000 220,000 17,420,000] 4°9 | 27°70 | 5:0 | 27-1 ee 17,420,000§ 5:0 | 27°4 | 5-1 | 27:0 55s LO) ee 205000 19,140,000] 4°8 | 27°3 | 5:1 | 27°9 », 10/ 1,600,000 480,000 20,260,000} 5:0 | 27°5 | 5:2 | 2771 55 21). 1)280,000 | , 21,540,000} 4°7 | 27:2 | 5:0 | 27-2 wale tee 960,000 270,000 22,230,000] 4:9 | 27-5 | Saie2z7 Zz ,, 13] 1,320,000 23,550,000] 5:1 | 27-4 § 5:3 | 27-0 », 14} 1,440,000 220,000 24,770,000f 5°3 | 27:4 | 5:3 | 27-1 eet 3) 24,770,000} 5:2 | 27°3 | 5:2 | 27:2 », 16| 2,000,000 330,000 | 4,000,000 | 22,440,000} 5:4 | 27-4 | 5:1 | 27:0 pe 22,440,000} 5:0 | 27:2 | 5:4 | 27:0 », 18] 2,360,000 360,000 24,440,000] 5:2 | 27-4 | 5:2 | 27°2 », 19} 1,160,000 260,000 25,340,000] 5:6 | 27:5 | 51 | 27-0 » 20] 1,200,000 460,000} 3,800,000 | 22,280,000 5:5 | 27°3 | 5:2 | 27°9 », 21} 2,060,000 24,340,000] 5:4 | 27:5 | 5:4 | 27:1 9» 22 360,000 23,980,000] 5:9 | 27°6 | 5:2 | 27°3 », 23} 3,500,000 400,000 97, 080,000} 6:2 | 27:4 | 5:4 | 27°4 », 24| 1,280,000 320,000 28,040,000] 6:0 | 27°3 | 5:8 | 27:2 » 291 1,520,000 220,000 29,340,000] 5°8 | 27:3 | 5:8 | 27:1
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 267
TABLE I,.—continued.
i The Sea The Sea Number of | Number of | Number of Perea) Beach, Date Pe ee load besa 2H lane | Sede pln in Boxes; |) 2" OM Temp. |Sp. gr.]Temp.|Sp. gr. t Cent. Cent. Mar.26| 1,220,000/ 260,000] 4,300,000} 26,0001 ... | ... | ,, 27| 1,240,000) — 320,000 i 26,920] 6-0 | 27-2 | 5:8 | 27°3 28 a 280,000 . | 26,640,000] 6-2 | 27-3.] 5-8 | 2771 ,, 29| 1,960,000 © .. | 28,600,000} 6-4 | 27°5 | 5:8 | 27-2 580 cf 450,000 .. | 28,150,000] 6-3 | 27-4 | 5-9 | 27°5 ,, 31| 2,240,000 340,000 . | 30,050,000] 6-1 | 27-2 | 6-0 | 27°3 April 1 by 2 4,000,000 | 26,050,000] 6-2 | 27-6} 5:8 | 27-4
, 2| 2,040,000) 420,000 .. | 27,670,0001 6-4 | 27-3 | 5:9 | 27°3 eS : 27,670,000} 6-1 | 27-1 } 6-2 | 27-0 , 4] 1,560,000) 520,000 | 28,710,000} 6-6 | 27-4 | 6-2 | 27-2 , 5! 1,040,000 £ .. | 27,750,000 mal? 280,000 | 6,000,000 | 23,470,000] 6-4 | 27-5 | 63 | 27-1 Pee he 4£0,000 . | 22,990,000) 6-1 | 27:3 | 6-2 | 27-4 , 8| 1,960,000| — 300,000 .. | 24,650,000} 6-4 | 27-6 | 6-2 | 27-3 , 9| 1,160,000 bis .. | 2,810,000] 7:0 | 273 | 66 | 27-2 ,, 10| 560,000] 470,000 .. | 25,900,000] 7:2 | 27-4 | 6-8 | 27-0 ,, 11] — 800,000 BY .. | 26,700,000] 6-8 | 27-7 | 66 | 27-3 ,, 12] 720,000 2 | 27,420,004 7-0 | 27°8 | 6-4 | 27-0 BA 3 320,000 .. | 27,100,000| 6:8 | 27-6 | 6-4 | 27-4 ,, 14} 1,220,000 2 . | 28,320 000] 65 | 27-4 | 6-1 | 27°8 , 15} 440,000| 280,000} 8,000,000 | 20,480,000] 6-0 | 27°5 | 6-0 | 27°3 pealG:) 1400;000'|> -2. .. | 20,880,000] 5:9 | 27-8 | 61 | 27-4 ,, 17} 400,000} — 400,000 .. | 20,880,000] 5:4 | 27-4 | 6-0 | 27-2 13 20,880,000} 5:1 | 27-6 | 5:8 | 27-7 , 19| 800,000} 320,000 .. | 21,360,000} 5-0 | 27-3 | 5:8 | 27-4 ,, 20} 440,000 is 4,400,000 | 17,400,000) 4:8 | 27-2 | 51 | 272 ,, 21} 340,000) 240,000 .. | 17,500,000} 4-9 | 27-4 , 22} 400,000) 260,000 .. | 17,640,000] 5-0 | 27°3 , 23/ 400,000 of ... | 18,040,000 ee 18,040,000] 5:8 | 27-4 | 5:8 | 27-2 eos 340,000 .. | 17,700,000] 6-4 | 27-6 | 6-1 | 27-5 », 26| . 820,000 ee .. | 18,520,000] 6-6 | 27:5 | 6-4 | 27-3
268
Date.
April 27
Eggs Fry Collected. teen ee put out. 180,000 160,000 400,000 7,300,000 400,000 160,000 300,000 5,500,000 60,000 140,000 60,000 60,000 4,300,000 40,000 20,000 2,000,000
———— ee ee eee
65,940,000 | 12,340,000 | 53,600,000
Totals,
Part I[I.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Number of N pa of Number of
TABLE I.—continued.
s
otal Stock in Boxes.
18,340,000 18,340,000 18,180,000 11,281,000 11,281,000 11,281,000 11,680,000 11,520,000 11,820,000 11,820,000 6,320,000 6,320,000 6,320,000 6,240,000 6,240,000 6,180,000 6,240,000 1,940,000 1,980,000 2,000,000
The Sea The Sea Water in the} Water on the Pond Beach at Noon. at Noon.
7°3 74 7‘2 76 17a, 7:2 74 76 73 7°8
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 269 TABLE 1I.—Showing particulars in connection with the Distribution of Fry. ee ese cues | scone », 20} Three miles off Girdleness. Fair. 3,800,000 » 26] Off Aberdeen Bay, between three and 5°3° 4,300,000 four miles, Acoril fe P|" tn eae Bay, three and a half miles 4,000,000 Ja 6 | Off Fraserburgh, two miles off Lighthouse. 56° 6,000,000 », 15) Off Fraserburgh, outside the breakwater. Sea rough. 8,000,000 ,, 20} About two miles off Aberdeen. 59° 4,400,000 », 00} About three miles off Aberdeen. 7,300,000 May 7| Three and a half miles off Girdleness. Gi27 5,500,000 », 14}! About three and a half miles off Aberdeen dads, 4,300,000 Bay. su Od ee el about two and a half miles ee Wind light, 2,000, 000
270 Part III. —Twenty-second Annual Report
VI.—ON THE POST-LARVAL AND EARLY YOUNG STAGES OF THE WITCH (PLEURONECTES CYNOGLOSSUS, Lyn.) By H. Cuas. Wriutamson, M.A., D.Sc., Marine Laboratory, Aber- deen. (Plate XVI.)
A very complete series of post-larval and young witches has been collected by Dr. Fulton and these he has handed to me for descrip- tion.
This form is especially interesting in that it has a very long post-larval period; it reaches a large size before it takes up a bottom habitat, 7.e. before its transformation from a bilaterally symmetrical fish to a flat-fish.
Drawings of eight post-larval and two young stages are shown in Plate XVI. Anextended and detailed description is not necessary, as these serve sufficiently to indicate the general form and the arrangement of the black pigmentation so far as the latter has survived preservation. All of the specimens had been preserved in a solution of formaline in seawater.
Cunningham* was the first to observe the larva of the witch, and his description may be here incorporated. He says— ‘The larva is not different from that of the other species of Pleuronectes ; its length is 3'9mm.; there is no pigment in the eye; a number of very minute points are scattered down the sides.” About 48 hours after hatching, ‘the length is now increased to5‘9mm. . . . . 3; the median fin-fold is much wider; the eye is slightly pigmented, and pigment is largely developed in the skin of the body ; the cutaneous chromatophores form five well-marked transverse stripes arranged in longitudinal series along the sides, three of them on the tail, are in the region of the rectum, and one about the pectoral fin.”
Holt? gives a more detailed account of the larva and early post-larva. The additional particulars which he furnishes are the following :—The larva, hatched from an egg captured in the sea, ‘had pigment of a pale chrome colour by reflected light, and of a dark yellow by transmitted light. This extended over the head, eye, and throughout the trunk and free caudal region,and over the yolk . . . . Inthe nextstage black pigment is associated with the yellow, and also appears independently along the margin of the dorsal fin. In a specimen, two days old, hatched from artificially fertilized eggs the length is 55mm. We now find a change in the arrangement of the pigment, which is broken up into three distinct bars in the post-anal region. Moreover, the yellow pigment now exhibits a greenish colour by transmitted light.”
A drawing of an early post-larval stage (derived from artificially fertilized eggs) ten days after hatching accompanies the following description :—“ The eyes are black, with a bluish lustre ; the lower jaw is very prominent, the pectorals very large, the otocysts large. The post-anal region is very slender, especially the part ventral to the notochord; the latter is very stout. The urocyst is larger than before. A ventral patch of black chromatophores has appeared midway between each post-anal pigment bar. The most anterior bar, that in the region of the pectoral fins, has lost its distinction, Pigment is absent from the dorsal fin in this region, whilst there has taken place a considerable development of pig- ment in the lower jaw and anterior ventral region ; the coloured pigment
* Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, xxxiii., Pt. I., 1887. + Se. Trans. Roy. Dublin Soctety (2), iv., 1893.
of the Fishery Board for Scotiand. 271
is now orange by transmitted light, except in the median fin, where it is brown” (Holt .
Previous to the publication of the paper just referred to, Petersen* had described a post-larval pleuronectid measuring 32mm. in length. He considered it to bea Halibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris). Kylet and Holt and Byrnet have recently described post-larval stages of the witch, and these agree closely with Petersen’s form, which is apparently really a witch. It has, moreover, the spinous armature of the operculum to which Holt and Byrne draw special attention.$ The fin-ray formule for these specimens were as follows :—Petersen’s—Dorsal, ca, 104; Anal, 88; Caudal, 82. Kyle’s specimens (two in number)—Dorsal, 103 (105); Anal, 83, 85; Caudal, 18. Holt and Bryne—Dorsal, 108; Anal, 95.
The post-larval witch is a characteristic form which cannot be con- founded with any other known species. Its main characters are its long and narrow post-anal body ; the well-marked triple-bar arrangement of pigment on the same ; the prominent head and snout, and its extended transforma- tion period. Kyle in this connection says, in referring to the two examples, 12 and 14mm. long respectively, described by him, that their ‘most striking features, in addition to their length and relative thinness, are the long head, the projecting snout, with the deep depression over the eyes, and the early stage of metamorphosis.” In Dr. Fulton’s collection the largest post-larval (7.e. pelagic) witch measures 40mm., while the smallest young witch (7.e. transformed) measures 44mm. Holt describes one of the latter which measured 42mm.
The only other pleuronectid of our waters which approaches the witch in having a lengthy post-larval period is the Lemon Sole (Pleuronectes microcephalus). Post-larve of this form have been found measuring 27mm. (Holt), but the general shape of the pelagic stages of this species is very different from that of the witch ; the outline of the former is oval, whereas that of the latter is elongated.
The witches from which the drawings were made exhibited black pig- ment only. The pigment other than black has disappeared since they were preserved; and in some cases the black pigment has faded consider- ably. This probably accounts for the fact that some variation on the pigmentation is found in the forms described, especially as regards the marginal fin. ‘The outer edge of the marginal fin was, moreover, some- times frayed, and in consequence the presence of pigment there was not in these cases determined. :
It is hoped that the sketches here supplied will aid in the diagnosis of preserved examples. A number of the drawings are of natural size; the majority are enlarged, It is sufficient to note that the post-larval char- acters are constant ; the general form, which is more readily indicated by the sketches than by:a word-picture, is, when taken along with the bar arrangement, sufficient to indicate the species. A brief note will be given of each of the stages illustrated.
The first (Fig. la) is an early post-larval example, measuring in total length 5:°2mm., in greatest breadth *75mm. It has the typical pleuronectid form, viz. a short abdomen and a long post-anal region. The marginal fin shows no trace of fin-rays; the caudal fin is still diphycercal. The pigment is well marked. At the point of the mandible there are a few black - pigment spots, and in the pectoral region there is a ventral group of spots. On the hind dorsal area of the abdomen a group of large chromatophores is visible, and along the keel of the abdomen there is a
* Report of the Danish Biological Station, iv., 1893. + Journal of the Marine Biological Association, vol. vi., No. 4, Dec. 1903. + Report on the Sea and Inland Fisheries of Ireland, 1901, Pt. II., Dublin, 1903. § Dr. Petersen has informed me that he is satisfied that the form is a witch.
272 Part LIT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
row of similar pigment corpuscles. The eyes are black. The post-anal region is marked by three main transverse bars of chromatophores ; they are equi-distant from one another. Each bar consists of a dorsal and a ventral moiety. The hindmost is in the region of the future caudal fin, and is large. Between the bars there are three pigment groups situated ventrally on the edge of the muscle-segments ; they may be termed secon- dary groups, in contradistinction to the main broad bars. Of the post-anal pigment groups just mentioned, the hind main bar alone extends on to the marginal fin. Only one pigment spot was, in addition, found on the marginal fin; it was situated on the ventral fin. A ventral view of this post-larva is shown in Fig, Ib.
In Fig. 2 a specimen similar in size to one of those described by Kyle is reproduced. It measures 12‘5mm. in length, and in greatest breadth reaches about 3mm. A greater amount of pigment is found in this individual than in the preceding. Along the ventral edge of the muscle- segments in the post-anal region a few more intermediate or secondary pigment spots are seen, and some pigment was made out on the ventral marginal fin in large and small spots. Anterior to the anus the condition of the preceding specimen holds. The caudal pigment is now diffuse ; the caudal fin-rays are being laid down and the tail region is becoming heterocercal, The rudiments of the interspinous bones are indicated by a somewhat opaque part of the marginal fin, next the muscle-segments.
The interspinous bones, still very small, are to be made out in the next figure (3), a drawing of a post-larva measuring 14mm. in length and 5mm. in greatest breadth. In this specimen the large pigment corpuscles on the hind part of the optic lobes were prominent. A natural-size sketch of this post-larva is given in Fig. 9.
A witch 18mm. in length is reproduced in Fig. 4. The fin-rays are now almost completely formed, and the tail is nearly homocercal in character. A row of small pigment spots along the junction of the ventral interspinous bones and the fin-rays is made out.
In Fig. 5 all the interspinous bones and the fin-rays are formed. This example is of the same size as the specimen recorded by Holt and Byrne. In length it measures 25mm., in greatest breadth it reaches 7°5mm. The fin-ray formula is—Dorsal, about 110: Anal, about 95; Caudal, 22.
Fig. 7a is an enlarged drawing of a witch measuring 34mm. In it the pigment was not very prominent ; it had probably faded.
A post-larval form, measuring 38mm., is shown in Fig. 12. Trans- formation is not yet completed. A drawing of the left side of the head of this example appears in Fig. 8.
A completely metamorphosed witch, measuring 44mm., is reproduced in Fig. 13. Holt described one which was a little smaller, viz. 42mm.
The migration of the left eye to the right side of the fish is a slow process. In the fish measuring 25mm. it has moved to a noticeable extent. It then appears a little above the ridge, when the fish is viewed from the right side (Fig. 5). In the large post-larva, 38mm. (Fig. 12), the eye is on the ridge ; in another, measuring 40mm., the migration was not completed (Figs. 6a and 6b).
Dr. Fulton examined the last-mentioned specimen (40mm. long) shortly after it was killed in formaline. He found that the only pigment then visible was black. It was distributed as follows :—On the snout and jaw there was a collection of little specks; on the front of the lower — jaw a like collection. A group of spots was present on the optic lobes, while a broad band of spots was conspicuous on the hind part of the abdomen. On the median line there were, on the post-anal body, six equi-distant pigment patches. The dorsal interspinous region showed eight fainter patches, while five or six similar patches were seen on the ventral interspinous region.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 273
During the post-larval period the pigment on the two sides of the body remains practically identical. It is only in the larger specimens, e.g. 38mm., that it is possible to detect a lighter shade of pigment on the left side than on the right.
With the transformation, however, a very marked difference is noted (Fig. 13). The fish itself becomes more opaque, and its upper surface (the previous right side), shows a large quantity of pigment. Posterior to the anus there are on the upper surface seven broad patches across the median line of the body; on the dorsal fin there are five broad patches with intermediate smaller patches, and on the ventral fin three broad patches with smaller intermediate groups. The under or blind side, however, retains the post-larval pigmentation ; in this case it resembled that found in the post-larva measuring 38mm. (Fig. 2).
Holt and Byrne draw attention to the presence of spines on the operculum of the post-larve. I have found this spinous armature in the example measuring 12°5mm. (Fig. 2). In the preceding specimen, 52mm. (Fig. 1), it was not made out. It was found in all the succeeding post-larval witches, and the spines were equally developed on both sides of the body. The sketches indicate with approximate accuracy the number and arrangement of them.
In the metamorphosed example, 44mm. long (Fig. 13), teeth were found on the operculum. ‘Two large teeth projected from the posterior part of the operculum, and dorsal to these three were two (or three) other similar teeth. They were equally developed on both sides of the fish.
No spines were made out on the operculum of either side in the young witch measuring 59mm. in length.
Small teeth (in the jaws) were made out in the smallest member of the series, and they were present in all the other post-larval stages. ‘l'‘hey are not numerous. ‘Teeth were not seen in the smaller bottom form.
LITERATURE.
CunnincHAM.—‘‘The Eggs and Larve of Teleosteans,” Trans. Roy. Soc., Edinburgh, vol. xxxiii., Pt. I., p. 97 (Plates I. to VII.). 1887.
CunnincHAM. —‘‘ Marketable Marine Fishes.” London, 1896.
Hout.—‘‘ On the Eggs, Larval and Post-larval Stages of Teleosteans,” Sc. Trans. Roy. Dublin Society, ser. 2, iv., p. 455, Plates I. to XV. 1893.
Hott AND ByRNE.—‘‘On a Young Stage of the White Sole (Pleuronectes cynoglossus),” Report on.the Sea and Inland Fisheries of Ireland for 1901, Pt. II., p. 67, Plate III. Dublin, 1903.
Kyue.—“‘ Halibut (ippoglossus vulgaris, Flem.) or Pole-Dab (Pleuronectes cynoglossus,” Journal of the Marine Biological Association, vol. vi., No. 4., Dec. 1903, p. 618, 1 plate.
M‘IntosH AND PriINcE.—‘‘On the Development and Life-Histories of the Teleostean Food and other Fishes,” Zrans. Roy. Socy., Edinburgh, Vol. xxxv., Part III. (No. 19), Plates I. to XXVIII.
M‘InrosH AND MASTERMAN.—‘‘ British Marine Food-fishes.” London, 1897.
PETERSEN. —‘‘ On some Zoological Characters of Young (Post-larval) Flat-fishes,”
Report of the Danish Biological Station, iv., Appendix II., 2 plates, p. 126. Copenhagen, 1893.
274
Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.
6a. Head of post-larval, do., 6b. 7. Post-larval,
1 2 3. 4 5
195
Pari 111.—Twenty-second Annual Report
Do., Do.,
Do:
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
NV.B.—No attempt has been made in the drawings to insert the proper number of interspinous bones and fin rays.
Fig. la. Post-larval, Plewronectes cynoglossus, 5°2mm. long; “75mm.
do., do.,
do., do., do.,
greatest breadth, . x do., ventral view. 125mm. long; 3mm. greatest breadth, x 14mm. long ; ; 3mm. greatest breadth, x 18mm. long ; ; 5mm. greatest breadth, “ 25mm. long ; ; 75mm. greatest breadth, Be 40mm. long ; ; right side, % 40mm. long ; left side, x 34mm. long; 13mm. greatest breadth, . x 38mm. long : left side, x
14mm. long, natural size. 28mm. long, do. 34mm. long, do. 38mm. long, do. 44mm. long, do. 59mm. long, do.
ca
ca
ca
ca
Ca
ca
Ca
ca Ca
19
Oname oO ao OD
-B. REPORT. 1904. . PLATE XVI.
| OW. Ss. 9-14, -A. H. WALKER. Tar Wircu-—Plewronectes cynoglossus.
of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 27
Or
VII.—ON SOME PARASITES OF FISHES NEW TO THE SCOT- TISH MARINE FAUNA.
By THomas Scort, LLL.D., F.L.S. Plate XVII.
CONTENTS. PAGE Preliminary Note, . ; : ‘ ; ¢ . 275 Part I. Copepoda Parasita— Fam. Dichelestide,. , ; ; ; ; Aho Part Il. Trematoda— Fam. Tristomatide, 278 Part III. Note on a Post-larval Fish attacked by J Podon Leuckarti, . 279 Description of ‘the Plates, . ; ' ; ; : . 280
PRELIMINARY NOTE.
Some time ago Dr Fulton, Scientific Superintendent to the Fishery Board, kindly handed to me for examination aspecimen of Tygon Panvinass, Lin., which had been captured in the Dornoch Firth on October 22, 1903. This specimen measured about 144 inches across the pectoral fins and about 244 inches from the nose to the extremity of the very slender tail; it was thus not more than about the average size of this kind of fish, yet it yielded on examination no fewer than four different species of ectozoa. Two of these species belong to the Copepoda and two to the Trematoda, and only one of them, viz., Brachiella pastinace, van Beneden, .appears to have been previously described. Descriptions and drawings of these apparently new forms are given here.
Moreover, while examining some organisms set aside from former collections, I found a specimen of Lerncwa lusci, Bassett-Smith, obtained off Aberdeen in January, 1902; as this parasite has not before been recorded from Scottish waters, I have had a short description, with drawings of it, prepared for this paper.
I have further to state that at the end of this paper will be found a description and drawing of a very curious Natural History group consist- ing of a larval fish, somewhat emaciated, and two small Crustaceans, which appear to be attacking the fish ; for this interesting specimen I am indebted to my friend and colleague, Dr Henry Charles Williamson.
The drawings have been prepared by my son, Mr A. Scott, A.L.S.
I propose to describe the various organisms mentioned in the order in which they are referred to above.
PART I.—COPEPODA PARASITA. Fam. DICHELESTIDZ. Genus Hudactylina, van Beneden (1853).
Eudactylina minuta, T. Scott. Pl. xvii, figs, 111.
Description of the Female.—The length of the specimen represented by the drawing (fig.1), measuring from the forehead to the end of the furcal
276 Part ITI. —Twenty-second Annual Report
joints, is about 1‘lmm.(about 54 of an inch), but that represented by figure 2 is slightly larger, and measures about 1:'4mm. The segments, especially along their dorsal aspect, are rough with minute scattered spines. The body is slender, as in the species previously described, but the fourth and fifth segments are rather more dilated than the others. The cephalosome is about equal in length to that of the first two segments of the metasome combined. The first segment of the metasome is a small one, while the next two are each rather longer and stouter than the one immediately preceding ; the last segment of the metasome is considerably smaller than the third one. The segmentation of the urosome (abdomen) somewhat resembles that of Hudactylina similis, A. Scott.
The antennules, which are short and stout, are apparently five-jointed, as in those of the species referred to, and their armature is also similar to that of Hudactylina similis, but, on the other hand, there is a distinct difference in the proportional lengths of the joints,—the third being longer than the second joint and the fourth scarcely twice as long as the ultimate one (fig. 3).
The antenne, which are moderately elongated, have a general resemblance in their form and structure to those of the other described species; but the second joint, which is about as long as the third, is produced on the inner aspect and near the distal end so as to form a single stout and prominent spine, and a single powerful hook-like spine with a thickened base carrying a few small sete is articulated to the extremity of the third joint (fig. 4).
The mandibles and maxille do not present any marked difference from those of Hudactylina acuta, van Beneden.
The first maxillipeds, which resemble the same appendages in Hudacty- lina similis, are armed with a moderately stout terminal claw, and the end joint is furnished with a row of minute course denticles along the inner edge (fig. 5).
The second maxillipeds are large and strong and,form powerful chele; they are somewhat similar in structure to those of Hudactylina similis, but the extremity of the claw which impinges against the lower spoon-like process has the stout apical tooth with a rounded hood-like covering (fig. 6).
In the first pair of thoracic feet both branches are two-jointed, and both are moderately stout; the inner branches are sparingly fringed with minute sete, and armed with two apical spines of unequal length; the outer branches, which are rather shorter than the inner, are each furnished with a fringe of minute sete on the outer margin of the first joint, while the end joint bears several spines round its outer margin and apex ; the inner spine is of moderate length, but the others are small (fig. 7).
The structure of the second pair has a general resemblance to that of the same pair in Hudactylina similis and EH. acuta, The inner branches, which are distinctly three-jointed, are considerably smaller than the outer ones, the first joint bears a longitudinal row of small spines on its inner aspsct, while the end joint carries two apical spines of moderate but unequal length. The outer branches are stout and elongated, and, like the inner ones, appear to consist of three joints, but the articulation between the first and second joints is apparently nearly obsolete; two short spines which have their bases dilated spring from the outer margin and near the distal end of the elongated first joint ; the third joint, which is short and rounded at the extremity, is provided with a single and moderately stout subter- minal spine, as shown in the drawing (fig. 8).
The third and fourth pairs are nearly alike, and resemble the same two pairs in Hudactylina similis, except that the inner branches are furnished with a number of scattered spinules on their outer aspect; the outer branches are each of them rounded at the extremity, and provided with
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. MT
a single elongated terminal seta, there are a few spines on the outer margins of the second and third joints, while the first joint bears a fringe of minute spines along its outer edge (fig. 9).
The fifth pair, which are broadly foliaceous and resemble in their general outline the same appendages in Hudactylina acuta, van Beneden, are furnished with several transverse rows of minute spines and three apical sete (fig. 10).
The furcal joints, which are rather longer than the last abdominal seg- ment, are each of them armed with two ‘terminal spines—a stout one at the apex and a somewhat smaller one on the outer edge, as shown in the figure; a small seta springs also from near the middle of the outer margin (fig. 11),
Habitat.—On the gills of a specimen of the ‘Sting Ray,” Trygon pastinaca, Linn., captured in the Dornoch Firth on October 22, 1903. No maies of the Hudactylina were observed. The fish, as already stated, measured about 144 inches across the pectoral fins, while its length from the snout to the extremity of the tail is about 244 inches.
Remarks.—This Hudactylina appears to differ from previously described species by its smaller size—being little more than half the length of the smallest hitherto recorded, and from its being found on a different host. But there are also structural differences which separate it from other forms. I will recapitulate one or two of these: it differs in the proportional lengths of the joints of the antennules, in the armature of the antenna, in the armature of the first maxillipeds, in the structure of the second pair of thoracic feet, and in the proportional lengths of the segments of the thorax.
Though a number of specimens were obtained, only a small proportion of them were in good condition for dissection.
Eudactylina acuta, Van Beneden.
1853. Hudactylina acuta, Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., vol. xx., pt. 1, p. 235; Mem. Acad. Roy. Belg. (1861), p. 150, Pl. xxv.
In my notes on the parasites of fishes in Part III. of the Twentieth Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland (published October 2nd, 1902), I describe the occurrence of Hudactylina acuta on the gills of an Angel-fish, Rhina squatina (Lin.), captured in January 1902 about eight or nine miles south-east from Buchan Ness, and the description of the parasite is illustrated by a series of drawings. My son had already obtained the same Hudactyline on the gills of Angel-fishes captured in the Irish Sea, but there did not appear to have been any previous record of it from Scotland.
Through the kindness of Mr. Robert Duthie, Fishery Officer—presently stationed at Girvan, Ayrshire—I am enabled to record this interesting parasite for the second time from Scottish waters, which, like the speci- mens previously referred to, was found on the gills of an Angel-fish. This fish, which was captured by turbot-net fishermen in the seaward part of the Clyde estuary and landed at Girvan on May 25th (1904), was secured by Mr. Duthie, who kindly forwarded it to me for examination. The fish was an immature female, and measured two feet nine and a-half inches (nearly 83 centimetres) from the front of the head to the extremity of the caudal fin. This Hudactyline is an addition to the parasitic Copepod-fauna of the Clyde.
Lernea lusci, Bassett-Smith. Pl. xvii., figs. 12 and 13.
1896. Lerncea lusci, Bassett-Smith, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (G); vol. xviit., p. 13, pl. iv., fig: G6.
The form described under this name is considerably smaller than the
278 Part ILI.—Twenty-second Annual Report
more common Lernea branchialis, and hitherto it appears only to have been observed on the gills of the Brassie or Whiting Pout (Gadus luscus, Linn.). The specimen I have to record was obtained on the gills of a Brassie captured about ten miles off Aberdeen on January 16, 1901. This parasite measures a little over half an inch from the head to the end of the genital segment. The neck is slender and short, and the append- ages of the cephalon are moderately developed. Dr. Bassett-Smith describes the posterior appendage as being sometimes as long as the neck, which is also characteristic of the specimen now recorded (fig. 13). The genital segment is considerably dilated and strongly sigmoid, except at the posterior end where, in marked contrast to Lernxa branchialis, it is only slightly curved ; the twisted egg sacs are proportionally not so slender as in that species.
Lernea lusct does not appear to have hitherto been recorded from Scottish waters, having been probably regarded as a form of L. branchialis. Figure 12 shows the specimen attached to the gill-arch of the fish.
Brachiella pastinace, Van Beneden.
1851. Brachiella pastinace, Van Beneden, Ann. des. Sci. Nat., 3rd ser., t.,xvi., p.; 118, pl. 1v.,;figs., 8,9.
Two specimens of this Brachiella were obtained in the nasal foss of the Trygon in which the Hudactylina just described was found. One specimen occurred in each of the two fosse. These two specimens which were posted to the artist along with a few other things in order to have drawings of them prepared, failed to reach their destination, and I am there- fore unable to furnish figures of this species.
PART I1L.—TREMATODA. Fam. TRISTOMATIDA.
Thaumatocotyle concinna, gen, et. sp. nov. Pl. xvii., fig. 15.
A large sucker-disc, so characteristic of several of the Trematoda, is attached to the distal end of the body by a very short stalk which is apparently flexible. The sucker is nearly circular in outline, and its ventral surface is divided into thirteen marginal compartments which are separated from each other by narrow muscular bands ; the compartment at the lower end of the sucker is larger than any of the other twelve and is of the form of an equilateral triangle, the blunted apex of which is directed inwards and reaches fully half way toward the centre of the sucker; the other twelve marginal compartments are of nearly equal size and are sub- quadrate in form, as shown in the drawing (fig. 15). Two moderately slender rods spring from two adjacent muscular bands near the centre of the disc, and extending to the circumference of the sucker terminate in little hook-like processes—one on each side of the lower triangular compartment.
The anterior end, which terminates somewhat abruptly and has a broadly triancular outline, is bifurcated in the middle. On the ventral aspect, close to the margin on each side of the fork and extending from it to the outer angle, there are arranged three small discs which may probably function as suckers.
The length of ue specimen represented by the figure is about 3 milli- metres (nearly 4 of an inch), while the breadth at the widest part is equal to about one fifth of the length ; the body is flattened and in some specimens nearly transparent, so that the internal structure may to some extent be discovered.
i ~ eae wee ee eg a es
pS eae ae —
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 279
This Trematode does not agree with any genus or species known to me. abitat.—In the nasal foss of Trygon pastinaca, captured in Dornoch Firth, October 1903.
Heterocotyle pastinace, gen. et sp. nov. Pl. xvii., fig. 14.
Several specimens of the Trematode described under this name were obtained on the same Trygon pastinaca with the form just recorded, but they were found not in the nasal fosse but on the gills along with Eudactylina minuta described in the first part of this paper.
In this Trematode the posterior sucker is slightly oval in outline—the transverse diameter being greater than that which is longitudinal in the proportion of about 13 to 11. The edge of the sucker is indistinctly crenate, and its ventral surface is divided into eight compartments, which extend from the circumference to near the middle, where they are interrupted by a small diamond-shaped space representing the point of attachment of the sucker to the body. The two lowest compartments are of a slightly larger size than the four upper ones, but the compartment on each side is about double the size of the one immediately above. More- over, these side compartments, together with the two lower ones situated between them, are each sub-divided into two portions by a circular line, as shown in the drawing (fig. 14). About the middle of the band which divides each large lateral compartment from the lower one, there is attached a short rod that terminates in a strong hook.
The body is of a narrow ovate form and is considerably depressed ; the greatest width is equal to nearly three and a half times the length ; the total length of the specimen represented by the drawing is only 1-44 mm. (about .4 of an inch). The anterior end is narrowly truncate, and is without any lateral appendages, as in Phyllonella or Placunella, which it otherwise resembles.
Besides the occurrence of the four different kinds of parasites from the Sting Ray mentioned here, Prof. van Beneden has obtained on specimens of the same species of fish taken on the coasts of Belgium, not only the Brachielia pastinace—which he found both in the nasal fosse and on the gills—but also Lerneopodu galei and Ergasilina robusta ; the first he obtained in the nasal fossee and the other on the gills. The same writer also records finding five different kinds of Cestoids in the intestines of T7ygon.*
PART Er: Note on a Post-LARvAL Fish ATTACKED BY PoDON LEUCKARTI. Plate XVII.—Fig. 16.
It is fairly well known to students of the Entomostraca that these organisms live to some extent on animal as well as on vegetable matter, and also that they do not always confine themselves to decaying sub- stances, but that living specimens, if small enough and in a weak or sickly condition, are not exempted from being attacked by them. When examining a gathering of living Entomostraca in whica Ostracoda are frequent, we may occasionally observe a number of these minute Crustaceans crowding round some object of general interest, anu, when the reason for the crowding is investigated, find that they are busy feeding on a dead or dying companion.
reais a des cotes de Belgique leurs Parasites et leurs Commenceaux, pp. 14, 870). ;
280 Part ITT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
But although such incidents are not of rare occurrence among the Entomostraca, the example to which I would direct attention, where a post-larval fish is apparently being attacked by two members of the family Polyphemede, is somewhat unusual, Larval and post-larval fishes have no doubt many enemies, among which may be included other fishes as well, and it has also been shown that even the harmless-looking Sagittae feed upon such larve,f but this is the first time I have observed Entomostraca presumably attacking a post-larval fish in the manner shown by the drawing.
As stated in the preliminary note, I am indebted to Dr. Williamson for this interesting specimen. The fish, he tells me, is a Pleuronectid— probably Pleuronectes platessa—but its emaciated condition made its correct identification somewhat doubtful. That these Crustaceans have become accidentally attached to the specimen is hardly likely, for the position they occupy and the firm hold they have of the fish, evidenced by their adhering while extraneous matter was being brushed off, and by their continuing to adhere firmly though subjected to a good deal of tossing about, does not favour such an explanation, but tends rather to support the opinion that they have intentionally seized hold of the young Pleuronectid, but whether for the purpose of attacking or merely for resting I am not prepared to say. The specimen is, however, sufficiently interesting to be recorded here. The fish was observed in a tow-net gathering collected last year and supposed to be from the North Sea. The two Crustaceans belong to the same species, viz., Podon leuckartt.
* Annals of Scottish Natural History, April, 1892, p. 142.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XVIL.,
Eudactylina minuta. Diam Fig. 1. Female, side view, KI age Fig. 2. Female, dorsal view, x IGE Fig. 3. Antennule, xO Fic. 4- Antenna, x D2 Fig, 5. First maxilliped, x 521 Fig. 6. Second maxilliped, x 3890 Fig. 7. Foot of first pair, x. ba Fig. 8. Foot of second pair, x 260 Fig. 9. Foot of fourth pair, x 260 Fig. 10. Foot of fifth pair, x 260 Fig. 11. Furcal joints and last two segments of abdomen, x 260 Lernee lusct. Fig. 12. Female, side view, : ; PO i ae) Fig. 13. Parasite on gill of Gedus 1 uscus, : ; ! aE aes Trematodes. Fig. 14. Zhaumatocotyle concinna, : ‘ 5 : » oie GBs Fig. 15. Heterocotyle pastinace, x 68
Fig. 16. Larval fish with two specimens of Podon leuckarti attached to it, x 39°75
PLATE XVII
, 1904.
B. REPORT.
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of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 281
VIII.—_ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES.
By Dr. T. Wemyss Futon, F.R.S.E., Superintendent of Scientific Investigations.
[Plate XVIII]
CONTENTS.
PAGE The Young of the Conger, - - - . - - 281 A Larval Fierasfer, - - : - - - = 283 The Sting Ray, - - - - - - - - 283 The Pilchard, - - - - . - . - 284 The Fecundity of the Sprat, - - : - - - 285 An Albino Plaice, : : : - : : = 280 The Thickback (Solea variegata), - - - 4 - 286 Reversed action of the Gill-cover in Plaice, - - : = 287
Tue YouNnG or THE Concer (Leptocephalus).
Two specimens of the young of the conger eel were caught in the Moray Frth by means of the small-meshed net around the otter trawl, which has been so productive of rare forms, and as such specimens are very rarely obtained in British seas, and they differ from one another in age and characters, I have thought it desirable to give a description and figures of them here.
The first specimen (Fig. 1) was obtained on 27th December on Smith Bank, a well-known fishing ground off the coast of Caithness, in 28 fathoms of water. It was not recognised at the time among the other fishes caught and the lot were preserved in formaldehyde and taken to the marine laboratory at the Bay of Nigg. It was only later, when the material was being worked up, that the specimen was discovered. With the exception of a slight abrasion on the posterior half it was in good condition ; the imperfection was probably due to the fish having been caught by doubling as it passed through the mesh of the net. On examination some weeks after it was caught it was found to be trans- lucent, with a whitish opacity, the perfect transparency of the living form having been affected by the preservative. It was quite soft and flexible, resembling a tapeworm in these respects, as well as in its extremely flattened form. In extreme length it measured 145mm., (5Z inches), and it is therefore among the largest of the specimens recorded. Its weight, after the superfluous water had been removed, was only 0°61 grammes, and its volume was 1'1 cubic centimetres as nearly as could be determined. Its bulk in proportion to its length, as will be seen below, was thus very much under that of the other older but shorter specimen.
The extreme dorso-ventral height of the body was 13:5mm., and it was broadest from about 70 to 95mm. from the head; the height just behind the head was 7mm., or about half of the other. The thickness of the body was difficult to determine; it was much thicker behind the head, where it measured about 2mm., and from this point to the posterior extremity it gradually diminished, the greater part of it being rather under than over Imm. in thickness. The length of the head from the tip of the snout to the gill-cleft measured 10mm., and its height at the eyes was 5mm., the breadth being 3mm. just behind the
282 Part [IT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
eyes. The eyes were relatively large, measuring 2°5mm. in diameter (they are represented as rather too large in the enlarged figure, and as a little too small in the other figure) ; the anterior edge is situated about 3mm. from the tip of the snout. The snout is blunt and obtuse and rounded, and longer than the lower jaw, which is more pointed. The cleft of the mouth ends rather behind the middle of the eye, and each jaw is armed with a series of somewhat long, fine, slender teeth, those in front being the longest ; of these, 34 were made out in the lower jaw and 30 in the upper.
The pectoral fins, placed immediately behind the gill-opening, were small and delicate, measuring about 35mm. in length.
With regard to the pigment, there were two minute specks of black on the lower part of the gill-cover on the left side and four similar specks on the corresponding position on the other side. A linear series of black specks runs along each side of the ventral margin, beginning about 1lmm. behind the pectoral fin; they are most. distinct in the anterior portion but are continuous to the tail, and in the posterior part they are much more miuute, numerous, and crowded, giving the appearance of a very fine black line. Along the lateral line there is a single linear series of corresponding chromatophores, of which 35 were counted, and beginning about 35mm. behind the head; they are usually situated at the junction of myotomes, and are most numerous towards the tail. No other pigment specks were observed.
Of the myotomes—which are very distinct except at the tail—l counted 142, but, as stated, those at the posterior extremity are indistinct.
The second specimen (Fig. 2) was of a different kind in several respects. —
Tt was taken in 24 fathoms, also in the Moray Firth but south of Smith Bank, on 12th February. In shape it is vermiform rather than tzenioid, and appears to correspond to the Z. punctatus of Kaup, and which has been shown by Grassi and Calandruccio to be the stage from which the perfect conger is directly developed. It measures 125mm. (42 inches) in extreme length, and weighed, after the superfluous water was removed by blotting paper, 1675 grammes, its volume being 1'8cem. Tt will be seen by comparing these figures with those referring to the other specimen that the reduction in length is accompanied by a considerable increase in bulk, since the shorter specimen weighed over 1] gramme more than the other, its weight being nearly three times greater. The volume, as stated, did not increase in the same proportion ; the discrepancy is perhaps due to the tissues of the younger being less solid, perhaps to defect in the determination of the volume.
The extreme breadth of this specimen is 10°5mm. and its thickness 3mm. Its thickness is maintained in a fairly uniform way for the first two thirds of the length of the body, after which it diminishes rapidly. The distance from the tip of the snout to the commencement of the dorsal fin is 44mm. and from the same point to the anus 55mm. The head is 9mm. in length, 45mm. high, and 3-5mm. broad, and the top is more rounded than in the younger specimen. The eye is somewhat smaller, measuring 2mm. in diameter and placed 2‘5mm. from the end of the snout. The lower jaw is shorter than the snout, but not to the extent represented in fig. 2b. Teeth, so conspicuous a feature in the younger specimen, could not be made out. The pectorals were more developed, being longer and, especially, broader. Of the myotomes, not so distinct as in the other form, 141 were counted. The black chro- matophores were arranged as in the younger specimen, but none were observed on the head. Those along the lateral line are more conspicuous than those placed along the ventral margin, of which there are 26 in front of the anus, and they are much more numerous behind, being crowded together, as in the first specimen, towards the tail.
=> sas
we a= <-> tend 2
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 283
The literature dealing with these young forms need not be given here, as Cunningham has given avery full account of it in some of his papers,* and he has described a specimen of Leptocephalus Morrisit which he obtained at Plymouth in June, 1895.¢ Besides the classical papers of Grassi and Calandruccio, reference may be made to two papers, one by Higenmann on “The Egg and Development of the Conger Eel,” and the other by the same author and C. H. Kennedy, on the “ Leptocephalus of the American Hel and other American Leptocephali,” both published in 1901. |
A Larvat Sierasfer.
On 8th October last year a larval Fierasfer was taken in a tow-net used on board a fishing boat at a distance of about 185 miles E. by N. of Aberdeen ; the net was used between the surface and twenty fathoms, the depth at the place being between fifty and sixty fathoms. (PI. XVIIL, fig. 3, 3a).
The specimen measured 64mm. (23 inches) in length and exhibits the slender form characteristic of the genus; the yolk, as indicated in the figure, forms a considerable mass. The remarkably elongated first dorsal ray was apparently damaged, but enough of it is left to show the presence of the skinny lobes with which it is provided.
Fierasfer is remarkable for its habit in the adult condition of living within Holothurians in a condition of commensalism, but it would appear that its larval pelagic life is one of considerable duration. It is an extremely rare fish, and even Emery, who has written the classical monograph on it,§ was able to obtain only a few specimens.
Outside the Mediterranean, specimens have rarely been obtained. According to Couch, Edwards found six specimens, between 6 and 7cm. long, in March, 1863, on a sandy bottom off the coast of Banff, but the record stands in need of confirmation and is passed over by Day. The latter author mentions only two examples of /’. dentatus, both got on the south coast of Ireland, one in 1836 and the other in 1852, and there does not appear to be any other good British record of its occurrence.
Only other three specimens appear to be recorded for the north of Europe. One was taken by a fisherman in from 100-200 fathoms on the Jutland Reef, to the west of the Scaw—and therefore not a great distance from the locality where the specimen here recorded was obtained—and it is now in the Royal Museum at Stockholm. The second specimen was got near Stavanger in 1881, and was described by
~~ Collet; it isin the Bergen Museum.|| The third was a specimen of
fF, acus, ubtained by H.M.S. Triton in the Farde Channel, on 9th August, 1882, close to the surface. It measured 104mm. in length, and has been described by Giinther.4
Tue Stine-Ray (Zrygon pastinaca).
On the 22nd October a specimen of the sting-ray was taken in the trawl by one of the trawlers engaged in scientific work in the Dornoch Firth in from 8 - 13 fathoms. It was a female, measuring in extreme length 63:0cm., and in extreme breadth 37‘5em. It is noteworthy that
*Journ. Marine Biol. Assoe,, vol. iii, p. 281 ; vol. ii, p. 36.
tIbid.,iv, p. 74.
EBull. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1901, pp. 37-81.
§‘‘Fierasfer. Studi intorno alla sistematica, l’anatomia e la biologia delle specie mediter- ranee di questo genere.” Atti R. Accad. d. Lincei, vii., 1879-80.
|| Christian, Vidensk. Forhandl. 1882, No, 19.
| ‘‘ Report on the Pelagic Fishes collected by H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ during the years 1873-1876,” page 27, 1899,
284 Part IIT.—Twenty-second Annual Report
the torpedo described in the Vineteenth Annual Report* was caught near the same place. On this specimen Dr. Scott found some new and interesting parasites (see p. 275.)
This fish is said by Day to be not uncommon off the mouth of the Thames and along the south coast, and Dr. Murie states that on the coast of Kent and at Burnham specimens from 1 to 2 feet are not uncommon, while in the estuary of the Thames it is not abundant and only small specimens are found.t Holt refers to two small specimens trawled off Plymouth, and several taken on the trawling grounds off Salcombe; and he says the fish is well known to the local fishermen and hardly deserves special mention as a rare fish in that district.
It is, however, a very rare fish in Scottish waters. Parnell met with only one example, which was caught in a salmon-net in the Firth of Forth,$ and Mr Eagle Clarke, who has brought together all the descrip- tions of rare species of the Firth of Forth since the time of Parnell, met with only one specimen which he examined in 1897, and which was caught off the Isle of May, and it is the only instance he knows of since Parnell’s record.|| It does not appear, either, that the indefatigable Edwards of Banff ever came across a specimen.
It is noteworthy that this species, like the torpedo, usually has the skin smooth and soft; though Day mentions that there are occasionally some tubercles along the middle line of the back in the scapular region. The one is protected by its electric organ and the other by the formidable serrated spine with which its tail is provided, and which is capable of causing dangerous wounds; they thus differ from the ordinary rays in this respect.
Tue PriucuarD (Clupea pilchardus).
On the 20th June last year a pilchard was taken in a drift-net employed in catching herrings, about 15 miles off Buckie, in the Moray Firth, where it was landed. Iam indebted to Mr. Alexander Suther- land, the Fishery Officer of the district, for the record. It measured 8% inches in length.
In Scottish waters the pilchard is a very rare fish. Parnell, writing in 1837, says that it was then very rare, although some thirty years before it was common, and in certain localities found in equal abundance with the herring; as no authority is quoted the statement may be based on Parnell’s own observations. He says that a few were occasionally taken in the summer months on the Berwick and Dunbar coasts, but that since 1816 no pilchard had been observed in the Firth of Forth. Day also states that pilchards were more than usually abundant at Yarmouth in 1780, 1790, and 1799, but he does not mention his authority.
They are, however, occasionally taken at long intervals. Thus Eagle Clarke states that Mr. Logan records in the “ Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh” (vol. ii., p. 289) that in March, 1861, considerable numbers of young pilchards were brought to the Edinburgh market along with herrings and sprats; they were only caught in large quantities for a few days in March, but they had occurred sparingly with herring during the previous winter months. Dr. Muriel says that
* Part 111s, 1.200: :
+ ‘‘ Report on the Sea Fisheries and Fishing Industries of the Thames Estuary,” p. 169, Kent and Essex Sea Fisheries Committee, London, 1903.
{ Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc. v., p. 198, 1898.
§ ‘‘ Fishes of the Firth of Forth,” p. 440, 1838.
|| Annals of Scottish Natural History, Oct. 1900, p. 215,
4 Op. cit., p. 104,
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. 285
a considerable number were taken off Harwich in September, 1868 ; and a few stragglers are still brought in with the herrings at Yarmouth, according to Patterson in the Zoologist for 1897.
THE FECUNDITY OF THE SPRAT.,
Observations on the fecundity of the sprat have been apparently rarely made, no doubt from the rarity of ripe sprats among those caught by fishermen, the only statement on the point, as far as I am aware, being In my paper on the Fecundity of Fishes in the Ninth Annual Report of the Fishery Board.* In their work on British Marine Food Fishes, Professor M‘Intosh and Mr. Masterman say that ‘the mature female appears to carry about 5000 or 5400 eggs, more or less,” which agrees generally with what is stated in the paper referred to, but it is not mentioned whether their remark is based on my observations or on others of their own confirming it.
Ripe sprats having been caught in the Moray Firth in the small-meshed net used on board trawlers the opportunity was taken to investigate the point again, the previous observation h&ving been founded on only one specimen, and that not very well preserved. As mentioned elsewhere, it is a striking feature in the ripe sprat that it is impossible to tell from the external appearance that it is ripe. There is no swelling caused by the ovaries or testes as in most other fishes, and on opening the fish the ovaries were found to be very small, although the eggs were mature and nearly mature. The contrast with the ripe herring, for example, is marked, and yet the eggs in the latter are demersal, while most fishes with pelagic eggs have greatly enlarged ovaries and exhibit abdominal tumefaction at the spawning time. It appears, however, that all this is in conformity with the number of eggs spawned by the sprat. The fish which I examined in 1890, referred to above, measured 44 inches in length, and was found to con- tain about 1404 large eggs, and about 4000 smaller ones; the ovaries weighing 6°5 grains,
The following are the particulars of five females examined,
Weight of Piece No. of
Length. Weight. Ovariseuu | Rearaineds Eggs, Total Eggs, Mm. Grammes, | Grammes. | Grammes. 1 122 12°8 0°38 "032 228 2713 2 120 12:0 0°492 041 274 3488 3 124 12'8 0:441 "037 158 1880 4 122 10°5 0-458 "058 297 | 2346 5 120 11°8 0-541 — 147 2484
The eggs enumerated were those which were large and yolked, but there were many smaller, and in point of fact it would be difficult to draw a line anywhere between the large and the small, and to say that so many belong to this spawning season and so many to the next. The average number of eggs in these specimens was 2582, the small unyolked being excluded, which is rather greater than the number given for them in the early paper referred to. On the whole, however, on the assumption that the small eggs develop and become mature during the
~ Part TLL, py 2608,
286 Part III —Twenty-second Annual Report
“ course of the spawning season, the number stated in the paper may be
about right, viz., 5000. The duration of the spawning season is not well known. The floating eggs were procured by the Garland from 23rd March to 19th August,* and it so happened that the extreme dates were in the same year, so that the period mentioned, comprising 149 days or very nearly five months, may be taken to represent the extent of the spawning season. How long the individual sprat goes on spawning is not known, but considering that the period embraces the warmest part of the year, and that growth is greater then, it is probable that at least the 5000 eggs are shed. But even in that case, it is evident that the sprat is one of the least fecund of fishes and, so far as known, the least of all among the fishes whose eggs are pelagic. Amid the varied complexities in the life of marine fishes the explanation is not easy to discover. That the comparatively early age at which the sprat may reach maturity is not the sole explanation—though doubtless an important factor—is shown by the fact that the whiting, which reaches maturity in its second year, produces a very much larger number of eggs.
An ALBINO PHAICE.
Last year a few post-larval plaice were discovered in the hatching apparatus, and among them was a small albino specimen, or one in which the pigment was almost entirely absent. The only pigment present. was a few scattered chromatophores along the rays of the dorsal, ventral, and caudal fins, on the anterior part of the head between the eyes, the edge of the lower jaw, and between the jaw and the pectorals, and about a couple of dozen of minute specks scattered over the posterior half of the body, mostly near the tail. The eyes were fully pigmented. The pigment was a dark umber. The body of the little fish was transparent, the bottom of the hatching-box being visible through it. It lived for about a year, and it differed in habit from the other small plaice living with it in that, while they were nearly always on the bottom, it preferred the side of the box, to which it clung, close to the surface of the water. The peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity shone through the tissues with a metallic bronze appearance.
Tue Tuicksack (Solea variegata)..
Two specimens of this species of sole were taken in the small-meshed net in the Moray Firth—the first on 27th December in 28 fathoms at Smith Bank, and the other on the following day in 30 fathoms off Burghead. They were both females—the first measuring 14°8em. with the roe well developed, and the second 16‘3cm. The latter weighed 38 grammes, the ovaries weighing 1:1 grammes, and the eggs were well advanced, the larger measuring ‘84mm. in diameter. It is evident, therefore, that this fish spawns in the Moray Firth, but it is rare.
It is common on the south coast of England, especially (according to Cunningham)? south of the Eddystone, in from 30 to 40 fathoms. Two specimens were taken by Holt during the Irish Survey. It has also been occasionally captured on the west coast of Scotland, Gunther describing two immature specimens caught off Cantyre in 65 fathoms in March 1888,t and afew small specimens have been taken by the — Garland in the Firth of Clyde. Day says that it was met with oecasion- ally off Banff by Edwards, but I have not traced the record,
* Masterman—‘‘ A Review of the Work of the ‘Garland in connection with: the: Pelagic Eggs of the Food Fishes,” I bid., Part III., Fifteenth Report, p. 234,
+ ‘* Marketable Marine’ Fishes ” p- 259,
{ Proc. Roy. Soc., Edin. xv., p. 220,- ~
co a) e. paeel < e
PAs det
of the Fishery Board for Scotland. — 287
THe Growth oF THE HALIBUT.
A specimen of the halibut, which was obtained for me by Mr. Ingram, the Fishery Officer at Aberdeen, may possibly throw some light on the growth of this fish. It was caught at Iceland by hook in the spring, and landed at Aberdeen. It measured 64:0cm. (25 inches) in length, and weighed 2°350 kilogrammes. On the under surface, extending the whole length and breadth of the fish, were certain markings, part of which was plain and part obscure. The following was very clear :— “TT, M. 1901,” and it was succeeded by what appeared to read “AGLI,” but may have been meant to represent “AUGT,” or August. The marks were obviously made with a knife, and the curves were angular ; the cicatrix was very narrow and linear and attached to the subcutane- ous tissue, and I suppose it occupied the same relative position in the surface of the fish at first, the skin growing equally all over.
IT am informed by Mr. Ingram that the mate of the vessel which brought in the fish (the Caspania) states that in his time it was a common custom for the fishing apprentices at Grimsby to “ engrave” their names in this way on small halibut, and then throw them over- board. If the date is authentic, it would show that the growth of the halibut in proportion to the size it attains is not rapid, because it implies that about two years and eight months elapsed after the marking was made, and the fish must at the time have been of a certain size. But a plaice of about the length given would be probably more than six or seven years old at least,
REVERSED ACTION OF THE GILL-COVER IN PLAICE.
It may be worth recording that the plaice in the large pond at the Bay of Nigg Laboratory frequently exhibit a reversal of the usual action of the gill-cover under certain conditions. In the process of respiration fishes take in water by the mouth, and by a process like that of swallowing expel it by the gill-openings. But when the tame plaice in the pond cling to the side at feeding-time, they very commonly push their snout and head for some distance out of the water, and it may then be observed that the water is spouted upwards from their mouth as a little fountain, an inch or so in height. In this case it is evident that the water is drawn in through the gill-openings behind, passes over the gills, and is then expelled by the mouth. The observation has some interest in connection with the known habits of some other fishes.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
Fig. 1. Leptocephalus Morrisi, natural size. (la.) Head enlarged, side view. (lore, Be. dorsal view.
Fig. 2, Leptocephalus punctatus, natural size.’ (2a.) Head enlarged, side view. (2b: eae 5s Me dorsal view.
Fig. 3. Fierasfer dentatus, larva, natural size, (3a.) Anterior part enlarged.
INDEX.
ABERDEEN Bay: Trawling Investigations in, 19, 22, 23, 30, 32, 37, 38, 43, 44, 47.
Albino plaice, 286.
Angel fish (Rhina squatina): Parasites Oly 217:
Anglers : Proportion marketable, 14.
Anonyx nugax, 256.
BALLANTRAE: Herring Fishing, 12.
Brachiella pastinace, 279.
Brill: Proportion marketable, 14.
— Relation of length to weight, 219.
Size at maturity, 18.
Burghead Bay: Hauls in, 20, 23, 27, 33, 39, 42, 44, 47.
Calocaris macondree: Attachment of eggs in, 117.
Cancer pagurus : see Crab (edible).
Carcinus menas ; see Shore Crab.
Cat-fish : Proportion marketable, 14.
Choniostomatide, 250.
Coal-fish : Proportion marketable, 14.
Cod: Proportion marketable, 14.
Proportion of immature landed, 19.
—— Relation of length to weight, 229.
Size at maturity, 18, 158.
Common Dab (Pleuronectes limanda) : Proportion marketable, 14.
Relation of length to weight, 212.
Size at maturity, 18.
Conger : Young stages of, 281.
Copepoda parasita, 275.
Crab (edible) (Cancer pagurus): Life History of, 9, 100.
Carapace : Changes in, 136.
Casting of, 121.
—— Distribution of, 122.
— Kggs of, 112.
—— Growth of, 125.
—— Impregnation, 101.
—— Influence of temperature on, 125.
—— Migration of, 136.
— Mode of attachment of eggs, 108, 115.
Muscular system of abdomen of
male, 103.
Spawning, 108.
Crangon vulgaris: Attachment of eggs in, 118.
Das, Common : see Common Dab.
Dichelestide, 275.
Dornoch Firth: Hauls in, 22, 24, 28, 34, 40, 45.
Eacs of Decapod Crustacea: Mode of attachment of, 116. of edible Crab : ment of, 108. Hudactylina, 275. acuta, 277. minuta, 275. similis, 276. Hudorella deformis, 258.
Mode of attach-
Fierasfer, 283.
Flounder (Plewronectes flesus): Propor- tion marketable, 14.
Relation of length to weight, 214.
Gadus esmarki: see Norway Pout.
Galathea dispersa: Attachment of eggs aged Life
Growth : see Rate of.
Influence of temperature on, 159.
Gurnard : Proportion marketable, 14.
Relation of length to weight, 236.
Happock : Proportion marketable, 14.
—— Proportion of immature landed, 19.
ira Relation of length to weight, 226, 241,
Size at maturity, 153.
Hake : Proportion marketable, 14.
Halibut : Growth of, 287.
—— Proportion marketable, 14.
Relation of length to weight, 220.
Harpinia pectinata, 257.
Hatchery ; Work of, 8.
Herring : Investigations on, 12.
Relation of length to weight, 236.
Heteranthessius, 259.
Heterocotyle pastinace, 279.
Hoplonyx cicada, 256.
Hyperia medusarum, 256.
Idothea neglecta, 257.
Immature Fish : Definition of size—limits of, 17, 18, 19.
Proportion landed.
Isle of May : Hauls off, 48.
Jeanella, 259.
KINNAIRD Head : Hauls off, 37.
Lemon Dab (Plewronectes microcepha- ws): Relation of length to weight, 209. Proportion of immature landed, 18.
290
Lemon Dab: Proportion marketable, 14.
Size at maturity, 18.
Lernea branchialis, 278.
lusct, 277.
Leptocephalus Morrisii, 281.
punctatus, 282.
Ling: Proportion marketable, 14.
Little Sole (Solea Jdutea): Relation of length to weight, 216.
Lobster (Homarus vulgaris): Attachment of eggs in, 117.
Spawning of, 117.
Long Rough Dab: Relation of length to weight, 222.
Lossiemouth: Hauls off, 26, 28, 47.
Lumpenus lampetriformis: Eggs of, 203.
—— Rate of growth of, 202.
— Relation of length to weight, 238.
Size at maturity, 203.
—— Spawning of, 203.
Lumpsucker : Caught in trawl, 23.
Lybster: Hauls off, 30, 35, 45.
Maia squinado: Attachment of eggs in, 116.
Megaluropus agilis, 257.
Metopa borealis, 257.
Monstrilla, 243.
anglica, 246.
dubia, 247.
gracilicauda, 245.
—— grandis, 243.
— longicornis, 244.
longiremis, 244.
Monstrillidz, 243.
Moray Firth: Trawling Investigations in, 19.
Munida rugosa: Attachment of eggs of. 116.
Nephrops norvegicus: Attachment of eggs in, 118.
Norway Pout (Gadus esmarkii): Rate of growth of, 195.
—-— Relation of length to weight, 234.
Pandalus montagui: Attachment of eggs in, 118
Paranthessius, 259.
Parasites of Fish, 275.
Paratylus falcatus, 257.
Pilchard (Clupea pilchardus), 284.
Plaice : Albino specimen of, 286.
Duration of spawning, 262.
—— Hatching of, 262.
—— Proportion marketable, 14.
Proportion of small caught by.
trawl, 30, 33, 40.
Proportion of immature landed, 18.
Relation of length to weight, 145,
205, 240.
Reversed gill-action in, 287.
Size at maturity, 18, 156.
Platypsyllus, 258.
Podon leuckartt, 279.
Pogge (Agonus cataphractus): Relation of length to weight, 239.
Proportion of Immature Fish landed, 16.
Pseudocuma similis, 258.
Part IIT. Index.
Rate of Growth of Fishes: Relation of length to weight, 142.
Rate of Growth of Norway Pout, 195.
Sharp-tailed Lumpenus, 202.
—— Sprat, 171.
—— Witch, 186.
SHORE-CRAB (Carcinus menas): Impreg- nation of, 101.
—- Eggs of, 119.
Spawning of, 119, 120.
Skates and Rays: Proportion market- able, 14.
Smith Bank: Hauls at, 25, 30, 36, 43, 45.
Sole (Solea vulgaris), 14.
Solea variegata : see Thickback Sole.
Spheronella amphilochi, 253.
callisoma, 252.
—— cluthe, 252.
—— minuta, 251.
—— paradoxa, 251.
—— pygmea, 2538.
Sprat (Clupea sprattus): Fecundity of, 285.
—— Growth of, 171.
— Rate of Growth of, 171.
—— Relation of length to weight, 238.
Spawning of, 172.
Stenothocheres egregius, 250.
Sting-ray (7'rygon pastinaca), 283.
Parasites of, 275.
Tarset Ness: Hauls off, 45.
Temperature: Influence of, on Growth of Fishes, 159.
Thaumaleus rigidus, 248.
rostratus, 250.
—— Thompsoni, 248.
zetlandicus, 249.
Thaumatocotyle concinna, 278.
Thickback Sole (Solea variegata), 286.
Trawling Investigations, 6, 13.
in Aberdeen Bay, 19.
in Moray Firth, 19.
—— Proportion of Marketable and Un- marketable Fishes, 13.
Trematoda, 278.
Tristomatide, 278.
Trygon pastinaca : see Sting-ray.
Tryphana malmt, 256.
Turbot : Proportion marketable, 14.
Relation of length to weight, 216.
| Witcu (Pleuronectes cynoglossus): Growth
of, 186.
Post-larval and young stages, 187, 270.
—— Proportion marketable, 14.
Proportion of immature landed, 19.
——— Proportion of sexes, 195.
— Relation of length to weight, 210.
——. Size at maturity, 195.
Spawning of, 186.
Whiting: Proportion of immature landed, iS:
—-- Proportion marketable, 14.
— Relation of length to weight, 224.
Size at maturity, 18, 150.
8) Guascow: Prinrep By JAS. HEDDERWICK & SONS, For His Magsersty’s STATIONERY OFFICE. ie i nth 19,
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TWEEN T'Y-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
Being for the Year 1903.
IN THREE PARTS. Part J.—GENERAL REPORT. Part JIT,—REPORT ON SALMON FISHERIES. Part IIT «SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS. Nie neat ‘~ ee i2 ae : :
PART IIl.—SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS.
: ; aa Presented to both houses of Parliament by Command of bis Majesty. C8
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GLASGOW: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE By JAMES HEDDERWICK & SONS, ae ae Ar ‘THe COrrizen Press,” St. Vincent. Place. — etn
And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from — OLIVER & BOYD, EDINBURGH ; or : EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, Hast HaRrpine Street, FLrert Street, E.C., Ree 32 ABINGDON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.; or HK. PONSONBY, 116 Grarton Street, Dustin, 4 1904, yd. 2147-] Prue ds, 2d.
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